A journal of two visits made to some nations of Indians on the west side of the river Ohio, in the years 1772 and 1773

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Darlin^n Memorial Library
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NO. II.

JOURNAL

TWO VISITS MADE TO SOME NATIONS OF IN-
DIANS ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE RIVER
OHIO, IN THE YEARS 1772 AND 1773.

Rev. DAVID JONES, / '<U - l^^^

MINISTER OP THE IJOSPEL AT FEEEHOLD, IN NEW JERSEY.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF THE AUTHOR,

BT

HORATIO GATES JONES, A. M.,

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY HISTORICAL SOCIETY OP PENNSYLVANIA.

NEW YORK:

REPRINTED FOR JOSEPH SARIN.

1865,

'2,'2-Q ^

50 copies ]mnted on large paper.
200 copies printed on small paper.

No.

RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:
TRINTED BY H. 0. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY.

\9

t

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

THE Reverend David Jones was a fon of
Morgan and Eleanor Evans Jones, and was
born in White Clay Creek Hundred, Newcaftle
County, Delaware, May 1 2th, 1 736. His father
was a native of the Principality of Wales, and
was defcended from the famous Morgan ap Ryd-
darch. The early life of David was devoted to
agricultural purfuits, and he lived in the midft
of a population who were chiefly emigrants
from Wales, fo that he acquired the Welfh lan-
guage ; but in after life he forgot it.

On the 6th of May, 1758, he was baptized,
and became a member of the Welfh Tra6t Bap-
tift Church. Soon after this, he went to the
Hopewell Academy, in Hunterdon County, N.
J., which was eftablifhed by the Rev. Ifaac Ea-
ton. Here he learned Latin and Greek, and
made the acquaintance of James Manning, after-
wards the firft Prefident of Rhode Ifland Col-
lege, and many others who became diftinguifhed
both in Church and State.

Having

[ vi* ]

Having finifhed his ftudies, he returned home,
and in 1761 he was hcenfed to preach the gofpel
by the Welfli Trad Church, and the fame year
he went to Middletown, N. J., to ftudy divinity
under the learned Abel Morgan, who was the
paftor of the Middletown Church and a coufin
of Mr. Jones. He was ordained at Freehold,
Monmouth County, December 12, 1766, and
became the paftor of the church in that place.
It was during his refidence here that he became
ftrongly imprefTed with a defire to vifit the In-
dians in the territory northweft of the Ohio River,
and endeavor to preach to them the gofpel. As
a preliminary ftep, he laid the matter before the
Philadelphia Baptift AfTociation, which met that
year (1772) in New York, and his projed being
approved by that body, he received a certificate
of his good ftanding as a minifter, with a view to
the profecution of his intended mifTion. Befides
vifiting the Indians, he alfo had " views of fet-
tling on the eaft of the River Ohio, in a Province
under the care of Meffrs. Franklin, Wharton,
Baynton, Morgan, and others." His firft miflion
was begun May 4, 1772, and terminated in Au-
guft. His fecond was begun OAober 26, 1772,
and ended in April, 1773, fo that he fpent nearly
one entire year in his travels. The details of
thefe journeys comprife the contents of the vol-
ume now republifhed, and form an interefting

account

[ vii* ]

account of the manners, cuftoms, language, and
religious belief of a people now almoft extindl.
One of his companions, while navigating the
Ohio in a canoe from Fort Pitt (now Pittfburg),
was the celebrated George Rogers Clarke, who
has been termed " the Washington of the Weft."
The miftionary efforts of Mr. Jones were di-
redled chiefly to the Shawnee and Delaware In-
dians ; but they were attended with very little
fuccefs, and he finally abandoned the benevolent
enterprife, and fettled himfelf as the permanent
paftor of the Freehold Church, where he contin-
ued to preach, with great acceptance, until the
commencement of the Revolutionary War. He
at once efpoufed the fide of his country, and his
zeal and devotion to the American fide foon ren-
dered him obnoxious to the Tories, who abound-
ed in that part of New Jerfey. His boldnefs was
proverbial, and at laft his life was placed in im-
minent jeopardy. Feeling that it was unfafe to
refide any longer amid fuch a population, he re-
moved to Pennfylvania, and became paftor of
the Great Valley Baptift Church, in Chefter
County. This was in April, 1775. In the fall
of that year, a Faft was recommended to the
Colonies by the Continental Congrefs, then in
feffion at Philadelphia. The war had already
begun, and regiments of troops were being raifcd
all over the land. Mr. Jones preached a fer-

mon

[ viii * ]

mon before Col. Dewees's regiment, in the Great
Valley Church, in which he took high ground
in favor of independence. This was at a time
when but few dreamed of cutting loofe from the
mother-country. The fermon was entitled "De-
fenfive War in a Juft Caufe Sinlefs; " — it was
afterwards printed and circulated very exten-
fively throughout the country. In 1776 Mr.
Jones was appointed chaplain to a Pennfylvania
regiment, of which Colonel — afterwards Major-
General — St. Clair was the commander, and
which was ordered to the Northern Department.
He was on duty with St. Clair at Ticonderoga,
where, on the 20th of October, 1776, while the
enemy was being looked for from Crown Point,
he delivered a chara6teriftic addrefs to the troops,
which ferved to infpire them with frefh military
ardor. He alfo ferved through two campaigns
under Major- General Horatio Gates, and was
brigade chaplain under General Wayne, in 1777.
At the Battle of Brandywine he bore a confpic-
uous part, and on the 20th of September, 1777,
he narrowly efcaped death at the Paoli maflacre.
On the 4th of Odober following, he was at the
Battle of Germantown. He accompanied the
army to Whitemarfh and Valley Forge, and dur-
ing the encampment of the winter of '77 ^^^
'78, he rendered many important fervices afidc
from his profeflional duties as a chaplain. He

followed

[ix»]

followed the fortunes of the army during the
remainder of the war, and had the unfpeakable
fatisfadion of beholding the furrender of Corn-
wallis, at Yorktown, in the autumn of 1781.
By his untiring zeal, and bold, uncompromifing
fpirit in his country's caufe, he rendered himfelf
a marked man, fo that General Howe offered a
reward for him, and a plan was fet on foot for
his arreft.

At the clofe of the war, he retired to his farm
in Eaftown, Chefter County, near his church,
and devoted himfelf to the care of his flock.

In 1786 Mr. Jones became paftor of the
church at Southampton, in Bucks County, Pa.;
but after a paftorate of fix years he returned to
the Great Valley Church and his farm, in the
immediate neighborhood of his old commander,
Major-General Wayne. Meanwhile the Indian
War was inaugurated in the territory northweft
of the Ohio River, — a country with which he
had rendered himfelf fomewhat acquainted in
1772—3. General Wayne was appointed to the
command, and, in 1794, Mr. Jones yielded to the
General's requeft and became his chaplain, and
continued in fervice until peace was concluded.

His love of country was fo ftrong, that, in
1812, although feventy-fix years of age, he vol-
unteered his fervices as a chaplain, and ferved
under Generals Brown and Wilkinfon until the

reftoration

[x*]

reftoration of peace. It was during one of the
frontier campaigns, when called upon to offer
prayer, fo impreflive and patriotic were his words,
that, at the clofe, the troops gave three cheers
for Chaplain Jones.

During his retirement at " the Valley," he was
not an idle fpedator of pafTmg events, but his
papers fhow that his pen was bufy in writing to
the Prefident of the United States and the Sec-
retary of War; and the prefs of Philadelphia
contains a large mafs of his contributions upon
public affairs.

The laft occafion that he officiated in public
was on September 20, 1817, when he delivered
an addrefs at the dedication of the Monument
eredted at Paoli, commemorative of the Ameri-
cans who were maffacred there in 1777.

Mr. Jones publifhed feveral polemic works,
and he alfo kept a Diary of his experiences dur-
ing Wayne's Indian Campaign and the War of
1812-14; ^^t ^^^^ which will make him mofl
remembered is his Journal among the Indians.

Mr. Jones died on the fifth day of February,
1820, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, and
his remains were buried in the cemetery adjoin-
ing the Great Valley Baptifl Church.

An obituary, written and publifhed at the
time, gives the following eflimate of him as a
man : —

"In

[xi»]

" In fketching the charadler of this venerable
fervant of the Crofs, truth requires us to fay that
he was an eminent man. Throughout the whole
of his protracted and eventful life, Mr. Jones
was peculiarly diftinguiilied for the warmth of
his friendfhip, the firmnefs of his patriotifm, the
fincerity and ardor of his piety, and the faithful-
nefs of his miniftry. The vain honors of the
world, it is true, are not his ; but, in another, he
has ere this received a crown of glory, and heard
the joyful welcome, ' Well done, good and faith-
ful fervant.' In the Army of the Revolution he
was a diftinguifhed chaplain, and was engaged
in the fame arduous duties during the laft war.
As a fcholar he was accurate. PolTefling a mind
of fuperior texture, he embellifhed it with the
beauties of claflical literature, and the riches of
general fcience. The Fellowfhip of Brown
Univerfity in the year 1774, as a testimony of
refpeft for his learning and talents, conferred
upon him the degree of Mafl-er of Arts."

The original MS. of the Indian Journal is
ftill in exiftence, and is owned by his grandfon,

the writer of the foregoing fketch.

H. G. J.

Philadelphia, September, 1865.

JOURNAL

O F
TWO VISITS

MADE TO SOME NaTIONS OF

INDIANS

ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE RIVER OHIO,

In the Years 1772 and 1773.

By the Rev. D A T I D JONES,

Minifter of the Gofpel at Freehold, in New-Jersey.

BURLINGTON:

Printed and sold by ISJJC COLLINS,

M.DCC.LXXIV.

INTRODUCTION.

Kind Reader,
"VT'OU have in this yournal prefented to your
view my travels in two vijits to the Indians
on the rivers Ohio and Siota ; in which a de-
fcription is given of this wejiern worlds as far
as the towns of the Shawannee Indians^ which
are fituated wefl of the river Siota; together
with what endeavours were made to civilize the
Heathens, and my judgment on that fudjefl. It
cannot be expelled that a particular narrative
of the occurrences of every day fJiould be given^
becaufe this would render the work voluminous,
and too expenfive ; but remarks are m^ade on
whatever was thought moft worthy of notice.
Perhaps it m-ay be afked, what motives influenced
m,e to tmdertake a journey attended with fo much
expenfes, hardfliips a7td fatigue ? By reading
of the Scriptures it appeared, that the gofpel is
to be preached to all nations, a7td that fome out
of all fJiall join in the praifes of the Lamb of
GOD: feei^ig but little fgns of the kingdom
of CHRIS T among us, it was thought that
it might be the day of G O Us mercy and vifi-
tation of thefe negle(5led favage nations. And

notwithfianding

viii INTRODUCTION.

notwithjlanding the difcouragments met with^ I
am not yet convinced but fomething might be
done for their good, if the atteinpt was fuitably
countenanced. Thoughts relative to this fubje£l
have been in my m,ind for feveral years pafl,
and at times with an ardejit defire to try what
fnight be done ; but my circumflances preve7tted
any attempts till the beginnijtg of the fummer
A^mo Domini 1772; when, in company with
Mr. John Holmes who travelled for his health,
I began my firfi tour, and returned from myfec-
ond on the lafl of April \']']2j\ containing the
travels of one year lacking a few days, hiclud-
ing the fpace of 7iear two months between my
firfl and fee 07id journey.

Concluding it would favour my defign, and
from a defire to officiate in the miniflry, without
dependence upon the people^ had views of fettling
on the eafl fide of the river Ohio, in a province
the7i expelled to take place tinder the propriety
of meffrs. Franklin, Wharton, Baynton, Mor-
gan and others. This induced me to take a more
extenfive furvey of the cotmtry than what other-
wife might have been expeBed ; confequently am
enabled to defcribe this new luorld more to the
fatisfaH^ion of fuch as defire to be acquainted
with it. For the gratification of the reader, and
the better undeTflanding offome paragraphs in
the following Journal, it zoas thought proper

thus

INTRODUCTION. ix

thus to premife a few things ; believing that mqfl
readers will enjoy as much pleafure as him that
aBually pajfed through the fcene. It would be
ejleemed as no /mall compenfation to my hard-

Jliips, if this fournal might be any means of
exciting a pious emulation in fome perfon better
qualified to engage in the important work of
civilizing the poor negledled Heathens ; and if
any fhould befo difpofed, cordially I wifJi God

fpeed to the fame ; and remain the reader s un-
worthy fervant in the gofpel of Christ.

D. JONES.

A

JOURNAL

OF TWO VISITS
TO THE

INDIANS.

MAY 4, Anno Domini 1772, having pre-
pared for my journey, and committed all
to the difpofal of Divine Providence, went to
Philadelphia, and converfed with mefTrs. Whar-
ton, Baynton and Morgan concerning fettling
on the river Ohio ; acquainted them alfo with
my defigns of vifiting the Indians. They all
were well pleafed, and gave me what encourage-
ment was then in their power. Mr. Wharton
was fo kind as to recommend me to the notice
of col. Croghan at Fort Pitt, as he was well
qualified, from his long acquaintance with the
Indians, to be of great ufe to me in profecuting
my defign ; and I underftood that Mr. Morgan
was fo good alfo as to write to the colonel in my
favour. Pleafed with the prefent profpeds, left
Philadelphia, and in order to fee fome kindred
and friends, went thro' the province of Mary-
land, and on the 10^'' of May came to the chief

town

[ -2]
town of that province, fituated on good naviga-
ble water, in the county of Baltimore, which is
alfo the name of the town. — 'Tis a town of
great bufinefs confidering its age, is conneded in
trade with the weftern parts of Pennfylvania, and
appears in a profperous ftate. I was there on
the Lord's day, and was favoured with an oppor-
tunity of preaching in the Prefbyterian meeting-
houfe, the minifter being abfent. A number
of the hearers appeared genteel and very well
drefled ; but was forry to fee the behaviour of
fome fo very unbecoming the folemn worfhip of
God — from whofe omnifcient infpedlion noth-
ing can be hid. My hearty wifhes are, that in-
ftead of whifpering, talking and laughing, in the
time of divine fervice, all thofe perfons efpecially
who are in an exalted ftation of life may always
condud themfelves on fuch occafions agreeable
to their genteel appearance. — In and near this
town are three places of divine worfhip, viz. the
church of England, the church of Rome, (near
of equal credit here) and a Prefbyterian meet-
ing-houfe, the lafl of which makes the befl ap-
pearance. When I was there no Baptifl meet-
ing-houfe was ereded; but feveral perfons of
that perfuafion were confulting to make prepa-
rations for one ; and I have been informed that
a lot of land is purchafed for that purpofe. Set
out from thence May 14^'' ; travelled on a courfe

of

[ 13 ]
of W. N. W. 60 miles, to an Inland town in faid
province, called Fredericks-Town ; 'tis fituated
on, and furrounded with good land, and a pleaf-
ant country: and though it is fo diflant from
navigation, 'tis faid, there are fcarcely any goods
in Baltimore or Philadelphia, but what may be
had here, on almoft as reafonable terms. This
town is much larger than what might be ex-
pedled, perhaps owing to the frugality of the
German inhabitants, the greater part confifting
of that nation. In this remained only a few
hours, travelling from thence wefterly to Know-
land's ferry on Potomack river. This river is
broad but not deep, confequently lefs ferviceable
to the weftern inhabitants : it feparates between
Maryland and the province of Virginia. The
firft county adjacent to this ferry is Loudoun,
thro' this a tour was made, in which I enjoyed
oppo'-tunities of preaching, thereby gaining fome
knowledge of the people and country. From
what I faw in that county, fmall encomiums fuit
the moft part of it. Indeed the country is well
watered ; but poor pafture, and few good mead-
ows, and many barren hills may be readily met
with. Within a {tw years paft God has remark-
ably blelTed the gofpel here, fo that it may be
charitably judged that many are brought to the
faving knowledge of Christ. Was agreeably
entertained with the truly grave afped of relig-
ion.

[ H ]
ion, and cannot but commend that godly fin-
cerity that appeared among the profeffing dif-
ciples of Jesus ; though 'tis to be feared that
many yet remain ftrangers to the love of God.

Having fpent what time was thought expe-
dient here, fet out for Winchester on Tuefday
19; croffed the Blue Ridge at Sniggar's gap.
Waggons do pafs over, but the mountain is
both fteep and ftony, which renders the tranf^
porting of produce this way almoft impradlical.
The top of this ridge is faid to divide between
Loudoun and Fredericks county. Here we
crofTed Shannadore, which is a ftream near 100
yards wide. Before night came to Winchefter,
which is the chief town of Fredericks county.
Near to this town, on the eaftern fide, is to be
feen the remains of a fortification, eredled in
time of the lafl: war, and from its appearance
muft have been very expenfive : a number of
large cannons are ftill remaining on and about
the walls.

Wednesday 20 fet out for Fort Pitt. It was
faid the neareft way was by the fouth branch of
Potomack. Pafled this day over difmal ftony
mountains, the greateft part not commodious to
be inhabited by man. Lodged at an innkeep-
er's, whofe name is Murphy, about feven miles,
from Rumney, which is the chief town of Hamp-
fiiire county.

Thursday

[ >5]

Thursday 21 come to Rumney, and there
took breakfaft. This town is fituated on the
fouth fide of the fouth branch of Potomack, and
confifts of a few log houfes and a gaol ; nor is
it likely from its fituation that ever its appear-
ance will be great. From hence we went up the
ftream to colonel Haight's ; moft of the road
went along a narrow bottom adjacent to the
branch ; nor does the land, in common, extend
to any confiderable diftance fit for any manner
of cultivation. When we arrived to colonel
Haight's, we found him agreeably fituated, and
may juftly fay that he appeared hofpitable, kind
and courteous.

Friday 22 fet out for Patterfon's creek, where
I fpent the Sabbath ; preached to a fmall congre-
gation coUedled from the fcattered fettlement,
which is along this creek. — Hampfhire is the
moft northern county of Virginia, and when 1
was there no minifter was fettled in it; but foon
after, 'tis faid, a clergyman of the church of Eng-
land arrived.

Monday 25 from Mr. Johnfon's proceeded on
our way. This day pafi!ed the north branch of
Potomack, which is the northern bounds of Vir-
ginia. The road is cut along the declivity of a
mountain, and the defcent exceeds moft to be
feen ufed as a road. This day we began to af-
cend that mountain from others diftinguifiied by

name

[ ,6]

name Allegini. Foreigners are much miftaken
concerning this mountain, for it is commonly
thought that we afcend from one part till near the
middle we arrive to the fummit, and from thence
defcend to the foot — whereas in afcending we
are near as high in going ten miles, as in any
part of it. This mountain is truly worth notice,
great part of which abounds with excellent tim-
ber; in general either oak, chefnut or white pine,
variegated according to the nature of the foil.
That part of it called Savage Mountain is beau-
tifully covered with ftately white pines, which
promife great advantage to the weftern colony in
procefs of time. In pafling this mountain we
crofs many crystal ftreams, the principal are
called the Little and Great Croffings. The firft
of which is between 15 and 20 yards wide, and
the other about 60 at Mr. Hoagland's : with
more propriety thefe ftreams are called Little and
Great Yochogini. They unite and empty them-
felves into Monongehela, fouth of the place
where general Bradock was defeated: the Laurel
Hill is about ten miles wide, and is only the
weftern part of the fame mountain; but one
reafon why it is fpoken of as a diftind place
maybe, the level land lying eaftward, in breadth
near ten miles : in this are fituated the Great
Meadows where Waftiington was defeated ; the
intrenchment ufed on that occafion yet appears.

This

[ 17]

This mountain * runs a fouth wefterly courfe,
and is at prefent inhabited in many places. Tho'
part of the foil is fo cold and fubjedl to frofts,
that little grain can be expeded ; yet it is faid
that grain of all forts is produced on the Great
Croffings. In moft places the foil is good for
grafs and meadows. 'Tis very probable that it
alfo abounds with various mines, and if fo, it
will be of great utility to the adjacent colonies.
It is faid to be fixty miles acrofs it, as we travel
from Fort Cumberland to Redftone. Thro' the
whole as you travel, may lodge every night in
fome kind of houfes ; but the entertainment is a
little rough, for fuch as are but ftrangers to the
new country. In this an amendment may be
juftly expefted, for a number of frugal and civil
people are preparing good accommodations, both
for man and horfe. When we defcend the Laurel
Hill, which is both fteep and ftony, we come into
that country whioh is known in diftant places by
the name of Redftone. This name cannot prop-
erly be applied to the greater part of this land,
for Redftone is a creek, and the land adjacent
makes a very fmall part of that country. This
fettlement abounds with more creeks than can

properly

* The whole hilly country called the Allegini Mountain is faid
to run a fouth weft courfe, and terminates between South Carolina
and Miffiffipi.

3

[ >8]
properly be mentioned here. Thefe all empty
into the river commonly called Monongehela,
the proper name of which, according to the
Indian pronunciation, is Mehmonawangehelak,
which fignifies, Falling in Bank River.
From the richnefs of the foil, the banks of this
river frequently break, and fall into the ftream ;
hence it takes its name. This river comes from
the fouth, and fixty miles before it arrives to
Fort Pitt, it is 200 yards wide. Several ferries are
kept on it, tho' it may frequently be rode in the
fummer feafon. On each fide of this river, along
the creeks, are fettlements amounting to many
thoufand inhabitants in the whole. — In this
country preached at feveral places, and made
known my purpofe to vifit the Indians. Met
with an interpreter here well qualified to fpeak
the Delaware's language ; his name is David
Owens: agreed with him to interpret for five
pounds per month — the wages may feem high,
but none who are well qualified will engage for
lefs. He informed me, that it was necefiarv to
fend an ambaflador before us, to know if our
vifit would be acceptable. This appeared rea-
fonable, therefore employed an Indian who lived
with him to carry a fpeech and letter to the king
and chiefs of the Delaware Indians. In this new
fettlement feveral houfes for worfhip are already
ere(5led, one Baptifl: church confiiituted, to which

I

[ 19 ]
I adminiftered the Lord's Tapper. It was truly
pleafing to behold the worfhip of God here, in
a land (6 lately overfpread with heathenifh dark-
nefs and univerfal ignorance of God. Who
could have expe(5led fuch a change ! but all
things are pofTible with God ! May we not hope
to fee the time when the knowledge of him fhall
cover the whole earth ! It has been his will to
favour this new world with a day of divine
power, in which it is hoped, a number are brought
to the knowledge of Christ; nor has he left
them without minifterial fupplies. The reverend
Ifaac Sutton, a man of an amiable chara6ber, is
an ordained minifter among them. Befides him,
at fome diflance there are three candidates for
the miniflry, whofe names are mefT. John Cor-
bly, John Swinglar and John Whitticur. Was
favoured with an opportunity of hearing each ;
their gifts appeared ufeful for the edification of
the church of Christ. The country along Mo-
nongehela is very fertile, exceeding raofl to be
met with in the eaflern colonies. It is certain
that part of it is too rich for wheat, though other
parts produce it tolerably well. Corn and pota-
toes are raifed to admiration. A perfon of credit
at Muddy Creek faid, that one large potatoe cut
into feveral pieces produced the firft year one
bufhel and an half; the fecond year the return
was fixty-four bufhels ; neither was any dung

ufed,

[ 2° J
ufed, for the earth is fufficiently ftrong without
it. The timber, which confifts of black and
white oak, walnut and wild cherry, indicates the
fertility of the foil.

Tuesday June 2, rparted with my interpreter,
who agreed to meet me at the river Ohio ; went
on my way towards Fort Pitt ; arrived fafe on
Thurfday June 4; preached by the way at Tur-
kic Creek; took a view of the fort — it is fituated
where the rivers Monongehela and Allegini
meet : from thence the united ftream is called
Ohio, which fignifies a fair, gentle or pleafant
river. The Shawannees call it Pellewaa Thee-
pee^ i. e. Turky River. At this time the fortifi-
cation was remaining, but fomewhat impaired.
Here were about eighty foldiers with one com-
manding officer. It is faid the erefting of this
fort coft the crown <^. 100,000 fterling: by fome
orders in the fall, it was demolifhed and aban-
doned. Eaft, at about 200 yards diftance, by the
Monongehela, there is a fmall town chiefly in-
habited by Indian traders, and fome mechanicks.
The army was without a chaplain, nor was the
town fupplied with any minifter. Part of the
inhabitants are agreeable and worthy of regard,
while others are lamentably diflblute in their
morals. — Went to fee colonel Croghan ; was re-
ceived by him very courteoufly; next day dined
with him; his habitation was then four miles

from

[2, ]

from Fort Pitt up the Allegini river — confulted
with him about my vifit to the Indians; found
him well difpofed, and willing to aflift ; was
pleafed to hear the colonel fpeak on matters rel-
ative to religion. He was kind enough to make
me a prefent of a bear's fkin to fleep on, a belt
of wampum to prefent to the Indians, and 60
pounds of bifcuit to fupply me in my journey.
This I muft fay, that the colonel afted the gen-
erous, kind gentleman. Part of the time at Fort
Pitt, was kindly entertained by Mr. Aneas Mac-
kay, who is deputy commiffary here ; have rea-
fon to {peak of this gentleman as the apoftle
Paul did of Onefiphorus.

TuESDAf J June 9, left Fort Pitt in company
with Mr. George Rogers Clark, and feveral oth-
ers, who were difpofed to make a tour through
this new world. We travelled by water in a
canoe, and as I laboured none, had an opportu-
nity of obferving the courfes of the river. It
would be too tedious to give a particular ac-
count ; it may fufRce to be more general, and
refer the curious reader to a map * expedted foon
to be publifhed by meffrs. Hutchins and Hooper.
It may be expeded that this performance will be

accurate,

:}: Here I parted with Mr. Holmes who returned to New-
Jerfey.

* By requeft of Mr. Hooper I take fubfcriptions for this map at
a piftole each

[ "]

accurate, as greateft part will be done by act-
ual furvey. As Mr. Hooper favoured me with
the diftances of places, the calculations are
theirs. || — From Fort Pitt the river Ohio runs
about fifteen miles near a N. W. courfe ; thence
near N. about 14 miles; then it makes a great
bent for about 20 miles running a little S. of W.
thence for near 20 miles S. E, to the place called
the Mingo town, where fome of that nation yet
refide. Some of this town were wont to plun-
der canoes, therefore we pafTed them as qui-
etly as poffible ; and were fo happy as not to be
difcovered by any of them. From this town to
Grave Creek is about thirty miles, and the river,
taking the meanders of it, may be faid to run a
little W. of S. Met here with my interpreter,
who came acrofs the country from the waters of
Monongehela, and with him fome Indians, with
whom I had a little converfation. This night
my bed was gravel ftones by the river fide.
From Fort Pitt to this creek we were only in
one houfe inhabited by white people. All the
way our lodging was on the banks of the river,
which at firft did not fuit me, but cuftom made
it more agreeable.

Saturday

II Mr. Hooper told me that by a more exatt furvey made by
him, he found the diftance between Little and Great Canhawa to
be confiderably more than is fpecified in Mr. Hutchins's calcula-
tion.

[^3]

Saturday June 13, moved to a creek by the
Indians called Caapteenin^ i. e. Captains Creek.
This creek comes into the river from the weft
fide, and is fuppofed to be about 75 miles E. S.
E. from Newcomer's town, which is the chief
town of the Delaware Indians. We encamped
oppofite to Caapteenin on the eaft fide of Ohio.
Here were ^ome families of Indians — we went
over and converfed with them, and in the even-
ing fome of them returned the vifit. Mr. Ow-
ens was well acquainted with fome of them, and
let them know what fort of a man I was. They
all fhewed refpedt to me ; even when fome of
them afterwards were drunk, they were civil to
me, and would take me by the hand and fay,
" You be mift/la" Here we fpent the Lord's
day : in the evening inftrudled what Indians
came over. The moft intelligent auditor is called
Frank Stephens. He could fpeak no Englifh,
but in this point, was at no lofs when Mr. Ow-
ens was with me. In this interview, fpoke on
many fubje(51:s, and afked feveral queftions, among
others, whether he believed that after death there
is a ftate of eternal happinefs and of mifery ?
he replied, this he believed — he proceeded and
faid, " he confidered God as the Giver of all
good things ; if he killed a deer he thought God
gave him that good luck." What he faid on
this fubjed raifed my expectation, for we know

that

[H]
that man is more prone to forget the providence
of God, than his exiftence. While many things
were faid concerning God, he gave great atten-
tion. At this time I felt myfelf much diftrefled
how to {peak fo as to make him fenfible of the
way and manner that we received the fcriptures
from God. At laft thefe ideas arofe in my mind,
which were communicated in words to this ef-
fedt, viz. "Long ago, oh ! very long ago : fome-
times at one time, and fometimes at another time,
God had good men on the earth ; and by his
great power, God did fo confine the imagination
of thefe good men, that at that time they could
think nothing but what God would have them
think.* And while they were thus under this
great power of God, they wrote the fcriptures,
which tell us all things that we fhould believe
concerning God, and all things that we fhould
do to pleafe him. This was the fame as if God
had fpoken himfelf " — This I mufl fay, though
I have firmly for many years pafl believed that
the holy fcriptures were given by infpiration of
God, yet never had before a deeper fenfation of
their exalted dignity. What a mercy is it that
we are thus diredled of God! how awful mufl
the cafe of fuch be, who either defpife or neglect
inftrudions from heaven itfelf ! — What was faid
on this fubjetft much affedled Frank, vvho replied,

" that

* 2 Pet. i. and 21.

[^5]
" that he believed long ago Indians knew how-
to worfhip God, but as they had no writings
they had loft all knowledge of him : yet fome-
times fome of them tried to worftiip him, but
knew not whether their fervices were pleafing to
him or not ; " and indeed this muft have been
the cafe with -ill, had not God been pleafed to
reveal his will to us; for no man hath feen him •
but fays the Evangelift, "the only begotten Son,
" which is in the bofom of the Father, he hath
"declared him." This brought to mind, what
formerly had been quoted in converfation from
a certain author, viz. " a philofopher was de-
manded by an emperor to give an anfwer to
two queftions ; the firft v/as, whether there is a
God*? having proper time given to ruminate on
the fubjed:, returned an anfwer in the affirma-
tive : the fecond was, how to worfhip God ac-
ceptably'? after due deliberation anfwered, that
this never could be known, except God is pleafed
to reveal it himfelf" Seeing that this is the cafe,
from hence it appears, how exadt we fhould be
in all our religious obedience to God; and never
deviate from the direftions given us in the holy
fcriptures : for all additions, though under the
fpecious name of decency and order, muft be an
abomination in the fight of God.*

By

Luke xvi. and 15.

[26]

By this time we were furrounded by the even-
ing fhades, and repofe demanded an end to the
prefent interview — informed Frank, that it was
the cuftom of good white folks to pray to God,
before they went to fleep — that we were now go-
ing to pray, and would pray for him — and tho'
he underftood not what was faid, yet may be
God would give him good thoughts while I was
fpeaking. With this we all rofe up to pray; the
Indians rofe likewife, being previoufly informed
by the interpreter. With a folemn heart and
voice addreffes were made to Goo. — Was in-
formed that during the time the Indians looked
very ferioufly at me. When prayer was ended,
Frank told my interpreter, that my voice affedled
his heart ; that he thought I fpoke the fame way
that our Saviour did when he was on earth. It
is likely that this Indian had heard of our Sav-
iour from the Moravians or their Indians. It
was faid by Mr. Owens, that it was common
among the Delawares, to mention the name of
our Saviour: but the cafe is otherwife among
the Shawannees. An anfwer was expeded here
by the ambaflador fent to the chief town of the
Delaware Indians ; but a trader having brought
rum, all profpeds of doing good by any longer
continuance, were at an end ; and the ambafTa-
dor delaying his return, concluded to go down
to the Little Canhawa, to view the land. This

was

[^7]

was near 70 miles below, and from Grave Creek
to the Little Canhawa, the river Ohio may be
faid to run S. W. but it is very crooked, turn-
ing to many points of compafs.

Tuesday 16, fet out for the Little Canhawa,
and arrived to it on Thurfday 18. This ftream
comes from the E. and is near 150 yards wide at
the mouth. Went up this about ten miles ;
found, though it was deep at the mouth, that the
falls were fo fhallow, that our canoes were pre-
vented pafling further. Went out to view the
land on each fide, and to kill provifions. Mr.
Owens killed feveral deer, and a {lately buffalo
bull. The country here is level, and the foil not
defpifable, though not equal in quality to fome
other places. It is not well watered, confequently
not the moft promifing for health. In feveral
places the higheft land is well adorned with
ftately pine trees ; and yet the foil did not appear
too poor to produce good wheat.

Wednesday 24, fet out for Caapteenin again.
On our way had fome bad weather ; viewed the
land in many places ; foil generally good ; level
land but narrow; good fettlements may be made
on feveral creeks ; fome were well watered ; fifh
in great abundance ; fome of which we were fo
happy as to take.

Tuesday 30, came fafe to Caapteenin. Here
was an Indian fent to me from the Delaware's

town,

[28]

town, who gave intelligence that their council
were not all at home — that they were consider-
ing the matter, and in a little time fhould hear
from them again. This anfwer would have been
better understood, had I known them as well
then as now. Being indifpofed in ftomach,
which frequently occafioned vomiting after eat-
ing meat, and this being our chief fuftenance,
was reduced to great weaknefs, and was in much
need of nourifhment better adapted to my con-
dition; therefore moved up to Grave Creek,
leaving there our canoes ; crofTed the defart to
Ten Mile Creek, which empties into Mononge-
hela. It was thought the way we travelled made
our journey between 50 and 60 miles before we
came to the houfe of Mr. Owens. The feafon
was very warm ; all except myfelf had loads to
carry, fo that on the 2d day of July with much
fatigue, we arrived to the inhabitants, faint, weak,
weary and hungry — efpecially Mr. Clark and
myfelf No viduals was ever more acceptable
than fome buttermilk given by the kind inhabi-
tants, which greatly raifed my efteem of cows.
Stayed at Mr. Owens's over the Lord's day, and
preached to a fmall congregation. To recruit
ftrength, remained in the fettlement, and preached
next Lord's day near George's Creek on Monon-
gehela to about two hundred hearers.

About this time a fecond meiTenger came

from

from the Indians, giving intelligence that fome
of the chiefs would foon be at Fort Pitt, where
a more particular account would be given, &c.
At this time many of the inhabitants were near
a famine, occafioned by the multitudes lately
moved into this new country; fo that it was only
through favour that fupplies were obtained to
make another tour in the wildernefs.

Tuesday July 14, in company with meflrs.
Clark, Higgins and my interpreter, fet out for
Fort Pitt; and as it was fometime before the In-
dians would be at Fort Pitt, took another tour
through the defarts to Ohio. Preached on the
Lord's day in a cabbin near to a creek called
Weeling, to about 15 auditors. In the after-
noon having fent word, a itvf Indians met me,
one of which was Frank Stephens. Having all
fet down on deerfkins prefented to us for that
purpofe by the Indians, addrefled them on thefe
fubjedls, viz. i. The ftate in which God created
man. 2. His fall. 3. The promife of a Sav-
iour; his coming and fufferings. 4. The work
of God in renewing our fouls to qualify us for
heaven, and enabling us to believe on the Sav-
iour. On this occafion was very fenfible of the
great difficulties of fpeaking on fuch important
fubje6ts to thefe poor heathens, who were ftran-
gers even to the hiftorical accounts thereof Af
ter due deliberation fpoke to this effedt, viz.

" You

[3°]
" You fee, my brothers, that man is now very
bad ; he does many bad things ; he has a wicked
and bad heart : but when God made him at firft
he was all good, all love. Then he loved God,
and loved one another. God faid to him, if you
will only obey me, you fhall always live in a
happy ftate ; but if you difobey, you fhall furely
die, and be miferable. But afterwards man
thought, may be, he might be happy and not
die, even if he difobeyed God. Then he did
that which God told him he faould not do. But
oh ! immediately he loft all his good, and became
very bad, having no love to God, nor to one an-
other. In this ftate God looked on him and
faid, ah ! you have difobeyed, and would not be-
lieve me : you muft now die, and you deferve to
fuffer for-ever : yet I have compaffion on you,
though you do not deferve it, and will fend you
a Redeemer. After a long time the Redeemer
came, and fo great was his love for us, that he
himfelf in our ftead endured all the puniftiment
due to our tranfgreflions, in order to make peace
between God and us. Now God faith that all
that believe on this Saviour ftiall be happy for-
ever. And to prepare us for that happinefs,
God by his great power changes the temper of
the hearts of all that believe: then they love
God and one another. God takes delight in
them, and when they die he takes them up into

heaven

t3' ]
heaven to be for-ever with himfelf." — Some
white people befides my own company were
prefent : it was obfervable that fome of them
were more afFedled than when they had been
more immediately addrefled. By what appeared
expedlations were raifed ; but thefe Indians had
no further opportunities, being in time of the
fecond vifit down Ohio with my interpreter.

Monday July 20, fet out for Fort Pitt ; had
a finall path called Catfifh's Road, which led us
through the country between Ohio and Monon-
gehela; had the pleafure of feeing a large extent
of good land, but few inhabitants ; it is fome-
what uneven, but moft part habitable. — Came
to Fort Pitt on Wednefday July 22; remained
about fix days ; had an opportunity of converf-
ing with feveral principal Indians of different na-
tions : they all fpoke very agreeably, and feemed
pleafed with my intentions of inftruding them.
It is poflible that thefe men were honeft; but am
now fo well acquainted with Indian deceit as to
know, that when they are among us, to pretend
to love what will beft recommend them, is their
common pradice. Being informed that it was
fome time before any further intelligence could
be had refpedling my vifit: therefore wrote an-
other letter to the Delaware king and chiefs of
the nation, informing them, that I had been long
from home; could ftay no longer at prefent; but

they

[ 32 ]
they might expcd me out again in the fall.
This was interpreted to one of the chiefs, and
with it a belt of wampum delivered with a
fpeech. Was informed all were delivered care-
fully ; but faw not the perfon in my fecond vifit.

July 28, parting with all friends at Fort Pitt,
fet out for the Jerfeys ; pafTed through the fet-
tlement of Monongehela, preaching in various
places ; came to my own houfe in the latter end
of Auguft ; found all well, through the kind
providence of God, who doth always preferve
us through all the dangers of life.

Health was fo much impaired by the great
fatigue of this journey, that it was with reluc-
tance a fecond was undertook ; but fearing the
bad confequences of difappointing the Indians,
was refolved to proceed on all events. Left my
houfe and family on the 26'^ of Odober all well,
but alas ! all of them I never faw more. My
parting at this time went fo to my heart, that it
feemed as if this journey ihould hnifh my days
on earth. It was like death itfelf, but for my
word's fake would go : but had it been known
how little in reality the Indians cared for my
vifit, might have contented myfelt at home.

For the conveniency of carrying provifions,
and as a defence againft florms, went this time
in a covered waggon, in company with a perfon
defirous to fee the new country, with a view of

fettling

[33]
fettling there. Our carriage rendered our jour-
ney lefs expeditious, and in the event proved
confiderable lofs to me; for the axletree broke
in the AUegini mountain, going down to the
Great Croflings — parted with it on fuch difad-
vantageous terms, that about five pounds lofs
was fuftained. Met with difcouragements alfo
while in Philadelphia, for there fome money was
expeded to pay my interpreter, but none could
be had, only one gentleman, as I parted with
him, put three or four dollars in my hand. Some
were fo good as to truft me a fmall fum in fuch
goods as were neceffary for my journey. — It filled
me with fome aftonifhment to fee profeiTed chrif^
tians fo unconcerned about the converfion of the
heathens ! When the Son of Man cometh, fhall
he find faith on earth !

Messieurs Baynton and Morgan were kind
enough to furnifh me with fome necefTaries for
my journey, and it is hoped that it will not in-
cur difpleafure to give credit for their generofity.
We travelled fo flow, and could make fo little
way over the AUegini mountain, that we arrived
not to Redflone till November 17. A few days
before me the Revd. John Davis came here, in-
tending to go with me to Ohio. It furprifed me
to fee him fo much impaired in his health. Con-
verfed, and found him refolved to go with me, at
leafl as far as Ohio. Endeavoured to difTuade
•s him

[34]
him from his purpofe, fearing the event, (which
in time came to pafs) but could not prevail ;
therefore confented, intending fubmiffion to the
will of God. When we came to the houfe of
my interpreter, found that fome time before our
arrival he had, in company with fome Delaware
Indians, gone far down Ohio : he left word that I
might find him about the Shawannee towns, or
fome where along Ohio. This was very difcour-
aging, as I knew of none fo well qualified as him-
felf to anfwer my purpofe. Excited with hopes
of finding him, in company with Mr. Davis and
fome more, fet out for the river Ohio ; but by
high waters, and bad ftormy weather, our jour-
ney was fo retarded that we arrived not to Ohio
till Dec. 2, When we came to the houfe of Dr.
James M^Mechen, formerly neighbour to Mr.
Davis, he feemed to forget his complaints, and
his heart was exhilarated upon feeing his old
acquaintance, and the river Ohio, after fuch a
tedious journey. But alas ! dear man, his time
was fhort, for on the 13^^' day of faid month, he
departed this life, and left me his remains to com-
mit to the earth. My diftrefs was not fmall on
this occafion, for materials to make a coffin, and
a ipade to dig the grave. Was relieved by hear-
ing that in a cabin at fome diftance there were
fome fawed boards, and a fpade could be had in
going about eight miles. Having got the ma-
terials.

[35]

terials, and affifted by a man a little ufed to tools,
made him a coffin. Happily I had carried fome
nails with me, fo that he was buried with fome
decency. During the time of his illnefs, he was
very fubmiffive to the will of God ; and was fo
far from the fear of death, that he was often heard
to fay, "Oh! that the fatal blow was ftruck ! "
He had a complication of diforders, and all
medicines ufed either by Dr. M'^Mechen or my-
felf feemed to have none effed. When he drew
near his laft, he was very delirious, and could
give few rational anfwers, tho' he ftill knew me,
and would always have me by him, till all fenfes
failed. To compofe him a little, gave him a
ftrong anodyne, which had fo much efFe6t, that
for about fifteen minutes he enjoyed the ufe of
his reafon. In this time he told me, that he
firmly believed the locality of heaven — that in
a little time he expedled to be with Christ, a7id
fee and know him ^^J■ he is now known^ and as
he is not known. He faid his faith in his Sav-
iour was unjliaken. Then he made as humble
addrefTes to God, as ever I heard drop from mor-
tal lips. Soon after his delirium returned, and
never remitted more. On the 13^'' of December
1772, being the Lord's day, about an hour and
an half before the fun fet, this great man took
his final departure from this world of forrows.
Alas ! what devaftations and deftrudlion has sin

brought

[ 36 1
brought upon the human race ! that the wife,
the reverend head muft return to duft ! and can
we who are alive, love Co mercilefs an enemy !
forbid it Lord! — Mr. Davis, it is well known,
was a great fcholar, pofTefTed of a good judg-
ment, and very retentive memory. He had truly
a great foul, and defpifed any thing that was lit-
tle or mercenary. In our journey he told me
one reafon why he left Bofton was, becaufe he
abhorred a dependent life and popularity: that
if God continued him, he intended to fettle in
this new country, where he could preach the
gofpel of his Saviour freely. His addrefs, in all
his religious performances was eafy, fweet and
pleafmg : his private converfation both inform-
ing and engaging ; though at times he was a lit-
tle referved, yet it was only when not fuited.
And what exceeds all, I believe he was a hum-
ble difciple of our blefled Saviour. In this
point, was more confirmed by converfing with
him in our journey, than what I had been in any
part of former acquaintance.

Being confcious that poetry is not my gift,
yet as the following verfes are expreffive of Mr.
Davis's faith, thought it not amifs to infert them
here, as an epitaph to that worthy man, viz.

How learn'd, how fam'd, now avails me not !
By whom admir'd, or by whom begot !

Ohio's

[37]

Ohio's bank my body now confines
In fafe repofe, till Christ in triumph fhines ;
But when the laft trump's alarming found
Shall fhake the foundations of the ground :
And Christ in full glory fhall defcend,
The rights of pure juftice to defend :
Then in bright honour fhall this body rife,
To meet my deareft Lord up in the fkies.

The remains of this worthy man are interred
near a brook, at the north end of the level land
adjacent to Grave Creek : about fixteen feet N.
of his grave ftands a large blackoak tree ; on
this the name of Mr. Davis, the date of the year,
and day of the month, are cut with my tomme-
hock. This is the prefent monument ; but Dr.
M*^ Mechen intended a tomb for him. He was
the firfl white man buried in this part of the
country, but not long after a child was laid by
him. Here a Baptiji meeting-houfe is defigned,
as the mofl central place in this part of the coun-
try. When Mr. Davis's death was known at
Philadelphia, a young gentleman there, who had
a tender regard for him, was pleafed to publifh
his charadier in the publick prints, February i,
1773. Having obtained leave, thought proper
to infert it here, viz. " By advife from Ohio we
"learn, that upon the 13* of December, the
" Reverend John Davis, A. M. fellow oi Rhode-

''I/land

[38]

" I/land college, and one of the members of the
^' American philofophical {ozxtl-^^ died there, af-
" ter an illnefs of three weeks, in the 36*^ year of
"his age. Having completed his education in
" the college of this city, he was appointed one of
" the mafters of the academy at Newark in New-
" caftle county, from whence, upon entering the
" miniftry, he removed and became pastor of
" the fecond Baptifl church in Bq/loji. His
" health being impaired, he returned in the latter
" end of laft fummer, hoping to receive benefit
" from his native air. A number of people in
" the neighbourhood being about to fettle on the
" Ohio, he accompanied them, feeming defirous
" with the Reverend David Jones, to undertake
" a vifit to the weflern Indians ; but death flayed

" his progrefs!

" l^YLY. powers of his mind v^txt Jlrong from.
" nature, but much improved by 2l judicious ed-
" ucation and Jludy. He was a clear reafoner,
" which faculty was much afTifled by his favour-
" ite purfuit, the mathcmaticks ; not deficient in
'■'' genitis, he relifhed, with more than common
" fatisfadlion, the writings of antiquity, and the
" moft ingenious of the prefent age. He was an
" entertaining companion ; pofTefTed of uncom-
" mon calmnefs of temper. In his preaching,
" he endeavoured to reach the tmderflanding of
" his audience. Educated in the genuine prin-

" ciples

[39]

" ciples of liberty, he felt with the keeneft fenfi-
" bility for the opprcjfcd. And when his duty
" called him, with a manly and virtuous bold-
" nefs defended them. A fhort life can afford
" but i^^ opportunities for publick a5lion, but
" when we find a youth flanding forth a ckam-
'''' pion of the common 7'igkts of humanity, the
" reverence due to worthy charaders demands
" our teflimony in his behalf, whilft we lament
" 07ir lofs."

No fcene of life paft at that time more affedled
me than the death of Mr. Davis ; but fince that,
met with fomething that touched my foul more
to the life, as will appear at the clofe of this jour-
nal. At this time my health was greatly im-
paired, and now having lofl my good friend,
had thoughts of returning home. While rumi-
nating on this fubje(5l, a canoe came along bound
for the Shawannee towns. It partly belonged
to Mr. John Irwine, an Indian trader, with
whom I was acquainted. It was 60 feet in
length, and at leafl 3 feet in breadth ; fitted out
with fix hands and deeply loaden. The name
of the chief hand is James Kelly, who offered
to take me along. Refolved to go, fuppofing
that travelling by water might be a means of re-
ftoring health; hoping alfo that I might meet
with my interpreter.

December 27, in the morning parted with my

brother

[40]
brother and other friends, committing the event
to Providence ; fet out in my voyage to the Sha-
wannee towns. The weather was fnowy and
fevere, yet being lapped up in blankets received
no damage. At night encamped on the weft
fide of Ohio, and by the afliftance of a large
fire, flept more comfortably than could be imag-
ined, by thofe who are ftrangers to fuch lodging.
Monday 28, the wind blowing from the S.
made the river so rough, that moft part of the
day it was impofTible to travel. It is faid by the
traders, that the wind almoft univerfally blows up
Ohio, efpecially in winter, nor do I remember it
otherwife : if this continues to be the cafe, it
muft be of great advantage to trade on this river.
Perhaps it would puzzle the greateft philofo-
pher to affign a natural caufe for the wind's
blowing up this ftream in the winter ; but it is
plain Providence has fo ordered it. At evening
Mr. Kelly concluded, that as the wind abated, it
was duty to continue at the oars all night : there-
fore we fet out, and it was thought by morning
we were about eight miles below the little Can-
hawa. This night was feverely cold — the canoe
was loaded near eighteen inches above its fides ;
on this was my lodging. Though well furnifiied
with blankets, was afraid my feet would have
been frozen. It may be well fuppofed that
thoughts of fleep in fuch apparent danger were

not

[41 ]

not the moft pleafing; for moving a few inches
in fleep, would have made the bottom of Ohio
to be my bed. Many thoughts arofe in my
mind what might be the event: at laft beHeving
that God had a command of m^ thoughts in
fleep, and could keep me from dreaming or ftart-
ing in my fleep, committed all into his hand,
and flept without fear. In the morning found
myfelf fafely preferved, through the care of him
whofe tender mercies are over all the works of
his hands.

Tuesday 29, the wind being contrary, trav-
elled little.

Wednesday 30, the morning being plealant,
fet out for the Great Canhawa, pafTed Hockhock-
ing, which is a pretty large creek, coming from
the weft fide of Ohio. Several creeks came in
from the eaft fide, fome of which were pafi'ed in
the night; the land pafTed in the day time in
general appeared good and level : about break
of day, pafTed the mouth of the Great Canhawa ;
this is a great river, that comes from the borders
of Virginia, and is faid to be about 300 yards
wide at the mouth. The land about this river is
efteemed very good, and it is faid the feat of gov-
ernment will be here ; but perhaps the Great
Guiandat will be found beft for the metropolis.
The mouth of this river, according to the calcu-
lation of Mr. Hutchins, is 226 miles below Fort
6 Pitt,

[40

Pitt, but his affiftant Mr. Hooper, by adual fur-
vey, told me, he found it much more — traders
efteem it 250. This morning took breakfaft of
chocolate, ufing rum as an ingredient inftead of
milk, and feemed very ufeful here in the wilder-
nefs, where flefh was our chief provifion.

Thursday 31, fet out for Great Guiandat. —
The river Ohio in general bore a S. W. courfe
and a little more wefterly : but it is very crooked
in many places. This day being fair and pleaf-
ant, we travelled a great diftance, fo that the day
following about 1 1 o'clock we pafTed the mouth
of Great Guiandat, being January i, 1773. This
creek is very large, and it is faid that it originates
from Clinch Mountain, which feparates it from
Holfton river; and, according to information, is
iituated weft of the fouthern parts of Virginia.
If falls do not prevent, from the appearance of
this creek, it may be navigable for a great dis-
tance for canoes and fuch fmall craft. Here the
land appears charming and level, well fupplied
with fine blackoak timber ; and was informed,
that it abounds with extraordinary {prings, efpe-
cially about the branches that make this creek.
In this part of the country, even in the winter
feafon, pafturage is fo good, that creatures are well
fupplied without any afliftance. Here are a great
abundance of buffaloes, which are a fpecies of
cattle, as fome fuppofe, left here by former in-
habitants.

[43]
habitants. To fuch as travel this country it is
moft evident, that it has formerly been inhabited
by fome people, who had the ufe of iron. I
have been informed by fundry perfons, that up
fome of thefe creeks, a pair of mill-ftones are to
be feen, where it is probable formerly a mill
flood. Below this creek's mouth the bank of
Ohio feems near one hundred feet higher than
the furface of the water in common ; fo that no
place that we pafled, promifed fuperior advan-
tages for a town, as it will always be fafe from
floods of waters, and eafy for the inhabitants of
the colony to tranfport their produce down the
ftream. The mouth of this creek, according to
Mr. Hutchins's calculation, is three hundred and
eight miles below Fort Pitt; but fome think it
confiderably further; and from Mr. Hooper's
adlual furvey, it is probable it may be fo. About
thirteen miles below, pafTed a ftream near as large
as this, called Great Sandy Creek. According
to information, on the heads of thefe creeks is the
moft beautiful and fertile country to be fettled,
that is any where in this new colony ; would
therefore recommend it to fuch as are difpofed
to fettle in this new world. Here the inhabi-
tants will not h^ perpehial Jlaves to fupport their
creatures, for the winters are mild and ftiort, be-
ing near the end of latitude 38, or the beginning
of 39. Contiguous to this, if none in it, are the

famous

[44]
famous fait fprings, which are a peculiar favour
of God in this land, fo diftant from the fea.
Throughout this country in various places fait
fprings are to be feen ; but more abundantly in
the fouthern parts, the water of which, if boiled,
produces very penetrating fait ; fome of which I
faw myfelf

In this country alfo are to be feen alum mines,
as the people call them; but fome of them, from
a chymical experiment, appear to be rather a
mixture of vitriol with alum. This country has
its excellences as well as fome feeming difadvan-
tages, among which the great abundance of ftone-
coal may be reckoned as one advantage, efpe-
cially in procefs of time. The black-fmiths about
Redftone ufe none other in their fhops, and find
it anfwers their purpofe well ; nor is it defedlive
for materials to ere6t the beft of buildings, for
there is no fcarcity of lime-ffone, and excellent
quarries of free-ftone. At Great Sandy Creek
the river Ohio makes a turn, and runs for many
miles near due north, and from thence to the
mouth of Siota, its courfe may be faid to be S.
W. and a little more weflerly.

Saturday Jan. 2, it rained fo that we were
obliged to remain in camp: and tho' we flretched
our blankets, the rain was fo exceffive, that we
lay foaking wet in our beds through great part
of the night. No night feemed more uncom-
fortable

[45]

fortable than this, yet was not fenfible of any
damage received.

January 3, it rained moft part of the day, fo
that part of us remained in camp ; but others,
being worfe difpofed, went out to hunt, though
we were not in real want of provifions ; it was
fo ordered that they killed nothing. Upon their
return reminded them of their impiety, and that
Providence prevented fuccefs. All that was faid
feemed only like darting ftraws againfl: the wind,
for fenfe of duty was loft.

Monday 4, fet out for the river Siota, and
about the middle of the day came to the mouth
of it. — The Shawannee Indians formerly lived
near the mouth of this river, but finding that
their enemies had too eafy accefs, they moved
their habitation up the ftream. The mouth of
Siota may be more than two hundred yards
wide, and was then very deep, occafioned by the
late rains. It is faid that the mouth of this river
terminates the colony expe6led to take place.
For fome miles before we arrived to this river,
mountains feemingly impaffable appeared <-ermi-
nating in feveral tops, covered with pine fhrubs
S. E, of Ohio. Thefe mountains approach
nigher the river Ohio, till they terminate at the
edge of the ftream almoft oppoiite to the mouth
of Siota. It is faid that there is a way to pafs
over rather below Siota; and after travelling

about

[46]

about fifteen miles you will come to a famous
level land covered with good pafturage, and
abounding with fine fprings of water, inviting
inhabitants to partake of the rich productions of
Providence. This muft be conneded with, or
part of the land defcribed above on the branches
of Great Sandy Creek and Guiandat. The name
which the Shawannees give Siota, has flipt my
memory, but it fignified Hairy River. The In-
dians tell us that when they came firfl to live
here, deers were fo plenty, that in the vernal
feafon, when they came to drink, the ftream
would be thick of hairs ; hence they gave it the
name.

Encamped on the eaft fide of this river, at a
place called Red Bank, and indeed this is the firfl
place in which we could encamp with fafety ; for
near the mouth in floods the waters of this river
and Ohio unite, covering all the low land ; the
two rivers for a mile or better running near the
fame courfe, and not far apart. According to
Mr. Hutchins, the mouth of this river is fituated
in latitude 38 and 22 minutes; and as Ohio runs
three hundred and fixty-fix miles below Fort
Pitt. — Traders call it four hundred miles, and
from the remarks by Mr. Hooper it may be fup-
pofed to be near the matter.

Was informed that this river has its fources
towards Lake Erie, and that there is but a very

fmall

t47]
fmall land pafTage between this river and the
ftreams that empty into that Lake. This will
afford a communication with this weftern world
not much thought of; for it is faid goods from
New- York can be afforded much cheaper at Fort
Detroit, than from Philadelphia by land car-
riage ; having only two carrying places, one at
Fort Stanwix, and the other at Niagara Falls,
This river is very crooked, but not very rapid ;
fo that men in canoes can ft em the current to the
head.

Tuesday 5", the water being deep, the men
rowed the canoe about fix or feven miles, and
were obliged to encamp — I went myfelf on land
and killed fome turkies for provifions.

Wednesday 6, moved flowly — fpent fome
time in getting poles for the canoe — the wood
ufed is called paupaw, it is very light, and
bears a kind of fruit in fhape refembling a cu-
cumber, but too lufcious for fome ftomachs.
This night our lodging was bad, occafioned by
rain.

Thursday 7, as the canoe was poled up the
ftream,for the advantage of killing game, chofe
to walk on land; but miftaking the way that the
river turned, loft myfelf on the largeft walnut
bottom that ever I met with before. After fome
time, found myfelf miftaken — what added to my
furprife, night approached, and the fun did not

Jliine.

[48]
Jliine, After ruminating on nny cafe, and recol-
le6ling the courfes I came, concluded that I
knew which way the weft lay ; therefore fet off
and run over feveral bad places, till at laft the
top of a very high hill appeared. Exhilarated
with the view, with not a little fpeed to this my
courfe was bent ; but before it was afcended far,
had the pleafing profped of the river, yet was at
a lofs to determine whether the canoe was below
or above me. Went firft up the ftream, fome
times whiftling, and at other times hollowing till
difcouraged — then returned down the ftream for
fome miles, till I was fatisfied that they were
above me — thence returning up again, expedling
little elfe than to be left In this folitary wllder-
nefs, with no proviftons, and little amunltlon to
kill any : but while mufing thus, heard them fire
at their camp for me. Returned the report, fir-
ing as I went; but as the wind blew towards
me, they heard me not, though happily their
guns were always heard. With as much fpeed
as the darknefs of the night would permit, being
directed by their continual firing, at laft arrived
fafe at the camp, and was received joyfully; for
their diftrefs feemed greater than mine, left fome
evil had befallen me, and they fhould bear the
blame. This day pafTed a large creek on the
weft fide of Slota, and feveral fmall ones on the
eaft fide.

Friday

[49]

Friday 8, pafled fome miles up the river,
nothing remarkable happening.

Saturday 9, Mr. William Butlar, by an acci-
dent, having got part of his goods wet, was fo
retarded in his voyage, that we overtook him,
though he fet out feveral days before us. In
company with his canoes, we pafTed a place
where fome rude Indians were, who had behaved
infolently to Mr. Butlar. Our canoe-men, un-
derftanding the difpofition of Indians, for their
fafety, made themfelves near half drunk, and as
they pafled the Indians made fuch a horrid buf-
tle, that the Indians were afraid to molefl; us, as
they faid afterwards.

I THOUGHT at firfl; this was only an excufe for
excefs, but was afterwards convinced that Indi-
ans are extremely afraid of any perfon intoxi-
cated ; for they look on fuch as mad, and among
themfelves in fuch a condition are always for kill-
ing. Encamped this night near the croflings of
this river, and flept fafely, though not without fear.

10 Being the Lord's day, but as none is kept
here, moved up as far as a place called Kufkin-
kis. It is common here to difload fome part of
the canoes, and from hence carry the goods on
horfes to the towns. The land here is level and
good, and it is faid that the place takes its name
from an old Indian of the fame name, who ufed
to winter here. This river comes much nearer
7 to

[5°]

to fome of the towns, but as it is very crooked,
it makes the diftance fo great, it is judged expe-
dient to difload part here. Near us were en-
camped fome Indians, which were going x.oPick-
aweeke an Indian town near to Deer Creek.

Monday ii, Mr. Butlar and Mr. Nailar con-
cluded from hence to take part of their goods by
land, on horfes brought from the towns for that
purpofe. Being very defirous of leaving the ca-
noe, as the feafon was now cold, requefted Mr.
Butlar and Mr. Kelly to intercede for me to ob-
tain a horfe from the Indian that was going to
Pickaweeke.

I HAVE reafon to efteem thefe gentlemen for their
affiftance on this occafion, for with fair fpeeches
and good treatment, a horfe was granted to me ;
but it is probable a large reward was viewed by
the Indian, for they are very mercenary.

Set out about 1 1 o'clock, and came that night
to Paint Creek, which is efteemed about four-
teen miles ; the laft part of the road is near due
north. The Indian name of this creek is Ala-
moneetheepeeca^ the Englifh of which is Paint
Creek. This creek takes its name from fome
kind of paint that is found in or about it. It
comes from the weft, and empties into Siota,
near where we encamped. The water is clear
and beautiful, demonftrating that it originates
from good fprings. On fome branches of this

creek

[5> ]
creek are fituated fome chief towns of the Sha-
wannees to be defcribed hereafter.

Tuesday 12, having taken breakfaft with Mr.
Butlar and Mr. Nailar, fet out for Pickaweeke
in company with my Indian friend, whofe name
is Cutteway^ his wife and fome others. It may
be well thought that my journey was folitary,
for three words of the Shawannee language were
not known by me, and as little Englifh by my
fellow-traveller ; fo that we could converfe none
by the way. The day being cold induced us to
ride faft, fo that about two o'clock we came to
the town. About one mile from the town my
Indian friend caft off, and hid part of his load,
and leaving the women behind, made figns for
me to ride on with him. Perhaps the reafon of
his condu(5t was, left we fhould be molefted by
drunken Indians ; for when they are intoxicated,
their abufes are not confined to white people, but
they will even rob Indians. Drawing near the
town, many thoughts arofe about the event, for
to me it was not known that there was one white
man in town ; but all anxiety was removed by
feeing Mr. Jofeph Nicholas, a former acquaint-
ance when at Fort Pitt. With kindnefs he re-
ceived and entertained me with fuch refrefh-
ments as the fituation afforded. While we were
refrefhlng ourfelves Mr. John Irwine came in,
and invited me home with him. Mr. Irwine's

chief

}

[52]

chief habitation is a fmall town, fituated W. N.
W. of Pickaweeke about three miles. By the
Englifh it is called Blue Jackets Town, an Indian
of that name refiding there. Before this is de-
fcribed, it is proper to take notice of Picka-
weeke— it is fituated fouth of a brook that, eaft
of the town, empties into Deer Creek. It takes
its name from a nation of Indians called Picks,
fome of them being the firft fettlers — the word
fignifies " the place of the Picks." Now it con-
fifts of about one hundred fouls, being a mixture
of Shawannees and other nations, fo that it is
called a Shawannee town. It is the moft re-
markable town for robbers and villains, yet it
pretends to have its chief men, who are indeed
very fcoundrels guilty of theft and robbery with-
out any apology or redrefs. Some of thefe took
four or five mares from Mr. M^'Mechen on Ohio,
nor was there any profpedl of redrefs. Leaving
this, went with Mr. Irwine to his habitation.
This town is fituated eaft of Deer Creek, and
north of a large plain. This creek is clear and
beautiful, appearing ufeful for mills and health-
ful for the inhabitants. The buildings here are
logs, their number about twelve. This is a
peaceable town, and in it lives KifJtJJiinottiJlhee,
who is called a king, and is one of the head
men of this nation. The Englifh of his name is
Hardman.

Wednesday

[ 53]
Wednesday 13, Mr. Irwine invited the king
and fome of his friends to take breakfaft with
me, having previoufly informed him that I was
no trader, but was a good man, whofe employ-
ment among white people was to fpeak of God
and heavenly matters, and came with that view
to fee my brothers the Indians. None of this
nation ever faw a minifter, except a chance one
at fome fort ; fo that they have little prepofTef-
fions only what are natural. When the king
met me, it was with all appearance of friendfhip,
and refpeftfully gave me the right-hand of fel-
lowfhip, with fome kind of obeifance. His
friends that came with him he ordered to do the
fame. When breakfaft was ready, which con-
fifted of fat buffalo, beavers tails and chocolate
— in a folemn manner, acknowledged the good-
nefs of God, deftring Mr. Irwine to acquaint
him with the defign of my proceeding, and he
faid the king approved well of it. In our con-
ference at breakfaft, he defired to know my bufi-
nefs among them, feeing that I was no trader —
told him that I could not give a full anfwer,
being a ftranger to their language, and not yet
having got a good interpreter to fpeak for me,
but expedled one, and then he ftiould fully know
my bufinefs. At prefent told him only a few
things, becaufe Mr. Irwine could not interpret
only in common affairs, not having long traded

in

[ 54]
in this nation. — Kifhfhinottifthee is indeed a
man of good fenfe, and by all that appeared was
my hearty friend. He was defirous that I fliould
inftrudl them into the knowledge of God, but
he was only one, and there were many againft
me, efpecially at Chillicaathee. During my pref-
ent ftay, vifited the king in his own dwelling,
and was always received kindly, treating me
with hickory nuts, which is part of their food,
being much fuperior to any of that kind in our
eaftern world. He is neither diftinguifhed in
apparel or houfe, that being one of the leaft
in town, being about fourteen feet by twelve.
He may be faid to poflefs fome degree of hot
pitality — being much indifpofed one day, the
king's wife came with what was thought might
fuit a weak ftomach as a prefent to me ; the difh
confifted of pumkins which had been dried, but
were now boiled, and with it fome bears oil to
eat with the pumkin. As it was a demonftration
of benevolence, tho' my appetite was poor, yet I
eat a little. About this time it fnowed near fix
inches deep, and for fome days it felt near as
cold as winter in Philadelphia, though it is
thought to be about two degrees fouth, fo that
cold weather in common is not long. Before
removal from this town captain M" Kee, in com-
pany with major Smallman arrived. Mr. M'^Kee
is now agent for this department of Indians, and

as

[55]

as his influence might be great, acquainted him
with my defign. He appeared to be pleafed,
promifing to do what was in his power to make
my journey profperous. The Indians having
told me, that my old interpreter David Owens
was down Ohio below the falls towards the
Waabafh river, therefore inquired of Mr. M^Kee
for an interpreter — he recommended one whofe
name is Csefar, who was a foreigner, and, as
he faid, underftood fomething about religion,
and therefore would be beft for an interpreter on
that fubjed: — but was fo unhappy as never to fee
him. We parted expelling to fee each other at
Chillicaathee. It was with relu6lance this town
was left, before an opportunity was obtained to
inftrudl the Indians; but being deftitute of an
interpreter, concluded to move to the chief town.
Friday 22, in company with Mr. Irwine, fet
out for Chillicaathee, and arrived there in the
afternoon. Here Mr. Irwine kept an affortment
of goods, and for that purpofe rented an houfe
from an Indian whofe name is Waappee Mon-
neeto^ in Englifli, often called the White Devil,
but the word Monneeto is not of any certain fig-
nification. Went to fee Mr. Mofes Henry a
gunfmith and trader from Lancafter. This gen-
tleman has lived for fome years in this town, and
is lawfully married to a white woman, who was
captivated fo young that fhe fpeaks the language

as

[56]
as well as any Indian. She is a daughter of ma-
jor Collins, formerly an inhabitant of the fouth
branch of Potomack, but now lives near the
Little Canhawa on Ohio. Mr. Henry lives in
a comfortable manner, having plenty of good
beef, pork, milk, &c. His generofity to me was
fingular, and equal to my higheft wifhes. Soon
after my arrival, dieted altogether with Mr.
Henry; but flept on my blankets at Mr. Ir-
wine's. By living on fuch viduals as formerly
ufed, foon recovered my health, in a comfortable
degree. Chillicaathee is the chief town of the
Shawannee Indians — it is fituated north of a large
plain adjacent to a branch of Paint Creek. This
plain is their corn-field, which fupplies great part
of their town. Their houfes are made of logs,
nor is there any more regularity obferved in this
particular than in their morals, for any man
ereds his houfe as fancy diredls. North of this
town are to be feen the remains of an old forti-
fication, the area of which may be fifteen acres.
It lies near four fquare, and appears to have had
gates at each corner, and in the middle likewife.
From the weft middle gate, went a circular en-
trenchment including about ten acres, which
feems defigned to defend on all quarters. This
circle included a fpring. Mr. Irwine told that
another exadlly in this form is to be feen on the
river Siota, the banks of which remain fo high as

to

[57]
intercept fight of men on horfeback. 'Tis evi-
dent to all travellers that this country has been
inhabited formerly by a martial race of man-
kind enjoying the ufe of iron, for fuch entrench-
ments, as appear in various places, could not have
been made otherwife : but of this part of antiq-
uity we fhall remain ignorant.

Saturday 23, in company with Mr. Irwine,
went to fee captain M" Kee, who lives three
miles about weft and by north from Chillicaa-
thee in a fmall town called Wockachaatli^ which
fignifies Crooked Nofe's Place. Here the cap-
tain's Indian relatives live, and fome others. This
feems only a new town, not having as yet much
ground cleared. 'Tis fituated eaft of a creek,
which I fuppofe to be a branch of Paint Creek.
Some of the Indians of this town have a large
number of the beft horfes in the nation ; nor
are they worfe fupplied with cattle, fo that they
chiefly live by ftock. Captain M^Kee was very
courteous, and ftill promifed well. — Returned the
fame evening to Chillicaathee. The day follow-
ing, being Lord's day, remained at Mr. Henry's
reading Sherlock on revealed religion, which is a
good book on that fubjedt, and may be profitable
to the reader : but if the author could have vif-
ited the Indians, he might have faved many ar-
guments, and perhaps been more fully convinced,
that without revelation there would have been
8 little,

[58]
little, or rather no religion among mankind. It-
is granted, that the apoftle fpeaks of the Gen-
tiles which have not the law, yet do by nature
the things contained in the law, &c. 'Tis true
that nature may dire6l to fome parts of the fec-
ond table of the law, which includes our duty to
man ; but it is far from being evident, that it
diredls to the firft table, which includes our duty
more immediately to God ; nay, the fcripture
fayeth in this point, " that there is none that un-
" derftandeth, there is none that feeketh after
" God." * Had a deeper fenfation of this truth,
when amongft the Indians, than is common with
us. In this town were near twenty white people,
fome at leaft of them were difpofed to hear the
gofpel, but dare not preach without leave from
the Indians ; for tho' when among us they are
lambs, found them lions at home. To be de-
barred from preaching on the Lord's day was
very grievous, and made the day feem very long;
nay, it feemed impradlcable to attempt focial
prayer, for not a minute was certain to be free
from the infults of rude heathens. How great
is the. mercy to enjoy opportunities of worfhip-
ping God without fear ! yet alas ! how many are
infenfible of it! and under all advantages, re-
main real heathens in practice ; " how fhall we
" efcape if we negledl fo great falvation ? "

Mr. Henry has preferved a good confcience

fo

* Rom. iii. II.

[ 59]
fo far in refped of the Sabbath, that he faid, he
always refufed to work at his trade for the Indi-
ans on that day, and repeatedly giving them the
reafon, was fo far fuccefsful that few applications
are made on that day for work — the Indians now
knowing when it comes. He told me they were
not a little troublefome at firft on this account,
but by utterly refufing and giving them the rea-
fon why he would not work, they were recon-
ciled. From this inftance, am perfuaded, if the
traders were unanlmoufly to refufe trading on
the Lord's day, the heathens thereby might be
brought into better regulations; but what is to
be lamented, fome of the traders are not con-
cerned about confcience in this matter, and it
never can be well accomplifhed except they are
unanimoufly agreed. When I came firft to this
town, two of our canoe-men lay under the hands
of an oXd/qtiaa, having had their feet badly fro-
zen in travelling from Siota. 'Tis likely they
came with loads of rum by night, for if this ar-
ticle is feen, 'tis common for the Indians to rob
them without apology. One of the men indeed
had his feet very badly frozen. Having applied
to me, let them know that what medicines were
in my pofTeffion, were not adapted to the com-
plaint, muft have recourfe to the productions of
that foil ; therefore prefcribed the following poul-
tice, which in a fhort time abfolutely performed

the

[6o]

the cure in a furprifing manner, quickly feparat-
ing the mortified flefh. As it is cheap, and may
be depended upon in fimilar cafes, fhall commu-
nicate it for the benefit of fuch as are pleafed to
ufe it.

Take the frefh bark of faflafras roots, pound
it in a mortar very fine : then boil it a little in
water, mixing it up into the confiftency of a
poultice with Indian corn meal. Apply it once
in twelve hours as warm as it can be endured.
Its operation is attended with a fenfation almoft
equal to burning, but this abates as foon as the
mortified flefh is feparated.

Monday 25, made a further inquiry about the
perfon recommended for my interpreter, was in-
formed that he was hunting beavers, and would
not be in till fpring. This news blafled all my
profpedls of making an ufeful vifit, and having
no other remedy, applied to one James Gerty,
who was well acquainted with their language,
but a flranger to religion ; neither had he any
inclination to engage in fuch folemn matters, fo
contrary to the tenor of his life, having little or
no fear of God before his eyes : yet he was civil,
and, after much perfuafion, engaged to affift me ;
but dare not proceed, he faid, before fome head
men came home, who were out hunting, but ex-
pedled foon to return. In the mean-time I em-
ployed myfelf in making a Vocabulary of the

Shawannee

[6i ]

Shawannee language, by his afliftance and Mrs.
Henry's. Formed a method of fpelling this lan-
guage from the Greek and Welfh. The (ch) is
pronounced gutturally as Welfh or old Scotch,
and (th) as Greek, by placing the point of the
tongue to the upper teeth. Here dipthongs,
tripthoiigs, nay, even four vowels are ufed in a
word. Their language feems very defedive in
verbs ; yet in feveral particulars very expreflive.
At firft it feemed impoflible to fpell it, but cuf-
tom made it almoft as familiar as the Englifh.
They have only one fet of phrafes, therefore their
language is commonly known by all. Flaving
an opportunity here of exercifing reafon calmly,
have a little changed my fentiments refpedling
language. The ufe of words, is to convey the
conceptions of the mind in fuch a manner, that
others may know our thoughts; therefore the
better thefe founds are known, the end of fpeech
is the better anfwered. It would be almoft as
rational to whijlle in company as to fpeak, ufing
words unknown to the hearers. Was this well
confidered, perhaps it would make fome of our
^x\^ pulpit orators blufh, who ufe as many un-
known words in one fermon, as might grace a
modern apothecary's bill of medicines. To dem-
onftrate a little of the nature of this language,
fhall give a fpecimen in their manner of count-
ing to ten, viz. cootte, nefwe, netkway^ nee-eweeh,

nee-

[62]

7iee - aallonwch, nee - cootwothwe, nee/wotkwee,
fzvaajickthzuee, chacootthwee, meetothwee. The
common name for God is OneJ/a Monneeto^ the
word Ouefla fignifying good, but could find no
particular fignification for the word Monneeto.
They call the Devil Monneeto ; but when he is
defigned, the adjedlive Maiichee is prefixed. The
word Mauchee fignifies bad or evil : fo that they
call one the good Monneeto, and the other the
bad Monneeto; this word is applied to a fnake,
and other difagreeable things. The chief men
in {peaking to me ufed another word, by which
God is acknowledged as Creator, viz. We/Jtel-
lequa, i. e. he that made ils all ; but captain
M^Kee pronounced it CoaJJiellcqiiaa. Was dif-
trefled that my time pafled and little done to pur-
pofe, confulted with the traders to meet for wor-
fhip ourfelves, and Ipend the Lord's day in the
befl manner we could among the heathens. It
was agreed that on the 31 ft of January, fhould
preach to the white people ; the Indians were to
be notified, that if any chofe to come, they alfo
fhould be inftrudled. Fearing the event, went
to fee captain M^Kee, who promifed to come •
next day and interpret forme to the Indians;
but he came not, nor is the reafon yet known to
me, not having had any opportunity of feeing
him fince : nor was the difappointment lefs in
our town, for the Indians were fo extremely un-

eafv.

[63]
eafy, and ufed fuch menaces, that none dare meet;
for nothing can be fafely done without their con-
fent. They are arbitrary beyond conception of
fuch as know them not. Ignorance often cre-
ates fufpicion, this is their cafe, for they feemed
apprehenfive, that if we met together, 'twas only
to counfel to take the town.

February i, an Indian lately returned named
Othaawaapeelethee, in Englifh the Yellow Hawk,
came with fome others to Mr. Henry's to con-
verfe with me. This Indian is one of their
chiefs, and efteems himfelf as a great fpeakerand
very wife: and this may be juftly faid of him,
that he is faucy enough. On this occafion Mr.
John Gibfon a trader, was my interpreter, being
a man both of fenfe and learning. After com-
mon formalities were paft, he told me that he
wanted to know my bufinefs among them ; for
he underftood that I was no trader. Firft, in-
formed him from whence I came, and that my
chief bufinefs was to inftrudl them from God,
for his mind was revealed to us, &c. — That I
had a great defire for many years to fee my broth-
ers the Indians — now wanted to talk with them,
and was in hopes that he would allow me an op-
portunity. He replied that he thought fome-
thing of that nature was my bufinefs. Then he
proceeded to make a Xon^/peech, not with a very
pleafant countenance, nor the moft agreeable tone

of

[64]
of voice, and replied to this efFed:, viz. " When
God, who at firft made us all, prefcribed our way
of living, he allowed white people to live one
way, and Indians another way ; and as he was
one of the chiefs of this town, he did not defire
to hear me on the fubjedl of religion, for he was
refolved not to believe what might be faid, nor
pay any regard to it. And he believed it would
be the mind of the other Indians." His thoughts
were only natural, and feemed to have no other
conceptions of my inftrudions, than as referring
to the common affairs of life, conlifting in living
like white folks.

He faid that they had lived a long time as
they now do, and liked it very well, and he and
his people would live as they had done. This
Indian feemed like fome among us, who con-
fider religion only as ftate policy. And without
doubt there is enough of fuch religion in the
world, even under the name of the Christian ;
but this affedls not the nature of the religion of
the Son of God, whofe kingdom is not of this
world, but is purely fpiritual^ which does not
promife its avouchers livi^igs and worldly pre-
ferments ; but what is infinitely greater, it afTures
all that truly embrace it, that tho' in this world
they may have tribulations, yet in that which is
to come, they fhall inherit eternal life. How
often do we find it true, that the natural man

receiveth

[65]
receiveth not the things of the fpirit of God.
This Indian fuppofed that I would learn them
to read, and faid it would look very foolifh for
a man to have a book before him learning to
read when old. In reply I faid, that fuppofe
God gave us the right way of living at firft, that
if any of us got wrong, it would be kind in the
other to fay, brother, you have miffed your way,
this is the road you fhould follow. Adding that
he did not know what I would fay before he
heard me; that he could not tell but what he
might like it. And if he would give liberty, if
I did not fpeak good, he might tell me, and I
would fay no more. He replied that it did not
fignify to make any trial, for let me fay what I
would, he was refolved not to believe me. In-
dians can bear no contradidlion, therefore by this
time his favage foul began to be raifed. Find-
ing that no good could be done by faying any
thing more, for it was only making bad worfe ;
therefore as the weather was cold, and had no
horfe, begged liberty to ftay in town till I could
remove. This was granted with coldnefs.

He faid, may be fome other nation might re-
ceive me, and I might go to them. From this
time prepared for my journey, only waiting for
good weather — for company and a horfe, in-
tending to go to the Waindots ; but afterwards
thought it not expedient. Between this time
9 and

[66]

and my departure, was entertained by three
Monneetoes, which fhall be defcribed hereafter.
At prefent fhall give a narrative of the moft
dangerous fcene through which I pafTed.

Saturday, February 6, in the afternoon, was
fitting on my bed in Mr. Irwine's houfe, and
two of his men were fhelling corn at the door,
an Indian lately returned from his hunt, came
haftily in purfuit of Mr. Irwine's lad, who ran
partly behind me. The Indian with violence
feized him by the throat, and feemed to be feel-
ing for his knife or tommehock. Seeing him
fomewhat intoxicated, was furprifed. Putting
my hand to his breaft, relieved the lad, and fpoke
in the Shawannee language in the moft friendly
manner. He feemed for a little to be pacified,
but foon afked for fome tobacco, in the moft
mafterly manner. Having forgot its name, told
him in his own language that I did not under-
ftand him. This enraged him, therefore he took
fome tobacco, and with violence jobbed it to my
mouth, faying tobaac. Told him that I had
none. Immediately he was fo exafperated, that
he drew a very large knife on me, and ap-
proached to make a pafs at me ; kept him off"
only by the length of my arms, fo that he could
not ftab me, defiring one of the men to aflift me
in fuch danger : but fo daftardly was his con-
dud, that he refufed to come into the houfe.

He

[67]
He afterwards apologized and faid that he faw
not the knife. In the mean-time the Indian's
mother came haftily in, and fprang between us,
feizing her fon by the hand, and took hold of
the knife looking fmilingly in my face, as is
fuppofed, to pacify me, left fome evil might
follow. By this unforefeen, and yet moft fea-
fonable and providential means, got out of
doors, and walked off pretty faft to Mr. Henry's,
though I did not think proper to run — the dif^
tance might be about one hundred yards. Can't
readily defcribe my fenfation at that time. I
felt fomething like to what you may call a Tttar-
tial fpirit ftirring in me ; my heart became void
of fear : the great law of felf-defence opened to
my view, on the frequent return of thefe words
to my mind, " died Abner as a fool dieth*?" In
cafe of another attack, was not without thoughts
of ftanding up for my life, and according to my
ftrength to repel force with force. But oh! how
good the Lord is in time of neceffity to them
that truft in him, in opening another, and much
better way for efcape, as will appear in the
fequel, without offering violence to the hurt of
any one. When that Indian befet me, had in-
deed a knife in my pocket, but it was fo ordered
that I did not once think of it at that time.
Since that, efteem it a mercy from God that I
did not; for had I made any attempts of the

kind.

[68]

kind, the confequence might have been very bad.
This Indian's name is YattatJuickee.* Near
night Mr. Henry was looking out at his win-
dow, and faw an Indian coming called Old Will.
He knew him well, and defired me to keep out
of that fellow's way, for he was afraid that he
would do me harm. For concealment, went
upon the cabin-loft, but it was fo low that if an
Indian ftood with his back to the fire, and his
face towards me, he might eafily fee me, there-
fore for difguife drew fome blankets over me.
Prefently in comes Old Will, making inquiry
for me, with terrible threats in fuch a rage, that
he foon began to cry with venomous anger.
Often he repeated, " Oh ! if I could get one
ftroke, one ftroke ! " This was fpoken in Eng-
lifh — and Mr. Henry often anfwered him in
Englifh, 'tis likely to let me know how matters
were like to iflue. Mr. Henry in common pof-
fefles a calmnefs of mind, and on this occafion
ufed it with great difcretion ; he did not appear
the leaft difturbed, but anfwered with an air of
indifference, and faid may be I was gone away,
for the Indians were fo crofs that he did not
think I would (lay. Mr. Irwine, I believe, was
not a little diftrefTed on this occafion ; and by
his prudent condudl contributed to blind the old
murderer. Mrs. Henry, knowing well the dif^

poiition

* That is, a hafty fetting fun.

[69]

pofitlon of the Indians, caft in her mite, and by
what was faid Old Will defpaired of finding me,
confequently went home. But like Job's mef-
fengers, one was not well gone before another
came, whofe name is Black Arms. He fpoke
only in the Shawannee tongue, I could judge
only by the tone of his voice, which was the
moft terrible that ever faluted my ears. His
voice was indeed as the very harbinger of death
itfelf, fo that every moment an engagement for
life was expeded. But behold, through the
kind providence of God, a timely way of cfcape
was provided. That evening a very noted per-
fon of this nation, called the Blinking Woman,
was at Mr. Henry's. This woman was fofter-
mother to Mrs. Henry in time of her captivity.
There were prefent alfo two or three fquaas be-
fides. It feemed as if thefe faid fomething in
my favour, though I am not certain what they
faid, but 'twas foon perceivable that Black Arms
was quarrelling with them ; the matter was
carried fo high, that it was evident the fquaas
would no longer bare the abufe ; an apprehen-
fion of this made Black Arms very glad to find
the door, left he fhould have been roughly treated
for his infolence. During this time little could
be expedted but death, yet as a fupport it came
into my mind that at our afibciatlon my laft
requeft to my miniftring brethren was, to pray

that

[7°]
that I might be dilivered from the hands of un-
reafonable men^ which afforded me a degree of
hope, that God would hear their prayers, and
give dehverance in his own way. Indeed the
cafe feemed in fome refpeds defperate, and was
almoft fimilar to the condition of the Ifraelites
at the Red Sea ; for if by night an efcape was
made, the inhabitants were at fuch a diftance,
and fo many rivers to crofs, that there was no
profpedb of redrefs. But how infinitely wife is
God in difpofing all things to unite for the
prefervation of his people ! When Saul and his
men furrounded David in the wildernefs of
Maoii, fo that he was inclofed as a fifh in a net,
behold ! a meffenger comes with the alarming
news that the Philiflines had invaded his terri-
tories, which obliged him to return with all
pofTible fpeed. Wifely did God over-rule the
turbulent difpofitions of this people for my fafe-
ty ; for the fquaas, abufed by Black Arms, were
friends to Old Will, to whom a complaint was
made of their abufive treatment. This exafper-
ated Old Will fo that he refolved to give him
manual inflru6tions for his condudt, for, faid he,
" Black Arms is always quarrelling with women."
Upon meeting a bloody battle commenced, in
which each was fo effedually abufed, that they
were willing to remain in their houfes till I left
the town. Who could have thought of fuch a

way

[71 ]
way to efcape ! From hence, have been induced
to fay, that God often exceeds the expedtation
of them that truft in him, and opens a door of
reUef in a way unexpeded by us. Before I
proceed to give an account of my travels to the
Delaware Indians, jOhall defcribe the genius,
cujioms, government and religion of this nation,
as far as opportunity and information allow me.
If any thing happens to be mifreprefented, fhall
make no other apology than it was not defigned.

GENIUS.

The Shawannees are naturally an adive and
fenfible people, not poflefling a dull imagination
in fome kind of fculpture or hieroglyphicks, if
the falfe faces ufed by their Monneetoes are of
their own formation ; for nothing can bear a
much more jfhocking alped. They are the moft
cheerful and merry people that ever I faw — the
cares of this life, which are fuch an enemy to
us, feem not to have yet entered their mind. It
appears as if fome kind of drollery was their
chief ftudy ; confequently both men and women
in laughing exceed any nation that ever came
under my notice. At the fame time perhaps
they are the moft deceitful that exift in human
fhape.

As it is common to judge of others by our-
felves, fo thefe Indians, from a confcioufnefs of

their

, [72]
their own deceit, are very fufpicious of us hav-
ing fome defign to enflave them. This made
me fare the worfe, for they furmifed that the
white people had fent me as a fpy. It is faid
of the Cretians, that they were " always liars,
evil beafts, flow bellies." Perhaps this may be
as juftly applied to the Shawannees. This I
found to be a craft among them, that when they
imagined any thing in their own heart about
you, they would fay fome one told them fuch
things, and all this cunning is to find out your
thoughts about them. In common they are
men of good ftature, rather more flender than
the Delawares. Thefe, as well as other Indians,
are of timerous fpirits, far from poffeffing any
thing heroick, confequently they feek all advan-
tages in war, and never engage without a mani-
feft profpeft of vidlory. There is little danger
of their being fancy if there is not more than a
double number. 'Tis true that they killed many
in the laft war, but great part were timerous
women feared more than half dead at their fight,
or elfe perfons void of arms to defend themfelves.
'Tis pretty evident to me that this will not be
the cafe any more, for laft war the fear of them
was upon us; but the Lord has changed the
cafe, for the fear of us is fallen on them, that
they are in almoft a fimilar cafe to the inhabi-
tants of Jericho when befieged by the Ifraelites;

and

[73]
and from hence we may judge as Rahab did,
that the Lord is on our fide, and will in his own
time bring the heathens into fubje6lion.

GOVERNMENT.

They are ftrangers to civil power and author-
ity : they look on it that God made them free —
that one man has no natural right to rule over
another. In this point they agree with our
greateft politicians, who affirm that a ruler's
authority extends no further than the pleasure
of the people, and when any exceeds that power
given, it may be juftly afked, by what authority
doeft thou thefe things, and who gave thee that
authority- — whether in church or ftate ? 'Tis
marvellous indeed, when we confider human
depravity, how Divine Providence has preferved
this lawlefs people in being. But all things are
pofTible with him, whofe dominion is over the
mofi: powerful animals and favage men. 'Tis
more than probable that God has fome glorious
events in view. Every town has its head-men,
fome of which are by us called kings; but by
what I can learn this appelation is by the Indi-
ans given to none, only as they learned it from
us. The chief ufe of thefe head-men is to give
counfel, efpecially in time of war ; they are ufed
alfo as moft proper to fpeak with us on any
occafion, efpecially if it be important. They
10 have

[74]
have no laws among them to redrefs the op-
preiTed: though they feem to have as much need
as any people, for they are given much to steal-
ing, both from white people as well as among
themfelves. Their cuftom among themfelves is,
if any one fteals, the fufFerer fteals as much from
the felon as he judges fatisfaftion: and it is more
than probable that the fecond thief has the beft
of the bargain, for Indians are not ealily fatisfied.
In cafe any perfon kills another, there is little
faid, and nothing done ; but if the deceafed has
a friend, the murderer commonly falls a viftim
to his difpleafure in fome drunken frolick ; and
it is likely intoxicates himfelf for that purpofe,
for Indians have not much refolution without a
dram. Mrs. Henry told that during her cap-
tivity, it was not uncommon for women to hang
or drown their children, when they did not like
them, and never concern themfelves fo much as
to bury them. Nor were they guilty of this
cruelty fecretly, for nothing would be faid on the
occafion more than if a puppy had been drowned.
But fince they became more acquainted with
white people, their condu6t in this is amended.
Yet they are not all without affedion.

CUSTOMS.

It is common in this nation to make con-
fiderable lamentations for their dead, efpecially

if

[75]

if they were perfons of note. They believe a
future ftate of fome kind of existence ; but in
this their ideas are extremely low and fenfual.
'Tis certain that they think the foul of the de-
ceafed eats, therefore it is common for the fur-
vivors to drefs good victuals, and place it at the
head of the grave for feveral nights after the
perfon has been buried. They have their chil-
dren in good fubjedion : their manner of cor-
redtion till feveral years old, is to dafh water in
their faces, or throw them into the brooks : with
this they threaten them on all occafions. They
have no form of marriage — the man and woman
agree for fo many bucks fhe fhall be his wife.
Natural affedtion feems very fmall. By women
beauty is commonly no motive to marriage; the
only inducement feems to be the reward which
he gives her. They have no thoughts of mar-
riage joining intereft, every one afterwards hav-
ing their diftind property.

It is faid that women are purchafed by the
night, week, month or winter, fo that they depend
on fornication for a living; nor is it thought
either a crime or fhame, none being efteemed
harlots but fuch as are licentious without a re-
ward. Poligamy is thought no crime — 'Tis
common to have feveral wives at the fame time ;
nor dare one of them feem difpleafed left ftie be
difmifled. On the fmalleft offence they part.

It

[76]
It often is crime enough for a woman to prove
pregnant, but this is not often the cafe, nor is it
like to be while licentioufnefs and the lues
venerea are fo common. 'Tis probable if there
is no reformation, that in another century there
will be {^w of them on earth. At prefent the
whole nation of the Shawannees, according to
Mr. Henry's calculation, doth not exceed fix
hundred, including men, women and children :
and from what came under my notice, this ac-
count is large enough. Am.ong the cuftoms of
this nation, their cruelty to captives, who are not
adopted, may be reckoned as one Angularly bad.
When a captive is brought in, if any in the town
fancy the perfon for a wife, hufband, fon or
daughter, then that perfon purchafes the captive,
and keeps him as his own. But it often hap-
pens that the poor captive has no friend, then a
knife is run thro' between the wrift bones, and
drawing deer finevvs through the wounds, they
proceed to bind them naked to the poft in the
long houfe, and, inftead of fympathizing, make
all imaginable diverfion of the helplefs agonizing
captive. Sometimes they will come up and cut
off the captive's nofe, and make abundance of
game at his disfigured afpedt. When they have
finiflied this fcene, they lead them out, and with
their tommehock complete their defign, often
leaving their bodies to be confumed bv the fowls

of

[77]

of the air. Oh ! favage cruelty ! Alas ! how
^reat is the depravity of human nature ! are
thefe defcendants of him, who at firft was made
after the image of God'? yes, verily; but the
fine gold is become as the dhn brafs. How ab-
folutely needful to be born again ! and how
great is that work of God's fpirit, to make fuch
as thefe new creatures, as inoffenfive as doves or
lambs ! yet this has been the cafe.* This muft
be the cafe when that pafTage is more fully ac-
complifhed, which faith, " the wolf alfo fhall

dwell with the lamb the calf, young lion

and fatling together they fhall not hurt nor

deftroy for the earth fhall be full of the

knowledge of the LoRD."f

DIVERSIONS.

In the winter feafon, part of their time is
fpent at playing a game which they call Mam-
undis, but this is more common among the Del-
awares : their minds are more attradled to cards,
which, fome white people fay, they have learned
from the French. This might be only an excufe
for their own bad condud. They are moft in-
defatigable dancers, continuing almoft every
night in the winter to near twelve o'clock.
Their mufick is only a fkin ftretched over a keg
— on this the mufician beats with one ftick. As

an

* 1 Cor. vi. 1 1. \ Ifaiah xl. 6 — 9.

[78]

an affiftant another {lands up fhaking in his hand
a gourd, that has a parcel of grains of corn in it.
But as they dance, all fing, fo that the echo of
their united voices may be heard at a great dif-
tance. Fifhing and hunting employ their men
in fummer, and raifing corn the women.

The women are the only drudges, but in re-
turn pofTefs the riches ; for what in fummer the
men make, is chiefly given to the women for
their winter's lodging. Among their diverfions
their mock-devils are none of the leaft. Indeed
they may be efteemed as a great curiofitv ; and
fo fhocking is their appearance, that had not
Mr. Braynard defcribed them, fhould have been
more furprifed. Thefe they call Monneetoes.
Not long before my departure, three of thefe
made their appearance, in confequence as they
faid of a dream. Being premonifhed, went out
of the cabin, while they were diftant near one
hundred yards. 'Tis more than probable that
the Monneetoes knew me, and intended to fcare
me. The foremoft ftooped down by a tree and
took fight as if he defigned to fhoot at me : but
I could fee that he had only a pole in his hand.
Each has a pole in his hand to keep off the
dogs, which on this occafion feem frightened
almoft out of their fenfes. As they approached
their noife was fhocking, nor were their aftions
to be eafily imitated. Each had a falfe face, and

all

[79]

all drefled in bearfkin with the hair on, fo that
the only refemblance of their fpecies confifted in
walking. The foremoft had a red face, with a
prodigious long nofe, and big lips ; the others
had black faces with long chins refembling bears.
All had cafed tortoife fhells, with artificial necks
— grains of corn are put into thefe, to make a
gingle — and many other trinkets are ufed to
complete the noife. With all thefe frantick
capers I was by them furrounded — aiked what
they wanted ? but Monneetoes can't fpeak.
After fome time they produced a pipe, by which
it was underftood that tobacco was acceptable.
Upon the reception of any donation, fome kind
of obeifance is made, and as they depart, the
fcene is ended with a kind of dance refembling
the adlions of a bear. In fhort their looks»
voices and adlions were fuch, that it was thought
if they had got their famples from beneath, the
fcene could not be much exceeded. This ap-
parel is ufed alfo by their pouwouers in their
attempts of healing the fick, when they cannot
find out the caufe of their diforder.

RELIGION.

It is faid of thefe as well as of all Indians
that I heard of, that they believe there is a good
Monneeto and a bad Monneeto : but they in no
manner worfhip either one or the other. 'Tis

doing

[8o J

doing them injuftice to fay they worfhip the
Devil, for they give themfelves no concern about
God or the Devil. They have not one thought
worthy of God. 'Tis a fubjed: neither thought
on, nor ipoken of In no way do they acknowl-
edge either mercies or judgments as coming
from God. They feem to have fome concep-
tions of his making the world at firft: but none
as a preferver or governor of the works of his
hands. Never do they call on any higher power
to interpofe in any diftrefs — neither do they
apprehend that he is difpleafed with any of
their adions, not thinking any thing to be a fin
— they feem to have no defire to know him.
'Tis faid, by them that are beft acquainted with
them, that it never doth appear that they have
any reproof of confcience for crimes committed:
fo that it may well be faid, that they are without
any kind of religion good or bad, inward or out-
ward. It would be a mercy if this reprefenta-
tion could be confined to the Shawannees ; but
how many are among us that though they pro-
fefs that they know God, yet in works deny
him ? There is much noife in the world about
what they call natural religion, but I am fully
convinced now there is no fuch thing exifting ;
for if men had neither tradition, or revelation
other ways, they would concern themfelves about
God little more than the brutes that periih.

'Tis

[8, ]

'Tis probable fome may fay, that fome heathens
have wrote well concerning God, This is
granted, but pray, kind reader, how came they
by that knowledge? had they no tradition to
begin on ? till it is proved that they had none,
the argument is not afFedled, and this is a point
that never can be made appear. Whoever reads
Grotitis on the truth of the chriftian religion, will
fee how they came by their knowledge. And
whoever confiders that the world was in a com-
parifon then young, will fee that tradition was
not extindt.* Is it not a great crime to ufe the
knowledge obtained from revelation^ only to
malign it? it is indeed horrid ingratitude.'' And
are they not guilty of this, who call that knowl-
edge obtained from it by the name of natural
religion? it is wifhed that fuch perfons could
only fee the Indians, efpecially fuch as have lead
acquaintance with us: for others gain knowledge
from us, therefore if judgment is formed from
fuch, a great miftake will be made by fuppofing
that to be natural, which is acquired. 'Tis more
than probable, if the experiment was made, that
they would be fo convinced as to give up the
point, acknowledging that if God had not re-
vealed himfelf to us, we would have never made
it our concern to feek after him. We read noth-
ing

* By tradition is meant fomething handed down from Adam to
Noah, and from him to his pofterity, &c.

L82]

ing of Adam's concerns about God after his
tranfgreffion, 'till God firft calls upon him.
Might we not have expedled to find him, who
fo lately pofTefTed the image of God, breaking
out into a foliloquy fomething like unto this,
"Alas! where am I ! to what a ftate has my vain,
my ungrateful attempts brought me ! now I feel
nothing but gloomy darknefs overfpreading all
my wretched foul, and an awful diftance from
that God, with whom I was wont to have the
fweeteft communion. How can I thus live,
robbed of my paradife of joy ! Oh! will heaven
look down on fuch a rebel ! " But the facred
hiftorian gives not the leaft hint of any relentings
on this occafion, nor of any defires after God.
And if the cafe was fo with our firfl parent after
his tranfgreffion, can we expe6t any of his de-
fendants to be better difpofed *? fuch an expec-
tation would indicate both ignorafice and arro-
gance.— Though the prefent cafe of thefe Indians
is fo deplorable, yet it is my opinion, that they
might be civilized in a fhort time, if it became
a matter of publick concern., and authority would
interpofe to fupport fome well diipofed and well
qualified perfons, who would be willing to en-
dure hardfhips for the good of the needy. There
is one difficulty in common not confidered, viz.
this people live a vagrant life, feldom remaining
long in one place, efpecially in the fummer fea-

fon.

[83]
fon. Tf they were perfuaded and aflifted in
farming, and learned to read, they might foon
be civilized. 'Tis ftrange that nothing has been
done by the provinces contiguous to the Indians.
Under all thefe difadvantages, if there was no
rum brought among them, it appears to me that
fome good might have been done. Some have
thought that the traders prejudiced the Indians
againft me. 'Tis poffible that there were fome
fo bad, but in general I muft clear them of the
charge, believing that it would have been very
agreeable to have feen my journey fuccefsful.
Some of the traders were not only civil, but
very generous : efpecially meffrs. Irwine, Henry
and Duncan: the others were very kind, but had
not an equal opportunity of fhewing hofpitality.
I am forry that I was obliged to remove before
more inftruAions could be given in return for
their kindnefs: but fuch was the diftrefs, that my
beft friends advifed my removal. At prefent
indeed it is not fafe for any perfon to venture
himfelf among thefe lawlefs favages, who have
no confcience about fhedding innocent blood.

I WOULD difmifs the fubjed about thefe Indi-
ans, only it will be expedled that fome defcrip-
tion of their apparel fhould be given. In this
refped they differ nothing from moft of other
Indians. The men wear fhirts, match-coats,
breech-clouts, leggins and mockefons, called by

them

[84]
them mockeetha. Their ornaments are filver
plates about their arms, above and below their
elbows. Nofe jewels are common. They paint
their faces, and cut the rim of their ears, fo as to
ftretch them very large. Their head is drefled
in the beft mode, with a black filk handkerchief
about it ; or elfe the head is all fhaved only the
crown, which is left for the fcalp. The hair in
this has a fwan's plume, or fome trinket of filver
tied in it. The women wear fhort fhifts over
their ftroud, which ferves for a petticoat. Some-
times a calico bed-gown. Their hair is parted
and tied behind. They paint only in fpots in
common on their cheeks. Their ears are never
cut, but fome have ten filver rings in them. One
fquaa will have near five hundred filver broaches
ftuck in her fhift, flroud and leggins. Men and
women are very proud, but men feem to exceed
in this vice. 'Tis faid that they fuffer no hair
to grow on their body, only on their head. Some
pull out their eyebrows.

No company prefenting, and matters not
wearing the beft afpe6l, concluded not to go to
the Waindots, but to dired my courfe to the
Delaware Indians; having got a horfe through
the kindnefs of Mr. Irwine, which coft me
twenty-five dollars : and being fomewhat fur-
nifhed with provifions for my journey, on Mon-
day February 8, about ten o'clock, parted with

mv

[85]
my good friends at Chillicaathee, and fet out
alone, paffing through Pickaweeke; came before
night to Kiikapookee, which is fituated on a
creek that foon empties into Siota. The town
is near one mile from the river. — This day's
journey was more than twenty miles — the courfe
near northeaft and by north. For the firft eight
miles, was not without fome apprehenfions of
being purfued, but after that, was very little dis-
turbed in mind. At this town my lodging was
with Mr. Richard Butlar, brother to William
Butlar before mentioned. His ufage was kind
and generous, not only preparing wheat cakes
for my journey, but he alfo gave me two pair of
leggins to barter for provifions by the way ; for
thefe Indians as yet have not the ufe of money.
In the morning my horfe could not be found,
and by that means miffed of company : however
about one o'clock paffed over Siota in a canoe,
in company with Mr. Butlar, who was fo kind
as to fee me over, becaufe I could not converfe
with Indians about my ferriage. The lad that
brought me over is a white captive. When I
fpoke to him, was very forry to fee him fhake
his head, and reply, ^'- Motta keeno toleeh neekaa-
nal' i. e. I do not underftand you, my friend.
There remain a confiderable number of captives
in this nation, which were all to have been
reftored at the conclufion of the lafl peace, and

without

[86]

without doubt the agent has in this point been
deficient. The country through which I pafTed
to-day appears very excellent, only it abounds
very much with bogs, or what may be called
frefli marfhes, fo that perhaps it may not be beft
for health ; but promifes to be extraordinary for
ftock. My courfe to-day was about northeaft.
As I paffed a certain place called the Great Lick,
faw the laft flock of parrots. Thefe birds are in
great abundance about Siota in winter, and in
fummer 'tis probable they may be feen much
further towards the north. Having fet out very
late, night came on before I arrived to the next
town. My road was very fmall, and the night
dark in this wide wildernefs, made my travelling
more difagreeable than can be eafily exprefled :
but before nine o'clock, came fafe to Mr. M"-
Cormick's at the Standing Stone. This town
confifts chiefly of Delaware Indians. It is fitu-
ated on a creek called Hockhockin. The foil
about this is equal to the higheft wifhes, but the
creek appears muddy. Though it is not wide,
yet it foon admits large canoes, and from hence
peltry is tranfmitted to Fort Pitt. Overtook here
Mr. David Duncan, a trader from Shippen's
town, who was going to Fort Pitt.

Wednesday lo, intending to travel forty
miles, fet out early in the morning — our courfe
more northerly than northeaft — the land chiefly

low

[8;]

low and level — and where our horfes broke thro'
the froft, it might be called bad road and good
land. There were no inhabitants by the way.
Before night, came to the defigned town, called
Dan. EUeot's wife's ; a man of that name was
faid to have here a fquaa for his pretended wife.
This is a fmall town confifting of Delawares and
Shawannees. The chief is a Shawannee woman,
who is efteemed very rich — fhe entertains travel-
lers— there were four of us in company, and for
our ufe, her negro quarter was evacuated this
night, which had a fire in the middle without
any chimney.* This woman has a large ftock,
and fupplied us with milk. Here alfo we got
corn for our horfes at a very expenfive price :
but Mr. Duncan paid for me here, and in our
journey till we parted. About a mile before we
came to this town, we croiTed a clear large ftream,
called Salt Lick Creek, which empties into Muf^
kingum, on which the chief Delaware town is
fituated. The country here appeared calculated
for health, fertile and beautiful.

Thursday ii, fet out for a fmall town called
Conner's, a man of that name refiding there.

Our courfe was near northeaft — the diftance
was lefs than the preceding day's journey, fo that
we arrived to town fome time before funfet.

Travelled

* This woman has feveral negroes who were taken from Vir-
ginia in time of laft war, a.id now efteemed as her property.

[88]

Travelled this day over a good country, only
wanting inhabitants. This town is fituated near
no creek, a good fpring fupplying them with
water — the land about it is level and good, the
timber being chiefly blackoak, indicates it will
produce good wheat, if a trial was made. Mr.
Conner, who is a white man, a native of Mary-
land, told me that he intended to fow wheat in
the fall following, and was refolved to proceed
to farming at all events. 'Tis probable that he
will be as good as his word, for he is a man that
feems not to fear God, and it is likely that he
will not regard man. His connexions will
favour his attempts, for according to their way,
he and the chief Indian of this town are married
to two fillers. Thefe women were captives, and
it is likely from childhood, for they have the very
adions of Indians, and fpeak broken Englifh.
It feemed ftrange to me to fee the captives have
the exadl gestures of Indians. Might we not
infer from hence, that if Indians were educated
as we are, they would be like us ? This town
confifts of Shawannees and Delawares; and fome
of them dwell in pretty good log houfes well
fhingled with nails. Mr. Conner keeps a fort
of a tavern, and has moderate accommodations,
and though he is not what he fhould be, yet he
was kind to me.

Friday 12, here we parted with fome of our

company.

[89]

company, whofe abfence was very agreeable, and
in company with Mr. Duncan, fet out for New-
Comer's Town, which is the chief town of the
Delawares. Had gone but a few miles till we
came to the Little Shawannee Woman's Town.
This is fituated on the weft fide of Mufkingum,
and chiefly confifts of Shawannees. Here we
crofTed the river in a canoe, our horfes fwimming
by its fide. The country began to be hilly,
interfperfed with fome barren plains. We pafied
Captain White Eye's Town, but this noted In-
dian was down Ohio, perhaps with my old inter-
preter, fo that I could not have the fatisfadtion
of feeing him this time, but I faw him feveral
times the firft vifit. He was the only Indian I
met with in all my travels, that feemed to have
a defign of accomplifiiing fomething future. He
told me that he intended to be religious, and
have his children educated. He faw that their
way of living would not anfwer much longer —
game grew fcarce — they could not much longer
pretend to live by hunting, but muft farm, &c. —
But faid, he could not attend to matters of relig-
ion now, for he intended to make a great /mn^
down Ohio, and take the fkins himfelf to Phila-
delphia. I was informed that he accomplifiied
this, and went round by the gulf of Florida to
Philadelphia. On this occafion, could not but
think of that text of fcripture, which fays, " one
'* went

[9°]
went to his farm and another to his merchan-
dife." And it may be faid, the Indian went to
his hunting. This was the cafe laft year, and
perhaps fomething as important may employ the
next year, and fo the life of man is fpent, few
remembring that one thing is needftil.

A FEW miles north of White Eye's town, there
is a fmall town, where we obliged our horfes to
take the river, following them in a fmall canoe
belonging to the Indians. Thence travelled over
very hilly land till we came within two or three
miles of New-Comer's Town, and from that to
town the land is agreeable and appears good for
wheat. Came to town before night, and found
it was a great triennial feaft, confequently little
could be done till that ended. From the great
town Chillicaathee to this chief town of the Dela-
wares, is called one hundred and thirty miles.
The courfe may be eftimated near northeaft, but
as the path goes, it varies in many places. This
town is fituated on the weft fide of the river
Mufkingum, which is a pretty large ftream.
The proper pronunciation in Indian is Moq/kin-
gung, i. e. Elk Eye River. In their language
an elk being called moos. This town takes its
name from the name of the king, who is called
Neetotwkealemon, i. e. New-Comer.

Saturday 13, was fo happy as to meet Jo-
feph Peappi, a Moravian Indian here, who is a

good

[9' ]
good interpreter. Made application to him for
his afTiftance in fpeaking to the king. He en-
gaged and fpoke very kindly on the occafion.
He went and informed the king that I was in
town, and would wait on him prefently, and was
to remain till I came. After proper time for
information, went in, defiring Jofeph to let the
king know, that I was the man that he expeded :
upon which he met me with fome complaifance,
and feemed to receive me afFedionately, inviting
me to fit down. Told him that I was the man
that wrote two letters to him laft year, one from
Monongehela, and the other from Fort Pitt.
Afked if he received them with a belt of wam-
pum. He replied that he received all, which
he would produce if required. I informed him
it was not necefiary, if he received them it was
enough. Proceeded to let him know that my
defign in coming now, was the fame that was
fpecified in the letters^-that I was a minifter
defirous to inftrudt them into the knowledge of
that God who made us all. That now I was
ready to fpeak to him and his people, if he
would only grant me liberty. Replied that in
thefe matters he could do nothing without the
advice of his council; that he would inform
them of it, and an anfwer fhould be given as
foon as the great feaft was ended. This was
not only what they call a feaft, but alfo a time

• of

[9^]
of great dancing and gaming, fo that nothing
elfe could be attended to till that was finifhed.
To improve the prefent time, concluded to vifit
the Moravian towns.

Sabbath 14, in company with Mr. Duncan,
fet out, but by reafon of ice, arrived not to it till
afternoon. When we came, worfhip was finifh-
ing; the minifter continued but a few fentences,
which were fpoken by him in the Englifh tongue,
an interpreter giving the meaning to the Indians.
This town is fituated on high level land eaft fide,
of Mufkingum, about ten miles up the ftream
from New-Comer's Town, It is laid out in
regular form — houfes are built on each fide of
the ftreet. Thefe Indians moved here about
Auguft 1772, and have ufed fuch frugality, that
they have built neat log houfes to dwell in, and
a good houfe for divine worfhip, about twenty-
two feet by eighteen, well feated, and a good
floor and chimney. They are a mixture of
Stock-Bridge, Mingo, and Delaware Indians.
Since the laft war their chief refidence has been
about Wioming. Their condud in time of
worfhip is praife- worthy. Their grave and
folemn countenances exceed what is commonly
feen among us at fuch times. Their minifter,
the Reverend David Siezberger feems an honefl
man, a native of Moravia, nor has he been many
years in this country. He has been fuccefsful

among

[93]
among thcfe poor heathens, condefcending for
their fake to endure hardfhips. While I was
prefent he ufed no kind of prayer, which was
not pleafing to me, therefore afked him if that
was their uniform practice. He repHed that
fome times prayer was ufed. Their worfhip
began and ended with finging an hymn in the
Indian language, which was performed melodi-
oufly. In the evening they met again for wor-
fhip, but their minifter, inadvertently orbydefign,
fpoke in the German language, fo that by me
nothing was underftood. Mr. Siezberger told
me that near eighty families belong to their two
towns, and there were two minifters befides him-
felf. I was informed that one of them, whofe
name is Youngman, is a perfon of good abilities.
By what appeared, muft fay, that the condudt of
the Moravian fociety towards the heathen is
commendable. Thefe have behaved like chrif-
tians indeed, while moft of other focieties have
altogether negleded, or in general made but
faint attempts.* Indeed by what I have heard
of the Reverend David Braynard, he was fin-
cerely engaged, but his time was fhort. In the
evening, informed Mr. Siezberger, that it would
gratify me to preach to his Indians, He replied
with fome appearance of indifference, that an

opportunity

* No reference is had to the northern Indians, the author not
perfeftly knowing their (late.

[94]
opportunity might be had in the morning. 'Tis
probable he was a little afraid to countenance
me, left fome difciples might be made; than
which, nothing was more foreign from my in-
tention. Or his refervednefs may be afcribed to
his natural difpofition.

Monday 1 5", parted here with my kind fel-
low-traveller Mr. Duncan, who went on his way
towards Fort Pitt. At the appointed time the
Indians convened — Jofeph Peappi was interpret-
er. Introduced my difcourfe by obferving that
it was not my defign in coming from home, to
preach to them, not being informed of their re-
moval; but feeing Providence gave an opportu-
nity, had a defire to fpeak to them. Proceeded
to obferve that all the difciples of our Saviour
Jesus Christ feparated themfelves from the
courfe of this world, no longer to live as the
world lived. As other people were bad, they
might expedt fome difficulties, and perhaps fome
perfecutions ; but that they fhould be ftrong in
heart, for God in due time would give them
reft. That they fhould be watchful, and beware
of backfliding, to live like other Indians ; but as
God had opened their eyes, to keep on their
way till they came to eternal reft with Christ
in heaven, &c. &c. The difcourfe continued
about half an hour. On this occaiion was very
fenfible of divine aftiftance ; and from the great

and

[95]

and apparent folemnity, it was thought that the
word of God was felt with power. Such was
the fpiritual delight enjoyed, that it feemed no
fmall compenfation for my troubles and hard-
fhips endured. The next town was fituated
about ten miles up the fame ftream, where the
minifters chiefly refide. Was informed that
the other houfe of worfhip was more fplendid,
adorned with a fteeple and bell, but the ice pre-
vented me from feeing it. Thefe Indians are
tradefmen, underftanding farming and carpenter
work; and being already furnifhed with ftock,
intend to live as we do, and 'tis probable in a
few years will live richly ; for the land appears
good for wheat. While I was here one of the
Indians aflced the minifter, when Eafter Sunday
was *? Mr. Siezberger feemed to evade any dif-
courfe about it, and only told him that it was
not for fome time, and that he fhould have no-
tice before it came. Perhaps had this queftion
been afked among us, I fhould have thought
little about it. But here the cafe was the reverfe;
for while I ruminated on it, my foul was filled
with horror to think that mortal man fhould
prefume to teach a heathen religioufly to obferve
what God Almighty never taught him as any
part of his will. 'Tis granted, that according
to ecclefiaftical hiftory, this feftival claims anti-
quity ; but the hoary head is a crown of honour

only

[96]

only when found in the way of righteoufnefs.
And it muft be granted that the holy fcriptures
are the only rule in matters of religion, by which
we are to judge what is right, and what is not.
Old errors and fuperftition can never become
modern truths. Nor need the difciples of Christ
give themfelves the leaft trouble to fearch what
is called antiquity on fuch fubjeds; for it fhould
be a matter of no more concer^i to them, than to
know whether the trees, in Mahomet's elyjian
fields^ are pears or apricots.

My thoughts were not limited here, but went
in fearch of the fuperftitious reliques of the fear-
let whore, yet kept alive among us who call our-
felves REFORMED. And indeed I found many,
but am fo well acquainted with the prejudices
of education, as to fear that all that might be
faid on the fubje6t, would terminate as it did
with Othaazvaapeelethee, the Shawannee Indian,
who faid " they had lived a great while in the
way that they now do, and were refolved to con-
ti7iue fo." Many inftances might be produced,
but fhall mention only the obfervance of Chrift-
mas, which may with more propriety be called
poPEMAS. Methinks I fee the reader furprifed at
the appelation fo uncommon ; but is it not with
greater propriety called the mafs of him who is
the inftitutor of it, than to bear his name, who
has neither ordained nor will approve of it ?

'Tis

[97]
'Tis certain that Christ never intended any
lingular homage to be paid to the day of his
birth, which is plain from there being no records
of it in the holy fcripture.* This Infinite wif-
dom thought proper to conceal, as the body of
Mofes, to prevent fuperftition. And where
fcripture has no mouth to fpeak, we ought to
have no ears to hear, nor hearts to obey, for
'''' his fervants ye are ivhom ye obeyr Seeing
this is the cafe, will it be uncharitable to call
fuch as uphold the reliques of popery, the wor-
Jhippers of the image of the beaft in thefe par-
ticulars *? 'Tis common for people to fay, what
harm is it to worfhip on this day ? May it not
be afked fuch, what harm is it to eat meat? but
if any fhould tell us it is offered to an idoU you
know we are not to eat. The cafe is fimilar —
'tis no harm to worfhip, if it is not done as
under the notion of C H R I S T M A S ; but
when that is the motive, 'tis then honouring the
whore of Babylon, and confequently no longer
a matter of indifferency. — But to proceed, I
returned to New-Comer's Town in the after-
noon, and went to fee captain Killbuck, who is
a fenfible Indian, and ufes us with part of the
complaifance of a gentleman. He fpeaks good
Englifh, fo that I converfed on the fubjed of

preaching,

* There is no certainty when Chrift was born, whether it was on
the firft or twenty-fifth day of December.

13

[98]

preaching, and he was to meet me next morning
to converfe further. He invited me to make
free in coming to fee him. Soon perceived
that he bore the chief fway in all their affairs,
and could do more than the king himfelf in
many things.

Tuesday 16, met captain Killbuck, fpoke on
many fubjedls. In our difcourfe he told me,
that fome years fince, two Prefbyterian minifters
vifited them — that they did not incline to en-
courage their continuance, yet their vifit had
fuch effe6l, that they had been thinking of it
ever fince.* He faid, that they intended to
have both a minifter and fchoolmafter, but
would not have Prefbyterians, because their
minifters went to war againft them, and there-
fore did not like to be taught by them now,
who were before for killing them. It was plain
that Indian prejudice was very great and un-
reafonable. Replied that the Moravians never
fought againft them, therefore they might receive
them. His reply was, that Moravians did not
belong to our kingdom, being from Germany,
and could not fave their people alive in time of
war. Upon this he related the diftrefTes and
dangers of the Moravian Indians laft war, and
how they were preferved at Philadelphia.
Adding, that for all the affiftance that the

Moravians

* Minifters do good when they know it not.

[99 ]

Moravians could give, their Indians might have
been killed. Hence argued, that it did not
fignify to be of that religion, that could not
proted: them in war time. He faid, they in-
tended to go to England and fee our king, and
tell him that they would be of the fame religion
that he is, and would defire a minifter and
fchoolmafter of his own choofing. Told him
that his fpeech pleafed me, but thought they
were too poor to accomplifh it, and feared they
would get little aififtance. He faid, that they
had near forty pounds already, and intended to
make an early hunt, which would enable them
to go in the fall. To effed: this, captain Kill-
buck and Swallowhead were chofen mefTengers
to Sir William Johiifo^i while I was there.
Encouraged their defigns, willing to refign the
civilizing them to his majefty's diredlions : but
am perfuaded, that the fervice of the church of
England, as it now ftands, will never be pre-
fcribed for Indians ; for nothing would difguft
them more than to have a religion, which would
confume the greater part of life, only to learn
its ceremonies.

Thursday i8, Afternoon, converfing with
Killbuck, he told me that the young men were
defirous to hear me preach, confequently con-
cluded to preach next day. In the evening, had
an opportunity to converfe with Jofeph Peappi,

who

[ lOO ]

who would interpret for me; but I told him
that I would give only five pounds for a month;
he faid, he ufed to have feven pounds. Indians,
from the greateft to the leaft, feem mercenary
and exceffively greedy of gain. Indeed they
are fo lazy, that they are commonly needy, and
muft be more fo, if they do not cultivate their
lands; deer grow fo fcarce, that, great part of the
year, many of them rather ftarve than live. Mr.
Evans, who is a trader in this town, told me,
that laft fummer fome were fupported by fuck-
ing the juice of green cornftalks.

Friday 19, expedled to preach, but Killbuck
told me that they were not yet fully united in
the point — Had reafon to think that the king
was not much for it, though he faid little — Nei-
ther do I conclude that Jofeph was very defirous
of it, for the traders often told me that the
Moravians taught their Indians to difrefped
other focieties, and I could wifh that there were
lefs grounds for the report. Afked Killbuck if
he knew the reafon why they were not united
for my preaching ? he feemed to intimate, it
would have been otherwife, if I had come laft
fall, while they were in the notion of it: but
found, by converfing with him, there is a jeal-
oufy in them, left we fhould have fome defign
of enflaving them, or fomething of that nature.
He told me that an highland officer took one of

their

[ .01 ]

their women as his wife, and went with her into
Maryland about Joppa: and they heard, there
he fold her a flave like a negro. This he faid,
a gentleman in Philadelphia told him : and as
they never faw the fquaa afterwards, they were
ready to believe that the report was true. If
this cafe is fo, and this gentleman could only fee
that by his means he has prejudiced the heathens
againft us, am perfuaded he would mentally
retradl his intelligence with a degree of forrow.
Replied, that I never heard it before, yet was
perfuaded that it could not be true, that fhe con-
tinued a flave; for if the officer was guilty of
fuch a crime, the law of our land allowed no
Indians of our country to be flaves, and the
magiftrates would furely fet her free. But he
faid, their people did not know our law, there-
fore fuch reports made them afraid of us. He
further faid, " What is become of the woman,
flie never came back to us again ? " Replied,
that I could not tell, may be (he did not choofe
to come, or flie might be dead. By this time,
was much difcouraged, and by hardfliips and
want of provifions my health and {Irength were
greatly impaired. No meat could be had here
for love or money. Bought milk at nine-pence
a quart, and butter at two fliillings a pound, but
not near fufficient could be had. From the
king, had bought the rump of a deer dried, after

their

[ -oz]

their cuftom, in the fmoke to preferve it with-
out fait, which made it fo difagreeable that little
could be ufed. Indeed, I had coffee, chocolate
and tea, but fugar was fo fcarce, that it could
not well be ufed. Defires called for a land,
where famine doth not raife her baleful head,
therefore on Saturday 20, inquired for a pilate
to accompany me towards Ohio. The feafon
was feverely cold, fo that the king and captain
Killbuck would not fuffer me to go, for they
faid the weather was fo cold, that it would kill
even an Indian. Indeed the feafon was fo in-
tenfely cold, that attempts to travel were im-
pradlicable. My continuance here was very
difagreeable; for though the traders of this town
were civil, yet they had no taide for religion, fo
that I was alone without fuitabie fuftenance,
waiting the permifTion of Providence to depart
homewards.

Sabbath 21, this was a remarkable cold day —
fome part of it was fpent converfing with Kill-
buck on feveral particulars, concerning the belief
of the Delaware Indians. 'Twas alked, whether
they believed that there is a God who created
all things ? He replied, that this was their
common belief The fecond queftion was,
whether they believed that when any perfon
died, their foul went to a happy ftate, or to a
ftate of mifery'? Replied, this they alfo believed.

The

[ -OS ]

The third was, whether they knew that God
would by his great power raife up all the dead
to life again at the end of this world *? His
reply was, that this they knew nothing of, 'till
lately they had heard it among the Moravian
Indians. Thefe Indians have been fo long
acquainted with us, that it is not eafy to deter-
mine what they have learned of us.

This day liberty was granted to preach as
often as I pleafed, but not having my inter-
preter, could do little ; for Killbuck would not
accept of Jofeph, for, he faid, I might as well
not {peak as to have him, for inftead of faying
what I faid, Jofeph would fay what his own heart
thought. Though I had better thoughts of Jo-
feph, foon perceived that Killbuck had fuch an
averfion to him, that if he was ufed for an inter-
preter, nothing could be done. This was the
only time that opened for doing good, and this
opportunity was chiefly loft, for want of Mr.
Owens my old interpreter ; therefore all that was
faid as preaching, was in the council, ufing Kill-
buck as an interpreter, who was capable in com-
mon affairs, but knew little concerning religion.
To day the king and council concluded, that no
more rum fhould be drank in this town or na-
tion, and that there fhould be no more gaming
or dancing only at their triennial feaft. This
made me think of the laws of New- Jerfey about

horferafing,

[ 104 ]
horferacing^ in which there were fuch referves,
as evidently demonfl-rated that fome of the aflem-
bly loved the /port.

Monday 22, Killbuck told me that they were
making up a fpeech to governor Penn who had
wrote to them laft fall, and I muft wait to write
and carry it. He faid they would provide me a
pilate.

Tuesday 23, the fame meffage was fent, in-
forming me that for fix dollars, fhould have a
pilate to fee me over Ohio. This news was not
the moft agreeable, as the wages were unreafon-
able, and my daily expences fimilar. 'Twas
impofiible to purchafe one pound of bear's fiefti,
or one venifon ham. — This people live truly
poor. The land is indeed good, but at prefent
the price is in the hand of fools. In the after-
noon a meflenger came for me to wait on the
king and council — Their number might be
about twenty convened in their council-houfe,
which may be fixty feet by twenty-four. It had
one poft in the middle, and two fires. Mofl: of
them had long pipes in almoft conftant ufe —
they fet round the fires on fkins — a fliool was
prepared for me — then prefented a bowl of hom-
many, of which they were eating. Spoons they
had none, but a fmall ladle ferves four or five
Indians. After our repafl:, a fheet of paper was
brought, and Killbuck being interpreter, in-
formed

[ 105 ]

formed me, that it was their defire that I fhould
write to governor Penn from them, defiring that
he would inform his people, that if any brought
rum their fide of Allegini river or Ohio, they
had appointed fix men, on pain of death, to
ftave every keg — And that he would let gov-
ernor Franklin know, that they defired all the
Jerfey Indians to move into their country, as it
is large enough, &c. Accordingly a letter was
written, and every word interpreted by captain
Killbuck and an affiftant. This was delivered
to his honour Richard Penn, efq. 'Tis to be
hoped the contents thereof will merit his
honour's attention ; for as the Indians feemed
refolute in the point, 'tis poflible that negledts
might be attended with undefirable confe-
quences.

Wednesday 24, was called to the council,
and defired to deliver a fpeech to the Quakers
at Philadelphia ; but as there was nothing wor-
thy of writing in the mefiage, therefore delivered
it verbally to Mr. Thomas Wharton in Phila-
delphia.

As next day I was to begin my journey to-
wards Ohio, therefore it may be faid, that at this
meeting, I took my leave of them, giving them
all the advice that was thought expedient, which
they feemed to receive very friendly — fo we
parted in love and peace,

'4 These

[ loS ]
These Indians are not defedlive in natural
abilities, and their long acquaintance with us,
has given fome of them better notions than many
other favages. They are as void of civil gov-
ernment as the Shawannees. Their virtues are
but few, their vices near the fame with other
Indians. Their cuftoms are refembling the
Shawannees, only they have a great feaft once
in three years. Afked Killbuck the meaning of
it ? he faid, it might have had fome meaning at
firft, but now was obferved only as an old cuf-
tom. The language of thefe Indians in general
differs very much from the Shawannees, being
ftill more guttural. Shall give you a fpecimen
of their manner of counting to ten, viz. guitta,
nufJia, nucha, nea/i, pelenah, cootafJi neeJJia/Jt\
chaaj/t, peJJicung, telen. Thefe Indians at prefent
have no way of worfhipping or acknowledging
God; but they feem to incline to learn to read
— and have begun to farm, to which they are
much afTifled by a Jerfey Indian, who is not
only their fmith, but alfo makes their ploughs.
Indeed it appears that both a minifler and
fchoolmafler may go among them with fafety
and fuccefs, if they keep their conclufion to
fuffer no rum to be brought into their country.
On this fubjedl I fpoke much, fhewing the ad-
vantages that would arife from the conflant
obfervance of this conclufion ; and exhorted

them

[ 10? ]
them to ht Jiro7ig* To which they anfwered
with loud voices kehellah^ which is the moft
emphatical way of faying yes. They fhew fome
honour to a minifter ; but are fo extortionate in
the price of their provifions, that a man muft
expend much more money in preaching among
them, than he can get by preaching among us.
They increafe much fafter than the Shawannees,
poligamy not being fo common. Their town
is in no regular form. Neither thefe nor the
Shawannees claim anydiftind: property in lands,
looking on it that God made it free for all.
Nor could I underftand that they have any
fixed bounds to a nation, efteeming it chiefly
ufeful for hunting. Providence feems to point
out the civilizing of thefe Indians ; for a farm-
ing life will lead to laws, learning, and govern-
ment, to fecure property. Captain Killbuck
told me, he faw the necefTity of a magiftrate to
recover debts, and faid, that by and by, he ex-
pefted that they would have one ; but as yet
their people did not underftand matters. 'Tis a
little furpriiing that Protejlmits fhould be fo
negle6tful of the Indians; and in common there
is no concern appears among them, about civ-
ilizing the many nations, that are yet rude
favages : while on the other hand, the French

Papijis

* This IS an Indian phiafe, fignifying as much as to fay, be
refolute, firm and valiant.

[ >o8 ]

Papijis have been very induftrious to inftil
their principles into the minds of fuch as were
contiguous to them, and with fome fuccefs.
The Waindots are a little tainted, but might,
'tis probable, be eafily better informed, and
efpecially as the French are in a manner ex-
pelled. This T can fay, that though my body
and eftate fufFered by this journey, yet I do not
repent my vifit, but rejoice that fome attempts
have been made, though not with the fuccefs
that could be wifhed. Would have ftayed
longer, but being deftitute of my old interpreter,
and fcarcity of provifions. rendered it impracti-
cable.

Thursday 25, having a pilate, which coft fix
dollars, though I paid Mr. Tompfon the trader
only one guinea, yet he made it up in goods,
fet out about eleven o'clock from New-Comer's
Town on Mufkingum, intending the nearefl:
courfe for the river Ohio. My pilate was a
Jerfey Indian, whofe name is Pontus Newte-
mus; he fpoke Englifh intelligibly, but was
almofl: as great a flranger to the woods as my-
felf — and we had a path only the firfl part of the
way. Our courfe fhould be a little fouth of
eafl. This day travelled only about fifteen
miles, and encamped by a brook, where we
were furrounded with abundance of howling
wolves. Spent the evening converfmg on many

fubjedls ;

[ 109 ]

fubjedls; found Pontus with little more knowl-
edge than other Indians. — Affifted by a good
tire, we flept well, confidering that our frigid
curtains were the circumambient air.

Friday 26, fet out about eight o'clock. This
day we left our little path, and went according
to my directions, for Pontus knew not the
courfe, only he was informed from a rough
{ketch of the new map which I had by me.
Some part of the way the land was charming —
looked extraordinary for wheat, covered with
the finefl: blackoak trees and goofberry-bufhes ;
at laft encamped at a creek about five yards
wide, running foutheaft, neither of us knew into
what larger creek it emptied. Surrounded with
the protection of him, whofe tender mercies are
over the works of his hands, we flept fafe in the
midft of a doleful wildernefs. — This day's jour-
ney was at leaft thirty miles.

Saturday 27, fet out, and foon left the creek,
fleered our courfe near eaft, till at laft we came
to a creek which we followed, and a little be-
fore funfet, came to the river Ohio, oppofite to
Weeling. This creek empties into Ohio oppo-
fite to an ifland, and as it is common to pafs
down Ohio the eafl fide of this ifland, by that
means it efcaped the notice of Mr. Hutchins,
and alfo of Mr. Hooper, confequently it was
not in my map, therefore could not tell where

I

[ >1°]

I was. Mr. Hooper has now redlified this
defed:, and was plealed to give the creek my
name.

Sabbath 28, in the morning, parted with
my pilate in great love and friendfhip, having
travelled at leaft feventy-five miles together in
the folitary wildernefs ; and though he always
behaved well, can't fay that I was without fome
fear at times, left he ftiould do me an injury.
Went four or five miles down Ohio, and came
oppofite to Mr. William M'^Mechens, from
whence I took water for the Shawannees.
Much ice was driving down the ftream, yet
when I called, Mr. M'^Mechen ventured over
in a little canoe, that threatened danger, leaving
at that time my horfe behind, we came fafely
over. When we arrived to this fhore, my
fenfation was truly pleaiing, hope raifed high
expectations of feeing New-Jerfey once more.
Here remained for fome weeks, waiting for the
arrival of my brother and Mr. Clark, who were
gone for corn to Monongehela. And as I am
now about leaving this famous country, think
proper to fpeak a little on a fubjeft chiefly
omitted.

The land, according to my judgment, has
been juftly defcribed; but this is not all the
excellency of this new world, for its waters
abound with the greateft abundance of fine

fifhes.

L "I ]

fifties. There is a kind of fifti here called white
perch, fome of which are larger than a fliad, and
very agreeable food. Sun-fifti, or what is called
yellow-perch, are here as large as a ftiad. There
is another kind of fifli called buffaloe fifti, many
of which are larger than our ftieepjfhead — Cat-
fifti of an extraordinary fort are taken here, fome
of which are faid to weigh an hundred pounds.
We took one, that after feven of us had eaten
twice of it, part was given to the Indians.
Lar2:e falmon are to be met with here alfo —
fome fturgeon, prodigious large pike, chubs,
mullets, and various kinds of fmall fifties. I
have been informed that ftiad have been taken,
and fome herrings; but the riches of the waters
are not fully known, the people not having
feines made as yet. The wild beafts met with
here, are bears, wolves, panthers, wildcats, foxes,
raccoons, beavers, otters, and fome few fquirrils
and rabbits ; buffaloes, deer and elks, called by
the Dela wares 7noos. The fowls to be feen are
wildgeefe, ducks of various kinds, fome fwans,
abundance of turkies, fome of which are very
large ; pheafants, pigeons, and fome few quails,
by fome called partridges. This country prom-
ifes the inhabitants a plentitude of the necefta-
ries of life ; and having defcribed it according
to my knowledge, and befl: information, would
have here left the reader: but as God was

pleafed

[ I>2]

pleafed to bring me through fome very trying
fcenes, thought proper to communicate the
fame, hoping it may be of fome benefit to fuch
as meet with tribulations, in this world of for-
row.

Friday, March 19, left Ohio alone, and
encamped on the creek called Weeling, This
was the only night that I flept alone in the
wildernefs : the folitary repofe can fcarcely be
defcribed, many thoughts arofe, none otherwife
to be removed, only by the proper exercife of
faith on him, who has promlfed never to leave
nor forfake his children. It was fo ordered that
not even a wolf howled to difturb me.

March 25, was croffing the Alegini moun-
tain— the fnow was nine inches deep, and fuf-
fered not a little by the fevere cold.

Sabbath 28, came to Old Town, and
preached in the evening at Col. Craflbp's. On
the week following, was taken with the pleu-
rify, and lay at David Bo wen's, at Conegoche-
age.

Saturday, April 3, drew off about fourteen
ounces of blood, which relieved fo much, that
in the afternoon, fell into a pleafant fleep, and
had fuch a reprefentation of my family at home,
that after awaking, told fome of the people, that
it was my belief that my fon was dead, and
found when I came home, he had departed

about

L i'3l
about that hour. From that time my fpirit funk
in me, with an unaccountable fadnefs. From
this infer, that God doth fometimes give intima-
tions of future events in fleep.* But in com-
mon, no notice fhould be taken of Numbering
imaginations. After recruiting my ftrength a
little, went through New-Caftle county, having
fome bufinefs to tranfa6t there.

Thursday, April 22, fet out in hopes of
feeing my family once more in the land of the
living, but about fixteen miles from Philadel-
phia, at a fmall town called Chefter, met an
acquaintance, who gave me the forrowful news
that my favourite fon was dead. Though this
news was expedled, yet when it verbally reached
ray ears, it ftruck me through the very heart,
with fuch extacies of forrow, that my foul
feemed as if it would expire. Sorrowfully I
rode to Philadelphia, and was prevailed on to
remain there over the Sabbath. Had buried
two children before, but as Jacob's heart and
life was bound up in Benjamin, fo was mine in
this fon. At this time, life feemed a burden,
and all the world a mere empty nothing. Sleep
was only obtained when exhaufted with weep-
ing.

Saturday 24, in the morning when I awoke,
the wounds began to bleed afrefh : but, unex-
pectedly,

* Job xxxiii. 15.

15

[ '14 ]

pe(5ledly, thefe words came with fiich power,
that reh'ef was foon obtained, viz. " My Ton
"defpife not the chaftening of the Lord, nor
"faint when thou art rebuked of him: for whom
"the Lord loveth, he chafteneth, and fcourgeth
"every fon whom he receiveth." That part of
the verfe in particular, which fays, "whom the
"Lord loveth, he fcourgeth," was of fingular
fupport in my prefent diftrefs ; imprefllng on
my heart fuch a fenfe of God's love to me, that
fuch was the lelief^ that the next day, was ena-
bled to preach. The words are in Heb. xii. 5,
6. what a precious faying is that! which fo
comfortably affirms, " that whatfoever things
"were written aforetime, were written for our
"learning; that we through patience and com-
"fort of the fcriptures might have hope."
There is no condition, in which any of God's
children can be, but he hath left a word fuited
exadlly to their cafe. And indeed it muft be fo,
feeing that his promife is " I will never leave
"thee nor forfake thee."

Monday 26, fet out, and at night lodged at
a friend's houfe. When retired to my bed-
chamber, thoughts crowded into my foul — The
forrowful fcene began to open to view, antici-
pating my arrival to meet my beloved wife, in
my abfence, bereaved of a dear fon. Ideas of
my darling came frefh into my foul — I knew

nor

[ "5]

not how to go home and mifs him, Circum-
ftances of his death came into mind, how hard
it was to leave him aHve, and find him dead !
what is common to human nature in diftrefs,
fruitlefs wifhes were not a few : fuch as, oh !
that I had been with him, or even had been
permitted to attend his dear re7nains to the
folitary grave ! but now, alas ! alas ! I fhall
never more fee him on earth ! — Thefe thoughts
with many of the fame nature, were produ6live
of floods of tears 'till fleep gave refpite.

Tuesday 27, in the morning, foon after I
awoke, while ruminating on my cafe, thefe
words were impreffed on my heart with both
power and comfort, viz. " ye have heard of the
"afflidlions of Job, and have feen the end of the
"Lord; that the Lord is very pitiful, and of
" tender mercy." The whole dealings of God
towards Job opened very clearly to view, and it
was evident that his cafe far exceeded mine : at
once he loft all his children and wealth, not by
what we call a natural Death, but by one fatal
ftroke the vital flame is quenched in the ruins
of an houfe. That claufe which faith, " the
Lord is very pitiful." miniftered truly great com-
fort to my foul. Had then a lively fenfe of the
tender compailion of the Lord ; and though he
caufeth grief for wife ends, yet will he have
compalTion according to the multitude of his

mercies.

[.,6]

mercies. By this means, found myfelt much
fupported, and enabled to believe that I fhould
yet find God very pitiful, notwithstanding that
now the chaflifement was fevere. The words
are in the epiflle of James, chap. v. and verfe
11, only with this variation, viz. in James the
word IS patie7ice, and the word affiiflio7t was ufed
inftead thereof, as being moft fuitable to my
cafe. It may be obferved, that in giving com-
fort, the Lord doth not always ufe the very word
in the text, but is pleafed to adapt tht fiib/lance
thereof, according to the circumflance of the
affli6ted. 'Tis more than probable, that there
are fome, who are flrangers to comfort from the
fcriptures by the application of promifes, and
fuch may think it only a kind of fancy; but
they who are better acquainted with God, and
know the myfteries of the kingdom, can blefs
his holy name, for fuch glorious difplays of his
love.

As I came within a few miles of home, for-
row returned again afrefh in fuch a degree, that
human nature feemed too weak to fuftain the
heavy load, till thefe words were imprefTed on
my mind with a degree of power, viz. " Can a
woman forget her fucking child, that fhe fhould
not have compaflion on the fon of her womb ?
Yea, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee."
For a little fpace, that part calmed the furges of

forrow.

[ i>7]
forrow, which fays, "yet will I not forget thee."
But had not rode far before my wounds began
to bleed afrefh ; then thefe words came with fuch
power, that not only my diftrefs was removed,
but alfo greater aflurance of eternal life was
enjoyed, than what I had been favoured with
for fome years paft, viz. " that we muft through
much tribulation enter into the kingdom of
God." Being thus fupported, came home in
the ftrength of the Lord, having great caufe to
{peak both of judgment and mercy. This tour
contained fix months and one day, in which
greater hardfhips were endured, than are fpoken
of, but may be conceived by remembring that
in rainy and fnowy weather blankets flretched
were all my houfe : and in fair weather no other
fhelter than the open air : but in many refpedls,
have learned more in this time, than in all my
life before. In the defcription of this country,
and account of the Indians, my endeavour and
view was, to inform all who were pleafed to
read : but the narrative, refpe6ling my troubles,
was chiefiy defigned for the fons and daughters
of afflidlion, hoping it may not be altogether in
vain to others. To all parents of children, who
may be pleafed to read, would clofe this Journal
with a few words of advice, viz.

1. Consider the moft lovely child only lent
to you from God, who has a fovereign right to

call

[ i>8]

call for his own, when, and in what way feem-
eth good unto himfelf; and none fhould fay,
what doeft thou *? Alas ! we are prone to for-
get this, and a6t as if there was none that ruleth
above, ordering all events here on earth.

2. Never fufFer your affedlions to be fixed
too much on any child, for our children are all
mortal, and at beft but uncertain comforts.
How often may it be obferved, that God is
pleafed to take away the flower of a family '?
and that in the morning of days and bloom ot
life. He has wife ends in all his proceedings,
and gives no account of his adlions to man. If
he is pleafed to fpare our children, how often
doth it prove only a continued caufe of forrow?
for fuch is the corruption of the age, that very
itw feek after God, and endeavour to keep
themfelves unfpotted from the world. We are
too fubjeft, if God endows our children with
any thing difhinguifhable, to idolize fuch ; but
often he fhews us our fault, with broken hearts.
This was my unhappy cafe. All my concern
was about my fon Jofeph. He was as dear to
me as Abfalom to David, or as Benjamin to
Jacob. But, was foon made to fee my folly,
and the great inflability of worldly comforts.
All that I would fay on this occafion is, "' the
Lord giveth, and the Lord taketh away, bleffed
be the name of the Lord." We find that God

makes

[ '19]
makes his deareft children pafs under the rod :
and this we may expert, though we are not at
eafe ; for our blefTed Lord fays, " as many as I
love, I rebuke and chaften."

3. Endeavour to be fingle-hearted, not loving
the world, nor the things of the world, for,
when this is our cafe, we are fit to live or die ;
having our affedlions on things above, far from
all difappointment. 'Tis faid this is not our reft,
and fo we fhall find it ; but there remains a reft
for the people of God. 'Tis but a little while,
before all our concerns about this world will

have an end. Some of our children have

gone before us, and we fhall foon follow after ;
thefe bodies fhall remain in the folitary confines
of the grave 'till time fhall be no more. How
are we difquieted in vain ! for all things here
are but vanity and vexation of fpirit.

4. And laftly, when in adverfity, beware of
murmuring againft God. Cannot fay that I was
free from it, but am fo far from juftifying it, that
'tis expedled, that among other iniquities, this
alfo is wafhed away by the precious blood of
Christ. We find this fin cleaving to the beft
of men. Jeremiah curfes the day of his birth.
'Tis indeed a great evil — it reprefents God lack-
ing wifdom or goodnefs in difpofing events on
earth : but he is wife in all his providences, and
not only good, but he doeth good continually,

and

[ 120 ]

and nothing but what is for the beft to all his
children. David could fay, it was good for him
to have been afflidled. And we have this gra-
cious word to fupport us, viz. " all things do
work together for good to them that love God."
Wherefore let us lift up our hands that hang
down, and be encouraged, for whatfoever we
fuffer, it is the Lord that has done it, and can
dired it, and blefs it for good. He is at hand
himfelf, and while we are here, let him be the
delight and joy of our hearts, then we may fay
with calmnefs, when our fpirits are demanded,
come Lord Jesus, come quickly, amen.

FINIS

[ 121 ]

71? complete the JJieet^ it is hoped, thefe Hymns
may be acceptable, as their fubftance is trolly
evangelical ; they beca7ne favourites of the
Editor by hearing them frequently ufed on
the banks of the Ohio.

The S I N N E r's Invitation, &c.

COME, finners attend.
And make no delay.
Good news from a friend
I bring you to day :
Glad news of falvation,

Come now and receive,
There's no condemnation
To you that believe.

I AM that I AM

Hath fent me to you,
Glad news to proclaim,

Your foes to fubdue :
To you, O diftrefled,

Afflided, forlorn,
Whofe (ins are increafed,

And cannot be borne.

i6 But

[ 122 ]

But ftill if you cry,

0 what is his name?
This is his reply,

1 AM that I AM:
His name (though myfterious)

Will fully fupply

Their wants, howe'er various

That unto him fly.

Exhauftlefs and full

For-ever his ftore ;
Then look no more dull

Tho' never fo poor.
Tho' blind, lame and feeble,

And helplefs you lie.
He's willing and able,

Your wants to fupply.

Then only believe.

And truft in his name,
He will not deceive,

Nor put you to fhame :
But fully fupply you

With all things in ftore,
Nor will he deny you

Becaufe you are poor.

[--3]

The convinced Sinner coining to Chrisj",
The second Part.

DEAR Jesus, here comes,
And knocks at thy door,
A beggar for crumbs,

DiftrefTed and poor :
Blind, lame and forfaken.

All roU'd in his blood.
At laft overtaken,

When running from God.

To aflc childrens bread

I dare not prefume.
But, Lord, to be fed

With fragments I come :
Some crumbs from thy table,

O let me obtain,
For lo, Thou art able

My wants to fuflain.

I own I deferve

No favour to fee.
So long I did fwerve.

And wander from Thee ;

'Till

[ ^H ]
'Till brought by afflidion

My follies to mourn;
Now under conviftion

To Thee I return.

Great God, my defert

Is nothing but death,
And hence to depart

For-ever in wrath ;
Yet, Lord, to this city

Of refuge I flee,
O let thine eye pity

A (inner like me !

For fince Thou haft faid.

Thou wilt caft out none
That flee to thine aid.

As finners undone :
Now, Lord, I am come as

Condemned to die,
And on this fweet promife

I humbly rely.

I cannot depart.

Dear Jesus, nor yield
'Till feels my poor heart

This promife fulfill'd.
That I may for-ever

A monument be
To praife the free Saviour

Of finners like me.

L '25]

The great ajjize.

LO, th' Almighty King of glory.
Sends his awful fummons forth !
Calls the nations all before him

From the eaft, fouth, weft and north !
His loud trumpet, his loud trumpet, his loud
trumpet
Rends the tombs, the dead awake !

Now behold the dead arifing ;

Great and fmall before him ftand :
Not one foul forgot, or miffing;

None his orders countermand.
All ftand waiting, all ftand waiting, all ftand
waiting
For their laft decifive doom.

Now the Saviour, once defpifed,

Comes to judge the quick and dead ;
See his foes, each one with horror.

Lifting up his guilty head.
How they tremble! how they tremble! how they
tremble
At the LAMB'S tremendous bar !

Now

[ '^6]
Now they fee him on the rainbow,

With his countlefs guards around :
Saints and angels his retinue,

With their harps of fweeteft found,
Hallelujah ! hallelujah ! hallelujah !

Echoes fweet from all the choir.

Now his chofen gladly meet him,

All feraphic, all divine !
Lo, they join the glorious army

Whofe bright robes the fun outfhine !
All triumphant ! all triumphant ! all triumph-
ant!
See the grand redeemed throng !

Then behold the dreadful fentence
On the foes of Christ is paft:
Down to hell without repentance
All the guilty crowd is caft,
While the ranfom'd, while the ranfom'd, while
the ranfom'd.
All applaud the righteous doom.

Now attend the noble army,

Wafh'd in their Redeemer's blood ;
Swift and joyful is their journey.

To the palace of their God !
All vidtorious ! all vidlorious ! all vidorious !
Hallelujah to the LAMB!

[ '27]

Epiphonema.

O ye Sinners, now give glory

To the great eternal Three !
While fuch danger lies before you,

Can you unconcerned be ?
Judgment haftens! judgment haftens! judgment
hastens !
Mercy, mercy now implore !

.\

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