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4
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
FROM THE
LOUIS. CABOT FUND
(CLASS OF 1858)
, :
mi Pals
a aieite) *
:
uit
AS
Bhi aa Pa eyes ;
JOURNAL
“THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION
WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE
6 ;
ra &
Volume IV.
Hon. Secretary:
RHYS WILLIAMS, 2 Temple Gardens, London, E.C.
PIB RERY
‘US COMER ZOULOU)
FAT GRIDEE LAS
1908
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
C% 64 |
GIFT OF
mad fr tiiteeston Geiger
JOURNAL
OF THE
SOCIETY FOR TH PRESERVATION
OF THE
WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE —
Volume IV.
Hon. Secretary: RHYS WILLIAMS, 2 Temple Gardens, London, E.C.
« 1908
CONTENTS
ORIGIN AND OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY
List or MEMBERS
ExtrACT FROM MESSAGE FROM THE Hon. THEODORE ROOSEVELT
EprrortaL Notr
THe DEPENDENCE OR NON-DEPENDENCE OF TSETSE-FLIES UPON BIG
GAME, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES OF TSETSE
KNOWN AS Glossina palpalis AND SLEEPING SicKNEss. By
Ernest E. Austen, F.Z.S. . : ; : ;
THe PRESERVATION oF Big Game. By S1tr Henry SeEToN-KarRpR,
C.M.G.
GAME AND GAME RESERVES IN THE TRANSVAAL. By Str ALFRED PEASE,
Bart.
Nores ON GAME IN SOUTHERN RuopEsia. By Vat GieLcup
Notes oN GAME IN NorTHERN RuopestA. By G. GREY
Game Reserves. By F. GILvett .
RESERVATIONS IN NEw ZEALAND. By H. J. Mussen
THE DOMESTICATION OF THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT. 1. By P. L. ScuATsErR,
D.Sec., F.R.S. 2. THe KHEDDAH IN THE Conco FRkE State. By
M. Nrsvuetp
THe RENAISSANCE OF Bic-cAME Huntinc In Nova Scotia. By
Epmunp F. L. JENNER
Discovery oF A Bic-caMe Paraptse. By Dr. Wittiam T. Hornapay,
Director of the New York Zoological Park
EXTRACTS FROM BivuE Book 1ssurp NovemBer, 1906
SUMMARY OF GAME KILLED UNDER LICENCE IN THE DISTRICTS OF
NYASALAND DURING THE YEAR ENDING Marcu 31, 1907
GAMBIA PROTECTORATE RETURN OF Game KILLED, 1906-1907
A REcENT PusLIcATION : ‘THE MAN-EATERS OF TSAVO’ .
Oo oOo fF WN
11
26
THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION
OF THE
WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE
ORIGIN AND OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY
Tue destruction of wild animals throughout the British Empire,
more especially in Africa, had become so appalling that in 1903
a small Association was formed for the purpose of collecting in-
formation as to the number of wild animals killed each year, the
gradual disappearance of species, &c., and to take steps so far as
possible to check this destruction. The objects of the Association
are to create a sound public opinion on the subject at home and
in our Dependencies, to further the formation of game reserves and
sanctuaries, the selection of the most suitable places for these
sanctuaries, and the enforcing of suitable game laws and regula-
tions.
The principal officials in charge of the various sections of
British Africa are impressed with the importance of immediate
steps being taken for the preservation of African game, and
have, without exception, consented to become Vice-Presidents or
Honorary Members of the Society.
4 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
LIST OF MEMBERS
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
Cromer, The Right Honourable the Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.8.I.
Grey, The Right Honourable the Earl, K.G., G.C.M.G., P.C., 22 South
Street, Park Lane, W.
Mitner, The Right Honourable Viscount, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., P.C.,
47 Duke Street, St. James’s, S.W.
CuRZON,
GML EAPC:
The Right Hcnourable Baron,
of Kedleston, G.M.S.I.,
Minto, The Right Honourable Earl of, G.C.M.G., P.C., Government
House, Calcutta.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Bourke, E. F., Pretoria, Transvaal.
Butler, A. L., Khartoum.
Coryndon, R. T., Administrator,
North-West Rhodesia.
D’Alva, The Duke,
A.D.C. to Governor-General,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Garstin, Sir William, K.C.B., Cairo.
Gielgud, Val, c/o C.N.C., Bulawayo,
South Rhodesia.
Gravenitz, Baron, St. Petersburg.
Grey, Right Hon. Sir Edward,
Bart., Falloden, Chathill,
Northumberland.
Hamilton, Major H. Stevenson,
Koomatipoort, South Africa.
Hawker, Captain, Dongola.
Hinde, S. L., Fort Hall, Nairobi.
Hodgson, Lieut. H., Soudan.
Hornaday, Wm. T., Sc.D., Director,
Zoological Park, New York,
U2Sz4
Hoyos, Count, 4 Hoyos Gasse 5.
Vienna.
Jackson, F. J., Mombasa, Africa.
Jackson, Col. H. B., Dongola.
Kitchener of Khartoum, Lord,
G:C. B.. GO: M.G.
Lagden, Sir Godfrey, K.C.M.G.,
Johannesburg, Transvaal.
T.awley, Capt. the Hon. Sir Arthur,
K.C.M.G., Government House,
Pretoria, Transvaal.
Marlborough |
| Lugard, Lieut.-Col. Sir Frederick,
~ Roosevelt,
| Wigram,
Liechtenstein, Prince Henry,
Schittel Strasse, No. 11,
Vienna.
Linder, Baron H. de, Svarta, Fin-
land.
K.C.M.G., Abinger
Surrey.
Common,
Lyttelton, Rt. Hon. Alfred, 16 Great
College Street, Westminster.
_ Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Washington,
UES: A.
| Milton, Sir William, K.C.M.G.,
| Salisbury, * Rhodesia, South
Africa.
Orr, R. A. W., Resident, Northern
Nigeria.
| Palmer, T. S., U.S. Dept. of Agri
culture, Washington, U.S.A.
| Perceval, A. Blayney, Nairobi, East
Africa.
The Hon. Theodore,
President of the U.S.A.
| Rooth, E., Pretoria, South Africa.
Sadler, Lieut.-Col. J. Hayes, C.B.,
Commissioner’s Office, Nairobi,
Kast Africa.
Sharpe, Sir Alfred,
Government House,
British Central Africa.
Major, Kashmir Game
Preservation Dept., Srinagar.
Wingate, Major-General Sir
Reginald, K.C.B., Cairo.
K.C.M.G.,
Zomba,
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Aberdare, Right Hon. Lord, Duffryn, Mountain Ash.
Adeane, C., Babraham, Cambridge.
Affalo, F. G., Courtenay Place, Teignmouth, Devon.
Alington, Charles, Little Barford, St. Neots.
Ashley, Wilfrid, M.P., 32 Bruton Street, Berkeley Square, W,
Austen, E. E., Natural History Museum, 8.W.,
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 5
Avebury, Right Hon. Lord, D.C.L., 6 St. James’s Square, S.W.
Bailey, Lieut.-Col., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
Baird, J., British Embassy, Paris.
Baring, Cecil, 8 Bishopsgate Street, E.C.
Baring, Godfrey, M.P., Nubia House, Cowes.
Baring, Capt. the Hon. Guy, Tanglewood, Godstone.
Barnard, T. H., Kempston Hoo, Bedford.
Barneby, Theodore, Saltmarshe Castle, Bromyard.
Beauclerc, Lord Osborne, Brooks’s Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Beaumont, H. R., Brooks’s Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Bedford, The Duke of, K.G., Woburn Abbey, Bedford.
Bedford, The Duchess of, Woburn Abbey, Bedford.
Berry, Capt. E., 3 Hyde Park Gate, W.
Blicher, Count, Wellington Club, 8.W.
Brooke, H. Brinsley, Foreign Office, S.W.
Brown, W. H., Windham Club, St. James’s Square, S.W.
Bruce, Major the Hon. C. G., M.V.O., Abbottabad, Punjab.
Bryden, H. A., Down View, Gore Park Road, Eastbourne.
Buck, Walter, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.
Buxton, A., Knighton, Buckhurst Hill.
Buxton, Edward North, Knighton, Buckhurst Hill.
Buxton, G. F., The Bank, Norwich.
Buxton, Right Hon. Sydney, M.P., Newtimber Place, Hassocks.
Buxton, T. F. V., Woodredon, Waltham Abbey.
Campbell, W., Mount Edgcumbe, Natal.
Chapman, Abel, Houxtey, Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland.
Chapman, E. H., 35 Hare Court, Temple, E.C.
Chapman, W. J., Fruitless Head, Appleby, Westmoreland.
Chetwynd, Guy, White’s Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Christy, S. H., Crudwell House, Malmesbury.
Church, Percy, Windham Club, 8.W.
Cobb, E. P., Nythfa, Brecon.
Cobbold, J. D., Holywells, Ipswich.
Coke, Hon. John, Guards’ Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
Colvin, Col. R. B., C.B., Monkham’s, Waltham Abbey.
Coryndon, R. T., Administrator, Swaziland, South Africa.
Cranworth, Lord, Letton, Shipdham, Norfolk.
Crossfield, E., Little Acton, Wrexham.
Crossley, Kenneth, Parkdale, Altrincham, Cheshire.
Cuningham, Captain Boyd, Redburn, Irvine, Ayrshire.
Davies, David, Plas Dinam, Montgomeryshire.
Dawnay, G. P., The Hon., Guards’ Club, Pall Mall, S.W. '
Delmé-Radcliffe, Lieut.-Col., C.M.G., M.V.O., United Service Cluk,
S.W
Demidoff, Prince Paul, de San Donato.
Douglas, Greville, 27 Wilton Crescent, S.W.
Drake-Brockman, P. E., Berbera, Somaliland Protectorate.
Du Cane, A., Brooks’s Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Dutcher, W., 525 Manhattan Avenue, New York, U.S.A.
Elphinstone, Lord, Carberry Tower, Musselburgh.
Fagan, C. E., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, S.W.
Fawcus, W. J. P., 4 Queen Victoria Street, E.C.
Findlay, M. de C., C.M.G., Minister Res., Dresden.
Fletcher, W. A. L., Allerton, Liverpool.
Frederick, H., Burgh Hall, Great Yarmouth.
Frewen, Moreton, 37a Great Cumberland Place.
Gardyne, Major A. D. Greenhill, Finavon, Forfar, Scotland.
Gilbert, Reginald, Llanelwedd Hall, Builth Wells, Breconshire.
Gillett, Frederick, 28 Beaufort Gardens, S.W.
Godman, F. C., 10 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W,
6
THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
Gray, A. (K.C.), House of Lords, Westminster, 8.W.
Greenfield, Captain, Orleans Club.
Greville, Captain Hon. Alwyn, 52 South Audley Street, W.
Greville, Hon. Louis, Heale House, Woodford, Nalisbury.
Grey, Geor ge, 3 Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W.
Guest, Hon. Ivor C. (M.P.), Ashby St. Ledgers, Rugby.
Gurney, Eustace, Sprowston Hall, Norwich.
Hamilton, The Marquess of, M.P., 15 Montagu Square, W.
Hanbury, J. M., Chigwell.
Hart-Synnot, Ronald, South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
Harvey, Sir Robert, Langley Park, Slough.
Helmsley, Right Hon. Viscount, M.P., 48 Pont Street, S.W.
Hewitt, Harold, Hope End, Ledbury, Herefordshire.
Heywood, N. A., Glevering Hall, Wickham Market.
Hibbert, Hon. A. Holland, Great Munden, Watford.
Hill, Sir Clement, K.C.B., Whitehall Court, 8.W.
Hindlip, Right Hon. Lord, Hindlip Hall, Worcester.
Hobhouse, Charles, M.P., House of Commons, 8.W.
Hodgson, Lieut.-Col., 142 Tilehurst Road, Reading.
Huerta, Sefior, Calle Servano 59, Madrid.
Humbert, A., Rutland Court, 8.W.
Hunter, Sir Charles, Bart., Mortimer Hill, Mortimer, Berks.
Hutchinson, George, Mitre Court, Temple, E.C.
Ismay, Bower, Smeaton Manor, Northallerton.
James, William, West Dean Park, Chichester.
Jarvis, Lieut.-Col. A. Weston, C.M.G., 2 London Wall Buildings, E.C.
Jenkinson, John B. (60th Rifles), Adjutant, Mounted Infantry, Egypt.
Jenner, Edmund F. L. , Digby, Nova Scotia.
Johnston, Sie ie El: ic C.B., 27 Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.
Jones, Walter, Hurlingham Lodge, Fulham, 8.W.
Jones, W. Tyldesley, 5 Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.
Kenmare, Right Hon. Earl of, 49 Egerton Gardens, S.W.
Kirk, Sir John, K.C.B., Wavertree, Sevenoaks.
Lankester, Prof. Ray, Natural History Museum, 8.W.
Leatham, Capt. R. N., The Admiralty, S8.W.
Le Breton, CRaMine aK: or 263 St. James’s Court, S.W.
Legge, Hon. Gerald, 37 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.
Leigh, Capt. Chandos, D.S.0., K.0.8.B., Egypt.
Loder, Sir Edmund, Bart., Leonardslee, Horsham, Sussex.
Lovat, Right Hon. Lord, Beaufort Castle, Beauly, N.B.
Lowther, Lieut.-Col. H. C., Lowther Lodge, Kensington Gore, W.
Lumsden, Col. D. M., Oriental Club.
Lumsden, Major George, Kinloch, Meigle, N.B.
Lydekker, R., Natural History Museum, 8.W.
McAllister, Howard, Netherworton, Steeple Aston, Oxon.
McNeil, Capt. Malcolm, Dun Grianach, Oban, N.B.
Mayo, The Earl of, Palmerstown, Straffan, co. Kildare.
Millais, J. G., Comptons Braw, Horsham.
Mitchell, F. J., Knorren Lodge, Brampton, Cumberland.
Mitchell, T. Chalmers, Zoological Gardens, N.W.
Monk-Bretton, Right Hon. Lord, 16 Princes Gardens, 8.W.
Montgomery, Col. J. A. L., St. Columb’s, Moville, Londonderry.
Morgan, S. Vaughan, 37 Harrington Gardens, S8.W.
Morpeth, Right Hon. Viscount, M.P., 36 Draycott Place, S.W.
Morrell, C., Penarth, Cardiff.
Nelson, H. C., Sandford Manor, Sandford St. Merton, Oxon.
Newport, Right Hon. Lord, 83 Eaton Square, S.W.
Norrie, Major G. M., 62 Queen’s Gate, S.W.
Oppenheim, Capt. din Brooks’s Club, St. James’s Square, S.W.
Patterson, Col., D.S. O., Nairobi, B. E.A.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE rh
Peach, W. 8., 24 Elm Avenue, Nottingham.
Pears, Capt., Hans Mansions, Chelsea, S.W.
Pease, Sir Alfred, Bart., Pinchinthorpe, Guisboro’.
Penaranda, Duke de, Palacio de Livia, Madrid.
Percival, Percy, Manor House, Berrow, Burnham, Somerset.
Phelps, J. M., Castle Connell, co. Limerick.
Phillips, E. Lort, 79 Cadogan Square, S.W.
Phillips, Mrs. E., Vaughan House, 22 Moreland Road, Croydon.
Rees, J. D., M. P. , Hillmedes, Harrow.
Renshaw, Dr. Graham, Bridge House, Sale, Manchester.
Ricketts, G. H. M., Foulis Court, Colden Common, Eastleigh, Hants.
Rothschild, Hon. eo N., Tring Park, Tring.
Routledge, W. Scoresby, Conservative Club, Piccadilly, W.
Russell, Conrad, 2 Audley Square, W.
Russell, Harold, 2 Temple Gardens, E.C.
Scala, Marquis de la, San Mateo 17, Madrid.
Schomberg, Reginald, 1st Batt. Seaforth Highlanders, Nowshera, India.
Sclater, P. L., Odiham Priory, Winchfield.
Selous, F. C., Heatherside, Worplesdon, Surrey.
Seton-Karr, Sir Henry, Bart., C.M.G., 47 Chester Square, W.
Sheffield, Sir Berkeley, Bart., M.P., 36 Curzon Street, W.
Sigrav, Count, Jockey Club, Budapest.
Stevens, H., Dejoo, Nth. Lakhimpu P.O., Upper Assam, India.
Straker, Alfred H., Orleans Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Swinfen Brown, Col., Swinfen Hall, Lichfield.
Taylor, J. B. , 4 Whitehall Court, E. C.
Tennant, Sir E. P., Bart., M.P., 40 Grosvenor Square, S.W.
Thomas, Freeman, M.P., Brooks's Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Thomas, Oldfield, Nat. History Museum, S.W.
Thomas, Peter, Bath Club, 34 Dover Street, W.
Timmis, Sutton, Windham Club, 8.W.
Tritton, Claude H., White’s Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Valentia, Right Hon. Viscount, M.P., House of Commons, S.W.
VanderByl, P. B., The Albany, Piccadilly, W.
Wallace, H. F., 22 Hans Crescent, S.W.
Ward, Hon. Cyril.
Warner, Sir William Lee, K.C.S.I., Atheneum Club, S.W.
Warwick, Right Hon. the Earl of, Warwick Castle, Warwick.
Waterford, Right Hon. the Marquess of, Curraghmore, Porthaw, co.
Waterford.
Watney, W. H., Buckhold, Pangbourne.
Wemyss, Major, Army and Navy Club.
West, Temple, The Grange, Crescent Road, 8. Norwood.
Whitaker, Cecil, 26 Curzon Street, W.
Whitbread, S. H., M.P., 11 Mansfield Street, W.
White, Major G. Dalrymple, 106 Eaton Square, S.W.
Williams, Alexander, Jerez, Spain.
Williams, Godfrey, Aberpergwn, Neath.
Wilhams, H. H., Pencalenick, Truro.
Williams, J. C., Caerhays Castle, St. Austell.
Williams, Mervyn, St. Donats Castle, Llantwit Major.
Williams, Morgan, St. Donats Castle, Llantwit Major.
Williams, P. D., Lanarth, St. Keverne.
Wilson, Clarence, 10 Grosvenor Square, W.
Woodward, Henry, LL.D., 129 Beaufort Street, Chelsea, S.W.
Worthington, A. Bayley, White’s Club, St. James’s, S.W.
Wyndham, Capt. the Hon. Reginald, 9 Chesterfield Gardens, W.
Ruys Wituiams, Hon Secretary,
2 Temple Gardens, E.C.
8 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
EXTRACT FROM MESSAGE FROM THE HON..THEO-
DORE ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES.
Iv is perfectly evident to any intelligent man that the people
who are protesting against what they call ‘ the curse of the big
game ’ do not know what they are talking about. We have just
such people in abundance here in America, and I have for twenty-
five years waged war upon them in connection with game protec-
tion.
I was particularly pleased to receive the journal. It is most
interesting. I congratulate you upon the admirable work you are
doing, and I wish you would extend to your colleagues my hearty
sympathy with all that is being accomplished by the Society for
the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 9
EDITORIAL NOTE.
In issuing the fourth volume of the Journal of the Society, we are
glad to be able to announce one satisfactory result of the efforts
we have made for the preservation of the fauna in Africa. It will
be within the recollection of our members that we have approached
successive Secretaries of State for the Colonies with a view to
securing an adequate staff for Game Preservation in British East
Africa, which has hitherto been limited to a single officer and an
expenditure of £300 per annum. We are pleased to be able to
announce that these representations have at length received atten-
tion, and that a sum of £2,300 has been included in the estimates
for this Protectorate, where the need for it is perhaps greater than
in any other.
The progress of the Protectorate may be measured by the
increase of railway net receipts from £2,639 in 1904-5 to £76,150
in 1906-7. These figures indicate phenomenal extensions of
‘white ’ development, and, if we are correctly informed, pro-
tection of the game is rendered correspondingly urgent.
It is a pleasure to many members of the Society to know that
Lieut.-Col. J. H. Patterson, D.S.O., has accepted the appoint-
ment of Chief of this Department. Colonel Patterson, who is
well known to many of our members, is, as we believe, admirably
equipped for this post by his knowledge of the territory, as well as
by his sympathy with animal life, energy, and tact.
We have repeatedly pointed out the need of a limit of 25 lbs.
on the elephants’ tusks permitted to be exported from British Pro-
tectorates. This limit, or a higher one, has been generally im-
posed, but was strongly resisted in Uganda, where it is asserted
that the natives suffer from the depredations of elephants in their
shambas. This, on the surface, seems reasonable, but we shall
continue to point out that if cow and immature elephants are killed
to protect the plantations, there is no reason to add the further
inducement of a high profit on the sale of small ivory.
For the convenience of those who have not the important Blue
Book on the Preservation of Wild Animals in Africa, issued in
November 1906, we have included in this number some further
extracts from it. For present purposes we need only refer to
No. 232, relating to the trade in horns and skins in Somaliland
3s
10 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
carried on at Aden, to which we had called attention. It might be
gathered from this and other papers that our representations had
resulted in arresting this mischievous traffic. We regret to hear
from a correspondent that this is not the case. We can assure
our members that the matter will not be lost sight of.
We desire to call special attention to the important article by
Professor Austen on the connection of the tsetse-fly and big game.
It deals with the allegation that the Glossina palpalis is dependent
on the game, and with the inference that the latter must be de-
stroyed. The article is of the highest scientific interest, and has,
it is needless to say, a close bearing on the objects of this Society.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE it
THE DEPENDENCE OR NON-DEPENDENCE OF TSETSE-
FLIES UPON BIG GAME, WITH SPECIAL REFER-
ENCE TO THE SPECIES OF TSETSE KNOWN AS
GLOSSINA PALPALIS AND SLEEPING SICKNESS.
By Ernest KE. Austen, F.Z.S8.
(Author of ‘A Monograph of the Tsetse-flies,’ etc.)
Whatever view the reader may hold upon the subject of this
paper, no one can fail to agree with the recent pronouncement by
a leading English scientific journal that sleeping sickness is to-day
‘ the most burning problem of European colonisation in Equatorial
Africa.’? Not only has the dread disease, which has hitherto
baffled all endeavours to find a certain cure on the part of the ablest
experts in tropical medicine among several European nations,
within the last seven years claimed many hundreds of thousands of
victims among native races for whose welfare we in common with
others have made ourselves responsible, but the rapid spread of
the malady itself and its extension into fresh districts are already
threatening the development of important commercial enterprises,
which depend for their prosperity upon the regular supply of
native labour. Serious as are the losses and impediments to settle-
ment and progress due to tsetse-fly disease in domestic animals,
these are as nothing when compared with the threatened depopu-
lation of large tracts of the African continent. Furthermore,
although it was at one time believed that white men were not liable
to contract the disease, it has been proved by a number of sad
examples that no European resident in an area infected by sleeping
sickness can consider himself altogether safe.
While the accuracy of the foregoing statements must be
generally admitted, it is equally true that, at the present time, the
most serious menace to the continued existence of big game and
game reserves in various parts of Africa is the idea, apparently
held by many people, that to protect game is to preserve tsetse-
flies, and so increase the risk of the spread of sleeping sickness ;
since, so far as is at present known, the minute living parasite that
is the cause of the disease is carried from man to man solely by
the bite of a particular species or kind of tsetse-fly, termed by
naturalists Glossina palpalis. In other words, it is maintained
that tsetse-flies subsist exclusively upon the blood of big game,
and that if the latter were utterly destroyed tsetse-flies themselves
1 Nature, November 14, 1907, p. 36.
12 THE ‘SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
would soon be numbered among the various forms of animal life
that have become extinct within hving memory. This behef
found prominent expression in the columns of the public press on
more than one occasion during 1907 and 1906. The attack of 1906
was dealt with by myself at the time, and subsequently in some
remarks that I ventured to address to the Secretary of State for
the Colonies, as a member of the deputation from our Society
received by Lord Elgin at the Colonial Office on June 15 of that
year. In 1907 the attack was renewed by Mr. T. M. Hastings,
who, in a letter headed ‘ Game Preservation and the Tsetse-F ly,’
published in the Spectator of March 2, suggested that ‘ an experi-
ment might very well be made of killing and driving away the
game over a certain fly district and observing carefully whether it
be followed by a disappearance of the fly-—that is to say, the
particular species which conveys the infection.’ This letter was
replied to in the same journal a fortnight later by Mr. EH. N.
Buxton, who pointed out that, in order that the experiment should
be satisfactory, the area selected would have to be ‘ an extremely
wide one.’ Other letters followed, in one of which Mr. Hastings
affirmed his belief that ‘ there is no doubt whatever now . . . that
the particular species of tsetse which produces cattle sickness can
be got rid of by getting rid of the game,’ proceeding to remark that
‘the question which remains to be solved is whether the other
species [Glossina palpalis| 1s subject to the same law.’? More
recently a much more detailed correspondence, initiated by a letter
from Mr. R. L. Harger,* of Blantyre, British Central Africa, has
appeared in the Field, in which Mr. F. C. Selous and Sir Alfred
Sharpe figured as protagonists. In all these letters the species of
tsetse referred to was Glossina morsitans, the best-known dis-
seminator of tsetse-fly disease in domestic animals, and the fly
with which, owing to its quondam abundance in the valleys and
along the tributaries of the Limpopo and the Zambesi, the in-
numerable records and statements on the subject of tsetse in the
older books on South African sport and exploration are concerned.
Mr. Harger, who has had many years’ experience in the countries
administered by the British South Africa Company, and whose
sympathies are entirely on the side of the game, commenced his
letter by stating that: ‘ There is great likelihood of a vast deal of
game being destroyed in North-Eastern and North-Western
Rhodesia owing to the presence of tsetse-fly.” He then en-
deavoured to show that the undoubted increase and extension of
Glossina morsitans in North-Eastern Rhodesia of late years is in
' Vide ‘Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of
the Empire,’ vol. iii. 1907, pp. 43-44, and 24-26.
2 The Spectator, April 6, 1907, p. 31. It is perhaps permissible to observe
that, to a scientific mind conversant with the facts, the use of the word
‘law’ in this connection would seem unwarranted.
3 The Field, September 28, 1907, p. 582.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 13
no way due to game, but has been caused by ‘ the opening up of
the country,’ the making of roads and the movement along them
of gangs of natives, and the ‘ passage of thousands of head of
cattle . . . from German East Africa to Southern Rhodesia.’
Mr. Harger stated that he had ‘ good reason to believe’ that the
‘future policy of the administrations of both North- Eastern and
North-Western Rhodesia ° is to destroy the game ‘ in view of for-
warding the cattle-raising industry,’ under the impression that
‘the destruction of game will cause the disappearance of the
tsetse.’ Mr. Harger’s letter elicited a response from Mr. Selous,
who remarked that the previous writer’s experience of tsetse-fly
in Northern Rhodesia appeared to be ‘ entirely opposed to the
well-known historical facts concerning these insects in the
countries to the south of the Zambesi.’ Mr. Selous, whose un-
rivalled knowledge of big game in the countries bordering on the
Limpopo, Z ambesi, and Chobe rivers no one will wish to “dispute,
is acquainted with ‘no single instance of tsetse-flies extending
their range along trade routes and waggon roads which inter sected
the well-defined areas where they were known to be present.’ On
the other hand, he stoutly maintains that the history of Africa
south of the Zambesi has proved beyond all possibility of question
that, in this part of the continent, at any rate, the existence of
Glossina morsitans is absolutely bound up with that of the buffalo ;
and that, once buffaloes have been exterminated in or driven from
any locality in which they and this species of tsetse formerly
abounded, the fly has not long survived them, and has become
absolutely extinct in the course of a few years. Mr. Selous’s ex-
perience has been that other species of game, even though they
continued to be abundant in the very places vacated by the
buffaloes, do not suffice for the physical needs of Glossina morsi-
fans, and he therefore recommends that, if an experiment of the
md suggested by Mr. Hastings be tried, it should be limited to
driving away Bubalus caffer. His conclusion is that ‘ To exter-
minate game of all kinds in a country in order to get rid of tsetse-
fly would not only be an abominable crime, but an absolutely un-
necessary one; but in any country to the south of the Zambesi and
north of the 28th parallel of south latitude where the elevation is
less than 3,000 ft. above sea-level, you cannot have buffaloes with-
out having tsetse-flies as well.’ !
The gauntlet thrown down by Mr. Selous was taken up by
Sir Alfred Sharpe,? whose experience has been entirely north of
the Zambesi. Sir Alfred stated that he was for a time content to
accept the view, ‘formerly very generally held,’ that fly was
“dependent on wild game for its existence ’; but that ‘ after some
years of very careful observation of tsetse and their habits
throughout the British Central Africa Protectorate, in parts of
1 The Field, October 5, 1907, p. 620, 2 Ibid. October 19, 1907. p. 707,
14 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
North-Eastern Rhodesia, and in German and Portuguese East
Africa,’ he has ‘ come to the conclusion that there is no evidence
worth serious consideration to show that tsetse depend upon or are
distributed by any description of wild game.’ As regards British
Central Africa, Sir Alfred Sharpe gave instances to prove that
facts in this country are not in accordance with Mr. Selous’s
theory that ‘ tsetse depend on buffalo for their existence, and that
if the buffalo are killed or dispersed fly will disappear.’ The most
important statement in this letter, however, is one to which all
those who are competent to express an opinion upon the subject
will give an unqualified assent. ‘ The conclusions I have arrived
at,’ wrote Sir Alfred, ‘ are that tsetse require a definite description
of country, and that they are never found outside the limits of the
sround which suits their wants—game or no game, buffalo or no
buffalo.’ Other lengthy letters from Mr. Selous and Sir Alfred
Sharpe subsequently appeared,’ but in the main the correspon-
dence resolved itself into a discussion upon the old theme of the
alleged dependence of the species of tsetse-fly known as Glossina
morsitans .upon the buffalo.
It is hoped that the foregoing résumé of the recent newspaper
campaign will enable those who may not have closely followed the
arguments to understand the present position of the tsetse and
big-game question. The vital points at issue will now be dealt
with in the light of the most recent knowledge on the subject.
Tur Foop or TSETSE-FLIES.
In a letter written in September 1901 by Mr. F. J. Jackson,
C.B. (now Commissioner of the East Africa Protectorate), to the
Marquess of Lansdowne (at that time His Majesty’s Principal
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs), the opinion was expressed
that ‘ the tsetse is, like the mosquito, only a blood-sucker by pre-
dilection.’ As was pointed out by the author some time ago in
another place, the meaning of this phrase would appear to be that,
in default of blood, which they prefer, tsetse-flies can continue to
subsist on the juices of plants.2. Mr. Jackson’s view now seems
to have been adopted by Sir Alfred Sharpe, who recently asserted
his belief that, although ‘ Tsetse . . . when it has the oppor-
tunity sucks the blood of all such animals as it can get at in tracts
of country in which it exists, . . . blood is an exceptional diet
(as in the case of the mosquito).’* For the sake of big game and
the peace of mind of all who have the welfare of the wild fauna of
Tropical Africa at heart, it is much to be wished that this pleasing
opinion as to the natural food of tsetse-flies could be substantiated.
It is, however, impossible, and indeed worse than useless, to
1 The Field, October 26, November 2 and 9, 1907.
2 Vide Austen, Monograph of the Tsetse-flies (1903), p. 297.
3 The Field, November 2, 1907, p. 793,
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 15
ignore facts, and it must be regretfully admitted that not a particle
of evidence exists to show that any species of the genus Glossina
can support itself upon diet of a vegetarian character. For my
own part, at any rate, after a fairly close study of the subject
during the past six years, | am convinced that no species of tsetse
can continue to exist without blood of some kind; but, as will
shortly be shown, it does not at all follow that the blood must
necessarily be mammalian. As regards the need for blood in some
form, however, abundant proof is to be found in the records of
recent experiments to test the capacity of tsetse-flies to transmit
the parasite of sleeping sickness. Thus Dr. J. L. Todd, writing
of captive specimens of Glossina palpalis in the Congo Free State,
used for experimental.purposes by the expedition of the Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine to the Congo, 1903-5, says: ‘ If they
were left without an opportunity to feed [on blood] for much more
than 24 hours they died very quickly, about 91 per cent. in
37 hours. Neither sex seemed particularly resistent.”? Again,
Dr. P. H. Ross, after experimenting in British Hast Africa with
other species of tsetse-flies (Glossina fusca, G. longipennis, and
G. pallidipes), which were fed on monkeys, states that ‘ It was
found that if the period of starvation were prolonged beyond four
days very few flies survived.’ ? In Uganda members of the Sleeping
Sickness Commission state with regard to Glossina palpalis that
they were ‘ never able to obtain any definite proof that it fed on
anything but blood.’ *
It is true that many species of Diptera (two-winged flies),
belonging to groups notorious for their blood-sucking propensities,
may exist in the adult state and even reproduce their kind without
tasting blood. Not to mention the mosquitoes, among which a
number of instances in support of this statement might be found,
illustrations are provided by the Tabanide (horse-flies, clegs,
serut-flies, &c.), two species of which, it may be remarked, have
recently been shown by the brothers Sergent to be capable of con-
veying a trypanosomiasis (Hl Debab), which decimates drome-
daries in Algeria. According to Hine,* the females of some
American Tabanide take other food than blood, and the author in
question expresses the belief that it would not be ‘ overstating the
facts to say that specimens of this sex may pass the period of
adult life without taking blood at all.’ Hine states that he has
often seen both sexes sipping dew from leaves, and has observed
a number of species of Chrysops and Tabanus, belonging to both
sexes, feeding on the honeydew produced by aphides. These state-
1 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. i. No. I. (February 1,
1907), p. 70.
2 «Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society,’
No. VIII. (February 1907), p. 81.
3 Minchin, Gray, and Tulloch, édid. p. 131.
4 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Papers, 1906, p. 25.
16 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
ments cannot, however, be regarded as in any way supporting the
idea that tsetse-flies could continue to exist if the supply of blood
in some form or other were absolutely cut off. Both mosquitoes
and horse-flies belong to families very much more primitive and
less specialised than the Muscide, of which the genus Glossina is
in many respects the most specialised representative. It is not un-
reasonable to regard the specialisation in this case as being ex-
hibited in the diet as well as in the bodily structure and remarkable
mode of reproduction, which makes it in the highest degree un-
likely that plant-juices can supply tsetse-flies with all that is
necessary for the support of themselves and their offspring.
Another indication of specialisation, which, however, the tsetse-
flies exhibit in common with other blood-sucking Muscide, is seen
in the fact that both sexes suck blood, whereas in the case of all
other phlebotomic Diptera, with the possible exception of Phlebo-
fomus and the still more specialised Hippoboscidee (forest-flies, &c.),
the habit is confined to the females.
Tur ALLEGED DEPENDENCE OF 'T'SETSE-FLIES UPON Bia GAME.
Having thus made candid admission of the fact that blood is
indispensable to tsetse-flies, we will now see to what extent recent
observations support the oft-repeated assertion or assumption that
the animals included in the comprehensive designation game are
necessarily the source of supply. Before entering upon this ques-
tion, however, it seems advisable to say a few words by way of
personal explanation. Prior to the year 1903, when the author’s
‘Monograph of the Tsetse-flies ’ was published, by far the greater
portion of the recorded observations upon the subject of the rela-
tions between tsetse and big game referred solely to Glossina
morsitans, and to Africa south of the Zambesi, where, as will be.
shown later in speaking of tsetse and buffaloes, conditions at the
time at which many of the observations were made were in some
respects of a special character. Having then little else to go upon
when writing of the habits of tsetse-flies in general, and being
perhaps unduly influenced by a suggestion made fifty years ago
by Livingstone,! I was led to make what has since proved to be a
far too sweeping generalisation as to the dependence of tsetse-flies
upon big game.” The statement in question is the more to be
regretted since it was naturally used by Mr. Hastings as an argu-
ment in support of his suggestion, referred to above, for the experi-
mental abolition of game within a selected fly district. But, just
as the discovery that the blood-parasites that produce malarial
fever in man are disseminated by the bites of certain mosquitoes
1 David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(London: John Murray, 1857), p. 83.
2 Vide Austen, Monograph of the Tsetse-flies (London: Printed by Order
of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1903), p, 12.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE A
has led to the concentration of an enormous amount of attention
upon a group of insects about whose habits and mode of life com-
paratively little was previously known, the demonstration that
the organism which is the cause of sleeping sickness is spread by a
particular species of tsetse-fly has resulted in the accumulation
within the last five years, by investigators in various parts of
Africa, of a number of fresh facts bearing upon the bionomics of
the genus Glossina. At the present time, therefore, we are able to
form a far truer conception of the relation between the various
species of tsetse and big game than was possible in 1903. Let us
take the most important species, Glossina palpalis, first. That
this tsetse-fly is dependent upon big game for its subsistence is dis-
proved by the experience of Professor Minchin and Messrs. Gray
and Tulloch, R.A.M.C.,! in Kimmi, a small uninhabited island of
the Sesse group, in Lake Victoria, Uganda. It is true that we are
told that the island is ‘a regular feeding ground for hippopo-
tami,’? but the ordinary game animals are entirely absent.
Crocodiles, however, are ‘ very numerous,’ and ‘ cormorants,
other diving birds, and weaver birds are very plentiful.’ ‘ The
whole island swarms with tsetse-fly (G. palpalis).’ This species
of tsetse is particularly closely associated with water, which is not
invariably the case with regard to certain others, such as Glossina
morsitans and G. fusca. As a rule G. palpalis is not met with
more than 50 to 100 yards from the water’s edge; according to
Dr. A. D. P. Hodges, in Unyoro and the portion of the Nile Valley
lying within the Uganda Protectorate, ‘ the outside limit may be
given as 300 yards.’ On Lake Victoria Messrs. Minchin, Gray,
and Tulloch state that the fly haunts the lake-shore in a remark-
able way, and that, since there is nothing in its breeding-habits to
account for this, the food-supply is the probable attraction. These
members of the Sleeping Sickness Commission write that the
“vast numbers of cormorants and other fish-eating birds ’ found
‘along the shores of the lake and on all the small islands might
furnish one constant and important source of food.’ In the
laboratory it was observed that the fly ‘ fed very rapidly on captive
1 ‘Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society,’
No. VIII. (February 1907), p. 128.
2 As to Glossina palpalis and hippopotami, a recent observation by Dr.
A. D. P. Hodges, Medical Officer, Uganda Protectorate, is of interest. Accord-
ing to Dr. Hodges, the Bachopi people (in Western Uganda, in the vicinity of
Fajao) ‘say that Glossina palpalis ‘‘follows the hippopotami,” but it was
found in many places where these animals seldom or never come, and was
absent from others where they abound’ (Zdid. p. 91).
8 Ibid. p. 90. Of course there are exceptions to this rule: Dr. J. L.
Todd, writing of G. palpalis in the Congo Free State, remarks that the fly
has extensive powers of flight, and is occasionally found as much as half a
mile from water. Nevertheless it appears to be ‘very local in its habits. As
has often been observed, not a single fly may be seen at 100 yards from a
river, although its banks swarm with them’ (Annals of Tropical Medicine and
Parasitology, vol. i, No. 1 (February 1, 1907), p. 63).
B
18 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
fowls, creeping under their wings to bite the poorly protected
parts of the skin.’ The writers in question further remark that: “ A
second possible source of food supply is furnished by the aquatic
animals of the lake shore, such as the hippopotamus, the otter, the
crocodile, and the python ’; and they state that they ‘ have definite
evidence that the fly feeds on the hippopotamus and on the croco-
dile.’ It was also found that ‘ flies in captivity sucked the blood
of lizards, chameleons, and snakes very freely.’? The statement
that the crocodile contributes to the support of Glossina palpalis
has within the last few months been confirmed by Professor Koch,
who, as the result of an eighteen months’ sojourn on another
desolate island in the Sesse group, is reported to have declared
that: ‘ The blood of crocodiles forms the chief nourishment of the
Glossina, which sucks the blood between the plates of the animal’s
hide.’2 Further evidence as to this indirect connection between
Crocodilus niloticus and sleeping sickness will doubtless be forth-
coming in Professor Koch’s detailed report on his recent investi-
gations, which has not yet been published. In the meantime
information has been received from a private source to the effect
that, while on Lake Victoria, the distinguished German investi-
gator examined the contents of the stomachs of large numbers of
wild-caught Glossina palpalis, with the result that he found that
in no less than 90 per cent. of the cases they consisted of crocodile
blood. It remains to be proved how far this finding holds good for
other parts of Africa in which the sleeping sickness tsetse-fly
occurs; but at least it may be said that there is nothing in the
present-day distribution of the crocodile to prevent it being
generally true, while owing to the specially close association of
Glossina palpalis with water and the well-known habit of croco-
diles of basking on land for hours at a time, these reptiles would
seem eminently adapted by nature to provide sustenance for the
fly.
Be this as it may, the result of all observations hitherto made
is to show that in other parts of Africa big game is no more charge-
able with being the chief support of Glossina palpalis than on the
shores of Lake Victoria and its islands. In 1903 it was discovered
by Mr. W. Y. Wyndham that this species of tsetse occurs all
round Lake Albert, in Uganda; yet, writing from Wadelai, on
November 2, 1903, to Dr. Nabarro at Entebbe, Mr. Wyndham
remarked: ‘ The fly cannot depend for its existence upon game,
as in most of the places in which I found it there was none or next
to none.’ Again, Dr. J. L. Todd, a member of the Expedition of
the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Congo, 1903-5,
writing of the results of nearly two years’ experience in the Congo
Free State, after observing that on one occasion at Lokandu, on
the Upper Congo, two or three Glossina palpalis followed two
* Minchin, Gray, and Tulloch, loc. cit. pp. 130, 131.
2 The Yimes, November 4, 1907,
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 19
tame antelopes, and that ‘in the Lower Congo the belief that
G. palpalis follows pigs is very common ’—makes the following
highly important statement (the italics are my own): * Apart from
these observations no information was gathered on the Congo to
support the idea that tsetse-flies are dependent on large gume. On
the contrary, many G. palpalis were seen in localities where there
was exceedingly little game of any sort.’ Dr. Todd remarks that
Glossina palpalis showed no preference for any particular kind of
blood, and that on one occasion specimens of the fly ‘ were per-
suaded to suck blood from a frog.’? In Sierra Leone I have found
this species of tsetse abundant in a place where there was certainly
no game of any kind, though there was a herd of cattle in the
immediate vicinity.
Examples to the same effect as regards other tsetse-flies might
easily be multiplied, but two or three instances must suffice. Mr.
A. H. Neumann, writing of the Athi River (British East Africa)
above its junction with the Tsavo, in May 1895, notes the remark-
able scarcity of game, ‘ even along the banks of the river,’ and
adds: ‘ Here are great stretches of uninhabited bush country with
a perennial river running through it, and hardly any animals,
though plenty of birds and of “‘ fly ’’ (tsetse).’* In 1903 Glossina
tachinoides (a species closely allied to G. palpalis, and common
on the Benue River in Northern Nigeria) was met with by Captain
R. Markham Carter, I.M.S., on the Tiban River, in the Aden
Hinterland.* Describing this interesting discovery in the
British Medical Journal of November 17, 1906, Captain Carter
said: ‘The Arabian Glossina tachinoides does not depend for its
existence on big game, for, excepting gazelle, nothing else
frequents the belts of bush which it haunts.’ We may conclude
this section of our subject with the recent testimony of a German
writer, Dr. L. Sander, with reference to Glossina morsitans,
G. pallidipes, and G. fusca in German East Africa. The author in
question states that, in all the districts between Tanga and Kilima
’Njaro investigated by him for the purpose of studying the sup-
posed connection between tsetse-flies and big game, everyone,
Europeans and natives alike, agreed in declaring that the game
had diminished in numbers to an extraordinary degree, but that
tsetse appeared each year in ever greater multitudes and in locali-
ties previously free from them.*®
1 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. i. No. 1 (February 1,
1907), p. 62.
2 Ibid. p. 70.
8 A. H. Neumann, Hlephant- Hunting in East Equatorial Africa (London :
Rowland Ward, Limited, 1898), pp. 141-142. The species of tsetse in this
case was in all probability Glossina pallidipes.
4 Since the south-west corner of Arabia is z00-geographically a part of
the Ethiopian Region, there is nothing remarkable in a tsetse-fly being found
there, although the genus Glossina was previously supposed to be confined
to the African continent and the islands in the Bight of Biafra.
5 L, Sander, Die Tsetsen (Leipzig, 1905), p. 46. B 2
90 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
Tur Supposep SPECIAL DEPENDENCE OF THE SPECIES OF TSETSE
KNowWN As Glossina morsitans UPON THE BUFFALO.
Prior to the year 1903, when it was discovered by members of
the Sleeping Sickness Commission in Uganda that the parasite
of the disease that they were investigating is disseminated by
Glossina palpalis, the best-known species of tsetse was Glossina
morsitans, the only member of its genus found in Southern Africa,
where it was formerly abundant in suitable localities between the
Zambesi and St. Lucia Lake. That this tsetse is closely associated
with or dependent upon the buffalo has been frequently asserted
and reasserted during the last forty years—that is, ever since the
statement was first definitely made by Chapman in 1868.’ It
would seem that this belief is due partly to the fact, which is
clearly established by Mr. Selous’s letters alluded to above, that
in Africa south of the Zambesi buffaloes and G. morsitans at one
time abounded in precisely the same spots, and partly to the old
native idea, adopted by many of the earlier big-game hunters, that
the fly breeds in buffalo dung. The true life-history of the tsetse-
flies, however, was elucidated in 1895 by Colonel David Bruce in
the course of his epoch-making researches into the cause of tsetse-
fly disease of domestic animals, and we now know that no species
of tsetse breeds in the droppings of the buffalo or of any other
animal.2 That the buffalo cannot be held to be specially re-
sponsible for the existence of tsetse in the Hast Africa Protectorate
was’ satisfactorily established in 1901 by a series of letters from
well-qualified observers forwarded to the Foreign Office, and
elicited by the assertion that to protect this animal would be equi-
valent to protecting tsetse as well.* For the buffalo in British
Central Africa a similar plea of ‘ Not guilty ’ was, as has already
been mentioned, successfully urged by Sir Alfred Sharpe in the
recent Field correspondence. In many parts of North-Western
1 James Chapman, Travels in the Interior of South Africa (Two vols.
London: Bell and Daldy; Edward Stanford. 1868). Vol. i. p. 177.
2 The female tsetse does not lay eggs, as do the majority of other flies,
but produces living maggots—a single maggot at each birth; this maggot is
retained within the body of its parent, and nourished by the secretion of
special glands, until it is full-grown; on being extruded it crawls away and
buries itself in the ground, where it at once turns into a chrysalis, from which
the perfect fly makes its appearance in due course. In 1906 Dr. A. G.
Bagshawe discovered the pup (chrysalides) of Glossina palpalis in loose
crumbling soil around the roots of bananas on the shore of Lake Albert
Edward (Nature, October 25, 1906, p. 636). Mr. R. L. Harger, in the course of
the letter referred to above, states that he has often watched tsetse
(G. morsitans) deposit ‘ eggs’ (i.e. maggots) in the damp earth thrown up by
the digging of a trench round his tent.
8 See Austen, Monograph of the Tsetse-flies, Chapter VII. Appendix C,
pp. 290-297. ‘Copies of Letters on the subject of the supposed connection
between the Tsetse and the Buffalo (Bubalus caffer, Sparrman): transmitted
by the Foreign Office to the British Museum (Natural History).’
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 21
as of North-Eastern Rhodesia Glossina morsitans is abundant at
the present time, and as regards conditions in the Kasempa Dis-
trict of the former territory, I have recently been favoured with
some important observations by Mr. EH. A. Copeman, District
Commissioner and Magistrate. ‘ It has frequently been observed,’
writes Mr. Copeman, ‘ that where ‘‘ fly ’’’ has been found to be
more than usually numerous, this by no means implies that game
will be numerous in the same locality, and vice versd. In the
south-west of the District and west of the Kabompo River, where
there are several herds of buffalo, no ‘‘ fly’’ was to be found,
whereas to the east of the river at the same latitude it is found over
a large area in the greater part of which there are no buffalo. It
has been proved that tsetse from time to time invade new areas
and also vacate old ones, but there is nothing to show that this
has been consequent on a similar movement on the part of the
game.
In the tsetse belts along the southern bank of the Zambesi and
Chobe Rivers, however, and further to the south, conditions are
different, or rather were so at the period of which Mr. Selous
writes. ‘ It took many years,’ we are told, ‘ before the tsetse had
completely died out, but to-day there are neither buffaloes nor
tsetse-flies in a part of the country where less than five-and-thirty
years ago both literally swarmed. If there is no connection
between the buffalo and the tsetse, why is it that, not in one
district alone, but everywhere in Africa south of the Zambesi, in
countries as far apart as Delagoa Bay and the district of the
Victoria Falls, as soon as buffaloes have been completely extir-
pated, tsetse-flies have at once diminished very rapidly in numbers,
and sooner or later have become completely extinct? ’+ Whether
Glossina morsitans is at the present time absolutely non-existent
in all of the places referred to by Mr. Selous could only be deter-
mined by means of a special investigation on the spot. It may,
however, be mentioned that while this paper was being written
the British Museum received from Major HE. J. Lugard, D.S.O.,
five specimens of the fly taken by him on the south bank of the
Chobe River, between a spot opposite Linyanti and the Sunta out-
let, in August 1899. Whether the insect was encountered in any
great force, or is still to be found in the same place, I am unable
to state; but the locality and date of Major Lugard’s specimens at
any rate prove that on the Chobe River, where in the early
‘seventies of last century buffaloes existed ‘in prodigous numbers
. all the year round,’ the fly had not become ‘ completely
extinct ’ so soon after the disappearance of the animals as Mr.
Selous believes. Possibly, however, this is an exceptional case,
and in any event the general truth of statements backed by the
weight of Mr. Selous’s unimpeachable authority must be admitted.
1 F.C. Selous, the Field, November 9, 1907, p. 835.
629 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
We have now to see whether Mr. Selous’s very natural question
admits of a satisfactory reply. In the opinion of the present writer
it would seem that the solution of the conundrum is not far to seek.
Mr. Selous himself admits that when he first made their acquaint-
ance, some five-and-thirty years ago, buffaloes far outnumbered
all other game in the places of which he writes. The excessive
abundance of these slow-moving, water-loving animals, which
passed most of their time in precisely the spots that were other-
wise adapted to the physical needs of the tsetse, provided so ample
a food-supply as to lead to the development of the enormous
numbers of the fly testified to by Mr. Selous. It is reasonable to
suppose that, prior to the acquisition of firearms by the natives in
the closing decades of last century, conditions as regards the big
game in the countries between the Zambesi and the Limpopo had
undergone little change since the buffalo first made its appearance
in South Africa. Having, therefore, for countless ages been
supported by buffalo blood, the South African hosts of Glossina
morsitans could not readily adapt themselves to that of other
animals, and so dwindled in numbers or died out when the
buffaloes themselves disappeared. After all, now that the rinder-
pest and the advance of civilisation have completed the work of
destruction commenced by the natives’ guns, the question is
chiefly one of historic interest, since there is no reason to imagine
that the retention of all the game reserves in Africa will ever lead
to the increase of the buffalo to anything approaching its former
numbers.
No EVIDENCE AT PRESENT THAT ANY SPECIES OF TSETSE OTHER
THAN Glossina palpalis CAN CONVEY THE PARASITE OF SLEEP-
ING SICKNESS.
The possible danger of allowing natives with the parasite of
sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense) in their blood to enter
any district at present free from the disease but infested by any
species of tsetse-fly, even though Glossina palpalis itself be absent,
has been repeatedly urged by the present writer. As an illustra-
tion it may be mentioned that the authorities of North-Eastern
Rhodesia, where, as has already been stated, Glossina morsitans
is abundant, have recently become seriously alarmed lest the terri-
tories under their control should be invaded by the malady. Glos-
sina morsitans is also widely distributed in North-Western
Rhodesia, while just beyond the border, in the Katanga District of
the Congo Free State, sleeping sickness is known to be endemic.
Here, then, if Glossina morsitans be capable of conveying the
disease, there is a ‘ port of entry ’ ready to hand. It is, therefore,
from the point of view of the present paper, not without import-
ance to state that as yet there is no evidence to show that any
species of tsetse other than Glossina palpalis can act as a carrier.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 23
A friend of the writer has lately been informed by Professor Koch
that he believes Glossina palpalis to be the only transmitter. As
one of the arguments in support of this view the Professor made
the following statements. In the portion of German East Africa
on the western shore of Lake Victoria, and to the south of
Uganda, Glossina morsitans is abundant, but there are no G. pal-
palis. In spite of the fact that natives from the infected areas
further to the north have been coming into this district for some
years past, the disease has never spread, as it might be expected
to have done were it transmissible by Glossina morsitans. It is
devoutly to be hoped that Professor Koch’s belief will prove well
founded. In the meantime, however, the question cannot be re-
garded as settled, and it is much to be wished that the Govern-
ments of the various Colonies and Protectorates concerned will,
without delay, make the necessary arrangements for deciding this
all-important matter once for all, by means of an exhaustive series
of properly controlled experiments.
Tue ROLE oF Glossina palpalis in CONNECTION WITH SLEEPING
SICKNESS.
Lest it should be imagined by the lay reader anxious for the
preservation of the wild fauna of Africa that everything in con-
nection with the part played by Glossina palpalis in the trans-
mission of sleeping sickness is now understood, it is perhaps as
well to explain that at the present time this is far from being the
case. Although this tsetse-fly is as yet the only living agent that
has been proved by experiment to convey the parasite that is the
cause of the disease, and although (as has been shown by the
members of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal
Society, in Uganda, and by those of the expedition of the Liver-
pool School of Tropical Medicine to the Congo, 1903-5, in the
Congo Free State) the occurrence of sleeping sickness and G. pal-
palis correspond in such a way that the disease is never found
epidemic or endemic in any locality in which this species of tsetse
is not present, in reading accounts of transmission experiments it
is impossible not to be struck with the fact that very large numbers
of flies are usually requisite in order to produce a successful result.
Thus it has recently been stated by the late Dr. J. E. Dutton and
by Drs. J. L. Todd and J. W. B. Hannington, of the Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine, that: ‘ The experiments of all ob-
servers show that it is frequently necessary to feed hundreds,
almost thousands, of flies on a susceptible animal before it becomes
infected.’ The result of all experiments hitherto performed tends
to the conclusion that Glossina palpalis is a mechanical carrier of
1 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. i. No. 2 (June 15,
1907), p. 212.
24 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
sleeping sickness ; that is to say that if, after feeding upon a man
whose blood contains the parasites, the fly, after an interval of
some 48 hours or less, bites a healthy individual, some of the
parasites previously taken up by the insect may escape from its
proboscis in an unchanged condition and so convey the disease.
In view of the ‘ rapid spread of sleeping sickness of recent years,’
and the fact that ‘ large percentages of populations, whose voca-
tion does not keep them constantly on the water, . . . become
infected . . . in places where tsetse-flies are far from plentiful,’
the Liverpool writers consider that: ‘ It seems certain that such a
mechanical transmission cannot be the only way in which Try-
panosoma gambiense is transmitted from man to man.’ The
conclusion arrived at by the authors in question is ‘ either that
something is wrong in the way in which Glossina palpalis has been
used in these experiments, or that /'rypanosoma gambiense can
be conveyed by some other means than by it.’ The parasite of
sleeping sickness has not yet been found to undergo any develop-
mental cycle in G. palpalis analogous to the reproduction of
malaria parasites in the bodies of certain mosquitoes. On this
account it has recently been suggested by Professor Minchin that
it may after all not be necessary for an infected tsetse-fly actually
to bite a man or domestic animal in order to convey one or other
form of trypanosome infection; but that the parasites in the fly’s
intestine may, after undergoing developmental changes which are
at present undiscovered, pass out with the insect’s dejections, and
so contaminate the food or drink of a subsequent vertebrate host.?
In India and other parts of the East, as also in Mauritius, horses,
cattle, and other animals suffer from surra, which is caused by a
parasite closely akin to those that produce tsetse-fly disease of
animals, or nagana, and sleeping sickness. The flies that have
been found to disseminate this malady in the Philippine Islands
and Mauritius belong to the genus Stomoxys, which is nearly
allied to Glossina. In the former locality, however, it was shown
experimentally, some four years ago, that sore-mouthed horses are
liable to contract the disease when fed on fodder contaminated
with surra blood and discharges from infected animals.*
CoNCLUDING REMARKS.
It is well known to all who have had practical experience of
Glossina palpalis that, in many localities, human blood forms no
inconsiderable part of the diet of this species of tsetse. For the
* Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. i. No. 2 (June 15,
1907), p. 213.
* KE. A. Minchin, ‘ Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the
Royal Society,’ No. VIII., February 1907, pp. 141-142.
* See W. E. Musgrave, ‘Preliminary Report on Trypanosomiasis
(Surra) in Horses in the Philippine Islands’ (Boston Medical and Surgical
Journal, June 25, 1903).
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 25
purpose of the present paper, however, it is unnecessary to do
more than place this important fact on record, since it is hoped
that what has been stated in the foregoing pages will suffice to
prove that, even though an edict were to go forth to-morrow
for the destruction of every buffalo, antelope, and zebra in
Africa between Cape Verde and St. Lucia Lake, there are no
reasonable grounds for supposing that tsetse-flies would cease
to exist. In matters of sanitation, as in other affairs, partial
measures are notoriously ineffective, and those who are clamour-
ing for the abolition of big game and game reserves, on the plea
that by their retention we are retaining tsetse-flies and the con-
tingent perils, will find their proposals, even if adopted, of little
avail, unless in their proscription they can contrive to include the
birds, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and practically every form of
vertebrate life.
96 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
THE PRESERVATION OF BIG GAME.
By Sir Henry Sreton-Karr, C.M.G.
It will doubtless be a satisfaction to the members of the
Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire
and other lovers of wild natural life if the Blue-book recently issued
on this subject succeeds in attracting some public attention. We
of the Society attach material, as well as sentimental, importance
to the reasonable protection and preservation of the wild fauna—
particularly the larger big game—in all British possessions. They
not only add to the interest and attraction of our outlying portions of
the Empire for sportsmen, naturalists, and travellers, but they also
contribute to the material wealth and revenue thereof. The fauna
of East Africa, for example, are an asset of large pecuniary value.
The direct revenue derived from licences, &c., in British East
Africa alone now amounts to between £8,000 and £10,000 a year,
while the indirect annual revenue from the visits of sportsmen to
that British possession has been estimated at over £20,000. These
are figures—particularly in a young and sparsely populated portion
of the Empire—that are not to be despised. Other examples of
the kind could be given did space permit.
Those who are specially interested, from knowledge and ex-
perience, in this question have been called ‘ penitent biitchers.’
We are—shall I say wrongly and ignorantly ?—thought to be men
who, having in earlier days taken their fill of big-game slaughter
and the delights of the chase in wild, outlying parts of the earth,
now, being smitten with remorse, and having reached a less
strenuous term of life, think to condone our earlier bloodthirsti-
ness by advocating the preservation of what we formerly chased
and killed. As a matter of fact, nothing can be more misleading
as to our real feelings and intentions, no greater perversion of the
real truth can be presented than such a statement. Your true
sportsman is always a real lover of nature. He kills, it is true,
but only in sweet reasonableness and moderation, for food if
necessary, but mainly for trophies. Wholesale and unnecessary
slaughter is abhorrent to him; and he always has an eye to the
preservation of the stock, and so leaves severely alone all immature,
and particularly all female of-their-kind-producing wild animals,
except, of course, of the carnivora. I am confident that British
sportsmen, as a class, have done nothing in any wild country to
reduce or wipe out any kind of wild big game. Their so-called
depredations—and the term is a misnomer—have been more than
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 27
compensated for by the natural reproduction and increase of the
wild game.
Possibly all this is freely admitted by those who have thought
on the matter at all. But it is as well to clear the ground and to
know who are the real sinners, before touching on possible
remedies. In case the term ‘ British sportsmen’ should be too
wide, I hasten to state two possible exceptions. Amateur ivory-
hunters and certain sportsmen-naturalists in search of specimens
are not altogether—in every case—clear of guilt. The former
have, in some instances, been tempted to kill more than a fair
proportion of elephants in Central Africa for the value of the ivory ;
and in reference to sportsmen-naturalists I have in my mind the
recorded slaughter of the author of ‘ With Flashlight and Rifle,’
who, in the desire for zoological specimens, committed greater
depredations on African big game than the reasonable humane
sportsman can approve of. But the hero in this case was not, as
a matter of fact, British. The real depredators, however, in all
wild countries have been natives and settlers. It is a curious
fact that the men who, one would think, are, or should be,
mainly interested in game preservation, the men who are in-
digenous to a country or have gone there to settle, and to whom
the maintenance of its natural wealth of wild animal life for sport,
for food, for revenue and gain is all-important—these are the
very men who have invariably been most apt to diminish or
destroy it. I have almost laboured to try and make this point
clear, so that we may advocate remedies on right lines. A correct
diagnosis of the disease precedes its cure.
I have known Western America for the past thirty years.
First, in the days when big game of all kinds were plentiful, when
no measures for their protection were even thought of, and when
everyone killed according to his own sweet will. Then, again, I
have known it since the buffalo have been wiped out, and since
antelope, deer, and wapiti have been either exterminated in large
stretches of country or driven therefrom into the wildest and
most inaccessible portions of the Rockies. Protective legislation
there is now in plenty in the Western States; but it came too late
for the buffalo, and hardly in time—let us say only just in time—
for the deer and the wapiti. The men who wiped out the buffalo
and killed deer, antelope, and wapiti in thousands were partly the
native Red Indians when they obtained cheap rifles, but mainly
the white settlers, and, above all, the professional white hide-
hunters. It is difficult to blame the men themselves, for some
made a living out of it. But it is permissible to wonder at the
shortsightedness of the State authorities and of the United States
Government, who permitted the slaughter to go so far.
The moral for us of the Empire is plain. Where opportunity
presents itself, we who know something of what may be going on
in outlying regions wish to lose no chance of advocating, in season
98 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
and out of season, and at the risk of becoming nuisances, all
reasonable and effective game preservation, and on right lines.
And we maintain that this can best be done by Imperial Govern-
ment action in the case of Crown Colonies and Protectorates ; by
a healthy and active public opinion working through Colonial
Governments in the case of self-governing Colonies. And it may
as well be understood here that effective preservation means more
expenditure of money. Space will only permit me now to add that
the pressing field for remedial action is, at present, in Africa. Much
has been done there already, partly as a result of the International
Conference of 1900, partly in consequence of the growth of a
healthy public opinion on the subject in British Africa itself, and
_ partly, I am glad to think, as a result of the action of the Society
already referred to. The further general recommendations of this
Society are before the Colonial Office, and are set out in a memo-
randum lately submitted to Lord Elgin.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 29
GAME AND GAME RESERVES IN THE TRANSVAAL.
By Sir AtFRED E. Pease, Bart.
Major J. S. Hamilton, the Game Warden of the Transvaal
Sabi Game Reserve, contributed in Vol. II. of this Journal a very
full and most interesting account of the present condition and
prospects of the wild fauna within the Government Reserve. Since
Major Hamilton wrote his article further evidence is forthcoming
of the success that has attended his efforts. If the prcsent policy
could be guaranteed permanency, it is certain that this Reserve
would be the means of not only increasing the head of game
throughout the Eastern Transvaal, but of restoring the eland, the
giraffe, and the elephant. When I left the Transvaal last year
(1905) there were no eland left within the Reserve, and probably
none outside in the Transvaal. Some five or seven giraffes still
lived in the Reserve, and one small herd of elephants had entered
it from Portuguese territory.
The question of the immediate future is what will be the atti-
tude of the new responsible Government towards the Reserve,
and it is important to secure a healthy public opinion on the sub-
ject of the preservation of the fauna of the Colony.
The present boundaries and condition of this Game Reserve
would be difficult to maintain under any Government, owing to
the number of highly mineralised farms owned by private indi-
viduals and companies within its borders, to the existence of mineral
resources on farms and lands belonging to the Crown, and to
the prospect of a railway being completed through a portion of
the Reserve. The position may become more precarious when a
representative Government is in control. I believe, however, that
a great deal may be done to secure the results of the efforts of
the past three years, even if a large area of the existing Reserve
has ultimately to be abandoned. This paper is therefore supple-
mentary to Major Hamilton’s, and is written with a view of point-
ing out what is the general position immediately outside the
Reserve on the eve of a new form of Government, and to press
the necessity of an endeavour being made to educate public opinion
and enlist its protection for all species of wild animal life which
are harmless to the public interest.
Those who honestly fear the risk of increasing pests such as
the tsetse-fly, and those who, out of simple cussedness, oppose
restrictions on the slaughter of wild animals, are the people who
are likely to be the most difficult to deal with,
30 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
It is a fact that in the Barberton district outside the Reserve
the tsetse-fly has disappeared with the extermination of the
buffalo, but it is by no means certain that it has gone because of
their practical extinction; for there are still buffalo in the Reserve
and no tsetse. There are plenty of zebra and other big game
within and without the Reserve and no tsetse. My own idea is
that the kind of forest country has quite as much to do with tsetse
as the presence of buffalo, and that tsetse come and go in such
places as present conditions more or less favourable to their pro-
pagation. If it is found that tsetse reappear in the Reserve with
the increase of buffalo, the latter must be sacrificed; but I believe
it may prove that buffalo can exist there without bringing tsetse.
A great deal has been done outside the Reserve in three years
to save species of antelope from extinction and to increase largely
the stock of others (such as roan, kudu, waterbuck, &c.), which
was getting terribly low. The Game Preservation Ordinance has
done great good and been well supported by the public, though
subjected to a large amount of criticism, but on the whole sensible
criticism. No doubt improvements can be made in the law which,
while not impairing its objects, would secure even a larger amount
of approval. The law requires adjusting to the needs of each par-
ticular district. Some species of antelope are very numerous in
one district, or on some farms, and are extinct, or on the verge of
extinction, in others. In the Barberton district you may have (or
more correctly there are) large farms or estates on which a fine
head, say, of reedbuck, or rooi rhebok, had been for years carefully
maintained ; and because the species was exterminated, or nearly so,
on all surrounding lands, the proprietor is prevented by the Ordi-
nance from enjoying any of the results of his care and trouble.
Now each district (generally the magisterial) has its own branch
of the Transvaal Game Protection Society, and each district
appoints its own committee to watch its interests, and sends dele-
gates to the Central Council. The constitution is perfectly demo-
cratic, and through this machinery the general and local needs are
brought before the notice of the Government and the final recom-
mendations made by the Society regarded as authoritative. Thus
the Lieutenant-Governor or Colonial Secretary under the powers
vested in these officials under the Ordinance can prohibit, restrict,
or permit the killing of particular species. Ultimately the sur-
vival or extinction of the more interesting and rarer fauna will
depend on the public voice. During the two years I acted as
Resident Magistrate in the Barberton district (over 5,000 square
miles in extent) we preserved most strictly all the rarer animals,
and I think the following notes give a pretty accurate account of
how things stood in April 1905 outside the Reserve :?
1] have placed * against those entirely protected. and ¢ against those
temporarily protected for a term of years or by withholding from season to
season the issue of licences,
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 31
Lion (Felis leo).—A few of these were reported from time to
time. Seven were seen and one killed near Mallelane in 1904,
several near Hector Spruit, and three seen near Mananga in April
1905. There were a few in the Lebombo bush and Lomati flats,
but not seen by white men to my knowledge. |
Leoparp (Felis pardus).—Fairly common throughout the dis-
trict, but seldom seen.
CurEeTaH (Cynaelurus jubatus).—The hunting leopard is occa-
sionally seen. I knew of a pair near Louw’s Creek in 1904.
Tus Aarp Wo tF (Proteles cristatus).—Not common, but occa-
sionally seen even in the Kaap Valley.
Tor Spotrep Hymna (Hyena crocuta).—A few in certain
localities bordering on the Reserve, in the wilder mountains, and
in the Lomati Flats. Traps and poison are gradually exterminating
all carnivora.
THE BLACK-BACKED JACKAL (Canis mesomelas) is becoming
rarer every year. I never saw one during two years’ residence.
THe Huntina Wiup-poae (Lycaon pictus).—Frequently re-
ported; hunts in packs in and out of the Reserve, and travels
quickly over great stretches of country.
Otter (Lutra capensis).—Fairly common. Probably more
numerous than generally suspected.
Buvuz WILDEBEESTE (Connochetes taurinus).—Some nice
herds of these still exist in the Lomati Flats, and there are a few
near Hector Spruit.
+Buack WILDEBEESTE (Connochetes gnu).—The last of these
were seen at Louw’s Creek in 1885.
THE Buve Durer (Cephalophus monticola).—Ubiquitous and
very numerous.
THE Rep DurKer (Cephalophus natalensis) is very common in
the district ; haunts bracken and bramble thickets and low bush in
the mountain kloofs.
KLIPSPRINGER (Oreotragus saltator).—Common on most
mountain ranges.
tOripr (Ourebia scoparia).—Becoming very scarce. I only
knew of a few small herds in 1905—one lot of eight on Inyoko,
one of eight in the Kaap Valley, and a few more near Kaapshe
Hoop.
STENBOK (Raphicerus campestris).—Very common throughout
the bush veld.
GrysBoxk (Raphicerus melanotis).—Two seen on the Lebombo
Range in 1904; very scarce.
WatTERBUCK (Cobus ellipsiprimnus).—Fairly common in suit-
able localities. Some near the lower reaches of the Kaap River
and along the Komati and Lomati Rivers.
Reepsuck (Cerricapra arundinum).—Common in certain
localities, scarce in the Kaap Valley, numerous in the south-east.
Root Ruesox (Cerricapra fulvorufula)—Common on moun-
32 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
tain-sides in most of the ranges. Numerous in the Kaap Valley
hills, on the Lebombo, and in the wilder borderlands of Swaziland.
VaaL Ruesok (Pelea Capreolus).—Common on the high moun-
tains between Steynsdorp and Barberton. A few can be seen at
times close to Barberton. They are numerous in the mountains
towards Carolina.
Impata (Aephyceros melampus).—A nice herd near Louw’s
Creek; more between Malelane and Hector Spruit, and numerous
on the Lomati Flats.
*Roan ANTELOPE (Hippotragus equinus).—A few on the Lomati
Flats. I have seen their tracks and droppings on the Lebombo
Hills.
*SaBLE ANTELOPE (Hippotragus niger).—None in 1905 south
of the Crocodile River.
Bususuck (Tragelaphus scriptus).—Very numerous through-
out the district. Nearly every big kloof holds them.
*Kupu (Strepsiceros capensis).—A nice stock in one or two
limited areas. I was told by a man (who knows most about them
within forty miles of Barberton) that he estimated there were at
least ninety within twenty-five miles of Barberton. I have seen
numerous tracks of them near the Three Sisters.
*RLAND.—Extinct in the district. The last were killed during
the war.
*BurraLo (Bos caffer).—Practically extinct outside the Re-
serve. It is rumoured that there are a few in the low mountain-
bush between Malelane and Jeppe’s Concession. This is possible,
but not probable.
*GIRAFFE (Giraffa capensis).—Extinct outside the Reserve.
*Hippoporamus (H. amphibius).—Scarce, but more numerous
in the Komati River than stated by Major Hamilton. I have seen
in 1904 thirteen heads out of the water in one pool in the Komati
River, and photographed eleven, and saw them this year, but never
so many as thirteen at a time.
Busu Pia (Potamocherus cheropotamus).—Common in cer-
tain localities; in thickly wooded kloofs and valleys.
Wart Hoa (Phacocherus ethiopicus).—Common in the bush
veld.
*ZEBRA (Hquus burchellt).—Fairly numerous on the Lomati
Flats (south-east end); a small band near Louw’s Creek.
*RuINocEROS (Rhinoceros bicornis).—Extinct outside the
Reserve. The last killed near Barberton was killed near the Three
Sisters in 1894.
*RLEPHANT (Hlephas africanus).—Extinct outside the Reserve
for many years past.
The above, I think, includes all the larger antelopes that have
been indigenous within the memory of the present generation in the
Barberton district.
It may be as well to warn readers of this journal who are not
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 33
familiar with the names given in South Africa to certain animals,
that among the extraordinary misnomers are the following: A
leopard is called a tiger; a hyena is called a wolf; a giraffe is called
a camel or cameel; a zebra is called a quagga; a hippopotamus is
called a sea-cow ; a cheetah is called a leopard.
The following are some of the extinct or extremely rare sur-
vivors of species south of the Zambesi, as far as I can learn, or
confined to comparatively restricted areas not mentioned in the
foregoing notes :—
Rep HarreseestE (Bubalis caama).—Very rare in the Orange
Colony and Transvaal; extinct in Cape Colony; a few in Natal;
fairly plentiful in parts of South-West Africa.
Bontesox (Damaliscus pygargus).—Only exists on two farms
in the Strand Veld (vide Sclater’s ‘ Fauna of South Africa ’).
Sessapy (Damaliscus lunatus).—A few in the North-Kastern
Transvaal.
Buaauwsoxk (Hippotragus leucopheus).—Quite extinct for a
hundred years.
Inyata (T'ragelaphus angasi).—Common in Swaziland and
low bush countries of the East Coast.
Mountain ZEpra (Hquus zebra).—Still found in very reduced
numbers in parts of Cape Colony.
Quaaaa (Hquus quagga).—Quite extinct since 1878.
WuitE Ruinoceros (Rhinoceros simus).—Extinct except in
the Zulu Reserve. Some thirteen survived there in 1904.
Buack Rurnoceros (Rhinoceros bicornis).—Extinct in Cape
Colony since about 1858 ; in the Orange Colony since about 1842.
Only a few survive in Zululand, and perhaps one or two in the
Transvaal.
I should like to take this opportunity of placing before others
who may be able to throw some light on the matter a statement
that has several times been made to me in the Barberton District
of the existence of two very distinct varieties of the rooi rhebok.
One gentleman of my acquaintance, Mr. Chas. Currie, A.R.M.,
who is a keen observer and a sportsman of great experience, is
absolutely positive of this being a fact. There is (1) the Ingzala,
the common rooi rhebok, which is found in sugar-bush and moun-
tain-bush; (2) the Inhlang, which is only found on bare, stony,
and rocky hills where there is very thin bush or even none. The
latter is distinctly lighter in colour, bigger and heavier in the body,
and carries a smaller head. I do not know if I have spelt the
native names right; possibly they should be written N’xala and
N’hlang.
I might add that the Barberton district is extremely rich in
small mammals, such as the cats, mongooses, zorillas, lemurs,
rats, mice, bats, &c., as well as ant-bears, pangolins, porcupines,
&c. The former have never been properly collected or scientifically
studied, and I believe a naturalist would find it a rich field for
Cc
34 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
research. Birds have been collected, but as the district presents
every variety of altitude and climate, high, low, and middle veld,
bush veld, forest, mountains bare and wooded, and heavily timbered
kloofs, and is traversed by several large rivers, I doubt if any really
representative collection has been made. I doubt if a better field
for the ornithologist can be found in the Transvaal. I had hoped
to study the ornithology of my district, but had neither time nor
opportunity to do so during my two years of residence, but saw
enough to convince me that a year’s observation and attention to
the birds would yield a great deal of new information, and probably
not a few new species and varieties. I shall be happy to give any
information in my power to assist any naturalist who has any idea
of going there, and could give the names of residents who would be
likely to supply useful information.
As a practical suggestion, may I remark that I believe no small
good might be done by the circulation of our journal among the
branches of the Transvaal Game Protection Society, the resident
magistrates, the editors of local newspapers, and the members of
the new Legislature ?
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 30
NOTES ON GAME IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA.
By VAL GIELGUD.
The rapid occupation and settlement of Southern Rhodesia,
which comprise all the territories of the British South Africa
Company south of the Zambesi River, gives a most useful example
of the evolution of a civilised State from a condition of primeval
barbarism. A most useful example, because the changes brought
about in this country during the last seventeen years are almost
without parallel, for not only has the country been conquered and
annexed, but also actually inhabited by white settlers.
These settlers are scattered throughout the length and breadth
of the country, engaged in mining, trading, and farming, while
in various localities large towns have sprung into existence.
From the very commencement of the occupation, and for
nearly the whole period of these seventeen years, it has been my lot
to be in a position to observe the effect of this civilisation upon the
wild game of the country.
At the time of the occupation of Mashonaland (1890) the game
in South Rhodesia was not so numerous as in North-West
Rhodesia or the Portuguese East African possessions.
This was probably due to the fact that the Matabele were in
possession of a large number of guns and rifles, a considerable
percentage of which were breech-loaders, and also that the Dutch
and English had for a long time been in the habit of undertaking
yearly hunting expeditions in this country. Game was, however,
fairly plentiful, and very good sport could always be obtained if
one knew the country.
Late in the year 1895, or early in 1896, the disease known as
rinderpest crossed the Zambesi River, and attacked both the wild
game and the cattle of the country.
This disease on its way to the South was, I believe, responsible
for the death of 75 per cent. of the game in Matabeleland.
The North of Matabeleland, where the game was most
plentiful, is in parts very waterless, and its concentration at the
drinking places was, I think, probably responsible for the great
havoc wrought by this disease. It has appeared to me that in
districts or countries where water is plentiful, the damage done
by rinderpest was not so great as in the more waterless localities.
Since this epidemic of rinderpest the game has, in my opinion,
steadily increased, and is each year increasing more rapidly in
ratio to the greater number of game now present in the country.
In fact, the point IT wish to press is that disease, and not the
c 2
36 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
contact of a civilising agent, was the cause of the tremendous
diminution of the game of South Rhodesia, and that the disease
having now died out, or become enzoic, the game is increasing,
even under conditions which are generally recognised as detri-
mental to the preservation of big game.
The fact that game had become so scarce after the rinderpest
was the means of preserving it automatically.
Hunting parties were disappointed, Southern Rhodesia became
unfashionable as a hunting ground; it was not worth anyone's
while to hunt there.
Also the rapid extension of railways and the decrease in the
number of transport riders, caused not only by the building of
railways, but also by the death of the transport oxen by rinder-
pest, were factors in favour of the wild game in their struggle for
existence.
Then there was the prospector, who wandered through the
wild places of the land and yearly shot large quantities of game
as food for himself and his boys. As the years went on he too
disappeared, and his prospecting camps were replaced by per-
manently established mines.
Lastly, the effective disarmament of the entire native popula-
tion was perhaps the greatest aid towards the preservation of the
remnant of wild game.
The result of these conditions was that the game left the
vicinity of the mines, the railways, and the waggon roads, where
they were liable to constant disturbance, and took up their habita-
tion in remote localities, where they were not followed (for, indeed,
there were no longer any hunters), and where their presence was
scarcely suspected, except perhaps by a few native commissioners
or others in whose districts such havens were located, and whose
business caused them to travel through such unfrequented country.
Sportsmen who visit the country, and who are disappointed in
their sport, are often responsible for the reports that game in such
a country or of such and such a species is in danger of extinction.
The commonest reasons for such failure to obtain good sport
are that the information at their command is faulty or that the
time at their disposal is too limited.
Such men, often men of position living in the mid-stream of
life, are more apt to make their views public, and more likely to
be listened to than are obscure officials, hidden away in native
districts in far-off lands, passing their life in its back-waters.
One is sometimes inclined to believe that the extinction of
game and the decrease in the number of good shooting grounds are
two phases of this question which are liable to confusion.
NATIVES.
With regard to the natives, the preservation of big game in
Southern Rhodesia is greatly simplified by the fact that they are
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE ab
completely disarmed and that their special right to kill game is in
no wise recognised.
None of the native tribes in Southern Rhodesia are, or even
were, in any way dependent on the game of the country for a
living, and the larger and ever-increasing demand for native labour
in South Africa gives them every opportunity to earn money to
purchase whatever they may be in need of.
The Amasvina, a section of the Makalanga nation, who inhabit
Mashonaland, still continue, by means of driving game into their
nets, to kill a considerable quantity of small buck, but, as this pro-
cedure is unlawful, and the administration of the country becomes
yearly more effective, this manner of hunting will gradually be
put a stop to.
TSETSE-FLY.
To my mind, the condition in Africa which threatens to become
the greatest danger to the effective preservation of big game is the
spread of the tsetse-fly (Glossina morsitans).
With the panic of the rinderpest, the fly for some years became
almost extinct in Southern Rhodesia, but now seems to be rapidly
increasing.
It appears to be returning to all its old haunts.
I am certainly of opinion, after years of residence in the fly
area, that it is not possible to assign fixed limits to fly areas, and
that fly (Glossina morsitans) does certainly not only confine itself
to hot moist river valleys.
I have repeatedly found fly in very great numbers at an eleva-
tion of over 4,000 feet, on the highest ground in the locality; in
fact, on the summit of the Iwide, which separates two streams,
the ground where the game stands during the day.
I have known fly to shift from one locality to another, dis-
appear and reappear, following, I have always imagined, the
migration of the game.
In such newly settled countries as Rhodesia public opinion is
violent, loud spoken, and cannot be disregarded, and such opinion
is undoubtedly adverse to the preservation of game in fly areas,
arguing that the protection of the game is tantamount to the pre-
servation of the tsetse-fly.
I see that doubt has been thrown on this presumption, but
public opinion is hard to convince, and that such a sequence is
not the case will have to be very clearly proved before it will be
accepted by the settlers.
Added to the distrust produced by the known attributes of the
fly (Glossina morsitans) is the added terror that it may possibly
carry the germ of the dreaded sleeping sickness.
Of course public opinion is ignorant; it is ill-informed and
does not distinguish between species of fly, but the lay mind is
38 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
slow to grasp niceties, and the line generally adopted by those who
have much at stake is that it is better to take no risks.
As I have perhaps made clear, it is my opinion that the wild
fauna in Southern Rhodesia is at the present moment in no danger
of extinction; but I am also convinced that reserves are necessary
if it is to be permanently preserved.
The game laws of the country are on the whole excellent,
although the usual difficulties arise with regard to enforcing them
in out-of-the-way places.
The amendments which I would suggest would be that the sale
of all game meat be prohibited, that an export duty be placed on
horns and hides, and a licence required for their sale within the
country, and that a difference be made between the price of licences
issued to sportsmen and to inhabitants of the country, in favour of
the latter class.
As regards reserves, a reserve has recently been proclaimed in
the North of the Lomagondi district, the Northern border of which
is the Zambesi. This reserve, which is in a very out-of-the-way
place, is admirably suited for the preservation of elephant. black
rhino, waterbuck, Burchell’s zebra, bushbuck, pala buffalo, both
species of pig, and even kudu, and all kinds of buck which find
their home in low veldt and thick bush.
It is not suited, however, as a home for sable and roan antelope,
giraffe, gemsbok, or reedbuck, nor is it very suitable for eland.
At present no suitable reserve exists for the preservation of
these last-named species.
In conclusion, I should like to mention an existing condition
which appears to me to be an anomaly.
The Zambesi River is the boundary between North-West and
Southern Rhodesia.
In Southern Rhodesia hippo are royal game, and are strictly
preserved ; in North-West Rhodesia they are not protected at all.
The result is that the hippo on the Zambesi River between the
Victoria Falls and Feira are being exterminated, as it is the
easiest matter in the world to evade the Southern Rhodesian law
by stating that all animals killed have been shot from the North-
West Rhodesian bank of the river.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 39
NOTES ON GAME IN NORTHERN RHODESIA.
By G. GREY.
Probably Northern Rhodesia contains at the present time as
great a variety of game as any part of Africa of the same area.
The varieties of antelope now existing in Rhodesian territories
north of the Zambesi are: Eland, roan antelope, sable antelope,
koodoo, Lichtenstein hartebeeste, tessebe, blue wildebeeste.
Penrice’s waterbuck, lechwe (black and red), pookoo, situtunga,
reedbuck, impala, bushbuck, duiker, oribi, klipspringer, grysbuck,
yellow-backed duiker. Also a small antelope, somewhat similar to
the blue buck of Natal, which, I think, has not yet been accurately
identified ; it is to be found, I believe, only near the Luapula River
in North-Eastern Rhodesia.
Other varieties of game are: Burchell’s zebra, buffalo, warthog,
bushpig, elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lions, leopards, and
other carnivora.
One small herd of giraffe was known to exist a few years ago
in the valley of the Loangwa, and possibly still exists, for great
efforts were being made to preserve the herd.
Since the rinderpest swept through these territories in 1895,
I do not think that any species, except elephant, have diminished
to an important extent.
Northern Rhodesia may be considered now as a district in which
preservation of all these species is practicable and possible by wise
regulations efficiently enforced.
North-Eastern and North-Western Rhodesia are under separate
administrations ; the game laws are different in the two territories,
but both have the same principle of charging a small licence to
permit the killing of the common varieties of game, protecting
the rarer kinds by a higher licence, restricting the number of ele-
phants killed by each licence-holder, and prohibiting the killing of
one or two species which are especially rare, such as giraffe.
North-Western Rhodesia differentiates in the cost of licences
between residents and visitors, and removes all restrictions (except
as regards elephants) for game killed in tsetse-fly areas.
Though there is no section of Northern Rhodesia in which
game exists in the large quantity found in parts of British East
Africa or in the Pungwe River flats of Portuguese East Africa,
yet Northern Rhodesia contains in the aggregate, scattered through
its whole extent, a large quantity of a remarkable variety of species,
and for this reason merits careful consideration as a district in
which those species may be preserved.
40 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
There are conditions obtaining which would seem to render
the establishment of reserves a matter of great difficulty.
The British South Africa Company, by special treaty with
Lewanika, the king of the Barotse, reserve for that chief and his
people hunting rights over a large portion of North-Western
Rhodesia. The nearest approach to a reserve which could be made
in the territory originally ruled over by Lewanika would be to
prohibit white people killing game—a useless restriction while the
Barotse and adjoining subordinate tribes are free to hunt every-
where, and have, as is at present the case, a very large supply of
guns and ample opportunity to buy powder in the adjoining Portu-
guese territory.
Again, considering the whole of Northern Rhodesia from the
point of view of natives, game preservation, and reserves in par-
ticular, though no part or very small areas of the territory are
thickly inhabited, yet there is very lttle uninhabited country ; it
is difficult to propose any area as a reserve which would not include
a considerable native population. Besides elephants, many species
of antelopes, and particularly pigs, do much damage to native crops.
Entirely to prevent natives in any district from killing game, and
to turn any large area into a sanctuary, would impose a real hard-
ship on the native inhabitants, who are generally a peaceful and
industrious agricultural population.
But should the administration for these reasons find it 1m-
possible to set apart reserves, adequate legislation should still be
able to protect the game in quantity.
In South-Central Africa, wherever muskets and powder are
obtainable by the native, it is the native who is the great game
destroyer. Before he got firearms he trapped and hunted with
bows and arrows, but made little impression on the number of
game; but with firearms he exterminates. North-Eastern Rho-
desia has been able to stop the import of powder, and in that
country there seems little danger of the game being diminished
by natives. Not so in North-Western Rhodesia, where the long
Portuguese boundary and the Barotse and other as yet semi-con-
trolled tribes foster the importation of and trade in powder. Recent
occupation by Government posts in the North-West of North-
Western Rhodesia has to some extent made the work of the Portu-
guese powder trader a matter of difficulty ; but the trade in powder
and guns is by no means stopped, and the game will continue to
decrease at the hands of the native until control of the importa-
tion of powder from Portuguese West Africa is effected.
But the native is now only a danger to game in parts of Northern
and Western North-Western Rhodesia. In the rest of Northern
Rhodesia legislation prohibiting the slaughter of game by white
‘hunters and settlers is all that is necessary to preserve the various
species in quantity.
More than, or fully, half of Northern Rhodesia is tsetse-fly
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 4]
country, the common species of tsetse-fly being Glossina morsitans,
known to transmit the trypanosome of nagana to domestic animals.
The presence of this fly transmitting a fatal disease to cattle and
all transport animals prohibits the settler from taking up much
fertile good grazing land in Northern Rhodesia and adds great
difficulties to the growing mining industries.
Much is still to be learned about the tsetse-fly. My own ex-
perience of eight years in tsetse-fly countries has convinced me
that where there is no game there can be no Glossina morsitans ;
that the destruction of game effects the disappearance of this tsetse ;
and that where tsetse originally existed, the reappearance of game
means the reappearance of the tsetse-fly.
This is instanced by the destruction of game by the rinderpest
in Northern Rhodesia, and the subsequent diminution of and dis-
appearance in large areas of the tsetse-fly. Later the game has
increased, and with it the tsetse-fly and the disease have come back.
Trypanosomiasis in man (sleeping sickness) is spread by a tsetse-
fly. Glossina palpalis is known to spread this terrible disease.
But, again, much is to be learned, and the highest authorities in
that branch of medical science which has studied this disease and
its transmission will not admit that Glossina morsitans is not a
transmitter of sleeping sickness, claiming even that it probably
can transmit, and that until the contrary is proved it must be
regarded as dangerous.
The schools of tropical medicine are actively studying both in
Europe and Africa trypanosomiasis and the means by which that
disease is spread.
It may be—it seems even probable that it is the case—that the
presénce of the larger mammals on which the tsetse-fly lives means
incidentally the presence of and spread of disease fatal to man and
domestic animals. If this is so, and it is to be hoped that medical
science will soon be able to give definite information on this sub-
ject, there should be no attempt to preserve game in tsetse-fly areas.
Happily there is plenty of Africa free from tsetse-fly in which
game abounds and in which preservation is possible. I believe
that effective prohibition of the sale of powder to natives is the first
and most important step necessary to preserve all species now
existing in Northern Rhodesia, and that if the Government, having
ensured that extermination by natives is impossible, imposes from
time to time, as may seen necessary, judicious restriction of the
number of head of game of each variety killed by hunting parties,
there will be no danger of the extermination of any species.
42 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
GAME RESERVES.
By F. Giuwerv.
The hopes of this Society are largely centred at the present
moment on reservations for preserving the big game of the world,
and no doubt reservations will help to do so for a time; but that
they will more than stave off the evil day, when most of the species
have become extinct, I do not for one moment beheve. However,
my object in writing this article is not to decry the very praise-
worthy attempts of the Society, but to point out the many diff-
culties that stand in the way of their attaimment, in the hope that
these may be overcome.
I am not going to say anything whatever about game laws and
regulations in this article, but confine myself entirely to the question
of reservations.
There is one factor against the preservation of big game which
it is quite beyond the powers of this Society to defend itself against,
and which will always, like the sword of Damocles, hang over any
and every reservation wherever situated. A war or a native rising
may in a few weeks sweep away the results of years of care and
protection, and against this the Society can do nothing.
Against all the other dangers to which reservations are lable
the Society can raise its voice, and, provided these difficulties are
overcome or avoided in the first instance, there is a very reason-
able hope that the big game may be saved for years to come.
A reservation should be large enough not only to cover the
migrations, but also to carry large herds of the species it is intended
to protect, because it must be borne in mind that very sweeping
epidemics frequently occur, and one or more species might be en-
tirely exterminated ; the larger the herds, the more likely is it that
there will be a remnant left with which to commence again.
Now it is frequently urged that a small reserve well protected
is better than a large reserve badly protected. This view, in my
opinion, is suicidal, as I do not consider a small reserve is of any
use at all, unless you only intend to look a very few years ahead.
Make your reserve as large as possible, and protect as much of
it as you can thoroughly well; the remainder will be better off
than if it were not in the reserve at all, and possibly the money
question, which is a great difficulty at the present time, may im-
prove in the future and make it possible to protect the whole
reserve thoroughly well later on.
A reservation should not have any settlers or natives on it, and,
as far as possible, people should not be allowed to pass through it
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 43
with weapons in their possession. ‘This, of course, is another difh-
culty which, however, can be overcome if suitable positions are
taken for the reserves in the first instance.
And here I would urge again, as I have already done at a
meeting of this Society, that sanctuaries should not be made along-
side or near railways or navigable rivers if such positions are at
all likely to he suitable for settlement. I am quite aware that at
the present time it may be less expensive to look after them if so
placed ; but one must look farther ahead than that. As settlement
increases, the most valuable sites will be those I have mentioned.
A good reserve may also be a good farming or grazing country,
and the settlers will wish to get as near as possible to the means
of exporting their produce. The result will be an outcry from the
settlers: ‘ Give us this land and make your reserve elsewhere ’ ;
and it will be backed up by the railway company and public
opinion.
When a reservation has once been made far away from railways
and settlements, then if it is proposed to run a new railway through
or alongside the reserve, every effort should be made to oppose it,
provided that it is possible to build the railway further away,
without damaging the interests of the railway company or other
commercial undertakings. We must not forget that there are
three questions of greater importance in young Colonies and Pro-
tectorates than game preservation, and these are the native question,
the rights and needs of settlers, and commercial undertakings
endeavouring to develop the resources of the country.
Now if we press game preservation to the detriment of any of
these we shall be doing the Society an infinity of harm, at the
same time losing the backing of public opinion, which is of the very
greatest use in advancing our object.
I do not say weakly give way the moment there is any opposi-
tion, but I do say think well beforehand and arrange your reserves,
as far as possible, so that they will not in the future be likely to
be attacked with good cause.
With regard to the keeping down of carnivora I will say nothing.
This question is so thoroughly well appreciated that it will not,
I am sure, ever be overlooked.
The last point with which I want to deal in regard to reserva-
tions is the question of inbreeding, which will surely lead to
deterioration and eventual extermination of the herds.
The Yellowstone Park is often quoted as an ideal reserve; but
whereas in this reserve you have only the wapiti, mule, deer, bear,
and buffalo inhabiting the lower elevations, and sheep the higher,
in a reserve in Africa you may have twenty-four different species,
all inhabiting more or less the same country; and to protect all
these species you require a very much larger area of country in
proportion to the very much greater number of species which it is
your object to preserve.
44 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
To give some idea of protection and the eventual result of in-
breeding, I will quote from ‘ Lydekker’s Royal Natural History.’
In 1820 it was estimated there were 500 European bison (Bos
bonassus) in Lithuania, and about this time active measures were
taken to protect these creatures. In 1830 they increased to 700.
In 1831, owing to a local revolt, they decreased to 637. From this
date to 1860 they increased steadily till it was estimated there
were 1,700. In 1863, owing to the Polish uprising, their numbers
were decreased by half—yviz. 847. After peace was restored they
increased slightly and then began to decrease. In 1880 there were
600, and they are still on the wane. The buffalo in the Yellowstone
Park are becoming decadent from in-and-in breeding.
Now I wish to draw your attention to the Sabi Reserve, on
which something lke £4,000 to £5,000 a year is being spent.
We have a report in the Journal of this Society (Vol. II. p. 26,
dated October 18, 1903) giving a list and probable numbers of the
species that used to, or at the time of writing, inhabit the reserve.
The number of species mentioned are twenty-four ; of these, four—
viz. elephant, eland, hartebeeste, and ostrich—are not now found
in the reserve at all; next we have nine species, represented by
from one to sixteen individuals of each species; after that, six
species represented by from thirty-five to one hundred individuals
of each species; three more species spoken of as numerous; and,
last of all, two species well represented by 9,000 and 2,000 indi-
viduals respectively.
A second report from the same reserve is to be found in the
same volume (p. 34, dated July 31, 1904—-viz. the following year),
and I gather from it that some extra ground has been added called
the Lydenburg and Pongolo Reserves.
Taking these three reserves together you will find that the first
four species are still unrepresented; the next nine have consider-
ably increased, owing to taking in the new ground; the six that
follow have decreased, most of them by more than half; the three
species spoken of as numerous are not so in reality; and the two
species which the year before were represented by 9,000 and 2,000
individuals have dwindled away to very few, probably having
migrated.
Now, in my opinion, this reserve will not, on the figures shown,
save any species for any length of time.
With such very small herds of the various species there is only
one possible way of counteracting the ill-effects of in-and-in breed-
ing, and that is by importing every few years fresh blood from
other reserves. This is, of course, a costly and possibly an almost
hopeless remedy, but it is the only one if any permanent gain is to
be derived from this reserve.
Sufficient ground should certainly be added to the reserve to
cover the migration of the impala and reedbuck—the only two
species whose numbers warrant any expectation of being able to
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 45
save them for any great length of time without fresh blood being
imported.
I give a table of the animals with their numbers, the last
column being for the year 1903 :—
Sabi, Lydenburg, and Pongolo Reserves.
ame | Sabi | pees Pongolo | Total, 1904 Sabi, 190
Elephant... she —- i = — | Nil Nil
Eland Sin ae ee A — | Nil Nil
Hartebeeste cg — |; — | Nil Nil
Ostrich a . | = — | Nil Nil
Rhino oly BS eed = 20 1
Roan antelope Ean Sie -— — 19 2
Giraffe wa ih ae 3 aa es 1S ~ 34 5
Tessebe ee sl ae See = | 5
Buffalo see Pe LEO Tee = | S| 33 8
Sable antelope V3 aa) ee 23 12
Hippo ne ay. 17 18 , — 35 16
Bushbuck ... as 6 + — | 10 Rare
Bushpig Be: _— 7 12 a 19 Rare
Koodoo be a 13 15 8 36 35
Blue wildebeeste ... 11 6 — LZ 40
Zebra a a 1 | 8 — 20 40
Mt. Reedbuck Bar| S |} Woy 22 40
Klipspringer a 9 13 — 22 50
Waterbuck ... ia OMe 5 20 35 100
Steinbuck ... weeall a. 2 a good | say 105 | numerous
many
Duikers a = 2 1 a good | say 103 |abound fair
many number
Warthog... Sahl 5 11 =_ 16 abound fair
number
Impala dee acon 1 ii Zor3 | say 100 9,000
| troops
Reedbuck ... mee 4 | ee vf 2.000
46 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
RESERVATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND.
‘Huiakama, Stratford, N.Z. :
July 8, 1906.
‘Rays Wiuuiams, Esq.,
Dear Siz,—It will afford me singular pleasure to collect some
data with reference to preservation, acclimatisation, &c., to for-
ward in due course. Meanwhile it may be broadly stated that
Little Barrier Island in the north, and Resolution Island in the
south, have been devoted by Government to the exclusive purpose
of preserving such of our avifauna as are suited to the respective
conditions, under responsible custodians to ensure absolute sanctity
from intrusion.
‘A number of the chief mountains are reserved—each with a
liberal radius—as ‘‘ national parks,’’ some being also sanctuaries
for native and acclimatised game and other birds and animals. A
large number of birds are gazetted as permanently protected.
‘The destruction of forests inevitably entailed in the rapid
development of settlement is causing an alarming decrease of
edible native birds, though the finest of them—our beautiful wood-
pigeon—nominally enjoys statutory immunity everywhere every
third year. A factor of the highest importance consists in the
annual session of delegates chosen from the “‘ Association of Accli-
matisation Societies.’’
‘ It is needless to indicate the difficulties which wniversally beset
all attempts at curtailment of slaughter. We are face to face with
every one of them in this ultra-democratic community. Only a
few years ago the late Prime Minister roundly threatened to tear
the last vestige of a game law from our statutes in response to an
ad hominem appeal in the interest of a fined delinquent !
‘ However, most fortunately for our cause, the economic aspect
of it, as intimately affecting the success of the ‘‘ Tourist Depart-
ment,’’ appealed to the Government, and much improvement is
visible, with more impending, we fervently hope.
‘H. J. Musseu
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 47
THE DOMESTICATION OF THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT.
1.2 By PB: L. Scuarer; D:Se:, FBS.
In my article ‘ On the Best Mode of Preserving the Existence
of the Larger Mammals of Africa for Future Ages,’ published
in the second volume of this Society’s Journal, I placed the African
elephant at the head of the list, and stated that it would be a dis-
grace to our age to allow such a fine and noble animal to perish
off the face of the earth. In order to meet this very undesirable
(but likely) contingency, I suggested that a ‘ kheddah’ should
‘be moved across from British India to British Hast Africa and
established on the slopes of Mount Kenia for the purpose of cap-
turing and taming the African elephant. Much to my surprise,
however, I have lately ascertained that the authorities of the
much-abused Congo Free State have been before us in this matter,
and at their station on the River Welle have already established
a mission expressly for this object. Moreover, as will appear
from the article on this subject in La Tribune Congolaise of
August 5, 1906, of which I subjoin a translation, the Mission
appears to have attained a considerable amount of success. Under
these circumstances it will be, perhaps, not necessary to go to
the expense of importing a ‘ kheddah’ from India. What the
officials of the Congo Free State have done on the Welle, our
officials in British East Africa might surely do on Mount Kenia,
if supplied with the necessary means and instructions. If our
officials meet with difficulties in the matter, they might even be
instructed to cross the border into the Congo Territory and take
a lesson from the Free State authorities on the capture and taming
of the African elephant.
T subjoin a translation of the article on ‘ The Domestication of
the Klephant in the Congo Free State,’ published in La Tribune
Congolaise, as above mentioned :
“The courier who has lately returned from the Congo has
brought us some interesting news from the Mission formed for
the capture and training of elephants which has been established
at Agri, on the River Welle.
‘The number of elephants captured—which, on December 31,
1905, was only thirteen—has increased considerably in conse-
quence of the captures effected during the months of January,
February, and March of this year, and at the end of March had
reached the total of twenty-eight. Some of the young elephants
48 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
which had been at the Mission for several months accompanied
the hunters in their expeditions, and their presence served to render
the newly captured animals more confiding and less disposed to
attempt to escape.
‘ The attempts to break in the animals have been persevered in,
and the result recently obtained has been very encouraging.
‘ Since last February the elephants have carried all the bricks
required for the construction of the houses at the station. Every
morning five elephants have made fifteen transits between the brick-
kiln and the houses being built. Each elephant carried two baskets
of bricks weighing thirty kilos. for the stronger, and twenty kilos.
for the weaker animals. As only four pack-saddles were available,
the fifth elephant was made to draw a small cart. Some of the
elephants objected to drawing the cart, but it was proved that those
which worked hard thus developed their muscles and were in
excellent health. Some large trunks of trees have also been trans-
ported by means of the cart. The Mission was much occupied in
finding a suitable pack-saddle which would adapt itself exactly to
the body of the elephant. This was by no means an easy thing,
because the shape of the body of the young African elephant is
entirely different from that of our domestic animals. The body is
much larger and higher behind than in front.
‘At night time some of the elephants go of their own accord
into their stables. About a dozen of them do so of their own free
will; but others, in spite of the attraction of their food, prefer to
remain outside and to wander round the zareba.
‘The presence of the young captured elephants within the
Mission attracted the notice of the older elephants in the surround-
ing forest, and, it was feared, might occasion the escape of some
of the captives. On March 26 a large elephant was found in a
field of manioc, and w:s shot by some of the hunters. The body
was measured and weighed. The height was found to be 2.70
metres, and the total weight 5,394 kil.’
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 49
2. Tur KHEDDAH IN THE Conco FREE STATE.
By Monsieur NIBUELD.
‘ Bruxelles, le 24 Janvier, 1907.
‘ MonsteEuR,—Comme suite 4 la demande contenue dans votre
lettre du 14 décembre 1906, j’ai | "honneur de vous adresser, ci-joint,
une note sur les essais de capture et de dressage des éléphants du
Congo, tentés par une mission organisée par |’HKtat Indépendant
du Congo.
* Afin de vous renseigner également sur les mesures prises pour
la conservation des animaux sauvages—sujet que mentionne égale-
ment votre communication prérappelée—je joins aussi un exem-
plaire du décret du 29 avril 1901 réglementant cette question pour
les territoires de l’Etat Indépendant du Congo. ;
‘ Agréez, Monsieur, l’assurance de ma considération trés dis-
tinguée.
“Au Nom du Secrétaire d’Etat,
‘Le Secrétaire Général
“du Département de |’ Intérieur,
* NIBUELD.’
(Translation.)
The Congo Free State, in consequence of reports received from
several people employed in the domestication of elephants, decided
in 1899 to try an experiment in this line themselves. A mission to
capture and train the elephants was organised, and it was placed
under the direction of Commandant Laplume.
The instructions were to organise the captures in the district
of Uele, where numerous troops of elephant are found. Different
means were tried for taking the pachyderms. Pits were dug,
covered with grass and branches, but in the rainy season the cover-
ing of the pits sunk, owing to the added weight. This system
meant a great deal of work, and as it led to no appreciable result,
it was abandoned, and drives were organised.
It was not possible to capture the adult elephants. Moreover,
apart from the difficulty of watching them, taking care of them,
and feeding them, they were very wild and dangerous. They then
had to confine themselves to trying to capture the young elephants,
who were more gentle, easy to watch, and whose education would
be accomplished with fewer difficulties. But here there were other
reasons for failure. When the beasts were too young they died a
few days after the separation from their mothers,.or inexplicable
D
50 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
ailments knocked them over in a few days. Several of the larger
ones succeeded in escaping.
The total number of elephants captured since the commence-
ment is 132. Of these, twenty-two had to be released, owing to
their tender age, eighty-six died from various causes, leaving twenty-
four, which have, since their capture, been the subject of attempts
at domestication.
The training at the commencement was rather neglected, the
time being occupied with the captures. They began at first to
make the elephants tame; then, by loading the strongest of them
with light burdens, they accustomed them to drag branches;
finally, they put on some special harness which had been sent out
from Europe. They thus gradually succeeded in making them
drag little waggons loaded with materials, and in making them join
in field work by dragging the plough.
The experiments in training them have resulted in interesting
observations. Training has to be begun carefully and gradually.
The elephant responds to good treatment, and better results are
obtained by gentleness than by force. In short, the difficulties
have been great, but the work has been greatly facilitated by the
presence of elephants already trained. Not only are fresh captures
led to the encampment when accompanied by the old ones, but
they are also tamed much quicker and lend themselves with better
grace to the work demanded of them, following the example of
their tame companions. This is all the more encouraging, as it
foretells the complete solution of the problem of the domestication
of the African elephant.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 51
THE RENAISSANCE OF BIG-GAME HUNTING IN
NOVA SCOTIA.
By Epmunp F. L. JENNER.
The province of Nova Scotia is slightly larger than Wales. It
contains a population of about five hundred thousand. ‘The Anna-
polis and Cornwallis Valleys are thickly populated ; mixed farming
and apple-growing are the chief industries.
My experience with the big game of this region dates from 1886.
At that time the moose were just recovering from the wholesale
butchery which took place in the deep snow a few years previously.
Had it not been for the formation of the Nova Scotia Game Society,
and the activity of certain of the game-wardens appointed by that
body, moose would be as extinct in Nova Scotia to-day as the elk
is in Ireland, or the dodo in Mauritius.
The late Commissioners Crooker (of Queen’s County), Murphy
(of Mount Uniacke), and the following gentlemen, who are alive
at the present day, A. O. Pritchard (of New Glasgow), Major
Daley (of Digby), Charles McIntosh (of Sherbrooke), George Piers
(of Halifax) took upon themselves the unpopular and thankless
task of saving the remaining moose. The survivors of the move-
ment are elderly men; most of them have hung up the rifle and
snowshoes. Their positions have been filled by younger men, but
it is to their pluck and energy that Nova Scotia owes its present
stock of moose.
I have alluded to the killing in the deep snow. This was, to my
mind, the most deadly form of poaching. In March, when the
snow was from three to five feet deep in the woods, gangs of men
would go out with “ moose-dogs.’ These animals were for the most
part mongrel bulldogs, weighing from sixty to one hundred pounds,
ferocious as wolves, and able to travel on a ‘ crust ’ a moose would
break through. A ‘ yard’ having been located, certain of the
hunters would post themselves to leeward of it; the others, with
the dogs, would work round to windward. The combined scent
of men and dogs would probably start the moose, the dogs would
be slipped, and the moose would be driven past the guns on the
opposite side of the ‘ yard.’ If the guns failed to bring them down,
the pursuit continued; the dogs snapping and tearing at the
fugitive moose, the poor creatures floundering through the deep
snow, and the hunters following them on snowshoes at the rate of
three or four miles an hour. Now, while a moose can travel ten
or twelve miles an hour through deep snow, he never goes in a
D 2
52 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
straight line. By ‘ cutting corners ’ the hunters could keep within
reasonable distance of him, and when at last he—or more probably
she—turned to bay, the hunters could easily ascertain the fact
from the change in the dogs’ voices. When the snow was not too
deep the moose usually put up a valiant fight for life. In March
the bull moose has always shed his horns, but he still has the use
of his fore-feet, and many a moose-dog has been eviscerated and
pounded out of existence by the moose at bay. The cow at bay is
even more dangerous than the bull. Provided she is not heavy
with calf, she is quicker and more vindictive than the bull. Her
hoofs are sharper and more pointed ; one blow from them will put
man or dog out of action.
The ‘ breaking a yard,’ as I have described it, usually led to
all the heavy moose, including the cows with calf, being killed.
The choicest parts of the meat and the hides would be taken out
of the woods. The remainder of the carcases would remain where
they fell, and serve as food for the wild-cats and bears. This is
ancient history, however. At the present day there are not a dozen
moose-dogs left in Nova Scotia, and it is a long time since anyone
stood trial for ‘ dogging.’
Another most destructive practice was, and still is, the practice
of snaring. Snares of stout rope were set in the paths and in the
openings of * hedges ’ (specially constructed for the purpose); large
numbers of moose were, and a considerable number still are,
caught in them. For reasons other than the vigilance of the game-
wardens, to which I will revert later on, the unsportsmanlike
practice of snaring is on the decrease. While snaring has perforce
to be carried on in the fall before the frost comes, and is not so
destructive to cow moose as dogging is, it has one most repulsive
feature. The snarer is frequently very remiss about looking after
his ‘ ropes,’ and the moose which is caught in one of them will as
likely as not perish from starvation and thirst. Owing to a great
variety of causes, ‘ ropes’ set in the fall may remain set all the
winter, and do their deadly work in the following spring and
summer. In my experience as game-warden I have had painful
evidence of this fact. On two occasions I have seen the carcase
of a noble bull, with his horns in the velvet, rotting in a wood road
—the victim of a snare set a year previously, and never taken up.
Snaring has not decreased in the same proportion that ‘ dogging ’
has ; and as long as we have any moose, snares will be set and moose
will fall victims to them.
At the same time, for every snare set now, there were five set
ten years ago. A certain number of backwoodsmen still ‘ take
chances ’ on getting their winter’s meat, and a certain number of
pot-hunters run risks to procure moose meat for market.
In the year 1887 the moose began to increase in numbers. I
was a mere boy then, and I resided in King’s County. In the
spring of that year I found time and means to take a vacation in
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 53
the woods. My companion was a man many years my senior, a
good sportsman, and now, like myself, a game-warden. I can
remember his remark, as we rested on a boulder at the spot where
civilisation ended and the wilderness of the ‘ South Woods ’ com-
menced: ‘ Ten years ago, Jenner, a man could kill all the moose
he wanted within five miles of the rock we’re sitting on. Now
there ain’t ten moose in the whole county.’ Two years ago I sat
on the same rock with him. He recounted a tale of woe about:
a poacher he had failed to convict; and when he had finished I
asked him how many moose he thought there were within five
miles of us. ‘The fire played the devil with them, but there
must be over twenty. Over on the other side of the lake there’s
over a hundred. I haven’t known them so plentiful since I first
knew you. Reason why? It’s plain enough. There isn’t a soli-
tary moose-dog left, and the tourists and hunters who are coming
and going all the time cut the snares up or spring them.’
Now there’s where the whole crux of the matter comes in. It’s
not the game-wardens or the game society who can protect our
game; it’s the people of the Province in general, and the younger
people in particular, who can do the work. Game laws, sumptuary
laws, any laws at all, are no use in modern days unless they are
backed by public sentiment.
Twenty years ago there were comparatively few people who
took their vacation in the woods and spent their money in the
enjoyment of ‘ the outdoor life.’ The ideal holiday for the clerk
was a trip to town—‘ town’ might mean Boston, Halifax, or
St. John. Nowadays you are continually being consulted as to
the best kind of rifle to buy, the relative merits of guides, and the
advisability of taking a vacation in ‘ calling time’ or when still-
hunting is in season.
The Nova Scotian boy of to-day is a far keener sportsman
than his father was twenty years ago. The reason for this is a
simple one. Twenty years ago the moose existed in a small area
only ; to-day moose are to be found in every county in Nova Scotia,
Antigonish possibly excepted.
Twenty years ago the majority of the moose killed fell victims
to the ‘ rope’ or were shot out of season. Nowadays every town
contributes its quota to the army of sportsmen who fill our woods
from the opening of the season until the frost comes. Young men
and boys who have saved up for months, with the one idea of
taking a trip to the woods and returning with a good head, do not
look kindly on the snarer or the dogger.
In and near my own little town of Digby during the past season
nine young men and boys went to the woods, and returned with
the limit the law allowed them—one moose each. Quite a number
of others went, and returned empty-handed. The moose were
there, the caller was all right, but—one of the thousand and one
things which cause a moose hunt to fail occurred.
54 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
All down the line of the Dominion and Atlantic Railway, from
Yarmouth to Windsor Junction, almost every town and village
had one or more moose to its credit. These moose were not killed
by wealthy sportsmen who could devote unlimited time and money
to the chase. Most of them fell victims to the rifles of mechanics,
clerks, or farmers, who spent a few dollars and a few days in
the pursuit of the noblest game in North America, and made their
kill in a gentlemanlike and sportsmanlike manner.
Under the old régime, when the ‘ rope ’ was paramount in the
fall, and the moose-dog devastated the yards in the spring, such a
successful season would have been out of the question. Instead
of the kill being divided among a number of people (who incidentally
disbursed cash enough among their guides to pay for the meat at far
more than its market value), the killmg would have been done by a
number of unprincipled scamps, who were too lazy to work at any
legitimate business. The best of the meat would have been peddled
round the towns, and the forequarters left to rot in the woods.
Of course, much of the meat killed this season has been sold.
Personally I do not believe in the sale of game, but I cannot blame
a man who finds himself in possession of four or five hundred
pounds of venison for selling enough of it to recoup him for the
expenses of getting the meat out of the woods.
The lawful hunting season has been curtailed. Dogging is a
thing of the past, and snaring is falling into disrepute. The modern
rifle has not, in my opinion, worked the same slaughter the old
smooth-bore or musket did when ‘ close season’ was a byword
and the moose-dog was one of the common objects of the country.
T remember when moose were practically extinct in King’s County.
To-day there are moose within ten miles of the shire town. The
same remark apples to other districts. The agents of the Game
Society deserve a certain amount of credit for this; the people of
the country have achieved the rest. With the renaissance of hunt-
ing as a national pastime, the condemnation of butchery and pot-
hunting has followed as a natural sequence.
While the moose have increased, cariboo are all but extinct.
I remember seeing over fifty cariboo in one drove, near Lake
Paul, King’s County, when I was a boy. To-day the cariboo of
Nova Scotia may be said to consist of a few scattered droves. I
believe that a few still exist in the region round Lake Rossignol and
the ‘ Boundary Rock.’ They are still fairly numerous in parts
of King’s and Annapolis Counties, and they are not yet extinct
on the headwaters of Liscombe and St. Mary’s Rivers, in the
eastern part of the Province. They certainly have not been killed
and sent to market. The timber-wolf, their worst enemy, is extinct
in Nova Scotia; the wild-cat and the bear are less numerous now
than they were in the days the cariboo frequented the bogs in
hundreds. I am inclined to believe that some unknown disease is
responsible for this.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 50
The passenger-pigeon is practically extinct in America. I
adduce the same cause for its extinction. The net and the gun
depleted their ranks, but they could never have exterminated the
race.
Against the practical extinction of the cariboo we can offset
the introduction and increase of our deer. Deer are not indigenous
to Nova Scotia, but a few years ago the Game Society imported
a few pairs, and turned them down in Digby County. I believe the
credit of this importation is largely due to Major Daley (of Digby)
and H. A. P. Smith (High Sheriff of Digby County). Mr. Smith
took an active part in catching the deer in the New Brunswick
woods. The New Brunswick authorities were kind enough to
accord the privilege of catching the deer to the Nova Scotia Game
Society.
In spite of a certain amount of poaching, the deer have thriven
well. Nearly every game-warden makes mention of them in his
report. The fact that half a dozen pairs of deer have in ten years
managed to escape destruction by poachers, bears, wild-cats, and
disease, and to propagate to such an extent that no county in a
province as large as Wales is without representatives, augurs well
for the future of our Nova Scotian deer. I regret to say that many
deer have been killed. Some very heavy fines have been imposed
in flagrant cases, but a number of other cases have gone un-
punished.
At the present time our large carnivora are represented by the
bear alone. Bears are scarce in all the counties of the Province.
They occasionally kill sheep and lambs, and now and then they
kill a moose or cariboo calf. They prefer a diet of fish and
berries to one of flesh, unless the meat is easy to obtain. The only
other carnivorous animal worthy of mention is the wild-cat, or
Canada lynx. He is a cowardly, skulking, destructive brute; his
principal food is the Arctic hare, or ‘ Canadian rabbit.’ He has a
strong liking for sheep and lambs, does not disdain poultry, and
is quite capable of killing a fawn or a cariboo calf, provided the dam
is not too near.
I do not wish the readers of this paper to imagine for one
minute that we have too much game in Nova Scotia, or that the
visitor to this Province can count on a moose head as a certainty.
The shooting of deer and cariboo is prohibited at present, and I
hope it will be for many years to come. With only one moose
allowed to one man, dogging extinct, snaring on the decrease, fire-
wards appointed and paid to prevent forest fires, and many hundred
sportsmen banded together in the People’s Game Society, as well
as in the Provincial Game Society, the outlook for the increase of
big game is an encouraging one.
56 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
DISCOVERY OF A BIG-GAME PARADISE.
By Dr. Wituiiam T. Hornapay,
Director of the New York Zoological Park.
British Columbia is a land of illimitable mountains and much
big game of the species most attractive to American sportsmen.
But it is sharing the fate of the once-wild portions of the Rockies
in our own country. Railroads are pushing through the valleys,
mines are scarring the mountain sides, and the axe is laying low
the valuable timber. The big game is going very rapidly, and
already it is a common occurrence for a sportsman from * the East ’
to cover the long trail to the Canadian Rockies for a grizzly bear
and return unsuccessful.
It was left to an American sportsman to discover, and also
protect from spoliation, the very finest hunting ground in all
British Columbia. I say it is the finest, because its equal has
not yet been poimted out. About six years ago Mr. John M.
Phillips, of Pittsburg, with his guides Smith and Norboe, literally
discovered the fact that in south-eastern British Columbia, between
the Elk and the Bull Rivers, there les—and also rises aloft—a
wonderland of fine scenery that is richly stocked with big game.
Last September Mr. Phillips again traversed it from end to end,
and his estimate is that it contains to-day 1,000 mountain goats,
200 mountain sheep, at least 50 grizzly bears, 25 black bears,
many mule deer and some elk. Besides the above it is well stocked
with marten, lynx, wolverine, pikas, ground squirrels, red squirrels,
snow-shoe rabbits, marmots, ptarmigan, blue grouse, fool-hens,
harlequin ducks, and trout.
Last autumn Mr. Phillips and the writer felt it their duty to
propose to the people of British Columbia that the area containing
the wild life enumerated above should be set aside as a game and
forest reserve, and protected accordingly. After long and careful
consideration the boundaries for an ideal reservation were laid down
on Mr. Phillips’s map—the first map ever made of that region—
and submitted to Premier McBride and the Executive Council of
the Government of British Columbia. A memorial was also sub-
mitted setting forth in detail the reasons why the reserve proposed
should be created, and the writer drafted a ee to carry the plan
into effect.
From the outset the proposal has beet received in a very
friendly and even cordial spirit, and is now under serious considera-
tion. The Press of British Columbia and Canada has placed the
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE O7
matter fully before the public, and the result is awaited with much
interest. The Natural History Society of Victoria promptly in-
dorsed the idea, and recommended its adoption by the Government.
At a recent meeting of the sportsmen of Victoria the basic prin-
ciple of the proposition—the necessity for the establishment of
game and forest reserves—was fully conceded, and the only ques-
tion in the matter was declared to be of the best locations and
boundaries. The recommendation of ‘ Goat Mountain Park’ has
been referred by the Government to the Provincial Game Warden,
Mr. A. B. Williams, for examination and report. Possibly the
approval of a definite site will be held in abeyance until Mr. Williams
can have time to go over the ground in person, in which case a final
report cannot be expected before next autumn.
The game reserve proposed by Mr. Phillips and the writer as
Goat Mountain Park is shown on the accompanying map. It is
about fifteen miles wide from east to west, by thirty miles long, and
embraces the region between the Elk and Bull Rivers from Wilson’s
Creek to Monro Lake and beyond. It contains the breeding-
grounds and the summer and winter feeding-grounds of the moun-
tain goat, sheep, elk, and mule deer, and a great variety of scenic
wonders. It contains no coal deposits, no agricultural lands, very
little timber of commercial value, and at this date—thanks to the
efforts of Mr. Phillips and his guides—it is absolutely unspoiled.
So little shooting has been done within this area that the mountain
goats do not yet know the meaning of the report of a rifle. The
country is so easily accessible from the railway, vid Michel, Fort
Steele and Fernie, that even women and children can ride into the
heart of it and enjoy it. For camera enthusiasts it is a paradise,
no less. But the area is so small that a very few vigorous hunting
parties could easily ruin it for ever, so far as its wild life is con-
cerned, and for this reason immediate action is urged.
As usual, however, in all matters affecting real estate, a note
of discord is heard. In view of the practical certainty that the
Government will in the near future take action on the plan now
before it, and possibly favourable action, a few persons are advo-
cating the creation of a substitute game and forest reserve wholly
to the north of that proposed by Mr. Phillips and the writer, and
reaching up to the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
With a degree of indifference to their own interests that would be
amusing were it not so serious, the influence of the people of Fernie
—of all places in the world—is being exerted in behalf of the
selection of a farthest-north site. Just why any sane persons in
Fernie, the natural outfitting point for Goat Mountain Park, should
desire to have the southern boundary of the reserve moved thirty
miles farther away from them, is a mystery which remains to be
explained. Surely the Stoney Indians of the North will owe the
Fernie Game Protective Association a vote of thanks if the pro-
posed game reserve is finally located within easy reach of the
58 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
—
’
1906 115130’ ‘3
SKETCH MaP Ha
OF THE fo
‘ELK AND BULL RIVER?
3'D J3N
REGION
EAST KOOTENAY B.C.
By
John M.Phillips
Pr
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win A -
* Rock Pase 4 tmperilih iF
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avou
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ite Mtns.
gy2uDjua
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CANE NECESSITY
| Za McDonald
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1T 1S TO BE UNDERSTOOD THAT
{ WESTWARD OF THE CONTINENTAL
; 5 [e} 1S a-
BY (f Cs contimuous mass OF MOUNTAINS,
cosi| ; OOTTEO LINES INDICATE TRAILS.
. Cree ’
i 115° L.L. POATES, ENGR'G CO..M.Y If
From ‘ Camp-Fires in the Canadian Rockies.’ Copyright, 1906, by W. T. Hornaday. :
MAP SHOWING THE SITUATION OF THE PROPOSED FOREST AND GAME RESERVE, ~
Length 30 miles ; average width 15 miles ; total area 450 square miles.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 59
murderous rifles and greedy appetites of the worst game destroyers
in North America. Soon they will have exterminated all the big
game within easy reach of their present mountain home—for it is
said in Banff that they cannot be controlled—and then, hey! for
the new hunting ground ‘ reserved’ for them just south of the
Canadian Pacific Railway main line!
The rival proposition is unfortunate. The location it proposes
is not a specially fine home for big game. It is so difficult and so
poorly stocked with wild life that hunting parties from Banff nearly
always go elsewhere.
Let us hope that the Government of British Columbia will not
permit an ideal territory to be ignored and finally ruined through
lack of information on the part of those who should be the first to
stand for a thing of demonstrated value. No matter how many
game preserves are created elsewhere in British Columbia, Goat
Mountain Park is so fine and so rich in the products of Nature
that it deserves to be preserved for ever.
60 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
EXTRACTS FROM BLUE BOOK ISSUED
NOVEMBER 1906.
Enclosure 1 in No. 180.
BritisH CENTRAL AFRICA PROTECTORATE.
Proclamation.
(Published in ‘ British Central Africa Gazette’ of 31st October,
1904.)
‘I hereby declare the following area to be a game reserve, and
to be added to the areas set out in the eighth schedule to the said
regulations :—
Tur CENTRAL ANGONILAND RESERVE.
‘Commencing at the Government Station of Dedza the boun-
dary of the Central Angoniland Reserve shall follow the Dedza-
Lilongwe Road as far as the point at which such road crosses the
Tete River, and shall thence follow the Tete River up stream to its
source in the Dzala-Nyama Mountains; thence it shall follow the
course of the Dzala-Nyama Range in a more or less westerly direc-
tion to the source of the Katete River; thence it shall follow the
course of the Katete River down stream to the point of its junction
with the Lilongwe River; thence it shall follow the course of the ©
Lilongwe River down stream to the point where that river is crossed
by the Dedza-Dowa Road, thence it shall follow the Dedza-Dowa
Road to the Government Station at Dedza, the point of commence-
ment.
P Cay) ALFRED SHARPE,
*“ Commissioner.
‘Zomba, British Central Africa,
‘October 31st, 1904.’
Kina Lewanika to Mr. R. T. Corynpon.
‘ Lealui, November 8, 1904.
‘ My Friend,—I have seen your letter of the 12th October, 1904,
and understand what you say about the Game Law. [I agree to the
Law, if the Government will pay me one-half of all the proceeds _
Bre tc Rae
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 61
of all licences issued to hunters, that is those who come to my
country for the purposes of hunting, and are not residents.
‘ Also all those who are residents in my country, who hunt
game under schedule No. 3 Administrator's Licence.
-*Mr. Aitkens has read me the Law and explained it to me.
‘ Your friend,
* LEWANIKA.
‘R. T. Coryndon, Esq., Administrator,
‘ North-Western Rhodesia.’
No: P9iK.
Mr. Lyrrevton to Commissioners Str D. Stewart (Hast Africa
Protectorate), Sapter (Uganda), and Swayne (Somaliland).
‘Downing Street, June 1, 1905.
‘ Sir,—I have the honour to transmit to you the accompanying
extracts 1 from speeches made by members of a deputation from
the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire
which I received on the 2nd of February last. You will observe
from these extracts that the objects of the Society in asking for
the interview were mainly to draw my attention to the necessity of
providing for the formation and effective working of game reserves
in Africa and for the proper control of the pursuit of game by
natives.
‘2. In replying to the deputation, I stated that I did not think
that there was any chance at the present moment of obtaining any
contribution from the Imperial Exchequer in aid of the establish-
ment of game reserves, but that I would consider carefully the
question of such reserves in all the African Colonies and Protec-
torates. I agreed that the reserves should be brought, where
feasible, along navigable rivers or railways, as suggested by the
deputation, and that their size should be so restricted as to give
them a fair chance of being effective.
_ £3. I pointed out that the measures to be taken would neces-
sarily be dictated by the amount of the funds which were available
in the different Colonies or Protectorates and by the large amount
of settlement which has taken place among the railways and the
navigable rivers.
‘4. IT am aware that much has already been done to protect
Kast Africa
the game in the j Uganda Protectorate, but, in view of
Somaliland
the representations of the deputation, I shall be glad to receive
any suggestions which you may offer for carrying out more fully
1 No. 181: the portions enclosed in [ i
62 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
the principles of the International Convention of the 19th of May,
1900. I have also to request that you will furnish me with a short
report on the measures at present in force in regard to the preser-
vation of game and on the existing reserves, together with a rough
estimate of the numbers of the different varieties of game in the
Protectorate.
‘TI have, &c.,
‘ALFRED LyTTELTON.’
Not 21a
COMMISSIONER SWAYNE (Somaliland) to Mr. Lyrrrnron.
(Received December 9, 1905.)
[Answered by No. 230.]
‘Somaliland, Commissioner’s Office, Sheikh,
November 21, 1905.
‘ Srr,—The duty of seeing that the provisions of the Regulations
are carried out has been a difficult one for the Administrative Staff.
During the various expeditions much game was shot, and, owing
to the want of game rangers, infractions of the Regulations could
only come to the ears of the officials accidentally, im conversation
with officers and others. There was a very strong feeling amongst
officers that free shooting should be allowed as some compensa-
tion for the hardships of service.
‘There are no EKuropean settlers in the country.
‘The Midgans, a servile tribe, are kept by wealthy Somalis to
roam about in the debateable land of the Haud to guard the front
of flocks, and they maintain themselves by hunting. I am en-
deavouring to get the tribes to give these people regular occupa-
tion with the flocks, and have succeeded to a certain extent.
‘ Without settled administration in the interior, any attempt
to compel the tribes to adhere to measures designed to stop the
rinderpest in cattle and game will prove to be ineffective. The
tribes are very jealous of interference in their nomad life and would
probably resent dictation.
‘In order to protect both the hill game, such as greater and
lesser kudu, which are very local in their habits, and the prairie
game, such as oryx and hartebeeste, which yearly wander over large
areas in search of grass, a hill reserve has been made in the central
portion of the Golis Range, and a prairie and bush reserve, in-
cluding the extensive Damal Plain, has been made in the high
western country ending at Hargeisa.
‘The reserves form a long strip lying east and west and touch
each other, except that a right of way has been left between the —
two, by which sportsmen may penetrate into the Haud vid the
Jerato Pass, They are allowed to shoot on the march five miles on
a
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 63
either side of the track. Waggar Mountain and the hill tract west
of the Sheikh Road, as also the Gadabursi and Jibril Aboker country,
have been left open for the shooting of kudu.
‘The centre of the hill reserve is Armali, 30 miles due south
of Berbera, where there is a Government Experimental Garden,
and where the Commissioner forms his camp for a part of the
year. The supervision of this reserve, some 120 miles in area,
has been carried out without difficulty, and the reserve, which is
generally densely wooded with cedar and box trees, contains
numerous kudu and klipspringers. These animals never leave
their own particular hills or valleys. Wart-hogs are found at the
foot of the hills, and partridges are numerous. Panthers often
kill men and animals, but are periodically destroyed by Europeans
and natives. Lions now and then traverse the reserve, but seldom
stay long, apparently preferring the flatter and more open country.
‘The reserve is a favourite grazing ground for cattle. Being
on a ledge some 4,500 to 5,000 feet high, under the edge of the pre-
cipitous Golis Range, it obtains an abundant rainfall during both
the rainy seasons, and grazing may consequently be found here
when the country to the north and south is parched. The natives
for this reason call this tract ‘‘ Mirso,’’ the haven.
‘As the armed tribes are forbidden to bring their rifles back
from the grazing grounds, there need be no danger on their account
in the case of the “‘ hill reserve.’’
‘In the west the tribes have received few rifles, as they are
more remote from the Dervishes, and I have arranged with Ras-
Makonen that the numbers of rifles on both sides of the border
shall, if possible, be kept within strict limits. For this reason we
may hope that, with the expenditure of a certain amount of money
on personnel, we may still be able to preserve what is left of the
once numerous herds of oryx and hartebeeste, in spite of Abyssinian
trespasses across the extreme western border.
‘Troops were during the recent expedition quartered at Har-
geisa, but they have been withdrawn, and unless the Mullah moves
westward to Heradigit again it is unlikely that we shall be obliged
to again occupy Hargeisa. But it is essential that the Hargeisa
Reserve, which at present is some 1,500 miles in area, be extended
so as to include the prairies, which are the proper home of the
larger antelopes.
“TI propose to extend the limits of the Hargeisa Reserve up to
the Abyssinian border on the extreme west, so as to include a por-
tion of the Ban-ki-Wajalyer prairie, and I would also extend the
limits towards the south down to the ninth north parallel of lati-
tude, taking in the Tuyo and Arori Plains.
‘The boundaries of this reserve would then run as follows :—
Beginning at Lafarug in the north-east corner, it would go west-
ward along the tenth parallel to its intersection with the forty-
third east meridian at Sau, on the Abyssinian frontier, thence to
64 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
the intersection of the ninth north parallel with the forty-fourth
meridian east. The southern boundary would run from this point
eastward along the ninth parallel to the southern edge of Tuyo
Plain at Edanka Tuyo, thence due north through the old boun-
dary at Talawayer to the Jerato Pass, and so through Mandera
to Lafarug.
‘Tt may be considered that this area is very large, being about
80 miles by 64, and containing as it will some 5,000 square miles ;
but it must be remembered that Somaliland is in a very special
position. The inequality of grazing, the vicissitudes of the
seasons, the frequent failure of rain, the periodical sweeping move-
ments of the nomad tribes, and the fact that there is a constant
demand for oryx-hide shields, ostrich feathers, and gerenook
prayer-carpets, compel the wild animals to annually move about
over a larger tract of country than I imagine is the case elsewhere.
From what I know from personal experience of the conditions in
the Masai plains of East Africa, 1 am inclined to think that game
wanders at least 100 miles there, and in Somaliland the conditions,
compelling an annual change of locality, operate with, I believe,
greater force.
‘The expense of maintaining and properly supervising the two
reserves should not exceed £500 per annum, allowing native game
rangers, and an extra Political Officer in the west, who will, more-
over, be available at all times for political work.
‘ As regards any further measures which may be advantageously
taken for the protection of wild animals, I propose that the sale of
all horns and skins and ostrich eggs be prohibited at Aden, as well —
as on the Somali coast, and I will address the Resident at Aden on
this matter. Many heads and ostrich eggs are taken over from —
the British coast eastward of Berbera, to which part we have not
yet extended our administration, except at Karam and Hais.
‘ Jackals and hyzenas should be kept down.
‘Summarising the above, we have, in addition to the Game ©
Regulations, the following measures, the first three of which are ~
now already in force :— q
‘1. An annual close season, from the 15th of March to the ~
15th of June. .
‘9. A rotation of royal game, kudu being particularly carefully —
watched.
‘3. The keeping down of hyenas, jackals, and rhinoceros-birds —
within harmless numbers. |
‘4. The extension of the Hargeisa Reserve. |
‘5. The expenditure of £500 per annum, and the addition of —
a Political Officer to take special charge, with a native staff. b
‘6. The prohibition of the sale of horns, skins, and ostrich ©
eges at Aden. ba
‘7. The total prohibition of the hunting of elephants and harte- _
beeste for a series of years,’
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 65
APPENDIX 1.
Notes.
‘The western part of Somaliland, more especially the south-
western, is less arid than the eastern parts of the country, and has,
therefore, favoured game to a greater extent.
‘The great waterless} wilderness called the “‘ Haud,’’ which
stretches across the centre of our Protectorate from the westward to
Burao and Bohotleh, has, moreover, hitherto afforded a great natural
sanctuary for wild animals. It is true that with the coming of
the rainy season, when pools of water are formed, both our tribes
from the north and their traditional rivals, the Ogaden,” from the
south and west, penetrate with their flocks and herds far into the
wilderness, but even then, a large neutral zone, created by the
enmities of the tribes, is left vacant, and the game has, conse-
quently, ample space wherein to find refuge. We have debatable
land of this kind also around Burdab Mountain, and the game
here, and more especially so on the eastern side, was formerly
plentiful. The “‘ Sorl,’’ south of the Golis Range, behind Hais
and Laskhorai, is another ‘‘ Haud,’’ and here the same conditions
prevail, but although there are rhinoceros, and oryx and the smaller
species of antelope are plentiful, there are, for some peculiar
reason, no lions. Probably the eastern tribes, having been in
possession of rifles for many years past, have exterminated them.*
‘Certain districts containing many wells—districts which are
continually being overrun by the tribes and their flocks and herds
—contain comparatively little game. Such, for instance, is the
Nogal district and Guban at the foot of the Golis Range.
‘It will be convenient to roughly divide the country into two
zones for game. One the ‘‘ Haud,’’ where thick bush alternates
with great prairies, a succession of which sweeps around in a
great concave arc from the Abyssinian frontier on the west to
Burao and Bohotleh ; and secondly, the mountainous country com-
prising the Golis Range, which runs all along the coast at varying
distances inland from west to the east, closing in to the coast as it
trends eastward, until at Hais it runs behind the sea-beach up to
Cape Guardafui; and the Gadabursi and Jibril Aboker hill country.
In the “‘ Haud ”’ prairies the game feeds in front of and precedes
the people in their annual movements in the wake of the rain and
grass, and covers an orbit of, perhaps, one hundred and fifty miles
in its wanderings. There are also the coast prairies behind the
Bulhar-Zeyla coast-line. Here the game probably covers one
hundred miles in its migrations, but aoul (Soemmering’s gazelle)
are very local, and may always be found at Manda and near
1 Not rainless. 2 Abyssinian tribes.—E. S.
* The fact that other game here has escaped destruction is a hopeful
feature perhaps for dibatag,—k. S.
E
66 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
Bulhar, in great numbers. In the hill tracts the wild animals,
such as kudu, with the exception of what is really prairie game,
are local, and keep to their own particular hills and valleys.
‘ There are no rivers or railways, and the only well-used routes
from which the supervision of game could be facilitated are the
caravan tracks used by the troops between Berbera and Hargeisa
and between Berbera and Burao. On both of these routes, how-
ever, the movements of troops have driven the game away. At
present, there is no game to speak of near the road worth pro-
tecting.
‘My brother and I were employed in exploration surveys for
the Government of India in 1891-1892. Times have much changed
since then. The numbers of wild animals formerly in the country
were astonishing. I remember in the rainy season of 1891 enter-
ing the rolling western plains, where, at an altitude of five thousand
to six thousand feet, we came upon a bushless tract one thousand ~
square miles in area, covered by short succulent grass. The whole
ground was covered with immense herds of hartebeeste, oryx, and
Soemmering’s and Speke’s gazelles, and troops of ostriches loomed
up and disappeared in the folds of the prairie. On firing a shot
the whole mass stampeded, one herd communicating its fears to
another, until right up to the horizon there was a crowd of gallop-
ing animals. I counted four hundred oryx in one herd, and
roughly dividing the masses as well as I was able into groups of
the same size, I estimated that the total number of animals I then
saw could not have been less than ten thousand. In the midst
of the veldt we shot two out of three lions.’ They were lying out
on the short grass in full view, and had been clearly seen by us
when yet two miles off. In the bush country south of the grassy
plains lions were numerous. In two days’ surveying my brother
and I killed, besides other game, two lions and five rhinoceroses.
Every night we heard the roar of lions. They would frequently
roar around our camp trying to stampede the camels, and they
would continue roaring long after dawn. We frequently came
on herds of elephants, and easily managed to shoot a few of the
biggest bulls. I have known of several parties of sportsmen who
have shot from twenty to thirty lions in a three months’ trip, and
I know of two sportsmen at least who shot as many as eight lions
before breakfast.
‘It was the same in the hill tracts, the home par excellence
of the kudu, both the lesser and the greater variety, and klip-
springers. No day passed that kudu were not seen, and there was
no temptation to shoot moderate-sized heads, which now would —
be considered good. Elephants roamed about Waggar Mountain,
forty-five miles south of Berbera, and had tunnelled a path through
the cedar forests and underwood right up to the tops of the moun-
1 My brother was unfortunately badly mauled.—F. 8.
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE. EMPIRE 67
tains. For many years the bones of elephants that had been shot
were lying in Soksode plains near Waggar, and at Mandera. Near
Zeyla my brother saw elephants walking on the beach, and I shot
one of my finest not forty miles from the coast at Lofodi. Lesser
kudu were plentiful in the foot-hills. Like the greater kudu, they
are never found far from water, and their habits very much ‘re-
semble those of the cheetel, the axis deer of India.
‘The contrast between the past and the present is distressing.
I have frequently travelled across the prairies since then, and I do
not think I have ever seen more than a dozen animals at a time,
excepting, perhaps, the common and unsought-after aoul. Harte-
beeste have practically disappeared, and oryx are met in dwindled
and scattered herds. Several herds of elephants remain in the
west near Jalelo, Gibeli, and in the Gadabursi country, but these
give a yearly toll to sportsmen and are gradually dwindling
away.
‘The country inland east of Karam is not well known, having
never been visited by officers of the Administration, except when I,
in my military capacity, in 1902 carried an expeditionary force
from Berbera inland behind the Golis Range to the top of the
mountains at the back of Laskhorai. The tribes in this direction
have never been administered inland, and no attempts have been
made to bring the Game Regulations into force. I should say,
from the little I was able to see at the time of my journey, that
this part of the country does not contain so much game as the
western part of the Protectorate, which is better known. At the
same time, the ‘‘ Haud’’ at the back of the hills, here called
“* Sorl,’’ has great possibilities, and I know that rhinoceros and
oryx are to be found there in considerable numbers.
‘I do not attribute the reduction in the numbers of wild animals
either to disease or to native hunting. Both of these factors have
operated during the last hundred years, and the game as I saw it
in 1891 had successfully coped with both.
‘The epidemic of rinderpest which in 1897 swept over the
whole of Africa began in Harrar, and Somaliland was the first
country to suffer, the cattle being nearly wiped out. Since then
rinderpest has appeared periodically, keeping down the extra-
ordinary recuperative powers of the hardy Somali breeds. Thus
in 1899, 1901, 1903, it followed the cattle through the western
prairies and the Golis Mountain Range. The hartebeeste in the
west suffered enormously, and so did the kudu in the hills.
Somalis have told me that, at certain seasons, they have every day
gone out on foot and pulled down with their hands batches of sickly
animals in order to strip the hides. The prairies were in 1899-1901
everywhere covered with bones, and in the hills heads of kudu
were continually being brought in by natives.
‘There are no permanent villages, except at the coast, and a
few small communities of religious men every hundred miles or so.
E 2
68 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
The tribes live in movable encampments, their small brown cir-
cular huts being made of camel mats.
‘The Somali hunts on horseback and kills numbers of oryx and
ostriches by riding them down. The bull oryx is prized for his
thick hide, shields being made out of the shoulder-piece. Every
Somali buys a dozen or so of these shields during his lifetime.
Thus the execution must be great. When rain has fallen in the
‘* Haud,’’ oryx become hogged and may be easily caught on foot.
When lions have killed men of note, the young men turn out on
horseback and gallop round and round them. As the hon swiftly
turns around in a cloud of dust, he becomes dazed and is plied
with poisoned arrows. Hyzenas, which are a greater scourge to
the flocks by far than lions, are killed by pit-falls furnished with
a short spear-blade. In the west rhinoceroses are killed for the
sake of the hide, which cuts up into seven good shields, leaving
besides some strips for making whips.
‘Midgans, a servile aboriginal and hunting tribe, use bows
and poisoned arrows, wearing game down by following them night
and day, using a camel as a stalking horse; or they make long
lines of thorn fence across the jungle, setting springes in cleverly
contrived openings. Gerenook (Waller’s gazelle) are caught in
this manner, the skin being in great demand to convert into soft
prayer-carpets. Midgans catch young ostriches and domesticate
them.
‘ But none of these causes do more than place temporary checks
on the increase of game. The proof is that the game has survived
them all during hundreds of years.
‘T attribute the diminution of game entirely to the importa-
tion of modern rifles, and so far, leaving aside the Abyssinians
who, since the rectification of the western boundary in their favour,
have with their paid Midgan gunmen overrun the western plains,
practically wiping out in a few years the great numbers of harte-
beeste and oryx which formerly swarmed there, and have cut off
the supply of elephants at its source in the highlands of Harrar;
omitting also the tribes who have only recently been armed, and
who, although they must undoubtedly be reckoned on as a factor
in the future, have so far done comparatively little harm,—leaving
aside the above, I attribute the diminution of game almost, if not
entirely, to European sportsmen and to the movements of troops.
These have prevented game from recuperating after rinderpest and
disease, as it formerly used to. No doubt the Ogaden, who have
recently purchased many rifles from Abyssinian soldiers, are
rapidly destroying the wild animals, but these people do not live
within the British Protectorate.
“The slaughter in the Protectorate has been great during the
presence in the country of the various expeditionary forces, when
it was impossible, in spite of every effort, to obtain general recogni-
tion of the Game Laws. Not only did a large proportion of the’
Bite AA ee lame
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 69
five hundred or six hundred officers in the country shoot with or
without a licence, but I know of several cases where, although
sheep were at all times easily obtainable, the Sepoys were habitually
allowed to kill as much game as they wanted, and no check was
apparently placed upon the shooting of females. With the depar-
ture of the troops, this indiscriminate slaughter has happily become
a thing of the past.
‘T think it will be generally recognised that year by year wild
animals suffer from increasing disadvantages. Rifles continually
improve, but animals obtain no countervailing advantages.
Whereas formerly a knowledge of woodcraft, without which the
sportsman could not get within range of his animal, was incum-
bent, men nowadays he down with their flat-trajectory small-bore
rifles on the grassy veldt, and open fire at from four hundred to
five hundred yards, and if they happen to be good shots, they
easily kill their animals, whilst if they are indifferent shots, they
may send them away maimed, to be killed in the night by hyzenas.
As a sportsman, and in the interests of sport such as I think it
should be, I am strongly in favour of a general agreement to
restrict the use of rifles to a bore not smaller than ‘577. The
sport would gain by the reviving of the now fast disappearing art
of woodcraft, but I am afraid that the idea is Utopian, and would
not commend itself to most modern sportsmen, many of whom,
knowing that they may never come again, are possessed of a wish
to carry away as many trophies as possible, and thus make good
the fees which they have paid for a licence.
‘HE. J. HE. Swayne.
‘November 22, 1905.’
ApprENpDIx 5.
‘Commissioner’s Office, Somaliland Protectorate,
Sheikh, November 23, 1905.
‘Sir,—I have the honour to request that you will take into
your consideration the question of the feasibility of bringing into
force at Aden regulations which will assist this Administration in
ensuring the observance of the ‘‘ Somaliland Game Regulations,
1901,’ a copy of which has already been submitted to you.
‘ The actual administration does not as yet extend to the eastern
part of the Protectorate, and there are as yet no establishments
there to cope with the export of game trophies, which are offered
for sale at Aden.
‘ At the same time the preservation of interesting varieties of
wild animals as contemplated by the International Convention of
the 19th of May, 1900, to which Great Britain has acceded, is a
matter of scientific importance, and is engaging the close atten-
tion of all parties to the Convention.
70 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
‘T think that the prohibition of sale at Aden would be of very
material assistance to the cause, and I have, therefore, informed
the Colonial Office that I am addressing you on the matter.
‘The paragraph of the Regulations affected is No. 6, which
runs as follows :—
‘6 No person shall within the Protectorate sell, or pur-
chase, or offer, or expose for sale any ostrich eggs or any
head, horns, skin, or flesh of any animal mentioned in any of
the schedules, unless the ostrich or animal has been kept in a
domesticated state; and no person shall knowingly store, pack,
convey, or export any part of any animal which he has reason
to believe has been killed or captured in contravention of these
Regulations. ’’
‘T have, &c.,
‘E. J. EH. Swayne,
‘ Brigadier-General.
‘The Political Resident, Aden.’
Enclosure in No. 217.
‘ ANNUAL RETURN OF GAME KILLED DURING THE YEAR 1905.
Number and Sex of Animals Killed
Male Female
Lion
Rhino .
Dero
Dibatag
Oryx Beisa . :
Strepsiceros (Kudu)
Strepsiceros Imberbis .
Klipspringer (Alikout).
Wild Pig (Wart-hog) .
Hartebeeste .
Gerenook
Leopard
Hyena.
Aoul .
Dik-dik
Total .
pal lolrorw! | Slal |
192
o>)
pm
‘H. EK. S. Corpeavx,
‘Deputy Commissioner.’
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 71
No. 217.
CoMMISSIONER SwayNE (Somaliland) ito the Karu or Euein.
(Received March 24, 1906.)
‘Somaliland, Commissioner’s Office, Berbera, March 12, 1906.
‘My Lord,—I have the honour to submit the Annual Return
of Game killed in the Protectorate ‘‘ under Public Officers’
Licences,’’ as submitted to me by the Deputy Commissioner, Ber-
bera.
‘TI regret the delay.
‘TI have, &c.,
‘EB. J. BH. Swayne,
‘ Brigadier-General.’
No. 223.
COMMISSIONER SADLER (Hast Africa Protectorate) to the
HaRu OF ELGIN.
(Received May 30, 1906.)
[Ordinance sanctioned August 1, 1906. ]
‘ Commissioner’s Office, Nairobi, April 17, 1906.
“My Lord,—I caused the Game Ordinance (No. 9 of 1906) to
be published in the last number of the ‘‘ Official Gazetite,’’ and
I have now the honour to transmit herewith eight copies. The
Crown Advocate’s covering despatch reviewing the circumstances
in consequence of which the promulgation of the Ordinance was
thought desirable was forwarded in my despatch of March 6th.*
‘2. I have been, as Your Lordship is aware, in communication
with the Acting Commissioner of Uganda in order to ensure that
the legislation of the two Protectorates in this respect should
correspond as closely as possible, and in deference to the wish
expressed in his telegram of the 15th ultimo, a copy of which is
enclosed for Your Lordship’s information, a sub-section has been
added to Section 7 of the Ordinance empowering the Commissioner
to make rules legalising the export in transit through this Protec-
torate of any ivory lawfully acquired in Uganda, even though of
less weight than the minimum which we permit.
“3. The rules in question, copies of which accompany this
despatch, were drawn up and will be published in the ‘‘ Official
Gazette ’’ of May 15th.
‘T have, &c.,
‘J. Hayes Sapuer.’
* No. 218.
79 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
Bast AFRICA PROTECTORATE.
Rules.
‘Rules issued by His Majesty’s Commissioner for the Hast
Africa Protectorate under Section 7 Sub-section (6) of the Hast
Africa Game Ordinance, 1906.
‘J. Hayes SADLER,
‘ His Majesty’s Commissioner. ’
‘Nairobi, dated this 2nd day of May, 1906.
‘1. No elephant tusk weighing less than 30 lbs., and no piece
of ivory which in the opinion of an officer engaged in the Civil
Administration of the East Africa Protectorate formed part of a
tusk under 30 lbs. in weight shall be introduced into the Hast
Africa Protectorate from the Uganda Protectorate unless it shall
have been stamped with an official stamp and a registered number
by a Customs Officer or Officer engaged in the Civil Administration
of the Uganda Protectorate.
‘9. The fact that an elephant tusk or piece of ivory bears an
official stamp and registered number as required by the preceding
rule shall be prima facie evidence that the tusk or piece of ivory
was lawfully collected and possessed in the Uganda Protectorate
and such tusk or piece of ivory may be imported from the Hast
Africa Protectorate.
‘J. Hayes SADLER,
‘ His Majesty’s Commissioner. ’
Enclosure in No. 224.
HABITAT OF THE GAME ANIMALS OF SOMALILAND,
witH RoucH SKxetTcH Map.
‘The map roughly represents Somaliland, the red line the
British sphere of influence, the dotted lines roughly divide it into
five sections, as follows :—
‘1. The desert country near the coast.
‘2. The Golis Mountains.
‘3. The waterless, though not desert, country called the Haud.
‘4. The extreme east of the Protectorate.
‘5. The extreme west of the Protectorate.
‘There are seven species indigenous to Somaliland alone :—
‘ Gazella Pelzeni, in section 1 of map, between Berbera and
Bulhar, requires protection.
‘ Baira, in section 2, is found near Doodobar, on a spur of the
Golis Mountains, and possibly on some of the solitary
barren hills in section 1. Very rare, requires protection.
‘ Somali Wild Ass, section 2, in mountains to the south of the
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 73
Sheikh Pass and, according to native report, in section 4.
Very valuable, should be carefully protected.
‘ Dik-diks (Madoqua Swaynei and M. Phillipst), all over sec-
tions 2 and 38. The female always dashes first out of a
bush; horns of male so small that they are difficult to see.
They are the prey of leopards, the smaller carnivora and
birds of prey, and should be protected.
‘ Clarke’s Gazelle (Ammodorcas Clarket), in section 3, near
Gimba. A most remarkable antelope, confined to a district
about 50 miles north and south. Should be protected if
possible.
‘ Swayne’s Hartebeeste (Bubalis Swayne), in section 3, con-
fined-to districts in the Haud, near Toyo. Requires pro-
tection.
‘There are ten other species excluding carnivora, and these
are found in other parts of Africa as well as in Somaliland.
‘ Elephant, in section 5, in the Gadabursi country. I believe
they should be absolutely protected.
‘ Greater Koodoo, in section 2, in the Golis Mountains, also
a few in the extreme south of section 3, and, I believe, in
section 5, in the Gadabursi country, but their principal
habitat is the Golis Mountains. Require protection.
‘Lesser Koodoo, in section 2, in the foothills of the Golis
Mountains and just north of Hargeisa. Should be pro-
tected.
‘ Klipspringer, in section 2, in the Golis Mountains. Should
be protected.
‘ Waller’s Gazelle, scattered over section 3. A very remark-
able antelope, should be protected.
* Ostrich, scattered over section 8. Should be protected on
account of its value.
‘The four remaining species are found scattered over sec-
tion 3, and a few on the borders of section 2. These species are
Soemmering’s and Speke’s Gazelles, Oryx, Wart-hog. They
would be all the better for some protection, but do not require it
so urgently as the rest.
‘ FREDERICK GILLETT.’
No. 282.
(Received in Colonial Office, August 8, 1906.)
OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF THE H1GH COMMISSIONER FOR Soutu AFRICA.
PROCLAMATION BY His EXCELLENCY THE HicuH ComMMISSIONER.
(No. 16 of 1906.)
‘ Whereas it is expedient to amend Proclamation No. 1 of
1905, relating to the preservation of game within the territory
74 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
defined by the Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in
Council, 1899 (hereinafter referred to as ‘‘ the territory ’’):
‘ Now therefore under and by virtue of the powers in me vested
I do hereby declare proclaim and make known as follows :—
‘1. Notwithstanding anything in Section five of Proclamation
No. 1 of 1905 contained :
‘ (a) the holder of a Special Licence may under such licence
hunt and kill the following animals mentioned in
Schedule Three of the said Proclamation that is to
say three eland bulls and one koodoo bull;
‘(b) the holder of a Special Licence may under such licence
hunt and kill any game mentioned in the said
Schedule Three save and except elephant giraffe and
rhinoceros ; provided that game authorised hereby
to be hunted under a Special Licence be within an
area infected with tsetse fly the burden of proving
which shall in any prosecution lie upon the person
hunting such game;
“(c) any European member of a recognised Missionary
Society which carries on its work in the territory
may under the authority of an ordinary licence
hunt and kill game mentioned in Schedule Two of
the said Proclamation not exceeding ten head of
such game.
‘2. Notwithstanding anything in Sections twenty-four to
twenty-nine inclusive of the said Proclamation it shall be lawful for
any person being the holder of a Special Licence or Administrator’s
Licence to export free of duty any game which may have been
hunted under the authority of such licence not exceeding three
heads of each variety of such game.
‘3. This Proclamation shall have force and take effect from the
date of its publication in the Gazette.
‘Gop SAVE THE Kina.
‘ Given under my Hand and Seal at Pretoria this Eleventh day
of July One thousand Nine hundred and Six.
‘ SELBORNE,
‘ High Commissioner.
‘By Command of His Excellency the
‘High Commissioner.
‘C. H. RopweE tu,
‘ Imperial Secretary.’
Hicu Commissioner’s Notice No. 77 or 1906.
‘It is hereby notified that the Administrator of Barotziland-
North-Western Rhodesia, in the exercise of the powers on him
conferred by Section three, Sub-section (d), of Proclamation No. 1
THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 75
of 1905, has prescribed that the holder of a Special Licence or Ad-
ministrator’s Licence under such Proclamation shall not kill, under
any such licence, sable antelope in a greater number than five bulls
and two cows, and zebra to a greater number than three.
‘By Command of His Excellency the
* High Commissioner.
"C. HE Ropwr,
‘ Imperial Secretary.
‘ Johannesburg, July 10, 1906.’
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THE WILD FAUNA OF THE EMPIRE 1
A RBHCENT PUBLICATION.
‘THe MAN-EATERS OF TSAVO.’
Most readers of the Journal have probably heard of the man-
eating lions who exercised a reign of terror which lasted for several
months and seriously impeded the construction of the railway in
British East Africa. A full account of their dogs and the methods
by which they were finally destroyed has now been published by
Colonel Patterson, and the story is of absorbing interest. The book
(‘ The Man-eaters of Tsavo,’ by Lieut.-Colonel J. H. Patterson,
D.S.0O. With a foreword by F. C. Selous. Macmillan & Co.) is
one that should be read by all who are interested in big game,
for the account which Colonel Patterson gives would be almost
incredible were the veracity of the writer not unimpeachable.
Much of interest will also be found on British East Africa, on the
construction of the railway, on the natives, and on shooting. We
cannot do better than quote a passage from Mr. Salous’s preface:
‘ From the time of Herodotus until to-day lion stories innumerable
have been told and written. I have put some on record myself.
But no lion story I have ever heard or read equals in its long-sus-
stained and dramatic interest the story of the Tsavo man-eaters as
told by Colonel Patterson. A lion story is usually a tale of adven-
tures, often very terrible and pathetic, which occupied but a few
hours of one night ; but the tale of the Tsavo man-eaters is an epic
of terrible tragedies spread over several months, and only at last
brought to an end by the resource and determination of one man.
It was some years after I read the first account published of the
Tsavo man-eaters that I made the acquaintance of President Roose-
velt. I told him all I remembered about it, and he was so deeply
interested in the story—as he is in all true stories of the nature
and characteristics of wild animals—that he begged me to send
him the short printed account as published in the Field. This
I did; and it was only in the last letter I received from him that,
referring to this story, President Roosevelt wrote: ‘‘ I think that
the incident of the Uganda man-eating lions, described in those
two articles you sent me, is the most remarkable account of which
we have any record. It is a great pity that it should not be pre-
served in permanent form.’’’ In recommending Colonel Patter-
son’s plain, modest, and straightforward account of his unique ad-
ventures, one may add that there is not a word of exaggeration in the
praise bestowed upon his book by Mr. Selous and President Roose-
velt. No one who reads it can be disappointed, and he must be
cold-blooded indeed who does not feel a thrill of exultation when
the two man-eaters are finally destroyed.
LONDON : EDWARD STANFORD, 12, 13, & 14, Lona acre, W.C.
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