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THE JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES

OF IRELAND

FORMERLY

&lje J&ogal Historical an* Archaeological Association

OF IEELAKD

FOUNDED, IN 1849, AS

®f)e Stilfcenng Archaeological Societg

VOL. XXXY.— CONSECUTIVE SEKIES

[VOL. xv. — FIFTH SERIES]

1905

DUBLIN
PKINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

POK THE SOCIETY

BY PONSONBY AND GIBBS
1906

Jff-

R-

£fr<

THE COUNCIL wish it to be distinctly understood that they do
not hold themselves responsible for the statements and opinions
contained in the Papers read at the Meetings of the Society,
and here printed, except so far as No. 26 of the General Rules
of the Society extends.

PEEFACE.

HE volume now presented to the Fellows and
. Members of the Society forms the thirty -fifth
of the Consecutive Series, and the fifteenth of the Fifth
Series, of the Journal. As in former years, it consists
of two divisions, viz. the " Papers" and the "Proceed-
ings.'' The latter portion contains an account of the
principal meeting of the year held in July last, and the
interesting series of excursions made from the city of
Belfast in connexion with that meeting. The con-
tributors to this section of the " Proceedings " are-
Mr. William Gray, Mr. F. J. Bigger, Mr. J. J. Phillips,
Canon Lett, Mr. R. M. Young, and Mr. W. J. Fennell.
There is also a valuable contribution in the form of a
reproduction from a drawing of Dunluce Castle as it
appeared originally, made by Mr. W. H. Lynn, R.H.A.,
from a careful study of the buildings. Mr. Lynn had
prepared a series of plans showing the various changes
the structure underwent at different times, from which
he was able to indicate the imposing appearance the
castle originally presented.

Prehistoric subjects take a leading place. Sir
Edmund Bewley describes a Gallan, or Pillar-Stone,
near Leighlinbridge, County Carlo w. Other Pillars at
Slidderyford and Ballynoe, County Down — the last a
large and noteworthy double circle — are described in
the " Proceedings." A Paper by Dr. Costello on a

IV PREFACE.

Prehistoric Burial in a Cairn near Knockma, County
Gal way, records the finding of human remains, the
skull with a broken vessel near it, and a finely
decorated and very perfect urn near the feet, probably
another food-vessel.

Of Cists and Dolmens, Miss Clark notices the Cist
of the " Daff Stone" near Money dig, which formed
the subject of the posthumous Paper of the late Rev.
Dr. Buick, which ended his contributions to the Society
in the previous volume of the Journal'. In. County
Clare. Mr. Westropp describes some twenty examples,
ranging in size from the Dolmens of Cotteen and
Cappaghkennedy, recently inhabited, to the smallest
u bone boxes" in cairns. Several of these monuments
are unmarked even on the new Ordnance maps. In
County Down, Kilfeaghan Dolmen is described and
illustrated by Mr. Stanley Howard ; and the Dolmens
of the " Giant's Ring" and Slidderyford are noticed
in the " Proceedings." Canon Lett gives the history
of the Cairns on Slieve Donard. A curious " Tulach,"
or Burial Ring, at Tullycommaun, in Clare, is alsa
described.

Turning to Residential Antiquities of Earth and
Stone, the great Mote of Downpatrick is illustrated
by Mr. Gray in the u Proceedings"; Mr. Westropp
defends its identity with the ancient Rathceltchair, or
Dundalethglas, against the assertion, recently advanced
in an English journal, that it was made by de Courcy
as a Norman castle, and only became a centre of legend
after its desertion by the Normans. Mr. Westropp
also continues his survey of the Stone Forts of County
Clare, describing the large and very unusual Caher on
Turlough Hill, near Corcomroe Abbey. A Fort of the

PREFACE. V

type of Cahirconree, on an inland promontory, and a
Fort, of unusual character, on a remarkable knoll in
Oughtdarra, near Lisdoonvarna, are also described.

Besides some Souterrains described in the same
Paper, there are two more complex examples at
Slidderyford, County Down, and Markston, County
Antrim, described and planned by Mr. Kirker.

The important subject of Crannogs is not neglected.
Rev. Canon Lett, in his explorations of the Island of
Lough Briclan, County Down, in 1887 and 1904, laid
bare a lake settlement, with a platform of oak, slag,
pottery, and bones of animals. Miss Diana Parkinson
describes in detail, with illustrations, the result of her
excavations in the Crannogs of DrumclifE and Claureen,
County Clare.

Various u finds "of implements or utensils are noticed.
Dr. Costello records (and illustrates) a shapely Bronze
Spear-head found near Tuam ; the Rev. Joseph Meehan
a Bronze Sword and a Canoe discovered near Creevalea,
in County Leitrim ; and Dr. George U. Macnamara the
fine Bronze Pot found near Lisdoonvarna. The latter
object was inspected by our members present on the
excursion to Clare in 1900. An illustrated Paper on
the subject of Rushlight and Candle Holders, from the
pen of Mr. Robert May, shows several specimens of
unusually elaborate design.

A remarkable survey — one of the first of its kind on
an Irish subject — is that of the Rev. Patrick Power, on
" The Rian bo Phadruig " (the Ancient Highway of the
Decies), in County Waterford. In it we possess a
detailed description, and. full maps, of the southern
part of the ancient road which led from the monastic
city of Ardmore to Ardfinnan and Cashel. The author

yi PREFACE.

has taken great pains in finding out the greater part of
its line by actually tracing the road over the country
in person, and consulting the traditions of the older
countryfolk as to its course.

Turning to ecclesiastical subjects — earliest in posi-
tion and date is the Paper, by Archbishop Healy,
on the Abbeys of Inishmaine and Cong. These
monasteries, beautiful in situation and architecture,
cover, by their carvings, a period of transition from
Irish-Romanesque to Gothic of the late twelfth
century. Both were of early foundation, for a church
at Inismaine came into existence about 525, and at
Cong about a century later. The latter became the
last refuge of the weak and unfortunate Roderick
O'Conor, the last King of all Ireland ; its interesting
Rental is edited by Mr. Martin J. Blake, and shows a
curious privilege of the Abbey to claim bell-ropes from
ships in the distant harbours of Southern Munster.

The Very Rev. Sylvester Mai one writes on " Inis-
catha after ceasing to be a See." The once important
Abbey of St. Senan had fallen very low at the time of
the Norman Invasion, and the author follows its fallen
fortunes, claiming that it was held by the See of Killaloe
from 1187 to the Dissolution. Mr. Westropp, in a note
in " Miscellanea," contests this, so far as relates to the
thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Mr. Grattan
Flood writes on the History of Glascarrig Priory,
County Wexford, as the only Irish House of the " Order
of Tyron," a reformed Benedictine Rule before 1193,
and a dependency of the Welsh Abbey of St. Dogmaell.

In a Paper on the Ancient Churches of Ballingarry,
County Limerick, by Dr. Molony, a page in the cata-
logue of Ecclesiastical Edifices which covered County

PREFACE, yii

Limerick is opened up. He describes the churches in
the district round the well-known Hill of Knockfierna.
It is regrettable to find how man and the storms have
wrecked not only the churches, but even the beautiful
Franciscan House of Kilshane at Ballingarry. A
hitherto unpublished description of the latter in 1583
will be found in " Miscellanea." The Rev. M. Higgins
carefully describes the Priory of Bridgetown, County
Cork, which also has suffered severely from neglect and
growth of vegetation.

Several Papers deal with Historical subjects, and
Social Events. Mr. Langrishe continues his History of
the Bourchier Family, and their Tablet at Kilkenny.
The Bourchiers, one of the English families which helped
to make history during the Tudor and Stuart reigns,
form a subject favourable for careful research ; and the
heraldic investigations are of no slight interest to
students of Irish armorial bearings. Mr. Berry gives
two valuable Papers — that on the Sheriffs of County
Cork, and one on " The Dublin Gild of Carpenters,
Millers, Masons, and Heliers." The former supplies a
practically exhaustive list of the Sheriffs during the
period from Henry III. to the Restoration. The mere
list is of great value to local antiquaries, but, with the
scholarly Preface and Notes, it becomes of wide interest
to Irish students for its lights on "our greatest county,"
and on early Norman administration. The second
is worthy of the series of Papers on Gilds given by the
same author. The preponderating influence of the
workers in wood is very marked, and probably
implies no less the prevalence of timber houses than
the employment of travelling bands of skilled masons
for stonework in preference to the ruder and less

Viii PREFACE.

practised local masons. The Rev. Canon ffrench dis-
cusses " The Arms of Ireland and Celtic Tribal
Heraldry." It is a difficult subject, and there seems
but little early material as yet available for the non-
English Heraldry of Ireland.

The well-known Jacobite Tract, "A Light to the
Blind" — much valued by Lord Macaulay — forms the
subject of a Paper by Mr. Richard O'Shaughnessy.
The original is a thrilling history, by an honourable
and fair-minded soldier, who tells vividly the sad tale
of 1688 to 1691, with very adverse judgments on King
James and Tyrconnell.

The important family of Mac Rannal has found a
historian in the Rev. Joseph Meehan. Leitrim has
seldom been described in our Journal, and there is much
to be done there by local antiquaries. Sir Edmund
Bewley treats of an early eighteenth -century (1708)
Pedigree of the O'Mores of Leix. It discloses a fact
worthy of even the reputation of the self -constituted
herald, Charles Lynegar, its compiler, that the pedigree
of another branch of one family has been " stuck on"
to its beginning, the latter part being really detached
and defective. However, a pedigree from the days of
Solomon can hardly be expected to be as accurate as the
pedigrees of three generations in " The Visitation of
Ireland."

Latest by the period they cover are the Papers on
" Old Times in Belfast," by Mr. R. M. Young, and
those of Dr. Cosgrave. One by the latter records a
curious Volunteer Curtain, with a representation of a
Review in the Phoenix Park about 1781. The second
Paper, by the same author, is a very valuable Catalogue
of Illustrations of Dublin, from that of Sidney leaving

PREFACE. ix

Dublin Castle in 1581 to the year 1800. It forms a
graphic history of the rise of our chief city and its
noble public buildings.

The Rev. St. John Seymour casts a very interesting
light on the origin of the favourite Irish emblem of the
" cock, crowing out of the pot/' which he finds in the
early Acta Pilati. How common the device is in Irish
carvings from at least 1450 to 1850 all are aware; and
the disclosure of its introduction into Ireland would be
interesting to students of folklore.

The continued awakening of interest in the preser-
vation of our ancient field-remains is very apparent in
this volume of the Journal. The fact that the action
of our Society (so effectively brought to bear in render-
ing aid to the Estates Commissioners) has led to the
vesting of several structures is full of hope for the
future of the more valuable of our ancient monuments.

ST. STEPHEN' S^GREEN, DUBLIN,

30th December, 1905.

CONTENTS,

VOLUME XXXV., CONSECUTIVE SERIES.

VOLUME XV., FIFTH SERIES.
1905.

PAET I.

PAPERS :

PAGE

Two Royal Abbeys by the "Western Lakes — Cong and Inismaine. By the Most
Rev. Dr. Healy, Archbishop of Tuam, Vice- President (Plate and Seven
Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1

The Bourchier Tablet in the Cathedral Church of St. Canice, Kilkenny, with

some account of that Family. By Richard Langrishe, Fellow. Part II., 21

On a Prehistoric Burial in a Cairn near Knockma, County Galway. By Thomas

B. Costello, M.D. (Two Illustrations), .. .. .. ..34

Sheriffs of the County Cork— Henry III. to 1660. By Henry F. Berry, I.S.O.,

lf.B.I.A.,.JWJbtp, .. ... .. .. .. .. .. 39

Notes on an Old Pedigree of the O'More Family of Leix. By Sir Edmund T.

Bewley, M.A., LL.D., .. .. .. .. .. ..53

A Note on an Irish Volunteer Curtain. By E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave, M.D.

(Plate), .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..60

Notes on a Gallaun, or Pillar-Stone, at Leighlinbridge, County Carlow. By

Sir Edmund T. Bewley, M.A., LL.D. (Two Illustrations), . . ., 64

Miscellanea — Bronze Spear-head, found near St. Jarlath's College, Tuam (One
Illustration) — The Inscribed Stones at Fethard Castle and Baginbun — The
McCragh Tomb at Lismore — ''The Daff Stone," Moneydig, County Deny —
Bridgetown Priory, County Cork — Enniscortby Castle (Notes on the Ancient
and Present Buildings), .. .. .. .. .. ..67

Notices of Books, .. .. .. .. .. .. ..77

PROCEEDINGS:

Annual General Meeting, Dublin, 31st January, 1905, .. .. ..79

Report of Council for the year 1904, . . . . . . . . 80

Evening Meetings, Dublin, Slst January, 28th February, and 28th March,

1905, . . 93, 94

xii CONTENTS.

PAET II.

PAPERS :

PAGE

A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin up to 1800. By

E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave, M.D. (Dubl.), F.R.C.P.I. (Five Illustrations), 95

The "TCicm b6 pdrjpuis " (the Ancient Highway of the Decies). By the

Rev. P. Power, Waterford (Four Plates), .. .. .. ..110

An Old Rental of Cong Abbey. By Martin J. Blake, . . . . . . 130

Notes on^ne Mac Rannals of Leitrim and their country : being Introductory to
alfiary of James Reynolds, Lough Scur, County Leitrim, for the Years
^668-1660. By the Rev. Joseph Meehan, C.C., .. .. .. 139

Iniscathy after Ceasing to be a See. By the Very Rev. Sylvester Malone, P.P.,

V.G., M.R.I.A., Fellow, .. .. .. .. .. ..152

The Lisdoonvama Bronze Pot. By. Dr. George U. Macnamara, Hon. Local

Secretary, Nort h Clare (One Illustration), .. .. .. ..161

Glascarrig Priory, County Wexford. By William H. Grattan Flood, .. 164

Miscellanea — Find of Bog-Butter, Canoe, and ISronze Sword in County Leitrim
— Stone Circle, &c., near Castletown Bere, County Cork (One Illustration)
— Preservation of Ancient Monuments — Irish Volunteer Curtain — Well of
St. Patrick, at Patrick's Well, County Limerick (One Illustration)—
Wooden Effigies— Inscribed Stones at Fethard Castle and Baginbun —
Enniscorthy Castle, .. .. .. .. .. ..171

Isotices of Books, .. .. .. .. .. .. ..179

PROCEEDINGS :

General Meeting, Dublin, 25th April, 1905, .. .. .. ..189

Statement of Accounts for the Year 1904, .. .. .. ..191

Evening Meeting, Kilkenny, 30th May, 1905, .. .. ... ..192

Excursions from Kilkenny, .. .. .. .. 192,193

PAET III.

PAPERS :

The Jacobite Tract : " A Light to the Blind." By Richard O'Shaughnessy,

C.B., M.V.O., Vice- President, .. .. .. .. ..195

Prehistoric Remains (Forts and Dolmens) along the Borders of Burren, in the
County of Clare. Part 1.— The Eastern Border. By Thomas Johnson
Westropp, M.A., M.R.I.A., Vice- President (Fifteen Illustrations), .. 205

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Slieve Donald, in the County of Down. By Canon H. W. Lett, M.A.,

M.R.I.A., .. .. .. .. .. .. ..230

The Arms of Ireland and Celtic Tribal Heraldry. By the Rev. Canon ffrench,

M.R.I. A., Vice- President, 1897, .. .. .. .. ..234

The Island in Lough Briclan (Loughbrickland, County Down). By Canon

H. W. Lett, M.A., M.R.I. A. (One Illustration), . . . . . . 249

Ancient Churches and Topography, of Ballingarry Parish, County Limerick.

By Henry Molony, B.A., M.D., .. .. .. .. .. 255

Miscellanea — Kilfeaghan Cromlech, County Down (Two Illustrations) — Souter-
rain at Slidderyford, near Dundrum, County Down (One Illustration) —
Kilshane Abbey, County Limerick — Taghmon Cross (One Illustration) —
Souterrain at Markstown, County Antrim (One Illustration) — Notice of
Illustrated Guide to the Northern, Western, and Southern Islands and
Coasts of Ireland, in Revue Celtique, . . . . . . . . 264

PROCEEDINGS:

General Meeting, Belfast, 4th July, 1905, . . . . . . . . 272

Report of the Council on the Better Housing of the Society, . . . . 275

Evening Meeting, Belfast, 7th July, 1905, .. .. .. .. 280

Report of Excursions from Belfast (July 3rd to 8th, 1905), . . . . . . 281

Descriptive Notes on some of the Places Visited (Twenty-five Illustrations), . . 285

PAET IV.

PAPERS :

The Dublin Gild of Carpenters, Millers, Masons, and Heliers, in the Sixteenth

Century. By Henry F. Berry, I.S.O., M.R.I. A., .. ..321

Existing Records and Properties of the Old Dublin City Gilds. By Henry

F. Berry, I.S.O., M.R.I. A., .. .. .. ..338

Prehistoric Remains (Forts and Dolmens) along the Borders of Burren, in the
County of Clare. Part II. — West Corcomroe. By Thomas Johnson
Westropp, M.A., M.R.I. A., ^ice-President (Six Illustrations), .. 342

A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin up to 1800. By
E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave, M.D. (Dubl.), F.R.C.P.I. Part II. (Eight
Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. •• ..363

Old Times in Belfast. By R. M. Young, B.A., M.R.I.A., Vice- President

(Three Illustrations), .. .. .. .. •• ..377

Ulster Rushlight, and Candle, Holders. -"By Robert May (Three Illustrations) 383

Some Notes on the Clare Crannogs of Drumcliff and Claureen. By Miss Diana

Parkinson, Member (Two Illustrations), .. .. .. ..391

XIV CONTENTS.

PAGB

Irish Motes and alleged Norman Castles : Note on some recent Contributions to

their Study. By Thomas J. Westropp, M.A., M.R.I.A., Vice- President, 402

Miscellanea— The Old Irish Blacksmith's Furnace (One Illustration)— The Cock
and Pot cri the M'Cragh Tomb— Iniscatha (1188-1420)— " Crucifixion
Stone," Inch, County Down — Doonbally Castle— Templenagalliaghdoo —
The Cromlech, popularly known as the " Broad Stone," near Bally money,
County Antrim — Ancient Monuments, County Clare — Ancient Monuments
(Estates Commissioners) — The Volunteers in College Green — The Round
Tower of Aghagbwer, County Mayo (Three Illustrations) — The Frescoes,
Abbey Knockmoy, County Galway — A Note on Abbey Knockmoy, County
Galway, .. .. .. .. .. .. ..407

Notices of Books, . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

PROCEEDINGS :

General Meeting, Dublin, 3rd October, 1905, .. .. .. ..427

Excursion— Dublin to Bray and Vicinity, 4th October, 1905, .. ..428

Evening Meeting, Dublin, 28th November, 1905, .. .. .. 430

Post Office Irregularities, .. .. .. .. .. ..431

Index to Volume XXXV., .. .. .. ,. .. 433

APPENDIX.

The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland (General Particulars), .. .. 2

Patrons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

President, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Vice-Presidents, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Hon. Gen. Secretary, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hon. Gen. Treasurer, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Council for 1905, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Trustees, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6

Hon. Curators, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Bankers, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hon. Prov. Secretaries, .. ., .. .. .. .. 6

Hon. Local Secretaries, . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Fellows of the Society, . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Hon. Fellows of the Society, ... .'. .. .. 15

Members of the Society, .. .. ..'••' . ; .. .. 16

Societies in connexion, . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

General Rules of the Society, . . . . . . . . 39

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PART I.

Inismaine Abbey, County Mayo :

PAGE

Ground-Plan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

East Elevation, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Interior and Elevation of East Window, . . . . . . . . 6

Terminals to Label Moulding of East Window, . . . . . . 7

Carving on Stones forming the. Capitals of the Columns of the Chancel-
Arch, . * .. -.. .. .. .. .. 8

Doorway in North Wall of Nave, . . . . . . "]

View of Chancel looking East (from illustrations in Wilde's I

"Lough Corrib "). The blocks lent by Count Plunkett, [ J
F.S.A.), .. .. .. .. J

Sepulchral Urn from Cist near Knockma, County Galway, . . . . 36

,, ,, . ,, ,, ,, (| actual size), .. .. 37

Volunteer Curtain (from a Photo by- Dr. E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave), Plate facing 60

Pillar-Stone at Leighlinbridge, County Carlow — North View, . . . . 65

,, ,, ,, ,, South View, .. .. ib.

Bronze Spear-head, found in a field near St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, .. 67

PART II.

A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin up to 1800 :

Fig. 1.— Sidney leaving Dublin Castle, 1581, .. .. ..96

Fig. 2. — Sackville Street and Gardiner's Mall, 1756 (Mr. L. E. Strang-

ways' Collection), .. .. .. .. ..102

g. 3. — College Green, with Volunteers Firing, in 1779 ; Engraved,

1784 (National Gallery and Author's Collection), .. ..105

Fig. 4.— The Parliament House in 1784 (Author's Collection), . . . . 108

Fig. 5.— The Rotunda in 1784 (Author's Collection), .. .. ..109

The " Ricm b6 pdbyiuis " (the Ancient Highway of the Decies) :

Sketch-Map, No. 1— Rian bo Phadraig, ,".;£.. .. Plate facing 114

Sketch-Map, No. 2, ,, ,, '• *-».C \V » " 116

Sketch-Map, No. 3, ,, ,, .. .. ».''", 118

Sketch-Map, No. 4, ,, ,, .. .. „ ,, 120

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

TAGE

Lisdoonvarna Bronze Pot, .. .. .. . • .. ..161

Stone Circle, Castletown Berehaven, County Cork (Photograph by Mr. H. S.

Crawford), .. .. .. .. •• .. ..172

Carved Figure of St. Patrick, at St. Patrick's Well, County Limerick (Photo-
graph by Dr. Fogerty, R.N.), .. .. .. .. ..175

PART III.

Prehistoric Remains (Forts and Dolmens) along the Borders of Barren, Co. Clare :

Cappaghkennedy Dolmen (Photograph by Mr. Westropp), .. .. 206

Caherblonick— Plan of Fort, . . . . . . . . . . 209

,, Plan of Dolmen, .. .. .. .. .. 210

The Reabachan Group of Dolmens, .. .. .. .. .. 213

Dolmens and Cists : (1, 2, 3) Leanna ; (4) Toormore ; (5) Teeskagh ;

(6) Parknabinnia, .. .. .. .. .. ..214

Creevagh— Ring- Wall, .. .. .. .. .. ..217

Dolmens: (1) Tullycommaun ; (2) Cotteen, or Commons; (3) Plan and

Elevation of Gortlecka Dolmen, . . . . . . . . 218

Tullycommaun — Huts (Plans), . . . . . . . . . . 221

Ballycasheen — Plan of Dolmens, . . . . . . . . . . 222

Cappaghkennedy — Plan of Dolmens, . . . . . . . . 223

Rannagh East — Plan of Dolmens: (1) tie Northern Dolmen; (2) the

Southern Dolmen; (3) Termon Dolmen, on bounds of Rannagh, .. 224

Tutfough Hill— Plan of Ring- Wall, . . . . . . . . 226

Turlough Hill Fort (the Northern Gate), .. .. .. ..229

Caherblonick (the East Fort), .. .. .. .. .. ib.

Caherblonick and Dolmen, . . . . . . . . ib.

The Island of Lough Briclan, County Down (Photograph by Canon Lett), . . 251

Kilfeaghnn Cromlech, County Down (Two Illustrations), . . . . 264, 265

Souterrain near Slidderyford, in the Townland of Wateresk, Dundrum, County

Down, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 267

Taghmon Cross, County Wexford, . . . . . . . . . . 269

Souterrain at Markstown, County Antrim, . . . . . . . . 270

Map of the " Giant's Ring," County Down, . . . . .. . . 286

Cromlech, ,, „ „ ,, (Photograph by Mr. S.K. Kirker), 287

Carn-Greine Dolmen (Photograph by Mr. R. Welch), .. . . . . 290

Castle Upton, Templepatrick (Photograph by Mr. R. Welch), .. ..291

The Round Tower, Antrim, . . . . . . . . ,b . . . 293

Plan of Dundrum Castle, County Down, .. .. • .. .. 294

The Donjon Keep, Dundrum, County Down, . . . . . . . . 295

The Anglo-Irish Donjon and Fortress of Dundrum, Co. Down, . . . . 296

Dundrum Fortress, County Down (conjectural), circa 1230, . . . . 297

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XV11

I'AOE

The Cromlech at Slidderyford, County Down (Photograph by Mr. W. Gray), . . 300
Standing-Stone at Slidderyford, County Down (Photograph by Mr. W. Gray), ib.
West Portion of Bally noe Stone Circle (Photograph by Mr. W. Gray), . . 301

Down Cathedral, with Cross and Round Tower, as it stood before 1790

(Painting in the Vestry-room of the Cathedral), .. .. .. 302

Down Cathedral before its Restoration (Photograph by Mr. R. Welch, from an

Old Painting), .. .. .. .. .. .. ..303

Down Cathedral— Bas-relief built into the Wall of the Vestibule, . . . . 304

„ ,, View from the East (Photograph by Mr. R. Welch), . . 305

Downpatrick Abbey — Responds on East Wall of Chancel (evidencing the

original Clustered Columns of Nave Arcade), . . . . . . 307

Benedictine Abbey at Downpatrick — Conjectural Sketch of Original Plan,

Thirteenth Century, by James J. Phillips, .. .. .. ..308

Downpatrick Abbey — Capital Nave Arcade near the Pulpit, . . . . 309

General View of Downpatrick Fort, looking South-West (Photograph by

Mr. W. Gray), .. .. .. .. .. .. ..311

Dunluce Castle, County Antrim, .. .. .. .. ..312

Conjectural Restoration of Dunluce Castle, County Antrim (by Mr. W. H.

Lynn, R.H.A.), .. .. .. .. .. .. ..313

Carrickfergus Castle, County Antrim, .. .. .. .. 315

Btillygally Castle, „ ,, .. .. .. .. ..163

Gravel Escarpment — Raised Beach — at the Curran, Larne, County Antrim, . . 319

PART IV.

Prehistoric Remains (Forts and Dolmens) along the Borders of Burren, in the
County of Clare :

The Ballynahown Group of Forts, . . . . . . . . . . 344

Details in Ballynahown Group of Forts, . . . . . . . . 347

Cahernagrian — Rampart to North, . . . . . . . . 348

Ballynahown Group of Forts— Plans and Details, . . . . . . 349

Caherduff Fort near Crumlin, .. .. .. .. ..351

Tooclae Group of Forts, . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin up to 1800 :

Fig. 6. — Trinity College, taken through the Colonnade of the Parliament

House. Malton, 1793. (Author's Collection), .. ..362

Fig. 7.— Gateway of the Castle, December 6, 1784. (Author's Collection), 363
Fig. 8.— The Sheds of Clontarf, 1785. Wheatley— Malton. (Author's

Collection), .. .. .. .. .. ..364

Fig. 9.— The Parliament House. (Malton, 1793.) From etched plate,

showing Pigs, . . . . . . . . .... 367

Fig. 10.— The TholseL (Malton, 1793.) From etched plate when partly

aquatinted (Mr. L. R. Strangways' Collection), .. ..368

XV111 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

TAGK

A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin up to 1800 :

Fig. 11.— Dublin Lighthouse. La Porte, 1796. (Author's Collection), .. 370
Fig. 12.— The Pleasures of a Tandem. Coloured Print. (Author's Collec-
tion), .. .. .. ,. .„• .. 373

Fig. 13.— St. Patrick's Cathedral, as it was in 1736. From title-page of

Swift's Works. (From proof Etching in Author's Collection), 375

Old Times in Belfast :

View of Belfast from County Down Side (circa 1830), .. .. ..377

Shop Front, Castle-street, Belfast (circa 1790), .. .. .. 379

View of High-street, Belfast (circa 1840), .. .. .. ..381

Ulster Rushlight, and Candle, Holders :

Rushlight, and Candle, holders (Photograph by Mr. 11. Welch), . . 384

Rush-holders and Candlesticks, „ ,, ,, .. .. 386

Rushlight-holders, Candlesticks, Cruses, and Cum, ,, . . . . 387

Some Notes on the Clare Crannogs of Drumeliffand Claureen :

Objects from Drumcliffand Claureen Crannogs (Two Illustrations), 397, 399

Irish Blacksmith's Ness, or Mould, .. .. .. .. .. 407

Aghagower Round Tower, County Mayo :

Drawing of Doorway, ... .. .. .. .. ..416

View of Round Tower from the Abbey, . . . . . . . . 417

» ,, ,, „ „ (Photograph by Mr. Crawford), .. 418

THE JOURNAL

THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES

OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1 905.

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART I., VOL. XXXV.

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS BY THE WESTERN LAKES-
CONG AND INISMAINE.

BY THE MOST REV. DR. HEALY, ARCHBISHOP OF TUAM, VICE-PRESIDEXT.

[NOTES OF THE ADDRESS DELIYEKED AT THE MEETING OF THE SOCIETY
AT TUAM, QTH AUGUST, 1904.]

HPHE natural beauty of our western lake land is greatly enhanced by the
-*- historical associations, especially those of a religious character, that
still haunt its rifled shrines and ruined castles. There are two of these
ruins which more than all the rest deserve the earnest attention of every
Irishman who loves the ancient glories of his native land — I refer to the
Abbey of Cong, on Lough Corrib, and the Abbey of Inismaine, on Lough
Mask. From every point of view they are full of interest — the historical,
the religious, the architectural, the picturesque. Memorials that bring
back the past, visions of vanished glories, ghosts of bardic heroes,
glimpses of kingly warriors and cowled monks, and stately dames, and
tragic deeds — all of these rise up before the mind in the cloisters
of Cong and the chancel of Inismaine more naturally, I think, than in
any other place in Ireland.

The first thing that will strike even the casual observer is the beauty

T™,r R <; A T \ Vo]- xv-» Fifth Series. ) B

Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol xxx'y Consec> Ser> {

2 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of the sites which those old monks chose for their religious houses and
churches. Certainly they did so choose in the case of Cong and Inis-
maine. The two abbeys were closely connected. The latter, in fact,
seems — at least in the twelfth century — to have been a branch of the
former. There is not more than a distance of four miles between them,
and, I venture to say, there is not in all Ireland a district of more varied
beauty and greater historical interest. No feature that enriches a landscape
is wanting. Two noble wide-spreading lakes, like inland seas, dotted over
with myriad islands and flanked by noble mountains ; far-reaching wood-
lands ; quiet groves and sunny waters ; foliage of the richest green ;
early blooms never blighted by the nipping frost ; underground rivers
from lake to lake, suddenly bursting out from their sunless caves in
mighty rushing floods ; hill and dale and rock and mound intermingled
in bewildering variety — all these scenic charms the old monks could enjoy
in an evening's stroll around their beautiful homes. At Cong the noble
river rushed along before their very doors. They had abundance of purest
water — the greatest of all human needs for health and pleasure — they
had abundance of fish for fasting days ; and they had the great lake
before their eyes, lit up by every ray of sunlight in summer, and grander
still, perhaps, in winter, when lashed into foam by the wild rush of
the storms from the western hills. Such was Cong ; and its beautiful
daughter in Inismaine stood in the midst of scenes no less varied and
striking.

It is not to be wondered at that a land so rich in nature's choicest
gifts should have been the battle-ground of warring races and the coveted
prize of conquering kings. And such it was in very truth from the
morning prime of our island story almost down to our own times. The
undulating plain between the lakes is dotted over with the burial-mounds
and monumental pillar-stones of the warriors who fell in the first great
battle between the hostile races recorded in our history, that is, the famous
battle of South Moyturey, or rather Moyturra. This is not the place to
give an account of that stricken field. If we had nothing but the bardic
tale that tells us of it, no doubt the whole story would be set down as a
pure romance. But, as Wilde has shown, the bardic tale is confirmed in
all its main features by the evidence of existing monuments, so that we
can, partly by the tale and partly by the monuments, trace, with tolerable
accuracy, the whole course of the three days' battle, and the varying
fortunes of victors and vanquished.

There is one grand monument still remaining "in proud defiance of
all-conquering Time" — Carn Eochy, which is undoubtedly the grave-
mound of the Belgic King Eochy, who was slain on the third day of the
fight. It overlooks Lough Mask and Inismaine, and is one of the finest
monuments of its kind to be found anywhere in Ireland. It was raised
over the dead warrior by his devoted followers more than 3,000 years

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS CONG AND INISMAINE. 3

ago, and it is likely to last at least 3,000 years more. Every other work
of human hands around has either totally disappeared or has become a
shapeless ruin ; but the grand old monument of the Firbolgic King seems
to be as enduring as the lakes and mountains themselves. It is still a
most conspicuous object, towering over the whole storied plain ; and as I
gazed at it fronting the west, standing alone in strength and pride, and
overlooking the whole country, I could hardly divest my mind of the
idea that the great old Belgic King was not wholly dead, but that from his
royal mound he still kept watch and ward over the fate of the descendants
of the warriors who survived the fatal day of Moyturra. They fled, it
would seem, into the bogs and mountains and islands of the west. They
are there still beyond any doubt in the lands which were too poor to
attract the greedy conquerors. These conquerors, the Tuatha de Danann,
were themselves shortly afterwards conquered by the Scotic or Milesian
races, and they have not left even a trace behind. "No Irish family, high
or low, traces its ancestry to them. They have no existence, except as
the fairies of the forts, in the imaginations of the people. The Scots or
Milesians in their time had to give place to the Normans through all that
fair western land around the Abbeys ; the Norman, later on, had to yield
to the Cromwellian, and the Norman keeps are now more desolate than
the burial-mounds of the Firbolgs. Strangest of all, the ownership of
these fair lands is likely to revert in our own time to the sons of the
ancient tillers of the soil, to whom all the nobles of every blood — Milesian,
Norman, and Cromwellian — may find it necessary to yield up the owner-
ship, to the very vassals whose sires were in utter bondage. Hardly
anything more strange, in my opinion, has happened in the annals of
human vicissitudes ; but the fact is there, and it is undeniable, although
it is somewhat removed from the immediate subject of my Address, to
which I now return.

The primitive Monastery of Inismaine was founded about 100 years
before the great Monastery of Cong. A glance at the map — the Ordnance
map if possible — will show you how it was situated. In the olden times,
before the lakes were drained, there were three distinct islands running
in a line from the eastern shore near Lough Mask Castle far into the
lake — that is, Iniscoog, Inismaine, or the Middle Island, and Inishowen,
which stood out far in the deep water. But now they form really one
great promontory, and in summer weather can be reached on foot, quite
easily, dryshod, and there is even a fair road by a raised causeway, over
a half-broken bridge, from Iniscoog into Inismaine. Inishowen, the
most western of the group, is a flattish cone of green land bordered with
a fringe of wood by the lake shore, and rising to a height of 142 feet from
the level of the lake. On the summit there is an ancient dun, now so
thickly overgrown with shrubs that on the occasion of my visit I found
it impossible to effect an entrance, but, from its outer edge, looking west
and south-west over the lake to the giant hills beyond, there is one of

4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

the finest views I have ever seen. That ancient dun was called Dun
Eoghain, and from the same old king this western island^itself was called
by the name which it still bears, Inishowen. This Eoghan, known in
the Annals as Eoghan Beul, was King of Connaught during the first
quarter of the sixth century. He was a great-grandson of the famous
King Dathi, of whom you have all heard something, and inherited the

INISMAINE ABBEY — GKOUND-PLAN.

bravery as well as the blood of that grand warrior king. He was mortal!}
wounded in a fierce battle against the men of the North near Sligo, in
the year A.D. 537.' The Four Masters tell us that the Northerns carried
off his head with them from the field of battle, with many other spoils,
to their own country. But the Life of St. Ceallach, his son, tells a
different story — that he survived the fight for three days, and that he

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS — CONG AND INISMAINE. 5

told his own soldiers to bury him standing up in his grave, fronting the
hostile North, with shield and spear in his hands, and that so long as he
remained there facing the foe the Northerns would never gain a victory
over the men of the West, the Hy-Fiachrach of the Moy. And so it
came to pass. But when the Northerns heard of it, they came stealthily
by night, took up the body of the dead king, and, carrying it with them
over the Sligo river, buried him ignobly near Hazelwood, in low ground,
with his face downwards. So the spell was broken, and the dead warrior
cowed the foe no more.

Now, this warrior king dwelt in his dun on Inishowen about the
year 525, when a great saint called Cormac, coming from the south of
Ireland, made his way to the royal dun, and asked the king for a little
land on which to build his cell and monastery in that neighbourhood.
Cormac was a great saint, and he had six brothers, also very holy men,
who founded churches in various parts of Ireland. Now, Eoghan Beul
received the saint very rudely, and refused his request, most probably

INISMAINE ABBEY, COUNTY MAYO— EAST ELEVATION.

because he did not care to give any lands to a man whom his tribesmen
might be disposed to consider an interloper from the south of Ireland.
But it is not safe to quarrel with the saints, and Cormac told the king
that the day would surely come when his royal dun would be laid low, and
the servants of Christ would dwell nigh to its ruins. And all this came
to pass, for Dun Eoghain, like Tara, became waste and silent, and
the monastic establishment on Inismaine, close by, grew up from low
beginnings to great power and splendour. I do not wish to think
hardly of the gallant old warrior who built his dun on the summit
of that lone island, so daringly fronting the western waves and mountains,
and stood up in his grave, armed with shield and spear, to fight the foes
of his beloved western land. Hence I am inclined to think— though it
is not stated expressly in the « Life of Saint Cormac," it is implied—
that either Eoghan or his sons who dwelt in Carra gave the saint a si
for his monastery on Inismaine. Of this we have a striking proof, for n
the northern wall of the mediseval abbey there is incorporated a porti<

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of the wall of the primitive abbey, with its own peculiar doorway formed of
large stones, with flat lintel and inclining jambs, which every antiquary
knows is a characteristic feature of our earliest churches of the fifth,
sixth, and seventh centuries. It is there still, and is figured by Wilde in
" Lough Corrib," p. 254 (see Plate, p. 9) ; it proves beyond doubt that the
beautiful Romanesque church of the twelfth century was built on the very
site of the primitive Church of St. Cormac. One may see, too, why it

was that the early kings of
the [Hy Fiachrach race loved
so well the glorious shrines
and islands of Lough Mask,
flanked in the blue distance
by its own noble ramparts
of frowning mountain walls.
The following details of the
architectural remains have
been supplied by Mr. Robert
Cochrane : —

"The foundation of the
original church is usually
associated with the name of
St. Cormac, who flourished in
the sixth century. It appears
to have been rebuilt and en-
larged in the twelfth century,
and some of the details of the
existing remains are of the
fourteenth century.

" The church is in the form
of a Tau cross in plan, is of
comparatively small extent,
and has some interesting
features. It appears to take
its place in the transition
from the early monastic type
of the Celtic church, where

each monk had his own house or cell grouped about a central church

or oratory, and the fully-developed abbey of the Norman type, which

was evolved on the Continent from the Roman villa.

" The nave is 41 feet by 21 feet ; the chancel measures 19 feet 9 inches

by 15 feet 3 inches-; and the side chapels 16 feet 6 inches by 12 feet

8 inches.

" The details of the east window resemble in part the east window of

O'Heyne's Church at Kilmacduagh.

" The masonry in the nave walls, and the doorway on the north side,

INTERIOR AND ELEVATION OF EAST WINDOW,
INISMAINE.

TWO ROYAL- ABBEYS CONG AND INISMAINE. 7

with its sloping jambs, are apparently of early date, and are probably
the remains of the sixth-century church. The doorway of this date
would have been found in the west end of an early church, and it is
difficult to account for its now occupying a position in the north wall,
a most unusual position for a doorway in the early primitive churches.

" This doorway in the northern wall of the nave is 6 feet 1 inch high,
and measures 2 feet 3 inches in width at the ground, and 1 foot 1 1 inches
wide at the lintel.

"The walls of the east and north gables are standing to the full height,
with the exception of the stone barges, which are missing. The north
wall of nave is 12 feet high near the chancel, lowering to 5 feet at the
west gable. The walls along the south side are lowered to from 3 to
5 feet in height.

" The side walls of the chancel and the east gable walls stand 15 feet
9 inches high to the springing of the roof ; and the north transept walls
are 12 feet 6 inches high. The carvings terminating the label mouldings

TERMINALS TO LABEL MOULDING OF EAST WINDOW, INISMAINE.

of the two-light round-headed east window are very interesting. One
represents a man seated on horseback with bridle and saddle-cloth,
and the other shows two animals evidently in conflict— a biped wit]
wings, and the other four-footed— both have tails with floriate^
terminations.

"The columnar piers, which carried the arch over the opening
between the nave and the chancel, the windows in the chancel, portions
of the nave, and the apartment north of chancel, are not of an e
date than the twelfth century.

" The apartment south of the chancel had a storey over the ground
floor, with a doorway from it to the small closet on the western si
part of the structure appears to have been used for residential purpOE

" The masonry in the walls of the nave, from the north doorway
westward, appears to be the oldest portion of the abbey,
and side chapels, or transepts, were additions at a late:
different periods.

8 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

" It is difficult to determine whether the apartments north and south
of the chancel were really intended for transepts or chapels, or were for
domestic purposes ; the small doorways leading from the chancel would
tend to show that these apartments were not used for ceremonial purposes
in connexion with public worship. It is probable the apartment on the
north side may have been used for ritual purposes or for a sacristy,
while the apartment to the south and the chamber over it were the
residential quarters for the small community.

INISMAINE AHHEY — CAUVING ON STONBS FORMING THE CAPITALS OF
THE COLUMNS OF THE CHANCEL-ARCH.

" From the twelfth to the fourteenth century there were several altera-
tions and additions, such as the window in the south wall of nave, the
windows in chancel, and adjoining apartments north and south, and the
chancel piers. Probably the chancel and side apartments were built
during that time.

" The chancel-arch was a very imposing feature of four orders, with
moulded bases and carved capitals, the foliage on which was delicately

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,

DOORWAY IN NORTH WALL OF NAVE, INISMAINE ABBKY.

VIEW OF CHANCEL LOOKING EAST, INISMAINE AHBEY.
(From illustrations in Wilde's " Lough Corrib." The blocks lent by Count Plunkett, F.S.A.)

To face page 9.]

TWO ROYAL" ABBEYS — CONG AND INISMAINE. 9

sculptured of patterns more like what is to be found in ancient illuminated
work. Illustrations of six of the stones forming capitals are given, one
of which represents two animals erect and in combat.

"The illustration (see Plate) shows the east end, and one of the
chancel piers as it existed fifty years ago. The gap in the wall has been
built up, and some of the ivy removed since then. It was scheduled
by the Board of "Works for preservation some time ago, and is now in
fairly good repair ; but the ivy, which has done such irreparable injury
to so many of our ancient edifices, again requires attention."

About a hundred years after Inismaine, that is about the year 627,
the first monastery of Cong was founded. It came about in this way :
There was a very famous saint called Feichin, a native of Leyney, in
the County Sligo, who flourished during the first sixty years of the
seventh century. He founded several monasteries in his native district, of
which the most celebrated was the monastery of Ballisodare, four miles
south of Sligo. Whilst Feichin was sojourning there with his monks, an
angel appeared to him in his sleep to tell him that it was God's will that
he should journey to a certain island of the ocean, situated in the extreme
west of Connaught, called Imaidh, now Omey, to preach to the half -pagan
natives. The saint set out with a few of his disciples and made his way
to Omey, from Westport, I think, where he at once proceeded to build
his little church and a few cells for himself and his disciples. The church
is there still, nearly covered at times with the blown sand. But it was
hard work at first to build it, for the natives received the saint and his
monks badly, and during the night they used to steal their few tools and
throw them into the sea-lake close at hand. But God did not forget His
own ; for u angels brought back the tools in the morning." Then the
islanders would give them no food, so that Feichin and his monks were
nearly starved — two of them, it is said, did perish of want, but were re-
stored to life at the prayers of the saint. Then Guaire, King of Connaught,
hearing of their sore plight, sent them food for their needs, with other good
things, and a silver cup, to the saint himself, which (says the writer of the
" Life of Saint Feichin ") is preserved to the present day, and is called
Cuach Feichin, Feichin's Goblet. But true zeal always conquers ; so in
the end the islanders were all converted and baptised ; their little church
became the parish church of the large parish of Omey, which has ever
since fondly cherished the memory of its patron saint. From Omey he
went out to High Island, where he and his companions founded another
little church and built their clochans, some of which remain, though much
dilapidated. It would appear that Feichin then returned eastward,
preaching the Gospel everywhere through the great parish of Boss, until
he came to Cong. Memorials of the saint's sojourn in this wild country
are still to be found in many places. We find his holy well, Toberfechin,
near Maum, and there is another Toberfechin and Leac na Fechin near

10 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Boon, which marks the saint's journey eastward until he came to Cong.
Here he at once perceived the incomparable beauty of the spot, and its
suitability, at the head of the lake and at the gate of the west, for a great
monastery, and, as expressly stated in the old rental of Cong, he got a grant
of the place with considerable lands, not from King Guaire of Connaught,
but from Domnall, son of Aedh M'Ainmire, king of Ireland, in the year
628. This information I owe to Mr. Martin Blake, who has extracted it
from a MS. in the British Museum. We must, however, always bear in
mind that the primitive monasteries founded by St. Cormac and
St. Feichin were very different from the stately and graceful buildings
whose ruins we now admire at Cong and Inismaine. The centre of the
primitive monastery was a small church or oratory — in the west it was
generally built of stone, because stone there abounded. Around it were
grouped the little cells of wood, or wattles, or stone, in which the abbot
dwelt with his monks — not, of course, together, but in twos or threes.
Their food was roots, fish, or a little corn — sown, reaped, and ground by
their own hands. It might be said that they dwelt mostly in the open
air ; but that very fact, coupled with their sober, self-denying lives, made
them superior to the hardships of climate. So they lived in Omey,
Ardilaun, Inismaine, and Cong in the days of the saints. As Feichin had
preached the Gospel all the way from Omey to Cong, his monastery at
Cong naturally became the religious centre of all that western land, and
its abbots appear to have exercised episcopal jurisdiction over all the
western country which he had evangelised. During the succeeding
centuries down to the twelfth, we know little or nothing of its
history. No doubt it suffered greatly from the Danes, who certainly
had their fleets on Lough Corrib for some time. But still it continued
to be a place of considerable importance, for, at the opening of the
twelfth century, we find that at the Synod of Rath-Breasail it was
counted as one of the five dioceses which that assembly was prepared to
recognise in the province of Connaught. This arrangement, however, was
not carried out. When the final settlement of dioceses was made at the
Synod of Kells, in 1152, Cong was not recognised as one of the Connaught
bishoprics. Still the restored Abbey of Cong certainly continued to be
one of the most important religious centres in the west of Ireland ; and
hence it would be interesting to know when exactly the restoration took
place. There is, however, some doubt about the date — certain authori-
ties placing it, in my opinion, too early, and others too late in that
century. Now there was a burning of Cong, which means the abbey
and church, in 1114; but, in my opinion, that was too early for the
restoration. The great Turlough 0' Conor was only just then fighting his
way to the front, and he had neither the leisure nor the means to restore
old abbeys, although I do not say that the will was wanting. But in
1133, and again in 1137, the abhey was burned by the men of
Munster in a hostile raid on King Turlough 0' Conor ; and, in my

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS — CONG AND INISMAINK. 11

opinion, it was after that second or third burning that the abbey was
re-built as we now see it in its ruins. Turlough was then at the
height of his power and resources, the acknowledged High King of all
Ireland. He had for some years been engaged in great works of peace.
He had, in 1124, erected three strong castles to protect his dominions at
Gal way, Dunloe, and Collooney. He threw bridges over the Shannon at
Athlone and at Lanesborough, and over the Suck at Ballinasloe beside
his castle there, and he was resolved not to be outdone by any of his
contemporaries in building new monasteries and churches. It was an era
of reform in discipline, and of great progress in architecture and its
kindred ecclesiastical arts. A striking example had been set before
his eyes both in the north and south. The new Basilica of SS. Peter
and Paul was dedicated by St. Celsus, Archbishop of Armagh, in 1127,
and the Canons Eegular of St. Augustine, as they were called, took
possession of that church under the guidance of the holy Irnar O'Hagan.
Some eight years later, in A.D. 1135, Cormac McCarthy's beautiful chapel
on the Rock of Cashel was dedicated, in the presence of all the kings and
nobles of the south. Turlough was determined in his own country to
rival and, if possible, excel Cormac McCarthy in architecture as in war.
Tuam was burned the same year as Cong, that is, 1137, and, it would
appear, by the same Munster raiders ; so Turlough determined to re-build
both abbey-churches on a scale of great magnificence, worthy of the High
King of Ireland. And he succeeded. Petrie expressly says that the
chancel arch of the old Cathedral of Tuam, with the east window, which
now alone remain, are sufficient to show that " it was not only a larger but
a more splendid structure than Cormac's Chapel at Cashel " ; and the
cloister of Cong shows, too, that there was probably no building in Ireland
which excelled in elegance of design and elaborate decoration what
the same Petrie calls the " beautiful Abbey of Cong." Now, I do not
say that these buildings were completed so early as 1137, for they
would require several years to complete. But I think they were
undertaken after the burning of 1137. The two high crosses, one
opposite the Town Hall of Tuam, and one that formerly stood near the
Abbey of Cong, but of which the broken base now alone remains, were
undoubtedly erected to commemorate the completion and dedication of
their respective abbeys.

Now, on the base of the Cross of Tuam there is an inscription which
asks a prayer for King Turlough O'Connor, for the artist Gillachrist
O'Toole, for the Comarb of Jarlath, and for Aedh O'Oissin, or O'Hessian,
who (in the inscription at the base of the cross) is called "Abbot."
This Aedh O'Hessian became Abbot of Tuam about the year 1128, and
continued in that office until the death of Bishop Muireadhach O'Duffy,
in 1150, when he himself became, at first Bishop, but afterwards Arch-
bishop, on receiving the Pallium at the Synod of Kells. Now, it appears
to me clear that the cathedral was rebuilt whilst O'Hessian was abbot,

12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

and Muireadhach O'Duffy Bishop of Tuam, and, therefore, before the
year 1150, when O'Hessian succeeded to Muireadhach. The name
" Comarb of Jarlath," if applied to O'Hessian, does not mean that he was
then Bishop of Tuam, for he gets that title in the " Annals of Innis-
f alien" so early as 1134, when he was sent by the king on an embassy
to Munster, and was merely Abbot of Tuam.

On the base of the High Cross of Cong there is a mutilated inscrip-
tion asking a prayer for Nichol and for Gillebert O'Duft'y, who was in the
Abbacy of Cong. If we could find his date in the abbacy, we might
easily know who restored the building ; but his name is not mentioned
in the Annals. It is highly probable, however, that he was abbot when
his great namesake, Muireadhach O'Duffy, Archbishop of Connaught, died
at Cong on St. Brendan's Day, May the 16th. The latter is described as
" Chief Senior of Ireland in wisdom, in chastity, in the bestowal of jewels
and food," and died at the age of seventy-five, in the new and beautiful
abbey by the lake. It is highly probable that O'Duffy had retired to spend
the last years of his life with his namesake, and doubtless relative also, at
Cong, and that O'Hessian had been his coadjutor for some years before his
death. Itis my opinion, therefore, thatthe beautiful abbey-churches of Tuam
and Cong were both completed between 1137 and 1150, whilst Turlough
was king, and O'Duffy was high bishop, and O'Hessian was abbot, who,
with Gillebert O'Duffy and O'Toole, all co-operated in the buildings that
have given so much lustre to their names and to their country. The great
Turlough himself died in Dunmore, and was buried at Clonmacnoise in
1156, "a man full of mercy and charity, hospitality and chivalry."
These O'Duffys were a great ecclesiastical family, to whom we owe
much, but of whom, unfortunately, we know little, except a few meagre .
references in the Annals, supplemented, in some cases, by the inscriptions
on the crosses and stones. Yet for more than a century we find them at
intervals ruling in all the important religious centres of the West — Clon-
macnoise, Tuam, Cong, Mayo, Roscommon, Clonfert, Boyle — each had
one or more of the O'Duffys in its See, and everywhere, I believe, they
have left enduring monuments of their own religious zeal and artistic
genius. The great Turlough and his two sons in succession ruled the
western province for more than a century, yet without the O'Duffys, I
believe, neither Turlough, nor Rory, nor Cathal O'Conor could have left
so many monuments of their own taste and munificence in the cause of
religious art and architecture. I am inclined to think that this famous
family must have dwelt somewhere in the neighbourhood of Tuam or
of Cong — it is not easy to say which. The first of them we hear of was
a professor in Tuam, and Abbot of Roscommon. Certainly the greatest
of them, Muireadhach and Cathal O'Duffy, both high bishops of Tuam,
retired from Tuam to spend the closing years of their lives on the
beautiful abbey by the lake — there they loved to live, and there they
chose to die.

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS — CONG AND INISMAINE. 13

There is another striking trait in their character, and that is, their
unswerving loyalty and devotion to the O'Conor kings through good and
ill. It is something to praise in a cruel and treacherous time. Little
can be said in favour of some of those O'Conor princes — faithless, pitiless,
licentious, traitors to father and family and country. Tuiiough put out
the eyes of one of his own sons for his treasons ; and Rory, the last king,
did the same to one of his sons, the traitor Murtogh O'Conor, who first
allied himself with the JSTormans, and led them across the Shannon, hither
even to the very streets of Tuam, which the people fired rather than
allow to be a resting-place for the foe. Even Cathal the Eed-handed,
one of the best of them, allied himself again and again with William
Burke and the Normans, and brought them to Cong itself and Tuam in
1202, from which they pillaged all the country round about them. Yet
the O'Duffys were always loyal to these false kings, and when Rory,
at length, in 1175, gave up his claim to the throne of Ireland, it was
Cathal O'Duffy, the archbishop, who, with Laurence O'Toole, of Dublin,
and the Abbot of Clonfert, went over to London (o negotiate a treaty
on behalf of the discrowned king with Henry of England: and, at a
later period, when Rory, deposed by his own sons, and weary of the
world, retired to spend the last years of his life amongst the canons
of Cong, doing that penance which he greatly needed, it would appear
that Cathal O'Duffy, Archbishop of Tuam for forty years, followed
the aged monarch to Cong, that he closed his eyes in death, and then
doubtless accompanied the body of his beloved but unhappy master all
the way to Clonmacnoise, and said the last prayers over his grave, when
he was laid to rest beside his noble father, near the altar of Ciaran, in the
great Church of Clonmacnoise. Then he, too, weary of the world,
returned to Cong to die.

I have called Cong a royal abbey, and so in truth it was, for it was
founded by a high king, and was rebuilt by kings and by the sons of
kings ; it was ruled by their closest friends and relations ; they loved to
live in it and to die in it — both themselves and their kindred. Let me
give you a few more facts about the O'Duffys and 0' Conors, for while a
stone of Cong remains their memory will cling to its mouldering walls.
As we have already seen, Muireadhach O'Duify, who is called Arch-
bishop of Connaught, the greatest, too, of all his family, and, as I take
it, practically prime minister of King Turlough for nearly thirty years,
retired from Tuam to Cong, and died there on the 16th of May, 1150.
He is described as " Senior of Erin" on the Cross of Cong; as "Arch-
bishop of Connaught " by the Four Masters, and as the " Head of Religion,"
in the " Chronicon Scotorum." The eulogy pronounced on him by the
Four Masters shows that he was regarded as the foremost of the Irish
ecclesiastics at the time, " Chief Senior of all Ireland in wisdom, in
chastity, and in the bestowal of jewels and food." He died at Cong, and
is buried in Cong. I could wish we knew exactly where, for I have a

14 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

great reverence for the man's memory. In 1168 Flanagan O'Duffy,
whom the Masters describe as "Bishop (of Elphin), and chief doctor of
the Irish in literature, history, and poetry, and in every kind of science
known to man in his time, died in the bed of Muireadhach 0* Duffy of
Cong." Here we have a great scholar who, like the Archbishop of Tuam,
left his diocese in his old age, and returned to his beloved monastery of
Cong to gain the victory of penance, and to prepare for death. He lived
in the room at Cong occupied by Archbishop O'Duffy, " and died in his
bed." It was doubtless the cell and the bed kept for the archbishops at
the Abbey, and it is not unlikely that he was a nephew, or near relative,
of Archbishop Muireadhach.

^"o one in giving an account of Cong can omit all reference to the
famous Processional Cross of Cong. It was made, the inscription tells us,
by Maolisa Oechan for Muireadhach O'Duffy, " Senior of Erin," and for
Turlough O'Conor, king of Erin, under the superintendence of Flanagan
O'Duffy, comarb of Coman and Ciaran. It is clear, therefore, it was
made for the Church of Tuam, at the expense of Turlough O'Conor, and
designed to contain a relic of the True Cross, sent from Borne to Turiough
about the year 1123. It was a work of rare and peerless beauty, and
was probably brought for safety sake from Tuam to Cong by Archbishop
Muireadhach O'Duffy, for whom it was made, when he retired there to
end his life in peace and penance some years before he died in 1150. It
was carefully preserved by the abbots of Cong during all the stormy
years that followed down to the time of Father Prendergast, the last abbot
of Cong, from whom it was purchased in 1839 by Professor M'Cullagh,
and presented by him to the Royal Irish Academy. Attention has been
called in our Journal recently by Dr. E. P. "Wright, to the beautiful series
of enamelled studs on the back of the cross, each presenting the design of
a cross in red and yellow enamel (Journal, xxxi., p. 40, 1901). As we
have already seen, there is reason to think that the O'Duffys founded a
kind of technical schools of ecclesiastical art at Cong, at Clonmacnoise, and
at Roscommon, and it was from these schools the noblest works of Irish
Christian art emanated, but I cannot stay now to prove this statement
at length. The glory of the School of Cong — technical and literary — began
with the 0' Conors, and waned with their power as independent kings. It
would appear that Rory himself was first deposed for incapacity by his son
and subjects, and then retired to his beloved Cong to spend the remnant of
his days in peace and penance. But some years later the old king, growing
tired of his seclusion, sought to recover his kingdom once more after the
death of his gallant son, Conor Moenmoy, who was slain by his own friends
in A.D. 1189. But the O'Conor princes and the clansmen would not have
him, yielding submission to his brother, the illegitimate (it is said)
Red Hand, in preference, and so once more the old king was forced to
return to his retreat at Cong without hope of restoration. There he spent
the last nine years of his life in peace. He had time to meditate on his

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS— CONG AND INISMAINE. 15

own misdeeds, and on the vanity of human things. It was his lot to sit in
the throne of his great father, but he was not able to keep it. The great
crisis of Erin's fortunes when Strongbow was besieged in Dublin, and
Miles de Cogan made a desperate sally, found him in a bath instead of
in the saddle. He and his men fled from Dublin like crows, and all
Ireland knew that Eory was not the man to .save his country. He had
many concubines. His life was the life of a sensualist rather than of a
warrior. Cong was the proper place for him — to bewail his sins in its
holy cloisters. Looking out on the rushing river, flowing for ever into
the great lake, he had time to think and objects to remind him of the
fleeting vanities of human ambition, and the great ocean of eternity
beyond the grave. He had his own consolations, however; he had a
beautiful, quiet home ; he had dear and trusty friends ; he had the
solemn offices of the church, with the converse and example of holy
men around him. It was better — far better — for him so to spend his
last years in Cong, than " in his wonderful castle " of Tuam, surrounded
by false friends, with the din of battle in his ears, and his own sons and
brothers waiting with ill-concealed impatience to see him die. His, from
the spiritual point of view, was a fortunate lot, yet it was a sad if not an
inglorious end. And, for my own part, I can fancy the old king in the
midst of his prayers and penance thinking mournfully of the past. There
was another high king of Erin, whose glorious end must have often
occurred to his mind. Why did not he do what Brian Eoru did on the
same famous field of Clontarf when the clansmen of Erin, to the number
of 30,000, gathered round him — why did he not risk his country's fate
and his own life, in the glorious onset of one desperate day ? If he won,
he would have kept his kingdom and his sceptre. If he fell, how could
he have fallen more nobly than fighting to the last, with his face to the
foe, for his country's freedom and his father's throne ?

It is quite certain that Eory was buried at Clonmacnoise, as the
Four Masters distinctly assert ; but several other members of his royal
family sleep in the cloisters of Cong. We are told that Maurice
the Canon, son of Eory O'Conor, the most illustrious of the Irish for
learning, psalm-singing, and poetic compositions, died A.D. 1224, and
was buried at Cong, after the victory of " Unction and Penance." This
shows incidentally that poetry and music were both cultivated by the
Canons Eegular of Cong ; and another entry in the " Annals of Loch
Ce," two years later, confirms it, for it tells us that " Aedh, son of Don-
levy 0 Sochlachain, Airchinnech of Cong, a professor of singing and of
harp-making, who made, besides, an instrument for himself, the like of
which had never been made before, and who was distinguished in every
art, both in poetry and engraving and writing, and in every science that
a man could exercise, died in this year." This shows that there was a
real technical school of the fine arts at Cong — what their work confirms
abundantly. The very same year, and in the same place — the church of

16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

the Canons of Cong — was buried the Lady Nuala, daughter of King Rory
0' Conor, Queen of Uladh. She died at Cong, and was buried at Cong.
Indeed, it is not improbable that King Rory had a castle near the abbey,
where he himself and many members of his family subsequently dwelt.
In 1247, Finola, his youngest daughter, died at Cong, and was, doubtless,
buried by her sister's side.

And as it was at Cong, so it was at Inismaine Abbey. There is
some reason to think that King Turlough himself had a castle either
on Inismaine or close at hand, near the present Lough Mask Castle,
for we are told that his son, Cathal Crobhderg, was born at the port
of Lough Mask, which was just under the castle. Moreover, the
site of an ancient castle is shown near the abbey, and we are told
that an attack was made upon Inismaine in 1227, by Richard Burke and
Aedh O'Conor, "who burned Inismaine," which seems to point to the
castle rather than to the abbey. It would appear that as the great Tur-
lough had the Abbey of Canons Regular near him at Cong, he also restored
the old Abbey of Inismaine, and placed his own son — some say " his
eldest legitimate son5'" — as abbot over it, for we are told that Maelisa, son
of Turlough O'Conor, died Abbot of Inismaine in 1223, just the year
before his brother, Cathal the Red-handed, died in the habit of a Cister-
cian monk in the Abbey of Knockmoy, which he himself had founded.
They were a strange race, the O'Conors, capable of great deeds, yet guilty
of many crimes against God and their country, but they seldom failed to
do penance when they got the chance to die in their beds.

The thirteenth century was a very trying time for the two royal
abbeys. During the whole of that period, especially after the death
of Cathal Crobhderg in 1224, there was a fierce struggle for the
ownership of the beautiful lakeland between the Celt and the Nor:
man. The Celts might have easily held their own, except for their
own unhappy divisions. Not only were the O'Flahertys fighting against
the O'Conors, but the O'Conors were divided amongst themselves — especi-
ally the sons of Rory were in constant feud with the sons of Cathal, and
each side joined the Norman against the other. The consequence was that,
after the battle of Athenry in 1316, the Burkes drove them all out of the
beautiful lakeland. The O'Flahertys were driven beyond Lough Comb,
and the O'Conors were driven eastwards of the Suck; and so the royal
abbeys became the inheritance of the stranger, and the baronies of Clare,
Kilmaine, and Carra knew their ancient lords no more. Still, both victors
and vanquished were Catholics, and when the stubborn fight was done, the
conquering Norman was eager to repair the injuries inflicted on the
royal abbeys during the protracted warfare of the thirteenth century.
The Burkes gave new grants of land to both the abbeys, especially to
Cong, and we are told that Edmond Albanagh gave considerable
grants of land to the abbey, and that Walter Burke, son of Thomas
Fitz Edmond Albanagh, gave the lands of Arry, containing one quarter,

TWO ROYAL ABBEYS — CONG AND INISMAINE. 17

to the Abbey of Cong, " on condition that any female descending- from
him and taking the vow of chastity should be received by the abbot and
supported and maintained in this house," which goes to show that there
was a nunnery as well as an abbey at Cong.

This Walter Burke was grandson of that Edmond Albanagh who was
responsible for one of the darkest crimes in Irish history. You have all,
doubtless, heard something of that dreadful deed. It took place in 1338,
on the night of Low Sunday, and, like other crimes, had its origin in
agrarian feuds. I follow O'Flaherty's account as the most reliable. When
the Dun Earl, William de Burgo, was slain at the Ford of Belfast in
1333, his only daughter, Elizabeth, then aged seven^ became heir-general
to all the vast estates of the Red Earl. Shortly afterwards her grand-
uncle, Edmond de Burgo, a son of the Eed Earl, was appointed the
guardian of all these vast estates in the interest of the heiress. The
western Burkes, headed by another Edmond, called Edmond Albanagh,
determined to get rid of the guardian, and seize the lands for themselves.
So Edmond was seized by a party of the retainers of his cousin, Edmond
Albanagh, in the Augustinian Monastery of Ballinrobe. That night they
carried their prisoner to Lough Mask Castle over the lake, where it is
probable that Edmond Albanagh then dwelt. Next night he was taken
to Ballydeenagh Castle, near Petersburg, at the southern extremity of
the lake. On the third night he was transferred to what is now called
the Earl's Island, in the south-western extremity of Lough Mask. The
Archbishop of Tuam, Malachy M'Hugh, who was associated with the
unhappy prisoner in the government of Connaught, came to the island in
the hope of arranging terms between the cousins. It would appear,
however, that whilst the conference was in progress certain of the Staun-
tons — M'Paidins as they are called — fearing for their own safety if the
prisoner was released, secretly tied him up in a bag, with a stone in its
bottom, and then cast the bag into the lake, which is very deep around the
island. This tragedy changed the whole face of Connaught. The Burkes^
having no longer one head, split into parties. Edmond Albanagh himself
for many years became a fugitive ; but his family still were able to retain
the manor of Lough Mask, and we find his descendant in Perrot's compo-
sition of 1585 claiming and obtaining as his patrimonial inheritance the
castles and manors of Kinlough, near Cong, of Ballyloughmaske and of
Ballinrobe — the very lands held by the royal tribes of the west from the
dawn of our history.

This brings me to an interesting point in the history of Cong Abbey.
Mr. Martin Blake, to whom our Gal way archaeology already owes so much,
has sent me a rental of Cong Abbey, written in 1501 by the monk
Tadhg O'Duffy, under the direction of his Abbot, Flavus O'Duffy, which
shows that the O'Duffys were there still. The abbot was setting out for
Rome, and wished to have a certified copy of the rental duly executed before
his departure. This document, which I hope soon to publish in extemo, sets
T T? « A T I VoL xv-» Fifth Ser- \ c

Jour.R.b.A.I.J Vol >xxyv ^ Consec<Ser. ]

18 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

out the gifts of land made to the abbey by itsfounder, by TurloughO' Conor,
and by the Burkes, amongst others by this Edmond Albanagh, of whom I
have spoken. But, strangest of all, it sets out how Cormac M'Carthy, chief
of his nation, gave certain lands in Bere and Bantry to the Abbey of Cong,
and, amongst other privileges, a bell-rope for the abbey from every ship
sailing out of his harbours of Cork and Dunboy. It would appear that in
1133 Cormac and his friends from Munster burned Cong and Dunmore,
and plundered a great part of the country; so when Turlough got the
upper hand, he compelled Cormac to give certain lands and privileges to his
own beloved Abbey of Cong by way of restitution. From immemorial
ages the kings of Connaught had held those lands and duns and castles,
and so the chiefs of the Mayo Burkes, succeeding to their authority in the
west, claimed their ancient and beautiful inheritance as their own. They,
too, in their turn passed away, and other men of another race and religion
hold their lands and castles — destined too in their time to pass away.
Old King Eochy has seen it all from his cairn over the lake, and his hoary
monument will, so far as we can judge, outlive them all.

Let me say a word about the architecture of the abbeys of Cong and
Inismaine. It belongs to what is known as the Irish Romanesque, which
took its rise in its ornamental forms about the beginning of the eleventh
century — say the time of the Battle of Clontarf — and reached its perfec-
tion during the first half of the twelfth century (that is up to the time of
the Anglo-Norman invasion), when its further development was arrested,
and it gradually gave way to the Gothic or early pointed style of archi-
tecture. From 1150 to 1220 was a period of transition, during which
the two styles are often found together in buildings of that period — for
instance, in some of the Cistercian monasteries erected towards the close of
the twelfth, or the beginning of the thirteenth, century. You have in
Cong itself evidences of this transition, for the windows and one doorway
are, as may be seen, purely semicircular, or Romanesque, whilst we have
the other two beautiful doorways slightly pointed, as if the artist wished
to make a compromise between the two styles of architecture. It is
impossible at present to say for certain whether the three doors are
contemporaneous, or, as I think more probable, the two pointed doors
are later additions or insertions. Now the Irish Romanesque, in its
most characteristic features, is a purely national development of the
foreign Romanesque of Italy and Southern France— Romanesque mean-
ing simply an outgrowth of the Roman architecture. In this develop-
ment, as an eminent professional authority (Brash) has said : — " The
Irish exhibited wonderful fertility of invention, taste, and fancy in
design — the utmost accuracy in drawing and of harmony in colouring" ;
but he admits that in their attempts to represent the human figure,
either in painting or sculpture, they were " decided failures." In book-
painting and decoration, and even in stone-carving, they excelled ; but in
painting and reproducing the human figure, they failed. You can

TWO ROYAlT ABBEYS CONG AND INISMAINE. 19

perceive this yourselves if you notice carefully the figures of the two
ecclesiastics on the base of Tuam market cross, whom I take to represent
Archbishop O'Muireadhach and Abbot 0' Hessian ; there is neither grace
nor dignity about the figures. But in beauty of design, and fertility of
invention in ornament, the Irish Romanesque school was unsurpassed
and unsurpassable. I know a beautiful thing, I hope — animate or
inanimate — whenever or wherever I see it, and I must say I admire it
also ; but as I am no artist, I do hot feel myself qualified to enter into
minute details on this subject. I can only say I pity the man who lias
no eye to admire the cloister of Cong, with all its pure and graceful
lines, and the infinite variety and delicacy of its ornamentation.1

No less admirable, to my mind, are the window and doorway of Inis-
maine, and also the foliated sculpturing of the capitals of its noble chancel,
now, alas, in great part overthrown. But I would say to you, visit
these places for yourselves ; examine them not hurriedly, but leisurely
and carefully. Let the eye and the mind drink in their beauty by
thoughtful, patient observation. Take in the whole scene and its
surroundings in the present, and, if you can, in the past, when kings,
and prelates, and monks, and scholars trod these silent cloisters ; when
royal maidens touched their harps in tones responsive to their own
sweet Gaelic songs ; when the vesper bell woke the echoes round those
pleasant waters ; when the voice of prayer and praise rose seven times a
day from the lips and hearts of holy men behind those chancel arches ;
when the hospice was ever open to the poor and the stranger ; when
many a sinful soul came to find pardon and peace amongst that blessed
brotherhood of God. And I believe that the thoughtful contemplation
of these beautiful ruins in this patient and loving spirit will exercise an
elevating and refining influence on your own minds, and tend also, I
think, to soften and purify your hearts. More than all, you can ever
point to the architecture and the sculpture of these beautiful ruins as a
very striking proof of what Irish genius can effect, and has effected,
when inspired by the elevating influences of an independent national
existence. In spite of many unfavourable circumstances, resulting from
the almost continuous wars of the time, architecture and its kindred
arts made marvellous progress on purely native lines during the eleventh
and twelfth 'centuries. Turlough O'Conor and his son Rory were the
last of our native independent kings — and they were a fighting race;
yet in their reigns marvellous progress was made. "When the foreigner
came, all this progress was arrested. And, bear in mind, this wonderful
development was the outcome of native genius — all these great and
beautiful works were accomplished through the munificence of our

i For illustrations of Cong Abbey (two views), the base of the stone Cross at Cong,
and the Cross of Cong, see pp. 321, 322, and 323, vol. xxi., 1901. There are illustrations
of the ornament of the central portion of the Cross of Cong, and a coloured plate, showing
the enamels on the cross, at pp. 43 and 44 of same volume.

20 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

native princes, under the inspiration of Irish talent, and by the hands of
Irish workmen. Of this there cannot be a shadow of doubt, for we have
the names of many of them still — of the wrights who wrought the
choicest of them all. This you should never forget ; it affords solid
grounds to glory in our country's past, and to hope for our country's
future. For myself, the sight of these ivied ruins, so eloquent of glories
gone, has been to me at all times an inspiration and a joy, more pleasing
than dainty fare, more exhilarating than generous wine. I have felt
proud whenever I was able to point them out to sceptical strangers a&
the undoubted work of Irishmen before the Norman ever set foot on Irish
soil. I readily admit that the great Anglo-Norman cathedrals of
England surpass our own in lofty grandeur and majestic dignity; but
neither in England nor anywhere else can ancient churches be found to
surpass ours in graceful symmetry of outline and proportion, or in the
varied beauties of their marvellous ornamentation. And it was in the
hope of awakening in your minds some of those ennobling thoughts, that
have long been familiar to my own, that I have given this Address.

THE BOURCHIER TABLET IN THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH
OF ST. CANICE, KILKENNY, WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF
THAT FAMILY.

BY EICHARD LANGRISHE, FELLOW.

(Continued from Vol. XXXIF., page 379.)

PART II.

HPHE rebellion having been in a great measure suppressed, a large
number of the soldiers employed in that war were disbanded, the
total number discharged between November, 1581, and February, 1582,
being 3,296. Amongst the captains of the companies disbanded was Sir
George Bourchier. He was now able to go to England for a time, and we
find that he was the bearer of commendatory letters to the Council in
England. "Wallop wrote to Walsyngham and Burghley, and the Earl of
Ormond to the latter. His ostensible private business was to see that the
entail of his estates, which his nephew, the Earl of Bath, was about to
make, did not bar the succession to his own sons. It seems probable also
that Sir George had matrimonial intentions in his mind, for both he and
his future wife must have been getting rather elderly. As their infant son
Charles is recorded on the tablet to have died in 1584, it may be assumed
perhaps that they were married either in 1582 or 1583. Martha Howard,
a younger daughter of William, Lord Howard of Effingham, was, as
Ormond mentioned in one of his letters somewhat later, the Queen's
kinswoman, her father's eldest half-sister, Lady Elizabeth Howard,
having been the mother of the unfortunate Anne Boleyn. Martha
Howard was also distantly related to Sir George Bourchier ; and they had,
doubtless, been acquainted from early youth. Their marriage^ must have
been a love match, for there was no great fortune to be obtained on either
side.

It does not appear from the State Papers that Sir George was
stationed in Kilkenny when either of his children recorded on the tablet
died ; but Elizabeth Sheffield, Countess of Ormond, was niece to Lady
Bourchier, and, doubtless often had her with her at Kilkenny Castle.
They must have been married much about the same time, the Countess's
marriage having taken place shortly before November 15th, 1582,
according to the State Papers. She may have been the means of having
the tablet placed in St. Canice's Cathedral.

From her only daughter, whose only child, Elizabeth Preston,
Baroness Ding wall in her own right, was wife of the 1st Duke of
Ormonde, the present Marchioness of Ormonde is descended.

22 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

There is no reference to Sir George Bourchier after his departure to
England at the end of 1581, until January 6th, 1582, when he wrote to
"W'alsyngham, from Barnstaple, where he had been waiting for three weeks
for wind to cross to Ireland with some troops raised in Devonshire ; but no
ships were ready, even if there had been a fair wind, and would not for
ten days to come. He was in Waterford, however, on the 27th ; and in
want of money and instructions. He wrote from Clonmel on April 15th,
and again on May 31st, to Walsyngham, asking that the advantages
which he then enjoyed, as Lieutenant of the forts of Leix and Offaly,
might not be diminished by any proceeding of the constables (of those
forts) to renew their patents.

On June 28th he was at Kilmallock, and wrote to "Wallop that "the
Seneschal of Imokilly and Ulick Brown were received without sureties.
Desmond, with some six or seven persons, is kept with some secret friend.
A new proclamation of £1,000 for his head, or £500 to him who shall
draw the draught." A comparatively quiet time supervened after the
death and attainder of Desmond, and little is recorded of Sir George's
actions until 1587, when, according to a petition from the widowed
Countess of Desmond, on December 10th, he was then in the possession
of the Castle of Lough Gur1 ; which she stated was " one of the strongest
that my lord my husband had ; and a parcel of my jointure, being the
best furnished house I had, my straight charge and commandment to the
keepers always was, that none should come within the said castle except
it were the Queen's officers, whom I willed should be received at any
time. Whereupon the Sheriff of Limerick, being come thither, was
willingly received according to my direction, who presently took
possession thereof, as the keeper, now serving Sir George Bourchier,
can testify."

On February 14th following, he wrote to "Walsyngham, that he
" finds little good of his office ; some part of the manors of Any, Clonegor,
and Loughe taken from him and given to the Countess of Desmond."

The patent for his grant was not passed until 1588, when the total
was set out as 19£ plough lands, which, at the rate of 428 English acres
to the plough land, make 12,880 acres. The greater part consisting of
lands which had belonged to Desmond, situated in several different
localities ; a large area about Lough Gur, and some near Kilmallock. To
hold for ever in fee farm by fealty, in common socage. Rent, £ 1 34 3s. 4d.
This rent was afterwards reduced, owing to deficiency in the area.
Onerous terms were added as to the building of houses for ninety-four
families, and a residence for himself. In consequence of the great
destruction of life and property which had taken place all over the
Desmond estates, many years must have elapsed before much profit could
have been had out of these estates.

1 Illustrated in "Dineley's Tour," vol. ix., p. 195, of the Society's Journal.

THE BOURCHIER TABLET IN KILKENNY CATHEDRAL. 23

On November 14th, 1589, Lord Deputy Pitz William wrote to
Burghley : — "Last Sunday my wife coming to the church to hear the
sermon, went to the chapel where she and other ladies sit. The Lady
Bourchier was there before her coming, and in the place where niy wife
sitteth, and so she used my wife as she made her go to the other side.
Begs pardon for troubling Burghley with so vain a matter, but has
requested Sir Robert Cecil to trouble him more at large therewith."
Lady Bourchier evidently knew how to hold her own ; the grand-
daughter of a duke, and wife of an earl's son, she was justified in
keeping her place.

On 25th March, 1589, Sir George complained that most of his lands
were in controversy ; and that the boundaries had not been set
out.

Trouble soon arose with the Burkes and O'Flahertys, and Sir George
signed the treaty of peace made with them. He was sworn of the Privy
Council in Dublin, apparently in 1589 ; and his name appears to a large
number of letters and orders printed in the State Papers down to a very
short time before his death.

4th November, 1591, the Lord Deputy's Council wrote to the Privy
Council in London, in favour of the bearer, Henry Usher, Archdeacon of
Dublin. They recommended the project for the erection of the college,
with such degrees of learning as in the colleges in the universities of
England are used. Autographs of the Archbishops of Dublin and
Armagh, the Bishop of Meath, Sir R. Gardiner, Sir Ric. Bingham, and
Sir Geo. Bourchier, are appended to the original.

23rd May, 1592, Captain Robert Fowle to Queen Elizabeth. Prefers

an accusation against Sir Ric. Bingham The way to bring

Connaught into good government, and to increase the revenue, is to change
the Governor, and put Sir Geo. Bourchier in Sir Richard's place. Shows
how £2,000 a year would be saved thereby. However, his advice was
not followed ; Sir George Bourchier would hardly have resigned his office
to be Governor of Connaught. He appears to have taken part in most of
the expeditions of the Lord Deputy against the many turbulent Irish
chieftains. He was also named in fourteen commissions from November
13th, 1602, with the Lord Chancellor, and sundry other men of note, to
keep the peace in the absences of the Lord Deputy.

On 22nd August, 1592, he surrendered his office of Lieutenant of the
King's County, on being appointed to that of Master of the Ordnance for
life, with a fee of 6s. Sd. sterling per diem, to have a lieutenant or vice-
captain, and a standard-bearer called a guydon.

In Lord Russell's diary, published in the State Papers, the following
appears under date of 2nd September, 1596 : — " My Lord (Russell) and
Lady, with the Lady Bourchier rode a hawking."

This is the last of the references to Martha, Lady Bourchier, in the
State Papers. She had nearly run her course, one of many troubles,

24 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

through the loss of four, out of her seven, sons. From her funeral entry
in Ulster's Office, we learn that she died, and was buried in October, 1598,
in the chancel of Christ Church Cathedral.

Sir George was appointed on 14th January, 1596-7, with Sir John
Norreys and Sir Geoffry Fenton, to go northwards with a force to re-
victual Armagh ; which was on the point of surrendering to the Earl of
Tyrone, for want of provisions. Tyrone was overawed, and did not resist
them ; but in the following summer he gave a great deal of trouble, and
his brother burned the countiy down to Mullingar.

In 1598 several castles in Limerick were forsaken by their custodians
for fear of the rebels. Sir George's tenant of Lough Gur, llichard
Rowley, put in the notorious TJlick Brown, who by treachery, gave all
to the rebels.

There are a great many references to Sir George's business as Master of
the Ordnance ; which was in fact storekeeper of all kinds of warlike
material ; there were frequent inquiries by the authorities in England, as
to what had become of the munitions sent over, asking for complete
returns of them, which Sir George often explained that he could not give,
as only a portion of them came to Dublin. There was a terrible explo-
sion of six lasts of gunpowder, carelessly laid on the Custom House
Quay, then near the castle, which did terrible damage, and killed a large
number of people. This drew attention to the powder-store in the
castle, which was immediately under the courts of justice, and caused a
sort of panic that the judges, juries, and attendant public, would be blown
up some day, which happily did not occur.

In 1599 the Earl of Tyrone was still troubling the Government ; and
on 30th November Ormonde, Sir George Bourchier, Sir Geoifry Fenton^
and Sir "William Warren, met him at Blackstone ford, near the mill of
Louth, not far from Ardee, where they conferred with him across the
stream, and next day signed a truce with him.

Sir George Carew wrote an account of his adventure in Kilkenny on
the 10th of April, 1600, when the Earl of Ormonde was taken prisoner
by Owney McEory O'More, which lias already been quoted in our Journal
(vol. vi., p. 388), and need not be repeated here, beyond that Sir George
Carew and the Earl of Thomond had a narrow escape. On Sir George
Carew's report of the mishap to the Lord Deputy, the latter at once
dispatched Sir George Bourchier and Sir Christopher St. Lawrence, with
some soldiers, to Kilkenny ; the former for chief command of the forces
there, to protect the Countess of Ormonde and her daughter, and to guard
the Earl of Ormonde's horses from being stolen by the disaffected
inhabitants. The countess had been thrown into a terribly depressed
and agitated state by the capture of the earl, which must have raised
the hopes of his turbulent enemies, who it was feared might attack
Kilkenny.

The countess may have been in failing health, for she died within a

THE BOURCHIER TABLET IN KILKENNY CATHEDRAL. 25

year ; and was buried with great pomp in St. Canice's Cathedral on the
2nd of April, 160 1.1

Sir George was now growing old, apparently no longer fit for long
expeditions on horseback over rough and trying ways, so nothing is
recorded of him, except in connection with his office of Master of the
Ordnance.

There is a long and touching letter from Sir George to the newly
created Earl of Salisbury, dated 22nd September, 1605, two days before
the writer's death. " Is emboldened by his former favours to recommend
this poor gentleman, his eldest son, Thomas Bourchier, unto his favour
and protection, as to one whom he knows to be an honourable man.
He himself, worn out with a laborious life, and a long grievous sickness,
is even now at the period of his days, looking every hour for a peaceful
passage to his grave. On which extremity he is oppressed with this
grief only, that having spent many years in the faithful service of his
prince and country, he sees himself the poorest man of all those that
served Queen Elizabeth (or His Majesty since her death) so painfully as
he has done, whereby he leaves his poor children, the most miserable
sons of an unhappy father. In this grief he is most of all comforted
with an assurance of that most noble virtue that Salisbury possesses in
the eye of all men, hoping that as his service had been long and faithful,
and not inferior to some of those that have been honourably rewarded,
so Salisbury will have a consideration of him, and of them for his sake,
and will be pleased to be a mediator for this his son unto His Majesty,
that whatsoever he himself might be thought worthy to taste of His
Highness's bounty and favour, may be conferred on him who relieth on
his good lord, and whom he has enjoined ever to depend on his lordship
as his servant and follower."

On 30th September, Sir Arthur Chichester wrote to Salisbury: " Sir
George Bourchier died on Tuesday, the 24th instant, and has left three
young gentlemen, his sons, to very poor fortunes, other than what their
own worths and deserts shall enable them unto." Again, on 28th
October, he wrote : " Since the death of Sir George Bourchier his eldest
son, Thomas, is likewise dead, at Coventry, whither he had come with
letters from Chichester, praying that the giving of the office of the
Ordnance might be suspended until his father's accounts were finished
. . . humbly urges this last request in behalf of his second son, John, a
youth well known to Salisbury. Is the more earnest in this, as the
father committed the children to his charge, and died a very poor
gentleman. Conceives that Thomas Bourchier died of the plague, and
should be sorry to hear, that any letters came to him from Salisbury's
hands."

John Bourchier having come into his father's estates, and having

1 Funeral Entry in Ulster's Office.

26 ItOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

doubtless proved active in military service, was knighted on the 24th
March, 1610. In April he was named as a servitor, meet to be an
undertaker, and was allotted 1,000 acres in the County of Armagh,
afterwards increased to 2,000, and he set about erecting a residence on
this estate.

On the 2nd of July following, he was granted 10s. ster. per day
during his life, by letters patent, on the king's order, in lieu of £1,369
arrears of fee due to his father, deceased, and he was further to have the
first company that shall become void. Westminster, 30th May, in the^
9th of his reign. (Sign manual at head.)

The quit rent out of his father's estates was reduced to £111 14s.

On 23rd April, 1613, he was returned as M.P. for County Armagh,
though it was alleged that he had no residence therein. This election
was a regular hole-and-corner affair, from the accounts in the State
Papers. Sir John probably fell into bad health, as very little further is
recorded concerning him. He never married ; and his funeral entry in
Ulster's Office records that he died on the 25th March, 1614.

In 1618, his only surviving brother, Henry, held 2,000 acres in
County Armagh. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which
he was elected a Fellow, was knighted 9th November, 1621 ; and in
1622 was appointed one of the Commissioners to enquire into the State
Ecclesiastical and Temporal of Ireland; to be paid £100 each by way
of advance, and £1 10s. per diem to each, from 20th February last.

William, 3rd Earl of Bath, first cousin to Sir Henry, had succeeded
his grandfather in 1560. He, too, had done some fighting in Queen
Elizabeth's time, had married Lady Elizabeth Russell, d. of Francis,
Eail of Bedford, and left Edward, his third but only surviving son and
successor, when he died on 12th July, 1623.

Edward, 4th Earl of Bath, was made K.B. at the creation of the
Prince of Wales, 2nd June, 1610. He married, first, 1623, Dorothy, d. of
Oliver, Lord St. John of Bletsoe ; she died 20th August, 1623, leaving
three daughters : 1. Elizabeth, who married Bazil, Earl of Denbigh, and
died s. p. ; 2. Dorothy, who married Thomas, Lord Grey of Groby, eldest
son of Henry, 1st Earl of Stamford, and left issue; 3. Anne, who
married, first, James, Earl of Middlesex, and, secondly, Sir Christopher
Wray, Bart. Edward, Earl of Bath, married secondly, Anne, d. of Sir
Robert Lovet, of Lipscombe, but had no other issue. He died s.p. m.,
2nd March, 1636-7, when the baronies of FitzWarine and Daubeneyfell
into abeyance between his three daughters, and so continue amongst
their descendants, and the Earldom passed to his cousin, Sir Henry
Bourchier, of whom we have been treating above.

"Henry Bourchier, 5th Earl of Bath, was born about 1593, his age
being entered as forty-five, and that of his wife as twenty-five,in the
entry of their marriage licence in London; he married, 13th December,
1638, at St. Bartholomew's the Great, London, Rachael, d. of Francis

THE BOURCHIER TABLET IN KILKENNY CATHEDRAL. 27

Fane, 1st Earl of Westmoreland. He was made P.O., 1641 ; Privy Seal,
22nd January, 1644 ; and was one of the Commissioners for the defence
of Oxford. He died s.p., 16th August, 1654, when the Earldom became
extinct, as did also apparently the illustrious house of Bourchier; he
was buried at Tawstock, in Devonshire." On his monument in Tawstock
Church, there is a magniloquent Latin epitaph, quoted in Dugdale's
" Baronage," vol. ii., which may be rendered thus : — " Here is laid Lord
Henry Bourchier, Earl of Bath, who by a long lineage, and a numerous
ancestry, from the most ancient and alike noble families of Bourchier
and FitzWarine, was descended, and by hereditary right, and by title of
relationship, had assumed the armorial ensigns of Woodstoke(Plantageriet),
Bohun, Say, Mandeville, Bruse, Badlesmere, Clare, Montchensy, Windsor,
Peverell, Clifford, Gifford, Martin, Mohun, Tracy, Cogan, Dinham,
Courtenay, Rivers, Stourton, Hankford, and the hereditary arms of other
families of celebrated name, with their proper ensigns interwoven and
marshalled, he comprehended in his ancestral escutcheon, and displays
to posterity on this sculptured marble.

" Eeader, it is enough ; now already thou hast a compendious series of
his lineage, wherein thou canst behold the splendours of his descent,
and the sublimity of his pedigree. If, truly, virtue and cultivation of
mind thou wouldest behold, his name, more eternal than bronze, more
lasting than marble, more remarkable than eulogy or epitaph, thou
mayest in fine regard."

His widow married, secondly, in 1655, Lionel (Cranfield), 3rd Earl
of Middlesex, who died s.p., 26th October, 1674.

She obtained a Royal Warrant, 19th March, 1660-1, to retain her
precedency as Countess of Bath, her husband being an Earl of more
recent creation. In 1679, she presented a chalice and paten " To her
Chappel at Lough Gur." She died llth November, 1680, aged sixty-
seven years, and was buried at Tawstock. By her will, she left her
first husband's library to Trinity College, Dublin.

Most of these latter particulars, and of the dates relating to the
Bourchier peerages, have been taken from * ' The Complete Peerage, by
G. E. C.," the latest and best authority on peerage matters. Tavistock, in
Devonshire, had descended from Henry de Tracey, who held it in the
twelfth century, through de Brian, Martin, Audley, FitzWarine, and
Hankford, to Fulke Bourchier, 9th Lord FitzWarine, and is now the
seat of Sir Robert-Bourchier-Sherard Wrey, tenth Baronet, the descendant
of Lady Anne Bourchier and Sir Christopher Wrey, and in whom are
now vested all the quarterings of the Earls of Bath, and the co-heirship
to their baronies in fee. No one has ever since claimed to be the heir
male of any of the earldoms held by the family.

28 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The following narrative pedigree contains the descent of all the
quarterings now traceable : —

BOURCHIER PEDIGREE.

Robert le Burser, who was probably so called from being in the
service of the Earls of Oxford, who held lands in the County of Essex,
married Emma, whose parents are unknown, and by whom he had a son
and successor :

Sir John le Bourser, who was appointed a Justice of the Common
Bench in 1315 ; his wife was Helen, dau. and sole heir of "Walter de
Colchester, by Joan, dau. and co-heir of Hubert de Montchensy, Lord of
Stansted, in the co. of Essex. This last family was descended from :

Hubert de Montchensy, lord of Edwardston, in the co. of Suffolk,
mentioned from 1 John to 19 Hen. III., in the Calendar of Feet of Fines
for Suffolk ; his wife was Alice, by whom he had a son and heir :

Warine de Montchensy, the name of whose wife is not recorded ; he
was succeeded by his son :

Hubert de Montchensy, who married Muriel, dau. of Peter de
Valleries, by whom he was the father of :

Warine de Montchensy, who obtained in marriage Joan, second dau.
of William le Marechale, 1st Earl of Pembroke of that name ; she became
co-heir with her four sisters to her father's great possessions on the death
of the last of their five brothers. One of the sons of this marriage was :

Hubert de Montchensy, whose wife was Ela, dau. of John de Somery,
and his manor of Stansted eventually descended to his dau. Joan, as before
related, who became the wife of Walter de Colchester, whose heiress
carried to her issue the right to quarter the arms of: (1) Colchester,
gules, a cross or, within a bordure of the second ; (2) Montchensy, or,
three escocheons barry of six, vair and gules ; (3) Marshal, Earl of
Pembroke, party per pale or and vert, a lion rampant gules, armed and
langued azure ; (4) De Clare, Earl of Pembroke (Strongbow), or, seven
chevronels gules ; (5) MacMurrough, King of Leinster, sable, three garbs
argent.

The wife of Dermot MacMurrough is said to have been Cacht, dau.
of Chuchory O'More, Prince of Leix, by whom he had an only dau. Eva,
whom he gave in marriage to Richard FitzGilbert, Earl of Pembroke
(Strongbow) ; and their only child and heir, the lady Isabel de Clare,
was given by the king in marriage to William le Marechale, who became
Earl of Pembroke in her right.

The de Clare, family sprang from Gilbert de Clare, or de Tonbruge,
who married Adeliza, dau. of the Earl of Clermont in Normandy ; Gilbert's
father, Richard FitzGilbert, was a companion of William the Conqueror,
and a descendant of Richard I., Duke of Normandy.

Gilbert de Clare, second son of Gilbert de Tonbruge and Adeli/u,
was created Earl of Pembroke in 1138 ; he married Elizabeth, sister of

THE BOURCHIER PEDIGREE. 29

Waleran, Earl of Mellent, and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest
son,

Kichard FitzGilbert de Clare, afterwards known as " Strongbow,"
who married the heiress of Dermot MacMurrough, King of Leinster.

Gilbert de Tonbruge's eldest son became Earl of Hertford, of whom
hereafter, as an ancestor of Lady Anne Plantagenet.

The elder son and heir of Sir John le Bourser, Justice of the Common
Bench, was,

Eobert, first Lord Bourchier, Lord Chancellor of England ; he married
Margaret, dau. and heir of Sir Thomas Praers of Sible-Hedingham, co.
Essex, by Anne, dau. and heir of Hugh de Essex. Margaret Praers con-
veyed to her issue the further right of quartering (6) the arms of Praers,
gules, a fesse cotised argent, and (7) the arms of Essex, quarterly, or and
gules, a cross patonce in saltire counterchanged.

William Bourchier, second son of Robert, Lord Bourchier, married
Eleanor, dau. and heir of Sir John de Lovaine, who brought to her issue
the right to quarter (8) the arms of Lovaine, gules, billetee or, a fesse
argent. The eldest son of William Bourchier and Eleanor Lovaine,

William Bourchier, was created Earl of Eu in Normandy by Henrv V. ;
he married Lady Anne Plantagenet, widow of Edmund, Earl of Stafford,
daughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, sixth
son of Edward III., by Lady Alianore de Bohun, his wife, daughter and
co-heir of Humphrey, 5th Earl of Hereford and Essex, and 2nd Earl of
Northampton.

The armigerous inheritances of the de Bohun family commence
with their ancestor, William de Magnaville, or Mandeville, who married
Margaret, dau. of Eudo de Bie, steward to William the Conqueror, and had
a daughter, Beatrice, who became co-heir to her nephew, William de
Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex, and married William de Say. Their
eldest son, William, died in his father's lifetime, leaving two daughters
his co-heirs, the elder of whom, Beatrice, married Geoffrey FitzPiers,
who, at the coronation of King John, was admitted as Earl of Essex,
and their children assumed the name of Mandeville, of whom Maud,
who married Humphrey de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford, was one of the
co-heirs of her brother William, Earl of Essex. Humphrey de Bohun,
her eldest son, became Earl of Essex in succession to his mother, and of
Hereford in succession to his father. His wife was Matilda, daughter of
Ralph de Lusignan, Count of Eu in Normandy ; and their eldest son,

Humphrey de Bohun, who died in the lifetime of his father in 1265,
had to wife Eleanor, daughter and co-heir of William de Braose, lord of
Brecknock, by Eva, his wife, fifth daughter and co-heir of William le
Marechale, Earl of Pembroke. Their only son,

Humphrey de Bohun, succeeded his grandfather as Earl of Hereford
and Essex in 1275 ; he married Maud, daughter of Ingelram de Fines, and,
dying in 1298, was succeeded by his son.

30 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Essex, who was slain in
1321-2, being in rebellion against Edward II., had married, about 1302,
the Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet, sister of that king, by whom he had
five sons, the fourth of whom, "William, was created Earl of Northampton
in 1337-8, and afterwards became a Knight of the Garter; his wife was
Elizabeth, daughter of Bartholomew, Lord Badlesmere, and co-heir of her
brother Giles, 2nd Lord Badlesmere, who died s.p. in 1338. Bartholomew,
1st lord, had married Margaret, a daughter and co-heir of Thomas de Clare,
governor of the city of London, second son of Gilbert, 5th Earl of Hertford,
and 1st Earl of Gloucester of his name in succession to his mother
Amicia, daughter and co-heir of "William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl, who was
son and heir of Robert, 1st Earl, natural son of Henry I., by Nesta,
daughter of Rhys ap Tudor, Prince of South Wales. Gilbert, 5th Earl
of Hertford, was great-grandson of Richard, 1st Earl, who was eldest son
of. Gilbert de Clare or Tonbruge, above-mentioned, and hud married Isabel,
3rd daughter of William le Marechale, Earl of Pembroke, and co-heir to
her brothers. Thus, William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, who was
descended from Eva Marshall, 5th daughter, married Elizabeth Badles-
mere, who was descended from Isabel Marshall, 3rd daughter of William,
Earl of Pembroke, as stated above. The Earl of Northampton, who died
in 1360, was succeeded by his only son, Humphrey de Bohun, as 2nd
Earl, who afterwards succeeded his uncle as Earl of Hereford and Essex,
and was the last of his line ; he married Lady Joan Fitz Alan, daughter
of Richard, 5th Earl of Arundel, and left two daughters his co-heirs, the
elder of whom, Lady Alianore de Bohun, became the wife of Thomas of
Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 6th son of Edward III., as before stated.
Their eldest daughter, Lady Anne Plantagenet, transmitted to her children
by her second husband, William Bourchier, 1st Earl of Eu, the further
right of quarteriug (9) the arms of Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester, the
royal arms of England and France quarterly, within a bordure argent ; (10)
De Bohun, azure, a bend argent between two cotises and six lioncels ram-
pant or; (11) Mandeville, Earl of Essex, quarterly, or and gules; (12)
Say, quarterly, or and gules; (13) Braose (Bruse), azure, semee of cross-
crosslets gules, a lion rampant or, armed and langued gules; (14) Mar-
shall, same as No. 3 ; (15) Badlesmere, argent, a fesse between two bars
gemel gules ; (16) De Clare, Earl of Hertford, or, three chevrons gules ;
(17) Fitz Robert, Earl of Gloucester, gules, three clarions or; (18) Mar-
shall, same as No. 3.

William Bourchier, 3rd son of William, Earl of Eu, married Thorna-
sine, daughter and co-heir of Sir Richard Hankford of Hankford, by
Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir of Fulke, 6th Lord Fitz Warine, and
was summoned to parliament as Lord Pitz Warine, from 2nd January,
1449, to 7th September, 1469, in right of his wife, and, dying in 1470,
was succeeded by his son Fulke Bourchier as 9th Lord Fitz Warine.
Sir Richard Hankford had succeeded his father Richard of Hankford

THE BOURCHIER PEDIGREE. f'H

and his mother was Thomasine, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Staple-
don. The large landed estates and many quarterings of Elizabeth Fitz
"Warine, wife of Sir Richard Hankford, first originated from the marriage
of Henry deTracey, lord of Barnstaple in Devon, who died in 1213-4,
with Matilda, daughter of John de Braose, a cousin of William de Braose,
the husband of Eva Marshall, referred to above. Matilda de Braose,
though not an heiress, had the manor of Tawstock in Devon as her dower.
Her issue by Henry de Tracy was a daughter and heir, Eva de Tracey,
who married Guy de Bryan ; he died in 1307, leaving also a daughter and
heir, Maud, who became the wife of Nicholas Martin ; he died in his
father's lifetime, before 1273, leaving a son, William, who was summoned
to parliament as a baron, from June, 1295, to October, 1325. William,
Lord Martin, married1 Eleanor, widow of John de Mohun of Dunster,
who died in 1279, and daughter of Eeginald Fitz Piers, by whom he left
a daughter, Joan Martin, whose first husband was Henry de Lacy, Earl
of Lincoln, she being his second wife ; and after his death, which occurred
in 1312, she married secondly, Nicholas, first Lord Audley. Her only
brother, William, 2nd Lord Martin, having died in 1326, she became
his heir, and the Martin estates thus passed to her son, James, 2nd
Lord Audley, who so greatly distinguished himself at the battle of
Poictiers.

Estates and quarterings had also come to the Audley family, as
follows : — Walter de Clifford, a great feudal lord in the time of Henry III.,
married Margaret, daughter of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, by whom he
left at his death, in 1256, an only daughter and heir, Maud de Clifford,
who married, firstly, William Longespee, and after his death, which
happened a few years later, leaving by her a daughter, Margaret, who
married Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln ; she married John, second
Lord Giffard, who was hanged for high treason after the battle at
Boroughbridge in 1321-2, where Humphrey, 4th Earl of Hereford and
Essex, had been slain, as mentioned above. The attainders which
followed, of the participators in this rebellion, were reversed in the
1st of Edward III., so that the barony of Giffard became vested in
the daughters and co-heirs of the said Lord Giffard and his wife Maud,
Countess of Lincoln. The elder sister, Katherine Giffard, married
Nicholas de Audley, who died in 1299, and was succeeded by his eldest
son, Thomas, who, having died under age in 1307, s.p., was succeeded by
his brother, Nicholas, who had summons to parliament in 1313, and died
in 1319, leaving his son, James, 2nd Lord Audley, above-named, then
only three years of age. He became one of the first Knights of the
Garter ; was first married to Joan, daughter of Roger, Lord Mortimer, by
whom he had one son, Nicholas, who succeeded him, and two daughters.
James, Lord Audley, married secondly Isabel, daughter and co-heir of

1 See "Dunster and its Lords," by Sir H. Maxwell Lyte, K.C.B., Deputy Keeper
of the Records, London.

32 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

William Malbank of Wich-Malbank, by whom he had three sons, who all
died s.p., and one daughter, Margaret de Audley, who married Fulke, 3rd
Lord Fitz Warine. James, Lord Audley, died on the 1st of April, 1386, at
his castle of Heleigh. Nicholas, 3rd Lord Audley, had no issue by his
wife Elizabeth Beaumont, and his three half-brothers having died before
him, on his death in 1392, his two sisters, Joan, wife of Sir John Touchet,
and Margaret, wife of Sir Eoger Hillary, and his half-sister, Margaret,
wife of Lord Fitz Warine, became his co-heirs.

Lord Fitz Warine' s son and heir, Fulke Fitz Warine, succeeded as
4th Lord Fitz Warine, and was in turn succeeded by his son, also named
Fulke, the 5th Lord, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Cogan,
by his wife Isabel, daughter and co-heir of Sir Nigel Loring, K.G., and the
said Elizabeth finally became heir to her brother John Cogan, who had
died s.p. Fulke, 5th Lord Fitz Warine, died in 1391, leaving a son,
Fulke, 6th Lord, who married Anne, daughter of William, Lord Botreaux,
and died soon after October, 1407, under age, leaving an only child,
Elizabeth Fitz Warine, his sole heir, who, as recorded above, married, as
his first wife, Sir Richard Hankford. Their elder daughter, Thomasine,
who married William Bourchier, Lord Fitz Warine, in her right trans-
mitted to her son, Fulke Bourchier, 9th Lord Fitz Warine, the right to
quarter the arms of (19) Hankford, sable, a chevron barry-nebuly argent
and gules ; (20) Stapledon, argent, two bendlets wavy gules; (21) Fitz
Warine, per fesse dancettee, quarterly, ermine and gules; (22) Audley,.
gules, a fret or ; (23) Giffard, gules, three lions passant in pale argent ;.
(24) Clifford, chequy, or and azure, a fesse gules; (25) Martin, argent, on,
two bars gules, three bezants ; (26) Bryan, or, three piles conjoined in base
azure; (27) Tracey, or, an escallop on the dexter chief point sable ; (28)
Malbank, quarterly, or and gules, a bendlet sable ; (29) Cogan, gules,
three oak -leaves argent, two and one; (30) Loring, quarterly, argent and
gules, a bend engrailed sable.

Fulke Bourchier, 9th Lord Fitz Warine, married Elizabeth, daughter
of John, 6th Lord Dynham, by Joan his wife, daughter and heir of Sir
Richard de Arches ; Elizabeth, Lady FitzWarine, became heir to her
brother John, 7th Lord Dynham, who died in 1509, s.p. ; she therefore
transmitted to her children the right to quarter the arms of (31) Dynham,
gules, a fesse of three fusils ermine ; and (32) Arches, gules, three arches-
argent, two and one.

John Bourchier, 10th Lord FitzWarine, succeeded his father in 1479,
being then only nine years old; he married Cecilia, daughter of Giles,
6th Lord Daubeney, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir John Arundel,
or FitzAlan, of Lanherne, Cornwall. Giles, Lord Daubeney, was son and
heir of William, 5th lord, who married Alice, daughter and heir of John
Stourton, of Preston Plukenet, co. Somerset. Cecilia, Lady FitzWarine,
became heir to her brother Henry, 7th Lord Daubeney, created Earl of
Bridgewater in 1538; he died s.p. in 1548, when his sister succeeded

THE BOURCHIER PEDIGREE. 33

to his estates and to the barony of Daubeney ; her husband had been
advanced to the Earldom of Bath by patent, dated 9th July, 1506 ; and
she transmitted to her children the right to quarter the arms of (33)
Daubeney, gules, four lozenges conjoined in fesse argent, and (34)
Stourton, sable, a bend or, between six fountains. Therefore, placing
the Bourchier arms as Nos. 1 and 36, we have a shield of thirty-six
quarterings.

Of the twenty -two quarterings named on the monument to Henry,
5th and last Earl of Bath, I have not been able to trace (10) "Windsor,
(11) Peverell, (19) Courtenay, and (20) Rivers. (15) Mohun is clearly
an error, arising from the supposition that Eleanor Mohun, who married
William, Lord Martin (ob. 1325), was the daughter of John do Mohun ;
whereas it has been clearly proved by Sir H. Maxwell Lyte, K.C.B.,
Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, London, that she was the daughter
of Fitz Piers, and widow of John de Mohun. This also appears in
Duckett's "Devonshire Pedigrees."

Some of the four quarterings mentioned above as untraceable may
have been derived from the wives of Eulke, 4th Lord FitzWarine, and
Sir Richard Stapledon, whose names do not appear in any account of
those families which I could discover.

The relationship between Sir George Bourchier and Queen Elizabeth,
whom he served so well, is traced through Sir George's ancestor, Sir
Richard Hankford, who married secondly Lady Anne Montacute,
daughter of John, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, by whom he had one daughter,
co-heir with her half-sister Thomasine, Lady EitzWarine, to Sir Richard
Hankford's estate; she married, about 1450, Thomas Butler, afterwards
7th Earl of Ormonde, and their daughter, Lady Margaret Butler, married
Sir "William Boleyn, grandfather of the unfortunate Anne, mother of
Queen Elizabeth.

Thomas, 10th Earl of Ormonde, married, as his first wife, Elizabeth,
daughter of John, 2nd Lord Sheffield, by Douglas, daughter of Lord
William Howard, 1st Lord Howard of Effingham, whose younger daughter,
Martha, was the wife of Sir George Bourchier.

I am greatly indebted to the kindness of my friends, Sir Arthur
Vicars, Ulster King-of-Arms, and Mr. George Dames Burtchaell, in
placing the resources of the Office of Arms at my disposal, from which a
large portion of this memoir has been compiled.

T T? <; A T $ Vol. xv., Fifth Series. j
Jour. R.S.A.I. j VoL xxx'v ; Consec. Ser> J

34 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

OK A PREHISTORIC BURIAL IN A CAIRN NEAR KNOCKMA,
COUNTY GALWAY.

BY THOMAS B. COSTELLO, M.D.
[Read AUGUST 8, 1904.]

HHHE dome-shaped hill of Castle-Hackett, situated five miles west of
Tuam, though only a little over 500 feet high, is by far the highest
and most prominent hill in North Galway. It is visible from the streets
of Oughterard, Athenry, Tuam, and Headford; its summit commands
one of the finest views in Ireland ; and well does it deserve its popular
name, Knockma (Cnoc TTlag), 'the hill of the plain/

To an antiquary, especially, the view is interesting. Many volumes
have been written, and several more may be written, concerning the
abbeys, castles, round towers, &c., that can be seen from its summit.
Sir W. "Wilde, in his " Lough Comb," thus describes the view : —

"The great plain stretching beneath, and round Knockroe; the
beautiful abbey of Knockmoy ; the towers and city of the Ford of the
Kings ; the Tuam of St. Jarlath ; the round tower of St. Bennan ; the
ruined keeps of the De Burgos ; the ships riding in the Bay of Galway ;
the Slievebloom and Clare mountains ; the blue, island-studded waters of
Lough Corrib ; and in the far western back-ground, the Connemara Alps,
with their clear-cut edges, and their sides momentarily varying in tints
from the marvellous atmospheric effects of that region stretching round
by the Partry range to the lofty peak of Croaghpatrick ; and in the
extreme north-western distance the bulky form of Nefin, and even some
of the Achill mountains skirting Clew Bay"; and, I may add, Carn-see-
Finn, across Lough Corrib.

This hill enters very largely into the folklore of Galway and Mayo.
The fairies of Connacht are believed to dwell in the depth of the hill,
under their leader, Finvarra. In every fairy-tale of these parts the
fairies always come from Knockma. The great cairn on the summit is
marked Finvarra's Castle on the Ordnance Sheet.

Knockma is the south-eastern limit of the great plain anciently called
" Nemidh," or " Magh-Ith," which stretches from here northward and
westward to Loughs Corrib and Mask ; and in this plain is situated the site
of the battlefield of southern Moytura, and the whole plain is covered
with prehistoric remains — raths, stone circles, and cairns.

A spur runs for a mile at a lower level, eastward from the hill, and
terminates in an apex at Friar's Temple. Westward another spur
reaches for a couple of miles, and contains three peaks. The sides of the

PREHISTORIC BURIAL IN A CAIRN NEAR KNOCKMA. 35

hills, almost to the very top, as well as the surrounding plains, are also
studded with numerous raths of earth and stone, many containing
souterrains. On the topmost part of the hill itself there are the remains
of three cairns ; and each apex of the lesser hills is covered with a cairn
more or less perfect.

The largest and most perfect cairn, which is situated on the highest
part of the hill, has been known as Cairn Ceasarach, and is mentioned in
the " Ogygia"; and Sir W. Wilde, in his " Lough Corrib," says, accord-
ing to tradition and ancient history, Ceasar lies interred in this cairn, and
assigns to this burial-place a date anterior to any identified historical
locality in Ireland. Indeed, it would be difficult to go farther back, as
Ceasar is reputed to have arrived in Ireland forty days before the Deluge.

"Whatever credence we attach to these opinions, they are, at any rate,
important as showing that for centuries past these cairns were believed
to be sepulchral, and make more interesting the recent discovery of a
cist, with human remains and urn, in one of the cairns. The hill known
as Cave is the nearest peak to Knockma of the western spur already
mentioned. This hill has many lisses and cahers on its sides ; and the
rath, with its fine souterrain known as the Caltragh Cave, is not far from
the top. In August, 1902, some workmen were removing stones, for
building purposes, from this cairn, when they broke into a cist. Not
wishing to enter what looked so like a tomb, they closed up the breach,
and went away. On the 17th of the same month, Mr. Mangan, a large
farmer, who lives near, hearing of the discovery of the cave, visited the
place with some friends, and found the urn. He immediately handed it
over to Mr. O'Neill Donelan, on whose land this cairn stands, and who
kindly presented it to me, for which I must always thank him. A
few days afterwards I examined the place. The cairn, though it has
been used as a quarry for years, still contains a vast quantity of loose
stones, and, owing to the operations carried on in removing these, it is
impossible to accurately trace the original outlines, stones being scattered
everywhere. Still, enough has been left to show that the cairn was
formed on the summit of the hill, on the bare rock, there being little
vegetation. The cairn is still over 15 feet in height in the centre, and
it is over 80 feet in diameter from east to west. The cist is not in the
centre, but between it and the circumference to the south ; and the bottom
of it is raised a few feet over the ground — that is, it is entirely
contained in the cairn. The internal dimensions are : — length, 7 feet
6 inches ; width, 3 feet 6 inches ; height, 3 feet 6 inches.

The long axis is exactly east and west. The floor is formed of a large
flag, which fills the space, except 16 inches at the east end. The walls
are not built from this flag, but leave a narrow space between wall and
flag. The sides are formed of loose stones, built exactly as the caves of
neighbouring raths, without mortar, and not in course. The roof is
formed of a single fine flag of red sandstone over 7 feet long. With this

36 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

exception, all the other stones of cist and cave are limestone — the stone
of the district. The people who were present do not agree as to the exact
spot where the urn was found, but all are certain that it was found
standing upright at the eastern end near — one said touching — the east
wall. The floor was covered with moist earth to the depth of an inch
or so, and on examining more closely, we found several human bones ;
and in the narrow space between flooring and flag we found more bones,
and several pieces of another urn similar in material and ornamentation
to the perfect one. The number of bones found was not enough to judge
exactly as to the nature of the interment, but there was sufficient to satisfy
me that they were not cremated, and that they belonged to an adult of
average size. The skull-bones were found at the western end, and the
long bones towards the eastern ; so I am of opinion that the body was
placed with its head to the west and feet to the east, in the usual Chris-
tian manner.

SEPULCHRAL URN FROM CIST IN CAIRN NEAR KNOCKMA.

The broken urn was placed near the head, and the perfect urn near
the feet. No other object was found, as far as I can discover.

The urn is somewhat globular in shape- It is 4J inches high, and
5£ inches wide at its mouth. It widens to 6 inches, 1£ inches lower
down, and then narrows to the bottom, which is 2£ inches in diameter.
It is composed of material half an inch thick, which is black and gritty
in the centre, but on the outside it is a ruddy buff.

The urn, inside and out, and particularly in the upper part, is covered
with numerous limpet-shaped incrustations of lime about an eighth of an
inch in size.

PREHISTORIC BURIAL IN A CAIRN NEAR KNOCKMA. 37

The inside surface, particularly at the bottom, is much eroded. The
rim is ornamented by a scoring all round its upper surface. The scores
run in the direction of the diameter of the urn.

The whole outer surface is marked by similar scorings, which run
round in a series of bands forming a nice ornamentation, zigzag, herring-
bone, and twisted like a rope.

On the outside also there are four circular facets, equidistant from
one another, and at same level, |th inch in diameter. These occur at
the widest part ; and the black inside material of the substance is here
exposed. Evidently, when perfect, four bosses, or handles, ornamented
the urn here.

SEPULCHRAL URN FROM CIST IN CAIRN NEAR KNOCKMA. (| actual size.)

Some days after finding the urn, Mr. Mangan got some men to pull
up the stones in the centre of the perfect cairn that is on his farm, being
the cairn on the before-mentioned peak, next westwardly to the one on
the hill of Cave, where the urn was found. They did not do much
excavating, and did not open a cist ; but, at a depth of 4 feet, they came
upon the upper maxilla and other bones of an adult human skull, and a
whetstone of prehistoric form, all lying loosely in the stones. He kindly
presented the whetstone to me. It is a piece of sandstone 4£ inches long,
1 inch wide, and £ -inch thick.

I may add that only a little dust was in the urn when found, and
it was possibly a food-vessel from its size. Still, Sir W. Wilde, in

38 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

his description of a " Cist " and " Urn " found at Knock, in the neigh-
bouring plain of 'Moytura, states that he found incinerated remains of
human bones in an urn of about the same size.

Perhaps it will not be considered out of place here to mention a custom
practised in this locality until quite recently. It is this : — For some time
after a death occurred in a house, it was usual for the relations to place
some food and drink on a table when retiring to rest every night. This
was for the departed ; and in the morning the good, untouched food was
thrown away, as it was considered useless as food even for animals, as,
though the form of food remained, the deceased person had taken the
nourishing part, and left only the form.

SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY CORK— HENRY III. TO 1660.

BY HENRY F. BERRY, I.S.O., M.R.I.A., FELLOW.

[Submitted NOVEMBER 28, 1904.]

TN ancient times, in England, the government of the county was com-
mitted by the king to the count or earl, who, when the duties of the
post became too onerous, was allowed to appoint a deputy. This vice-
comes, as shire-reeve or governor of the shire, was the king's bailiff,
and receiver of the royal revenue within its bounds. He held his county
court twice a year ; the suitors to which were the owners of lands, the
public officials, and representatives of the townships. He had to see
the law carried out, and anciently exercised considerable authority in
judicial as well as fiscal affairs.

"With the settlement of the Anglo-Normans in Ireland, the conduct of
public affairs in this country was laid down as much as possible on English
lines ; and the earliest Irish sheriffs are traditionally stated to have been
appointed by King John, who is said (though there is no extant docu-
mentary evidence of the fact), in the tenth year of his reign, to have
divided certain portions of this kingdom into shire-ground. That these
counties cannot be considered such in the modern administrative sense
must be taken for granted.

Magna Charta Hiberniae, 1 Henry III., is the earliest enactment
dealing with sheriffs in Ireland that has come down to us. Under it no
sheriff was to hold pleas of the Crown ; and it also dealt with attach-
ment by the sheriff for debts due by a deceased person to the Crown.

The Provisions of Merton and the Statutes of Rhuddlan, West-
minster, the first and second Gloucester and "Winchester, which were all
transmitted to Ireland by the king's writ, to be observed here, dealt with
the duties of those officers. The Statute of Lincoln, known as the Statute
of Sheriffs, which was enacted in England in 1316, was sent by the king
to the Chancellor of Ireland, 4th May, 1324, and with those of West-
minster and Gloucester, it is found enrolled in the " Red Book of the
Exchequer " in Ireland.

The Statute of Rhuddlan determined the manner in which the sheriffs
were to account in the Exchequer. At Easter and Michaelmas they
produced their accounts, and paid into court such an instalment or
proffer as they could afford, retaining in their own hands enough money
to meet current expenses in carrying on their work. In England the
principal item in these documents was the "ferm" of the county — a
composition for profits arising to the king from ancient claims on land,

40 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

and judicial proceedings, rents of demesne lands, and fines paid in the
county courts. This "ferm" was estimated at a fixed sum, which,
Dr. Stubbs points out, was regarded as a sort of rent or composition at
which the county was let to the sheriff. In addition, there were proceeds
of pleas of the Crown, and fines and profits from trial of offences, together
with reliefs, marriages, escheats, &c., which formed the feudal income.

With due allowance for the different circumstances of the two
countries, the sheriffs' accounts in Ireland were, no doubt, originally
framed on this model ; and in most instances it will be found that the
farms of the royal manors, pleas, and perquisites of courts, fines, &c.,
were first accounted for. Occasionally a county is stated to pay a fixed
sum as rent, which appears on the debit side of the account.

The duties of the sheriffs, as laid down by statute, consisted of pro-
ceedings in re-disseisins, replevins, securing wreck, apprehending and
securing felons in gaols, bailing offenders, receiving and accounting for
the king's debts, summoning juries, and making returns to writs. In the
Justiciary Holls they are found taking inquisitions of offenders against
the king's peace, acting in indictments, and leading the posse comitatus.
Again, they hold county courts, proclaim men, and collect debts ; they
hold sales and take cattle, while, in some instances, armed resistance is
organised against them. Inquisitions of lands and goods taken into the
king's hands are made by them ; and they also hold inquiries as to metes
and bounds, and return the names of jurors.

No systematic list of the ancient sheriffs of any Irish county has yet
appeared, owing, possibly, to the difficulty of consulting the great Bolls
of the Pipe, which contain the sheriffs' accounts. Their contents are now
being made accessible in the form of appendices to the Deputy Keeper's
Reports ; and when the catalogue of the series shall have been com-
pleted, it will be possible to compile, from this source alone, lists of
sheriffs for the Leinster counties, and some of those of the other provinces,
from the reign of Henry III. to that of Henry VII. The Plea Rolls are
useful, and the Remembrance Rolls of the Exchequer, commonly called
" Memoranda " Rolls, are especially valuable, as containing enrolments of
the proffers made by the sheriffs at Easter and Michaelmas in each year ;
in later times, patents appointing sheriffs were enrolled in them.
Among the Chancery records, the Patent Rolls contain the names of a
great number of these officials, with the dates at which they held office,
and the Fiants of the reign of Queen Elizabeth supply many more. The
Hanaper Day-Books and the warrants for sheriffs, of record in the
Hanaper collection, should also be consulted. These last for the County
Cork only commence in the year 1642.

It is not proposed to carry the present list of sheriffs beyond the
Restoration (1660), as from that period an almost complete list has been
compiled, and is printed in Smith's " History of Cork" (ed. Day and
Copinger (1893), vol. i., p. 464).

SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY CORK. 41

. An exhaustive catalogue of sheriffs of the English shires from
31 Henry I. to Edward III. appeared in the Thirty-first Report of the
Deputy Keeper of the Records in England; and though not bearing
directly on the subject before us, a notice of some of the holders of office
will be of interest. In the fifty-second year of King Henry III.
Prince Edward, the king's eldest son, was appointed sheriff of Buckingham-
shire and Bedfordshire. Isabella, queen consort of Edward II., held the
shrievalty of Cornwall from the eleventh to the nineteenth year of that
sovereign's reign ; and Margaret, wife of King Edward I., held that of
Rutlandshire (by way of dower) up to the tenth year of Edward II.
The names of several episcopal sheriffs appear in the lists. The Arch-
bishop of York was sheriff of Northumberland in the reign of Henry III. ;
and the bishops of Carlisle and of Coventry and Lichfield held office in
that and the succeeding reign, in other counties. In many instances men
held more than one county at the same time ; and Falkes de Breaute, on
whom King John lavished so many favours, held the sheriffdom of six
counties. Many of the early English officials remained in office for
lengthened periods — several, as early as King John's time, for ten and
twelve years ; and it seemed no uncommon occurrence that posts should
be retained for six or eight years.1

The case of the Irish counties was precisely similar ; thus Robert de
Stapelton was sheriff of Cork, "Waterford, and Tipperary ; while Sir John
de Barry was in charge of Cork for a number of years ; and William Barry
and Sir John FitzGerald are notable instances of lengthened tenures.

Though, unlike their English brethren, the early sheriffs of Ireland,
whose names have come down to us, do not number in their ranks per-
sonages either royal or episcopal, those appointed in the county Cork
during the Plantagenet period were of high standing ; and the lists
include names of men distinguished as judges, statesmen, and warriors.
"William de Dene, sheriff in the reign of Henry III., acted in the
j usticiaryship of Ireland, which, as representing the sovereign, was the
highest post in the kingdom; and Griffin fitzAlan (1274-5) was a
justice in eyre for county Waterford. John fitz Thomas, a member of
the great ruling house of the Geraldines, was direct ancestor of the
powerful earls of Desmond.

All appointed to the shrievalty of county Cork were Anglo-Normans,
many of whom held property in England and Wales, while some were
closely connected with the Court, and served the king in various
capacities.

Adam de Creting had at one time acted as bailiff to Queen Eleanor

1 The statute 14 Edward III. (England), which contained a recital that some
sheriffs held office, hy the king's grant, for terms of years, enacted that they were
only to do so for one year. This enactment was to be of force in Ireland, under a
writ of King Richard II., in the fifteenth year of his reign (1391), which is enrolled
in the Liber Albus of the Corporation of Dublin.

42 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

in one of the royal manors, and he was a landowner in Norfolk, Suffolk,
and Huntingdon. He married the widow of Thomas de Clare, and first
came to Ireland in connection with property in Cork, inherited by his
wife from her father. After his period of service as sheriff of Cork,
de Creting was summoned to Gascony on the king's service. Thomas de
Roche (1285), in addition to property in this country, held lands in
Wales. During his shrievalty he was specially summoned out of Ireland,
and ordered to proceed in person to Wales for its defence. Maurice
Russell, another of the sheriffs, as an acknowledgment of the services he
had rendered in Scotland, was appointed to a second term of office.
William de Caunteton was made sheriff of Cork in 1303, in recognition
of his valuable services in the Scotch wars ; and special allowance was
made him on his account for the same reason. Perhaps the most
distinguished of all the earlier sheriffs in the roll for the county Cork
was Richard de Clare, whose mother married as her second husband the
above-mentioned sheriff, Adam de Creting. For about ten years, and
during the period of his sheriffdom, de Clare was constantly engaged in
the wars of Thomond ; and he was slain in 1318 at Dysert O'Dea.

One of the sheriffs during the reign of Edward III. was of foreign
extraction. This was Cambinus Donati, who belonged to a Florentine
family, several of whose members were settled in Ireland, some of them
being domiciled in Dublin, and some in Cork. They were connected
with the Friscobaldi society of Bankers in the city of Florence. The
names of two noblemen appear in the catalogue, but at a period long
subsequent to that with which we have been dealing. James Butler,
Earl of Ormonde, was sheriff in 1399-1400, and Maurice Roche, lord of
Fermoy, in 1421-3. In the interim, the office appears to have been
conferred principally on members of the Barry and Roche families, and
of a few other families resident in the county.

Coming down to the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the most remarkable
name is that of Sir Cormack mac Teige MacCartie, fourteenth lord of
Muskerry, whose chief stronghold was Blarney Castle. He was loyal to
the Crown, and was appointed sheriff of the county on several occasions.
Sir John fitz Edmond Gerald, of Cloyne, was another whose allegiance to
the English interest was unshaken ; and he obtained large grants of land
on the attainder of the Desmonds. Sir William Stanley was one of
Elizabeth's great captains, whose long services in Ireland, and fidelity
to the interests of his country there, only serve to throw into darker
shadow that act of treachery — the surrender of Deventer to the Spaniards
—which will always leave a stigma on his reputation. Sir Robert
Tynte was one of those who, under the patronage of the great Earl of
Cork, grew wealthy and prosperous in his adopted country, and who will
henceforth go down to posterity as the third husband of Elizabeth Boyle,
the widow of Edmund Spenser.

During the reign of Charles I. persons appear to have been appointed

SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY CORK. 43

sheriffs who, from their position, means, and other circumstances, were
unfit to hold that exalted office, and the following shows how this
particular grievance was brought before the king.

On 16th July, 1641,1 the king, having several times already heard
commissioners of the Irish Parliament, who conveyed to him grievances
under which the country suffered, ordered Sir Dudley Carleton to write
out these grievances, together with the answers which the king had
prepared in reply, with a view to his signing them. Letters in
accordance with the tenor of the answers were then to be communicated
to the Irish Parliament. The article connected with the appointment of
sheriffs in Ireland is as follows : —

" Grievance. The office of sheriff is one of great trust and importance,
and should only be given to people who have estates and positions in
the various counties, and not to persons of mean position, not residents,
to whom shrievalties have recently been given. Such as are nominated
by the judges to be fixed publicly in the Exchequer the same day. An
act to pass to prevent abuses.

" Answer. Granted."

It is interesting to note that this article of grievance is almost
an echo of one on the same subject presented to King Edward III.
300 years previously. There are enrolled in the " Red Book of the
Exchequer" in Ireland, Petitions (with answers) presented to the king
in 1342, by Ero. John Larcher, Prior of the Hospital of St. John of
Jerusalem, and Thomas Wogan, on behalf of the parliament of Ireland.
Petition No. XX. is as follows : —

" XX. Complaint that sheriffs, &c., are elected contrary to the
statute.

" Answer. Enquiry to be made, and it is the king's intention that
the people of each county elect each year in the Exchequer before the
Chancellor, Treasurer, and others of the council, a sufficient person who
is resident, and has whereof to answer to the king in the same county
for the office of sheriff, and that they remain in office one year."

1 " Calendar of State Papers," Ireland, 1633-1647, p. 317.

[LIST OF SHEEIFFS.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

LIST OF SHERIFFS.

The Numerals after the names refer to Notes at the end of the Paper.

HENKY III.

YEARS.

NAMES OF SHERIFFS.

1254-1255,
1259-1260,
1260-1261,

William de Rupella.*
William de Dene.1
John, son of Thomas.2
(?) Gilbert le Waleys, sen.f

EDWAKD T.

[(?) 1272-1273], . . ' (?) Milo le Bret.]:

1274-1276, . . . . ! Griffin, son of Alan.3

1276-1277, . . . . ! Geoffrey de Tany.*

1277-1278, .. .. ! John le Poher.

1278-1285, . . . . ! Robert de Stapelton.5

1285-1292, . . . . Thomas, son of Philip de Rupe.';

1292-1293, . . . . j Roger de Stapelton.

1293-1294, . . . . I Adam de Cretyngis.7

1295-1298, .. .. Maurice Russell.8

1298-1302, . . . . Cambinus Donati.9

1302, . . . . Maurice Russell.

1302-1307, .. William de Caunteton.10

EDWARD II.

M. 1309,
1311,

1312-1317,
1320-1323,

1323-1324,

William de Rupe (came not to proffer).

[Michael de Canyngton, sub-sheriff].

William de Caunteton, and Richard de Clare,11 account.

William, son of David de Barry, and the sureties of

John, son of Simon, account.
William, son of David de Barry, and Thomas, son of

Maurice de Carre w, account.

* " Cal. Carew MSS." (Miscell.), p. 432.

t In 1304, Gilbert le Waleys, sen., who is described as being then broken down
by old age, was pardoned a fine imposed on him when sheriff of Cork (Sweetman's
" Calendar," p. 119). He probably held office during the end of Henry III.'s reign,
as the succession of sheriffs during that of Edward I. is almost complete.

J Milo le Bret is stated to have been sheriff of Cork in the time of King
Edward I. (Mem. Roll, Exch., 8 Edw. III., m. 19).

SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY CORK.
EDWAKD III.

YEARS.

NAMES OF SHERIFFS.

1329-1333, . . . . j David de Barry (sou of David),

William de Barry,

Robert de Barry,

Maurice, son of Thomas,

Roger Poer, and

Milo de Courcy, account.

1334-1336,

Thomas McCotir.

1337-1340,

Thomas de Caunton. (In Mem. Roll called " David.")

1340-1341,

William de Barry.

1341-1343,

Nicholas de Barry.

1343-1344,
1344-1346,

William, son of David de Rupe, of Bally magole.
David, son of David de Barry, of Castlelyons (Castie-

lethan)

1346-1348,

William de Rupe.

1348-1351,

John de Carreu.

1351-1354,

John Lumbard.12

13o4-1355,

Nicholas de Courcy.

1356-1360,

Nicholas Courcy, knight.

1360-1363,

John Lumbard.12

1363-1364,

William Caunton.

1364-1367,

Maurice, son of Richard.

1367-1368,

Richard de Wynchedon, and

i William Ilger,13 account.

(From 1368-1505 no account for County Cork appears in the

series of Pipe Rolls.)

1372-1373, . . . . John Bret* (or le Bret), of Rathfarnham, Co. Dublin.

1373-1374, . . . . John, sou of Robert de Barry.

1374-1375, .. .. John le Bret.

1375-1376, . . . . John, son of Robert de Barry.

1376-1378,

John Warner (" Sheriff in the time of Ed. III. as of

Ric. II.").

RICHARD II.

1378-1379,

John Brit.

1381-1382,

John fitz David Roche, knight.

1385-1386,

Robert Thame (or Tame).14

1396-1397,

John de Barry, knight.

HENIIY IV.

1399-1400,

Robert Cogan.

James le Botiller, Earl of Orinond.15

1401-1409, .. .. Sir John fitz David de Barry, knight.16

* See account of the le Bret family ("History of the County Dublin," by Francis
Ehington Ball, Part n., pp. 114-116).

16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

HENRY V. and HENRY VI.

YEARS.

NAMES OF SHERIFFS.

1416-1418,
1419-1420,
1421-1423,
1424-1425,
Jan., 1443,
1450-1451,

Sir John fitz David de Barry, knight.
James le Botiller, jun.
Maurice Roche, lord of Fermoy (during pleasure).
John fitz Thomas.
William, lord Barry,* Esquire.
William Barry.

EDWARD IV. to HENKY VIII.

1463,
1466-1484,
1499-1512,

(From 1512-1524 n
the Memoranda Rolls,
occur for Dublin, Meat
See State of Irelar
1515, Hen. VIII., vol.
the countyes that obe;
neyther shyrryffs, unde

1523-1524,
1524-1525; 1528,
1530, .. .. )
E. 1533, .. /
1533-1544, ..

Gerot, of Desmond.17
William Barry.
John Fitzgerrott, knight.

o sheriffs' proffers for county Cork are to be.found in
During the earlier portion of that period they only
i, and Uriel.)
id and plan fur its reformation (Cal. State Papers,
ii., Part in., p. 8) : — " Here folowyth the names of
y not the kinges lawes, and have neyther justyce,
r the king." Among them is Cork.

William Barry.
Sir John Fitz Gerald, of Dromany, knight.18

Gerald Fitz Gerald, of Balhune.

The Memoranda Rolls are marked in the case of county
Cork " Vicecomes ibidem," but names are not
supplied.

EDWARD VI. and QUEEN MARY I.

1546-1558,

During this period the Memoranda Rolls have no
mention of sheriffs of Cork. The sheriffs of
Dublin, Louth, Kildare, and Westmeath, and
occasionally one or two others are mentioned.

QCEEN ELIZABETH.

1559 (1st June),
1558-1578,

1563-1564,
1564,

Maurice M^Garilte [Fitz Gerald], of Dromana, knight.
(Appointed during pleasure. Fiant, No. 77.)
No proffers for county Cork during this period enrolled
in the Exchequer. Those for Dublin, Meath,
Kildare, Louth, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford,
Waterford, Tipperary, King's and Queen's
counties appear.
Andrew Skyddye (appointed by commission during
pleasure).
Sir Maurice Fitz Gerald.

Cal. Carew MSS." (Miscell.), p. 461.

SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY CORK.

QUEEN ELIZABETH — continued.

YEARS.

NAMES OF SHERIFFS.

1567,
1570,
1571,
1574,
1576,
1578-1579,

Richard Condon, of Carryggywrick.
John fitz Edrnond [Gerald], of Cloyne.19
Cormack mcTeig McCartie, of Blarney.20
Tybbott Roche, of the Cregge.
Sir Cormack ni°Teige McCartie, Knt.
Henry Davelles.

(In Memoranda Roll, Hil. 21 Eliz. (1579), are letters patents for sheriffs
of Dublin, Meath, Westmeath, Kildare, Louth, Wexford, Carlow, Kilkenny,
Waterford, Tipperary, COKK, Limerick, Down, King's and Queen's
counties, Clare, Galway, Cavan, Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo (twenty-one
counties).)

1580-1582,
1582-1583,
1583-1584,
1584-1585,
1585-1586,
1586-1587,
1587-1588,
1590-1591,
1591-1592,
1592-1593,
1593-1594,
1594-1595,
1595-1596,
1597-1598,
1598-1599,
1599-1600,
1600-1601,
1601-1602,
1602-1603,

Sir Cormack incTeige McCartie.

Maurice Roche, Esq.

Sir William Stanley, knight.21

John Price, Esq.

John fitz Edmond [Fitz Gerald], Esq.

John Thornton, Esq.

George Thornton, Esq.

Arthur Hyde, Esq.

Florence (Fynyn) O'Driscoll, of Downeshed, knight.

Hugh Cutfe, Esq.

Henry Moyle.

Richard Barrie, Esq.
Kdrmmd Gibbon, Esq.
Francis Newman, Esq.
Walter Grant.
William Taaffe, Esq.

John Barry.

JAMES I.

1603-1605,
1605-1606,
1606-1607,
1607-1608,
1608-1609,
1609-1610,
1610-1611,
1611-1612,
1612-1613,
1613-1614,
1614-1615,
1615-1616,
1616-1617,
1617-1618,
1618-1619,
1619-1620,
1620-1621,
1621-1622,
1622-1623,
1623-1624,
1624-1625,

Sir Francis Kingsuiill, knight.
Anthony Kemys.

Sir Francis Kingsmill, knight.

Charles Coote.

Edward Powey (or Povey).

Richard Aldworth.

Sir Thomas Browne, knight.

Pierce Power.

Sir Thomas Southwell.

William Bodley.

Samuel Norton.

Sir Robert Carew, knight.

Humphrey Jobson.

Peregrine Banester.

Arthur Hyde.

Callaghan O'Callaghane.

Sir John fitz Edmond Gerrald, knight.

Thomas Fitz Gerald.

Francis Slingsbie.

Thomas Adderley.

48 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

CHARLES I.

YliARS.

NAMES

OF SHERIFFS.

1625-1626,
1626-1627,
1627-1628,
1628-1629,
1629-1630,
1630-1631,
1631-1632,
1632-1633,
1633-1634,
1634-1635,
1635-1636,
1636-1637,
1637-1638,
1638-1639,
1639-1640,
1640-1641,
1641-1642,
1643-1649,

j Sir Robert Tynte, knight.23

I Sir William Fenton, knight.

j James Daunt.

, Daniel M'Carty.

I Vincent Gookin.

I Charles Hargill (of Carriglemleuryj.

i James Fitz Gerald, Esquire.

: Sir Robert Tynte, knight.22

1 Edmond Fitz Gerald.

Francis Smyth.

Thomas Taylor.

Daniel Sullevane.

Peter Courthopp.

John Barry.

John Davenant.

John Longe, of Mount Longe.

N\rilliam Supple, of Aghada.

COMMONWEALTH.

1649-1654,
1654-1655,
1655-1656,
1656-1657,
1657-1658,
1658-1660,

John Baker.
William Hawkins.
Peter Courthopp.
John Hodder.
Peter Wallis.

NOTES.

1 Stephen de Longeespee was succeeded as Justiciar of Ireland in 1260 by
"William de Dene, during whose government MacCarthy Reagh, and the southern
clans, rose against the Normans, by whom they were defeated at Callan. Immediately
prior to his appointment to this high post, de Dene had acted as Sheriff of Cork. He
died in 1261, about the same time that John fitz Thomas, his successor in the shrievalty,,
also died. Long subsequently, namely, in the year 1275, the Barons of Desmond
undertook to pay the debts which de Dene, as Justiciar, had contracted with mer-
chants, to enable him to lead the king's army against the Irish in Desmond. — (Sweet-
man's " Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland " ; Gilbert's " Viceroys.")

2 At the time he was killed (24th July, 1261), at the battle of Callan, John, son of
Thomas, held the shrievalty of Cork, which had been granted to him by charter from
King Edward, then lord of Ireland. He was great-grandson of Maurice Fitzgerald,
who came to Ireland with Strongbow, and was slain (as above mentioned) at Callan,
near Kenmare, in 1261. The great-grandson of " John of Callan " (as he was called) ,
Maurice Fitz Gerald, was created Earl of Desmond in 1329.

3 Griffin, son of .Alan, was a justice itinerant in county Waterford, 1274-5. The
name Alan is said, by Mr. Hound, to denote a Breton ancestry. — (Sweetman's " Cal.")

4 The Tany family was from Essex, and the particular place from which the name
was derived was Latinised as Thania in the ancient records. Hasculf de Tany
(c. 1146) was ancestor of the Tany i'amily of Stapleford, Tany, &c., in Essex. — (J. H.
Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville.}

5 Robert de Stapelton had grants from the Crown in county Waterford and in
Connaught. He held the serjeancy of county Cork, and, in addition to being sheriff
of Cork, he held the same office in "Waterford and Tipperary. De Stapelton died
shortly before Jan., 1291. — (Sweetman's " Cal.")

6 On 6th August, 1285, the king committed the shrievalty of the county for five
years to Thomas, son of Philip de Rupe (or Roche), and the same office was again
entrusted to him for a like period from 21st May, 1290. He appears to have been
removed from it for a short period, as on 6th February, 1292, the custody of the
county was recommitted to him for four years from Easter, 1292. He must have held
it but for a few months, as in October, 1292, his successor, Roger de Stapelton, is
found accounting as sheriff. De Rupe may have been suddenly called on to devote
his services to the king in one of his warlike expeditions, as in August, 1295, he was
ordered to go in person into Wales, with a view to its defence.

De Rupe's accounts in his capacity as sheriff would appear to have caused some
trouble. In 1297 the sheriff of Cork was commanded to levy off his lands the sum of
£285, amount of arrears on his account for the period of his shrievalty, and for
certain other debts ; but he returned that de Rupe had only waste lands, and no other
goods in Ireland. The king, on this, commanded the Barons to cause the amount to
be levied off his property in England and Wales. In 1298 Roger Nonaunt, Roger de
Langeford, James de Oxston, knights, and Giles Fishacre undertook before the Barons
of the Exchequer that Thomas de Rupe should appear before the Exchequer in England,
to account for the whole time he had been sheriff of Cork. Some time subsequently,
in consideration of de Rupe's services, the king pardoned the amount of the arrears. —
(Sweetman's " Cal." ; " Cal. Pat. Rolls," Eng.).

7 Adam de Creting (Crettynge-Cretyngis) was a member of the family that derived
its name from Greeting, in Suffolk ; Greeting all Saints being near Needham, and
Greeting St. Peter near Stowmarket. From a recital in an English Patent Roll, it
appears that Adam de Greeting was at one time bailiff to Queen Eleanor, in her
manor of Overton, in the Walshery, opposite Dodynton, county Salop ; and he held
property in Suffolk, Norfolk, and Huntingdonshire. De Greeting married Juliana,
daughter of Maurice Fitz Maurice (by his wife, Emelina Lungespee), and widow of
Thomas de Clare, and he was granted in custodiam all the lands of his stepson,
Gilbert de Clare, in Thomond.

T^ ,. T? c A T f Vo1- xv.f Fifth Series. ) E

Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vol xxx'y ConseCt Ser> |

50 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

On 6th May, 1292, he and his wife had a protection for two years in going to Ireland ;
the object of their visit \vas to assert Juliana's rights in the manor of Inchiquin, and
the vill of Youghal, derived from her father, and of which she had been disseised.
While in Ireland, de Greeting was appointed sheriff of Cork. In 1294 he set out for
Gascony, on the king's service, and died some time in the next year. De Greeting's
executors sold a bay and a black horse for debts which he owed to the Treasurer of
Ireland, and they were sent to the king in Wales. — (" Cals. Pat. and Close Rolls,"
Eng. ; " Justiciary Roll," Ireland; Sweetman's " Gal.")

8 Maurice Russell was appointed sheriff of Cork for a second term of office, and
sheriff of Waterford in 1301, as a reward for his services in Scotland. — ("Justiciary
Roll," Ireland; Sweetman's " CaL")

9 The Dtfnati were Florentines, and one of those Italian merchant families that at
this period had extensive money dealings in England and Ireland. Thoresan
Donati del Pape, Keeper of the Exchange in Dublin, acted as attorney for the company
of the Friscobaldi, Florence ; and in 1282 James and Thoresan Donati were keepers of
the custom on fleeces, skins, and hides. Some members of the family lived at Youghal ;
and in 1288 Hugh Donati held a house in Cork from Thomas de Clare. Cambinus
was resident in Cork in 1290, and in 1307 was appointed sheriff of Limerick. In 1310
the wardens of ports had orders to attach him, as when sheriff, and acting as receiver
for the king in divers counties, he did not discharge his accounts. He was said at the
time to intend passing over to Florence. In 1318 the king pardoned him any debt. —
(Sweetman's "Gal.")

10 William de Caunteton was appointed sheriff 20th July, 30 Edw. I., by writ from
England under the great seal. In 1302 he appears to have been in Scotland with the
king, for whom he is found supplying wines. When about to set out for that country
in June, 1303, with William de Burgo, letters of protection were granted to him, and
he appointed David le Blund and John fitz Nicholas, as attorneys, to act for him in his
absence. Between that date and 10th December, 1303, de Caunteton must have
rendered the king valuable services, as in recognition of them he was -appointed sheriff
of Cork during pleasure. The Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer were to take
such oath from him as other sheriffs were wont to take, and letters patents were to
pass the seal of the Exchequer. In the year 1302 de Caunteton was engaged in a
lawsuit with the de Rupes as to the lordship of Fermoy. — (" Justiciary Roll," Ireland ;
" Memoranda and Pat. Rolls," Ireland; Sweetman's " Gal.")

11 Richard de Clare was second son of Sir Thomas de Clare (who in 1273 had grants
of land in Thomond), by Juliana, daughter of Maurice fitz Maurice, Baron of Offaly,
and grandson of Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester. Richard
de Clare succeeded his brother Gilbert in 1308, and was almost continuously
engaged in the wars of Thomond, supporting Clan Brian Roe O'Brien against
the sons of Torlough O'Brien. He was caught in ambush and slain in 1318, at
Dysert O'Dea. In addition to the shrievalty of Cork, he held that of Limerick
from the year 1311.

For the fullest account of the de Clares in Ireland, see the " Normans in Thomond,"
Journal, 1890 and 1891 ; and "Evidences bearing on the historical character of the
'Wars of Torlough,' by John, son of Rory MacGrath " (Trans. R.I, A.}, 1903,
vol. xxxii., Sec. C., Part n.), both by Mr. T. J. Westropp.

12 In J 378, in consideration of Robert de Freigne, knt., and John Lumbard, justices
of the late king, having laboured in " hearing and determining " without reward, the
king (Richard II.) granted de Freigne £10, and John Lumbard 100s. In 1384,
John Lumbard was assigned as justice of assize, in conjunction with Robert Thame,
for the counties of Waterford, Tipperary, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. — (" Pat. Rolls,"
Ireland.)

13 William Ilger had property in Kilkenny. He was appointed in 1374 sub-
constable of Dublin Castle \>j James, Earl of Ormonde, Constable. In 1375 he became
Escheator of Ireland, and also Keeper of the Markets, Measures, and Weights of
Ireland.— (i'Cal. Pat. Rolls.")

14 In 1384 Robert Thame (or Tame), with others of the retinue of the Lieutenant,
took sixty cows, belonging to tenants of MacMurgh, chief of his nation, for which
restitution had to be made. As Will be seen under No. 12, Thame Mras a justice
itinerant. In 1386 a commission for the defence of Munster issued to him and
George, Earl of Desmond, deputies of Philip de Courtenay, Lieutenant. — (" Pat.
Rolls," Ireland.)

NOTES TO SHERIFFS OF THE COUNTY CORK. 51

15 It was this Earl of Ormonde who, in 1391, purchased from the heir of Hugh le
Despencer, Earl of Gloucester, the Castle of Kilkenny, which had been built by
William, Earl Marshal. Ormonde was Lord Justice of Ireland, and died in 1405.

16 Sir John fitz David de Barry is stated in 1409 to have been sheriff for some
years, and by reason of said office, to have borne the burden of the wars in county
Cork at his own cost. In 1415, Sir John was pardoned an amercement incurred by
him for not coming to the King's Courts. He pleaded that his coming was prevented
through the wars with the Irish, his men and horses being slain. — ("Pat. Rolls,"
Ireland.)

17 Sir Gerald More Fitz Gerald was founder of the Dromana family, lords of the
Decies. He was second son of James, 7th Earl of Desmond, and, as "Gerot of
Desmond," is styled sheriff of Cork, in an Act passed in a Parliament held at
Wexford, 3 Edward IV., c. 55.

18 Sir John Fitz Gerald, of Dromana, Knight, son of Gerald Fitz Gerald, of
Ballihenni, county "Waterford, married Ellen, daughter of Maurice Fiiz Gibbon, the
White Knight.

19 John Fitz Edmond Gerald, of Cloyne, called in a patent "John FitzEdmond
James de Geraldinis," was eldest son of Edmond fitz James Fitz Gerald, dean of
Cloyne (of the House of the Knights of Kerry), and was born about 1528.
Throughout the Desmond rebellion he remained steadfast in his allegiance to the
English sovereign, and suffered much by pillage and devastation of his property at the
hands of the Queen's enemies. After the attainder of the Earl of Desmond, he
obtained large grants of land in Cork and Kerry, and in 1601 was knighted by the
lord deputy. Sir John married Honora, daughter of Teige O'Brien, who was brother
of Donough, fourth Earl of Thomond. He died in 1613, aged 85, and was buried
in Cloyne Cathedral.— (" Fitz Geralds of Rostellan," by Mr. Fitz Gerald Uniacke.
Journal, 1895, p. 163.)

20 Sir Cormack M'Teige M'Cartie, fourteenth lord of Muskerry, who succeeded in
1570, resided at Blarney Castle. In 1577 he received extensive grants of land in
counties Cork, Tipperary, and Waterford. Sir Cormack married Joan, daughter of
Pierce Butler, of the Grallagh, county Tipperary, and died in 1583. His will, a very
remarkable document, as entered in an ancient Register of the Diocese of Cork, is in
the Public Record Office, and has been printed in full in a paper on Sir Cormack
M'Teige, by the late Mr. H. W. Gillman ('• Journal, Cork H. and A. S.," 1902,
p. 193). Mr. Gillman represents this Irish chieftain as bold, clever, and unscrupulous.

21 Sir William Stanley was an Englishman, of a Cheshire family, and was born
1548. He went to the Netherlands, and took service under Alva in 1567. About the
year 1570 he joined Queen Elizabeth's forces in Ireland, in which country he served
for about fifteen years. Stanley was knighted at Waterford by Sir William Drury,
for gallantry against Desmond and his bands in Limerick. In 1581 his services were
directed in subduing the O'Tooles and Kavauaghs in Wicklow, and he subsequently
joined in the subjugation of Munster, of which Province he acted as governor during
the absence of Sir John Norris, the President. Sir William Stanley professed the
Roman Catholic religion, and, on leaving Ireland, was much in the confidence of the
Jesuit party. He left the country in 1585, greatly disappointed at not having
received an adequate recognition of his services. Men who had done little had been
largely rewarded out of the forfeitures, while he was passed over. This would seem to
account for the treachery he was afterwards guilty of, on his accompanying Leicester
to assist the United Provinces against Spain. During the campaign, Pelhani and
Stanley took possession of Deventer, of which place the latter was made Governor.
Having acquired full mastery of the place, he communicated with the Spanish
Governor of Zutphen, and surrendered to him in 1587. He died in great obscurity
at Ghent, in 1630.— (" Diet. Nat. Biog.")

22 Sir Robert Tynte, of Ballycrenane Castle, county Cork, was fifth son of Edmund
Tynte, of Wraxall, Somersetshire, and though settled in this country for a great
number of years, so great was his love for the ancestral home, that in his will he
bequeathed £1000 to his nephew, John Tynte, of Chelvey, county Somerset, " towards
re-edifying and repairing the house of Wraxall, being the ancient house of my
ancestors." Captain Robert Tynte is frequently mentioned in the Diary of Lord
Cork, and appears to have been one of those employed by that astute man of the world
in furthering his projects. Tynte came over, a younger son of an English family, to

52 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

seek his fortune here at a propitious time, while the country was being settled after
the Desmond forfeitures, and he succeeded in acquiring considerable landed property,
and in amassing a fortune.

Sir Robert Tynte will, probably, since the discovery of her identity by Dr. Grosart,
go down to history as the third husband of Spenser's "Elizabeth." The beautiful
creature who inspired so many of his matchless Sonnets and the glorious Epithalamium,
was Elizabeth Boyle, of Kilcornan, near Youghal, who, after Spenser's death, married
Roger Seckerstone, and for the third time, on 3rd March, 1612, Captain Robert Tynte.
Elizabeth Boyle was kinswoman of Lord Cork, and the marriage took place in his
study in the old college at Youghal. Sir Robert (as he afterwards became) died about
1643, and Lady Tynte had predeceased him. He had three sons, Robert, John, and
William (buried in Cloyne Cathedral, 1669), and a daughter, Katherine, who married
William Hyde ; but it is not known if they were all his children by her. It seems
probable that Elizabeth Boyle was his second wife. Sir Robert and Lady Tynte
lie buried in Kilcredan Church, near Castlemartyr, county Cork, in which is a monu-
ment with the effigies of Sir Robert lying on his back in coat armour ; and at his
head and feet are two women in a praying posture, all of painted alabaster. It bears
the following inscription — " Hie jacet corpus Roberti Tynte, militis aurati, hujus
Provincise Regis conciliis, filii quinti Edmund Tynte de Wrexhall comitatu Somerset-
ensi in Anglia armigeri, qui honorem suum gladio acquisivit. Hanc ecclesiam atque
monumentum fieri fecit, Dei Omnipotentis Providentia, An. Dom. 1636." Smith, in
his " History of Cork," and Dr. Brady (" Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross,"), make
this date 1663, but the Dean of Cloyne, in a recent Paper on the Tynte family (" Cork
Arch. Journal," 1903, p. 156), corrects it to 1636. It is highly probable that the
monument was erected by Sir Robert, immediately after the death of Elizabeth,
Lady Tynte.— (" Lismore Papers," ed. Grosart; Smith's "History of Cork";
"Prerogative Wills.")

NOTE. — Since my Paper was printed, I have learned from Mr. Garstin, our
President, that he has lists of sheriffs of Irish counties, with much material for
annotating them. He published one such list (that for county Kildare) in the
" Journal of the Kildare Archaeological Society," vol. ii.— H. F. B.

NOTES ON AN OLD PEDIGREE OF THE O'MORE FAMILY OF

LEIX.

BY SIR EDMUND T. BEWLEY, M.A., LL.D.
[Read JANUARY 31, 1905.]

TN the library at Heywood, Ballinakill, Queen's County, the seat of
Colonel William Hutcheson Poe, C.B., and Mrs. Mary Adelaide
Poe (nee Domvile), his wife, there is an old pedigree of the 0' Mores
of Leix, engrossed on vellum, and laid down and framed for better
preservation. ,

In 1745 the Rev. Frederick Trench,1 the owner of the estate now
known as Heywood, intermarried with Mary Moore, daughter of Boyle
Moore, of Johnstown, County Dublin, whose pedigree this purports
to be. By the marriage of Helena Sarah Trench, a grand- daughter of
the Rev. Frederick Trench, with Sir Compton Pocklington Domvile,
Bart., in 1815, the Heywood estate passed to the Domviles; and a large
number of genealogical documents relating to the Trenches and the
families allied to them, including this old pedigree of the 0' Mores, have
thus come into the possession of Mrs. William Hutcheson Poe, daughter
of the late Sir "William Compton Domvile, Bart.

The pedigree in question bears date the 6th June, 1708, and was
drawn up by Charles Lynegar, alias O'Lunnin, a member of a well-
known family of hereditary historians.

O'Curry, in his " Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History,"
p. 86, says i —

" The O'Luinins (the name is sometimes Anglicised Lynegar) were
physicians, historians, and genealogists, chiefly to the Maguires of
Fermanagh, from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. One ef
that family, named Gillepatrick O'Luinin, of Ard O'Luinin, in the County
of Fermanagh, chief chronicler to Maguire, assisted the friar, Michael
O'Cleary, the chief of the 'Four Masters,' in the compilation of the
' Liabhar Gabhala ' (or Book of Invasions and Monarchical Successions
of Erinn), for Brian Ruadh Maguire, first Baron of Inniskillen, in the
year 1630, or 1631."

Reference to other learned and honoured members of the O'Luinin
family will be found in the " Annals of the Four Masters," under the
years 1396, 1441, 1477, and 1478.

1 Son of William Trench, of Ballinakill, Queen's County, and Susanna Segar, his
wife, and grandson of Frederick Trench, of Garbally, County Galway, and his wife,
Elizabeth Warburton.

54 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The pedigree is engrossed on one side of a skin of vellum. The
O'More arms and crest are emblazoned at the top in the centre, the
arms being : " Vert, a lion rampant or, in chief three mullets of the
last " ; and the crest : " A dexter hand lying fess ways, couped at the
wrist, holding a sword in pale, pierced through three gory heads, all
proper."

The motto is : " Sola salus servire Deo."

Beneath, and to the right of the Arms, the pedigree is given in
English, while on the left-hand side is a version of it in Irish. The
pedigree is headed : " The Geriealogie of Boyle Moor Esquire taken out
of the Antiquary of Ireland kept by my Ancestors who were chiefe
Antiquarys of Ireland as by Confirmation appears under the hands of the
four Titular Archbishops formerly of Ireland with severall other Bishops
and Prelates. I therefore Charles Lynegar, ais 6 Lunnin doe give this
Antiquary to the aforesaid Boyle Moor Esquire son to .Coll. Roger
Moor of Johnstown in the County of Dublin son to Peirse son to John
Brother to Roger Moor from whom descended Coll. Charles Moor of
Ballina in ye County of Kildare son to Roger Moor als 6 Morra. Written
at Dublin the sixth day of June 1708—

6 Lunnin."

Underneath the coat of arms is : " This coat of armes was confirmed
by Sr Richard Cairn ey in the year 1684 to Collonell Charles Moor of
Baileneagha in the County of Kildare. This John Grandfather to Coll.
Roger Moor was brother to Roger which ye aforesaid Charles descended
from."

The pedigree, beginning with Boyle Moore, living in the reign of
Queen Anne, goes back to the reign of King Solomon, and runs as
follows : —

"Boyle Moor Esquire son to Coll. Roger Moor, unto Peirse unto
John Brother to Roger Moor son to Connell son to Malachias Moor son to
David son to Lewis son to Emergin son to Faolane son to Kionaodha son
to Cairney son to Kionaodha son to Moor a quo nominatur 6 Morra in
Liess son to Cairney son to Gaothen son to Kionaodha son to Charles son
to Measguin son to Bearney son to Baccane son to Aonigussa. (Its here the
6 Moor's and McGennis meets, and by reason they bear one motto, accord-
'ing as the Annalls owes an account of.) Son to Naixor son to Barr son
to Sarbile son to Carthy son to Charles son to Laughlin son to Eoghan
ais John son to Guaire son to Earcka son to Baccane a quo Rath m bacan —
son to Dughey Longsy son to Lughey Laoiess — from whom ye countrey
was formerly soe called — son to Laoighseagh Landmore son to Connell
Carney Cheife Champion of Ulster son to Emhergin Jarduney son to Caiss
son to Fagtna son to Cape son to Cionga son to Rurey — from whom the
illustrious family of Clannarureys is so called— son to Sirthey son to Duffe
son to Fomor son to Airgidmair son to Siorlamh son to Finn son to Bratha

OLD PEDIGREE OF THE OJMORE FAMILY OF LEIX. 55

son to Lanry son to Carbry son to Olleamhen King of Ireland son to
Fiaghey King of Ireland son to Leaghna son to Art son to Eibrick
son to Eimher son to Boinn son to Ire from whom the 6 Moors and
McGennis and the 6 Farrells and severall other Nobles are descended
from.

" This Ire had two brothers by name Eimher and Eiremoin from
Eimher descended McCarthy Moor and 6 Bryans with the rest of the
Nobles in Minister.

"And from Eiremoin descended the 6 Neils the 6 Donnells and
McDonnells from whom the Earles of Antrim came Maguire MacMahons
of Vlster with other Nobles descended.

11 These three sonns came into Ireland according as the Annalls sayes
in King Solomons tyme who were iij sons of —

"Miletius."

Different portions of the pedigree suggest different considerations.
As to the generations from the beginning of the Christian era back to the
days of Milesius, it is enough to say that they do not come within the
province of critical genealogical research.

But the pedigree from Connell Carney (Conuill Cearnac), chief of the
Bed Branch Knights of Ulster, in the first century A.D. down to
Malaghlin (Malachias) O'More, who died in the reign of Henry VII.,
stands on quite a different footing.

It is not the pedigree of an ordinary family but, to a large extent, a
list of rulers of Leix.

It is well, therefore, to recall to mind what the territory of Leix was,
and how it was originally constituted.

Early in the second century A.D., the men of Minister invaded Ossory,
and seized on all the Leinster territories as far as Mullaghmast. They
were defeated in a series of battles, and ultimately driven out, by an
Ulster chief, Lughaidh Laeighseach (Lewy Leeshagh), called in the
pedigree Lughey Laoiess, a grandson of Connell Cairney, who had come
to the aid of the Leinster men ; and, as a reward for this service, there
was assigned to him by the King of Leinster a territory that included
about one-half of the present Queen's County. To this territory, and
for some time to his descendants, the tribe name of Laeighis (Leesh) was
given ; but after many centuries one of the rulers of Leix received the
name of Morda (Moora), i.e. the Great, or Majestic — either from his
prowess, or from his stature — and thence the later generations came to be
called O'Moora, or O'Mores.

The O'Mores inherited the fighting qualities of their great ancestor,
Lugdhaidh Laeighseach, and the doings of the Lords of Leix, who had
their stronghold at the Kock of Dunamase (which lies between Mary-
borough and Stradbally), hold an important place in Irish and Anglo-
Irish chronicles.

56 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

It was not unnatural then that the names of these successive rulers
should be handed down and preserved by bards and historians from the
earliest times.

When this portion of the O'More pedigree under discussion is
examined, it will be found that there are but thirty-one generations
given from Malaghlin, or Malachias O'More, Lord of Leix, temp.
Henry VII., to Connell Cairney, chief of the Red Branch Knights in the
first century. As the period covered extends over fourteen centuries,
one would expect to find about forty-two generations, according to the
well-known average of three generations to a century. Nor can we
assume that the Lords of Leix were an exceptionally long-lived race, as
from the Chronicles we gather that many of them were slain in battle,
or in some hostile raid.

The solution of the difficulty appears to be that the compiler of the
Hey wood pedigree dropped out a number of generations, her,e and there,
in rather a wholesale manner.

In the "Book of Leinster" there is an O'More pedigree, which, as
the Rev. "William Carrigan, c.c., of Durrow, Queen's County, has pointed
out, has been inserted in place of some twelfth- century pedigree,
deliberately erased to make room for it.

This pedigree will be found in the " Journal of the Association for
Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead in Ireland," vol. v., p. 413,
in an interesting communication from Father Carrigan, on the tomb of
Malaghlin O'More, in Lord De Vesci's garden at Abbeyleix. This
pedigree begins with Malaghlin O'More, and ends with Conuill Cearnac ;
and, no doubt, was inserted in the " Book of Leinster " in the lifetime
of the former.

It contains forty-two generations — the normal number — and on a
comparison between it and the Hey wood pedigree, the following
discrepancies are observed.

In the Heywood pedigree, three generations are omitted between
Malachias (Malaghlin) and David ; five between Lewis and Emergin ;
one between Faolane and Kionaodha; one between Moor and Cairney ;
one between Charles and Measguin ; and one between Measguin and
Bearney ; while one is inserted between Carthy and Laughlin, that
is not found in the pedigree of the "Book of Leinster." The names
of Gaothen and Kionaodha are also transposed in the O'Lunnin pedigree.

That a number of generations have been omitted can easily be proved,
independently of the O'More Pedigree in the " Book of Leinster." We
learn from the " Annals of the Four Masters " that the later of the two
Emergins'(Aimhergin), Lords of Leix, died in 1097, l and between his
death and that of Malaghlin (Malachias), whose tomb at Abbeyleix, as
we now know, bears the date 1502, is a period of a little over four

1 The date of the death is given as 1086 in the " Annals of Clonmacnoise."

OLD PEDIGREE OF THE O5MORE FAMILY OF LEJX. 57

centuries. In this time we should expect to find about twelve generations ;
and the pedigree in the " Book of Leinster" furnishes us with eleven.
In the pedigree under review, however, Charles Lynegar, or O'Lunnin,
gives us but three generations, which is obviously absurd.

These errors, though merely sins of omission, throw grave doubts on
the capacity, if not on the good faith, of the so-called Antiquary by whom
the pedigree was compiled.

But in an earlier portion of the pedigree, not covered by the O'More
pedigree in the "Book of Leinster," there is a very serious error of a
wholly different character.

In three places John Moore, great-grandfather of Boyle Moore, for
whom the pedigree was drawn, is represented as brother to Roger Moore,
and this Roger is rightly shown by the pedigree to be a son of Connell,
son of Malaghlin O'More, Lord of Leix.

But this is quite wrong. Roger Moore, or O'More, better known as
Rory Caech (the one-eyed), had several brothers, about whom much may
be learned in the Public Records and elsewhere, but a John is not found
amongst them.1 The true descent of Boyle Moore is given in a pedigree
compiled by Mr. George D. Burtchaell, with his customary skill and
accuracy, and printed in vol. xxxiii., Consec. Ser., p. 439, of the Journal
of this Society, in the notes to the Addenda to the Diary of William
King, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.

Boyle Moore lived at Johnstown, in the parish of Finglas, County
Dublin. He was Receiver of First Fruits from 1704 to 1716, an office
which his father and his brother John had previously held for many
years. He married Catherine, second daughter of Sir Richard Cox, Bart.,
Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and at other times Chief Justice of the
Common Pleas, and Chief Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland ; and
one of the children of this marriage was Mary, who, as already stated,
became the wife of the Reverend Frederick Trench, of Ballinakill,
Queen's County.

Boyle Moore's parents were Roger Moore, of Dublin, who also lived
for some time at Johnstown, and Elizabeth, second daughter of Anthony
Stoughton, Clerk of the Castle Chamber. Roger Moore was a Colonel in
the militia, and was the representative for Mullingar in two Parliaments.
His father was Pierce Moore, and his mother Mary, second daughter of
Francis Edgeworth, Clerk of the Hanaper. Another daughter of Francis
Edgeworth married George Synge, Bishop of Cloyne, and was the mother
of Margaret Synge, who became the wife of Michael Boyle, Archbishop
of Armagh. It was this connection apparently that led Colonel Roger
Moore to give the name of Boyle to his second son.

Pierce Moore was the second son of John Moore, of Killinnevar,

1 In Mr. O'Hart's "Irish Pedigrees" (ed. 1887), vol. i., p. 324, there is a state-
ment that Roger Caech O'More had a brother John, who was an ancestor of the
Mulcahy family ; but I have failed to find any authority for this.

58 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Queen's County. A funeral entry of John Moore in Ulster's Office,
dated 10th May, 1637, and certified by his son Pierce, gives impor-
tant information as to his parentage, his first marriage, his children
and their marriages, and the date of his death.

He was not a son of Connell O'More, or a brother of Roger O'More
(Rory Caech), as represented by O'Lunnin, but was the second son of
Mortagh oge O'More, of Rahinduff, Queen's County. He married, as his
first wife, Margaret, daughter of Connor Hickey, of Eulton, County Kildare,
and had by her four sons and two daughters. The name of his second
wife is not given, but there was not any issue of his second marriage.
He died at Killinnevar about the 1st November, 1636, and was interred
in St. Patrick's Church in Stradbally, Queen's County.

About Mortagh (sometimes called Maurice) oge O'More a good deal
may be gathered from the Public Records. He received a grant in tail
male from the Crown of portion of the lands of Rahinduff, Queen's
County, under a fiant, dated 16th March, 1562-3; and subsequently a
similar grant was made to him of ninety acres of the lands of Cry-
murgan, alias Glamorgan (now known as Cremorgan), Queen's County,
with the advowson of the Church of Kilbride, by virtue of a fiant,
dated 6th June, 1570. He had married Honor Lalor some time prior
to 1549, and the issue of the marriage included Lisagh, the eldest son,
and John, the second son, already referred to. Rahinduff and Cremor-
gan were in the very heart of the O'More country, and Mortagh oge and
his family took part from time to time in the rebellions in which the
O'Mores were almost constantly engaged. We find him and his son
Lisagh and his son-in-law Dermod O'Lalor included in a pardon granted
in pursuance of a fiant, dated 12th March, 1576-7.

Mortagh oge O'More died on 2nd May, 1589; and on the 18th
August, in that same year, an inquisition post-mortem was taken, the
original of which is now in the Public Record Office, Dublin, amongst the
documents coming from .the office of the Chief Remembrancer of the
Exchequer. It shows that by an indenture, dated 1st June, 1585, Mor-
tagh oge attempted to settle his lands to the use of his wife Honor Lalor
for her life, and after her decease to the use of his son John More for his
life. So far as the lands of Rahinduff and Cremorgan, included in the
'Crown grants, were concerned, this deed was inoperative, and these lands
passed on Mortagh oge's death to his eldest son Lisagh, who was found
by the inquisition to be then of the age of forty years. Livery of his
father's lands was made to Lisagh under a fiant, dated 20th February,
1589-90; but about ten years afterwards he and his eldest son Patrick
joined in rebellion with Owny M'Rory O'More. He died during the
rebellion on 8th September, 1600, at Cremorgan, and his son Patrick was
attainted and outlawed, and his lands of Rahinduff and Cremorgan were
forfeited to the Crown.

The descent of Boyle Moore, of Johnstown, from Mortagh oge O'More

OLD PEDIGREE OF THE o'MORE FAMILY OF LEIX. 59

of Rahinduif, and Cremorgan is perfectly clear ; but up to the present I
have not been able to find the links connecting Mortagh oge with the
main line of the O'Mores of Leix. Malaghlin (Malachias) O'More, Lord
of Leix, had other sons beside Connell, and Mortagh oge may prove to be
a son of one of these. This, however, is but a conjecture.

Charles O'Lunnin was unfortunately too ready to try short cuts in the
pedigree now under consideration. That the O'Mores of Cremorgan were
a branch of the great family of Leix must have been well known to
him ; but having, no doubt, the descent of Eory Caech ready to his hand,
he ignored the existence of Mortagh oge, and by representing John Moore
as a brother of Eory Caech, he saved himself the trouble of hunting up
the true connection between John Moore and the Lords of Leix.

It is to be hoped that some member of this Society may succeed in
finding the missing links.1

1 Much interesting information about Leix and the O'Mores will be found in
Mr. Herbert F. Here's " Notes on a Facsimile of an Ancient Map of Leix," &c., in
the Journal, vol. vii. (Consec. Ser.), p. 345.

60 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

A NOTE ON AN IRISH VOLUNTEER CURTAIN.
BY E. MAC DOWEL COSGRAVE, M.D.
[Read JANUARY 31, 1905.]

T WISH to describe and to exhibit an interesting relic of the Irish

Volunteer Movement of the later years of the eighteenth century, in
the shape of a linen curtain, printed in colours, with pictures of a review
in the Phoenix Park. Through the kind assistance of several members
of this Society, I have been able to partially unravel its story, but some
doubtful points still need to be cleared up.

The history of the curtain is quickly told. About the year 1840 a
lady inherited a house in Banbridge from some elderly relatives ; in it
she found a number of bedroom-curtains of this Volunteer pattern. She
made them into quilts, and gave them to different descendants of the
original owner. The quilt I exhibit is one of those she made up. In all
probability the curtains were in that house from the time they left the
weaving-loom and printing-shed.

This is not the first time a piece of this printed linen has been shown
to our Society, and the other piece is probably still in the museum
at Kilkenny. L. R. Strangways, M.R.I.A., called my attention to the
Journal for 1876, vol. xiv., p. 10, in which the following paragraph
appears : —

" Amongst presentations received at the meeting on April 12th, 1876,
was a large print on linen, mounted and framed, with this title : " Review
of the Irish Volunteers in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, by the Commander-
in-Chief, the Right Hon. the Earl of Charlemont." The presentation was
accompanied by a letter, signed by Robert B. Armstrong, from which the
following is an extract : —

"A piece of painted linen, representing a Review of the Irish
Volunteers in the Phoenix Park, Dublin. Their Commander-in- Chief,
the Earl of Charlemont, appears to be riding down the line, and the
troops are presenting arms as he passes.

" The building is the lodge of the Chief Secretary, and the carriages
are probably those of the Earls of Charlemont and Moira."

The note in the Journal goes on to say : —

" The print was contemporary, and of very great interest as presenting
the costume of the day. It was entirely devoid of perspective, the
different events and subjects being represented one above the other.
There was considerable humour in some of the incidents."

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

VOLUNTEER CURTAIN.
(From a Photograph by Dr. E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave.)

To face page 60. |

A NOTE ON AN IRISH VOLUNTEER CURTAIN. 61

The piece presented by Mr. Armstrong was one that came from the
same house in Banbridge. Mr. Strangways also has a piece, but its
previous history is, I believe, unknown.

The most interesting point to determine was whether the curtain
commemorated a special review.

In M'Nevin's " History of the Volunteers of 1782," the following
paragraph occurs : —

" 1780, 10th November. At a meeting held in the Royal Exchange
it was resolved — * That the first of the said reviews be held in Dublin
on Tuesday, the 5th June next, . . . * That delegates from such corps as
choose to attend the first of such reviews, do meet at the Royal Exchange,
Dublin, the 2nd of February next, at 1 o'clock, to appoint a reviewing
general, and an exercising officer.' "

M'Nevin makes no further mention of this Dublin review, although
he alludes to several of the provincial reviews as having taken place.

Walker's Hibernian Magazine does not mention the occurrence of any
such review, although it mentions several provincial reviews of the same
year ; and Hardy's " Life of Charlemont " merely says : " The Volunteer
Reviews of 1781 and 1782 were particularly splendid. At Belfast there
were not less than five thousand men in the field, perhaps more." No
mention is made of a Dublin review.

The Rev. William Reynell, however, kindly lent me Exshetw's
Magazine for 1781, which contains the following description of the
review on the first page of the number for June : —

"An account of the review at Dublin, with an exact representation of
it, taken on the spot by an eminent artist.

" On Tuesday, June the 5th, being the day appointed for the review
of the volunteers of the county of Dublin, and counties adjacent, pre-
paratory to a grand review of the province of Leinster, the following
corps assembled in his majesty's Park of the Phoenix, and were reviewed
by the Right Honourable the Earl of Charlemont, who had been elected
to that dignified position by the delegates respectively commissioned
upon the occasion, viz. : —

" CAVALEY,

County of Dublin Light Dragoons.

Dublin Union ditto.
Newcastle and Donore Union ditto.

Wicklow ditto.

Kathdown ditto.

Powerscourt ditto.

Westmeath ditto.

Clanwilliam Chasseurs ditto.

62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

" INFANTRY.

The Drogheda corps.

The Duleek.

The Ralphsdale grenadiers.

The Wicklow corps.

The Rathdown.

The Dunlavin invincibles.

The Meath.

The Skreen.

The Dublin volunteers.

The Lawyers.

The Liberty.

The Goldsmiths.

The Merchants.

The Dublin independents.

The North Coolock.

The South Coolock.

The Newcastle and Donore Union.

The Castletown Union.

" The Artillery was under the command of Colonel Calbeck.

" Although the day turned out very wet, the troops performed their
different rnano3uvres with a steadiness and exactness that pleased and
surprised thousands of spectators, who had the highest pleasure and
satisfaction in observing the exercise and evolutions evince an alertness
and knowledge in military discipline equal to that of anybody which had
ever appeared in the field. The last charge of the horse was allowed
universily to be a masterly manosuvre, and the advance of the line in the
most excellent order, not only reflected the highest honour on our
cityzens, but obtained the warmest approbation from several officers and
commanders belonging to the army then present. Lord Charlemont
was escorted to the field by a great number of noble and most respectable
personages, and attended by Lord Glerawley, Lord Delvin, Colonel
Stewart, and William Doyle, Esq., as aids-du-camp."1

Unfortunately Mr. ReynelTs copy has lost the " exact representation
taken on the spot by an eminent artist," and it has also been removed
from the Royal Irish Academy copy. Mr. Strangways, however, has the
loose plate amongst his collection of Dublin views ; but in spite of the
" eminent artist," it does not throw much lighten the subject, as all
possible details are carefully omitted. The drawing represents the
regiments drawn up in line on the "Fifteen Acres," and the reviewing
officer and his staff inspecting them; in the distance, on the left, is
the Chief Secretary's Lodge.

The curtain is of linen, with a pictorial pattern printed in colours.
Each complete portion of the design measures 33 inches square, and
is divided roughly into five lines.

One line has what is apparently meant for the Chief Secretary's Lodge
at one end, and the Phoenix column at the other ; between and below
the lodge are trees, and near the column there are deer.

The next line contains a row of twenty- one soldiers presenting arms ;
some have conical headdresses, others three-cornered hats, and still others

1 The Gentleman"1 s and, London Magazine ; or, Monthly Ckronologer, Juue, 1781,
pp. 2S1, 282.

A NOTE ON AN IRISH VOLUNTEER CURTAIN. 63

have helmets with plumes ; the uniform is red, apparently with white
facings, and all have cross-belts. In advance of the centre of the line
of soldiers is an officer hearing the nag, and beside him are two soldier
lads, one with a drum, the other with a fife. At either end is a non-
commissioned officer, one of whom has his gun reversed.

Below, and passing the line of soldiers, is the reviewing general and
his attendants. First come two horsemen, then the general with his
cocked hat in his hand, then five cavalrymen with drawn swords.

Of the next line a cavalryman and drummer form the centre ; at either
side soldiers are driving back harmless spectators, including the perennial
dog. At the side is a lofty tree containing spectators, one of whom,
through his branch breaking, is alighting unexpectedly on a refreshment
booth.

The last line has a huge marquee in which a banquet is laid out, and
at either side is a coachful of spectators or guests. One coach has i{ C "
on its doorpanel, the other has " M." As already mentioned, Mr, Armstrong
suggests that these stand for " Charlemont " and " Moira." The former
is evident, but the latter is not so obvious.

Though the scarlet uniform apparently has white facings, Robert
Day, F.S.A., pointed out to me that white facings on scarlet uniform were
rare, and that, as a matter of fact, none of the regiments taking part in
the Dublin review wore them. It may be that the facings originally
had some colour, which repeated washings have removed.

The flag is blue with a white corner bearing only a red St. George's
Cross and a St. Andrew's Cross, so it must be dated before the Union of
1801. On the blue ground of the flag is a crowned harp between sprays
of oak and of laurel, and the words " Loyal and Determined." Mr. Day
says that, as a rule, the Volunteers of 1782 did not use the crowned harp,
though he has medals from 1776 to 1782, with these emblems associated.
The words "Loyal and Determined " do not occur amongst the mottoes
of Volunteers collected by Mr. Day. He suggests that the banner may
have been commemorative of one of the volunteer reviews of 1780 or
1781.

Such are the chief features of interest in this relic. Much remains
to be cleared up ; but, at any rate, I believe it may safely be claimed
as a representation of the Dublin review of the 5th June, 1781.

64 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

NOTES ON A GALLAUN, OR PILLAR-STONE, AT LEIGHLIN-
BRIDGE, COUNTY CARLOW.

BY SIR EDMUND T. BEWLEY, M.A., LL.D.
[Read JANUARY 31, 1905.]

TN the townland of Leighlinbridge and parish of Agha, not 100 perches
from the village of Leighlinbridge, there is a gallaun, or pillar-stone,
which does not appear to have been hitherto described. From its
position, which will be presently stated, it might easily escape notice ;
and it would seem that even the late Colonel Philip D. Vigors, who was
a great authority on all the antiquities of the district, was ignorant of
its existence.

My attention was called to it last summer by the Rev. Canon
Willcocks, the Incumbent of Dunleckney, who had lived in the
neighbourhood for at least twenty-five years, and saw this gallaun for
the first time last spring.

A short distance to the north-east of Leighlinbridge village, where the
road to Nurney begins to ascend, there is a small hill, or knoll, marked
on Ordnance Sheet No. 12 (6-inch scale) of the County Carlow by the
triangulation mark /j\>- A thick blackthorn hedge runs to the top of

215

the hill on the northern side, and at the upper end of the hedge, at the
highest point, where a gap gives access to a field on the southern slope,
stands the pillar-stone, which a person passing along the road might
mistake for a large gate-pier.

The stone, which in position deviates but little from the perpendicular,
is a granite monolith, for the most part roughly cylindrical, but tapering
nearly to a point at the top. Its height above the ground is almost
exactly 7 feet on the southern side, and its girth at 2£ feet above
the ground is 6 feet. There are some shallow depressions in the stone,
but whether they are natural or artificial I cannot say.

The illustrations accompanying these notes were reproduced from
photographs taken for me by my daughter, Miss Nanette Bewley, on
15th September, 1904.

Although a flag-staff of the Ordnance Survey Department must have
stood for some time close to the stone at the original survey of the
County Carlow, I have not found any reference to the stone in the letters
connected with the survey preserved in the Royal Irish Academy ; nor
is it mentioned in the Field Books of the Ordnance Survey at the
Mount joy Barracks.

GALLAUN, OK PILLAR- STONE, AT LEIGHLINBRIDGE. 65

From inquiries that Canon Willcocks was good enough to get made
for me amongst some of the oldest inhabitants of the district, it appears
that the pillar-stone was always known as " the Clonegall stone." Gall
is an ancient term for a pillar-stone; and "Clonegall," in the present
instance, would no doubt signify " pillar-stone meadow."

We are told in the " Glossary"1 of Cormac-mac-Cullenan, who lived
in the ninth century, that the word gall was applied to pillar-stones,
because they were first erected in Ireland by the Gaill, or ancient
inhabitants of Gaul ; and gallaun, a diminutive of gall, is a well-known
designation of these " long stones," as they are frequently called.

For what purpose this gallaun was erected, I leave it to others to-
discuss.

PlLLAH- STONE AT LEIGHLINBRIDGE,

Co. CAULOW. (NoiiTH VIEW.)

PILLAII- STONE AT LEIGHLINBRIDGE,
Co. CARLOW. (SOUTH VIEW.)

Was it a sepulchral monument, or a boundary stone ? or did it serve
to mark the approach from the east to Dinn High— the ancient residence
of the kings of Leinster (now known as Ballyknockan moat)— which lies
about half a mile down stream on the opposite side of the River
Barrow ?

i Sanaa Chormaic. « Cormac's Glossary," translated by John O'Ponovan, and
edited by Whitley Stokes, LL.D., p. 84.

T -D c A T i Vol. xv., Fifth Series. I F

Jour.R.S.A.L j VoK xxx'y>> Consec. Ser. [

66 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Does it date from the time of the Gauls, whom Lavra the Mariner
(Labhradh Linshagh) brought with him when he returned to his native
land, and, by his night attack on Coffa the slender (Coffagh Cael Bra) at
Dinn High, wrested from him the throne which he had usurped ?

These are interesting questions, but I cannot pretend to offer any
aid towards their solution, and must content myself with merely giving
the foregoing description of the present condition of this ancient
monument.

Jfttecellanea*

Bronze Spear-head.— The

BRONZU SPEAR-HEAD.

the socket as a flat band for

accompanying illustration, reproduced
from a photograph, is that of a
bronze spear-head, exhibited at
the Tuam Meeting in August, 1904.
The spear-head was found about
1893, by a baker named Flynn, in
a field near St. Jarlath's College,
Tuam. He was hunting rats with
a terrier; and in turning over some
timber that was lying in a heap,
the spear was brought to light.
It must have been hidden here
some years previously. It is
12f inches long, and 2£ inches
at its widest part ; the socket is
1 inch wide at its opening. There
is a rivet-hole £• inch in diameter,
one each side of the socket, % inch
below where the blade arises ; and
the casting is strengthened here
by the rib seen in the illustration,
running between the centre and
blade part, being continued down
inch, — T. B. COSTELLO, M.D.

The Inscribed Stones at Fethard Castle and Baginbun.— Mr. Lynn's
theory of the genesis of the Baginbun inscription (vol. xxxiv., 1904, p. 387)
is ingeniously and plausibly put ; but it involves difficulties which should
not be ignored, and it ignores evidence which cannot be lightly laid aside.
His theory, to put it shortly, is that the Baginbun inscription was copied
from a rubbing of the Fethard Castle inscription, and that the carver
added the additional letters and altered most of the others to make it as
unlike the original as possible, with a view to puzzle antiquaries. This,
he supposes, was done between the years 1876 and 1880.

This theory at once falls to the ground if it can be shown that the

F 2

68 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Baginbun inscription was in existence before the Fethard Castle inscrip-
tion. The latter, as I have shown, was cut by Major Lymbery between
the years 1861 and 1863. What, then, are we to make of the clear state-
ment of Mr. Foley, senior, a respectable tradesman in Fethard, aged 84
last July, that "as a boy going to school, he remembers the Baginbun
stone with the inscription on it," and that years afterwards the stone was
cleared of earth and grass, and the letters cleaned by Major Lymbery ?
(See my Paper in vol. xxxiv., 1904, p. 265.) With regard to the precise
date suggested by Mr. Lynn, Mr. J. J. Perceval, of Wexford, one of our
members, wrote some months ago to me that, on the 29th June, 1873, he
saw and copied the Baginbun inscription. This date is fixed by hi&
contemporary diary ; but it, of course, only involves a minor alteration in
Mr. Lynn's theory.

That there are resemblances between the Baginbun inscription and
the Fethard Castle inscription, not to be accounted for by their common
descent from the Carew inscription, has been already observed, and has
been commented on by me. One of the two was certainly influenced bv,
if not copied from, the other. On the supposition, which seemed to me
satisfactorily established, that the former was in^existence before Major
Lymbery had the latter cut, I concluded that these resemblances were
due to " a slight faking," conscious or unconscious, of his copy by the
Major, he being presumably concerned to show that he had got the
original from which the Baginbun stone was copied. That this sort of
bias may be quite unconscious, is exemplified, curiously enough, by
Mr. Lynn's reproductions of the rubbings. He was concerned to show
that all the lines of the Fethard Castle inscription were first reproduced
on the Baginbun stone, and then added to. But the drawings of even so
skilful a draughtsman are in some slight particulars inaccurate ; and the
inaccuracy is in general in the direction of bearing out his theory. Thus,
if his drawing of the m in the Fethard Castle inscription be compared with
the rubbing of the original, correctly reproduced on the block in my Paper,
vol. xxxiv., p. 263, it will be seen that he has altered it (unconsciously, I
have no doubt), so that it more closely resembles the Baginbun m. The
same may be said of the remarkable strokes on the tops of the four tf's in the
Fethard Castle inscription, which have much stronger double curves than
those shown in Mr. Lynn's reproduction, or than are to be seen on the
Baginbun stone. Again, neither the u nor the r in the second line of the-
Fethard Castle inscription is correctly copied ; but as to the prolongation
of the second stroke of the w, it is fair to remark that it would fit in
tolerably well with Mr. Lynn's theory. It is further to be observed
that the two inscriptions do not at all coincide when one is superimposed
on the other, as a hasty view of Mr. Lynn's drawings might suggest, and
as would be the case if the Baginbun inscription was in the first instance
traced or carefully copied from a rubbing of the Fethard Castle inscrip-
tion. The letters on the Baginbun stone are smaller than those on the

MISCELLANEA. 69

supposed original, and are differently spaced, being, in general, more
crowded together.

In size, however, these two inscriptions undoubtedly approximate
much more closely to each other than either to the Carew original, which
is enclosed in a panel 11 inches by 6. I never supposed that Major
Lymbery had a rubbing of the Carew inscription when he set up the
copy, covering nearly four times the area, at his house. If he had got a
rubbing before him, he would presumably have produced a better copy, and
one more nearly the size of the original. It is probable that he worked
from a drawing without any scale ; and in that case the size and spacing
of the letters, distance between the lines, &c., would not unnaturally, on
my supposition of his motive, be determined by a rough reference to the
Baginbun stone.

On the other hand, if we accept Mr. Lynn's view as to the priority of
the Fethard Castle inscription, it is not so easy to see what motive Major
Lymbery had in setting it up at his house. This seemed natural enough
on the supposition that the Baginbun inscription was ancient, and had been
observed, and its resemblance to the Carew inscription noticed by Major
Lymbery. He would like to have a correct copy beside him. But
if, with Mr. Lynn, we are to suppose that the Baginbun stone had not
yet been inscribed, and that Major Lymbery was the sort of man who
would take pleasure in fabricating inscriptions as hoaxes to puzzle
antiquaries, surely his own house is the last site in the world he would
choose for his handiwork ! Think of all the deceit it would necessarily
involve him in with every visitor ! The motive assigned is incredible.
If old Foley's evidence should be shown to be untrustworthy, and the
priority of the Fethard Castle inscription established, a more reasonable
motive may be assigned to Major Lymbery's action. Though Baginbun
was not popularly associated with Raymond le Gros, it has occurred to me
that Lewis, in his " Topographical Dictionary " (published in 1837), states
that Fethard was given by Strongbow to Raymond, and that Raymond
erected a strong fortress there. It is true that this was a blunder on the
part of Lewis's informant, misled by the resemblance of the name Fothord
(or Fotheret Onolan, now the barony of Forth, County Carlow — " Song of
Dermot," 1. 3064, and note) to Fethard. Nevertheless, the mis-statement,
taken in connexion with the publication in the Gentleman's Magazine for
1861 of the Carew inscription, might conceivably have induced Major
Lymbery's action. I will make Mr. Lynn a present of the idea ; but I
feel that all such speculations are rather futile until the sequence in date
of the inscriptions is determined beyond question.

As to Mr. Lynn's curiously precise account of the fabrication of the
Baginbun inscription — how the guilty fabricator* concealing his handiwork
as he proceeded, first conscientiously copied a> rubbing of the Fethard
Castle stone, and then, from an inordinate " feeling for symmetry," added
the additional letters, and finally " snatched a fearful joy" in altering

70 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

his artistic production so as to make it as unlike the original as possible
—well, some such hypothesis is, no doubt, necessary on the assumption
of the priority of the Fethard Castle inscription. I myself, on the
opposite assumption, supposed that the additional letters were cut " by an
idle, not to say mischievous, hand " ; and I pointed out indications on the
stone itself that they were a subsequent addition. It is possible, too, that
the joining-up of the loose ends — a marked feature on the stone — may
have been the work of the same or a kindred hand; but I am not aware
that any observer has noted any difference in the workmanship, such as
might be expected if the characters were not all formed at the same
time.

To sum up broadly and briefly on this point : — There are resemblances
between the two inscriptions not due to their common descent. Both
Mr. Lynn and I endeavour to account for these resemblances : Mr. Lynn
assuming the priority of the Fethard Castle stone — itself, according to him,
put up as a hoax ; I assuming the priority of the Baginbun stone, which
I provisionally regard as ancient. My view takes into consideration
the external evidence as to the priority of the Baginbun inscription;
Mr. Lynn ignores this evidence, though, if credited, it is absolutely fatal
to his theory. My view ascribes a natural and praiseworthy motive to
Major Lymbery in setting up the inscription at his house, and harmonizes
with such external evidence as exists on the point. It also admits of an
intelligible account of Du Noyer's action in the matter. Mr. Lynn's view
appears to involve a charge of two-fold fabrication and persistent deceit
for an ignoble and contemptible object on the part of a person or persons
whom he does not now name, and to imply that Du Noyer was the first
victim of hoax No. 1, and my foolhardy, but as yet unrepentant, self,
perhaps the last victim of hoax No. 2.

I do not claim that the view I have put forward entirely clears away
the mists of obscurity, nor do I wish to dogmatise in a matter by no
means free from doubt ; but I have not consciously ignored any relevant
facts, and, in the present state of the evidence^ I think my hypothesis is
more consonant with those facts and with human nature than Mr. Lynn's
" solution of the enigma." — GODDARD H. ORPEN.

NOTE ADDED IN THE PliESS.

Since the above was in type, I have received a letter from the
Rev. R. M. Kellett, of Fethard, dated the 23rd February, 1905, giving an
account of an interview, kindly undertaken at my suggestion, with a man
named Rossiter, a former occupier of the field in which the Baginbun
boulder lies. Rossiter states that the field passed from him to the
present occupier, named Roche, about forty-two years ago, when the
farms were squared ; that "up to that time the existence of the stone

MISCELLANEA. 71

was unknown ; that Roche, in his farming work, uncovered it ; and that
he (Rossiter) distinctly remembers it had no inscription on it whatever."
He further thinks the inscription was cut "for a humbug," &c. As I
have had no opportunity, as yet, of testing Rossiter's statements, I make
no comment, beyond pointing out that his negative evidence is in direct
conflict with the positive' evidence given by old Foley. — G. H. 0.

The McCragh Tomb at Lismore (vol. xxxiv., pp. 301, 311).—
I regret that due acknowledgment was not made in my Paper to
Mr. Spencer Harty, who, I find, called attention to this monument and
lent the photograph from which the plates were reproduced. I had
a copy of the same, kindly procured by Dean Brougham ; and I was not
aware when writing that Mr. Harty had supplied another copy, as
well as the notes on the inscription, which latter I duly referred to.

I have received several communications about my Paper. Two of
them suggest that the figure of our Lord in front of St. Gregory is as
presented by Pilate (St. John xix. 5), and not as in the Resurrection.
The "Ecce Homo" would, no doubt, be more appropriate for the former;
but the absence of the crown of thorns and the robe, as well as the legend
of our Lord's appearing to St. Gregory, led me to prefer the suggested
explanation; and if the spear- wound appears, as the photograph seems
to show, it would be conclusive.

My suggested explanation of the position of the cock on the three-
legged pot or skillet has been questioned, but the only alternative explan-
ation which has reached me is one kindly sent by Dean Brougham. He
writes : —

" A gentleman who was visiting the Cathedral told me an extraordi-
nary, but not improbable, legend about this, which he said he had heard
in a convent in Spain — either in Salamanca or Barcelona. I have
mentioned it to more than one R.C. priest, but none had heard of it. It
was to the effect that the soldiers whom Pilate had told off to watch the
Body, while waiting for their supper, remarked, ' Some one has said this
man would come to life ' ; upon which one of them said, ' Yes, when that
bird in the pot comes to life ' ; whereupon the cock flew out, alive and
well."

Perhaps some one will throw light on this. — J. R. GAKSTIN.

The McCragh Tomb. — In reading Mr. Garstin's Paper, I was
struck with an idea different to his with regard to the central letters,
I. C. R. T. I thought it unlikely that the sacred letters should be
repeated, as they already occur lower down on the slab in the more usual
form I. N. R. I. ; and I thought a stonecutter would not cut the letter T so

72 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

very clearly if he had meant J. It occurred to me that the letters might
be the initials of the persons buried in the tomb. With this idea in my
mind I was interested to find that the one mentioned as being buried
there is John, which gives I ; his wife Catherine, which gives C ; his
eldest son was John, who was probably not buried there ; the second son
was Rory, which gives B. His wife's name (if he married) may have
begun with T, or, as Catherine's father was Thomas, it is not unlikely
her third son (if there was one) was called Thomas, after her father,
Thomas Prendergast, as the other two were called McCragh names. —
ALICE F. DOYLE.

"The Daff Stone," Moneydig, Co. Derry.— In vol.xxxiv., p. 159, of
the Journal for 1904, the late Rev. Dr. Buick and Mr. S. K. Kirker, C.E.,
have given a careful description of this curious sepulchral monument.
Dr. Buick says : — " We saw no traces of bones or pottery, but no excava-
tions were made. It is quite possible that if the floor were carefully
dug some traces of interment would be found." An urn of baked clay
was found in the cist nearly a century ago ; but it crumbled to pieces on
being exposed to the sun. Though the circumstance is now entirely
forgotten in the locality, it is mentioned in Bleakley's Notes, Ordnance
MSS. (parish of Desertoghil), Boyal Irish Academy, Dublin.

In the adjacent bogs many similar urns have been found, some of
them containing black, organic matter. " The Daff Stone " is situated on
a mound or tumulus, which formerly measured about 45 feet in diameter,
but much of the earth has been carted away. It was a burying-ground
down to modern times ; and the ruins of a very old church there were
still to be seen in the beginning of last century. Dr. Buick is sadly
missed by all who are interested in antiquarian researches in his own
neighbourhood; he loved "the old weird world of Irish lore," and his
knowledge was accurate and extensive.

It is much regretted that his carefully-arranged collection — chiefly
"finds" in the counties of Antrim and Derry — should have been
scattered.

He had some fine cinerary urns; one of these was very large and
perfect, and it had a pathetic history. It was discovered by a small
farmer in a field near the river Bann. This man told Dr. Buick of the
" vessel," and seemed to wish to sell it, but afterwards lie drew back,
and declined to part with it.

One of his cows died, and he feared the misfortune was a punishment
for moving the urn. After some time the poor man's wife came in great
distress : her husband was dead, and in her opinion the urn had brought
all their sorrows upon them, so she was determined to get rid of it.
Dr. Buick bought the urn, and also an old glass bottle found beside it,
which had contained some fluid long dried up. He showed the bottle to
a gentleman in the British Museum, and found that its date was not later

MISCELLANEA.

than the fourteenth century. Accordingly, the most probable explanation
was that the urn having been disturbed by some one in the thirteenth or
following century, fear of mysterious consequences led this person to
place a bottle of holy oil beside it, and to cover it up again in the
ground. — J. CLAKK.

Bridgetown Priory, County Cork. — After reading Mr. Westropp's
notice of Kiltoola Church in the Journal, vol. xxxiv., p. 385, on the
need there is to make " greater efforts to protect, sketch, plan, and
describe such ruins while there is yet time," I am induced to bring
under the observation of the Society the extensive ruins of the medieval
Priory of Bridgetown, about midway between Mallow and Fermoy, and
about an Irish mile from Castletownroche, on the northern side of the
Blackwater, and within a few feet of that river. The place is now
called Bridgetown Abbey. It was a Priory of the Canons Regular of
St. Augustine — not an abbey — and was founded by Alexander FitzHugh
Roche in the reign of King John.1 I learn from Bagwell's "Ireland
under the Tudors " that it was suppressed at the time of the dissolution
of the monasteries in Henry VIII. 's reign, when William Walsh, the
last prior, received a pension. One of its priors, Thomas by name, was
one of the Irishmen selected to appear before the Parliament in England
to give evidence as to the state of this country in 1375, in the time of
King Edward III.

The ruins are considerable, but they are in a sad condition. They
are, so far as I can learn, the property of the " Church Temporalities'
Commissioners " ; but the proprietors do not protect them in any way,
and there is no custodian. The interior of the church is used as a grave-
yard ; and the Rural District Council pays a man to attend to that portion
of the premises ; but, indeed, the graveyard is a sad sight.

In the " Journal of the Cork Historical and Archasological Society"
(2nd Ser., vol. iii., July to September, 1897, p. 261) there is given a
ground-plan of the building. I was living in this parish more than
twenty years ago ; and I must say that I saw a great change for the
worse in the remains of the old priory when I came here as parish priest
in 1901 ; and since then I have seen the work of destruction and
dilapidation going on. Within the past year an arch, made of cut
stone, fell. It was a neat, pointed arch, in the south side of the church,
near the canopied tomb, which is traditionally said to be the tomb of the
founder. A sketch of that tomb was made by Crofton Croker, and may
be seen in almost the same condition as it was in Croker' s day. The
tomb is on the southern side of the church, near the eastern end ; but
between it and the eastern gable there is a rectangular tomb, with a
beautiful incised design on it, that nobody seems to have noticed.

1 Archdall's " Monasticon/'

74 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The design consists of two ornamented circles that are joined by a
shaft.

Within two or three feet of the founder's tomb there is an upright
stone, about 3 feet high, with an inscription. The letters are boldly
and clearly cut ; but they are not Irish characters, nor the ordinary
English ones.

All the ruins are so thickly covered with ivy, that it surprises me
they have not fallen. A friend of mine took a photograph of the
exterior of the building ; but scarcely a bit of the masonry appears in
it, so great is the mantle of ivy. I fear very much that the northern
wall of the church is doomed to come down very soon. An ash-tree,
that must be 3 feet or so in girth, is growing from the centre of the
wall. Some of the stones at the root of the tree have fallen to the
ground quite recently. It would be a pity if nobody made a sketch or
drawing of the old church before the fall of that venerable wall, which
still retains some cut stonework in the opes for the windows. Huge
buttresses were erected by somebody against that old wall — and it must
be very long ago, for the buttresses appear very old ; but the exterior
buttresses are of no avail against the destructive agency of that ash-tree
within.

The eastern gable of the church has three lancet windows — the
central one is of two lights. Over the founder's tomb there is a
handsome window of cut stone. But there is danger that all will soon
fall to pieces, and Bridgetown Priory will be but a memory here. There
are some cut-stone windows in a row in one of the monastic buildings. —
MICHAEL HIGGINS, P.P.

Enniscorthy Castle (Notes on the Ancient and Present Build-
ings).— The builder, or founder, of the ancient castle, or " strong house,"
of Enniscorthy, has remained — and does still remain — a mysterious
personage in spite of the article which appeared in the last issue of
this Journal, vol. xxxiv., p. 380, by Mr. W. H. G. Flood. He has also
contributed a pamphlet on the town of Enniscorthy, which appeared a
few years ago ; and in this he attributes the founding of the castle to
Philip de Prendergast. Now, in the above article, after explaining that
Raymond le Gros could not have been the founder, he states, as " a
reliable fact," that Gerald Prendergast built it between 1232 and 1240,
Gerald was the son of Philip, and they both lived there, so Mr. Flood may
be right. My father (the late Herbert F. Hore) attributed the foundation
to the Prendergasts, but without giving any data ; and as this includes
both father and son, it is to a certain extent a corroboration of either of
Mr. Flood's statements. This, however, can hardly be considered satis-
factory. In either case it can only be presumptive evidence, as Maurice
Rochford, the successor of the Prendergasts, may, with equal truth, be

MISCELLANEA. 75

claimed as the builder of the castle ; and so I must protest against
Mr. Flood's statement being admitted as " a reliable fact," which, on
examination, is found to be based only on presumptive evidence. Then,
towards the close of his article, Mr. Flood states that the present castle
is the result of three restorations, and that its style of architecture
confirms the fact of its erection between 1232 and 1240. Both these
statements I dispute. The old " strong house" of Enniscorthy, as it is
called in the records, was in such utter ruin in 1537 that for all practical
purposes it ceased to exist. "We find a memorial from the Council in
Ireland to the king in that year for the " winning of Leinster," in
which, among other recommendations, there is the following : —

" Within foure myles therunto [Ferns] is there a place called
Innyscorthi wherunto corneth an arme of the Sea from the Haven off
Waxforde, let a Casell with a towne be buylded there & another certein
of the saide parsons to inhabite ther." . . .

It is quite evident that if it is suggested to build a castle, there could
not have been one then standing. Two castles were certainly not wanted.

About forty-five years later, on the purchase of Synnot's interest in
this town by Sir Henry Wallop,1 he built the present castle ; and we find
the following letter from the queen acknowledging his services : —

" At Grenwich, 22nd May, 1595. The Queen in consideration of
the faithful & acceptable services heretofore done by her right trusty
& well beloved Counceilor Sir Henry Wallop, Knt., Treasurer of Wars
in the Kingdom of Ireland. As also in consideration of his great charges
& expences in the structure & building of the Castle of Eniscorthy,
& the better fortification of it, & defence of her faithful subjects in
those parts, by the advice of Sir Wm. Russell, Knt., Deputy General, &c.,
grants & confirms to the said Sir Henry Wallop, his heirs, &c., for
ever, the Abbey of Eniscorthy, with the appurtenances, also the Castle
of Eniscorthy, &c., &c."

It is probable that Sir Henry built on the site of the former castle,
and may have used some of the ancient ruins he found there, which may
be amalgamated with the present building. He certainly writes, under
date 27th June, 1594, " of building, fortefienge, and strengthning your
Maties House of Ennescorthie which at such time as I toke the same was
utterly ruined & defaced." This can hardly be called a restoration.

The ancient castle is likely to have been more in the nature of a
fortified dwellinghouse, perhaps something like Redmond's Hall, which I
have described in my last volume on the County Wexford ; at any rate

1 He writes, in 1594, of " his planting in Enniscorthy some nine years since,"
which would make the date of his building in 1585, or thereabouts. The actual date
of the transfer of Synnot's property was 8th March, 1585 ; and in the year 1587 the
town is described as well inhahited and peopled by Sir Henry Wallop.

76 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IKELAND.

it could not have had much resemblance to the present castle, which is
clearly Elizabethan. However, I will write more fully on this subject in
my forthcoming volume, when I deal with the northern part of the
county, and shall avail myself of Mr. Flood's notes, many of which will
be valuable to me, although I fear the name of the original founder
will have to remain, as it is now, hidden in the mists of antiquity. —
PHILIP H. HORE, M.R.I. A.

[NOTE. — The works marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society. ,]

* A History of the County Dublin. Part III. By Francis Ellington
Ball. (Dublin : Printed and published by Alex. Thorn & Co., Limited,
1905.) 8vo, pp. x + 144. Price 5s.

THIS third portion of Mr. Ball's work embraces the southernmost portion
of the County of Dublin, bounded by the Counties of Kildare and
Wicklow, and extending from Newcastle at the western side of the
county to] the sea-coast between Shanganagh and Little Bray on the
east.

The ten parishes included are in the baronies of Rathdown, Upper-
cross, and Newcastle. Taking them in order from east to west, which is
not the order followed in the book, they may be divided into four
groups: — First, the most outlying, Newcastle (Lyons), Rathcoole, and
Saggart, adjacent to the County Kildare, and outside of the Pale ; next,
the vast parish of Tallaght, including the desolate district of the Dublin
Mountains, and the small, unimportant parish of Cruagh ; thirdly, the
parishes of "Whitechurch and Kilgobbin, which may be deemed almost
suburban ; and lastly, but perhaps the most interesting because best
known, Eathmichael and Old Connaught, on the sea-coast (including
Little Bray), with Kilternan stretching inland from the former.

This strip of country is probably the worst in every respect which
the author has to deal with, and he may be congratulated on accom-
plishing so satisfactorily the least attractive part of his task. He says
himself this is a portion of the county "in which the population has
been at no time great, and in which residences of importance have always
been few. Such annals of the district as exist relate in most cases to
some of the saddest pages in Irish history, and tell of fire and sword, and
of destruction and desolation."

The plan of the work is familiar to readers who have studied the two
previous parts, especially to members of the Royal Society of Antiquaries,
to which the author expresses his acknowledgments in the preface — both
at the beginning and end ; and its Journal, which he has so often
enriched, is the first mentioned in the list of authorities cited.

That list, by the way, is far from embracing the many sources of
information used in the compilation of the History, and which are

78 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

frequently referred to in the notes. It is rather a list of condensed titles,
and might have been expected to include such books as the " Liber
Munerum," D' Alton's "History of the County Dublin," the Ordnance
Survey Letters, B.I. A., the Historical MSS. Commissioners' Publications,
and others quoted. In fact, a Bibliography with an index of letters used for
references would probably be preferable, and would reduce repetitions in
the notes. An admirable feature in this book is the copious reference to
sources of information, as well as the valuable and up-to-date authorities
cited.

Mr. Ball commences this part with an account of the parish of
Tallaght, which, as including the Palace of the Archbishops of Dublin
down to 1521, and some other notable residences, afforded scope for his
researches. He gives an account of the other parishes in order, noting
any physical features, such as mountains, rivers, and wells. He describes
adequately any remains of antiquarian interest, and then reviews the
history; ecclesiastic and civil, of each parish and its chief 'inhabitants.
He gives, as a rule, just enough of family history to interest the reader
without being wearisome.

The History will have an interest not alone for antiquaries, but
for all who value the teachings of the past as influencing the present.
The personal references are always instructive, and often amusing. It
would be easy to extract several " plums" relating to personages of the
past, but that is scarcely fair to an author.

The illustrations deserve a word of praise. They are well selected,
sufficiently copious, and well produced. In fact, perhaps, too well, for
the book is printed throughout on plate paper, for their sakes no doubt.
Some are from old and rare prints, while some are from photographs
taken for this work.

The History does not purport to extend beyond the close of the
eighteenth century, but the author draws no rigid line ; and he occasion-
ally even mentions present-day proprietors of notable houses.

The Ordnance Survey Map of the district furnishes a frontispiece.
On it castles as well as churches are indicated by a small cross. A view
of Eathmichael Church and Killiney Bay is also prefixed as a subsidiary
frontispiece.

Altogether, this History is an admirable piece of work, and, when
completed, will probably rank as the most accurate and satisfactory of the
County Histories of Ireland — alas, too few !

The printing is excellent, and the index sufficient.

(FIFTY-SEVENTH YEAKLY SESSION.)

THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Society was held in the SOCIETY'S
ROOMS, 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, the 31st of January,
1905, at 5 o'clock, p.m.

JOHN BIBTON GAESTIN, ESQ., D.L., M.A., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., President,
in the Chair.

The following "Fellows and Members attended : —

Vice- Presidents. — F. Elrington Ball, M.K.I. A. ; Eichard O'Shaughnessy, C.B.,
M.V.O. ; William C. Stubbs, M.A. ; T. J. Westropp, M.R.I. A.

Hon. General Secretary. — Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., i.s.o.
Hon. Treasurer. — Henry J. Stokes.

Felloivs. — Henry F. Berry, i.s.o., M.A. ; Sir Edmund T. Bewley, M.A., LL.D. ;
George D. Burtchaell, M.R.I.A. ; Patrick J. Donnelly ; Lord Walter Fitz Gerald,
M.U.I. A. ; Arthur Fitzmaurice ; S. A. 0. Fitz Patrick ; Rev. Canon ffrench, M.R.I.A. ;
Richard Langrishe, J.P. ; John Robert O'Connell, M.A., LL.D. ; Patrick J. O'Reilly ;
J. J. Perceval, J.P. ; Andrew Robinson, C.E. ; Henry J. Stokes ; Rev. Canon Stoney ;
John F. Weldrick ; Bertram C. A. Windle, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. ; Robert Lloyd
Woollcombe, LL.D.

Members. — Miss Archer ; Colonel J. R. Baillie ; Arthur W. Beatty ; Mrs.
Bennet; Robert Bestick ; Dr. H. T. Bewley; Mrs. S. Bewley; Samuel Bewley;
J. Cassin Bray ; Rev. Richard A. Burnett, M.A. ; Mrs. W. L. Byrne ; George 0.
Carolin, J.P. ; E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave, M.D. ; Henry A. Cosgrave, M.A. ; Robert G.
Daniell, J.P. ; Joseph T. Dolan ; Edwin Fayle ; Rev. Canon Fisher, M.A. ; J. M.
Galwey Foley ; Rev. E. A. Gillespie, B.A. ; T. George H. Green, M.R.I.A. ; P. J.
Griffith ; Miss Grace Guinness ; Henry S. Guinness ; Howard Guinness ; "William
A. Henderson ; Henry Hitchins ; Miss A. M. Joly ; Rev. J. H. Kelly, M.A. ; R. J.
Kelly, J.P. ; Dr. Laffan ; Mrs. Long ; Rev. Dr. Lucas ; Francis M'Bride, J.P. ;
Thomas Mayne, F.R. G.S.I. ; the Most Rev. Dr. Keene, Bishop of Meath ; Miss M.
A. Monahan ; Joseph H. Moore, M.A. ; John Morton ; Bartholomew O'Hennessy ;
Thomas Paterson ; George Peyton, LL.D. ; Miss Ida Pirn ; Hugh Pollock ; Miss
Powell ; Rev. A. D. Purefoy, M.A. ; Mrs. Shackleton ; Mrs. Sheridan ; Mrs. E.
W. Smyth ; Francis P. Thunder ; Richard J. Ussher, D.L. ; Richard D. Walshe ;
Robert White ; W. Grove White, LL.B. ; Rev. George 0. Woodward, B.A.

The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed.

80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The following Fellows and Members were elected : —

FELLOWS.

Stonestreet, Rev. W. F., D.D, LL.D., F.R.S.L., Arnside, Prestwich Park, near
Manchester: proposed by Dr. Charles F. Forshaw, Fellow.

Weldrick, John Francis, 12, Booterstown-avenue, Booterstown, Co. Dublin : pro-
posed by Robert Cochrane, Fellow.

MEMBERS,

Ardagh, Mrs. Robert, Pouldrew, Portlaw, Co. Waterford : proposed by Miss E. M.
Pim.

Burnett, George Henry, Cnoc Aluin, Dalkey, Co. Dublin : proposed by Herbert

Wood, M.A.
Coyle, Rev. James, P.P., Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow: proposed by Rev. E.

O'Leary, P.P.

Darling, .Rev. J. Lindsey, The Mariners' Parsonage, Kingstown, -Co. Dublin:
proposed by Thomas Courtney Townshend, K.A.

Guinness, Miss Beatrice Grace, Burton Hall, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin : proposed by
Howard R. Guinness.

Guinness, Miss Eva Frances, Burton Hall, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin : proposed by

Howard R. Guinness.
Howard, Stanley M 'Knight, Stone House, near Kidderminster: proposed by Rev.

Canon Healy, LL.D.
Hughes, Edwin, J.P., Dalchoolin, Cultra, Belfast : proposed by Seaton F. Milligan,

Fellow.

Kelly, Patrick, The Grange, Tullow, Co. Carlow : proposed by Rev. E. O'Leary, P.P.
Mulligan, John, Greinan, Adelaide -road, Glenageary, Kingstown, Co. Dublin :

proposed by "W. Grove White, LL.B.

Nash, Sir Vincent, D.L., 4, Pery-square, Limerick : proposed by W. R. L. Lowe.
Ross-Lewin, Rev. George Harrison, Canon, Vicar of Benfieldside, Hon. Canon of

Durham Cathedral. St. Cuthbert's Vicarage, Shortley Bridge, Co. Durham; and

Ross Hill, Kildysart, Co. Clare : proposed by W. R. L. Lowe.
Stewart, Miss Nina, Bogay, Londonderry : proposed by Rev. R. B. Rankin, B.A.
Yeates, Rev. John Henry, B.D., Summerhill, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary: proposed by

Rev. G. Otway Woodward, B.A.

The Report of the Council for the year 1904 was read and adopted,
as follows : —

REPORT OF COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1904.

HONORARY OFFICERS. — The Members of Council who retire by
seniority at this meeting, according to Rule 17, are — Mr. Edward
Martyn, Lord Walter Pitz Gerald, and the Rev. Canon ffrench. Mr.
George Coffey and the Most Rev. Dr. Donnelly also retire. This, under
Rule 17, causes five vacancies, which are to be filled up.

PROCEEDINGS. 81

In accordance with Rule 16, nominations to fill vacancies were
received on the appointed day as follows: —

FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I. A. ( Vice -President, 1901-4).

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, M.R.I. A. (Member, 1888; Fellow, 1896).

ROBERT S. LONGWORTH DAMES, B.A., M.R.I.A., Barrister -at -Law (Member, 1866 ;

Fellow, 1870).

PATRICK WESTON JOYCE, LL.D., M.R.I. A. (Member, 1865).
WILLIAM H. PATTERSON, M.R.I. A. (Member, 1868 ; Hon. Local Sec., Nth. Down).

According to Rule 16, " Of the four senior or longest elected Vice-
Presidents, one in each Province shall retire each year hy rotation, and
shall not be eligible for re-election at the general meeting at which they
retire."

The retiring Vice-Presidents at the Annual Meeting are : —

For ULSTER, . . Sir "William Quartus Ewart, Bart., M.A., M.R.I. A.

For MUNSTER, . . The Most Eev. Dr. Sheehan, Bishop of Waterford.

For LEINSTBR, .. Francis Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A.

For CONNAUGHT, . . The Right Hon. O'Conor Don, LL.D., M.R.I. A.

Nominations were received in accordance with the Rule as follows : —
FOR ULSTER :

SEATON FORREST MILLIGAN, M.R.I. A. (Vice- President, 1895-9, and 1900-3).
FOR MUNSTER:

BERTRAM C. A. WINDLE, M.A., M.D., D. sc., F.R.S., President, Queen's College,
Cork (Fellow, 1896).

FOR LEINSTER:

THE MOST REV. BISHOP DONNELLY, D.D., M.R.I. A. (Vice- President, 1900-3).
FOR CONNAUGHT :

WILLIAM EDWARD KELLY, J.P., D.L. (Vice- President, 1900-2).

There were ten meetings of Council held during the Session, at
which the attendances were as follows: —

Mr. Edward Martyn, 1 ; Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, 6 ; the Rev. Canon ffrench, 2 ;
Mr. George Coffey, 1 ; Mr. John Cooke, 2 ; Mr. Joseph H. Moore, 7 ; Mr. Grove
White, 5 ; Count Plunkett, 4 ; the Most Rev. Dr. Donnelly, 0 ; Mr. Richard
Langrishe, 4 ; Mr. Henry F. Berry, 7 ; Mr. George D. Burtchaell, 7 ; the President,
9 ; the Hon. Treasurer, 7 ; the Hon. Secretary, 9.

It will be necessary to appoint Auditors of the Society's Accounts for
1904. The Auditors for 1903 and for several years past were Mr. John
Cooke and Mr. Samuel A. 0. Fitzpatrick. They are eligible for re-
election.

T w c A T f ^ol. xv>' Ftfth Series. )

Jour. R. S.A.I. jVolxxx'v>ConsecSer j G

82 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

ROLL OF MEMBERSHIP. — The Council regret to have to place on record
the demise of many friends of the Society. The following is a list of the
Fellows and Members whose deaths have been notified during the year,
with the dates at which they joined the Society : —

FELLOWS.

The Rev. George Raphael Buick, M.A., LL.D., M.H.I. A. (1882).

Sir Henry Cochrane, Bart., J.P., D.L. (1891).

George James Hewson, M.A. (Member, 1868 ; Life Fellow, 1893).

MEMBERS.

The Rev. J. Tweedie Agnew (1890).
John Barr, Editor of Tyrone Constitution (1896).
William J. Bayly, Isle of Man (1901).
JohnH. Black (1900).
Davys Bowman (1895).

.The Rev. Duncan J. Brownlow, M.A. (1891).
David Carlisle, New Jersey, U.S.A. (1895).
The Most Rev. John Coffey, D.D., Bishop of Kerry (1885).
The Rev. John Corish, c.c. (1896).

The Yen. Graham Craig, M.A., Archdeacon of Meath (1894).
John J. Cranny, M.D. (1898).
Matthew Dorey (1889).
The Rev. Frederick Foster, M.A. (1891).
Sir Robert Forster, Bart., D.L. (1877).
Henry Gibson, J.P. (1899).
Mrs. Learmount- Anderson (1903).
James M'Alister, B.A., D.I.N.S. (1892).
James M'Cann, M.P. (1897).
The Rev. William J. M'Carthy, B.A. (1S96).

The Most Rev. Thomas J. M'Redmond, D.D., Bishop of Killaloe (1895).
George Matthews (1879).
James Barry Molony (1896).
Count Arthur Moore, D.L. (1903).
Henry H. Morrogh (1899).
Joseph J. Mullany, D.I.N.S. (1902).
John Orpin, Stephen's-green (1894).
Mrs. John Smith (1902).
Alexander Tate, M. INST. C.E.I. (1890).
Robert Turner (1896).
Hector Wallis, J.P. (1903).
T.W. Wilson, Birmingham (1903).
Walter H.Wilson, C.E. (Life Member, 1891).

The death of the Kev. George K. Buick took place in Damascus in
May last, where he had gone on a visit to the Jewish Mission of the
Presbyterian Church at that place. He was born in 1843 at Ahoghill,
in County Antrim. In the year 1858 he entered the Queen's College,
Belfast. He graduated in the Queen's University with first class
honours and the Gold Medal, in 1862. He afterwards studied theology,
and in 1868 was ordained to the charge of the Presbyterian congregation

PROCEEDINGS. 83

at Cullybacky, which post he retained until his death. In 1894 the
church to which he belonged conferred on him its highest honour —
that of the Moderatorship. Dr. Buick was a valued contributor to the
Journal, and was frequent in attendance at the meetings of the Society.
He contributed the following Papers':—

' On Flint Workshop Sites in Glenhue," vol. xvi. (1883).

' Indian Burial Urns," vol. xvii. (1885-6).

' The Development of the Knife in Flint," vol. xviii. (1887-8).

' On White Stones in Graves," vol. xviii. (1887-8).

' Fresh Facts about Prehistoric Pottery," vol. xxi. (1890-1).

'Notice of an Ancient Wooden Trap, probably used for catching Otters," vol. xxi.

(1890-1).

* Chairman's Address to the Belfast Meeting, August, 1892," vol. xxii.
' The Crannog of Moylarg," "Weavers' Candlesticks," vol. xxiii. (1893).
' Irish Flint Arrowheads," vol. xxv. (1895).

' The recent discovery of Ogams in County Antrim," vol. xxviii. (1898).
' On the ' Giant's Grave,' " Loughloughan, vol. xxxii. (1902).

'Further notice of the Connor Ogams, and on a Cross at Connor," vol. xxxii. (1902).
'On a Double Cross at Duncrum," vol. xxxiii. (1903).
' The ' Daffstone,' Moneydig, County Deny," vol. xxxiv. (1904).

Dr. Buick became a Member of the Society in 1882 ; and in 1887
was elected a Fellow. He was elected a Yice-President for Ulster,
1892 to 1897, and again from 1898 to 1900.

The Royal University of Ireland, in recognition of his labours in the
cause of Irish Archaeology, conferred the honorary degree of LL.D. on him
at the same time that a similar honour was conferred on the late
Rev. Denis Murphy, s.j., another Fellow and Vice-President of the
Society.

George James Hewson died at Adare, County Limerick, in the 78th
year of his age. He was an authority on Irish Antiquities, and especially
in all that concerned the castles, abbeys, and historical sites in the
County of Limerick. He contributed many Papers to the Journal,
amongst which may be mentioned the following : —

"On a Dublin Penny of Edward IV."; " Dunlicky Castle," and " A Processional

. Cross of the Fifteenth Century," vol. xv. (1879-82).

" On the Pedigree of the White Knight," and " On Bronze Pins," vol. xvi. (1883-4).
"On the Memorial Slab to Sir Nicholas Devereux"; " On Folk-Lore," vol. xviii.

(1887-8) ; and some other miscellaneous contributions.
"Report on Kilmallock Castle," vol. xix. (1889).

Four Fellows and seventy -four Members were elected at the four
quarterly meetings held during the year 1904, and a list of them,
arranged alphabetically, will be found in the Appendix which follows.

The Roll of the Society at the close of the year shows a total of
1,255 Fellows and Members. The complete List is issued with the

84 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Journal as usual. The total number on the Koll for 1904 is the same
as for 1903 — the deaths, resignations, and removals for non-payment of
subscriptions being counterbalanced by the new accessions.

ANCIENT MONUMENTS. — A large portion of last year's Report was in
relation to the legislation affecting Ancient Monuments. A summary of
the law relating to these in Ireland down to 1892 was published in the
Journal, and in a paper by Mr. Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., Hon. General
Secretary, in vol. xxii., p. 411, a list of the monuments vested up to
that date in the Commissioners of Public Works will be found.

Subsequent legislation under the Local Government Act for Ireland
(61 & 62 Viet., c. 37, s. 19) has been fully stated in the last Report,
which also explains the operation of the Irish Land Act, 1903 (3 Ed. VII.,
c. 37, s. 14), as affecting Ancient Monuments in Ireland.

Inasmuch as the last-named Act may result in "County Councils
having a considerable share in the care and management of such of
these monuments as may be reserved by the Land Commission from
property sold under that Act, it seemed to the Council desirable to afford
information to the public as to the provisions of the law as affecting such
monuments. Accordingly they have issued a memorandum embodying
the portions of last year's Report dealing with this subject, which was
adopted by the Society at its last yearly meeting.

Under the 35th of the Rules issued by the Estates Commissioners, it
is provided that, " Where any land proposed to be sold under the Land
Purchase Act contains any Ancient Monuments, application to the
Commissioners, with a view to having the same dealt with under the
provisions of section 14 of the Irish Land Act, 1903, may be made by
the vendor or purchaser, or by any public body or association interested in
the preservation of same." This gives to our Society a status which it
has readily availed itself of.

The Council appointed a Committee to act on the suggestion in the
Rule above quoted, and they drew up a series of suggestions as to the
working of the clause. These suggestions have been virtually accepted
by the Estates Commissioners, and that body has already consulted the
Council as to several ancient structures on estates being transferred
through them. This has thrown a considerable amount of work and
correspondence on the Council and the Committee. It is often difficult
to supply the required information; but if the Local Secretaries acquaint
themselves with the particulars likely to be needed, the Society will be
better enabled to fulfil a useful public function.

PUBLICATIONS. — The ample supply of Papers read during the year has
enabled the Publication Committee to issue the Journal satisfactorily.

The preparation of the " Gormanston Register," which was promised
as an Extra Volume, has required more labour than was at first

PROCEEDINGS. 85

anticipated. The work is in the hands of the printers, but will not be
ready for issue before the close of the year 1905.

MEETINGS AND EXCUHSIONS IN 1904. — The Quarterly Meetings and
Excursions were very well attended this year. A meeting was held
in Kilkenny on 30th of May, with an agreeable afternoon excursion
to the numerous places of interest in Kilkenny. On the following
day an excursion by car was made to Gowran, TJllard, and Graiguena-
managh. The excursion was extended to St. Mullin's and back, by the
canal-boat.

The Cruise around the Irish Coast, from Belfast to Kingstown, was
carried out successfully in the S.S. Magic,i?om 21st to 29th June, inclusive.
An Illustrated Guide to the places visited was prepared for the use
of members and friends taking part in the trip. This Guide is issued
as No. 6 of the Series of Illustrated Handbooks of Antiquities, and a
copy will be sent to each Fellow of the Society on the Roll for 1904.

A very successful meeting, with numerous excursions, was held at
Tuam for the Province of Connaught, from 9th to 13th August, inclusive.
A committee had been formed early in the year under the Presidency of
His Grace the Archbishop of Tuam. The arrangements made by the
Committee for the comfort and convenience of the visitors left nothing
to be desired, and a very pleasant and instructive week was spent. The
Honorary Secretary of the Committee, Mr. Joseph A. Glynn, B.A.,
Chairman of the County Council, assisted by Dr. Costello, carried out
all the details, and to them the thanks of the Council were conveyed.

The Council have also to express the obligation of the Society to the
Right Rev. Eishop Crozier and Mrs. Crozier, for their kindness in having
the members to afternoon tea at the Palace, Kilkenny, on 30th May last ;
and to the Rev. Richard A. Burnett, M.A., for his hospitable entertainment
to luncheon, and afterwards on the return journey to tea, at the
Rectory, Graiguenamanagh, on 31st May. In connexion with the Tuam
Meeting, they also desire to express their thanks to Mr. and Mrs.
Kirwan, of Gardenfield, for inviting the members to afternoon tea ; to
His Grace the Most Rev. Archbishop Healy, and the Tuam Local
Committee, for a sumptuous luncheon in the Town Hall, at Ballin-
robe; to the Rev. J. Stephens, P.P.,' V.F., for afternoon tea, on 10th
August ; to Dr. Costello and Mrs. Costello, for their invitation on that
evening, where Dr. Costello's collection of antiquities was on view ;
also to Mr. Edward Martyn, for his hospitable reception of the party
at Tillyra Castle, on their return from Kilmacduagh, on llth August;
and to Colonel Nolan, M.P., who gave a luncheon at Barnaderrig to
the members, on Saturday, 13th August, when the party afterwards
separated.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

MEETINGS AND EXCLUSIONS FOE 1905. — The following are the dates
and places of meeting for the year 1905: —

PLACE.

DATE.

REMARKS.

Dublin, . . .

Tuesday, *Jan. 31, t

( Annual Meeting and Evening
\ Meeting, for Papers.

Do., . . .

„ Feb. 28,|

Evening Meeting, for Papers.

Do.,

Mar. 28,t

Do. Do.

Do., . . .

„ #April 25, t

Quarterly Meeting.

Kilkenny, . .

„ *May 30,

Evening Meeting and Excursions.

Province of Ulster,

,, *July 25,

Quarterly Do. Do.

Dublin, . . .

„ *0ct. 31,t

Do. Do. Do.

Do., . . .

Nov. 28, t

Evening Meeting, for .Papers.

* Railway Excursion Tickets will be obtainable for these Meetings,
t Members of the Society's Dinner Club will dine at the Shelbourne Hotel ,
Dublin, at 6 p.m. on the above dates.

The Summer Excursion for 1905 is to be held in the Province of
Ulster. Newry, Cavan, and Belfast have each been suggested as the
place of meeting. An invitation has been received from Belfast by an
influential committee. The Council recommend the acceptance of this
invitation — the date of meeting in July to be fixed by the Local
Committee. [This has since been fixed for 3rd to 8th July.]

The President declared the four Vice-Presidents and five Members of
Council duly elected, as follows : —
As VICE-PRESIDENTS : —
FOR ULSTER :

SKATON FORREST MILUGAN, M.R.I.A. (Vice- President, 1895-9, and 1900-3).
FOR MUNSTER :

BERTRAM C. A. WINDLE, M.A., M.D., D.SC., F.R.S., President, Queen's

College, Cork (Fellow, 1896).
FOR LEINSTER:

THE MOST REV. BISHOP DONNELLY. D.D., M.R.I.A. (Vice- President, 1900-

1903).
FOR CONNATJGHT:

WILLIAM EDWARD KELLY, J.P., D.L. (Vice -President, 1900-2).

As MEMBERS OF COUNCIL : —

FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I.A. (Vice- President, 1901-4;.

FRANCIS' JOSEPH BIGGER, M.R.I.A. (Member, 1888; Fellow, 1896).

ROBERT S, LONGWORTH DAMES, B.A., M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law (Member,

1866 ; Fellow, 1870).

PATRICK WESTON JOYCE, LL.D., M.R.I.A. (Member, 1865).

WILLIAM H. PATTERSON, M.R.I.A. (Member, 1868 ; Hon. Local Secretary, North
Down}.

PROCEEDINGS. 87

Mr. John Cooke and Mr. S. A. 0. Fitzpatrick were elected Auditors
of Hon. Treasurer's Accounts for the year 1904.

The President informed the Society that H. R. H. the Prince of
Wales (who had lately come to Ireland on a visit to Lord Ardilaun, a
past Honorary President) had intimated his willingness to become a
Fellow and Patron of the Society (as His Majesty the King had done
long before his Accession to the Throne, and as had also his Grandfather,
Prince Albert). The President said the Rules, though providing for
such elections, did not prescribe the mode of election for Patrons, and
that, following former precedents, members of the Royal Family were
elected without Ballot. Accordingly, he put the question to the
meeting, and declared His Royal Highness duly elected as a life-
compounding Fellow, and a Patron of the Society.

In accordance with No. 11 of the General Rules of the Society, the
Honorary Treasurer read out " a list of all Fellows and Members whose
subscriptions are two years in arrear," and, in compliance with said
Rule, the list is now published : —

FELLOW OWING FOE THKEE YEARS.
Very Eev. Terence O'Rorke, D.D., P.P., Collooney.

FELLOWS OWING FOE Two YEAES.

W. H. Beardwood, Esq., C.E., Architect, 192, Great Brunswick -street, Dublin.
Rev. Charles Lawrence, M.A., Lisreaghan, Co. Galway.

MEMBEES OWING FOE THEEE YEAES.

Rev. John H. Bourke, M.A., The Parade, Kilkenny.

J. S. Cussen, Esq., B.A., D.I.N.S., Cork.

Richard H. Dreaper, Esq., Physician and Surgeon, Mossley, near Manchester.

"William Fraser, Esq., Solicitor, Downshire-road, Newry.

R. P. Gill, Esq., A.M. INST. C.E., Fattheen, Nenagh.

Michael Gleeson, Esq., Crown Solicitor, Nenagh.

Rev. Thomas Langan, D.D., St. Mary's, Athlone.

Bernard Teague, Esq., Scotstown, Monaghan.

Rev. P. Gray don Tibbs, B.A., Oxmantown Mall, Birr.

Andrew Trimble, Esq., M.B., B.CH., 2, Violet-terrace, Crumlin-road, Belfast.

Captain Graham Wynne, Clogherweigh, Sligo.

MEMBEES OWING FOE Two YEAES.

H. Houston Ball, Esq., South Lawn, Bishop's Stortford.

Rev. W. J. Behan, c.c., Killeentierna, Farranfore.

Frederick C. Bigger, Esq., Ardrie, Antrim-road, Belfast.

Rev. W. P. Burke, 33, Catherine-street, Waterford.

Thomas Carney, Esq., Hibernian Bank, Drogheda.

James E. S. Condon, Esq., LL.D., 8, Upper Leeson- street, Dublin.

St. John Henry Donovan, Esq., J.P., Seafield, Spa, Tralee.

88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

George A. Doran, Esq., J.P., University -road, Belfast.
Edward H. Ennis, Esq., 41, Fitzwilliam- square, Dublin.
James Flanagan, Esq., Model School, Inchicore.
Robert Fogerty, Esq., C.E., Architect, Limerick.
William Gallagher, Esq., Solicitor, English-street, Armagh.
T. E. Gait-Gamble, Esq., D.I., K.I.C., 6, The Crescent, Lucan, Co. Dublin.
Rev. John Hynes, B.D., c.c., St. Mary's, Sligo.
Charles E. P. A. Irvine, Esq., Lisgoole Abbey, Enniskillen.
P. M. C. Kermode, Esq., F.S.A., Cooil-ny-Freeny, Ramsey, Isle of Man.
Miss Kerr, St. Lurach's, Londonderry.
Ernest A. Kinnear, Esq., Ballyheigue Castle, Co. Kerry.
Rev. Timothy Lee, c.c., St. John's, Limerick.
Henry James Loughnan, Esq., 39, Belvedere-place, Dublin.
Morgan J. M'Watters, Esq., Bank of Ireland, Omagh.
Charles Magill, Esq., 15A, Donegall-place, Belfast.
Redmond Magrath, Esq., 53, Clanbrassil- street, Dundalk.
Bernard P. J. Mahony, Esq., M.R.C.V.S., Annefield, Maryborough.
John T. Mulqueen, Esq., 2, Ravenscroft Park, High Barnet, Herts.
Rev. James. E. Murphy, M.A., Rathcore Rectory, Enfield, Co. Meath.
John J. Murphy, Esq., 6, Castle -avenue, Clontarf.
Rev. Joseph O'Callaghan, 59, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Rev. Ed. O'Reilly, Adm., Frankford, King's County.
Arthur O'Toole, Esq., 5, Foster-place, Dublin.
Miss M. E. Pirn, Greenbank, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
James Quin, Esq., J.P., Temple Mungrel, Limerick.
Rev. Bartholomew Quinn, P.P., Laveragh, Bally mote.
Mrs. Rice, Grange Erin, Douglas, Co. Cork.

Henry A. Richey, Esq., B.A., 13, Lower Pembroke -street, Dublin.
Thomas Robinson, Esq., Drogheda.
John Shuley, Esq., 1, Waterloo -road, Dublin.

John Churchill Sibley, Esq., MUS. DOC., 22, Fern shaw- road, West Brompton,
London, S.W.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED IN 1904.1

Academy of Antiquities, Stockholm, Manadsblad, 1897, 1898-99, 1901-2.

American Antiquarian Society, N. S., vol. xv., Index ; vol. xvi., Parts 1, 2.

Ancient Cymric Medicine (Henry S. Wellcome).

L'Anthropologie, tome xiv., No. 6, 1903.

Antiquary, The, for 1904.

Archseologia Cambrensis, 6th Ser., vol. iv., Parts 1—4.

Archaeologia Cantiana, vol. xxvi.

Architectural Association of Ireland, Proceedings, &c., 1904-5.

Battlefields of Natal Revisited (John Singleton).

Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, Ser. 2, Parts 1, 2.

Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xxvi., Parts 1, 2,

British and American Archaeological Society of Rome, vol. iii., No. 6.

British Archaeological Association, N. S., vol. ix., Part 3 ; vol. x., Parts 1, 2.

Buddhism, vol. i., No. 3.

Cambridge Antiquarian Society, No. xliv. ; and Annals of Caius College.

Cambridge and Hants Archaeological Society, vol. i., Parts 1,2.

1 Compiled by Richard Langrishe, J.P., Hon. Keeper of Printed Books.

PROCEEDINGS. 89

Cambridge, Eeport of the Library Syndicate for 1903.

Canada, Geological Survey of, Annual Report, N.S., vol. xii., 1890 ; Profile, Dictionary

of Altitudes, sheets 42-48 ; Catalogue of Birds, Part 3, &c.
Canterbury, Ancient City of, Worshipful George Collard, Mayor, and E. Kenny,

President of Chamber of Trade.

Chester and North Wales Archaeological and Historical Society, N. S., vol. x.
Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, 2nd Ser., vol. x., Nos. 61-63.
Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, vol. xxiv.
Epigraphia Indica, vol. vii., Parts 8, 9.

Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society, 3rd Ser., vol. ii., Part 2.
Folk-Lore, vol. xv., Nos. 1, 2, 3, and General Index.
Galway Archaeological Society, vol. iii., Nos. 2, 3.
Gray's Book Bulletins, 1903.

Henry Bradshaw Society, vols. xxv., xxvi., xxviii.
Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, N. S., vol. xliv., 1902.
History of Home Milling, vol. iv. (Richard Bennett and John Elton).
Isle of Man, Traces of Norse Mythology in, P. M. C. Kermode, F.S.A. Scot.
Irish Builder for 1904.

Kildare Archaeological Society, vol. iv., Nos. 3, 4.
Louth Archaeological Journal, No. 1, 1904.
Numismatic Society's Chronicle, 4th Ser., Nos. 12, 13, 14, 15.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, Proceedings, 1902-3.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Parts, January, April, July, 1904.
Portuguese Parallels to the Clydesdale Discoveries (Rev. H. J. Dukinfield Astley).
Revue Celtique, vol. xxv., Nos. 2, 3, 4.
Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Journal, vol. lx., Nos. 239,

240; vol. Ixi., No. 241.

Royal Dublin Society, Proceedings, vol. xxiv., Part 5, Section C.
Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, Sections A, B, C.
Royal Institution of Cornwall, vol. xvi., Part 1.
Royal Institute of British Architects, Journal, 3rd Ser., vol. xi., Parts 1-4 ; Kalendar,

1904-5.

Scottish Historical Review, No. 5, October, 1904.
Societe d'Archeologie de Bruxelles, tome xviii., liv. 3, 4.
Society of Antiquaries of London, Proceedings, 2nd Ser., vol. xix. ; Archaeologia,

vol. Iviii., Part 2.
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne, 3rd Ser., vol. L, pp. 105-280 ; Index,

pp. Ixxxi.-xcii., Plates, pp. 118-130 ; Archseologia -ZEliana, vol. xxv., Parts 1, 2, 3.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. xxxvii., 4th Ser., 1902-3.
Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord, Memoires, N. S., Aarb^ger, 11 Raekke,

18 Bind.

Society of Architects, Magazine, N. S., vol. iv., Parts 39-50 ; and Year Book.
Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. xxvi., Parts 1-7.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 3rd Ser., vol. ix.
Stone- Axe Factories near Cushendall (W. J. Knowles).
Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, vol. xi., Part 3, and Index.
Surrey Archaeological Collections, vol. xviii.
Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. xl., vi.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, vol. xxxiii., Nos. 100-1, and

Abstracts Inq. p. m., Part 2.

Wisconsin, State Society of, Proceedings, 1903, and Index, 1874-1901.
Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, Part 69.
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Annual Report for 1903.

90 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

REPORT ON THE PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTION FOR 1904.1

The number of photographs added to the collection during the year is 109. Of
these, Dr. George Fogerty has given 20 ; the Curator, 37 ; Mrs. Shackleton, 44 ;
and Mr. H. T. Knox, 8. The collection now contains in all 2,029 permanent
photographs.

COUNTY OF CLARE.-— Ballycashen, dolmen (Corofin). Bally kin varga, caher (Kil-
fenora), fort (2). Berneens, the western dolmen. Cahercommaun (Corofin), fort.
Caherlisaniska (Carran), cliff-fort (2). Caherminaun (Kilfenora), dolmen. Cotteen
(Leanna), dolmen. Kilnaboy church. Kiltoola church. Leanna, dolmens and
cairns (2). Moheraroon (Carran), fort and gateway. Oughtmama, Turlough Hill
fort (2). Quin, Franciscan Friarj^. Tullycommaun, hut in Knockaun fort. In
all, 18.

COUNTY OF CORK. — Clear Island, St. Kieran's church (2) ; Inisherkin, Franciscan
Friary (4). In all, 6.

COUNTY OF GALWAY. — Aran Isles— Dun Aenghus, fort (2) ; Dun' Conor (2) ;
Dubh Cathair (2) ; Furmina, castle and fort ; Kilchcemain (4) ; Kilgobnet, Kilcanna-
nagh ; Kilshanoy church (Kilconla), (3). In all, 16.

COUNTY OF KERRY. — Caheradadurrish, huts. Caher Conor (" Fort of the
Wolves "). Cahermurphy, fort and huts. Cahernamairtineach, fort. Skellig Rock,
Pilgrims' steps, great cross and oratories, north-eastern oratory. In all, 7.

COUNTY OF KILKENNY. — Callan church (2). Graiguenamanagh, cross. Ullard
church and doorway. In all, 4.

KING'S COUNTY. — Kinitty (Castle Bernard) High Cross.

COUNTY OF LIMERICK. — Askeaton, the castle (2), hall, Franciscan Friary (3).
Cahergalla (Lough Gur), fort (2). Donaghmore church. Glenogra, church (3) ;
castle. Limerick, Canons' houses. Shanid castle and mote (2). In all, 15.

COUNTY OF MAYO. — Clare Island, abbey (3). Downpatrick Head, rampart.
Templeshanenegawna (or Templeshaneglasha) and cross (5). The Mullet, St. Dervila's
church, and well (2). In all, 10.

QUEEN'S COUNTY. — Morett castle.

COUNTY OF TIPPERARY. — Athassel Abbey (5). Lorrha, two churches (8).
Monaincha church (7). In all, 20.

COUNTY OF WATERFORD. — Ardmore, round tower and churches (8).
COUNTY OF WEXFORD. — Baginbun, cliff-fort.

1 Continued from vol. xxxiv., p. 96, by T. J. Westropp, Hon. Curator.

PROCEEDINGS. 9 1

APPENDIX.

The following is an alphabetical list of the Fellows and Members
elected in 1904:—

FELLOWS.

George Collins, Esq., Solicitor, 69, Lower Leeson-street, Dublin.

S. Stafford Shallard, Esq., F.R.H.S., F.N.A.M., Lydenhurst, Camden-road ; and

King's College, London.
Leonard Richard Strangways, Esq., M.A., M.R.I. A., Merton, Cullenswood, Co.

Dublin.
John Thomas Thorp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S.L., F. R. HIST, s., 57, Eegent-road, Leicester.

MEMBERS.

Michael Beary, Esq., C.E., Borough Surveyor, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford.

Martin J. Blake, Esq., B.L., 13, Old-square, Lincoln's Inn, London.

Dr. Boedicker, Birr Castle Observatory, King's County.

Mrs. E. R. Bowes, Tara View, Castletown, Gorey, Co. Wexford.

Sir Francis William Brady, Bart., 26, Upper Pembroke -street, Dublin.

Hon. Albinia L. Broderick, District Infirmary, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Miss E. Butler, The Lodge, Waterville, Co. Kerry.

Chsltles Henry Bulwer Caldwell, Esq., J.P., Antylstown, Navan ; and The Cedars,

Wyndlesham.

Martin Callanan, Esq., Physician and Surgeon, The Square, Thurles, Co. Tipperary.
John Campbell Carter, Esq., 145, Church-lane, Old Charlton, Kent.
C. D. Cassidy, Esq., D.D.S., 16, Clare-street, Dublin.
Rev. Cornelius Coakley, c.c., Farran, Co. Cork.
G. W. Connor, Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.D.S., 77, Hill-street, Newry.
Mrs. Louisa Courtenay, Rathescar, Dunleer, Co. Louth.
Henry Saxton Crawford, Esq., C.E., 113, Donore Terrace, South Circular-road,

Dublin.

Timothy Crowley, Esq., M.D., Larchfield, Coachford, Co. Cork.
Rev. James Davis, c.c., Belmullet, Co. Mayo.
Richard E. E. B. Doherty, Esq., Oaklands, Bandon.
A. L. Doran, Esq., 1, Goldsmith -terrace, Bray.
Miss M. Josephine Doyne, Rossbeagh, Shrewsbury-road, Dublin.
Joseph J.Duffy, Esq., 5, Brighton Vale, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
Francis Carolus Eeles, Esq. (Diocesan Librarian, Aberdeen), Munross, Stonehaven,

N.B. ; and 105, Adelaide-road, N.W.
Thomas Edward Farrington, Esq. (Retired Collector of Inland Revenue), Baythorpe,

Holywood, Co. Down.

Edwin Fayle, Esq., Kylemore, Orwell Park, Rathgar, Co. Dublin.
Benjamin Banks Ferrar, Esq., B.A., M.D. (Univ. Dub.), 7, Beresford-row, Armagh.

92 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Rev. Daniel Flannery, P.P., Silvermines, Nenagh.

Miss Mary Josephine Fottrell, 1, The Appian Way, Leeson-park, Dublin.

Rev. Arthur W. Fox, M.A. (Cantab.), Fielden Hotel, Todmordon, Lancashire.

William Berkeley Galway, Esq., M.A., Solicitor, Scottish Provincial Buildings,

Donegall -square, W., Belfast.

Mrs. Ellen Louisa Gould, Newtown Park House, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Henry Seymour Guinness, Esq., Eversham, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.
Rev. James Halpin, P.P., St. Column's, Scariff, Co. Clare.
Alfred E. Hudd, Esq., F.S.A., 94, Pembroke-road, Clifton.
Rev. D. Irvine, Church Hill, Clones, Co. Monaghan.
Miss Emily Sophie Johnston, 9, Regent -street, London, S.W.
Mrs. Frank Joyce, Issercleran, Craughwell, Co. Galway.
Alfred Lane Joynt, Esq., B.A., 5, Pembroke -park, Clyde-road, Dublin.
Richard Lane Joynt, Esq., M.D., 84, Harcourt- street, Dublin.
Rev. J. Herbert Kelly, M.A., Rector of Dunany Union, Clonmore Rectory, Dunleer,

Co. Louth.

Mrs. M. M. Kincaid, University Station, Seattle, Washington.
J. C. Kirkpatrick, Esq., Ballymullock, Larne.
Denis B. Kirwan, junr.,Esq., C.E., Dalgin, Milltown, Tuam.
John Laverty, Esq., 58A, Brougham- street, Belfast.
Arthur Lawrence, Esq., Lavernock House, Penarth, South Wales.
E. A. Little, Esq., M.A., LL.D., 55, Lower Baggot-street, Dublin.
Edwin M. Lloyd, Esq., Solicitor, 4, Lower Ormond-quay ; and Donore -terrace, South

Circular -road, Dublin.

George M'Cracken, Esq., Solicitor, Martello, Bangor, Co. Down.
James McCarthy, Esq., Newfound Well, Drogheda.
Connor J. O'K. Maguire, Esq., M.D., Claremorris, Co. Mayo.
Rev. J. W. Meehan, B.D., B.C.L., Professor, St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, Co.

Galway.

James Milling, Esq., Edenville, Bangor, Co. Down.
Mrs. Edith Margaret Minchin, Boskell, Cahirconlish, Co. Limerick.
Mrs. Mary E. Mitchell, Chipstone, Nasik-road, G.S.P.R., India.
Miss M. A. Monahan, 63, Northumberland-road, Dublin.
H. L. Murphy, Esq., B.A., Glencairn, Sandy ford, Co. Dublin.
Miss Musgrave, Grange House, Whiting Bay, Youghal ; and 63, Cadogan Gardens,

London, S.W.

James Nichols, Esq., 85, Ranelagh-road, Dublin.

Charles H. Oakden, Esq., F.K.P.S., 48, Meadow-road, Shortlands, Kent.
Mrs. Odell, Cloncoskraine, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford.
John Sheil O'Grady, Esq., J.P., Rickardstown, Newbridge, Co. Kildare.
Rev. T. W. O'Ryan, c.c., Presbytery, Inchicore.
Dr. W. J. O'Sullivan, Maiville, Lisdoonvarna, Co. Clare.
G. W. Place, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, 9, Ailesbury-road, Dublin.
Miss Una F. E. Powell, Bella Squardo, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Alfred A. Robb, Esq., M.A., PH.D., Lisnabreeny House, Castlereagh, Belfast.
Rev. Edmond J. Ryan, c.c., Kilcommon, Thurles.
William Jack Guildford Stacpoole, Esq., care of Messrs. Milward, Jones, & Cameron,

Solicitors, 6, Dawson -street, Dublin.

Miss Gwendoline Clare Stacpoole, Edenvale, Ennis, Co. Clare.
Thomas S. Twigg, Esq., 16, Royal-terrace West, Kingstown, Co. Dublin.
Beverley Grant Ussher, Esq., H. M. Inspector of Schools, Meole Brace, Shrewsbury.
Richard Crampton Walker, Esq., Solicitor, Fonthill Abbey, Rathfarnham, Co.

Dublin.

PROCEEDINGS. 93

Joseph Ward, Esq., J.P. (Chairman, Killiney District Council), Ardmore, Killiney,

Co. Dublin.
Charles J. "Wilson, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, 6, St. James's-terrace, Clonskeagh, Co.

Dublin.
Miss Ada Yeates, 39, Ormond-road, Rathmines.

AN EVENING MEETING was held at 8 o'clock in the Society's Rooms,
the President in the Chair.

The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council for
publication: —

"Notes on the Jacobite Tract, 'A Light to the Blind,'" by Rich. O'Shaughnessy,
C.B., M.V.O., Vice-President.

"A Pillar-stone, or Gallaun, at Leighlinbridge, County Carlow," by Sir Edmund
T. Bewley, LL.D. (Illustrated by Lantern Slides.)

" A Note on an Irish Volunteer Curtain," by Dr. E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave. (Illustrated
by Lantern Slides.)

" On an Ancient Pedigree of the O'More Family of Leix," by Sir Edmund T.
Bewley, LL.U.

The following were exhibited : —

THE PRESIDENT (MR. GARSTIN). — Two Sixteenth- Century Maps of Ireland, published
in Holland.

MR. P. HARTIGAN.— Additional Coin Weights of the "Standard of Ireland," issued
"By Authority " in the seventeenth century ; and " St. Patrick's " Halfpennies.

The Society then adjourned until Tuesday, 28th of February, 1905.

AN EVENING MEETING of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms,
6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, the 28th February, 1905, at
8 o'clock, JOHN RIBTON GARSTIN, ESQ., D.L., H.A., F.S.A., M.K.I.A., President,
in the Chair.

The following Papers were read : —

"A Day's Exploration in Burren, County Clare," by T. J. Westropp, Vice -President,

(Illustrated by lantern slides.)
" The Lisdoonvarna Bronze Pot," by Dr. George II. Macnamara.

The latter Paper was read by Mr. Westropp, who showed a lantern
slide.

94 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

A Paper on " Ancient Churches at Ballingarry, County Limerick,"
by Dr. Henry Molony, was taken as read, and referred to the Council
for publication.

The following Exhibits were shown : —

THE PRESIDENT (MR. GARSTIN). — Engravings of A.D. 1575, showing the Dress worn
by different classes in Ireland.

BROTHER DILLON COSGRAVE. — A Medal recently dug up at Terenure.

The Society then adjourned until Tuesday, the 28th of March, 1905.

AN EVENING MEETING of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms,
6, St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, the 28th of March, 1905,
at 8 o'clock, JOHN RIBTON GABSTIN, ESQ.,- D.-L., M.A., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.,
President, in the Chair.

The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —

" On some remarkable Storms of the Eighteenth Century (with illustrations by
lantern slides)," by F. Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A.

*' On an Early French Inscription, in Lombardic Letters, in Kent," by the President,
from notes of W. F. de Vismes Kane, M.A., D.L., M.R.I.A. (Illustrated by
lantern slide.)

The Society then adjourned until Tuesday, 25th of April, 1905.

THE JOURNAL

THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAEIES

OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1905.

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART II., VOL. XXXY.

A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS A CATALOGUE OF
ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN UP TO 1800.

BY E. MAC DOWEL COSGRAVE, M.D. (DUBL.), F.R.C.P.I.

[Read APRIL 25, 1905.]

PART I.

TN attempting to draw up a list of Engravings of Dublin, two classes
of difficulties present themselves — those of form and those of
substance. The form which at first thought seems best is, of course,
the chronological, yet this magnifies the importance of some ; and where
copies of older drawings have been subsequently produced, it causes
confusion. It also renders undated pictures, of which there are many,
a difficulty. The other obvious plan is to describe the most important
groups of pictures, and then to fit into their proper places those of less
importance.

The chief difficulty of substance is how far, if at all, book
illustrations should be admitted to such a list, as often they are only
copies of earlier views ; yet, if book illustrations were omitted, a great
deal of information would be lost, as some are original, and sometimes
it is impossible to find copies of the engravings which inspired the book-
illustrator.

T ,. T? c A T f Vol. xv., Fifth Series. ) H

Jour. R.S.A.I, j vol. xxxv., Consec.Ser.l

96 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

I have tried to steer a middle course, keeping chiefly to chronological
order, but emphasising what is most important, and selecting any book
illustrations which throw light on the appearance of our city.

The measurements given are, as far as possible, those of the plate-
mark.

The two earliest engraved views of Dublin are those illustrating "The
Image of Ireland," by John Derricke, a book published in London in
1581, in praise of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy in Ireland for Queen
Elizabeth. This book was republished in Edinburgh in 1883, and the
plates were again reproduced for Sir John T. Gilbert in vol. ii. of the
" Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin." They are :—

1581. Sidney leaving Dublin Castle, fig. 1 (7 inches high; 12£ inches
wide). — Sir Henry Sidney is represented as setting out from Dublin
Castle by a gate guarded by flanking towers and a portcullis, and

FIG. 1. — SIDNEY LEAVING DUBLIN CASTLE, 1581.

ornamented by three heads fixed on poles ; but the draw-bridge that
once spanned the moat had apparently been replaced by a stone arch.
This gateway was in the middle of the north side, where the tasteless
Bedford Tower now stands. The retinue have turned to the west up
Castle-street, on their way to Newgate ; and the towers of Christ
Church Cathedral and St. Michael's Church are shown.

Above are the words : — " These trunckless heddes do playnly showe
cache rebeles fatall end, And what a haynous crime it is the queene for
to offend.".

1581. Sidney returning to Dublin (7 inches high ; 12|- inches wide). —
This represents Sidney's reception on his return to Dublin by the Mayor
and members of the Municipal Council. His procession, headed by
trumpeters, heralds, and the sword and mace, is entering a gateway to

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 97

the right, through which are seen some houses with the word, " dublyn"
above them ; the Mayor and Corporation clad in robes of office are drawn
up in a row ; and Sir Henry, leaning down from his horse, is shaking the
Mayor's hand. The gateway is probably Dames Gate, and the church
shown on the left St. Andrew's. Underneath is the couplet : — " 0
Sidney, worthy of tryple renowne. For plagyng the traytours that
troubled the crowne."

1608. Newgate. — This engraving of Newgate, with two impaled
heads, is from the title-page of a tract printed at London in 1608, in
relation to the death of Sir Cahir O'Doherty, against whom troops had
been sent by Dublin Municipality. It is reproduced by Sir John T.
Gilbert in vol. ii. of the " Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin."

1610. Speed's Map (6 inches high; 7 inches wide), which occurs on
the corner of the Map of Leinster in " Speed's ' Prospect of the World,'
Book iv., The Kingdom of Ireland, London, 1627," is dated 1610, and
shows the perspective outlines of the churches, gateways, and other
city buildings. A contemporary copy appears in Braun and Hogenberg's
Geography, on a sheet 17 inches high, 13|- inches wide, in company
with other plans of Irish cities that appear in Speed's work. A larger
map, which is identical with Speed's, hangs in the National Gallery ;
but its source is not given. An excellent copy (7 inches high ; 7 inches
wide) appeared in Peter "Wilson's Dublin Magazine, January, 1762. It
is named " A Map of Dublin from an ancient Survey taken in 1610."

An enlarged copy of this map appears in Malton's Engravings (dated
1792) ; its plate-mark measures 11 inches high, 19 inches wide. The
buildings are shown in plan ; and there is an enlarged plan of the Castle,
and representations of old Dublin seals. Another copy (7 inches high,
8£ inches wide) occurs in Warburton, Whitelaw, and Walsh's " History
of Dublin," 1818. In these three the names of buildings and streets
are put in their proper places, instead of being collected in a table at
the side.

1728. Brooking' 8 Map (1 foot 11 inches high ; 4 feet 7 inches wide). —
This valuable record of the Dublin of the time was published in London
by John Bowles, at Mercer's Hall, in Cheapside. It contains a large
map of the city, a "Prospect of the City taken from the North,"
extending from Irishtown at the east, to the Royal Hospital at the west,
which gives a very good idea of the general appearance of the city.

" A Map of the City and Suburbs of Dublin. And also the Arch
Bishop and Earl of Meath's Liberties with the Bounds of each Parish.
Drawn from an actual survey made by Charles Brooking." Underneath
some copies is " Bowles Sculpt."

To Lord Carteret (the Lord Lieutenant of the time) "this Map is

98 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

humbly dedicated by Charles Brooking, 1728." "John Bowles,
Printseller in London," was the publisher.

In addition, there are wings which contain twenty excellent views of
the following buildings, &c. : —

The front of St Warburgh's Church.

The Linnen Hall.

Dr. Steven's Hospital.

A Prospect of St. Stephen's Green.

The Statue of King William on Colledge Green.

Front of the Colledge.

The Colledge Library.

Lord Mayor's House.

Blew Coat Boys' Hospital.

The Tholsel.

The Poor House.

The Statue of King George ye 1st on Essex Bridge.

The Castle.

The Custom House.

The Barracks.

The Eoyal Hospital.

The front of St. Ann's Church.

The Corn Market House in Thomas Street.

The Hospital in Stevens Street.

A Prospect of the City Bason.

These pictures, which were frequently copied by contemporaiy and
later magazines and journals, are of great interest owing to the
alterations which have since taken place. Some of the buildings have
disappeared, such as the Tholsel, the Custom House on Essex Quay,
and the Corn Market House. Some have been demolished and rebuilt,
such as the front of Trinity College, Old Essex Bridge (the statue of
George I. being moved to the Mansion House Gardens), St. Ann's
Church, and the Blue Coat School (on a new site). Others have been
much altered, the Castle being no longer mediaeval, St. "Werburgh's
having lost its tower, and the Mansion House having gained a coating of
stucco. It is interesting to note that neither of the cathedrals is
figured.

The street and other names are often quaintly divided ; for instance,

" Great . . . B . . ri . . ta . . . in Str eet," and " St. ...

Pete rs pa .... rish."

There "are two varieties of this map. An example of the earliest
hangs in the National Gallery, and I have a similar impression in my
own collection.

The second variety, a copy of which is in the collection of Mr. L. E.
Strangways, M.R.I.A., has a tfw/'o-columned table of the names of buildings

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 99

engraved in the upper corner ; corresponding numbers are engraved over
the towers, &c., in the panoramic view; several of the references are
wrong: for instance, St. Werburgh's is labelled "The Tholsell," and
Christ Church Cathedral " St. Warburgh's."

Brooking's Map and views are reproduced in Gilbert's " Ancient
Records of Dublin," vol. vii.

The centre part of Brooking's Map, with the panoramic view and the
picture of the workhouse, was re-engraved, without a date, by Hen,
Overton and J. Hoole, at the White Horse, Without Newgate, London
(23 inches high ; 36 inches wide), and was sold by Hannah Madocks at
the Red Lion, in New Row, in Thomas-street, Dublin, " where Chapmen
and others may be furnished wholesale or retail with all sorts of maps
and prints."

Brooking's name is omitted from the title ; and in the dedication to
Lord Carteret the words are changed to — " These plates are humbly
inscribed " ; Brooking's name being again omitted.

The lettering is more carefully done ; the names given above now

reading—" Great .... Bri .... tain .... Street" and " St

Peter's Parish."

A table of names of buildings in three columns is engraved in the
corner ; and reference numbers are given with the errors of the larger
plate repeated. I have a copy of this map.

The change in the back streets and lanes is interesting. For instance,
if, in 1728, one had wanted to go from St. Stephen's Green to the College
without attracting attention, he could have slipped down Rapperee
Alley, across Love Lane, down Elbow Lane, through Little Butter Lane,
down Hoghill, past Pye Corner, and so reached College Green.

1739. Three views of the Dublin Cathedrals appeared in the first
volume of " The Whole Works of Sir James Ware concerning Ireland,
revised and improved. Dublin : printed for the author by E. Jones, in
Clarendon Street, 1739." These were engraved after sketches made by
J. Blamyres.

1. Christ CMrch Cathedral.—11 The North Prospect of the Cathedral
Church of the Holy Trinity in Dublin. Dheulland, sculp." (12f inches
high ; 16 inches wide.)

2. St. Patricks Cathedral.—" The South-east Prospect of Ye
Cathedral of St. Patrick's, Dublin, A.D. 1739. G. Dheulland, sculp."
(lOf inches high ; 12 inches wide.)

3. St. Patricks Cathedral.—11 The South Prospect of Ye Cathedral of
St. Patrick's, Dublin. G. Dheulland, sculp., 1739." (9* inches high;
13£ inches wide.)

1745. "View of Hoth, £c." (14* inches high; 18f inches wide).—
"Painted by Wm. Jones, Dublin, 1745. Engraved by Giles King,

100 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

1745. London: printed for John Bowles in Cornhill, 1745." A copy
of this plate hangs in the National Gallery.

A small copy of this, occupying the lower half of a plate (measuring
13£ inches high ; 8£ inches wide), has the " &c." freely translated,
as it is named "View of Kingsend, Irish Town, Pool Beg, Clontarf,
Ireland's Eye, Dublin Bay, &c., in Ireland." It was published in
London by Alexr Hogg, at the King's Arms, No. 16, Paternoster-row.

1749. Dublin f \reworJcs. — J. Tudor, delin.; T. Chambers, sculpt.
Large folio. Dublin: published by Tudor, 4th March, 1749.
A commonly met with reduction from the above is —

1749. — u Dublin Fireworks" (8£ inches high; 10 inches wide). —
" This Perspective Yiew of the Illuminations and Fireworks to be
exhibited at St. Stephen's Green, at Dublin, in Ireland, on the Thanks-
giving Day for the General Peace concluded at Aix la Chapelle, 1748."
It was ''Engraved for the Universal Magazine, 1749, for J. Hinton, atye
lung's Arms, in St. Paul's Church- Yard, London."

' 1753. A very important series of Six Views by Tudor was published
in 1753. They were named in French and English; and some copies
were coloured. Sir John T. Gilbert ("History of Dublin") says that
Joseph Tudor was a painter, who received several premiums from the
Dublin Society for landscapes ; he lived in Dame-street, opposite
Fownes' -street, and died in 1759.

The engravers of the plates have varied Tudor's initial, which is given
as T., I., and J.

The Prospect of the City of Dublin from the Magazine Hill is
numbered '"I," and the Library, T.C.D., "6," apparently the original
numbers; but some of the others are numbered 112, 113, 115, and 116,
as though the six plates had also appeared as part of a longer series.

1 . Dublin from the Magazine Sill (9^ inches high ; 1 5£ inches wide). —
T. Tudor, delin. ; T. Mason, sculp. On the top is — " Six points de veue
d' edifices publics et remarquable de la Yille de Dublin. 1." Underneath
is — "A Prospect of the City of Dublin from the Magazine Hill, in His
Majesty's Phcenix Park. Veue de la Yille de Dublin de dessus 1' Arsenal
desu Majeste buti sur la Montaigne des Phcenix Park." "London:
Printed for Rob1 Sayer, Map and Printseller, at the Golden Buck, near
Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street."

In the foreground are a gentleman, a lady, and a child ; the lady wears
ample hoops. At the far side of the river are a girl and a group of
cows.

This view has often been copied, the figures generally being altered.
The most faithful copy (undated) was engraved by Slack (7| inches high ;
10£ inches wide), and has underneath a named view of the Phcenix Lodge,
and the words, " A Prospect of the City of Dublin from the Magazine Hill,

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 101

in His Majesty's Phoenix Park." Three rustic figures take the place of
the other people in the foreground.

Another copy appears with the heading, " Engraved for Millar's New
Complete and Universal System of Geography " (8J inches high ; 12 inches
wide). Underneath is " A Prospect of Dublin, the Capital of Ireland.
Cary, sculp." It is enclosed in a well-engraved border ; but the view is
coarsely done, and many details are omitted ; the figures are altered, the
child having disappeared, and one of the cows has been turned into a man
fishing in the Liffey — a considerable stretch of line and imagination ! The
cows on the farther bank are replaced by a man and woman making
hay.

The same engraving and border was published with the words —
" London : Published by Alex* Hogg, at the King's Arms, No. 16 Pater-
noster-row," taking the place of the title of Miller's book.

Another print, with all the same mistakes, is named " A Perspective
View of the City of Dublin, from Phoenix Park " (Plate-mark, 7^- inches
high; 11^- inches wide). Above is — "Engraved for Bankes's New and
Complete System of Geography. Published by Royal Authority." Either
Bankes published a very large edition, or (which is more likely) he used
a plate that had already done good service, and was practically worn out.

The same plate appeared in Middleton's " Geography " (7i inches
high ; 11 inches wide).

In another smaller copy, also engraved by Cary (6 inches high; 8£
inches wide), the foreground has no figures. The engraving in the
Lady 's Magazine measures 4£ inches high ; 7 inches wide.

In a plate (7£ inches high; 10£ inches wide), " Hulett fecit," that
appeared in the " New Geographical Dictionary," and, in smaller sizes,
elsewhere, the foreground lady is endowed with hoops of extraordinary
shape.

2. The £arracks, Dublin (9f inches high; 15£ inches wide). —
J. Tudor, delin*. ; A. Walker, sculpt. Underneath is — "A Prospect of
the Barracks of Dublin, from St. James Church Yard. Veue des Cazernes
de Dublin, depuis le cimetiere de 1'Eglise de St. Jacque." " The
Barracks are in length 956 feet, and in breadth 594 feet ; they contain
3000 foot, and 1000 horse. London: Printed for Rob* Sayer, Map and
Printseller, at the Golden Buck, near Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street."

The number " 112 " is engraved on the right-hand upper corner.

3. Dublin Castle (8 inches high; 15^ inches wide). — I. Tudor, delin. ;
Parr, sculp. Underneath is — " A Prospect of the Upper Castle Court from
the Council Chamber, Dublin. Yeue de la Cour du Haut Chateau, depuis
la chambre du Conseil, a Dublin." " London: Printed for Rob* Sayer,
Map and Printseller, at the Golden Buck, near Serjeants' Inn, Fleet
Street."

The number " 113 " is engraved on the right upper corner.

102 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

4. Custom House (9£ inches high; 15£ inches wide). — I. Tudor,
delin. ; Parr, sculp*. Underneath is — " A Prospect of the Custom House
and Essex Bridge, Dublin. Le Point de veux de Batiment de la Dublin
jusque au pont D'Essex." " Published according to Act of Parliament,
1753."

5. Parliament House ( 9£ inches high; 15£ inches wide). — Underneath
is — "A Prospect of the Parliament House, in College Green, Dublin.
Veue de 1'hotel du Parlement rue du College Green de Dublin." " Pub-
lished according to Act of Parliament. London : Printed for Rob* Sayer,
Map and Printseller, at the Golden Buck, near Serjeants' Inn, Fleet
Street."

The number " 115 " is engraved on the right upper comer.
Some copies have the French inscription as follows ; — " Le Point de
veux de 1'hotelle du Parlement, dans le College Yerr de DuUin."

FIG. 2. — SACKVILLE STREET AND GARDINER'S MALL, 1756.
(Mr. L. R. Strangways' Collection.)

6. Library, Trinity College (9£ inches high; 15£ inches wide). — Above
is — "6"; underneath is — "Published according to Act of Parliament,
1753. A Prospect of the Library of Trinity College, Dublin. Veue de
la Biblioteque du College de la Trinite a Dublen." " Length, 291 feet
8 inches. Breadth, 63 feet."

Another copy has not got the " 6 " in the top right-hand corner, and
has three words in the French title spelt curiously — " Le point de veu
de la Bulliotege du College de la Trinitee de Dublin"

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 103

Neither of the above has any figures; but Mr. Strangways has in
his collection a third variety (with the former lettering — " Yue de la
BiUioteque," &c., and " Plate No. 116 "). This has four figures in the
foreground, and four adults and a child in the Library Gardens. In
Stubbs' " History of the University of Dublin," there is a picture of the
Elizabethan buildings copied from the corner of this plate ; but path-
ways are added through the grass to the doorways, which are open.

Tudor's views, and, indeed, many other views of Dublin, have been
reproduced from time to time in the Irish Builder.

1756? A very interesting engraving, in the possession of Mr. Strang-
ways, probably dates from 1756 (fig. 2). It represents Sackville-street after
it had been widened to the west, with the newly-made Mall in the centre.
It measures 12 inches high ; 16 inches wide. Its lengthy title runs — " A
Perspective View of Sackville Street and Gardiner's Mall in Dublin. This
Street was begun by the R* Honble Luke Gardiner Esq1 in the year 1749,
its length is 1050 feet, and in breadth 150, being equally divided in
three, in the centre is the Mall, in length 800 feet, in breadth 50, on
each side of the Mall, is a stone wall, 4 feet high, copped with mountain
fine stone, and along the wall are obelisks of the same stone 10 feet high
with globes on the top ; There is a coachway on each side of the Mall
50 feet broad, which makes the whole breadth 150."

In this engraving Lord Drogheda's house is represented as completed
to the south as well as to the north ; but, as far as is known, this south
wing was never built above the kitchen storey.

1762-4. The Dublin Magazine for 1762, '63, and '64, published by
Peter Wilson, contained the following thirteen excellently -done pictures
of Dublin buildings : —

1762, January. — Steevens1 Hospital (6f inches; 14f inches wide). —
"Ricardus Steevens, M.D., dotavit Grissel Steevens soror ejus sedificait."
A small ' v ' has been engraved above the ' ca ' of the last word.

February. — Mercer's Hospital.

March. — Charter School, Clontarf( 5£ inches high ; 7 inches wide).—
Over the portico is engraved " The Royal Charter School, MDCCXLVIII."
April. — Hospital for Incurables.
May. — Stviffs Hospital.
June. — Trinity College, west front.
July. — The Workhouse.
August. — Blue Coat School.
September. — Incurable Hospital.

1763. February. — Provost's House, west front of.

March.— "The Charitable Infirmary in ye Inns Quay" (7^ inches
high ; 5% inches wide).

April. — Lying-in Hospital (5£ inches high ; 11£ inches wide).

104 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

1764. January. — Parliament Souse, Dublin (6 inches high ; 9£ inches
wide).

The first five of these engravings are from original drawings by
John Aheron.

1766. The "History and Antiquities of the City of Dublin," by
WALTER HARRIS, was printed in Dublin in 1766. It contains the
following pictures: —

1. The North Prospect of Te Cathedral Church of Ye Holy Trinity

in Dublin.

2. The South Prospect of Y' Cathedral of St. Patrick's, Dublin.

3. West front of the College.

4. West front of the Provost's House.

5. The Parliament Souse.

6. Slue Coat Boys1 Hospital.
The Poor House.

7. The Barracks.

The Royal Hospital.

8. The Lying-in Hospital.

9. TJie Custom Home.
The Tholsel.

10. The East Elevation and Section of the Foundation of Essex
Bridge, Dublin.

Of the above, the views of the Cathedrals are of most interest: The
Blue Coat Boys' Hospital, Poor House, Barracks, Eoyal Hospital, Custom
House, and Tholsel, are taken from the wings of Brooking's Map.

1767. In 1767 BERNARD SCALE published a series of five engravings
of the Houses of Parliament, as follows : —

1. Front of Parliament House (14£ inches high ; 19£ inches wide). —
Rowld Omer, delin. ; P. Mazell, sculp. Underneath is — "To the Right
Honble the Lords Spiritual and Temporal & to the Right Honble the
Members of the House of Commons, this Perspective Yiew of the Parlia-
ment House, Dublin, with the other plates of this Edifice, is humbly
Inscribed, By their most obedient, and most devoted Humble Servant,
Bernd Scale." Figures are added to the centre and wings, Justice being
on the right of the central pediment.

2. Front of Parliament House (15 inches high ; 19£ inches wide). —
Rowland Omer, delin. ; Patt Halpin, sculp. Underneath is — " The Geo-
metrical Elevation of the Parliament House, Dublin. Published, according
to Act of Parliament, by Bernard Scale, Land Surveyor, Hydrographer,
and Valuer of Estates, in Lower Abbey Street, Dublin, 1767." Figures
are again added ; this time Justice is to the left.

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 105

3. House of Lords (12£ inches high ; 15£ inches wide). — E. Omer,
delin. ; P. Hazell, sculp. Underneath is — "A Section of the House of
Lords, Dublin."

4. House of Commons (12£ inches high ; 15£ inches wide). — E. Omer,
delin. ; P. Mazell, sculp. Underneath is — " A Section of the House of
Commons, Duhlin."

5. Plan of Parliament House (14£ inches high; 18f inches wide). —
Underneath is — " The Plan of the Parliament House, Dublin. Price one
guinea the sett. E. Omer, del."

FIG. 3.— COLLEGE GREEN, WITH VOLUNTEERS FIRING, IN 1779; ENGRAVED, 1784.
(National Gallery and Author's Collection.)

1768. Front of Trinity College, Duhlin (13f inches high; 7 inches
wide). — Ey Sproul. This appeared in 1768 as a frontispiece to the
" Statutes of the University."

1773. Bernard Scale's re-engraving of Eocque's Map of North County
Dublin, published in 1773, has three engravings ; in the margin,
"E. Smith, delin.":—

1. Kildare House. — (Eird's-eye view, showing Gateway in front, and
Merrion Square in the distance).

2. The Barracks.

3. The Royal Hospital.

106 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

1776. SEMPLE, in his fourth " Treatise on Building in "Water,"
published in 1776, gives —

1. Design of Old Essex Bridge (showing the position of George I.'s
statue).

2. Design of Old Ormond Bridge.

Cassine Marino. — Ivory, delin. ; E. Rooher, sculp*. (17 inches high;
25 inches wide). Mentioned in preface to ''Pool and Cash/' 1780.
I have a copy of this engraving, but it is undated.

1780. This year a book was published which contains a number of
views of Dublin. The illustrations are carefully drawn, accuracy
rather than artistic effect being sought. The book is entitled, " Views
of the most remarkable Public Buildings, Monuments, and other
Edifices in the City of Dublin, delineated by EGBERT. POOL and JOHN
CASH, with Historical Descriptions of each Building." It was
published — "Dublin: Printed for J. Williams, No. 21 Skinner-row,
1780."

On the engraved title-page is an excellent vignette labelled " Statue
of King William III. in College Green.'1'' It is an oval, in a rectangular
frame, measuring 4-iV inches wide ; 3-^- inches high. It shows two
sedan chairs, waiting for hire, and the private houses that occupied the
south side before the incursion of banks.

Pool and Cash gave twenty -nine plates, varying in size of plate-
mark from 13£ inches by 8 inches (folding) to 8 inches by 6 inches.
The following are the subjects : —

1. The East Front of the Blue Coat Hospital.

2. New Gate.

3. Part of the North Side of Dublin Castle.

4. Trinity College.

5. The Front of the Theatre in Trinity College (showing the dome

which, although in the original design, was never built).

6. Lord Powerscourt's House.

7. The Earl of Charlemonfs House.

8. Front of St. Werlurgh's Church (showing steeple).
' 9. The West Front of Leinster House.

10. The Earl of Tyrone's House.

11. Lying-in Hospital.

12. Queen's Bridge.
Essex Bridge.

13. Marine School.

14. Steevens* Hospital.

15. Front of St. Thomas's Church.

16. Section of the Exchange from East to West.

17. The Parliament House. (This plate is dated 1780.)

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 107

18. Cathedral of Christ Church.

19. Archl? Smith's Monument in St Patricks Cathedral.

20. Prior's Monument in the Cathedral of Christ Church.

21. Garden Front of Dublin Castle.

22. East Side of the Principal Square in Trinity College. (This shows

proposed Campanile and houses.)

23. Provost's House.

24. The Monument of John Lord Bowes in the Cathedral of Christ

Church.

25. Earl of Kildare's Monument in the Cathedral of Christ Church.

26. St. Patrick's Cathedral.

27. Front of St. Catherine's Church.

28. The North Front of the Roijal Exchange.

29. Section of the House of Commons.

Payne's " Universal Geography," 1791, reproduced several of Pool
and Cash's views in the same size, but on larger and coarser paper.

1780. " A representation of the Drawing of the Irish State Lottery at
the Music Hall, 1780 " (8 inches high ; 5 inches wide).

1783. A series of views, engraved by T. MILTON, was published in
1783. They measure 6 inches high, 8 inches wide, and include —

" Phoenix Lodge — H. Earralet, delin. ; T. Milton, sculp. Published, as
the Act directs, 1st January, 1783, by T.Walter, Charing Cross, London,
for the Author, T. Milton, in Dublin." This shows the front of the
Viceregal Lodge. In the foreground are sportsmen, and a coach drawn
by four horses. Below are engraved the arms of the Duke of Port-
land, Lord Lieutenant.

" Leinster House in Dublin. — J. J. Barralet, del. ; T. Milton, sculp."
This shows the Merrion Square front, with a parade of the Yolunteers.

"Marino. — J. Wheatley, delin. ; T. Milton, sculp. Published, as the
Act directs, 1st July, 1783, by J. "Walker, Charing Cross, for the Author,
T. Milton, in Dublin." This represents the " Temple " at Clontarf, built
by Lord Charlemont, whose arms are engraved underneath the view.

"Phoenix Lodge." — W. G. Strickland, H.K.I.A., has in his collection
a view of the Phoenix Lodge, which is probably about the same date as
Barralet's. It measures 8 inches high, lOf inches wide, and its engraved
title is the curiously incorrect one of " Entrance to Phoenix Park,
Dublin."

1784. The Volunteers in College Green (19± inches high; 26f inches
wide.—" The Yolunteers of the City and County of Dublin, as they met
on College Green, on the 4th of Kovr, 1779 (F. Wheatley, pinx1 ; J. Collyer,
sculp1.). London: Published as the Act directs, 10 May, 1784, by

108 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

K. Lane, and sold by J. Boydell." There is also a dedication to the Duke
of Leinster.

This represents the Dublin Volunteers celebrating the anniversary of
the birth and the landing in England of William III. (1779). A large
painting of the same subject, by Francis Wheatley, is in the National
Gallery, Dublin ; but it differs in some details from the engraving. The
actual drawing from which the engraving was done is in the South
Kensington collection.

FIG. 4.— THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE IN 1784.
(Author's Collection.)

1784. In 1784 an interesting series of Aquatints was published ; they
measure 10£ inches by 14£ inches ; and all but one are horizontal. In
the nine plates I possess, there is neither title nor name of artist
or- engraver ; the only inscription being the following, which is engraved
in small letters below — " London : Published for the proprietors, at JSo. 15
Leicester Fields, Deer. 6, 1784." The views are printed in sepia : —

1. College Green, with Volunteers firing (fig. 3, p. 105). — A coloured
copy of this is in the National Gallery, Dublin. It was presented by
the President, J. K. Garstin, M.A., M.E.I. A., who read a Paper on it before
the Royal Irish Academy, June 12th, 1882 (Irish £uilder, July 1st,
1882). Mr. Garstin believed it represented 12th October, 1779, when,
an amendment to the Address in favour of Free Trade having been
adopted, the Speaker, accompanied by other members of the Legislature,
carried the resolution from the Parliament House to the Castle, passing

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OP DUBLIN. 109

between the ranks of the Dublin Volunteers, under their Commander,
the Duke of Leinster. It differs considerably from the larger engraving
above described.

Had it been a single picture (as was then thought), I should have
accepted the view that it was meant to represent a special event; but
being one of a carefully -thought-out series, it is much more likely to
illustrate the well-known annual celebration.

2. The Parliament Rouse (fig. 4, p. 108). — Only the front had been
built ; and the houses are shown that were afterwards cleared away to
make room for the House of Lords Portico, &c., and to open Westmoreland
Street.

Fm. 5. — THE ROTUNDA IN 1784.
(Author's Collection.)

3. The Rotunda (fig. 5), — This shows the exterior of the " Eound
Eoom " in its original brick, before it was decorated by Francis Johnston
with stucco and a Wedgwood frieze. It also shows a corner of Gardiner's
Mall, in the centre of Sackville Street.

4. The Royal Exchange, as seen from Castle Street. — This view is
upright (14 inches high ; 11 inches wide).

5. The Gateway, Dublin Castle, looking up Cork Hill.

6. Dublin Bay, from the north.

7. Royal Hospital, as seen from the left bank of the Liffey.

8. View from the Magazine Hill.

9. Chapelizod.

(To be continued.)

110 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

THE "RICIN t>(5 ptit)RU15" (THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF

THE DECIES).

BY THE REV. P. POWER, WATERFORD.
[Read AUGUST 8, 1903.J

rPHE history and character of our ancient roadway systems are a matter
of much importance, and no little difficulty. Its difficulty, how-
ever, does not justify the neglect which has hitherto fallen to its lot.
On the other hand, its importance might be expected to secure for it a
fairly prominent place in archaBological works. Since Mr. John Hogan,
forty years ago, treated1 of the ancient roads of Ossory, little or nothing
has been done to identify, trace, or describe our early highways. Yet
materials for the work are not wanting. Records of campaigns, marches
and battles, " Lives" of Saints, historic tales, place-names, local tradi-
tion, and the physical geography or topography of the country, furnish
valuable matter which, perhaps, the present attempt will induce others
more favourably circumstanced to utilize in the study.

In an introduction to the general subject of early Irish roadways
emphasis requires to be laid on the fact that the t)6cap ('Bothar'}
of Celtic times, as, indeed — proportionately — the roadway of the
age of Elizabeth, differed very materially from the modern mac-
adamised or steam-rolled highway. In early Ireland, and often, too,
in a much later Ireland, the line of communication was a mere Slfge
('Slighe') or Ricm (' Rian '), allied in general character to the
" track " of present-day Australian bush parlance. The word t>6cap
(* Bothar '), incorporating the term b6 ('bo'), suggests a cattle-track.
The Irish t)6cap (* Bothar') differed very materially from the Roman
roadway — as in the former pavement of any kind, except in bogs or
soft places, was not attempted. Across bogs, and generally in soft,
yielding soil, it would be necessary from time to time to elevate the
track somewhat. Trunks of trees stretched crosswise, and then overlaid
with brushwood, made the readiest and best embankment. The ancient
engineer favoured a bee-line, or the nearest practicable approach thereto,
for his road. A river in his path necessitated, perhaps, a slight deviation
to suit the ford ; a mountain-chain required a corresponding bend or curve
to catch the gap or pass. "Where it crossed a plain, his roadway was called
a Slfge (* Slighe ') or t)6cap (' Bothar '), as we have seen ; on an embank-
ment or causeway through a bog it was a C6caip (* Tochair ') ; approaching

1 This Journal, vol. vi., C. S., 1861, pp. 350, &c.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. Ill

a mountain-gap, and sometimes otherwise, it became a t>ealac ('Bealach'),
and at the crossing of a river an (3c (' Ath '), and occasionally a Curhap
(' Cumhas,' pronounced Couse).

It seems established that, at least in early Christian times, there
were main roads from the provincial capitals to outlying parts of the
province. This much we gather generally from " Lives" of Saints.
Thus St. Declan is represented as driving in his chariot from Ardmore
to the neighbourhood of Cashel, &c., &c. The reference proves, at any
rate, that the original twelfth-century compiler of the Irish "Life"
believed in the existence of such a road in St. Declan's day. Cashel
would, therefore, be connected directly with the chief places of Thomond
and the princely duns of Kerry, on the one hand, and with the strongholds
of the Decies, on the other. It is, of course, accepted of all that the
provincial capitals were, in their turn, connected with Tara by the four
great roads which centred there. Regarding the means of communica-
tion with the duns and lailea off the main line, little is known. In many
cases the Capdn ('Casan') leading to the retired dun in question was
probably not negotiable for wheeled vehicles. Indeed, except where
they crossed plains or unbroken ground, the main lines themselves must
have been but sorry carriage roads, judged by our modern standard.

The ancient roadway — for such I assume it to be — which forms the
subject of this paper was first noticed by Smith, the historian of Water-
ford, Cork, and Kerry. "Writing a century and a-half since, the observant
authority aforesaid describes this venerable work as the "Rian b6 pdbpui$
('RianboPhadruig'), or "Track of St. Patrick's Cow," the name by
which it is vividly remembered still. I say "remembered " rather than
" known," because age, the advance of cultivation, &c., have within the
past seventy years succeeded in well-nigh effacing the trench which
Smith saw and described. The historian, who did not know Irish, mis-
translates "Ricm ('Rian') as "a trench." It is, in reality, a track or
mark, rather than a trench. A track on a mountain side will, of course,
frequently and easily become a trench in the course of time through the
action of mountain torrents and winter rains. In Smith's day the " Track "
was a remarkable artificial feature, plainly traceable across all the then
untilled country extending from within a mile, or less, of Lismore to
the boundary of Tipperary. Had the historian carried his examination
into the adjoining county, he would have found that the ' Rian ' was
traceable also far into Tipperary — almost, if not actually, to the ford
of the Suir at Ardfinnan — and, perhaps, much farther. Subsequent
writers who refer to the subject merely copy Smith, and add nothing to
our information in return for their trial of our patience. Assuming
the accuracy of Smith's conjecture — that the 'Rian' represents the
ancient main road from Cashel south to Lismore, and thence again to
Ardmore — the present writer commenced, some years since, a study
on the spot of the vestiges still remaining, and the local tradition

T, „.. T? Q A T J Vo1- xv-> Fifth Series. ) T

Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol ^ Consec Ser> |

112 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

thereto appertaining. Year by year, as opportunity offered, he has con-
tinued his investigation to the present time, with the result that he is
now in a position to lay before the Society the following detailed account
of what he believes to be the most venerable highway yet accurately
traced out in Ireland. Local tradition, as far as it bore on the matter,
has been laboriously examined, weighed, and sifted, and of every detail
corroboration — often cumulative — has been carefully obtained. Here,
at risk of prolixity, stress may not inappropriately be laid on the great
worth, for historical and allied purposes, of the traditions of an Irish-
speaking population. Received with adequate criteria, such traditions
will be found to have much value. What has hitherto generally passed in
English literature for Irish tradition and legend is neither one nor the
other, but absurdity, streaked with vulgarity, manufactured by demoralised
" guides" for gullible ^altoa (' Gallda '), that is, English-speaking,
tourists. If inquirers into antiquity have hitherto failed to profitably
tap this fount, the fact ought to point the moral — necessity of acquaintance
with the language of the race as well as with the racial methods of
thought.

The legend of the * Rian ', as referred to by Smith, and as told
from Ardfinnan to Ardmore, will bear brief repetition. St. Patrick's cow,
accompanied by her calf, was grazing peacefully on the alluvial flats by
the side of the Tar river, in the extreme south of Tipperary, when the
calf was abducted by a wily cattle-thief from Kilwaterrnoy, or somewhere
to the south of the Bride, in the County Waterford- The robber, with
his booty, started in haste for his home, eighteen or twenty miles distant,
and shortly afterwards the cow, having discovered her loss, commenced a
distracted pursuit. In her fury, as she went, she tore up the earth with
her horns — hence the double trench— till she overtook the robber, to
whom she promptly gave his deserts. If anyone doubts the narrative,
why, there is the trench, like the lloman hero's statue, to rebuke his
incredulity ! Speculation is often profitless work ; at the risk of unf ruit-
fulness of effort, we may, however, hazard a moment's speculation as to
the connexion, in the present instance, between the national Apostle and
our ancient highway. Smith suggests that the road may have been
made in the saint's time, and under his directions, for the purpose of
connecting the two important ecclesiastical centres, Cashel and Ardmore.
This theory is, however, not sustainable for this, if for no other reason, that
our road connects directly, not Cashel and Ardmore, but the former and
Lismore. The foundation of Lismore took place about 634, two centuries
after the coming of St. Patrick ; though, previous to the advent of
St. Carthage, there had been a religious establishment of some sort there.
The more ancient route to Ardmore, prior to the foundation of Lismore,
was probably via the pass of the Suir, near Newcastle, to which fuller
reference will be made later on. Does it not seem more likely that the
connexion of St. Patrick's name with the ' Kian ' should be due to

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 113

the cow tribute to St. Patrick's successors, which we can well conceive
following this route from the southern Desii to Cashel ? Or the wild legend
may have grown of itself, as legends grow, and it may be that the name
grew in its turn out of the legend. The writer must, however, confess
his experience, begat of a somewhat extensive study of place-names and
their legends, that legends more frequently grow out of place-names,
the origins of which are lost, than names out of legends.

Our ancient road we may, for convenience of examination, divide into
four sections: (a) from Cashel direct to Ardfinnan (15 miles); (b) from
the latter place to Lismore, over the Knockmaeldown Mountains
(12 miles); (0) from Lismore, but not in a right line, to Ardmore
(20 miles); and (d) from Lismore south, and in a straight line, to the Bride
(5 miles). This gives us a total length of fifty-two miles or thereabout.
In the first section — that is, on the northern side of the Suir — tradition
almost entirely fails us. There is but little surviving. We find, how-
ever, a suggestive line of a still existing but very ancient road the whole
way practically from the royal city to the point where we pick up our
first definite trace of the ' Bian.' This line we may fairly regard as
the representative, if not actually, at least approximately, of our ancient
•road. In sections (b) and (c) it is possible, from physical traces and
remains, and by the aid of a well-defined and emphatic tradition, to
practically reconstruct the road-line, and follow it in detail.

Starting from Cashel, the early connecting line with Lismore would
correspond approximately with the old road which emerges from the
-city at the junction of the townland of Ash well's Lot and Waller's Lot.
It followed (approximately, of course) the conterminous boundary of the
two divisions in question for one-eighth of a mile, and ran theiice due
south, for a similar distance, through the second. Then, through Spafield
(one-quarter mile), and through the townlands of Owen's Lot and Bigg's
Lot the approximate line is traceable in the course of the existing old road.
At the southern extremity of the townland last named our road makes
a slight detour to the east, and then again turning due south it continues
through Knocksantlour (one-fifth of a mile), along the western boundary
of the latter (one-fifth of a mile), through Lalor's Lot (one mile), along the
conterminous boundaries of Carron and Attykett, of Carrigeen and Parren-
kindry, of Parrenkindry and Knocknaveigh, of Knocknaveigh and. Bally -
gerald east, and of Ballygerald east and Lough Kent (a mile and a
third). At the northern boundary of Lough Kent demesne the direct
road which, from analogy of its general bee-line tendency, we should
judge to have run right through the present demesne, is lost.

After a break of close on a mile we again pick up the thread, or
rather the road, about the middle of Chamberlainstown. At Chaniber-
lainstown we enter the Decies, the boundary hereabout of the latter being
more or less identical with the present northern boundary-line of the
Diocese of Lismore. It is fair to state here that, as far as the portion

114 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of the road between Cashel and the point now reached is concerned, the
writer has had no opportunity of local investigation. The last para-
graph has been almost entirely worked out from the Ordnance Map. Of
the remaining forty-five miles of the "Ricm (' Rian'), however, he claims
to have investigated practically every foot. Enquiry locally should elicit
the fact that the lane leading north and south through Chamberlains-
town, and meeting the present Outragh-Woodenstown road at right
angles, led, at one time, further north, so as to fill up, in part at any
rate, the break in the line just sketched.

On the hypothesis that we are on the line of the "Rian ('Rian'), and that
this is fairly represented by the existing road, we follow the former along
the western boundary of "Whitelands and of Rathard. At places our vene-
rable highway has degenerated into a mere by-road ; in patches it has dis-
appeared altogether ; and, worst of all, on two or three occasions it bends
suspiciously, though but slightly, from the direct course. In fhe main,
however, it continues a straight line through Mortlestown, Knockagh,1
Loughluchra, Kilmaloge,2 and along boundary of Kilmaloge with Garrana-
villa. In the neighbourhood of Garnavilla schoolhouse the ancient route
ceases to be merely approximate, and becomes more or less certain. It
lay parallel with the line of the present highway at the distance of one
field's width from the latter, on the west. Thence the course was in a
straight line till it crossed the line of the present Rochestown — Lough
Ryan road to meet northern termination of a still existing old road or lane
to Ardfinnan, via Feamore, Touloure, and the site of St. Finnian's church
and monastery. The last-named is represented, of course, by the present.
Protestant church, as the ancient ford of Ardfinnan is represented by the
present bridge.

At Ardfinnan we enter on the second section of our road and find our-
selves on solid ground. The ancient highway is demonstrable the whole
section through. Ardfinnan has continued the chief crossing-place of the
Suir from pre-historic times. It took its name from the church founded
here by St. Finnian, the leper, late in the sixth century. St. Carthage
established a second church here before his arrival at Lismore.3 Mis-
sionaries and peaceful pilgrim students had no monopoly of the ford.
Armies bent on death and plunder used it frequently. An earl of
Desmond (John, son of Garret), on no mission of peace intent, was
drowned here in sight of his army in 1399.4 The river must have been
bridged here very early, as an old name of the place was Ath-an-Droichid.5

1 Here, according to O'Donovan, was the residence (probably tbe large
forty perches" to west of our road) of tbe poet Fearcbios Mac Coman, wbo, at the
instigation of Cormac Mac Art, murdered the monarch of Ireland, Lughaidh Mac
Conn, as the latter was distributing gifts of gold and silver to the poets and ollamhs
of Ireland (vide Four Masters, A.D. 225 ; also O'Mahony's " Keating," p. 319, &c.).

2 By our roadside here is the site of an early church, which was discovered with
much difficulty.

3 Vide Bollandists under March 16th and May 14th respectively.

4 O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters," notes 3, p. 761, and s, p. 767 ;
also Murphy's "Annals of Clonmacnoise, " p. 320.

5 " Annals of the Four Masters," p. 761, note.

1|jffj bo

R/dn Bo Phadrajg

SKETCH-MAP, No. 1.— RUN BO PHADRAIG.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 115

The Suir was here fordable in three different places. One — the principal —
ford was on the site of the present bridge ; the second was at Roches-
town, somewhat higher up ; and the third at Neddans, half a mile lower
down the river. Curiously enough, each of the fords in question is
marked by an early church-site. Our ancient roadway, crossed by the
ford first named ; a branch road, still existing at the eastern side and still
traceable on the opposite side, crossed the second. It was, by the way,
over this second, or Eochestown ford, that the Cromwellian forces passed.

The site of the present (western) village of Ardfinnan must have been
anciently a swamp. Even to-day some of it is liable to flooding from the
river. Yallancey's Map, in the Record Office, gives the site as portion of
Lacken M'Kearish ploughland. Across the river flat the course of the ancient
road would necessarily be variable and uncertain. From this, however, at
the distance of less than a quarter of a mile from the river bank, the land
rises abruptly on south and west, forming cliff s, in places from twenty to
thirty feet in height. Up the slope, to the south-west, our ancient high-
way is still physically and traditionally traceable. Its course was up the
lane to rear of the Petty Sessions House, till it debouched above on the line
of the present new road to Goaten Bridge, at the point of juncture with
the latter of the old road, via Lady A.bbey. Prom the Ford of Pinnian's
Height another ancient road, which may form the subject of a future
communication to the Society, led westwards, via Tubrid, &c., apparently
to the famous establishment of St. Abban, near Mitchelstown. Through
part of its course this old highway, where still existing, is popularly
and generally known as b6cap na meapdn (' Bothar na measan ').
Unfortunately all efforts to trace the legend connected with the name
(' Road of the Lapdogs ') were fruitless.

According to tradition, the line of the ' Rian ' is indicated by the
present rugged and but little used roadway, via Lady Abbey. We
may, I suppose, take it that the roadway in question represents the
ancient way, at least approximately or generally. The road passes the
ruined abbey so closely that the gable of the latter forms the boundary-
fence of the roadway. Lady Abbey was a late Carmelite foundation, to
which, strange to say, there is no reference in the ordinary sources ; it
may have taken the place of an earlier Celtic church. A mile, or thereabout,
to the south of Ardfinnan, our road lies along — in fact forms — the western
boundary of Killardamee. With much difficulty I discovered the early
church-site, at a considerable distance to the east of our road, however.
The name here is suggestive— C ill Ohpbe TTlf&e (' Cill Airde Mi'dhe '). Is
TTIf&e (' Mi'dhe ') equivalent to TTlo-ft>e (< Mo-Ide ') (My Ita) ? If it be,
I cannot account for the aspiration of the t>. On Garryduff townland the
ancient line parts company with the present road, scil. at the bend of
the latter to the south-east. Our road must have preserved its southerly
course through (i.e. by the east fence) the field now known as "the
Lisburn." At the entrance to this field, on the inside, is an unused space

116 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

which is regarded with so much reverence that no one has ever dared to-
till it. It bears now but little resemblance to a lios, yet it was this
which gave its name to the field.

Tradition is somewhat uncertain as to the course for the next half
mile, or thereabout — to the elbow in the road at the entrance-gate ta
Widow Murphy's house, atTullow. "With analogy as our guide, we may
safely assume that the road continued in a nearly direct line — entering
the townland last named, beside, or on the site of, a quarry, on its north
boundary. From Mrs. Murphy's house, already mentioned (A, Map 2), for
the next ten or twelve miles, i.e. to within half a mile of Lismore, we can
fortunately verify every foot of the ancient route. According to clearly
defined tradition, it followed the line of fence which runs due south to
the Tar river. Within a few perches of the river-bank the track took
a slight bend to the east, for the purpose of escaping the swampy ground
in front. Its course was through, or by the side of, the two farm -houses
close to the stream, on the north bank. The " inch," or river flat to the
east of the track, and north of the river, was called, and is still frequently
styled, the paicce ('Faithche '). As has been already suggested, the
river here is liable to flooding, especially on the north side ; and no doubt
it was still more liable thereto anciently. Therefore, we may assume
that the entrance to the ford, the ford itself perhaps, and the exit there-
from would be somewhat liable to variation. On the north bank, directly
in line with the ' Eian,' the ground is particularly soft, hence the slight
detour to the east.

South from the Tar, with tradition as our guide, the tracing of the
roadway is comparatively easy. The course is through the townland of
Kildonoge. You will look in vain in the Ordnance Map, by the way, for
the site of the church from which the place is named. This edifice,,
probably of the seventh or eighth century, stood on the spot now occupied
by the most westerly of the two or three houses adjoining the crossing-
place of our ancient road over the Tar. From this ford the * llian '
shaped its course for the mouth of the gap through the Knockmaeldown
(anciently Slieve Gua) range.1

The accompanying map (No. 2, 1.) shows the exact ascertained ancient
course of the ' ' Track ' ' to the mountain base. Here it is to be observed that
the Glengowley stream, flowing down from the mountain, has materially
altered its course. It is evident from the clay-cliffs a few perches to the
east of the present stream, and from the general old river-bed character
of the soil along the line of our track, between the river and the public
road, that the- stream has shifted considerably westwards. It is not at

1 It is clear, from the Irish " Life of St. Declan," two careful transcripts of which
lie before the writer, that the name " Slieve Gua," though now confined to the
parish of Seskinane, was formerly applied to the whole mountain chain. The changed
extension of the name has led to some confusion in the minds apparently, and certainly
in the works, of certain writers.

[To face page 116.

SKETCH-MAP, No. 2.— RIAN no PHADKAIG. (6 inches to 1 mile.)

Roadway physically traceable, heavy dark line thus,

conjectural, O O O O O O O.

; traditional,

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 117

all improbable that, from about the line of present public road, back to
the Tar, the ' Kian ' followed — part of the way, at least— the pebble-
covered bottom of the shallow stream. The beds of watercourses are
still sometimes used as roads in the neighbourhood to the present day.
Having crossed the public road on our way southward, we may observe
how, in two or three cases, the quondam roadway manifests its former
existence in its effect on the outline of fences and fields. The course
was exactly by the west side -wall of Edmond Prendergast's house.
From this point, the "Ricm runs through practically uncultivated
mountain for the next seven or eight miles, and throughout much the
greater portion of the way the ancient roadway is still physically out-
lined. An elbow (indicating a change of course) in the Glengowley stream
has obscured the track for a few perches at the mouth of the glen.
Occasionally, too, through the glen and up the mountain side, the course
is confused by modern turf paths.

The rise, as we advance towards the boundary of "Waterford County, is
considerable, the summit of the gap being about 1880 feet high. Up the
mountain side the track still steadily pursues its southerly trend with a
slight curve to the east, to clear the top of the smaller glen which starts
almost from the summit. There is hardly a hill, bank, prominent rock,
well, or ford, or other natural feature within Glengowley, or on the
mountain sides overlooking it, which has not its peculiar name. In all
I took down from the lips of native Irish-speakers no fewer than forty-
one place-names — all on the Kildonoge townland, and all unrecorded on
the Ordnance Map. A mile or more from the summit Se'pe'al an Ulcais
(Sepeal an Ultaig) is passed on the right. This is the ruin of a small,
oblong building, apparently of dry stone. Unfortunately no light can
be thrown by local tradition on the origin of the name, or the history of
the strange structure far up in the mountain solitude. Ulcac ('Ultach ')
signifies, of course, a native of Ulster. This, at least, is the primary
meaning of the word ; but local usage gives it a very different force in
Waterford — perhaps throughout Munster — as readers of the Munster
poets are aware, namely — a professional fortune-teller, or " wise person."
The ranks of the profession seem for a period, some two hundred and fifty
years ago, to have been recruited largely from the dispossessed Celts of
Ulster, who, in many cases, transferred themselves in considerable
colonies to the sister provinces. The use of the word in the sense
indicated throws a curious light on a minor phase of the past which
there is little left to enlighten. It illustrates, too, the tenacity of tradi-
tion, so characteristic of Irish-speaking communities. A district close by
Lismore was generally known, forty years since, as b6cap-na-n-Ulcac
(' B6thar-na-n-Ultach '), and it may be that an enquirer could find it by
that name still. Strangely enough, Irish-speakers seem to credit the
craft to the County Monaghan.

Half a mile from the summit we pass Cobap TTlocut>a (' Tobar

118 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Mochuda ') on the right. The occurrence here of this well, bearing the
name of the great founder of Lismore, is very remarkable, especially as
connected with the "Ricm and its purpose. Local usage assigns the name
Cajijiaig a Ouibe'al (' Carraig a Bhuideal'), I suppose from its appearance,
to a rock in the depression on the summit through which our track leads.
A word or two may here be appropriate as to the physical charac-
teristics of the "Rian as far as we have traced it. Its appearance
varies: in parts it might, at first sight, be mistaken for an ordinary
turf track ; in others, where grass or heath covered it, it bears the
impress of hoar antiquity. In general, it is a slight depression in the
earth, say seven feet in width, flanked by grassy banks from a few
inches to a couple of feet in height. Towards the summit, where the
ground is unbroken, it assumes the appearance of a grass-grown carriage
drive of considerable width. From the county boundary, forward to
Lismore, definition of the track is clearer. Sometimes it shows as a
grassy ditch between two high banks, at others a ravine excavated by
winter floods, and at others again (on the level) a ribbon-like trail in the
closely-cropped heather. Before we cross the boundary into the County
of "Waterford, it may be mentioned that the hollow, to avoid which the
' Rian ' has made a slight detour half a mile from the summit, is called
Cam na beajina (' Cam na Bearna').

From the county boundary our ancient roadway is plainly traceable
down " the southern side of the Knockmeldown," through the absolutely
uninhabited townland of Knockannanagh, and the practically unoccupied
townland of Raenabarna, till, beside the only human habitation on the
latter, it crosses the Clogheen-Cappoquin main road. Here, on the south
side of the main road, the * Rian ' appears as a considerable trench — say
9 feet wide, with double banks fully 7 feet high. The contractor who
constructed the main road just mentioned once informed me that the line
of the ancient " Track" where it crossed his road was indicated by a
deep deposit of rich, black earth, distinguishable from the surrounding
soil, and that the place swallowed up a surprising — and to him anything
but agreeable — quantity of rough road-filling material. From the main
Clogheen road we trace our ancient highway across a couple of cultivated
fields to the brink of the Glenokeefe stream. Here engineering work in
connexion with the modern bridge has obliterated the track, and all trace
of it is lost at the crossing-place. A few yards beyond, however, we
again pick it up, and then through the length of the townland of Poul-
fadda, i.e. for three-quarters of a mile, or thereabout, we follow it
without difficulty. The course is roughly parallel with the modern road,
across some seven or eight cultivated fields and a few unreclaimed but
enclosed patches of mountain. The ' Rian ' crossed the modern road
near the bend or elbow in the latter, seven or eight perches to the
west of Monalour bridge. There is here a very slight curve in the
track to carry it towards its second crossing-place over the Glenokeefe

\_To face page 118.

SKETCH-MAP, No. 3.— RIAN BO PHADKAIG. (6 inches to 1 mile.)
Roadway physically traceable, heavy dark line thus, — • mmmammaet ; conjectural, O O O O O O O.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DEC1ES. 119

Eiver. The crossing-place in question was apparently a perch or there-
about to the south of the iron bridge. For the next quarter of a mile
the track is not physically traceable. The growth here of Monalour
village, which, forty years ago, had double its present population, has
naturally led to the destruction of the ' Rian ' in the village precincts.

A quarter of a mile (S.S.W.) from the river we again meet with
the trail. Thirty years ago the "Rian was visible here, so that there
is no difficulty in procuring evidence as to the exact course. "We can,
in fact, fix the latter to the yard. Thirty years earlier the trench
Avas as clearly defined here as it is now in the uncultivated region north
towards the mountain. The soil within it was very black and rich, and
sometimes of great depth — a recent alluvial deposit. It is no wonder
that in a mountainous district, where soil was won from the wilder-
ness with utmost difficulty, a considerable stretch of the Rian ('Rian')
through a poor man's farm should be regarded as a valuable asset
from an agricultural point of view. Reverence for the highway of
the saints prevented its demolition for a while, but the temptation to
annex finally prevailed, and thus it came to be that the early roadway
passed under the dominion of the spade. It will be noticed how the
present lanes and roadways, when leading in the same direction as their
early prototype, run rather beside than along the course of the latter.
This can be observed at Monalour Lower and Cooladallane Upper, and
farther south, at Glentaun. The soil of the Rian was too valuable to
hide beneath a roadway.

Through the south part of Monalour Lower and through Cooladallane
our " Track," while following the general direction of the laneway,
appears now on the east of the latter, and again on the west. Prom Bob
Begley's house, Cooladallane, a slight depression, following the line of
boundary-fence between adjoining farms, indicates the course. This
depression can be traced with care, in a right line, as far as the new
road to Mount Melleray. Crossing this road the Rian enters a piece
of unreclaimed land, across which its course is apparent to the least
observant eye. Still on Cooladallane Upper, it strikes the northern end
of the lane running up from Glentaun, runs roughly parallel with it on
the east side, strikes the northern boundary of Glentaun, and follows, now
on one side and again on the other, the present general course of the road
for nearly a mile. The course of the Rian here, it will be noted, is
right through the actual present site of more than one dwelling-house.

We have now reached the brow of the steep hill overlooking
Lismore-Mochuda and the storied Black water of Munster. We have
got to within half a mile perhaps of the river. The last few
perches of the Rian which I have been able to verify have become
a deep watercourse. Diligent examination and repeated enquiries
have failed to elicit any satisfactory information as to the route hence
to the river. We can, however, locate the fords in the river, and from

120 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

them we may fairly infer the further course. Down the hillside and
across the ancient commonage of Ballyrafter there may have been no
fixed road. At any rate, it has not been found. The fords of the Black-
water at Lismore are two — one a few perches to the east of the present
bridge; the other nearly opposite to "the round hill," half a mile further
down. Both crossing-places have continued in use till quite recent times ;
in fact, the latter is still occasionally used. It is not unlikely that there
was a third ford at the present " Queen's Gap," a quarter of a mile to
west of Lismore Bridge. The city of Lismore was reached from the north
by either of these fords — most generally, it would seem, by the Round
Hill ford, which communicated (almost certainly by a continuation of the
' Ricm 1)6 ') with b6cap na Naoiti ('Bothar na Kaomh'). The road
last mentioned we may dismiss for the present, with the observation that
it was the ancient highway to Lismore, running east and west.

One would, perhaps, have expected the "Riom to cease* at its
junction with the b6cap na "Naorii ('Road of the Saints').' But it
continues its southerly course for at least four or five miles further.
We lose it for a quarter of a mile at, or about, its junction with the
Saints' Road. Probably ancient settlements or buildings have helped
to obscure the track at this point. The "Round Hill," it may be
well to explain, is a natural high and rounded gravel mound,
surmounted by earthen fortifications, and surrounded by a circular
rampart also, of course, of earth. It resembles in size and appearance
the pre-historic mound of New Grange, on the Boyne. We may be
able, with tolerable accuracy, to gauge the purpose of this great earth-
work, but when, or by whom, it was erected it would probably be
vain to speculate, and it is certainly outside the scope of the present
enquiry. Our Riom probably skirted the "Round Hill" on the
eastern side, and, running through the site of Mrs. Byrne's farmhouse,
reached a point a quarter of a mile or less to the south of the latter,
on the townland of Deerpark, which tradition enables us accurately
to fix. Fifty years ago the "Track" was physically traceable across
Deerpark, just as it is now visible to the north of the Blackwater.
Preservation of the "Rian in this place we owe to the enclosure
here, by royal licence, of 1,200 acres as a deer-park, in the reign of
James I., and to the consequent reservation from tillage, till a com-
paratively recent period, of the area enclosed.1 Many persons still
living distinctly remember the "Ricm here. Messrs. John O'Donnell

1 "We doe by these p'sents give and graunte licence & power to Sir Richard
Boyle his heirs", &c., that they may or anie of them maye, with pales ditches or
hedges or otherwise inclose imparke and from the use of husbandrie & tillage to
convert alter and turn and in severaltie for ever to hold retaine enjoy and have 1,200
acres or less of any the lands or grounds before by these p'nts graunted unto the sd
Sir Richard Boyle and the same to use and imploye to the breed of horses or for deere
at the will and pleasure of said Sir Richard Boyle," &c. (Patent Rolls, 2nd Jac. I.,
Public Record Office, Dublin).

[7b face page 120.

SKETCH-MAP, No. 4. — HIAN no PHADKAIG. (6 inches to 1 mile.)

Roadway physically traceable, heavy dark line thus, •••••MHM ; traditional, - -
conjectural, O O O O O O O.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 121

and John Farrell, of Deerpark, describe it as they saw it fifty years
ago — a double trench four or five feet deep and of about the same width
at the bottom. Some of the fields through which it lay perpetuate its
memory in their names — pdipc a' "Riam (' Pairc a'Riain'), &c. He
would be regarded as a daring man, half a century since, who would use
spade, pick, or plough, in or upon the trench. Across Pope's farm,
through the large field called Cnocdn (' Cnocan') — across the Lismore-
Killahalla new road at right angles — by the conterminous boundary -fence
of Pope's and Corbett's farms, and through the field called pdipc a Leapa,
('Pairc a Leasa'), the memories of Messrs. O'Donnell (70) and John
Farrell (65), aforesaid, and John Murray (90), Upper Bridane, carry the
ancient roadway till it escapes from us again at the south end of the
last-named field. Between this point and the Awbeg stream, a furlong
or two to the south, there is a stretch of bog and swampy bottom on
which, though no memory of the fact survives, it is probable turf was
formerly cut. This would effectually account for the disappearance here
of the Ricm. Whether or not turf -cutting took place in this bottom,
iron mining was certainly carried on here, and, as the existing mounds
and pits testify, on a somewhat extensive scale.

At the south side of the Awbeg our track again appears. It follows
a line of fence up the slope till it enters Deerpark wood. Half way up
the hillside, within the wood again, I traced it, with the assistance of
John Murray, already mentioned, who has lived here for close on a
century, and has wonderful stories of the "Rian, which he remembers
well. At the point last mentioned we lose the "Track" beyond
hope of recovery. The course is, however, towards the Bride, which
it should cross about Fountain. As there is no regular or well-
defined ford at this place, the matter becomes a puzzle. Perhaps
there was a ford anciently, afterwards deepened by the Earl of Cork to
render the Bride navigable to his iron works at Tallow.1 Be this as it
may, the tradition is persistent, and was as emphatic a century ago as
it is to-day, that the TCicm crossed the Bride at Fountain, and that
it ran to or in the direction of Kilwatermoy. It would appear
as if this southern prolongation were the line of communication
with Molana Abbey, on the lower Blackwater ; but theorising is
dangerous with the data at hand. Better content ourselves at the
present with the statement of ascertained and carefully verified facts,
and patiently await rediscovery of lost links of a long-forgotten chain.
At the south side of the Bride, and adjacent to the Camphire-
Tallow road, on the modern townland of Fountain, is a field known as
Ctaip a' Laoig ('Clais a' Laoigh'), in which a depression is pointed out

1 That the supposition is not so unlikely would appear from various Acts of the
Irish Privy Council for the improvement of inland navigation, &c. Thus, under date
April 7th, 1756, is a record of the sum of £6,000 passed by King's Letter for making
the Blackwater navigable from the coal-pits of Dromagh and Dysert, County Cork,
to Cappoquin ("Irish Council Book," No. 10, p. 211, Public Record Office, Ireland).

122 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

close by the road fence, as the identical spot where the outraged cow
overtook and executed dire vengeance on the cattle -thief. So generally
known was the legend, and so intimately did popular belief associate the
robber with this district south of the Bride, that, half a century ago,
natives of Kilwatermoy parish, when away from home, would not very
willingly admit their birth-place.

In connexion with the continuation southwards of the Ricm, the
Bealach Eocliaille will perhaps at once suggest itself to students of our
annals. The Bealach is thus referred to in the Four Masters, under
date 872 :—

"lnt>pea& na nt)6ipi la Ceapball 50 bealach nGocaille "
('Indreadh nanDeisi la Cearbhall go Bealach nEochaille') ; and again,
under date 1123: — uTTl6ppluai5ea& la Goipp6ealba mac Ruai&pi
Ui Concabaip co bealach Gocaille t)ia po gab gialla "Oeapmuriian
uile" ('Morsluaigheadh la Toirrdhealbhac mac Ruaidhri Ui Conchabhair
co Bealach Eochaille dia ro ghabh gialla Deasmumhan uile ').*

Is this continuation of the "Rian, southwards from Lismore, the
historic Bealach ? The raising of the question may tempt some more
favourably circumstanced student to undertake the investigation. It
might perhaps be inferred from its touch with the ancient religious
establishments of Fountain2 (' Gill Naoimh Fhiontan)' and Kilwatermoy
(' Cill Uachtair maighe '), that it was ecclesiastical in its origin, if not
in its character. It is curious, by the way, to note — perhaps it is more
than a mere coincidence — the existence of an ancient religious establish-
ment at every point where the Rian has crossed a river. Thus, at
Ardfinnan, Kildonoge, Lismore, and here now again at Fountain ! To
these instances we may add the crossing-place of the Blackwater by
the O6cap na "NaoTii at Affane.

The third section of our ancient roadway is in some respects the most
unsatisfactory. First of all, it does not follow a right line ; the latter
was rendered impossible by a navigable and unfordable river. In this
section, moreover, we suffer from a redundancy of ancient roads in one
place, total failure of our road in another, and uncertainty at half a
dozen points. Add to this that tradition is not on the whole as vivid
and definite here as it is in the last section. Indeed, too, the writer feels
bound to acknowledge that this portion of the subject has hardly been
sufficiently investigated. He proposes, however, to give the result of his
incomplete study of the matter for the present, with a promise to modify

1 872. << The plundering of the Deisi hy Cearhhal as far as Bealach Eochaille."
1123. "A great army was led by Toirdhealbhach, son of Ruaidhri Ua

Conchobhair, as i'ar as Bealach Eochaille, by which he took all the hostages of
Desmond" (O'Donovan's "Four Masters," vol. i., p. 518, and vol. ii., p. 1016).
See also editor's note, *, to first of foregoing extracts.

2 St. Fintan's Church is not marked on Ordnance Sheets. Its site was close to the
river at the north side of the present large apple orchard there. The " site of church "
marked on Ordnance Sheet, on south side of present Protestant church, appears to be
a mistake.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 123

or amplify the facts and conclusions, should kf urther discovery render
modification or amplification desirable.

The ancient main road east and west from Lismore presents no
difficulty. It can still be traced traditionally, without halt or break
from about the south-east angle of the townland of Glenmorishmeen in
the Barony of Coshmore and Coshbride, to the eastern boundary of the
townland of Knockalahara in the old parish of Kilmolash, a distance in
all of perhaps eight miles. Throughout practically the whole way the
ancient course is represented by roads and byways still in use. As has
been already stated, it is well known along the total at present discovered
line of its route as t)6cap na "Naorh ('Bothar na Naomh'). We first
identify it a mile or so to the west of Lismore, where it corresponds with
the modern road to Ferrnoy on the south side of the river. At the bend
in the present road, a few perches to the west of its junction with
the road to Tallow, the former swerves a little from the course of
its ancient forerunner of saintly memories. The bocap na llaorii
struck a more direct line to the rear (north) of the cottage known as
Eoseville, that is, along the southern boundary of Castlelands townland,
down the avenue leading from the public road to the farmyard of
Lismore Castle, out by the gate-lodge, and hence along or approximately
along the main road, through the main street of Lismore, and finally by
or along the conterminous boundaries of adjoining townlands for four
miles to the historic ford of Affane. On the road side (north), on Upper
Drurnroe, the now disused cemetery, " B-eilig Dheaglain," is passed. This
place has been identified as the birth-place of St. Declan, Apostle of the
Decies, by the late Yery Eev. Francis O'Brien.1 Curiously enough,
Irish-speakers on the west of the Blackwater seem to be entirely
unaware that the continuation of the road on the far side of the river
is known by the Irish- speakers of that region as b6cap na "Naoiii.
Conversely, dwellers along the section east of the Blackwater are
entirely unaware of a western section similarly named to their own.
The name " Ford of Affane " is tautological ; the word dc (' Ath ') is
incorporated in Affane, i.e. Qc TTIeaftoin ('Ath Mheadhoin '). This
place is occasionally referred to in the Irish Annals in connexion with
the advance of an invading army.2

From Affane, leading due east, the b6cap na Naorh corresponds
with the present public road to the termination of the latter, at a
point seventy or a hundred perches from the eastern boundary of
Knockalahara townland. The road was formerly continued twenty
perches or so further in the right line, but this short section has disap-
peared. Now a difficulty confronts us : we seem to have reached a cul
de sac. Neither tradition nor physical indication enables us to carry our

1 " Journal of the Waterford and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society,"
vol. i., p. 39.

2 "Annals of the Four Masters," under 1565, &c.

124 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

road further — north, east, or south ! Separated from us by only the
length of two small fields is the site of Kilcloher ancient church, the
circular enclosure of which is still traceable. Here, according to the
Bollandist " Secunda Vita," the founder of Lismore tarried for some
days with his retinue on their way from Rahin to the place of his
resurrection.1

Reverting to the "Ricm, which we have now carried to a point some
perches from the eastern boundary of Knockalahara. In front of us,
for half a mile, is a low-lying flat — part of the townland of Ballygambon
— known locally as TTI6iTi a hui&pe ('Hoin a huidhre '). Whatever
may be said of the second part of the name, there is no doubt of the local
meaning of the first word, m6m (' moin '), a bog — more accurately, a turf-
bog. There is now no indication of bog or turf, nor does tradition
remain of the former existence here of either ; but the name, fortunately
preserved, is evidence that turf was once cut on the flat — a fact which
would sufficiently account for the obliteration of any ancient roadway
across. The area to which the Irish name just quoted is applied termi-
nates, on the east, some perches from the brink of the Finisk River,
and exactly here, in line with the b6cap na "Naorh, we do actually
find an old lane leading east to the ford of the Finisk, through the
latter, and finally away indefinitely in a straight line towards Water-
ford city. Our concern with this ancient highway terminates just now
at the far side of the ford. From this point a second ancient line started
in a southerly direction, towards Ardmore. Throughout this latter
portion of its course our road is not popularly connected with St. Patrick
so much as with St. Declan. To St. Declan's holy city we can follow it
hence for twelve or thirteen miles ; sometimes it is incorporated in a
modern public road, and sometimes in a disused road. Occasionally all
physical traces have practically disappeared, but tradition definitely
fixes the course. A brief recital of the route will suffice. From the
ford southward, for the first half mile, it corresponds generally with the
present main road by the gate-lodge of Whitechurch House to Knockna-
scagh Cross-roads. Thence the course is plain to Goish Bridge, by the
old road, still occasionally used, along the western boundary of the
townlands of Clonkerdin, Ballygambon Upper, Keerin Upper, and Tina-
killy, and through Curraheen, Ballycullane, and Graigue. At Goish
Bridge the track is lost for a few perches. It was doubtless variable at
this point to correspond with the variation in power, volume, and course
of the Goish stream which it forded here. A few perches to the south
•of the ford it becomes visible again, as a by-road, running roughly
parallel with the main public road, at the width of some two or three
fields from the latter. About the middle of the townland of Creggs the
by-road ceases. Seventy years ago, however, the ancient road was

1 See Bollandists (Maii, vol. iii., p. 374) ; also O'Hanlon's " Irish Saints," May 14.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 125

clearly traceable along the eastern side of a line of fence, distant a couple
of fields' width from the public road to Clashmore, till it emerged on the
present connecting line of new road through Ballinure and Ballindrumma
(East aud West). Hence to the village of Cross it corresponded with the
public road still in use. Prom Cross our ancient road would seem to
have corresponded approximately with the modern public road along the
north boundary of Ballinamultina and south boundary of Clogheraun,
and thence, via Ballycurrane Schoolhouse, towards the Lickey lliver. A
quarter of a mile, or more, south from the schoolhouse the ancient track
diverges from the course of the modern road, and follows a by-road down
to the stream. The ford here gives its name to the townland on the
north side of the stream — Ughnagaraveel.1

On the south side of the stream the course is by a series of ancient
and partly disused borheens, via the north boundary of Drumgullane, and
through the Gush of Grange till we strike the main Dungarvan-Youghal
road. Near the crossing-place of the Lickey we pass a remarkable well,
known locally as Cobap na peippe2 (* Tobar na Feirse'). It will be
noted, too, that our road takes us by the very door, so to speak, of several
important "forts." There is one, for instance, on the townland last
named. This is Liop 5eiTie(*in (' ^ios Greineain'), which gives its ancient
name to the parish of Grange. From the point of junction with the
Dungarvan-Youghal road, already mentioned, to the most southerly part
of Ballybrusa West, the "Rian ('Bian') has been obscured, but reconstruc-
tion of the course from general tradition of the locality presents no
special difficulty. Throughout at least this particular portion of its
route, the ancient road was called O6cap na "Riol65 (' Bothar na Hiolog '),
i.e. "Road of the Bog Willow," and also " St. Declan's Eoad." There
is some uncertainty as to the exact line through Ballynamertina ; it
must have followed approximately the course of the existing road
running southward to Ardmore by the eastern boundary of the town-
lands of Curragh and Duffcarriek. For the last mile or so of its course
the modern representative, or rather perpetuation, of the venerable
highway of early Christian times is generally known to this day as
t)6cap na Cpfnpe ('Bothar na Trinse').3

To ensure completeness of our work, it will be necessary for us now
to retrace our steps to the ford of the Blackwater at Affane — marked on
the 6-inch Ordnance Sheet — Capdn na "Naorh ('Casan na Naomh '),
i.e. "Path of the Saints." From this point it appears highly probable,
if it is not actually certain, that a second and shorter, because more
direct, line of communication with Ardmore led, by the approximate

1 Gcnci s-Coripa-lthol (« Athnag-Corra-Mhiol'), i.e. " Ford of the Midges."—
" Ordnance Survey Name-Book," Mountjoy Barracks.

2 pei ri pe ('Feirse') is understood locally to mean a distaff— from peappaib
{'Fearsaid').

3 Gpfnr-e (' Tnnse ') is apparently the English word 'trench' — therefore " Eoad
of the Trench."

126 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

course of the present public road, along the south-west boundary of
Springfield, and through Quarter and Bewley, to a second ford of the
Finisk, at the present Kilmolash Bridge. Here, again, will be noted
the phenomenon of the ancient church-site close by the ford. This
place was first provided with a bridge some sixty years since. Long
previously, however — for centuries certainly, and, perhaps, from pre-
historic times — the spot was a well-known crossing-place, to which
ancient roads and paths converged. Thence up the hill-side, by the
western boundary of Kilmolash, through Woodstock,1 and along the
lane to the western boundary of Knocknaskagh Upper, our road is
easily traceable. At the crossing-place of the stream, between the two
townlands, the existing borheen system has evidently diverged consider-
ably from the line of its ancient forerunner. The latter probably
followed the barony boundary, and emerged above (somewhere about
the south-west angle of Ballygambon Upper) on the ancient White-
church- Ardmore road, already described. At this point of juncture,
by the way — that is, on Keereen Lower — was another ancient church-
site, not marked on Ordnance map.2

An account of the TCicm b6 pdtDpaig ('Rian bo Phadraig') would
be more or less incomplete without some reference to another ancient
road leading apparently towards Ardmore from the north. Like the great
track to Lismore from Cashel, already described, this second track is also
connected nominally with St. Patrick's Cow, but it is not at all as well,
or as generally, known as the Lismore "Riom. Like the latter, too,
this second track is traceable chiefly in the unreclaimed mountain on
the borders of counties of Tipperary and Waterford. Like the Lismore
road also, it appears as a shallow, double trench, grass — or heather —
covered, but clearly defined. The course appears to be S.S.E., instead
of due south, as on the Lismore road. Of this second line of road only
two sections are traceable with certainty, unless it be admitted (which,
I think, it must be) that the t)6cap (5aP^ (' Bothar Garbh '), running
south through Coolagortwee, Coolnacreena, Cluttahina, &c., to Affane,
is its continuation. The first section, which- is only half a mile or so in
length, is clearly visible from the plain of the Tar, like the cicatrised
mark of a gigantic sword-slash across the northern brow of Crohan
mountain, near the southern boundary of Tipperary. The second
section, about three-quarters of a mile in length, is a continuation (at
the distance of a mile and a half) of the first, across the nearly flat
summit of the townland of Middlequarter mountain (1,200 feet),
approaching the county boundary with Waterford. The mile and a

1 Recte Coill a' cip (' Coill a' chip '), " Wood of the Little Garden."

2 Yet another ancient church, or, at least, graveyard-site, was pointed out to me
in the townland of Affane, and within the grounds of. Aft'ane House. This my aged
(Irish -speaking) informant heard his father call Cill 5eil a' cpleibe (' Gill Bheil a'
tsleibhe'). Fiom analogy, I should he inclined to regard this as a graveyard merely
(no church)— improvised, perhaps, to receive the slain in the battle of Affane, 1564.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 127

quarter intervening between the two sections is a great cut-away turf-
bog, with a strip of reclaimed land, and the southern slope of Crohan Hill
at its southern end. Disappearance of the " track " on the south slope of
the hill (between the two sections still visible) is satisfactorily explained
by a great fire which occurred here over a century ago, and continued
for months, till the foot or more (in depth) of peat on which it fed was
burned out along the cap and southern slope of the hill. The second
surviving section of our ancient track passes close by the western base of
two remarkable elevations, or cones — Knockardbounce (1,296 feet) and
Knocknascolloge (1,426 feet) — and by the eastern base of Knocknanask
(1,591 feet), till it is lost again in TT16in a' bpdca (<M6in a' Bhraca')
(cut-away turf-bog — now a morass). At the place of its disappearance
the track was apparently running for the head of Coolagortwee, or
Glensheelane, valley, down which (continuing its regular course) it
would certainly continue on the approximate line of the present l)6cap
Japft, already alluded to. The t)6cari <5aP^ ran — and runs to-day, for
it is still in use — directly to Afrane, effecting a junction there with the
b6cari na "Naorh, and continues thence to Kilmolash ford, on the Finisk,
&c. By the roadside, in Cluttahinna townland, are two remarkable
monuments — one a stone, marked the "Earl's Stone" on the Ordnance
Sheet, on which tradition states the wounded and captive, but still
defiant, Earl of Desmond was allowed to rest after the battle of Affane,
and the other an ancient but now unenclosed and practically forgotten
burial-place, known as " Beam a na n-Garlach." This second "Riom
would appear to have been intended as a more direct line from the
ford of Kildonoge, on the Tar — and, consequently, from Ardfinnan
and Cashel, to Ardmore. It is true no trace of the track is discoverable
nearer to the Tar, or further north or west, than the northern slope of
Crohan mountain, already alluded to — a point distant, perhaps, two
miles from the ford with which we are supposing this road to have
communicated.

That there was yet another and somewhat more direct route from
Ardmore to the Munster capital would appear from the Life of
St. Declan.1 This — the oldest, most likely, of all the ancient roads —
would have come in from Molough, near Newcastle, probably via the
now superseded track along the conterminous boundary of Clashganny
and Middlequarter, and would have formed a junction, at the head
of Coolagortwee glen, with the bdcari 5ar^> °^ tragic memories.
The chief ford of the Suir at Newcastle was from Molough, on the
northern side of the river, to Clashganny, on the southern side. It was
approached from the north by a track corresponding to the present road
and lane by the abbey ruins, and from the south by the loreen leading

1 Bollandists, as above. The original Irish "Life," in the handwriting of the
chief of the Four Masters, is in the Koyal Library, Brussels.

T««r w <? A T $ Vol> xv-> Fifth Series. I K

Jour.R.S.A.I. j Vo] xxxy Consec Ser> j

128 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

down to the river through Clashganny. Here, again, appears the
phenomenon of a church heside the ford. In reality there were two
churches in this case — one on either side. The site of the second is
indicated by a mound and monumental pillar-stone in the field called
' Pairc na Cille,' close to the river, on the townland last named. Where
the btfcayi <5ar^ joins the townlands of Coolagortwee and Coolnacreena
there is a small hridge, called from the ancient ford here, t>eul dca na
Sdigeat)1 (' Beul atha na Saighead'). Allusion has already been made to
the mention of this Newcastle track, or of some such road, in St. Declan's
"Life." On more than one occasion the saint is recorded to have
ridden in his chariot over Slieve Gua towards Cashel. Once particularly
the journey to the neighbourhood of Ardfinnan, from the saint's
monastery by the southern ocean, is stated to have been performed in
a single night.2 On another occasion Declan, on his' way home to
Ardmore, passes close to Molough, where was then a house of religious
women, and, in connexion with the journey, the ford of the Suir at
Newcastle is specially mentioned.3

It is, perhaps, but fair to students, or intending students, of the subject
that they should be afforded facilities of verifying the statements (startling
in their degree as some of them may sound) made in the foregoing pages.
I beg, therefore, to append a list, far from complete, of Irish-speaking
residents along the various lines whose courtesy and topographical and
traditional knowledge helped me materially in my quest. Indeed,
without the assistance and traditional knowledge in question, the maps
could never have been compiled. Here follows my list of sage and
venerable living authorities who supplied a considerable portion of the
materials for this essay : —

IN COUNTY WATERFORD : —

Messrs. Donovan (Curragh) and Hallinan (Grallagh).

Messrs. Purcell and Philip Troy, Knockaneris.

Messrs. Murphy (Clonkerdon) and Brown (Rockfield).

Messrs. Gleeson (Knockalahara) and Leeson (Drumroe).

"William Hartery, Affane.

Messrs. Farrell and O'Donnell, Deerpark.

John Murray (Bridane) and Michael Phelan (Camphire).

John O'Donnell, Michael O'Donnell, and "William Lineen, Glentaun.

Dan Donovan, Tom Brunnock, and J. Crotty, Srough.

John 0' Gorman, Ballyinn.

Thomas and Bob Begley, Cooladullane.

Tom Fitzgerald and J. Nugent, Monalour.

1 StfiQ-eab (' Skighead '), gen. -$t>e (' -glide'), an arrow.

2 Irish " Life " (Brussels), fol. 175. s jbidtt fol. 133.

THE ANCIENT HIGHWAY OF THE DECIES. 129

IN COUNTY TIPPERAKY : —

Messrs Prendergast (Kildonoge) and "Walsh (Tullow) ; John
Mullany (Kilmaloge) ; O'Donnell (Killeigh) ; Morrissey (Crohan) ;
and Maher (Monatouk).

A brief explanation of the accompanying maps is necessary to a
complete understanding of this Paper.

The first, or general map, shows the whole fifty-two miles of "Rian,"
with the less authenticated track via Crohane Mountain and Coolagortwee
Glen, as well as the ancient road via Kilmolash. The capitals A to L
(along the line of " Rian ") of this map fit in with the respective cor-
responding capitals of the three large-scale maps. SciL — 'A' of small-
scale coloured map with 'A' of the detailed sketch-map, No. 2, I ; <CJ
of coloured map with ' C ' of detailed map, No. 2, II, &c.

The three detailed maps cover the ground between the first definitely
authenticated point of the "Rian" at Tullow, and its last (in the
straight line) on Deerpark Hill. Each of the three maps gives three
continuous sections of a mile and a third, making a total of four
miles a map, or twelve miles in all. The 'A' of Map 2 corresponds
with the position of Mrs. Murphy's house at Tullow ; the capital at
end of one line corresponds with same letter at commencement of line
following, and so on. It will be noted, however, in the case of the first
line (I, Map 2) that the latter is not continued to the end of the page.
The reason is obvious — curvature, which carries it outside longitude, or
space, available. Portions of the "Rian," physically and traditionally
traceable, are indicated by the dark line, while the dotted line marks the
parts exactly fixed by definite tradition only, and the line of small
circles — sections conjecturally restored.

130 THE ISLANDS AND COAST OF IRELAND.

AN OLD RENTAL OF CONG ABBEY.
BY MARTIN J. BLAKE.
[Submitted MAY 30, 1905.]

TN a manuscript in the Library of the British Museum (Additional MS.t
No. 4,787, at folio 1) there is contained a transcript copy, in Latin,
of a Rental of Cong Abbey, written in 1501 by Tadhg O'Duffy, a monk
of Cong Abbey, at the direction of William flavus 0' Duffy, Abbot of
Cong, who was then about to go on a journey to Rome. This transcript
was made for the use of the antiquary, Sir James Ware, in the first half
of the seventeenth century. Several blank spaces occur in the transcript,
which seem to indicate that the copyist was unable to decipher the words
or letters of the original O'Duffy rental at these points ; one of these
blanks, unfortunately, occurs in reference to the date at which the abbey
was refounded and rebuilt for the Canons Regular of St. Augustine.
According to the O'Duffy rental, the first monastic church at Cong was
built in the first year of the reign of Donnell, son of Aedh (Hugh), son
of Ainmire, King of Erin, who gave the site therefor. The first year of
his reign was A.D. 624, according to the u Annals of the Four Masters."
This first monastic church at Cong was founded by St. Fechin, although
the O'Duffy rental does not mention that fact. It was refounded for the
Canons Regular of St. Augustine, probably about A.D. 1137, by Turlogh-
more 0' Conor, King of Erin, who then built the earlier portion of the
abbey church, the ruins of which still remain; and he endowed the
abbey with much additional property. According to the O'Duffy rental,
Duffy O'Duffy was the first abbot of the new foundation. A u Duffy
O'Duffy, Abbot of Cong," died in 1223 (" Annals of the Four Masters "),
but he can hardly be identical with the Duffy O'Duffy mentioned in the
rental as being the first abbot of the new foundation. I am inclined to
think that the full name of the first abbot was Gilleduff, or Gillebard
O'Duffy, whose name is mentioned as Abbot of Cong in an inscription,
in Irish characters, on the pediment of the Market Cross at Cong.
Most of the early abbots of the new foundation were members of the
O'Duffy family.

The O'Duffy rental was produced at an Exchequer Inquisition taken
at Cong on the 4th of September, 1606, which finds what possessions, in
the County of Mayo, belonged to the Abbey of Cong at the date of the
suppression of monastic houses. This Inquisition states that Eneas
McDonnell, late Abbot of Cong, and all the canons of the said monastery,
had voluntarily surrendered the abbey and its possessions to the Crown

AN OLD RENTAL OF CONG ABBEY. 13]

on the 1st of March, 1542 (33 Henry VIII.) ; but as no record now
exists of any actual deed of surrender — voluntary or otherwise — it
may be safely assumed that this is merely a statement — not of a fact,
but — of an implication of law arising out of the Act for the suppression
of all Monastic Houses in Ireland, passed by the Irish Parliament in
1542 (33 Henry VIII., Session 2, chap. v.). The Inquisition mentions
most of the possessions in the County of Mayo belonging to the abbey,
which were enumerated in the O'Duffy rental ; and, in addition, states
that there belonged to the Abbey of Cong " one quarter of land called
Any, which Walter Bourke fitz Thomas fitz Edmond Albenagh gave to
the said abbey upon condition that if any woman of his race should take
the vow of chastity she should be supported and maintained by the
Abbey of Cong." This grant is not mentioned in the O'Duffy rental.
The " quarter of Any" specified in the Inquisition is the present town-
land of "Annies," which is situated on the eastern shore of Lough
Carra, in the parish of Robeen, barony of Kilmaine, County Mayo ; and
there are on that townland some remains of a building, which probably
was the nunnery established by said "Walter fitz Thomas Bourke, who
was "Mc William " of Clan William, and who died in 1440.

Appended is a copy I have made of the transcript contained in the
British Museum manuscript of the O'Duffy rental. It has been referred
to by Archbishop Healy in his Paper — " Two Royal Abbeys (Cong and
Inismaine) by the Western Lakes" (Journal, antea, pages 17, 18):—

"Ex VETERE MS. MONASTERII DE CONGA."

" In dei nomine Amen. Sciant universi per presentes quod
hsec sunt vera indubitata et authentica Rentalia de Conga in feodis
decimis aliisque commoditatibus et emolumentis a primo die dedi-
cationis ecclesiaB usque in hodiernum diem viz* —

Primus vir et illustrissimus Rex Hibernias als lernie Donaldus
filius Hugonis McAinmyreath valde devotus et Deo omnipotenti
obediens dedicavit et donavit deo et ecclesie dicte parcellam terre
que vocatur Inys[ jnastryndroma et omnes alias parcellas

terre per stagnum Duhrus usque et (ad ?) Dubrus. Idem et fundum
et solum in quo fundatum est Monasterium ipsum Anno primo
Dominationis sue et Monasterium ipsum dedicatum et re-edificatum

erat ccccc et Duvach O'Duvhay erat primus Dominus

Abbas Monasterii.

Item [ ] donavit villam de Crois cum pertinenciis deo et

Monasterio dicto.

Item dominus Dermitms McFergusa Rex Hiberniae villam de
Oroibhis donavit monasterio dicto cum pertinenciis.

Item Terentius magnus O'Concubhair donavit villam de
Oylynnium monasterio predicto cum pertinenciis.

132 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Item Edmundus Scotorum films Ullielmi de Burgo militis
donavit quartarium terre que vocatur Ardnagross monasterio dicto
et semi-villain de Lioslachane.

Item Thomas de Burgo filius supradicti donavit semi-villam de
Dromsilmoir et semi-quartarium de Dromsilbeg monasterio predicto.

Item Ristardus Equi filius Fiesucoba conductor equi Domini de
Burgo donavit semi-quartarium de [ ] monasterio predicto.

Item Tribunii [ ] de Burgo donaverunt segerium (sege-

tem ?) Canonicorum in villam de Robbo monasterio predicto.

Item Tribunii predicti donaverunt [ ] Canonicorum apud

Rathmolinge in villam de Sruthair monasterio predicto.

Et sic ad monasterium predictum spectat Templum Colemain
in villam predictam et murum ejusdem et Kill in Coemain de
adversa parte amnis et semi-quartarium terre collis que vocatur
Sancti Patricii ibidem.

Item Gibbunius Rectoris filius donavit semi-quartarium de
Tanihuachliahan monasterio dicto.

Item Donaldus filius Hugonis qui dicitur Magnus O'Flaghertach
donavit parcellam terre que vocatur Oilen-da-Chriunne in mare de
Conomara monasterio dicto.

Item Thomas Sh[eoigb] qui dicitur Ruff us donavit quartarium
terre que vocatur Cearhonangringineath et semi-quartarium que
dicitur Seaunihaeghfarraighain et quartarium de Killindubhacta
monasterio predicto.

Item Terentius magnus O'Coneubhair donavit Liosonanuibh in
suo territorio supra montem de Sliabhane monasterio predicto.

Item Rogerus filius supra dicti et Rex Hiberniae donavit villam
et terram de Cillmoirmuaidhe monasterio dicto et decimam piscium
totius amnis de Muaidh antedicti et funem campane ab omni nave
ad portam dictam gratia piscandi et mercandisandi pro tempore
devenienda monasterio predicto.

Item Cormacus McCarty Dominus sue nacionis donavit par-
cellam terre in patrimonia de Birra que dicitur Inis Conge et
funem campane supra dicto monasterio si quod naves pro tempore
deveniant ad portam de Duinboith.

Item Vaterus Vulli de Burgo donavit semi quartarium terras
que dicitur Killinratha monasterio predicto.

Hasc sunt omnia feoda supra dicta nominata mbnasterii predicti.

Nunc agendum est de decimis praediolibus personalibus et mixctis.

De Decimis.

Templum Yirginis Maries de Conga semi-villam in semi-villa de
Acholeathard semi-villam in villa de Athcuirce, etc.

Item Templum de Ruan in villa de Robo etc. semi-villam in villa
de Ballinrobo etc. Ecclesia Commanii 28 quartaria habet viz. semi-
villam de Scethelochain etc.

AN OLD RENTAL OF CONG ABBEY. 133

Item qnod nullus mundanus potest reare [ ] aliquid in

civitate Corcagiae nisi de licentia Ordinarie et ecclesie Abbatis de
Conga et ab illo die quo constituitur et creatur abbas Corcagise
tenetur reddere Abbati de Conga sex decem [ ]ccetas vel

semi marcas annatim ad deaurandum calices monasterii de Conga et
omnes vestes novi Abbatis de Corcagie tenetur [ ] reddere

thesaurio de Conga illo die.

Sed supra Connacus McCarty donavit f unem campane Monasterio
de Conga de una quaque nave ad portam Corcagie pro tempore
devenienda etc.

Sic finiuntur feliciter in nomine Altissimi Eentalia de Conga
tarn in feodis quam in decimis et per me Thadeum O'Duhi in
scriptum redant et relinquens postquam in curia verbatim Eomana
Willielmus flavus O'Duhi Abbas de Conga apud Josephum Pull
modo Eegistri reliquit X° Martii Anno Christi 1501."

The following is a translation of the above ; the inserted numerals
refer to the " NOTES" at the end of this Paper. Mr. Hubert T. Knox
has afforded me much assistance in identifying the names of places
mentioned in the O'DufTy rental with the modern names: —

"FROM AN OLD MANUSCRIPT OF THE MONASTERY or CONG."

" In the name of God, Amen. Let all know by these presents
that these are the true, undoubted, and authentic Eentals of Cong,
as well in fee as in tithes and in other commodities and emoluments,
from the first day of the dedication of the church down to the
present day — viz* —

The foremost man and most illustrious King of Ireland or Erin,
Donnell, son of Hugh McAinmire, a most devout and obedient
(servant) to Almighty God, dedicated and gave to God and to the
said church (of Cong) the parcel of land which is called Inys[ ]
nastryndroma, and all the other parcels of land along the lake (from)
Duhrus,1 down to Dubrus.2 And the same (king) gave the founda-
tion and the site on which the Monastery itself is built, in the first
year of his Eeign. And the Monastery itself was dedicated and
was rebuilt [ ] ccccc, and Duffy O'Duffy was the first Lord

Abbot of the Monastery.

Item, [ ] gave the town of Crois 3 with its appurtenances

to God and the said Monastery.

Item, the Lord Dermot McFergusa, King of Ireland, gave the
town of Croibhis 4 with its appurtenances to the said monastery.

Item, Turlogh Mor O'Conor gave the town of Oylynnium 5 with
its appurtenances to the aforesaid monastery.

Item, Edmund of the Scots,6 son of William de Burgo, knight,7
gave the quarter of land called Ardnagross and the half -town of
Lioslachane8 to the said monastery '.

134 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Item, Thomas de Burgo,9 son of the aforesaid, gave the half-
town of Dromsilmoir 10 and the half quarter of Dromsilbeg 10 to the
aforesaid monastery.

Item, Richard " Equi, son of Fiesucoba,11 master of the horse of
Lord de Burgo, gave the half quarter of [ ] to the aforesaid

monastery.

Item, the Tribunes [ ] de Burgo gave the plot (?) of the

Canons in the town of Robbo 12 to the aforesaid monastery.

Item, the aforesaid Tribunes gave [ ] of the Canons at

Rathmolinge 13 in the town of Sruthair u to the aforesaid monastery.

And there also belongs to the aforesaid monastery Temple
Colemain 15 in the aforesaid town and its wall, and Killin-Coemain 16
on the opposite side of the river,17 and the half quarter of land of
the hill called St. Patrick's w there.

Item, Gibbon, son of the Rector, gave the half quarter of Tain-
huachliahain 19 to the said monastery.

Item, Donnell,20 son of Hugh-more O'Flaghertach,21 gave the
parcel of land called Oilen-da-Chriunne 22 in the sea of Connemara
to the said monastery.

Item, Thomas Sh[eoigh],23 called Ruffus, gave the quarter of
land called Cearhonangringineath 24 and the half quarter called
Seaunihaeghfarraighain,25 and the quarter of Killindubhacta,26 to
the said monastery.

Item, Turlogh-more O'Conor gave Liosonanuibh 27 in his territory
beyond the mountain of Sliabhban 28 to the aforesaid monastery.

Item, Roderick, son of the aforesaid, and King of Ireland, gave
to the said monastery the town and land of Cillmoirmuaidhe 29 and
a tithe of the fish of the whole of the river of Muaidh 30 aforesaid,
and a bell-rope from every ship going from time to time to the said
harbour for the sake of fishing, and to trade to the monastery.

Item, Cormac McCarthy,31 chief of his nation, gave to the afore-
said monastery the parcel of land called Inis Conge in his patrimony
of Birra 32 and a bell-rope whenever ships might go to the harbour
of Duinboith.33

Item, Walter, (son of) William de Burgo,34 gave the half quarter
of land called Killinratha to the aforesaid monastery.

These are all the above-mentioned fee-simple property of the
aforesaid monastery.

Now we treat of the tithes and personal properties, mixed.
.* Concerning the tithes.

The church of the Virgin Mary at Cong ; a half town in the half
town of Acholeathard 35 ; a half town in the town of Athcuirce, etc.

Item, the church of Ruan in the town of Robo,36 etc.

The church of Commian37 has 28 quarters, namely the half-
town of Scethelochain,38 etc.

AN OLD RENTAL OF CONG ABBEY. . 135

Item, That no lay person can levy [ ] anything in the

city of Cork without the licence of the Ordinary and of the church
of the Abhot of Cong, and from the day on which he is constituted
and created, the Abbot of Cork is bound to yield every year to the
Abbot of Cong sixteen [ ]ccetas or half marks for gilding the

chalices of the monastery of Cong, and on the same day is bound to
hand over all the vestments of the new Abbot of Cork to the
Treasury of Cong.39

Moreover the above Cormac McCarthy gave to the monastery of
Cong a bell-rope from every ship whenever going to the harbour of
Cork.

Thus happily are finished in the name of the Most High, the
Rentals of Cong, both in fee and in tithes, and by me Tadhg O'Duffy
put into writing word for word ; and afterwards the Reverend
Father in Christ, William flavus O'Duffy, Abbot of Cong, leaving
for the Court of Rome, left it for a register with Joseph Pull, on
the 10th of March in the year of Christ 1501."

136 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

NOTES.

1 " Duhrus " ; this may be identical with the two quarters of Dowrishe mentioned
in the Composition of Mayo in 1585, as being in the Barony of Kilmaine, County
Mayo ; or it may be identical with the island called Inishdauros, in Lough Corrib.

2 " Dubrus," probably identical with Dowrusse, the name of a quarter of land
in the Barony of Ross, in Joyce country ; in the Composition of Mayo in 1585,
"McThomas" — i.e. Chief of his name of the sept of the Joces—

quarter of land free from the Composition rent.

3 " Crois," now Cross, a village in the parish of Cong.

4 "f Croibhis," the Craebhs, now middle, north, and south Creeyagh, three town-
lands in Cong parish.

5 " Oylynnium," possibly the " Neale," a well-known town and parish in the
Barony of Kilmaine, County Mayo.

6 " Edmund of the Scots." This was Sir Edmond Albanagh de Burgo, son of
Sir William Liath (the Grey) de Burgo. This Edmond de Burgo was the common
ancestor of the Mc William Bourkes of Mayo ; he was implicated in the murder, in
1338, of his kinsman, Edmond de Burgo, second son of Richard de Burgo, the " Red "
Earl, and, after that event, fled to Scotland, where he lived for many years, and then
retumed to Ireland ; he died on 4th November, 1375.

7 " "William de Burgo, knight." He was Sir William de Burgo, styled " Liath,
or the Grey," first cousin of Richard de Burgo, the " Red" Earl; he died on 12th
February, 1324, and was buried in the "Presbitery" of the Dominican Abbey at
Athenry, according to the Register of that Abbey (Sloane MS., No. 4784).

8 " Lioslachane," now Lisloughry, in Cong parish.

9 "Thomas de Burgo," eldest son of Sir Edmond Albanagh de Burgo. This
Thomas was knighted by King Richard II. in 1395, and was styled " McWilliam "
of Clan- William ; he died in 1401.

10 " Dromsilmoir," " Bromsilbeg," now the townlands of Drumsheel, near Cong.

11 " Richard, son of Fiesucoba." This was Richard, styled " O'Cuairisci" (the
warrior), son of Edmond de Burgo, styled "na-Fiesoge " (of the beard) ; Richard was
"McWilliam" of Clan- William, and died in 1478; his father Edmond, who was
also " M»William " of Clan-William, died in 1458.

12 " Robbo," now Ballinrobe, in the Barony of Kilmaine, County Mayo.

13 "Rathmolinge," now Ramolin, a townland near the old church of Shruel,
County Mayo.

14 " Sruthair," now Shruel, a village in the Barony of Kilmaine, County Mayo.

15 "Temple Colemain," the church of St. Colman, probably the Abbey-church
close to the old church of Shruel. This St. Colman was a native of Connaught,
who became Bishop of Lindisfarne, in Northumbria ; he founded a church in the
island of Boffin in 668 ; and also founded the Monastery of Mayo about 670, for
Saxon monks be had brought over from Lindisfarne, which monastery was conse-
quently called " Mayo of the Saxons." St. Colman died 8th August, 676.

16 " Killin-Coemain," the church of St. Coemhan, situate probably at Killeen, in
the parish of Donaghpatrick, in the Barony of Clare, County Galway. St. Coemhan
was brother to St. Kevin, of Glendalough, County Wicklow. The south island of
Arran, in Galway Bay, was called Ara-Coemhan, after St. Coemhan, who is there
buried in a church dedicated to him.

1407 (

AN OLD RENTAL OF CONG ABBEY NOTES- 137

17 " The river." This is the Black river, which divides the counties of Mayo' and
Gal way near Shruel.

18 " The hill called St. Patrick," in the parish of Donaghpatrick, Barony of Clare,
County Galway.

19 " Tainhuachliahain," now Tonaleeaun, a townland in Cong parish.

20 « Donnell " O'FJaghertach. He was Lord of West Connaught, and was slain
in 1410 (" Annals of the Four Masters ").

" Hugh-more O'Flaghertach." He was Lord of West Connaught, and died in
[" Annals of the Four Masters").

22 " Oilen-da-Chriunne," now Crump Island, which lies about a mile north of the
old castle of Renvyle, off the Connemara coast.

23 " Thomas Sheoigh." Thomas Joyce, styled " Ruadh " (the Red). The Joyces
were a Welsh tribe, which settled in that part of the Barony of Ross, County Galway,
still known as " Joyce country," early in the reign of King Edward I.

24 "Cearhonangringineath," now Griggins, a townland in Ross Barony, parish of
Cong.

25 "Seaunihaeaghfarraighain," now Shawnafaraughan, a townland in Ross
Barony, parish of Cong.

26 " Killindubhacta," now Dooghty, a townland in Ross Barony, parish of Cong,
where there exists a holy well called Tobar-Fechin.

27 "Lisonenuibh," now Lissonuffy, a parish in the Barony and County of
Roscommon, about five miles south-east of Strokestown, beyond the Slewbane
mountain.

28 " Sliabhban," now Slewbane, a mountain in the County of Roscommon.

29 " Cillmoirmuaidh," now Kilmore-moy, or Kilmore, a parish partly in the
Barony of Tyrawley, County Mayo, and partly in the Barony of Tireragh, County
Sligo.

30 "Muaidh," the Moy, a river which divides the counties of Mayo and Sligo at
Ballina. The salmon-fishery of the River Moy is well known to this day.

31 "Cormac M'Carty." He was King of Desmond from 1123 to 1138. It wa&
he who built the beautiful chapel known as Cormac's Chapel, on the Rock of Cashel ;
he also refounded and built and endowed the church of St. Finbar at Cork, for the
Canons Regular of St. Augustine, in A.D. 1137; and made it a condition of his
endowment that the Abbey at Cork should receive pilgrims from Connaught — they
being the countrymen of St. Finbar, who first founded a monastic church at Cork
about A.D. 606. Cormac's endowment to the Abbey at Cork was confirmed by a
charter, granted in A.D. 1174, by his son, Dermot McCarthy, King of Munster
(Desmond), a transcript of which will be found in Additional MS., No. 4793, folio 65,
in the British Museum ; it expressly states that Cormac had built and endowed the
Abbey at Cork for "Maurice, the High Bishop, and for Gregory, and for their
successors the pilgrims from Connaught, the compatriots of St. Finbar." Cormac
McCarthy of Desmond, and Turlough more O'Conor of Connaught, had been con-
tinuously at war between A.D. 1123 and A.D. 1134, and in 1133 the men of Desmond
had raided Connaught, and plundered the old church at Cong, whereupon Turlough
O'Conor prepared to invade Desmond to punish Cormac. But in these circumstances,
in A.D. 1134, through the intervention of Muiredheach O'Duffy, High Bishop of
Connaught, and of Gilla-Aedha O'Muidhin (as I think), a treaty of peace was
concluded between Turlough O'Conor and Cormac McCarthy ; and, in all probability,
it was made a condition of this treaty that Cormac should build and endow the church
at Cork for the Canons Regular, and should also grant the various privileges and
endowments to the Abbey of Cong mentioned in the O'Duffy rental. King Cormac
was slain in A.D. 1138 by Turlough O'Brien and the people of Thomond (" Annals of
the Four Masters").

138 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

82 « Birra," now Berehaven, in Desmond territory (County Cork).

33 "Duinboith," now Dunboy.

34 " Walter, son of William de Burgo." He was probably the Walter de Burgo
(son of Sir William Liath de Burgo) who was starved to death at Greencastle by his
kinsman, William de Burgo, the "Brown" Ea,rl of Ulster, in A.D. 1332.

35 " Acholeathard," now Aghalard, a townland in Cong parish, near Cong.

36 " Robo," now Ballinrobe.

^ 37 "Church of Commian," now Kilcommon, the name both of a parish and a
townland in Kilmaine Barony, County Mayo.

38 " Scethelochain," now Skealoghan, a townland in Kilcommon parish.

39 See note31.

( 139 )

NOTES ON THE MAC RANNALS OF LEITRIM AND THEIR
COUNTRY: BEING INTRODUCTORY TO A DIARY OF
JAMES REYNOLDS, LOUGH SCUR, COUNTY LEITRIM,
FOR THE YEARS 1658-1660.

BY THE REV. JOSEPH MEEHAN, C.C.
[Read MARCH 29, 1904.]

" "Where glides by Leitrim's verdant fields

The Shannon's lordly flood,
Upon a gently -sloping hill
MacRannalPs castle stood." l

^PHE writer of the Diary belonged to the old Keltic family of the
Mac Ragnaills, of Leitrim.

Camden, in " Britannia," published in London in 1617, says of this
county : — " The principle families are O'Rorck, O'Murrey, Mac Lochleein,
Mac Glanchie, and Mac Granell, all downright Irish." Camden has
a way all his own for writing these " downright Irish" surnames.
Though, however, like O'Rourke, spelt in Keltic in half-a-dozen
fashions, Mac Rannall, more fortunate than O'Rourke, is invariably
Anglicised as Reynolds.

Accordingto a marginal note in the Book of Feenagh, they are descended
from Ragenall, son of Muirceardoig Maol, of the race of Conmac, son of
Fergus ; and so the surname is accounted for. The first of the family to
change his name from Mac Rannall to Reynolds was Thomas, grandfather
of John, the builder of Lough Scur Castle, and therefore great-great-
grandfather of the diarist. He did so in obedience to an Act of Queen
Elizabeth's Parliament, " for which, and for bringing his country to the
obedience of the Crown of England, and introducing the English customs
and fashions among them, he was called Mac Rannall Galdda (the English
Mac Rannall), and also Magrannell." 2

The bearers of the name were the chief family of Muinter Eolais.
Muinter Eolais was a part of Brefny. This is attested by ancient
maps and documents. A map as old as 1150 so indicates it; an official
document as recent as 1585, " Perrot's Indenture," confirms it.
" Wytnesseth," states this indenture made between Perrot, Lord
Deputy General of Ireland, " f or and behaulfe of the Queen's most

1 From Poems by Mr. John M< Donald (Dromod).

2 " Annals of the Four Masters."

140 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

excellent Majesty [Elizabeth] of the one parte, and . . . Sir Brian
O'Royrke, of Dromahaire, Knt., Cahall McConnor Carragh Magrannyl, of
Irishmurryne, otherwise called Magrannell, of Moynishe, chief of his
name, Tirlaghe McMolaghline oge Magrannyll, of Dromarde, otherwise
called Magrannyle, of Clonmolaghlyne, chief of his name, &c., on the
•other parte . . . that wheare the whole territory called O'Royrke' s
country, comprendeth Breny O'Royrke, both the Moynterolyes," &C.1

Among the ancient documents in the possession of the Dublin Corpo-
ration is a curious old map of Ireland drawn in the eighteenth century
by Charles O'Connor. In it are inserted the principal families of Irish
and English extraction who possessed the kingdom at the beginning of
that century ; and the family of the Reynolds are seen to own South
Leitrim.

MOINTER EOLAIS, or MOY REIN, comprised the whole' of what is now
regarded as South Leitrim (i.e. the present three baronies of Mohill,
Leitrim, and Carrigallen), and extended besides over a portion of County
Roscommon and the parish of Killoe, North Longford. It included
within it, amongst other houses of note, the Castles of Rinn, Lough Scur,
Leitrim, Jamestown, built by Sir Charles Coote about 1625, Castlefore,2
erected by Colonel Coote about twenty years later, Cloncorrick,8 and
Longfield. The latter two were numbered among the many fortresses of
the O'Rourkes. Leitrim Castle was one of their frontier strongholds.
It was thither O'Sullivan Beare made his way in January, 1603, in his
Xenophon-like retreat from Glengariffe ; and princely was his welcome,
and most hospitable the entertainment bestowed on his poor, shattered
followers.

Jamestown, though it was, as stated, built by Sir Charles Coote about
1625, yet in 1642 we find it occupied by the O'Rourkes. In the Diary
of Sir Frederick Hamilton, of Manorhamilton — a rare reprint of which
happens to be in the writer's possession — there is the following entry,
which shows this, under date January 30, 1642 : —

11 This day, Owen O'Rourke, with the assistance of Colonell Con Mac
Donnell O'Rourke, and his regiment from James Towne, with the O'Connors
and MacGawrans, from the Counties of Sligoe and Cavan, to the number of
1500 or 1600 men, burnt our town and mills of Mannour Hamilton,
which lay upon the rogues retreat from that good service," &c.4

1 " lar Connacht," p. 346.

2 Beside this castle was born Peregrine O'Duignan, one of the Four Masters.
He belonged to a Bardic family ; they were hards and historians to the Mac Derraotts,
of Roscommon, and Mac Donoghs, of Sligo. Peregrine was ollave to the former.
St. Barry (flourished sixth century) was bom at Gortnalogher, in the parish of Cloone.
He was interred at Tarmonbarry, near Dromod.

3 Fide M'Parlan's " Statistical Survey of Leitrim."

4 We give the remainder of this entry for its own sake : — " Our Colonell not being
provided otherwise to entertain them, endeavouring the safety of his people, who God
preserved within his castle and bourne ; yet caused he to be hanged upon the
gallowes in their view, Con O'Rourke, brother to their great Colonell, Owen, and
Connor Mac Lougblin, chief of that name, two of the ablest and most dangerous men
in the county."

MACRANNALS OF LEITRIM AND THEIR COUNTRY. 141

Muinter Eolais, besides fortresses, also comprised the religious
foundations of Jamestown, Lough Scur, Annaduff, and the widely
known Feenagh of St. Caillen. Dun-Baile, orFeenagh, was an old-world
University. According to a saying ascribed to St. Columba, 1200
" saints" were living there in the time of Caillen.1 All these, both
castles and religious establishments, are now in ruins. Others, too, are
mentioned in the "Annals," "MonasticonHibernicum," &c., but all traces
of them are now obliterated. It was in the Franciscan Monastery of
Jamestown that the Roman Catholic prelates and clergy held a convention
in 1650, issued their declarations, and appointed commissioners to treat
with any foreign power to aid them in opposing the Parliamentary
army.

The REYNOLDS COUNTRY is further thickly studded over with raths and
duns and " giants' graves," or cromleacs, and with, besides, it is believed,
some genuine Druidical altars. Quite close to Feenagh Lough, to the
north, in the townland of Greagh, is a remarkable cromleac, or, more
likely, I think, a Druidical altar. In the Ordnance Survey Sheets,
No. 29, it is marked barely as a "giant's grave" ; locally it is termed
" Leaba Diarmid agus Graine," or " Dermot and Graine's bed " — a term
applied by the peasantry to, indiscriminately, all cairns and dolmens. At
Edintinny, near Ballinamore, are the ruins of an altar which is claimed
to be that of the famous deity, Crom Cruach. Before it stretches the
plateau of Magh Slecht. Crom Cruach and his sun-gods twelve, over-
thrown by St. Patrick in A.D. 434, are seen around in a very abject con-
dition indeed. It differs in many respects from the ordinary sepulchral
monument or cromleac.

Muinter Eolais, and, indeed, Leitrim, although Borlase in his
11 Dolmens" devotes but a page or two to them, contains more raths and
forts, and " giants' graves " than, perhaps, any other county in Ireland.
This would attest its very early occupancy. In North Leitrim country
folk have the saying, " You cannot stand on one fort without seeing
three from you." So plentiful are they that cresset fires might be readily
flashed in a double or treble chain all the way from the Bundrowes,
beside Bundoran, to Slieve-an-Ierin (or the Iron Mountain), near Drum-
shambo, the first resting-place of the mist-enshrouded Tuatha-de-Danann.
Further south, in the Mac Rannali country, giants' graves crown the
conical hills of Shejenmore. Amongst them is pointed out the mound of > A-*-
Finn Mac Cumhal's son, Fillan, doubtless a veritable " giant's grave."
Fillan was slain in a duel by Cahoier Mor, King of the Firbolgs. Conal
Gulban, one of the fourteen sons of Niall of the Nine Hostages, and

1 Donald Conn was a prophet, so it is said, who lived beside Feenagh, in the reign
of Charles II. He dealt in most unlikely-looking prophecies, and yet many of them
the Leitrim peasantry recount as having come to pass. Amongst the unfulfilled ones
is one that at a funeral the people will seek refuge from a heavy downpour of" rain
under the walls of Feenagh. But part of the roof will fall in and bury the whole of
them. Among the killed is to be " the wisest man in Leitrim."

142 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

ancestor of the O'Donnells, a noble and ancient family, the last repre-
sentatives of whom have made Leitrim1 their home for over two centuries
past, went down similarly before Ferga, Prince of Brefny. His sepulchre
is to be seen on a hill above Feenagh.

I should scarcely omit that, greatest honour of all, a plain near the
village of Battle Bridge in the Mac Rannall country claims against the
plain of Cong to be the genuine Southern Moytura where was fought,
in or about 1897 B.C., the fierce pitched battle between the Firbolgs and
the invading, magic-aided Tuatha-de-Danann. As became the Hastings
of two such mighty peoples, the engagement lasted four whole days.
Twenty-seven years later the conquering invaders became in turn the
invaded, and had to fight it out all over again with the incoming
Fomorians. This second great conflict took place some miles nearer the
sea, at Kilmactranny, County Sligo, according to the historian of Sligo.
Sir James Fergusson, however, in his "Rude Stone Monuments," maintains
that the Fomorians were met and conquered some twenty miles nearer
the sea at Carrowmore, beside Ballysodare Bay ; and the Society in its
last excursion to Sligo (in 1897), as well as the Field Naturalists' Clubs
last summer (1904), seem to have followed without any misgiving this
high authority. Dr. O'Rorke expresses much surprise at the mistake
of the distinguished antiquary.2

As these decisive battles of the pre-Christian Keltic world took place
some 600 or 700 years before the siege of Troy, or about as long before-
the birth of Christ as we are now after it, we cannot be too sure as to
particulars, nor even, I am afraid, can we be too confident that we shall
ultimately discover decretorial data to establish such main facts as the
location of either the battlefields, whether that of the Moytura of the
Firbolgs, or of the Moytura of the Fomorians. I recognise it is now
taken for granted, though Hennessy, for one, throws doubt on the existence
of any such battlefield,3 that Cong is the site of the Southern Moytura,
or Moytura of the Firbolgs. The proofs of this, too, are in a great
measure of the nature of " taken for granted."

Douglas Hyde, indeed, boldly advances the rather revolutionary
statement that " the whole story of the Tuatha Di Danaan [_sic~] contend-
ing with Fomorians is all obviously mythological."4 This he proves
by quoting other no less weighty authorities. But we remain uncon-
vinced. Before the discoveries at the antiquarian excavations at Troy
some twenty years ago, the opinion of the hypercritical school of Mommsen
and Niebuhr was gaining ground, that Priam and Priam's sons never

1 At Larkfield, Manorharailton.

2 Dr. O'Rorke's "History of Sligo," vol. ii., p. 269. Dr. Healy, Archbishop of
Tuam, seems to think, however, that Carrowmore is the genuine spot ; at all events,
he does not agree with Dr. O'Rorke that Carrowmore is merely the name of a battle
fought as late as 1398 A.D. (vide his Review of Dr. O'Rorke's work in the Irish
Ecclesiastical Record}.

3 Vide Preface to " Annals of Loch Ce," edited by Hennessy ; published in 1871.
* " Literary History of Ireland," p. 287.

MACRANNALS OF LEITRIM AND THEIR COUNTRY. 143

had been, and that Ilium itself was to be considered a city that never
was. In ancient Erin, between invaders and invaded there must have
been battles, let them have been fought where you will. Men have
not made much advance in their respect for the dead. Even if individual
prowess was not then of such vast account, it was quite as natural for
the rude pre-historic victors to raise monuments to their fallen brothers,
monuments too demonstrating what they set store by — immense strength
and labour — as for the English to pile up a lion-crowned mound, of grace-
ful outlines, at Waterloo.

I should readily allow though that the wonderful feats of arms
claimed in saga or tradition for the conquering heroes may be set down
to the equally extraordinary flights of the imagination of our early
Keltic Homers, partially prompted, it may be, by their efforts to
adequately explain such cromleac-strewn plains as that in the
Mac Rannal country, in Leitrim, or at Moytura (so called), in
Kilmactranny.

Fighting the first Moytura battle in Leitrim squares best, one can
readily see, with all the undisputed facts. Further, in the Leitrim
district mentioned, cromleacs, mounds, raths, and cairns were, if not as
plentiful as at Cong, so very numerous that, to borrow an expression of
Petrie's in a letter to Sir Thomas Larcom, " one can hardly look over a
ditch without seeing some of these remains." The number is now much
reduced. Similarly at Carrowmore, where Petrie, in 1837, counted sixty-
three croraleacs, and where, he states, there could not have been
originally less than one hundred, one can now barely count fourteen or
fifteen. " The most extraordinary sight which I ever saw," says this
antiquary, " or which can be seen in the way of pagan antiquities in
Great Britain, is the assemblage of sepulchral stones and cromleacs at
Carrowmore."1

In this connexion I should not miss mentioning that at Rathcroghan,
which, though in County Roscommon, is but five miles from Carrick-on-
Shannon, the capital of Leitrim, and lies within the Mac Rannal territory,
most of the kings of the race of Heremon were buried. King Dathi, the
last pagan monarch of Ireland, while leading his army on a continental
raid, was struck dead by lightning at the foot of the Alps, in the
beginning of the fifth century of our era. But home to Moy Rein his
faithful soldiers carried the body. It was buried at ."Rathcroghan,
" where to this day," wrote Duald MacFirbis in 1666,2 " the red-stone
pillar remains on a stone monument over his grave."

The MacRannals, of Leitrim. have been traced back both to the
Ulster kings of the line of Ir, son of Milesius, and also through Queen
Maeve to Connaught kings of the line of Heremon. From the latter
they inherited the territory of which Muinter Eolais is a part. Though,

1 Stokes's "Life of Petrie," p. 259.

2 As quoted by "Wakeman in his " Handbook," p. 18.

T v <i \ i $ v°l- xv-» Fifth Ser. ) T

Jour.R.S.A.I. Vol XXJj/ Cone Se

144 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

perhaps, the oldest and strongest family in the county, yet they were
early subdued, and were made tributary to the O'llourkes, whose
principal stronghold was at Carrigpatrick (now called Dromahair),1 in
the north of the county. They usually appear in native annals as peace-
ably acknowledging the suzerainty of the Princes of Brefny, but now
and then they are revealed as having thrown aside their dependence, and
setting up as rival tanists. In 1184, e.g., one of them slew Awlave, son
of Fergal O'Kourke, Prince of Breffny, and in 1223 Breffny O'Rourke
was plundered by the MacRannals ; but in 1176 all the Reynold chiefs
had been slain by Cathal. In 1419 Geoffrey MacRannall assisted as
chief of his clan at the inauguration of Art, son of " Teigue O'Ruarc,"
overlord of Breffny. On many pages of Irish history, as is but to be
expected, the MacRannalls figure. In 1535, for instance, MacRannall,
Archdeacon of Kells, in Kilkenny, was deputed by Silken •Thomas to
solicit aid in his insurrection from Pope Paul III., and the Emperor
Charles V. The "Book of Clonmacnoise " has a record of another of
them, not quite so honourable. He died at Christmas, 1409, from
a surfeit of aqua vita. " Mine author sayeth," writes McGeoghegan,
the translator, very quaintly, " that to him it was not aqua vita but aqua
mortis"

John Reynolds, who died in 1632, grandfather of the diarist, was a
captain in the Elizabethan army, and he it was that built the island-
castle of Lough Scur, hence sometimes called Castle John. It was
erected about the year 1570, and at the time James wrote these notes,
was the residence of his parents. Throughout the diary the name is
constantly cropping up. Quite close to the beautifully-situated mansion,
erected by the first Earl of Leitrim in the early part of the last century,
on the shore of Lough Rynn, are seen the ruins of another castle of the
MacRannals, which was also erected in or about the year 1570.

At the present day the country round Mohill and Drumshambo is full
of traditions about the island-fortress of Lough Scur, and about the
cruelty of John Reynolds, nicknamed Seaghan Na-g-Ceann, or John-of-
the-Heads, from his summary way of dealing with his prisoners. One of
his cruellest acts was the butchery of all the leading chiefs of Muinter
Eolais. He invited them to Lough Scur Castle to a banquet, but no
sooner had they laid aside their arms than they were set upon and
assassinated to a man (Cronnelly's " Irish Family History," p. 73),
This was in the time of Queen Elizabeth. He was the first to conform
to the established religion, and he cared little for St. Caillen's threats,
or St. Columbkille's prophecies, which dealt specially with the race of
Conmac. " This Booke" writes James Reynolds, " I bought ye 21st
March, 1658, in Fleet-street [London]," and it was compiled day by day
as events seemed to him worth recording, from that till the 23rd of May,

1 It was also called sometimes " Bally- Orourke."

MACRANNALS OF LE1TRIM AND THEIR COUNTRY. 145

1660, when the book was filled. He then started entering up another
Diary. But the latter, if accomplished, is not now known to exist.
Neither are some other MSS. written by him to which he refers in these
Memoirs.

HUMPHREY REYNOLDS, the author's father, was one of the most noted
men of his time, and the greatest of the family for many centuries. He
had in 1610 license for markets both in Clone [Cloone], in Leitrim, and
in Dounamona, in County Mayo. He was, moreover, prison-keeper for
•County Leitrim.

In the Irish Archaeological Society's "Tracts relating to Ireland "
(vol. ii., p. 67) it is recorded that his father, John, and himself were
appointed gaolers in County Leitrim — a post that in those days could be
filled only by men of position.

In notes in the Library of the British Museum (5783/2) it is
stated that "the ancient or ' mere ' Irish had also their prisons, or
places of punishment. For the former in early times they generally
selected 'Drus,' or fortified houses, and sometimes fastnesses in islands.
At later periods they made use of old castles in imitation of the English.
Thus in the Lake, called Lough Scur (Irish — Lohain Scuir), situate in the
County of Leitrim, there is an island known as Prison Island, oilean
<a ppiopeon, wherein according to tradition, MacRannall [Reynolds],
lord of Muinter Eolais, confined his prisoners." An island of the same
.name, which name doubtless denotes a similar origin, is in Lough Derg,
in County Donegal, a mile or so, if I remember aright, from the well-
known Pilgrim Island, and another, of apparently crannoge formation, in
Lough Laine, or Glencar's beautiful lake in North Leitrim. Local
tradition has it that the last-mentioned belonged to the O'Rourkes, and
that on it the first iron sword in Ireland was fashioned. In a novel,
published as a serial simultaneously in Dublin and Boston about a dozen
years ago, The Knight of Glencar, a description of this island prison, and
•of the vast difficulty in escaping from it despite the apparent flimsiness
of its walls and ramparts, is very graphically sketched. The description
was founded on historic fact.

The diarist's father enjoyed a third important position. In 1619
•the office of Auditor of the Court of Wards was created, and then
Humphrey Reynolds was its first occupant. He was appointed for life
by patent, dated Dublin, 25th January, 1619, but he surrendered in 1627.
In "King James's Army List" three Miss Dalys, of County Galway,
are mentioned as his wards. This Humphrey was indeed a man of many
activities. He was elected Member of Parliament for Leitrim in the
Irish Parliament in February, 1639. But he was but one of the many
members of the family that represented the county. A William
Reynolds, also of Lough Scur, an uncle of his, was Member in 1613 ; and
his youngest son, John, styled "Major John," along with Theophilus
Jones, represented Leitrim in 1692 and 1695; while a Captain Edmond

146 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Reynolds had the distinction of being one of our Members in 1688-9, in
King James's Parliament. This Captain Edmond, styled " of Leitrim,"
with half-a-dozen of his kinsfolk of Dublin, are in consequence of their
adhesion to James, in the black list of the attainder of 1691.

The above-named Major John's will is dated 1699, and a good many
particulars of his life are known. He is mentioned as " of Kilbride,"
and in the patent of 1666 "the Vicarage of Tullagh and Kilbride, in
Leitrim," is referred to. He married a Jane Pottinger. She was, there
is reason to believe, his second wife. On his death this lady had, as a
second husband, Sir E. Butler. He soon died, and then she married
Vesey, and so became the ancestress of the Veseys of Lucan. ( Vide
"Burke's Peerage/')

The year 1691 was not the only time that the Reynolds family
suffered for either their genuine patriotism or for an unhealthy growth
of the sybil's prophetic instinct — an instinct with which they would
seem to have been pretty liberally endowed.

After the rebellion beginning on the 23rd October, 1641, their lands
were seized.1 However, under the "Acts of Settlement and Explanation,"
by patent dated 10th November, in the eighteenth year of the reign of
King Charles II., they were restored, and our diarist, James, is the
representative of the family to whom they were made over. In Roll
18th Charles II. (second part, face, skin 23) his name "James Reynolds,
Esq., Loughscur Castle, &c.," is mentioned, and the titles and acreage of
the restored lands are given in minute detail. They are found to amount
to over 10,000 Irish acres. Of these, 6,661 were situated in Leitrim,
and over 1000 in Roscommon. This patent was enrolled on 23rd
November, 1666.2 Another Reynolds, belonging to Newcastle, County
Dublin, also lost his estates at the same period ; and I am not sure but
that he was a relation of the English Sir John Reynolds, so noted in
Irish history, who was a brother-in-law of Henry Cromwell, and who
perished on the Goodwin Sands in 1657. I have not succeeded in
finding anything to decide this.

In the enrolment of certificates for " adventurers, soldiers, &c.," in

1 Library, British Museum, 6503 K, p. 860.

2 Cronnelly, in his " History of the Clanna Kory, or Rudricians," Part i., p. 75,
gives the following " List of the Chieftains of Muinter-Eolus concerned in the
rebellion of 1641," which must be of interest to Leitrim men : —

1. Brian McRannal, of CarrigaUen, gent.

2. Cahir McDaniel Oge, of Mohill, gent.

3. Edmond M-cRagnal, gent.

4. Edmond McTurlough McRannal (freeholder), of the Barony of Leitrim.
6. Feardocha McRaghnail, of Kiltoghart.

6. Geoffrey Oge McRaghnail, gent.

7. Geoftry McRannal, of Drurareilly.

8. Henry M'Rannal, of Cloon.

9. Heiiry M'Rannal, of Mohill, with his two sons.
10. Henry Oge M'Phelim M'Rannal, gent.

MACRANNALS OF LEITlilM AND THEIR COUNTRY. 147

the office of the Chief Remembrancer of the Exchequer, Dublin, the
names of our journalist, and his father, and of eight others of the
Reynolds clan occur. His brother, Charles, sat among the Confederate
Chiefs, at Kilkenny, in 1646, and in the same year Bernard, Conrad, and
Cornelius, his kinsmen, and their adherents, were amongst those who
repudiated the so-called " Peace of Ormonde." In the office of the
Chief Remembrancer, too, the name of the diarist's active father,
Humphrey, also appears (Roll ii., skin 35), and his certificate as
"Commissioner for hearing the claims of transplanted persons in the
Province of Connaught, and County Clare," is enrolled. Plainly,
Humphrey succeeded in obtaining as many lay, as some of his ecclesias-
tical contemporaries, e.g. the Archbishop of Cashel, managed to acquire
clerical, benefices. He died in Dublin on 19th May, 1661, and, contrary
to a wish expressed in his will (which is dated 26th July in the previous
year), he was buried in St. John's Church, in the city. According to an
ancient tradition, St. Caillen ordered that all of the race of Coninac (of
which were the MacRannals) should be buried in Feenagh, and
threatened with direst curses those of them who should abandon it.
Probably this tradition prompted Humphrey's anxiety as to his place of
interment.

It will forestall the necessity for much annotation, and may, more-
over, infuse a little more of the personal interest into the reading of
the manuscript, if I be allowed still to add a fact or two more.

In South Leitrim and Longford the holders of the name are very
numerous.

At the General Sessions held in Carrick-on-Shannon on the 10th
July, 1704 — two centuries ago — among the Leitrim parish priests
registered, in obedience to a clause in the " Act for Registering the
Popish Clergy," of the previous year, were two of the name of Reynolds,
both of Mohill : Rev. Terence Reynolds, aged 52, who lived at Cloonart,
and had been ordained in Louth in 1677, by Oliver Plunket, the famous
Archbishop of Armagh ; and Rev. James Reynolds, whose residence was
the townland of Cavan, also beside Mohiil. The latter had been

11. Henry M'Rannal, gent.

12. Henry M'Rannal, of Annaduff, gent (born about 1610).

13. Ir M'Rannal, Suibhebreac, gent.

14. James M'Rannal, of Ballinamore.

15. James M'Rannal, of Drumsna.

16. Morrogh Oge Fitz Murrogh M'Rannal, of Cloon.

17. Thomas M'Raghnail, gent.

18. Torlogh M'Rannal, of Kiltobrid.

19. Ivar M'Rannal, of Drumod.

20. James M'Rannal, of Jamestdwn.

Dr. Reynolds, Wolfe Tone's friend, was a descendant of the Henry McRannal, of
Annaduff, mentioned at No. 12 above. Dr. Reynolds was involved in the Cockayne
and Jackson affair in 1794, and had to fly to America. He died iu Philadelphia in
1818.

148 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

ordained at Kilkenny, but returned to St. «Manchan's country.
His two "sureties" were a John Duke, of Taughnagh, and a Charles
Reynolds.

George Nugent Reynolds, the poet, was the seventh in direct descent
from Humphrey. He was the last male representative of the eldest or
Leitrim branch of the chieftain house. He died unmarried a hundred
years ago, on the 24th February, 1802, at Stowe, in England, on his way
to visit tlie Marquis of Buckingham, his near relative.

However, the family, in the female line, is not extinct in Leitrim.
Catherine, sister of the writer of the book, married, though against her
father's consent, John Peyton, of Boyle, County Roscommon, and from
them was descended the John Peyton, of Laheen, who was High Sheriff
of Leitrim in 1731. A more fortunate intermarriage occurred .in 1802r
when the poet G, Nugent' s1 sister was united to another John Peyton,
and this line is continued in the James Reynolds Peyton, J.P., of our
own times, who was High Sheriff in 1879. A branch of the family
settled besides in "Westmeath,2 obtaining property in the seventeenth
century, " in right of soldiers " ; another in County Dublin, where was
born in 1771 the weak-kneed Thomas, whose history is woven up with
that of the United Irishmen; another in County Donegal; and still
another, I understand, established itself in London.

From a branch of the Lough Scur family that settled in Kildare in
the time of Elizabeth, sprang the Michael Reynolds who, in 1798, led
the Kildare men in the attack on the military barracks of Naas. Between
him and Lord Edward Fitz Gerald there is said to have been a relationship
in blood as well as in sympathy.

I must not omit mentioning that the George Nugent Reynolds who
died in 1802 composed, amongst other charming poems, which are still
extant, one of the most fascinating and well-known lyrics in the English
language, " The Exile of Erin."

If similarity of style to his existing compositions be not considered a
sufficiently convincing proof, unimpeachable documentary evidence can
be advanced to establish this, and to do away with the contention for
authorship put forward by the Scotch Thomas Campbell,3 as well as the
more recent fame-hankerings for a County Clare man of the same name
identically as the Scotch claimant. Duffy examined the evidence. He
acknowledges its strength, though he was eventually overborne by the
high reputation of Campbell. Lover, too, declares for Campbell. In
" Poems of Ireland," edited by him in an introduction to the celebrated

1 She was named Mary Anne Reynolds, and later became Mrs. McNamara. A
family of the name of Byrne represents the Lough Rynn Reynolds.

2 "Reynolds, James, No. 20, Leitrim and lioscommon as his inheritance.
Reynolds, Richard, No. 75, Westmeath, in right of Soldiers." (From Reports «nd
Schedules to Court of Claims, Surveyor-General's Office, Record Tower, Dublin
Castle.)

3 In a letter to the Times, dated 17th June, 1830.

MACRANNALS OF LEITRIM AND THEIR COUNTRY. 149

lyric (p. 289), and in one or two other places, he discusses the matter.
The introduction is very pretty and witty, but contains, as far as I can
judge, not a shred of solid argument. We can sympathize with his
strong feeling in a case where "his honoured and lamented friend" is
involved ; but mere passion and declamation can scarcely settle the matter.
It is rather the merits of the case itself, than the merits of the rival
claimants, that should be the first elements in deciding it.

A mere paragraph, however, cannot do more than indicate this
controversy. Dr. More Madden, a member, too, of one of the oldest
Leitrim families (the Fordes of Corry), relates, in one of his books, that
when he visited the famous Father Tom Maguire, " in his house, or
rather cabin, in Ballinamore," they sat up till three o'clock in the morning
arguing over it, and they ended as they had begun, each holding his own
opinion. Father Maguire, who was both an excellent critic and very
familiar with Reynolds' poetry, championed Reynolds' claims, and made
little of those of the Scotchman (vide Cronnelly's work, already quoted,
Appendix). The poet's1 father, also a George Nugent, but better known
as "Squire Reynolds," was shot dead in a duel he fought on 16th
October, 1786, at Dinane, County Leitrim, with an attorney named
Robert Keon, of Keonbrook. Keon (or Kane),2 who, it is alleged, fired
before the signal was given, was tried and executed for it two years later.
At the first trial in Carrick-on-Shannon the jury disagreed. The case
was then brought to Dublin, and a verdict of guilty was returned.
Attorney Keon was hanged in February or March, 1788. John Philpot
Curran was counsel for the prosecution.

A very quaint old Leitrim ballad, which now stands in danger of
perishing, relates all the minutia of this fray, and awards praise and blame
in true Homeric fashion, and at a length which out-distances the
catalogue of the ships. Squire Reynolds was something of a fire-eater, a
man who, like Teig O'Rourke, of Dromahair, " was not expected to die in
his bed,"3 and his fearlessness and generosity made him a great favourite
with the Leitrim peasantry.4

I am trespassing on you with all these details about a County Leitrim
family, not only for the reasons already outlined, but partly also because
that county's history and antiquities have been very rarely indeed brought
before this Society, and partly also because I would fain atone for my
inability to discover many authentic particulars of the author's life. A

1 He was also a very vigorous prose- writer. A copy of his letter to Lord Clare, on
his being deprived of the magistracy (for some political offence) is before me. Every
line breathes the fire and passion of the "Squire,*' his father. Old "Squire
Reynolds," the poet's grandfather, was a great patron of Carolan's.

2 "Was his name really Enon? " asked the defending Counsel in cross-examining
Reynolds' servant-boy, who was the principal witness for the Crown. " Be it Kane
or Keon," replied the servant, " it was the prisoner shot my master." The expres-
sion was long remembered.

3 «« Annals of the Four Masters," sub anno 1604.

4 A Report of the trial published in 1788, in octavo, is also yet to be had.

150 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

short biography, I fully allow, would alone form a proper introduction
to the extracts. I am permitting myself the much easier task of enlarging
upon the whole family.

However, I must not be understood as owning to utter failure in
coming at details of his life. We can settle approximately the dates of
at least his birth and death.

A note in Latin in the Diary has it that Humphrey Reynolds, of
Lough Scur, James's father, was married on January 12th, 1614.
Humphrey, as already stated, died on 19th May, 1661. A record of his
will, made in the previous year, is still to be had. In it James is named
his heir. We may venture to take it, therefore, that he was the eldest
son, and we may accordingly make a good guess at the approximate
date of his birth, some few years after his father's marriage. He was
the eldest of a large family of eight, four sons and four daughters.
James was alive in 1666. The Act of Settlement and Explanation,
already referred to, made over, to him the family acres in Leitrim and
Roscommon. But the mention of his name in the Patent giving back the
property is the last authentic trace of him that can be come across.1

At all events his brother William appears as the de facto successor to
the Leitrim estates, and this leads one to surmise that possibly the diarist
may have died not long after 1666. This William, too, appears in 1702
as proving his uncle's, Charles of Laheen, will (made in 1636), and is
there actually spoken of as Humphrey's heir.

James's mother was Russel Ware, the third daughter of Sir James
Ware, Auditor-General of Ireland, and sister to the second Sir James
Ware (1594-1666), the author and antiquary, who on the death of his
father, in 1672, succeeded to his post. Not improbably it is owing to
the latter's wise guidance that the family were steered so safely through
these troublous times, though he himself was not quite so successful.

From the memoirs it can be gathered that James spent practically all
his time from 1658-60 with this distinguished uncle, who was then
back from his exile in France. He resided in his home in Dublin. Hence
he had the opportunity not only of living at the centre of news during
those stormy years, but also of meeting some of the most noted men of
the" day, not a few of whom indeed were his near relations.

As to his personal character " the Booke " affords ample evidence
that he was not an unworthy scion of an old Irish — "downright
Irish " — chieftain family.

He was of refined tastes, well educated, with all the instincts for
accuracy of the scholar. He writes simply and well, and occasionally
breaks into Latin. He was something of a lawyer, and a first-rate

1 I may mention that Mrs. Reynolds, of the Mullins, Ballyshannon, one of our
members, has a copy of an entry of a marriage between a James Reynolds and Anne
Calpee, which took place in 1655. It is likely enough, but it cannot be at all
established, tfiat this James is one and the same with our diarist.

MACRANNALS OF LEITRIM AND THEIR COUNTRY. 151

business man. He was also very kind and affectionate to his father,
mother, and sister, to whom he seldom misses, when opportunity serves,
to send down from Dublin to Lough Scur, not only such letters as
people in a remote district like to get — long and full of news — but he
forwards them also appropriate presents — gloves, reams of paper,
the last new book, &c., for his father ; green satin dresses, almanacks,
scarfs, and pins, copies of the last Diurnal, &c., &c., for the mother and
sisters. Nor did he fail even when in London to be mindful of them, or
to send them curios. Under date April 29th, 1659, in the Diary, he jots
down, for instance : " Writ to my father, by Sir Henry Piers l his man, by
whom I sent a tobacco-box to him, having a little looking-glass, and
a burning-glass set in it." That looking-glasses were then something of
a novelty, and not, as now, objects that stare one out of countenance in
every second-class restaurant, is pretty evident from the fact that a page
further on, under date of Saturday, May 21st, 1659, he gravely records the
circumstance that his cousin, Robert Ware (Sir James's son), " committed
to him his looking-glas to keepe for him."

The entries in the Diary extend from March, 1658, till 15th May
(old style), 1660 — a period of fourteen months. The Diary is, in fact, a
little nut-shell history of that eventful time.

It is well to recall that on the 3rd September, 1658, Oliver Cromwell
died. From that till 25th May, 1 659, his son Richard was Lord Protector.
Then succeeded the year that historians like to term " the year of
anarchy " ; and finally Charles II. made his triumphal entry into London
on 29th May, 1660. In the little book before you, you have, mixed up
indeed with matters of limited interest, a record at first hand of some of
the main incidents which occurred in that distant and very eventful
period during the space mentioned, i.e. from two months before the
collapse of the Commonwealth until the Restoration.

The diarist, James Reynolds, went over to London in the company
of his uncle, Sir James Ware, Lord Windsor, and another, on the
8th March, 1658 (old style), and remained there till September 5th,
1659 — i.e. for a period of six months. The remainder of his time he
spent in Dublin.

1 He was created Baronet in February, 1660. His mother was a daughter of Sir
James Ware, Knt., and he was consequently cousin of the diarist. Another daughter
of Sir James's, Cecilia, married Sir Dudley Loftus.

152 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

INISCATHY AFTER CEASING TO BE A SEE.

BY THE VERY REV. SYLVESTER MALONE, P.P., V.G., M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
[Submitted APRIL 25, 1905.]

nPnERE can be no doubt that from the sixth to the twelfth century
Iniscathy was an expression not merely for an island, but also for
an Episcopal See. It is no less certain, though not so generally known,
that the possessions of the See extended to the counties of Cork, Limerick,
Clare, and Kerry. On that account in many " Lives of St. Senan" he is
styled Archbishop. The widely-extended spiritual jurisdiction of the saint
is easily explained. He laboured and founded religious houses along
the river Lee, on both sides of the Shannon, and even on the Atlantic
Ocean, north of Thomond ; and when by-and-by he had settled down in
Scattery island, and received episcopal consecration, he claimed and
exercised jurisdiction as well over the religious houses founded by him
as over the several districts to which these houses were missionary
centres.

Though the suppression of Iniscathy as an independent See, and of
many others, had been contemplated so early as the year 1110 at the
Synod of Rathbreastiil, yet it continued its existence during the two
following centuries. Accordingly, we learn from Roman provincials
that after the Synod of Kells, held in 1152, mention is made of Iniscathy
under the name de imula ; and in a list given by Camden it appears under
the form de insula yathy. However, the See was suppressed after the
death of Hugh O'Beachain in 1188 ("Annals of the Four Masters ").

The possessions of the See of Scattery were naturally assigned to the
respective bishops in whose dioceses they were situated. Thus the
possessions in County Cork were assigned to the bishop of Cloyne — those
on the left side of the Shannon to Limerick and Kerry, and those on
the right side to the diocese of Killaloe.

But it may be asked, To which diocese did the island itself belong ?
There is every reason for judging that it belonged to the diocese of
Killaloe.

While the island is many miles from any part of the diocese of
Limerick, and forty-five miles from the city, it is only one or two miles
from the diocese of Killaloe ; it may be said to be only one mile from
Thomond in Killaloe, as a large island, Hog, intervenes between Kilrush,
on the mainland, and Scattery.

The natural expression of reason dictated that an island in the middle
of a river belonged equally to the lands on either side, but that if nearer

INISCATHY AFTER CEASING TO BK A SEIO.

to one side it naturally belonged to the lands on that side. " Si vero
insula propinqnior uni ripse quam aversse tota cedit illis qui a regione
prsedia habent."1

Limerick then had no claim founded on reason to Scattery ; nor can
it appeal to any positive law in its favour. On the contrary, the Synod
of Rathbreasail, which contemplated changes in the Irish Sees, never
intended to push the boundary of Limerick into Thomond, beyond Quin
or Sixmilebridge. Now, Sixmilebridge, on the right of the Shannon, in
north Thomond, is actually the furthest point to which the diocese
of Limerick extends, and Sixmilebridge is forty miles from Scattery.

On the other hand, by the Synod of Rathbreasail, Killaloe was to
have, as it has at present, all the territory from Sixmilebridge to Loop-
head, at the confluence of the Shannon and the ocean.

Subsequent and more explicit legislation in favour of Killaloe is
forthcoming. It is found in a foundation-charter made by Donaldmore
O'Brien in favour of the Augustinian Convent of Clare on the Fergus —
de Forgio. The charter is dated the 29th of June, 1 189, some few months
after the suppression of the See of Iniscathy. A copy of the charter,
" fortunately preserved," may be seen in vol. xxx. (1900). This charter
grants in pure and perpetual alms to the abbot and his successors the
following: — " Killmoney (de Forgio), with its appurtenances, where
the abbey is situated ; Balliannagain, Bally vekeary, Durinierkin, with
all its fisheries and fishing rights, Inisketty, Killonia, Cnoc, Iniscormick,
Killbrekin, St. Cronan's Island, Argonica, Dromore."

I may observe all these places are in Thomond : —

" In the bishopric of Limerick : Holy Trinity Church, called
Killkerily.

" In Emly diocese : St. Peter's House.

" In the bishopric of Kilfenora, . . . with its two rectories, Cahira-
derry (?) : in lay fee, from Athdacarra (Clare Castle) to the leap of
Cuchullin."

The witnesses to the charter were — M., Archbishop of Cashel; A., (?)
Bishop of Killaloe ; A., Bishop of Kilfenora ; B., Bishop of Limerick ;
M. M'Mahon, C. O'Conchur, and many others. These were lay
chieftains.

This charter supplies a most authoritative statement that Iniscathy
belonged to Killaloe. For all the places in the first group, amongst which
appears Iniscathy, belong to Killaloe. Besides, the several other places
belonging respectively to Limerick, Kilfenora, and Emly are respectively
assigned to them. The bishops in whose respective dioceses the assigned
possessions lay are made witnesses and approvers of the charter : all that
was given to the new Abbey in Emly was grouped under it; in Kilfenora
was grouped under it ; in Limerick was grouped under it ; and all the

1 " Instit. de Divisione rerum," Lib. n., tit. 1.

154 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

rest, including Iniscathy in Killaloe, was given to the abbey scarcely a
mile from the present Cathedral of Killaloe. The solemn charter made
probably within three months, calculated on the old style, after the
suppression of Iniscathy as a See, witnessed by the bishops of Limerick
and Killaloe, and confirmed by the metropolitan of Munster, established
the exclusive claim of Killaloe to Iniscathy. In vain will you search
for any document or evidence previous or subsequent to the year 1189,
which conferred on Limerick any jurisdiction to Scattery.

I am aware that in the discussion of this matter an appeal has been
made to an inquisition held about the year 1200 ; but of what avail can be
the finding of such an inquisition, for only eleven years previously the
King of Munster, with its metropolitan, and his suffragans, declared that
Iniscathy was given in pure alms to Clare Abbey, and was subject to the
jurisdiction of Killaloe. If evidence or truth were the obje'ct, why not
consult episcopal archives, or the muniments of Donaldmore, rather than
those of English, Irish, or Ostmen? And who was the soul of this
Inquisition ? He was the famous Fitzadelm, or de Burgo. Of de Burgo,
Gerald Barry writes that "he was always scheming, treacherous ; a snake
in the grass." After his sacrilegious interference with Scattery Island,
de Burgo, in the year 1201 and subsequently, "took spoils from the
churches of Clonmacnoise, Clonfert, Milick, Killbyan, O'Fiachraigh,
Tuam, Kill Bencoine, Kilmacoyne, Mayo, Conga, the Abbey of Ather-
dalaray, Elphin, TJaran, Roscornmon, with many others" ("Annals of
Kilronan and Clonmacnoise "). But before de Burgo plundered and
desecrated these places, he violated the Abbey of Boyle in the year 1201 ;
and, according to the "Four Masters," "he took up his quarters in the
Abbey of Boyle, and profaned it with his bad companions. They left
nothing in the monastery without breaking or burning. He died of an
unmentionable disease, detested by all."

Those who disregarded reason and evidence had recourse to an inquisi-
tion. The greatest number of swearers was supposed to establish the
truth and be decisive ; but in the thirteenth century the swearing of a
few English prevailed against that of many more Irish. Whether the
Inquisition of de Burgo was the finding of a few or of the many, it was
hot easy to find a corresponding number to disagree with their finding.
It was not safe to contend with the master of thirty legions.

The conqueror of Connaught was anxious to extend Anglo-Norman
influence, through the Church, into Thomond ; for, unlike Ulster, Leinster,
Desmond, or Connaught, Thomond then was, and continued to be, indepen-
dent of the Anglo-Norman barons, and was under the sway of the
O'Briens, its hereditary princes. In the year 1200, Limerick had become
an Anglo-Norman citadel. While the Anglo-Norman barons were deter-
mined to dispossess the native chieftains of their principalities, they were
anxious to plunder the Irish Church for their ecclesiastical followers. Such
was the conduct of the invaders in regard to church property that the Court

INISCATHY AFTER CEASING TO BE A SEE. 155

Chaplain to King John had to admit that " the cathedral churches mourn,
having been robbed of those lands and estates given by the piety of former
ages. They were robbed by those who came over to Ireland ; and so far
were we from conferring further favours on the church in our new prin-
cipality, that having taken away its lands, we rather abrogated its
dignities and privileges."1

I may remark in this connexion that no bishop could give away any
part of his diocese, or take from another diocese without Papal authority ;
nay, more, ecclesiastical discipline forbids any bishop choosing or leaving
his cathedral church without leave. And thus though de Burgo were to
plunder and assign to the city of Limerick the possessions of Scattery,
he could not assign a jot of jurisdiction to the church of Limerick.

In immediate succession to the inquisition of 1200, there followed
another in the year 1201. This inquisition, of course, assigned Inis-
cathy to Limerick. The inquisition was held by direction of Myler Fitz-
Henry, then justiciary of Ireland. Though twelve jurors constituting
an inquisition were deemed sufficient for the vindication of property in
the absence of documentary evidence, or for its acquisition, yet Fitz-
Henry condescended to empanel twenty-four inquisitors (vide " Register
of Primate Mey," T.C.D). But though he could have a thousand and
twenty-four, there was no likelihood that a single person could be got to
challenge them. The " indomitable subduer of the Irish nation " was
not to be thwarted.

FitzHenry, " of stern glance and bitterest countenance," as described
by Gerald Barry, was not to be opposed with impunity. Gerald Barry,
though an approver of the invasion, and a kinsman of Myler, speaking of
him in connexion with the conquest, observes that it was " disgraced by
cruelty, by the extreme shedding of blood, and the destruction of a
Christian nation."2

Turning from Gerald's description of Myler to Irish authorities, we
find Fitz Henry's conduct thus sketched in the " Annals of Clon-
macnoise," under the year 1207 : — " There was war between Myler and
Geoffrey Marisco, which brought all Munster and Leinster to destruction,
and between Myler and De Lacy, which destroyed the lands of Foherties."
By the mere word of this man of blood and plunder ecclesiastical property
and jurisdiction were to be regulated ! In a word, the same objections
lie against this inquisition as against that of de Burgo ; for FitzHenry's
tampering with the church property and jurisdiction in Scattery was
simply lawless plunder and a sacrilegious nullity.

It may be asked, what was the action of the Bishop of Killaloe
during the invasion of his jurisdiction ? But what could he have done ?
Why, the very heart of his diocese was invaded, and castles built on it
by the English justiciary ; and though Bishop O'Heney sought by threat

1 " Hib. Expug.," Book n., chap. xxxv. 2 " Hib. Expug.," Lib. n.

156 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of excommunication to prevent their erection, yet they were erected.
And on the death of O'Heney in the year 1215, the canons met and
canonically elected David as hishop, but the justiciary, Marisco, had his
nephew unlawfully consecrated, and the temporalities of the See given
to him. A Papal commission of enquiry was issued, which established
the election of David as canonical. Pope Honorius III. ordered the
Bishop of Cashel to consecrate him, but he refused to do so ; "he was
afraid," as he had already suffered a long banishment in France for the
liberties of his church. The Pope commissioned his legate to settle
finally the matter, and have the Bishop of Cashel to consecrate if afraid
to get another to do so. Though the Archdeacon, David, was finally
consecrated in Home, where he died, his rival — Travers — after unlawfully
enjoying the temporalities for eleven years, survived him. This sad
business occupied the attention of three legates and three Papal
Commissions.1

What could the Bishop of Killaloe have done in these circumstances
against the invasion of his jurisdiction in Scattery by Anglo-Norman
barons ?

A like scene was enacted in the diocese of Ardfert through the
justiciary, Marisco. During three years the canonically-elected bishop
there was opposed by one John, an intruder from Limerick. Supported
by the justiciary, John was, of course, consecrated Bishop of Ardfert.2

In like manner, on the death of the Bishop of Lismore, David, Bishop
of Waterford, who was kinsman to the justiciary, Myler FitzHenry,
took unlawful possession of the See of Lismore. This David of Water-
ford gave trouble to Popes, engaged the attention of a General Council,
and gave great scandal. No peace was given to the Bishop of Lismore
till the death of David, who was slain. This David, like Travers in
Killaloe, and the John from Limerick, intruded on Ardfert, was an
Englishman in the train of the Anglo-Norman knights.3

King John, in directing that an inquisition should be held in regard
to the possessions in the diocese of Limerick, expressed a wish in 1201
that Geoffrey, an Englishman, should be elected bishop. The canons
juet, but elected another than Geoffrey Bishop of Limerick. Geoffrey,
however, got himself consecrated, and held the possessions of the See in
defiance of the canonically-elected during eleven years. His outrageous
conduct troubled the reigns of two Popes. One of these Popes, speaking
of the successor of Geoffrey, said that he was ignorant, wanting in
sufficient knowledge (minus habens), guilty of simony by putting up for
sale the ecclesiastical benefices, that he refused canonical obedience to
his ecclesiastical metropolitan, and finally, that he disregarded the
appeal from him to the Holy See.4

Furthermore, though the canonically-elected bishops of Killaloe and

1 Theiner's " Vetera Monumenta," &c. 2 Ibid.

3 " Ep. Innocent III.," torn, ii., Decret. 4 Theiner, p. 27.

INISCATHY AFTER CEASING TO BE A SEE. 157

Ardfert appealed to Rome against the intruders in these dioceses,
Geoffrey, however, consecrated them. Why I dwell so much on
Geoffrey of Limerick, is to show that no value should be attached
to any entry made in the "Black Book of Limerick" by him, or
his successor, in reference to Iniscathy, and particularly when made
on the strength of the inquisition by Myler Fitz Henry. And when
at the end of the thirteenth and in the fourteenth century the
Pope found it necessary to tax ecclesiastical property, the entry about
Iniscathy in the " Black Book" was naturally copied for Papal taxation.
The business of the Papal tax-gatherers was merely to collect the
rate on the temporalities as reported to them. Not a tittle of any
proof can be adduced in favour of any jurisdiction to Scattery belonging
to Limerick. On the other hand, how positive, how solemn, and
authoritative was the assignment of Scattery to Killaloe made by the
Charter of 1189, in presence of the ecclesiastical authorities concerned !

The right of the diocese of Killaloe to Iniscathy was reaffirmed in
the course of the fourteenth century. Thomas, a Franciscan friar, of
ISTenagh, in the diocese of Killaloe, undertook to revive the ancient See of
Iniscathy, and received consecration as its bishop. This happened in the
year 1358. The revival of the bishopric was supposed to carry with it
jurisdiction over the religious houses and districts established and
evangelised by St. Senan in Cloyne, Limerick, Ardfert, and Killaloe.
But the bishops of these dioceses treated the conduct of the Bishop of
Scattery as a usurpation, met on the island, deposed its bishop ; and
having divided the ancient possessions of Iniscathy amongst themselves
in 1363, they naturally assigned the island itself to the diocese of
Killaloe.

After this, one is prepared to read that on the 7th of the Ides of
January, 1390, Pope Boniface IX. issued a mandate to the Abbot of
Iniscathy in the diocese of Killaloe. And two years subsequently, on the
Ides of December, 1392, the same Pope granted an indulgence towards
the repair of the Church of the Augustinian Monastery of the B. V. M.
at Iniscathy, in the diocese of Killaloe.1

However, in the beginning of the fifteenth century the claim of
Limerick to Iniscathy was revived by Cornelius O'Dea. He was Arch-
deacon of Killaloe, and transferred and consecrated Bishop of Limerick
in the year 1400. He naturally looked into the " Black Book," forgetful
of the conduct and character of Myler Fitz Henry and his inquisitors,
and of Bishop Geoffrey, and proceeded to claim Scattery Island as his
fee. But while his claim was at once opposed, he was reminded of the
rights of Killaloe as established by positive law, as well as by the natural
law.

No wonder, then, that in the year 1405 Innocent VII. wrote to the
Bishop of Killaloe, to the Abbot of Inisgad, in the diocese of Killaloe, to

1 " Calendar of Papal Petitions," and " Calendar of Papal Registries."

158 ROYAL SOCIETY" OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

have a prebend and canonry assigned to Donat M'MacKenna in Inis-
cathy, in the diocese of Killaloe.^

So, too, in the year 1411 John XXIII. wrote to John O'Heoganain
to collate Cornelius O'Loinsigh, perpetual vicar of Kilrush, to the
provostship of the Collegiate and Secular Church of Iniscathy, in the
diocese of Killaloe?-

Here I must notice what has been made an objection to the claim
of Killaloe. Maziere Brady, in his " Episcopal Succession" (ii. 52),
quoting in Latin from the Obligazioni, states, under the year 1408, that
Nicholas Fitz Morris was elected Bishop of Ardfert by noble men,
D. Maurice Fitz Robert, rector of Ryndbeary (Rathbarry), in Ardfert,
and by Alan Lynch, guardian of the Collegiate Church of Iniscathy, in
the diocese of Limerick.

If this be not inaccurate, Askeaton, as it was sometimes written
Iniskefty, was mistaken for Iniscathy. But there is every reason for
judging there was a false entry made. For at once we are confronted
by the uncanonical anomaly of having a bishop chosen by merely two
persons, and one of these from a strange diocese. However, we must
remember that at this time there was a schism in the Universal Church.
There were rival Popes, each claiming as many obediences as possible,
and none anxious to scrutinize or refuse the requests of his obedience.

There is a more probable explanation still. We find in the " Calendar
of Papal Letters," vol. vi., that Gregory XII., on the 15th of the Kalends
of October, gave leave to Nicholas, elect of Ardfert, who has only tonsure,
to be consecrated by any bishop without prejudice to the Bishop of
Cashel. But in looking into the " Papal Letters," p. 150, we find a
complaint by John, Bishop of Ardfert, in October, 1409, to the effect
that having been Bishop of Ardfert for about four years by virtue of
Papal provision, he was violently despoiled by Nicholas Fitz Maurice on
pretence of having been appointed by the so-called Gregory XII. to the
See vacant by the death of Bishop William (no mention was made of
Bishop John and two others who succeeded the aforesaid William) ; and
that himself. John, almost naked, barely escaped death at the hands of
Nicholas and his accomplices, and that he still keeps possession of his
usurped temporalities, and that the diocese was not vacant, as said, by the
death of William.

The statement of Bishop John against Nicholas Fitz Maurice is borne
out by the " Calendar of Papal Letters." These state, p. 82, that after
William there succeeded Nicholas Ball in 1404, and Thomas, 0. P., in
1405, who was transferred.

But the condemnation of Nicholas comes from his own mouth. For
on the 7th Kalends of February, 1411, Nicholas applied for dispensation
to keep the See of Ardfert, which he acquired by false statements, and
from one who was not recognized as Pope.8

1 " Calendar of Papal Registries." 2 Ibid. 3 " Letters," p. 193.

INISCATHY AFTER CEASING TO BE A SEE. 159

If the conduct of Bishop Nicholas Fitz Maurice was such, can we
expect much better from his alleged elector, Alan Lynch of Iniscathy ?
Nor are we left to conjecture as to his character. The " Calendar of
Papal Letters" (p. 278) tells us that he was a clerk of the diocese of
Limerick, a bastard of an especially ugly dye, that he studied civil and
canon law for four years in Oxford, and that he was presented to the
canonry of Killeigh in Ardfert. A dispensation for his illegitimacy was
given him in December, 1411. Now, if a rambling clerk and illegitimate,
as Alan Lynch was, represents himself as a noble1 elector of Nicholas
Fitz Maurice to a diocese not vacant, we need not attach much impor-
tance to the statement quoted by Brady in his " Succession," &c. More-
over, if Lynch was in Oxford in the year 1407, and subsequently to the
year 1411, he could not have been, as stated in the " Succession," &c.,
a guardian in Iniscathy in the year 1408.

An entry in Harris's " Ware " gives us an awful idea of the confusion
of these times. It is that William Ball excused himself from attending
Parliament in 1402, owing to the Irish enemy and English rebels.

The Chancery Rolls, about the year 1578, state that " Mahon, called
the Black Bishop, was the last Bishop of Iniscathy about 100 years ago,
and that by usurpation or some means the temporalities and spiritualities
were lost." Now Mahon O'Grriffy here alluded to was Bishop of Killaloe
from 1463 to 1483.

Ware informs us that in the year 1583 Daniel Neylan, rector of
Iniscathy, in the diocese of Killaloe, was appointed Bishop of Kildare.

In the year 1399 a deed was drawn up between Dr. Worth, Protestant
Bishop of Killaloe, and Tiege McGillicannana, Prior of Scattery. And
turning to the Rolls of Chancery, we see that on 1st of July, 1625,
Richard Carye was presented to the rectory of Kilrush, alias Iniscathy,
in the diocese of Killaloe.'2'

It is remarkable that while the Protestant Bishops of Limerick dis-
claimed any jurisdiction in Iniscathy at the time it belonged civilly to
Limerick, the Catholic Bishop claimed a jurisdiction never formally
sanctioned by ecclesiastical authority. So late as the year 1801 the
Catholic Bishop of Limerick delegated authority to the priests of Bally -
longford, in Kerry; and about the year 1812 an offer of jurisdiction was
proposed by Dr. Young to the priests of Kilrush for Scattery, but the
offer was declined as being unnecessary and a nullity. The persistence
of the Limerick claim was occasioned by the entry made in the " Black
Book."

Iniscathy, with its 100 acres, has been made a matter of more dis-
pute than many a thousand acres of unhistoric soil. On its shore
grappled the broad-bottomed vessels of roving pirates with the curraeh of
the Gael. On it the sword of the Yiking bickered with the skean of the

1 The word is honorabilis. ~ Morrin's "Patent and Close Rolls."

Tm,r K <N A T I Vo1- xv-» Fifth Series. )

Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol xxxy Consec Ser ; M

160 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Irish kerns. On the island Continental and Irish schools of asceticism
met when boatfuls of holy pilgrims came to St. Senan. Scattery exhibits
morally and physically traces of a rich historic past. Its perfect round
tower and seven churches, the led of St. Senan, the holy well, the sea-
monster Cathach banished by St. Senan, and living in legendary lore of
Oriental imagery, the many bright lights over Erin paling before the
dazzling blaze from Scattery, as seen in vision by St. Caunera, mark it
out as richer in associations and more fraught with interest than a whole
province cut off from the past.

THE LISDOONVABNA BRONZE POT.

BY DR. GEORGE U. MACNAMARA, HON. LOCAL SECRETARY, NORTH CLARE.
[Read FEBRUARY 28, 1905.]

rPms massive vessel was found in 1896 by a man named James
O'Donohue, of Boghil, parish of Kilfenora, when cutting a turf-
bank in the townland of Aughiskabeg,1 parish of Killilagh, about 500
vards west of the Sulphur Well, Lisdoonvarna. It lay under about

LlSDOONVAlSNA BRONZE POT.

7 feet of peat, which also filled the interior ; and, according to Mr. Dan
O'Loghlen, county councillor (from whom I got this information, and

1 Ordnance Survey Map, No. 8.
M2

162 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

who is now the possessor of the pot), it was covered both inside and out
with a dark crust resembling the same substance. The remains of a
circular earthen rath, I am told, exist about 300 yards from the spot
where the vessel was found.

The pot is a single casting of rather elegant design, though it may
be said the work has been but roughly carried out. It weighs over
70 lb., and its capacity is 5£ gallons. The height is 16£ inches, the
diameter of rim 1 1£ inches, and it measures between the legs 14^ inches.
The body is ornamented with three horizontal ribs, the space between
the lower and middle ones being decorated with two crosses in relief.
These crosses, strange to say, are not exactly opposite one another, as
on one side they are 24 inches, while on the other they are but
15 inches apart. The legs, four in number, spring from the body
below the lower rib, and are continued by raised lines on" the surface
as high as the central rib. The handles, one on each side near
the top, are triangular in shape, quite un ornamented, and would give
a rectangle on section. The lower end of each leg shows an identical
flaw, caused, I have no doubt, by the matrix for all being made with
the same model. The joining of the mould must have been very
defective, perhaps from repeated use, as can be seen by the ugly
vertical ridge on each side. On the whole, the impression left on
viewing the pot would suggest that it probably belongs to a period
when the art of bronze-casting was in its decadence, but when traditions
of ancient beauty and elegance of workmanship had not altogether died
out.

In the northern countries of Europe, during the Bronze Age — which
lasted for a very long time in those regions — the process of casting held
principal sway, hammering being rare, and vessels, ornaments, and
weapons of bronze were almost exclusively run in moulds ; while in
Danubian countries, northern Italy, and Greece, on the other hand,
hammering-out was the common method of manufacture, casting being-
only exceptional, and coming in rather late. The earliest vessels and
statues in these latter lands were consequently made with thin sheets
of bronze, beaten out with the hammer, and then pieced together with
rivets.1

Sir John Evans, speaking of the early art of hammering bronze in
the British Isles, says : — " It was probably not until nearly the close of
the Bronze Period that the art was discovered of hammering-out bronze
into sufficiently large and thin Iamina3 for the manufacture of cups and
vessels" ; and he is of opinion that in order to be able to do such delicate
work some process of annealing must have been invented. This could
have been accomplished easily by heating the alloy to redness, and

1 On this point, see Mons. Alex. Bertrand's Archcologie Celtioue et Gauloise,
2nd ed., p. 38.

THE LISDOON VARNA BRONZE POT. 163

immediately plunging into cold water, which makes bronze fairly soft and
malleable, thus producing the opposite effect on it of a similar process on
steel.1 It is, therefore, highly probable that nearly all the vessels of this
character found in northern Europe were made at a period when iron had
come into general use as the metal for the manufacture of arms. But it
must not be forgotten all the while that, where once established, the art
of casting in bronze never fell into abeyance — although at certain places
and periods it certainly lost much of its ancient glory — and, side by side
with the art of hammering the metal into laminaB, was in continual use
through all the ages down to our own times.

Bearing these facts in mind, I consider it rather hazardous to express
an opinion as to the age of the Lisdoonvarna pot, and would prefer
leaving it to others better qualified to do so, particularly as there is little
in its form or provenance that might give a decided clue as to its anti-
quity. The crosses on its sides do not help us much in this direction, as
it is well known to archaeologists that the cross and the swastica were
employed as religious symbols and motives of ornamentation long agesbefore
the former was appropriated by the Christian world as a special memento
of the great sacrifice on Calvary. There is nothing whatever to indicate,
as far as I could learn, that this vessel was in any way connected with
funeral rites, either of burial or incineration. On the contrary, I think
everything favours the view of its not very remote antiquity, and that,
notwithstanding its great weight and consequent awkwardness, it is
simply an article of domestic furniture lost by some mischance in the bog,
where the force of gravity soon caused it to sink and disappear, but
fortunately preserved it intact, to come to light again in 1896 for our
instruction.

1 Ancient Bronze Implements, pp. 408, 409.

164 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

GLASCARRIG PRIORY, COUNTY WEXFORD.

BY WILLIAM H. GRATTAN FLOOD.
[Submitted MAY 30, 1905.]

rPwo reasons impel me to place on record the fragmentary annals — as
far as I have been able to trace them — of Glascarrig Priory. First
of all, the material structure has practically disappeared ; and, secondly,
scant justice has hitherto been meted out to an interesting monastic
foundation by Archdall and his copyists.

The visitor to Courtown Harbour, near Gorey, will have no difficulty
in locating Glascarrig, though, alas ! the once flourishing priory is now
represented by a substantial farm-house, save for a very small portion of
the ruins in an adjoining cowshed. However, the name of St. Mary's
is preserved in a well hard by the old site, namely, Tobermurry,
meaning " St. Mary's Well," as Glascarrig Priory was dedicated to
the Blessed Yirgin Mary.

Topographically, the Priory of Glascarrig adjoins Clone van, in the
parish of Donaghmore, and barony of Ballaghkeen, on the sea-coast,
about seven miles south-east of Gorey, and a little over three miles from
Courtown Harbour. There is a difference of opinion as to the date of
foundation. Various authorities, following the lead of Archdall, have
assigned the period as "the close of the fourteenth century," but Ware
and MacGeoghegan are more correct in giving the date as 1192 or 1193.
One thing is certain, that the priory was in existence before the year
1210.1

But long before the advent of the "Black Monks" (as the Bene-
dictines were usually called, in contradistinction to the Cistercians, or
-"White Monks") to the parish of Donaghmore, monasticism had been
in evidence in that portion of North Wexford. Nigh at hand, at Poul-
shane, the great national apostle, St. Patrick, is said to have landed in
433, though some assert that his landing-place was really at Crioch
Cullan, some miles further north. Be that as it may, St. Patrick, in his
visitation of Leinstc-r, founded the parish church of Donaghmore, on the
site of the Pagan Magh Criathar ; and here it was that he conferred
holy orders on Eiacc, nephew of Dubhthach. All readers of the "Life
of St. Patrick " are familiar with the story of this Dubhthach, and poet
of Ireland, uncle of St. Fiacc, who, having been one of the first Irish

1 " Ware de Antiq. Hib.," cap. 26.

GLASCARRIG PRIORY, COUNTY WEXFORD. 165

Druid-converts, had been given a large tract of land in the neighbour-
hood of Gorey, as a present from Criffan, King of Leinster, for the three
poems he had composed to celebrate the deeds of this warrior king.
According to 0' Curry, this grant of land comprised Limbrick, and the
land called Formael na IFiann, in the parish of Cill Coemghin (Kilcavan,
near Gorey) ; whilst the district around Gorey and Limbrick was known
as the territory of Hy Trene, from Trian, son of Duach, whence was
evolved the Deanery of Hy Duach.1

St. Eiodghus Mac Sweeney lived as an anchorite at Glascarrig, in the
eighth century, and died in 760. His brother, Eidhairle, abbot of Eahan,
died in 763 ; the third, and most celebrated, brother was St. Colman, son
of Eochy, of Seanbhotach, i.e. Sean boithe-Sine, now Templeshanbo, the
mother church of Enniscorthy, whose feast is celebrated on October 27th.
Close on a century later, Einachta, King of Connacht, retired to Glas-
carrig, where he lived as an anchorite till his death in 848. In 881 is
chronicled the death of Ailill, of Hy Trene ; and in 905 Ciarodhar, son
of Crunnmael, Lord of Hy Eelimy (the present barony of Ballaghkeen),
was slain.2

Here it may be observed that the entire modern barony of Ballagh-
keen (Baile-achadh-chaoin, 'the town of the beautiful field'), formerly
known asHy Eelimy, belonged to the sept of the O'Morchoe (O'Murphy),
whose chieftain resided at Oulartleigh, about four miles from Ennis-
eorthy.

Much speculation has been indulged in as to when the rule of
St. Benedict penetrated into Ireland, and as to the first Benedictine
foundations in this country. It is more than probable that some time in
the eighth century Iniscaltra and Ross (County Cork) adopted the
Benedictine rule ; but the first definite record of a house for Benedictines
in Ireland is St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin, founded by an Irish prince,
Maelsechlain (Malachy), of Tara, in 862 or 863. Of course, on the
Continent there were several Irish Benedictine houses at this date. It is
only right to mention that the year 948 is usually given for the founda-
tion of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin ; but probably this date is that of the
restoration of that abbey, after the Danish vandalism of a century. Fifty
years later, a famous Irish Benedictine house was founded at Cologne by
St. Helias, and to this sanctuary fled Bran Mac Maelmordha, who had
been deposed from the kingship of Leinster in 1035, by Donogh O'Brien.
This unfortunate Leinster monarch, whose eyes had been put out by
Sitric the Dane in 1019, died as a Benedictine monk, at the abbey of
Cologne, in 1052.3

As an interesting side-light on the early friendly relations with

1 Shearman's " Loca Patriciana " ; O'Curry's " Lectures."

3 O'Hanlon's " Lives of the Irish Saints " ; " Annals of Ulster," A.D. 848.

3 " Annals of Ulster," A.D. 1052.

166 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

England, it may be mentioned that in 1025 Earl Godwin and his brother,
Harold, fled to Ireland, and were received by Donogh O'Brien, who had
married Driella, daughter of Godwin. Again, in 1051, the two Saxon
princes, Harold and Leofwin, sons of Earl Godwin, sought shelter in
Ireland, and spent the winter at Ferns, as the guests of Dennot, son of
Maelnambo, King of Leinster. This Dermot became supreme monarch
(Ardrigh) of Ireland in 1063; and we read that in 1068 he welcomed to
Dublin the sons of Prince Harold, namely, Godwin, Edmund, and Magnus,
and provided them with sixty- six vessels wherewith to attack Bristol,
whence they were repulsed in June, 1069. Almost a century later, in
1164, King Henry II., of England, sought the aid of Dermot Mac
Murrough, who sent him a small fleet, manned by Leinster troops ; and
on August 1st, 1166, Dermot himself "was banished by the men of
Erin." Two years later, namely, in August, 1 168, Dermot and a pioneer
force of Galls, landed at Glascarrig, and remained secluded in the Augus-
tinian Abbey of Ferns until the spring of the following year.1

Early in March, 1175, on the occasion of the marriage of Basilia de
Clare to Eaymond le Gros, Strongbow (Richard de Clare) assigned the
lands of Forth, Idrone, and Glascarrig to Raymond. Forth and Idrone
are in County Carlow ; but Glascarrig is the locale of the priory subse-
quently founded near Cahore Point. In 1187 the widowed Basilia took
Geoffrey FitzRobert (an illegitimate son of Robert FitzStephen) as her
second husband, who founded Kells, County Kilkenny, in 1193. Mean-
time the Cantetons, or Condons, had acquired the lordship of Glascarrig,
and in 1192-3 they invited a colony of Benedictine monks from
St. Dogmaell's, near Cardigan, in Pembrokeshire, to found a house on
their demesne lands.8

In 1193 the Benedictines had eight houses in Ireland, namely,
Corrig, County Down (1127), Neddrum (1179), the Black Abbey, in
the Ards (1180), Downpatrick (1183), Kilcummin (1185), Waterford
and Cork (1186), and Glascarrig. However, whilst all these foundations
were English Benedictine, Glascarrig was a dependency on a "Welsh
abbey, the only abbey of " the order of Tyron" in England and Wales.
This order of Tyron Benedictines was a reform of the Benedictine, insti-
tuted in 1109, by St. Bernard of Tyron, not to be confounded with his
Cistercian namesake of Clairvaux. St. Dogmaell's was erected in 1126
or 1127, and had dependent cells at Pille and Caldey ;3 and it is remark-
able that at St. Dogmaell's was discovered the famous Rosetta stone in
1845.

As regards a site for a Benedictine priory, Glascarrig was all that

1 Stokes' s "Ireland and the Anglo-Norman Church"; V4Book of Leinster";
" Annals of the Four Masters."

2 Orpen's " Song of Dermot and the Earl," 3064-3070.

3 Archdall, Dugdale, 'NVare, and Allemand.

GLASCARRIG PRIORY. COUNTY WEXFORD. 167

could be desired, and, in course of time, it grew to be one of the
wealthiest establishments in County Wexford ; the monks, too, mostly
of "Welsh and Flemish descent, were desirable neighbours for the new
colonists. By the terms of the foundation charter, the Abbot of
St. Dogmaell had the right of nominating the Prior of Glascarrig.

One of the earliest documents in connexion with Glascarrig is a
deed, or agreement, drawn up in March, 1223, between Andrew, Abbot
of St. Dogmaell, on behalf of the prior and monks of Glascarrig, and
Thomas, Abbot of Duiske (Graiguenemanagh), whereby the Cistercians
of Duiske were confirmed in two carucates of land in the barony of
Bantry, County Wexford, given to Glascarrig by Adam de Canteton.
This deed is signed as witness by John St. John, Bishop of Ferns,
then Bishop-elect.1

From the " Pipe Rolls " of Henry III. it would seem that, in 1261,
the prior had somehow infringed the law, as in the account of Henry
Fitz Henry, seneschal of Wexford County for the year 1261, there is
an entry to the effect that the prior and monks of Glascarrig owed half
a mark.2

In 1275, we find William de Canteton as Lord of Glascarrig, on
whose death, in 1286, his son, Maurice, entered into possession. From
an inquisition held at Carlow on April 8th, 1307, as to the property of
Roger le Bygod, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England (who
inherited part of the estates of William Marshal and his wife, Isabella de
Clare, the heiress of Strongbow), it appears that Maurice de Caunteton
held the barony of Glascarrig by a service of forty shillings and one
knight's fee. Not long afterwards the monks of Glascarrig had all the
lands around Cahore, and the long marsh of Inch, and the fishery with
the salvage of wrecks, &c. Thomas Dennus, Bishop of Ferns (1363-1400),
confirmed the charters of the priory, which then held the rectories of
Glascarrig, Donaghmore, Ardamine, Killnenor, Killenagh, Kilmuckridge,
Kilanierin, Killincooly, Kilpatrick, Templeudigan, and Kilnahue, in
the diocese of Ferns ; also the rectories of Kellistown, Ballycroane>
Lorum, and Clonegoose, in the diocese of Leighlin ; and Clondulane,
Litter, and Liscleary, in the diocese of Cloyne.3

From the year 1395, Art MacMurrogh's successes had practically
made him master of County Wexford ; and the Pale had become a
vanishing entity. Hence, Irish monks were gladly received into
profession at Glascarrig, and, at length, on March 14th, 1410, in order
to complete the Hibernicising process, the Irish Abbot of Bective,
County Meath, was transferred by Pope Boniface IX. to Glascarrig, as
its prior. This Irish Abbot, who resigned his Abbacy of Bective
(de Bene&ictione Dei], County Meath, for the priory of Glascarrig, was

1 Allemand and Archdall. 2 " Rec. Com. Reports," vol. i., p. 336.

3 Sweetman's " Calendar," 1302-1307 ; Archdall.

168 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Imar O'Dowd, who had been originally a Benedictine monk of the
Irish monastery in Vienna ; but who, on obtaining the Abbey of Bective,
in 1396, had conformed to the Cistercian rule. Thus, in 1401, we find
ex- Abbot O'Dowd as Prior of Glascarrig ; but his rule was not of long
duration, as Henry of Wales, a "Welsh monk of St. Dogmaell, appears as
Prior in 1408, at the time that Prince Thomas of Lancaster (Viceroy of
Ireland) had made an unsuccessful raid in the province of Leinster.
Art MacMurrogh was supreme in County Wexford in 1410, and he
generally resided at New Ross, whither Bishop Barrett had transferred
the sedes episcopalis of Ferns.1

From the " Calendar of Papal Letters " we learn that on the 3rd of the
Kalends of February, 1411, Pope John XXIII. issued a papal mandate
to the Bishop of Civitaten., the Abbot of St. Mary's, Ferns, and the
Archdeacon of Leighlin, to collate and assign to Andrew O'Curran,
Benedictine monk of St. Stephen's, Bologna, the priory of Glascarrig,
" dependent on the Abbey of St. Dogmaell of the order of Tyron, and
wont to be governed by monks thereof, whose value does not exceed
forty marks." Prior O'Curran received five papal commissions between
the years 1411 and 1414, one of which was to collate an Irishman,
Donall M'Call, Rector of Delgany, to the Archdeaconry of Glendalough,
which had been unlawfully held by Maurice O'Brien. Another com-
mission, dated 10 Kal. September, 1412, had reference to the collation
of an Irishman, Augustine Mac Brady, of the diocese of Kilmore, to
the treasurership of Ferns, value not exceeding twenty marks, void
by the death of Nicholas Browne, Dean of Ossory, whilst a third
concerned the collation of Thomas O'Nolan to the perpetual vicarage
of Moyacomb (Clonegal), in the diocese of Ferns, held by Aedh
O'Farrell.

Glascarrig Priory flourished until the dissolution of the monasteries
under Henry VIII. ; and the last Prior, Charles MacMurrough,
surrendered (?) in 1543. Seventeen years later, namely, on December
1st, 1550, as appears from the Fiants of Edward VI. , a lease of the Priory
was granted for twenty-one yearsj to Walter Peppard, of Kilkea,
County Kildare, with the rectories of Ardamine, Killenagh, Lorum,
Kilmuckridge, and Kilpatrick. This Peppard, on November 1st, 1560,
was given a lease of all the gold and silver mines in County Wexford ;
and, on November 2nd, 1562, he entered into a bond in £600 for the
delivery of the ore at Clonmines and New Ross. In April, 1564, he
sub-let the mines to John Chaloner, of Lanibay, and died in October,
1565, leaving a widow, Elizabeth, and a son, Anthony, who married
Meave Kavanagh.2

The possessions of Glascarrig Priory, in 1560, as transcribed from

1 " Calendar of Papal Letters," 1404-1415.

- " Fiants of Edward VI. " ; " Calendar of State Papers," 1509-1573.

GLASCARRIG PRIORY, COUNTY WEXFORD. 169

official documents by Sir Thomas H. Grattan Esmonde, Bart., M.P., are
returned as follows : —

Farm of site, cell, or late Priory, containing half
an acre, including one church, one hall, two
chambers, one small close, and one chantry, £ s. d.
within the precinct thereof, . . . .068
One water-mill and water-course, . . . .200

Two messuages, 1168

Nine cottages, 60 acres arable, 40 pasture, and moor, 500
Four cottages, 40 acres arable, 24 pasture, and moor

in Gorey, . . . . . . .240

Six cottages, 66 acres arable, 30 pasture, underwood

and moor in Kilmaster and Ballymoney, . .170
16 acres arable, 6 pasture, in Templederry and

Smithstown, ... . .064

£13 0 8
Rectories, churches, and chapels, . .3134

Total, £16 14 0

On May 6th, 1567, Anthony Peppard, gent., was given a lease of
Glascarrig Priory with its appurtenances, which lease was renewed on
November 19th, 1576. He is described, in 1570, as "of Ballmoney,
County Wexford, " but in 1572 he resided at Glascarrig. Apparently
he was a man in favour with the Government, for on May 5th,
1577, he was commissioned to execute martial law in County Caiiow,
and on February 17th, 1579-80, this commission was extended to the
County Wexford.

Among the pardons issued on August 24th, 1582, I find the names
of Thomas Lee, of Castlemartin, County Kildare, gent., Elizabeth
Peppard, his wife, Anthony Peppard, of Glascarrig, County Wexford,
gent., Meave Kavanagh, his wife, Edmund Kavanagh MacMurrough, of
Coolnaleen, &c. Again, on April 12th, 1584, pardon was given to
Anthony and Meave Peppard, of Glascarrig, also Elizabeth Kavanagh,
Murtagh MacParson, doragh, of same, curate.1

On June 10th, 1586, the said Anthony Peppard, as a stimulus for
his loyalty, had leases of various lands in County Kildare ; also the rectory
of Shankill, County Kilkenny ; Castlegar, County Galway ; the rectory
of Bally san, &c.

In 1605, when King James formed three new baronies in County
Wexford, it was stated that the " barony of Ballaghkeene contained in
MacDamore's country thirteen marte lands ; but the abbey land of Glascarrig,

1 " Fiants of Elizabeth."

170 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

or the lands of Murrowes and Inch, the jury know not how to divide,
either by marte lands or quarters. Anyhow, on June 20th, 1605, the
site, pasturage, etc., of the Priory of Glascarrig were granted in fee-
simple to Donogh O'Brien, Earl of Thomond, who was also given the
various rectories, churches, and chapels belonging to the said priory.

The year 1645 found Glascarrig priory almost in ruins, and the then
proprietor, Sir Walsingham Cooke, partly rebuilt it in 1654. During
the Cromwellian campaign, the engagement known as the " Battle of
Glescarrig," was fought on November 4th, 1649, by a body of troops
commanded by Majors Nelson and Meredith, as a result of which Lord
Inchiquin had to retire with the loss of two standards. Sir Walsingham
Cooke, notwithstanding his being a Puritan, was confirmed in his
Glascarrig property after the Restoration, but, at the opening of the
eighteenth century, it passed to Edmund Bray.1

The first appointment that we meet with in reference to the Catholic
parish of Ballygarret, which includes Glascarrig and Ardamine, is in 1696,
when Theobald (Toby) Butler — a relation of the Ormonde family — came
to officiate as Parish Priest of the district. On July llth, 1704, Father
Butler registered himself at Wexford as Catholic pastor of Donaghmore,
Ardamine, Kilmuckridge, and Killenagh, having been ordained on
December 16th, 1694, at Prague, in Bohemia, by the Archbishop of
Prague. His residence was at Tinnacross.2

About the middle of the eighteenth centuiy Glascarrig passed from
Edmund Bray to Francis Harvey, of Bargy Castle, County Wexf ord ; and
from a deed of February 22nd, 1794, it seems that Beauchamp Bagenal
Harvey had purchased the lands of Glascarrig, Raheen, and Mangan, for
the sum of £6000. As is well known, this B. B. Harvey, an unwilling
hero of '98, was captured in a cave in the Saltee Islands, and was
executed at Wexf ord, June 27th, 1798. Ten years later, we find Rev.
J. B. Gordon, the historian of '98, as Rector of Donaghmore, Killincooly,
Killenagh, and Ardamine; and at length, in 1835, Glascarrig became a
separate parish. The parochial records only go back to the year 1807.

Such is an outline of the chequered history of this priory ; and to-day
the traveller may seek in vain for any material traces of this once
flourishing Benedictine foundation. No longer tolls the priory bell, no
longer is heard the glorious Gregorian chant in the priory church, no
longer is seen a black-robed disciple of St. Benedict ; but the written
records remain, fragmentary, indeed, yet sufficient to give us a tolerable
idea of the annals of Glascarrig.

1 " Cromwell in Ireland," by the Rev. D. Murphy, s.j., p. 177.

2 " A List of the Parish Priests, Ac., Dublin," 1705.

( 171 )

Find of Bog-Butter, Canoe, and Bronze Sword in County Leitrim.—

Last July, in Drumconnor bog, a few miles from Creevelea, County
Leitrim, as a farmer was working at turf, he came across about 14 Ib.
weight of bog-butter. It was discovered at a depth of 5 feet 4 inches
from the surface. It was enclosed in an oaken vessel, shaped like a
butter "butt," and curiously carved. Unfortunately the staves were all
broken up before anyone who set any value on the find heard of it.
About half of the butter and some shreds of the staves are in the posses-
sion of Mr. George Gale, Dromahair.

Seven years ago a boat, or canoe, dug out of a single tree, was come
across a few feet above the last-mentioned find in the same bog. It was
broken up for firewood, nobody thinking it worth preserving ! There
were found, too, " an instrument like a chisel," as the discoverer described
it, and a "long, rusty, brass knife." They were brought home with the
turf, and lay about the house of the farmer, Mr. Kelly, who had dug
them up, for about five years, until both were given to a travelling
tinsmith for a new tin-can.

The writer showed Mr. Kelly the drawings in Wakeman's " Hand-
book," at p. 290, and he at once declared it was exactly like the picture
on the left (a decorated flat celt). The "long, brass knife" resembled
very closely, he stated, No. 5 of the Bronze Swords sketched on p. 281,
but was thinner in make. Not very unlikely it was a specimen of one of
the short-pointed swords of bronze which were used mainly in thrusting
by the races which inhabited Ireland before the Christian era. Mr. Kelly
would not credit it that there are men, reputed wise, that would give
him as much as a half-sovereign for an old, blunt, brass knife of that kind,
if he found another.

The incident shows what is likely happening every year to finds
of possibly inestimable antiquarian interest, more particularly in districts
where no one is known to care about such "rusted old irons." Unless
the find is seen to have the sheen of silver or gold, it is reckoned worth-
less, and, as likely as not, pitched again into the nearest bog-hole. —
(REV.) JOSEPH MEEHAN.

Stone Circle, &c., near Castletown Bere, County Cork.— When in

Castletown some time ago, I noticed a circle marked on the Ordnance
Map, and took the opportunity of visiting it.

As the photograph shows, it is a fine example ; the diameter is
25 feet, and nine stones remain, varying in height from 4£ to 6£ feet ;

172 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

five or six others have apparently been removed, probably to serve as
gate-posts — a fate to which the surviving ones are, unfortunately, still
liable.

The circle is situated in the townland of Ardgroom Outward, on an
open height, rather more than a quarter mile south of the road to Ken-
mare, at a point a mile and a quarter east of the village of Ardgroom ;
•which latter is about six miles from Castletown.

A small gallaun stands some 60 or 70 feet from the circle, in a
direction east by north, and both will be found marked on Ordnance
Sheet, No. 102, County Cork, and also on the 1-inch Sheet, 'No. 191.

STONE CIRCLE, CASTLETOWN BEREHAVEN, COUNTY CORK.
(From a Photograph by Mr. H. S. Crawford.)

Ajiother and much larger gallaun stands about two miles to the west
of .the circle, close to the head of Ballycrovane Harbour ; but I had not
time to examine it.

In conclusion, it may be mentioned that there are two old stone
crosses in the same district — a class of monument very uncommon in
that part of the country. They are plain, rough crosses, and are near
the road from Castletown to Ardgroom: each is 4 feet 9 inches in
height.

One is in the old graveyard of Kilcatherine, on the north shore of
Ballycrovane Harbour, mentioned before ; it is marked on Ordnance
Sheet No. 101, and the townland is Gortgarrif.

The other stands surrounded by diminutive graves, in a keel on the

MISCELLANEA. 173

hill side, a quarter of a mile to the north of Kilmackowen village,
Ordnance Sheet No. 102, townland of Carrickavart.

Both these crosses are also shown on the Index Map of County
Cork. — HENRr S. CEAWFORD, C.E.

Preservation of Ancient Monuments. — A meeting of the General
Council of the County Councils was held on Thursday, 27th April,
1905, in the City Hall, Dublin. Sir Thomas Grattan Esmonde, Bart.,
Chairman, presided.

The Chairman moved the following resolution : — " That in view of
the immense importance to the nation of the preservation of all monu-
ments of archaeological, historic, and architectural interest, we suggest
that all persons competent to give information upon the subject, whether
members of the Gaelic League, or of our various archaeological societies,
should inform the secretaries of the respective County Councils of the
locality of any pillar- stones, druid circles, cromlechs, Ogham- stones,
raths, duns, forts, crannogs, ancient crosses, abbeys, churches, castles,
or of any other structures of antiquarian or historic interest in their
respective counties not hitherto scheduled under the Acts for the
preservation of ancient monuments, with any information they can
supply concerning them ; and that the secretaries of the said County
Councils be requested to furnish this Council half-yearly with such
information as they may obtain on these subjects, with a view to its
publication, and to the eventual formulation of a national scheme for
the preservation, as in foreign countries, of our ancient monuments for
the nation."

The motion was seconded, and passed unanimously.

Irish Volunteer Curtain. — After my Paper, "A Note on an Irish
Volunteer Curtain," appeared in the present volume of the Journal,1 I
received a letter from Mr. Eobert B. Armstrong, Fellow, who (as
mentioned in my Paper) presented a similar piece of printed linen to
the Society in 1876 for their museum in Kilkenny. The following two
passages of his letter correct and add to my Paper, and will be of interest
to the members : —

" The Volunteer officers were elected by the privates ; there were
no commissions, and consequently no non-commissioned officers. The
junior officers undoubtedly carried fusees (light muskets)."

" My reason for supposing that the coach with the ' M ' was,
intended for that of the Countess of Moira is — the linen is of Ulster
manufacture, and the two patriotic peers of Ulster were the Earls of
Chaiiemont and Moira. Now, looking up the list of peers of 1799, 1 find
the following whose titles commence with the letter ' M ' : — Viscounts
Mountjoy and Monk ; the Earls of Meath, Miltown, Mountcashel, Mount-

1 Antea, pp. 60-63.

174 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Norris, Mayo, Masserine, and Moira. The last-named was connected
with Ulster ; the others were not. Lord Moira is mentioned as one of the
patriot peers as early as Lord Townsend's Viceroyalty, and continued so
to his death ; his son, the first Marquis of Hastings, carried on the
tradition. As for the Countess of Moira, she was a literary lady, and
leader of society ; and, as Moore says, a friend of Ireland, she was much
more than Countess of Moira. On the death of her brother, the tenth
Earl of Huntingdon, she succeeded to four very ancient English baronies,
which are still held by her descendant, the Earl of Loudon. Moira
House was one of the great Dublin houses, and the Countess resided
there until her death in 1808."

It is now the Mendicity House, on the south quays.— E. MAC DOWEL
COSGRA.VE, M.D.

Well of St. Patrick, at Patrick's Well, County Limerick.— This

well, which has now been covered in by the District Council, and a pump
erected over it as a public water-supply, was at one time a holy well,
from which the village takes its name. It is enclosed on three sides of
the public road by modern masonry walls. In the rear wall of this
enclosure is a panel, formed by inserting a piece of limestone about
2 feet square, on which is carved in low relief a figure of St. Patrick.

Some time ago Mr. Alexander MacDougall, Jim., Oakhurst, West-
combe Park, London, in passing through Patrick's Well, saw the stone,
and communicated with the Hon. Secretary, who requested me to
procure a photograph of it suitable for reproduction. Dr. George
Fogerty, R.K., has kindly provided me with one which shows the figure
clearly. The carving is in low relief, formed by sinking below the
original face of the stone. The figure represents St. Patrick with a
serpent under his feet, a book in his left hand, and a triple cross
in his right hand. Though most writers agree that the triple cross
was used to denote the authority of a pope, and the double cross
that of a patriarch or archbishop — the patriarchal cross of heraldry
— still, in Ireland, it would appear that the triple cross was in some
cases given to St. Patrick, as in this case, and also on the M'Cragh
tomb, Lismore Cathedral, as recently illustrated in the Journal,
vol. xxxiv,, p. 310. In some particulars the work gives the impression
of age, though it would not be safe to decide, for that reason, that it is
so, as some carving of this class, most archaic in design and execution, is
found to be of a comparatively modern date, as has been shown by Mr.
Komilly Allen in illustrating his work on Christian Symbolism. The
treatment of the hair and beard — usually a striking feature in ancient
sculpture — is very weak in this. The very early work was generally in
sandstone ; this is in limestone.

On the face of the stone is cut, in Roman letters, in the right-hand
corner, " St. Patrick" ; and on the left, " Erected by Thomas M Samara

MISCELLANEA. 175

and S. Breay." The only information I was able to obtain — for there is
nothing I could dignify by the title of local tradition — was, that the
stone is supposed to have been carved by McNamara and Breay (who
were masons), and set up over the holy well. This, if correct, must have
been before 1798, for there is a story told of the yeomen having been
stationed in Patrick's Well during the rebellion ; that the wives of
the troops having desecrated the well, it dried up, and also that the
commanding officer broke or injured the stone. The stone is broken

CARVED FIGURE OF ST. PATRICK, AT ST. PATRICK'S WELL, COUNTY LIMERICK.
"*• (From a Photograph by Dr. Fogerty, R.N.)

across. This must have occurred after the inscription was cut, judging
by the position of the " S." before " Breay," for the letter is just on the
fracture. It is possible that the stone — if not carved by these masons
— may have been discovered and erected by them, and afterwards broken
in some way, and again set up in its present position ; but locally, little
or nothing is known about it.

Though this well must have been well known in former times to
have given a name to the village, it has not been frequented for prayer,
nor have " rounds" been made there, for many years. — P. J. LYNCH, Fellow*

T u c A T f Vol. xv., Fifth Series. ) XT

Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol ^V} Consec ger |

176 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Wooden Effigies. — Dr. Alfred C. Fryer, F.S.A., &c., is engaged in
preparing a paper for the Royal Archaeological Institute on the Sepul-
chral "Wooden Effigies of Great Britain and Ireland. I called his
attention to the wooden effigy attributed to " St. Molaise," which we
saw at Innismurray during our delightful cruise round Ireland in June
last, and lent him the hrief account given in the Programme of the
Excursion. Now he wants to know more about it, and would like
photographs, dimensions, &c., if anybody would kindly help him. The
figure may not be " a sepulchral effigy " at all, and maybe, as suggested,
"the figure-head of a ship" ; but I think, to make his catalogue com-
plete (which he wishes to do), Dr. Fryer ought at least to mention this
Irish effigy. Do you know of any others, of wood, in Ireland ? We
have only two or three in this part of the world. — ALFRED E. HUDD,
F.S.A., Pembroke- road, Clifton.

The Inscribed Stones at Fethard Castle and Baginbun. — Mr. Orpen,
in the last issue of the Journal (antea, p. 67), seems to have missed the
real point of the theory I ventured to offer in vol. xxxiv., 1904, p. 387,
as a help towards solving the enigma of the Baginbun inscription.
However, he appends a "Note added in the Press," which, like the post-
script to the proverbial lady's letter, proves to be the most important
item in his communication. It gives the latest local information obtained
on the subject ; and this, according to Mr. Orpen' s version, is to the
effect that while he has been complacently regarding his theory by
which he " connects the inscription immediately and synchronously with
the long stay of Raymond le Gros at Baginbun," an eye-witness to the
discovery of the stone itself has appeared in the person of Mr. Rossiter,
who, about forty -two years ago, held the field the stone now lies on,
and who declares that its existence was unknown at that time, and that
it was not discovered until after a squaring of the boundary between his
farm and another had transferred possession of the field to Mr. Roche,
who, subsequently, uncovered the stone in the course of his farming
operations. And Mr. Rossiter distinctly remembers it had no inscription
on it whatever. This would seem to place the priority of the Fethard
Castle inscription beyond further question.

Mr. Orpen, however, alludes to this as " negative evidence," as if he
were prepared to cling, as a last resource, to the possible existence of an
ancient inscription that might have been overlooked when the stone was
unearthed. How, then, came the stone to be underground? Would
Raymond le Gros have buried it after he had cut the inscription ?

I believe Mr. Rossiter has further stated that the inscription now to
be seen on the stone was cut shortly after the discovery, and that the
carver was not, as has been generally supposed, a resident -at Fethard,
but merely a visitor there. Proof that the inscription had no existence,

MISCELLANEA. 177

or that its existence was unknown, prior to 1863, was quite sufficient for
my theory. "Whether it was cut in 1866 or 1876 did not matter. I
placed it subsequent to the later date from purely hypothetical considera-
tions, which I stated.

I was hardly prepared for anyone looking in a rude inscription, cut on
a rough stone, for an exact facsimile of an equally rude one, cut on a still
rougher stone; yet Mr. Orpen observes " that the two inscriptions do not
at all coincide when one is superimposed on the other" It does not seem to
have occurred to him that the size and spacing of letters at Baginbun
might follow from a rough reference to a rubbing from the Castle stone
as readily as the Fethard lettering would follow or be ' ' determined by a
Tough reference to the Baginbun stone." — W. H. LYNN, Architect.

Enniscorthy Castle (see p. 74). — I still adhere to the statement in
my paper, viz., that the date " may be fairly assigned as between the years
1232 and 1240." Moreover, having examined the structure of the
castle dozens of times within the past ten years, I can form a tolerable
estimate of the style of architecture; and I have no hesitation in
describing the major portion of the building as of the thirteenth century.

In 1537, when, according to Mr. Hore, the castle "was in such
utter ruin, that for all practical purposes it ceased to exist," Watkin
ap Powell was appointed custodian of Enniscorthy Castle. Fourteen
years later — namely, on February 13th, 1551-2 — Gabriel Blake was given
a lease of " the ruined castle " of Enniscorthy, as appears from the Fiants
of Edward VI. In the Ked Council Book, under date of the year 1543,
the " Castell of Eniscorthy " is stated to belong to the King. A similar
entry occurs at folio 290b, in connexion with the year 1550. Thus the
castle of Enniscorthy — albeit ruinous — was a kingly asset in 1552 —
fourteen years after the date at which it had practically become non-
existent.

On April 13th, 1566, Nicholas Heron was leased the " non-existent "
castle of Enniscorthy for twenty-one years, and he sublet it to Thomas
Stukeley, who was dismissed from the Seneschalship of County Wexford
in 1568. This "practically non-existent" castle was captured by Sir
Edward Butler, on August 15th, 1569 ; and it was visited by Sir Henry
Sydney, in 1577. It is described in the State Papers as the "strong house "
of Enniscorthy, implying that in 1569, nearly twenty years before the
advent of Wallop, the castle had been then used as a fortified residence
by the Seneschal. This opinion is strengthened by the fact that on May
15th, 1571, Sir Nicholas White wrote to Lord Burghley desiring a lease
-of "the house of Enniscorthy, if he is to continue Seneschal of Wexford."
Again, on June 30th, 1572, Lord Deputy Fitzwiliiam wrote to the English
Privy Council, recommending Sir Nicholas White's suit for the castle of
Enniscorthy.

178 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

On December 6th, 1581, a lease for twenty -one years was granted to
Edmund Spenser, the poet, of the " ruinous castle " of Enniscorthy — a
grant which the author of The faerie Queene prudently conveyed, three
days later, to Richard Synnott, of Ballybrennan. On March 8th, 1586,
Synnott made over his Enniscorthy estates, including the castle, to
Sir Henry Wallop, for a consideration; and Wallop, to prevent any
encroachment on his newly acquired property, had the principal members
of the Kavanagh family, the real owners, imprisoned.

Wallop re-fortified the castle and resided in it when not engaged in
affairs of state at Dublin. Thus, on January 8th, 1589, he writes to the
Privy Council regarding the Woods of Killoughram "not far from my
house of Enniscorthy." He went to England in April, 1589, where he
remained until July, 1595, over six years.

It is stated in the State Papers that there was a garrison of soldiers
at Enniscorthy, 1593. Wallop, at this date, had only a lease of the castle
and lands; but on May 22nd, 1593, he was granted, in fee-farm, all his
County Wexford property. Of course Wallop depreciated the value of
the estates, and so he got 12,464 acres for £13 6s. Sd. a-year. But,
strangely enough, though the castle is styled "ruinous," the wily
Wallop continued to live in it, for under date of September 27th, 1595, he
himself tells Burghley of some of his doings at his house of Enniscorthy.
We have numbers of his letters, but not a hint as to building a castle, as
is fancied by Mr. Hore. He merely says that he fortified the existing
castle, which had been gradually getting ruinous from about the year
1535. From the year 1597 he lived altogether in Dublin, where he died
April 14th, 1599, more or less in disgrace. — WILLIAM H. GRATTAN FLOOD.

[With this statement by Mr. Flood, this discussion closes. Both Mr.
Hore and Mr. Flood agree that the castle was a thirteenth- century building ;
that it had become ruinous in the sixteenth century, and was rebuilt or
restored towards the end of that century by Wallop. The chief point in
controversy appears to be the extent to which the castle had fallen to
decay. On this point, the communications have probably brought together
all the information to be obtained. — ED.]

( 179 )

NOTE. — The ivorks marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society.

*Notes on the Early History of the Dioceses of Tuam, Eillala, and
Aclionry. By Hubert Thomas Knox. (Dublin : Hodges, Figgis,
& Co., Ltd.). 8vo, pp. xvi 4- 410, with Map of the Diocese of
Tuam. Price 10s. 6d.

ME. KNOX'S contributions to our Journal are so well known to its readers,
who appreciate his vast knowledge of the places and persons of ancient
'Connaught, that they will not fail to welcome a volume from his pen.

As the opening sentence of his preface states, somewhat in-
consequentially, "No History of these Dioceses has yet been published,
except Mr. 0. J. Burke's ' History of the Catholic Archbishops of Tuam,'
which is limited in accordance with its title." There was therefore room
for such a work. Indeed, the Irish dioceses which have found historians
are still in the minority, and none of them embraces so large a territory
as that which Mr. Knox treats of. Nor have any of their historians dealt
so fully with the earliest periods of their history.

The opening chapters of this book are devoted to St. Patrick's work
in Connaught, and his chronology, involving the discussion of topics
which have evoked much controversy. Mr. Knox quotes largely from
Tirechan's Collections, as copied into the "Book of Armagh," and from
the " Tripartite Life," supplying his readers with a convenient summary
in English of all bearing on this subject, which is now receiving so much
attention. Perhaps the identifications of places supplied in the notes
will be most welcomed. For instance, the Wood of Fochluth is said
(p. 26) to be " a large tract about Foghill, near Lacken." In the same
page the name is spelled Fochloth, Fochlith, and Fochluth — the variety
not being explained.

The early local saints receive due notice. The church under the
Abbots, and the gradual establishment of dioceses and their organization,
.are all treated of. The successions of the archbishops and bishops, with
brief biographical notices, are supplied for each diocese. A chapter is
devoted to church architecture, and another to the antiquities, including
holy wells, long stones, crosses, and "swearing, cursing, and praying
stones." Bodkin's Visitation, the Valor Beneficiorum, and the Taxa-
tion of 1306 receive due attention ; and useful notes are supplied.

180 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The parishes and their old churches, the incumbents, in 1591, and
the monastic orders, and their houses, all find a place.

The author has done a great service to Irish history hy this learned1
and comprehensive publication. His matter is of a high standard, well
arranged, and not too dry.

Over twenty pages are occupied by three indexes. Those of persons
and of places are very satisfactory ; but the third, styled " Miscellaneous,"
relating to subjects, might be expanded with advantage.

An excellent map, supplied by Messrs. Stanford, is added. It is
headed, " The Diocese of Tuam" ; but it seems to embrace a much larger
area, extending from Ballyshannon and Lough Erne to Bunratty and the
borders of County Limerick. The ecclesiastical divisions are indicated,
but not adequately explained; and the dioceses are not named on themap.

The print of the book is clear ; but there are a good many misprints,
such as " Dr. Whitiy Stokes," which is, perhaps, attributable to the
printers hailing from "Edinburgh and London." Why cannot Dublin
printers print Irish books ?

The Caithreim Conghail Cldiringhnigh, now edited and translated for
the first time, by Professor MacSweeney, is a welcome addition to the
volumes published by the Irish Texts Society. The text is preserved in
a single paper MS., ascribed to about the year 1650 ; and the language
is that of the transition period between middle and modern Irish.
Chronologically, the Saga belongs to the pre-Cuchulainn stage of the
Craobh Euadh cycle. As it has come down to us, it is composed of at
least five distinct episodes, somewhat loosely strung together. The editor
gives a critical study of the Caithreim, from which we do not exactly
dissent ; but as he seems to us to miss the significance of some episodes,
and as we have formed a much more precise and, we believe, a novel
theory of the genesis of the tale, we shall briefly summarize these
episodes, and indicate our views as we proceed.

First, we have " the Emain-Tara episode." The Ard Ei, Lughaidh
Luaighne, has, for the first time, tyrannically placed two kings over the
Ultonians, viz. Conghal, to rule from the Bann to Beanna Boirche (the
Mourne mountains), i.e. the circumscribed Uladh of history, and Fergus
Mac Leide, from the Bann to the Drowes, i.e. the territory belonging in
historic times to the Cinel Eoghain, Cinel Connaill, and the Oirghialla.
To appease the discontent of their subjects, the two kings go to Tara to>
ask that there should be one king appointed. Lughaidh gives the
kingdom to Fergus, and Conghal goes off vowing vengeance. He collects-
all the outlaws and discontented of Ireland, and kills Lughaidh's son,
whom he meets on his way. For this he is banished ; but before leaving

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 181

Ireland he takes by assault Dun da Beann, identified with Mount Sandall,
an artificial mound near Coleraine, and defeats the forces of Fergus mac
Leide at Inbher Tuaighe (the mouth of the Bann).

In this section the editor thinks we have the nucleus of the original
Conghal tradition. "The rise of Emania," he says, "brought the
northern clann into conflict with the hegemony exercised at Tara." So
far, however, as the piece preserves a genuine tradition, we should prefer
to regard it as referring to an inter -racial conflict between the Goidels,
now spreading from Tara over the north, and the primitive inhabitants,
Ivernians and Picts, now confined to the north-east of Ulster. This
movement we may, with Professor Rhys, regard as consummated by the
recorded taking of Emania by the three Collas in A.D. 331 ; but we may
be sure that it took a long time to accomplish, and in this section of the
Saga we may possibly have embodied a genuine tradition of a temporary
success on the part of the semi-Goidelicised Ivernians. The two kings,
the division of the ancient Uladh or Ultonia, the portion assigned to
Conghal (namely, the circumscribed Uladh of historic times, or Ulidia),
the animus against Tara, and Conghal's leniency towards the men of
Uladh who sided against him, all fit in with this view.

Then comes "the Rathlin episode," in which Conghal defends Rigdonn's
(Brown-wrists) Cathair, and his daughter, from an attack by Nabgodon
mac loruaidh, who came to abduct the latter. The name Nabgodon is
Biblical, but the patronymic was probably originally a place-name denoting
Norway. This episode, the editor thinks, was interpolated by the last
principal redactor of the Cathreim in illustration of the topography of his
native district. But there is really very little Rathlin topography in it,
except that Brown-wrist's Cathair was on the northern side of the island,
near a landing-place, which agrees with the position of Doonmore. It is
to be noted, too, that the attack on the Bruighen here was prophesied by
Fraoch the druid in the first section (compare p. 42, where the mis-
translation is corrected in the note, with p. 82). The story probably in
its origin belonged to the Fomorian tribute class, and recalls the incident
in the Tochmarc Emere where Cuchulainn rescues a maiden devoted to
the Fomori. In the version quoted by O'Curry (MS. Mat., p. 280) she
is even said to be daughter of the king of Rathlin.

Next comes "the Lochlann episode," which the editor considers a
post-Norse addition, following originally immediately on Part I. But
Lochlann was used in pre-Norse times as a name for the other world ;
and, in any case, the name is not essential. This episode seems to point
to a mythological Conghal whose character and deeds are, as so often was
the case, foisted on to a quasi-historical person. From this point of view
it seems to be the oldest and most important section of the Saga.
Conghal is put under geasa to get the three magical birds of Saighead,
daughter of Carrthann Corr, the magical golden yoke of Cearb's chariot,
and the helmet of Miscenmas, from the Cathair of Muirn to the south of

182 ROYAL SOCIETY OI* ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

TJardha (the cold country). Conghal sails far away to the west, goes
under a mountain of fire, and at last reaches the Cathair of Muirn, itself
defended by a wall of fire. This almost inaccessible island over-sea in
the west is clearly the Abode of the Dead. Then follow a number of
successful conflicts with supernatural beings, including some " leopard-
dog things" (oncoin\ who take to the water and are appropriately
destroyed by the son of Fergus Fairrge, including also Cearb and
Miscenmas, who cannot be hurt by ordinary weapons. These last are
overcome by Fergus mac Rosa while the rest of the army are lulled to
sleep by the magical birds. Fergus has recourse to a curious sort of club,
viz., the royal tower that supported a glass grianan, full of children, in
the cathair. This is clearly all mythology, and appears to represent the
Harrying of Hades by the culture hero and the carrying off of things useful
to man ; but recast and embodied as it is in a late text, it presents what
Professor Rhys would call " a blurred picture." The demolition of the
tower supporting the glass grianan recalls the destruction of the tower of
the Fomori — an event which the Four Masters have the courage to date,
and which in Nennius concerns a glass tower in the middle of the sea ;
also the Caer Wydyr, or glass fortress, of Taliessin ; while the three
magical birds remind us of the lapwing which Gwydion brought back
from a similar expedition, and still more closely of the three cranes
that Aitherne stole from Mider, a king of the fairies, and perhaps of the
Tarvos Trigaranus monument of the Cluny Museum. For one is tempted
to regard the birds in our tale as cranes, for they are said to belong
to Saighead (sagitta], daughter of Carthann Corr, and corr = crane. But
the whole name is difficult to interpret ; and some of the other names,
it must be admitted, are hard to explain, or do not fit in with this view of
the tale. Muirn Molbhthaidhe, for instance, would mean " Praiseworthy
Love," not an appropriate name for the Queen of Hades. It seems
doubtful, too, whether ConghaPs soubriquet, Clairingnech (flat-nailed), or
Claireineach, as it sometimes appears, has any mythological significance.
The latter word the editor renders "flat-faced" ; but in St. Broccan's
Hymn (1. 42), the word seems to connote " blindness." Bennachais in
Clarainech comdar forreil a di suil ; " She blessed the Clarinech. so that his
two eyes were clear." In the " Marty rology of Donegal " it is glossed
natus cum tabulata facie 1. sine oculis et naribus. It is noteworthy,
however, that Conghal has very little to do with this episode, and it
may be that Bricne (Bricriu mac Cairbre), who inspired the expedition,
is the real culture hero, as his fellow-poets and satirists, Cairbre and
Aitherne, are. in other stories of the same class.

After this, Conghal takes the kingship of Alban and of the Isles, and
the terror of his name makes Arthur, son of lubhar (Arthur, son of
Uther Pendragon), King of Britain, and Torna mac Tinne, king of the
Saxons, give up their kingships to him. Then, with his foreign auxil-
iaries he returns to Ireland, and first we have " the harrying of Bruighen

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 183

Boirche" episode, from which Fergus macLeide barely escapes; and
finally, "the Battle of Tara," in which Conghal triumphs over Lughaidh
Luaighne, and becomes King of Ireland.

The editor has not noticed the resemblance in essentials, and even
in some details, between what may be regarded as the historical portion
of this Saga and that of the banquet of Dun na-nGedh, and consequent
battle of Magh Rath. In both the real cause of the conflict is the same,
viz., the claim of the king of the circumscribed Uladh or Ulidia to the
whole of his ancient inheritance, Ultonia. In the one story this king is
Conghal Claringnech, or Clarainech; in the other, he is Congal Claen
(squint-eyed) or Caoch (one-eyed). In each story the King of Ulidia
refuses all proffered compensation, goes off to get assistance from Alban,
Britain, and Saxonland, and forces on battle against the Ard Hi. In each
we meet with the curious tale of the recovered son of the King of Britain,
and the three false claimants. (This parallel is noted by Professor Mac-
Sweeney.) Broadly speaking, the main difference lies in the direction of
the sympathies of the story-teller, and in the result of the final battle.
Conghal Claringnech is treated from the Ulidian point of view, and finally
overcomes the King of Ireland ; Congal Claen is described by an adulator
of the Ard Rf, and is finally overthrown by the king.

It is impossible here to do more than to indicate the conclusions we
would draw from these resemblances. The editor considers that the
rise of the Claringnech Saga probably synchronised with the struggles
between the provincial rulers for the kingship of Ireland in the eleventh
and twelfth centuries ; and he regards the quasi-historical part as in the
nature of a political pamphlet. We venture to suggest, more precisely,
that it was occasioned by the publication of the Dun na-nGedh and
Magh Rath stories, which must have been felt by the TJlidians as very
derogatory to their dignity. We may take it that the battle of Magh
Rath was actually fought about the year 637 A.D., as it is mentioned by
the contemporary Adamnan. The version published by O'Donovan is
ascribed by him to the close of the twelfth century ; but it was probably
preceded by more ancient versions, dating back, perhaps, to the eighth
century. It is mentioned in the "Book of Leinster" list. It would
seem, then, that the Claringnech Saga, of which, as a whole, there is no
early mention, was composed as a sort of Ulidian counterblast to the Hy
Niellian note of triumph sounded in this tale. Conghal Claringnech, one
of the heroes of the Craobh Ruadh (see " Battle of Magh Rath," pp. 209,
221), was selected perhaps partly on account of the similarity of name,
but mainly on account of his reputed victory over the King of Tara.
Stories, quasi-historical and mythological, perhaps not all originally
attached to his name, were added to magnify his glory. The better
to emphasize the reply, the general lines of the former story were
followed, though treated from the Ulidian point of view, and instead
of the final catastrophe were substituted a version of the old tale,

184 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

"The Harrying of Bruighen Boirche," and the reputed historic fact of
Conghal's victory at Tara.

To students of modern Irish the present volume will be a great boon.
0' Curry speaks of the tale as the very best he ever met for " the purity
and excellence of its language." The translation is at once readable and
close to the original. Some passages, however, we venture to think, have
been incorrectly rendered. For instance, Eigdonn's reply to the embassy
from Nabgodon (p. 75) should run: " For even if my daughter did not
belong to another, I would not give her to N., for I have no intention of
making an alliance by marriage with him" (reading a cleaThnur-a). Occa-
sionally we meet with a grandiloquence not warranted by the original, as,
for instance, rendering the phrase aftbap placa 6pecmn, by " the foun-
tain-head of the princedom of Ireland," whereas the phrase simply means
" the makings of a prince of Erin" : cf. pfog&cuiina. So the title 'Cathreim
is rendered "martial career," which is not an improvement on the
familiar " triumphs." The spelling " Clairinghneach " with the aspiration
of the (j seems to require explanation. An elaborate analysis of the ver-
bal system of the MS. will be found useful to students. Archa3ologists
will find much to interest them both in the place-names and in the
descriptions of forts, houses, dress, and weapons, including among the last
" the champion's hand-stone," which O'Curry endeavoured to identify
with the stone celt of our museums — a possible theory if confined to the
occasional use, actual or imaginary, to which discovered stone-celts may
have been put, and one harmonizing with the magical properties ascribed
to both implements ; but an entirely impossible one, if extended to the
purpose for which stone celts were made, or if involving the late period
of their manufacture contemplated by O'Curry. "We cannot close this
inadequate account of an interesting book better than by cordially
endorsing the regret of the editor that the two departments of archeology
and linguistic have been for so long divorced, with much consequent loss
to each. — GODDAKD H. ORPEN.

Libri Sancti Patricii : The Latin Writings of St. Patrick. Edited, with
Introduction, Translation, and Notes, by Newport J. D. White, D.D.
(Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Reprint.) Dublin: 1905.

DE. WSITE has done a service to students of Irish history and
antiquities for which they will be grateful. He has given us an
edition of the Confession of St. Patrick, and of his Epistle to Coroticus,
in which the text is constructed on critical principles from all the
manuscripts of those writings known to scholars. It is surprising that
this desideratum has been so long unsupplied ; it is matter of congratula-
tion that at length the work has been done in so scholarly and

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 185

satisfactory a manner. The manuscripts on which Dr. "White has worked
are six in number, of which four were used by Ware in the editio
princeps, and a fifth by Andrew Denis, the Bollandist editor, while the
sixth (a Rouen MS.) is now made generally known for the first time.
The five which were known to former editors have been collated afresh
— a most necessary task — and the readings of all six are collected in an
excellent apparatus criticus. (As this notice goes to press, the news
comes that Dr. White's labours have led to the discovery of a seventh
manuscript, an account of which he will shortly publish.) The text is
illustrated by a series of learned notes ; and in the Introduction, after a
careful discussion of the relation of the manuscripts to each other and to
the autograph, an attempt is made to estimate the amount of information
to be gleaned from the Libri Sancti Patricii as to the career of St. Patrick.
The difficult question of the character of the Biblical text used by
St. Patrick is also dealt with ; and if no very definite solution of this
obscure problem is arrived at, the fault rests not with Dr. White, but
with the unsatisfactory nature of the evidence with which he is obliged
to be content. The book includes also an English translation, which
is both accurate and readable.

So important and excellent a work deserves in these pages a detailed
examination ; and we therefore make no apology for offering some
minute criticisms, in the hope that they may prove useful when a second
edition is called for.

The most interesting copy of the Confession of St. Patrick, and the
earliest by several centuries, is that which is found in the Book of
Armagh. It is well known that it differs from other manuscripts by the
omission of considerable portions of the text as given in them. It is
tempting to account for this fact by supposing either that in the Book
of Armagh (which the editor designates by the letter A) we have an
abridged recension of the work, the omissions being deliberate, or that
the remaining manuscripts represent an enlarged recension of the original
tract. Both these hypotheses are rightly rejected by Dr. White, for
reasons which need not be re-stated. His theory — and he seems to us to
have established it — is that the copy from which A was derived had lost
many leaves, and that the scribe copied all that remained of it. Let us
call this mutilated exemplar X. Now, if Dr. White's conclusion is
correct, it is easily calculated that X was a manuscript of somewhat
more than 110 leaves, including the Epistle, which it certainly contained.
At the time when a copy of it was made, about thirty-five consecutive
leaves remained at the beginning ; but of the remaining seventy-five or
eighty, only about thirteen were left. They were in groups of two, one,
seven, and two, respectively, followed by a single leaf. No scribe could
fail to observe that a manuscript which was in such a tattered state was
incomplete. And it would be strange indeed, if the scribe of A used it,
that he should not have drawn attention to its lacunae, for he has noted

186 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

the imperfections of his exemplar in far less conspicuous cases. The
natural conclusion seems to be that A was not copied from X, but from
an intermediate exemplar, in which there was no indication of the gaps.
If so, we must give up the theory that Ferdomnach had the autograph of
St. Patrick in his hands. The colophon, ' Hue usque volumen quod
Patricius manu conscripsit sua,' like the title, ' Incipiunt Libri Sancti
Patricii Episcopi,' was simply copied from the exemplar. This was a
common practice, as we know, of Irish, as of other scribes.

This conclusion is confirmed by other considerations. Each leaf of X
contained only a small amount of text, not more than five or six lines of
Dr. White's edition. This at first sight seems to imply that the leaves were
of improbably small size. But it is not really so. If the lines were of the
same length and the letters of the same size as those of the gorgeous
Vienna manuscript of the Gospels, known as the Codex Palatinus, each
page would have contained about six lines, and would have measured
about 6 by 5 inches. This fact suggests that the hypothesis that X
' was written on very small folios, possibly not in a very neat hand/
is unnecessary. It is quite as likely that it was a richly adorned
manuscript, copied by some faithful disciple from an older codex in
which the Confession was in the writing of St. Patrick himself. And it
is not a little remarkable that every hiatus in A begins at such a place
as the scribe of such a copy might have reserved for an elaborate initial
letter, and would have therefore placed, if he could so arrange it, at the
head of a page. Hence it comes that, in spite of its long omissions, A
presents a text which is apparently continuous. And it may be observed
that our hypothesis serves to account for a number of the minor
omissions which are characteristic of A. In many cases the scribe
who worked on X sdems to have omitted complete lines of his
exemplar. He has, at any rate, omitted phrases which would have
occupied complete lines of the Codex Palatinus. This is perhaps the
place to remark that the difficulty which the scribe of A often had in
deciphering his exemplar does not necessarily imply that it was a very
old copy. His difficulties seem, in many cases, rather to have arisen from
malformation of the letters. Thus, for example, he appears to have found
it hard to distinguish e from s : he writes deeritis for desertis (-Us MSS.)
§ 10, detestabilis for detestabiU§ 13, peritissime for peritissimis § 24, eps
for sps § 25, &c. ; and he sometimes indicates his perplexity by writing
z in the margin, which, in §§ 9, 14, he explains to mean, * incertus liber
hie.' Another error which may be accounted for in a similar way
stands in Dn White's text, § 11: ' Et iterum Spiritus testatur, Et
rusticationem ab Altissimo creata est.' No doubt, the exemplar had
creata— >: (= creatam :), which was misread creata^ (= creata est). It is no
wonder that in the MSS. the accusatives - gave place to nominatives ; but
they are in the passage (Sir. vii. 16) which St. Patrick was quoting.

Once or twice one feels that Dr. White extracts more than he has a

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 187

right to from his evidence. It cannot be necessary to suppose, for
instance, that St. Patrick recognised ' them who lived beside the wood of
Fochlut' by their ' accent ' (p. 224). Dreams being what they are, we
need hardly ask how he ' knew their voice.' But the conclusion which
Dr. White draws, that the saint embarked on the west coast, is, we think,
sounder than this part of his argument ; for he found his ship at a place
about two hundred miles from Slemish, and the only spots on the coast of
Ireland which could be so described are on the west and the south-east of
the island. But if he sailed from the east, unless he had a very unhappy
voyage, he could hardly have taken three days to reach England. The
quotations on p. 229 do not seem to justify the statement that the saint
regarded the establishment of Christianity in Ireland as due to his efforts.
He is speaking rhetorically, and obviously has in view his own converts,
and, perhaps, only a few of them. Is there really 'no doubt' that
Patrick knew enough Greek to connect Selias with Helios (note on p. 241,
1. 17) ? At any rate, Mai. iv. 2, 4, to which Dr. White does not refer,
suffices to explain the transition of his thought from Helias to the
1 splendor solis illius.' This is one of a few cases in which we are in-
clined to see reminiscences of Scriptural language which the editor has
ignored. Another example is Conf. 12, where ' pro tantis beneficiis
eius ' might have been printed in italics as a Biblical quotation, though
it is not in any extant text of Ps. cxv. 12. * Scriptum erat contra,'
again (Conf. 29), reminds one of Dan. v. 5, 7, Dan. vii. being quoted in
the same line. The quotation of 2 Cor. xii. 2, in Conf. 24, suggests that
the words ' intra corpus rneum ' in § 25 are from the same verse. And
does not * qui nondum videtur sed corde creditur ' (Conf. 54) recall
St. John xx. 29, and Rom. x. 10 ? In like manner ' filii quos in Christo
genui' (Ep. 16) must have been suggested by 1 Cor. iv. 15. And finally,
in spite of some verbal differences, Conf. 52, ' comprehenderunt me. . . .
Et ilia die avidissime cupiebant interficere me ; sed tempus nondum
venerat,' cannot be independent of St. John vii. 20, 30 ; viii. 20, 40. As
bearing on the source of St. Patrick's £Tew Testament citations, it is
worth while to remark that in St. Matthew xxviii. 19, 20 (Conf. 40),
his reading ' euntes ergo nunc . . . observare,' otherwise unsupported by
Old Latin texts, is found in the " Book of Mulling." It is, therefore,
an old Latin reading which had currency in Ireland long after St. Patrick's
time. It occurs also in the Book of Kells, the Lichfield Gospels of
St. Chad, and other manuscripts of the same type.

A few remarks may be made on the text, apparatus, and translation.
In Conf. 2 it is misleading to say that A reads ' serorem orarem ' for
' uel — remem.' It really omits * uel ' (ul) which in the exemplar, no
doubt, looked like * ut ' repeated ; and reads ' serorem orarem ' for
' sero rememorarem,' or, in other words, omits the second ' em ' in the
latter word. In Conf. 20 the apparatus wrongly represents that A
reduplicates 'inquit.' In Conf. 24, 25, it may be doubted whether

188 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

4 effatus ' is right : F3 R really support A in the second passage. In
Conf. 26, 27 the text is skilfully emended, but in the phrase of the siss.
' me et adversus verbum ' it is not obvious that * me ' is the word to be
omitted. We should, perhaps, rather omit ' et.' c Me adversus ' for
' adversus me ' can be justified by examples from Merovingian Latin.
A little further on (Conf. 29) we have, ' we have seen with pain the face
of him who is designated by name stripped [of its due title],' as
the rendering of * Male uidimus faciem designati nudato nomine.'
But in the next sentence St. Patrick implies that the Speaker might have
said ' uidisti,' and surely the saint did not see his own face ! Hence the
alternative interpretation suggested in Dr. White's note is to be preferred,
though it is not altogether satisfactory. By the way, is ' designatus '
ever used in medieval Latin for ' bishop-elect ' ? Perhaps ' uel per
partes ' (Conf. 35) may be translated ' and in (all) its parts.' .Readers
of Bede are aware that ' uel ' is frequently used in the sense of ' and ' — a
fact which should also be remembered in connexion with Epist. 8, 9, 16.
The rendering ' parents ' in Conf. 42, 43 is inconsistent with a remark
of the editor at p. 224. In Epistle 21 the words 'as he is' need not
have been inserted after ' murderer ' : compare ' patricida, fratricida '
in § 5. Finally, consideration may be asked for the suggestion that the
* lingua hominum ' of Conf. 9 is ' the language of (ill -educated) men,'
— in other words, bad Latin. St. Patrick was afraid that he might fall
into mistakes in this tongue, since he had not been used to it ' ex infan-
tia,' and because it was to him still a ' lingua aliena.' The * lingua
^liena ' can scarcely be Irish : the context implies that it was the
language in which he wrote, and that his sentences were translated
into it from the language in which he thought.

In these notes prominence has of necessity been given to details in
regard to which it is possible . to differ from Dr. White. They would
not have been committed to print if it did not appear to the present
writer that he has made a most valuable contribution to the study of
Irish Church History, and that his book is one which must be in the
hands of every serious student of the life of our Patron Saint.

H. J. LAWLOR.

FIFTY-SEVENTH YEARLY SESSION.

A QITARTEELY GENERAL MEETING of the Society was held in the Society's
llooms, 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, the 25th of April,
1905, at 8 o'clock, p.m. :

JOHN RIBTON GAESTIN, Esq., D.L., M.A., F.S.A., M.K.I.A., President,
in the Chair.

The following Fellows and Members attended : —

Vice- Presidents. — F. Elrington Ball, M.K.I. A. ; William C. Stubbs, M.A.

Hon. General Secretary. — Robert Coehrane, F.S.A., i.s.o.

Hon. Treasurer. — Henry J. Stokes.

Fellows.— Henry F. Berry, i.s.o., M.A. ; S. A. 0. Fitz Patrick ; Patrick J. O'Reilly ;
J. J. Perceval, j.i>. ; G. N. Count Plunkett, F.S.A. ; L. R. Strangways, M.A. ; John
F. Weldrick.

Members.— Mrs. Allen, Wexf ord ; Mrs. C. F. Allen; Mrs. W. M. Bennet ;
Martin J. Blake ; George H. Burnett ; Rev. K. C. Brunskill ; W. F. Butler, M.A. ;
H. A. Cosgrave ; G. 0. Carolin ; E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave, M.D. ; William J. Fegan ;
Edwin Fayle ; Mrs. Gould; J. B. Gough ; W. A. Henderson; Mrs. Kiernan;
George Kernan ; Rev. William O'Neill Lindesay, M.A. ; Mrs. Long ; Rev. J. E.
Moffatt, M.D. ; J. H. Moore, M.A. ; Francis M 'Bride, J.P. ; John Morton ; Miss Ida
Pirn ; Miss Powell ; Thomas Rice ; B. H. Roice ; Mrs. Shackleton ; Mrs. E. Weber
Smyth; J. A. Scott ; H. Vereker ; C. J. Wilson.

The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following Fellows and Members were elected : —

FELLOWS.

Burns, Thomas, F.U.S.L., M.S. A., Diana-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne : proposed by

Dr. Charles F. Forshaw, F.K.S.L., Fellow.
Grenfell, the Right Hon. Lord, F.S.A., &c., Commander of the Forces, Royal

Hospital, Dublin: proposed by the President (Mr. Garstin).

MEMBERS.

Dickie, Wallace, 22, Trinity College, Dublin: proposed by Miss H. S. G. Fleming.
Drew, Thomas, Secretary County Committee of Agriculture and Technical Instruction,

Kilkenny: proposed by M. M. Murphy, M.R.I. A., Fellow.
Feely, Frank Michael, D.I., R.I.C., Killarney : proposed by Professor Rhys, M.A.,

LITT. D., Hon. Fellow.

190 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Geoghegan, J. E., Rockfield, Blackrock, County Dublin : proposed by William

P. Geoghegan.
Given, Maxwell, C.E., 3, Ardbana-terrace, Coleraine : proposed by S. K. Kirker, .

Felloiv.
Kelly, the Rev. Joseph, c.c., Episcopal Residence, Mulliugar : proposed by Thomas

J. Shaw, J.v.
Philips, G. T., Head Master, Kilkenny Technical Schools, Patrick-street, Kilkenny :

proposed by M. M. Murphy, M.B.I.A., Fellow.
Rice, Ignatius J., 1, Waltham-terrace, Blackrock, County Dublin: proposed by

Spencer Harty, M. INST. C.E.I.
Roper. Charles Edward Alexander, Barrister-at-Law, 55, Leeson Park, County

Dublin : proposed by Richard J. Kelly, J.P.
Shekelton, William A., Kilkenny College, Kilkenny : proposed by the Rev. Andrew

V. Hogg, Fellow.
Sheridan, George P., A.K.I.B.A., 25, Suffolk-street, Dublin: proposed by P. J.

Lynch, Fellow.
Warren, Miss Edyth G., 12, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin: proposed b'y the Rev.

Hugo R. Huband, M.A.

Warren, Miss Mary Helen, 12, Fitzwilliani-square, Dublin : proposed by Miss Peter.
Whitton, Joseph, B.A., B.E., Board of Works Office, Tralee : proposed by P. J.

Lynch, Fellow.

The Society's Accounts for the year 1904 were adopted, and ordered
to be published in the Journal. (See opposite page.)

The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —

"Hall-marks on Irish Plate" (illustrated by lantern slides), by the President

(Mr. Garstin).
" A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin," Part I. (illustrated

by lantern slides), by Dr. E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave.

The following Paper was taken as read, and referred to the Council
for publication : —

" Iniscathy after ceasing to be a See," by the Very Rev. Sylvester Malone, P.P.,
V.G., M.K.I.A., Fellow.

The President (Mr. Garstin) exhibited some foreign coins found in
Ireland, and an early token " IN LYMBICE."

The Society then adjourned to Tuesday, the 30th of May, 1905.

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T w c A T f Vol. xv., Fifth Series.
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol xxxy Consec> Ser>

192 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

KILKENNY ANNUAL MEETING.
EVENING MEETING, KILKENNY, MAY, 1905.

AN Evening Meeting of the Society was held in Kilkenny on Tuesday,
the 30th of May, 1905, at 8.30, p.m., when the following Papers were
read : —

" Jerpoint Abbey, County Kilkenny," by Richard Langrishe, J.P., Fellow.
" Thomastown, Kilfane, and Tullaherin, County Kilkenny," by the Rev. Canon
Hewson, M.A.

The following Papers were taken as read, and, with the foregoing,
were referred to the Council for publication : —

"A Contribution towards a Catalogue of Engravings of Dublin," by Dr. E.

Mac Dowel Cosgrave. Part II.

" On an Old Rental of Cong Abbey," by Martin J. Blake, Barrister-at-Law.
•" Glascarrig Priory, County Wexford," by William H. Grattan Flood.

THE EXCURSIONS.

The Local Committee made arrangements for and carried out the
Programme as follows : —

Tuesday, May 30th.

The Memhers met at 2 o'clock, p.m., on the Parade, opposite the
Castle Gate, and visited the Castle and its Picture Gallery (hy kind
permission of the Most Nohle the Marquis of Ormonde). Afterwards the
party (fifty -two in number) proceeded to St. Mary's, passing the Alms
House, Rose Inn-street. Arriving at St. Mary's, they were shown the
Ketteler Stone, Rothe Monument and Font, &c. The members then
visited St. Francis's Abbey, the Black Abbey, Museum, St. Mary's
•Cathedral, and, by kind invitation of the Lord Bishop of Ossory and
Mrs. Crozier, had afternoon tea at the Palace, after which St. Canice's
Cathedral, Monuments, and Round Tower were shown by Dr. Crozier
and Mr. Richard Langrishe, and the magnificent Church Plate by the
newly-appointed Dean, the Very Rev. Maurice Day.

The members dined at the Club House Hotel, the President pre-
siding. After dinner the Papers were read, and, on the proposal of
Bishop Crozier, seconded by the Rev. William Healy, P.P., and of the
Rev. Canon ffrench, seconded by Mr. M. Buggy, were referred to the
Council for publication.

PROCEEDINGS. 193

Wednesday, May 31st.

The members met at the Parade at 9 o'clock, a.m., and proceeded
to Thomastown, where they were met by the Eev. Canon Hewson, who
pointed out the monuments, &c., in the ancient Church of Thomastown,
situate close to the present parish church. From Thomastown the party
proceeded to Inistioge, where lunch was served in the Hotel. After
lunch the party drove (by kind permission of Major Connellan, D.L.,
J.P., c.c.) through Coolmore Demesne to Jerpoint, where Mr. R. Langrishe
described the buildings and principal monuments, &c. An hour was
spent at Jerpoint ; and the party proceeded at 3.45 o'clock, p.m.,
through Thomastown to Kilfane Glebe, where the Eev. J, and Mrs.
Power kindly entertained the members to" afternoon tea. From Kilfane
the party returned to Kilkenny, passing on the way Kilbline Castle.

THE JOURNAL

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES

OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1905.

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART III., VOL. XXXV.

THE JACOBITE TRACT: "A LIGHT TO THE BLIND."

BY RICHARD O'SHAUGHNESSY, C.B., M.V.O., VICE-PRESIDENT.

[Read JANUARY 31, 1905.]

A LTHOTJGH the leading events in Irish history from 1688 to 1691
"^ have been fully described by historians from different points of
view, some interesting details are traceable in documents which, owing
to uncertainty of origin or some other cause, have not been fully
embodied in history. One of these is the tract entitled, " A Light to
the Blind," of which two copies are known to exist, one belonging to
the Fingall collection of manuscripts, and the second forming part of
the Carte manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. It has never been
printed at full length ; but the late Sir John Gilbert in 1892 published
copious extracts from it under the title, " A Jacobite Narrative of the
"War in Ireland, 1688-91 " ; and a second body of extracts, prepared by
the same hand, is to be found in the Appendix to the Fifth Report of the
Historical Manuscripts Commission. There is evidence that the work
was consulted by Sir James Macintosh, in connexion with his " Review
of the Causes of the Revolution of 1688." The author was aPlunkett,
and, according to a tradition in the Fingall family, his Christian name
was Nicholas, and he was a lawyer. Many passages in the tract suggest

T ,- T? <; A T $ Vol< xv-> Fifth Series. ) „

Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol XXXVij Consec< Ser> j

196 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

that if the law was his original profession, he had also some experience
as a soldier. Whatever his calling, he was above everything else a
strong Catholic, next a loyalist, mainly on religious grounds, and certainly
not from any undiscriminating admiration for James. One of the many
interesting reflections with which he diversifies the narrative is that
1 ' the sad remembrance of the oppression endured under Charles II. should
make the Catholic nobility to rejoice at the misfortune of an ensuing
king, brother of their oppressor, which brother beheaved himself not much
better, as far as went his power, and receaved into his possession the
estates of several Irish Catholics delivered to him most unjustly. But
the Catholic religion obliges us to duty towards our lawful sovereign,
though he had often injured us, and though he were of a contrary faith."
A third characteristic is sympathy with the native race and freedom from
the distrust and dislike of the Celt that pervaded Catholics of English
descent forty years earlier in the days of the Confederation. The
impartiality with which Cromwell treated Eoman Catholics of both
races acted no doubt as a solvent of racial antipathies. "While
Plunkett charges some of the Jacobite leaders with incapacity, neglect,
and deliberate bad faith, his narrative, as it progresses, pays a high
tribute to the great body of the army, which was mainly Irish in
race. This tribute, supported by details which suggest that he witnessed
or took part in the struggle, is valuable in considering the charges of
cowardice brought by James and others against the Irish soldiers. The
zealous Catholicism, loyalty, and Irish sympathies of the writer lend no
small weight to his strong disapproval of the continuation of the struggle
after the flight of the King to France, following the defeat at the
Boyne.

The tract is written in clear language, but is archaic in style and
spelling, even for the time at which it was composed. The tone is that
of an old soldier and politician of education talking at leisure to younger
men rather than writing history. His attitude to the Irish Protestants
is of course antagonistic, but not vindictive. " Of all Protestants," he
says, " they had the strongest reason to rise against King James " ; and
he takes every opportunity of recognising their courage in the field. A
paper calling attention to some interesting passages in the tract has
no pretence to research, but may serve a good purpose if it induces
members to examine for themselves what is perhaps the most minute
and careful narrative of the struggle coming from the defeated side, to
compare it in detail with other accounts, and to lay hold of the incidents
that connect many spots in Derry, Louth, the two Meaths, Galway, and
Limerick, with the history of the time. There is abundant room for
useful and interesting antiquarian work under this last head.

Plunkett tells in detail the story of Derry — how an army of 20,000
men, against whom no imputation of cowardice lies, failed before that
inconsiderable town. He brings out in strong relief the fortitude of the

THE JACOBITE TRACT: UA LIGHT TO THE BLIND." 197

defenders ; and when one reads of the want of artillery and ammunition
in the besieging camp, of the half measures, taken too late or badly
executed, or abandoned before completion, the uncertain counsels, the
neglect of obvious precautions, and the want of earnestness, to say
nothing worse, on the part of some of the Stuart leaders, it is hard
to see how the siege could have ended otherwise than in failure.
Those who know Deny will find interesting matter for research on
the spot in the description of the fighting that took place for the posses-
sion of a field outside the town on the north side in the centre of which
was a windmill, and in the account given of the boom and the guns that
controlled, or in Plunkett's opinion ought to have controlled, the approach
from the sea.

But perhaps the matter best calculated to attract historical and anti-
quarian inquiry is the account of the Boyne and its immediate results.
It is to be premised that Tyrconnell, the Lord Lieutenant, had commenced
to levy soldiers at the close of 1688, shortly before James fled from
England. " The levies," says Plunkett, " go on amain. You may judge
of the affection the poore people showed to the Royal Cause by this, that
in two months above 50,000 enlisted themselves." This force was
subsequently increased ; but one of the first acts of James after coming
to Ireland was to reduce it to 35,000 — a step rendered necessary by
financial considerations.

On August 13th, 1689, Schomberg landed at Bangor with 10,000
men, subsequently reinforced by farther arrivals and by the partisans
of William in Ireland. Carrickfergus and !Newry were taken, and on
September 7th he reached Dundalk. On the 15th James marched with
26,000 men, first to Ardee, and then to the Bridge of Fane, near
Dundalk; and on the 21st " drew out his army and marched in order
of battle near unto the enemy in hopes that he would quit his trenches
and accept of the challenge. But the Marshal durst not, as finding the
Royal troops too numerous for his, and the King would not attack him in
his trenches, fearing the victory would prove too dear, though General
de Rosen, upon good grounds, was altogether for it. And he took the
King's refusal so ill, that he resolved not to stay in the kingdom."
Thus opens the tale of blunders and neglects that lead us up to the
Battle of the Boyne. James withdrew to Ardee, and thence on
November 4th he sent his army into winter quarters and returned to
Dublin. On his departure Schomberg, who had in the meantime lost
heavily by disease, moved northward from Dundalk, and took up his
position at Newry. Military critics in the Stuart camp lamented that
the Marshal was not pursued. In their opinion his weakened forces
would have been cut off and the way opened to an invasion of Scotland,
where there was a strong party ready to fight for James.

"During the winter of 1689 the King and his Catholic people of
Ireland were chearful enough. But with all this, His Majesty had little

198 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

information of what preparations were making in England, and therefore
he and his loyalists improved not their position. No augmentation of
troops, no care taken in exercising the army, in providing arms, apparrell,
ammunition, and victuals. Alas ! it is no children's play. The council
must be stanch in knowledge and loyalty, the civil officers honest in their
management, the military commanders must keep themselves from the
fooleries of gaming and drinking ; they must see that their souldiers be
expert in the use of arms ; be fedd, be apparrelled, be provided for
in their sickness. These are the ways of bringing such high enterprizes
to a happy end. These gentlemen are eager for the obtaining of higher
posts, but they will not take pains to deserve them." Meantime the
princes confederated against Louis XIV. were pressing William to cross to
Ireland and take the war out of the hands of Schomberg ; and foremost
among the advocates of this course was His most Catholic Majesty the
King of Spain. Nothing or worse than nothing was done by James in
the winter of 1689 while Schomberg remained in the North with inferior
forces.

" On the 24th November, Captain Plunkett, of Lagore, was sent with
his company of grenadiers, by General Boisselau from Dundalk to take
Newry — an open town garrisoned by a few of Schomberg's army. He
marched in the night time, and by the dawn had made himself master
thereof. And as he was going to plunder the place, which was furnished
with good store of money and had horses and black cattle, the Captain
receaved an order to retire to his quarters, for what reason we have not
been informed, otherwise than that the first design was only to show the
rebels that the King's frontiere garrison was watchful and bould. And
at the end, the Major-General was in danger to be treated as an enemy
by some of the sturdy grenadiers, who hardly could bear such commands.
And here," says Plunkett, "I offer my sentiment that the sending
abroad of partys at such danger for any such insignificant end is seldom
or never rational."

In March a French fleet arrived with six regiments under the Count
de Lauzun. "This opportunity," says the tract, "for returning was
taken by Avaux, the French ambassador, and General de Rosen, they
not approving of the King's method for the preservation of Ireland."

Then comes an attempt by Schomberg to seize the town of Cavan,
which failed. The failure was not due to the military capacity of
James's officers. A body of troops sent by him to relieve the town was
defeated owing to the mistaken strategy of its commander, the Duke of
Berwick. •

Next comes an account of the siege and surrender of Charlemont. It
held out " until the garrison had nothing to eate, upon which the governor,
Sir Thady O'Regan, delivered it upon honourable terms, that the garrison
should marche away with their arms. You see, reader, that it was- ill-
management which hath lost all along. It was easy to send provisions

THE JACOBITE TRACT I "A LIGHT TO THE BLIND." 199

for a much longer siege, yet it was not done. You shall1 read more of
these faylures before the war ends."

James, determining to give battle to "William as soon as he should
land, ordered his forces to assemble at Dundalk. They obeyed, but in
insufficient numbers. " Too many were left in garrisons to no purpose.
The King was neither strong in the field, nor in towns." He points out
that if James had taken up a position at a spot called Four Mile House,
at the nigher end, i,e.- the end near Dundalk, of what he describes as
the long causeway running through a large bog, "half his army could
have stopped the enemy, forced "William to either of two passes in
Armagh, placed him in a desolated country without supplies, and driven
him to attempt a new landing in Leinster, or march across to
Connaught. By that time the campaign would be at an end, for by the
next spring His Majesty might have doubled his forces on foot."

James being at Dundalk, "William assembled his army at Lough-
brickland. A small body of royalists sent to learn the strength of the
enemy met a detachment at the Dundalk end of the long causeway and
routed it, capturing a Captain Farlow, who, on being taken to James,
told him that William had 50,000 men. " "Whereupon," says Plunkett,
lk His Majesty commanded the camp to rise and return towards Dublin."
William's real strength, according to many authorities, including the
author of the tract, was 36,000, made up of 2 troops of guards, 23
regiments of horse, 5 of dragoons, and 46 of foot. The forces
on the side of James, of which only 26,000 were present at the Boyne,
were weak in cavalry and artillery. William " had near thrice as many
horses as the King. His Majesty had but 8 regiments and 2 troops
of guards, tho' a most excellent core, three regiments of which, viz.
Tyrconnell, Galmoy, and Sarcefield, could hardly be matched. He had
also 7 of dragoons. His train of artillery was not above 18 small
pieces."

On June 29 the foot recrossed the Boyne at Drogheda, and the horse
"at a ford at Ouldbridge." James encamped opposite the ford with his
left towards Slane and his right to Kathmullen, " where the King's
pavillion was." Meantime, William had advanced from Eewry through
Dundalk, and encamped a little beyond Ardee.

We are given a circumstantial account of the wounding of William.

<c On the last of June, a Monday morning, he arrived at the bank
of the Boyne, opposite to the King's army, and there fixt his camp.
That same day in the afternoon, being accompanied by the -Prince of
Denmark and other great officers, he went to view the King's camp from
the contrary side of Ouldbridge. One of the royal canoniers perceiving a
troop of hors to observe the Irish camp, fired that way a smallpiece, the
ball of which slanted upon the right shoulder of the Prince of Orange,
and took away a piece of the coate, and I think of the skin."

Next comes a description of the battle, and a pithy disquisition on the

200 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

generalship on the King's side. James appears to have started from
Dundalk not with the intention of making a stand on the south bank of the
Boyne but of retreating to Dublin, and to have been overtaken by William
after crossing the river. Plunkett puts the situation thus : — * ' Either James
resolved when he had encamped opposite Ouldbridge to fight the Prince,
in order to keep him beyond the river, the Ould Rubicon of the Pale, and
the frontier of the corn country (at this time it appears Meath was
not altogether devoted to pasture), or he did not. If he did, why did
he not use the common rules of art military for the strengthening of an
inferior army against a superior ? . . . There was at that time but a
few narrow passes to be fortifyed on the Boyne, which might have been
don in three howers by 300 pioneers. But, unfortunately, none of these
courses was taken." Plunkett goes on to say that the grossness of the
error makes him fear that some of the King's counsellors were intent on
the destruction of the nation. However this may be, James decided on
decamping that night. But there was delay, and the retreat was not
begun till eight on Tuesday morning. At that hour orders were given to
"marche upwards by the river, giving the right flanke to the front of
the enemy in order, as 'twas believed, to go to Dublin for to get a better
opportunity of defence, or of giving battle."

The Royal army being actually in retreat, and all idea of immediate
resistance being abandoned, two regiments of foot were left at the Old-
bridge ford, " within some gardens of the poore inhabitants," to stop the
enemy from crossing till the infantry got clear of the river ; and a regiment
of dragoons, under Sir Neal O'Neil, was stationed at Rosnaree, near
Slane, at the other end of James's line, "for to guarde that pass." When
William saw the main force move off, he ordered his army to cross, prin-
cipally at Oldbridge and Rosnaree, sending 10,000 men to the latter
place, and a larger body to Oldbridge, and following with the rest of his
forces. James then stopped the retreat and ordered his army to dispute
the passage. " Butt, alas," says Plunkett, " they were deceaved in their
expectation, for there was no battle, because they were not brought to
combat. There was only a skirmish between a party of theirs and the
whole army of Orange ; and because this party did not keep all the hostil
troops beyond the flood, the King's host must marche away and leave the
pass to the foe. If there was a settled resolution to fight, why was not the
army lead down in two wings to the river, with their field pieces, as they
saw the enemy's forces divided ; and there stand it out for two or three
howers ? . . . I am confident, by the knowledge I have of the royal
troops, and of their eagerness for fighting that day, if they had been
managed as aforesaid the Prince would not have persisted in traversing
the water at such disadvantage." He alleges that Schomberg, seeing
the difficulty and recognising the disadvantage at which William stood,
because the Stuart army occupied ground from which their artillery could
do effective work, advised against the attempt to cross, but was over-

THE JACOBITE TRACT: "A LIGHT TO THE BLIND/' 201

ruled by " the temerariousness of Orange, which, notwithstanding, did
succeed thro' the non-resistance of the royal host, which was occasioned
by the ill-conduct of generals as you shall now observe."

The two "Williamite divisions having reached Oldbridge and Rosnaree,
the action began at four in the afternoon at those points. Five Irish
regiments were sent to reinforce the two at Oldbridge. Lord Dungan
with a regiment of dragoons, having repulsed an attempt made to cross
at that place, was slain on his way back to his station. Meantime, Sir Neal
O'iN'eil, with his regiment, prevented the crossing of the 10,000 at
Rosnaree for half an hour "But there was no care taken to sustain
him, so he was forced to retreat to his line. In this while the King's
army were only spectators of this fierce conflict between a few regiments of
their own and the whole hostile camp, which was an unequal match. A
hundred thousand men signify nothing in the field if they are not brought
to the combat." By this time Schomberg had caused the whole of his
cavalry to advance at Oldbridge. The seven Irish regiments of foot
resisted, and killed numbers of the horsemen as they entered the stream.
They called for the assistance of the royal cavalry, " but their crying for
horse was in vain, for they received but one troop, which was as good as
nothing."

The narrative proceeds with a brevity suited to the speed with which
the denouement was reached.

"At this tyme the King, remarking from his station, which was
at the Church of Donore, that the enemy was gaining the passes both
right and left, sent orders to his army to retreat . . ., and then he himself
went off to Dublin, being guarded by some dragoons of Collonell Sarcefield's
horse and some of Maxwell's dragoons." The retirement to Duleek is
then described. The regiments at Oldbridge, unsupported at the critical
moment by cavalry, retreated. The enemy having threatened to intercept
them, three regiments of horse, one tinder Tyrconnell, came to their
rescue.

" It was Tyrconnell's fortune to charge first the blew regiment of foot
guards to the Prince of Orange, and he pierced thro'. He presently
engaged the Enniskillen horse, bould troopers. At the same tyme the two
troops of guards and the other two regiments of Irish horse signalized
themselves, and were bravely opposed by their enemyes." These testi-
monies to the bravery of 'William's troops are evidence of Plunkett's
fairness of mind, and go far to confirm the credit to be attached to his
estimate of the rank and file of the Irish army.

The death of Schomberg is told in a passage that brings the scene —
according to Plunkett's version — before our eyes.

" 'Twas during these encounters " (that is to say, the engagements that
took place when the forces placed at Oldbridge and Rosnaree commenced
to retire) " that one Master Bryan O'Tool of the guards, discovering near
the village of Oldbridge his former acquaintance, Marshal Schomberg" —

202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.

possibly they had met when the Duke was fighting for Louis XIY. and
O'Toole, like other Irish gentlemen, was following the Stuart fortunes on
the Continent during the Protectorate — " resolved to sacrifice his life in
making him away, upon which he, with a few of the guards and a few
of Tyrconnell's horse, made up to him, and O'Tool with his pistoll shot
the mareshal dead. But soon after, fighting like a lyon, he was slain."

A slight engagement took place at Donore. The Irish horse covered
the main body till they reached Duleek. There the army faced about,
and the Prince, in the words of the narrative, " observing the King's
army to make so good a countenance, thought it more prudent to halte
and suffer them to marche away."

Plunkett closes his reflections on the Boyne by pointing out that the
heat of the action lasted not above an hour; that it was a skirmish
between nine regiments and 36,000 men, ending in a running fight
between the latter and a few regiments of horse, with a brigade of
infantry, and that the retreat was admirable, considering the superiority
of the enemy and " openess " of the ground. The number of killed,
according to the narrative, was heavier on the English side. Among the
Irish losses was the Earl of Carlingford, by whose death his honour and
estate descended to his brother, Count Taaffe, then in the Emperor's
service. Then follow names of the old race, Dempsey, Mara, &c.,
destined thenceforth to disappear from the British army for many a day.
Special mention is made of Cornet Kirk, Captain Chaplain, Captain James
Gibbons, and Lieut.-Gen. Hamilton, Protestants, who were killed or
made prisoners, fighting for James. O'Neil, who had defended Rosnaree,
*•' a brave gentleman," was mortally wounded, " of which he dyed eight
days after in the citty of Waterford." Schomberg is mentioned with
admiration, and wo are reminded how natural it seemed on all sides in
those days to disqualify on religious grounds, when the writer informs
us, without note or comment, that this great commander, " having been
dismissed by the most Christian King, because he would not conform to
the Catholic religion, came to Holland, where he engaged in the Prince
of Orange his service, as that prince was preparing to invade England."

The Irish army, leaving Duleek, receives orders through Tyrconnell
to march to Limerick, crosses the Liffey at Chapelizod and Leixlip,
moves on by Eathcoole, Naas, Castledermot, Carlow, and Kilkenny — a
somewhat circuitous route — and reaches its destination in fifteen days.
The king meanwhile has hurried to Dublin, and passed a night at the
castle, Plunkett does not tell the famous story of James's statement to
a noble lady-that the Irish had run away, and her observation that His
Majesty had won the race. We may, however, reasonably suspect that
her- ladyship and the writer took the same view of the transaction.
After a night's rest at the castle the King left Dublin with a few gentle-
men, passed through Wicklow to Duncannon, and sailed thence for France
on a French man-of-war. On his way he called at Kinsale and despatched

THE JACOBITE TRACT I "A LIGHT TO THE BLIND." 203

a letter to Tyrconnell, leaving it to his discretion to make peace with
"William or continue the war. This authority was given, it may be
observed, in language that showed that James realized the danger his
Irish followers ran by prolonging the contest, and that he believed —
whatever his belief was worth — that if they abandoned it at that stage
they could obtain more favourable and safer terms from William than if
they exasperated his party by persistence. Tyrconnell was for peace,
but Luttrell, Sarsfield, Gordon O'Neill, and other officers, some of whom,
not including Sarsfield, were remarkably eager for peace not long after,
were for protracting the struggle, and they prevailed. There is nothing
more remarkable, and, from a historical point of view, more significant
in the tract than the vigour with which Plunkett, a Catholic of Catholics,
a loyalist to the end, and a man of the strongest Irish sympathies,
supports Tyrconnell' s views. He recalls the arguments brought for-
ward by the Duke in council at Limerick, that half the Irish army had
been disbanded ; that Leinster, and the best part of Munster, had been
virtually lost ; that the French brigade was leaving ; and that if "William
lost a battle England would send another army, and another after that,
rather than be at the mercy of the King, if he should be restored by the
Irish ; that this was the proper time " to gett advantageous terms from
William, who would readily grant them to secure his crown," and that
it was not " prudence in the above circumstances, and by a strained
undertaking, to run the risk of destroying the lives of the people, the
expectations of their estates, and the hopes of enjoying their religion."
He dwells particularly on the fact that money, " the sinew of war," and
provisions for the Irish army and the crowds that followed them were
wanting.

Whether Tyrconnell was right, whether good terms could have been
obtained, and would have been observed if peace had been made before
hostile feeling had been further exasperated and Anglo-Irish fears
further aroused by the desperate struggle that followed, are questions for
the student of history. What may interest the antiquary is to see how
individual men of enlightenment and experience, representing different
opinions, thought and spoke at this great crisis in our history ; and this
we are sometimes better able to learn from unpretending papers like
the " Light to the Blind," than from the broader narrative of history.

Plunkett's story goes on to Limerick, to Aughrim, and back again to
Limerick, and the pictures grow more interesting as it proceeds. It
would not be possible to deal with the remainder of the tract in the
space available for a Paper in the pages of this Journal. It is not
for this Society to decide on the political value of his opinions, nor is it
intended to warrant the accuracy of his statements. It is no discredit
to an honest, outspoken, intelligent partizan, it implies no reflection
on his truthfulness, to be cautious in accepting all the details which
he pens many years after the events. The value of the tract is that it

204 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

opens interesting topics of inquiry that hare been too minute for history,
and makes the Boyne, Aughrim, and Limerick alive with the men and
deeds of days to which we all, victors and vanquished, look back with
pride and sorrow. A paper however inadequate on the " Light to the
Blind" will not have been quite useless if it induces the antiquary to
visit the battle-grounds, to identify the spots where striking incidents
took place, to follow up the clues given to the motives and policy of
the actors, and to preserve for a nation which is daily growing more
reverential towards its past some abiding memories of the eventful days
of which Plunkett was a witness.

( 205 )

PREHISTORIC REMAINS (FORTS AND DOLMENS) ALONG
THE BORDERS OP BTJRREN, IN THE COUNTY OF CLARE.

BY THOMAS JOHNSON WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A., VICE-PKESIDENT.

[Read JULY 4, 1905.]
PART I.— THE EASTERN BORDER.

key to the study of the ring forts is held by Ireland. Her cahers,1
from their excellent preservation, and because the features of the
earth forts have perished, tell their story with unusual clearness. Out-
side of Ireland it is rare to find a fort retaining its walls, terraces, gate-
ways, huts, and souterrains, or to find any literature contemporary with,
and descriptive of, the forts. Indeed, even in Ireland the most instructive
cahers are in Kerry, Clare, and Galway ; here stand, bare to the light
of day, what rarely — save in Cork and Mayo, and some few forts in
Sligo, Donegal, and Cavan — can only be revealed by troublesome and
costly excavation. The central group of these forts again lies in Burren
and its borders ; and the fact that they have not been restored, gives them
a value even above the magnificent duns in Arran, or some of the most
interesting on the slopes of Mount Eagle round Fahan, as unaltered
ancient buildings. But little apology need be made for offering to the
Society, that published so much of my previous notes,2 another instalment
of a survey, which with many faults may at least claim to be the first
systematic record of a unique group of buildings, of which the apathy of
local authorities and the vandalism of those of all classes, on whose lands
the forts and graves happen to lie, may soon leave but little of value.

Such a survey grows on the writer. At first he sets out " like a
retrospective Columbus to explore the ocean of the prehistoric past " ;
then he gets hampered and discouraged ; then his discoveries seem nearly
complete, though an unknown continent lies beyond them. Then, at last,
that deep saying asserts itself — " If any man think that he knoweth
anything, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought to know." Groping

1 In this, as in the earlier Papers on the Clare forts, I use " prehistoric" (" Pre-
historic Remains " heing the title of the series) for any unrecorded early period, and
" fort " for a residential enclosure not necessarily for any military purpose.

2 Forts near Killaloe, vol. xxi., p. 289; Moghane, &c., vol. xxiii., p. 384;
Cahercommaun, &c., vol. xxvi., p. 142 ; Inchiquin, p. 363 ; Bailyganner, Kilfenora,
&c., vol. xxvii., p. 116 ; vol. xxxi., p. 289 ; Carran, vol. xxviii., p. 357 ; Kilcorney,
vol. xxix., p. 367 ; Caherdooneerish, &c., vol. xxxi., p. 273; Rattiborney, &c. ; Loop
Head, vol. xxviii., p. 411 ; Bodyke, vol. xxxiv., p. 75; Burren, vol. xxx., pp. 294,
398. Also see Proc. ft. I. A., vol. vi., Ser. in. ; Cahers of County Clare, p. 415 ;
vcl. iv., Ser. in. ; Magh Adhair and Cahercalla, p. 55 ; cromlechs, p. 542.

206 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

onward (one's original design almost lost), many inconsistencies call for
pardon. First I omitted and then included the dolmens; this was
because I gave my notes on them to the late W. Copeland Borlase for
his great work. Then the plan of describing the chief forts1 forced me
to include the crowds of lesser antiquities, and numbers of these were
found on later examination, and call for notice ; so I must crave merciful
criticism where again I have to supplement my work in districts already
described.

For the present paper, let us confine ourselves to the two edges of
the Burren, that along the side of Inchiquin, and that detached spur
of the limestone districts in Killilagh parish, now included in the Barony

CAFPAGHKEXNEDY DOLMEN, COUNTY CLARE.

of Corcomroe. Hereafter, a portion from Cahermacnaughten to Finna-
varra may better be treated separately ; and then the series of papers will
have covered, however imperfectly, the north-western plateaux, includ-
ing Burren and the parishes of Killilagh and Kilfenora, in Corcomroe, with
Eath, Killinaboy, and Euan, in the Barony of Inchiquin, bounded to the
south by Beala-ghaline, Lisdoonvarna, Kilfenora, Lemaneagh, Inchiquin
Hill, and the Fergus.

Whether a complete survey in the true sense will even then exist is,

1 Cahercommaun, Cashlaun Gar, Roughan, Noughaval, Bally kin varga, Caher-
connell, Cahercashlaun, Cahermacnaughten, Balliny, Cahercloggaun, Ballyallaban,
and Caherdooneerish were alone intended for description in 1895.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURttEN. 207

I fear, more than doubtful. Anyone who has worked over the uplands
knows how hard it is. to distinguish, whether in dull light or in
the dazzling glare of unclouded sunshine (even at a short distance),
forts and dolmens from natural ridges and boulders, and will forgive
omissions. It is, however, less obvious that a feature in a fort may be
excusably overlooked. After a long day, spent in climbing over rocks
and dangerous walls, with ever growing weariness, pain, and lameness,
one reaches a fort far from the road. The dull light, or the moss and
bushes, conceal steps, or even a closed or half-buried gateway. Such
omissions are, I believe, very few. The notes for these papers were
taken on the spot, and rough descriptions (longer than those published)
were written on the same day, or at latest on the following morning, as
a precaution against slips of memory. The more important forts have
been carefully planned, and many visited several times to check or
supplement the descriptions — " nobiliora, forsan, alii — ego quod possum."

The names of the forts are not always satisfactory. It is often hard
to get a good form, or even a phonetic one, of the names in use among
the people ; and sometimes these names are warped by some linguistic
theory, or to conform them to information derived from some "know-
ledgeable man " — clergyman, schoolmaster, agent, or "sapper." Some-
times I have had no little trouble in getting a real form, and then with
the apology, " The old people say so, but what do they know ?" Many
names have been rejected by the Ordnance Survey which are well known
on the spot, and tally with old records. Such names may be received
with confidence, for such records are hardly beginning to be known in
these places. The "educated classes" are of little authority for local
names, either taking no interest in them, or giving them most inaccu-
rately. We have found Ballykinvarga called after neighbouring forts —
Caheremon, Caherminaun, Caherflaherty, and Cahernaspekee — while in
the Down Survey Books of Distribution it is called Caherloghlin ; " Caher-
makerrila" is locally (as in the records) Cahermacnole. The nonde-
script names of Cahermore, Cahermoyle, and Caherlochlannach are now
superseding the true names.

Excellent as are the new Ordnance Survey maps, they sometimes
fail to be as helpful as those of 1839, by sometimes omitting to mark
ancient enclosures as such. "When I note that the great inland pro-
montory fort of Doonaunmore, in Killilagh, with huge terraced rampart,
10 feet thick and high, and over 300 feet long, the curious, though
much levelled, hill-fort of Croaghateeaun, and the interesting Moher-
amoylan, with souterrain, hut sites, and a perfect gateway, are not even
slightly indicated on the new maps, comment is needless. I have no
intention to originate theories in these papers, llesearches in Irish
ethnology, lists of the actual distribution of the forts, records of the
implements and other objects found in them, must first be made before

208 -ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

satisfactory theories become possible. Meanwhile " to be a seeker is to
be of the best sect next to being a finder " ; and though theories die,
facts live, and remain current coin.

INCHIQUIN HILL (O.S. 16). — If we pass round the hill road to the
south of the Lake of Inchiquin, we are surrounded with scenes of no less
beauty than interest. Leaving the picturesque bridges and stream of
the Fergus, with the old ruined mill at Clifden, and the lofty tower of
Tirmicbrain on the hill side, above the terraced garden of Adelphi, we
pass high above the lake, overshaded with birch, larch, and other over-
arching trees. Yistas up steep and wooded slopes, up runnels shaded with
fern and tall foxglove, or down to the lake, swan-haunted as in legendary
days,1 to the Castle of Inchiquin and the great natural fortress of
Doonauns, meet us at every turn. Then a wild, rocky pass, between
cliffs, opens to the left, and passing round a bluff, we reach the high
cross-roads at Crossard. We note the ruined chapel of the short-lived
Moravian colony, planted by the Burtons in 1795. There we get pretty
views on either side — one over lilac bushes, to the lake, the other across
the Fergus, the ivied court, the church and broken round tower of Kil-
naboy,2 to the grey rampart of Burren.

CBOSSARD CAHER lies down the slope : it is a late-looking and most
rudely-built ring-wall, only 3 feet 6 inches thick, and 8 feet 6 inches
high, the enclosure measuring 148 feet across the garth. All mark of
the gateway has vanished, but an old road is traceable across the crags
from the south-west side. The caher has no trace of terrace or house
sites, and was probably a mere baun. We then pass the green woods
and copper beeches of Elm Vale, noting that the well called " Brian
Boru's well " on the map is locally "Born-well" (understood only as
meaning " red cow "), and we reach the townlands of Caherblonick.

CAHERBLONICK. — The name has existed at any rate from before 1540,
when Henry VIII. confirmed to Morough O'Brien, King, and first Earl
of Thomond, the lands of Caherblonghe. We need not trace the succes-
sion of its owners, but merely cite one late grant, rich in fort names,
whereby in June, 1709, Andrew Hehir, of Cahermacunna, and his son,
James, granted to John Stacpoole, of Ennis, the lands of Cahircomane,
Cahirblunig, Cahirnahally, Bally macnavan, Lisnahow, and Fanamore.3

It is impossible to tell whether the name " stone fort of the lard " is
derived metaphorically from the richness of the land or from some tradi-
tion like that of " the cellar full of deer's tallow " at Caherscrebeen.

1 For the beautiful swan legend (so like that in the poem of Morris), see
Dr. Macnamara's Paper on "Inchiquin" (Journal, vol. xxxi., p. 212).

2 Mr. Robert Twigge has recently found a record identifying the hitherto anonymous
patron saint of this parish as Findclu, descendant of Aenghus Cinaitin, and living in
the seventh century.

3 " Dublin Reg, Deeds," Book iv., p. 465.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 209

which lies just visible across the valley.1 Where pigs abounded, the
name was usually " Muckanagh," and does not allude to lard.

Caherblonick is on a limestone slope at the base of the ridge of
Keentlae, falling in the shale hills of Boultiaghdine (locally understood
as "trodden into mire by cattle"), which, fluted by the runnels of
several little streams, fall in steep slopes from the uplands of Keentlae.
In one of these runnels was found a group of bronze celts, plain and
socketed, and on the plateau above, a fine leaf-shaped bronze sword.2

Below the road, in craggy fields, ending in low cliffs above a broad
valley, lie several forts. Beyond them we see the shattered tower of the
late church of Kiltoraght, the strange, artificial-looking cleft on the hill
of Ardnegowl, like an embanked road, the cairn of Clooneen, the brown
old castle of Lemaneagh, with its gables and turrets, and the grey
terraced hills of Leanna, Mullach, and Knockanes.3

1902.

IOOFE.ET

CAHEKBLONICK, COUNTY CLARE — PLAN OF FOKT.

The first fort is much levelled. As it is not far above Parcnahilly, it
may be the Cahernahailly of the records. East from it, and above it on
the slope, is a rectangular " moher," with thin walls of large, flat slabs,
and, within, the foundations of an oblong hut and a small, circular annexe.
It is not marked on the new map.

Caherblonick lies further to the north-east, about 100 yards away.
It is a well-built ringwall of excellent masonry of regular blocks, usually
about 2 feet 6 inches by 18 inches, in regular courses, with the unusual
features of several pairs of upright joints, each divided by a line of single

1 Journal, vol. xxvi., p. 368.

3 Exhibited by Dr. G-. U. Macnamara to the Society at Lisdoonvarna, 1900, and
illustrated in the Journal, vol. xxxi., p. 358.

3 These hills dominate all central Clare, and are visible even from Knockpatrick,
Co. Limerick.

210 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

blocks about 2 feet long. "We have noted a similar arrangement of
joints carried to excess in the fort of Cahercloggaunjuear Lisdoonvarna.1
The rampart is 12 feet thick, and from 6 feet to 8£ feet high, being best
preserved to the north and west. It is more broken and of smaller
masonry to the south-east. It has a bold batter (often as much .as
1 in 7), and has two faces, and a filling of large blocks. One joint only
runs for 5 feet up the wall, which suggests an early rebuilding of the
upper part. The garth is oval, being 125 feet east and west, and 153
feet north-east and south-west. Slight traces of the gateway are found
to the east. It had a threshold 3 feet 10 inches by 3 feet, so may have
been about the former width. Buried deeply in moss and cranesbills
are two hut foundations ; one to the north-west is oval, and 12 feet long,
built against the wall ; the other is near the gate, and is 9 feet inside.
There are only slight traces of other enclosures, for the garth is .filled up
with 4 feet or 5 feet of debris.

901
CAHERBLONICK

CAHERBLONICK, COUNTY CLAKE— PLAN OF DOLMEN.

Like Cahercottine, near Koughaval,2 Caherblonick has a dolmen and
a cairn near it. The cairn is a disfigured heap of earth and large blocks,
70 feet in diameter, and 9 feet high. It lies about 140 yards to the
north of the caher, and is crossed by a boundary wall. It has, as usual,
been explored by treasure-seekers in several places.

The dolmen is about 100 feet to the west of the fort, and is called
"Labba" or "Lobba yermuth," as usual. It tapers and slopes east-
ward. The south side measures 10 feet 10 inches by 4 feet 3 inches by
6 inches to 8 inches, and has a very regular hole (perhaps partly natural,
but evidently partly ground) through its side. The west end being 5 feet

1 Journal, vol. xxxi., p. 12. 2 Ibid., vol. xxvii., pp. 117, 118.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 211

long, left, I think, an entrance between it and the fallen north slab.
The whole seems to have been 15 feet overall, and 16 feet long, the axis
lying E.S.E. and W.tf.W.

The third caher lies 300 yards to the east of the cairn, Caherblonick
being almost equidistant from it and the western caher. It is on the
edge of a low ridge, round a deep "bay" running into the slope. The
wall is of beautiful polygonal masonry, smooth white blocks very closely
fitted together, and only 6 feet high, with the unusual batter of 3£
inches to the foot. The fort is oval, measuring over all 140 feet north-
west and south-east, and 114 feet north-east and south-west. The wall
has two faces, and is from 9 feet to 12 feet thick, clinging to the edge of
the crag to the north and north-east. The garth is filled up for 4 feet
above the field, and has a hut site to the north-west.

Another and smaller caher lies on the edge of the ridge on the eastern
side of the "bay," just inside the edge of Drummoher, The mere
foundations of three other cahers — two of small dimensions — lie in the
valley at Cahermacon, and on the edge of Ballycasheen.

KEENTLEA. — The great wooded ridge of Keentlea, or Ceanntsleibhe,
over the lake round which we have passed, is known in the older records
as Ceann Kathrach, " adder's" or " serpent's head." An ancestor of the
0' Quins is called Aenghus Cennathrach, and may have either given to, or
derived from, the hill his strange surname. Strange as is the name, it i&
not without an equivalent in a Celtic, but not snakeless, land. A
" serpent's hill " is named in Gaul in the fifth century as even then
bearing an ancient name, "Ad montem quern colubrarium . . . vocavit
antiquitas."1 On the other slopes of this large ridge we may notice a
couple of defaced cahers. I can hear of no trace of any fort on the top
where stood the legendary "House of Conan"; but Cahergal stood on
a knoll in Maghera, and is levelled almost to the field.

Cahermackateer is called Caherwickyter in a " Eiant " of 1601 ;
Caher mac Teire in the Act of Settlement Confirmation to Murrough,
Earl of Inchiquin, in 1676 ; and Cahermacdirigg in the Survey of 1675.2
Only a low fragment of its wall, built with large, shapeless blocks, remains,
embedded in a fence ; the rest was cleared away for a cottage and garden.
It lies behind the house to the south-west of the bench mark 316*5 on
the 0. S. map 16.

CAHERMOKE KILLEEN (17). — The old name of this fort was " Caher-
drumassan, or Cahragheeduva, in Killeen," 1655.3 It is a fairly pre-
served but featureless ring- wall, surrounded by thick groves of hazels.
It is slightly oval, 135 feet to 136 feet internally. The wall is 11 feet
thick for most of its circuit, but widens to 12 feet 9 inches near the

1 Prof. Freeman (quoting Merobaudes), " Western Europe in the Fifth Century,"
p. 280.

3 Now at Edenvale.

3 "Book of Distribution and Survey," p. 515.

T^, ,. T? <? A T I Vo1- xv-» Fifth Series. )

Jour. R .S.A.I, j Vor xxx'y Consec> Sen J Q

212 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

gateway, as is often the case. Only the ,norfch jamb of the gate remains ;
the outer opening cannot be measured ; the inner passage is 6 feet
9 inches wide. The wall is of fairly large blocks — some 4 feet 6 inches
by 2 feet ; it consists of an outer section 8 feet thick, and a terrace

3 feet thick ; the height varies from 6 feet to 8 feet or 9 feet; the batter
is 1 in 4. It stands on a low crag with no outlook.

GORTLECKA (10, 17). — Two dolmens remain near the foot of the
strangely-terraced hill of Mullachmoyle, but in a delightfully retired
grassy plain. Of the western dolmen, only the west stone is standing,
and measures 8 feet long, 4 feet 6 inches high, and 9 inches thick.
Some stones and broken slabs lie about among the hawthorns and
brambles.

The eastern dolmen (17)1 was inhabited till recent times, like the
dolmens of . Parknabinnia, Commons, Slievenaglasha, "and Gappagh-
kennedy. The theory that they were slab huts is, however, rendered
very improbable by the fact that most show traces of mounds or cairns ;
and one was within human memory buried in a cairn. The Gortlecka
dolmen formed the bedroom of a small cabin, and stood in a now nearly
levelled cairn ; it was of the usual type, tapering and sloping eastward.
It was .1 2 feet long ; the east end complete ; the north 9 feet by 4 feet
2 inches to 5 feet high ; the east 3 feet 6 inches long and the south

4 feet. 3 inches. The irregular cover is over 7 feet wide, and 1 1 feet
long, overhanging the end by 2 feet. The west end has fallen inwards,
and leans against the north side ; the dolmen being 5£ feet high. The
top of each side is hammered, as is common in Clare; but in this
case the inner faces of the sides have been picked to a smooth surface
which I hardly ever noted elsewhere, even to a much lesser degree.
The cover has curious " footmarks " and other depressions.

TOOEMORE (25). — In the parish of Ruan, Dr. George U. Macnamara
called my attention to a defaced dolmen,2 unmarked even on the new maps.
It lies to the south-west of Ruan, and not far from that village. It had
been thrown down by a former tenant of the farm who met with some
misfortunes which he attributed to his rash act. Strange to say, his
successor, who broke up one of the blocks, hurt his hand soon afterwards,
which may secure the preservation of the poor remains. It was a cist
lying N. N.W. and S. S. E. ; at the " east " end is a stone 2 feet 5 inches
wide, and 1 1 feet thick, and 4£ feet high ; beside it is the base of a
broken slab 34 feet long ; the bases of other blocks to the west and north
show that the chamber was 7 feet 3 inches long internally, and, perhaps,
4 feet 3 inches wide. A side slab 4 feet 6 inches by 6 feet lies in the
enclosure.

TEHPLENARAHA (25). — Westward, down the same road, is found the
venerable little oratory of Templenaraha in Ballymacrogan West. ' It

1 Plan and elevations given, figs. 3a and 3£, p. 218.

2 Plan given, fig. 4, p. 214.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 213

lies in Parcnakilla fort ; the church is of fine " cyclopean " masonry (like
that in the Round Tower of Dysert O'Dea), and measures 24 feet
by 16 feet 10 inches externally; the walls being 3 feet thick. The ring
wall in which the church stands is nearly levelled; it measures 151 feet
across the garth, or about 170 feet over all. The wall has two faces of
large blocks with large filling; and was 8 or JO feet thick. The history
and dedication of the oratory would be of the greatest interest ; but it
is apparently nameless and unrecorded. The usage of "rath" in the
place-name for a stone fort coincides with several passages in our older
literature.

THE REABACHAN GROUP OF DOLMENS, COUNTY CLARE.
(The references are explained in the text.)

LEAKNA. (10 and 16). — Let us once more ascend that steep road among
the hazel bushes on the flank of Leanna1 where the hills are still green,
and the great grey ten-aces have not yet commenced. "We are again
among the cairn-heaped upland with early remains on every side —

" Vastness and Age, and Memories of Eld,
Silence and Desolation, and dim Night ;
These stones, alas ! these gray stones — are they all
Left by corrosive hours to Fate and us ? "

Had Borlase worked out this interesting group of dolmens and cists,
I might have passed them by ; but he has written rather confusedly, and
passed over several of the remains. I described in a former Paper2 part
of this lying in Parknabinnia ; but some ill-fate has attached to the

1 Journal, vol. xxvi. (1896), p. 151.

2 Ibid., vol. xxviii., p. 357.

214: ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

townland, for the measurements in the Ordnance Survey Letters
(14 B, 23, p. 66) are very inaccurate ; Borlase overlooks the chief group ;
and despite my care three serious mistakes crept, while in press, into my
description. I may here notice these errors the more emphatically.
The north-west dolmen is there called " the north-east " ; the second
cist is stated to be 17 feet 10 inches long, instead of 14 feet 10 inches ;
and the third dolmen is called "a small cist 12 feet 8 inches"; the
dimensions refer to its mound and circle of slabs. This cist, in fact, is of
three slabs, each only a little over 5 feet long ; the east slab has either
been removed or its place was taken by a block in the outer ring near
the end of the side slabs. One other dolmen lies in the same field with
the great eastern dolmen, marked "earn" on the maps, and numbered vi.

DOLMENS AND CISTS, COUNTY CLARE.
i, 2, 3. Leanna (e.d. a.) 4. Toormore. 5. Teeskagh. 6. Parknabinnia (vii.).

in my former Paper. The seventh cist1 lies to the E". KYW. of the
sixth dolmen, about 600 feet distant, and lying between it and the
house there shown, and about 400 feet from the latter. It is in a low
mound; the north and south blocks measure respectively 7 feet
10 inches and 6 feet 7 inches; the ends 31 inches and 28 inches; the
cist tapering eastward ; the axis, unlike the neighbouring cists, lying
nearly due east and west. The cover rests beside it and measures
6 feet by 5 feet 3 inches ; the slabs are thin (5 or 6 inches), and have
the top edges hammered.

Entering Leanna, which lies east of the road from Kilnaboy to
Castletown, and taking the remains in order as we go northward along

1 Plan given, tig. 6, above.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 215

the summit of the ridge, we find (a on plan) a cairn (not marked on
0. S. 16) at the southern end of the top ridge. It is nearly levelled,
and in its ruins I uncovered a little cist.1 The north and south sides
measure 4 feet 8 inches and 5 feet in length ; the little chamber taper-
ing from 27 inches to 26 inches ; it must have been a mere " bone box."
The principal cairn (I) on the highest point of the ridge, 528 feet
above the sea, lies 516 feet to the N.N.E. of the last. It is much over-
turned, is 50 feet in diameter, little more than 8 feet high, and retains
no certain traces of a cist unless some long, flat slabs in it are such.

The maps of 1839 and 1899 mark a "cromlech" to the IST.N.E. of
it (e) where the trace of an old wall crosses the hill about 200 feet from
the great cairn ; but I never remember to have seen even slabs at the
spot. A small cist (d) marked " cromlech "2 lies 200 feet farther to the
N.N.E. of the last, and 200 feet from the old wall. It lies in a cairn
now nearly removed, and its sides are complete ; the north measures
5 feet 3 inches, the south 4 feet 6 inches ; the west lies 2 feet from the
others, and is 18 inches long. The cist is therefore 6 feet 9 inches long,
and tapers eastward from 32 inches to 22 inches ; the axis lying E.N.E.
and W.S.W.

It is a notable fact that, except the Ballycashen dolmen and the
"pillared dolmen" in Ballyganner, and No. 2 in Parknabinnia, all the
Burren dolmens, from the great one on Ballyganner hill to the smallest
cist at Leanna or Teeskagh, are made on the same plan so far as the
chamber is concerned. As to the age of such structures, while some are
almost certainly of the early Bronze Age, we must remember that
(according to the Leabar na h Uidhre) Fothach Airgtheach, monarch of
Erin, who was killed in A.D. 285 by Caeilte,3 was buried under a cairn
" in a chest of stone." This implies that cist burial was probably
practised down at least to traditional memory, when our legends were
first written, and teaches us caution, for no line can be drawn, at least
in Clare, between the large dolmen and the cist. Such cists in other
places have contained Bronze Age pottery, but up to this I know of none
found in a cist in Clare.

The view from this high ridge all round is most extensive. The
whole central plain of Clare lies open to the view — out to Slieve
Aughty, the Keeper, and Slieve Bernagh. The ridge on which sits
Moghane fort, the largest of Irish cahers, the spires of Ennis and
Corofin, lake after lake to the beautiful wooded hills and broad sheet of
water at Inchiquin, lie below us. The castles of Rockvale, Fiddown,
and Derryowen on the edge of county Galway ; Ballyportrea, the tall
warden of the grey crags to the east, and ivied Inchiquin are visible to
the east. Southward we see the low, green hills with flat-topped blue

1 Plan given, fig. 3, p. 214. 2 Plan given> fig> 2, p. 214.

3 Whom legend connects with the Glasgeivnagh hill, not far to the north of these
cists. (See Journal, vol. xxv., p. 227.)

216 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Callan rising over them. Northward the long slopes from Elva to the
terraced edges at Glenquin ; and westward the green hills, behind which
fall the perpendicular rocks of Moher, and the lofty-seated hill-fort of
Boon,1 visible here, as we have also seen it far out to sea, one of the chief
landmarks of the Atlantic coast of Clare.

The larger dolmens lie down the western slopes of Leanna hill.
The first (e) is that described by Borlase.2 It lies north-east and south-
west, tapering eastward; the north side is 5 feet 4 inches; the south
8 feet long. It tapers from 5 feet to 2 feet 9 inches, and has a hole in
the west end outside which is set a second slab. The cover has fallen.
The dolmen stands on a low earthen mound, and was covered by a cairn;
it is the most conspicuous of the monuments, as seen from the road.

"We may here note an almost inconceivable error in the great survey
of Borlase (p. 69). "Blocks of the size and symmetry of those used by
the dolmen-builders would nowadays be far to seek." This is an
astonishing statement from one who had visited these hills. For acres,
for miles, in these uplands, round almost every dolmen, are sheets of crag
with large slabs detached from the under strata and broken along the
lines of cleavage by action of the weather, only requiring to be lifted
and set in place to make dolmens as large and symmetrical as any now
in Burren. As for large stones, the very field in Leanna which contains
the monuments has almost rectangular slabs from 40 yards down to 3
or 4 yards long and wide. In Parknabinnia we find these slabs raised
and propped at one side on sandstone erratic blocks, close to the main
group of cists (£). While in Leanna large slabs, exactly of the size and
appearance of dolmen sides and covers, have been set upright to make
fences and apparently a large cattle pen.

Yet another dolmen (/) lies farther to the north in the same field
down the slope. It has fallen northwards and consists of a south side
still standing, or rather leaning, against the fallen cover, which rests
partly over the prostrate north side. They measure : the south 9 feet
8 inches; the cover 9 feet 8 inches by 6 feet 4 inches wide; the north
10 feet by 6 feet 6 inches ; they vary from 5 inches to 7 inches thick.

The 1899 map marks also a " Dermot and Grania bed" in the
north-western part of the field ; it is, however, a large, oblong enclosure
built of well-laid slabs, only one being set on end. Inside its enclosure
is an oblong foundation, the ground inside being 4 feet lower than the
garth, but with no remains of a cist. The " Moher " (h) has a side
enclosure to the north-east. Besides these remains, we find the walls of
standing slabs, already noted ; and a massive caher, with portions of its
slab-built wall 6 feet and 8 feet high, lies near the road at the boundary
wall at the foot of the slope (»').

1 Journal, vol. xxvii., p. 126.

2 « Dolmens," vol. i., p. 75, fig. 78. See fig. 1, p. 214.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 217

To the north of the field on the unenclosed crag (the "lake of
stone," before descrihed1) in a slight mound remain the sides of yet
another dolmen (g). It has been noticed and planned by Borlase.2 The
slabs are about 6 feet apart, and measure : the fallen northern side
8 feet by 5 feet 6 inches ; the southern 10 feet long, and 3 feet 6 inches
high, lying north-east and south-west, and having a hole aslant through
it. It is not marked on the maps. Borlase supposes that there was ufca
winding stone causeway leading across. the moor to this structure," but
it is only a modernised (if not modern) macadamised bohereen leading
from the main road past (not to) the dolmen, and to the top of the ridge,
where a house stood in 1839. He falls into another error in identifying
the Keabachan group as described in the Ordnance Survey Letters3 with
the cists of Leanna, instead of with those in Parknabinnia, standing, as

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they do, upon the actual Eeabachan, now Eoughan, Hill. Those noted
in the "Letters" are apparently Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 6, the latter one
being then embedded in the cairn by the roadside, but is now open.

To complete the group, we must notice on the west side of the road
the perfect dolmen of Cotteen or Commons. In 1839 it was inhabited
by a certain Michael Coneen. Dr. Macnamara tells me that his father,
in much later years, attended a patient in this dolmen. It has been very
carefully described and planned by Borlase,4 and consists of a cist of three
large slabs, with a massive cover, 12 feet 8 inches by 8 feet 6 inches.
The enclosure was from 5 feet 6 inches to 4 feet 6 inches wide ; the
sides 13 feet by 10 feet long, and the slabs nearly a foot thick. There
was a small side annexe to the south, once adapted as a habitation for
the family pig. I found that (as so often) the tops of the sides had been
clipped to a straight edge.

Thus the great " Keabachan" group, so far as we have examined it,

1 Journal, vol. xxvi., p. 151.
3 14 B, 23, p. 66.

2 " Dolmens,". vol. i., p. 75, fig. 79.

4 " Dolmens," vol. i., p. 76. See also p. 218.

218 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

consists of three dolmens and two small cists in Leana, one dolmen in
Commons, seven in Parknabinnia, one in Ballycashcen, and one below
Cahermore, in Houghan, i.e., fifteen monuments in all.

CEEEVAGH1 (10). — When describing the remarkable dolmen in the
ring-wall of Creevagh, I did not mention a noteworthy feature of its
surroundings. There is a gap to the east of the ring, and from it (lying
north-east and south-west) is a sunken way like that leading from the fort
to the dolmen at Caheraneden. The "way" has been formed by
removing the topmost layers of the crag. It is exactly 100 feet long
from the inner face of the wall, which is 1 1 feet thick. The trench so

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DOLMENS, COUNTY CLARE.
2. Cotteen, or Common. 3. Plan and Elevation of Gortlecka.

formed is 12 feet wide at the wall, 16 feet at half distance, and 12 feet
at the end ; it nowhere exceeds 20 feet in width, or 5 feet in depth, and
does not lie in the axis of the dolmen. The ring- wall is 83 feet in
internal diameter east and west.

TEESKAGH* (10). — In the cairn, near the foot of the waterfall of the
seven streams of Teeskagh, is a small cist3 of thin slabs — the north,
5 feet 2 inches long ; the south, 6 feet 6 inches, tapering eastward from
26 inches to 22 inches. The cairn is of large blocks, embodying a great

1 Journal, vol. xxviii., ]>. 359. 2 Ibid., vol. xxix., p. 383.

3 Plan given, fig. 5, p. 214.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURUEN. 219

boulder, evidently deposited there by older and mightier agencies than
the cairn-builders. The heap is oval, measuring 28 feet north and south,
and 25 feet east and west; it is on a low, bushy mound in that
picturesque and delightfully secluded hollow.

TuLLYcoMMAUN1 (10). — I propose adding to the slight account of the
remains on the northern ridge in that townland some extra notes. The
double-ringed caher, to the west of the road to Castletown, is now much
defaced. The central wall has been levelled to within 4 feet of the
ground at the highest point ; it was thin and of coarse masonry, both
signs of late work. There is some slight trace of the passage inside the
gateway facing the east. It is 5 feet 9 inches wide ; near it lies a lintel
6 feet by 2 feet 3 inches by 7 inches for the narrower outer opening.
The inner ring is 146 feet in diameter ; the outer, on an average, 300 feet
internally. Much of the outer wall remains to the north-west; it is
8 feet high, and of the coarse, slab masonry seen in the outer ring of
Cahercommaun ; it lias been much rebuilt in places.

CAHEESAVAUJsr,2 the lake fort, measures 139 feet east and west across
the garth, and 66 feet north and south. The wall forms a revetment
to a rocky island, and is of good, large masonry 12 feet thick, and 10 to

13 feet higb &>r most of the circuit to the west and south. It is more
gapped and lower to the north. The garth is very rough, and there are
no traces of huts or gateway. The latter probably stood at the end of
the remains of the causeway ; but it must be remembered that some
lake forts had no gateway.

An old road leads up the ridge from near Cahersavaun to the low
mound called " Giant's Grave" on the maps. This is shown as a small
cist-like oblong on the 1839 map; it is a long, low, pear-shaped earth-
work, full of blocks of stone, and measuring 33 feet east and west, and

14 feet north and south, near the west end; it tapers to a point at the
east end. A slab set north and south appears near the west side ; but if
this be the remains of a cist, there is no other trace of one.

On the summit of the green ridge, 48 paces to the east of the last, is a
low, defaced mound of earth and stones. It is 35 feet across, and has on
the summit a well-marked ring of stones round a circular hollow 15 feet
in diameter. It possibly represents that form of burial-mound mentioned
in Irish literature from early times to the seventeenth century as belong-
ing to pre-Christian and very early Christian days. The "Tripartite
Life " records : " Pecerunt fossam rotundam in similitudinem fertae quia
sic faciebant Scottici homines."

The "Third Life of St. Patrick" alludes to those ring-mounds and
walls : " Stat autem in loco ubi omnes steterunt quedam fossa rotunda
et erat homo fossus."4 So does a poem of Cormacan Eigeas, which

1 Journal, vol. xxvi., pp. 363, 364. 2 Ibid., p. 364.

4 Trans. E.I. A., vol. xxxii. (c.), P- 249.

220 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

among the monuments of the great pagan cemetery of Brugh-na-Boinn
notes that :l " The three sons of Eochy Fedlech Finn are in their ' mur,'
their lovely * mur.' " Keating, in the " Three Bitter Shafts of Death,"
describes, among other early methods of hurial, that in the small raths,
or ring-mounds ; first a grave, or fert, the size of the hody was dug, and
a small rath made, and a cairn or leacht was piled inside. Or else
a small rath was dug, without any leacht or cairn, which had one
opening for a man of science, two for a woman, and none for a boy.
" Eerta " seems to have been used even in the eleventh century for a
residential rath, for, according to the "Tripartite Life,"2 when
St. Patrick measured a rath with the " Bachall Isu," the ferta was seven
score feet in enclosure. In the " Colloquy " in the " Book of Lismore "3
Caoilte shows St. Patrick the tulach of Aimealach, son of the King of
Leinster ; " the green-surfaced tulach closed over him, and his sepulchral
stone was set up." On a neighbouring tulach was. the "fert" of
Saelbhuidhe (son of Feilachan, the King of Munster), who, with thirty
comrades and thirty hounds, was slain with elf darts by the fairies, and
was there buried with his weapons and jewels, "and the tulach was
walled up on them." As might be expected, superstition gathered round
the mounds. They were haunted by those "elohim"4 of the old Irish,
the Tuatha De Danann. Aenghus, son of the Dagda, haunts a tulach;5
and the horrible banshee "Bronach" said that her "abode was in the
green fairy mounts of Erin."6

The Tullycommaun mound probably gave the townland its name,
"Tulach Chumann," as in 1599.7 It is a recognised " sidh " or fairy
mount, for I was told in 1895 that "it had more fairies than all the other
forts of the hill." An interesting allusion in the " Wars of Torlough "
(in 1311) may refer to this mound. Donchad, son of Torlough, and
Prince of Thomond, fled to these hills, and camped in East Corcomroe,
near Slieve Carne ; his rival Dermot camped before him at Crichmaill, or
Crughwell, in the valley beyond Cahersavaun ; and De Clare behind
Dermot on the great hill of Dloghan, possibly this very ridge. On the
grey uplands that night Donchad' s followers were beset by supernatural
warnings, "mysterious sounds, and phantasms of delusive dreams";
"lights of all the fairy forts revealing themselves"; groans "making deep
reverberation of their plaint to fill fair Erin's woods and roll adown her
stony rivers." That night, moreover, the soldiers saw shades, and " heard
three feeble, long-drawn wails, lamentably low and sadly sweet." Thus

1 Revue Celtique, vol. xvii. (1896), p. 281.

2 " Tripartite Life of St. Patrick " (edited by W. Stokes), p. 237.
" Silva Gadelica," vol. ii., p. 128.

4 No other term combines the compound of god and ghost so well.

5 " Pursuit of Diarmaid and Grainne."

6 « Wars of Torlough."

7 Coman, or " Chuman," was a not uncommon personal name in the Corcomroes in
early times, and is attached to the great triple fort which is visible from the tulach
across the glen.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 221

in 1311 the belief was in full vigour on these very uplands, and the
Tullycommaun mound was in full sight of the camps of Dermot and
Donchad across the swamp. The latter ill-fated prince marched the
following morning past the end of the lake by the steep descent to our
right down into Glencolumbcille and Glenquin, where he fell by the hand
of a treacherous companion ere he reached the plain.

Beyond the green ridge we once more meet with crags jutting from
under the shale. On these, at some distance to the east, lies a circular
caher. The wall is very neatly built of slabs ; it has a slight batter, and
is 10 feet thick, being rarely 5 feet high, and sometimes levelled to

JO-

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MOHERNAGLASHA

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FORT

TULLYCOMMAUN, COUNTY CLARE— HUTS.

within a couple of feet of the crag. The garth measures 75 feet east and
west. There are in it a semi-circular hut foundation adjoining the wall
to the south , and another curved foundation near it. The gateway is hardly
traceable; it faces the E.S.E. We finally reach Knockaun fort, close to
whose western side, on a knoll, we find a very defaced dolmen.2 It
consists of a chamber 10 feet by 4 feet. The north side (its east end
showing signs of hammer-dressing) and the east end, with the cover and

1 For the general subject of "tulachs," see Paper, by J. O'Daly, in Journal,
vol. iii. (1854), p. 87; see also " Silva Gadelica" ; the "Pursuit of Diaimaid and
Grainne" (S. H. O'Grady) ; the " Battle of Gabhra " (N. O'Kearney) ; and the
"Tripartite Life of St. Patrick" (W. Stokes). O'Daly is, I think, mistaken as to
"tulach" being very common in Clare place-names. We find Tullaghloghaun
(Clooney), Tullycommaun (Kilnaboy), Tullyodea (Euan), Tullyoghan (Kilraghtis),
Tulla (nan apstol.), Tullaghboy (Kilmaley), Tullaher (Killard), Tullabrack (Kilmac-
duan), Tullycreen (Kilmurry mac Mahon). Several, if not most, of these names refer
only to natural mounds.

2 See plan, fig. 1, p. 218.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

an outer row of slabs, remain. The side slabs are from 33 inches to
42 inches from the main cist. The cover is broken across, and lies beside
the cist ; it measures 7 feet 6 inches long, and from 7 feet 8 inches to
6 feet wide, and 10 inches or 11 inches thick. Borlase was told that
the labba was called " Carrickaglasha."1 I did not hear the name locally,
but the " Glas " cow has left her name and reputed hoof-prints over the
whole plateau.2 On my first visit to the spot the dolmen seemed more
perfect, and the cover-slab rested over the side.

BALLYCASHEEN

BALLYCASHEEN, COUNTY CLARE — PLAN OF DOLMENS.

Knockaun fort has already been described3 by me. I need only add
that the wall is thin, and rarely 5 feet high, with straight sides, having
the south-west corner perfect and rounded. The garth is 170 feet across
east and west, and it contains the curious house foundation and souterrain
of which I here give the plan (p. 221).

Borlase has published the plan of some other cist as that of
" Camckaglasha," in Tullycommaun. This arises from some error, as
the plan is of a different dolmen. It is of the typical kind, a box of
three slabs tapering eastward; the north 8 feet long, the south 10 feet
long, and from 48 inches to 30 inches apart, with two covering slabs. I
am unable to identify it, but it is certainly not the dolmen there named.
He found another one small and defaced to the south-east of Knockaun
fort, between it and the dolmen of Slievenaglasha, but the description

1 "Dolmens of Ireland," vol. i., p. 73. Another dolmen is called "Leaba-na-
leagh," or " Leac-na-leagh." See, however, Dr. Joyce's " Irish Names of Places,"
Sen ii., chap, iv., p. 104, and note "Leaba an laeich," in County Cavan.

2 For the legend, see my note in Journal, vol. xxv., p. 227.

3 Journal, vol. xxvi., p. 363.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 223

does not agree with the plan. Such little cists probably exist in
numbers as yet undescribed ; for even the most careful examination in
this land of slabs and "natural buildings" sometimes passes them by
unrecognised, while others get disclosed on the removal of cairns and
mounds, or even of modern walls, in which they have been embodied.

BALLYCASHEES- AND CAPPAGHKEKNEDY. — In re-examining these two
dolmens I may note that the plans given by Eoiiase1 are each defective.
The first monument shows clear signs of being the remains of two-
structures. One was a small cist, to the south of the large dolmen, and
5 feet distant. There are other set slabs to the west, perhaps part of an
outer ring or kerbing— a feature not unusual in Clare. The four sides of
the chamber of the Cappaghkennedy dolmen are complete as here shown,
"We give a view of this fine monument ; it was recently inhabited.

'M'fyifi, •

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CAPPAGHKENNEDY
CAPPAGHKENNEDY, COUNTY CLARE — PLAN OP DOLMEN.

KANNAGH EAST (6). — I formerly noted a perfect dolmen lying (as I
thought) in this townland,2 but the new map shows that it lay a few
feet over the bounds in the townland of Termon. With only the old
map to guide me, and entangled in a maze of unmarked little fields and
walls, I missed the actual dolmen of Eannagh, shown on the maps of
1839. It is embedded in loose stone walls, so as to form a sheep- pen,
and lies not far from, in full sight of, and north-east from, the Termon
cist.3

The sides and west end are standing, but cracked as if by fire. The
top edges are dressed to a regular slope. The south side is entire,
15 feet 7 inches long by 8 inches thick ; and sloping from 4 feet 4 inches

1 " Dolmens of Ireland."

2 Journal, vol. xxix., p. 382. The second (fallen) cist of Termon is there described
at p. 381. I give its plan in this Paper at p. 224.

3 Figs. 3 and 1, p. 224.

224 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

to 3 feet 10 inches high ; it lies E.N.E. and W.S.W. ; and the ground
on which it stands has been so denuded that the lower edge is bare.
The fragment of the north side is 7 feet 9 inches long ; measuring at
each end, the chamber is from 8 feet 5 inches to 7 feet 6 inches wide.
The west slab does not close up the end, but leaves a doorway, as is not
unusual. There is no trace of a mound or cairn ; the dolmen, as we see,
was of unusual size, but not even a fragment of the cover is recognisable.
TUBLOUGH HILL (3). — There is a high ridge between Oughtmama and
the Gortaclare valley, lying within the edge of the former townland.
There, only some 300 yards from the border of County Galway, is all
that is left of one of the largest and most puzzling of the ring-walls of
Ireland.1 The ridge is well seen from Corcomroe Abbey, and there
many years ago I first was told of this fort, which was not marked on

RANNAQH EAST, COUNTY CLARE — PLAN OF DOLMENS.

1. The Northern Dolmen.

2. The Southern Dolmen.

3. Termon Dolmen, on bounds
of Kannagh.

the map. An elderly herdsman described it as "a tumbled circle of
stones on that hill " ; the younger men then present did not know of its
existence.2 The ridge is steep, bare, and fenced with continuous high
terraces of rock and enormous boundary walls. Even the Gortaclare
people " did not know of any caher upon the hills " ; so I did not at the
time try to visit so inaccessible and equivocal a ruin. Finding, how-
ever, that a fort was shown on the map of 1899, I was led to visit, and,
with the aid of Dr. George TJ. Macnamara, examined, planned, and noted
this great fort, though in stormy and bitter weather — hailstorms
alternating with blazes of fierce sunshine.

1 I have very briefly noted this fort in Proc. R.I.A., vol. xxiv. (c.), p. 274 ; and
the " Handbook of the West Coast of Ireland," R. S. A. I. (1904), p. 106.

2 Accustomed to the endless remains of levelled enclosures on the hills, they,
doubtless, from its great size, and no general view being possible, failed to recognise
it as a congener of little ring-walls of 100 feet to 120 feet in diameter, so common in
Clare.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 225

The fort may have been known to Bishop Pococke in 1752. He
writes1 : "I observed several .large entrenchments on the mountains of
Burren . . . one of them, they say, was the residence of O'Laughlin,
King of Burren." The bishop then describes Corcomroe Abbey, from
which the fort is visible against the sky-line. The only other legend I
could learn was from a local herdsman who passed over the ridge as I
was making the plan. " It might be as old," he said, " as the time of
the Irish militia." He, of course, meant the warriors of Finn, not their
doughty successors. A cairn called Seefin, on Black Head, marks a
legend of the great son of Cumhal, as existing in north Burren. "We
were fortunate, after a weary climb up a steep slope of earth and rocks,
in finding a way from Gortaclare valley to the foot of the chief terrace,
and thence found a pass up the rampart and got on to the plateau. The
view was noble, and with the strong light and shade and the clear air,
gave one an exceptional sense of its extent. The ridge, though the fort
stands 800 feet above the sea, is higher to the west, where, fenced bv a
higher terrace, sits the fine cairn of Turlough, 925 feet above the sea.
The cobalt blue bay of Galway lay out to the bold peaks of Connemara,
and ended at our feet in the landlocked creek of Pouldoody, guarded by
the dark specks that were the two peal-towers of Muckinish and the
Martello tower of Finnavarra.3 The huge terraced hills shut out the
view of the sea westward and to the north, where the hill of Behagh,
over the clearly-seen " Abbey of the fertile rock " and the abrupt steeps
overhanging the Corker pass shut out the end of Galway bay and its
creeks, save the end of the bays at Kinvarra3 and Taman Point. But to
the east of them lay open the unbounded plains of Galway, and the lake-
studded central tract of Clare. To the south, beyond the level-terraced
sides of Gortaclare valley, rose Slieve Carran with its conspicuous cairn ;
and to the north, seen almost from overhead, lay the three little churches
of Oughtmama.

" The footprints of an elder race are here,
And memories of an old heroic time,
And shadows of the old mysterious faith ;
So that the place seems haunted, and strange sounds
Float on the wind."

On a platform, if possible more bare and weather-blasted than the
other summits in the Burren, we find a low wall, with gaps at fairly

1 Dr. Pococke's "Tour in Ireland" (edited by G. Stokes), p. 107.

2 Reputedly named from Bheara the Firbolg. There 'is a certain fairy king,,
Finvarra, who dwelt in Knockma, in County Galway : see Journal, vol.' xxxv.,
p. 34.

3 Kinvara creek is connected with the tenth-century legend of the voyage of the
Hui Corra in their atonement for their destruction of the churches of Connaught.
They went to the baile of Kinvarra, watch the sun set from its haven, and then go
out into the deep " to meet the Lord on the sea."— Revue Celtique, xiv. (1893), p. 37.

226 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

regular intervals. It proves to be a large enclosure measuring 675 feet
north and south, 735 feet east and west, or from 700 feet to nearly
760 feet over the wall. It is of irregular plan, with a re-entrant " angle "
to the north-west. The irregularity, as is usually the case, springs from the
builders having selected a ridge, 7 feet to 12 feet high to the north,
20 feet to 30 feet along the east. A natural gully, 25 feet to 30 feet
wide, makes a rising ascent up to the table of the plateau.1 It faces E.S.E.,
is 207 feet long, and was used for the main entrance to the fort. Traces
of the wall cling to the slopes at the mouth of the cleft, which is there
about 30 feet deep ; but the gateway has been destroyed to the founda-
tion. Within the gate the sides are steep, and at one point precipitous.
The wall is from 9 to 12 feet thick. The builders first laid small thin
slabs on the crag till a fairly level surface was obtained, and then built
the entire thickness of the wall with large slabs. It is rarely more than
4 feet or 5 feet high, often barely 3 feet, and parts to the s.outh are
almost levelled. The sides of the gateways are faced with slabs set on
end.

TURLOUGH HILL, COUNTY CLAUE — PLAN OF RING -\V~ALL.

Going round the wall " sun ward " from the gully, we find 145 feet
from the latter, at the abrupt south-east turn, two hut sites2 ad joining, mere
semi-circular rings abutting on the wall. This is common in Clare and
Kerry forts, and the fact is even noted in the ancient Clare legend of
the " Voyage of Maelduin,"3 written before 1100 : " Bound the rampart
were great show-white houses." Examples occur at Ballykinvarga and
Mohernacartan in Clare, and not a few other forts in Ireland and

1 a on plan. 2 # 1 on plan.

3 Leabar-na-hUidhre (Revue Celtique, vol. ir., p. 477).

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 227

Great Britain. Along the very slightly-curved south face are five
gateways well marked by their great lining slabs. Between the second
and third we find a hut site, and the third gate1 faces Carnbower on the
summit of Slieve Carran. The wall then curves in a semi-circle along
the western face. At 82 feet from the fifth gate, which faces S.S.W., is
a hut-ring (a garden-bed of close -growing, blue gentian when we saw it),
and at the same distance from the ring is a similar hut-site, lined with
set slabs like the gateways. There are three gaps farther north, and a
gap facing W.N.W., and looking straight at the castle, or, perhaps,
rather the neck of Muckinish peninsula. There are no facing slabs to
any of the western gaps ; they may be accidental. The north-west gap
is very probably a gateway,8 as an evident path leads down from it along
the slope at the " dip " already mentioned. East of it, at the bend, is a
hut-site, and inside it, in the plateau, is an evidently artificial oblong
cutting, or hut-hollow, some 5 feet deep, and full of heather, which only
grows in sheltered spots, within the west segment of the wall. The
re-entrant dip measures 77 feet over all. When the wall resumes its regular
curve along the north face, we find several gaps and gateways, one of
which latter is illustrated. The three gateways marked by their large-
set slabs face almost due north. The second3 faces the edge of a promi-
nent precipice of the Carker Hill. A featureless gap is at the north-east
turn of the wall, which is as abrupt as that to the south-west, and
nothing save a trace of an oval chamber4 is found in the reach of nearly
160 feet back to the gully. The wall is about 2,300 feet long. The
garth platform is of bare, wasted, and often loose crag, like half -melted
ice-sheets in snow ; no traces of foundations are found upon it.

Clare is, as all know, exceptionally rich in huge forts. "We have the
triple Moghane, 1,500 feet by 1,100 feet, with walls 7,850 feet long;
Langough, 600 feet by 300 feet ; Cahershaughnessy, 567 feet, and
Cahercommaun, 320 feet by 245 feet ; but this Turlough Hill fort not
only is second in size in Clare, but stands high upon the list of the larger
forts in Ireland. The structure, as we see, is most exceptional. The
maximum number of gates in the actual cahers is rarely more than four.
This fort had at least nine, probably a dozen. Inismurray cashel, an
exceptional case, has five. Moghane, in its huge outer wall, has seven
gaps ; but few can even be provisionally taken as gates. Irish literature
names four gateways Jn certain cases — for example, the murderers of
St. Cellach5 *' dwelt at Dunfidhne, where they have newly made a dun,
with four doors in it," which, by the way, they inaugurated by killing a
swine.6 The usual Clare fort has never more than one gateway.

1 c -i on plan. 2 c 7 on plan. 3 c 9 on plan. 4 d on plan.

5 The received account is evidently a mixture of two stoiies. In one, Cellach was
of full age in 537 ; in the other, he was murdered between 650 and 600, at the
instigation of King Guaire ; but the allusion to the fort remains of value.

6 " Silva Gadelica," vol. ii., p. 65.

Tmir w <s A T f Vo1- xv-» Fiftl1 Series. ) ,,

Jour. R.b.A.I. j Vol xxxv Consec Ser j

228 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The object of this enclosure is difficult to see. Who built so vast a
wall on a ridge so storm-swept and difficult of access ? If it was built
to dominate all its surroundings, why was it not placed on the head of the
hill at Turlough cairn? If for a meeting-place, whether religious or
tribal, why was so inconvenient a spot selected ? If a fortress, or walled
village, why were there so many gates ? If a temple, were there no inner
buildings ? It is improbable, to a degree hardly short of impossibility,
that the monastic community of Oughtmama, who " went aside into this
desert place," built such an enclosure on the brow, above their un walled
and clustered monastery, nestling in its sheltered green recess 500 feet
below. Even where the monks used an early fort, it was rarely one
more than 150 feet or 200 feet in diameter. This great stone problem
lies, so massive, yet so indefensible — so inaccessible — yet overlooked by a
greater height — so unsuited for pasturage or for gatherings, and, to
modern ideas, scarcely fit for habitation. We turn to the few available
legends and records. The former only tell us of early tribes — Irghus,
Taman, Bera, and Cutra1 in that part of Ireland. Even if we could
accept the legend, none of these clans was of even legendary importance ;
they were soon expelled or exterminated, and are not even named in
history. The great enclosure does not figure in the fort list (ante 900)
in the " Book of Rights," unless it be Tuamnheidin, with its brow to the
land, for the Ui Eidhin, or O'Heynes, dwelt at its foot in the plains to
the east. Moghane fort is marked on more than one Elizabethan map ;
Turlough Hill fort does not appear. In an elaborate Inquisition of 16072
no such landmark is named as on the border of Clare. " Up the mountain
of Punchamore, and holding the very top of the mountain, butteth
forward to Slieve Carne and to Tobberlyhe, thence to Curraghmore, and
so it falleth into the bay of Galway," says the Inquisition. It was
probably defaced before 1839, or it could hardly have been passed over by
the surveyors. Built for the most part on the bare rock, there is but
little hope that excavation might help us. It only remains for me to
describe and illustrate it, and to leave the solution (if any) to later
antiquaries.

1 "Dindsenchas," p. 78 ; Revue Celtique (1894), p. 478.

3 Inquisition taken at Galway, August llth, 1607 (P. R. 0. 1.).

(To le continued.}

TORLOUGH HILL
the northern ga

CAHERBLONICK
the east fort

CAHERBLONICK and DOLMEN.

230 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

•

SLIEYE DONARD, IN THE COUNTY OF DOWN.

BY CANON H. W. LETT, M.A., M.R.I.A.
[Read JULY 3, 1905.]

following version of the legend of St. Patrick and St. Donard was
collected just seventy years ago by John O'Donovan. It is the
history of the conversion of " St. Donard." I give it precisely as Dr.
O'Donovan relates it in a County Down Ordnance Survey letter, dated
Downpatrick, 24th April, 1834, for it would he a pity to risk the loss of
the characteristic touches embodied in it by attempting to .edit it. He
mentions that the officer of the Ordnance Survey had stated that" there
was no account of St. Donard existing in the traditions of the neighbour-
hood, and then he says : —

" I find, however, that the fact is otherwise. The tradition preserved in the country
concerning St. Donart is briefly this. When St. Patrick and his holy family came
to Iveagh, and to that level district at the foot of the mountain called Slieve Donart,
he sent one of his servants to a neighbouring chieftain named Donnart, to request of
him to contribute something towards the support of his clargy (sic). Donart, at this
time a fierce and warlike pagan chief, desired the servant to go and drive home * yon
bull ' (pointing to him in a certain field) to his master Patrick ; but this was out of
derision, because the fierce warrior well knew that twenty persons would be unable to
drive that bull to any place, in consequence of his fierce and untameable nature.

' Patrick's servant, sir, goes to the field, and far from being able to drive home
the mad bull, he narrowly escaped being killed by that fierce animal.

" So he returns to Patrick, and tells him the whole transaction. Then Patrick
said to his servant — * As Donnart has given you leave to drive home the bull, take
this halter with you, and as soon as you go to the place where the bull is, he will put
his head into it, and then walk home with you.' (The power of God, you know, sir,
goes beyond any thing. ) This was accordingly done, and, wirabile dictu, the animal
having laid aside his native ferocity, walked over to the servant, put his head into the
halter, and then walked home with him, meek and silent as the lamb when led to the
slaughter. So great are the favours bestowed by the Almighty on those He loves !
Patrick then got the bull killed and salted.

" Soon after this, as the fierce Donnart was one day walking out from his habita-
tion, the fort of Rath Murbholg, near where the old Church of Maagherawe1 stood,
he missed his bull, and swore by the wind, the sun, and the moon, that he would
banish Patrick and his clargy out of his territory ; with that, sir, he assembles his
chosen troops, and coming to where Patrick, his family, and adherents were, accuses
the saint of having sent his servant to steal his bull. Patrick replied that his servant
had first obtained his highness's permission, but Donnart denied that he had granted
any.

" 'Well then,' said the holy Patrick, ' if your very great honour says so, youshal
have your bull back again.'

1 Maghera, near Newcastle, where there is part of an old church and round tower.

SLIEVE DONARD, IN THE COUNTY OF DOWN. 231

« So taking the feet, flesh, and skin, and placing them together, as well as he
could, he knelt down, sir, on his hare knees on the ground, and prayed to the
Disposer of all things to restore the hull to his former life and ferocity ; and,
wonderful to he said, all the distorted joints of the animal were replaced in their
respective sockets, and all the organs and instruments of motion and life in all the
channels and conductors of the animal fluids and spirits of existence were restored to
their original functions, and the hull started into life resuming all his original
fierceness.

" At the sight Donnart was seized with dismay, and throwing himself at the feet of
the saint begged that he would take him under his protection, and make him one of
his people by baptizing him.

" From this moment the warlike Donnart became a meek and humble disciple, and
having become acquainted with the mild spirit of the Gospel, and seen the strict
morality and self-refusal recommended in the Book of Life, he was induced to resign
his chieftainship, abandon his fortified residence, give up his savage amusements of
hunting the elk and other wild animals of the plain, and to betake himself to fasting
and praying on the highest apex of that wild and desolate range of mountains which
formed the southern boundary of his kingdom.

" St. Donnart says Mass every Sunday on his altar on the North -Western cairn on
the mountain. There is also a cave running from the sea-shore at the South of New-
castle to the summit (if report be true) of Slieve Donard, through which cave some
men have been so foolhardy as to venture up to the summit of the mountain, but after
they had gone to a certain distance they were met by St. Donnart in his robes, who
admonished them of the foolhardiness of their adventure, and, Lord bless you, Donnart
was right, for it is difficult to climb up the steep side of that wild mountain in the
open air, and under the broad light of day, not to say in a dark, steep cave. He also
told them that it was to be his own peculiar residence until the day of Judgment."

St. Donnart, or Domangard, or Donard, spent the life of a hermit on
the mountain which bears his name, and built a cell or oratory on the
top of it, somewhere near the end of the fifth century, having died,
according to the Calendar, in the year 506, on the 24th of March ; but
the Patron Day used to be observed on St. James's Day, the 25th of
July, when, according to Harris, "people in this neighbourhood elimb
up the mountain to do penance, and pay their devotions perhaps to both
saints."

This author states further, that: — "On the Summit of this Mountain
are two rude Edifices (if they may be so termed) — one being a huge heap
of Stones piled up in a piramidical Figure, in which are formed several
Cavities, wherein the Devotees shelter themselves in bad Weather while
they hear Mass ; and in the center of this Heap is a Cave formed by
broad, flat stones so disposed as to support each other without the help
of Cement. The other Edifice is composed of many Stones so disposed in
rude Walls and Partitions, called Chappels, and, perhaps, was the Oratory
and Cell erected by St. Domangard."

Sir William Petty marks on his map, on the north-east side of Slieve
Donard, "Leniord's Chapel," which is probably a mistake for Donard' s
Chapel.1

1 Or this may have been intended for the Church of St. Mary, a ruinous bit of
•which still remains in a churchyard near the Bloody Bridge.

232 HOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Unfortunately none of these edifices now exist ; they were knocked
down by the staff of the Ordnance Survey early in the nineteenth century,
to form the cairns that now surmount Slieve Donard, and to provide
materials for the erection of their camp. The remains of the camp are
visible a short distance south of the great cairn. The men engaged on
the survey occupied quarters here for nearly nine months, and it was by
them that the covered well — now taken by visitors for St. Donard' s
cell — was formed in the great cairn to provide them with a supply of
water.

Harris alludes to the tradition in the neighbourhood celebrating the
virtues and miracles, &c., of St. Donard, and adds to what is related
above, that " by his application much money was collected for building
the Cathedral of Down ; which must then be understood to be one of the
first churches erected there in the time of St. Patrick."

In the same vol., p. 120, is the statement that " Slieve Donard . . .
is known also by the latter name of Mount Malby, from a Captain so
called, of no inconsiderable reputation in the wars of Queen Elizabeth,
and whose name yet continues about Dundrum." The present writer has
not met with the name in any book or map.

There is a description, in several topographical writers, of a remarkable
bit of wild scenery in the heart of these mountains, which introduces the
name of two mountains, ''Slieve Neir" and "Slieve Suaven" ; concerning
the latter of which Dr. O'Donovan wrote : — "I could not find (it) in
Mourne, or in the neighbourhood of Slieve Donard. I am confident that
it must be a mistake for some other name. The writer seems to be well
acquainted with the place."1

An attempt was made many years ago in Black's " Guide to Ireland "
to identify "Slieve Snaven" with the Cove Mountain, but it was not
convincing. A curious thing about this is that Harris in one place
suggests that Seafin is the same as " Slieve Snaven," and gives it so on
his map, and in another particularizes for it a situation remote from
Seafin. He says : — " Upwards of two Miles North- West of Newcastle
stands Briansford, or Tullamore, near which, on the skirts of "Slieve
Neir" and " Slieve Snaven" (Mountains so-called) the Lord Limerick
has two Deer-Parks, remarkable for excellent venison, or rather one
divided into two by a "Wall carried through the middle of it, finely
wooded, cut with Hidings and Vistoes, and watered by a River running
through it in a Channel of Rocks and Precipices, which passes under a
Bridge of hewn Stone, from whence are beautiful prospects of the Sea." 2

This makes "Slieve Snaven" and "Slieve Neir" to be identical
with Slieve Commedah, of which Shanslive is the northern shoulder, and
Slievenamaddy and Slievenabrook are the lower slopes.

1 O'Donovan had met with this description in The Dublin Penny Journal of May
3rd, 1834.

2 " Antient and Present State of the County of Down " (1744), p. 81.

SLIEVE DONARD, IN THE COUNTY OF DOWN. 233

And on " A Map of the County of Down, with a chart of ye Sea-coast,
done from actual Surveys, and accurate observations," which is dated 1755,
and goes by the name of Dr. Kennedy's Map, this " Slieve Snaven" is
placed to the west of Slieve Donard, precisely where Slieve Commedah
is. O'Donovan had seen this map previously to his discovering that
there were no such mountains as the "Slieve Snaven" and "Slieve
!N"eir " known in the Mournes.1

It is "Walter Harris, in his description, at p. 123 of his " Antient and
Present State of the County of Down " (1744), and his Map of the said
County, which has made it difficult to know what mountain he intended
to designate by the name of " Slieve Snaven." I have shown above that
Harris's description, at p. 81, must refer to another locality than that
marked " Snaven" on his map. And now I come to the passage which
has been slavishly copied, and without any acknowledgment, into
Irish tourists' guide-books for many years, and which has constituted a
puzzle to those who have tried to identify the localities.

This passage in Harris begins : — " A deep and narrow vale divides
Slieve Donard from Slieve Snaven, or the Creeping Mountain, so called
because it must be climbed in a creeping posture ; and through this vale
winds a pretty serpentine stream which discharges itself into the sea to
the Eastward of the Mountains."

I think that those who are familiar with the Mournes will not fail
to recognise in this passage an accurate description of the valley over-
hung by the Eagle Rocks of Slieve Donard, and through which flows
the Glen River, or White River, that forms the cascades in Donard
Lodge Demesne : Slieve Commedah, i.e. Harris' Slieve Snaven, being
divided by it from Slieve Donard ; while the rest of the passage in
Harris refers to quite another place, viz. the Cove Mountain.

1 O'Donovan, in one of his letters from the County Down, mentions having
examined a copy of this map in Scarvagh House, County Down.

234 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

THE ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY.

BY THE REV. CANON FFRENCH, M.R.I.A., VICE-PRESIDENT, 1897.
[Read FEBRUARY 24, 1903.]

rpuE Armorial Bearings that I am about to treat of in this Paper are
the allegorical designs, or badges, emblazoned on the standards of
Ireland and its princes in times past. Heraldry has been described as
" the art of arranging and explaining in proper terms all that relates or
appertains to the bearing of arms, crests, badges, quarterings, and other
hereditary marks of honour"; but this definition would apply more
properly to Norman than to Celtic heraldry, which was of a much simpler
type. I believe I can safely assert that so far as heraldry consists in
the bearing by different nations, cities, and tribes, of distinguishing
standards, emblems, and devices, it can be traced back to the very earliest
records that we possess of the oldest civilization. In this, as in many
other cases, I can quote an old and homely proverb, " Necessity is the
mother of invention " ; and necessity required that different nations, cities,
and tribes should have some well-known and easily discerned sign, or
badge, by which they could be distinguished the one from the other.
"When seeking for the first traces of any particular use, we naturally
turn to Egypt, the birth-place of architecture, and, to some extent, of art
design ; and there, I think, we find the earliest traces of the use of
heraldic symbols, or badges.

The learned Egyptologist, Professor Flinders Petrie, in a lecture
delivered before the British Association, in which he took as his subject,
" Man before Writing," tells us that the city of " Heliopolis," probably
the most ancient city whose origin we can guess at (far older than the
Egyptian monarchy), had as its sign a sixteen-sided fluted column, with
a tapering shaft, just as in after years a lion became the sign of Leono-
polis, and a goat of the city of Pantopolis. Here, says Petrie, still
speaking of the Heliopolis sign, we have a form (symbol or badge) which
is carried back into the unlettered ages, and which we cannot hope to
touch with any continuous record. It was doubtless his residence in
Egypt, and the impression made on his mind by what he learned there,
that caused the patriarch Jacob to give distinguishing heraldic badges,
or devices, to his sons, by which their various tribes should be hereafter
known. Thus, Reuben is supposed to have had as his badge water
(or wavy); Judah, a lion's whelp; Issachar, an ass; Dan, a serpent;
Naphtali, a hind ; Joseph, a fruitful bough, &c. ; and in the Book of
Numbers, we find the direction — " Every man of the children of Israel
shall pitch by his own standard with the ensign of his father's house."

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 235

In its earliest conception the idea of a standard was not a flag, but a
figure, or device, elevated on a pole, like the eagle of theEoman soldiers,
and the raven of the Scandinavian Rovers (popularly called Danes).
Here, I may remark, that although in the course of time the Scandinavian
Rovers adopted as a banner a representation of a raven, there is reason
to believe that in the first instance their standard was a tamed specimen
of the bird itself, and if this is the case, it is not to be wondered at that
it was considered a bird of ill omen.

In Ireland banners bearing various colours seem to have been asso-
ciated with the badges, or devices, of the various tribes at an early
period. The Rev. Geoffrey Keating, D.D., in his " General History of
Ireland," tells us that in the reign of Ollamh Fodhla, in a " great
triennial assembly at Tara, it was ordained by a law that every noble-
man and great officer should, by the learned heralds, have a particular
coat-of-arms assigned to him according to his merit and his quality,
whereby he should be distinguished from others of the same rank, and
be known wherever he appeared." In an historical tale called the
battle of " Magh Rath," edited and transcribed by John O'Donovan
from the Book of Leinster, which was compiled from ancient manu-
scripts, in the first half of the twelfth century by Finn Mac Gorman,
Bishop of Kildare, who died in the year 1160, we have a whole list of the
banners used by the combatants in that contest, by which they were dis-
tinguished from one another. Prom this account, which was published
in 1842 by the Irish Archaeological Society, I quote (p. 227, see also
p. 347) :-

" Mightily advance the battalions of Congal
To us over the ford of Ornamh ;
When they came to the contest of the men
They require not to be harangued.
The token of the great warrior of Macha —
Variegated satin on warlike poles ;
The banner of each bright king with prosperity
Over his own head conspicuously displayed.
The banner of Scannlan — an ornament with prosperity,
And of Fiachna Mor, the son of Baedan,
Great symbol of plunder floating from its staff
Is over the head of Congal advancing towards us.
A yellow Lion on green satin,
The insignia of the Craebh Ruadh,
Such as the noble Conchobar bore,
Is now held up by Congul.
The standards of the sons of Eochaidh
In front of the embattled hosts,
Are dun -coloured standards like fire.
Over the well-shaped spear-bundles of Crumthann.
The standard of the vigorous king of Britain,
Conan Rod, the royal soldier,
Streaked satin, blue and white,
In folds displayed.

236 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The standard of the great king of Saxonland of hosts

Is a wide, very great standard,

Yellow and red, richly displayed,

Over the head of Dairbhre, son of Dornmor.

The standard of the majestic king of Feahhail

(I have not seen such another)

Is over his head (no treachery does he carry with him),

Black and red, certainly.

The standard of Suihhne — a yellow banner,

The renowned king of Dal Araidhe ;

Yellow satin, over that mild man of hosts —

The white-fingered stripling himself in the middle of them.

The standard of Ferdoman of banquets,

The red-weaponed king of the Ards of Ulster ;

"White satin, to the sun and wind displayed,

Over that mighty man without blemish."

Here we Lave many standards, but only one symbol, or sign —
the yellow lion. Dr. Keating says that favourite signs, borne by the
ancient Irish were " a dead serpent, and the rod of Moses." Badges,
symbols, or heraldic signs, seem to have been common enough among the
Irish tribes, such as the red hand, which has been for some centuries the
badge of the O'Neills, but which, Owen O'Donnelly contended, was
derived from the heroes of the Red Branch, and belonged, of right, to
Magennis, the senior representative of Conall Cernach, the most dis-
tinguished of those heroes.

The story of the red hand is a well-known one : two tribes contended
for the same portion of land, and the future owner was to be decided by
the result of a boat-race ; whoever touched the land first was to be lord
of the soil. It was a close race, what we call a neck-to-neck race ; but
as the land drew near, it became evident to the ancestor of the Magennis
that his adversary would touch land before him, so he cut the matter
short by standing up in the bow of his boat and cutting off one of his
hands with a hatchet, and casting it with the other hand on the shore.
His descendants ever after bore the bloody hand as their heraldic cogni-
sance. King James adopted it as the symbol of Ulster, with which the
new order of baronet was identified. "We may also mention the cat and
salmon of O'Cathain, or O'Kane.

John O'Donovan gives the following heraldic bearings, which he
translated from an ancient Irish MS. quoted in his edition of "The Battle
of Moyragh," p. 349 :—

BEARINGS OF O'DOHERTY.
' ' Mightily advance the battalions of Conn
With O'Doherty to engage in battle ;
His battle-sword with golden cross
Over the standard of this great chief;
A lion and bloody eagle —
Hard it is to repress his plunder —
On a white sheet of silken satin."

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 237

BEARINGS OF 0' SULLIVAN IN THE BATTLE OF CAISGLINN.

" I see mightily advancing in the plain
The banner of the race of noble Finghin,
His spear with venomous adder [entwined]."

BEARINGS OF 0' DONOVAN.
" A hand holds an ancient Irish s\vord entwined with a serpent.'*

BEARINGS OF O'LOUGHLIN BURREN.
" In O'Loughlin's camp was visible a fair satin sheet
To be at the head of each battle, to defend in battle-field ;
An ancient fruit-bearing oak, defended by a chieftain justly,
And an anchor blue, with folds of a golden cable."

That the Celtic tribes were distinguished by particular colours,
we have ocular demonstration of to the present day, in the tartans
of the Scotch Highland tribes ; and so particular were the ancient
Irish about distinguishing colours, that the number of colours each
class of society were to wear in their clothes were specially regu-
lated by law. One colour in the clothes of servants, two colours in the
clothes of rent-paying farmers, three colours in the clothes of officers,
five colours in the clothes of chiefs, six colours in the clothes of ollamhs
and poets, seven colours in the clothes of kings and queens.

In the account of the Battle of Clontarf, which took place in 1014,
and which Dr. Joyce quotes as reliable history, the old king, Brian
Boru, who was too feeble to engage in the fight himself, is described
as remaining in his tent, and engaged in prayer, while his attendant
stood at the door to watch the battle. In response to an anxious inquiry
from the king, the attendant said: "Many have fallen, but Murrogh's.
banner still stands moving through the battalions." " That is well," said
the king, " as long as the men of Erin see that standard they will fight
with courage and valour." Now, if we take this even as a free version, it
shows that standards were used then as now to rally the troops around
them; and surely no one will contend that they were like a blank
sheet of paper, without any particular colour or device by which they
could be distinguished the one from the other. The old Irish prophecy
about the "Flag of Battles," shows how familiar they were with its
use, and "we find references in the lives of the primitive Irish saints
to several consecrated banners called by the name of Cathach." These
banners may have been borne, not on poles, but on the breast of the
standard-bearer.

I think that I have now fairly established my proposition that
the ancient Irish had a heraldry of their own ; also tribal badges
and colours, by which their various tribes and kingdoms were dis-
tinguished the one from the other. But when we seek for any coat-

238 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of-arms for the whole land, or any crest that might be considered the
badge of the whole kingdom, we are at once face to face with a difficulty ;
a badge or crest such as the eagle of the Romans, the white horse of
the Saxons, the raven of the Danes, the lion of the Normans, we cannot
find. I am disposed to think that the heraldic colour of Ireland for the
time being was that of the tribe that supplied Ireland with its Ard Righ,
or chief king, and that the badge or symbol was that of his family. For
instance, when the great Munster sept of Dal Cais supplied Ireland with
an Ard Righ in the person of Brian Borumha, there can be little doubt
that the colours of Ireland for the time being were the colours borne
by that tribe, which Mr. O'Looney told me were brown, purple, green,
and gold. In our days blue and green have often contended for prece-
dence, but in those old Celtic days there was a strong preference for a
" blay brown." This is shown in the English version of an old Irish
song, for which I am indebted to the late Mr. O'Looney : —

" Brown was the banner of the fierce and mighty Gaul,
Brown was the banner of the great Fiana Fail,
"When the fierce Dalraids of Alba on the Roman wall were seen,
They planted there the standard of the brown, and blue, and green."

Here we have the great Fenian forces marching to battle under
colours of brown, and blue, and green. As every one of the minor
kings of Ireland had " as the ground of his chief colour the principal
colour of the head king" in the days of Brian Boru, brown must have
been, to a great extent, the national colour.1 But great a man and
great a king as he was, Brian was to a certain extent a usurper ; for
Meath was the Imperial Province, and the arms of Meath might be taken
as the arms of Ireland.

O'Halloran tells us that he read in some old manuscripts, and found
in O'Flaherty's writings, that the arms of the Irish monarchs were a
king enthroned in majesty, with a lily in his hand, in a field " saturn."
This, he concluded, must be the arms of Meath, about which he could
obtain no information at the Herald's office. We are told that this
coat-of-arms is now recorded in Ulster's office as an ancient coat-of-arms
of the Kingdom of Ireland, and is thus entered (sa) a king sitting on his
-throne cross-legged, in his right hand a golden lily ; crest, a tower triple^
towered (or) from the portal a hart springing (ar) attired and hoofed (or}.

1 It has been asserted on the supposed authority of Dr. Geoffrey Keating that the
ground of the shield or principal colour of the O'Briens was red. I have failed to
find this statement in his History. The idea probably arose from the fancy picture
of an Irish king to be found in the folio edition of Dermod O'Connor's translation. In
it King Brian is represented resting on a shield gules bearing three lions ; but it, like
the twelve sheets of coats-of-arms attached to the book, is Dermod O'Connor's work,
for which Dr. Keating is not in any way accountable. These coats-of-arms cannot
be considered as specimens of Celtic heraldry (although they may contain Celtic
tribal badges). They are plainly arms that had been granted to the various families
by Norman heralds.

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 239

There is much to be said in favour of this last coat-of-arms. It is quite
unlike the coats-of-arms adopted by the Norman Conquerors, and yet has
held its own as a coat-of-arms of the Kingdom of Ireland to the present
day (although not in use) ; and for this reason I am disposed to think that
it was the old arms of the country, which passed out of use when the
Normans adopted the three crowns ; and if this be the case, the principal
oolour was saturn or sable, otherwise black, which in heraldry is believed
to imply vengeance, and the deathful prowess of the bearer.1 We now
come to the period of the Norman Invasion, when we find the old, simple
badges of the various tribes superseded by the complicated system of
family heraldry, which at that time was called into existence. The
necessities of the Crusades may be said to have created heraldry in the
modern sense of the term. Knights from all parts of Europe, and from
twenty different nations, assembled together to recover the Holy Land
and the holy places from the followers of Mahomet ; and it was necessary
to have some means of distinguishing between them, and to have heralds
who were skilled in the art of blazoning, assigning, and marshalling
•coat armour, in order to marshal the knights under the banners of their
various leaders, and so that in a tournament when a knight rode into the
lists with his visor down, some one should be able to explain the shield
or coat of armour that he bore, and to tell who he was.

The late Sir Bernard Burke, writing on the subject of heraldry,
says : —

** For my own part I consider that the registry of its birth may be
found among the archives of the Holy Wars ; that its cradle was rocked
by the soldiers of the Cross, and that its maturity was attained in the
chivalrous age of Feudalism."

The old Irish chieftains, satisfied with their old, simple tribal heraldry,
were slow in adopting the complicated system of the Normans ; and
John O'Donovan tells us2 that he had " examined more tombstones in
Irish churchyards than any person then living, with an anxious wish

1 I am indebted to our well-known Fellow, David MacRitchie, Esq., of Edinburgh,
for tbe following information obtained by him from Mr. G. Grant, Eothesay Herald : —

" COURT OF THE LORD LYON,

"EDINBURGH, 3rd March, 1903.

" DEAR MR. MACRITCHIR, — I have received your letter of yesterday enclosing Mr.
French's. I find in an old Heraldic MS. compiled in 1567, commonly called " "Work-
man's MSS.," because it belonged to James Workman, Marchmont Herald, a painting
•of the arms of the Kingdom of Ireland, and a written blazon : azure, a king enthroned
{or sitting in his chair), holding in his right hand a sceptre, and an antique crown
with points on his head, or. No crest is given. The arms described by Mr. French
are, I believe, recorded in Ulster's office. The ancient arms of Ireland are said to be
azure, three ancient crowns or. These are now the arms of Munster. The arms of
Ireland would never be officially recorded in this office.

" Yours sincerely,

" FRANCIS P. GRANT."

2 " Battle of Magh-Rath," p. 348.

240 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

to discover Irish inscriptions and armorial bearings; but among the
many tombs he had seen he had not observed any escutcheon of a
Milesian Irish family older than the reign of Queen Elizabeth," — the
coats- of -arms before that time being the armorial bearings of tribes and
territories, not of families. The earliest known private coat-of-arms is
that upon the monumental effigy of a Count of Wasserburgh in the Church
of St. Emeran at Ratisbon, the ensigns being " Per fess az and sa, a lion
rampant, countercharged," and the date 1010. The earliest heraldic
document that has come down to us is a roll of arms between the years
1240 and 1245, containing the names and arms of the barons and knights
of the reign of Henry III.

But to return to Ireland, it is interesting to observe the difference in
the arms of Ulster, given by Mr. O'Halloran about eighty years ago,
from the arms now in use. He tell us — " I some years ago applied to
Sir William Hawkins and to Mr. Withens at the Herald's office, where
I learned that the provincial arms were for Munster on a field azure,
three eastern diadems proper ; for Leinster on a field vert, a harp or,
string argent ; for Ulster on a field (or) a lion rampant, double-queued
gules; and for Connaught, party per pale, argent, and sable; on the
argent side, a demi- eagle spread sable ; on the field sable, a hand and
arm holding a sword erect. I have been told that the crest of Ireland
as used by our own princes in tilts and tournaments on the Continent,
and after them by some of the Henrys and Edwards, was a bleeding hind
wounded by an arrow, under the arch of an old castle."

You will observe that the arms which for many hundred years
after the Conquest were borne by the whole of Ireland, are now borne by
the province of Munster alone.

In the time 'of Edward IV. a commission was held to inquire into
the arms of Ireland, which commission returned, "yl ye three crowns
were ye arms.'1 This bearing is found on the reverse of early Irish coins
subsequent to the Conquest.

The meaning to be attached to the three crowns has been a subject of
controversy. In Harris's " Ware," vol. ii., p. 215, the idea is put forward
that the three crowns represented the three kingdoms of England, France,
and Ireland. Fynes Moryson imagined that they represented the Pope's
triple crown.

Dr. Aquilla Smith, in his learned essay on the " Irish Coins of Edward
IV., " published among *' The Transactions of the Eoyal Irish Academy,"
tells us neither of these opinions is correct ; and it is a remarkable cir-
cumstance that this device, the meaning of which the learned research of
Sir James Ware failed to discover, has proved to be the arms of Ireland.

The Rev. Richard Butler, of Trim, afterwards Dean of Clonmacnoise,
puts forward the folio wing summary of the evidence that he has collected
on the subject : —

1. Richard II. granted to Robert tie Yere permission to bear arms,

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 241

so long as lie should be Lord of Ireland, three crowns within a
bordure.

2. At Henry V.'s funeral, on the first car were emblazoned the ancient
arms of England ; on the second, those of Prance and England, quarterly ;
on the third, those of France ; and on the fourth three crowns on a field-
azure, doubtless for Ireland.

3. The crown first appears on the first distinct and separate coinage
for Ireland, issued according to an Act of Parliament in 1460, declaring
the independence of Ireland, and enacting that it should have a proper
coin, separate from the coin of England.

4. The three crowns appear on the Irish coins of Edward IV.,
Richard III., and Henry VII. They are unknown on the English coinage ;
and when Henry VIII. assumed the harp as the arms of Ireland, they
appear no more.

5. On the only silver coins on which the three crowns occur, they
appear, as the harp does afterwards, on the reverse — the obverse bear-
ing the arms of England ; and when the legend " Dominus Hibernie " is
on the coin, it is on the same side with the three crowns, as it is after-
wards on the same side with the harp.

6. That these crowns are borne, not in a shield, but " upon a cross,'*
is no objection to their being armorial bearings, as the harp was never
borne on a shield, except on the coins of Uueen Elizabeth, who, instead
of one harp, bore three on her coinage of 1561, as Edward IV. bore some-
times one, and sometimes three crowns. But that the three crowns were
sometimes enclosed within a shield is a fact which is incontestably
proved by a small copper coin, two specimens of which were found at
Trim, and another of which had previously been found near Dublin.

7. In 1483 Thomas Galmole, gentleman, and worker of the money of
silver, and keeper of the Exchanges in the Cities of Devylyn (Dublin),
and AVaterford, was bound by indenture to make two sorts of moneys,
one called a penny, with the king's arms on one side upon a cross,
trefoiled at every end, and with the inscription, " Bex Anglie et France,"
and on the other side the arms of Ireland, upon a cross, with this scrip-
ture, " Dns Hibernie." Sir Bernard Burke thought it probable that the
crowns, or, upon an az. ground, were introduced by the Normans from the
coat of St. Edmund. He says : " This was the coat of St. Edmund, and
it is possible that the Anglo-Norman invaders, who were arrayed under
the banners of St. George and St. Edmund, introduced the bearings of
the latter saint as the ensigns of the new Conquest."

The three crowns appear to have been relinquished by Henry VIII. as
the arms of Ireland about the time that he obtained an Act of Parlia-
ment constituting him King of Ireland; and probably because they
were mistaken for the Papal arms. Since that time the heraldic arms of
this country have been: az. a harp or, stringed argent, otherwise a golden
harp with silver strings on a blue ground. Truly a rich and beautiful
device.

242 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

0' Curry devotes much care and attention to the consideration of the
origin of a harp device. He thinks that the idea was probably derived
from the harp, popularly known as Brian Boru's harp, and that this
instrument may possibly be the harp of Donnchadh Cairbreach O'Brien,
son of the last king of Munster, who had a small, sweet harp which
passed from this country into Scotland, and which he made great efforts
to recover, and failed to do so.

He further suggests that this harp mav have been carried into
England by Edward I., when he took away from the Palace of Scone,
in Scotland, the ancient inaugural chair, or stone, and other regalia of
the old Scottish monarchs, to Westminster Abbey, and that it there
remained with the name of its original owner traditionally attached to it,
till the time of Henry VIII., who, it is said, presented a celebrated harp
to the Earl of Clanrickard, as the harp of Donogh O'Brien. He goes on to
say : " "Would it be too much to believe that it was the' celebrity of this
ancient instrument that suggested to their execrable monarch the first idea
of placing the harp in the arms of Ireland in the fashion of the heraldry of
the time, and impressing it upon the coinage of this country?" I
should say that Ware claims a far older association of the harp with the
arms of Ireland than that which is now generally accepted.

He says (page 208, Harris's " Ware"), when treating of the coinage of
King John : 4< The triangle on the Irish coins of this monarch, as well as
those of his two next successors, represents a harp which was anciently of
that shape, for all pennies that have a head in a triangle were Irish coins."
There is a note quoted by Brewer from Chalmers' " Caledonia " (vol. i.,
page 463) which has an important bearing on the subject. He says :
"There remains in the College of Arms a curious roll containing the
badges of the Earls of Warwick from Brutus, the founder, which was
composed by the celebrated John llous, the Warwick antiquary, who
died in 1491. He included Richard III. as an Earl of Warwick. This
antiquary, in painting the several crests of Richard, surmounted his crest
as Lord of Ireland with the harp, and in order to prevent mistakes wrote
tinder each crest — England, France, Acquitane, and Ireland."

When Henry VTII. placed a harp instead of three crowns on the
Irish shield, he may have only called into requisition a well-known
Irish badge, which would, on that account, be more readily accepted.
Whether this is the case or not I will not venture to determine ; but
this I ca"n safely say, that the adoption of the harp as the badge of
Ireland was a decided success, and has proved equally acceptable to all
parties in the state.

One subject relating to the arms of Ireland still remains to be
considered. How did green obtain its present position as the colour
that, above all others, is symbolical of the Emerald Isle? Various
reasons have been suggested. One is that it originated with the Ulster
United Irishmen, who made a blend of orange and blue, and thus pro-
duced green, which was to be symbolical of the union of two different

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 243

parties in the country, but this seems a mere guess. It was in use long
before that time, and it would be a far more likely thing if we were to
say that it was brought into favour by the Catholic Confederation. In
the " National MSS. Series," vol. i., date 1582-3, there is the picture of an
Irish soldier bearing an Irish coat-of-arms. The shield is blue, bearing a
gold harp, with a crown of gold over the shield. Yery shortly after
this we find green in use. The following extract from a letter of Father
Matthew O'Hartigan, dated from Paris, October the 17th, 1642, shows
that green was then borne as an Irish standard. " Colonel Owne Ro
his frigot is back to Dunkert full of butter, tallow, and hides. This
frigot bears the Irish harp in a green field in a flaggin the main-top."

Cardinal Moran, in his " Spicilegium Ossoriense," gives the folio wing
extract from the description of the standards of the Irish Confederate
army, A.D. 1643, which is found in the Wadding papers at Rome: —
"nota quod in parte dextra sit crux Hibernia3 in circuitu color rubir in
campo viridi, sub cruce, ' Yivat Rex Carolus,' et super, has literas, C. R.
et corona Imperialis." If the Irish Confederate Catholics flew a standard
which bore an Irish cross on a green field or ground, surely that in
itself would give great prominence to green as a colour, and even to a
certain extent as a national colour.

Now we come to A.D. 1737, and we find that in a book published in
the Hague in that year, the arms of Ireland are given as "II est vert,
charge d'une harp d'or."

Next, let us take up the great volunteer movement of 1782, which
was just as much a Protestant movement as the Catholic Confederation
had been a Roman Catholic movement. One of the principal leaders
of the volunteers was the then Protestant Bishop of Derry. Let us see
what prominence was given to green by them. The Attorney's regiment
of volunteers wore, as their uniform, scarlet and Pomona green. There
were fifty-two regiments and companies of mounted and foot volunteers
scattered all over Ireland, who wore uniforms faced with green, or
altogether green ; and it is to be remarked that green was not worn
as a party colour, but as a national colour, for these regiments and
companies were nearly all Protestants, and were officered by the resident
gentry in their respective districts. The arms of Leinster given by
Sir William Hawkins and Mr. Withens, of the Herald's Office, to
Mr. O'Halloran some eighty years ago, was a golden harp with silver
strings on a green ground; and the arms of Leinster still remain —
" Yert an Irish harp, or, stringed argent." So completely has this
passed away from remembrance that when a well-known Dublin anti-
quary was applied to by a gentleman to tell him what was the correct
arms of Leinster, he sent him the foregoing, and immediately received
the reply: — "Come, now, don't be poking fun at me. I know the
popular arms well enough, but I want the correct arms." In this case
the popular arms and the correct arms are identical.

T«,,r it v. A T J Vo1- xv-» Fifth Series. ) c

Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol xxxv Consec- Ser |

244 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

An amusing story is told of something like a hoax which was played
off on the poet Moore. He gives a facsimile of a so-called ancient Irish
inscription in the folio edition of the " Irish Melodies," p. 84, the
translation of which is : —

" A yellow lion upon green satin,
The standard of the heroes of the Red Branch,
Which Connor carried in battle
During his frequent wars for the expulsion of foreigners."

To which Moore adds the following note : — " The inscription upon
Connor's tomh (for the facsimile of which I am indehted to Mr. Murphy,
the chaplain to Lady Moira) has not, I believe, been noticed by any
antiquarian or traveller."

This inscription is to be found on an eighteenth-century tombstone
in the Abbey Church of Multifarnham, which was founded by William
Delamar in the year 1236, consequently it would not be a likely place to
find the tomb of Connor or Conchobar mac Nessa, who died in the
beginning of the first century. But Mr. Moore evidently never saw
the first part of the inscription on this tombstone, which immediately
precedes the Irish inscription, and which runs as follows : — " Pray for
the soul of James Gaynor of Leany who died January the 15th 1764
aged 66 years. Also for his ancestors and posterity." James Gaynor's
posterity evidently wished to make history.

At present green is the field of the shield of the Province of Leinster,
blue is the field of the shield of Munster, and black and gold of Connaught.
Strange to say, "Ware" asserts that arms, almost identical with those
borne by the Province of Connaught, were at one time borne as the
arms of all Ireland. He says (page 184) : "If Ulysses Aldrovandus may
be credited, the more ancient arms of Ireland were in one part of the
scutcheon, or, an arm armed with a sword; in the other part a demi-eagle
in a field argent" (Ornithol., lib. i., quoted in Harris's " Ware," vol. ii.,
Antiqq., 184).

So that it would seem that with very little difference the arms now
borne by the provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Connaught, were borne
by the whole country at different periods. The arms of the provinces,
as given by the late Sir Bernard Burke, are : —

Ulster. — " Az. a cross gules, on an inescutcheon a dexter hand couped
also gules."

Leinster. — " Vert, an Irish harp or, stringed argent."

Munster. — " Azure, three antique crowns or."

Connaught. ^-"1 'er pale argent and azure. On the dexter a dimi-
diated eagle, displayed sable ; and on the sinister conjoined therewith at
the shoulder a sinister arm embowed proper ; sleeved of the first holding
a sword erect, also proper." (See Journal, 1902, p. 416.)

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 245

The writer of this Paper wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to
the writings of John O'Donovan, and particularly to his translation of
11 The Battle of Magh Eath " ; also to O'Curry's " Manners and Customs
of the Ancient Irish" ; and to a Paper on " The Irish Coins of Edward
the Fourth," by Aquilla Smith, Esq., M.D., M.K.I.A., published in the
Trans, of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xix. ; to Mac Kevin's "History
of the Volunteers of 1782 " ; also to a Paper on " The Ancient Arms of
Ireland," published by Sylvester O'Halloran, Esq., M.E.I. A.

APPENDIX.

The writer has still further to thank the President, J. R. Garstin,
Esq., D.L., &c., for the following Notes :—

It wilt be well to remember that Sir J. Bernard Burke, Ulster, besides
his account of the arms of Ireland, &c., in his "General Armoury," 1878,
published a fuller discussion of them in the remodelled two-volume
•edition of his " Vicissitudes of Families," vol. i.,pp. 124-6, in a note on the
race of Niall the Great, whose posterity, he says, had" exclusively occupied
the throne of Ireland for upwards of six hundred years, and whose
banner — if any banner can claim the distinction — might be regarded as
the national standard of Ireland antecedent to the Anglo-Norman
Invasion." As this book has long been out of print, and Sir Bernard was
the highest authority, his note here follows in full : —

"It is very difficult to ascertain whether Ireland had any national
colour before the advent of the English. I have failed in tracing any
such, and I am inclined to think there was not a recognized national
standard.

" The various septs were ranged under the banners of their respective
chiefs, and when one of these chiefs was elected king, his colour may be
considered for the time the national ensign. The field ' gules ' of the
O'Brien coat-of-arms would indicate that Brian Boru's banner at Clontarf
was ' red.' Most assuredly, the popular colours in those days were
'crimson,' 'saffron,' and 'blue'; 'green' was not much in favour;
O'Neill did not use it, nor O'Meleaghlin, nor O'Donnell, nor MacCarthy,
nor O'Rorke, nor MacMorrough-"Kavanagh, nor O'Brien ; and these were
among the chief Celtic princes, from among whom the kings were chosen.
I am not so sure as to the colours of Roderick O'Connor.

" Certain it is, that from the date of the advent of the Strongbowians,
the field of the national arms, and consequently the national colour, has
been Hue. From the fact that 'azure three crowns or' was the coat
of augmentation granted by King Richard II. (Rot. Pat., 9 Ric. II., m. i.,
in Latin, which is quoted) to his favourite, Robert de Vere, Earl of
Oxford, and Marquess of Dublin, when he created him Duke of Ireland,

246 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

with the lordship and domain thereof ; and from the occurrence of the
1 three crowns ' on the old Irish coinage, it may fairly be inferred
that that coat-of-arms was the national bearing of Ireland during the
Plantagenet era.

"This coat ' az. three crowns or' was that of St. Edmund; and it is
just possible that the Anglo-Normans, arrayed as they are known to have
been under the banner of St. George and St. Edmund, may have intro-
duced the bearings of St. Edmund as the ensigns of the newly-acquired
country of Ireland. St. Edmund's arms had, indeed, been long employed
as part of the royal insignia. They were borne with those of St. George
in the army of King Edward I., and, in conjunction with the royal banner,
were placed on the turrets of Carlaverock Castle after its capture.
(Sir H. Nichols.)

" The three crowns were relinquished for the harp as the arms of
Ireland by Henry VIII. from an apprehension, it is said, lest they might
be taken for the Papal tiara ; and the gold harp on a blue field has been,
since the time of James I., quartered for Ireland in the Royal achieve-
ment.

" There is a very interesting MS. in the handwriting of Sir William
Le Neve, still preserved in the Heralds' College, London, on the subject
of the adoption of the harp. In it are given the words of dissent of the
Earl Marshal the Earl of Northampton, which are worth quoting : —

" 'Sir Wm Seagar tould me y* when the comm™ for ye first claymes of King James
had determined the harpe to be quartered wth France, Ingland & Scotland, for the
armes of Ireland, the Earl of Northampton (Lord H. Howard), in shewing no affection
in approving the same, sayd the hest reason that I can observe for the bearing thereof
is it resembles yl country in being such an instrument yt it irquires more cost to keep it
in tune than it is worth. Note : ye 3 crownes are ye antient armes of Ireland ( — the Harp
but an antient badge or device of that country — ) from whence it came yl Vere, Duke
of Ireland, had three crowns wlh a border given him in augmentation. In the tyme of
Edw. ye 4th a commission being to enquire the arms of Ireland it was returned y4 y*
3 crownes were the armes, and these arms I have seene uppon the reverse of old Irish
coynes.'

" It is thus shown that azure, and azure only, has been the colour of
Ireland since the English Conquest, and it is equally clear that ante-
cedently greens 'as not much in vogue with the great Celtic houses from
which the kings of Ireland were chosen.

*' At the creation of the Order of St. Patrick, an order instituted as a
compliment to the nationality of Ireland, just after 1 782 and the Volunteers,
when it was the object of the king to gratify the national sensibility of
Ireland, the colour selected for the knights was blue ; the Koyal Irish
Regiments have their facings generally blue, and never green, and the
uniform of the Irish Brigade in the service of Prance was red. About
seventy years ago, when tHe peerage of Bantry was created, one of the
supporters granted was a female figure representing * Ireland,' viz., a

ARMS OF IRELAND AND CELTIC TRIBAL HERALDRY. 247

lady robed in blue, wearing an ancient crown, and standing in front of a
harp.

"From all these circumstances, it would appear that, prior to the
Anglo-Norman Invasion, there was not any one colour or banner adopted
for Ireland at large. None such is traceable in the old Celtic records or
authorities ; none handed down by tradition, and none found mentioned in
history ; and since the introduction of English rule, the national colour,
established by and derived from the national arms, has been invariably
blue."

"With reference to the use of the colour ' green,' Mr. Garstin also
mentions that notices of it will be found in " Notes and Queries," 9th
series, vol. ii., p. 465 ; vol. iii., p. 37 ; vol. vi., p. 274, &c. The Knights
of St. John of Jerusalem used a green flag. Josephus, in his "Anti-
quities" (ed. of 1864, pp. 398, 424), mentions a mysterious organization
in the time of Augustus, known as " The Green Band Faction." See
also Gibbon and Hodgkin's " Invaders of Italy," vol. v., p. 434. The
use of green can be traced to Delphos. At Nisme, in 1816-8, the
Bourbon party wore their cockades embroidered with green.

Dr. Joyce, in his " Social History of Ancient Ireland," lately pub-
lished (vol. ii., pp. 190-3), has an interesting section on Colours. He
says that though green is at the present day regarded as the national
colour, this is a modern innovation, and he adds : " It is well known that
at the Battle of the Boyne, in 1690, the Irish wore little strips of white
paper in their caps, while the Williamites wore sprigs of green."

In the Journal (vol. ii., 378-380) there is an Irish poem on the origin
of armorial bearings ; and in the Journal, 1902, vol. xxxii., pp. 415-417,
will be found communications from Bishop Howley, Mr. Burtchaell, and
Mr. Vinycomb, giving many memoranda bearing on the subject. The
origin of the Arms of Connaught has, however, yet to be explained.
(See extract from Harris's " Ware," vol. ii.r p. 184.)

The red saltire cross of St. Patrick, which was associated with those
of St. George and St. Andrew, to form the flag of the United Kingdom,
as recorded in a volume in Ulster's Office, was older than Mr. Vinycomb
and other writers supposed, though, in Cromwell's time, the harp was
used to correspond with the two other crosses on the coinage, &c. The
old seal of Trinity College, Dublin, found among the archives in Kilkenny
Castle, and depicted in " The Book of Trinity College," bears the date
" April, 1593," and includes, on the two flags surmounting the towers,
two crosses — the saltire in question, and that of St. George. The cross
of St. Patrick (a saltire gules) was probably derived from the arms of
the noble house of Fitz Gerald, which also suggested the arms of the
Bishopric of Kildare.

A very full account of the formation of the Union Flag will be found
in The Times newspaper of 30th September and 1st October (three
columns), 1903.

248 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

The arms now assigned to the four provinces (which figure pro-
minently in the O'Connell Monument, and in the badge of our Society)
are comparatively modern, having been settled by Sir B. Burke, Ulster,
for a grant to the Royal University in 1881 ; but, in Petty's maps and
elsewhere, earlier variations may be found, though, unlike the arms
of Meath, they were not registered in the Irish Office of Arms.

In the Book of Arms, drawn up by Sir David Lindsay, " of the
Mount," Lion King-of-Arms of Scotland in 1630, which were officially
approved by the Privy Council of Scotland, there are coloured represen-
tations of the arms of the kings of Christendom, and these include those
of " The Kyng of Yrland," which show a king seated on a throne, both
apparently gold, on a blue shield. The blazon is given as : — " Az. A
king seated on throne, or." These were the arms of the ancient
kingdom registered in Ulster's Office.

( 249 )

THE ISLAND IN LOUGH BRICLAN (LOUGHBRICKLAND,
COUNTY DOWN).

BY CANON H. W. LETT, M.A., M.R.I.A.

[Read AUGUST 3, 1905.]

. FITZ PATRICK, in his work on " The Bloody Bridge," £c., p. 120,
refers to a narrative by a certain Roger Pike, which is to he found
in vol. ii. of the " Thorpe Collection of Tracts illustrative of Irish History."
In this is a letter of Pike's, dated the 30th of May, 1642, in which he
gives an account of a certain event at Lough Brickland, in the County of
Down ; and he describes the existence of a house of some kind, and also
a cave, in the little island in the lough.1 This shelter, whatever it was,
figures largely in the narrative, from the cover it afforded to the rebels
and their prisoners; but it does not now exist. However, some facts
that have come to my knowledge corroborate the part of Pike's descrip-
tion to which I allude.

Pike writes as follows : — " This night (30th April) we incampt at a
place some eight miles of the Nury, called Logh Brickland.2

" In the middle of this Logh there is an Hand in which were some
of them with divers English and Scotch which were prisoners with them
there and a great deale of provision, there was a house upon the Hand,
upon which one of our field pieces played, and we shot at them with
muskets; sometimes they would shoot again but hurt none of our men;
there came a bullet through Col. Chichester's hare, as he stood amongst
his souldiers, but hurt him not.3

" All that our army could doe could not make them yield, for our shot
could not come to hurt them in regard that they had digged a cave
underground where they did remain ; so as that it was impossible to hurt
them with shot, as to shoote down the Hand, this night there was a strict
watch set round about the Hand least the llogues should steal by night,
the next morning being Sunday the first of May the boate which belonged

1 The area covered by tho water of Lough Briclan is given as seventy-two acres,
three roods, three perches. See Ordnance Survey, one-inch map, sheet 48.

2 The ancient way of spelling " Loughbrickland " was Loch Bricrenn, i.e. the
Lough of Bricriu, an Ulster Chieftain, who, according to the Irish romances, had many
adventures about the first century of the Christian era. The "Four Masters" give
the name as toe bnicpenn ; in the " Martyrology of Aengus " it is loc bpicnerib ;
and on an old map, by Gerard, it is L: Bryklyn.

3 The spot from which the view of the island was taken for me by my friend, the
Rev. John B. A. Hughes, must be that where the Colonel stood. It is on a slight
elevation, and the shore is there nearest to the island, being not more than 100 yards
distant, which was about the range of the flint-lock muskets then used; and, bad as
was the shooting of the refugees on the island, the shots would not have carried to it
from anywhere else on the shore of the lough.

250 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

to the Logh being ignorantly left afloat by the Rebels by the side of the
Hand, it became the only means of their mine, for six inlanders under-
took to swim for the Boate to fetch it over, whilst they were swimming
our Army played so hard upon the Hand with Musket-shot that not a
Rebel durst peep out of the Cave."1

In this account we have evidence of the existence of a cave on the
island, or, at any rate, of some sort of a shelter beneath which the
islanders were safe from the musket-balls of the soldiers who were
pursuing them. Pike seems to have thought it was an excavation, or
cave ; but the island is so few feet above water now, even in a very dry
summer, that I cannot imagine a cave sunk in it sufficiently capacious to
have held all the persons — sixty rebels besides their prisoners — who were
then on it.

From the day (in 1865) on which I first saw this island, it had often
occurred to me that it might be artificial and a crannoge ; but I had no
opportunity of examining into it until I came to reside in the parish ;
and then for some years 1 discovered nothing to make one think it other
than a natural island, though I often rowed out to it and peered about.
It is 20 to 40 yards in diameter, according to the height of water in the
lough, and is nearly circular. A few willow-bushes grow in the middle,
and there are some stones at the water's margin and elsewhere. It
happened that the summer of 1887 was very dry, and the water-level in
the lough got very low — lower, as I was informed by residents, than it
had been for many years ; — and in the month of June I paid it another
visit ; and as I rowed my boat round it, to my surprise I saw, all round
it for a yard or two in the water, black objects which at first I took to be
stones, but on closer inspection I found them to be the tops of black oak-
stakes. These stakes were more numerous at the east end (the left of
the island in the illustration), where the water is shallower for some
yards than it is on the other sides, and in this place the bottom amongst
the stakes is floored with wood. The water was 2 feet deep. I have no
doubt that at some time the island was enlarged, or stretched, by the
addition of a platform all round it that rested on these stakes. I hoped
that the water would fall still lower, so that a more minute examination
would have been possible, but it did not ; and since 1887 the water has
never been low enough to expose any of the tops of the upright
oak -stakes.

In the summer of 1904, when there was a good spell of dry weather,
and the water of the lough was rapidly decreasing from day to day, my
expectations rose; but one day's continuous rain dissipated them.
However, just about the last-mentioned date, it came to pass that some
local politicians visited the island by means of a raft, and erected a flag-
pole. When they were digging the hole for this purpose, they were
surprised to meet with a number of blackened bones, and, at a depth of

1 Quoted in " The Bloody Bridge," by Thomas Fitz Patrick, LL.D. (1903), p. 120.

252 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

2 feet, with a grey, soft, firable earth. Specimens of these were brought
to me as remains " of the men who had been killed in the Forty-One
Wars " !

Induced by these finds I set men to work last spring, and excavated
a trench through the centre, from south-east to north-west, and found
that the island was a small, natural elevation. The top layer, which was
1£ feet deep, and seemed to have been disturbed, had many large stones
mixed with the peaty earth of which it was composed, amongst which
occurred ashes in patches of several inches thick. This was the " grey
earth." The lower layer, lying on the hard boulder-clay, was composed
chiefly of ashes, embedded in which were bits of charcoal and many bones
of domestic animals — the ox, sheep, and pig — that, from their fractured
condition, showed they had been used for food.

There were found in the same strata three fragments of coarse
pottery that had formed parts of two different vessels. To the north of
the middle of the island, for the distance of 8 yards, a section showed a
top layer of 9 inches of peaty earth, in which were stones and bits of
charred wood, then 9 inches of greyish ashes, below which was a layer of
from 3 to 19 inches of clear, red ashes, in which a small whetstone was
found ; the bottom, next the boulder-clay, being 9 inches of black peat,
containing many fragments of charcoal. Several lumps of heavy slag
also occurred ; they were probably the waste of smelting iron.

Connected with the island in the lough, the parishioners have a
tradition of black or bog-oak having been brought from it in past times.
But the most interesting item of information that I have picked up
concerning this spot is a curious account told me by Edward M 'Bride, now
residing in the old street in the village of Loughbrickland,1 viz., that "the
Island used to be bigger" ; that about seventy years ago a man named James
M'Collum, who narrated the story to M'Bride, was engaged with other
work-people pulling flax in a field between where the Loughbrickland
Creamery buildings now are and the Lough-end, and he heard the island
fall into the lough with a big splash, whereupon M'Collum remarked to
the other workers : " Boys, the island has sunk," and, when they looked,
a portion, at any rate, had disappeared below the water. The island was
lower that evening than it had been in the morning. The field where the
flaxpullers were would be at a person's back while he looks at the island
from the spot where the photograph was taken, so M'Collum was close to
the scene, and had a good view of it. The fact as related to me by
M'Bride was well known in the parish amongst the old folk of fifty years
ago ; and the boards, or trees, that are like a flooring amongst the oak-
stakes on the west of the island go to show that there once was a platform.

1 Previous to hearing this from M'Bride, I had not mentioned to him, or any person,
what I had seen in 1887, or what I thought about it, so that it was not inspired hy
any wish to fall in with my ideas.

THE ISLAND IN LOUGH BRICLAN. 253

Beneath this platform, instead of in a cave, was the refuge of the rebels
in 1641 from the fire of Colonel Chichester's muskets, and it was its
collapse that M'Collum spoke of having witnessed.

As I am witing about the ancient and modern island in Loughbrick-
land, I would like to say something about the ancient church of this
parish, the present name of which is Aghaderg,1 as I believe it was
situated close to the lough.

In the " Marty rology of Aengus," at the 26th of October, the gloss on
the names Nasad, Beoan, and ]Vleldan is "three saints from Britain, and
are [interred] in one church, i.e. Tamlacht Menand at Loch Bricrend, in
Iveagh, in Ulidia." And the " Calendar of the Pour Masters " mentions
but two names — " Beoan Bishop and Mellan, of Tamlach Mellan, on
Loch Bricrenn." These authorities would lead one to understand that
the ancient church was on the shore of the lough ; and though there is
no trace of a church or churchyard, there is the name of the townland
Ballintaggart, i.e. ' the priests' place.' Bounding the lough on the west,
and adjoining it on the south-east, is the townland of Shankill, i.e.
' the old church.'2

Notwithstanding these intimations, Reeves appears to have looked for
the ancient church of Aghaderg in the townland of Drumsallagh ;3 and he
quotes a passage from the liev. JohnDubourdieu's " Survey of Co. Down,"
descriptive of the ecclesiastical ruins of the parish of Aghaderg, by which
author the old church is placed about an English mile from the present
parish church in the village, and about 200 yards from the ruins of a
monastery of St. Francis, in the townland of Drumsallagh. The site of
the monastery is well known as " the graveyard field." It is set down
on the Ordnance Survey Maps as " Monastery," " Ruins of a monastery,"
and " Site of ancient abbey."4

1 The spelling of the name of Aghaderg is very varied. In the ancient authorities,
quoted in lieeves' " Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down and Connor and Droniore,"
these forms of the name occur: — Hacyglid, Achyderig, Aghaderig, Achdyrg, Aghu-
dyrke, Achedyrke, Lachreachtdyrke, Aghoderic, Aghaderk, Acaderige, Luireachtdyrke,
Aghederigh, Aghadeyrge.

2 In the illustration of the island, the opposite shore at the other side of the lough
is all part of Ballintaggart, which marches away at the left with Shankill ; and still
more to the left, but not seen in the picture, on the summit of a hill, 200 feet above
the level of the lough, in the small townland of Briclan, are the relics of a lis that is
locally called The Watery lort. The inner circular part is 70 feet in diameter, and
flat. It is so much lower than the remains of the rampart outside the fosse that it waa
originally under water, and there was a platform covering it, on which were the huts
of the inhabitants. The outer rampart ot this has been almost totally removed ; but
the fosse is still 32 feet wide and 4 feet 6 inches deep, and can only be passed in one
spot. Many years ago a drain, 5 feet deep, was made northwards to let off the water ;
and were it not for this outlet, the fosse would hold a depth of 10 feet of water.
This interesting spot, which retains the name of Briclan, otherwise Bricrenn, has given
the name of the chief, who resided here 2,000 years ago, to the lough and the modern
village.

3 "Ecclesiastical Antiquities," pp. 112-114.

4 Portions of the foundations can still be traced in a neglected patch that measures
45 by 35 yards. A few bits are left, which show there were several buildings — one

254 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

There is no other spot within the parish known as the site of an old
church or burial-ground. The present parish church in the village of
Loughbrickland is modern, having been built on a new site in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth by Sir Marmaduke Whitchurch.1

The Rev. John Dubourdieu made a mistake as to the site of the old
parish church, "two hundred yards from the ruins of the monastery." No
such place is known ; " the graveyard field " is that in which is the site
of the monastery.2 Reeves appears to have been led astray by Dubourdieu's
looseness ; and he told me, on the occasion of an official visit he paid to
Aghaderg Parish in the year 1886, that he had not personally examined
the site of the monastery when writing the " Ecclesiastical Antiquities."

that was about 47 feet long and 20 feet wide, and lies E.N.E. by AV.S.W., was, in all
likelihood, the Church of the Monks. Around the walls are many venerable thorn and
spindlewood bushes. The local tradition is still told of the farmer who began to plough
the " graveyard field," and he and his two horses died very' suddenly the same
day.

1 Sir Marmaduke Whitchurch built a mill, round which grew up the village of
Loughbrickland. He repaired, as a residence for himself, the castle where Bishop Eugene
Magennis had lived, and which stood near the outflow of the lough, 300 yards
to the right of the stooks in the illustration, but of which not a trace remains ;
and he was buried in the present church, but there is no memorial or mark of the
grave. I have been told that an account of his burial is in the possession of a family,
now resident in Dublin, who claim lineal descent from him. " The Four Masters," at
A.D. 1424, relate that the Earl of Ormond demolished Magennis's Castle of Lough
Bricren.

2 A small handbell, of the usual square pattern of ancient Celtic Ecclesiastical bells,
was found about the year 1835 at the site of the monastery ; it passed into the
possession of Mr. Fivey, who resided at Union Lodge on Lough Shark, now called,
but erroneously, Loughadian. Mr. Fivey parted with the bell to Mr. Bell, engineer and
artist, of Dungannon, who made a collection of Irish objects of antiquity; and, at
Mr. Bell's death, it went, with the other curios, by purchase, to the Museum of the
Society of Antiquaries in Edinburgh, where it, no doubt, is, though I have been
unable to identify it. A man named Francis Mead, resident in Drumsallagh, who died
fifteen years ago, and who had been present when the bell was discovered, described it
to me as " an old, squared -shaped bell, of thin brass, one side being burned or broken
out in part, and it had no tongue in it." A pensioner of the Royal Artillery, named
David Beatty, who lived near the monastery, and Dr. M'Kean, who was the dispensary
doctor of the district, told me they recollected the finding of the bell, and they like-
wise described it as above.

( 255 )

ANCIENT CHUECHES AND TOPOGRAPHY OF BALLING ARRY
PARISH, COUNTY LIMERICK.

BY HENRY MOLONY, B.A., M.D.
[Submitted FEBRUARY 28, 1905.]

T>ALLIN GARRY village lies in a pass through a chain of hills that stretch
nearly from the Deel, on the west, to the Maigue, on the east. The
most conspicuous member of this chain is Knockfeerina. Dr. P. W.
Joyce derives the name from Cnoc Eirinne, * the hill of truth,' i.e. as a
weather-glass, its dome when cloud-capped presaging rain, and so on ;
hut there is also a local tradition connecting it with Donn Firinn, * a
fairy king.7 Geologically it is interesting, as it is of volcanic origin, the
plutonic rock of which it is composed having erupted through the red
sandstone of the rest of the range. On its summit is a cairn of stones,
regarded with awe by the neighbouring peasantry, so much so that, when
in the last Ordnance re-survey it was removed to find the triang illation
mark at its base, the peasants collected afterwards and piled up the stones
again. With this awe, however, there must be a leaven of ridicule, as while
they say Knockfeerina is the hill of truth, they call its cairn Buchail
Braig, ' the lying boy,' because, between its frequently slipping down
and being built up again, no one re-visiting it can foretell at what height
he will find it. On the northern slope of Knockfeerina is a very imper-
fect cromlech, called by the peasants the giant Eawha's grave. Its
capping stones are gone, and its end and side stones are, for the most
part, inclined or fallen. They are fine slabs of plutonic rock, some of
them measuring 7 feet in length and 2 feet in thickness, with 3^- feet
above ground. The dimensions of the cromlech are 25 by 9 feet exter-
nally, and 21 by 5 feet internally, and its long diameter lies east and west.
Knockfeerina cairn, according to Lewis,1 was the site of the ancient
temple of Stuadhraicin. The authority for this statement is not given,
but the heath-covered hill for about a mile west of the dome is known
locally as " the Strickeens."

On the Strickeens is a remarkable fort called Lissnafeean, made
out of the crumbled-down sandstone of the soil, at an elevation of
about 775 feet above sea-level. It is circular, and consists of an outer
rampart or bank, then a fosse, and then the fort proper, surrounded by
another rampart. The diameter of the fort proper is 100 feet, and the
distance from the inner to the outer rampart is 44 feet. The fosse has

1 " Topographical Dictionary," vol. i., p. 114.

256 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

been much filled up by the slipping down of parts of the ramparts
during the many ages of its existence, but it still has a depth on its
steepest side of 30 feet 6 inches, measured from the top of the inner
rampart. I was puzzled to know what the original inhabitants did for
water at such an altitude without any springs near ; but a very old man,
who owns the place, and who kindly followed me and acted as my
cicerone, showed me a depression near the centre of the fort where
rushes are growing, and told me that when levelling that space he
found a well there, partly filled up with debris, and, from the well
radiating to the fosse, "drains made of hammered stone- work, but never
made by mortal hands." He said that the name of the fort is Lissna-
feean after Feean the great giant, and not Lissnaberne, as in the Ordnance
Map. He also told me that the glen beneath is named Glownanerha
(^lecmampsce), ' the glen of broth,' because of the broth that
flowed so plentifully down it from the great house of 'the giants (he
avoided the use of the word * fairy') who inhabited the lis. He also told
me that the fosse must have been originally of great depth, as in bury-
ing a dead animal there one time, he never got below the debris of the
wasting ramparts.

Situated as Ballingarry is in a valley that formed a natural gateway
for the turbulent tribes of north and south Connello, it early became a
place of some importance, both from a strategic and a religious point of
view. It was the seat of a large rural deanery that extended from
Cappagh, on the north, to the borders of the County Cork, on the south.
It appears first under its simple Irish name of Garth ('the garden'),
occasionally qualified as Garth Occonyll, from its position in the great
tribal district of Uachonall, or as Garthbiboys, after an early family.
Similarly, its namesake in the same county, barony of Coshlea, and
diocese of Emly, was differentiated as Garth Griffin. The family of
JBiboys existed in the county in 1228, but few records refer to them,
though their name was attached to Garth down to at least the year
141 1.1 The only names mentioned for Uachonall in O'Dugan's and
'O'Herin's "Topographical Poem" are Collins, O'Eillraidhe (obsolete),
Mac Eniry of Corcomohyde, Macassey, O'Bearga2 (not identified), and
Mulholland. King Edward III. committed to W. de Hampton
Gai'thbyboys, in County Limerick, which was the property of Thomas
de Lees, with Ballingroyk in the same, formerly held by John Tankard,
now by the heir of Ilichard de Clare (lately deceased3), who held in chief
from the King, the heir being then under age and in care of the King.
We get a glimpse of the dangers of civil life in the good old times by a
letter-patent of 1408, when Henry IV. granted certain customs to the
bailiffs and commons of Garth, County Limerick, in order that they

1 " Calendar of Papal Papers," vol. vi., p. 231.

2 Perhaps Ui Ueagha, of Iveross.

3 Slain ill an ambuscade at Dysert O'Dea, County Clare, May, 1318.

ANCIENT CHURCHES OF BALLINGARRY PARISH. 257

might wall the town, the greater part of which was destroyed by the
Irish foes and English rebels. Of these walls no trace now remains.

In 1564, Gerald the 16th Earl of Desmond commenced disturbances
against the Earl of Ormond, and they eventuated in a civil war
which kept Munster harried by sword, fire, and pillage until the
Desmonds' cause was utterly lost, and the estates of them and their
adherents were attainted. Christopher Peyton, in his great survey of
the forfeited estates in 1586, gives us the following in Ballingarry parish,
or Toghe de Gortculligan, as the district was then called1 : — John
Supple, of Kyllmurke (? Kilmacow), owner of Shanaclogh, Ballinleeny,
Doorlus, Kilmore, Granagh, Killatol, Lisduane, Ballyvologe, Kilmacow,
Ballynahaha, Ballyroe, Ballyferie, Kilbeg, Ballynakill, &c. ; John Roe
Lacie, of Lissamota, with its castle, "Woodstock, with its castle,
Gortnafahy, &c. Garrett Bailluff owned Graigacurragh ; and John
Lacy, of Ballingarry, owned Kilmacanearla, Ballyguileataggle, Bally-
neale, Kilmihill, Ballingarry, Rylanes, &c. These lands were set forth
to other owners, of whom Robert Colluni got a large share ; but the
Lacys managed to regain some of the lands, and in 1598 we find " Lacie,
of Ballingorie," enumerated among the chief men in the county.

The terrible lessons taught by the Desmond outbreak were soon
forgotten, as we see by the number of the attainted in the following list
of the landowners of the parish with their lands in 164 12 : — John
Massy, Ballingarry, with castle, mill, and patent of fair ; William Lacy
(attainted), Ballingarry (parts of), Cloontemple, Gurteen, Bealderoghy,
Cloonregan, Kilmihill, Ballyneale, Ballyguileataggle ; Edward Standish,
Frankfort and Ballinruane ; Lady Dowdall, Durraclough, Glenencragh,
and Lisduff; Nicholas Haly, Ballinleeny, Doorlus, Kilmore, and
Coolrus ; Lady Anne Southwell, Morenane ; Lt.-Col. William Piggott,
Kilshane Abbey, Graigacurragh, Killatol, and Ballygrennan ; Philip
Cullom and Jordan Roche (a mortgagee of £75 Qs. 6d.), Ballyknockane ;
John Fitzgerald, Kilbeg and Lissavarra ; Nicholas Kearney, Liskennett ;
Col. Francis Courtney, Downs, &c. ; Edward Sheehy (attainted),
Ballynaroogabeg, Ballynoe, Ballyscanlan, Ballykennedy, Ballybeggane,
Ballykevan, &c. ; W. Cullom (attainted), Lissamota, Gurteenfahy,
Ballyroe, Caherhenesy, Woodstock and Ballyfiernis ; Capt. George
Ingoldsby, Graiganuran and Ballyguilebeg ; Eddie Lacy (attainted),
Kilmacanearla; Miles Jackson, Lisduane, Granagh, Killoughty, Bally-
vologe, &c. ; William Butler, Kilmacow, Graige, &c. The names of the
attainted above disappear from among those of the resident gentry of
the parish, their places being taken by Odell, Cox, Monckton, Peppard,
Scanlan, &c.

But little remains of the ruins of the Ancient Churches of this
Parish. These were here constructed very often of inferior mortar,

1 Peyton, pp. 56-65*. 2 General Survey of 1655.

258 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

consisting of lime with clay or gravel; and the heavy hand of time
and the still more ruthless hand of man have left us little but the
sites of where the buildings stood. Several religious houses are said to
have existed in the immediate vicinity of the village. For instance,
Fitzgerald, of Cleanglass, on the southern border of the county, founded
at Ballingarry the Franciscan Friary of Kilshane, and, the name being
confused with the Cistercian cell of Kilshanny in County Clare, it was
evolved into a Cistercian house at Ballingarry, with a date of foundation
of 1198. A convent of Augustinian nuns is also said to have been
founded here ; but there is neither an old record nor even a traditional
site to bear out the statement. A Knights' templary was said to have
been established here in 1172,1 and to have been dissolved and given to
the Hospitallers in 1310. The Turret, a residence of the Odell family,
was, according to tradition, named from its having been incorporated
with a turret of the Hospitallers' habitation. It was made his residence
in 1683 by Thomas Odell, and bears on its front that date and-his arms
(or, 3 crescents 2 and 1 gules). Extensive ruins existed between the
Turret and the new Roman Catholic church down to, as I am told, the
middle of the last century. I had occasion to level a tennis-ground
there twenty-five years ago, and in excavating found no foundations,
but brought to light a large quantity of kitchen refuse — such as boars'
tusks, bones, stones with their surfaces beautifully vitrified, &c. Close
to that spot stands a single wall, now called the Priory, and supposed to
mark another monastery, but it looks like a remnant of an ordinary
seventeenth-century dwelling-house.

Be this as it may, it is to be noted with regard to all these reputed
religious houses, that in the very full list made for Bishop O'Dea, about
1410, mention is made of only the parish church and the Franciscan
monastery as being at Ballingarry.

The old parish church of Ballingarry stood in the village within
14 feet of, and parallel to, the modern structure. Only part of its eastern
gable and northern side wall remain, the side wall now forming part of
the boundary wall between the old and new graveyards. About
17 yards from the old church, in a south-eastern direction, is a tower of
comparatively modern appearance, now a mausoleum, but, according to
tradition, once used as a vestry. The church is named as Garth in the
Papal Taxations of 1291 and 1302. A patent of Edward III., dated
24th August, 1346, relates to a fine and pardon as to. church of
"Thomas de Lees, de la Garth, miles.'11 It was dedicated to
St. Evanjanus, 1st August, 1410. In 1411 Pope John XXIII. directed
the Chancellor of Limerick to collate Thomas Salys, alias Crystom, a
priest, if found fit in Latin, to the perpetual vicarage of Garthbiboys, in

1 An improbably early date, as the English had hardly established themselves in
Limerick by twenty years later.

ANCIENT CHURCHES OF BALLINGARRY PARISH. 259

the diocese of Limerick, void by the death of William, son of Thomas
Ymalcorcra, he having been doubtful as to validity of his presentation
by the ancient patrons of the place — the abbey of Keynsham, in the
diocese of Bath.1 In 1418 the advowson of the church belonged to the
abbey of Keynsham, in Somersetshire, on the dissolution of which, in
1536, the patronage vested in the Crown. Malachi Nadde was its vicar
in 1550. It is referred to as " Ecclesia Garie" in 1591. Finally, the
advowson of " Ballengarie, Gare, or Garrestown," was granted to
Sir Robert Boyle by letters patent in 1603, and remained with his
descendants, the Earls of Cork, down to the disestablishment of the
Irish Church. Close to the churchyard is the well of SS. Peter and
Paul. The silver communion paten of the parish has the following
inscription : — " The gift of Elizabeth, the wife of John Odell, of Ballin-
garry, Esq., Dedicated to the service of God in the Parish Church of
Ballingarry, 1681." Its graveyard is now closed against interments.
It had no interesting inscriptions, but the hand of the village rhymester
is in evidence on a gravestone over a Mrs. Kate Enright, nee O'Brien, in
lines which end : —

' ' For never did the sun in its day glory shine

On a creature more lovely than Kathleen O'Brien."

EJLSHAKE ABBEY. — Close to the village, on its eastern side, are the
scanty remains of this abbey. It was founded by Fitzgerald, of Clean-
glass, for the Third Order of St. Francis, and was dedicated to St. John.
In 1584 its patronage, with a water-mill in Ballingarry, and part of
Kilnamona, in the parish of Cloncagh, belonged to Garret Baluff, when
he joined Desmond's rebellion.2 Though now scarcely any of it remains,
it is described to me by old people as having been a beautiful ruin, closely
resembling the Franciscan Abbey in Adare demesne. In 1840 it had
still a nave and choir, and a tower. Its east window was large and
pointed, but its sill was destroyed before that date ; and the south wall
was down. There was a defaced square-headed door near the belfry ; and
the north wall, 17 feet in height and 2 feet 9 inches in thickness, was
breached. The belfry was about 60 feet high. It had stepped battle-
ments, string courses, and ogee-headed windows. The weather ledges
of the roof remained; and under the western gable a large, oblong ope was
visible, leading into the space under the roof. The tower rested on
two large, pointed arches, 15 feet high and 7 feet 6 inches wide. The
west end of the nave was down to the foundations, which showed that
the enclosure was 39 feet long. In a gale of wind, in the year 1854,
the tower fell out northwards, and this became a signal for the neigh-
bouring peasants to remove the ruins piecemeal for building purposes.
Of the tower and nave nothing now is left but some ill-defined founda-
tions, and a small farm-house has been built on part of their site. Of
the choir, all marks of the east gable are gone ; but the foundations of the

1 " Calendar of Papal Letters," 'vol. vi., p. 231.

2 Inquisition No. 54 (Public Record Office, Dublin).

T r> « A T °- xv-» t er.
Jour. R.S. A.I. ! VoLxxy'v>> Consec.Ser.

260 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

southern wall, and a fragment 9 feet 8 inches high, carrying part of a
splayed window-jamb with the foundations, and another fragment
15 feet 9 inches high of the northern wall, remain. In the northern
fragment, 3 feet from the ground, is a breach 1 foot in diameter, and
from it, in the thickness of the wall, a round channel 4 inches in
diameter leads horizontally towards the east end. The monastery was
built of sandstone.

A stream flows through Ballingarry, and just below the village was
included in " The Grove " demesne, and the marks exist of where it was
dammed in two places to form an ornamental pond, and a reservoir for a
mill further down. Overhanging its left bank is a tumulus unexplored,
popularly known as the " Odell Banshee mound."

KILMACOW CHUBCH: is to the north of Knockfeerina, and stands in a
graveyard. Like Garth, it belonged to Keynsham Abbey, though not
recognizable in the list of 1237. It is called Kilmacloii in the iaxation
of 1302. We find that in 1319 one third of Xylmacho, Killateely, &c.,
was claimed by Sybilla de la Chapelle.1 In 1410 it is described as
Keilmochuo, dedicated to St. Colomanus. It appears as Kylmocho in
1418, and as Kilmacoye, Knockferan-agonal, with Kylmocynearle Church,
on a map of about 1590 (Hardiman, T. C. D., No. 56). Kilmachoe, with
the churches of Ballingarrie, Askeaton, Lismakeery, and Eglish O'Rossye
(Iveruss), was granted by James I., in 1603, to Sir R. Boyle — part of the
estate of Kensame Abbey,3 The church measured 58 by 18 feet
3 inches. Its western gable is now gone ; and there are large breaches in
its north and south walls. The east window is 5 feet from the ground, and
has an arched splay 5 feet 3 inches wide, with a lancet-light 5 inches
wide. At the sides of this window, but at a lower level and not level
with each other, were two ambreys. Four feet from the eastern gable
two similar windows in the north and south walls face each other, and
under the southern one of these are the remains of a stone altar. On
the southern wall was also an arched door, now built up ; and on the
northern a second splayed and arched window. In the adjoining grave-
yard is a rhyming inscription in memory of Patrick Baggott, 1793, said
to have been written by his relative, " the great O'Baggott," a hedge
schoolmaster, who planned the capture of Limerick Castle in 1803,3 by
which attempt, as ridiculous as his rhymes, he earned his title of
"Great":—

" A youth on whom the Graces shin'd,

"Whilst Nature ogled at his face ;
His silver tresses hung behind.

Lo ! all in ashes have a place.
0 man ! look on, death's empire flows

"With eager and unhounded pace."

1 Hot. plac. repert. (Puhlic Record Office, Dublin).

2 "Patent Rolls," James I., Ixviii.

3 See Fitz Gerald and Mac Gregor's " History of Limerick," vol. ii., p. 492.

ANCIENT CHURCHES OF BALLINGARRY PARISH. 261

KILMACOW ABBEY was within a few fields of the church. Up to
twenty-five years ago some of its ruined walls stood within a circular
fence or fort. The only architectural feature then noticed in them by a
labourer, who assisted in their removal, was a small, pointed window.
Outside the fort, on its west side, the labourer told me, stood a chimney-
gable which must have had a high-pitched roof. Both ruins were then
levelled, and the materials used for filling up the circular ditch, of which
only a trace now remains.

KILMACANEARLA ABBEY was about half a mile east of the above. It is
called Keilvicaniarla in Bishop O'Dea's list of churches (c. 1410-1420).
Kyllmackenerle, in the parish of Ballingarry and Toghe de Gortculligan,
was forfeited in 1586 by John Lacy, of Ballingarry, an adherent of the
Earl of Desmond.1 It is called Kyllyntinerla in the maps of the Down
Survey in 1657. The civil survey of 1655 shows that Eddie Lacie then
held Killmac Inerla. He appears as " Erdy Lacy, of Kilmackenarte,
gentleman," in Lady Dowdall's enumeration of the " chief est of the
army" who besieged her castle of Kilfinny in 1641. The abbey stood on
the northern slope of a hill, and close below it was a well that appears
in former times to have fed a permanent pond. Of the ruin there are
only two fragments. The more northerly of these is only an ivy-covered
wall running east and west, 17 feet high, 8 feet long, and 3 feet 4 inches
thick ; and, according to an old man who accompanied me, was double
its present height some twenty odd years ago. Mnety feet east of and
100 feet south of that fragment, and on a higher level, are the founda-
tions and part of the northern wall of what was probably the
chapel. It was about 50 feet in length and 18 feet in width. Across
its width, 20 feet from its eastern extremity and 30 feet from its
western, lies a heap of stone and mortar debris, which may represent
a fallen arch that at one time marked a division between a choir and nave.
The buildings were of limestone ; and some of the mortar was very bad,
being only clay. It does not appear to have been ever a place of
sepulture.2

MOEENANE CHURCH stood a mile east of the above. An aged farmer
told me some years ago that he remembered it to have been of considerable
height until a great gale on Little Christmas night, 1839, when it was
blown down, and most of the fallen portions were removed for building.
All that now stands is an angle consisting of 15 feet of the western gable,
and 24 feet of the south wall, in which, 1 1 feet from its western extremity,
was the door, and near it a recess for a stoup. From these walls run

1 Peyton's " Survey," p. 60.

3 This ruin is so little known in the neighbourhood that, when I wished to examine
it for Mr. T. J. Westropp, for his valuable Monograph on the ancient churches of this
county (Proe. R.I. A., vol. xxv., sect, c., No. 8), I was directed by a countryman to
the ruin of Morenane Church instead of to this, and I am thus responsible for an error
in Mr. Westropp' s work.

262 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

foundations that appear to indicate that the church was 67 feet in
external length, and that it was contained in an enclosure of 115 feet by
60 feet. It was built of sandstone, with inferior mortar. The church is
not enumerated in Bishop O'Dea's list.

SHANABOHA CHURCH was called Seanboch Capell in 1400, Cnocksean-
mabothy in Bishop O'Dea's list, and Seanboth Chapel, which was then
held along with Kilmocho Chapel, by Keynsham Abbey, in 1418. Mr.
Westropp thinks it probable that it had the same founder as Cloncagh in
this deanery, viz. St. Maidoc, or Aidan of Ferns.1 Nothing now remains
but a fragment of the east gable, 17 feet high, and another of the north
wall, 10 feet high, both fast crumbling away. By the foundations that
remain, it probably measured 45 feet by 24 feet. It stands in a grave-
yard fenced by a good wall, on which is an inscription, " This churchyard
was built by Thomas Lynch, Esq., A.T>. 1810."

CASTLES. — The castles in the parish need not detain us long. .

BALLINGAERY CASTLE belonged to the de Lacy family down to the
time of the Desmond confiscations. It stood a siege for the Desmond
cause in 1569, and was taken by assault, and its garrison of forty men put
to the sword. Its owner, John Lacy, was attainted in 1583. It belonged
to John Massey in 1641 ; was a ruin at the end of the seventeenth century,
but was restored in 1821 for his residence by the Rev. Thomas Gibbings,
while the glebe-house was being built. It then became a soldiers'
barrack during the " Colonel Rock " troubles in the district ; subsequently
was used as an auxiliary hospital, and is now ingloriously ending its days
as a cow-house. It consists of an oblong tower 53 feet in height, bearing
a turret which attains a further altitude of 15 feet. It has stepped
battlements, and is of graceful proportions ; but its beauty is marred by
some cow-stalls having been built against its walls.
. WOODSTOCK CASTLE is near the village and on a stream that flows
through a glen formerly included in the Grove demesne. It and
LISSAMOTA Castle belonged to John Roe Lacy in 1583 when attainted for
the Desmond rebellion. It is of the usual type of oblong tower, and is
now shorn of its dignity, nothing remaining but its lowest story.
Further down, on the same stream, is LISSAUOTA Castle, one of the ordinary
towers of the country. It was surrendered in 1599 to Sir George Carew's
forces, and, on the attainder of John Roe Lacie, came to the Culloms,
who were attainted after the rebellion of 1641. In the latter portion of
the eighteenth century it was inhabited by Mr. George Cornwall ; and,
save for being roofless, is in good preservation.

KILMACOW CASTLE must have been larger than most of the towers of
the district, judging by the extent of the parts of its outer defence walls
that remain ; but little of the tower is now left by the people in their
greed for cut stone for the construction of their houses. In 1586 it

1 Proc. R.I. A., vol. xxv. (sect, c.), p. 411 : "Aidan founded another ' Senboith,'
now Temple Shanbo, in Scarawalsh, County "Wexford."

ANCIENT CHURCHES OF BALLINGARRY PARISH. 263

belonged to John Supple ; in 1641 to William Butler ; and, finally, to the
Pigotts. The Peppards resided in it in the early part of the eighteenth
century ; and a farm-house now stands on part of its site. Fine mantel-
pieces have been taken from it.

BALLYGTTILEATAGGLE CASTLE belonged to John Lacy, of Ballingarry,
in 1583, and to William Lacy in 1641. A truncated tower is all that
now exists ; and farm buildings replace some of the ancient fabric.

Urged by my friend Mr. T. J. Westropp to contribute to the Society
some notes on the above, I do so with grateful thanks to him for kindly
placing at my disposal historical information which gives to this Paper
an increased interest. I have also to thank my friend Mr. Wilfred F.
C. Wilkinson for photographing for me some of the objects described.

264 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Jtttecellauea*

Kilfeaghan Cromlech, County Down. — About half a mile off the
main road between Newry and Kilkeel, in the townland of Kilfeaghan,
in the " Kingdom" of Mourne, there is a field in which stands a large
granite block, looking to the casual eye as if it rested on a heap of
email stones, and had rolled down from the mountain above. On a closer
examination the tops of two large stones supporting the granite block
•will be seen, proving it to be a cromlech.

KlLFUAGHAN CROMLECH, COUXTX DOWN.

On making inquiries, I found that within the last fifty years or more
it had been usual for the farmer on whose land it is to throw all the
small stones from the surrounding fields not only all round the cromlech,
but also underneath it.

I, therefore, had the stones cleared out from the chamber underneath ;
and, to give an idea of the amount which it took to fill it, I may say
that it took three men working hard from eleven o'clock until six to
get to the bottom, which was 9 feet below the cap-stone. On digging
down they came upon a good deal of black mould, which was very

MISCELLANEA.

265

carefully sifted, but nothing was found except some small pieces of
charred wood amongst the mould, and some small sea-shells; but these
may have got in at a date later than the erection of the cromlech, as at
some time or other it had evidently been disturbed. Indeed, one old
man told me that fifty years ago, before the stones were put under-
neath, his father had dug down and had come upon a stone covering the
mould, which he said had curious markings on it ; that the stone was
thrown out, and a gentleman staying in the neighbourhood at the time
saw it and took it away with him, saying he would get the markings on
it deciphered ; but what became of it then no one knows.

KlLFEAGHAN CROMLECH, COUNTY DOWN.

The chamber, when clear of stones, measured, as far as it was
possible to determine, 5 feet in length by 7 feet broad ; the third sup-
porting stone having slipped forward. The other two, however, are
very fine blocks of granite ; that on the left, when facing the entrance,
is 7 feet 6 inches high by 3 feet 3 inches thick by 4 feet 4 inches broad ;
the one on the right, 8 feet 8 inches by 3 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 1 1 inches.
The third stone is 2 feet 10 inches broad; but it would be impossible to
say on what the cap-stone now rests, at this end, without having the
stones cleared which surround it on the outside. There are two stones,
one on each side, forming the sides of the chamber : — the left-hand one
is 5 feet 10 inches long by 2 feet 10 inches deep, and is a splendid piece

266 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of unfaced granite with a beautiful smooth surface. It is impossible to
tell how far into the ground the two supporting stones go, but I am
inclined to think that it is not much further than the point at which the
excavations ceased — that is to say, just below the mould.

The cap-stone is a very fine granite block, 35 feet 6 inches in
length by 8 feet 8 inches at its broadest, by 6 feet 4 inches at its
thickest, part. It slopes up to a conical peak over the entrance ; and at
this point it is 18 feet over the top from side to side. About half way
down, between the two supports, is a narrow stone exactly fitting
between them, and which seemed to go down as deep as the two
supporting stones, being evidently intended to close the third side of the
chamber. The cromlech faces north-east and south-west.

The bottom of the chamber is considerably below the level of the
surrounding fields ; the surface of the land having evidently been raised
by soil and stones washed down from the mountains above ; but if all
the loose stones which are round the cromlech were removed, and it was
allowed to stand free, it would appear as a very striking memorial of
the past.

It was for this reason that I thought that this very imperfect
description of it might be of some interest to members of the Society,
and also that the fact of there being some record of it might be the
means of preserving it from being again lost sight of by being covered
with stones, and, perhaps, being destroyed altogether.

I may also add that it is called by the country people Cloghogle ;
but as no Irish has been spoken for two generations thereabouts, they
are quite unaware of the appropriateness of the name.

There is also another cromlech within a few fields of the one just
described, on the bank of the Causeway Water river, but it is smaller
and nearly overgrown now by two very old whitethorn trees ; the
supports also seem to have fallen from their original position, but it is
quite free standing. In the field in which it is, two old querns were,
many years ago, ploughed up ; but they have now been lost sight of.
Also, a short time ago, a beautiful bronze dagger-head, of the triangular
shape, and with two rivets still remaining in it, was found in a bog in
the same townland of Kilfeaghan, and about a mile from where the
cromlech stands. It is now in the possession of Dr. Vesey, Eostrevor. —
STANLEY HOWARD.

Souterrain at Slidderyford, near Dundrum, County Down.— The
sou terrain is in a field belonging to Mr. W. Taylor, of Wateresk, who
kindly reopened it for the inspection of the members of the Royal Society
of Antiquaries attending the excursion to Dundrum, Newcastle, Ballynoe,
and Downpatrick on the 5th of July last.

The souterrain consists of two compartments. The larger one is
46 feet long by 3 feet 6 inches wide, except at the west end, where it is

FEET 10

22.

30 FEET

SOUXEKUAIX NEAR SLIUDERYFOKD, IN THE ToWXLAND OF WATEKESK,
DUXDUUM, COUNTY DOWN.

268 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

a little wider. It may have been longer towards the east, where it is
broken down. The smaller chamber, which is 11 feet 8 inches by
3 feet 6 inches, is at right angles to the larger, and entered by an
opening 1 foot 3 inches by 3 feet high at a distance of 13 feet from the
inner end of the larger chamber. The height averages about 5 feet
6 inches. It is a little higher at the inner end, and lower next the
present entrance. The floor is higher here owing to the clay having
fallen in. The depth of clay on the top of the covering stones is 2 feet.
There is nothing peculiar in the construction, which follows the usual
method, as more particularly shown on the plan and sections here-
with.

From the shape of the ground in the vicinity of the cromlech, it is
evident that a rath formerly stood there ; but it has been levelled to make
way for the cultivation of the land. The souterrain would be within
the fort.

A very fine cromlech stands in the same field, about 50 yards distant
from the souterrain. It is close to the railway and leading public road
from Dundrum to Newcastle. — S. K. KIKKEK, Hon. Local Secretary,
South Down.

Kilshane Abbey, County Limerick (see p. 259, ante). — The fullest
account known to us as relating to Kilshane Abbey is that in the great
" Desmond Roll" (mem. 101) in the Public Record Office, Dublin.
Translating from the rude Latin of the original, we learn —

"Kylshane, site and house late of the Franciscan Friars of Kyll-
shane, aforesaid, situated on a little mount in the parish of Ballyngarry
near the little water-course (prope parv'le water- course) which runs
from the eastern end of the said mount. The church and fabric of
the residences of the said house are in some parts ruinous. They were
valued yearly, along with a certain garden and a small close of land,
lying near the said house, xxxiiis. and iiij^. And there pertains to the
aforesaid house one water-mill lately situated by the water-course at
the foot of the mount aforesaid near the said priory, but it is waste
which with its appurtenances was worth per annum xs. Further
there belong to the said late house divers lands with ten acres.
There is a little thicket lying in Clonkath or Clounkath parish with
half a carrucate of land with its appurtenances called Kyllnemona, alias
Kyllnemonye, distant a mile from Garrestowne, alias Ballingarry, afore-
said towards the west. Valued by the said Commissioners (Wallop,
Peyton, and "others) in lawful English money per annum, xls., and so all
the premises are valued by same as £4 3s. 4d., payable in equal shares
at the feasts of Easter and Michaelmas." — T. J. WESTBOPP.

MISCELLANEA.

269

Taghmon Cross. — The photograph herewith shows St, Munn's Cross
at Taghmon, County Wexford. 1 am not aware that it has "been illus-
trated in the Society's Journal] and as the details have come out clearly
in the picture, it may be found interesting. The cross stands in the
churchyard in the village ; it is to the north of the church tower, and
the side shown faces south-west ; the opposite side is similar, except that

TAGHMON CROSS, COUNTY "WEXFORD.

the base is plain. It will be seen that the shaft is missing, and one arm
broken. In its present condition it stands 8 feet 6 inches high, of which
the base takes up about half. The flat bosses on roundels, with hollows
in centre, are, I think, unusual ; also the large cross in relief on the base.
Taghmon is situated about twelve miles west of "Wexford ; but the
nearest station is Killurin. — HENRY S. CBAWFOBD, B.E.

Souterrain at Markstown, County Antrim, — I send herewith a plan
of a souterrain, or series of souterrains, recently discovered in the garden
at a farm-house belonging to Mr. Thomas Girvan, of Markstown, close to

270 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Cullybackey Railway Station on the Midland (late Northern Counties)
Line.

'P,

SECTION ONLINE A.B.

- uf-Fev €

SOUTERHAIN AT MARKSTOWN, COUNTV ANTRIM.

One chamber is 15 feet long by 2 feet to 3 feet 4 inches wide, and
3 feet to 3 feet 9 inches high ; and at one end there is a pipe, or what
has been an entrance to another chamber, now destroyed. The pipe, or
entrance, is 15 inches wide and 15 inches high. The chamber is con-

MISCELLANEA. 271

structed in the usual way with undressed boulders, the sides and end
corbelled over with a curved batter till they approach to within about
2 feet, and roofed with large stones about 3 feet long, the spaces between
these being filled with smaller stones.

The second chamber is 1 8 feet long, and from 3 feet to 3 feet 8 inches
wide, and 4 feet 9 inches high. It is unconnected with the first one,
and runs in a different direction, and is 6 feet lower. The surface of
the ground falls in this direction. The chamber terminates at the south-
east end in a small opening 2 feet wide by 1 foot 6 inches high. The
roof is broken down at the inner end, but it seems to have been an
entrance from the surface or into another chamber at a higher level ; but
there is no trace of any chamber now. At the north-west end it com-
municates by a pipe, 15 inches wide and about the same height, now
filled with clay, with a third chamber, only 8 feet long of which can be
seen, and this is in a ruinous condition.

Mr. Girvan, jun., who very kindly provided me with a light and a
level, and assisted me to make the measurements, informed me that
about fifteen years ago the third chamber was opened at the place
marked "original opening" on the plan, where there is a sudden drop
in the ground ; but it was so much broken down, it could only be entered
for a very short distance. Mr. Girvan also told me that an old man who
lived with his father said that some similar chambers were discovered in
the garden, about ten yards to the south of the present ones, seventy
years ago, and that stones were taken from them for building out-offices
at the farm.

The present chambers were discovered during the process of sink-
ing a tailrace for a water-wheel. This will, unfortunately, almost
€ompletely destroy the "No. I chamber, and cut through No. 2 ; but
Mr. Girvan will preserve as much as possible of them. — S. K. KIRKER.

The following notice of No. 6 Handbook Series (Illustrated Guide
to the Northern, Western, and Southern Islands and Coasts of Ireland.
Dublin : Hodges, Figgis, & Co. 8vo. 1905. xv+ 172 pages) appeared
in Revue Celtique : —

" La Societe royale des Antiquaires d'Irlande vient de faire paraitre un
guide archeologique sur les cotes Nord-Ouest et Sud de 1'Irlande et sur
les iles voisines. Get interessant volume, resultat de la collaboration de
plusieurs archeologues, est orne de plus de cent figures representant des
plans de forteresses, des vues d'eglises et de chateaux, la plupart^en
ruines, des croix monunientales, des hermitages monastiques, etc. II y a
la des constructions qui remontent & 1'origine du christianisme Irlandais.
L& ou le bois manquait les Irlandais de cette epoque etaient obliges,
contrairement £ leur habitude, de batir en pierre des edifices fort
modestes, mais qui subsistent encore, tandis que les grands palais de bois
ont tous depuis longtemps disparu."

272 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

ULSTER MEETING, BELFAST,

TUESDAY, July 4th, 1905.

(FIFTY-SEVENTH YEARLY SESSION.)

A QUARTERLY GENERAL MEETING of the Society was held in .Belfast
on Tuesday, the 4th July, 1905, at 8 o'clock, p.m., in the Council
Chamber, City Hall, Victoria-street (by kind permission of the Lord
Mayor, the Eight Hon. Sir Daniel Dixon, Bart., P.O.).

JOHN RLBTON GARSTIN, ESQ., D.L., M.A., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following took part in the Meeting and Excursions :—

Adams, Rev. W., B.A., The Manse, Antrim.

Atkinson, Rev. Edward, Donaghcloney llectory, Waringstown, Lurgan.

Bailey, Mrs., 9, Brookvale -avenue, Belfast (Associate).

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portglenone, Co. Antrim.

Bennett, Mrs., 1, Tobernea-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.

Berry, Major, M.R.I. A., Royal Victoria Barracks, Belfast.

Bigger, F. J., Esq., M.K.I. A., Ardrigh, Belfast.

Brereton, Rev. R. W., The Rectory, Carrickfergus.

Browne, W. J., Esq., Templemore Park, Londonderry.

Browne, Mrs. A. M., Templemore Park, Londonderry (Associate}.

Buggy, M. J., Esq., Parliament-street, Kilkenny.

Carolan, Miss, 129, North King-street, Dublin (Associate).

Carolin, George Orson, Esq., J.P., Iveragh, Shelbourne-road, Dublin.

Clark, Miss J., The Villas, Kilrea, Co. Deny.

Cochrane, Robert, Esq., Hon. Secretary, 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.

Courvoisier, Mrs., 5, Windsor Gardens, Malone-road, Belfast.

Crowley, Dr. T., Larchfield, Coachford, Co. Cork.

Cunningham, Mrs. Samuel, Fernhill, Belfast (Associate).

Cunningham, Mrs. Mary, Glencairn, Belfast.

Cunningham, Miss L., do. do.

Dixon, Sir Daniel, The Right Hon., Lord Mayor of Belfast.

Faren, William, Esq., 11, Mount Charles, Belfast.

Farrington, T. E., Esq., Baythorpe, Holy wood, Co. Down.

Falkiner, Rev. W. F., Killucan Rectory, Westmeath.

PKOCEEDINGS. 273

Fayle, Edwin, Esq., Kylemore, Orwell-park, Eathgar, Dublin.

Fennell, W. J., Esq., Derramore Drive, Belfast.

Fennell, Mrs. W. J., Derramore Drive, Belfast (Associate).

Fitzmaurice, Arthur, Esq., J.P., Johnstown House, Carlow.

ffrench, Canon J. F. M., Ballyredmond House, Clonegal.

Garstin, John Ribton, Esq., D.L., President, Braganstown, Castlebellingham, Co.

Louth.

Glynn, J. A., Esq., Beech House, Tuam, Co. Galway.
Glynn, Miss Agnes, Gort, Co. Galway (Associate).
Gore, Mrs., Derrymore, O'Callaghan's Mills, Co. Clare.
Glynn, Mrs. (of London), O'Callaghan's Mills, Co. Clare (Associate).
Godden, George, Esq., Phoenix Park, Dublin.
Dempster, Mrs. (of Belfast), c/o George Godden, Esq., Phoenix Park, Dublin

(Associate) .

Wallace, Miss (of Belfast), c/o George Godden, Esq., Phoenix Park, Dublin (Associate).
Gould, Mrs. E. L., Stradbrook House, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Gray, William, Esq., M.K.I.A., 2, Auburn Villas, Glenburn Park, Belfast.
Griffith, P. J., Esq., 44, South Circular-road, Portobello, Dublin.
Guilbride, F., Esq., J.P., Newtownbarry, Co. Wexford.
Hastings, Samuel, Downpatrick.

Heron, James, Esq., B.E., J.P., Tullyveery House, Killyleagh, Co. Down.
Higinbotham, Granby, Esq., Fair Acre, Fortwilliam Park, Belfast.
Hill, William H., Esq., Audley House, Cork.
Hill, Mrs., Audley House, Cork.
Hobson, Mrs., 4, Hopefield-avenue, Belfast.
Hunter, S. C., Esq., Norcroft, Bally home, Bangor, Co. Down.
Hunter, Mrs. S. C., Norcroft, Bally home, Bangor, Co. Down (Associate).
Kiernau, M. K., Esq., 12, Lower Fitzwilliam- street, Dublin.
Kirker, S. K., Esq., Bencoolen, Maryville Park, Belfast.
Knowles, W. J., Esq., M.R.I. A., Ballymena.
Latimer, Rev. W. T., Eglish, Dungannon.

Lepper, Francis R., Esq., J.P., Elsinore, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down.
Lepper, Miss Anna M. L., Elsinore, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down (Associate).
Lepper, Miss Jane, Elsinore, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down (Associate).
Lett, Canon H. W., M.A., M.R.I.A., Loughbrickland, Co. Down.
Loughlin, R. C., Esq., Gorlin, Co. Tyrone.
M'Connell, John, Esq., College-green House, Belfast.
M'Connell, Miss, College-green House, Belfast (Associate).
M'Enery, M. J., Esq., Public Record Office, Four Courts, Dublin.
M'Kenzie, John, Esq., C.E., Scottish Provident Buildings, Belfast.
M'Knight, J. P., Esq., Novarra, Temple Gardens, Palmerston-road, Dublin.
Macmillan, John, Esq., 76, South Parade, Belfast.
Macnamara, Dr. George U., Baukyle, Corofin, Co. Clare.
M'Ternan, Miss, 21, Patrick's -hill, Cork.
Mayne, Thomas, Esq., 19, Lord Ed ward- street, Dublin.
Milligan, Seaton F., Esq., Bank Buildings, Belfast.
Mills, James, Esq., Public Record Office, Dublin.
Mitchell, W. M., Esq., 10, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.
Moore, Edward R., Esq., Langara, Glenageary, Co. Dublin (Associate).
Moore, Joseph H., Esq., 63, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Montgomery, J. W., Esq., Esplanade, Bangor, Co. Down.
Montgomery, Miss A. E., Esplanade, Bangor, Co. Down (Associate).
Mullan, James, Esq., Castlerock, Co. Derry.

274 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Mullen, Francis, Esq., 12, "Wellington Park, Belfast.
Murphy, M. L., Esq., Ballyboy, Ferns, Co. Wexford.
Nolan, Dr., The Asylum, Downpatrick.

O'Connell, J. A., Esq., Inspector, N.S.I., Glendevon, Windsor Park, Belfast
(Associate).

• O'Laverty, Very Rev. Monsignor, p.p., M.R.I. A., Holywood, Co. Down.
Parkinson, Miss, "Westbourne, Ennis, Co. Clare.

Patterson, W. H., Esq., M.K.I. A., Garranard, Strandtown, Belfast.

Peyton, Lieut. J. N. B., Victoria Barracks, Belfast.

Peyton, Mrs., Victoria Barracks, Belfast.

Phillips, J. J., Esq., C.E., Arch., 61, Royal-avenue, Belfast.

Pirn, , Esq., Glencairn, Belfast (Associate}.

Pirn, Mrs., do. do. do.

Plunkett, Thomas, Esq., M.K.I. A., Enniskillen.

• Powell, Miss U. T. E., Bella Squardo, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Robb, A., Esq., M.A., Lisnabreeny House, Belfast.

Scott, Rev. Charles, M.A., St. Paul's Parsonage, Belfast.

Simpson, William M., Esq., Walmer, Ballyholme-road, Bangor, Co. Down.

Simpson, Mrs., West Church Manse, Ballymena.

Simms, Miss, 1, Dunedin, Malone-road, Belfast.

Small, John F., Esq., Solicitor, Newry.

O'Hagan, James, Esq., Margaret- street, Newry (Associate}.

Smiley, Sir H. H., Bart., D.L., Drumalis, Larne.

Strangeways, W. N., Esq., 17, Queen's -avenue, Muswell-hill, London.

Stewart, Rev. Joseph, Killowen, Lisburn.

Swanston, William, Esq., Cliftonville-avenue, Belfast.

Traill, W. A., Esq., C.E., Bushmills, Co. Antrim.

Vinycomb, John, Esq., M.K.I. A., Holywood, Co. Down.

Wallace, Colonel, C.B., Downpatrick.

Walsh, Richard D., Esq., 20, Harrington -street, Dublin.

Walsh, R. W., Esq., J.P., Williamstown House, Castlebellingham.

Walsh, Mrs. R. W., Williamstown House, Castlebellingham.

Welch, Robert, Esq., M.K.I.A., 49, Lonsdale-street, Belfast.

Westropp, T. J., Esq., M.R.I.A., 115, Strand Road, Sandymount, Dublin.

AVhite, William Grove, Esq., LL.B., 13, Upper Ormond-quay, Dublin.

Woodward, Rev. A. S., St. Mark's, Ballysillan, Belfast.

Workman, Miss Norah, The Manse, Newtownbreden, Belfast (Associate}.

Wolfe, Miss (of Sandringham, Norfolk, England), c/o Miss Workman (Associate}.

Younge, R. M., Esq., Rathvarna, Chichester Park, Belfast.

Younge, James R., Esq., Rathvarna, Chichester Park, Belfast (Associate}.

.The following Candidates, recommended by the Council, were

elected : —

FELLOWS.

Beatty, Samuel, M.A., M.B., M.CH., Craigatin, Pitlochrie, N.B. (Life Member, 1883) :

proposed by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., i.s.o.
Day, Very Rev. Maurice, Dean of Ossory, The Deanery, Kilkenny : proposed by the

President (Mr. Garstin).
Jourdain, Capt. H. T. N., Connaught Rangers, Mullingar : proposed by Robert

Cochrane, F.S.A., i.s.o.

MEMBERS.

Allen, Herbert W., St. Bernard's, Rathmines: proposed byM. S. Patterson.
Borrowes, Lady, Barretstown Castle, Ballymore-Eustace, Naas, Co. Kildare : pro-
posed by W. Grove White, LL.B.

PROCEEDINGS. 275

Boyle, E. M. F. G., Solicitor, Limavady : proposed by C. S. Caldwell.

Courvoisier, Mrs., 5, Windsor Gardens, Belfast: proposed by "W. Gray, M.R.I.A.,

Fellow.
Deane, Arthur, Curator, Public Museum, Royal- avenue, Belfast: proposed by

R. "Welch, M.K.I.A.
Dobbyn, William A., Biversdale, Waterford : proposed by J. N. White, J.P.,

M.K.I.A.

Gamble, Robert C., Elagh Hall, Londonderry : proposed by C. S. Caldwell.
Kavanagh, Mrs. H., Borris House, Borris, Co. Carlow: proposed by Major James H.

Connellan, J.P., D.L.
Kent, Ernest Alexander Harry, 149, Gleneldon-road, Streatham, London, S. W. :

proposed by Rev. J. H. P. Gosselin, B.A.
Kiernan, Michael R., 12, Lower Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin: proposed by Thomas

J. Mac Inerney.
Knabenshue, S. S., American Consul, Belfast: proposed by W. Gray, M.R.I. A.,

Fellow.

Lynn, Mrs., Castlerock : proposed by Mrs. M. J". C. Simpson.
McTernan, Miss Mary, 21, St. Patrick's Hill, Cork: proposed by William McGee.
Moore, Miss P., Ballivor Rectory, Ballivor, Co. Meath : proposed by Rev. W. F.

Alment, B.D.
Morrogh, Mrs. W., Ballincurrig Lodge, Douglas-road, Cork: proposed by Robert

Day, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Fellow.
Seton, Malcolm Cotter Cariston, 13, Clarendon- road, Holland-park, London, W. :

proposed by C. Litton Falkiner, M.A., M.R.I.A.
Thompson, Cuthbert-Longfield, Eglinton, Co. Londonderry: proposed by the Rev.

S. Ferguson.
TV ells, J. W., 216, Beechcliffe, Keighley, Yorkshire: proposed by Col. H. II. Bayly.

The Hon. Secretary read the Report of the Council as follows : —

COMMITTEE ON THE BETTER HOUSING OF THE SOCIETY.

The two following resolutions were passed unanimously by the
Council Meeting in May, 1905 : —

Proposed by JOHN RIBTON GARSTIN, F.S.A., M.R.T.A., President;
Seconded by COUNT PLUNKETT, M.R.I.A., F.S.A.,

And Resolved nem. con. : —

" That in view of the recent promise made in the House of Commons
on the 10th of May by Mr. Yictor Cavendish, on behalf of the Treasury,
to institute an inquiry as to providing better buildings in Dublin for the
Royal Hibernian Academy, on the same lines as in Scotland, a Committee
be appointed to wait on the Chief Secretary for Ireland, to lay before him
the claim of this Society to be housed in a similar manner to the Societies
of Antiquaries of London and of Scotland, and the many other learned
Societies for whom accommodation is provided by the State in Burlington
House.

T T? <i A T J Vo1- xv., Fifth Series. {
Jour.R.S.A.I. j Vo, xxx» ConseCi Sen

276 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

" That they be authorized and requested to prepare and print a state-
ment of the Society's case, and to take such other steps as they may
deem expedient to secure the desired action on the part of His Majesty's
Government. "

II.

Proposed by PATRICK "W. JOYCE, LL.D., M.B.I. A. ;
Seconded by LORD WALTER FITZ GERALD, V.-P., R.I.A.,
And Resolved nem. con. :• —

" That the following be appointed on this Committee, with power to
add to their number : —

" Such of the following as may intimate their willingness to act —

The Vice-Patrons.

The Vice-Presidents.

The Council.

The President.

The Hon. General Secretary and Hon. Treasurer.

The Members of Parliament for Dublin City, County, and University."

In pursuance of the foregoing Resolutions, a Circular was prepared
by the Hon. Gen. Secretary, and printed, for issue to the several gentle-
men named in the second Resolution, to acquaint them with the action
taken by the Council, and to ask each if he would act on .the Committee
therein named, and assist in carrying out the object for which it has been
formed. The Circular invited reply either on a form annexed for con-
venience, or more fully if preferred, and added that any suggestions or
observations which the Council might be favoured with should be duly
considered.

It having been ascertained, after that Circular was printed, that the
Chief Secretary (Right Hon. Walter Long) was willing to receive the
Deputation at his Office in the Upper Castle Yard, at 4.15 on Monday,
June 19th, and could not receive it there on any other date in time to be of
use, as he had to leave for London the same evening, to attend Parliament
to the end of the Session, a Circular marked " Urgent " was prepared and
posted on Saturday, June 17th, requesting the members wishing to act to
attend at the Society's Rooms at 3.30 p.m. on Monday following (June
19th), when the statement to be submitted was to be settled, and the
Deputation would proceed to the Castle.

The Committee having met (in pursuance of the above notice) at the
Society's Rooms, St. Stephen's Green, at 3.30 p.m. on Monday, 19th of
June, 1905,

Present — THE PRESIDENT in the Chair,

Also present— Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, J. H. Moore, W. Grove White,
R. O'Shaughnessy, C.B., M.V.O., T. J. Westropp, Henry F. Berry, i.s.o.,
and R. Cochrane, Hon. Secretary,

The President briefly explained the object of the Meeting, and the
circumstances under which it was called.

PROCEEDINGS.

277

The Hon. General Secretary reported that replies had been, so far,
received from the undermentioned gentlemen, all approving of the move-
ment, and consenting to serve on the Committee.

From the eight Members of Parliament six replies were received, in
no case limited to a formal assent. Messrs. Waldron (a Member of the
Society), Nannetti, Field, Mooney, and Clancy wrote promising to help,
and the Solicitor- General intimated his concurrence, regretting that the
time at his disposal did not admit of his introducing the Deputation.

LIST OF GENTLEMEN WILLING TO ACT ON THE HOUSING COMMITTEE, TOGETHER
WITH THE President, JOHN R. GAESTIN, D.L. ; H. J. STOKES, Hon.
Treasurer AND EGBERT COCHRANE, Hon. Gen. Secretary.

MEMBERS or PARLIAMENT (DUBLIN).

J. P. NANNETTI, M.P.
L. A. WALDRON, M.P.
WILLIAM FIELD, M.P.

J. J. CLANCY, M.P.
J. J. MOONEY, M.P.
J. H. CAMPBELL, Solicitor- General, M.P.

YlCE-PRESIDENTS.
Leinster.
SIR THOMAS H. ESMONDE, Bart., M.P.

WILLIAM C. STUBBS, M.A.

Ulster.

•REV. WILLIAM LATIMER, B.A.
EGBERT M. YOUNG, M.A., M.R.I. A.

S. ;F. MlLLIGAN, M.R.I.A.

Munster.
MAJOR- GENERAL STUBBS.

BERTRAM C. A. WINDLE, President,
Queen's College, Cork.

Connaught.
T. J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A.

R. O'SlTAUGHNESSY, M.V.O., C.B.

W. E. KELLY, D.L.

MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.

J. H. MOORE, M.A.

COUNT PLUNK.ETT, F.S.A., M.R.I.A.

WILLIAM GROVE WHITE, LL.B.

R. LANGRISHE, J.P.

HENRY F. BERRY, M.A., i.s.o., M.R.I.A.

GEORGE D. BURTCHAKLL, M.A., M.R.I.A.

R. S. LONGWORTH-DAMES, J.P., M.R.I.A.

P. W. JOYCE, LL.D., M.R.I.A.

W. H. PATTERSON, M.R.I.A.

LORD WALTER FITZ GERALD, V.-P., R.I.A.

A Draft of Statement of the Society's case was considered, and,
with a few verbal amendments, was, on the proposal of Lord "Walter
Fitz Gerald, seconded by Mr. T. J. "Westropp, adopted as follows : —

, X

STATEMENT IN SUPPORT or THE CLAIM or THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF
ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND TO HAVE THEIR CASE FOR BEING HOUSED BY
THE STATE CONSIDERED BY THE COMMISSION ABOUT TO BE APPOINTED BY
THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF His MAJESTY'S TREASURY TO DEAL WITH

THE APPLICATION ON BEHALF OF THE ROYAL HlBERNIAN ACADEMY AND

KINDRED IRISH SOCIETIES. .

The Society was originally established at Kilkenny in 1849, under
the Patronage of the Marquess of Ormonde ; and has gradually grown

278 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

in public favour, until it has become the largest of its kind in the
United Kingdom.

From the first its income, derived wholly from the subscriptions of
its Members, was mainly applied in the publication of a Journal, which
is regarded as worthy of a place beside any of its kind, and has now
reached its 35th volume. The Society has also published an important
series of Annual Volumes, and several Antiquarian Hand-books, which
are now mostly out of print.

These have all been produced by the voluntary services of many
willing helpers, including several high authorities in the sister island •
and at no time did the Society receive or seek aid from Parliament, such
as has been enjoyed by the lloyal Irish Academy as the result of the
recommendation of a Select Committee of the House of Commons many
years ago.

The Society established, with the aid of donations, a Museufn, which
is practically public property. It remains at Kilkenny ; but some of its
most important contents were made over to the National Museum in
Dublin.

The Society advanced so in prosperity and membership, that its
removal to the Capital was eventually decided on. For a time it
enjoyed hospitable shelter from the Academy and the Royal Dublin
Society ; but it soon found the necessity of securing a meeting Hall and
offices for itself and its Library, and it is at present housed unsatis-
factorily in St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, where its tenure is precarious,
and the accommodation available for its Library and fine collection of
Irish photographs is such as to preclude their general use.

The Society is the only one of its kind having local representatives
throughout Ireland, in each province and in every county. It visits the
provinces in turn ; and Lits meetings have done much to promote an
intelligent interest in the numerous and important antiquarian remains
throughout Ireland, as well as to stimulate historical studies on a sound
basis. In no part of the Empire do such topics appeal more to the
national sentiment.

Our Society has been called by the Government to aid it, not only
by supplying Members of the Board-of- Works Advisory Committee on
National Monuments, but quite recently to report on such Monuments
as are on lands to be sold through the Estates Commissioners.

The relations of the Society with the Eoyal Irish Academy have
always been most friendly. Most of our Council, and all who initiated
this movement, are Members of the Academy. But these Societies
occupy different spheres. The Academy corresponds in Ireland to the
Koyal Societies of England and Scotland.

The Hoyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland corresponds to the
Societies of Antiquaries of London and of Scotland, both of which
Societies have long been supplied with ample, in fact stately, accom-

PROCEEDINGS. 279

modation by the State, which, through the Office of Works, has also
relieved them from local rates. In no respect is the work of this Irish
Society less useful ; and if numbers in membership be a test of public
appreciation, its claims are greater than those of both together. Besides
the two Societies of Antiquaries in Great Britain, the State provides in
London, in Burlington House, for the suitable housing of some half
dozen other learned Societies, free of rent and taxes: The Royal
Society, The Geological Society, The Linnsean- Society, The Chemical
Society, The Eoyal Astronomical Society, &c.

Our Society has long enjoyed the patronage of the Royal family.
Her late Majesty, Queen Victoria, became Patron-in-Chief, and conferred
on the Society its present name, with the epithet " Royal." His Royal
Highness the late Prince Consort became a member, and so continued
until his death. His Majesty King Edward VII. became a Patron long
before his accession to the throne ; and, during his recent visit to
Ireland, H.R.H. the Prince of "Wales became a Patron. The Dukes of
Abercorn and Devonshire, and the Right Hon. the 0' Con or Don, are
also Patrons and Past Presidents ; and its roll includes the chief literary
men in Ireland, and many ladies.

The Society employs no paid officer, but one clerk : and if relieved
of the necessity of paying rent, &c., all its funds could be applied to the
better production of its present publications, and to issuing others of
great interest, which it has hitherto been unable to undertake.

It now asks to be placed in the same position as the kindred
societies in England and Scotland have long enjoyed, and with that
view to be included in the reference to the Treasuiy Commission of
Inquiry, lately promised in response to the unanimous request of the
Irish Members of Parliament, generously supported by all the other
Members who intervened.

Adopted by the Committee on behalf of the Council,

JOHN RIBTON GARSTIN, President.
ROBERT COCHRANE, Hon. Gen. Secretary.

SOCIETY'S ROOMS,

6, ST. STEPHEN'S GHEEN, DUBLIN,
19th of June, 1905.

The Meeting then adjourned until 4.15 p.m. The Deputation, con-
sisting of the President (Mr. Garstin), the Hon. Secretary (Mr. Robert
Cochrane, F.S.A., i.s.o.), Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, V.-P., R.I. A., Mr.
O'Shaughnessy, C.B., Mr. W. Grove White, Mr. Moore, and Mr.
Burtchaell, proceeded to Dublin Castle, and waited on Mr. Long, the
Chief Secretary, as appointed. The President introduced the members
of the Deputation, and briefly stated the case for the Society, to which
the Chief Secretary listened attentively. He promised to bring the case

280 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

before the Treasury, and said he would see Mr. Victor Cavendish about
it on the following day. After which, the President having thanked
the Chief Secretary for his sympathetic and courteous reception, the
Deputation withdrew.

At the Meeting of the COUNCIL held on the 27th of June, 1905, the
President in the Chair, the foregoing Minutes and Statement were, on
the motion of Mr. Grove "White, seconded by Lord Walter Fitz Gerald,
approved and adopted, and ordered to be reported to the Society at the
Meeting at Belfast on the 4th of July, 1905, and afterwards circulated.

(By Order),

ROBERT COCHRANE,

Son. General Secretary.

Proposed by the Rev. Monsignor O'Laverty, P.P., V.-G/, Vice-President,
and seconded by the Rev. "W. T. Latimer, M.A., Vice-President, and
passed unanimously : — " That the above Report be adopted and after-
wards circulated."

The following Papers were read and referred to the Council for
publication : —

"Old Times in Belfast" (illustrated), by Mr. R. M. Young, M.A., M.R.I.A., J.P.,

Vice- President.

1 Slieve Donard," by the Rev. Canon Lett, M.H.I.A., Hon. Prov. Secretary.
( The Island in Loughbricklan," by the same.

' The Stone-Axe Factories near Cushendall," by W. J. Knowles, M.R.I. A.
« The Old Stocks at Dromore," by Mr. William Gray, M.K.I.A.
1 Some Recent Antiquarian Finds in Ulster," by Mr. Seaton F. Milligan, M.B.X.A.,

Hon. Prov. Secretary for Ulster.

The discussion on the latter Paper was adjourned until the meeting
on 7th July, 1905.

A number of interesting objects were exhibited, including the City
Maces and Insignia, by kind permission of the Right Hon. the Lord
Mayor.

The Meeting then adjourned until Friday, 7th July, 1905.

FRIDAY, July 7th, 1905.

An adjourned Meeting of the Society was held in the Town Hall
on Friday, 7th July, at 8 o'clock, p.m., the VERY REV. MONSIGNOR
O'LAVERTY, P.P., V.-G., Senior Vice-President for Ulster, in the Chair.

The discussion of the Paper on " Some Recent Antiquarian Finds in
Ulster" was resumed; the author, Mr. Milligan, replied, and it was
resolved: "That the investigation of the Urn Cemetery, referred to in
Mr. S. F. Milligan's report as Local Secretary to the Society on 4th
July, be referred to the Council for consideration and decision."

PROCEEDINGS. 281

Papers were read, one by Mr. Eobert May on " Old Ulster Candle-
sticks and Lamps," with specimens ; and by Mr. T. J. Westropp, M.A.,
Vice-President^ on "Prehistoric Remains (Forts and Dolmens) on the
Borders of Inchiquin and Burren, Co. Clare," both of which, together
with a Paper on "Fethard: its Charters and Excerpts from the Corpora-
tion Minutes in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," by Thomas
Laffan, M.D., taken as read, were referred to the Council for publication.

The usual votes of thanks were passed, and the Society then adjourned
until Tuesday, October 3rd, 1905.

EXCTJESIONS.

The following Programme of Excursions was prepared and carried
out by the Local Executive Committee : —

MONDAY, July 3rd.
GIANT'S RING AND GARDEN PARTY.

1.30 p.m., .. Start in "Wagonettes from Grand Central Hotel, Royal-
avenue.

2.15 ,, . . Arrive at Giant's Ring.
2.45 ,, .. Leave Giant's Ring.
3.30 „ . . Arrive back at Grand Central Hotel.

Mr. William Gray, M.R.I. A., conducted the party, and described the
Giant's Ring.

4.30 p.m., .. Garden Party in the Botanic Gardens Park, by the kind
till invitation of the Right Hon. Sir Daniel Dixon, Bart.,

6.30 ,, Lord Mayor of Belfast, and Lady Dixon.

7. 0 ,, . . Dinner of the Society in the Grand Central Hotel.

TUESDAY, July !j.th.

TEMPLEPATRICK, DONEGORE, AND ANTRIM.
9. 0 a.m., . . Start in Wagonettes from Grand Central Hotel.
}J;JJ} „ .. Molusk.

11*45 I " ** Carn-Greine.

12.15 p.m., .. Arrive at Castle Upton, Templepatrick.

1.0 p.m., .. Lunch at Templetown Arms, Templepatrick.

2. 0 ,, .. Leave Templepatrick.

2.15 ,, .. Arrive at Lough-an-Mor.

2 30 1

3;30j „ .. Donegore.

282 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

TUESDAY, July Jj.th — continued.

i' A I i» •• Rathmore.

4.30 ,, .. Arrive at Antrim Round Tower.

5.16 ,, . . Train leaves Antrim (half-mile from Tower).

6. 0 ,, .. Arrive in Belfast (Northern Counties Station) .

Mr. Francis Joseph Bigger, M.B.I.A., conducted the party and
described the various places visited, and delivered a short address on
the Lives and Works of Sir Samuel Ferguson and Lady Ferguson at their
grave in Donegore Churchyard.

8. 0 p.m., .. The Quarterly Meeting1 of the Society was held in
the Council Chamber of the City Hall, Victoria- street,
by the kind permission of the Lord Mayor, Sir Daniel
Dixon, Bart., for the transaction of business, and
election of Fellows and Members, after which a

8.30 ,, . . Meeting for the Reading of Papers was held in the

same place.

WEDNESDAY, July 5th.
DUNDRUM, BALLYNOE, DOWNPATRICZ, &c.

9.35 a.m., . . Train from Belfast and County Down Railway Station.

10.53 ,, .. Arrive at Dundrum. Walk to Castle (G50 yds.).

12. 0 noon . . Leave Dundrum on Cars.

12.20 p.m., . . Arrive at Slidderyford Cromlech and Souterrain.

12.40 ,, .. Leave Slidderyford Cromlech. Walk to Standing Stone
(500yds.).

1.0 ,, . . Leave for Newcastle, Slieve Donard Hotel.

1.15 ,, . . Lunch at Slieve Donard Hotel.

2.25 ,, . . Leave in train (close to Hotel) for Downpatrick.

2,50 ,, . . Arrive in Downpatrick, and leave for Ballynoe.

J'^J ,, .. Ballynoe Stone Circle.

4.30 p.m., .. Downpatrick. Reception of the party to afternoon tea by
kind invitation of the Quoile Lawn Tennis and Croquet
Club, in the grounds of the Club, beside the Cathedral.

5. 0 „ . . Cathedral, " St. Patrick's Grave" and Cross.

Jj'ljj | „ . . « The Mount " (Rathkeltair), 900 yards from Cathedral.

7. 5 ,, . . Leave by train for Belfast.

8. 0 „ . . Arrive in Belfast (B. and C. D. Railway).

Mr. J. J. Phillips, Architect, described Dundrum Castle and the
Cathedral, Downpatrick.

Mr. Wm. Gray conducted the party, and described the Monuments
at Slidderyford and Ballynoe, &c.

PROCEEDINGS. 283

THURSDAY, July 6th.
DUNLUCE AND GIANT'S CAUSEWAY.

9.15 a.m., .. Train, Midland Railway (York-street Station), for Portrush.
11.10 „ .. Arrive at Portrush. Special Electric Trams will be in waiting.
11.15 ,, .. Start for Dunluce.
11.45 ,, .. Arrive at Dunluce Castle.

1.0 p.m., . . Leave for Causeway by train, in waiting at Dunluce siding.
1.30 ,, .. Lunch, at Causeway Hotel.

2.30 ,, .. Walk to Giant's Causeway and assemble at "The Loom,"
when Mr. Traill gave the party a short account of
the Geology of the district, and general outlines of the
neighbourhood.

5.0 ,, .. Leave Hotel for Portrush by Electric Tram.
6.0 ,, . . Arrive at Portrush.
6.5 ,, .. Tea in Eefreshment Room at Station.
6.50 „ .. Leave for Belfast.
8.35 ,, .. Arrive in Belfast.

Mr. R. M. Young, M.A.. M.E.I.A., described Dunluce Castle and
Church.

Mr. William A. Traill, C.E., late of H. M. Geological Survey, Hon.
Local Secretary, North Antrim, conducted the party at the Giant's
Causeway, and described it.

FRIDAY, July 7th.
CARRICKFERGUS, LARNE, AND BALLYGALLY — AND CLOSING MEETING.

9.25 a.m., .. Leave by special train at "York-road Station, Midland

Eailway.
9.50 ,, . . Arrive at Carrickfergus.

lO.'lo} " " North Gate. do.

11 2S} » '• The Castle. do.

11 40 I " " St. Nicholas' Church, Carrickfergus.

11.45 ,, . . Eesume the journey in special train.

12.20 p.m., . . Arrive at Larne Harbour Station.

12.30 ,, .. Visit the Larne Gravel Beds at the Station, described by
Mr. William Gray.

1. 0 ,, . . Lunch in King's Arms Hotel.

2.0 ,, .. Start on Cars from the Hotel.

„ .. Ballygally Castle.

4. 0 ,, . . Afternoon tea at Drumalis, by the kind invitation of Sir H.

H. Smiley, Bart., and Lady Smiley.
5.30 ,, . . Leave Larne in special train.
6.10 ,, .. Arrive in Belfast.
8.30 „ . . Closing Meeting in the City Hall, Victoria -street.

Mr. W. J. Fennell, M.R.I. A., conducted the party, and described the
various places of interest visited.

284 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

SATUBDAY, July 8th.
BELFAST.

9.30 a.m., .. Visited the new City Hall, by kind permission of the Lord
Mayor, Right Hon. Sir Daniel Dixon, Bart., and the
City Council.

During the stay of the visitors, the Municipal Museum and Library,
containing the Grainger Collection of Antiquities, the Linen Hall
Library, Donegall Square, North, and the Belfast Museum, College
Square, North, were open free to the Members. The- latter contains
the Benn Collection of Antiquities.

PROCEEDINGS. 285

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON SOME OF THE PLACES VISITED,
July 3rd to 8tli, 1905.

INTRODUCTORY.

ON the last occasion on which the Society held a Meeting in Belfast, the
Programme then issued contained a Historical and Descriptive Account
of the city, by Mr. John Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., Fellow. This interesting
Paper was embodied in the Journal for 1892, vol. xxii., pp. 323-333,
and as most of the members possess this record, it is not considered
necessary to reproduce it. The Very Rev. Edward Maguire, D.D., Dean of
Down, Fellow, on the same occasion read a Paper on Down Cathedral
and the Grave of St. Patrick, which will be found at pages 336-340
of the same volume. Of the other places now visited, Mr. William
Gray, M.R.I.A., Fellow, describes " The Giant's Ring," Slidderyford
Cromlech, Ballynoe Stone Circle, Downpatrick Port, and the Raised
Beach at Lame, all of which subjects he is eminently qualified to
discuss. Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I. A., Fellow, writes on the places seen
on the Excursion through the Templepatrick District, County Antrim —
a portion of Antrim with which he is most intimately acquainted.
Mr. J. J. Phillips has devoted a great deal of attention to the Anglo-Nor-
man Fortress known as Dundrum Castle, as well as to the Architectural
History of Down Cathedral, and he gives two very interesting chapters
on these structures. The Rev. Canon Lett gives the Ancient History of
the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Downpatrick (p. 302) ; and Mr. R. M.
Young, M.A., M.R.I.A., Vice- President, gives an account of Dunluce Castle.
Carrickfergus is noticed by Mr. W. J. Fennell, M.R.I.A., who described
the church there, and the castle at Ballygally, to the members present on
the Excursion. The interesting Paper on " Slieve Donard," by the
Rev. Canon Lett, has been printed amongst the Papers read at the
meeting (see p. 230). Thanks are due to all of the gentlemen named
for placing their stores of information at the disposal of members,
and for assisting to make the Excursion so successful.

286 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,

THE " GIANT'S RING," COUNTY DOWN.
(July 3rd, 1905.)

nHnis most interesting monument is within about four miles south from

Belfast. It has been fully described and illustrated in the

Journal of the Society, 1899, vol. xxix., p. 353. The monument consists

of a circular earthen rath, covering an area of over ten acres. The rath

MAP OF THE " GIANTS RING."

is an earthen mound, varying from 70 to 80 feet at the base, and from
14 to 18 feet high, the circumference, measured in the centre of the mound,
is more than 2,000 feet. The flat, enclosed space is from 680 to 700 feet
in diameter.

PROCEEDINGS.

287

The regularity of the enclosing rath, or mound, is not broken by any
dun or other form of fortification. The external ancient fosse, or trench,
is more or less obliterated, and replaced by a stone-wall, built for the
better protection of the earthwork.

In comparatively recent times the central space was used as a race-
course, and was a popular place of resort for holiday -folk from Belfast;
of late this practice has fallen into disuse.

In the neighbourhood of the "King" several ancient burials have
been found. The special feature of the monument is the unusual occur-
rence of a Cromlech near the centre of the flat, enclosed space within the
rath. The details of this Cromlech, with other particulars, are given very
fully in the published notices above referred to.

CROMLECH — " GIANT'S KING."
(From a Photograph by Mr. S. K. Kirker.)

288 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

DRIVE TO TEMPLEPATEICK AND ANTRIM, VISITING
MOLUSK, CARN-GREINE, DONEGORE, AND RATHMORE.

(July 4th, 1905.)

HING of antiquarian interest is to be noted during the first two miles
of the drive from Belfast, after which a full view of Ben Madigan
(Cave Hill, 1,188 feet) appears on the left side of the road; and in the
field immediately adjoining the wall of Belfast Castle, a fine, square fort,
with one fosse. This fort, known as Lis-toll-gard (the fort of the garrison),
was adopted for strategic purposes about the time of Hugh O'Neill.
Another similar fort, with two corner-bastions, is on the Lough side of the
road, now known as Fort "William. Ben Madigan is the scene of the
battle in Sir Samuel Ferguson's tale, " Corby MacGilmore," in the
Hibernian Nights Entertainments. Its southern slope is now occupied by
the castle and grounds of the Earl of Shaftesbury, the representative of
the Marquises of Donegall, whose founder, Sir Arthur Chichester, was
Lord Deputy, during the Plantation of Ulster, in the reign of James I.
The Donegalls are buried in the mausoleum in the castle grounds, having
been removed thence from the old Church of S. Nicholas, at Castlefergus.
In the chapel there is a fine piece of sculpture, by Patrick MacDowell,
to the memory of the late Earl of Belfast, whose statue, by the same
artist, is in Belfast Free Library. Mac Art's Fort is the central peak of
the hill. It is cut off from the hill on the west side by a great artificial
trench, thus forming an impregnable fortress. A rude, stone chair was
on its summit, so it was doubtless used by the O'Neills, of whom MacArt
was one, as a place for coronation. On MacArt's Fort the famous oath
was taken in 1793 by Wolfe Tone, Samuel Neilson, Thomas Russell, and
other leaders of the United Irishmen. The modern name, Cave Hill, is
taken from the caves which have been formed in the cliffs. Two of these
are easily accessible, but the others are most difficult. All show signs
of human workmanship, and were doubtless formed in the early ages.
The slopes of the hill were used about 1782 as a volunteer parade
ground, and the whole hill is a favourite resort of the citzens of
Belfast.

Passing the hill, the Carmoney Valley opens to the right, witl . fine
views of Belfast Lough, Carrickf ergus Castle, the County Down coast, the
Copeland Islands, and the Mull of Galloway. Near at hand, on the right,
is Carmoney Church, where General Smythe, of Tobercooran, the Gaelic
scholar, and friend of Sir Samuel Ferguson, is buried. A very beautiful
Celtic cross marks his grave — one of the finest pieces of sculpture in
Ireland.

PROCEEDINGS. 289

MOLUSK.

About a mile and a half further on a digression is made to the left
from the Antrim Road, bringing the party to the little hamlet at the
Trench (formerly the residence of the Bigger family), in the Grange of
Molusk, Mag-Ehlosgaid, the plain of Blosgaid, a sept of the O'Cahans of
Derry, now known as Macloscie. The Trench was so-called by reason
of a bawn constructed around the residence as a protection at the
time of the Plantation. Near this is the old graveyard of Molusk, a
foundation of the Knights Templars, who were confirmed in it in
A.D. 1231. No buildings now remain, or any visible foundations. A
large boulder-stone with a basin in it is in the yard filled with
water, used for the reception of pins after being employed in the
charming away of warts. Close at hand is the " Resurrection " lamp, a
grim reminder of the days when body-stealing was a lucrative trade in
the North of Ireland, the bodies being shipped in barrels to Glasgow
University. The relatives of the deceased persons kept an armed guard
in the graveyard for two or three weeks after the interment, using the
lamp, the stand for which still remains. Another means adopted to
prevent these thefts was the erection of heavy, stone-roofed vaults with
iron doors, in which the bodies were placed for some time. A good
example of this remains intact at Donegore Churchyard, and there are
several others in County Antrim. James Hope, the well-known patriot
of '98, is buried in Molusk, beside his son, Luke Mullan Hope, editor of
the Rushlight, a little literary magazine printed in Belfast, 1824-5.
Monuments have been erected to both by public subscription. James
Bigger, the Volunteer patriot, is also interred here, and many others who
took an active part in the Insurrection, this being a district which was
almost entirely inhabited by United Irishmen.

CARN-GBEINE AND ROUGHFORT.

About a mile from Molusk is the now dilapidated Roughfort, whose
ancient history is lost, and which is only famous as being the rallying
spot for all the insurgents of South Antrim on the 7th June, 1798,
prior to the battle of Antrim on the same day. From here they
marched in solid ranks, with arms and flags, singing the Marscellaise and
other revolutionary songs. Close to the Roughfort, but now built over,
was the ancient church and burial-ground of Carn-Greine ; and in a field
close by, is the tumulus of Carn-Greine. It consists of about ten stones,
raised on two upright rows, forming covering slabs, now much obscured
by earth and stones gathered from agricultural operations. It is about
40 feet long, the largest stone measuring 7 feet by about 5 feet and 2 feet
thick. Formerly a circle of large stones surrounded it, but these are
removed. Only one or two can be observed in an adjoining fence. There
are no historical references, and few local traditions concerning this
structure, although it is one of the best remaining dolmens in the county,
In the village of Roughfort is one of Erasmus Smith's schools, founded

290 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.

in 1811, and the old book club, founded at the end of the eighteenth
century for the study of literature. The old house still remains, but is
not now used as a library. An account of this little village library is
given by the writer in Ulad, for Samhain, 1904.

CARN-GREINE.
(From a Photograph by Mr. R. Welch.)

TEMPLEPA THICK.

From the Roughfort, a drive of less than three miles over the old
coach road, brought the party to the village of Templepatrick. Here
the grounds of Castle Upton were entered. This castle, the seat of the
Uptons, Viscounts Templetown, is now occupied by Colonel Chichester. It
is an imposing structure, with large circular towers, somewhat modernized,
with portions of considerable age incorporated in its walls. The Uptons
purchased this estate from the Nortons in the time of James I., taking
their place. A Colonel Upton raised a body of men who assisted the
Williamites ; and subsequently the family raised a Volunteer Corps. The
drum and flag of the Templepatrick Infantry are still preserved in the
castle. Inside the demesne walls is the old Presbyterian meeting-house
(now renovated) where the two brass Volunteer guns were hidden by the
insurgents. The village of Templepatrick was subsequently burned by
the Yeomanry. Close to the castle, in the heart of the grounds, is the
old burying-ground of Templepatrick, doubtless the site of the ancient
church, although not a fragment of it now remains. The Upton vault
occupies its place. In this yard are a good number of heraldic stones of

PROCEEDINGS.

291

the most prominent of the Scottish settlers in the parish, including those
of Kilpatrick, Lough, Dalrymple, and Kennedy. Josias Welch, one of
the early Presbyterian ministers, and grandson of John Knox, is buried
here. Here also is buried William Orr, who was executed at Carrick-
fergus on 27th October, 1797. His death gave the cry, "REMEMBER
ORR," to the armed peasantry in the subsequent struggle. Robert
Kilpatrick, and many other active insurgents, are also buried here.

Lunch was provided in the Templetown Arms, a model village inn,
one of the first established in Ireland on the Gothenburg principles of
no private profit, no excessive drinking, and food getting first place.

CASTLE UPTON, TEMPLEPATRICK.
(From a Photograph by Mr. R. Welch.)

DONEGORE.

Leaving Templepatrick, the road was taken to Donegore, about
three miles distant, passing over the Six-mile-water, so called because
the troops passing from Carrick Castle to Massereene Fort at Antrim
crossed at that distance from the former place. Its old name is Gbcnnn-
na-bpea& (Owen-na-view), ' the river of woods.' To the left are
the woods of Lough-an-mor, the residence of the Adair family, which
was driven through. The Yolunteer parade ground, with its tall trees,
is well worth seeing ; also the fine Spanish chestnuts. The old moat
of Dunagore rises to the right, being the most conspicuous object
in the district. It shows artificial construction on a natural basis,
and must have been an imposing mound, and a fortified site of the
first importance. From its summit a wide-extending view can be obtained

Jour. R.S.A.I.

Vol. xv., Fifth Series.
Vol. xxxv., Consec. Ser.

292 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of Lough N"eagh and South Antrim, the Tyrone and Donegal mountains.
At its base is a souterrain burrowed through the natural rock. After the
defeat of the insurgents at Antrim, Henry Joy M'Cracken, and some of
•his forces, retreated to Donegore, throwing up some rude entrenchments
on the hillside. The old church of Donegore has quite disappeared, a
modern one occupying its site. The oldest stone, dated 1659, is built
in over the doorway. There are several fine armonial stones in the yard.
The grave that attracts most attention is that of Sir Samuel Ferguson, a
former President of the Royal Irish Academy, and his wife, Lady
Ferguson. Sir Samuel was a native of this parish, and always had the
fondest affection for it. In his poem on Westminster Abbey he sings —

" Yet hold not lightly home, nor yet
The graves on Dunagore forget."

RATHMORE.

Leaving the churchyard, the hill was descended, and the road taken
to Rath-mor Muighe-line, about a mile distant. This is a large rath
about 150 feet in diameter, with a high surrounding embankment, and
evidence of an outside fosse. There is a souterrain at one side ; and an
ancient church formerly stood in an adjoining garden, Capella de Rath-
more, which was confirmed to the neighbouring priory of Mucamore, in
A.D. 1251. Rathmore was a residence of the Dalaradians in the sixth
century. The Dinnseanchm states it to have been erected in the second
century for Bania, wife of the celebrated Tuathal Teachtmar, Monarch
of Ireland; whilst the "Annals of Tighernach," A.D. 161, state it was
called after Mora, wife of Breasal, King of Ulaid. Its origin can only
be a matter of speculation, so lost is it in age. Tradition connects
Fergus MacRoy and Fergus MacLeide, heroes of the Ultonian legends,
with Rathmore. The old Dalaradian clan (the Mac Uillins) were sacked
here in 1513 by Art mac Aodh O'Neill. Sir Samuel Ferguson, in
Deirdre, writes —

" 'Tis called Rathmore, and nothing more know I ;
Ulan, helike, has got some old romance,
Passing with poets for its history."

In the district north of Rathmore are numerous souterrains.

ANTBIM ROUND TOWEE.

A drive of less than three miles brought the party to the Round
Tower of Antrim, one of the early class, and amongst the most perfect
in Ireland. Formerly church ruins remained beside it, but these are all
removed, only a few fragments remaining w the garden, including
cup-stone with two depressions. There is a pierced cross in relief cut on
the stone over the door into the tower. The height of the tower is

PROCEEDINGS.

293

93 feet, with a circumference at the base of 50 feet. The Round Tower
is half a mile from the town of Antrim, adjoining which is Antrim Castle,
the seat of the Yiscount Massereene and Ferrard ; also Shane's Castle,
the residence of Lord O'Neill. The parish church, dating from 1596, has
many features of interest. The round tower is close to Antrim Station.

THE ROUND TOWER, ANTRIM.

For references to this district, see Reeves's " Ecclesiastical Antiquities,"
and O'Laverty's " Diocese of Down and Connor," Smith's "Historical
Gleanings," numerous papers in the Ulster . Journal of Archeology ,
Ferguson's writings, and the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club " Guide
to Belfast," &c.

X 2

294 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

DUNDRUM, NEWCASTLE, BALLYNOE, AND DOWNPATRICK.

(July 5th, 1905.)

DUNDRUM CASTLE, COUNTY DOWN.

^PHE Archaeologist and Historian in quest of the most interesting vestiges
in Ulster of ecclesiastical and military architecture of the mediaeval
times, having visited Dundrum Castle, should then visit the interior of
the present Down Cathedral to inspect the quaint old capitals of the
Abbey Minster, built by De Courcy, and then open the very first page of
the annals of that epoch, at that red-letter day in February, A,D. 1177,
when John De Courcy and his handful of Anglo-Norman knights and

PLAN OF DUNDRUM CASTJ.E.

footsoldiers appeared before Down (Dun de leith glas), and by a coup-
de-mam surprised and ousted its chieftain, MacDunlevy, captured the
town, looted, as we are told, " the cloathing, gold, silver-plate, and rich
booties," and proceeded to entrench himself, and to build castles and
cathedrals, and to found abbeys.

The stirring chapter of events during the century which succeeded
the irruption of the Anglo-Normans into the eastern counties of Ulster
reads like a -romance, as it has been graphically described for us in the
Carew MSS., in the "Book of Howth," and by Giraldus Cambrensis (a
"Welsh Archdeacon, and a twelfth-century war correspondent); also as
set forth in Hanmer's " Chronicle," and other records well known to
antiquaries.

PROCEEDINGS.

295

Over seven hundred years have elapsed since then —
" The knights are dust, and their good swords rust,"

but the ruins of the architectural accessories are still with us.

No portion of Ireland, except Wexford, was as thoroughly castled as
the shores of Lecale and Strangford Lough. "We have remains to this

The Donjon Keep . Pundrum

day of Anglo-Norman Castles and keeps, each within a few miles of the
other. Avoiding the treacherous glens, they selected often the ancient
Celtic duns for the sites of their castles, as the donjon at Dun drum.
More frequently we find the remains of their fortalices on the rocky
peninsulas or islands in the fiords, as on Strangford, or serving to sentinel
the heads of the numerous inlets or lagoons. In County Antrim they
perched them on the hasalt crags, which fringe the coast from Carrick-
fergus to Dunluce and Dunseverick.

296 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

This donjon at Dundrum differs materially from the contemporaneous
rectangular pele towers and castles, whose foundations and remains
(with subsequent additions and superstructures) we find so numerously
on the shores of Strangford Lough, and on the plains of Lecale in
County Down. The then new fashion in fortress-building, with circular
walls, both in the keep and in the barbican gate-towers, was boldly
adopted in the fortress and donjon of Dundrum. The interest attaching
to the construction and application of this unique type of castle leads us
to regret that there are so few of them in Ireland to investigate ; but
such as we do find here, follow (in an Irish way) the typical examples
erected by the Normans in Prance, and at various periods by the Anglo-
Normans and their immediate descendants in Britain, but particularly in
Wales.

In the erection and construction of Dundrum Castle we have the
first-fruits on Irish soil of the new departure in military science of
fortification by the Anglo-Normans. No doubt the natural aptitude for
such works of these warriors had been sharpened and perfected in their
previous campaigns, particularly in the wars of the Crusades. All that
was to be learned on such subjects, they brought with them to bear on
their Irish hostings ; and though they adopted in the more westerly
counties more of the guerilla system, yet we have still left to us in the
County Down many evidences of their castle-building, and their skill in

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297

seizing on the strong and commanding points of communication in the
eastern parts of this province. "We find that in the Lecale they generally
selected the raths of the Celts as the sites of their castles, as instanced in
Bright and in Clough Castles. In Ardglass we have a township of
mediaeval castles. Most of the work of their castle-builders became in
subsequent centuries reconstructed, chiefly in the upper storeys, with
stone crenelles and machicoulis superadded as a protection against the
use of fiery missiles, as the science of art and war advanced. But in this
donjon at Dundrum we have the ruin of the original structure without
any later reconstruction, except the opening out of some windows.
Notwithstanding that it took centuries to overcome the native aversion

to castle-building, we find a veritable Celt grasping and holding the
donjon built by De Courcy. Early in its history its walls rang to the
war cry, u Lamh dearg abu," for the O'Neill, who made himself master
of it, was no mere Hibernicized Englishman, but held his own valiantly
in his relations with the De Lacys of Caiiingford Castle, and proved
himself an apt pupil in the warlike ways of the " Sassenach."

The tower of Dundrum may be regarded as one of the most perfect
donjons in Ireland, skilfully planned for its purpose, although ruined in
the most approved manner. It was dismantled in the year 1652 by the
command of Cromwell; and "the curse of Cromwell," in its most
picturesque form, seems to have effectually hovered over the remains ever
since. It is perched on the crest or ridge of rock, so as to overlook the
plains of Lecale from St. John's Point to De Courcy's Cathedral of Down.

298 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

It is no wonder that three centuries after its original construction, it was
declared by Leonard, Lord Gray, to be " one of the strongest holds be
ever saw in Ireland, and most commodious for tbe defence of tbe whole
countrey of Lecayll." In comparison with the donjons of Arundel,
or that of "Warwick, or of Bothwell, on the Clyde, or of Coucy, in
France, this of Dundrum is of small dimensions ; but it was as amply
powerful to overawe its surroundings as any of these, and it was ever
the bone of contention between the Norman and the Celt. It is a
characteristic instance in Ireland of the true feudal castle of such a
feudal baron as this John De Courcy was, who sought to emulate in
County Down the castle-building of Richard Cceur de Lion at Chateau
Gaillard, near Rouen, in Normandy. The isolation of Dundrum Castle
invests it with its distinctive character ; thus we find it at a distance from
any great wealthy or populous city, overawing the village of " Dondrum."
The castle, having been itself erected on its most suitable site, finds by
degrees the habitations of the people gradually come and group themselves
under it and around it. It has taken every advantage of the configura-
tion of the country ; seeking for a suitable tableland or high-up level of
rock, it planted itself on what was previously a Celtic fort (the fort of
" Darinnes Ridge"). It surrounded itself with improvised, if not natural,
precipices, water, trenches, and ditches, so as to render it impossible to
undermine the walls of the enceinte ; and though now, at the side of the
barbican plateau, the moat is altogether obliterated, yet it originally
narrowed to the smallest compass the means of approach to its gates.
The walls of the Anglo-Norman or Anglo-Celtic fortress sit as a corona
on the reconstructed escarpment of the older primitive " Fort of Drum,"
above which there sullenly towers the ruined donjon, which particularly
interests us in this investigation. Its mural chambers, bare of the
munitions or panoply of war*, are alternatively the haunts of the daws,
the bats, and venturesome schoolboys. The courtyard is now razed of
every vestige of the buildings which housed the soldiery. The barbican
gate, the portcullis, and every stick and timber of the paraphernalia of
the feudal fortress, ha^e long ago been swept into the well of forget-
fulness. On the southern slope of the hill, or ridge, the ruins of an
Elizabethan mansion effectively group with the more venerable structure ;
and a solitary or mournful effect is given to the entire by the deserted
plantation which straggles down the slopes.

MILESIAN EKECTIONS ON THE SITE. — The Gaedhilic annals are par-
ticularly interesting as to the extent and details of the early Milesian
erections on this mound at Dundrum. In the oldest manuscript
preserved in the Royal Irish Academy, Leabhar-na-hUidhre, there is a
very graphic account of the "Feast of Bricriu of the Poisoned Tongue,"
which was held on Dun Rudhraidhe (Ruray's Fort), the primitive fortress
of the early Irish at Dundrum, whereon the Anglo-Norman Baron De

PROCEEDINGS. 299

Courcy, some twelve centuries after, built his donjon keep. This tale
should be perused, not merely on. account of its connexion with the site
of the more modern donjon, but also for its descriptions of the Celtic
residences, their furniture and decorations.

DANISH IRRUPTIONS. — During the period of the Panish irruptions,
Dundrum, in particular, suffered from the rapacity of these terrible
rovers of the raven standard. As the "Annals of the Four Masters"
state, "they marched escorted by fire." The houses of the Milesian
nobles on the fort of Dairinnes ridge were ruthlessly plundered, and the
Celtic churches in the locality devastated.

For further technical description, members are referred to the Journal
of the Society for 1883, vol. xvi. ; also to a monograph published by
Mr. J. J. Phillips, of Belfast, on the same subject,

SLIDDERYFORD CROMLECH, NEWCASTLE, COUNTY DOWN.

In a field, close to the road from Dundrum to Newcastle, and within
a mile and a half from Dundrum, and within the townland of Wateresk,
there is a good typical example of the County Down cromlechs. This
must have been a very important locality in ancient times, as is indicated
by the number of ancient remains that occur within a short distance from
the cromlech, including a souterrain, and a fine standing stone.

The cromlech stands about 9 feet high. The granite cap-stone
measures 8 feet by 7 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 6 inches, and rests on three
of the four stones forming the chamber below it. Of these stones, two
are granite, and two are Silurian grit. The points of contact between
the cap-stone and its supporters are very limited, measuring respectively
15 inches by 5 inches, 7^ inches by 2£ inches, and 2^- inches by
If inches. To the credit of the farmer occupying the field — Mr. "William
Taylor — the cromlech is maintained in excellent order.

In the same field with the cromlech there is a very good souterrain ;
but to facilitate agricultural operations, and to prevent injury by
intruders, the souterrain has been closed up. (See page 266, ante.}

A short distance from the field containing the cromlech, &c., there
are two large stones in a hedge, next a roadway ; one of the stones is of
granite, standing upright, fully 9 feet above the ground, and has a girth
of 11 feet 3 inches at 4 feet from the ground, and a girth of 10 feet
9 inches at 2 feet from the top. Next to the larger standing-stone there
is another 5 feet by 2 feet, and fully 6 feet high. They are probably
the remains of some important rude stone monument demolished for the
purpose of facilitating agricultural operations.

300 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

BALLYNOE STONE CIRCLE, COUNTY DOWN.

"Within a few minutes' walk from Ballynoe Station, the first from
Downpatrick on the Ardglass line, there is a very complete stone circle,

THE CROMLECH AT SLIDDERYFOHD, COUNTY DOWN.
(From a Photograph by Mr. W. Gray.)

STANDING -STONE AT SLIDDERYFORD, COUNTY DOWN.
(From a. Photograph by Mr. W. Gray.)

known as the Ballynoe stone circle, so called from the townland in
which it occurs.

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301

This interesting ancient monument, one of the largest of its kind in
Ireland, is composed of about sixty. large stones, forming an almost
complete circle of 100 feet in diameter; in this respect resembling the
celebrated circle of Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, which is also 100 feet
in diameter.

Within the main circle there is a smaller circle, or rather an oval,
measuring 60 feet by 42 feet. The major axis of this oval runs south-west
from the edge of the main circle. At the north-east of this inner oval
there are only eight of the boundary-stones remaining, and they are:
much smaller than the stones forming the main circle.

WEST PORTION OF BALLYNOE STONE CIRCLE.
(From a Photograph by Mr. "W. Gray.)

Local tradition tells that in former times there were two or more
other circles surrounding the present one; but as the stones interfered
with the cultivation of the ground, they were removed, or buried in
the ground near where they stood. The accuracy of this report is
confirmed to some extent by the occurrence of several outlying monoliths,
which appear to have formed portions of two circles. One circle, 25 feet
from the outer margin of the existing circle, is indicated by two monoliths,
one of which measures 6 feet by 6 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 12 feet
7 inches in girth. Another outer circle is represented by five monoliths
forming a semicircle sixty-five paces from the centre of the main circle.
All the stones are composed of local rocks, chiefly the Ordovician grit,
such as occurs underneath the monument itself. There are also a few

302 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

granite blocks, and probably all were obtained by the builders from
glacial drift at or near the site, thus obviating the necessity of trans-
portation by human agency.

THE CATHEDKAL OF THE HOLT TRINITY, DOWNTATBICK.

The history of this place commences with St. Patrick, who died
about 493, at Saul, and is said to have been buried here ; though it was
not till many centuries after that his name was added to the original
name of Down, or Dun.

Between the years 904 and 1111 the Danes on seven occasions
plundered and burned Down, when the church shared the same fate.

DOWN CATHEDRAL, WITH CROSS AND BOUND TOWER, AS IT STOOD BEFORE 1790.
(From a Painting in the Vestry-room of the Cathedral.)

In 1137 Malachy O'Morgair, Archbishop of Armagh, retired to the
bishopric of Down, and rebuilt the cathedral.

In 1186 Sir John De Courcy, afterwards created Baron of Kinsale by
King John, restored the great church, changing its name to the dedication
of St. Patrick, it having hitherto been Holy Trinity, and translated into
it the sacred relics of the three saints, Patrick, Columbkill, and Brigid.

In 1204 De Courcy, who had incurred the displeasure of King John,
was treacherously attacked by his enemy De Lacy, while unarmed, and at
his devotions on Good Friday, at the cathedral. De Courcy, in the scuffle,

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304 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

having seized a wooden cross, killed fourteen of his assailants ; but was
eventually seized, and sent to the Tower in London.

In 1210, when King John paid a visit to Down, he conferred certain
rights upon the cathedral.

King Edward Bruce, who invaded Ireland in 1316, took the strong-
hold of Dun ; and the cathedral was plundered and burned.

DOWN CATHEDRAL— BAS-KELIEF BUILT INTO THE AY ALL OF THE VESTIBULE.

Bishop Tiberius, of Dun, who died in 1519, is recorded as having
very much beautified the cathedral.

The last pre -Reformation misfortune that befell the cathedral was in
1538, when Lord Gray, the Lord-Deputy of Ireland, made an incursion
into Ulster, in the course of which he burned the cathedral of Down, and

Dcnvx CATHEDRAL — VIBW FROM THE EAST.

(From a Photo by Mr. R. Welch, M.R.I.A.)

306 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

stabled his horses within its sacred walls. For this and other acts of
sacrilege and rapine, Lord Gray was beheaded two years afterwards on
Tower Hill, in London.

For the next 250 years this ancient church was left a roofless ruin
and waste, and was described from time to time by visitors as being in a
lamentable condition.

In the year 1789 the Earl of Hillsborough set about restoring it. He
was heartily assisted by Dean Annesley, and the clergy and laity of the
county ; and the Irish Parliament granted £1000 to the fund. The total
cost was £11,000. The tower, which was erected through the efforts
of Bishop Mant, and the external adornments, are easily seen to be modern
work.

Three cut-stone and carved niches on the outside over the east
window are traditionally assigned to the three saints whose relics were
placed in the cathedral.

THE CROMWELL MONUMENT. — The only interesting monument now
existing in or about the cathedral is that of the Eight Hon. Edward
Cromwell, Baron Okeham, who died 1607, and of his grandson, the
Hon. Oliver Cromwell, son of the Earl of Ardglass, who died 1668.

Lord Okeham came into Ireland with James I., and had a noble
house of residence at the entrance of this town, which was burned down
by the rebels in 1641. His grave is in the middle of the cathedral, near
the east end, where he was buried ; and the monument was erected during
the time the cathedral was ruinous and waste. The monument was
set in its present position in 1829, on the completion of the tower.

THE ROUND TOWER. — A round tower formerly stood near the south-
west angle of the cathedral, the height of which is given by Ledwich as
66 feet.

In the " Gentleman's Magazine " for 1793 it is recorded : — " Down-
patrick round tower, demolished by some idle persons during the late
election, which was carried on with some animosity, and I am informed
was the occasion of its demolition."

DOWN ABBEY.

Of the various vestiges of mediaeval art workmanship pertaining
to ecclesiastical architecture, which yet remain in the province of
Ulster, the most extensive and complete in their chronological sequence
and association are the unique series of sculpturings in the capitals of the
piers, and pier responds, and other architectural accessories preserved
in the Cathedral of the Holy and Undivided Trinity in Downpatrick.

These sculpturings are representative of various Gothic periods, and,
together with some few scraps of the opus Hibernicum, are the relics of a
once magnificent Benedictine Abbey, and of pre-existent erections on this
classic site ; they are the archaeological flotsam and jetsam of those

PROCEEDINGS.

307

structures which have survived through centuries of disaster and spolia-
tion, and of subsequent neglect and ruin.

The present cathedral, which forms so striking a feature in the various
picturesque views which can be had of Downpatrick, is but a modern
rehabilitation of the eastern arm or choir of the noble Abbey]Minster,
built by De Courcy, which for nigh four hundred years after its
foundation crowned this sacred mound.

In this mediaeval sanctuary De Courcy, with great ceremony, as related
by Camden and by Monk Jocelin, placed the shrine which contained the

DOWNFATKICK ABBKY — ItESPONDS ON EAST AY ALL OF CHANCEL.
(Evidencing the original Clustered Columns of Nave Arcade.)

relics of St. Patrick, St. Erigid, and St. Columba. This shrine was the
handiwork of Donard ; and, there is every reason to believe, was, according
to the custom of the times, placed in the choir of his cathedral, not
exposed in the graveyard outside.

The modern cathedral was commenced in the year 1790, and was
engrafted upon a ruin — the venerable yet sturdy fabric of what, in Bishop
Tiberius' time, was the eastern arm of a gorgeous Abbey Minster,
fully 240 feet long.

Tour
Tour.

f Vo1' xv-» Fifth Series,
.. j Vol xxxy Consec

PROCEEDINGS.

309

It will at once occur to the visitor to inquire, But where is the nave
of the church ? Where are the transepts ? Tradition answers that their
foundations are still under the sod in the adjacent fields and gardens.
They are lying for the most part outside the precincts of the graves; and,
further, there are, to the north-west of the present church-tower, the
foundations, and probably, under the extensive grass- grown mounds, more
than mere foundations, of the chapter-house, refectory, dormitories, and
other structures incidental to one of the most important and extensive

DOWXPATRICK ABBEY — CAPITAL NAVE ARCADE NEAR THE PULPIT.

abbeys in Ireland (see ground-plan). And these exist notwithstanding
that it was the quarry whence was excavated a large portion of the
materials with which, in the last century, many buildings in Down-
patrick were erected. The floor of the choir and sanctuary would have
been the most elevated of all the floor-levels in the church by a number
of steps ; and when we have in the minster at Down deducted the
necessary differences in levels to descend to and reach the probable level

310 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of the floor of the vanished nave, we will be inclined to believe that
the quarry has not by any means been exhausted, more particularly
when we know that part of the quarry which embraced the nave,
probably with crypts, has been buried for two centuries or more in
the accumulation of debris and soil. Examine the plans of other abbey
churches, and observe the ground-plan ; almost invariably in the form of
a Latin cross, of course differing in proportions, but still preserving
the nave, transepts, and choir, and sanctuary. Refer to the plans
of St. Canice's, Kilkenny, Armagh Cathedral, Christ Church, and
St. Patrick's, Dublin, as to the lengths and ground-plans, then consult
Dean Reeves's invaluable work on the antiquities of Down, and learn
that the priors of this great abbey were peers of Ireland, and possessed
fully one-third of the lands of Lecale. Next find the assessed values
and taxation of Down Abbey in the thirteenth century, and we must
conclude that the ruin, one hundred feet long, as given by Harris, very
inadequately represents De Courcy's Abbey Church, which was beautified
and extended by Bishop Tiberius, and which, from its eastern chapel or
sanctuary to its western gable, would, on the most moderate calculation,
reach 240 or 250 feet in length.

The abbey, as the modern cathedral of this diocese is very frequently
called, contains within itself representative specimens and scraps of
almost every epoch of Gothic art, some of which are here illustrated.

For further technical information respecting the archaeology of Down
Abbey, consult a very interesting Paper communicated to the Society, and
given in the Journal of the Society for 1879, vol. xv. ; also an Illustrated
Monograph, published by Mr. J. J. Phillips, of Belfast.

NOTES ON DOWNPATEICK FOBT.

Directly to the north of the cathedral, at a distance of about a
quarter of a mile, the great Fort of Downpatrick occurs. It is the fort
par excellence of the county, and one of the most extensive ancient earthen-
works in Ireland. The site is somewhat exceptional, being the low and
often-flooded meadow-land flanking the Quoil. Ancient earth fortifica-
tions of this kind usually occupy commanding or elevated sites ; but this
fort is itself overlooked by the high ground on which the city of
Downpatrick is built.

The fort has been of importance from a very early date, and is
frequently referred to in the " Annals of the Four Masters," and other
historic documents. The late Mr. J. W. Hanna, of Downpatrick, in his
lectures on "The History and Antiquities of Downpatrick," makes the
following reference : — " About the commencement of the Christian era, a
warrior called Celtchair na g-cath, ' Celtchur of the battles,' one of the
heroes of the Red Branch, and a companion of Connor Mac Ness, King of
Ulster, resided here ; and his abode is supposed to have been the large,

PROCEEDINGS.

311

earthen fort which, with its extensive entrenchments, lies close to the
cathedral on the north. From him the spot was called Aras Cealtchair,
* The habitation of Celtchar.' This old name was not entirely abandoned
at the time of the English Invasion, for in a charter of John De Courcy
mention is niade of the l Ecclesia Sancta Trinitatis in Rathkelter.' Subse-
quently the rath was referred to under the denomination, Dun-da-lethglas,
the explanation of which has engaged the attention of some historical
-writers."

GENERAL VIEW OF DOWNPATRICK FORT, LOOKING SOUTH-WEST.
(From a Photograph by Mr. W. Gray.)

The earthworks are oval in plan, the major axes being about 700 feet,
running north and south, the average width being about 550 feet. The
works are surrounded by a trench and mound, the latter being about 50 feet
high to the south, and sinking gradually to the north boundary, which
in ancient times was defended by the River Quoil. The enclosed oval
space within the rath is a few feet above the level of the surrounding
marshy lands. The dun, or fort, proper, which is about 60 feet high,
occupies the south of the oval, and is surrounded by a fosse or trench.
The fort can be readily reached by a path at the rear of the courthouse.

312 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

DESCRIPTION OF THE CASTLE OF DTJNLUCE, CO. ANTRIM.

(July 6th, 1905.}

HHHE Castle of Dunluce rises from a precipitous basaltic rock projecting
into the sea, and so steeply scarped on the land side that access
can only be obtained by a narrow bridge formed of the remaining wall,
which carried a gangway in former times over the chasm. There is a
remarkable cave underneath the rock, which gives a fine echo when the-
sea is calm.

From the association of the Celtic words Dun and Lids, or IAS, it is
probable that a primitive fort occupied the rock ; but nothing is known
of its history till the time of the M'Quillans, who resided here in the
sixteenth century.

DUNLUCE CASTLE.

From the drawings of the castle originally made by the late George
Du Noyer, and reproduced by Mr. Robert Young in his paper given in
1885 before the Society, it can be seen that the main fortress was confined
to the rock itself, and the southern and eastern sides were most strongly
protected. Entrance was only obtained by a narrow way which leads to
the barbican, with its corbelled bartizans of a Scotch character. From
this tower a curtain wall extends on the edge of the cliff to the circular
bastion known as McQuillan's Tower. On the eastern side is Queen

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314 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Mab's Tower. The principal apartment was the great hall, lighted by
large bays facing the castle yard. All the walls are of rough basalt
masonry, with sandstone dressings, sparingly used. None of the build-
ings seem older than the sixteenth century ; but some of the walls may
have undergone alterations, covering up older work. The group of
buildings on the mainland is much later than those on the rock, and
was probably built after the fall into the sea of the kitchen offices
during the occupancy of Randal MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim, and his
wife, Catherine Manners, widow of the Duke of Buckingham, about 1640.
This lady decorated the adjacent church with a painted ceiling studded
with gilt stars. The family seat was removed to Ballymagarry, about a
mile inland, soon after the Restoration ; but this mansion was burned
down in 1750, since which time Glenarm Castle has been occupied by
the MacDonnells.

Space does not suffice to describe the many stirring incidents which
have taken place at Dunluce. It was held by the M'Quillans, who con-
tested the surrounding country with the O'Cahans and MacDonnells.
Shane O'Neill took the castle in 1565 from the Antrim and Cantyre
Scots. Sir John Perrot, Lord Deputy, besieged it a few years later ; and
it was restored, however, to Sorley Boy MacDonnell in 1586. He fortified
it with some of the Spanish cannon taken from the Gerona, one of the
Armada, which went ashore near Port Ballantrae.

In 1642, General Monro treacherously seized the noble owner of the
castle, and held him as a prisoner at Carrickfergus ; but he escaped, and
was created Marquis of Antrim by King Charles I.

There was a town of Dunluce ; and some tombstones of the Scotch
settlers are still to be found at the little ruined church. It is said
that a token was struck by one of the Dunluce merchants.

PROCEEDINGS.

315

CABRICKFERGUS, BALLYGALLY, AND LARNE]

(July 7th, 1905.)

CARRICKFERGTTS.

rFHE WALL AND CASTLE. — Carrickfergus still retains traces of the a high-
walled " city, and the martial conditions of a fortified town of the
Middle Ages. Leaving the station, we enter the town through the old
gate, which was the chief land entrance to this "Key to the North."
This gate has been badly handled in the course of time, and is now a
poor representation of what it must have been in mediaeval times. The
line of wall in which this gate stood can still be traced to a fair
extent ; and at its north-west angle of the town a large portion is still in
excellent preservation, including an angle-bastion of no mean order.

CAKWCKFliKGUS CASTLii.

Carrickfergus claims an ancient and stormy history ; and its position
of importance was early recognized by the Anglo-Norman adventurers
who sought to make the place their base of operations. Hugh de Lacy,
whose piety prompted him to build the church, also erected the castle — a
fine example of a Norman fortress ; and from its position on a basaltic
dyke on the sea- shore, it was not only an almost impregnable stronghold,
but one of much picturesqueness ; and it boasts of an unbroken line of
military occupation from its foundation to the present time, It contains,
as most Norman keeps did, a small chapel ; but, with the exception of a
fragment of a window-jamb, all architectural detail of interest has
vanished.

PROCEEDINGS. 317

The history of this castle is full of stirring events, and vicissitudes of
capture and recapture. It witnessed the landing of William III., who
made it his base of action against James II.

The last episode occurred about one hundred and forty years ago,
when the French, under Thurot, took the castle, plundered it, and then
demanded and received supplies from Belfast, and sailed away on the
approach of the English reinforcements ; but the triumph was short, and
the u Mareschal " was taken off the Isle of Man. The notorious privateer,
Paul Jones, whose remains were this year discovered in Paris, success-
fully attacked H.M.S. " Drake," off Carrick, on 24th April, 1778. The
castle is still regarded as of sufficient importance to receive a shot or two
of blank cartridge during the naval manoeuvres, when it is supposed to
surrender, much to the disgust of the Antrim militia, who occupy it.

ST. NICHOLAS' CHUECH. — Of the original " foundation" of this church
little is known. No doubt a church of some kind existed here at an early
period ; but not until the thirteenth century do we find any trustworthy
evidence. The Franciscan Priory of Carrickfergus, which stood where the
old gaol now is, was founded in 1232 by Hugh De Lacy, who was buried
in the priory in 1243. In 1872 Sir Thomas Drew effected some slight
improvements, and, at the request of the late Bishop Knox, investi-
gated this church. The Chichester family altered the church, and erected
a monument to the founder of their house in this country, which is a
good example of Jacobean work. This monument is worth more than a
passing notice, as it is equal, if not superior, to any of its contemporaries.
In 1754 the chancel roof fell in. In 1778 the present tower and spire
were erected. In 1787 the vestry was added. In 1812 the western
roof fell in. " In 1830 the north transept was opened again to the
church by Lord Donegall, when it was fitted as free seats for the poor."

BALLYGALLY.

After a pleasant drive along the Antrim coast road Ballygally
"Castle" is reached, situate midway between Lame and Glenarm.
The date of its erection is fixed by the inscription to be seen over the
original entrance-door : —

1625

GODIS PEOVIDENS IS MY
INHEEITANS.

The doorway is partly covered by modern additions. The great
thickness of the walls can best be seen in the present drawingroom
window recess. The angle turrets, when their loopholes were open,
completely commanded the wall faces on every side ; they are the only
interesting features of the building. The structure was described in
detail by Mr. W. J. Fennell on the occasion of the visit.

318 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

NOTES ON THE RAISED BEACH AT LARNE, COUNTY ANTRIM.

The peninsula known as '.' The Curran," at Larne, is formed of beds
of gravel, constituting a " Raised Beach," and should be of special
interest to the members of the Society, in consequence of the enormous
quantity of worked flints the gravels have yielded, and the discussions
the discovery have given rise to.

The progress of the railway -works at Larne Harbour exposed the
gravels ; and by the courtesy of the Engineer of the Northern Counties
Railway, every facility was given for the investigation of the gravels.

The Secretary and Members of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club
had hitherto been the explorers, and with increased opportunities for
examination had maintained that the worked flints were confined to the
surface or upper layers, and were not mixed through the gravels ; whereas
O. V. Du Noyer, Mr. Archer, Mr. Knowles, and other authorities con-
tended that the worked flints were distributed through the gravels from
the surface to the base, or for a thickness of 19 feet. It was further
suggested that the gravels were derived from re-assorted Boulder Clay,
and that the worked flints should be referred to an age even antecedent
to the Paleolithic Age.

The worked flints collected from the gravels were chiefly very rudely
formed flakes, while well-formed specimens, rough cores, and celts were
rare. Hammers, pottery, and the other objects usually found at ancient
settlements were absent.

As the conflict of opinions entertained with reference to the gravels
could only be adjusted by a systematic examination, a committee repre-
senting the conflicting opinions was formed for the purpose in April,
1884, by the Field Club; and, accordingly, on 29th May, 1886, and
following three days, a careful examination was made, with the result
that the gravels were proved to be a stratified raised beach, and as there
were no worked flints found below the surface-beds, the majority of the
members held that the gravels were deposited before the advent of man.
(See "Annual Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field
€lub," series ii., vol. ii., part vii.)

Members of the committee returning to the section, after consultation
on the day of the investigation, found a single flake at the foot of the
cutting, which at the time was supposed to have fallen from the top
during the deliberation of the committee. This circumstance gave rise
to further discussion, and a second examination was projected, which
took place on 27th May, 1889, and following days. The conclusions of
this investigating committee are embodied in a full report published in
the " Annual Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field
Club," 1880-90, series ii., vol. iii., part iii., from which we gather that
" The Curran gravels form a stratified deposit extending over a consider-
able area, and possessing at each point the same characters. .

PROCEEDINGS.

319

" They consist of beds of gravel and sand, which rest unconformably
on one another, the whole series resting on Estuarian clay.

" The worked flints which the gravels contain consist almost entirely
of rude flakes, and occur chiefly on the surface of the deposit. They
decrease rapidly in quantity through the upper bed of gravel, and are
nearly absent from the sandy layers ; and in the lower gravels they occur
sparingly throughout the bed down to a depth of 20 feet below the
surface, where the Estuarian clay begins."

The illustration given below shows the general character of the
gravels, and how the upper beds rest uncoiiformably on the lowest.

GKAVEL ESCARPMENT— KAISED BEACH— AT THE CUKUAX, LARNE.

THE JOURNAL

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES

OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1 905.

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART IV., VOL, XXXV.

THE DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, MASONS,
AND HELIERS,1 IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

BY HENRY F. BERRY, I.S.O., M.R.I.A.
[Read OCTOBER 3, 1905.]

^po those interested in the early history of our city gilds, the fact that
the first volume of proceedings of the Dublin Gild of Carpenters,
&c., is now of record in the muniment room of the Corporation, should be
matter of congratulation. It appears to have lain for a number of years
unused and practically perdu among the MSS. of the late Sir John Gilbert,
until its purchase, with a number of others, by the Corporation. The
Town Clerk and Mr. M'Evoy, keeper of the muniments, most courteously
afforded me every facility for consulting the MS., and from its contents,
with some aid from other original sources, I now lay before the members
of our Society the story of the early days of this Dublin fraternity.

The volume is 13 inches in length, 9 inches in breadth, and 1 inch
thick, and is written on thin paper. The handwriting throughout is
bad, and the register appears to have been entered up by uneducated
persons. The book consists of 85 folios, and 3 fragments, the pages being

1 From Me, ' to cover or conceal ' ; Anglo-Saxon, helan. Heliers, or tilers, are
now represented by slaters.

T „„ p c A T $ Vol. xv., Fifth Series. ) 7

J ur.K.a.A.i.f Vol XXXVt> Consec. Ser. f

322 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

numbered from 15 to 206, though many of them are wanting. The earliest
entry is dated 1513, and the latest 1564. The first page at present
extant is numbered 15 ; but the earliest events recorded in the history of
the gild are to be found in what is now p. 95. The leaves had evidently
become loose, and must have been put together again by an unskilled
hand, or under the guidance of one unable to decipher the handwriting.

As will be supposed, the carpenters' gild, in early times, was by no
means an influential or wealthy association, such ;is the merchants' or
goldsmiths' became ; but some of the entries in the volume throw light,
hitherto withheld, on a special class of workmen in our city, at a period
when materials for the illustration of their social life, their relation to
employers, and the class of work on which they were engaged, are very
scanty.

The available notices of members of the carpenters' trade prior to the
establishment of the gild by charter of King Henry the Seventh are few.
In the Dublin Boll of Names,1 ascribed to the twelfth century, appear —
" William ; Elias of Bare wee ; Kobert ; Kichard ; Roger ; Herbert ; Hugh
and Turstan, carpenters; and Robert, a mason." Among the free citizens
of Dublin, 1225-1250, are named Ivor, carpenter; and Nicholas de
Covintre, mason. A Christ Church deed of A.D. 1247 (No. 55) mentions
Robert ; H. ; and Gilbert, carpenters.

In August, 1366, the Dublin city assembly2 ordained that every
carpenter, mason, helier, and potter, being masters, might make agree-
ment with any requiring them, to work by the day, for '2d. and dinner
"only.; on feast days, nothing. For their apprentice and man, as much as
their work was worth.

The statute of servants and labourers, enacted in England in 1349,
which was transmitted by writ of King Edward III. to the mayor
and bailiffs of Dublin, for observance here, and which is enrolled in the
Liber Albus of the Corporation (fol. 91 #), provided that carpenters,
masons, tilers (amongst other craftsmen), should not take for their labour
and craft beyond what was accustomed to be paid to such in the twentieth
year of the King, and other preceding ordinary years, in the places in
which they happened to work ; and if any took more, he was to be
committed to the nearest gaol.

'A statute, enacted in England 12 Richard II. (1388), provided that
master masons of free stone, master carpenters of free work, able to be
masters of their art, were to take for the whole day 2d., and other masters
of said arts by the day, 2d. ; and others of said arts by the day, l%d.
Master heliers of slate ; master plasterers of walls, 2d. Heliers of
stone, workers of walls, and other labourers able to serve the artificers
aforesaid, by the day. Id. These regulations to hold only on working

1 Gilbert's " Historic and Municipal Records of Dublin."

2 " Chain Book of the Corporation," fol. 15*.

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, ETC. 323

days; nothing to be paid on holydays, and half -pay for half-a-day,
without other reward or courtesy, by agreement. This will be found in
the Liler Albus of the Corporation, fol. 91, having been transmitted, no
doubt, under a writ for observance in this country.

Among the gilds appointed to take part in the pageant to be enacted
on the festival of Corpus Christi, 1498,1 are found the smiths, sheermen,
bakers, slaters, cooks, and masons, who were told off to represent Pharaoh
and his host. The skinners, house carpenters, tanners, and embroiderers
were to enact the flight into Egypt, wherein a camel was to appear, on
which were to be seated our Lady and child, well apparelled, with
St. Joseph leading the camel ; Moses, with the children of Israel ; and the
porters were to bear the camel.

The earliest entries in the Assembly Rolls of admissions of members
of these crafts to the city franchise are as follows : —

1469. John Regane, mason, sp. grace.

1470. Peter White, carpenter, appce.
1475. William Brown, carpenter (in

right of his wife).

1476. Nicholas Talbot, carpenter,2 sp.

grace.

1477. David Wallyse, carpenter, appce.
1483. John Walshe, carpenter, appce.

,, Edward Tallon, carpenter, appce.

These admissions — only seven in number — appear to be few in the
•course of nearly fifteen years.

In 1469, John Roche, teyller (or helier),3 was to have the Dame's
gate to farm for thirty years, provided he made a roof of oak over it, and
"hellot" it with slates. He was to pay 4d. yearly rent, and act as
porter of the gate.

In the Patent Roll of the Chancery of Ireland, 26 Elizabeth (m. 9),
is enrolled a memorandum to the following effect : — On the 26 February,
1583 (26 Eliz.), there was shown before the Right Rev. father in God,
Adam, lord archbishop of Dublin, and lord chancellor of Ireland, by the
master and wardens of the Corporation of Carpenters of the city of Dublin,
a writing, formally written in Chancery hand, and by them alleged to be
their charter ; not having the great seal thereunto, yet bearing the print
of a part of a seal of credit, most likely seeming and to be thought to
be the privy signet, used in that time ; which writing or charter said
master and wardens humbly requested to be enrolled, and thereupon an
exemplification to be made, which accordingly was granted by the said
lord chancellor. An abstract of the charter follows —

Henry [the Seventh], King of England and France, and lord
of Ireland, with the consent of Gerald, earl of Kildare, deputy of
Ireland, for the honour of God, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and St. Thomas
the Martyr, and all saints, and with a view of fulfilling the pious
proposal and wholesome intention of Walter [Fitzsymons], archbishop

1 " Chain Book of the Corporation," fol. 56i. 2 Named in the Charter of 1508
3 Gilbert's " Corporation Records," vol. i., p. 336.

324 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

of Dublin, Gerald, earl of Kildare, and Gerald, his son, Treasurer
of Ireland, "Walter [Walsh], abbot of the House of St. Thomas the
Martyr, Dublin ; John, abbot of the House of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
near Dublin ; and Richard Skyret, prior of the cathedral church of the
Holy Trinity, Dublin ; Nicholas de St. Laurence, lord of Howth ; Thomas
Plunket, chief justice of the Common Bench, Ireland ; Thomas Kent,
chief baron of the Exchequer in Ireland; Edmund Golding, gentleman,
and Nicholas Yale, James Heyne, Nicholas Talbott, George Wttlshe, John
Blake, carpenters ; John Cougane, "William Lywan,1 carpenters ; Donald
Swarthe, miller; Gori2 Bartholomee, Thomas O'Mony, masons, and
Richard Dromyng, John O'tole, John O'tole, junior ; William Callan,
Cornell Obyn,3 mason ; granted to them license to call themselves the
Fraternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the House of St. Thomas the
Martyr, near Dublin, and they were to have their fraternities or gilds
according to the faculties of the arts of carpenters, millers, masons, and
heliers. Women as well as men to be members ; and each year on the
day following the feast of the assumption of the B. V. M., in a place
within the parish of St. Katherine, which might seem best, the fra-
ternity was to meet for the election of a master and wardens for the
ensuing year. They had also license to hold lands and tenements, and to
have a common seal ; to sue and be sued as the master and wardens of
the gild of St. Mary.

Moreover, the gild was empowered to enquire from time to time of
all extortions and defects in the art or mystery of carpenters, millers,
masons, and heliers, within the city and suburbs. The keeper of the
prison of the city of Dublin was to receive and keep all prisoners sent to
him under warrant of the master and wardens. The gild to have full
knowledge of all pleas, trespasses, debts, accounts, contracts, falsities,
&c., between them, their servants and apprentices, and any persons
whatsoever.

Apprentices to be free, of the English nation, and of good conversation,,
and to be bound for seven years, under indentures, which were to be
enrolled by the clerk of the gild, he receiving half a mark for the use of
the gild. On having served seven years, the apprentice might be brought
by his master and the gild to the gildhall of the city, to be admitted to
the freedom of the same. None were to be admitted to said arts or to
the freedom of the city, without assent of the master and wardens ; and
none were to use said arts within the city or suburbs, unless they, on
due consideration, found him fit to exercise same.

The gild had license to appoint a clerk, and as many servants and
beadles as they thought necessary. During their term of office, the
master and wardens were not to be put in assizes, juries, attainders, or
inquisitions.

1 « Lowan ' in Gild Book. - Called ' Gowery mason ' in Gild Book.

3 ' Bryne ' in Gild Book.

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, ETC. 325

This charter bears date at Dublin, 10th March, in the 23rd year of
King Henry VII. (1508) ; and, in pursuance of its provisions, the gild
got into working order at once ; but it is to be regretted that the
earlier pages of the first journal of proceedings have disappeared. The
earliest entry now extant was made on St. Francis's Day, 4 Hen. VIII.
(1513).

Prom an entry of 21 Feb. 1523, it appears that the officers of the gild
were chosen in the Lady chapel in the church of St. Thomas court abbey,
in presence of the abbot and a number of the members of the fraternity,
thus fulfilling the provision in their charter, that they were to meet for
elections within the parish of St. ^Catherine.

The following are the terms of the oath taken by the brethren on
admission : —

" Syr, ye shall swer by thys booke that ye schall be trew to or sourent
lorde the kyng that now ys hys heyrys and successors, feythfull and trew
to the master and wardens and brethyr of the fraternitie and yeld (gild)
that now ys and to ther successors ; ye shall kepe your quarter days and all
other swmnys (summons) ye schall mekly obey and aunsuar : ye schall be
obedyent to the masted and wardens that now ys and to their successors,
ther secret cwnsayll ye schall kepe, all lefull statutys and good ordynacons
made or to be made, ye schall them kepe and manten to yor power, ye
schall suffyr noo man doe noo hurte to thys fratrnyte or yeld by yor
power byt schall let and yf ye know any mane doyng any hurte to thys
frat : or yeld ye schall gyw reuelacyon to the master and wardens for
the tym beyng, and all othyr thyngs consrnyng the welthe and pfyt of
thys fraternyte or yeld ye schall hold yow ther anent, soo God ye helpe
and hallydom, and by thys booke ye wyll."

In 1517, Barnaby Eelde, a mason, was sworn on a book to observe
and keep the statutes and laudable customs of the carpenters' gild ;
firstly, he was to pay 6s. Sd. for his ingress, so that he should not
occupy two crafts, and should he do so, he was to double the money of his
ingress, so that he occupied not the "Kerwers" craft, as John Kerwers
did. It is not easy to determine the exact fees paid on entrance to the
gild, or whether the different crafts of which it consisted contributed
different amounts. In 1517, a helier paid 6s. Sd. for ingress, while
in 1529, a carpenter paid 5s. In 1537, Philip Hensey, whose trade
is not mentioned, had to pay 10s. Irish, by three instalments of 3*. 4d.
each, and to supply 1 Ib. of wax to repair the light.

There is a notice of a brother being brought to the Tholsel, to receive
the freedom of the city, on penalty of losing his membership ; this would
be done, in fulfilment of the clause in the charter which bound those who
had served their full term to be so brought to the gild-hall.

Certain statutes or ordinances enacted in the early stages of the gild's
history will serve as guides to its constitution and working.

In 1513, it was resolved, with the common consent of all the brethren,

326 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

that if any con- brother brought in or hired for pay any foreigner to work
with him within the said city or franchise, when he might have employed
a con-brother of the fraternity, the penalty was to be 3*. 4d. • he was also
to pay for the foreigner brought in, 4d. per quarter for quarterage. In
1516, it was resolved that if any con-brother defamed or blamed the
master, for the time being, he was to pay 6s. 8d. Irish to the box of the
gild ; 4Qd. in case of any disrespect to the wardens.

Should the master or wardens not appear on any of the four quarter
days in the year, in the place assigned, unless for just cause, they were to
pay in punishment of their contumacy 1 Ib. wax to the light of the
B.V.M. of said gild. No delay was to be suffered in payment of this
wax. It was also resolved that it should be lawful for the master and
wardens to levy their penalties, and to take pledges and security for
payment, and to enter the houses or workshops of those contumacious,
for the purpose of taking pledges, &c. Did any presume to resist, and
hinder the officers of the gild in collecting and levying same, he was to
pay 6s. 8d. to the box of our Lady of the gild.

In 37 Henry VIII., Patrick Fouyrte was sworn to abide the award of
John Low, carpenter, and John Monsell, helier, who awarded that
Patrick Boshell, master, should admit him journeyman helier, and that
he should take no new work in hand, nor pay wages to any journeyman,
until such time as he should become a freeman of Dublin, and a brother
of the occupation : he was to pay to the saint 1 Ib. wax, on being
admitted a brother.

In addition to carpenters, heliers, and masons, millers formed an
integral portion of the body corporate ; but between the years 1522 and
1536 the names of only four members of that trade appear, viz., John
Blake, miller; Downyll miller, who appears in the charter as "Donald
Swarthe, miller " ; Morghe Coone, and David Murghan, of Donnybrook.

From the foundation of the fraternity up to 1556, the master and one of
the wardens were almost invariably carpenters, while the second warden
was always a helier; these two crafts, then, practically ruled the frater-
nity, the masons and millers not forming any element in the governing
body. In 1556, a joiner, and in 1560, a miller, was one of the wardens.
During 1558-9-60, William Dowgan, a mason, acted as master, and
during 1560-1, Tade helier was elected to that office, a carpenter and
miller being his wardens. Following the notice of Tade helier' s election
is a memorandum to the effect that none of the brethren were against
his being master, save Martin More and Edmond Tue, who were both
carpenters.

On 20th June, 1537, James Kelly, of Trim, a painter, was admitted
to the brotherhood ; no fine is mentioned, so it is possible he may have
obtained his freedom by special grace, or painters may have been allowed
entrance among carpenters. In the previous year, a sum of £4 was paid
to James "peyntor" (probably one and the same person) for painting

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLEKS, ETC. 327

our Lady's tabernacle ; he was also paid 2s. 8d. for nails, spikes, cements,
and other things.

The name of only one sister — Margaret Herforde, " soror istius
yelde" — appears in the lists; and in 1536 she paid I2d. to the master.

The earliest list of members of the gild gives the sums due for
quarterages from Hallowtide to Candlemas, 1514 : —

Bony 11 carpenter.
John Blake.1
Nicholas Andrew.
Patrick White.
William Wydon.
Dawy Dowson.
Thomas Whyte.
Richard Walch.
Nicholas Smyth.
John Bondfeld.
Bren Hely.
John Nugent.
William Low an.1

In 1521 the members were : —

John Kelle.
James Heyn.
Richard Walche.
Patrick Tawrner.
Donald carpenter.
Nicholas Smyth.
Robert carpenter.
Thomas Whytt.
Philip helier.
John Blake.
John O'towll, helier.
Denis Obrune.
John Her ford.
Dermot Fowlan.
William Herle.
Peter Broth yr.
Nicholas Launday.
John Kelle, helier.
William Morrow.
Patrick Boyxe.

John Whyte.
Edmond Wydynton.
Patrick Boyse.
Gowrey Bertylman, mason.2
Thomas Money, mason.1
John Otoyll, helier. »
John Otoyll [jun.], helier.1
Philip Bruen, helier.
William Erie, helier.
John Herford, helier.
John White, helier.
John Mory, helier.
Thomas Byan, helier.

John Denowll.

Thomas Byan.

Walter Chednor.

Bren O'Hely.

Nicholas Androw.

William Wydon.

Patrick Whytt.

James Lange.

John Gryffyn.

Patrick Bochell.

Richard Walche, jun.

Thomas Kerdyffe, carpenter.

MASONS.

Gourey mason.

Barnabe Felde.

Dermot McClanchy, mason.

Edmond Wydyntoun.

These lists show that masons were few in number as compared with the
other craftsmen who composed the gild. The preponderance of members
of the carpenters' and heliers' crafts may possibly be partly accounted
for by the circumstance that so large a number of the old city houses
were constructed of wood. A strong reason for the small number of

1 In Charter.

2 Appears in the Charter as " Gori Bartholomee." In 1477, Isabella Bartholomew,
daughter of a freeman, was admitted to the franchise of the city (Gilbert's "Corpora-
tion Records ").

328 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

masons within the gild will, perhaps, be found in the fact that it was
customary at the time for masons to form into bands and companies, that
worked together under master masons, and the members of these roving
companies would not be enrolled as freemen of the city gild. It is also
noticeable that, in some instances, the craftsmen were familiarly known
by the name of the trade to which they belonged. Thus, Gowrey
Bartholomew, in nearly every instance in which he is mentioned, is
called Gowrey mason ; Robert carpenter's name was Heny or Hyny ;
Philip helter's surname was Brune (Browne). In later lists of names,
Donald miller was Donald Swarthe.

The journal and accounts of Sir Peter Lewys,1 precentor and proctor
of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin (a MS. in Trinity College Library,
classed E. 3. 21), kept in 1564-5, during repairs of that church, are full
of information on these points. Lewys nearly always describes the
workmen in his employment by their particular trade, and in the accounts,
smith, helier, are used as surnames. We also meet with Fefdoragh
mason,2 who, from a later entry, appears to have been named O'Roertie ;
Dermott mason, andBrene mason. Ferdoragh appears to be the only one
of Lewys' workmen whose name is in the Carpenters' Gild Book. Sir
Peter Lewys is assumed to have employed a company of masons under a
master mason named Hanris, he himself acting in the capacity of " master
of the work."

In the Gild Book are also named Morryshe joiner, u Gylcryste," and
" Gregory," who were journeymen heliers, and Perroke carpenter, servant
to John Low ; Philip, servant to Tadey Conwe, and Thomas, servant to
William Trasse, are also included among the members of the fraternity.

In 1522 the gild consisted of 33 carpenters ?md heliers, and 4 masons.
In 1547, 33 carpenters, 24 journeymen carpenters, 10 heliers, and 5
journeymen heliers. In 1555, 34 carpenters, 19 journeymen carpenters,
9 masons, and 6 joiners. In 1560, 16 carpenters, 11 journeymen
carpenters, 6 joiners, 5 heliers, 3 journeymen heliers, and 1 mason, whose
name was John Clowdyshe. The few millers belonging to the gild were
not separately classed, but appear among the carpenters.

A few of the entries in the volume of proceedings throw some light
on the relations existing between the members of the gild. During the
mastership of Patrick Tanner in 1537, " discord " arose between Patrick
Boshell and William Trasse, carpenters, as to the making of the roof of
Esker Church, it appearing that though the former had a promise of the
contract, the latter did the work. Boshell complained to the master and

1 See Papers on them (Journal, 1896, p. 136; and 1901, p. 99), by Mr. James
Mills, M.R.I. A. ; also " Sir Peter Lewys and his Company of Masons, 1564-1567,
by H. F. Berry (" Trans. Quatuor Coronati Lodge," 1902, p. 4).

2 See " The Master Masons to the Crown of Scotland," by the Rev. R. S. Mylne.
In the Dunkeld bridge accounts, Robert mason, mason, Donald sawer, and John
Querreor, hewer, are mentioned. These are equivalent to Geoffrey the mason, mason,
noted in Miss M. Bateson's "Records of the Borough of Leicester."

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, ETC. 329

wardens, who ruled that the parties should abide the arbitration of John
Rede, William Morane, and the clerk of the gild. The arbitrators decided
that Trasse had broken their statutes, and he was ordered to pay a fine
of 3*. 4d. to the gild, a like sum to Boshell, and he was sworn to perform
the terms of the award. Prom this, it is to be inferred that Esker Church
was roofed with wood.

In 1515 Tauerner complained to the gild that Tade helier (whose
surname was Clowan) employed himself in the carpenters' craft, which,
of course, was an offence ; but no further notice of the case appears.
In 1557 it was agreed that Dermot Dowortie, carpenter, should not do
any mason work within the franchise of Dublin. In November of that
year, four men, viz. : John Lowe, carpenter, William Dowgan, mason,
Philip Butler, joiner, and Thade Convey, helier, were chosen by the gild
to appear and answer in all assemblies for the occupations comprised
in it.

A case of the use of slanderous words by a brother is recorded in
1514, when a day was assigned to Philip Bruen, helier, to appear at
St. Thomas' Court ; he refused to appear, and by judgment of the
brethren present, was fined a noble. At midsummer, 1527, John
Murre, for disobedience to the wardens, was fined 4.0d.

Occasionally are found entries concerning the arrest of offending
members. In 1531 the costs for arrest and entering plaint against
Walter Chatnor were 6<?., and a like sum — 2d. for arrest, and 4d. for
plaint — is entered for process against Philip Brune. For arrest of
Richard Brune and John Monselde, 2d. each. The former owed 6s. Wd.
and 1 Ib. Avax, for arrears of ingress and quarterage. One Thomas Dufe
was summoned to appear at St. Patrick's, but the brethren were generally
summoned to the Tholsel. . In 1554, in the case of John Tolle, the
cause stated for arrest of his goods is that he was in the gild's debt for
" our Lady's duty."

In 1553 is given a list of eighteen members whom the beadle was to
warn as to sums due by them, and on default they were each to forfeit
1 Ib. wax. The beadle himself, in case of his not giving the required
warning, was to pay a similar fine. In 1559 serjeant Barnabe Reylie
was paid 2d. for bringing John Evans, carpenter, and Robert carpenter,
before the mayor, and serjeant Henry Ardaghe Sd. for arrest of said
brethren.

In a few instances information is afforded as to the relations between
masters and their apprentices. In 1553, Murdoghe Archebolde became
apprentice to Philip Butler for six years, and one year of service. When
William Sclattyr became apprentice in 1546, he agreed to serve for
eight years. A difference arose between John Lowe, of Dublin, car-
penter, and an apprentice of his named Dermott Courte, and Hugh, said
John Lowe's "leader." The matter was submitted to the arbitration of
John Rede and Patrick Crosbye, as " awardsmen," who awarded that if

330 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

said Dermott "ever did the like part again" (the offence is not specified),
one of his ears was to he slit, and he was to have forty days' imprison-
ment. Should the said leader do the like again, he was to forfeit a
noble, and undergo a similar term of imprisonment.

On 5th April, 1564, an enquiry (or "quest," as it was called) into
the concerns of the fraternity seems to have been instituted by the
brethren themselves, as the names appended are all those of members.
Its object is stated to have been "to enquire upon all that do entrude
on the occupations contrary to our composition." Matthew Moore was
master, John Whytt and Christopher Edyan were wardens at the time
of the enquiry.

The following is a short summary of its scope : —

You shall choose a master.

You shall enquire for lands, possessions, duties, goods, services, &c.

For the seal, to trust it in custody of the master and wardens.

To enquire of all trespasses by us or any of us done in the' city or
suburbs ; also all complaints, and to determine damages of complainants.

As to the keeper of the Newgate releasing prisoners without warrant
of the master and wardens.

Whether they have a clerk to write all their acts.

As to contraventions of the statutes.

The names appended are : —

Tade Conve, Patrick Nolane, Nicholas Nycoll, joiner, Edmond Tue,
carpenter, Eobert Shell, miller, William Travers, carpenter, Mat. Kenan,
joiner, John Clowdishe, mason, Daue Williams, mason, Patrick Hartt,
helier, William Tancard, helier, Hew Meye carpenter, John Eeylye,
cooper, John Eogers, Thomas Kenedy, carpenter, Nych. Langan.

In 15551 the Dublin city assembly ordained that a master mason,
master carpenter, and so the masters of every occupation should have by
the day, without meat and drink, I5d. ; the journeymen, I2d. ; the
apprentice, Wd. With meat and drink, the master was to have by the
day, 6d. ; the journeyman, 4d., and the apprentice, 3d. Every labourer
was to have by the day, without meat and drink, 7£^., and with meat
and drink, 3d. Should any within the franchise of the city take more
than here ordered, he was to forfeit half the sum taken by him, and the
giver to forfeit as much, half to go to the accuser or informer, and half
to the treasurer of the city.

Some extracts from the gild accounts are subjoined : —

Memorandum that the master of the Carpenters hath on St. Francis'
day, 4 Henry VIII., in wax, vij Ib.

Nicholas Talbot, master of the Carpenters' Gild, has weighed the day
of St. Mathew, and made a clean count about the gild of our Lady,
himself and his warden: —

1 Gilbert's " Corporation Records," vol. i., p. 452.

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, ETC. 331

Imprimis, 3 stone lakyne, 3 pounds of wax.

item. 2 stone lakyne, 2 pounds of wax.

item, paid for tallow : paid for " veyng" and writing, 3d.

Memorandum that these be the debts owing to the Carpenters' Gild —

John Otyll, the eldest, I2d. in wax 1 Ib.

John Herfforte,

Breyn O'hely, for his quarterage, 2d., in wax 3 Ib.

said Bryn for failing his quarter day. 1 Ib. wax.

Memorandum that these be the receipts that I, John helier, received
when I was warden.

John helier of St. Owyn's parish, ijs. iiij<?.

received of John helier of St. Nicholas parish

John Herford, Philip Bryn.

For wax in St. Patrick's St. before James Heyn, vij^.

Item at Nicholas Hancock's stall.

Sum that John helier hath paid upon our Lady's Gild.

John Herford of the " Shep " Street.

For making of two prickets cont. lu iii quart.

Our Lady's eve to the wax maker, ijd.

Item to the archdeacon, iiij^.

Item of John helier of St. Towyng's (Owen's) parish, ijd.

"William Erlle of St. Katherine's parish, i]d.

Memorandum this is the cost that the master of the Carpenters have
done on the wax making.

In wood and grease, vjr?.

For meat and drink, vjd.

To the woman that made the wax, xiiij^.

For our wages, v]d.

John Noggent has paid to Nicholas Talbot, master of the Carpenters,,
iijs. iiijrf.

Item, the warden of the heliers has bought in wax v pounds.

John Herfort has paid a groat for duty.

19 Henry VIII. (1528).

For a lock to the box and both the keys, xij<?.

ijlb* wax, ijs.

for a lead " vade," iijd.

The more part for the making of the wax, xij*?. Meat and drink,,
xxxixf?. wood, iiijd. jlb wax, xij^. butter, Id. at night, iiij<£.
vj pounds wax, vjs. vj stones of resin, iij*. ix^. " werdecrys," xijc?.
for the workmanship, xx<7. Meat and drink at the work doing, iijs. ix«L
wicks, x<#.

332 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

1517. To master Benet, writer, vjd.

1531. For old torches sold to the proctors of St. Patrick's, Is.

six stone resin to make 6 torches, 6s. Id.

xxiijlbs wax @ 2d. ob., 4*. 9£<?.

wood to make said torches, 4d.

4 unc' " verdegryste" to colour said torches, &d.

a man working said torches, 3d.

1 Ib grese to same, 2d.

Wax maker for his labours, 2Qd.

Meat and drink at making said torches, I2d.

Spent in wax of our Lady's beam, xj^.

The costs done upon the tapers of the beam,

For the bearing of xiij torches and x tapers, to St. Thomas'

Court,

9 Feb. 1532.

Received at our Lady time in offering at St. Thomas' Court,

iiij ob.

costs for gemmeise1 and nails to mend our Lady's coffer, 5d.
making prickets to our Lady altar, 2d.

1533-4.

Six torches at a burying, ISd.
Received of my lady of Gormanston's2 carpenters, one li.

wax.
Bread and ale to the convent of St. Thomas' Court at our Lady

time, 6d.
Bread, ale, and wine to the abbot and convent at our Lady

time, avid.
1534, for paper to our Lady book, 2d.

received of a mason in Christ Church, Sd.
1 May, 1536.

in box, money and gold, 41. 7s. 9%d.

a pottell of claret and a pottell of romne (romnay),3 I2d.

spent upon the parson of St. Katherine's and upon our brethren

at St. Thomas' Court in bread, ale, and wine, 4s.
4 Feb., 1536.

croks and a wire to our Lady tabernacle, I2d.
nails to same, I2d.

The choir the Assumption day of our Lady, 3d.
To the 12 men for their drinking, and for a recovery of the
clerk, Sd.

1 A hinge, or hook (gimmace}.

- Lady Catherine Fitzgerald, daughter of Gerald, ninth Earl of Kildare, wife of
Jenico, lord Gormanston.
3 A Spanish wine.

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS , ETC. 333

16 Feb., 1538.

Memorandum that the master and wardens made their
account between the brethren' in St. Nicholas choirs
within St. Patrick's, Dublin.
32 Henry VIII. (1540.)

Hallowtide our Lady even, upon brethren, sisters, and priests,

2Qd.

wood to make the tapers, meat, and drink, and workmanship,
12d.

34 Henry VIII.

paid for bread, 3s., ale, 3s. 4d., five quarts wine, 2s. 6d.t
potell claret, 6d.} clerk for keeping the wax, 4d.

35 Henry VIII.

Two dozen bread, 2s. Qd., ale, 2s. 6d., four quarts rumne, 2s. r

clerk for keeping of the light, 4d.
1546.

clerk for keeping wax, 4d.

paid the " torcysse " that John Suarthe did lay to pledge at his

wife's burying, 10s. Id.-, bread at our Lady time, 14^.;

ale, 22d.
for timber for the gamayll, 9^. 8 hoops, 8d. nails, 3d.

workmanship to Nicholas Hoyll and Philip joiner, meat,

drink, and wax, when they were dressing the gamayll, 2Qd.
2 Edward VI.

five tapers to Patrick Tawner's burying, 10^.

In 1559 William Dowgan, master, among other items, accounted
for the following : —

Lady even, at the Recorder's, and in the church, and upon
the morrow to breakfast, a pottle of white wine, 8^., bread, 4d.
The clerk, for translating the charter and bead roll into English, 6s.
To the priest, Sunday after our Lady day, for his mass, I2d. ; parchment
to the charter, I2d. Patrick Beaghan and James Keawan the day they
mustered before Mr Mayor, Qd. ; light against Lady day, 15d. "William
Grene, helier, for pins and nails, 4d., and for his workmanship upon the
chapel of St. Warbroe's church, I2d.

Certain of the entries have reference. to what were called " hostings."
William Trasse and John Gryffyne were paid 4s. 4d. for hosting money in
1536 ; and in 1539, 7s. 2d. were given Trasse for a hosting in May of that
year. At the same time, a sum of 2s. was expended on a bow. A man who
went to Rathcow (? Rathcoole) to a hosting was paid 6s., being at the
rate of Is. per day for six days. In 1548, the master and wardens were
found to owe " our Lady " 9s. for receipt of the last hosting. When
warlike expeditions were necessary, especially when the O'Byrnes and
the O'Tooles became troublesome, the city was constantly assessed at so

334 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

many men, who were required to take the field, fully equipped, and to
serve for a fixed number of days. The mayor called on the various gilds
to furnish levies from among their members, and their expenses were met
out of the common funds in the gild chests.

On a general hosting in 1597,1 the question was raised as to whether
a sheriff should accompany the city band as leader, and if so, which of
the sheriffs. It was agreed that, in accordance with ancient custom, one
of them should take this charge, and it was ordered that they should
arrange between them which was to be leader. On this occasion
the number of men furnished by the city was sixty, and they were to
serve " Her Majesty in Her wars " for 5 days.

The record before us does not supply much information with regard
to the chaplains of the fraternity. In May, 1519, 2Qd. were paid to Sir
Richard Nycoll "for his labour," and there are subsequent entries of
payments made to him on quarter days. This would probably 'be the
same Sir Richard Nicholl, priest,2 to whom, with Richard Yong, layman,
the prior and convent of the Holy Trinity, Dublin, in 1513, leased a
messuage in Fisher's St., Oxmantown, which lay by the lane leading
along the wall of St. Mary's abbey.

In 1514 Sir William Power was paid 20 [ ] for the box and I6d. for
a lock. In 1536 an entry of 4s. having been spent on the parson of
St. Katherine's and " our brethren " at St. Thomas' Court, in bread, ale,
and wine, at one of the festivals of the gild, suggests that the vicar
of St. Katherine's may have acted as chaplain on the occasion. The abbey,
though an exempt jurisdiction, lay in the parish of St. Katherine, and it
will be remembered that the charter laid down that the members were to
meet in a place within that parish. In 1513 the archdeacon was paid
4d., but on what account is not stated.

Thomas Bremyngham is named as clerk to the gild about 1531, and
John Hely a little later. Their fee for the year was 3s. 4d., and in
1533-6 it was raised to 4s.

The journal of the Carpenters' Gild only extending to 1564, Sir John
Gilbert's Corporation ^Records affords a few further glimpses of it.

In 1565 the corporation of carpenters, masons, joiners, and heliers
were to have a lease of the upper room of the house called the Tailors'
Hall,, in the Winetavern St., for the term possessed by the city in the
premises, at a rent of 14s. yearly. They were to repair the house from
time to time, so that the city might have such stuff and superfluous
things as were in the room, for maintenance of the city works. This
would seem to indicate that as the fraternity grew, it required more
accommodation, and this in the city itself, Thomas' Court being rather

1 Gilbert's " Corporation Records," vol. iii., p. 524.

2 Christ Church Deed, No. 1121.

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, ETC. 335

distant. Later, the carpenters had their hall at the west side of Keyzar's
Lane, in Corn Market. At a subsequent period, portion of the site
of this hall was occupied by the Widows' Alms House of St. Audoen's
parish.

In 1577 the master of the carpenters and Richard Bleake, joiner,
were appointed to survey the country shambles, and works done on the
new hall ; to report what costs and charges were bestowed on same by
Mr. Patrick Grough, and on their certificate he was to have due allow-
ance, as he did same without warrant.

In 1616 the Commons petitioned for a law that all carpenters,
masons, bricklayers, heliers, and plasterers should have all necessary
tools and furniture fitting their trades, whereby the citizens hiring such
artificers might be the better served. It was ordered that they should
have ladders, ropes, trowels, and scaffolds, as necessary, so that the
citizens should not be driven to provide anything for building and
repairs, save materials only. On default, each artificer was to forfeit
12d. each day to the city, and offenders might be imprisoned by the
mayor, on complaint, until the amount was paid. This enactment
reveals the fact that owners of property in those days, who wanted to
build or repair, had to find their own material, the craftsmen only
bringing to the work a few necessary things, such as ladders, ropes, &c.

In 1620 the Commons made complaint of abuses created by the
carpenters, masons, heliers, and other city companies, who enacted
illegal laws among themselves, as to none of them taking in hand or
intermeddling with work undertaken by the others, even though work
lay unfinished. Many of them compound and undertake works in town
and country, and thereby works so compounded for stand long undone ;
work is spoiled, houses ruined, and offenders walk the streets, little
regarding the damage done by them. It was resolved that on complaint
to the master of the company of which any such offender was member,
he should appoint others to finish the work so left undone. Should the
master neglect this duty, the mayor might punish by a fine of 20s. and
imprisonment.

In 1637, "through God's blessing" and multitude of the buildings
in the city, the market for timber imported by sea had so increased that
the Wood Quay, where timber was landed, became overcrowded ; and
portion of the strand of the city, called the old quarry, seemed a suitable
site for a wharf, at which timber might be landed. It was ordered that
the mayor, treasurer, Alderman Arthur, Alderman Christopher White,
both the sheriffs, and the master of the carpenters, with such masons
and other workmen as they should call to assist them, should survey and
view the premises, and report the probable expense of the works.

The following were admitted to the franchise of the city of Dublin,
up to the close of Queen Elizabeth's reign. All those named were

336 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

admitted on having served apprenticeship, save where otherwise
indicated : —

1576. John Downgan, joiner.
Patrick Banes, mason.
Hugh. Buckley, mason, fine.
William Dorren, helier.
James Dermott, joiner.

1577. Cisslie Bleek,

Owen Hamon, mason.

1578. Donald Cowlie, ,,

1579. John Browne, joiner.

1581. Patrick Haie, carpenter.

1582. Patrick Ryane, „
John Collan, ,,

1583. JohnLyne, ,,
Patrick Walshe, mason, birth.
Richard Whytsyde, carpenter.
Thomas Carmick, ,,

1584. Thomas Halman, mason.
"William Morry, joiner.
James Carroll, carpenter.
John Curraghe, ,,

1586. John Waie, helier.
Nicholas Morghoe, helier.
Geoffrey Walshe, carpenter.

1587. John Carroll, ,,
Maurice Connell, mason.
William Browne, miller.

1588. John Kelly, mason.
John Mony, mason, birth.
Donat Boghell, mason.
John Kenedy, joiner.
Thomas Keane, miller.

1589. Robert Meaghe, carpenter.
Thomas Corcran, ,,
Hugh Corcran, ,,
William Travers, ,, birth.

1590. Patrick Shagnes, miller.

1591. Walter Myrgt-n, slater.

1591. Thaddeus Byrn, carpenter, birth.

1592. Andrew Basnet, alias Wolfe,

carpenter.

Thomas Donagh, joiner.
James Connor, mason.
Patrick Roo, ,,

1593. William Androwe, mason.

1594. Richard Hanlon, joiner.
Patrick Rowone, slater.

1595. Laghlen Gary, carpenter.
Patrick Neyle. ,,

1596. John Lales, joiner.

1597. Thomas Denn, carpenter.
John Regan, joiner.
Thomas Dandy, slater.
Richard Reyly, apprentice to

Thomas Slaman, mason.
John Wailshe, carpenter, birth.

1598. Richard Shaghnes, miller.
John Fanning, carpenter.

1599. John Dowell,
Henry Lang, ,,
Patrick Browne, ,,

1600. John Boghill, mason, birth.
William Ferrall, mason.
John Gormly, ,,
Richard Ailing, carpenter.
Cowly Dermot, slater.

1601. Owen Slavan, mason.
Owen Callan, ,,
John Foote, joiner.

1602. Thaddeus Boylan, carpenter.
John Forrett, mason.
Thomas Connell, carpenter.
John Knyghtly, „
Piers Iginn, ,,

1603. John Jellose, joiner.

DUBLIN GILD OF CARPENTERS, MILLERS, ETC. 337
MASTERS AND WARDENS, 1513-1564.

MASTERS.

WARDENS.

1513. Nicholas Talbott, carpenter.

John Tuell, helier.

John Blake, carpenter.

1513-1514. James Heyn, carpenter.

John O'Toyll, helier.

Philip Bruen, helier.

1514-1515. Donald carpenter.

Richard Walshe, carpenter.

William Erie, helier.

1515-1516. Nicholas Goyn, carpenter.

John Kelly, carpenter.

William Erie, helier.

1516-1517. Richard Walshe, carpenter.

Patrick Tauener, cai-penter.

John Whyte, helier.

1519. Nicholas Andrew, carpen ter.

Robyn Heny, carpenter.

John Herforde, helier.

1521. John Kelly, carpenter.

Patrick Boyshell, carpenter.

Philip Brvme, helier.

1523. James Hayn, carpenter.

John O'Tole, helier.

Nicholas Gowne, carpenter.

1527-1528. James Heyn, carpenter.

John O'Toll, helier.

Davy Dudlow (Lodlow), carpenter.

1529. Nicholas Coyne, carpenter.

John Eede, carpenter.

William Erie, helier.

1530. Eobert Hyny, carpenter.

John Lowe, carpenter.

Dermott Fullam, helier.

1531-1532. Patrick Boshell, carpenter.

James Hyny, carpenter.

Patrick Toyll, helier.

1532-1533. Patrick Boshell, carpenter.

James Heyn, carpenter.

Dermott Fullam, helier.

1533-1534. Patrick Boshell, carpenter.

Richard Walshe, carpenter.

Thade Conve, helier.

1535-1536. John Rede, carpenter.

Robert Luttrell, carpenter.

John Monsell, helier.

1536-1537. Patrick Tauener, carpenter.

Donyll Lalour, carpenter.

Tade Convey, helier.

1538-1539. John Lowe, carpenter.

Pers Gerrott.

John Jordane.

1541-1542. Robert Luttrell, carpenter.

Nicholas Byrte, carpenter.

Thomas Foster, helier.

1542-1543. Patrick Boshell, carpenter.

Nicholas Byrte, carpenter.
Thomas Foster, helier.

1545-1546. John Rede, carpenter.

William Yong, carpenter.

Thomas Foster, helier.

1547-1548. John Rede, carpenter.

Thomas Foster, helier.

Patrick Crosbie, carpenter.

1548-1549. John Low, carpenter.

James Kenwyke, carpenter.

Patrick Fowyrte, helier.

1552-1553. John Rede, carpenter.

Thomas Foster, helier.

Edmond Alen, carpenter.

1556. James Kenwyke, carpenter.

Nicholas Nycoll, joiner.

Martin Moi-e, carpenter.

1557-1558. Edmond Swayne, carpenter.

Edmond Tw. (Tue), carpenter.

Maurice Flangan.

1558-1560. William Dowgan, mason.

1560-1661. Tade [Convey] helier.

Patrick Beaghan, carpenter.

Robert Sheld (or Shell), miller.

1564. Martin More, carpenter.

John Whytt.

Christopher Edyan (or Hedyan).

Tn,,r R «; A T $ Vo1- xv-» Fifth Series.
Jour. R.S.A.I. >) Consec Ser>

338 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

EXISTING RECORDS AND PROPERTIES OF THE OLD
DUBLIN CITY GILDS.

BY HENRY F. BERRY, I.S.O., M.R.I.A.

[Read OCTOBER 3, 1905.]

IN the course of investigations into the history of the old Dublin trade
gilds, it was found that various records, such as minutes of pro-
ceedings, &c., charters, paintings, seals, grants of arms, plate, and chests
for preservation of muniments, were in the custody of various public
bodies and private individuals. Some of these properties are in the
custody of the successors or present representatives of the gilds, while
others have been received as gifts from officials of the fraternities at the
date of their abolition, or have been acquired by purchase from repre-
sentatives of such. It has been thought that the publication of a list of
these properties might be useful, and a concise catalogue is appended.
Of the twenty-five city gilds, only sixteen are mentioned in it ; and, in
one instance, the present custodian or owner has not been discovered.

The annexed schedule is tentative, and it is hoped that its being
made public may lead to the discovery of records or effects of some of the
remaining city companies, as there can be little doubt that such exist in
the hands of persons unaware of their value, or of how interesting they
would prove to the members of our Society.

For a list of houses or lands owned by the gilds at their dissolution,
see First Report of the Commissioners on Municipal Corporations, 1835.
Dublin.

GILD AND DATE or
CHARTER.

RECORDS, OR PROPERTY KNOWN
TO EXIST, 1905.

PRESENT CUSTODIANS
OR OWNERS.

1. Merchants.

(Holy Trinity)

1451.

2. Tailors.

(S. John Baptist)

1418.

Early illuminated Missal ; Charter,
1577 ; Minutes of Proceedings,
&c., &c., 12 vols., 1438-1S41 ;
ancient sword in scabbard ;
large oil-painting, in Hall.

Grant of Arms, 1684.

Three Charters, 1418, 1419, 1437;
22 vols. Minutes of Proceedings,
&c., &c., 1610-1846; Grant of
Anns, 1684.

Charter, 1696.

Two silver tankards, 1680.

Governors, Merchant
Taylors' School.

Mr. J. Fox Goodman.

Governors, Merchant
Taylors' School.

Public Record Office,
Dublin.

Merchant Taylors'
Hall, London (pur-
chased).

RECORDS AND PROPERTIES, OLD DUBLIN CITY GILDS. 339

GILD AND DATE OF
CHARTER.

RECORDS, OR PROEPKTY KNOWN
TO EXIST, 1905.

PRESENT CUSTODIANS
OR OWNERS.

3. Smiths.

(S. Loy.)

1474.

4. Barber- Surgeons,
Apothecaries, and

* Wigmakers.

(S. Mary Magdalene)

1446.

7. Carpenters, Millers,

Masons, and Heliers.

(B..V.M.)

1508.

8. Shoemakers.

(B.V.M.)

1465.

9. Saddlers, Upholders,
Coach and Harness-
makers.
(B.V.M.)
1677.

14. Weavers.

(SS. Philip and James)

Hen. II.

16. Goldsmiths,

Watchmakers, and

Clockmakers.

(All Saints)

1637.

Copy translation of Charter, 14

E'dw* IV. (certified, 1651) ;

Entry-book of apprentices, 1636-

1676.
1 vol. Minutes of Proceedings,

1766-1811.
1 vol. Minutes of Proceedings,

1811-1835.

Charter, 26 Henry VI.

Two Charters, 1577, 1687 ; 9 vols.

Minutes of Proceedings, &c.,

&c., 1535-1588, 1688-1841 ;

Grant of Arms, 1645 ; silver

seal, 1673.

Public Record Office,
Dublin.

Mr. Chas. Keatinge.
Dublin Corporation.

Public Record Office.

Library, Trinity Col-
lege (presented by
Dr. W. D. Moore,

1849).

1 vol. Minutes of Proceedings, j Dublin. Corporation
1513-1564. (purchased at the

sale of Sir John
Gilbert's MSS.).

16 vols. Minutes of Proceedings Trustees, Shoemakers
and other records, 1618-1841. Society.

Charter, 29 Charles II.; Chest,
1670. J

Minutes of Proceedings, 1774-
1807 ; Chest, 1706 ; 2 framed
portrait in tapestry of King
George II., by Vanbeaver,
1738.3

Chimney-piece.

Charter, 1637 ; 15 vols. Minutes
of Proceedings, &c., &c., 1637-
1854 ; Chest, 1694. 4

Old seal.

Oil-painting (allegorical).

Mr. J. Fox Goodman.

Messrs. Atkinson,
College Green,
Poplin Manufac-
turers.

Weavers' Hall,
Coombe.

Goldsmiths' Hall and
Assay Office, Cus-
tom House.

Mr. L. A. West.

Bought recently for
the Goldsmiths'
Company at Ben-
nett's Sale-rooms.

2 A2

340 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

GILD AND DATE OF
CHARTEK.

RECORDS, on PROPERTY KNOWN
TO EXIST, 1905.

PRESENT CUSTODIANS
OR OWNERS.

17. Coopers.

(S. Patrick)

1666.

18. Feltmakers.
1667.

19. Cutlers, Painter-
Stainers,and Stationers.
(S. Luke the
Evangelist)

50. Bricklayers and

Plasterers.

(S. Bartholomew)

1670.

21. Hosiers.
(S. George)

23. Brewers and

Maltsters.

(S. Andrew)

1606.

25. Apothecaries.

(S. Luke)

1745.

Charter, 1666 ; 1 vol. Minutes of
Proceedings, 1765-1836.

Charter.

Vols. Minutes of Proceedings.

Chest.

16 vols. Minutes of Proceedings,

&c., 1670-1841.
Chest.5

Silver seal, 1670.
Arms in water-colours.

Charter, 1670.
Chest, 1670.6

Chest, 1688.7

2 vols. Minutes of Proceedings,

1696-1831.
2 vols. Enrolment of Bonds, 1696-

1726 ; 1828-1840.

Minutes of Proceedings, &c., 1745-
1841 ; old seal ; Chest; 8 mace
of wood ; Beadle's hat and cloak ;
several framed portraits in oils, in
the Board-room.

In private custody.

These are known to
have been sold in
Dublin about ten
years ago, and
brought to London.
They are said to
have been purchased
there, but by whom
has not been dis-
covered.

Dublin Gild ot Master

Painters.
Mr. Bellingham

Somerville.
Mr. Chas. Keatinge.

Bricklayers' Institute,

Cuffe- street.
Merchant Taylors'

School.

Mr. E. R. M<= C. Dix

Lord Iveagh.

Mr. Chas. Keatinge.

Apothecaries' Hall,
Mary- street.

RECORDS AND PROPERTIES, OLD DUBLIN CITY GILDS. 341

NOTES.

1 Inscribed, " The publicke chest for the use of the Corporation of Sadlers, John
Lovet, master; Charles Carter, Consantine Raven, wardens. Anno Domini, 1670."

2 Inscribed, "This is the Corporation of Weavers' chest, anno 1706, Nathaniel
James, master; "William Peirce, Thomas How, wardens."

3 Inscribed, over the portrait, " The workmanship of John Vanbeaver, the famous
Tapistry weaver." Beneath, " Alexr Riky, master; Richd Whelling, "Will™ Beasley,
wardens, A.B. 1738."

4 Inscribed, " This chest belongs to the Corporation of Goldsmiths, Watchmakers,
and Clockmakers, Benjamin Burton, Esq., Sherif of the city of Dublin, master;
Robert Rigmayden, \vatchmaker; Vincent Kidder, goldsmith ; and Walter Bingham,
xilockmaker, wardens, anno 1694."

5 Inscription cut into the wood in front, " This chest belongeth to the gvild of
Sl Lvke the Evangelist, Dublin, Samuel Cotton, mr ; Mr Richd Carney, and John
North, wardens, October the 5th, 1670." On a brass plate, at one time screwed to the
lid, " This chest lost to the corporation near half a century — Recovered by the
master, and Beautified by his warden, 1788."

Jos. Pemberton, Wm McKenzie,
Geo. Tinkler, comn Council.

W'" McKenzie, Geo. Tinkler,
master. Richd Ashby,

wardens.
Jos. Hamilton, Recor1'.

6 Inscribed, " The publicke chest for the use of the Corporation of Brick Layers
and Plasterers, William Botsford, master ; Symon Forester, John Toole, wardens.
Anno Domini, 1670."

7 Inscribed, "The pvblicke chist of the Corparation of Hoziers & Knitters of
'S1 George's Geld neare Dvblin, William Col wart, Mr ; James Plvmley, and James
Cocks, wardens, 1688."

8 Inscribed, "This chest belongs to the Corporation of Apothecaries, William
'Brownly, mastr ; Martin Brownly, Benjamin Bardon, ward3."

(Martin Brownly was son of William Brownly, who made his will in 1755, dying
in 1757, so the chest will date between 1745, when the gild was founded, and 1757.)

342 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS (FORTS AND DOLMENS) ALONG
THE BORDERS OF BURREN, IN THE COUNTY OF CLARE.

BY THOMAS JOHNSON WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.

(Read JULY 4, 1905.)
(Continued from page 205.)

PAET II. — WEST CORCOMROE.

TTisixoBS to Lisdoonvarna are -well acquainted with the Castle of
Ballinalacken. As they drive round the flank of the opposite, hill,
a noble view opens before them. Below, from a deep valley, rises the old,
brown, peel-tower of the O'Briens, with its lofty side-turret built at the
angle of the precipice. It stands on a table-like rock, the faces richly
ivied in many places. To the west the more gradual slope is thickly
planted round the modern villa. Behind, however, there appears a wilder
district, a wilderness of entangled green valleys, fenced in by sheer cliffs,
and bushy with hawthorns and hazels ; above these, terrace behind terrace,
lie the lavender-grey crags, then the towering precipices, capped with the
grassy upland, where rests Caheradoon on " the old rain-fretted mountains,
in their robes of shadow-broken grey." To the right is a wide expanse
of the ever changing waves, " the white-maned horses of Mannannan mac
Lir," out to the peaked highlands of Connemara and the long, low isles of
Aran, the farthest topped with the fort of Dun Oghil, and beaded with the
white houses of Killeany. It is the district behind Ballinalacken which
we first purpose to explore in this Paper, then going southward along the
coast.

KILLILAGH (0. S. L. 4). — The parishes of Killonaghan and Killilagh,
in which these ring- walls lie, comprised, in 1 302, two other parishes —
Cromglaon or Crumlin, and Wafferig (? Ooafterig) or Oughtdarra. These
probably covered the coast from the foot of Crumlin to the precipices at
Cregg lodge, whence the people would naturally have gone to the churches
of Killonaghan and Killilagh as to their most accessible spiritual centres.
Other history, even of the most vague class, there is little down to the
surveys of 1655.

As to the natural features, the high, brown upland of Knockauns Hill
falls into spurs and plateaux. Ballinalacken Castle is on the southern
spur. Oughtdarra comprises the deepest valleys to the first terrace, and
is dominated by the great, mote-like hill and fort of Croghateeaun.1 The
second terrace from near Doonaunmore, with the plateau of Cahernagrian,

1 Croagh and Knock are very usually confused among the peasantry, but the
shape of the hill favours the form " Croagh," or " Ciuch," now in use.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 343

abounds in forts, and lies in Ballynahown. In this townland, fenced to
the south and west by lofty perpendicular or overhanging precipices, also
lies the upland below Knockauns Hill where lie the forts of Caheradoon
and Caherduif. The latter is on the brow of the steep, northern slope,
just within the bounds of Crumlin, and forms the limit of our present
explorations.

OTJGHTDARBA (0. S. 4). — One of the most complete labyrinths of valleys,
cliffs, and enclosures, even in the tangled glens of the Corcomroes, lies
behind the little ruined oratory of Oughtdarra. We had the advantage
of being guided by two of the local residents, Messrs. Hilary and Kelleher,
both well acquainted with the place-names and legends, and knowing every
fort- site, cave, and old enclosure. So during a long day in late May (the
very day the first news reached us of the great naval battle of the far East)
I was barely able, with the aid of Dr. G. TJ. Macnamara, to examine and
take notes and measurements of the sites. I had already worked over the
uplands and down to Cahernagrian ; but will give my notes in order
from south to north. The Ordnance Maps, both of 1839 and of the recent
survey, are, I regret to say, most deficient in the marking of the natural
features and antiquities of these townlands. The formal contour lines
are most misleading ; a dolmen and two of the most important forts (one
with a wall 10 feet high and thick, and over 300 feet long) are unmarked,
and one name is attached to a wrong fort. I give a diagram, which,
though rude and imperfect, may supplement the maps sufficiently to
enable students to follow these notes.

Starting from the old road behind Ballinalacken we descend a steep
hill, and find, in a pleasant recess behind the houses, a little ruined church.
It is popularly attributed to Sionnach macDara; but little is locally known
about him save that " he built in Connemara and lived in Aran," and that a
curse in his name is so formidable as to be avoided even by angry persons.
As the church is up to the present undescribed, we may note that the two
western angles and a long fragment of the north wall are standing to
their full height, and that the whole extent of the foundation is well
marked. The church measures 21£ feet across the western face, and
18 feet 4 inches by 36 feet 5 inches internally ; the walls are 8^- feet high .
the masonry is of late type, and probably (like the cut stones) is of the
fifteenth century. The south door has a bold chamfer ; near it lies a block
with a " semi-octagonal " stoup, once projecting from the face of the wall.
The jamb stones of the east light show that it was a narrow slit with a
reveal and splay; an iron " tang " of a glazed window-frame is embedded
in one block. All these features are torn down. Only children under
seven years of age are buried in the little graveyard ; and the dedica-
tion of the well is forgotten, the name being Toberaneenagh, translated
«' wine well."

Near the church are traces of an extensive orchard and large

344 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IKKLAND.

mortar-built enclosures, witnessing former cultivation ; traditions relate
to members of the Lysaght family, and to an eccentric hermit, a

^TV.'

BMIY- /
-RYAN^ ^

THE BALLYNAHOWN GROUP OP FORTS, COUNTY CLARE.
(References given in text.)

retired officer named MacNamara, who lived away from his family and
friends in the wilderness. The whole place must, however, have been far
more populous in early times, as seventeen forts, one of unusual size, and

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 345

other traces of habitation exist in Ballynahown and Oughtdarra, and
some seven or eight defaced forts at a place called Shanbally in
Ballyryan, towards the sea.

To the west of the church is a long ridge with craggy knolls known
as Cnockaun (to south), Cnockaun gall, near the houses,1 Cnockaunatin-
nagh (from its fox earths), to the north. Foxes are not unknown at
present; and we were told that at night "one would tumble over more
brocks than rocks" on the ridge.2 Along the edge of the latter, towards
the north-west, we found in large rows of blocks clear traces of an ancient
wall and a bastion-like small enclosure at the highest and sharpest bend
of the ridge. Thence every field opens a finer view of the sea, and the
great natural pyramid of Croghateeaun.

CROGHATEEAUN is a mote-like, conspicuous hill, one of the best land-
marks in the district, shapely and grassy, rising high above the plateau
and even overtopping the lower row of cliffs. On reaching the top, where
we were told to cross ourselves as a protection against the power of the
" Dannans " (whose chief stronghold it was), we found a flattened summit
surrounded by the foundations of a strong ring-wall. The garth measures
54 feet north and south, and 60 feet east and west, and the wall is from
8 to nearly 1 1 feet thick of blocks 6 feet to 4 feet long. All the upper
stone work has been thrown down the steep slope, but the foundations,
even of the gateway, are well preserved. It faced the S.S.E., and (as can
be seen by the plan) had two posts 2 feet apart, the passage widening
inward from 3 feet 3 inches to 6 feet wide, and being faced with large
blocks. There are traces of curved enclosures to the north-west and
north-east. Below, on a rise to the south-east, were also traces of a wall
of blocks larger and ruder than those used in the Caher. A raised path
wound down the hill from the fort towards the north-west, formed by a
curved bank 18 inches to 2 feet high. The older people are firmly
convinced that this is a most dangerous " fairy fort," and tell how some
badger-hunters, after a convivial meeting on its summit, got overtaken by
night. They soon afterwards returned home in sobered terror, declaring
that they had seen " the whole fleet " of its ghostly inhabitants.

We next passed a late circular enclosure with a much older-looking
semicircular mound inside ; near, and east of it, towards a cultivated field,
is a small ring of tumbled stones, an ancient hut-site. Westward lies
another but modern ring-wall, once a "bull park," called " Moher a
tarriff." Then we ascend a range of cliffs 80 to 100 feet tigh by a grassy
gully, and reach the projecting promontory of Doonaunmore with its
strange "farbreag " or detached pinnacle near, the southern end.

1 Another knoll near these is " Cnockaun ada cloich."

2 The Clare people believe that there are two kinds of badgers — the " dog-badger,'*
which feeds on carrion, and cannot be eaten, and the " hog- badger," which is
herbivorous, and excellent food. Badger-bacon was "a dish to set before a king"
in early times ("Book of Leinster" — "Boroma": see Revue Celtique, vol. xiii.
(1892), p. 47).

346 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

DOONAFNMORE, a fine example of the inland promontory fort of the
type of Caherconree. It is about 500 feet long from N.N.E. to S.S.W., and
is fenced across the neck by a great rampart 309 feet long, and curving
outward in the middle. The rampart is 8 feet 3 inches to over 9 feet
thick, with an internal terrace 5 feet high and 3 feet wide. Externally,
it is from 8 feet to over 10 feet high in the middle, but is much broken
towards the east end. It has reaches of good masonry (the blocks often
4 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet), with two well-built faces, a smaller filling
of field stones, and at least one upright joint, and the trace of a second in
the outward face. At one point, where it crosses a slight depression,
there is a platform 4 feet to 5 feet deep outside the fort. The blocks
present a most time-worn aspect ; but as their inner surfaces are nearly
equally channelled, the weathering must have taken place before the
erection of the fort. Dr. MacNamara thinks that the slight traces of a
thin wall to each side of the neck are ancient, but they did not seem very
old to me,, unless we suppose them rebuilt ; and fencing was certainly
needful to the east of the neck, where the side is sloping though steep.
Inside the wall are traces of hut-enclosures nearly levelled. The only
legend we heard was that the fort was the residence of a giant who was
defeated, slain, and his " druid's staff" lost. Certainly it might be said
of the builders, as of the Kenites of old, " Strong is thy dwelling-place, and
thou puttest thy nest in a rock." The cave called after the Lysaghts,
" Ooan a leeshagh," lies to the east of the fort; neither it nor the numerous
other small caves (so far as I could learn) show signs of habitation. Far
up the valley, in the angle of the cliff where the three townlands of
Crumlin, Oughtdarra, and Bally nahown meet, is a cranny and cave " not
belonging to any of them." It is called " Labba na hean bo " ; and there,
"in the last great stroke for Ireland," the decisive last battle — "will
be found the TJlsterman " who will play so great a part in the conflict.
The personality of the " one cow" is less clear; but it is certainly
not the " Glasgeivnagh " cow, although she, too, is said to have " stayed"
in the valleys of this place.

Across the pass, to the east of Doonaunmore, the cliff is called Doonaun-
beg, and is a reputed " mote " ; but I found no trace of walls to mark it as
such. Farther eastward another gully ends in a long water cave ;
much of the roof has fallen in. Beside it, in a bold cliff facing west-
ward, is the ope of Lysaght's cave, overhung by a regular "mantel
board " of rock, so regular as to appear artificial.

TUAM AN GASKAIGH. — From the end of the gully a slight depression
bears the name of " Barnagoskaigh," the champion's gap. In the
craggy field is a curious long fissure, partly natural, partly walled, and,
for the most part, covered with slabs, so as to form a souterrain, 6 feet
deep, and about 5 feet wide. It lies nearly east and west.

The " Tuam " is a monument of unusual character, under which some
of the residents suppose that the souterraiu passes. This monument lies

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 347

in a little shallow amphitheatre of crag, and is called "Tuam an
Gaskaigh" ; the edge of the depression is fenced at the top by an old
wall, 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet thick, of large, regularly-laid slabs. A
slighter wall, nearly levelled, runs straight across the little depression
from one end of the crescent wall to the other, forming a D-shaped
enclosure, with the curve to the south. In the bottom of the hollow is
the " giant's grave." It has to the north a slab enclosure, nearly
square, two north slabs leaving a gap between them ; a large block to
each side, and four in a row to the south ; the space measures 6 feet
8 inches north and south, but the sides are now disturbed. From near
its south-east angle ran a line of five large stones lying north and south.
Our guide remembered them side by side, and touching, but they are

CAHERDUFF

C AHE«000»4

CROGHATEEAUN
DETAILS

BALLYNAHOWN GKOUP OP FORTS.

now dragged about. The " champion," said tradition, lay beside them
with his great sword ; so, in hope of finding it and " some gold," three
or four young men overthrew the stones, and got nothing. " They had
all to emigrate, and were not lucky " ; but their act was not otherwise
resented by the spirit of the mighty' dead. No trace of a "tuam" or
mound remains.

Above the crescent wall, to the south-east, on a projecting crag, is the
slight trace of a very small fort- or house- enclosure barely 50 feet across,
and nearly levelled ; it almost overhangs the hut-ring mentioned after
Croghateeaun. At this point we descend into a narrow valley with
good fields, hemmed in by parallel cliffs richly ivied, and a perfect proto-
type of embattled walls, bastions, and curtains. Up this valley we pass

348 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

into Ballynahown. for the eastern wall marks part of its bounds, and
soon reach the Cahernagrian forts.

BALLYNAHOWN (0. S. 4). — Tt is usually called Ballynahooan, under-
stood as named from the caves ; others take the map-name, and derive it
from the water-flows in the lower valleys. Ascending a steep pass, we
reach the level of the upper terrace again. There we find an over-
thrown stone fort, wrongly called Cahernagrian on the map (A). It is
nearly 100 feet across the garth, and the wall is too broken to measure
the actual thickness (probably from 6 to 8 feet). It was of fairly large
blocks and good masonry. It rarely rises 3 or 4 feet above the ground,
and has traces of several hut-enclosures and other walls inside.

CAHERNAGRIAN. — The actual fort of the name, though small, was
evidently the citadel of the settlement. It rests on a low, rounded knoll,
sheeted with hazels, and strewn with huge boulders in situ, and well
deserves its name from its sunny, sheltered position, near the foot of the
giant wall of rock which rises directly to the north (B on plan).

CAHERNAGRIAN — RAMPART TO NORTH.

The fort is slightly oval in plan ; the longer axis from north-west to
south-east is 63 feet long inside, the cross-measurement 57 feet. The
wall is very well built with two faces of large, well-set blocks, each over
a foot thick, but with small, rounded filling. It is altogether 6 feet
8 inches thick, is very neatly fitted, curved, and battered (the batter
being 1 in 9). "Where most perfect, to the north-west and north, it is
still 9 feet high ; but is only 5 feet high to the south-east. Inside are
five well-marked but very irregular hut-enclosures, gardens of woodruff
and orchis.

At the foot of the knoll, to the south-east, is another ring-wall (c),
about 100 feet across and quite overthrown; it was probably a bawn.
Further south, a fourth ring-wall (E), about 60 feet across, and much
gapped, though still nearly 5 feet high ; a ruined cottage stands in the
garth. The largest of the forts is about 150 feet in diameter, and lies
to the east of the last ; it is crossed by a long boundary wall, and is so
entirely overthrown as to be indescribable (D). It is remarkable that the
smaller forts in north-western Clare should have been so systematically
demolished. Balliny, Feenagh, Lismacsheedy, Caherdooneerish,
Caherdoon, Cahercloggaun, Doonaunroe, and the Caherbullogs have

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN, 349

escaped reasonably well, while nearly all the small forts, though often
as massive and of as large blocks, are levelled almost to the ground.

Three hundred yards to the south of the "house caher," on a low
knoll, are two (r, G) nearly-levelled cahers. They are closely similar.
The walls of good, slab masonry, about 7 feet thick, and only rarely a
few courses high; the garths 99 feet to 102 feet across, and nearly
circular. The gate of the western fort faced the S.S/W. South from it,
in the same field, is a curious hut like that at Cahercuttine, near
Noughaval. It consists of a circular wall of large blocks, 3 feet 10 inches
thick, with a gateway 3 feet 4 inches wide facing the fort, northwards.
The enclosure is 19 feet 3 inches across, and at the wall, to the east, is
the nearly-closed mouth of a souterrain. A defaced and partly rebuilt
cairn caps the corner of the knoll on which these forts and hut stand.

'//IftllH'ir

\9oy

BALLYNAHOAVN GROUP OF FORTS.

There is another caher, its walls only 3 or 4 feet high, on a bold
crag 3000 yards to the east of the hut. Traces of other old walling lie
round it in the broken rocks. On the border, next Oughtdarra, a ring of
small, mossed filling marks another fort, and near it is an irregular bawn,
with two low " posts " of about 5 feet apart. I am told that another
bold mass of crag is also capped with a much-levelled fort, making, with
Caherdoon, at least eleven ring- walls in Ballinahown to the west of the
hill road. To the east of it the townland extends far up Knockaun's
Mountain, and for nearly a mile and a half to the Owen Callikeen brook
on the borders of Kilmoon ; but, so far as the map and my informants
could show, not a single fort exists in it, or the great mass of some
3200 acres on Knockauns, Blake's Mountain, and Elva, ''for it was all
woods," added one. This was very probably true, as roots of trees are
found ; so we see the forts were crowded together, on the crag lands, on
the slopes of the valleys near the sea, and on the high plateau.

350 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Northern Clare appears to have scarcely altered since the Book of
Survey was compiled in 1655. Eastern Burren is still as it was written
in the "Wars of Torlough," in 1311 and 1317, but various place-
names and facts show that trees once were found on its uplands.

Let us now return to Cahernagrian, whence a goat-path along the
great talus at the foot of the cliffs gives us a series of fine views of the
forts and pleasant green valleys, some stocked with cattle, and with
pools, and even, at times, streams ; for Ballinahown means a place of
11 rivers," if the natives say truly. The distant tower of Ballinalacken,
dominating these townlands, the grey sea and the rocks, level and
shining like it, but fixed and lifeless, open up to our view. Carpets of
the mountain aven, creamy flowers on rich green mats of foliage, cover
the crags in parts ; maidenhair and hartstongue spring up in the
crevices, and the brilliant blue gentian, the primrose, violet, and
woodruff, hide everywhere among the rocks, as we pass round the
slope.

Round the angle we reach a most steep ascent, showing from the
distance, as a conspicuous landmark, a brown smear, up the grey cliffs ;
it is a cattle pass to the upland. We scale it and cross the crags, losing
sight of all else but the higher hills and the horizon seaward, till we
note a wall rising over the crags and reach another fort, the loneliest of
the group.

CAHEKDOON is now getti-ng named by the natives, " Caherloch-
lannagh," a mere late rendering of "Danish fort" growing up in the
decay of true tradition. It stands on a slightly raised sheet of rock,
over 550 feet above the sea, and is an unusually fine and well-preserved
ring-wall, beautifully built. As at Doonaunmore, the faces of the slabs
are greatly channeled. I could not satisfy myself that the inner
surfaces were equally worn. The plan and masonry are most regular,
which favour its early date ; for, as I have elsewhere shown,1 the inferior
masonry always rests above the better building. The caher measures
105 feet over all, and encloses a circular garth, 84 feet to 85 feet in
diameter. The wall is built in two sections, each with good, separate
faces, and each little over 5 feet in thickness, or from 10 to 11 feet
thick in all. The inner section forms a terrace from 3 feet to 6 feet
high ; but I saw no trace of steps up to it. The outer wall has a batter
of about 1 in 12 where not bulging out. The height varies, being
9 feet 6 inches to south-west, 6 feet 2 inches to south, 8 feet to east,
and 6 feet to 7 feet high for much of the ring, save to the north-east,
which is much demolished. It was probably kept for shelter on the
sides next the sea. Several upright joints run up the whole height of
the wall in the southern segment. The gateway faced the north-east ;
only the foundation of the northern pier is traceable. There are two

1 Journal, vol, xxviii., p. 364.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDEKS OF BURREN. 351

nearly levelled loops of wall to the south and north, and the lower part
of a small circular hut (joined by side walls to the rampart) on the
south-east. In the south-west quarter of the garth are two modern
huts, inhabited down to very recent times. There is also a souterrain,
27 feet from the western terrace, measuring 18 feet 8 inches, north-
east and south-west, and 5 feet wide, lined with walls of small masonry,
and roofed with great slabs, large and thin ; one measures 7^ feet by
5 feet 4 inches, by 10 inches to 12 inches. Near the southern end, to the
east, is a small side apartment, only 4 feet by 3 feet wide. . It is
interesting to contrast this fort with Caherdooneerish. The latter

CAHERDUFF FORT NEAR CRUMLIN, COUNTY CLARE.

shows traces of rebuilding, patchwork, and, at least, two entire rings
added to the wall, and showing differently spaced upright joints at
various levels. At Caherduff all the work seems of one period ; but the
wall is much lower than at the other fort.

A defaced dolmen, called "Labba'; and "Dermot's bed," lies in the
field to the east of the caher. It is quite overturned : a large prostrate
slab and other stones remain, one leaning against the other ; it is un-
marked on the maps, and I could not find it on my last visit. An
ancient enclosure lies in the next field to the east.

CAHEBDUFF. — Crossing the ridge we find, a short way down its

352 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

northern slope, on a knoll in front of a low ridge, an important fort
named Caherduff, lying half a mile from Caherdoon. Nothing in its
appearance suggests its gloomy name, unless, perhaps, that it occupies the
shady slope opposite to Cahernagrian. It is built on a well-selected
low knoll. The wall is 9 to 10 feet thick, and is of remarkably good
masonry, more like Cahernagrian than like Doonaunmore and Caherdoon.
It is over 10 feet high where best preserved, i.e. to the south and north-
east, in parts 9 feet high ; but great gaps occur, and the north and north-
west parts are greatly defaced. The wall has two faces, and large
filling, and has traces of a terrace, 28 inches wide. The batter is 1 in 12,
and well carried out ; much of the inner face has been destroyed. The
garth is slightly hollow and very irregular, 96 feet across (north and
south); the fort measuring about 116 feet over all. There are large
rocks about the garth, and a slight, oblong hollow, as if the rock-
surface was quarried out, and the space fenced with large blocks at
intervals.

The outlook to the north is very fine, comprising all the Killonaghan
Valley, and much of Galway Bay, Black Head, with Caherdooneerish,
and the slopes, from the sandhills of Fanore (the site of one of the
earliest settlements in Clare), Balliny (latest inhabited of the Clare
cahers),1 the Bound Castle of Faunaroosca, and St. Onchu's Church.
Every period of human history in Burren is represented in the scene.
The other forts are of but little interest. The trace of a small ring-fort
lies in the uppermost enclosed fields below Caherduff ; and wandering
over the plateau to the west of the great cliffs, we found three rude old
enclosures of slab masonry, partly rebuilt, but embodying ancient work,
though neither regular nor massive. They were evidently cattle bauns.
A low, grassy valley, and late house foundations, lay from them toward
Cahernagrian, and the long pass from Oughtdarra.

INLAND FOETS. — These are of but little interest, but may be noted.
Two earthen forts called "mote" and "Lislard" on the maps, and
similar in character, lie on the ridge where the road descends to Ballin-
alacken. Each is a low earthen ring, with a rounded mound about
6 feet high in the garth, and may be sepulchral. The word u mote " is
even used for cahers in this parish.

KNOCKNASKEHEEN CAHEE has been so completely demolished since
1839 that no trace can be found on the green knoll where it once stood,
and which commands a beautiful view of the sea at Bealaghaline, with
Doonagore Castle and the end of Moher to the south-west, and out to
Callan and Slieve Bernagh to the south-east.

CAHEEEEAGH or CAHERKINALLIA is an ordinary ring- wall, much gapped
and defaced, at the end of a long, craggy spur or knoll, projecting into a
marshy hollow.

1 Journal, vol. xxxi., p. 9.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 353

CAHERBARNAGH is levelled, barely marked by a few blocks and a
slight ring, beside the road from Lisdoonvarna to Kilmoon.

BALLYREEN (4). — The Ballyryan of the maps has a group of several
decayed forts called Shanbally or Oldtown.

GLASHA GROUP (8). — The only remaining group of any consequence
lies along the seashore on the border of Corcomroe.

The road from Ballinalacken to Eoadford runs southward, and
roughly marks the bounds of the shale and the limestone districts. As
usual, stone forts are nearly absent from the former, and abound on the
latter. They lie along a low ridge, rising northward to its highest point
(about 300 feet above the sea) at the fort of Cahermaclancy, and falling
thence northwards towards Shanvally in Ballyreen, and southward
towards Bealaghaline Bay. The forts have suffered horribly by the
hand of man. A few earth-forts lie near Killilagh Church and the hills
at the end of the cliffs of Moher. Some (as Knocknastoolery) are of
some size and interest. The only other antiquities are small cairns near
the streams, and sometimes on actually marshy ground.

The place does not figure in early history, Glasha (Glaise) and
11 the immunities of the MacFlannchada," or Clanchies, being first named
in the 1390 rental. The MacClanchies were hereditary brehons of
Thomond, and often appear in local history both under the O'Briens, and
even under English influence. So famed for their legal knowledge was
this clan, that the unfortunate Gerald, Earl of Desmond, employed one
" O'Clankey, called Brehuff an Erie or the Earle's judge," who was in
possession of Shanegowle, near Askeaton, in County Limerick, in 1586,
and is named that year in Christopher Peyton's important survey of the
Earl's confiscated estates.1 His contemporary, the merciless Boetius
Clancy, was on the winning side, and left a dark tradition in Clare. He
was Sheriff of that county in 1588, and took active measures for the
defence of Thomond from the Spaniards. Little defence was needed.
The storm-tossed ships, with pestilence-weakened crews, came helplessly,
seeking for shelter and water, along that dangerous coast, held by pitiless
men, and obtained no succour. Two ships are known to have perished
at Tromra and Dunbeg. Tradition tells of a third at Doolin, and is borne
out by the wreckage which drifted into Liscannor at the time theZuniga
lay off it in vain negotiations.2 Those who escaped the breakers and the
skeans of the maddened rabble of human wolves (who assembled to the
plunder from all directions) fell into Clanchy's hands, and were duly
hanged. The mound full of bones at Knockaunacroghera marks his work
and in 1878, as a boy (and before the letters recording the wrecks in
Clare had been published), I was shown it as " the place where Boethius
O'Clanshy hung the Spanish grandee." Clanchy accordingly stood well

1 P. R. 0. 1., Peyton, p. 180.

2 C. S. P. I., 1588 : see Journal, vol. six., p. 131.

Jour. R.S.A.I. o. xv.e^ JB

354 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

with Elizabeth's government, and was confirmed in the family u immu-
nities," which were made into the manor of Knockfin, the name only
surviving in the cross-road near the chapel.

In more peaceful times, says tradition, a princely house in Spain
got leave to remove the bones of one of its sons ; but they sought them in
vain in that Golgotha of Corcomroe, " in one red burial blent " with his
brother officers and subordinates. It is wonderful how vivid tradition
of the "great Fleet" remains all along the Irish coast — so authentic
that I have little hesitation in accepting even an unsupported statement,
if older than 1880, when tradition began to get defiled. *' S. F.," in
" The Gentleman's Magazine,"1 makes a curious mistake about Doolin
and Killilagh Church; he regards them as the " Dubh Glean" and
"the Abbey" named in the " Cathreim Thoirdhealbhaigh," as the site
of the fierce battle of Corcomroe in 1317. The real sites were at Deelin
and Corcomroe Abbey, over fifteen miles away. After the civil- war, in
the disturbed times of 1655, the Clancies lost their heritage by confisca-
tion. A later Boetius then held the Cahermaccrusheens, Caherma-
clanchy, and Ballyroe, with Daniel oge O'Clanchy; Glasha, with Hugh
Clanchy, and, as his own share, Cahergalleen, Tergoneen, and Toomullin.
The confiscated lands were divided between John Sarsfield, Conor, son of
Donough O'Brien, and Thomas Carr.

The destruction of the Down Survey maps of Clare, though most regret-
table, is to some degree compensated for, the Book of Distribution and
Survey for Clare being unusually detailed. There, under the Parish of
Killilagh, we find these lands (described as rocky pasture) : Doonmacfelim,
passed from Donough O'Brien to John FitzGerald ; Doolin, from Boetius
Clanchy to John Sarsfield ; Tregownine, Corkeilty, Cahirgalline, West
Glassie, Ballymaclancie, and Killeylagh glebe lands to the same. East
Glassie, the property of Boetius and Hugh Clancie, went to John Gore ;
Caher McCrosseyne from Boetius and Donnell oge McClancie, to Conor,
son of Donough O'Brien. It was arable, rough pasture, and pasturable
mountain in 1655. Much of it passed to John Gore by 1675, the Eden-
vale Survey showing Ballyroe, Cragcurridane, Killeilagh, East Glassy,
Ballymaclansy, and Cahermacreseine as his, while Tomolinny, Doolin,
and Donegore, Tirgounine, Cahergaltine, and West Glassie belonged to
Sarsfield. We need hardly say that Doonagore does not take its name
from the Gores ; for example, Terellagh O'Brean, of Innyshdyman, was
granted "Dounegoar" in 1582,2 and the name occurs in other early
records.

Lastly, on March 30th, 1719, Brigadier-General Francis Gore, of
Clonrone, granted in trust to John Yandelure, of Kilrush, and others,
Cahircrusseen, Carhuegare, Tirgearnine, Dun me Phelim, Cahirkeill,

1 Volume xli., p. 89. « Report 14, D. K. R.— Fiants, 4263.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 355

'Cahirgunine, . . . Carhuenemanagh, "West Glassy, Killylogh, . . «
Timolin, Doneaghir . . . and Bally varry, alias Knockfinn, in the Barony
of Corcomroe.1

CAHERMACCRUSHEEN. — Beginning in this townland we find the remains
of two cahers, nearly levelled; the more southern one, at the old
"bohereen, from Shanbally, gave its name to the place. At the boundary
wall, next Cahermaclanchy, is a heap of blocks which marks a dolmen.
It fell, or, as some say, was "struck by a thunderbolt," after 1890.;
and was a cist of the usual type of four slabs and a cover, embedded in
a cairn. The sides are each about 10 feet by 4 feet, and lie side by
side ; over the north one lies the cover, 10 feet by 8 feet 2 inches wide
to the west, and 6 feet to the east, being a slab from 7 inches to 9 inches
thick. The west end is 5 feet, and the east 4 feet, which shows that
there was the usual eastward taper. It is, as usual, named "Labba
'iermuth,"3 and probably fell when the supporting cairn was removed.

CAHERMACLANCY. — This fort stands on the highest point of the ridge,
302 feet above the sea. Prom it we look over a wild view, consisting
of chasms and crags, to tbe cliffs of Oughtdarra and Ballynahown.
Eallinalacken rises on its lofty crag to the north, amid clustering trees.
Southward, we see the remains of several forts, the green hills of
Killilagh, the round castle of Doonegore, and the cliffs of Moher, black
precipices, the noblest, but only gloomy feature in. that bright view ;
and to the west, the sea out to Aran. The caher is sadly dilapidated ;
much of the wall hardly rises a yard above the nettle-pestered heaps of
debris. It was of fine masonry, the blocks 3 feet and 4 feet long ; a few
even 5 feet long. A gap in the south probably marks the gateway. An
old herdsman told me that there was a souterrain in the garth which
ended in a deep pit, "down into water" ; the entrance is now visible,
but filled up with stones. The fort is nearly circular ; it measures
110 feet over all ; the wall being from 9 feet to 10 feet thick. Some
300 yards away to the east is a nearly effaced square " moher." The
maps show also two ring- walls northward towards the sea.; these I did
not visit, but the site is commanded from the chief caher.

GLASHAMORE. — Glasha fort, a circular mound, has been swept away
since 1878. About 300 yards to the west of Cahirmaclancy fort, in a
field on the border of Glashamore, are the foundations of a small ring-
wall, 73 feet internally; the wall is 12 feet thick, of good blocks 2 feet
6 inches square, with small filling ; it also has the entrance of a " cave "
in the garth. No gap for the gate is visible. The ribbed crags around
it are full of the long crimped fronds of the hartstongue fern ; and when
I last saw it, the fort was like a saucer filled with wild thyme, magenta
cranesbill, and golden bedstraw.

1 " Dublin Register of Deeds," B. 24, p. 320. Cahirgunine, probably in Tirgonine'
and Carhuenemanagh, near Killilagh Church.

2 First described by Borlase (" Dolmens of Ireland," vol. i., p. 80).

2E2

356 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Another circular foundation lies in an adjoining, field farther to the
south-west. Near it is a remarkable cattle shelter, earlier than 1839,

BAUY-;

-RYAN I

-CLANCY h*

GIASHABEG o
o-

•<«tt»-CJ

BAltYVOt

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BALLYCAHAN

Uoprat ..---I—- vBOCkfin \M«<"»M)

•*- . --X" " * " O

OOONMACFEUM

FISHERSTREET

SCALE OF FEET

BEALAGHALINE

Atlantic VN' ^"d""

\900

Bay

TOOCLAE GROUP OF FORTS, COUNTY CLARE.

thick- walled, and so well built of good blocks as to suggest old work,
especially at a semicircular portion with large foundation blocks. It is

PliEHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 357

probably modern, but may have been built out of the material of some
levelled forts.

GLASHABEG. — To the south of the " cow-park " are the foundations
of two more cahers. About two courses of good masonry and low green
mounds mark their sites. They are nearly the same size, 86 feet over
all. The more western is featureless, save for a very small cist or slab
enclosure, 3 feet wide, and, apparently, once embedded in the wall. Its
age is doubtful, but it suggests such cists or ambreys as occur in
Kerry huts and (if the restorers were right) at Cloghanmore, near
Glencolumbcille, in Donegal. Near this fort in the rock are very
curious hollows, the shape and size of human footprints.

CAHERGLASHA, the more eastern of these forts, is interesting, though
much levelled. It measures also 86 feet across the garth; the wall
being 8 feet thick, and in places nearly straight. A gap to the north
leads into a souterrain lying north and south for 15 feet; thence for
21 feet further it has fallen, forming a deep, grassy trench ; then we
meet a lintel 5 feet long, beyond which the passage is intact for 27 feet,
and is said to have several small lateral chambers. At the end is a
cross-wall 24 feet from the south segment of the wall. The souterrain
is thus 63 feet long. The ruin of the northern end resulted from an
attempt made many years ago to evict and exterminate a family of
badgers which had established itself within the " dark and covered
way."

Near these forts are some remains of a massive old straight wall of
large blocks, some 4 feet long, and 3 feet high. It runs north-west and
south-east.

BALLYVOE. — In the next field, to the south-west, lie the low founda-
tions of a small ring, 40 feet over all. In another field, to the south,
is an oval enclosure, 60 feet north and south, 76 feet east and west-,
near it is a large boulder, resting on several small stones, and the fort
walls embody some rough rocks in situ, 4 feet to 6 feet long, and 3 feet
high. There is a cross-wall 54 feet from the east across the garth; and
to the north an arrangement of rocks, a few feet apart, with a space
tapering eastward, suggests a dolmen, but may be natural. Between
this and the sea is a huge tower-like rock, called Leagwee, looking like
a castle from the lower slopes near Doolin.

Another fort of large blocks, but much broken, adjoins a ruined
cottage ; a fourth is square about 60 feet each way of large but late-
looking masonry, and, probably, an old cattle-bawn. A cave or
souterrain lies in the next field to the south-east.

BAELYCAHAN. — In this townland, which lies between Killilagh
church and the sea, are the foundations of three circular cahers ; they
were only a few feet high even in 1878, when, at the suggestion of the
late Dr. William H. Stacpoole Westropp, of Lisdoonvarna, I first went
over the ground here.

358 HOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

TEERGONEAN has also got the foundations of three cahers, nearly
levelled before 1878 ; one may have been the Cahergunine of the records.
These and the forts I saw in Doolin are of small very regular masonry ;
the blocks 2 feet or 3 feet long, 18 inches to 20 inches high, and 2 feet
thick, with two faces and small filling. The latter quality probably
brought about their collapse, and facilitated their removal. The maps
mark another site in Doolin, near the old silver-mine. There is a
defaced fort in Doonmacfelim ; from its position evidently the chief fort
of the place. It is named Caheracloon, and lies on rising ground. It is
108 feet across ; the wall was removed fifty years ago to make the new
road near the school. It may be the Cahergaline (suggesting Bealagha-
line), as being near that townlancl, which boasts yet one more nearly
levelled cahei\ Caheragaline or Cahergaltech, in Killylagh, was granted
by Sarsfield to Mr. Foard.1

Caherkeily, Carhuekeily or Corkelly, is also named as near this place
in the same deed and in the tl Book of Distribution." Between Caher-
doon and the shore road we find two other cahers on a sheet of crag near
the sea. The northern measures about 60 feet across, all its facing
having been removed. The southern retains its^wall, which is 7 feet
thick, well built, with two faces, and 4 to 6 feet high, with a batter of
1 in 3. The large lintel of its gate is 7 feet 2 inches long, embodied in
a ruined cottage in the garth. The garth is 65 feet across.

Farther to the east are numerous foundations in a field, called, as so
frequently, Pare na Caheragh ; a ring-wall, 50 feet across; a square
moher, 30 feet by 36 feet at 28 feet from the last ; and several other
old-looking enclosures with large blocks. The sandhills near these have
yielded flint implements, and traces of early settlement.2

To complete the lists of forts, between the road and the sea, we return
past the wrecked peel-tower of Doonmacfelim to Killilagh church. This
is a neat structure of the late fifteenth century, but with earlier records.
I regret to say that since my brief description3 was published in 1900,
the east gable and window have fallen in the great gale of 1903, which
also wrecked Clooney church in the Barony. Near the west end lies a
flat-topped, circular mound, the resort, on all occasions on which I saw it,
of a crowd of cattle enjoying the breeze on its summit. The top had been
dug into deeply; it may be .a burial-mound, and is only 90 feet in
diameter. A low rath is on the rise to the east of the church.

The conspicuous earthen fort of Knockastoolery is on the hillside
above Roadford, on a spur, and, I think, was partly carved out of the
bill. It is over 12 feet high, girt by a deep fosse, with a high outer
ring ; and the narrow summit is crowned by two limestone pillars. The
standing one is 6 feet 3 inches high, widening to the top ; one edge has

1 " Dublin Register of Deeds," n. 1, p. 425.

3 "Limerick Field Club Journal," vol. ii., p. 50.

3 Journal, vol. xxx., p. 287 ; Proc. R.I. A., vol. vi., Ser. in., p. 135.

PKEHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 359

corrugations and flutings, to my thinking mere weather-marks, which
some have supposed to be ogmic scores. I am satisfied that the other
alleged ogams at Cloghanairgid, near Bohneil, and Lismulbreeda cave
are mere idle and meaningless scores. The three scores on the slab at
Temple Senan on Scattery may or may not be ogmic ; and the Callan
slab is probably a medieval scholastic inscription, though evidently far
older than the late eighteenth century.

The caher near the interesting round castle of Doonegore had been
nearly entirely levelled by 1838 ; only a trace of its northern segment
is now to be found.

The little stream which probably gave its name to Glasha, runs
southward and sinks near Killilagh church, probably meeting a larger
stream past Roadford, which runs over level sheets of rock, losing itself
in the shingle and golden sands of the bay near Fisher- street. Above
its mouth, on a high knoll, at Neadanea, an extensive and pleasing view
is obtainable over the whole site, back to Cahermaclanchy and the cliffs
at Ballynahown. On the main branch, called the Aille river, not far
from St. Brecan's church, at Toomullin, are several large earthen forts —
Knocknaraha, in Toomullin, Moanbeg, and an adjoining ring, and
Aughavinna fort, near the stream. There are few other forts in the
parish, only a small one in Gortaclob, near St. Catherine's ; Knockalassa
fort, near Lisdoonvarna ; and some few sites and defaced earth-rings at
Lurraga, Glasha House, and Tonwaun.

OTHEII FORTS (14). — We may take this opportunity of indicating a few
of the more interesting forts in south-western Corcomroe. Moher ui rms.
On the Hag's Head (the ancient Kan Kalye of the sixteenth century
topographers) stood a promontory fort named Moher which gives its name
to the great cliffs at that place. It was unfortunately levelled as
material for the telegraph tower, built in its ambit in 1808. It is pro-
bably commemorated in the modern name of Cahermoher Bridge, not far
to the south — and is (so far as we know) the only promontory fort on the
mainland coast between Donegal Head, near Beltard, and Dunnamoe, in
Mayo. It was standing in 1780. John Lloyd, in quaintly inflated lan-
guage, describes it in his " Impartial Tour in Clare." " On this western
cape or headland lies the famous old fort Euan, called Moher, ... the
summit of a very stupendous cliff surrounded with a stone wall, a part
of which is up. Inside of it is a green plain. . . . This wonderful pro-
montory, almost encompassed by devouring seas, and the opposite wild
coast, really affords a horrible and tremendous aspect, vastly more to be
dreaded than accounted." If we consider the tower as made of the
material of the fort, the masonry must have been very small. It com-
mands a beautiful view of the coast from Connemara to Beltard. The
forts of Dun Conor and Dun Oghil, and (unless we are mistaken) Dun
Aenghus, in the Aran Isles, are visible from these cliffs ; and beyond them,
the furthest outpost of old Thomond towards America, the lofty lighthouse
on the Brannock rock is clearly seen.

360 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

LEHINCH (23). — This little watering-place deserves its name as being
on a peninsula between the sandy, stormy bay and the creeks behind the
shattered many- windowed tower of Dough. To the north of the castle
and creek is a furze-covered knoll in a marsh, which may be a crannoge.
Some distance along the Dael river is an excellent example of a rath, with
deep fosse and outer ring, near New Bridge. In the townland of Dough,
near the railway, are two neat, green raths called Parknareliga and Park-
nalassa forts ; each has a raised centre, a fosse, and an outer ring. South
from Lehinch is the dolmen of Calluragh described by Miss Parkinson in
the Journal for 190 1.1

DOONEEVE, or "Doonmeeve," as it is named on the maps, seems to have
been a fort of considerable importance. It is called " Doon Ivagh " and
" Doonmihil " by the country folk, and lies on the cliff near the Protestant
church. Only two segments of fosses remain, cut deeply into the slope.
The inner (western) is 10 feet deep, 9 feet broad at the bottom, and
30 feet at the top, cut into drift and shale rock. The second trench lies
46 feet away, and is from 6 feet at the bottom to 22 feet wide at the top,
and 6 feet deep. The inner ditch is dry, but water runs down the outer.
The greater part of these trenches has been so completely filled in as to
leave hardly a trace. From the rapid inroads of the sea in our time2 1 find
it hard to believe that they represent a promontory fort. The place has
some interesting folk-lore attached to it, and is to some degree protected
by its very repute. One man, at no distant date, attempted to till its
garth, and was struck down as if dead. His wife, a " wise woman " who
" had witchcraft," on hearing the disaster, rushed to the nearest fairy
spot and did charms. She then went to Dooneeva and ordered its unseen
occupants to bring back her husband at once ; the man, to the surprise of
eveiyone, revived and recovered consciousness ; while a stick was taken
away as a substitute. Non-miraculous explanation seems very easy; but
I believe all the ritual was done and said in perfect good faith. The
traditions of this district are still to be harvested ; I formerly attempted
in these pages to give briefly those relating to the lost island of Kilstapheen
or Kilstiffin,3 still a reef (the sea breaking over it at low water) at the mouth
of the bay, and, as such, marked on our charts. Near Hoy is a battle
legend, possibly an echo of that terrible frontal attack, up Bealanchip
hill, in 1573, in a civil feud of the O'Briens. The legend, however,
asserts that " a Dunbeg man" took the cattle of " Stapheen," who set
out in pursuit, and overtook the robber at Bohercrohaun. Both sides
fought heroically, but in the excitement and struggle Stapheen lost the
key of his island, and it at once sank under the sea. Once in seven
years its golden domes rise over the green waves, but with ill omen to
anyone who sees them, for the beholder must die before they reappear
when seven more years have passed by.

1 Volume xxxi., p. 437.

2 Bronze implements were found on the shore below the fort.

3 Volume xxx., p. 289.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS ON BORDERS OF BURREN. 361

CAHEBS. — Besides the forts we have examined in this barony in Killi-
lagh, at Doon, and at Ballykinvarga, a few Caher names must be col-
lected. In Kilmacreehy parish was Caherycahill, now levelled, and
Caher grillaun in Loslorkan ; Caherbarnagh, now levelled ; Kahernafur-
resha, a defaced fort on a low cliff cut entirely by the sea, and so to the
west of Liscannor. In Killaspuglonane were Caherlassaleehan ; and
Caheraderry, the Cathridarum granted by King Donaldmore O'Brien to
Clare Abbey in 1189. The Cathair in doire of the 1390 rental ; evidently
an oak forest then sheltered the almost treeless slopes. Liscannor fort is
said to have been on the site of the harbour, and a few insignificant ring-
forts remain in the parish. In Kilshanny parish were Caheraphreegaun,
now gone, Caherycoosaun, Caheiiooscaun, and Caherreagh, already noted
as in Caherkinallia ; also the fine cairn of Cairn Connaughtagh, 12 feet to
14-feet high, near the river Dael, and, possibly, the inauguration plaee of
Cairn micTail. In Clooney were Cahersherkin (Cathair seircin in 1390),
Caherballagh, and Lisdereenacaheragh in Knockagraigue.

It is much to be regretted that no one seems to have collected
any description of the forts of this most interesting county till 1839 ;
and then the writers of the Ordnance Survey letters lost an unrivalled
opportunity. That we came almost too late to save the folk-lore, and too
late to record some most interesting structures and features, must be our
excuse that our survey is not richer than it is. For the disturbance of
its original system and the out- of -place additions, and possible omissions,
in its pages, we can only trust to the forbearance of our readers, and their
recognition of the inevitable limitations of one who worked almost single-
handed in one of the most difficult but richest fields of the " prehistory "
of ancient Ireland."1

1 For this section of my Paper I have to thank not only (as so often) Dr. George
U. Macnamara, but Miss Parkinson, Miss Neville, and Miss G. C. Stacpoole, for field-
work, and collecting legends for my Paper in the Lehinch district.

( 363 )

A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS
OF DUBLIN UP TO 1800.

BY E. MAC DOWEL COSGRAVE, M.D. (DUBL.), F.R.C.P.I.
(Continued from page 109.)

PART II.

first part of this Paper dealt with engravings of Dublin from the
earliest known — those illustrating kernels.' a Image of Ireland, 1581
— to the series of nine sepia aquatints in my collection, which were
published in London, December, 1784. I have since learned that these
aquatints are not to be found in the print collections of the British
Museum, or at South Kensington. Fig. 7 illustrates one of these — the
Gateway of the Castle, looking up Cork Hill.

FIG. 7.— GATEWAY OF THE CASTLE. (December 6, 1784.)
(Author's Collection.)

1785. " The Sheds of Clontarf" (12 inches high ; 15£ inches wide). —
"F. Wheatley, delin. ; T. Malton fecit. Published as the Act directs,
Decr. 30th, 1785, by T. Malton, No. 6, Conduit Street, Hanover Square,

364 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

and to be had of "W. Hinton, Sweeting's Alley, Cornhill." This is a sepia
view, looking from Clontarf towards the city. Ware (1705), in his
description of '* Riding the Franchise," mentions the " Shades of
Clontarf" (fig. 8).

1785. In a volume of reports, list of Sedan Chair owners, &c., issued
by the Rotunda in 1785, there is: — " Elevation of Proposed Publick
Rooms to Cavendish Street." Beneath is a plan showing the connexions
of the new rooms with the old, and at the side is a list of " Funds
Productive for the expense," amounting to £7,226 5s. — "R. Johnston,
Architect" (13 inches high ; 9£ inches wide). (Own collection.)

FIG. 8.— THE SHEDS OF CLONTARF, 1785. (Wheatley— Malton.)
(Author's Collection.)

1787. " View of the Parliament House, Dublin. — Myers, sculp*."
(4£ inches high ; 7£ inches wide). The screen wall fills the centre
of the picture. Reproduced smaller in Gentleman^ Magazine, October,
1787.

1788. The Rotunda List of Sedan Chairs of 1788 contains : —

The Central Buildings, with the " Proposed Lodge to Hospital" at
the left, and " Proposed Entrance to Assembly Rooms" at the right
(3 inches high ; 5£ inches wide).

"Public Assembly Rooms" in an oval vignette, exhibiting in the
corners the arms of Rutland (L. L., 1787), Buckingham (L. L., 1787-8),
Poster (the Speaker), and La Touche.

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 365

The Ticket to Assemblies issued with this volume gives a representa-
tion of a "Tablet of the Frieze of Assembly Rooms" the well-known
Wedgwood frieze, which helps to make the outside of the " Round
Boom" so different from its appearance in the view of 1784. These
1788 pictures are in the collection of Mr. L. R. Strangways, M.R.I.A.

Some of the old lottery tickets also bore views; thus those of 1752,
which were "For Rebuilding Essex Bridge, and Building the New
Hospital in Great Brittain Street, for Relief of Poor Lying-in- Women,"
had a small view — \\ inches long — of the proposed Essex Bridge.
(Reprinted by Waller & Co. from original plate.)

1790. " Royal Infirmary, from Salute Battery. — J". Ford, sculpt.,
1790" (7 inches high; 10 inches wide).

1791. PAYNE'S New System of Universal Geography, 1791, contains
reproductions of several of Pool and Cash's views (cf. ante, 1780). The
engravings are the same size, but the paper on which they are printed
is larger and coarser. Two may be specially mentioned : —

" Queen's Bridge (extends 140 feet), Essex Bridge, Carlisle Bridge.
Published by Z. Jackson for Payne's ' Universal Geography,' " (7 inches
high ; 8 inches wide). It will be observed that Carlisle Bridge has been
added to the two bridges engraved by Pool and Cash.

" The Parliament House.— Engraved for Jackson's Edition of Payne's
New System of Universal Geography. Isaac Taylor, sculp*." (6£ inches
high ; 8 inches wide).

1792. Some Dublin views appeared in "The Antiquities of Ireland,
by FKANCIS GROSE, F.A.S., London, 1791." They measure (6|- inches
high ; 8^- inches wide). Some copies were published with coloured
plates ; two of these are in Mr. Strangways' collection.

1. "Christ Church, Dublin.— Medland, sc. ; Bigari, del. Published
October 1st, 1791, by S. Hooper, Holborn" (vol. i., pi. 14). This
view is taken from the south east.

2. "St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.— Gandon, delin. ; I.E., Esqr.,
sculp. Published 15th July, 1792, by S. Hooper" (vol. viii., pi. 20).
This view shows the west elevation.

3. " Baggotsrath Castle, County Dublin. — Medland, sc. Published
14th June, 1792, by S. Hooper, Holborn" (vol. i., pi. 8).

4. " Simmonscourt Tower, County Dublin. — Sparrow, sc. Published
March 6th, 1792, by S. Hooper" (vol. i. pi. 22). .

1793. Trinity College, taken through the Colonnade of the Parliament
House (20£ inches high; 25£ inches wide). — "James Malton, del.
Engraved by Wilson Lowry." The Catalogue of the National Gallery
of Ireland (Ed. 1904) describes it as " Line and etching by Wilson

366 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Lowry, after James Malton; the figures engraved by Thomas Malton
after Robert Smirke." This fine engraving was described and adver-
tised at a guinea on a loose sheet inserted in Part i. Malton's views.
(Fig. 6, facing p. 363.)

1791-9. The most important series of large engravings of Dublin,
which appeared in the eighteenth century, was drawn by JAMES MALTON,
who came to Ireland with his father, an architectural draughtsman, and
did a great many water-colour views of Dublin \ his best-known work is
the series of twenty-fi ve aquatints, which were first issued in six parts
with descriptive letterpress, price to subscribers, six guineas, and sub-
sequently in one volume bound in boards, the label on the cover reading —

" Malton's Picturesque and Descriptive Yiew of the City of Dublin,
with fifty-six plates, vignettes, &c. Price, £10 10s. In a series of the
most interesting scenes taken in the year 1791, by James Malton."

Coloured sets, both in parts and in volume, also were issued.

The views were all taken in 1791, but the work was not completely
published until 1799; the preface says — " All the views were taken in
the year 1791, yet, as the work was in hand until the year 1797, such
alterations as occurred in each subject between the taking and publish-
ing of any view of it have been attended to the end, that it might be
as perfect a semblance as possible to the original at the time of the
completion of the work."

Malton's" first prospectus anndunced four numbers of six views at
one and a half guineas a number. A later prospectus announced that
twenty -four out of thirty views taken would be published in six numbers
of four views at a guinea a number ; after the publication of the third
number, in which a list of subscribers was to appear, the price was to be
advanced to twenty-six shillings to all not on the list.

The first part contained the following four plates : —

Great Courtyard, Dublin Castle.
Custom House.
Royal Exchange.
Leinster House.

The interior of the College Library was presented as a fifth plate with
the second number.

The appearance of the third'number was delayed through the destruc-
tion of two of the plates designed for it by a fire at the copper-plate
printer's.

There are several varieties of the plates. For instance, in the view
of " The Parliament House, Dublin," a man driving pigs occupied a promi-
nent position in the foreground (fig. 9) ; after some prints had been
struck off the pigs were hammered out, and only a blur remains on the
later prints to show where they once were.

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN.

367

There are two varieties of " Trinity College, Dublin." One has a
coach prominently in the left foreground, and heavy clouds ; the other
has a horseman, and a led horse in the left foreground, and a less
threatening sky. I have coloured examples of both plates.

There are two varieties also of " Custom House, Dublin." In both
the south, or river, front is shown. In the common form, part of the west
faQade is included ; whilst in the rarer variety hardly any of the west
fagade is shown. The foreground objects in the river also differ.

The " Barracks, Dublin," and the " View of Dublin from the
Magazine, Phoenix Park," sometimes have the full-sized plate-mark, 12£
inches high. Examples of these are in the National Gallery. Afterwards
the height of the plate was cut down to 1 0 inches and 9£ inches, respec-
tively. I have examples of these.

FIG. 9. — THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE. (Malton, 1793.) From etched plate,

showing Pigs.
(Mr. L. R. Strangways' Collection.)

Malton struck off a few impressions from the etched plates before they
were aquatinted, and coloured some of them by hand. Two examples
are in the National Gallery. L. K. Strangways, M.R.I.A., has in his
collection sixteen of these etchings, of which one — The Tholsel — is
partly aquatinted (fig. 10, p. 368).

The copies meant for colouring were printed in sepia ; but, subsequently,
many of those printed in black were coloured. These latter are greatly
inferior in delicacy of colouring, especially in the dark portions.

The plate-marks measure 12£ inches high; 17 inches wide: the
actual views being 10 inches high ; 15 inches wide. All bear the words
" James Malton, del et fecit." Some have also (in addition to th« date)
" London, Published by Jas Malton." Others have " London : Published
by Ja8 Malton and G. Cowan, Dublin." Others have " Grafton Street "

368 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

after Cowan's name ; whilst the Lying-in Hospital is without the name
of any publisher.

In the bound volume the frontispiece bears the inscription — " Arms
of the City of Dublin. London, published by James Malton for his
History of Dublin, July, 1792."

Next comes 4< A Correct Survey of the Bay of Dublin, 1795." This
includes a plan of the east part of Dublin.

" A Correct Survey of the City of Dublin as it stood in the year 1610. "
This is an enlarged copy of Speed's Map, with the names distributed
over it instead of being in a table at the side. A plan of the Castle and
representations of Dublin Seals are added.

FIG. 10. — THE THOLSEL. (Malton, 1793.) From etched plate when

partly aquatinted.
(Mr. L. R. Strangways* Collection.)

There are a number of etched vignettes in the text.

There are in the volume twenty -five plates. As the pages are not
numbered, the order of plates is different in different copies. The titles
and dates are as follows : —

1. Great Courtyard, Dublin Castle. July, 1792.

2. Custom Souse, Dublin. July, 1792.

3. Royal Exchange, Dublin. July, 1792.

4. Leinster House, Dublin. July, 1792.

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 369

5. Trinity College, Dublin. The plate with the coach in the left

foreground : — " London, published March-, 1793, by Ja8
Malton and O. Cowan, Dublin." The plate with the led
horse: — " London, published March 1st, 1793, by Jas Malton."

6. St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. March, 1793.

7. Tholsel, Dublin. June, 1793.

8. Cliarlemont House, Dublin. June, 1793.

9. College Library ', Dublin. July, 1793.

10. Barracks, Dublin. July, 1793.

11. The Parliament House, Dublin. November, 1793.

12. West Front of St. Patricks Cathedral. November, 1793.

13. Provost's House, Dublin. February, 1794.

14. Old Soldiers' Hospital, Kilmainham. February, 1794.

15. Royal Infirmary, Phoenix Park, Dublin. July, 1794.

16. Power 'scour t House, Dublin. July, 1795.

17. Lying-in Hospital, Dublin. December, 1795.

18. Rotunda and New Rooms, Dublin. December, 1795.

19. Marine School, Dublin, looking up the Liffey. June, 1796.

20. St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. June, 1796.

21. View of Dublin from the Magazine, Phoenix Park. July, 1796.

22. View from Capel Street, looking over JEssex Bridge, Dublin,

October, 1797.

23. St. Catherine's Church, Thomas Street, Dublin. November,

1797.

24. Blue Coat Hospital, Dublin. March, 1798.

25. View of the Law Courts, looking up the Liffey, Dublin. March,

1799.

Malton' s views have frequently been reproduced, and are favourite
illustrations in books dealing with social life in Dublin.

Warburton, Whitelaw, and Walsh, in their " History of the City of
Dublin," 1818, reproduced several of Malton' s views (8^- inches high;
1 1 inches wide) without any attempt to bring them up to date.

Several of his views were reproduced by William Allen (6f inches
high ; 10£ inches wide), including College Green with the pigs. -A large
lithograph of Provost's House, wrongly named " Dublin in 1776," was
published by W. M. Morrison (19£ inches high; 29f inches wide)
(L. E. Strangways' collection). A small-sized reproduction of the
entire series has been published.

In 1795 there appeared " Scenery of Ireland, illustrated in a series
of prints of select views, Castles and Abbeys, drawn and engraved in
aquatint by JONATHAN FISHEE." The following are views of Dublin,
and are all 8 inches high ; 1 1 inches wide : —

1. "Appearance of the City of Dublin from the Magazine Hill in the
Phasnix Park.— Published by I. Fisher, 1792."

T TP c A T f v°l- xv-» Fifth Series. ) „ r

Jour. R.S.A.I. J Vol ^ ? Consec. Ser» j

370 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

2. " The Harbour of Dublin, from the Lighthouse to the City.— Published
by I. Fisher, Jan. 1792."

3. "North-west View of the City and Say of Dublin. — Published by
J. Fisher, March, 1794."

1796. A beautiful series of coloured prints by La Porte was published
in 1796; three of the views illustrate Dublin; amongst the others are
the Scalp, Powerscourt Waterfall, Howth Abbey, and the Salmon Leap.
In the same year he also drew and engraved "The Town of Bray"
(21 inches high ; 30 inches wide).

" Dublin, from Sarah's Bridge " (17 inches high ; 24£ inches wide). —
" La Porte, del. et sculpt. London : Published October 25th, 1796, by
Thomas Macklin, Poets' Gallery, Fleet Str."

FIG. 11. — DUBLIN LIGHTHOUSE. (La Porte, 1796.)

(Author's Collection.)

' * Dublin Lighthouse " ( 1 8 J inches high ; 24£ inches wide) . — " La Porte,
del. et sculpt. London: Published Feb. 16th, 1796, by Thos. Macklin,
Poets' Gallery, London" (fig. 11).

" Dublin Bayjrom Clontarf" (18}- inches high ; 24£ inches wide).—
" London: Published Feb. 1st, 1796, by Thos. Macklin, Poets' Gallery,
Fleet Street."

1796. JOHN FERRAJR, in " A View of Ancient and Modern Dublin,"
gives two Dublin views : —

Custom House (4£ inches high ; 6£ inches wide).—" South View of
the Custom House, Dublin. To the R* Honble John Beresford, by whose

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 371

Patriotic Exertions this magnificent Building was erected. This plate
is inscribed by his humble ser*. John Ferrar."

Sarah Bridge (4J inches high ; 7£ inches wide). — " A View of Sarah
Bridge, Dublin. I. H. Campbell, del. ; Clayton, sculp1. To William
Augustus Howard, M.D., F.B.S. This plate is inscribed by his sincere
friend John Ferrar."

1796. " Opening of New Docks on St. George's Day, 1796 " (7£ inches
high ; 9|- inches wide). — A yacht is entering Camden Lock. References to
this and to the other ships are given below. Copies of this are in the
collections of W. G. Strickland and L. R. Strangways.

Some undated pictures may be referred to the end of the eighteenth
century : —

Aldborough House (10£ inches high ; 13^ inches wide). — In the centre
underneath is a shield with the arms of the Stratford family. At one
side of the shield is " Aldborough House," at the other " Dublin."

Aldborough Home (10£ inches high; 17 inches wide). — "Will™
Skelton, sculp1."

The Royal Exchange (9^- inches high ; 12 inches wide). — " The Royal
Exchange, Dublin. Engraved by J. Gellatly, EdinV

Fishamble Street Theatre (5 inches high ; 7 inches wide). — " Inside
Yiew of the Private Theatre, Fishamble St." (Kat. Gall. Collection.)

Dublin, from the Phoenix Park (6|- inches high; 10 inches wide). —
"A View of Dublin and the Royal Infirmary, from the Salute Battery in
the Phoenix Park."

There are a number of old drawings of Dublin which, although not
engraved at the time, have subsequently been engraved, many of them
jnore than once : —

The Old Conduit, Cornmarket. — Engraved to illustrate an article by Sir
"William Betham in the Dublin Penny Journal, 13th July, 1833, and
lithographed by Sir John T. Gilbert, vol. v., " Calendar of Ancient Records
of Dublin," was one of a number of drawings found by Sir W. Betham
in Ulsters Office, and bound by him in a volume. This has been used to
illustrate a Paper by H. F. Berry, M.A., in the Journal, 1891,

The Pillory, Dublin. — Engraved in Dublin Penny Journal, and in
vol. v., " Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin." This is another of
the drawings preserved by Sir "W. Betham.

Two previously unpublished sketches of St. Patrick's Cathedral,
made in 1733 by J. Blamyres for Dean Swift, were found in the Cathedral
Library by Dean Bernard, and photographic representations are given by
him in "St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin" (Bell's Cathedral Series),
1903. They show—

The West Front of St. Patricks. 1733.

The North Side of St. Patrick's. ' 1733,

2C 2

372 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Blamyres' sketches of the south-east and south prospects of th&
Cathedral appeared in Ware's works, and have already been described
under the date 1739.

Other drawings, which give good representations of some Dublin
buildings in the eighteenth centuiy, are preserved in the Royal Irish
Academy. The following five were drawn by Gabriel Beranger: —

St. Michael le Pole, 1751. — This shows also the Bermingham Tower.
A reproduction of it appeared in the " Proceedings of the St. Patrick's
Society for the Study of Ecclesiology," in 1857, as one of the illustrations
to a paper read by J. Huband Smith in November, 1855. It is lettered
" The Bound Tower St. Michael a Pool. Drawn from a sketch taken
in 1751 ; Bermingham Tower in the distance."

St. Michael le Pole, 1766. — This also is reproduced as an illustration
to Mr. Huband Smith's lecture. It also appears in the -Irish Builder,
August 5th, 1895 ; and Wakeman has reproduced it. The view' from
which these illustrations are made bears the words, " The Round Tower
of St. Michael le Pole. J. Beranger, delin., 1766. Rev. J. Turner, pinx,
October, 1794."

St. Michael le Pole, 1775. — Taken from the same point of view as
the last, it shows the more ruinous state of the round tower, which led to
its being taken down in 1781.

Christ Church Cathedral, 1772.— " West front of Christ Church,
Dublin, taken from a window in the first floor of a house in Christ
Church Lane, opposite the church. As the lane is narrow, I was obliged
to shift from one window to another to get this view."

St. John's Tower in Thomas-street, 1780.—" St. John's Tower in
Thomas-street, Dublin, taken from a waste ground in the rere, which
affords the best view. It is the only remains of a church formerly
belonging to the Knights of Jerusalem, 1780." in a different hand is
added : " KB.— It was taken down in 1800."

The Royal Dublin Society possess a drawing of The Parliament
House, drawn by Henry A. Baker, Architect to the Dublin Society in
1787. An engraving of it appeared in the Dublin Penny Journal, 1835.
A. Duncan, del. ; Robert Clayton, Sec.

Many of the cheap coloured prints and caricatures, so popular during
the later years of the eighteenth and earlier years of the nineteenth
century in Dublin, contain reasonably good views of some buildings: for
instance, Taste a la mode (1790) shows the garden front of the Rotunda
Hospital; and" " Though many years I've lived in Town, as New-come-in-
Tm only known," shows the present Municipal Buildings and part of the
Castle. " The Pleasures of a Tandem" shows " M'Cleary, The Real and
Original Caricature Shop," 32 Nassau- street, with its window full of
coloured prints (fig. 12).

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN.

373

Many magazines contain pictures of Dublin. A few examples may
l)e noted : —

" THE DUBLIN MAGAZINE " (commonly known as PETER "WILSON'S) has
already been catalogued under the date 1762-4. This magazine, as well
^s most of the following, was lent to me by the Rev. "William Reynell,
from his fine collection of old magazines.

In the January, 1766, number there is "Parliament House, Dublin "
•(6 inches high ; 10£ inches wide).

" THE HIBERNIAN MAGAZINE " (commonly known as WALKER'S)
•contains : —

"Trinity College, Dublin.— S. Sproule, delin.," September, 1771
(4^- inches high ; 6i inches wide).

JK A S I Jit E S or A. 1 A IVO JL JVJ

FIG. 12.— THE PLEASURES OF A TANDEM. (Coloured Print.)
(Author's Collection.)

UA View of the Archiepiscopal Palace, Dulling October, 1771. By
Iteranger (4£ inches high ; 6|- inches wide).

" South Front of the Hospital" (Rotunda), November, 1771 (6-inches
high ; 9 inches wide).

" The Caseine at Marino, near Dublin" February, 1772.

" The Intended front to the Rotunda, Dublin," May, 1772 (5£ inches
high : 6i inches wide). (This design was not carried out ; it is for a
single storey, decorated with medallions and classical carving.)

374 ROYAL SOCIETY -OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

" The Monument of Arthur Smyth, D.D., late Archbishop of Dublin,"
April, 1773. (St. Patrick's Cathedral.)

" West View of Merrion Square, f rom the Serpentine walk, including
Leinster House, Clare Street, &c. L. Ferrar, Dir1. ; Close, del. et sculp."
(5 inches high ; 8 inches wide).

" THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE" (published in London) : —
St. John's Church. 1785.
Printing Press, T. C.D. 1785.
Bethesda Chapel, Dorset Street, 1786.
New Buildings for the Dublin Society and the Grand Canal

Company. 1786.

St. Nicholas Within, showing the front, with Tower. 1786.
Post Office, College Green. 1787.
Additional Buildings at the Lying-in Hospital. 1787.
Royal Charter School. 1787.
South-east View of the Parliament House, Dublin, with the

Additional Buildings. 1787.

The Inside of the Old Courts of Justice, Dublin. 1788.
Smoek Alley Theatre. 1789.
Military Infirmary, Phoenix Park. 1790.
Daly1 s Club House. 1790. '

North and "Western Fronts of the New Custom House. 1792.
" The Appearance of part of the Parliament House, when in

flames the 27th of February, 1792, and just before the Dome

fell in." 1792.

This fire evidently drew attention to the Parliament House, as views
©f the principal fagade appeared in the April, 1792, numbers of the
" EUROPEAN MAGAZINE" (W. Thomas, sculpt.) and the " LADIES' MAGAZINE."
Both are exact copies of Pool and Cash's view (1780).

''TflE GENTLEMAN'S AND LONDON MAGAZINE" (commonly known as
EXSHAW'S) contains some local views : —

Review of Volunteers in the Phcenix Park, June, 1781.

Upper Castle Yard.—" Political Parade. The Major exercising the
Troops preparatory to a general review," January, 1796 (7 inches high ;
1 0 inches wide). •

" Donnybrook Fair," September, 1796(9 inches high; 10£ inches
wide).

" THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE AND REVIEW " contains : —

" North Front of the New Custom House, Dublin." May, 1792.

" The Appearance of part of the Parliament House, Dublin, when in

flames the 27th of Feb., 1792, and just before the Dome fell in." May,

1792.

A CATALOGUE OF ENGRAVINGS OF DUBLIN. 375

Both of these pictures are similar to those in " THE GENTLEMAN'S
MAGAZINE."

" Science issuing from the College, and presenting Genius to the
Irish Academy" January, 1789. This shows the central part of the
front of T. C.D., and the I. A. House.

" THE UNION MAGAZINE " has : —

"Light House at the entrance of Dublin Harbour," May, 1800.
" J. Holmes, del. ; J. Walker, Sc. " (7 inches high ; 4£ inches wide).

FIG. 13.— ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL AS IT WAS IN 1736. From title-page of

Swift's Works.
(From proof Etching in Author's Collection.)

The " DUBLIN PENNY JOURNAL," February 16th, 1833, contains views
of the last " Cage" or " Timber-house" at the corner of Castle Street
and St. Werburgh's Street, taken down in 1813; and of a house in
Marrowbone Lane, with a stepped Dutch Galle, built in 1715, taken down
1813. An interesting description of both classes of houses is given in
the "History and Antiquities of the City of Dublin," by Walter Harris,
1766.

Many other pictures of interest are met with on title-pages, &c., such
as a representation of Xing James* Mint House, No. 27 Capel Street, as
it was in 1719, when Tom Sheridan was born in it, which is given in the
1795 edition of " Poems on various subjects, ornamented with plates,"
by Samuel Whyte. At this time the building had been divided into two

376 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

houses. Warburton, Whitelaw, and Walsh, in their "History of the City
of Dublin," say — " Dr. Sheridan opened a Grammar School in a large
house in Capel Street, which had been the Mint, where the base coin
of King James was struck."

Printing Press, T. C. D. (pi. mk. 2£ inches high ; 2£ inches wide). —
An excellent little copper-plate engraving of the front of the Printing
Press used to appear on the title-pages of books printed for the
University. I have an example — " Printed for William Hallhead,
No. 63, Dame Street, successor to A. Leathley, MDCCLXXVI."

Wardrobe Tower of Dublin Castle. — (Engraved surf ace 2£ inches high ;
2£ inches wide.) This is found as a tail-piece in "An Historical Essay
on the Dress of the Ancient and Modern Irish," by Joseph C. Walker,
Dublin, 1788. (Mr. L. E. Strangways' collection.)'

St. Patrick's Cathedral, 1736, before the spire was added to the
tower (pi. mk. 7 inches high ; 4£ inches wide ; engr. If inches high ;
2£ inches wide). This appears on an old edition of Swift's works, the
date (1736) referring to the period at which the Cathedral had this
appearance (fig. 13, p. 375).

Such is a general sketch of the Engravings of Dublin up to 1800.
Of course the number of book and magazine illustrations, and cheap
coloured prints, could be largely extended, but enough are mentioned
to show the buildings and scenes most favoured by the illustrators. Of
the engravings proper I have catalogued all I could find, and shall feel
very grateful to Fellows and Members who will help to make this
Catalogue more perfect by sending me particulars of omitted pictures.

( 377 )

OLD TIMES IN BELFAST.

BY R. M. YOUNG, B.A., M.R.I.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.
[Read JULY 4, 1905.]

a genuine antiquary one hundred years may not represent a
lengthened space, if primitive man and his flint-flakes are the
objects of contemplation ; but to a sojourner in the city of Belfast, such
a period as a century ago in its history seems as far back as the Middle
Ages.

VIEW OF BELFAST FROM COUNTY DOWN SIDE.

(Circa 1830.)

The wonderful changes which have occurred are not less manifest
in material matters than in the greater changes which have come over
the social condition of the people.

"Where green meadows extended are now crowded and narrow streets.
Solid edifices at present cover extensive swamps, which were the resort
of wild duck and snipe not a generation ago ; and the growth of the city
has pushed back the pleasant country for miles, and changed the face of
the landscape so much that the worthy burgesses of the old Corporation, if
they were able to revisit their ancient surroundings, could not well find

378 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

their way about -without the assistance of our polite guardians of the
peace — a force unknown at that time.

My intention in this brief Paper will be to try and describe in some
of its features the social life which prevailed in Belfast in the early years
of the nineteenth centuiy, touching more on its quaint and picturesque
aspects than on its purely historical and literary sides, which have been
ably described by several well-known historians.

"We must bear in mind that Belfast was but a small place a century
ago, with less than 20,000 inhabitants.

Starting from the old Poorhouse, at the top of Donegall-street, one
could walk round the then town in traversing first Barrack Hill, Millfield,
and through Barrack-street to Dublin-road, then along the Mall Ditch,
passing the Linenhall to Arthur-street, on to Ann-street, and the Long
Bridge; from the bridge along the quay to the old Custom House (still
in existence) ; and from it through Prince's-street to the old dock in
High-street ; from High-street to Skipper-street, part of Waring-street,
and across to Ritchie's dock (close to present Harbour Office), and up
Patrick-street to the old Poorhouse again.

Beyond that line there were no streets whatever. Meadows, swamps,
and waste ground were alone visible. From Church-street to Carrick-
hill were green fields, and from St. Anne's to the old Poorhouse.

Thatched houses were plentiful even in North-street, which was then
the leading street where most business was done.

Cornmarket and High- street were occupied as markets every week
by the country people, who sold butter, eggs, and fowls on the side-path.
The public buildings were few, consisting of the old Market House at
corner of Cornmarket ; the Exchange (now the Belfast Bank) ; the White
Linen Hall, where the new City Hall rears its stately dome ; and the
Green Linen Hall in Donegall-street. Old Belfast men still recall the
appearance of the Exchange — a square building, resting on open arches
on three sides ; within was the reading- and coffee-room, and above the
assembly-room, devoted to dinners and balls, with occasional public
meetings. At one of the latter, when Lord Belfast addressed his
constituents some sixty years ago, the floor gave way, and several
persons were killed. It was said that the beam had been previously
sawed nearly through with malicious intent by political opponents.

Opposite the Exchange, and extending from Bridge-street to Sugar-
house entry, stood a row of ancient houses; the one next the entry
belonged to the famous Samuel Neilson, woollen draper, and Editor of
the Northern Star. Next Neilson's was the Thatched House Tavern,
which, like several other hostelries of the time, was the resort of the best
merchants, and even the literati, who met together to drink rum-punch
and discuss, in a genial way, the events of the day.

The literary societies of the town held their meetings in taverns.
The staid Belfast Society for the Promotion of Knowledge started in this
way.

OLD TIMES IN BELFAST.

379

As early as 1767 a Belfast Club met in the Donegall Arms. Some
of its proceedings have been preserved, and a few extracts are subjoined
to show the nature of these proceedings : — 3rd July, 1767, Dr.Mattear,
President, " A question arose if Mr. President was late, and Messrs.
Mathers, Smith, Portis, Wallace, Jones, and Mattear being examined on
oath, the subject-matter of enquiry became more and more involved, and
orders were given by the President that the further consideration of it
should be postponed till next club night. At half -past ten half a dozen
of excellent burgundy ordered in, which was drank accordingly."

SHOP FRONT.

(Circa 1790.).

" Mr. Wallace wagered a bottle of wine with Mr. Buntin that he did
not, last club night, in his exquisite specimen of a lecture upon hearts,
make mention of the heart of a covetous and treacherous agent — to be
decided by Mr. Jones. Decided by him in favour of Mr. Buntin."

Dr. Halliday moved — " That gentlemen who cut in at whist shall be
obliged to play as vacancies happen, or find a substitute under the
penalty of not playing cards that night. Mr. Portis gave six bottles of
burgundy on his safe arrival from England."

Another tavern of repute was Bambridge's, in Sugar-house entry,
where the famous Muddlers' Club met. On one occasion a well-known
Belfast divine was observed by one of his flock coming out of the door about
mid-day. One of his parishioners remonstrated with him at such proceed-
ings, but was told by the clergyman that he had just partaken of a bowl
of excellent soup. His friend, after apologising for his groundless

380 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

suspicion, bade him farewell, but turned and went into the tavern, where
he asked to be served with a similar bowl of soup to that partaken of by
his clerical friend. In a few minutes he was served with a steaming
bowl of punch.

The most important public building was the ancient Market House,
built about 1678, which occupied the space where Forster Green & Co.'s
fine shop stands. This edifice was planned like the usual country
market, with the lower story supported on arcading, and used for buying
and selling produce. The upper floor was devoted to the meetings of the
Sovereign and burgesses of the Corporation, and the town court was held
in it. In 1754 an address was adopted here to the Right Honourable
Henry Boyle, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and sent to him
in a gold box ; and in the same year was formed in its upper room the
Patriot Club, which had much to do with the promotion of the Irish
Volunteers.

At this period Arthur-square was nearly unbuilt, with the excep-
tion of the theatre erected in 1793, in which Mrs. Siddons, the Kembles,
and the Keans all played their parts.

The critics of the gallery were remarkable for their intelligence.
One of them, a burly sweep from Smithfield, emitted a thunderous * boo ! '
when the elder Kean was playing Macbeth, and had commenced one of
his grandest speeches. Kean detected the author of the interruption,
and at the close of the play turned to the gallery and met the unwashed
censor on the stairs. The enraged actor seized him by the collar, ex-
claiming : " Why did you hiss me, you ruffian ? " " Because." coolly
replied the sweep, " you put the wrong foot foremost." Kean reflected
a moment. " You are right, my friend," said he, and gave his dark-
visaged critic a guinea. The sweep was correct : the tragedian had by an
oversight stood in the second position instead of the first. Real dramatic
critics could then be found in Belfast when a sweep was able to set such
an actor as Kean right.

All the space from the theatre towards the Lagan, on the line of
Arthur-street, as far as Joy's dam, adjoining the Blackstaff, was filled
with groves of trees, and called Cromac Wood. The east side of
Donegall-square was part of the old Castle gardens, with several fish-
ponds. At Calender-street, which was devoted to pressing and cal-
endering, viz., passing cotton and linen goods through heated rollers
(hence the name), was the rear of the Castle grounds, which extended
from Castle-place to Donegall-place as far as Castle-lane. When the
original castle was burnt in 1708, some of the ruined walls remained, and
were only removed recently. In the old walls were found remains of the
castle as built in 1611, notably a boldly-carved mask, now in the Belfast
Museum.

Don'egall-place had not been long built at this time. It occupied the
site of the gardens belonging to the castle, which extended to Linenhall-

OLD TIMES IN BELFAST.

381

street. All the houses were tenanted by the best Belfast families, such
as the Batesons, Sinclairs, Batts, Fergusons, and Orrs.

The two last private dwelling-houses in Donegall-place were occupied
by the late John F. Ferguson and his sister; after their decease, they
were taken down to make room for Messrs. Kobinson & Cleaver's
establishment.

On the other side of the street was the Royal Hotel, at that time the
town residence of the Marquis of Donegal!, and during the season — for
Belfast had its own season — his splendid liveries might be seen driving
up from the stables in Castle-lane. Two outriders preceded and two-
always followed the stately carriage with its four dashing horses.

VIEW OF HIGH STREET, BELFAST.
(Circa 1840.)

In Donegall-place lived also the celebrated local savant and antiquary,.
Dr. James McDonnell. His family belonged to the Glens of Antrim,
and he was deservedly respected by all creeds and classes during his long
and useful life. He was one of the founders of the Linenhall Library
and the Belfast Museum, and left a fine library and collection of arch-
aeological and other objects. Always attired in drab knee-breeches and
white stockings, and accompanied by his man, Mick, a character in his
way, the good doctor was the subject of several skits.

The old docks of Belfast were at the front of High-street. The site
of the present Custom House was occupied by a dock where whiting and
codling were caught in abundance. One of the founders of the foreign
shipping trade of the town, and also the chairman of the Ballast Board,
a similar position to that which our worthy Chief Magistrate holds, was
Waddell Cunningham. He lived in a house on the site of the Ulster
Reform Club adjoining Will Tennent's house (Provincial Bank).

382 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

At the time of the American lie volution, he sent out numerous well-
found vessels consigned to the British ; but invariably they were captured
by American privateers, and carried into New York. It transpired after-
wards that he had insured them well, and by a business-like arrangement
got not only the insurance but the price of the hulls and cargo from the
Americans, who captured them as pre-arranged. Cunniugham was a
huge snuff- taker, and kept it in a large pocket in his vest. There was a
friend who once undertook to walk up Donegali-place behind him with-
out sneezing. But it was a windy day, and the snuff flew about in such
a cloud at the first liberal handful, that the bet was lost at once.

The good lady of the house had no sinecure in old Belfast.
Water was a luxury, which was conveyed to a few favoured houses by
wooden pipes. It came in at a low level, and the bath, when provided,
was put on the ground-floor. Bacteria did not exist for the benefit of the
faculty in those days. Still there was an uneasy feeling about drinking
water, and absolute safety was secured when the household could boast
the possession of a Barbadoes filter. This was a porous, sandstone
block, hollowed out like a font, and arranged with a large crock beneath
it. When filled with water, the filter allowed it to percolate through
into the crock.

There was no Health Committee of the Corporation, and the dust-bin
was unknown ; but the contents of the kitchen middens of the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries are occasionally exhumed with interesting results.
Fragments of the delft made at the end of the seventeenth century by
Captain Robert Leathes, cups, &c., of the excellent imitation of Queen's
"Ware, manufactured by Stevenson and partners a hundred years ago, and
bits of white flint-glass, cut and engraved of the same date, are mixed
with Delft and Rouen ware debris.

The lecture was illustrated with a series of lantern slides kindly lent
by Messrs. Robert Cochrane, S. K. Kirker, W. Gray, and W. Swanston.

( 383 )

ULSTER RUSHLIGHT, AND CANDLE, HOLDERS.

BY ROBERT MAY.

[Read JULY 4, 1905.]

nPsERE is very little written matter to be found on the subject of Ulster
iron candlesticks. To illustrate this Paper, I have brought here
principally those specimens which will show the variety of types that
have been found in Ulster. As it is now about half a century since they
were in common use, I tried to gain as much information as possible from
aged people who had used them, and remembered when they were in
common use. Isolated cases occur in Counties Antrim, Monaghan, and
Tyrone, where they are still in use. So the last embers of the rushlight
are dying in the full glare of the electric light. The name candlestick
is a corruption of Can del sticcan, a support for a candle. Early in the
evolution of the candle-support, the candle was only a wick steeped in
grease ; then the support was as necessary as in the case of a rushlight ;
but when a larger amount of grease was used, or a mixture of grease and
wax, the support was not so necessary, and it became a holder. In a
paper published in the " Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,"
3rd Ser., vol. i., p. 626, by the Rev. Canon ffrench, F.R.S.A..I., on
"A manner of lighting houses in old times," a description is given
(by a County Carlow man then over eighty years of age) of a
candlestick, of a type which was old when he was young : — " A wooden
shaft the thickness of an ordinary spade-handle, let into a solid block of
wood, with a hole cut into the upright piece to contain a candle, and a
piece of wood at right angles, with a notch for a rushlight." Canon
ffrench says : — " It must have been a candlestick such as this which the
Hon. Emily Lawless describes as having been found in a Kerry bog under
sixteen feet of peat." He also writes : — " The earliest mention I have
been able to find of the preparation of rushes for lighting purposes, is in
an episode in the life of Cormac mac Art, King of Ireland, about the year
A.D. 200 or 227. The stoiy, as related by Keating and others, tells us
'that Cormac, riding through a wood, came suddenly upon a fair damsel
who was engaged in her household avocations of milking, drawing water,
and cutting rushes with a sharp hook, the long green ones, suitable for
lighting purposes, and the others for strewing the floor. One
version of the story tells us that when he revealed himself to her, and
questioned her about cutting the rushes, she told him that it was the
work of the women to cut and peel the rushes, as women are the light of

384 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIKS OF IUKLANI).

[Photo by Mr. R. Welch, M.K.I.A.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF RUSHLIGHT, AND CANDLE, HOLDEKS.

ULSTEK RUSHLIGHT, AND CANDLE, HOLDERS. 385

of the house. Captivated by her beauty, and her aptitude for house-
keeping, he made her his queen." After such an incident I think that
those who have specimens of rushlight-holders should not be ashamed
to retain them, for too often, when making inquiries for them at farm-
houses, I have been told, " Oh ! yes, we had one, but threw it out ; what
use was it ?"

Many fine specimens have been sent to Belfast from' the surrounding
country towns amongst scrap-iron, and shipped away as such. But since
mentioning the fact I am pleased to say that the practice has ceased,
and now good specimens are sought for and highly prized. Some
years ago I exhibited several specimens at a local loan collection of
antiquities, &c., and it was with surprise and pleasure I saw quite a
number of visitors gathered around those specimens of rusty iron, for
they had brought back to the memory of many of those present happy
nights spent around the great peat-fires in the country. These candle-
sticks must, of course, be chiefly identified with the peasantry, though
the more ornamental specimens were made for tradesmen and well-to-do
farmers. A great number must have been made in Ulster during the
eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. The general
construction of some of the Ulster specimens is similar to the tripod
lamp-stand found at Pompeii, minus its classic detail. The Ulster
blacksmiths were evidently no servile imitators of each other, for rarely
does one find two specimens alike; some have only the necessary parts
required for their utility, while others, with a very little additional
ornament, display a knowledge by the smith of what is beautiful, yet
simple. It is a striking fact that whenever ornamentation is attempted,
here, as in all other countries, by those not having a knowledge of the
styles of ornament, scrolls and spiral ornament, similar to the efforts of
early man, are the prevailing elements.

In the holder (fig. 3, p. 384) which has two sockets, and is for candles,
may be seen the spring, which presses against the upright shaft, and by
which it can be raised or lowered at will, and to the curved line of this
spring we may owe the suggestion for ornament, in which many of our
Ulster smiths displayed their taste and skill. In fig. 6 the ornamental
result from a very little additional labour is observable ; and in fig. 4 a
higher stage of ornamental development is attained. Unfortunately, two
portions are missing from this fine specimen, which is over four feet high.
Mr. William Gray, M.R.I.A.., informed me that when he was a boy in the
south of Ireland, wooden candlesticks were made by choosing a piece
of fir which had three branches growing from a straight stem ; it wa&
cut about nine inches in height, the three branches serving as feet, and a
socket either cut in top of stem or added to it. It is very evident that,
from the abundance of the long specimens in Ulster, they are a distinct
type from the soiithern. In a Paper by the late Col. Vigors, F.E. S.A.I.,
published in the Journal, vol. xxi., p. 473, with plate, illustrating

Tn,,r M <; A T ) Vo1- xv-> Fifth Series. ) n

Jour. K. S.A.I, | Vol xxx'v ConseCiSen j

386 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

[Photo by Mr. R. Welch, M.R.I.A.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF RUSH-HOLDERS AND CANDLE-HOLDERS.

ULSTER RUSHLIGHT, AND CANDLE, HOLDERS. 387

eight specimens, six of which are short, averaging about twelve inches
in height, and principally for table and mantleshelf, the writer mentions
that the southern type is invariably about ten or twelve inches in height.
He kindly informed me in a letter that he had seen a collection in Galway
of thirty or more specimens, the majority of which were short ; and that
in the south or west long specimens were seldom seen. There is no
doubt but that the linen and flax industry in Ulster is accountable for

[Photo by Mr. R.Welch, M.R.I.A.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF RUSHLIGHT-HOLDERS, CANDLESTICKS, CRUSES, AND CAM.

this long type, ranging from two to over four feet in height; they were
extensively used at the spinning-wheel. Smiths, shoemakers, and other
tradesmen used them in many parts of Ulster.

The majority of the rushlight and resin-slit stands have also a
socket for a candle (see figs. 1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 24, 25, and 27). Fig. 30
is from the village of Lissoy, " sweet Auburn." It is a type common in
the south and west. I have included it for comparative purposes.
Fig. 24 lias two sockets for candles, besides the rush -holder in centre ;

388 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

it is from the foot of Slemish Mountain, County Antrim. The hase is
modern; the base of fig. 25 is also modern. This rush-holder and
candlestick, like fig. 27, belong to a type that was more common, half
a century ago, than the iron stands, especially amongst the farmers.
They were inserted into the top of a wooden shaft about 2 feet in height,
and mostly had a large, rude block of wood for base. I have a number
of this type, but they are more difficult to procure than the iron stands,
for, on the introduction of paraffin oil, those having wooden shafts and
bases were cast aside ; many of them rotted away, and many were burnt.
Many of the iron specimens are for candles only, some having only one
socket, as in figs. 2, 7, 9, 12, and 14. Figs. 9 and 14 are Belfast speci-
mens. The last-mentioned is the property of Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A.
It is made to insert into the wall, and has a spiral socket. Fig. 28 is
for the same purpose. Some have two or three sockets, and some were
made to hold four candles (see fig. 11). The candles were mostly home-
made tallow dips; bog-deal was also used in the form of " splits"
instead of the rush. In Ulster, weavers' candlesticks were very numerous,
and mostly consisted of a single socket at the bottom of a slender iron
rod, with bent hook on top for suspending it from line or nail, though I
have here some specimens showing more intricate construction. The
late Eev. Dr. Buick wrote an excellent paper on these; and at the
recent sale of his collection in Belfast Mr. Bigger was fortunate in
acquiring many of the fine specimens with which he had illustrated his
paper. Mr. Bigger has kindly lent six of these to me to illustrate this
paper. In figs. 15 and 16 may be noticed a similar spring arrangement
to that of the iron candlesticks, and at the bottom a well-formed dish to
catch the grease. Figs. 20 and 22 have reflectors.

Around Connor, County Antrim, the farmers and weavers, after
making resin-slits (which were made by rolling tow or flax and some-
times cotton rags in the melted resin), just heated the end and stuck
them on the wall. Fig. 29 is the cam, the vessel in which the tallow
was melted for the rushlights and the resin for the " slits." The rush
is prepared by stripping most of the skin off, leaving a narrow rib for
strength, then drawing it through the melted tallow in the cam several
times. Sometimes a little beeswax was added, and sometimes resin.
About Doagh and Ballyclare they had a saying when the rush was
burning too near the holder, " It is time you were flitting the goat."
Eliza Cook devotes a poem of eight verses to the song of the rushlight,,
of which the following is the last verse : —

" Oh ! scorn me not as a fameless thing,

Nor turn with contempt from the lay I sing ;

'Tis true I am not suffered to be

On the ringing board of a wassail glee.

My sickly beam must never fall

In the gay saloon, or lordly hall ;

Yet many a tale does the rushlight know,

Of secret sorrow and lonely woe."

ULSTER RUSHLIGHT, AND CANDLE, HOLDERS. 389

The Rev. Gilbert White, in his ever-popular " Natural History of
Selborne," devotes one of his interesting letters to the preparation of
rushes for lighting purposes. The method of procuring a light is a
sufficient subject for a paper to itself. A local antiquary, the late
Mr. W. Bell, in 1881, read an excellent and humorous paper on matches
and match-making fifty years ago ; and I am indebted to his son,
Mr. James Bell, for a tinder-box, and also a piston or fire syringe,
fig. 23, with which he had illustrated his paper. It was by compressed
air that the light was procured in this syringe, as there was a little piece
of "touch-paper" on end of rod which was pushed in and drawn out
quickly.

In August, 1804, an advertisement announcing the important engage-
ment of George Frederick Cooke at the Belfast theatre, mentions that the
prices are raised, and that the house will be illuminated by wax candles
in lieu of the old tallow dips. Benn, in his " History of Belfast,"
says: — " The light must have been very bad in 1785, as in that year
an order was issued directing the inhabitants, when an alarm of fire
was raised, to place candles in their windows to guide the steps of those
who were running to extinguish the flames." I now come to an
important method of lighting, which in Ireland is principally confined
to the north-east portion and the adjacent islands — the cruse (figs.
17 and 18), an oil lamp, very similar in form to many of the Roman
bronze and terra-cotta lamps, with which you are familiar. They were
introduced by the Romans into England and Scotland, and most probably
introduced into the North of Ireland by Scottish fishermen ; they have
been seen in use up to the present day on Rathlin Island, and quite
recently on Island Magee. Crude cod-liver oil is mostly used in them,
with the pith of a rush or cotton rag for a wick. In the north of
Scotland whale blubber and sometimes herring oil were used. A simpler
form of lamp was seen in use on Aran Island, County Galway, by
Mr. Alexander Wilson, of Belfast ; it was a large scallop-shell. Similar
shells are used by the negroes in the Southern States. Fig. 26 is a
bronze lamp having two lips for wicks ; it was found some years ago in
a peat bog near Ballymoney. So far as I can learn, it is unique in
Ireland.

[DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

390 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS, SHOWING THE LOCALITY FROM WHICH THE
SPECIMENS OF RUSHLIGHT, AND CANDLE, HOLDERS HAVE BEEN

OBTAINED.

Page 384, figs. 1, 2, 5,

,, 386, ,, 7, 11, 12,13, j- From Armagh district.

„ 387, „ 29.

„ 384, „ 3,4,6,

,, 386, „ 8,10, [ From Lisburn district.

„ 387, „ 25.

„ 386, „ 9,

, From town of Belfast,

6Si, ,, 14, <£/.

387, figs. 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22.— Weavers' Candlesticks from the neigh-
bourhood of Broughshane, County Antrim.
387, fig. 17. — Cruse from Carnmoney, Belfast.
387, fig. 18.— Cruse from Bally carry, County Antrim.
387, fig. 23.— Fire Syringe from Belfast.
387, fig. 24. — From Slemish, County Antrim.
387, fig. 26. — From Ballymoney.
387, fig. 28.— Wall Socket.
387, fig. 30 — From Lissoy, County Longford.

( 391 )

SOME NOTES ON THE CLARE CRANNOGS OF DRUMCLIFF
AND CLAUREEN.

BY MISS DIANA PARKINSON (MEMBER).
[Submitted NOVEMBER 28, 1905.]

TV the townland of Drumcliff, some two miles to the north of Ennis,

there lies on the western shore of the pretty little lake of Ballyalla,
a level stretch of land locally known as " The Reisk." This valley
(marked on Ordnance Sheets 33 of the six-inch, and 132 and 133 of the
one-inch map), shut in hy rounded hills, is traversed from north to south
by the river Fergus, which here forms the boundary between the lands
of Bally alia and Drumcliff. A little to the north of where the river
enters the lake, the land on the Ballyalla side forms a long promontory,
crowned at its extremity by a stone-built crannog, known as " The
Island." This, for the greater part of the year, is surrounded by water,
but in summer time is easily accessible. It forms one of a group of
crannogs, the bases of two others standing a little inland from it, but on
slightly higher ground.

Opposite to these, on the Drumcliff side of the river, lies the crannog
which is being excavated at present. It is on higher ground, and is only
reached by water in very exceptionally high floods. This was not,
however, always the case, as in the famine years of 1846 and 1847 the
land was drained, and a new channel was cut for the river through a
limestone hill about half a mile to the north — this is still known as
" The Cut." The draining thus made has left the crannog quite above
the highest water-line.

The valley in which it lies is strewn over with glaciated boulders of
limestone. With the smaller and more portable of these the crannog-
builders laid their foundations, raising from a base of boulders a solid
superstructure of smaller stones and clay.

The circumference of the Drumcliff crannog is, roughly, 171 feet.
This does not give the original proportions, as some of the boulders have
slipped from their places, breaking the rounded outline of the base.

Though the crannog is a small one, its position on flat, low-lying
ground makes it a conspicuous object.

When the excavations were started, care was taken not to destroy
the form of the mound, and digging was begun at the centre, and
gradually widened to the sides, leaving them as much as possible
untouched. The lowest depth so far reached is five feet ; this shows the
stones resting on a bluish -white, marly clay. In no place is there any

392 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

trace of wood. If piles of any sort had been used, all vestiges of them
have entirely disappeared; nor have any implements of wood heen
seen.

About two-thirds of the crannog are still untouched ; but, perhaps,
an account of the objects so far found may not be without some
interest.

In the lower parts, near the sides, dry stones have been piled together
.without any clay filling, very small spauls being wedged in between
larger stones, but all very solidly put together. The earth that fills the
crevices in the central part differs a good deal in places, and is totally
distinct from the white marl surrounding the crannog. The food remains
and refuse would, of course, account for the colour and the richness of
the earth.

On the upper surface, from which a thick sod had to be removed, the
earth was a dark brown, but light and crumbling, and very easily
worked.

Quite in the upper surface, and sometimes in the roots of. the grass,
were a good many pieces of iron, large nails, &c.

Traces of hearth-fires occur from within a foot of the surface right
down to the lowest level reached, with quantities of ashes, some black
stuff resembling peat, and fragments of burnt bone, and here and there a
few burnt nut- shells. Charcoal does not occur very near the surface, but
a good deal is to be seen deeper down. The fires appear to have been
lighted in four or five directions. On one very large stone about the
centre a quantity of greyish ashes rested. There are no built hearths ;
but the stones near the ashes are burnt red.

Bones were found at all depths ; some of the best preserved in the
lowest strata.

All through, quantities of shells lie under the larger stones and in the
crevices ; they are most numerous about three feet from the surface.

The crannog is principally built of limestone, but there are many
small stones of red and grey sandstone, and numbers of quartzite pebbles
and pieces of chert. In the centre are some very large blocks of lime-
stone, too heavy to displace. It is probable that some large boulders in
situ were availed of for part of the central foundations, and the spaces
surrounding them filled in with clay and stones.

Even in the marl, four feet from the surface, bones and charcoal are in
abundance, ox- and pig-bones predominating. A number of bird-bones are
scattered throughout, but occur principally in the upper layer, from one
to two feet from the surface.

Fish-bones are not numerous. A few vertebra of pike and some
small bones were found.

A number of tips of deers' horns were in the upper and middle layer,
some of them blackened by fire. One tine, 1 0 inches in length and showing
marks of cutting by some sharp implement, was wedged between stones

C4LARE CRANNOGS OF DRUMCLIFF AND CLAUREEN. 393

in the lower strata ; and at about the same depth a tine, 5^ inches long,
was found embedded in earth.

A fine horn core of ~£os longifrons attached to part of the head was
found four feet from the surface, the core measuring 3 inches in
length. One or two other horn cores occurred in different parts of the
crannog.

A very large number of teeth were found, pig being most numerous,
and occurring at all depths. Many jaw-bones of different animals were
found in good preservation,

Dr. Scharff, who has with great kindness examined and identified the
animal remains, gives the list as follows : —

Ox, red deer, sheep, goat, pig, dog, cat, badger, hare, rat, mouse,
and otter ; there was also pike.

From which it will be seen that the crannog-folk were catholic in
their tastes as far as animal fare went. They also showed a considerable
breadth in their choice of birds, as the appended list bears witness. This
Mr. E. T. Newton has most kindly compiled from specimens sent him : —

Thrush, Blackbird, Wagtail, Barn Owl, Cormorant, Goose, Mallard,
Teal, Widgeon, Pochard, Tufted Duck, Scaup, Smew, Gallus (one small
domestic), Coot (very numerous), Snipe.

Of these, the Tufted Duck and Scaup are practically extinct in Clare
now. Many of the animal bones are fractured for the extraction of
the marrow. Yery few of the bird-bones were broken ; in some instances
even the heads and beaks were entire. Snail-shells are very numerous.

Mr. R. "Welch, who has been extremely kind in examining and
determining specimens sent him, gives the list thus : —

Hyalinia cellaria. Helix aspersa, Helix nemoralis, Helix rotundata,

ADDITIONAL LIST OF BIRDS' BONES FROM DRTJMCLIFF CRANNOG,

DETERMINED BY MR. E. T. NEWTON.
[R. = rare ; C. = common ; V. C. = very common.]

Swallow, Hirundo rustica, L. (R.)-
Starling, Sturnm vulgaris, L. (R.).
Rook, or Crow, Corvus, sp. (R.)-
Raven, Corvus corax, L. (R.).
Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carlo, L. (R.).
Heron, Ardea cinerea, L. (R.)'
Brent Goose (?), Bernicla br.enta, Pallas (R.).
Mallard, Anas boscas, L. (C.).
Teal, Querquedula crecca, L. (R.).
Widgeon, Mareca penelope, L. (C.).
Tufted Duck, Fuligula cristata, Leach (C.).
Fowl, or Pheasant.

394 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

ADDITIONAL LIST OF BIRDS' BONES FROM DBUMCLIFF CRANNOG — continued.

Moor Hen, Gallinula ckloropus, L. (B.).

Bald-faced Coot, Fulica atra, L. (V. C.).

Common Snipe, Gallinago ccelestis, Frenzel (B.).

Dunlin, Tringa alpina, L. (B.).

Golden Plover (?), Charadrius pluvialis, L. (B.).

Godwit (?), Limosa lapponica, L. (B.).

Great Northern Diver, Colymlm glacialis, L. (B.).

Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus, L. (B.).

Little Grebe, Podiceps fluviatilis, Tunstall (C.).

Frog, Rana temporaria (C.).
Fish.

Besides these, one broken oyster-shell, one limpet, and some frag-
ments of a scallop-shell represent the sea species.

No pottery of any kind was found, but pieces of indifferently-baked
pottery-clay were fairly numerous, over seventy pieces turning up,
varying in colour from grey and yellow to several shades of red.

Of metals, iron was most abundant, over eighty pieces being found;
the greater number of these, especially of nails, being in the upper and
second layer. They are all much eroded, and some of the objects are
too shapeless for determination.

One curious find which may possibly be a rushlight-holder was found
three feet from the surface. It is a socket with one end turned up in
the shape of the letter U, with a bar across the upper part, pierced
with a small spike. Some faint traces of wood appear in the flange
of the socket (No. 2, p. 397).

Another object of unknown use was a curved piece of iron with a
flanged socket.

One large L-shaped piece of iron, weighing 4£ ounces, may possibly
be a hinge (No. 1, p. 397).

The presence of slag, though found in a small quantity, would seem to
show that the implements were made at the place. Iron is found in
many parts of Clare, and there are some iron springs within four or five
miles of the crannog.

All the bronze was of a light colour. Only one pin was found, a
good specimen of the ring-pin, 5 inches in length, tapering to a fine
point. It resembles the pin figured in vol. vii., p. 218, of the Society's
Journal, as found in Killy ville crannog by Dr. D'Arcy ; but the lozenge-
shaped lines of ornament are on the sides of the head, not on the top, as in
the Killyville specimen. It was found near the centre of the crannog
about two feet from the surface (No. 11, p. 397).

At about the same depth, but nearer the east side, a curious bronze
pincers turned up. It is 2 inches in length, and has a rounded head

CLARE CRANNOGS OF DRUMCLIFF AND CLAUREEN. 395

with a raised ridge on either side. Two small unevenly-cut projections
are on the edges of the sides. Near the tongs end, on the flat of both
sides, eleven lines are cut unevenly across from edge to edge.

A section of a ring, or bead, of deer's horn is of interest, as the
incised lines with which it is ornamented are so evenly cut as to look as
if they were turned in a lathe ; it is half an inch in length, and is worn
and polished on the inside, evidently from the rubbing of a string.

The only glass bead found was of dark blue, a quarter of an inch in
diameter; roughened and scratched on the outside, and the hole large
and slightly uneven.

A curious fragment of dark-green glass was found about a foot
and a half down. When exposed to the air, the surface formed a
gold -coloured pellicle which scaled off when touched.

The only other specimen of glass was an irregularly-rounded object
of a pretty light-green colour, almost half an inch in diameter. It
is flat at one side as if it had been fixed in a setting. Probably a
ring.

The only arrow-head was in the lower clay, about four feet from the
surface ; it is of chert, and is 2£ inches in length, including the tang of
\ inch. This is not quite in the centre. The weight is | oz. This
probably was a survival from earlier days kept as an amulet (No. 1,
p. 399).

A copper coin of George IT. was found almost at the surface. It
has the harp and crown on the reverse, with the name " Hibernia " and
the date 1736.

The complete list of objects found is as follows : —

STONE.

One whetstone of dark sandstone, 4 inches long, 1 inch broad;
polished from use.

One spindle whorl of sandstone, If inches by 11 inches (No. 2,
p. 399).

Eight fragments of a hard polished sandstone, 9 inches in length, with
a groove cut in the surface.

One kidney-shaped stone, darkened by fire, possibly a hammer-
stone.

One small, round beach-stone.

One arrow-head of chert (No. 1, p. 399).

One section of a ring, If inches long, of black chert, well cut
(No. 4, p. 399).

One black flint-scraper (No. 3, p. 399).

One rounded black stone, with pitted surface, 1 inch in length,,
weighing f oz.

Five pieces of light-coloured flint.

396 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

IBON.

Four pieces of slag, one weighing li Ib.

Fine knives (Nos. 3, 4, 7, 11, p. 397).

Two broken knife-blades.

Twenty-one nails with heads (No. 9, p. 397).

Ten nails without heads.

Eight fish(?)-hooks (No. 6, p. 397).

One curved piece with socketed end (No. 5, p. 397).

One chisel, 3£ inches long, weighing f- oz.

Two flat pieces with a nail fixed in each.

Two broken links.

One rushlight(?)-holder (No. 2, p. 397).

Eleven broken flat pieces.

One piece in figure 8, possibly link (No. 10, p. 397).

Two long, curved rods, 7£ and 8 inches long.

One hinge (?) weighing 4£ oz. ; 4.V inches in length (No. I, p. 397).

One flat piece with hook at end (No. 8, p. 397).

One flat piece, 3 inches by H inches.

Twenty indeterminate.

BONE.

One piercer, 2£ inches long.

Eight small broken pins.

Eight broken pieces of highly-polished pins, probably of deer's
horn.

One broken bead of deer's horn ornamented with incised lines.

One unpierced bead of deer's horn, & inch in length, with lines round
narrower end (No. 14, p. 399).

One section of a ring, polished, probably deer's horn.

One small fragment pierced with a circular hole.

GLASS.

One small, dark-blue bead (No. 6, p. 399).

One fragment, 1 inch long, of clear, dark-green glass, rounded,
apparently a broken bead.

One piece of roughly-rounded light-green glass or pebble, evidently
fallen from a setting (No. 5, p. 399).

BEONZE.

One ornament of interlaced pattern, If inches in length ; £ inch in
width.

One flat piece, If inches in length, with a roughly-punctured hole.

One spoon-shaped object, 1J inches in length, with a hole pierced at
either end (No. 9, p, 399).

Four small broken fragments.

CLARE CRANNOGS OF DRUMCLIFF AND CLAUREEN. 397

IRON OBJECTS FUOM DRUMCLIFF AND CLAUREEN CRANNOGS, COUNTY CLARE.
(The references may be found in the text.)

398 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

One buckle-shaped fragment, with ring, 1£ inches in length, including
ring, flat strap, part punctured, with three holes (No. 7, p. 399).

One part of a ring, or bracelet, with marks of silver enamelling,
If inches in length.

One pincers, ornamented with lines (No. 8, p. 399).

One pin, 5 inches in length, with ring-head, ornamented with triangle
pattern and lines (No. 11, p. 399).

One copper coin of George II., with Hibernia and date, 1736, on
reverse.

Three fossil shells were also found.

It is probable that further excavating will yield other objects of
interest ; but a good deal remains to be done before the place is thoroughly
worked out.

CLAUEEEN CRANNOG.

Another crannog resembling this lies some two miles to the south, at a
place called Claureen (Ordnance Sheet 132 of six-inch map). It is in the
centre of the bed of a small lake, which in summer time is perfectly dry,
but for six or eight months of the year is filled with water. In flood
time the crannog is completely covered. Although the size is pretty
much the same (the circumference being 174 feet), this crannog is not
so well built as that at Drumcliff. It is probably an older structure ;
the plan appears to be similar, a circular ring of large limestone
boulders making a foundation for the smaller stones forming the upper
part. At the bottom of the interior, large boulders rest on a bed of blue
clay, or disintegrated limestone. Above this, a yellowish clay fills in
the interstices between the stones ; it is very compact and difficult to
break up. Above this is blackish earth. The outer and upper parts of
the crannog are built of dry stones, loosely put together ; it may be that
the constant friction of the water in flood-time has washed away the
outer covering and filling. The whole structure is covered over with a
thick growth of dewberries, the roots penetrating almost to the bottom.

Yery few bones were found ; and those which turned up were very
fragmentary, and almost black in colour. Dr. Scharff gives the animals
represented as ox, pig, sheep, horse. Yery few bird-bones were found,
and only one or two of fish. Two large pieces of scallop-shell occurred,
but no other sea-shells. The land and fresh-water shells included
Helix nemoralis, Limnata stagnalis, Limnata peregra, Limnata palustris,
and Planorlis contortis. Of these, Limnata stagnalis occurred in great
numbers, and were of a large size ; they were generally found embedded
in clay, and surrounded by masses of charcoal.

The finds, though not numerous, are quite different in character from
those of the Drumcliff crannog. As at Drumcliff, no trace of wood was
discovered. Only four objects of iron occurred. One knife of a leaf-
shaped pattern (No. 12, p. 397), with a long tang ; the material is much
softer and more crumbling than the iron of the other crannog. The knife

CLARti CRANNOGS OF DRUMCLIFF AND CLAUREEN. 399

OBJECTS FROM DRUMCI.II-F AND CLAUREEN CHANNOOS, COUNTY CLARE.
(The references may be found in the text.)

400 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

is 4 inches long, the tang being 1£ inches. Another piece of iron seemed
to be part of a ring ; it is 1£ inches in length, and a flat piece 1 inch long
had the sides rolled over at the edges. Another curved piece, half an
inch in length, might have been a hook or nail ; it is of a light-yellowish
colour.

Three objects of bronze were found — one a thin strip, If inches in
length and £ inch wide, doubled in the form of a ring ; the surface
is silvered, and ornamented with crossed lines and dots — a small hole is
roughly punctured at one end. The second object resembles a seal, or
button ; it is round, and seems to have been cast in a mould. The stem,
half an inch in length is pierced at the end ; the face has a pattern of
six deeply-cut uneven triangles, surrounding a small central one ; it is
light-coloured, and weighs £ oz. (No. 12 bis, p. 399).

The third bronze find seems to be a clasp of some kind ; two flat
pieces of bronze, H inches in length, rounded at one end and square at
the other, are riveted together at the rounded end. It is pierced by
four holes, and has two punctures on either side, which do not .go through.
Concentric rings surround two of the holes, and a pattern of three con-
centric rings fills the space between the other two. It is of light coloured
bronze (No. 13, p. 399).

An amber bead was found in the clay near the bottom ; it is triangular
in shape, 1 inch in length, chipped and worn at the ends ; it is of a red
colour, but is partly discoloured from long contact with the clay
(No. 10, p. 399).

Two fragments of rounded bone pins were found, and one piercer,
3 inches long, with a rounded top. One spindle- whorl of a slaty stone
was found, broken in three pieces.

One broken spear, or arrow-point of chert, 1 inch in length ; four
pieces of flint ; a curious piece of crystal, half an inch long and a quarter
broad, with a V-shaped, raised pattern, cut on the surface. Seventeen
small pieces of crystal, and one piece of a blackish colour, 1£ inches in
length, weighing 1 oz.

One fragment of jet, and two fossil shells.

As the crannog is not yet worked out, other finds may be chanced on ;
but the place does not seem to be of as much importance as the larger
community at Ballyalla, where at least four, if not five, crannogs were
in close neighbourhood. In the eastern branch of the lake, when the
water is low, a small island appears, which most probably is a crannog.
This would make a fifth within a radius of half a mile.

The district is not without other objects of archasological interest.
A short distance from the crannogs, on the western bank of the river, is
a souterrain, 25 feet in length. It is roofed with large, flat slabs of
limestone, and has a branch passage some 10 feet long ; the ends of both
passages are blocked with masonry, which probably fell in when the river

CLARE CRANNOGS OF DRUMCLIFF AND CLAUREEN. 401

cutting was made. There is no trace of a fort, or any building in
connexion with it.

Just opposite, on the other side of the river, is the ruined early
church of Templemaley ; while on a hill above. the crannog-dwellings
stand the crumbling remains of the mediaeval castle of Ballvalia.

T T? c A T f Vo1- xv-> Fifth Series. J 9 F

Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vol xxx'y ? ConseCt Ser> |

402 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

IRISH MOTES AND ALLEGED NORMAN CASTLES : NOTE
ON SOME RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEIR STUDY.

BY THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.

HPHK reproach that lay on Irish antiquaries for neglect of so many
• important branches of study is rapidly, and, in a large degree,
through the medium of this Society, being removed. Though occupy-
ing a " preserve " of invaluable field antiquities, and holding a mass of
early literature bearing on our oldest remains, but little was done for
several generations to elucidate questions relating to our early earthworks.
Irish students ought to have taken a prominent part in modern
discussion — for example, in the question of the " mote and bailey "
mounds ; yet when views attributing these exclusively to the Normans
in England were advanced and swept all before them, 'how many of our
workers even reconsidered the matter from the Irish standpoint ? It is
well for us, therefore, to watch the controversy, unbiassed by old beliefs,
while unaffected by the attraction of mere novelty, to take such part in
it as may be necessary to methodise our knowledge, and to collect and
seek for fresh facts.

Looking back over the year 1905, three Papers on the subject of
motes call for our attention. Two, indeed, we can notice but briefly ; the
third requires some reply. We hope hereby to help those working in
Ireland, especially in the country districts, by calling attention to the
work done and arguments used by others.

In Ireland a work of no slight value is proceeding. " The County
Louth Archaeological Journal"1 contains a survey of much interest on the
motes of that county; it is entitled "Louthiana, Ancient and Modern,"
edited by Mrs. O'Kelly and Mr. Henry Morris. The method is happy.
The authors take Wright's "Louthiana," examine each description of an
earthwork, and then describe, with excellent illustrations and plans, the
remains still on the ground. We find the motes of Faughart, Green-
mount, and Castletown (Dundalgan), given, both as described in 1748
and in their present condition. Such a work not only corrects and
examines the older writings, but gives us a gauge of the destruction by
man and time on these curious relics of the past.

Dr. Davies Pryce, in the English Historical Review* defends the older
view, and that which most antiquaries in Ireland unreservedly hold, that
the " mote and bailey" earthwork is, in many cases, of early date. It
will be remembered that these views were traversed some years since by
Mrs. Armitage in an important Paper in which she claimed these
structures as of Norman origin, and, relying on two passages in "The

1 Volume i., Part n., p. 17. 2 Volume xx., p. 703.

IRISH MOTES AND ALLEGED NORMAN CASTLES. 403

Song of Dermot," extended her theory to Ireland without examination
of the other Irish material bearing on the subject. Dr. Pryce, while
allowing, as, indeed, seems fairly well established, that the Normans
erected many such motes in England, contends, in some cases, for their
earlier origin. Of course, the occupation of such motes by the Normans
does not prove that that nation alone made the " mote and bailey " forts.
He notes that Ordericus Yitalis mentions that there were "few fortifications
in the English provinces which the Prench called castles," showing, he
argues, that there were at least a few of the type to which the Normans
were accustomed. He gives various examples in England as bearing out
his contention, points out the vivid description of the high forts with
fosses and rings given by Giraldus, and Jocelin's mention of the mote
(" monticulus") "surrounded by the marshes of the sea," and called
Dunlethglais, as showing that such structures were ancient in Ireland
when the Normans first invaded the country. He cites the case of Tara,
where high, moted mounds remain in Cahercrofin, and the existence of
"mote and bailey " forts in Wales in districts where the Normans never
settled. We cannot in our space do justice to this Paper, for we wish to
confine ourselves rather to any facts or arguments bearing on the origin
of the mounds in Ireland than on the collateral issues.

Mrs. Armitage replies in the same Journal.1 She allows that it
cannot be proved that the Saxons had no castles before the Norman
Conquest ; but argues that, had that been the case, Earl Godwin and his
sons would have held -some, while the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle only
mentions those of the Norman favourites of King Edward. Such, she
contends, were the "few" castles in the Norman style mentioned by
Ordericus. The " motte and bailey" castle was not introduced till the
eleventh century, and probably arose from the restoration of the arts of
war by the Normans. Therefore, it was, a priori, unlikely to have been
constructed in Great Britain and Ireland. "The motte and bailey"
castle " was suited to the feudal and not to the tribal stage of society,
because of its small size." This overlooks the usual small size of the
earth and stone forts of the earliest tribal periods. Still more does it
overlook the teaching of the finds in several " mote and bailey forts " in
Leinster and Ulster, and the mention of great forts in the numerous
entries of pre-Norman books at places where the great motes still
stand.

"Giraldus," Mrs. Armitage replies, "never once uses the word
' mota.' " He does not, however, use the word "fossata"2 for the structures,
as she alleges, but " castella." We pass this matter by as of little
consequence, for " fossa " is used for ring-forts, and even for a high mote,
like "Bath llighbhaird," in County Kildare, by Mactheni, and the
"Tripartite Life." Native annals contradict the statement that the

1 Volume xx., p. 711.

2 ' Fossata ' is, of course, only the adjective * ringed ' or ' ditched,' as used hy
Giraldus.

2E 2

404 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Irish made no "castles"; several1 were built by the generations pre-
ceding the Norman Invasion, as Irish students are aware. Little can be
built on the usage of the word " mota." As has been shown,2 it means
earthwork, without any necessary connotation of height. As to the
confident statement of several English writers that the mention of " mots"
in the " Song of Dermot " settles the question for Ireland, it cannot
stand the test of history, which proves that great forts stood in pre-
Norman times at Slane and Trim, or of the "Song" itself, which shows
these mots overthrown or rebuilt easily and rapidly. The fort at Slane
appears in other records3 as a far more spacious place than the average
Irish " mote and bailey" — in fact, it was very probably at the Flemyngs'
Castle at Slane, not at the mote on the summit of the hill.

Dr. Petrie's vast field knowledge all over Ireland, and his advantage
in the co-operation of O'Donovan, expert in all the native literature,
apparently gives his statement no weight as to the residential nature of
the raths at Tara. Mrs. Armitage has not seen the site;, but " Wakeman's
and the Ordnance Map" seem to satisfy her that it was for te sepulchral
rather than defensive purposes."

Apart from many other records (it seems almost unnecessary to name
them), we have the ancient poem of Cuan O'Lochain elaborately describ-
ing the site. It, like all our literature, distinguishes the sepulchral
from the residential remains. The former are "dumhas" (mounds),
standing-stones, cairns, and lethts (heaps of stones) — not the- ringed
raths. The monument of Caelchu is distinguished from his rath, and
the "dumhas" existing on the hill are not ringed ruths, but little round-
topped mounds, without fosse or ring. The great contrast between a
residential and a sepulchral group can be seen by comparing JBrugh of
the Boyne, and Loughcrew, with Tara. The diggings in "the King's
Chair " only disclosed one burial, and that in the rampart — like that
recorded of Laoghaire, in the southern rath of the group. This (like the
finds in other raths, of the type of those in Cathair Crofinn, and many
allusions in our literature) shows the custom of burial in the residence.
The rock-cut fosses of an older fort, under but not coinciding with the
earthworks of the "King's Chair," have also an obvious bearing on the
question. So have the groups of ring-walls, mounds, dolmens, pillars,
and cairns in Western Ireland, and the crowded burial-grounds near the
" mote and bailey " forts, with an occasional urn-burial in the ring, or
bailey — the latter interments presumably of some chief or important
personage. The assertion of a mound being " sepulchral" may be an.
excellent method for disposing of facts which are in favour of the early
origin of high forts ; but it has first to be established in the case of each
monument. It is also necessary to distinguish between earthworks
sepulchral "in origin, and those primarily residential, but used for burial.

1 See supra, p. 11. 2 Journal, vol. xxxiv., p. 314.

3 Continuation of Tighernuch's " Anmils."

IRISH MOTES AND ALLEGED NORMAN CASTLES. 405

Both certainly exist, and the evidence as regards Tara seems entirely
in favour of the older views.

It is, Mrs. Armitage continues, " surprising that Mr. "West-repp
should have sanctioned the identification of the so-called llathkeltair at
Downpatrick." However, she only produces very unsound " authorities"
to support her doubts. One hardly expects in twentieth- century
archaeology to find Lewis's "Topographical Dictionary" quoted as a
decisive authority ; still less to find the colloquial " Danish fort " treated
as a deliberate statement of traditional fact. Yet this is one basis for deny-
ing the mote to be an Irish fort. We do not find the words in " Lewis."

The writer hardly does justice to the argument from Jocelin, " stated
by Mr. "Westropp and Dr. Pryce." She gives it as follows: — "It is
astonishing that the mere mention of a little hill (monticulus) in an
obvious legend should be regarded as proof of the existence of the
mote." Had she taken trouble to read the original statement, she would
have noted that the fact remains that Jocelin, within a few years of
the Norman raid on Down (1181-1186), mentions a mote ("monti-
culus"); a, fort — for it was called Dundaleathglas, the fort of the two
fetters — " surrounded ~by the marshes of the sea" where the great mote still
stands, near the abbey and church of Down. This certainly forms a
very different mass of evidence from her abstract as given above. It is
in no way vitiated by occurrence in "an obvious legend" when the
latter is by a known author of certain date.

But a stronger argument to the general reader is next used, and this
must be taken more seriously. Mrs. Armitage quotes a passage as deci-
sive against the identity of the mote — from a little Programme of our
Excursion to Downpatrick,1 citing a tract in the Burgundian Library ;
she is evidently unaware of the name, date, or authoritative character of
this writing, or she would not have followed it as misquoted in the
Programme. The real Dundaleathglas (she states) was to the south-
east of Down, noting that the "so-called llathkeltair >!> is outside the
city to the north-west. This argument is shattered at once, for in the
text (published, from the manuscript in the Burgundian Library, in the
Ulster Journal of Archeology)* we find the fullest corroboration for the
identity of the great mote at Down with the fort of Dundaleathglas.
Father Edmund M'Canna, writing about 1643, conies to Down from
Dundrum, i.e. from the south-west. He first reaches the church of
St. Patrick, in the old city — then (evidently beyond it) "the little hill
called Dundaleathghlas, from which Down takes its name, is situate
outside the city on the north-east" not the south-east, as quoted from the
programme by Mrs. Armitage.

Anyone standing on the hill where the old Irish town clustered round
the church and round tower, and taking the church as facing eastward,3
sees the enormous mote to the north-east of that hill, " east of Dunleath-

1 Journal, vol. xxii., p. 339. 2 Old Series, vol. ii., p. 51.

3 It really faces to the north of east.

406 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

glaissi," as in the poem of Cinead O'Hartigan (ante 973), " surrounded by
the marshes of the sea," as described by Jocelin (ante 1 185). To make its
position still more certain, Father M'Canna continues, " on the south-
east " is the Franciscan Convent, " the ground is overgrown with rushes,
and swampy." This, as may be seen by the mop of 1729, left its name
Fryers Bog and Fryers Lane in the modern Bridge Street to the south-ea^t
of the great mote. The mote is called "dun" by Sir James King in
1612, "dun" by Jocelin and MacCanna, and "the Rath of Down-
patrick " by Pococke, 1752. Never in Irish history is found record of
any other forts than it and the entrenched monastery. "TheKath,"
the lay "third" of the town, and the monastery alone figure in our
records (e.g. Annals of Ulster, 1111), under the names of Dunlethglas
and " Eathkelter."

It is needless to criticise the suggestion that the great earth fort in the
marshes was probably De Courcy's " motte and bailey" ; or that, when
deserted by the Normans, their stronghold became " the prey of legend,"
or that the dun of " Keltair perished long before the time of De Courcy,
if it ever existed." For the legends now among us were in vogue before
the Norman knight set foot in Down, and the unbroken, unvarying
record, from the earliest period to our day, cannot be set aside for a
colloquial phrase in Lewis, or a misquotation in an excursion programme.

AVe can hardly imagine that the reply represents the deliberate
judgment of Mrs. Armitage. An antiquary of such wide and solid
learning in things English, would, surely, after a study of Irish field
work, finds, and documents, form at least no such sweeping decisions.
It is unfortunate that the lack of saving clauses in her reply, printed in
so leading a journal as the English Historical Review, may, nay, must,
mislead some readers, and calls for an answer from this side of the
Channel. We must regard as of probable Irish origin every mote that
represents a recorded pre-Norman rath or dun, and all those where the
spade has disclosed early finds, not only in the mount, but also in the
" bailey" and rings. After that we have still a number of " mote and
bailey " structures outside the Norman settlements. The paucity of
such remains in some of the most important, earliest and longest-enduring
of the English settlements is eloquent as to other racial 'elements than
the Norman underlying the distribution of such forts. But when all
these facts are satisfied, there is still ample room for the view that the
countrymen of Strongbow may have used a type of fortress such as they
used in their French home and in their English manors. Early in the
history of the Normans in Ireland the stone castle takes its place.
Whether there is room in time for the making of any high motes between
the "zerebas" of the first settlers and the stone towers of Prince John,
has yet to be established.1

1 I would call attention to an important Paper and map of the French mote and
bailey earthworks, by M. de Mortillet, in the Revue Mcnsitelle, of the School of
Anthropology (1895), pp. 261-283.

( 407 )

J&tecellaroau

The Old Irish Blacksmith's Furnace. — Since writing the Article on
the " Old Irish Blacksmith's Forge " in my " Social History of Ancient
Ireland," a more careful examination of the Irish Texts has enabled me
to arrive at the construction of the furnace, just as — in the same
Article — the bellows has been restored, from a comparison of similar
authorities (" Social History," vol. ii., pp. 305-309).

In Cormac's " Glossary," p. 123, an incident is related of Goibniu,
the great Dedannan smith. On one occasion he happened to be in his
forge, holding in his hand a crand, or wooden implement of some kind
(crand, l a tree, a piece of wood, anything made of wood'). Cormac
goes on to say that ness was a special name for this crand ; and he adds,
after his usual happy manner, this short explanatory note, showing its
use : — " And it is about it the furnace of clay (urnisi criad] is made."
Here the expression is the same as that used by an old Irish ninth-
century commentator to describe the wooden block on which Irish potters
moulded soft clay to make vessels : and observe in both passages the
block or mould is called crand or crann. The passage about
the potter's mould, specifying part of the moulding process,
is: — u A round piece of wood (crann) about which they
(the soft clay vessels) are while being made" (Stokes and
Strachan's ''Thesaurus," vol. i.. p. 23; " Social History,"
vol. ii., p. 79). It appears, then, that this ness or crand was
a mould, round which was formed the soft clay furnace to
contain and confine the fire. From all this we infer that
when the four walls of the furnace got burned, or worn
out (like fire-bricks in a modern grate) — which might be, perhaps, once
a week or so — it was cleared away; the ness or crand, or mould, was
set in its place, and a new structure of soft clay was moulded around it
in a few minutes with the hands, after which the mould was carefully
lifted up, leaving the furnace (urnisi criad) ready for use. At the time
the incident related by Cormac occurred, Goibniu happened to be engaged
in moulding a fresh furnace

The fuel used in those days was wood-charcoal, which, being lighter
than our coal, was liable to be blown about and scattered by the blast of
the bellows if not confined by the furnace. I presume the ness, or mould,
was something like what is represented above, either solid or hollow, with
a long handle for holding and lifting up. The presence of a long handle
is indeed implied in another expression used by Cormac.

All this is curiously corroborated by a totally independent authority—

408 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

a passage in the 4< Irish Triads," with which I have been favoured by
Dr. Kuno Meyer : — " There are three renovators in the world — the womb
of woman, a cow's udder, and a smith's ness" In still another MS. this
ness of the " Triad " is explained mala ere (' a bag of clay '), which gives
us further insight. The moulding-clay, of whicli the furnace was made
from time to time, had, of course, to be carefully selected and prepared,
like all moulding- clay, pure and free from dirt, and, in the present case,
mixed probably with a little sand to keep it from cracking— all this more
especially as it had to stand the fire. The smith kept a supply of it in
bags, in his forge, as he kept wood-charcoal also in bags (" Social
History,'' vol. ii., p. 304). Observe how satisfactorily this squares in
with the main function running through the " Triad" — the function of
renovation. From this " Triad" passage, too, it appears that the name
ness was applied both to the shaped furnace, and to a bag of moulding-
clay for making it.

I may add that in my young days I have seen, in the County
Limerick, furnaces of much the same kind, as tha.t described above,
used by wandering tinkers, who also practised foundry on a small and
simple scale ; but they used anthracite coal, not wood-charcoal. They
made up with their hands, in a rough-and-ready way, and in a few
moments, a small furnace of moist clay, which they placed securely in a
wooden frame, and into which they fixed the pipe of their bellows. By
means of this rude contrivance they succeeded in melting small frag-
ments of cast iron, with which they mended — very roughly, indeed, but
quite effectively — pots and pans, or other cast-iron articles, that had been
gapped or cracked. They formed a strong mould of moist clay round
the broken part, into which they poured the white molten metal, which
firmly adhered on cooling. The women of the several houses always
put aside their broken vessels, waiting for the next visit of the tinker
company, who never failed to find plenty to do in every hamlet. —
P. W. JOYCE.

The Cock and Pot on the McCragh Tomb (vol. xxxiv., p. 311).—
The following extracts may help to throw some light on the cock and pot
which appears on the M'Cragh tomb. The first is from MS. C. of Acta
Pilati B, caput i., contained in Tischendorf's Evangelia Apocrypha, 2nd
edition. It occurs in a long note at the bottom of the page, and
differs entirely from the contents of chapter i., as he gives it: —

" And (Judas) going away to his house to hang himself, found
his wife seated, roasting a cock on the coals ; and he said to her,
* Rise, wife, get me a rope to hang myself, for I deserve it.' But his
wife said to him, * Why dost thou speak thus ? ' And Judas said to
her, f Know of a truth that I unjustly delivered my Master, Jesus,
to evil-doers, for Pilate to put Him to death ; and He will rise again

MISCELLANEA. 409

on the third day ; and woe to us/ And his wife said to him, ' Do not
speak or think thus ; for as this cock roasting on the coals is ahle to
make a sound, so will Jesus rise again, as thou sayest.' And
straightway, at her words, the cock flapped his wings, and crowed
thrice ; and Judas, heing the more persuaded, straightway hanged
himself. "

This is, apparently, the original of the legend. In mediaeval times
many stories were taken from the Apocryphal Gospels hy various writers,
and affected the popular mind to a very large extent, e.g. the ox and ass
adoring the Infant Saviour, which appears in so many paintings, and which
is taken from the Gospel of Pseudo -Matthew, or the better-known example
of the "Harrowing of Hell." The story as given in this Journal,
vol. xxxv., p. 71, is, apparently, one of the versions of the above legend.
The same device appears on a tomb in St. Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny ; 1
but the guide there insists that the idea is peculiar to that place, and is
very much annoyed if told that it is at least a thousand years earlier.
This is, of course, quite distinct from the cock alone, which refers to
St. Peter's denial, though in later times there was probably some con-
fusion between the two.

The following extract is taken from the Sahidic fragments of the
" Life of the Virgin," and may be found in Coptic Apocryphal Gospels, ed.
Forbes Robinson (" Cambridge Texts and Studies ") :—

" . . . They cried out, * The Mother of the King had mercy on
us, and gave us life.' And we killed other cocks and other birds,
and they took wings and flew from under the cauldrons, and we
came and told thee what took place, lest perchance the governor be
angry with us, and slay us." Then Mary cried out, saying, ' All the
mercy is Thine, my Lord.' And she turned to the cooks, saying,
* Fear not, because this hath taken place on my account, because I
have never tasted the world.' "

The above is, unfortunately, only a fragment, the commencement of
which is lost, so that we cannot tell what was the original story. It
probably belonged to the cycle of miracles which are related in Pseudo-
Matthew, as being wrought by our Lord on the way to Egypt. —
(REV.) ST. JOHN SEYMOUH.

Iniscatha (1188-1420).— The later history of St. Senan's "Sacred
Isle "is of considerable interest, and worthy of much more attention
than it has hitherto received. Among other subjects the question of
the allocation of the island to a bishopric has been discussed by more than
one writer. As one interested, not otherwise than historically, in the

1 Dated 1549. (See Graves and Prim's "St. Canice's," p. 251; and Rev. W.
Oarrigan's "History of the Diocese of Ossory," vol. iii., p. 156.)

410 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

question, and an advocate for neither See, I may be allowed to notice a
few points in the case for Killaloe, so ably set forth in a recent interesting
paper (supra, p. 153). Readers might conclude that any allocation or
transfer of the place to the diocese of Limerick would be abnormal and
incredible, but, in fact, ten parishes south of Quin, in Tradree, which were
given to Limerick by the Synod of Rathbreasal, had, by 1201, been
absorbed by Killaloe ; Kilmurrily, a part of the actual termon of Iniscatha,
was held from 1201 to 1615 unbrokenly by Limerick. Tullylease,
belonging to Limerick in 1201, was given to Cloyne ; and Donaghmore
was annexed to Killaloe after 1201, and restored to Limerick about 1280. l

The only document produced on behalf of the claims of Killaloe to
Scattery from the extinction of its bishopric in 1188 to about 1350, is a
grant of the lands of " Inisketty " to Clare Abbey. The above paper lays
great stress on this fact. "We read that this grant is " a most authoritative
statement that Iniscathy belonged to Killaloe" (p. 153) ; " how positive,
how solemn was the assignment of Scattery to Killaloe " (p. 157) ; and
" if evidence or truth were the object, why not consult episcopal archives,
or the muniments of Donaldmore, rather than those of English, Irish, or
Ostmen?" (p. 154). When, however, we examine the charter,2 we
find that it does not state that Scattery belonged to Killaloe, nor mention
any " solemn assignment " of it. f.t is, in fact, a mere grant of lands ;
nothing can be built on their order, or want of order, for lands in Emly
and Limerick appear between the neighbouring places of Kilbrecan and
Clare Castle. It is a chief's grant, not an episcopal pronouncement — the
prelates are mere witnesses. Donaldmore simply records his gifts to the
new abbey, and makes no other statement about them. The bishops, with
certain laymen, witness it, as is the case in so many grants of the period.
Even were the statement explicit that Scattery was assigned to Killaloe,
it would not affect in the least degree the facts existing at a later period,
nor in any case would Donaldmore recognise a dangerous Norman
aggression on his territory.3 If the mere lands of ''Inisketty " be really
that important monastery, and recent seat of a bishop, the Prince treats
it with scant respect, and the record is, at best, only decisive for the time
of its execution.

To put so very slight a reference (to say the most for it) above
documents like the Inquisitions of 1201 seems an extreme measure.
The Inquisitions purport to be the formal attempt of the Government to
define the churches and lands of the See of Limerick ; not mere state-
ments, but the sworn findings in each case of thirty-six men of three
nations.4 Nor did the Norman Crown and its Governors need to procure

1 " Black Book of Limerick," xxxvii ; " Papal Taxations,1' 1291-1302, &c.

2 See full, text in Journal, vol. xxii., p. 78.

3 "Would the non-recognition of William III. as King of England in a document of
James II. affect the reality of his position r1

* Not unprecedented in other Ostmen towns : see, for example, C. S. P. I., vol. i.t
No. 641, at Dublin.

MISCELLANEA. 4 11

false witness to enable them to assign their conquests to whom they would
in Church or State. The bishops and clergy, no less than the laity, were
exhorted by Papal Letters to obey the Government. This Inquisition
is the only early one relating to Iniscathy found in existing "episcopal
archives," or recognised by bishops, and we look in vain in the
numerous published state papers, papal documents and petitions^
or in the law rolls, for any lawsuit, petition, or protest of any
bishop of Killaloe, against the assignment of Scattery to Limerick.
The Bishop of Killaloe ivitnesses both the Inquisitions, along Avith the
Bishop of Ross, while the first deed is also witnessed by the Archdeacon
of Killaloe and the Abbot of St. Senanus.1 The fact is not contested by
the personal enemies, De Burgo and Fitz Henry, and remains (so far a&
is known) uncontested for seven centuries, l^o recorded attempt was
made by De Marisco (one of the witnesses] to secure its annulment
in favour of his uncle, Bishop Travers, of Killaloe, after 1226.2
Were all Irish bishops afraid ? One, at least, a generation later,
could oppose a governor at the head of an army, merely for
digging an entrenchment on the lands of the See. The humble
apologies and promises of the intruder alone saved him from the
terrible weapons of the church.3 In fact, no claim, or even statement,
alleging that Scattery was in the diocese of Killaloe from 1201 to after
1350 has up to the present been produced. It only so appears in the
confusion and collapse of the English power after the O'Briens' success, and
Bruce's invasion. During the earlier period the records of the appoint-
ment of guardians (clerics) by the English, the location in County
Limerick, and the claim of Rathkeale to a larger share of the island than
in later days was held by the coarb,4 at least do very little to discredit
the view that Iniscathy was in the bishopric of Limerick and deanery
of Eathkeale, as claimed in 1419 by Bishop O'Dea. Till the Irish
Records and Roman muniments are better studied and further published,
it is of little use to discuss later events. I would, however, claim that the
theory that Scattery (whether held by Killaloe or not in 1189) was in
Limerick diocese from 1201 to, perhaps, 1350, and that thence till 1410
or 1420 it was under Killaloe, covers all the known facts. It also obviates
the need of discussing the good faith, morals, or even legitimacy of the
parties to the deeds (p. 159), or of considering all of the Limerick records
as perjured or mis-stated,

The following errors occurring above are likely to mislead readers,
and require correction : — First (p. 153), an argument is based on the
fact that " Iniscathy is forty miles from Sixmilebridge, the furthest
point in the diocese of Limerick." It is really less than seven miles from

1 The second deed was even sealed by the Papal Legate.

2 Theiner, " VeteraMonumenta," Deed No. 10.

3 C. S. P. I., vol. iv., p. 255.

4 Inq. Exch. P. R. 0. I., No. 2, and ''Plea Rolls," xix Ed. I., p. 53.

412 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

the diocese at Kilmurrily. Secondly (p. 159), the words in the deed of
1409, " the guardian of the Collegiate Church of Iniscathy in the diocese
of Limerick," are, it is suggested, really a mistake for Iniskefty, i.e.
Askeaton. Askeaton had no "collegiate church," or recorded " guar-
dians " ; Scattery had both. The former was only a poor vicarage, the
rectory being held by an English Abbey,1 and in later days was a
"ruined temple" of the parish of Ballingarry. Thirdly, " Inisgad, in
the diocese of Killaloe," is evidently identified as Iniscathy. It is really
€anon's Island, " monasterium de Inishgad, Inichane alias Canon's
Hand," "mon. de Inishgad alias Insula canonicor."2 — T. J. WESTROPP.

" Crucifixion Stone," Inch. County Down. — In the early part of
this year there was dug up in the old burial-ground of the parish of
Inch, near Downpatrick, a flat stone about 24 inches by 20 inches, on
which is a very crude representation of the Crucifixion. The cross-
beam is the only part of the cross shown ; the Christ's head leans to His
right, and round His waist is a loin-cloth ; below His right hand the
B. V. M. kneels — her long hair is unmistakable ; while on the left is
St. John, bearded, and having a tunic reaching almost to his ankles.

There can be no doubt that this is the stone described as existing at
Inch, by Mr. Walter Harris, in his " Antient and Present State of the
County of Down" (Dublin: 1744), page 37 :— " In the said Island,
immediately after the entrance into it by a Causeway, is an old Church,
which perhaps was a Chappel to the great Abby, over the South Door
of which is a piece of Sculpture representing the image of Christ on the
Oross, and a Person on his Knees, with his Hands elevated praying to
him." This passage is quoted by Bishop Reeves in his " Ecclesiastical
Antiquities," p. 44, under "Inch," with this remark: — "This Chapel
stood in the parish burying-ground, and was lately removed to make
way for a mausoleum." It is likely the stone was thrown away when
the ancient church was demolished. — H. W. LKTT, Hon. Prov. Sec. for
Ulster.

Doonbally Castle. — " A correspondent writes that this old relic of
the historic past, standing on the lands of the Congested Districts Board,
deserves to be preserved, not alone as a reminder of ancient times, but also
in point of architectural interest. It is very old, .... the roof being
arched and still intact, having withstood the shocks of warfare and the
fury of the elements. It would be well if this ancient ruin were vested
in the Board of Works as a public monument. On the advent of the

1 As to the Collegiate Church of Scattery, see " Cal. Papal Letters," vol. i., p. 313 ;
its guardians appear from 1290 to 1575.

2 Procurations, "Register of Cashel," &c., 1571, P. R.O.I., pp. 154 and 168.
The mistake is probably that of the editor of the " Calendar of Papal Letters," who
confuses Iniscatha with Inis^nd, and even " Achadens."

MISCELLANEA. 41 %

Congested Districts Board to the property, an attempt was made by
workmen to blow up the ruin, in order to procure stones for building-
cottages ; but this failed, thanks to the solidity of the masonry. The
opinion was expressed by experts that even were the castle demolished,
the stones would not be worth while cleaning of their binding of grout,
which in many cases was firmer than the stone itself, this grout being
a mixture of ox-blood, lime, and sand." — Tuam Herald.

Templenagalliaghdoo. — This name is, or was, applied to eight
ruined churches in the Counties of Mayo and Sligo1 — (1) Killarduff, in
Doonfeeny parish, once a parish church ; (2) a church in Killeen town-
land, in Kilbride parish, which was a cell of the Premonstratensian
Abbey of the Holy Trinity in Lough Key ; (3) the old parish church
close to Errew Abbey ; (4) Ballyheane Church — old parish church : a
ruined fourteenth- or fifteenth-century church is close to the ruins of an
earlier church ; (5) a church-site in the townland of Primrose Grange,
in Killaspugbrone parish ; (6) a church-site in the townland of Bally-
connell, in Drumclifl parish, which belonged, I believe, to the nunnery
of Kilcreevanty ; (7) foundations called Teach na Calliaghadliu, close to
Templemore, the ancient parish church of Drumcolumb ; (8) the
"Nunnery," in Aghanagh parish, was called Teach na gcailleachaidhe
dubha.

No. 6 is the only one known to have any connexion with a
nunnery.

It is improbable that any of these Mayo churches ever belonged to
nuns. The names Tearapall- and Teach-na-gcailleachaidhe-dubha seem
to be the only reasons for calling Nos. 5 and 8 nunneries. I do not believe
that Cailleach Dubh in these names means a ' black nun.' A cormorant
is called Cailleach Dubh in Mayo ; but cormorants are not likely to have
given these names by haunting the ruins ! Can anyone explain the
name ?

Is it possible that a deserted church was called " a church of the
Cormorants" in these counties, meaning what "a home of bats and
owls" would mean in English, with the advantage of a pun? I have
searched in vain in printed works for reference to similar names in other
parts of Ireland. — H. T. KNOX.

The Cromlech, popularly known as the "Broad Stone," near Bally-
money, County Antrim. — I do not know whether any account of this
fine Cromlech has ever appeared in the Society's Journal, so I send
the accompanying short description in case that it may prove to be the

1 For 1, 2,4, 5, 8, see " Ordnance Survey Letters," County Mayo, vol. i., pp. 407,
502 ; vol. ii., p. 472 ; County Sligo, p. ($ ; and under parish of Aghanagh. For
3, 6, 8, see Ordnance Survey Maps. For 7, see O'Rorke's " History of Sligo,"
vol. ii.. p. 257.

414 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

first. I visited the locality on Monday, May 8th, and considered myself
abundantly repaid for the examination. I cannot speak from sufficient
knowledge to determine the relative place of this Cromlech among Irish
examples of the kind; but if not the finest, I should say it is one of
the finest of them. It was described so long ago as the year 1814
in Mason's " Parochial Survey of Ireland," by the Rev. James Grier,
in an article on Finvoy Parish, in which it is situated. The Rev.
J. Grier in those days kept a school at Killens, in the district. In
volume i. of Mason's " Survey," p. 387, Mr. Grier gives the dimensions.1
So far as I could form an opinion, the upper slab was originally
supported by four upright stones, one of which is now fallen ; and the
whole structure must originally hare been surmounted by an outer
circle of stones, sufficient traces of which circle still remain, though in
imperfection and confusion. I hope that my reference to this important
matter, though it is not in my own province, may not be considered an
intrusion ; perhaps I may plead in excuse that by -birth I am connected
with. the locality. — COURTENAY MOORE (Canon\ M.A., Hon. Provincial
Secretary for Munster.

[This cromlech is described and illustrated by Mr. "William Gray in
the Journal, vol. xvi., p. 361 ; it is also described and illustrated by
Borlase. The cromlech, as it now stands, is a restoration. The cap-
stone, measuring 8 feet 6 inches by 10 feet, and about 20 inches thick,
was thrown down or fell ; but it has been restored to its original position
on the three supporters described by Canon Moore. Mr. Gray mentions
that there were the remains of three or four circular chambers adjoining
the cromlech, the whole surrounded by two concentric stone circles, the
outer circle being 100 feet in diameter.]

Ancient Monuments, County Clare.— I wish to draw attention to
the ancient monuments on the estate of Captain J. C. R. Scott, in County
Clare. I prepared the maps of the property for sale to the tenants, and
it is now before the Commissioners. On the Burren portion are the forts
and souterrains of Parkmore and Mortyclough. There was water in them
at the time of my visit, and this must be injurious, and could be remedied
by short drains. On the Quin part stand the fort of Cahercalla, and the
castle of Danganbrack. The former is much injured, and its area is
divided between three farms, so that I fear it would be hard to take
any measures for its preservation ; but I think the castle would be well
worth preserving, and the time of the sale would be the best to get it
vested in the Board of "Works or County Council. I have never seen a
castle so perfect in the upper part, and which shows the arrangement of
the roof so well. The chief repair it wants is to the lower part of the
stairs, which is impassable. — HENRY S. CRAWFORD.

1 As these dimensions are misleading, they are not given. — ED.

MISCELLANEA. 415

Ancient Monuments, County Clare. — The forts at Parkmore and
Mortyclough, or rather their souterrains, are of the deepest interest. They
have been described by Mr. T. Cooke in our Journal, vol. i., p. 294. They
are also described briefly in vol. xxv., p. 281. The fort of Cahercalla is
a noble triple caher, much injured, but most worthy of preservation. I
have noted it in our Journal (vol. xxvi. [1896], and vol. xxiii. [1893]) ;
also in " Cahers of Clare " (Proc. R.I.A., Ser. m., vol. vi., p. 439).

The Peel Tower of Danganbrack is an interesting late fifteenth-
century building like that at Oola in Limerick — a Macnamara castle —
and worthy of preservation. The spiral stair alone is broken.

Cahercalla Caher should be protected (not restored) by all means.
There is near Cahercalla (but, perhaps, on another estate), in the townland
of Creevagh, a tall, very perfect ring-wall. It might also be preserved
when the estates are sold.

In the townlands of Ballykinvarga, Noughaval, and Ballyganner,
near Kilfenora, there are even more important remains to be protected. —
THOMAS J. WESTROPP.

Ancient Monuments — Estates Commissioners. — In the Report of
the Estates Commissioners for the period from 1st November, 1903, to
31st March, 1905, presented to Parliament recently, there is a reference
to the working of the Ancient Monuments clause of the Irish Land
Act, 1905, section 14, as follows : —

"Ancient Monuments (Section 14).

" In their reports the surveyors are required to furnish particulars of
any ancient or mediaeval structures or monuments, or the remains
thereof, which may be on the holdings inspected, in order that the
Commissioners may be in a position to consider the advisability of
vesting them, pursuant to section 14, either in the Commissioners of
Public Works or in the County Council.

" During the period under review the Commissioners were so informed
of the existence of eighteen monuments or structures. The Commis-
sioners of Public Works have consented to one of these being vested in
them, one will be vested in the County Council of Kildare, seven are
reported to be of family or local interest only, and as to the others,
inquiries were pending on the 31st March, 1905."

The Volunteers in College Green. — In connexion with Dr. Cosgrave's
remarks on the various forms of this engraving, it may be pointed out
that the artist of the aquatint, illustrated at p. 105, ante, may very
well have taken his inspiration from the picture which appears in
"Magee's Miniature Almanack for 1781." The print (size, 2£ inches
by 2 inches) is described as a " Yiew of the Volunteers in College Green,

416 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Nov. 4th, 1780, the Rt. Honble James, Earl of Charlemont, General."
This picture, practically as early as Wheatley's original painting, and
certainly earlier by four years than Dr. Cosgrave's aquatint, is identical
with the others, except in some of the foreground figures. It represents
nothing whatever except the annual celebration.

Perhaps some member may be able to tell how many yearly issues
of the "Volunteer Almanack" appeared. If an issue with a similar
engraving appeared in January 1780, we should have a picture anterior
even to Wheatley's, though, perhaps, it would be going too far to
suggest even then that Wheatley also may have borrowed the idea
from the Almanack. My copy gives, in addition to the view, two
coloured pictures of "Volunteers in uniform, over one of which is a
scroll with the words, "For our Country"; while over the other
appear the words, "A Free Trade and the Rights of Ireland." (The
words in italics are too much rubbed to be legible in my copy.) On
the leather case of the Almanack are represented two more Volunteers,
stamped in gold, and below the words, " Always Ready." It may be
worth mentioning that this little pocket-almanack came from the same
family from whom I obtained one of the Volunteer Curtains described
by Dr, Cosgrave in a recent number of the Journal. — LEONARD R.
STRANGWAYS, M.R.T.A.

The Round Tower of Aghagower.— The village of Aghagower
stands in a valley some four miles south-east of Westport, County

AGHAGOWEK ROUND TOWER — DOORWAY.

Mayo. In the centre, surrounded on all sides by the road, is the grave-
yard, containing the round tower and ruined abbey. The tower stands

MISCELLANEA.

417

close to the south-west comer of the abbey church, and leans towards
the north-west, at which side the top is broken down 12 or 14 feet
below the remainder. The masonry is in irregular courses of roughly-
dressed stones of moderate size, as may be seen in the photographs.
The circumference at the ground-level is 51 feet 6 inches, and, measured
1>Y the shadow method, the present height is 60 feet.

AGUAGOWER HOUND TOWER.

The doorway fnces towards the church, about E.N.E. ; and the sill
is 7 feet 6 inches above the level of the ground, which appears to have
been raised several feet by frequent burials. The dimensions of the
doorway are 5 feet high, and 2 feet 6 inches wide at the sill. There is
a slight taper to the top, which is roughly arched, the arch consisting
of three stones, one of which forms the south side, and the other two
the north. The stability of the arch appears to partly depend on a
fourth stone, which forms a kind of lintel above. I have endeavoured

T«.,r R <? A T ) Vo1- xv-> Fifth Series. ( „ F

Jour.R.b.A.I. Consec Ser< j

41 8 j ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

to show this in the sketch ; and the photograph of the doorway — taken
from the interior of the church — shows the arrangement, though not
very clearly. A modern entrance has been made in the west side at
the ground-level.

AQHAGOWER ROUND TOWER.

Only two small windows remain ; they have square tops, and arc
situated — one in the south-east side, near the top; and the other in the
south-west, about half-way up. They appear in the view of the tower,
which is taken from the south.

The above particulars may be of interest, as this tower is not so fully
described as the others in the list published by Mr. Westropp in the
Proceedings of the E.LA. for 1899. — HENRY S. CRAWFORD, B.E.

[The apex stone of the conical, top of this tower is to be found in a
cottage near Monivea, County Galway, where it was taken about twenty-
five years ago.— ED. ~]

MISCELLANEA. 419

The Frescoes, Abbey Knockmoy, County Galway. — In a note on
these drawings in the last volume of the Journal^ pp. 248-253, I
mentioned that evidence was not then forthcoming that they had been
coloured except by damp and vegetation, and that they were only
outline drawings. In a Paper published in volume xi. (1870) of the
Journal of this Society, entitled, ' ' Memoir of Gabriel Beranger and his
labours in the cause ' of Irish Art, Literature, and Antiquities, from
1760 to 1780, with illustrations by Sir W. E. Wilde, M.D., Yice-
President of the Royal Irish Academy," at page 241 is given
Beranger' s description of his visit to Knockmoy in July, 1790, accom-
panied by Signer Bigari, an artist of great ability, who was then
engaged preparing plans and drawings for illustrating the now well-
known volumes by Francis Grose, F.S.A., entitled, "The Antiquities of
Ireland," published by Hooper in the following year. Bigari, who was
an Italian fresco-painter, said to have " done great works of the kind
abroad," assured them, "after a nice inspection, that they had never
been coloured, and that the spots of various hues were occasioned by
time and damp." Beranger says, " "We had heard much of these ancient
fresco-paintings, and, on inspection, were much disappointed, as they
-are bare, black outlines."

Sir William Wilde adds, writing in 1879 : " Their present condition
certainly confirms this opinion, although in my description of them in
the ' Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Eoyal Irish Academy,' p. 350,
I mentioned the green and yellow colours because I was describing the
coloured copy of the painting which was made by Mr. Mac Manus for
the first Dublin Exhibition, and which then hung in the Academy."

From the present condition of these drawings it would be a matter
of great difficulty to determine their original colouring. Beranger
and Bigari examined them in July, 1790, and asserted that "they
had never been coloured," and that they were bare, black outlines.
O'Donovan (1838) examined the two "inscriptions in fresco, and found
the wall damp, and very much stained ; a black scum was raised
in it by the dripping of the rain." Eugene Curry, and his son
Henry, visited the abbey, in company with Mr. Lentaigne, on the
llth June, 1853, but were apparently chiefly concerned with the
inscriptions.

The evidence as to colouring being negative in character, I was
obliged, reluctantly, to adopt Sir William Wilde's later opinion, espe-
cially as it coincided with my own observations and knowledge of the
frescoes during the past thirty years ; and, following the traditions
and printed statements of the last fifty years, I had referred to the
drawings made in the spring of 1853 as the work of the late Henry
Mac Manus, K.H.A., and quoted the statements of Beranger and Bigari
as conclusive as to the character of the wall drawings.

My note on Abbey Knockmoy having come to the notice of Mr. James

2F2

420 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Brenan, K.H.A., he has been good enough to give the fullest particulars
on two important points — first, as to the condition of the colouring in
1853; and, secondly, as to the authorship of the drawings which Sir
"William "Wilde described as having been executed by Mac Manus, and
exhibited at the first Dublin Exhibition in 1853. Mr. Brenan' s note
on these points speaks for itself. The copy of the drawings is now in.
the Museum in Ki Id are -street. It is very faint in outline, with scarcely
a trace of colour, and is not capable of being reproduced by means of a
process block for illustration in the Journal. — ROBERT COCHRANE.

A Note on Abbey Kncckmoy, County Galway.— I have read

with great interest the notes on Abbey Knockmoy and its frescoes by

Mr. R. Cochrane (Journal, vol. xxxiv., pp. 242-253). There are one or

two matters in relation to the f n scoes which appear to me to require a little

elucidation. In the spring of 1853 I accompanied the late Sir John

Lentaigne and Henry Mac Manus, B.H.A., to Tuam ; from thence we went

to Abbey Knockmoy. A scaffold had been erected in front of the* frescoes

and I covered the wall where they were with tracing-linen, and carefully

traced every line of them in pencil. I remember finding portions of two

figures, which are not in the illustration in Ledwich's "Antiquities "

which book we had with us. At that date it was quite easy to see the

different colours which had been used on the dresses of the figures. I

had no difficulty whatsoever in noting them. There was no light and

shade; there was a black outline surrounding the figures, but this had

been filled in with flat colour to distinguish the different garments.

On my return to Dublin I made the copy, full size, which was hung in

the Exhibition of 1853, and there was nothing fanciful whatsoever about

it. I simply used the colours where I found them on the walls ; and I

had no difficulty in distinguishing between damp stains and local colour.

I left Dublin shortly after this, and did not know what had become

of the copy. About a year before Miss Margaret Stokes died, she called

on me at the School of Art, and asked me if I could give her any

information about Abbey Knockmoy. " Why did you come to me ?" said

I ; " has anyone told you that I know anything about it ?" She said,

"No ; no one had told her, but she just thought it was possible that I

may have known something about it." I then told her how that I had

been there, and had made the copy for the Exhibition. The next

business was to find what had become of the copy. After some

inquiries on her part, and on mine, we discovered the canvas folded

into a heap in the crypt of the National Museum. It had been handed

over to the Museum authorities with the collection of the Boyal Irish

Academy. On opening it a cloud of dust was raised, and I am sorry to

say that the tempera I had used (size) had not been a success. Nothing

remained but portions of the outlines of some of the figures. If it had

MISCELLANEA. 421

not been folded up, no doubt it would have been in better preservation.
Miss Stokes told me later on that she had the remains sprayed with a
* fixatif in order to preserve them. Of the tracings we could get no
tidings, and cannot say what lias become of them. I went to visit
Abbey Knockmoy soon after Miss Stokes' s visit to me, and it was sad
to see the change which had taken place in the frescoes ; in fact, 1 may
say, they are almost destroyed. More damage has been done to them
in the last fifty years than in all the preceding centuries. — JAMES

422 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

NOTE.— The books marked tints (*) are by Members of the Society.

* English Goldsmiths and their Marks . . . with Tables of Date-Letters
. . . By Charles James Jackson, F.S.A. (London: Macmillan, 1905.
4to, pp. xvi + 696, £2 2«.)

THE title of this book is almost unavoidably misleading. " Goldsmiths"
include silversmiths, and, in fact, the vast preponderance of the marks
represented belong to silver. Then, again, " English " embraces Scottish
and Irish workers. In fact, as explained in the preface, the portion of
the book relating to Ireland is the most satisfactory to the writer, as
having hitherto been inadequately treated in the books upon the
subject.

The book is truly a magnum opus, and it engaged the author's attention
for no less than seventeen years, the result being that it quite displaces
the works on the subject hitherto regarded as authoritative, such as
" Chaffers," which in its several editions perpetuated countless errors.

Mr. Jackson possesses the happy power of reproducing in facsimile
the various " hall "-marks, and over 11,000 of these are conveniently
tabulated under the several assay towns of the United Kingdom. London,
of course, heads the list with the lion's share. York, Norwich, Exeter,
Newcastle, and Chester come next. Then follow the more modern
offices of Eirmingham and Sheffield, after which are notices of several
minor English provincial offices, many of which have become extinct.

Three chapters of about sixty pages are devoted to the Scottish gold-
smiths and their marks, here for the first time adequately represented.

To Ireland, with its one Hall in Dublin, established in 1637, four
chapters, filling over 140 pages, are devoted. The charter Q£ the
Dublin goldsmiths is printed in full. The records of the Dublin guild
are copiously quoted, and full lists of the goldsmiths are given. The
Irish provincial goldsmiths are treated of as fully as, in the absence
of corporate records, is now possible.

The date-letters engage much attention, for previous writers had
bungled so about them that much error and confusion was caused, and
most of the dates hitherto attributed to Irish plate will need correction
from this book. In " Chaffers" there was not, during a period of 200 years,
a single date given with strict accuracy. These errors arose from a
variety of causes. It was assumed that (1) each alphabet was used with-

NOtlCES OF BOOKS. 423

out break; (2) used to the end; (3) including not only I and U, but
also J and V ; (4) that each letter was invariably used only for a single
year; and (5) that the goldsmiths' year always began at'the same time of
year. Here were elements of confusion enough, but added to these was
the fact that the Irish hall used, during a century commencing in 1747,
four successive cycles of capital Roman letters, only distinguishable by
the shapes of the shields on which they appeared, and not always by
that alone.

Probably the portion of the book likely to be most in request with
Irish readers is that containing the thirteen tables exhibiting, in chrono-
logical order, under the successive alphabets of date-letters, the makers'
marks, hall-marks proper, and duty marks. The names of the several
makers are printed alongside of their marks, and another column of
articles and owners records where typical examples are to be seen. The
harp-crowned is figured throughout the whole series in its varying
forms. The sovereign's head, first used in 1807, has been omitted since
1890; but Hibernia, which was adopted in 1747 fora special purpose,
seems to be now a fixture, though without any definite meaning.

It is very interesting to study the changes of fashion in the makers'
marks. At first they were not restricted to initials, but included fancy
shapes and devices, often graceful and sometimes interesting. Gradually
they became unattractive, smaller, and uglier.

The object of the goldsmiths in using these date-letters instead of
" plain figures " was probably to prevent customers from knowing when
their wares had become old-fashioned. They feared that would depreciate
their selling value, and they did not foresee that posterity would
reverse that idea ; and now the old is deemed better, and brings better
prices. These prices are likely to be enhanced by the knowledge of age
attainable from this book, especially in the case of Irish workmanship,
for as regards London the dates had been tolerably well determined.

Mr. Jackson's handsome volume is a noble monument to his indomit-
able energy ; and every page evidences the careful and conscientious way
his work was executed. It may have imitators, and many minor com-
pilers may steal his labours, but his book will long be the standard ; and
" Jackson" will be quoted instead of " Chaffers," or " Cripps."

Messrs. Macmillan & Co., the publishers, and their printers, have
done justice to this book. It is furnished with copious and elaborate
indexes. The type is clear, errata few, and the binding satisfactory.

Mr. Jackson, undaunted by the great labour entailed by ''English
Goldsmiths," has begun a history of English plate, which it is to be
hoped may not require seventeen years for completion.

424 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IKELAND.

Gothic Architecture in England : An Analysis of the Origin and Develop-
ment of English Church Architecture from the Norman Conquest to
the Dissolution of the Monasteries. By Francis Bond, M.A., Fellow
of the Geological Society, London ; Honorary Associate of the Royal
Institute of British Architects. (London : B. T. Batsford, 94, High
Holborn, 8vo, pp. xxii + 782, imp. 8vo, 31s. 6d. net.)

THIS work is accurately described in the sub-title of the volume as an
Analysis. It is something more, as it gives not only the general scheme
of Gothic architecture, but also what is practically a glossary of that style
of architecture, entering into minute description and details of all its
features.

Although much has been written on this subject before the appear-
ance of this work, the literature is scattered and scrappy. The
professional architect will, no doubt, make himself acquainted with
everything that has been written on the subject ; but for the archaeologist
less discursive reading suffices, and the latter will hail a work o*f the kind
under notice with satisfaction, as it embraces in one volume a description
of all those characteristics and details of mediaeval architecture which it
is necessary for him to be acquainted with. As a work of reference, it is
invaluable. It adds to the interest to find a logical and consecutive
treatment which follows the evolution aiy method, rather than the beaten
track of dividing the course of English mediaeval architecture into
periods.

The author describes all the churches from A.D. 1050 to the commence-
ment of the thirteenth century as Romanesque, preferring the chronological
indication rather than the periods adopted by Itickman and other writers.
It is usual to adopt the classification of Norman, Early English, Decorated,
and Perpendicular ; but this Mr. Bond discards. Instead of it we have
chapters dealing with planning, lighting, development of tracery,
triforium, clerestory, doorway, roof, tower, spire, and every other portion
of an ecclesiastical edifice, all dealt with continuously from the earliest
period to the latest type of construction.

In the first portion of the book the planning of the basilican, monastic,
cathedral, collegiate, and parish churches is treated of in considerable
detail, with descriptions of the uses of the various parts according to the
more or less elaborate ritual required in each type of structure.

After the planning is dealt with, there is next considered the question
of covering the space with a roof, where internal division became neces-
sary, not for the requirements of ritual, but for constructive reasons, and
here the aid of the external buttress becomes apparent.

The construction of the vaulted roof is treated of, and a novelty is
introduced in the method of illustrating it by means of photographic
views of the soffit or intrados of the vault, as S'jen from below, side by

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 425

side with a geometrical plan of the ribs, a combination which gives a
clearer view of this intricate construction, and elucidates it more fully
than any other method hitherto used.

The development of the tower and spire is treated of, the latter as
comprising the three principal types, wherein the first is described as the
"timber" type, whether made of wood or in stone; the second is the
broached spire. Both of these occur mainly in the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries, and are without parapets. The third classification
is the spire with a parapet, which sometimes has pinnacles, or flying
buttresses. There are numerous illustrations of the different types in
which the principal spires in England are represented.

The question of the relative size of the churches of England and
those of the Continent is discussed, and the conclusion is arrived at,
after a comparison of the dimensions, which are given of a large number,
that in total length, with their long choirs and naves, the English
churches surpass the largest mediaeval churches of Europe, but that in
internal height they fall short of those on the Continent. There is no
phase or feature of church building that is not adequately discussed in
these pages, which are further elucidated by 1254 illustrations, com-
prising 785 photographs, sketches, and measured drawings, and 469
plans, sections, diagrams, and mouldings, for which the author seems to
have levied tribute, and duly acknowledged it, from every available
source. In chapter vii. a chronological history of the great English
churches is given ; and in chapter xlii. the dated list of English build-
ings, arranged in alphabetical order, will be found most useful to the
archaeologist.

The work is brought out in a manner creditable to the eminent
publisher, Mr. Batsford. Though a bulky volume, it is easy of refer-
ence ; and the reader is facilitated by a full index to the illustrations,
an index to place-names, and an index of subject-matter and glossary.

* The Family of Mulock. By Sir Edmund Thomas Bewley, M.A., &c.
(Dublin, pp. xv + 32, 4to. Printed for the Author.)

THIS book is the outcome of many years' research on the part of the
writer to elucidate the history of his mother's family. It records the
descendants of Thomas Mulock, of Ballynakill, in the County Galway, of
whom we only learn that he married about the middle of the seventeenth
century, and left at his death two sons. It is drawn up in the paragraph
form used in modern genealogical works, and its arrangement supplies
an excellent model. There is also a Tabular Pedigree on a folding sheet
which serves as an index to all the persons of the name mentioned in the

426 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

letterpress. There is, however, no index of alliances; and the table of
eight generations is devoid of dates.

Full particulars are supplied about the members of the numerous
branches of the family, designated as of Kilnagarna, Bath, Eallinagore,
Banagher, Bellair, and Canada. Of the . individuals mentioned, the most
notable seem to be the authoress of " John Halifax" and Sir "William
Mulock, Postmaster-General of Canada, of whom a striking likeness is
given. Four other illustrations adorn the book, two of them represent-
ing Kilnagarna and Bellair, family residences in the King's County. The
details are given very fully and satisfactorily; and the printing is credit-
able to the University Press.

( 427 )

THE FOUBTH GENEEAL MEETING of the 57th Yearly Session of the Society
was held in the Society's Kooms, 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, on
Tuesday, the 3rd of October, 1905, at 8 o'clock, p.m. :

JOHN KIBTON GAESTIN, D.L., M.A., F.S.A., M.E.I. A., President,
in the Chair.

The following Fellows and Members attended the Meeting and
Excursion : —

Mrs. Allen ; J. Poe Alton ; Miss Badham ; F. Elrington Ball ; Mrs. S. Bewley ;
H. F. Berry, i.s.o. ; Dr. H. T. Bewley; Mrs. Blake; J. B. Bray; Mrs. L. M.
Budds; G. D. Burtchaell ; Mrs. "W. J. Byrne; Robert Cochrane, Hon. General
Secretary ; H. A. Cosgrave ; E. S. Long worth -Dames ; Robert Daniel, J.P. ; A. L.
Doran, PH.C. ; George Duncan; Edwin Fayle; Rev. Canon Fisher; Arthur Fitz-
maurice, J.P. ; Rev. Canon ffrench ; E. J. French ; Miss M. J. Fottrell ; P. J.
Griffith ; F. Guilbride, J.P. ; Alfred Lane Joynt ; Richard Lane Joynt, M.D. ; Michael
K. Kiernan; Mrs. Godfrey Knox; Rev. H. J. Lawlor, D.D. ; Edwin M. Lloyd;
Mrs. Long; Rev. James B. Leslie; Rev. Francis MacEnerney; Miss M'Ternan;
James Mills, i.s.o. ; Thomas J. Mellon ; Joseph H. Moore ; John Morton ; Pierce
Nolan ; John R. O'Connell, LL.D. ; P. J. O'Reilly ; Rev. E. O'Leary ; J. J.
Perceval ; Count Phmkett ; Miss A. Peter ; Thomas Patterson ; Miss Ida Pirn ;
Hugh Pollock; Miss U. T. E. Powell; Ignatius J. Rice ; E. Crofton Rotheram ;
Mrs. Sheridan; Mrs. J. F. Shackleton ; Mrs. E. W. Smyth; Dr. J. A. Scott; "W.
N. Strangways; William C. Stubbs ; A. Vereker; Rev. F. Wall; Richard Blair
White; J. F. Weldrick ; Robert White ; Miss Helen Warren ; Richard D. Walshe.

The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following Fellows and Members were elected :—

FELLOWS.

Billiard, John (Member, 1902), Lake Hotel, Killarney : proposed by John Cooke,

M.A., Fellow.
Howard, Stanley M 'Knight (Member, 1904), Stone House, Kidderminster : proposed

by Robert Cochrane, Fellow.
Joynt, Richard Lane, M.D. (Member, 1904), 84, Harcourt-street, Dublin : proposed

by John Cooke, M.A., Fellow.

MEMBERS.

Brady, the Rev. James, The Presbytery, 47, "Westland-row, Dublin : proposed by the-

Rev. Francis M'Enerney.
Digby, Cecil, M.D., Knockane, Beaufort, County Kerry: proposed by John Cooke,

M.A., Felloiv.

428 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

Jones, Ireton A., 135, St. Stepben's-green, Dublin: proposed by R. Cocbrane,

Fellow.

Kidd, James, 55, Antrim-road, Belfast : proposed by S. K. Kirker, C.E., Fellow.
Librarian, the, Royal Library, Copenhagen (care of "William Dawson & Sons,

St. Dunstan's, Fetter-lane, Fleet-street, London, E.G.) : proposed by Robert

Cocbrane, Fellow.
Lyons, Patrick, Sergeant, Royal Irish Constabulary, Ballyhaunis, County Mayo :

proposed by John Cooke, M.A., Fellow.
McCrum, Mrs. Elizabeth Jane, Ballyveasy, Carnmoney, County Antrim : proposed by

the Rev. "William T. Latimer, B.A., Fellow.
Moore, Edward R., Langara, Glenageary, County Dublin: proposed by \V. M.

Mitchell, R.H.A., Pres., Roy. Inst. Archts., Ireland.

The following Paper was read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —

•*' The Dublin Gild of Carpenters, Millers, Masons, and Heliers in the Sixteentli
Century," by Henry F. Berry, i.s.o.

The following Notices of Motion were handed in by Mr. George D.
Burtchaell, to be proposed by him, or some Fellow on his behalf, at the
Annual General Meeting in January next: —

" That the following be substituted for the present Rule, No. G :—' All Fees
due on joining the Society must be paid fourteen days at least before the day of
Election.' "

"That in Rule 17, in the first clause, the words 'Past Presidents' be
inserted after « President.' "

The Society then adjourned until Tuesday, 28th November, 1905.

EXCURSION.

WEDNESDAY, October 4th, 1905.

AN Excursion to visit some of the antiquities in the neighbourhood, of
Bray had been arranged for this day. ' Mr. A. L. Doran kindly furnished
the itinerary, and arranged for carrying it out.

The church on Bray Head was first visited. It is said to have been
dedicated to St. Brendan or St. Michael. The lands on which it stands
formed, in the seventeenth century, part of a small townland of 58 acres,
known as Kahanacligge, or "the little rath of the bell." The church
is primitive in type, without a chancel, measures only 36 feet by
16 feet, -and is built of rubble masonry. Two narrow, semicircular-
headed lights remain — one in the east, and one in the west, gable ;
and traces of a doorway are to be seen in the ruinous northern wall. A

PROCEEDINGS. 429

graveyard is known to have surrounded the church, but it has completely
disappeared. The major axis is approximately north-west and south-
east. This ruin is in Bray Head Demesne, the property of Mr. C. "W.
Neligan.

Oldcourt Castle was next visited. It consists of a restored tower,
standing in the angle formed by two of the walls of a courtyard. The
plinth of a cross stands near the stream which traverses the grounds, and
on it a sculpture, representing the sacrifice of a ram, was formerly
visible. The lands on which the castle stands were owned, from the
fourteenth to the sixteenth century, by the Earls of Ormond in right
of their manor of Bray, and were held under them by the Archbolds, and
subsequently by the "Walshes of Carrickmines. (See Journal, vol. xxxi.,
p. 196.) It is now the property of the Earl of Meath.

A visit was then made to the old cross by the wayside, near the
entrance to Eassaroe. This cross shows a rude and much-weathered
figure of the Crucifixion, and has bosses, which Mr. P. J. O'Reilly
(Journal, vol. xxxi., p. 142) has identified as remains of sculptured heads.
There is near it a more modern font on a pedestal. This cross is illus-
trated by Mr. Eotheram in the Journal, vol. xxx., p. 169.

The little that now remains of Eassaroe Castle is in a very ruinous
condition, evidently due to intentional demolition. Some interesting
details are still visible. In the sixteenth century it was owned by Peter
Talbot and his descendants ; and in 1 642 it was besieged and taken by
some of the troops under the command of the Marquis of Ormond.
A stone is seen, said to have formed portion of the bowl of a font. It
is the semicircular head of a small window formed out of a single stone,
with the head cut out of the solid and splayed to the angle of the window
jambs.

At Kilcroney Church, which was next seen, a special object of
interest was the fine specimen of early door, with massive lintel and
inclined jambs (see fig. 76, p. 162, in Miss Stokes's " Early Christian
Art in Ireland"). This ruin is situate in the grounds of Kilcroney, the'
property of Mr. A. E. "West. The church of Kilcroney derives its
name from Croine, a virgin saint commemorated on January 27th. It
now measures 33 by 18 feet, but was probably originally longer. Like
Kiltiernan, it is built of large stones, and its chief feature is a fine
doorway, which is 6 feet 2 inches high by 2 feet 6 inches wide, the jambs
being formed of five stones on one side and four upon the other, all of
which, save two, are of the thickness of the wall, as also is the lintel —
a single stone 3 feet 10 inches long and 15 inches deep. This doorway
is rebated on the inside, and three mortices are sunk to receive bolts.
Eleven feet from the doorway is a splayed window with a round head
cut from a single stone. Seventy years ago an ancient yew-tree, which
had been laid prostrate and had taken root afresh 12 feet from the broken
butt, was flourishing to the south-east of the church ; and, at the same

430 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.

period, there was a St. Croine's Well about 60 yards east of the church ;
and, still further east and across the roadway, a cross, 26 inches high and
2£ inches thick, was planted on a little eminence from which it had been
dug up.

After lunch at the Powerscourt Arms, Enniskerry, and in a heavy
downpour of rain, the party drove to Killegar, where there are some
remains of the chancel of a church, and several old ring-marked stones.
They have been described and illustrated by Mr. P. J. O'Reilly (Journal,
vol. xxxi., p. 146) ; and the Rev. Dr. Stokes has written about the
church in the Journal, vol. xxi., p. 443. The church of Killegar,
like Rathmichael, was surrounded by an earthen rampart, portions of
which lately existed. It is mentioned in the charter of confirmation
given in A.D. 1192 by John, Earl of Moreton, to Thomas, Abbot of
Glendalough, as "Keladgair" — a name which probably represents the
•Church of Egar — the latter an Irish male proper name synonymous with
the "Welsh Adgar ; an example of the latter being the name of the
ISt. Adgar mentioned in the Book of Lann Dav in connexion with
St. Mo-Dochu. At Killegar there are two interesting inscribed leacs,
figured in the Journal, vol. xxxi., p. 146; and a third bearing a raised
Latin cross has lately been discovered. There are also here the plinth of
a free-standing cross ; and a conical stone resembling those placed as
cap-stones on some Kilkenny high crosses.

St. Kevin's Church and Well, Ballyman, were next visited. The
objects of interest there are a holy well on the banks of the stream,
and an old incised stone, built in as lintel over the window of south
wall. This stone is in a very dangerous and insecure position. A tree
blown down recently is lying across the stone, which may become
fractured at any moment. It would be extremely desirable that this stone
should be removed from its present perilous position for preservation in
a museum. This ruin is on the property of Mr. Philip Barrington.

Notwithstanding the inclemency of the latter part of the day, the
party greatly enjoyed the Excursion, the success of which was owing to
the care and attention given by Mr. Doran to all the details.

THE LAST EVENING MEETING of the 57th Yearly Session of the Society was
held in the Society's Rooms, 6, St. Stephen's- green, Dublin, on Tuesday,
the 28th of November, 1905, at 8.30 o'clock, p.m. :

JOHN RIBTON GARSTIN, D.L., M.A., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., President,
in the Chair.

The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —
" Notes on the Jacobite Tract : A Light to the Blind," Part II., by Richard

O'Shaughnessy, C.B., M.V.O., Vice- President.
" Notes on Antiquities in the Termon of St. Colman and St. Cronan, Co. Clare,"

by T. J. "Westropp, M.A., M.B.I.A., Vice- President.

PilOCEEDINGS. 431

A Paper on " Two Crannogs, Drumcliff and Claureen, Co. Clare,"
by Miss Diana Parkinson, was taken as read, and referred to the Council
for publication.

The President (Mr. Garstin) exhibited a Commonwealth Debenture
of 1654, and a Cromwellian Peerage Patent, after which the Society
adjourned until Tuesday, 30th January, 1906.

Post Office Irregularities. — Complaints are sometimes received of
non-delivery of the Journal, and recently it has been reported that in
several instances copies of the last issue have been charged with a
payment of 6d., as not having been prepaid. The printers had paid the
lump sum for the whole issue, but it appears that some of the packets
were not stamped in the post office as " Official Paid." The attention of
the Secretary, G. P. 0., having been called to the irregularity, the
following reply was received : —

" GENERAL POST OFFICE, DUBLIN,

" 9th November, 1905.
" GENTLEMEN,

"In reply to your application of the 16th ultimo, I am directed by the
Postmaster- General to explain that the charge on the packet the cover of which is
returned herewith was raised in error. Suitable notice has been taken of the
irregularity, and instructions have been issued to refund the charge.
" The inconvenience occasioned in the matter is regretted.

"I am, Gentlemen,

" Your obedient Servant,

""W. P. QUIRKE,

" For Secretary.
" MESSRS. PONSONBY & GIBBS."

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXV., 1905.

Abbeys : see Ballingarry, Bridgetown,

Cong, and Dublin.
Two Royal, by the Western

Lakes, 1.

" Acta Pilati," legend of cock, 408.
Achonry : see Tuam.
Affane, Co. Waterford, ancient road, 125.
Aghaderg, Co. Down, church site, 253.
Aghagower, Co. Mayo, round tower, 416.
Antrim, Co., Excursions in, 289 ; round

tower, 293.
Apothecaries' Corporation in Dublin, 340,

341.

Architecture, Gothic, in England, 424.
Ard finnan, ancient road, 114.
Armada, massacre of its crews, 353.
Arrow-head, chert, 395 ; 399, 400.
Arms, heraldic, Bourchier, 21, 33 ;

Ireland, 234 ; Odell, 258 ; O'More,

54.

Badger-flesh eaten, 345.
Baginbun, Co. Wexford, stone, 67.
Baggot tomb, 260.
Ballinalacken, Co. Clare, 342.
Ballingarry, Co. Limerick, churches at,

255 ; Abbey, 268.
Ballycasheen, Co Clare, dolmen, 222,

223.

Ballygally, Co. Antrim, castle, 317.
Ballygambon, Co. Waterford, 124.
Bally guilleataggle Castle, Co. Limerick,

263.
Ballynahown, or Ballynahooan, Co. Clare,

forts, 344.

Ballynoe, Co. Down, stone circle, 301.
Bankers, early, 42.

" Banshee mound," Co. Limerick, 260.
Barry family, Co. Cork, 41, 44.
Bath, Earls of, 26.
Beads, crannog, 396.
Belfast, meeting at, 272 ; "old times

in," 377.

Bell found at Lough Briclan, 254.
Benedictines, 165, 166.

T« T? c A T 5 v°l- xv-» Fifth Series.
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol xxxv ? Consec> Ser.

Ben Madigan, or Cave Hill, Belfast, 289.
Berehaven, Co. Cork, 132, 134, 138.
Berry, Henry, Papers " On the Sheriffs of

the County Cork from Henry III. to

1600," 39 ; " On the Dublin Gild

of Carpenters, Millers, Masons, and

Heliers in the Sixteenth Century,"

321.
Berwick, Duke of, fails to take Cavan,

198.
Bewley, Sir Edmund, Papers by, " Notes

on an Old Pedigree of the O'More

Family of Leix," 53 : "On a Gallaun,

or Pillar-stone, near Leighlinbridge, "

64.

Bigger, Francis J., notes by, 285, 289.
Blake, Martin T., Paper by, "An Old

Rental of Cong Abbey," 130.
Bog-butter, 171.
Books, Notices of, 77, 180, 422.
— received by Society, 88.
Bothar na measan and Bothar na naomh,

Co. Waterford, 115, 120.
Bourchier, family of, Lough Gur, &c.,

21, 28 ; Tablet in St. Canice's Cathedral,

21.

Boyne, Battle of the, 199.
Bray, Co. Wicklow, church, 428.
Brenan, James, note by, 420.
Bridgetown Abbey, Co. Cork, 73.
Broadstone, Co. Antrim, dolmen, 414.
Bronze objects, spear-head, 64 ; pot, 161,

sword, 171 ; 396, 399.
Buick, Rev. G. R., obituary notice of,

82.

Burgo, de, 132, 134, 136, 154, 410.
Burke : see de Burgo.
Burren, Co. Clare, antiquities along its

borders, 205, 342.

Cahers, or stone forts — Caheradoon, 358 ;
Caherblonick, 208, 229 ; Caherdoon,
347, 350 ; Caherduff, 347, 351 ; Caher-
357 ; Cahermacateer, 211 ;

434

INDEX.

Cabers, or stone forts— continued.

Cahermaccrusheen, 355 ; Cahermac-

clanchy, 355 ; Cahermorekilleen, 211;

Cahernagrian, 348 ; Caherreagh, or

Caherkinallia, 352 ; Cahersavaun, 219.
Cairns— Knockraa, 34 ; in Co. Clare, 210,

214, 218, 231.
" Caithr&m Conghail Clairinghnigh,"

notice of, 180.

Cam na Bearna, Co. Waterford, 118
Candlesticks and rushlight-holders, 383.
Canoe, ancient, 171.
Cappaghkennedy, Co. Clare, dolmen, 200,

223.

Carlow, Co., 64.
Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim, 315.
Carn-Greine, Co. Antrim, 289.
Cam Eochy, near Cong, 2.
Carpenters, Gild of, and Dublin, 321.
Casan na Naomb, Co. "Waterford, 125.
Castles, early Irish, 11 ; alleged Norman,

402; in Co. Antrim, 312; in Co.

Down, 294 ; in Co. Limerick, 262 ;

Doonbally, 412 ; Co. Wicklow, 429.
Castle-Hackett, Co. Galway, 34.
Castletown Berehaven, 171.
Castle Upton, Co. Antrim, 291.
Cathedrals— Down, 305 ; Dublin, 324 ;

Kilkenny, 21, 192 ; Tuam, 11.
Caunteton, de, family, 42, 50, 167.
Cavan, Duke of Berwick attempts to

take it, 198.
Ceasar's cairn, 35.
Chests of Gilds, Dublin, 341.
Churches— Antrim, 316 ; Clare, 212,

343 ; Down, 253 ; Limerick, 255 ;

Wicklow, 428 : see also Cathedrals.
Circles of stones, Ballynoe and Castle-
town Berehaven, q. v.
Clanchy family, Co. Clare, 353, 354.
Clare, Co., ancient monuments, 414, 415 ;

crannogs, 391 ; dolmens, 210, 342 ;

finds, 161, 391 ; forts, 90, 205, 344.
Clare, de, family, 29, 44, 50, 166.
Clarke, J., note by, 72.
Claureen, Co. Clare, crannog, 391,

398.

Clontarf, Co. Dublin, sheds at, 363.
Cnockauns, Co. Clare, Cnockaungall,

Cnockaunatinna, Cnockaunadacloich ,

345.

Cochrane, Robert, drawings and descrip-
tion of Inishmaine Abbey, 4 ; note by,

419.

Cock, legend of, and carvings, 408.
Coinage, Irish, devices, 242.
Collins family, Co. Limerick, 259.
Collooney, Co. Sligo : its castle, 11.
Cong Abbey, 1,9; rental (1501), 17,

130.
Cork, Sheriffs of the County, 39; Co.

Cork, 73, 171.
Cormac mac Airt, 383.

Cosgrave, Dr. E. Mac Dowel, Papers by,

" An Irish Volunteer Curtain," 60 ;

' ' A Contribution towards a Catalogue

of Engravings of Dublin up to 1800,"

95, 363 ; notes by, 173.
Costello, Dr. T. B., Paper by, " On a

Prehistoric Burial-place in a Cairn

near Knockma, Co. Galway," 34 ;

note by, 67.
Coteen, or Commons, Co. Clare, inhabited

dolmen, 217.

Courcy, de, family, castle, 294.
Cow, track of St. Patrick's, 111, 112.
Crannogs — Claureen, 3S1 ; DrumclifF,

391 ; Lough Briclan, 249.
Crawford, H. S., notes by, 173, 269, 417.
Creevagh. Co. Clare, dolmen in ring, 217,

218.

Creting family, 41, 49.
Croaghateeaun, Co. Clare, " Dannan

Fort," 345, 347.
Cromlech: see Dolmen.
Cromwell tomb, Downpatrick, 306.
Crossard, Co. Clare; fort, 208.
Crosses, ancient high, 269, 309.
" Crucifixion Stone " at Inch, 412.
Cup of St. Feichin, 9.
Curtain, Irish Volunteers', 173.

Daff-stone, Moneydig, 72.
Dame's Gate, Dublin, roofed, 323.
" Dannans," fort haunted by, 345.
Decies, Ancient Highway of the, 110.
Desmond, Earls of, 22 ; Roll, 268.
Dock, St. George's, Dublin, opened, 371.
Dolmens — Antrim, 28D ; Clare, 210,

342; Down, 264, 286; Leitrim, 141 ;

Limerick, 255.
Domangard, St., 230, 231.
Donati, Cambinus, 42.
Donnelly, Most Rev. Bishop, elected

Vice-President, 81.
Donegore, Co. Antrim, mote, 291.
Doonaunmore, Co. Clare, promontorv

fort, 346, 349.
Doonbally Castle, 412.
Dooneeve, Co. Clare, cliff fort, 360;
Doonmacfelim, Co. Clare, fort, 358.
Down, County, places visited in, 230,

249, 264, 266, 269, 286.
Downpatrick, 302 ; Cathedral, 306 ; mote,

310 ; alleged to be Norman, 405.
Dromsilbeg, and more, Co. Mayo, 132,

134, 136.

Drumcliff, Co. Clare, crannog, 391.
Duiske, Abbot of, 167.
Dublin City— Castle (1581), 96, 363, 376 ;

Dock, St. George's, 371 ; Engravings,

95, 367 ; Gilds in, 321, 338 ; Holy

Trinity Cathedral, 324 ; maps, 97 ;

Parliament House, 108, 362, 364, 367 ;

Rotunda, 109 ; St. Katherine's Church,

INDEX.

435

Dublin City — continued.

334 ; St. Mary's, 324 ; St. Michael

le Pole, 372 ; St. Warbroe's, 333 ;

Tholsel, 368 ; Thomas-court, 325 ;

Trinity College, 102, 105, 365, 367.
Dublin, County, History of, 77.
Dunboy pays dues to Cong Abbey, 18.
Dundrum, Co. Down, castle, 295.
Dunloe Castle, 11.
Dunluce, Co. Antrim, castle, 312.
Dun Rudraidhe : see Dundrum.

Egypt, flight to, represented, 323.
Emania, struggle with Tara, 181.
Engravings, Catalogue of views of

Dublin, 95, 363.
Enniscorthy Castle, Co, Wexford, 74,

177.

Eoghan Beal, King of Conuaught, 4.
Esker Church roofed, 329.
Excursions, 192, 281, 428.

Fassaroe, Co. Wicklow, 429.

Fennell, W. J., notes by, 285, 315.

Fenton, Sir G. (1596), 24.

Ferguson, Sir Samuel, his grave at Done-
gore, 292.

Ferns, Bishop of, 167.

Fethard stone, 67, 176.

ffrench, Rev. Canon, Paper on " The
Arms of Ireland and Celtic Tribal
Heraldry," 234.

Fiodghus, 165,

Finvarra, the fairy, 34.

Fireworks in Dublin (1749), 364.

Fisher's views of Dublin, 369, 370.

Fitz Gerald family, 41, 46, 51.

Fitz Henry, Meyler, 154, 155.

Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy (1583), 23.

Flaherty family (1501), 132.

Flood, William H. Grattan, Paper by,
"Glascarrig Abbey, Co. Wexford,"
164; notes by, 177.

Florence, money-lenders from, 42.

Fogerty, Dr. G., note by, 174.

Folklore, 34, 256, 345, 360, 383, 408.

Forests, traces of ancient, 349.

Forgy Abbey Charter, 153, 410.

Forts: see Cahers; also 208, 255, 289,
310, 358 ; motes, 402.

Frescoes at Knockmoy, 419.

Furnace, ancient Irish, 407.

Gal way Castle, 11; County, 34; photo-
graphs, 90.

Garstin, J. R. (President), note by, 71.
Garth : see Ballingarry.
" Giant's Ring," Co. Down, dolmen, 286.
Gilds, ancient Dublin, 338, 339.
Glascarrig, Co. Wexford, 164.

Glasha, Co. Clare, forts, 353-357.
Goldsmiths, English, and their marks,

422.

Gortlecka, Co. Clare, dolmens, 212.
Gray, W., notes by, 285.

Harp in Irish arms, 232.

Healy, Most Rev. Dr., Archbishop of

Tuam, Paper by, " Two Royal Abbeys

by the Western Lakes," 1.
Hel'iers, Gild of, in Dublin, 321, 323.
Henry VIII., Charter to a Dublin Gild,

323.

Heraldry : see Arms and Ireland.
Hewson, George, obituary notice, 83.
Heywood, Queen's County, 53.
Higgins, Rev. M., note by, 73.
*' History of the County Dublin," 77.
Hostings in Dublin, 334.
Hore, Philip H., note by, 76.
Howard, Stanley, 266.
Howth, Co. Dublin, 99.
Hudd, A. E., note by, 176.
Huts, early, 221.

Ilger, William, 50.

Inch, Co. Down, 412.

Inchiquin Hill, Co. Clare, 208.

" Iniscathy, Co. Clare, after ceasing- to be

a See," 152, 410.
Inishgad, or Canon's Island, Co. Clare,

412.

Inishowen, Lough Mask, 4.
Inishmaine, Co. Mayo, abbey, 3.
" Ireland, Arms of, and Celtic Heraldry,"

234.
Iron objects found in crannog, 394, 397.

Jacobite Tract, " A Light to the Blind,"

195.

James II., 196.
Jet found in crannog, 400.
Jourdain, Captain H. T. N., elected

Fellow, 274.
Joyce family, 132, 134, 137.

Dr., note by, 408.

Kean, in " Macbeth," 380.
Kelly, James (1537), 226.

W. E., elected Vice -President,

86.

Kilcorney, Co. Wicklow, 429.
Kildare, Earls of, 323.
Kilfeaghan, Co. Down, dolmen, 264.
Killegar, Co. Wicklow, 428.
Killilagh, Co. Clare, forts, 344.
Keentlae : see Inchiquin.
Kerry, 90.

436

INDEX.

Kilkenny, monument at St. Canice's,

21 : meeting at, 192.
Kilmacanearla, Co. Limeiick, church,

261.
Kilmacow, Co. Limerick, church. 260,

266.

Kilmoremoy, Co. Mayo, 132, 134, 137.
Kilshane, Co. Limerick, abbey, 258,

268.

King's County : see Leix.
Kirker, S. K., notes by, 266, 269.
Knockfeerina, Co. Limerick, 255.
Knockma, cairns and burials at, 34.
Knockmoy Abbey, frescoes, 419.
Knocknaskeeheen, Co. Clare, fort and

pillar, 352 ; no Ogam inscription, 352.
Knox, Hubert T., notes by, 413.

Labba na hean bo, Co. Clare, cave,

346.

Lacy family, Co. Limerick, 257, 262.
Lamps, street, 389 ; rush-holders, 383.
Langrishe, Richard, Paper by, " The

Bourchier Tablet in the Cathedral

Church of St. Canice's, Kilkenny,

with some account of that Family,"

21.

Larne, Co. Antrim, 318, 319.
Leanua, Co. Clare, dolmen group, 213.
Legends : see Folklore.
Lehinch, Co. Clare, forts, 360.
Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlo w, 64.
Leitrim, Co., finds, 171 ; Mac Rannals,

139.

Leix, O'More of, 53.
Lett, Rev. Canon H. W., Papers by,

' ' On Slieve Donard, in the County of

Down," 230; " Loughbrickland, Co.

Down, the Island in Lough Briclan,

249 ; notes by, 285, 306, 412.
Lewys, Sir Peter, 328.
" Libri Sancti Patricii," notice of, 184.
Limerick, County, dolmen, 2 55 ; churches,

253 ; Bishoprick of : see Iniscatha.
Lisdoonvarna, Clare, bronze pot found,

161.
Lisnafeeaun, Co. Limerick, fort (not

Lissnaberne, as on map), 255.
Londonderry, County, 72.
Longespee, Stephen, 49.
Lough Briclan, Co. Down, crannog,

249.
Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, Bourchiers of,

28 ; castle betrayed, 24.
Lough Mask Castle, 17.
Loutb, County, motes in, 402.
Lymbery, Captain, said to have cut

Baginbun inscription, 70.
Lynegar, or" O'Luinn, self-styled herald)

53.
Lynn, W. H., note by, 177.

MacCarthy family, 18, 51, 137.

MacCragh tomb, 71.

MacDara, St., 343.

MacDonnell, Dr. James, 381.

Mac Murrough, Art (1395), 167.

Macnamara, Dr. G. U., Paper by, " The
Lisdoonvarna Bronze Pot," 161.

Mac Paidin : see Staunton.

Mac Quillin, 314.

Mac Rannal family, Co. Leitrim, 139.

Magh Rath, battle, poem, 235.

Malone, Very Rev. Sylvester, Paper by,
"Iniscathy after ceasing to be a See,"
152.

Maps and Plans, 4, 114, 116, 118, 120,
209, 210, 213, 214, 217, 218, 221-224,
226, 266, 270, 286, 294, 295, 308, 344,
347, 349, 356.

Markstown, 269.

Masons' Gild, Dublin, 321, 322.

May, Robert, Paper by, " Ulster Rush-
light, and Candle, Holders," 383.

Meehan, Rev. Joseph, Paper, " Notes on
the Mac Rannals and their Country,"
139 ; note by, 171.

Millers, Gild, Dublin, 321.

Milligan, Seaton F., elected Vice-
President, 81.

Missal illuminated, 338.

Moher, Cor. Clare, cliffs and fort, 359.

Moin a huidhre : see Bally ganlon.

Molony, Dr. Henry, Paper by, " Ancient
Churches and Topography of Ballin-
garry Parish, Co. Limerick," 253.

Molusk, Co. Antrim, 289.

Monalour, Co. Waterford, 119.

Monasteries : see Abbeys.

Money dig, 72.

Montchensy, de, family, 28.

Monuments, Ancient, preservation of, 82,
173, 412.

Morenane, Co. Limerick, church, 261.

" Motes and alleged Norman Castles,"
402.

Moytura, southern, 2, 142.

Muinter Eolais in Brefny, 139, 141.

Mulock family, 425.

Names, Irish, omitted or misnamed on
Ordnance Survey, 117, 207, 255, 348.

" Ness," smith's implements, 407.

Newton, Professor, Notes on bird bones
in crannogs, 393.

Newry garrisoned 1689, 198.

Norse ravage Dundrum, 299.

Oath of Gilds in Dublin, 325.
O'Brien family, 153, 220.
O'Conor, King Roderic, 15.
OdeU family, Co. Limerick, 258, 260.
O'Doherty family, 237.

INDEX.

43t

O'Donovan family, 237.

0' Duffy family, 11-14, 17, 130.

O'Flaherty family, 16.

O'Hessian, Abbot (1128), 11.

O'Loughlin family, Co. Clare, 237.

Oojin a leeshagh, Co. Clare, cave, 346.

O'More family of Leix, 53.

Ormond, Lady, 21 ; Earls, 42.

Orpen, Goddard H., notes by, 184.

O'Shaughnessy, Kichard, Paper by, "The

Jacobite Tract : A Light to the'Blind,"

195.

0' Sullivan family, Co. Kerry, 237.
Oughtdarra, Co. Clare, 342; church, 343:

345.

Parkinson, Miss Diana, Paper by,
" Some Notes on the Clare Crannogs
of Dnimcliff and Claureen, 391.

Patrick's Well, Co. Limerick, 174.

Pedigree of the O'More family of Leix,
53.

Peppard, Anthony (1567), 169.

Pharaoh and his host represented in
Dublin (1498), 323.

Phillips, J. J., notes by, 285, 295.

Photographic Collection, 90.

Pillar stones : see circle, also 299.

Plans : see Maps.

Plunkett, Nicholas (1688), 195.

Poe family of Hey wood, 53.

Poolbeg Lighthouse, Co. Dublin (1796),
370, 375.

Pot, bronze, 161.

Potters in Dublin, 322.

Pottery, early, 252.

Power, Rev. Patrick, Paper on " The
Bian bo Phadruig (The Ancient High-
way of the Decies)," 110.

Proceedings, 79, 189, 272, 427.

Rannagh, Co. Clare, dolmens, 223.

Rathbreasail Synod, 153.

Rathkelter, Downpatrick, 310.

Rathmoremoylinny, Co. Antrim, fort,
292.

Reabachan, Co. Clare, dolmens and
cairns, 213.

Reynolds country, 141 ; family, 144,

151.
tRian bo Phadruig (Ancient Road), 110.

Road, ancient : see Rian.

Roche family, Co. Cork, 49, 73.

Rough fort, Co. Antrim, fort, 289.

Round Towers — Antrim, 293 ; Down-
patrick, 302; Dublin, 372; Agha-
gower, 417.

Rushlight-holders, 383.

] Scharff, Dr., note by, on crannog remains,

393.

Sedan chairs, 364.

i Sepeal an Ultaig, Co. Waterford, 117.
Sepulchral mounds, 352.
Seymour, Rev. St. John, note by, 408.
Shauaboha, Co. Limerick, church, 262.
Sheriffs of Co. Cork, 39.
Shrule, Co. Mayo, 132, 134.
Silver plate, old, 338, 340.
Slidderyford, Co. Down, dolmen, 266,

299 ; souterrain, 266.
Slieve Donard, Co. Down, 230.
Slieye Snaven, Co. Down, 232.
Society, housing of the, 275 : see also

Proceedings.

Souterrains, 222, 266, 269, 346, 351.
Spear-head, bronze, 67.
Stapleton family, 49.
Stanley, William, 51.
Staunton family, 17.
Stone implements and objects in crannogs,

395.

Strickeens, Co. Limerick, 255.
Struaidachin "Temple" : see Strickeens.

Taghmon, Co. Wexford, cross, 269.

Tany family, 49.

Tar River, Co. Waterford, 116.

Tara, remains alleged to be sepulchral, 401.

Teeskagh, Co. Clare, cairn and cist, 218.

Terenure, Co. Dublin, medal, 94.

Temple Colman, Co. Mayo, 132, 134.

Templenagalliaghduff, name, 413

Templenaraha, Co. Clare, 212.

Templepatrick, Co. Antrim, 290.

Templeruan, Co. Mayo, 132, 134.

Thame family, 50.

Tiler, teyller or helier, 321, 323.

Toormore, Co. Clare, dolmen, 212.

Tuam, Co. Galway, Cathedral, 11 ;
Archbishop, 17 ; " Notes on the Early
History of the Dioceses of Tuam,
Killala, and Achonry," 179 ; spear-
head, 67.

Tuam an Gaskaigh, Co. Clare, " Giant's
Grave," 346.

Tuatha De Danann, 345.

Tulach or mound, 219.

Tullycommane, Clare, 219.

Turlough Hill, Clare, fort and cairn, 225.

Tynte family, Co. Cork, 51, 52.

Tyron, Benedictine order of, 166.

Uachonaill (Connelloe), Co. Limerick,

256.
Ughnagaraveel River, Co. Waterford,

125.

Ulster rushlight-holders, 383.
Urns, in cairns, 36, 37.
I Usher, Archdeacon H. (1591), 23.

438

INDEX.

Volunteers, Irish, 415; curtain of, 60.

Water supply of Belfast, 382.

Westropp, T. J., Papers by, " Prehistoric
Remains (Forts and Dolmens) along the
Borders of Burren, Co. Clare," 205,
342 ; " Irish Motes and alleged Norman
Castles," 402 ; notes by, 268, 412.

Whitechurch, Sir M., 254.

White, Rev. Dr. Newport, 184.

Wicklow, Co., antiquities, 428.
Windle, Bertram, elected Vice-President,

81.

Wooden remains and effigies, 176.
Woodstock, Co. Limerick, castle, 262.

Young, R. M., Paper by, " Old Times in
Belfast," 377.

Zuniga, Armada ship, 353.

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THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A.
THE MOST REV. DR. HEALY, AKCHBISHOP OF TUAM.
RICHARD O'SHAUGHNESSY, C.B., M.V.O.
WILLIAM E. KELLY, D.L.

* The names are arranged in order of seniority of election.

( 6 )

EGBERT COCHRANE, LL.D., I.S.O., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.,
6, ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN.

HENRY J. STOKES.
6, ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN.

Cxrmwil fxr* 1905,*
JOSEPH H. MOORE, M.A., ...... MEMBER.

GEORGE NOBLE, COUNT PLUNKETT, F.S.A.,

M.R.I.A., .......... FELLOW.

WILLIAM GROVE-WHITE, LL.B., .. .. MEMBER.

RICHARD LANGRISHE, J.P., F.R.I.A., . . FELLOW.

HENRY F. BERRY, I.S.O., M.R.I.A.,

GEORGE D. BURTCHAELL, M.A., M.R.I. A.,

FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, J.P., M.R.I.A.,

FRANCIS J. BIGGER, M.R.I.A.,

R. S. LONGWORTH DAMES, J.P., M.R.I.A.,

P. WESTON JOYCE, LL.D., M.R.I.A., .. ' MEMBER.

H. W. PATTERSON, M.R.I.A., ......

LORD WALTER FITZGERALD, M.R. LA., .. FELLOW.

ROBERT COCHRANE, I.S.O. | ED. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D,

CkrL

MR. J. C. BALL.

THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A.

JUW. gtofltt Jfff frmtor §00&SJ.

RICHARD LANGRISHE, F.R.I.A.I., J.P.,

6, ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN.

gwMi0rs xrf Qctomh (far 1904).
JOHN COOKE, M.A. | S. A. 0. FITZPATRICK.

THE PROVINCIAL BANK OF IRELAND, LIMITED,
12, ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN.

Leimter.

THE REV. CANON J. F. M. FFRENCH, M.R.I.A., Clonegall
THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A., Dublin.

Ulster.

THE REV. CANON LETT, M.A., M.R.I.A., Loughbrickland.
SEATON F. MILLIGAN, M.R.I.A., Belfast.

Munster.

P. J. LYNCH, M.R.I.A.I., Architect, Limerick.
THE REV. CANON C. MOORE, M.A., Mitchelstown.

Connauffht.

THE REV. C. LAWRENCE, M.A., Lawrencetown, Co. Galway.
EDWARD MARTYN, Tulira Castle, Ardrahan.

* The names are arranged according to date of election.

Antrim, Mid,

„ North, . .
„ South, ..
Armagh,

Belfast, City, . .
Carlow,
Cavan,
Clare, South,
,, North,
Cork, South,
„ Mid,
,, City,
Donegal,
Down, North,
,, South,
Dublin,

,, City, ..
Fermanagh,
Gahvay, North, . .
,, South, ..
,, Town, . .
Kerry,
Kildare,
Kilkenny,
King's County, . .
Leitrim,
Limerick,

„ City, ..
Londonderry, East.
,, West,

Longford,
Louth,
Mayo, South,
,, North, ..

Meath, South,

„ North, ..
Monaghan,
Queen's Co.,
Roscominon,
Sligo,
Tipper 'ary, South,

„ North,
Tyrone,
fPaterford,

City,..
Westmeath, North,

,, South,

Wexford, North,

„ South,
Wicklow,

W. A. TRAILL, M.A.

THE REV. S. A. BRENAN, M.A.

W. J. KNOWLES, M.R.I.A.

ROBERT GRAY, F.R.C.P.I., J.P.

R. M. YOUNG, J.P., B.A., M.R.I.A.

PATRICK O'LEARY.

WILLIAM J. FEGAN, Solicitor.

JAMES FROST, J.P., M.R.I.A.

DR. GEORGE IT. MACNAMARA.

THE O'DoNovAN, M.A., J.P., D,L.

THE REV. PATRICK HURLEY, P.I.

W. H. HILL, F.R.I.B.A.

Du. WALTER BERNARD, F.R.C.P.

W. H. PATTERSON, M.R.I.A.

SAMUEL KERR KIRKER, C.E.

WILLIAM C. STUBBS, M.A., Bavrister-at-Law.

JOHN COOKE, M.A.

THOMAS PLUNKETT, M.R.I.A.

RICHARD J. KELLY, Barrister-at-Law, J.P.

VERY REV. J. FAHEY, P.P., V.G.

JAMES PERRY, M.INST. C.E.

SINGLETON GOODWIN, B.A., M.INST. C.E.

LORD WALTER FITZ GERALD, M.R.I.A. J.P.

M. M. MURPHY, M.R.I.A., Solicitor.

MRS. TARLETON.

H. J. B. CLEMENTS, J.P., D.L.

J. GRENE BARRY, J.P., D.L.

THE REV. JAMES DOWD, M.A.

WILLIAM J. BROWNE, M.A., M.R.I.A.

THE REV. JOSEPH M'KEEFRY, C.C., M.R.I.A.

J. M. WILSON, M.A., J.P.

WILLIAM TEMPEST, J.P.

W. E. KELLY, C.E., J.P., D.L.

THE RIGHT REV. MOXSIGNOR O'HARA, P.P.,

V.F.

J. H. MOORE, M.A., M.INST. C.E.I.
THE REV. CANON HEALY, LL.p.
D. CAROLAN RUSHE, B.A., Solicitor.
THE REV. EDWARD O'LEARY, P.P.
GEORGE A. P. KELLY, M.A., Barrister-at-Lavr.

THE REV. DENIS HANAN, D.DT

THE REV. JAMES J. RYAN.

THE REV. WILLIAM T. LATIMER, B.A., V.P.

RICHARD J. IJSSHER, J.P., D.L.

PATRICK HIOGINS, F.R. S.A.I.

THE REV. HILL WILSON WHITE, D.D., M.R.I.A.

THE REV. WILLIAM FALKINER, M.A., M.R.I.A.

DR. G. E. J. GREENE, M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P.

J. ENNIS MAYLER.

THE REV. CANON FFRENCH, M.R.I.A.

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

(Revised 31st December, 1905.)

A star [*] preceding a name denotes that the Subscription for 1905 was unpaid on
31st December, 1905 ; two stars denote that the Subscriptions for 1904 and
1905 are unpaid; and three stars that the Fellow owes for three years.

The Names of those who have paid the Life Composition, and are Life Fellows, are
printed in heavy-faced type. (See Rules 3 and 7, page 39.)

DATE OF ELECTION.

MHMBER.

1886

1865

1885
1896

1880
1883

1889
1896

1888
1884

1885

FELLOW.

1888

1889
1903

1898
1899

1889

1879

1893
1905

1898
1900
1898

1901
1903

1896
1898
1888

1887
1888

Abercorn, His Grace the Duke of, M.A. .(Oxon.), KG., C.B.

Baronscourt, Newtownstewart. (Honorary President,

1896.)
ARMSTRONG, Robert Bruce, F.S.A.(Scot), 6, Randolph Cliff,

Edinburgh.
Ashbourne, Right Hon. Lord. 12, Merrion- square, Dublin.

Balfour, Blayney Reynell Townley, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A.,

J.P., D.L. Townley Hall, Drogheda.
BALL, Francis Elrington, M.R.I.A., J.P., Wilton-place,

Dublin. (Son. Treasurer, 1899 ; Vice- President, 1901-

1904.)
BARRYMORE, Right Hon. Lord, J.P., D.L., M.P. Fota

Island, Cork ; and Carlton Club, London. Vice- President,

1897-1900.)
BARTER, Rev. John Berkeley, M.R.I. A., F.R.G. S. I.,

F.R.Z.S.I.

Beattie, Rev. A. Hamilton. Portglenone, Co. Antrim.
BEATTY, Samuel, M.A., M.B., M.Cn. Craigatin, Pilochrie,

N.B.
Bellingham, Sir Henry, Bart., M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L.,

Bellingham Castle, Castlebellingham.
Berry, Henry F., I.S.O., M.A., M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law-

51, Waterloo- road, Dublin.
Berry, Major Robert G. J. J., A.S.C. Care of Sir C. R.

M'Gregor, Bart., & Co., 25, Charles -street, St. James's-

square, London, S.W.
Bsveridge, Erskine, F.S.A. (Scot.). St. Leonard's Hill, Dun-

fermline, Fife.
Bewley, Sir Edmund Thomas, M.A., LL.D. 40, Fitzwilliam-

place, Dublin.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, M.R.I. A. Ardrie, Belfast.
Brooke, Rev. Stopford A., M.A. 1, Manchester-square, London,W.
Browne, Most Rev. James, D.D., Bishop of Ferns. St. Peter's

College, Wexford.
BROWNE, William James, M.A. (Lond.), M.R.I.A., Inspector

of Schools. 5, Crawford-square, Londonderry.
Brownrigg, Most Rev. Abraham, D.D., Bishop of Ossory.

St. Kieran's, Kilkenny. (Vice- President, 1896-1900.)

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

DATE OF ELECTION.

MEMBER. FELLOW. |

1905 | Burns, Thomas, F.R.S.L., M.S. A. Diana-street, Newcastle-

on-Tyne.

1882 1890 BURTCHAELL, Geo. Dames, M.A., LL.B. (Dubl.), M.R.I.A.,
Barrister-at-Law. 44, Morehampton-road, Dublin.

Cane, Colonel R. Claude, J.P. St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
Carbray, Felix, M.P.P., M.R.I. A. Benburb Place, Quebec,

Canada.
Castletown, Right Hon. Lord, J.P. , D.L. Grantston Manor,

Abbeyleix. (Vice- President, 1885-1889.)
Chestnutt, John, B.A., L.R.C.P. & L.R.C.S. (Edin.). Derwent

House, Howden, East Yorks.
Clark, Stewart, J.P. Dundas Castle, South Queen's Ferry,

Edinburgh.
COCHRANE, Robert, I.S.O., LL.D., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.,

M.R.I. A., President Inst. Civil Engineers of Ireland.

6, St. Stephen's -green, Dublin. (Hon. General Secretary,

1888 ; Hon. Treasurer, 1888-1898.)
Coffey, George, B.A.I., M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law. 5, Har-

court-terrace, Dublin.

COLLES, Richard, B.A., J.P. Millmount, Kilkenny.
Collins, George, Solicitor. 69, Lower Leeson- street, Dublin.
Colvill, Robert Frederick Stewart, B.A. (Cantab.), J.P. Coolock

House, Coolock.
Connellan, P. L. 6, Via Augusto, Valenziani Porto, Salaria,

Rome.

Cooke, John, M.A. 66, Morehampton-road, Dublin.
Copinger, Walter Arthur, LL.D., F.S.A. ' Kersal Cell, Man-
chester.
COWAN, Samuel Wm. Percy, M.A., M.R.I. A. Craigavad,

Co. Down.
Crawley, W. J. Chetwode, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.G.S., F.G.S.,

F.R. Hist. S. 3, Ely-place, Dublin.
Crozier, Right Rev. John Baptist, D.D., Bishop of Ossory, Ferns,

and Leighlin. The Palace, Kilkenny.

Dames, Robert Staples Longworth, B.A. (Dubl.), M.R.I. A., J.P.,

Barrister-at-Law. 21, Herbert- street, Dublin.
Day, Robert, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., J.P. Myrtle Hill House, Cork.

(Vice- President, 1887-1897 and 1900-1903.)
Day, Very Rev. Maurice, Dean of Ossory. The Deanery,

Kilkenny.
Devonshire, His Grace the Duke of, M.A. (Cantab.), D.C.L.,

K.G. Devonshire House, Piccadilly, London, W. (Hon.

President, 1897).
Dixon, Right Hon. Sir Daniel, Bart., P.C., J.P., D.L. Bally-

menoch House, Holywood, Co. Down.
Donnelly, Most Rev. Nicholas, D.D., M.R.I.A., Bishop of

Canea. St. Mary's, Haddington-road, Dublin. (Vice-

President, 1900-1903.)

DONNELLY, Patrick J. 4, Queen-street, Dublin.
**Doyle, Charles F., M.A., F.R.U.I. 56, George -street, Limerick.
Drew, Sir Thomas, P.R.H.A., F.R.I.B.A. Gortnadrew, Alma-
road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. (Vice-President, 1889-1894,

1897; President, 1894-1897.)
Duignan, "William Henry. Gorway, Walsall.

1889
1900 j

1865

1871

1891

1898

1892

1864

1882 .

1891

1894

1896
1904
1891

1903

1888
1889

1894
1890

1893

1894

1897

1891

1866

1870

1863

1888

1905

1872

1892

1891

1894

1894
1890
1888

1895
1895
1889

1891

1893

10 FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

DATK OF ELECTION.

MEMBER.

FELLOW.

1864

1888

Eden, Rev. Arthur, M.A. (Oxon.). Ticehurst, Hawkhurat,

Sussex.

1864

1870

EDWARD VII., His Majesty, King and Emperor, Patron-

in- Chief.

1890

1902

ESMONDE, Sir Thomas H. Grattan, Bart., M.R.I.A., M.P.

1889

Ballynastragh, Gorey. (Vice-President, 1902-1905.)
EWART, Sir William Quartus, Bart., M.A., J.P. Schomberg,

Strandtown, Belfast. (Vice- President, 1901-1904.)

1876

1889

FFRENCH, Rev. James F. M., Canon, M.R.I.A. Ballyredmond

House, Clonegal. (Vice-President, 1897-1900.)

1878

1900

Fielding, Major Joshua, J.P., M.R.I.A. Royal Hospital,

Kilmainham.

1889

FITZGERALD, Lord Frederick. Carton, Maynooth.

1888

FITZGERALD, Lord Walter, M.R.I.A., J.P. Kilkea Castle,

1900

Mageney. (Vice-President, 1895-1898.)
FITZMATJRICE, Arthur, J.P., Johnstown House, Carlow.

1898

1902

Fitz Patrick, S. A. 0. Glenpool, Terenure, Co. Dublin.

1890

1898

Fogerty, William A., M.A., M.D. • 61, George -street,

Limerick.

1901-

* Forshaw, Chas., LL.D., F. R. Hist. Soc., F.R.S.L. Baltimore

House, Hanover-square, Bradford.

1871

1877

Frost, James, M.R.I.A., J.P. 54, George -street, Limerick.

(Vice- President, 1898-1902 and 1904.)

1866

1875

GARSTIN, John Ribton, LL.B., M.A., B.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.

F.R.H.S., J.P., D.L. Braganstown, Castlebellingham

(Vice-President, 1885-1895; President, 1903-1905.)

1891

1894

Geoghegan, Charles, Assoc. INST. C.E.I. 89, Pembroke-road,
Dublin.

1899

Gibson, Andrew, 49, Queen's-square, Belfast.

1903

GLENCROSS, J. Reginald M., M.A. (Cantab.). Lavethan,

Bodmin, Cornwall.

1895

Goff, Sir William G. D., Bart., J.P. Glenville, Waterford.

1867

1888

* Gray, William, M.R.I.A. Auburn Villa, Glenburn Park, Belfast.

(Vice-President, 1889-1896.)

1889

1895

Greene, George E. J., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P.

Monte Vista, Ferns.

1898

GREGG, Huband George, J.P. Clonmore, Stillorgan, Co.

Dublin.

1905

Grenfell, Right Hon. Lord. Royal Hospital, Dublin.

1893

1896

Handcock, Gustavus F. Public Record Office, Chancery-lane,

London, W.C.

1887

1890

Healy, His Grace The Most Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I.A.,

Archbishop of Tuam. The Palace, Tuam. ( Vice- President,

1890-1898 and 1903.)

1894

1897

Hickey, Rev. Michael P., D.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Gaelic

and Lecturer on Irish Archaeology. St. Patrick's College,

Maynooth.

1897

1898

Higgins, Patrick. Town Clerk's Office, Waterford.

1886

1888

Hill, Right Hon. Lord Arthur Wm., M.P. 74, Eaton-place,

London, S. W. ; and Bigshotte, Rayles, Wokingham, Berks.

(Vice-President, 1888-1895.)

1902

1905

Hilliard, John. Lake Hotel, Killamey.

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

DATE OP ELECTION.

1892
1905

1882

1904

1893
1890

1889
1887

1872

1872
1892

1891
1883

1889
1864
1891

1863
1893

FELLOW.

1900
1892
1890

1905
1901

1888

1901
1902

1905
1905

1898
1894
1894

1888

1890
1888

1886
1896

1879
1896
1888
1892

1895
1896
1889

1899
1893

1870
1896

1871
1896

HOGG, Eev. A. V., M.A. The Parade, Kilkenny.

Holmes, Emra, F.R.H.S. Hillfield, Oundle, Northants.

Houston, Thomas G., M.A. Academical Institution, Cole-
raine.

Howard, Stanley M 'Knight. Stone House, near Kidderminster,

Howley, Most Rev. M. F., D.D., Bishop of St. John's, New-
foundland.

Humphreys, Very Rev. Rohert, M.A., Dean of Killaloe. The
Glebe, Ballinaclough, Nenagh.

INCHIQUIN, Eight Hon. Lord. Dromoland Castle, New-

market-on-Fergus.
Iveagh, the Right Hon. Baron, K.P., LL.D., M.A. (Dubl.),

D.L. 80, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.

Jourdain, Capt. H. T. A., Connaught Rangers. Mullingar.
Joynt, Richard Lane. 84, Harcourt-street, Dublin.

Keating, Miss Geraldine, Cannon Mills Cottage, Chesham,
Bucks.

KELLY, Edward Festus. 49, Charles-street, Berkeley-square,
London, W.

Kelly, George A. P., M.A., Barrister- at-Law. 129, Lower
Baggot-street, Dublin; and Cloonglasnymore, Strokes-
town.

Kelly, William Edward, C.E., J.P., D.L. St. Helen's, West-
port. (Yice.President, 1900-1902.)

Kelly, William P., Solicitor. Shannonview Park, Athlone.

Kirker, Samuel Kerr, C.E. Board of Works, Belfast; and
Bencoolen, Maryville Park, Belfast.

Knowles, William James, M.R.I. A. Flixton-place, Ballymena.
(Vice- President, 1897-1900.)

Knox, Hubert Thomas, M.R.I. A. Westover House, Bitton,
Bristol.

Langrishe, Richard, J.P. 11, Palmerston-road, Rathmines.

[Vice-president, 1879-1895 and 1900-1903.)
Latimer, Rev. William Thomas, B.A. The Manse, Eglish,

Dungannon. (Vice- President, 1903.)
***Lawrence, Rev. Charles, M.A. Lisreaghan, Lawrencetown, Co.

Galway.
LEWIS CEOSBY, Eev. Ernest H. C., B.D. 36, Rutland-square,

Dublin.

Lillis, T. Barry. Janeville, Ballintemple, Cork.
**Linn, Richard. 229, Hereford- st., Christchurch, New Zealand.
Lynch, Patrick J., M.R.I. A.I. 8, Mallow-street, Limerick.

Macan, Sir Arthur, M.B. 53, Merrion -square, Dublin.

Mac Ritchie, David, F.S.A. (Scot.) 4, Archibald-place, Edin-
burgh.

Malone, Very Rev. Sylvester, P.P., V.G., M.R.I.A.. St.
Lenanne, Kilrush, Co. Clare.

MAETYN, Edward. Tillyra Castle, Ardrahan. (Vice- Presi-
dent, 1897-1900.)

Mayler, James Ennis. Harristown, Ballymitty, Co. Wexford.

McCEEA, Eev. Daniel F., M.R.I. A. (Rome.)

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

DATE OF ELECTION.

MEMBER. FELLOW.
1897

1884
1889
1870
1869

1889

1888

1877
1892

1869

1887
1869

1894

1867

1897
1888
1892
1871
1888

1897
1889

1890

1889
1893

1888

1890
1895
1890

1890
1895

1898
1889

1894
1889

1875
1903

1888
1€73

1888

McGeeney, Very Rev. Patrick, Canon, P.P., V.F. Parochia1

House, Crossmaglen.
Mellon, Thomas J., Architect. Rydal Mount, Milltown, Co.

Duhlin.
MILLIGAN, Seaton Forrest, M.R.I. A. Bank Buildings, Belfast.

(Vice- President, 1895-1899 and 1900-1903.)
Mills, James, I.S.O., M.R.I. A. Public Record Office, Dublin.

(Vice- President, 1904.)
MOLLOY, William Robert, M.R.I. A., J.P. 78, Kenilworth-

square, Dublin.
Moran, His Eminence Cardinal, D.D., M.R.I. A. Archbishop

of Sydney, New South "Wales. (Vice- President, 1888-

1896.)
Murphy, J. H. Burke. Cultra Lodge, Cultra, Holywood, Co.

Down , and St. Patrick's, Dunfanaghy, Co. Donegal.
MTTRPHY, Michael M., M.R.I.A. Troyes Wood, Kilkenny.

Norman, George, M.D. 12, Brock-street, 'Bath.

O'BRIEN, William, M.A., LL.D. 4, Kildare- street, Dublin.
O'Connell, John Robert, M. A., LL.D. Ard Einin, Killiney,

Co. Dublin.
O'Conor Don, The Right Hon. LL.D., M.R.I.A., H.M.L.

Clonalis, Castlerea. Patron. (Vice- President, 1886-1897

and 1900-1904 ; President, 1897-1899 ; Honorary President,

1900.)
O'Donovan, The, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Liss Ard, Skibbe-

reen. (Vice- President, 1890-1894.)
O'Laverty, Right Rev. Monsignor, P.P., M.R.I.A. Holywood,

Co. Down. (Vice- President, 1896-1900 and 1902-1905.)
O'NEILL, His Excellency The, Comte de Tyrone, (Grand

Officier de la maison du Roi). 59, Rua das Flores, Lisbon,

Portugal.
O'NEILL, Hon. Robert Torrens, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L.,

M.P. Tullymore Lodge, Ballymena, Co. Antrim.
O'REILLY, Rev. Hugh, M.R.I.A. St. Colman's Seminary,

Newry.

O'Reilly, Patrick J. 7, North Earl-street, Dublin.
ORMSBY, Charles C., M.I. C.E.I. District Engineer's Office,

M.G.W. Railway, Galway.
O'Shaughnessy, Richard, B.A.,C.B., M.V.O., Barrister-at-La^vr.

3, Wilton-place, Dublin. (Vice -President, 1904.)
OWEN, Edward. India Office, Whitehall, London, S.W.

Palmer, Charles Colley, J.P., D.L. Rahan, Edenderry.
Peacock, Dr. Charles James, D.D.I. 57, Queen' s-road, Tun-

bridge Wells.

Perceval, John James, J.P. 41, Waterloo-road, Dublin.
Phene, John S., LL.D., F.S.A., F.G.S. 5, Carlton-terrace,

Oakley-street, London, S.W.
Plunkett, George Noble, Count, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Barrister-

at-Law. 26, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

DATE OF ELECTION.

MEMBER.

1889
1889

1894
1880

FELLOW.

1896
1890

1893
1872

1902

1894
1894
1888

Plunkett, Countess. 26, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
Poison, Thomas R. J., M.R.I. A. 13, Wellington-place, Ennis-
kfflen.
Pope, Peter A. New Ross.
Prichard, Rev. Hugh, M.A., F.S.A. (Scot.) Dinam, Gaerwen,
Anglesey.

RATH-MERRILL, Mrs. M. E. 80, North Weiner-avenue,
Columbus-, Ohio, U.S.A.
Robinson, Andrew, C.E., Board of Works. 116, St. Laurence-
road, Clontarf.
**Robinson, Rev. Stanford F. H., M.A. 17, Lower Leeson- street,
Dublin.
Rushe, Denis Carolan, B.A., Solicitor. Far-Meehul, Monaghan.

1898

1891

1904

1896

1892

1875

1892
1875

1873

1892

1902

1903 ;<
1894 i

1898

1902

1905

1890

1904

1895

1902

1885

1888

1890

1900

1892

1893

1898 «
1900

SAUNDERSON, Rev. Robert de Bedick, M.A. (Dubl.).
4, Chapel-place, Ramsgate.

Scott, William Robert, M.A. (Dubl.), D.PHIL. 4, Murray-
place, St. Andrews, N.B., and Lisnamallard, Omagh.

Shallard, L. Stafford, F.R.H.S., A.V.G.M., F.N.A.M., F.S.S.,
L.N.C.M. Lyndenhurst, Camden-road, North ; and King's
College, London.

Shaw, Sir Frederick W., Bart., J.P., D.L. Bushy Park,
Terenure.

Sheehan, Most Rev. Richard A Iphonsus, D.D., Bisbop of Water-
ford and Lismore. Bishop's House, John's Hill, Waterford.
(Vice-president, 1896-1899 and 1901-1904.)

Smiley, Sir Hugh Houston, Bart., D.L. Drumalis, Lame.

Smith, Joseph, M.R.I. A. Hood-lane, Sankey Bridge, Warring-
ton.

Smith, Worthington G., F.L.S., M.A.I. 121, High-street,
Dunstable, Beds.

Somerville, Bellingham Arthur. Clermont, Rathnew, Co.
Wicklow.

Stapley, Sir Harry, Bart. Tuffley, Barry, South Wales.

Stevenson, George A., M.V.O., Commissioner of Public Works,
6, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin.

Stokes, Henry J. Rookstown, Howth ; and 24. Clyde-road,
Dublin. '(Hon. Treasurer, 1903.)

Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.L. Arnside,
Prestwich Park, Manchester.

Stoney, Rev. Robert Baker, M.A., D.D., Canon. Holy Trinity
Rectory, Killiney, Co. Dublin.

STRANGWAYS, Leonard Richard, M.A., M.R.I.A. Merton,
Cullenswood, Co. Dublin.

Strangeways, William N. Lismore ; 17, Queen's-avenue,
Muswell Hill, London, N.

Stubbs, Major-General Francis William, J.P. 2, Clarence-
terrace, St. Luke's, Cork. (Vice -President, 1901-1905.)

STUBBS, William Cotter, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 28, Hatch-
street, Dublin. (Hon. Treasurer, 1900-1902 ; Vice-President,
1903.)

Swan, Joseph Percival. 22, Charleville-road, N.C.R., Dublin.

Tallon, Daniel. 136, Leinster-road, Rathmines.
Tate-Stoate, Rev. W. M., M.A., M.R.I.A. Pebworth Vicarage,
near Stratford-on-Avon.

DATE OF ELECTION

MEMBER.

FELLOW.

1893

1904

1892

1893

1896

1899

1884

1890

1905
1897

1871

1886

1871
1905
1893

1892

1896

1889

1890

1887

1903

1891

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.

Tenison, Charles Mac Carthy, M.R.I. A. Barrister-at-Law

J.P. Hobart, Tasmania.
Thorp, John Thomas, LL.D., F.R.S.L., F.R. HIST. S. 57,

Regent-road, Leicester.
Tighe, Edward Kenrick Bunbury, J.P., D.L. Woodstock,

Inistioge.

**Uniacke, R. G. Fitz Gerald, B.A. (Oxon.). Schopwick-place,

Elstree, Herts.

Upton, Henry Arthur Shuckburgh, J.P. Coolatore, Moate, Co.
Westmeath.

Vinycomb, John, M.R.I. A. Riverside, Holywood, Co. Down.

WALES, H. E. H. Prince of. Patron.

Warren, the Rev. Thomas. Belmont, 29, Gipsy Hill, London,
S.E.

Watson, Thomas. Ship Quay Gate, Londonderry.

Weldrick, John Francis. 12, Booterstown- avenue', Co. Dublin.

WESTROPP, Thomas Johnson, M.A., C.E., M.R.I.A. 115,
Strand-road, Sandymount, Dublin. (Vice- President, 1901.)

Wigham, John R., M.R.I.A., J.P. Albany House, Monks-
town.

Windle, Bertram C. A., M.A., M.D., D.Sc. (Dubl.), F.R.S.,
President, Queen's College, Cork. (Vice -President, 1905.)

WOOLLCOMBE, Eobert Lloyd, M.A., LL.D. (Dubl. Univ.) ;
LL.D. (Royal Univ.) ; F.I.Inst., F.S.S., M.R.I.A.,
Barrister-at-Law. 14, Waterloo -road, Dublin.

WRIGHT, Edward Perceval, M.D., M.A. (Dubl.); M.A.
(Oxon.); M.R.I.A., F.L.S., F.R.C.S.I., J.P. 5, Trinity
College, Dublin. (Vice-President, 1898-1899 and 1903;
President, 1900-1902.)

Wyndham, Rt. Hon. George, M.P. 35, Park-lane, London, W.

Young, Robert Magill, B.A., C.E., M.R.I.A., J.P. Rathvarna,
Antrim-road, Belfast. (Vice-President, 1898-1900 and
1904.)

FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY. 15

HONORARY FELLOWS,

Elected

1902 Allen, J. Romilly, F.S.A., F.S.A. (Scot.). 28, Great Ormond-street,
London, W.C.

1891 Avebury, Right Hon. Lord, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. High Elms,
Farnborough, Kent.

1891 D'Arbois de Jubainville, H., Editor of Revue Celtique. 84, Boulevard
Mont Parnasse, Paris.

1902 Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Dubl.), D.Sc., F.R.S.,
F.S.A., Hon. M.R.I. A. Nash Mills, Hemel Hampstead.

1902 Montelius, Oscar, PH. D., Prof, at the Nat. Hist. Museum, Stockholm.

1891 Munro, Robert, M.A., M.D. (Hon. M.R.I. A.), Secretary of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland. 48, Manor-place, Edinburgh.

1891 Pigorini, Professor Luigi, Director of the Museo Preistorico-Etnografico
Kircheriano, Rome.

1891 Rhys, John, M.A., D.LiT., Professor of Celtic, Principal of Jesus College.
Oxford.

Life Fellows, 44

Honorary Fellows, . . . . . . . . . . 8

Annual Fellows, .. .. .. .. .. .. 134

Total 31st December, 1905, 186

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

(Revised 31st December, 1905.)

A star [*] preceding a name denotes that the Subscription for 1905 was unpaid on
31st December, 1905 ; two stars denote that the Subscriptions for 1904 and 1905
are unpaid ; and three stars that the Member owes for three years.

The Names of those who have paid the Life Composition, and are Life Members, are
printed in heavy-faced type. (See Rules 4, 8, and 9, page 39.)

Elected

1896

1898

1901

1892

1887

1900
1905
1903
1890
1891
1890
1894
1891

1896
1897

1902
1891

1894
1905
1868

iaoo

1890

1894
1895
1890
1893
1894
1897
1897
1898
1885
1888
1890
1890
1893

Acheson, John, J.P. Dunavon, Portadown.

Adams, Rev. William Alexander, B.A. The Manse, Antrim.

Adams, Walton. Reading, England.

Alcorn, James Gunning, Barrister-at-Law, J.P. 2, Kildare -place, Dublin.

Alexander, Thomas John, M.A., LL.D. 1, Bellevue Park, Military-road,

Cork.

Allen, C. F., 2 Newtown-villas, Rathfarnham.
Allen, Herbert W. Rosemount House, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
Allen, Mrs. Ailsa Lodge, Kilrane, Co. Wexford.
Allingham, Hugh, M.R.I.A. The Mall, Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal.
Alment, Rev. William F., B.D. Drakestown Rectory, Navan.
Alton, J. Poe (Fellow, Inst. of Bankers). Elim, Grosvenor-road, Dublin.
Anderson, William, J .P. Glenarvon, Merrion, Co. Dublin.
Andrews, James Thomas, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 36, St. Stephen's -green,

Dublin.

Annaly, The Lady. Holdenby House, Northamptonshire.
Archdall, Right Rev. Mervyn, D.D., Bishop of Killaloe, &c. Clarisford,

Killaloe.
Archer, Miss Brenda E. The Rectory, Ballybunion, Co. Kerry, andRoslyn,

Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
Archer, Rev. James Edward, B.D. Seagoe Rectory, Portadown, Co.

Armagh.

Ardagh, Rev. Arthur W., M.A. The Vicarage, Finglas.
Ardagh, Mrs. Robert. Pouldrew, Portlaw, Co. Waterford.
Ardilaun, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.A., M.R.I.A. St. Anne's, Clontarf.
Armstrong, Geo. Temple, Solicitor. 35, Victoria-street, Belfast.
Atkinson, Rev. E. Dupre, LL.B. (Cantab.). Donaghcloney, Waringstown.

Babington, Rev. Richard, M.A. Rectory, Moville.

Badham, Miss. St. Margaret's Hall, Mespil-road, Dublin.

Baile, Robert, M.A. Ranelagh School, Athlone.

Bailey, William F., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 3, Earlsfort -terrace, Dublin.

Baillie, Col. John R., M.R.I.A., J.P. Strabane, Co. Tyrone.

Bain, Major Andrew, R.E., D.I., R.I.C. Newcastle West, Co. Limerick.

Baker, Samuel. The Knowle, Howth.

Ball, H. Houston. South Lawn, Bishop's Stortford.

Ballard, Rev. John Woods. 21, South-parade, Ballynafeigh, Belfast.

Ballintine, Joseph, J.P. Strand, Londonderry.

Banim, Miss Mary. Greenfield, Dalkey.

Bardan, Patrick. Coralstown, Killucan.

Barrett, John, B.A. 7, Westview-terrace, Blackrock, Co. Cork.

Elected
1889

1868

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 17

Barrington, Sir Charles Burton, Bart., M.A. (Dubl.), J.P., D.L. Clenstal

Castle, Co. Limerick.
BARRINGTON-WARD, Mark James, M.A., S.C.L. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.,

F.L.S. Thorneioe Lodge, Worcester.
1890 j Barry, Rev. Michael, P.P. Ballylanders, Knocklong, Co. Limerick.
1877 Barry, James Grene, D.L. Sandville House, Ballyneety, Limerick.
Battley, Colonel D'Oyly, J.P. Belvedere Hall, Bray, Co. Wicklow.
Bayly, Colonel W. II . Debsborough, Nenagh.

Beardwood, Bight Rev. J. Camillus, Abbot of Mount St. Joseph, Roscrea.
Beary, Michael, Borough Surveyor. Dungarvan, Co. Waterford.
Beater, George Palmer. Miriore, St. Kevin's Park, Upper Rathmines.
Beatty, Arthur W. 54, Grosvenor-square, Rathmines.
Beere, D. M., C.E. G. P. 0., Melbourne, Victoria.
Begley, Rev. John, C.C. St. Munching, Co. Limerick.
***Behan, Rev. W. J., C.C. Killeentierna, Farranfore.

Bell, Thomas William, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. Philipstown, Dundalk.

Bellew, the Hon. ]\Irs. Jenkinstown Park, Kilkenny.

Bennet, Mrs. 1, Tobernea-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.

Bennett, Joseph Henry. Blair Castle, Cork.

Beresford, George De La Poer, J.P., D.L. Ovenden, Sundridge, Sevenoaks.

Beresford, Rev. Canon, M.A. Inistioge Rectory, Co. Kilkenny.

Bergin, William, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy. Queen's College,

Cork.

Bernard, Walter, F.R.C.P. 14, Queen-street, Derry.
Bestick, Robert. 5, Frankfort-avenue, Rathgar.
Bewley, Joseph. 8, Anglesea- street, Dublin.
Bewley, Dr. II. T. 89, Merrion-square, Dublin.
Bewley, Mrs. S. Knapton House, Kingstown.

1894
1902
1891
1904
1898
1903
1891
1893
1902
1898
1902
1903
1890
1884
1895
1895

1888
1897
1890
1901
1901
1897

1896
1901
1902
1896
1904
1900
1904
1902
1893

1899
1903
1905

1894
1889

1858
1904
1894
1905
1903
1905
1904
1891
1889
1883

1892
1891
1892
1891
1904

Biddulph, Lieut. -Col., Middleton W., J.P. Rathrobiu, Tullamore, King's-

County.
***Bigger, Frederic Charles. Ardrie, Antrim-road, Belfast.

Black, Joseph. Inland Revenue, Stockton-on-Tees, Co. Durham.

Blake, The Lady. Myrtle Grove, Youghal, Co. Cork.

Blake, Mrs. Temple Hill, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

Blake, Martin J. 13, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, London.

Bleakley, John T. A venue- road, Lurgan.

Boedicker, Dr. Birr Castle Observatory, Birr, King's Co.

Boland, John, M.P. 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C.

Bolton, Charles Perceval, J.P. Brook Lodge, Halfway House, Water-
ford.

Bolton, Miss Anna. Rathenny, Cloughjordan.

Boothman, Chas. T., Barrister-at-Law. 14, Clarinda-park, W., Kingstown.

Borrowes, Lady. Barretstowu Castle, Ballymore Eustace, Naas, Co.
Kildare.

Bourcbier. Henry James, C.I., R.I.C. Melbrooke, Clonmel.

Bowen, Henry Cole, M.A., J.P., Barrister-at-1-a.w. Bowen's Court,
Mallow.

Bowers, Thomas. Cloncunny House, Piltown.

Bowes, Mrs. E. R. Bowes Villa, Meath-road, Bray.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, M.D. Chateworth, Belfast.

Boyle, E. M. F. G. Solicitor, Limavady.

Boyle, Rev. Henry, P.P. Mount St. Michael, Randalstown.

Brady, Bev. James. The Presbytery, 47, Westland-row, Dublin.

Brady, Sir Francis William, Bart. 26, Upper Pembroke-street, Dublin.

Bray, John B. Cassin. .56, Grosvenor-road, Rathmines.

Brenan, James, R.H. A., M.R.I. A., 140, Leinster-road, Rathmines.

Brenan, Rev. Samuel Arthur, B.A. Strand House, Cushendun, Co.
Antrim.

Brereton, Fleet- Surgeon R. W. The Rectory, Camolin, Co. Wexford.

Bridge, William, M.A., Solicitor. Roscrea.

Brien, Mrs. C. II. 9, Maddison-terrace, South Circular-road, Dublin.

BRODIGAN, Mrs. Piltown House, Drogheda.

Brodrick, Hon. Albinia L. District lufirmary, Ashton- under- Lyne.

18 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

1893
1888
1894
1900
1902
1894
1866
1903
1896
1890
1903
1884
1890
1890
1903
1895

1894
1897
1897
1899
1892
1905
1891

1903
1904
1898

1902
1903

Brophy, Michael M. 48, Gordon-square, London, W.C.

Brophy, Nicholas A. Glenlevan, Lansdown-road, Limerick.

Brown, Miss. 2, Letheiidry, Brighton-road, Rathgar.

Browne, Charles R., M.D., M.R.l.A. 66, Harcourt-street, Dublin.

Browne, Thomas. Mill House, Dundalk.

Brunskill, Rev. K. C., M.A. Carrickmore, Co. Tyrone.

Brunskill, Rev. North Richardson, M.A. Kenure Vicarage, Rush.

Brunskill, Rev. T. R., M.A. St. Mary's Rectory, Drogheda.

Buckley, James. 11, Homefield-road, Wimbledon, Surrey.

Budds, William Frederick, J.P. Courtstown, Tullaroan, Freshford.

Budds, Mrs. Zoe M. 82, Leinster-road, Dublin.

Buggy, Michael, Solicitor. Parliament-street, Kilkenny.

Burgess, Rev. Henry W., M.A., LL.D. 20, Alma-road, Monkstown.

Burgess, John, J.P. Oldcourt, Athlone.
*Burke, Miss A. Westport House, Middletown, Co. Armagh.

Burke, John, J.P., Consul for Mexico and Uruguay. Corporation-street,
Belfast.

Burke, E. W. Sandy Mount, Abbeyleix.

Burke, Rev. Thomas, P.P. Kinvara, Co. Galway.

Burke, Rev. W. P. St. Maryville, Cahir.

Burnard, Robert, F.S.A. Thiccaby House, Princestown, S. Devon.

Burnell, William. Dean's Grange, Monkstown.

Burnett, George Henry. Cnoc Aluin, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.

Burnett, Rev. Richard A., M.A. Rectory, Graignamanagh, Co. Kil-
kenny.

Butler, Mrs. Cecil. Milestown, Castlebellingham.

Butler, Miss E. The Lodge, Waterville, Co. Kerry.

Butler, William F., M.A., F. R.U.I., Professor "of Modern Languages.
Mount Verdon House, Cork.

Butler, Lieut. -General Sir W. F., K.C.B. Government House, Devonport.

Byrne, Mrs. L. 5, Prince of Wales -terrace, Bray.

1891

1894
1904

1896
1904

1896

1897
1891
1890
1890
1898
1893
1893

Down.
1900
1895
1894
1900
1888
1893
1889
1890

Cadic de la Champignonnerie, M. Edward, F. R.U.I. Mon Caprice,

Pembroke Park, Dublin.

Caffrey, James. 3, Brighton-terrace, Brighton-road, Rathgar, Dublin.
Caldwell, Charles Henry Bulwer, J.P. Antylstown, Navan ; and The

Cedars, Wyndlesham.

Caldwell, Charles Sproule, Solicitor. Castle-street, Londonderry.
Callanan, Martin, Physician and Surgeon. The Square, Thurles, Co.

Tipperary.
Callary, Very Rev. Philip, P.P., V.F. St. Brigid's, Tullamore, King's

County.

Campbell, A. Albert, Solicitor. 4, Waring- street, Belfast.
Campbell, Rev. Joseph W. R., M.A. 34, Dartmouth-road, Dublin.
Campbell, Rev. Richard S. D., M.A., D.D. The Rectory, Athlone.
Campbell, Rev. William W., M.A., R.N. Maplebury, Monkstown.
GARDEN, Lady. Templemore Abbey, Templemore.
Carey, William, Solicitor. 47, Grosvenor-square, Dublin.
Carmody, Rev. William P., B.A. Carrowdore Rectory, Donaghadee, Co.

1901

Carmody, Rev. James, P.P. St. Colman's, Milltown, Co. Kerry.
***Carney, Thomas. Hibernian Bank, Drogheda.
Carolan, John, J.P. 77, North King-street, Dublin.
Carolin, Geo. 0., J.P. Iveragh, Shelbourne-road, Dublin.
Carrigan, Rev. William, C.C. Durrow, Queen's County.
Carrigan, William, B.L., Solicitor. 13, Herbert-street, Dublin.
Carroll, Anthony R., Solicitor. 47, North Great George' s-street, Dublin.
Carroll, William, C.E., M.R.I. A.I. 12, Rue de 1'Equerre, Bruger,

Belgium.
Carter, Mrs. Hugh Foxley, Burnham, Bucks.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 19

Elected

1904
1901
1897
1904
1895
1893

1901
1894
1895
1896
1889
1890
1874

1904
1892
1893
1900

1898
1888
1893
1894
1891

1898
1903
1903
1897
1897
1876
1893
1894

1892
1889
1904
1898
1896

1894
1894
1899
1896
1894
1890
1899
1892
1903
1895
1904
1905
1892

1891
1889

1905
1900

1904

Carter, John Campbell. 15, Market Buildings, Fade-street, Dublin.

Carter, Joseph S., Solicitor. Veteran Lodge, Galway.

Caruth, Norman C., Solicitor. Flixton- place, Ballyniena.

Cassidy, C. D., D.D.S. 29, Westland-ro\v, Dublin.

Casson, George W., J.P. 25, Clyde-road, Dublin.

Castle Stuart, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Drum Manor, Cooks-

town ; Stuart Hall, Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone.
**Cavanagh, James A. 62, Graf ton- street, Dublin.

Chambers, Sir R. Newman. 15, Queen-street, Londonderry.

Christie, Robert William, F.I.B. 21, Elgin-road, Dublin.

Clark, Miss Jane. The Villas, Kilrea, Co. Londonderry.

Clarke, Mrs. Athgoe Park, Hazelbatch.

CLEMENTS, Henry John Beresford, J.P., D.L. Lough Rynn, Leitrim.

Clonbrock, Right Hon. Lord, B.A. (Oxon.), H.M.L. ( Vice-President, 1885-

1896.) Clonbrock, Aghascragh.
Coakley, Rev. Cornelius, C.C. Farran, Co. Cork.
Coates, William Trelford, J.P. 7, Fountain- street, Belfast.
Coddington, Lieut. -Colonel John N., J.P., D.L. Oldbddge, Drogheda.
Colahan, Rev. Richard Fallon, C.C. The Presbytery, Herbert-road,

Bray.

Coleman, Rev. Ambrose, O.P. Dominican Priory, Drogheda.
Coleman, James. 2, Roseh ill-terrace, Queenstown, Co. Cork.
Colgan, Nathaniel, M.R.I. A. 15, Breifni-terrace, Sandycove, Co. Dublin.
Colles, Alexander. 3, Elgin-road, Dublin.
Collins, E. Tenison, Barrister-at-Law. St. Edmunds, The Burrow,

Howth.

Collis, Rev. Maurice H. Fitzgerald, B.D. The Vicarage, Antrim.
Colvin, Miss Carolin, Ph.D. Orono, Maine, U. S. A.
Comerford, William. Urlingford National School, Co. Kilkenny.
Commins, John. Desart N. S., CufEe's Grange, Kilkenny.
CONAN, Alexander. Mount Alverno, Dalkey.
Condon, Very Rev. C. H. St. Mary's, Pope's-quay, Cork.
Condon, Frederick William, L.R. C.P.I., &c. Ballyshannon.
***Condon, James E. S., LL.D., Barrister-at-Law. 8, Upper Leeson-street,

Dublin.

**Conlan, Very Rev. Robert F., P.P., Canon. St. Michan's, Dublin.
Connellan, Major James H., J.P., D.L. Coolmore, Thomastown.
Connor, G. W., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.D.S. 77, Hill-street, Newry.
Conyngham, O'Meara. Hotel Metropole, Sackville- street, Dublin.
Cookman, William, M.D., J.P. Kiltrea House, Enniscorthy.

1900 j Cooper, Joseph Ed. Hibernian Bank, Strabane.

Coote, Rev. Maxwell H., M.A. Ross, Tullamore.
COKBALLIS, Kichard J., M.A., J.P. Rosemount, Roebuck, Clonskeagh.
Corcoran, Miss. The Chesnuts, Mulgrave-road, Sutton, Surrey.
Corcoran, P. Abbey Gate-street, Galway.
Cosgrave, E. Mac Dowel, M.D. 5, Gardiner' s-row, Dublin.
Cosgrave, Henry Alexander, M.A. 67, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Costello, Thomas Bodkin, M.D. Bishop-street, Tuam.
"Costigan, William. Great Victoria -street, Belfast.
Coulter, Robert, Merchant. Thomas-street, Sligo.
Courtenay, Henry, l.S.O. Hughenden, Grosvenor-road, Rathgar.
Courtenay, Mrs. Louisa. Rathescar, Dunleer, Co. Louth,
Courvoisier, Mrs. 5, Windsor Gardens, Belfast.
COWAN, P. Chalmers, B. Sc., M. INST. C.E. Local Government Board,

Dublin.
Cowell, Very Rev. George Young, M.A., Dean of Kildare. The Deanery,

Kildare.
COX, Michael Francis, M.D., F.R.C.P.I., M.R.I.A. 26, Merrion-square,

Dublin.

Coyle, Rev. James, P.P. Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow.
Craig, William Alexander, M.R.I'.'A., Fellow Inst. Bankers. Frascati,

Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Crawford, Henry Saxton, C.E. 113, Donore-terrace, S. C. Road, Dublin.

20 MKMBKRS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected;

1896 i Crawford, Robert T. Estate Office, Ballinrobe.

1892 ! Creagh, Arthur Gethin, J.P. Carrahane, Quin, Co. Clare.
1890 Creaghe, Philip Grampton, M.R.I. A. Hugomont, Ballymena.

1893 Crone, John S., L.R.C.P.I. Kensal Lodge, Kensal Rise, London, N.W.

1896
1894
1895
1895
1897
1890
1891
1899

Crooke, T. Evans Beamish, J.P. Lettereollum, Timoleague.
Crookshank, Captain Richard R. G. 1, Sloperton, Kingstown.
Crossley, Frederick W. 30, Molesworth-street, Dublin.

1898

1891

1904 | Crowley, Timothy, M.D. Larchfield, Coac-hford, Co. Cork.

1882 I Cuffe, Major Otway Wheeler. Woodlands, Waterford.

Cullen, T. W., Manager, National Bank. Dundalk.
Culverwell, Edward Parnall, M.A., F.T.C.D. The Hut, Howth.
Cummins, Rev. Martin, P.P. Clare Galway, Co. Galway.
Cunningham, Miss Mary E. Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Miss S. C. Glencairn, Belfast.

Cunningham, Rev. Robert, B.A. Ballyrashane Rectory, Cloyfin, Belfast.
Cunningham, Samuel. Fernhill, Belfast.

Cuthbert, David, Superintendent, Pacific Cable Board. Fanning Island,
North Pacific.

Dallow, Very Rev. Canon Wilfrid. Upton Hall, Upton, Birkenhead.

Dalrymple. J. D. G., F.S.A., F.S.A. (Scot.). Maiklewood, Stirling, N.B.

Dalton, John P., M.A., D.I.N.S. Glencore, Limerick.

DALY, Rev. Patrick, C.C. The Palace, Mullingar.

Daniell, Robert G., J.P. Newforest, Tyrrellspass, Westmeath.

D'Arcy, S. A., L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I. Claremont Villa, Lome Grove,

Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts.
^Dargan, Thomas. 35, Dublin-road, Belfast.
Darley, Arthur. 15, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Darley, Henry Warren. 15, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Darling, Rev. J. Lindsey. Mariners' Rectory, Kingstown, Co. Dublin.

Davis, Rev. James, C.C. Belnmllet, Co. Mayo.

Davy, Rev. Humphry, M.A. Kimmage Lodge, Terenure.

Davys, Miss Teresa. Mount Davys, Lanesborough, Co. Longford.

Dawkins, Professor "W. Boyd-, F.'S.A., F.K.S., F.G.S., &c. Fallowfield
House, Fallowfield, Manchester.

Dawson, Joseph Francis, Inspector. Munster and Leinster Bank, Dame-
street Dublin.

Deady, James P. Hibernian Bank, Navan.

Deane, Arthur, Curator, Public Museum, Royal-avenue, Belfast.

Deane, Mrs. J. William. Longraigue, Foulksmill, Co. Wexford.

Delaney, James, County Surveyor. Tullamore, King's County.

Delany, Rt. Rev. John Carthage, Lord Abbot of Mount Melleray, Cappoquin.

Denny, Francis MacGillycuddy. Denny-street, Tralee.

Denvir, Patrick J. 29, Adelaide-street, Kingstown.

D'Evelyn, Alexander, M.D. (Dubl.). Ballymena, Co. Antrim.

Devenish-Meares, Major-General W. L., J.P., D.L. Meares Court,
Ballinacargy, Co. Westmeath.

Diamond, Rev. Patrick J. 29, Mott-street, New York, U.S.A.

Dickenson, Col. Wykeham Corry. 22, Hereford-square, South Kensington,
London, S.W.

Dickie, Thomas Wallace. 22, Trinity College, Dublin.

Dickinson, James A. 5, Belgrave-square, North, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.

Dickson. Rev. William A. Fahan Rectory, Londonderry.

Digby, Cecil, M.D. Knockane, Beaufort, Co. Kerry.

Dillon, Sir John Fox, Bart., J.P., D.L. Lismullen, Navan.

Dixon, Henry, Jun. 12, Cabra-road, Dublin.

Dobbyn, William A. Riversdale, Waterford.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 21

Elected

1903 | DOLAN, Joseph T. Ardee, Co. Louth.

Domvile, Major Herbert W., J.P. (High Sheriff of Dublin). Loughlins-

town House, Co. Dublin
Donnelly, Eev. Michael. St. Macallan's Seminary, Monaghan.

1901

1903

1903 Donovan, Richard, D.L., LL.B., J.P. Ballymore* Camolin.
1887 |***Donovan, St. John Henry, J.P. Seafield, Spa, Tralee.

1904 j Doran, A. L. 1, Goldsmith-terrace, Bray.

1898 ***Doran, George Augustus, J.P. University -road, Belfast.

1890 ! Doran -Falkiner, Eev. T. Howtb, Co. Dublin.

1891 Dougherty, Sir James B., M.A.. Assistant Under- Secretary. Dublin

Castle.

1887 Douglas, M. C. Burren-street, Carlow.

1889 Dowd, Rev. James, M.A. 7, Swansea-terrace, Limerick.

1899 Doyle, Edward. Charleville Lodge, Cabra, Dublin.

1903 Doyle, Very Rev. Canon James, P.P. St. Canice's, Kilkenny.

1896 Doyle, Rev. Luke, P.P. St. Mary's, Tagoat, Wexford.

1897 Doyle, M. J. X. S., Windgap, Co. Kilkenny.

Doyne, Miss M. Josephine. Rossbegh, Shrewsbury-road, Dublin.

1894 Drew, Lady. Gortnadrew, Alma-road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.

1905 Drew, Thomas, Secretary, Committee of Agriculture and Technical Institu-

tion. Courthouse, Kilkenny.

1893 Drought, Rev. Anthony, M.A. Kilmessan Rectory, Navan.

1904 Duffy, Joseph J., 5, Brighton Vale, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1885 j Duke, Robert Alexander, J.P. , D.L. Newpark, Bally mote.

1891 Duncan, George. 82, Ranelagb-road, Dublin.

1893 j Dunn, Michael J., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 42, Upper Mount-st., Dublin.

1892 |**Duun, Valentine. 3, Raglan-road, Dublin.

1900 **Dunne, Rev. E., C.C. Presbytery, Rathmines.

1901 Dunseath, David. Sea Cliff, Bangor, Co. Down.

1872 Durham, Dean and Chapter of, per C. Rowlandson. The College, Durham.

1890

1904
1887
1890
1892
1895
1884

1894

1893

1890
1889
1896

1888

1897
1904

1891
1904
1905
1892
1901
1893
1887
1898

• v

Dwan, Rev. John J., P.P., V.F. Murroe, Co. Limerick.

Eeles, Francis Carolus. 105, Adelaide-road, London, N.W.

Elcock, Charles. 19, Hughenden- avenue, Belfast.

Elliott, Rev. Anthony L., M.A. Killiney Glebe, Co. Dublin.

Elliott, Charles. 223, Amhurst-road, Stoke-Newington, London, N. E.

Ennis, Michael Andrew, J.P. Ardruadb, Wexford.

Erne, Right Hon. the Countess of, care of Rev. J. H. Steele, The

Cottage, Crom Castle, Belturbet.

Everard, Rev. John, P.P. Ballyporeen, Cahir, Co. Tipperary.
Everard, Lieut.-Col. Nugent Tal'bot, J.P., D.L. Randlestown, Navan.

Fahey, Very Rev. Jerome, P.P., V.G. St. Column's, Gort.

Fahy, Rev. "John G. Rectory, Waterville, Co. Kerry.

Falkiner, C. Litton, M.A., M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law. Mount Mapas

Killiney, Co. Dublin.
Falkiner, Rev. William F., M.A., M.R.I. A. Killucan Rectory, Co.

Westmeath.

Faren, William. Mount Charles, Belfast.
Farrington, Thomas Edward (retired Collector of Inland Revenue). Bay-

thorpe, Holywood, Co. Down.
Fawcett, George. Montevideo, Roscrea.

in.

Fayle, Edwin. Kylemore, Orwell Park, Rathgar, Co. Dubli
Feely, Frank Michael, D. L, R. I. C. Killarney.
Fegan, William John, Solicitor. Market Square, Cavan.
Felix, Rev. John. Cilcain, Mold, North Wales.
Fennell, William J., M.R.I.A.I. Wellington-place, Belfast.
Fennessy, Edward. Ardscradawn House, Kilkenny.
* Fenton, Rev. Charles E. O'Connor, M.A. Roundhay, Leeds.

22 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

1898
1898

1902
1904

1897
1891
1902
1894

1890
1892
1899
1868
1896
1904
1891
1899
1893
1899
1894
1901
1896
1893

1904
1904

1903
1903

1898
1891

1903
1891
1904

1894
1905
1905
1890
1891
1890
1903
1897
1892

1900
1887
1901
1905
1891
1894
1897
1899

* Fenton, Rev. Cornelius O'Connor, M.A. 22, Great George's -street,

Liverpool.

* Fenton, Rev. S. L. O'Connor, M.A. St. Paul's Vicarage, Durban, South

Africa.

Ferguson, Rev. Samuel, B.A. Waterside, Londonderry.
Ferrar, Benjamin Banks, B.A., M.D. (Univ. Dubl.). 7, Beresford-row,

Armagh.
Field, Miss. 6, Main-street, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

* Fielding, Patrick J. D., F.C.S. 2, Holm wood- terrace, Southern -road, Cork.
Finegan, Rev. Peter, C.C. St. Patrick's, Dundalk.

Fisher, Rev. John Whyte, M.A., Canon. The Rectory, Mountrath, Queen's
County.

Fitz Gibbon, Gerald, M. INST. C.E. Cawood, Apperley Bridge, Leeds.

Fitz Patrick, P., D.I.N.S. Rathkeale.
**Fitz Simon, D. O'Connell. Moreen, Dundrum.

Fitzsimons, John Bingham, M.D. 14, St. Owen-street, Hereford.
***Flanagan, James. Model School, Inchicore, Dublin.

Flannery, Rev. Daniel, P.P. Silvermines, Nenagh.

Fleming, Hervey de Montmorency, J.P. Barraghcore, Goresbridge.

Fleming, Miss H. S. G. Pallisade House, Omagh.
**Flood, Rev. James. Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York, U.S.A.

Flood, William II. Grattan. Enniscorthy.

Flynn, Very Rev. Patrick F., P.P. St. Anne's Presbytery, Waterford.

Fogerty, George J., M.D., R.N. 67, George-street, Limerick-.

Foley, J. M. Galwey, C.I., R.I.C. Newtown Manor, Kilkenny.

Fortescue, Hon. Dudley F., J.P., D.L. 9, Hertford-street, Mayfair,
London, W.

Fottrell, Miss Mary Josephine. 1, The Appian Way, Leeson Park, Dublin.

Fox, Rev. Arthur W., M.A. (Camb.). Fielden Hotel, Todmordcn, Lanca-
shire.

French, Edward John, B.A. (Dubl.), Solicitor. St. Ann's, Donnybrook,
. Co. Dublin.

Fricker, Rev. M. A., Canon, P.P. The Presbytery, 25, Rathmines-road,
Dublin.

Fry, Matthew W. J., M.A., F.T.C.D. 39, Trinity College, Dublin.

Furlong, Nicholas, L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A. Lymington, Ennis-
corthy.

Gallagher, Miss Jane. Eglish, Dungannon, Co. Tyrone.
***Gallagher, William, Solicitor. English-street, Armagh.

Galway, William Berkeley, M.A., Solicitor. Scottish Provincial Buildings,

Donegall-square, W., Belfast.

Gamble, Major G. F. Mount Jerome, Harold's-cross, Dublin.
Gamble, Robert C. Elagh Hall, Londonderry.
Geoghegan, John Edward. Rockfield, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Geoghegan, Michael. P. W. Hotel, Athlone.
Geoghegan, Thomas F. 2, Essex -quay, Dublin.
George, William E. Downside, Stoke Bishop, Clifton.
Geraghty, Rev. Bernard, P.P. Kilbegnet, Roscommon.
Gibson, Rev. Thomas B., Canon, M.A. The Rectory, Ferns.
GILFOYLE, Anthony Thomas, M.A., J.P., D.L. Carrowcullen House,

Skreen, Co. Sligo.

Gillespie, Rev. Ed. Acheson. Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo.
Gillespie, James, Surgeon. The Diamond, Clones.
Gilligan, Rev. Laurence, P.P. Shinrone, Co. Tipperaiy.
Given, Maxwell, C.E. 3, Ardbana- terrace, Coleraine, Co. Derry.
Gleeson, Gerald W. M. Timarana, Killaloe, Co. Clare.
GLEESON, Paul. Kilcolman, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.
Gleeson, Michael, Crown Solicitor. Nenagh.
Gloster, Arthur B., B.A. Education Office, Marlborough-street, Dublin.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 23

Elected

1898

1901
1891

1897
1903
1897
1890
1894
1901
1902
1897
1900
1901
1852

1902
1891
1891
1904
1894
1896

1897
1900

1896
1897
1901
1899
1899
1902

1885
1902
1890
1905
1995
1904
1895

1899
1891

1892
1895

1899
1893
1904
1889
1900
1889
1896
1890
1889
1890

1897

* Glover, Edward, M.A., M. Inst. C.E., F.R.I. B.A. County Surveyor's

Office, Naas.

Glynn, Joseph A., B.A., Solicitor. Beech House, Tuam, Co. Galway.
Glynn, Thomas. Meelick Villa, 87, Aden Grove, Clissold Park,

London, N.

Glynn, William, J.P. Kilrush.

Goddard, Norris, Solicitor. 52, Merrion- square, Dublin.
GODDEN, George. Phoenix Park, Dublin.
Goff, Rev. Edward, B.A. Kentstown Rectory, Navan.
Goodwin, Singleton, B.A., M.Inst.C.E. Tralee.
Gordon, Mrs., F.R.S.S., M.S. A. Auchintoul, Aboyne, N.B.
**Gordon, Patrick, D.I., R.I.C. Dunmanway.
Gore, John. 4, Cavendish -row, Dublin.
Gore, Mrs. Derrymore, O'Callaghan's Mills, Co. Clare.
Gorman, Major Lawrence. 37, Brighton-road, Kathgar.
Gorman, Venerable VVm. Chas.-, M.A., Archdeacon of Ossory. Rectory,

Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.

Gornianston, the Viscountess. Gormanston Castle, Balbriggan.
Gosselin, Rev. J. H. Prescott, B.A. Muff Parsonage, Londonderry.
'' Gough, Joseph. 88, Grosvenor-square, Rathmines.

Gould, Mrs. Ellen Louisa. Newtown Park House, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Gray, Robert, F.R. C.P.I., J.P. 4, Charlemont-place, Armagh.
GRAYDON, Thomas W., M.D. La Fayette Circle, Clifton, Cincinnati,

Ohio, U.S.A.

*Greaves, Miss. 12, Rathgar-road, Dublin.
Green, T. Geo., H., M.R.I. A. Lisnagar, Temple Gardens, Palmerston Park.

Dublin.

Greene, Mrs. T. Millbrook, Mageney.
Greer, Thomas MacGregor, Solicitor. Ballymoney.
Griffen, Mrs. C. M. Suir Valley Lodge, Carrick-on-Suir.
Griffith, John E., F.L.S , F R.A.S. Bryn Dynas, Bangor, N. Wales.
Griffith, Miss Lucy E. Arianfryn, Barmouth, N.Wales.
Griffith, Patrick Joseph, Professor of Music. 44, South Circular-road,

Portobello, Dublin.
Grubb, J. Ernest. Carrick-on-Suir.
Grubb, Miss Rosa F. Coolshill, Clogheen, Cahir.
Guilbride, Francis, J.P. Newtownbarry, Co. Wexford.
Guinness, Miss Beatrice Grace. Burton Hall, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.
Guinness, Miss Eva Frances. Burton Hall, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.
Guinness, Henry Seymour. Eversham, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.
Guinness, Howard R. Chesterfield, Blackrock.

"Hackett, T. Kirk wood. General Valuation Office, Ely-place, Dublin.

HADDON, Alfred Cort, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Iiiisfail, Hill's-road, Cam-
bridge.

Hade, Arthur, C.E. Carlow.

Hales, Mrs. Arthur. 17, Lansdown-crescent, Bath ; and Charmouth;
Dorset.

Hall, Ernest Frederick. The Lodge, Westport.

Hall, Thomas. Derrynure House, Baillieborough.

Halpin, Rev. James, P.P. St. Column's, Scariff, Co. Clare.

Hamilton, Everard, B.A. 30, South Frederick-street, Dublin.
* Hamilton, Rev. James, M.A. Mayne Rectory, Coole, Co. Westmeath.

Hanan, Rev. Denis, D.D. The Rectory, Tipperary.

Hannon, P. J. 26, Hollybrook-road, Clontarf, Dublin.

Harman, Miss Marion. Barrowmount, Goresbridge.

Harris, Henry B., J.P. Victoria-terrace, Ennis.

Hart, Henry Chichester, B.A., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P. Carrabeagh, Port-
salon, Letterkenny.

Hartigan, P. Castleconnell, Limerick.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

1891

1893

1898

1889

1895

1891

1891
1888
1869
1895
1897

1897
1897
1901
1892
1887
1890
1889
1878
1871
1892
1893

1896
1890
1891

1890
1901
1898
1889

1893

1899
1902

1895

1904
1895
1905
1895
1900
1895
1901
1890
1890
1858
1899
1900

1896
1904
1893
1893
1902
1891

Harty, Spencer, M. Inst. C.E.I. City Hall, Dublin.

Hastings, Samuel. Church-street, Downpatrick.

Hayes, James. Church -street, Ennis.

Hayes, Rev. William A., M.A. The Deanery, Londonderry.

Hayes, Thomas, C.I., R.I.C. 2, Eden-terrace, Limerick.

Headen, W. P., B.A. (Lond.), D.I.N.S. 11, Charleville-road, North

Circular-road, Dublin.
Healy, George, J.P. Glaslyn, Clontarf.

Healy, Rev. John, LL.D., Canon. The Rectory, Kells, Co. Meath.
Healy, Rev. William, P.P. Johnstown, Co. Kilkenny.
Healy, William, J.P. Donard View, Do \vnpatrick.

HEMPHILL, Rev. Samuel, D.D., M.R.I. A., Canon. Birr Rectory, Parsons-
town.

Henderson, William A. Belclare, Leinster-road, West, Dublin.
Hennessy, Bryan. 21, South-street, New Ross.
HENSER, Rev. Herman J. Overbrook, Pa., U.S.A.
Heron, James, B.E., J.P. Tullyvery House, Killyleagh, Co. Down.
Hewson, Rev. Edward F., B.A., Canon. Rectory, Gowran, Co. Kilkenny.
Higgins, Rev. Michael, P.P. Castletownroche, Co. Cork.
Higinbotham, Granby. 46, Wellington Park, Belfast.
Hill, William H., B.E., F.R.I. B.A. Audley House, Cork.
Hinch, William A. 22, Elm Grove, Kanelagh. Dublin.
Hitchins, Henry. 2, Crosthwaite Park, S., KingstowYi.
Hoare, Most Rev. Joseph, D.D., Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois. St.

Mel's, Longford.

Hobson, C. J. 139, 141, West 125th-street, New York, U.S.A.
Hodgson, Rev. William, M.A. 32, Holford-square, London, W.C.
Hogan, Rev. Henry, B.D., Canon. All Saints' Vicarage, Phibsborough-

road, Dublin.

Hogg, The Right Hon. Jonathan, D.L. 12, Cope-street, Dublin.
**Holland, Mrs. Marian. 1, Mornington-crescent, Bloomfield, near Belfast.
Holmes, Mrs. Severnbank, Shrewsbury, Shropshire.
Horan, John, M.E., M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor. 8, Victoria-terrace,

Limerick.
Hore, Philip Herbert, M.R.I.A. 121, Colehern Court, Earl's Court,

London, S.W

Homer, John, Chelsea. Antrim-road, Belfast.
Howie, William Forbes. 5, Mount Temple-terrace, Dartry-road, Palmerston

Park.
Huband, Rev. Hugo R., M.A. (Cantab.). Killiskey Rectory, Ashford, Co.

Wicklow.

Hudd, Alfred E., F.S.A. 94, Pembroke-road, Clifton.
Hughes, Benjamin. Independent Office, Wexford.
Hughes, Edwin, B.A., J.P. Dalcboolin, Craiguvad, Co. Down.
Hughes, Miss Helen. 34, Brighton -road, Rathgar, Dublin.
Hughes, Wm. C.E. Ahenny, Carrick-on-Suir.
* Humphreys, Rev. John, B.A. The Manse, Tullamore.

Hunter, Samuel C. Norcroft, Ballyholme, Bangor, Co. Down.
Hunter, Thomas. Post Office, Glenarm.
Hurley, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Inchigeela, Co. Cork.
Hyde, Henry Barry, F.S.S. 5, Eaton Rise, Baling, London, W.
Hynes, Miss. 7, Leeson Park-avenue, Dublin.
***Hynes, Rev. John, B.D., C.C. St. Mary's, Sligo.

Ireland, William. 44, Arthur-street, Belfast.

* Irvine, Rev. David D., Churchill, Clones, Co. Monaghan.
***Irvine, Charles E. R. A. Lisgoole Abbey, Enniskillen.

Irwin, Rev. Alexander, Canon, M.A. Cathedral-terrace, Armagh.

* Irwin, Rev. George F., B.D., M.A. Raglan Cottage, Mortlake, London, S.W.
Isaac, Very Rev. Abraham, B.A., Dean of Ardfert. Cleevholme, Prest-

bury, R. S. 0., Gloucestershire.

MEMBERS OP THE SOCIETY. 25

Elected

1903

1890
1889
1895
1901
1900
1894
1902

1895

1904
1865

1904

1905
1896
1891
1893
1891
1895
1898
1889

1889
1888
1891
1885
1899
1905
1890
1904

1896
1898
1902
1891
1891
1899
1903
1903
1898
1895
1893
1905

1896
1894
1891
1899
1889
1898

1905
1905
1897
1897
1904
1890

Jackson, Charles James, J.P., F.S.A., Burrister-at-Law. 19, Langland

Gardens, London, N.W.

Jeffares, Eev. Danby, M.A. Lusk, Co. Dublin.
Jennings, Ignatius R. B., C.I.R.I.C. Elysium, Waterford.
Jephson-Norreys, Mrs. Atherton. The Castle, Mallow.
Johnston, Professor Swift Paine, M.A. 6, Trinity College, Dublin.
Joly, Miss Anna M. 5, Upper Ely-place, Dublin.

JONES, Capt. Bryan John. 1st Leinster Regiment, Limawilly, Dundalk.
Jones, Cromwell Walter, B.A., T.C.D. Hollygrange, Ellesmore Park,

Eccles.
Jones, Rev. David, M.A., Canon of Bangor Cathedral. Llandegai,

N. Wales.

Joyce, Mrs. Frank. Issercleran, Craughwell, Co. Gal way.
Joyce, Patrick Weston, LL.D., M.R.I. A. Lyre-na-Grena, Leinster- road,

Rathmines.
Joynt, Alfred Lane, B.A. 5, Pembroke Park, Clyde-road, Dublin.

Kavanagh, Mrs. II. Borris House, Borris, Co. Carlow.

Kavanagh, Very Rev. Michael, D.D., P.P., V.F. New Ross.

Keane, Lady. Cappoquin House, Cappoquin.

Keane, Marcus, J.P. Beech Park, Ennis.

Keane, Miss Frances. Glenshelaue, Cappoquin.

Keatinge, Rev. P. A., O.S.F. Franciscan Convent, Waterford.

Keelan, Patrick. 13, Greville- street, Mullingar.

Keene, Charles Haines, M.A. 19, Stephen' s-green, and University Club,

Dublin.

Keene, Most Rev. James Bennett, D.D., Bishop of Meath. Navan.
Kelly, Edmund Walsh. Bella Vista, Tramore.
Kelly, Francis James, J.P. Weston, Duleek.

Kelly, Ignatius S. Bunnyconnellan, Myrtleville, Croshaven, Co. Coi'k.
Kelly, Rev. James, Adm. St. Colman's, Inisbofin, Co. Galway.
Kelly, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Episcopal Residence, Mullingar.
Kelly, Very Rev. James J., P.P., V.F. St. Peter's, Athlone.
Kelly, Rev. J. Herbert, M.A., Rector of Dunany Union, Diocese of

Armagh. Clonmore Rectory, Dunleer, Co. Louth.
Kelly, Rev. John, C.C. Dalkey.

Kelly, Dr. Joseph Dillon, J.P. 31, Earl- street, Mullingar.
Kelly, Mrs. Owen J. Blackrock, Dundalk.

Kelly, Richard J., Barrister-at-Law, J.P. 10, Mountjoy-square, Dublin.
Kelly, Thomas Aliaga. Kilternan Abbey, Co. Dublin.
**Kelly, Thomas J. 32, Salisbury-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.
Kennedy, R. R., M.A. 8, Royal -terrace, Kingstown, East.
Kennedy, Thomas Patrick. 12, Alwyne Mansions, Wimbledon, Surrey.
Kennedy, Rev. Thomas Waring. Camolin, Ferns.
Kenny, Thomas Hugh. 55, George-street, Limerick.

**Kenny, William F., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 69, Fitzwilliam-sq., Dublin.
Kent, Ernest Alexandre Harry. 149, Gleneldon-road, Streatham, London,

S.W.

Kermode, P. M. C.,F.S.A.(Scot.). Cooil-ny-Freeney, Ramsey, IsleofMan.
Kernan, George. 50, Dame-street, Dublin.
Kernan, Rev. Richard Arthurs, B.D., Canon. The Rectory, Hillsborough.

Kerr, Miss. St. Lurachs, Londonderry.
Kerr, Rev. Wm. John B. Irchester Vicarage, Wellingborough.
Kerrigan, Dr. Owen P. Ardna Greina, Castletown-Geoghegan, Co. West-

meath.

Kidd, James. 55, Antrim -road. Belfast.
Kiernan, Michael K. 12, Lower Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
Kiernan, Mrs. Leitrim Lodge, Dalkey.
Kiernan, Thomas. Leitrim Lodge, Dalkey.
Kincaid, Mrs. M. M. University Station, Seattle, Washington.
King, Lucas White, LL.DW F.S.A., M.R.I.A., C.S.I. Roebuck Hall,

Dundrurn, Co. Dublin.

:' I *

k * *

26 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected!

1890 King-Edwards, William, J.P. Dartans House, Castlederg

1895 ***Kinnear, Ernest A. Ballyheigue Castle, Co. Kerry.

1885
1904
1905
1899
1902

1890
1890
1901
1902

1904
1903
1900
1891
1904
1891
1901
1893
1895
1889
1894

1892

1892
1891
1903
1880

1883
1884
1903
1903
1868
1869
1891
1891
1890
1890

1890

1868
1888
1894

1899
1903

1882

1864
1868
1888
1874

1899
1900
1905

Kirkpatrick, Robert. 1, Queen's-square, Strathbungo, Glasgow
Kirwan, Denis B., Jim. Dalgin, Milltown, Tuam.
Knabenshue, S. S., American Consul, Belfast.
Knox, Mrs. Godfrey. 66, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
Kyle, Valentine Joyce. Gortin, Co. Tyrone.

Laffan, Thomas, M.D. Cashel.

LANGAN, Rev. Thomas, D.D. Abbeylara, Granard.

Laughlin, Robert C. Gortin, Co. Tyrone.

Laverty, Rev. Francis, P.P. St. Mary's Presbytery, Portglenone, Co.

Antrim.

Laverty, John, 58A, Brougham-street, Belfast.
Lawler, Chas., J.P. 62, Leinster-road, Rathmines.
Lawless, Rev. Nicholas, C.C. Kilcurry, Dundalk.
Lawlor, Rev. Hugh Jackson, M.A., D.D. Trinity College, Dublin.
Lawrence, Arthur. Lavernock House, Penarth, South Wales.
Lawson, Thomas Dillon. Manager, Bank of Ireland, Galway.
Lebane, Daniel, District Inspector N. S. Zion-road, Rathgar.
Ledger, Rev. William Cripps, M.A. The Rectory, Lisnaskea.
Ledger, Z. J. 27, George-street, Limerick.
***Lee, Rev. Timothy, C.C. St. John's, Limerick.
Leeson-Marshall, M. R., Barrister-at-Law. Callinafercy, Milltown, R.S.O.,

Co. Kerry.
LeFanu, Thomas Philip, B.A. (Cantab.). Chief Secretary's Office, Dublin

Castle.

Leonard, Mrs. T. Warrenstown, Dunsany, Co. Meath.
Lepper, Francis Robert, Director, Ulster Banking Co., Belfast.
Leslie, Rev. J. Blennerhassett, M.A. Kilsaran Rectory, Castlebellingham.
Lett Rev. Henry Wm., M.A., M.R.I. A., Canon. Aghaderg Glebe, Lough-

brickland.

Lewis, Professor Bunnell, M.A., F.S.A. Queen's College, Cork.
Lewis, Thomas White, M.D. Kingscliffe, Wansford, Northamptonshire.
Librarian. Public Library, Capel-street, Dublin.
Librarian. Public Free Library, Town Hall, Clonmel.
Librarian. Public Library, Armagh.
Librarian. Belfast Library, Linen Hall, Belfast.
Librarian. Belfast Free Public Library, Belfast.
Librarian. Free Public Library, Liverpool.
Librarian. Public Library, Boston, U. S.
Librarian. Detroit Public Library, Michigan, U. S., c/o B. F. Stevens &

Brown, 4, Trafalgar- square, London.
Librarian. Public Library, New York, U.S., c/o B. F. Stevens & Brown,

4, Trafalgar-square, London.

Librarian. King's Inns Library, Henrietta-street, Dublin.
Librarian. Library of Advocates, Edinburgh.
Librarian. Limerick Protestant Young Men's Association. 97, George -street,

Limerick.

Librarian. Natural History and Philosophical Society, Armagh.
Librarian. Public Library, North Strand, Dublin.
Librarian. Public Library, Melbourne, per Agent-General for Victoria.

142, Queen Victoria-street, London, E.C.
Librarian. Queen's College, Belfast.
Librarian. Queen's College, Cork.
Librarian. Queen's College, Galway.
Librarian. Berlin Royal Library, per Messrs. Asher & Co., 13, Bedford-st.,

Covent Garden, London.
Librarian. St. Patrick's College, Maynooth.
Librarian. Marsh's Library, St. Patrick's Close, Dublin.
Librarian. Royal Library, Copenhagen, c/o William Dawson & Sons,

St. Dunstan's House, Fetter-lane, Fleet-street, London, E.C.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 27

Elected

1869 Librarian. Board of Education, South Kensington, London, S.W.

1901 Librarian. Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W.

1903 Librarian. Public Library, Thomas-street, Dublin.

1903 Librarian. London Library, St. James'-square, London.

1890 Lindesay, Rev. "William O'JSTeill, M.A. Sealawn, Baldoyle, Co. Dublin.

1892 LINDSAY, Dr. David Moore, L.R. C.P.I., &c. 373, East Temple Salt

Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
1896 Lindsay, Rev. Samuel, B.A. Prospect House, Dungannon.

1904 Little, E. A., M.A., LL.D. 55, Lower Baggot- street, Dublin.

1901 Little, Very Rev. R., P.P. Paivc-an-Tobair, Quin, Co. Clare.

1903 * Lloyd, Miss Annie. 16, Pembroke Park, Dublin.

1904 Lloyd, Edwin M., Solicitor. 4, Lower Ormond-quay; and Donore-terrace,

South Circular- road, Dublin.

1889 Lloyd, William. 1, Pery-square, Limerick.
1894 Long, Mrs. 16, Appian-way, Dublin.

1898 Longfield, Robert 0. 19; Harcourt-street, Dublin.

1888 Longfield, Thomas H., F.S.A., M.R.I.A. Science and Art Museum, Leinster
House, Dublin.

1893 Longford, Right Hon. The Dowager Countess of. 24, Bruton-street,

London, "W.

1893 Lopdell, John. Stamer Park, Ennis.

1887 Lough, Thomas, M.P. 14, Dean's Yard, London, S.W.

1863 ***Loughnan, Henry James, Barrister-at-Law. 39, Belvidere-place, Dublin.
1896 Lovegrove. E. W., M.A., M.R.I.A. The Schoolhouse, Old Glee,
Grimsby.

1896 Lowe, William Ross Lewin. Middlewych, St. Albans, Herts.

1899 Lowry, Thomas. 2, Clavinda Park, East, Kingstown.

1897 Lucas, Rev. Frederick John, D.D. 2, Cliff-terrace, Kingstown.

1868 * Lunham, Colonel Thomas Ainslie, M.A., M.R.I.A., C.B., J.P. Ardfallen,
Douglas, Cork.

1894 Lyle, Rev. Thomas, M.A. Dalriada, Howth-road, Dublin.
1893 LYNCH, J. J. Towanda, Pa., U.S.A.

1888 Lynch, Rev. Patrick. St. Wilfrid's, Hulme, Manchester.

1905 Lyons, Patrick, Sergeant, R. I. C. Ballybaunis, Co. Mayo.
1891 Lyster, Rev. H. Cameron, B.D. Rectory, Enniscortby.

1902 Lytle, Samuel Douglas. Maghera, Co. Londonderry.

1895 Macalister, R. Alexander Stewart, M.A., F.S.A. Torrisdale, Cambridge,

1890 Macauley, Joseph, J.P., Solicitor. Donegall Chambers, Royal-avenue,

Belfast.

1900 Mac Clancy, James. Milltown Malbay, Co. Clare.
1900 Mac Corkell, The Rev. Joseph. The Manse, Moville.
1899 Mac Enemy, Rev. Francis, C.C. Westland-row, Dublin.

1891 * Mac Gillycuddy, Major John, J.P. Ballinagroun, Annascaul, Co. Kerry.

1893 Mac Ilwaine, Robert. Secretary, County Council Office, Courthouse,

Downpatrick.

1902 Mac Inerney, T. J. 27, Lower Sack ville- street ; and 8, Shamrock-villas,
Drumcondra, Dublin.

1892 Mackenzie, John, C.E. Scottish Provident Buildings, Belfast.
1892 MacMahon-Creagh, Mrs. Dangan, Kilkishen, Co. Clare.

1894 Macmillan, Rev. John, M.A. 76, South Parade, Belfast.

1890 Mac Mullan, Very Rev. Alexander, P.P., V.G. Ballymena.

1894 Macnamara, George Unthank, L.R. C.S.I. Bankyle House, Corofin.
1902 Mac Namara, Rev. John. St. Joseph's. Dundalk.

1894 Maconachie, Rev. James H., B.A. Heaton Presbyterian Church, New-

castle-on-Tyne, England.
1852 j Macray, Rev. Wm. Dunn, M.A., F.S.A. Ducklington, Witney, Oxon.

1891 I Mac William, Rev. John W. A. 21, Ulsterville-avenuc, Belfast.

1895 I M'Aleer, H. K. X. L. Bar, Sixmilecross, Co. Tyrone.
1887 M'Arthur, Alexander, J.P. Knox's-street, Sligo.

1894 ! M'Bride, Francis, J.P. 39, Grosvenor-square, Rathmines.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

1894

1893

1888

1898

1904

1892

1890

1899
1897
1899

1902
1891
1904
1S92
1905
1884
1897
1895
1892
1890
1890

1892
1891
1901

1903
1896
1901

1891
1898
1892
1893
1895

1882
1890
1900
1890
1890
190.5
1898
1898
1900
1898
1900
1896
1904
1890

1890
1890

1891
1898

1887
1895
1899

M'Bride, Joseph M. Harbour Office, Westport.

M'Burney, James. Loughconnolly, N.S., Broughshane.

M'Carte, James. 51, St. George's Hill, Everton, Liverpool,

M'Carthy, Charles. 2, Emmett-place, Cork.

M'Carthy, James. Newfound Well, Drogheda.

M'Carthy, Samuel Trant, J.P. Srugrena Abbey, Cahirciveen, Co. Kerry.

M'Clintock, Rev. Francis G. Le Poer, M.A. (Cantab.), Canon. Drumcar

Rectory, Dunleer.

M'Clintock, Miss Gertrude. Drumcar, Dunleer, Co. Louth.
**M'Connell, James. 48, Lower Sackville-street, Dublin.
M'Connell, John, J.P. College-green House, Belfast; Rathmona,

Donaghadee.

M'Connell, Sir Robert, Bart. Ardanreagb, "Windsor-avenue, Belfast.
M'Cormick, H. M'Neile. Cultra House, Cultra, Co. Down.
* M'Cracken, George, Solicitor. Martello, Bangor, Co. Down.
M'Creery, Alexander John. John-street, Kilkenny.
M'Crum, Mrs. Elizabeth Jane. Bally veasy, Carmoney, Co. Antrim.
M'Crum, Robert G., J.P. Milford, Armagh.
M'Cutchan, Rev. George, M.A. Rectory, Kenmare.
M'Elhatton, Rev. John, P.P. Strabane.
M'Enery, D. T., M.A., D.T.N.S. Marlfield, Clonmel.
M'Enery, M. J., B.A. Public Record Office, Dublin.
M'Fadden, Right Rev. Monsignor Hugh, P.P., V.G.. Parochial House,

Donegal.

M'Gee, Rev. Samuel Russell, M.A. The Rectory, Dunlavin.
M'Gee, William, J.P. 18, Nassau-street, Dublin.
M'Getrick, James Finn, Government Revising Valuer. 6, Ely-place,

Dublin.

M'Glade, Patrick. Knockloughrim, Co. .Oerry.
M'Glone, Rev. Michael, P.P. Annalore, Clones.
M'Grath, Rev. Joseph B., C.C. 1, Clonmore- villas, Summerhill Bridge.

Dublin.

M'Inerney, Very Rev. John, P.P., V.G. Killaloe, Co. Clare.
**M'Kean, Rev. William. The Manse, Strandtown, Belfast.
M'Kee, Robert, M.A. Harlesden College, Bramshill-road, London, N.W.
M'Keefry, Rev. Joseph, C.C., M.R.I. A. Waterside, Derry.
M'Kenna, Rev. James E., C.C., M.R.I. A. St. Michael's Presbytery,

Enniskillen.

M'Kenna, Very Rev. James, P.P., Canon. Osier Hill, Brookeborough.
M 'Knight, John P. Temple Gardens, Palmerston Park, Dublin.
M'Mahon, Rev. John, P.P. Clare Castle, Co. Clare.

M'Manus, Very Rev. Canon, P.P. St. Catherine's, Meath-street, Dublin.
M'Neill, Charles. Hazelbrook, Malahide.
M'Ternan, Miss Mary. 21, St. Patrick's Hill, Cork.
***M'Watters, Morgan J. Bank of Ireland, Omagh.
M'William, William. Corlatt House, Monaghan.
Maffett. Rev. R. S., B.A. 17 Herbert-road, Sandymount.
***Magill, Charles. IDA, Donegall-place, Belfast.
**Magill, Rev. Robert, M.A., PH.D. The Manse, Maghera.
***Magrath, Redmond. 53, Clanbrassil-street, Dundalk.
Maguire, Connor J. O'K., M.D. Claremorris, Co. Mayo.
Mahon, Thomas George Stacpoole, B.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Corbally,

Quin, Co. Clare.

***Mahony, Bernard P. J., M.R.C.V.S. Annefield, Maryborough.
Mahony, Daniel, M.A., Bai-rister-at-Law. Mount Alverno, Dalkey, Co.

Dublin.
Mahony, Denis M'Carthy, B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 1, Herbert-street,

Dublin.
Mahony, Rev. Henry. Cambridge House, Cambridge-road, Rathmines,

.Dublin.

Mahony, J. J. Leeview-terrace, 44, Sunday's Well, Cork.
Mahony, Thomas Henry. 8, Adelaide-place, St. Luke's, Cork.
Malone, Laurence. Innismaan, Queen's Park, Monkstown.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 29

Elected

1865

1889
1890
1893
1900
1901
1891
1904
1891

1891
1900
1898
1891

1897
1904
1897
1901

1892
1904
1892
1897
1887
1905
1889

1893
1902
1892
1885
1905
1889
1889
1903
1889
1905
1889
1903

Malone, Mrs. Innismaau, Queen's Park, Monkstown.
Mangan, Eichard. 5, Brighton Villas, Western-road, Cork.
Manning, John Butler. 18, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
Mannion, Very Rev. Patrick, P.P., Canon. The Presbytery, Elphin.
Mara, Bernard S. Tullamore, King's County.

F.S.A. Portesham, Dorchester.

March, Henry Colley, M.D. (Lond).
Martin, R. T. Rosemount, Artane,

Co. Dublin.

1899
1891
1899
1839
1891
1895
1894
1903
1900

1887
1889

Kingstown.

1900 I Maxwell, Joseph A. 63, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
1891 Mayne, Thomas, F.R.G.S.I. 9, Lord Edward-street, Dublin.
1893 Mayo, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Palmerstown House, Straffan.
1893 Meade, Right Rev. William Edward, D.D., Bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and

Ross. The Palace, Cork.

**Martin, William, Solicitor. Mill-street, Monaghan.
Mason, J. J. B. 6, Ely-place, Dublin ; and Glenmuhure, Bushy Park-
road, Ter enure.

Mason, Thomas. 5, Dame-street, Dublin.
Maunsell, William Pryce, B.A., Barrister-at-La\v. 5, Mart ello- terrace^

Meagher, Very Rev. William, P.P., Canon. Templemore.

1897 Meehan, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Creevelea, Drumkeerin, Co. Leitrim.

1904 |* Meehan, Rev. J. W., B.D., B.C.L., Professor. St. Jarlath's College, Tuam,

Co. Galway.

1901 Mescal, Daniel. H. M. Patent Office, London.
1903 Metford, Miss Isabella. Glasfryn, Dinas, Powys, Cardiff.

Middleton, Shireff. 73, Eccles-street, Dublin.

Micks, William L., M.A. Local Government Board, Dublin.

Miller, Mrs. The Manse, Armagh.

Miller, Rev. Richard M., M.A. Monaincha, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary.

Milliken, James. 146, Anfield-roud, Liverpool.

MILLNER, Colonel Joshua Kearney. Galtrim, Bray, Co. Wicklow.

Minchin, Mrs. Edith Margaret. Boskell, Cahirconlish, Co. Limerick.

Mitchell, William M., R.H.A., F.R.I. B.A. 10, St. Stephen's-green,

Dublin.

Moffatt, Rev. John E., M.D. 1, Palmerston Villas, Rathmines.
Moffett, Rev. Benjamin, M.A. The Glebe, Carrickmacross.
Moloney, Maurice T. Ottawa, Illinois, U.S.A.
Molony, Alfred. 12, Vincent-square Mansions, Westminster, London,

S.W.

Molony, Henry, M.D. Odellville, Ballingarry, Limerick.
Monahan, Miss M. A. 63, Northumberland-road, Dublin.
Monahan, Rev. Daniel, P.P. Tubber, Moate, Co. Westmeath.
Monteagle and Brandon, Right Hon. Lord. Mount Trenchard, Foynes,

Co. Limerick.

Montgomery, Archibald V., Solicitor. 12, Molesworth-street, Dublin.
Montgomery, Henry C. Glenoe, Bangor, Co. Down.
Montgomery, John Wilson. The Esplanade, Bangor, Co. Down.
Moony, George M. S. Enraght, J.P. The Doon, Athlone.
Moore, Rev. Courtenay, M. A., Canon. Rectory, Mitchelstown.
Moore, Edward R. Langara, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.
Moore, Rev. H. Kingsmill, D.D., Principal, Training College, Kildare-

street, Dublin.

Moore, Hugh Stuart, M.A. 7, Fitzwilliam- square, Dublin.
Moore, John. 117, Grafton-street, Dublin.
Moore, John Gibson, J.P. Llandaff Hall, Merrion.
Moore, Joseph H., M.A., M. Inst. C.E.I. 63, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Moore, Miss P. Ballivor Rectory, Ballivor, Co. Meath.
Moore, William. Castle Mahon, Blackrock, Co. Cork.
Morgan, Arthur P., B.A. (Dubl.), D.I.N.S. 5, Richmond-terrace, Armagh.
Morris, Henry, Eudaii-na-Greine, Dundalk.
Morrison, Alexander Kerr. Maghera, Co. Deny.
Morrogh, Mrs. W. Ballincurrig Lodge, Douglas-road, Cork.
Morton, John. 45, Wellington -road, Dublin.
Mulhall, Mrs. Marion. 19, Via Boncompagni, Rome.

30 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

Mullan, Rev. David, M.A. 22, Cambridge-terrace, York-road, Kingstown.

1902 Mullan, James. Castlerock, Co. Londonderry.

1891 Mullan, Robert A., B. A. Cairn-hill, Ne wry.

1889 Mullen, Frank. Custom House, Belfast.

1901 Munton, Rev. Henry J. Wesley Ville, Fermoy, Co. Cork.
1905 Mulligan, John. Greina, Adelaide-road, Glenageary.

1897 ***Mulqueen, John T., Collector of inland Revenue. 2, Ravenscroft Park,
High Barnet, Herts.

1902 Mulvany, Rev. Thomas, C.C. The Presbytery, St. Columbkille's, Kells.

1890 Murphy, Rev. Arthur William, P.P. Brosna Abbeyfeale.

1901 Murphy, Francis. 284, Newport-road, Cardiff.

1904 Murphy, H. L., B.A. Glencairn, Sandyford, Co. Dublin.

1900 Murphy, James Edward. Bank of Ireland, Limerick.

1892 Murphy, Rev. James E. H., M.A., M.R.I. A., Professor of Irish, Dublin.

University. Rathcore Rectory, Enfield, Co. Meath.

1889 Murphy, Very Rev. Jeremiah, D.D., P.P. Macroom.

1890 ***Murphy, John J. 6, Castle-avenue, Clontarf.

1895 * Murphy, John J., H. M. Customs. 1, Mount Charles, Belfast.

1896 Murphy, M. L. Ballyboy, Ferns.

1897 Murphy, Miss. 77, Ulverton-road, Dalkey.
1889 Murray, Archibald. Portland. Limerick.
1899 Murray, Daly, J.P. Beech Hill, Cork.
1895 Murtagh, Mrs. 11, Wellington-road, Dublin.

1904 Musgrave, Miss. Grange House, Whiting Bay, Youghal ; and 63, Cadogan

Gardens, London, S.\V.

1889 Nash, Lieut. -Colonel Edward, J.P. Beaufort House, Beaufort R. S. 0.,

Kerry.

1895 Nash, Richard G., J.P. Finnstown House, Lucan.

1905 Nash, Sir Vincent, Knt., D.L. 4, Pery-square, Limerick.

1897 Nason, William H., M.A. 42, Dawson-street, Dublin.

1902 Neale, Walter G. 86, Grosvenor-square, Dublin.

1896 * Neeson, Rev. Arthur J., P.P. Braid, Ballymena, Co. Antrim.

1892 Neill, Sharman D. 12, Donegall-place, Belfast.

1890 Nelis, John. Londonderry.

1891 Newell, P., B.A., D.I.N.S. Limerick.
1904 Nichols, James. 85, Ranelagh-road, Dublin.
1899 Nichols, Mrs. Kilbrack, Doneraile, Co. Cork.

1893 Nixon, James H. F., F.R.G.S., J.P. Cragbeg, Clarina, Co. Limerick.
1902 Nolan, Rev. John, P.P. Ahoghill, Co. Antrim.

1889 Nolan, Michael J., M.D. The Asylum, Downpatrick.

1890 Nolan, Pierce L., B.A., Barrister- at- Law. 6, St. Stephen's-green,

Dublin.

1896 **Nolan, William R., B.A. Brookville, Simmonscourt-avenue, Donnybrook.

1898 Nooney, Thomas F., J.P. Earl-street, Mullingar.

3904 Oakden, Charles H., F.R.P.S. 48, Meadow-road, Shorthands, Kent.

1902 O'BRIEN, Conor. Trinity College, Oxford.

1898 O'Brien, Daniel. 2, Belfast- terrace, N. C. Road, Dublin.

1900 O'Brien, Mrs. South Hill, Limerick.

1889 O'Brien, Rev. Lucius H., M.A. The Rectory, Adare, Co. Limerick.
1871 O'Brien, Robert Vere, B.A. (Oxon.), J.P. Ballyalla, Ennis.

1901 * O'Byrne, William L. Woodville, The Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.

1890 O'Callaghan, Mrs. Maryfort, O'Callaghan's Mills, Limerick.
1894 **? O'Callaghan, Rev. Joseph. 59, Eccles-street, Dublin.

1890 O'Callaghan-Westropp, Colonel George, J.P. Coolreagh, Bodyke.

1903 O'Conchobhair, Domhnall. 46 and 47, Dame-street, Dublin.

1901 O'Connell, Daniel, J.P., D.L. Derrynane Abbey, Waterville, Co. Kerry.

1902 O'Connell, Mrs. Mary. Killeen, Killiney, Co. Dublin.

1893 O'Connor, Charles A., M.A., K.C. 50, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.

1894
1900
1879
1896
1899
1892
1888
1890
1895
1893
1900
1890
1905
1888
1903
1900
1898
1902
1903
1903
1904

O'Connor, M. J., Solicitor. 2, George-street, Wexford.

O'Connor, Rev. T. C., M.A., Canon. Donaghmore, Baltinglass.

O'Connor- Morris, Miss L. Gartnamona, Tullamore.

Odell, Mrs. Cloncoskraine, Dungarvan, Co. "Water-ford.

O'Doherty, Rev. Philip, P.P. Claudy, Londonderry.

0' Donovan, Rev. J., P.P. Loughrea, Co. Galway.

O'Duffy, John, L.D.S., R.C.S.I. 54, Rutland-square, Dublin.

O'Duffy, Kevin E. 85, Harcourt-street, Dublin.

O'Grady, John Shiel, J.P. Rickardstown, Newbridge, Co. Kildare.

O'Hanrahan, Timothy Wni., J.P. Parliament-street, Kilkenny.

O'Hara, Right Rev. John M., Monsignor, P.P., V.F. Crossmolina.

O'Hennessy, Bartholomew. Kilkee.

O'Keefe, Stephen M.,B.A., Barrister-at-Law, J.P. Delville, Glasnevin.

Oldham, Miss Edith. 2, Anglesea Villas, Ball's Bridge, Dublin.

O'Leary, Very Rev. Canon David, P.P. The Presbytery, Dingle.

O'LEARY, Rev. Edward, P.P. Portarlington.

O'Leary, John. 17, Temple-street, Dublin.

O'LEARY, Rev. John, P.P. Kilmalchedor, Ballyferriter, Dingle.

O'LEARY, Patrick. Main-street, Graiguenamanagh, Co Kilkenny.

O'Loghlen, John. 188, Burdett-road, London, E.

O'Malley, Arthur M. The Quay, Westport.

O'Meara, JohnJ., Solicitor, T.C. 211, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin.

O'Morchoe, The. Kerry mount, Foxrock.

O'Morchoe, Rev. Thomas A., M.A. Kilternan Rectory, Golden Ball.

O'Mulrenin, Richard J., M.A. 6, Carlisle-street, S. C. Road, Dublin.

O'Neill, Mrs. Jocelyn-street, Dundalk.

O'Neill, Very Rev. Archdeacon, P.P., V.F. Clontarf, Dublin.
***0'Reilly, Rev. Edward, Adm. Frankl'ord, King's County.

O'RIORDAN, Rev. John, C.C. Cloyne.

O'Ryan, Rev. T. W., C.C. Presbytery, Inchicore.

Ormonde, Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.P. The Castle, Kilkenny.

Orpen, Goddard H., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. Monksgrange, Enniscorthy.

Orpen, Miss Lilian Iris. Monksgrange, Enniscorthy.

Orpen, Ven. Raymond d'A., M.A., Archdeacon of Ardfert. Rectory,
Tralee.

Orpen, Lieut.-Col. R. T. St. Leonard's, Killiney, Co. Dublin.

O'Sullivan, Dr. "W. J. Maiville, Lisdoonvarna, Co. Clare.
***0'Toole, Arthur. 5, Foster-place, Dublin.

Oulton, Rev. Richard C., M.A., B.D., Glynn Rectory, Glynn, Belfast.

Overend, Trevor T. L., LL.B. 12, Ely-place, Dublin.

Palmer, J. E. Roselawn, Ballybrack.

Palmer, Miss. Dunkerrin, Kenmare, Co. Kerry.

Palmer, Mrs. Carrig House, Lower Road, Cork.

Parkinson, Miss. West-bourne, Ennis.

Paterson, Thomas. Tildarg, Merrion-road, Dublin.

Patterson, Mervyn S. St. Helen's, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

Patterson, William Hugh, M.R.I. A. Garranard, Strandtown, Belfast.

Pentland, George Henry, B.A., J.P. Black Hall, Drogheda.

Perry, James, M.E. M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor. Well Park, Galway.

Peter, Miss A. 78, "Waterloo -road, Dublin.

Peyton, Geo., LL.D. 4, Prince Arthur-terrace, Leinster- square, Rathmines.

Phelps, Ernest James. Water Park, Castleconnell.

Philips, G.T. 3, Patrick -street, Kilkenny.

Phillips, James J., C.E., Archt. 61, Royal-avenue, Belfast.

Pirn, A. Cecil. Monarna, White Abbey, Co. Antrim.

Pirn, Miss E. M. New town Park, Waterford.

Pirn, Edward W., J.P. 27, High-street, Belfast .

Pirn, Miss Ida. Lonsdale, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

Pirn, Jonathan, Barrister-at-Law. 10, Herbert-street, Dublin.

Pirrie-Conerney, Rev. John, M.A. The Rectory, Alia, Claudy, Londonderry.

Place, G. W., Barrister-at-Law. 9, Ailesbury-road, Dublin.

32 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

1903
1890
1887
1891
1864

1899
1893
1904
1892
1897

1884
1876
1868
1884
1890
1902
1894
1898

1890
1889
1893
1890

1896
1880
1891
1898
1903

1891
1902
1905
1890
1881
1897
1898

1904
1897

1890
1902
1900
1902
1903
1891
1-897
1871
1900
1892
1892
1896
1892

1905
1905

Place, Thomas. Dumayne, Koseinount, New Eoss.

Pluminer, Rev. Richard, D.D. Ashfield Glebe, Cootehill.

Plunkett, Thomas, M.R.I. A. Enniskillen.

Poe, Colonel Wm. Hutcheson, C.B., J.P., D.L. Hey wood, Ballinakill.

POEE, COUNT DE LA, Lord le Power and Corroghmore, D.L. Gurteen le

Poer, Kilsheela, Co. Waterford.

Pollock, Hugh, Barrister- at -Law. 50, Northumberland-road, Dublin.
Pounder, Festus Kelly, B.A. St. John's-terrace, Enniscorthy.
Powell, Miss Una T. E. Bella Squardo, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Powell, Rev. William H., D.D. Garrycloyne Rectory, Blarney.
Power, Ambrose William Bushe. Glencairn Abbey, Glencairn S. 0., via

Mallow.

Power, Rev. George Beresford, B.A. Kilfane Glebe, Thomastown.
Power, Rev. John, P.P. Kilteely, Pallasgrean, Co. Limerick.
Power, Laurence John, J.P. Parade House, Kilkenny.
Power, Rev. Patrick. De La Salle Training College, Waterford.
Preston, Captain John, R.M. The Moorings, Athlone.
Prochazka, the Baroness P. Leyrath, Kilkenny.

Purefoy, Rev. Amyrald D., M.A. The Rectory, Chapelizod, Co. Dublin.
Puxley, Rev. Herbert Lavallin, M.A. (Oxon.) Luther Vestry, Llanddarog,

Carmarthen, South Wales.

Quan-Smith, Samuel A. Bullock Castle, Dalkey, Co. Dublin. "
***Quin, James, J.P. Temple Mungret, Limerick.
Quinn, Rev. Bartholomew, P.P. Laveragh, Ballymote.
Quinn, Very Rev. Edward T., Canon, P.P. Ballybrack.

Rankin, Rev. R. B., B.A. All Saints, Newtown-Cunningham.

Raphael, George. Galgorm House, Ballymena.

Rapmund, Rev. Joseph, P.P. Parochial House, Silverstream, Co. Monaghan.

Redington, Miss Matilda. Kilcornan, Oranmore.

Reeves, Jonathan Townley. Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bank of Ireland,

Dublin.

Reynell, Miss. 22, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Reynolds, Mrs. Kate Isabella. The Mullens, Ballyshannon.
Rice, Ignatius J., Solicitor. 1, Waltham-terrace, Blackrock, Co, Dublin.
***Rice, Mrs. Grange Erin, Douglas, Co. Cork.
Rice, Lieut. -Colonel Richard Justice, J.P. Bushmount, Lixnaw.
Rice, Thomas. 5, Carlisle-street, Dublin.
***Richey, Henry A., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 13, Lower Pembroke -street,

Dublin.

Robb, Alfred A., M.A., PH. D. Lisnabreeny House, Castlereagh, Belfast.
Roberts, Edward, M.A., II. M. Inspector of Schools. Plas Maesincla,

Carnarvon.

Roberts, George C., J.P. Summer Hill, Enniscorthy.
Roberts, W. Johnson, Solicitor. D'Olier Chambers, D'Olier- street, Dublin.
**Roberts, Rev. W. R. Westropp, F.T.C.D. Clonlea, Dundrum.
Robertson, Hume. Rose Park, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
Robinson, James, Solicitor. 47, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
f** Robin son, Thomas. Drogheda.
Roche, H. J. Borodale, Enniscorthy.
Roche, Patrick J. Woodville, New Ross.
Rochfort, William., J.P. Cahir Abbey, Cahir, Co. Tipperary.
Rock, Thomas Dennis. 62, Leadenhall-street, London, E.G.
Rogers, William E. Belfast Banking Company, Portaferry.
Roice, Bernard Herron. Churchtown House, Tagoat.
Rolleston, Thomas William, B.A. Hollywood House, Glenealy, Co.

Wicklow.

Roper, Charles Edward A. 55, Leeson-park, Dublin.
Ross-Lewin, Rev. Canon G. H., M.A. St. Cuthbert's Vicarage, Shotley

Bridge, Co. Durham.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 33

Elected

1894
1896
1890
1904
1889
1891

1895
1889

1879
1892
1900
1901
1892
1891
1892
1905

1896
1892
1902
1895
1898
1900
1905
1905
1896
1896
1898
1902
1896
1902

1894
1890
1900
1895
1887
1893
1888
1893
1902
1894

1898
1887
1890
1889
1900
1893
1895
1894
1895
1897
1902
1890
1904
1904
1903

ROTHERAM, Edward Crofton. Belview, Crossakiel, Co. Meath.
Russell, John, C.E. 16, Waring-street, Belfast.
Ryan, Very Rev. Arthur, P.P., V.G. The Presbytery, Tipperary.
Ryan, Rev. Edmond J., C.C. Kilcommon, Thurles.
Ryan, Rev. James J., V.-P. St. Patrick's College, Thurles.
Ryland, Richard H., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 9, Mount-street Crescent,
Dublin.

Salazar, Count Lorenzo, Consul for Italy in Ireland. 22, LoAver Mount-

street, Dublin.
Sankey, Lieut. -General Sir Richard H., K.C.B., M.K.I. A. 32, Grosvenor-

place, London, S.W.

Scott, Rev. Charles, M.A. St. Paul's Parsonage, Belfast.
Scott, Conway, C.E. 15, Wellington Park, Belfast.
Scott, Geo. Curraghgower, Limerick.

Scott, John Alfred, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.I. 36, Lr. Baggot-street, Dublin,
Scott, Samuel. Adengorm, Campbeltown, N".B.
Scriven, Rev. Rowland, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A. Balbriggan.
Semple, Rev. R. H., M.A. ' 80, George-street, Limerick.
Seton, Malcolm Cotter Cariston. 13, Clarendon-road, Holland Park,

London, "W.

Shackleton, George. Anna Liffey House, Lucan.
Shackleton, Mrs. J. F. Anna Liffey House, Lucan.
Shaw, Frederick, M.R.I.A. 20, Laurence-street, Drogheda.
Shaw, His Honor Judge, M.A. 69, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Shaw, Thomas J., J.P. 58, Earl-street, Mullingar.

Shea, Win. Askin, J.P. 8, Westland-row ; and 27, Belgrave-road, Rathmines.
Shekelton, William A. Kilkenny College, Kilkenny.
Sheridan, George P. 25, Suffolk-street, Dublin.
Sheridan, Mrs. 26, North Earl-street, Dublin.
Sheridan, Rev. N. T. Ramsgrange, Arthurstown, vii Waterford.
Sherwin, Rev. James P. University Church, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.
Sheil, H. Percy. Benedine, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary.
Shore, The Hon. Mrs. Ballyduff, Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
***Sibley, John Churchill, Muc. Doc. 22, Fernshaw-road, West Brompton,

London, S.W.

Simmons, John, Solicitor. 4, Duncairne-terrace, Bray.
Simms, James. Abercorn Arms, Strabane.
Simpson, James Knight. 2 Bedford-street, Bolton, Lancashire.
Simpson, Mrs. West Church Manse, Ballymena.
Simpson, William M. Walmer, Bally hoi me- road, Bangor, Co. Down.
Skeffington, Joseph Bartholomew, M.A., LL.D., D.I.N.S. Waterford.
Sloane, Mrs. Moy Hill, Co. Tyrone.
Small, John F., Solicitor. 37/Hill-street, Newry.
Smith, Blair, J.P. Errigal House, Laurence -street, Londonderry.
Smith, Rev. George Nuttall, M.A. The Rectory, Wynberg, Cape of Good

Hope, South Africa.

Smith, John, B.E., M. Inst. C. E., Co. Surveyor. Ballinasloe.
Smith, Owen. Nobber, Co. Meath.

Smith, Rev. Canon, D.D. Vicarage, Clyde-road, Dublin.
***Smithwick, Edmund, J.P. Kilcrene House, Kilkenny.

Smyth, Major B. W., M.V.O., Roy. Hib. Military School. Phoenix Park.

Smyth, Edward Weber, J.P. 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.

Smyth, Mrs. E. Weber. 73, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.

Smyth, Richard O'Brien, C. E., Archt. 2, Kenilworth-square, Dublin.

Smyth, Robert Wolfe, J.P. Portlick Castle, Athlone.

Smyth, Thomas. 2, Lower Ormond-quay, Dublin.

Spring, Richard Francis, C.E. Polehare, Wexford.

STACK, Rev. C. Maurice, M.A. The Vicarage, Magheraclone, Kells.

Stacpoole, Capt. Guildford William Jack. Ardavilling, Cloyne, Co. Cork.

Stacpoole, Miss Gwendoline Clare. Edenvale, Ennis, Co. Clare.

Stacpoole, Mrs. J. Ardavilling, Cloyne, Co. Cork.

84 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Electe
1893

1894
1895
1891

1894
1903
1903
1893
1898
1889
1899
1900
1905
1893
1879
1901
1889

1890
1898
1894
1890
1901

1887
1897
1905

1895
1903
1901
1896
1893
1890

1889
1892
1895

1883
1891
1897
1902

1891
1904
1901

1904
1893

1900
1897

Stanley, Rev. William Francis, P.P. St. Joseph's Church, Stockport,

Cheshire.

Steele, Charles W. 18, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
Steele, Rev. William B., B.A. LevaUy Rectory, Enniskillen.
Stephens, Pembroke Scott, K.C. 30, Cumberland-terrace, Regent's Park,

London, N.W.

Stephens, Samuel. Ardshane, Holywood, Co. Down.
Stevenson, Mrs. James. Fort James, Londonderry.
Stevenson, James. Fort James, Londonderry.
Stewart, Rev. Harvey, M.A. All Saints' Rectory, Blackrock.
Stewart, Rev. Joseph Atkinson. Killowen, Lisburn.
Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S.L. High Thorn, Bowden, Cheshire.
Stoney, Robert Vesey. Rossturk Castle, Westport.
Stourton, Miss. South Gate, Castlebellingham, Co. Louth
Stuart, Miss Nina. Bogay, Londonderry.
Stubbs, Henry, M.A., J.P., D.L. Dauby, Ballyshannon.
Swanston, William. 4A, Clif ton ville- avenue, Belfast.
Swanzy, Rev. Henry Beddall, M.A. Ivy Lodge, Newry, Co. Down.
Synnott, Nicholas J., B.A. (Lond.), Barrister-at-Law. Furness, Naas.

Tarleton, Mrs. The Abbey, Killeigh, Tullamore.

Tarleton, Thomas. 30, Ormond-road, Rathmines.

Telford, Rev. William H. Reston Free Church Manse, Berwickshire.

Tempest, William, J.P. Douglas-place, Dundalk.

Tenison, Arthur Heron Ryan, F.R.I.B.A. 12, Little College-street,

Westminster, London, S.W. ; and 19, Bath-road, Bedford Park, Chis-

wick, W.

Ternan, Obadiah, M.D. Enniskillen.
Thomas, W. J. Mullingar.
Thompson, Dr. Cuthbert. Anchorage, Kentucky, U.S.A. ; and Longfield,

Eglinton, Londonderry.

Thunder, Francis P. Grasa Da, Upper Drumcondra, Dublin.
Tibbs, John Harding, B.A. 10, Windsor-road, Rathmines.
Tighe, M. J., M.R.I. A J. Hillside House, Galway.
Tivy, Henry L., J.P. Barnstead, Blackrock, Cork.
Tohill, Rev. John, Adm. St. Peter's, Milford-street, Belfast.
Toler-Aylward, Hector J. C., J.P., D.L. Shankill Castle, Whitehall, Co.

Kilkenny.

Toner, Rev. Joseph. St. Lawrence, Atlantic -avenue, Pittsburg, U.S.A.
TOBRENS, Thomas Hughes, J.P. Edenmore, Whiteabbey, Co. Antrim.
Townshend, Thomas Courtney, B.A. (Dubl.). 23, South Frederick-street,

Dublin.

Traill, William A.. M.A., C.E. Giant's Causeway, Bushmills.
Tresilian, Richard S. 9, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
Tuite, James, M.P. 14, Greville-street, Mullingar.
Tweedy, John. Friendly Brothers' House, 22, St. Stephen's-green, North,

Dublin.

*Twigg, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Canon. Vicarage, Swords, Co. Dublin.
Twigg, Thomas S. 16, Royal -terrace, West, Kingstown.
Twigge, R. W., F.S.A. Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W.

Ussher, Beverley Grant, H. M. Inspector of Schools. Meole Brace,

Shrewsbury.
Ussher, Richard John, J.P., D.L. Cappagh House, Cappagh R.S.O., Co.

Waterford.

Vandeleur, Capt. Hector, Lieutenant of Co. Clare. Oohercon, Co. Clare.
VANSTON, George T. B., LL.D., Barrister-at-Law. Hildon Park, Terenure.
road, Rathgar.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETV. 35

Elected

1890 i Vaughan, Joseph, J.P. Mount View, Athlone.

1891 Venables, William J. Gortalowry House, Cookstown.
1901 Vereker, Henry. 89, Upper Leeson-street, Dublin.

1903 | Verlin, W. J., Solicitor. Youghal.

1890 Waldron, Laurence A., M. P., M.R.I.A. 10, Anglesea- street, Dublin.

1904 Walker, Richard Crampton, Solicitor. Fonthill Abbey, Ratbfarnham,

Co. Dublin.

1892 Walkington, Miss, M.A., LL.D. Edenvale, Strandtown, Co. Down.

1901 , Wall, Rev. Francis J. St. Mary's, Haddington-road, Dublin.

1897 Wallace, Colonel Robert H., C.B. Downpatrick.

1894 Walpole, Thomas, C.E., M. Inst. N.A. Windsor Lodge, Monkstown, Co.

Dublin.
1896 ! Walsh, John Edward, M.A. (Dubl.), Barrister-at-Law, J.P. Belville,

Donny brook.

1890 Walsh, Rev. James H., D.D., Canon. 44, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.

1903 Walsh, Richard Walter, J.P. WiUiauistown House, Castlebellingham, Co.

Louth.

1891 Walsh, Rev. Robert, D.D., Canon. St. Mary's Rectory, Donnybrook.
1890 Walsh, Thomas Arnold, Kilmallock.

1899 Walsh, V. J. Hussey. 81, Onslow Gardens, London, W.

1898 i Walsh, Captain Walter H. Hussey-, Leicestershire Regt. Field Post Office,

Shan-hai-Kwan, North China.

1899 i Walshe, Richard D. 20, Harrington-street, Dublin.

1902 ! Ward, Edward. Ulster Bank, Dundalk.

1896 Ward, H. Somerset. Dunibert House, Balfron, N.B.

1904 Ward, Joseph, J.P., Chairman, Killiney District Council. Ardmore,

Killiney, Co. Dublin.

1896 Wardell, John, B.A. (Dub.), M.R.I.A., Professor of Modem History,
Dublin University ; and of Political Economy, Queen's College, Gal way.
34, Trinity College, Dublin.

1900 Warnock, Frank H. 9, Herbert-road, Sandymount.

1905 Warren, Miss Edyth G. 12, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin. .

1905
1903
1901
1884
1890
1896
1898
1888
1902
1889
1905
1901

1895
1895
1891
1892
1887

1889
1883
1899
1880
1894
1896
1896
1889
1889

1901

Warren, Miss Mary Helen. 12, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin.

Walters, Rev. Thomas F., B.A. St. John's, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

Weaver, Lawrence, F.S.A. 109, Victoria-street, Westminster, London, S.W.

WEBB, Alfred. Shelmalier, Orwell Park, Rathgar.

Webber, William Downes, J.P. Mitchelstown Castle, Co. Cork.

Webster, Henry, M. Inst. C.E., Co. Surveyor. Westgate House, Wexford.

Webster, William, Solicitor. 3 5 A, Church-street, St. Helens.

Welch, Robert. 49, Lonsdale-street, Belfast.

Weldon, Rev. P. S. Harronville, Kilkenny.

Weldrick, George. 40, Park-avenue, Sandymount, Co. Dublin.

Wells, J. W. 216, Beechcliffe, Keighley, Yorkshire.

West, Capt. Erskine Eyre, Barrister-at-Law. 32, Crosthwaite Park, East,

Kingstown.

Westropp, Miss. Park House, Clonlara.

Wheeler, Francis C. P. 1, Lisgar- terrace, West Kensington, London.
Whelan, Rev. Percy Scott, M.A. Swords Rectory, Swords.
White, Very Rev. George Purcell, M.A., B.D., Dean of Cashel. Cashel.
White, Rev. Hill Wilson, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I. A. Wilson's Hospital,

Multifarnham, Co. Westmeath.
White, James, L.R.C.P.S.E., J.P. Kilkenny.
White, Colonel J. Grove, J.P. Kilbyrne, Doneraile, Co. Cork.
White, John. Derrybawn, Bushey Park-road, Rathgar.
White, John Newsom, M.R.I. A., J.P. Roeklands, Waterford.
White, Very Rev. P., P.P., V.G. , Dean of Killaloe. Nenagh.
WHITE, Rev. Patrick W., B.A. Stonebridge Manse, Clones.
WHITE, Richard Blair. Ashton Park, Monkstown.
White, Robert. Scotch Rath, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.
White, W. Grove, LL.B., Crown Solicitor for Co. Kildare. 18, Elgin-road,

Dublin.
Whitfield, George. Modreeny, Cloughjordan, Co. Tipperary.

36 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Elected

1905
1889
1902
1900
1888

1868
1894
1874
1899
1889
1904

1893
1903
1887
1872

1900
1890

1890
1887
1888

1905
1904
1890

1901

Whitton, Joseph, B.A., B.E. Board of Works Office, Tralee.
Wilkinson, Arthur B. Berkeley, B.E. Brombroe, Bantry, Co. Cork.
Wilkinson, George, B.A. Ringlestown, Kilmessan, Co. Meath.
Wilkinson, W. J. Newtown Park, Trim.
Willcocks, Rev. Win. Smyth, M.A., Canon. Bunleckney Glebe, Bagenals-

town.

Williams, Ed ward Wilmot, J.P., B.L. Herringston, Borchester.
Williams, Rev. Sterling deCourcy, M.A. Burrow Rectory, Tullamore.
Williams, Mrs. W. Parkside, Wimbledon Common, London, S.W.
Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A. 14, Upper Mount-street, Bublin.
Willoughby, John, High-street, Kilkenny.
Wilson, Charles J., Barrister-at-Law. 6, St. James' -terrace, Clonskeagh,

Co. Bublin.

Wilmot, Henry, C.E. 22, Waltham-terrace, Blackrock.
Wilson, George James. 8, Cope-street, and Tavistock, Ranelagh-rd., Bublin.
Wilson, James Mackay, M.A., J.P. Currygrane, EdgeworthstoM'n.
Windisch, Professor Br. Ernst, Hon. M.R.I. A. Ujiiversitats Strasse, 15,

Leipzig.

Wood, Herbert. 6, Clarinda-park, E., Kingstown, Co. Bublin.
Woodward, Rev. Alfred Sadleir, M.A. St. Mark's Vicarage, Ballysillan.

Belfast.

Woodward, Rev. George Otway, B.A. St. John's Vicarage, Hillsborough ,
Wright, Rev. Wm. Ball, M.A. Osbaldwick Vi-arage, York. '
Wybrants, W. Geale, M.A., J.P. 55, Pembroke -road, Bublin.

Yates, Rev. John Henry, B.B. Summerhill, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary.

Yeates, Miss Ada. 39, Ormond-road, Rathmines.

YOUNGE, Miss Katharine E. Upper Oldtown, Rathdowney.

Zimmer, Heinrich, B. PHIL., Professor of Celtic Philology in the University
of Berlin. Halensee, Berlin, Auguste Viktoriastrasse, 3.

Total number of Fellows, ... 186 (Life and Hon. Fellows, 52.)
,, ,, Members, . . . 1046 (Life Members, 37.)

Total, 31st Becember, 1905, 1232

N.B. — The Fellows and Members of the Society are requested to communicate
to the Honorary Secretary, 6, St. Stephen's -green, Bublin, changes of address,
or other corrections in the foregoing lists which may be needed.

3t )

SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH RECEIVE THE QUARTERLY

JOURNAL

OF THE

|Urpl Storing 0f ^tttiqimrUs 0f

FOR 19O5.

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., U. S. A.

Antiquary (Editor of), 62, Paternoster-row, London, E.G.

Architect, The (Editor of), Imperial Buildings, Ludgate Hill, London, W.C.

Architects of Ireland : The Secretary, Royal Institute of, Dublin.

Belfast Naturalists' Field Club : The Museum, Belfast.

Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society: Rev. William Bazeley, M.A.,
Librarian, The Society's Library, Eastgate, Gloucester.

British Archaeological Association : Hon. Secretary, 32, Sackville -street, Piccadilly,
London, W.

Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire Archaeological Society : Rev. C. H. Evelyn
White, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary, Hampton Rectory, Cambridge.

Cambridge Antiquarian Society : J. E. Foster, Secretary, 10, Trinity-street,

Cambridge.
Cambrian Archaeological Association : c/o the Rev. Canon Trevor Owen, M.A., F.S.A.,

Bodelwyddan Vicarage, Rhuddlan, R.S.O., N.Wales.
Chester and North Wales Archaeological and Historic Society : John Hewitt, Hon .

Librarian, Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

Cork Historical and Archaeological Society : Hon. Secretary, care of Messrs.
Guy & Co., 70, Patrick -street, Cork. ^

Folk Lore (Editor of), 270, Strand, London, W.C.

Galway Archaeological and Historical Society : The Secretaries, Queen's College,
Galway.

Glasgow Archaeological Society : W. G. Black, Secretary, 88, West Regent-street,

Glasgow.
Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire: The Secretary, Royal Institution,

Colquitt-street, Liverpool.

His Majesty's Private Library : The Librarian, Buckingham Palace, London.

Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland : Hon. Secretary, 35, Dawson-street,
Dublin.

Irish Builder, Editor of: R. M.Butler, Esq., Dawson Chambers, Dawson-street,
Dublin.

Kent Archaeological Society : The Hon. Secretary, Maidstone, Kent.
Kildare (County) Archaeological Society : c/o Sir Arthur Vicars, Ulster's Office,
The Castle, Dublin.

38 SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.

Louth (County) Archaeological Society : c/o Henry Morris, Secretary, Endan-na-

Greine, Dundalk.

National Library of Ireland, Kildare -street, Dublin.
Numismatic Society : The Secretaries, 22, Albemarle-street, London, W.

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia : Hall of the Society, Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.

Palestine Exploration Fund (Secretary of), 38, Conduit-street, London, W.
Paris, Museum of St. Germain.

Royal Institute of British Architects: The Librarian, 9, Conduit- street, Hanover-
square, London, W.

Royal Institution of Cornwall: The Hon. Secretary, Museum, Truro, Cornwall.

Royal Irish Academy : 19, Dawson- street, Dublin.

Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland : The Hon. Secretary,
20, Hanover -square, London, W.

Societe des Bollandistes, 14, Rue des Drsulines, Bruxelles.

Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord : Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 14 }
Henrietta-street, Covent Garden, London.

Society of Antiquaries of London : "W. H. St. John Hope, M. A., Assistant Secretary,
Burlington House, London, W.

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne : Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Joseph Anderson, Esq., LL.D., National
Museum of Antiquities, Queen-street, Edinburgh.

Society of Architects, Staple Inn Buildings, South Holborn, London, W.
Society of Biblical Archaeology : W. C. L. Nash, Secretary, 37, Great Russell-
street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.

Smithsonian Institution: Washington, D. C., U.S.A., c/o Wm. Wesley, 28, Essex-
street, Strand, London.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society : William Bidgood, Tauuton
Castle, Taunton.

Stockholm, Academy of Antiquities. *

Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. The Librarian, Athenaeum, Bury St. Edmunds.

Surrey Archaeological Society : Hon. Secretaries, Castle Arch, Guildford.

Sussex Archaeological Society : Care of Hon. Librarian, The Castle, Lewes, Sussex.

The Copyright Office, British Museum, London.

The Thoresby Society, 10, Park-street, Leeds.

The Library, Trinity College, Dublin (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).

The University Library, Cambridge (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).

The Bodleian Library, Oxford (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).

Wateiiord and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society : Honorary Secretary,
Waterford.

Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society : The Secretary, Devizes.

Yorkshire Archaeological Society: E» K. Clark, Esq., Hon. Librarian, 10, Park-
street, Leeds.

( 39

GENERAL RULES

OF THE

Revised at the Annual Meeting, 1898.)

OBJECTS.

1. The Society is instituted to preserve, examine, and illustrate all Ancient Monu-
ments and Memorials of the Arts, Manners, and Customs of the past, as connected
with the Antiquities, Language, and Literature of Ireland.

CONSTITUTION.

2. The Society shall consist of FELLOWS, MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES, and HONORARY
FELLOWS.

3. FELLOWS shall be elected at a General Meeting of the Society, each name having
been previously submitted to and approved of by the Council, with the name of a
Fellow or Member as proposer. Each Fellow shall pay an Entrance Fee of £2, and an
Annual Subscription of £1, or a Life Composition of £14, which includes the Entrance
Fee of £2.

4. MEMBERS shall be similarly elected, on being proposed by a Fellow or Member,
and shall pay an Entrance Fee of 10s. and an Annual Subscription of 10s., or a Life
Composition of £7, which shall include the Entrance Fee of 10*.

5. ASSOCIATES may be elected by the Council, on being proposed by a Fellow or
Member, for any single Meeting or Excursion of the Society at a Subscription to be
fixed by the Council; but they shall not vote, or be entitled to any privileges of
the Society except admission to such Meeting or Excursion.

6. All Fees due on joining the Society must be paid either before or within two
months from the date of Election. Fellows and Members failing to pay shall be
reported at the next General Meeting after the expiration of this period.

7. Any Fellow who has paid his full Annual Subscription of £1 for ten consecutive
years may become a LIFE FELLOW on payment of a sum of £8.

8. Any Member who has paid his full Annual Subscription of 10s. for ten conse-
cutive years may become a LIFE MEMBER on payment of £5.

9. Any Member who has paid his Life Composition, on being advanced to the rank
of Fellow, may compound by paying a sum of £7, which sum includes the Entrance
Fee for Fellowship.

40 GENERAL RULES, ETC.

10. A Member paying an Annual Subscription of 10s., on being elected to Fellow-
ship, sball pay an admission Fee of 30s., instead of the Entrance Fee of £2 provided
for in Rule 3.

11. All Subscriptions shall be payable in advance on 1st day of January in each
year, or on election. The Subscriptions of Fellows and Members elected at the last
Meeting of any year may be placed to their credit for the following year. A List of all
Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions are two years in arrear shall be read out
at the Annual General Meeting, and published in the Quarterly Journal of the Society.

12. Fellows shall be entitled to receive the Journal, and all extra publications
of the Society. Members shall be entitled to receive the Journal, and may obtain
the extra publications on payment of the price fixed by the Council.

13. Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions for the year have not been paid
are not entitled to the Journal ; and any Fellow or Member whose Subscription
for the current year remains unpaid, and who receives and retains the Journal,
shall be held liable for the payment of the full published price of 3s. for each
quarterly part.

14. Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions for the current year have been paid
shall alone have the right of voting at all General Meetings of the Society. Any such
Fellow present at a General Meeting can call for a vote by orders, and, in that case,
no resolution can be passed unless by a majority of both the Fellows and of the Mem-
bers present and voting. Honorary Fellows have not the right of voting, and are
not eligible for any of the Offices mentioned in Rules 15 and 16, nor can they be
elected Members of Council. In cases where a ballot is called for, no Candidate for
Fellowship or Membership can be admitted unless by the votes of two-thirds of the
Fellows and Members present, and voting.

OFFICE-BEARERS AND COUNCIL.

15. The Officers of the Society, who must be Fellows, shall consist of a
Patron -in -Chief, Patrons, President, four Vice -Presidents for each Province, a
General Secretary, and a Treasurer. All Lieutenants of Counties to be ex-ojficio
Patrons on election as Fellows.

16. The President and Vice-Presidents shall be elected at the Annual General
Meeting in each year. The nominations for these offices must be received at the Rooms
of the Society on or before the first day of December preceding the Annual General
Meeting, addressed to the General Secretary, and endorsed "Nomination of Officers."
Each Nomination Paper must be signed by seven or more Fellows or Members as pro-
posers ; and in the case of a Candidate who has not held such office before, his
Nomination Paper must be accompanied by an intimation under his hand that he will
serve in that office if elected. In case the number of persons so nominated shall
exceed the number of vacancies, a printed Balloting Paper, containing the names of
all such Candidates arranged in alphabetical order, distinguishing those recommended
by the Council, shall be sent by post to every Fellow and Member whose name is on
the Roll of the Society, directed to the address entered on the Roll, at least one week
before the day of election. Each person voting shall mark with an asterisk the name
of each Candidate for whom he, or she, votes. The Voter shall then return the
Balloting Paper to the General Secretary, on or before the day preceding the Election,
in an addressed envelope, which will be supplied ; sealed, and marked Balloting Paper,
and signed outside with the name of the Voter : the Balloting Paper itself must not be
signed. In case a Voter signs the Balloting Paper, or votes for more Candidates than

GENERAL RULES, ETC. 41

the number specified thereon, such vote shall be void. The Balloting Papers shall be
scrutinized on the day of election by at least two Scrutineers appointed by the Council,
who shall report the result at the General Meeting held on the evening of that day.
The Treasurer shall furnish the Scrutineers with a List of the Fellows and Members
whose Subscriptions have been paid up to the day preceding the Election, and who are
consequently qualified to vote at such Election. Those Candidates who obtain the
greatest number of votes shall be declared elected, subject to the provisions of Rule 17,
provided that, when there appears an equality of votes for two or more Candidates, the
Candidate whose name is longest on the books of the Society, shall be declared elected.
The President shall be elected for a term of three years, and the same person shall
not be elected for two consecutive periods. The four senior or longest elected Vice-
Presidents, one in each province, shall retire each year by rotation, and shall not be
eligible for re-election at the General Meeting at which they retire. The Council
may submit to the Annual General Meeting the name of a Fellow, Hon. Fellow, or
Member, who will act as Hon. President, and the Meeting may adopt the name
submitted, or may elect another by a majority of votes, such Hon. President to hold
office for one year, and shall not be elected for two consecutive periods.

17. The management of the business of the Society shall be entrusted to a Council
of Twelve, eight of whom at least must be Fellows (exclusive of the President, Vice-
Presidents, Honorary General Secretary, and Treasurer, who shall be ex-officio Mem-
bers of the Council). The Council shall meet on the last Tuesday of each month,
or on such other days as they may deem necessary. Four Members of Council shall
form a quorum. The three senior or longest elected Members of the Council shall
retire each year by rotation, and shall not be eligible for re-election at the Annual
General Meeting at which they retire. In case of a vacancy occurring for a Member
of Council during the year, the Council shall at its next Meeting co-opt a Fellow or
Member, to, retire by rotation. A Member of Council who has failed to attend one-
third of the ordinary Meetings of the Council during the year shall forfeit his seat
at the next Annual General Meeting. The vacancies caused by the retirement by
rotation of Members of Council shall be filled up in the manner prescribed for the
election of President and Vice-Presidents in Rule 16.

18. The Council may appoint Honorary Provincial Secretaries for each Province,
and Honorary Local Secretaries throughout the country, whose duties shall be de-
fined by the Council, and they shall report to the Honorary General Secretary, at least
once a year, on all Antiquarian Remains discovered in their districts, investigate
Local History and Tradition, and give notice of all injury inflicted, or likely to
be inflicted, on Monuments of Antiquity or Ancient Memorials of the Dead, in
order that the influence of the Society may be exerted to restore or preserve them.

19. The Council may appoint Committees to take charge of particular departments
of business, and shall report to the Annual General Meeting the state of the Society's
Funds, and other matters which may have come before them during the preceding year.
They may appoint an Hon. Curator of the Museum, and draw up such rules for its
management as they may think fit. The Hon. General Secretary may, with the
approval of the Council, appoint a paid Assistant Secretary ; the salary to be deter-
mined by the Council.

20. The Treasurer's Accounts shall be audited by two Auditors, to be elected at
the Annual General Meeting in each year, who shall present their Report at a
subsequent General Meeting of the Society.

21. All property of the Society shall be vested in the Council, and shall be disposed
of as they shall direct. The Museum of Antiquities cannot be disposed of without the
sanction of the Society being first obtained.

42 GENERAL RULES, ETC.

22. For the purpose of carrying out the arrangements in regard to the Meetings
and Excursions to be held in the respective Provinces, the Honorary Provincial
Secretaries may be summoned to attend the Meetings of Council ex-ojficio. Honorary
Secretaries of the County or Counties in which such Meetings are held shall be
similarly summoned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.

23. The Society shall meet four times in each year on such days as the Council
shall ascertain to be the most convenient, when Fellows and Members shall be
elected, Papers on Historical and Archaeological Subjects shall be read and discussed,
and Objects of Antiquarian Interest exhibited. Excursions may be arranged where
practicable.

24. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in Dublin in the month of January ;
one Meeting in the year shall be held in Kilkenny ; the other Meetings to be held
in such places as the Council may recommend. Notice of such General Meetings
shall be forwarded to each Fellow and Member. Evening Meetings for reading
and discussing Papers, and making exhibits, may be held at such times as shall be
arranged by the Council.

PUBLICATIONS.

25. No Paper shall be read to the Society without the permission of the Council
having previously been obtained. The Council shall determine the order in which
Papers shall be read, and the time to be allowed for each. All Papers listed or Com-
munications received shall be the property of the Society. The Council shall deter-
mine whether, and to what extent any Paper or Communication shall be published

26. All matter concerning existing religious and political differences shall be ex-
cluded from the Papers to be read and the discussions held at the Meetings of the
Society.

27. The Proceedings and Papers read at the several Meetings, and where approved
of by the Council, shall be printed in the form of a Journal, and supplied to all Fellows
and Members not in arrear. If the funds of the Society permit, extra publications
may be printed and supplied to all Fellows free, and to such Members as may sub-
scribe specially for them.

GENERAL.

28. These Rules shall not be altered or amended except at an Annual General
Meeting of the Society, and after notice given at the previous General Meeting. All
By-laws and Regulations dealing with the General Rules formerly made are hereby
repealed.

29. The enactment of any new Rule, or the alteration or repeal of any existing
one, must be in the first instance submitted to the Council ; the proposal to be signed by
seven Fellows or Members, and forwarded to the Hon. Secretary. Such proposal being
made, the Council shall lay same before a General Meeting, with its opinion thereon ;
and such proposal shall not be ratified unless passed by a majority of the Fellows and
Members present at such General Meeting subject to the provisions of Rule 14.

ROBERT COCHRANE, I.S.O., LL.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A.,

Honorary General Secretary.

ST. STEPHEN'S-GRKEN, DUBLIN.
30th December, 1905.

DA
920
R68
v.35

Royal Society of Antiquaries
of Ireland, Dublin
Journal

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

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