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Cw)

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H—The Watonbed Central eee ‘Lieut-Col.
Banas a a me rhe 0 BOL
15-—doey te Lae Chal wei he Neghog Re By ee

ee a Chart of Foto of the N Datta. By
rege tere ios i

1%. —Notes to Erie ors ro Wie X from,
eee By usa a Wane aoe Sit

Real Ww,
appre Sesrtnt Caatt ei fy Wace
hts Wt idem + 7
‘Report Garis Ne
‘at mio he - + o eo 20 ee oe SOL
Meteorological Observations fhe White Nil bet
‘Rhartom and Rigas 1874. tthe White Sig ree Ak
aa ee eee Dene vonmony Secmh Andes te Pat
‘the Congo, By ig J peas Aeaetas Map-

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20-1 sere ck. the Wise 2 from Lardo,
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ILLUSTRATIONS.

S§8SSE8Siesc-

He sisssasszes

o» Part of Niger Delta 1. a ow
White Nile below Lardo
‘Assbriz to Sen Balvador and Congo. +,
” sees ease oe ”

. White Nile, from Lario ‘to Nyamynngo:

and 64252. 3x, Ba. reepoctively; and in 1873, 67521 4e, 4d. andl

56437.
‘The Crag eulnsye of investments and balances) was
10d. In th year the amount was

a diferonco for by the smaller total
shove pm ice onl Expeditions,
icperan' ol pie oieapypehiatinge Leg rs)
are Hceetghas the present with serge et ack
rt mer ep te fet he eng
1875, and 50267, 38. 4d, in 1874.
Fieay taraalacraaes Siete een have, as usual, held
ir ‘thly Meetings eel gad ie year, ‘ising the
accounts of tiie Bociety The annual Audit aes haa early in
April, the Auditors eing:—On the part of the Couneil, tho
ight Hon. Lord Cottesloa and Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart. 5
and on that of the Fellows, Hf. Jones Williams, Baqt The
Couneil take this opportunity of expressing their cordial thanks,
in which they are sure the Fellows at large will concur, to
these experienced gentlemen, who have, as in so many previous
rig willingly given thoir time and abilities to this important

* This mount ts exclusive af the expenditure on bebalf of the Sates ie
ako, whl ring teas by Mr Saree "Youngs dene not exter tala tha
cere cnarat Bis Geunge Belfour MLE oo ot Oe, ppeinted on bobalf

wien jain , MLP., one of the Anditors #) tod on
"Fellows, was table to attend, owing to other pressing engagements.

Publications—The 45th yolume of the ‘Journal’ was pub-
lished in February last, and the greater portion of the im-
pression has already been distributed to Fellows applying for
their copies. Volume 19 of the ‘Proceedings’ has also heen
completed, and the concluding parts circulated, since the last

Three numbers of Volume 20 have also been issued

during the present Session.

_ Lien Ration Mh Sn
the Society bas been recently toa
Beets by tet ee a Une Oa
ae nae rng Ue Sree bet of eure eae
torial Africa, from Zanzibar to the Portuguese possessions, on
the Const of Angola. Aa stated in the last Counell Report, tha
title of “Livingstone Kast Coast Aid Expedition,” originally
given to this undertaking, was changed to that of “Cameron
Expedition,” on the fresh start made by its distingnished leader,
after receiving and sending home the remainder of Dr. Living-
stone's property at Ujiji, Inthe present balance-sheet # simul
part only appears of the great expenditure incurred by the
ition since leaving Ujiji, and especially in the purchase
and equipment of a schooner at Loanda for the purpose of
sending safely to their homes the 57 Zanzibar negroes who
accompanied their leader across the continent. The greater
portion will fall into the accounts of 1876, the bills having been
presented since the close of 1875, The Council are unable at
to state the exact total amount that will be char,
in the next Balance Sheet, but estimate it at about 30007.

Library —Vhe Library now contains 17,164 books and pam-
of which 765 were added during the past year, 551
{including all the pamphlets) being donations, and 214 pur-
chased. Besides these, and without reckoning newspapers,
1682 separate parts or numbers of periodicals, Transactions,
Reports, &c., have been received. 23 whole volumes and 140
separate parts have been obtained, for the most part by gift, im
or towards completion of defective series.
In addition to the numerous pamphlets and small works put
into covers on the Society's premises, 541 volumes have been
bound and 193 repaired during the past year.

x Royal Geographical Society.
[RE eer

sented to the Library by Count Wilezok ; 25 photographs of
various'-parta of':the ‘Territories, by: Dra. V. Hayden; and
eee ee alana AA celDe ee
Wallroth, Heq.

Mietalagge additions! andjtho tensive ve-krreemonanDecegeil

Library have rendered the erection of two further presses

agile pen fies emphinliperticl ties cieea re

|, similar work being now in hand as to the

remaining portion, under the suporintendence of the Library
Committee of Council, which has held ite usual meetings.

‘The period of retaining recently-nequired books before lending
LO Re tame pels
from twelve to six months,

The Library continues to be much consulted by Fellows
of the Society, private students, authors, and. officers of the
public departments; and it is expected that the numbers of
such visitors will be materially augmented, when its rapidly
increasing value for general science as well as pure geography
= area aaa

Map-oom-—Sinco the last Anniversary, 1 Globe, 573 Maps
on 1491 Sheets, 18 Atlases comprising 524 Maps, 81 Relief
Maps and Models, and 8 Photographs and Portraits, have
been added to the Collection; of which 107 Sheets of Maps
and 3 Atlases, and the Relief-Maps and Models, have been
acquired by purchase ; 8 Diagrams have also been constructed,

xii Royal Geographical Society.

Atlas of Medieval ae ee er
publisher. Philips’ Handy General Atlas of the World, and

‘Atlas of the Counties of England ; presented by Messrs, Philip
Snes pn Reproduction of Celestial and Terrestrial

and Mung-mau; presented by Ney Hlias, Esq. MS, map
and section of route across Africa from Zanzibar to Benguela,
di Cameron, as MS. Map of the Victoria
presented by Edwin Arnold, rear ‘Traverse
af the White Nile from Khartoum to Rigaf, MS. ; sentry
Liout. Watson, ne. MS. map of route from Champion Bay
to Overland Telegraph-line, Australia; presented by John
Forrest, Esq. 9 Geological Maps of Australia and parts of
Victoria, issued by the Mining Department, Melbourne; pre-
sented by Jess Young, Esq. Map of the City of Rio de Janeiro;
purchased. Photograph of the Town of Zanzibar; presented
by Arthur Laing, Esq. 30 Geographical Models and Relief
maps selected from Paris Exhibition 1875; purchased.

Report of the Council.
= pie =

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“Lay!

HONORARY AND HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
MARCH 24, 1877.

Kunrxirr, Dr. Hi. swe Berlin
‘LEAL, Jose da Silva Mendes, Minister of the
Colonies v Lisbon
exundria

‘A. the Duke of Fi
HE, I Pacha, The.

aime

HM, Syed Basghis Ibu Bye

Puaren, Hie Estincy Ont =
gag Bos ern) 7 This ee
Roprrtt, Dr, E., For. 4.18, ee
re us Spe
Sonvrern, canst, See U, S Tapiiony

SoLDAX, Don Mariano Felipe Vas
Sones airs Maj the Chev. de,

Srosn, Gans CoP, Choo he General
i Keyptlan Ary .

Vasconcr.ios & SiL¥A, Dr. Alfredo Casi~
Whrrser, 3.5, Raq. Gate ri
artsy, J,
Californi pete eee

Wirezex, Count

x List of Fellows of the
Tear of

oe
1889 | 00 Atlee, Charles, Esq. The Park, Ealing, We

1860 Attwoll, Professor Henry, Burnes, SW.

1859 A putal Servant, 8 Wet mat majorite, pe
‘1363

1854

hited Service Club, 8.W-5 and Shalfordotouse, near Guildjord,
Austin, John Qe, Eaq. Core of the Colonial Company, 16, Leadenboll-street, £0.
Ayrton, Right Hon. Acton S. 11, Bolion-street, Piccadilly.

1876 EN Care of Foreignoffioer
1806} Bebington, Willa, Bay, St. Aa, Buedurst-htt, Bovr.

1867 Baillie, ies Mijoteneral John (Bengal Stal Corp. 26, Hurnilton-terraces
8t, John's-wood, NW.

1872) Baillie, Capt, Wm. Hanter, 48, Norfolleaquare, W.

1875 | *Bain, Hon, James, 2, Parh-terrace, Glasgow.

1874 | Bainbridge, Jno. Hugh, Keaq. Frankfeld, Cork, Ireland,

187% | Baines, W. Mortimer, Taq, Bellall, York,

1875 | 120*Baher, George, Haq, 66, Mark-lane, 1,0, ; and Shareabroot,

1861 | *Baker, John, Esq.

1862 Baker, Captain Robert B, Oriental Club, Hanover-ssquare, W

1865 ‘Baker, Sir Sam, White, Pasha, v.88, Sandford Orleigh, nr. Wnoton Abbot, Devon.
187k Beker, T. Bi, Loqy can. Wiothampark-terrace,

1876 Baker, Colonel T. D., e% Army and Nary Club, Pali Mall, 8.W,

1855 | “Baker, Major W. T. Junior United Service Club, 3, We

1873 | Bakor-Creeewril, Lieatenant G. George, Crevawell, Morpeth.

1801 | Belfour, Colonel David. alfowrreastde, Kirkwall, 2:2,

1867 Balfour, Lieut.-Gen. Sir George, C.K, Mag MiP. ondntretn
park, Wa and Oriental Club, Hanover-aquare, W.

1870 | 10 Balfour, Captain Georgy My 1.x,

1853| Balfour, John, King. 18, Quem’s-gate-plaoe, 5, W.

378 | Balfour, TH, Bag, Shanghai,

2e76 | Ball, Arthar Edmund, Kisq. Slanhope-cilla, Charhewod-road, Putney, 8. We
1860 | Ball, John, faq., w.x.8. 10, Siutheell-gardens, South Kensington,

176 Ball, John B., Boy. 7, Holtham-vitlas-road, Putney, 5. W.

1872, Balls, W. H,, Keg. 3, The Terrace, Kenningtom-park, SE,

Royal Geographical Society. xxi

—panep Ghani Regt, Cire of Sir C. 2 Oregor and Co., Charles.

Kwon,
1852
1893 Highwess Prince Gtustininot, Rome. ime Mors, Bering
© passa pater rrermetngey ~

1875 | Bannatyne, Neil, Hoey. Sansome ieee

1698 | 140 Baurerunu, Sir Alesauler, Bast, 45, Gromenarplace, 3. W.

1869

Barbour, W. Boyle, Ray. Springvale, Hitou-lane, Prestwick, wear Manchester.

1870 ‘Barkly, Str Henry, £.0.8,, Governor of the Cape af Good Hope,

1802 Barlee, Frederick Palgrave, Raq. (Governor of British Hondurme), Care of @,
Lavrenct, Em. 12, Martourvwyteroad, Lee, S22

2048 | 150 Barlow, Frederick Thomas Pratt, Enq. 26, LCutlund-gate, &,W,

1871 ‘Bames, Rotert, Eaq., xD. 91, Grosvenorstreet, We

1872 | — Bamett, Edward Win, Eq.

2eeq| "Barns, John W., Esq. Bhawuipore, Punjaud, India; cara of Aeasrs. Grisdisy,
3S, Parliamentestrect, SW.

3870) Barr, Fward G, Raq, 76, Hotland-pork, W,; und 36, Mark-tane, £.C.

1673 Barrett, Benjamin, Faq. Albert-cottage, Framlingham, Suffolk.

1g} Barrett, Howard, Eqn 8.04% 3, Tieisbookuquary, W.C.

1889) ‘Barrington, George, Viscount, at.n. 19, Heryfordectreet, W.

g8e7| “Barrington Ward, Mark J., Eaq. DAy ritut, (Her Majesty's Inspector of
Schools). St, Wing{red’s, Lincoln; and Cnited Uiniveraity Club, 8.We

1935 | Barrow, Jobo, Ksq., rsuty rata. 17, Hanoverstervace, Rayont'epark, WW,

1977 | 160 Barrow, Keubon Vincent, Boy. Sydneyslodye, Croydon.

1885 Barry, Alfred, Eoq. Moyfield, Shortlonda, Kent,

yest | Bartholomew, John, Koy. 17, Chamters'-atrect, Edinturgh

lass Barton, Alfred, Easy x0. Oriental Club, W.

4974] Barton, Dr. Gee. Kingston, Buobhurstahil, Pasex,

1ast| “Bateman, James, Eaq., PA P.t.8, 9, Myde-park-gate South, 8.

gare | Bateman, John, Eaq. Great Mromleylodge, Colchester.

1859) Bateman, Joho P.y Leq.n Cut, FRA. 16, Great Goorge-atrest, Wertmauter, %W,

4873 | Bates, General Henry, cn. 2, Susserplace, Mydepork, W.

1875 Ba, dhe om Cure of Messrs. Grindlay ond Grn, 55, Porlioment-rtreet,

1866 | £72 Bateson, George, Eaq. Mealington-hall, York.

1873 | Batten, Wenry Howard, Req. 21, St Grorge'eayuare, 5.W,; and Sunior
Carton Club, Pallmalt, 8. W.

1866 Batten, John H,, Eq, 5, Mansten-terrace, Heavitree, Lecter.

As73|
15H
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1863,
‘1873
1862
1872
1863,
Bled
1808
Bley
1871
1974
1874
1872
1854
1875
1856

1877
1870
1851
1872
1867
1071 |
1365 |
1870
1875,
1850
172
1874
1870
1s
1808
1861
1800
1895
1858

1874
L

ho Baynes, Liut-Col, , Stuart. Army and Navy Cy 8.W. ond 98, Jorayn
trot 82M.

Beall, Geo., Eaq,, Secratary Local Marine Board. Liverpoot,

Beardmore, Nathaniel Bt, Bry Boy, 90, Oreat George-tredt, 8.W,

Beaten, Capt. John. 14, Pulace-gardeasterrace, We

“Beaafort, Willlor Morris, Beq. (Bengal Civil Service). Atienawm Clu, SW

Bontmont, A. H, da, Hq, 19, St John's park, Miylgate, 3,

190 Seaumont, John Aug., ¥aq. 61, Lancastersgate, W.; and Wimbleden-part-
Aoune, Wimbledon, SW.

‘Beaumont, Commander Lewis A,, Rix. 42, Great Cumberlandphacey We

*Beamont, Somerset, Haq. 23, Parkstreet, Park-tane, W.

“Beaumont, Wentworth B.y Eaq., x. 144, Plocadilly, We and Bretton
park, Wakefleld.

Bearan, Lieut, Reginald, Mosare. Qrindlay and Co., 55, Parliament-street, 8, We

posite ats raged Care of J.D. Campbell, Esy., 8, Storey's
Benaley, Captain Geo, @,, 88rd Regiment, Army and Navy Club, 8.
Bebb, Horatio, Ey. 15, (loucerter-place, W, 7 aad Leamington,

Bective, Thomas, Earl of, 36, Dorerstreet, W.j and Underley-holl, Kirkiyy
Zonedale, Westmoreland,

Bedbrook, W, Hh. Kay. Dlewhoinshouse, WiruMedon, 8.1%

209 Bedford, Rear-Adminl G, Augustus, arta iarmeeicn
Bedwwall, F, Le Breton, Ray. 3, Avéngton-grove, Penge, S22. ©
Booch, Geo. Muller, Haq. 83, Parhestreet, Gromenoresquare, W-

Beer, Julius, Ray, 56, Portland-place, W. /
Bowsly, Haw. Bras, ksq. 21, Ewenetinstroet, Queen’sroad, Manchester.
Bedingfold, Foliz, iey., o.a.¢, 34, Green-st., Pardiane; and Reform Chad, S, We
“Begbio, James, Faq. 2, asta Zndiawmenne, Leadenhallatreat, H.C.

Beghic, Thomas Sthling, Keq, 4, Mansion-houseplace, 2.0,
Beleber, Kev. Brymer. St. Gabriet’s, Pimlico, 8.W,

en Tey cinerea pend a 95, Cadogan=

place, BW.
210 Bell, H. Douglas, Eay. 8, Albion-terrace, Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire,

Ball, Jouhua P, Bay. 12, Athewartevatreet, We.
1876 | Bell, Thomas, Key, 15, Upper-pardoramd, Lhunerstecthil, X. W.
1968 Bally Wart, Any Beas idee 260% Sew University Cindry St, Sameer's-atroet, & We

1863 | Balmore, The Katt of, Governor of Naw South Waller.

1s7s | Benjamin, Horace B., Raq. 120, New Bonilaetrect, W,

1870 | 320 Benjamin, Joseph, Key. 412, Hiyh Jolborn, W.C.

wars | Beike, Albert, Eq. ata. 9 Charkes-strvet, St, James's, ST,

1857 | Baumetty J, Riston, Hoz,, a.0. 22, Catendivh-sqeare, We

72 Beanie, A. Esq. 7, Broad Sinctuary, Westminster,S.W. ; aud Oriental Chad, WW.

Comnemghtasquare,
1876} Berryman, Edwin W., Raq. 52, Great St, Helen's, BO,
1872 | —_Bertlion, Pater Hy., Eaq- 20, Marguretestreet, Conendishemquare, We
1871 Best, Comune. Joo, Chass Plue-yn Vivat, Llangollen.
agea| Best, William, Hq. Kelitone, Malluoak, S. Hunts.
ser ‘Bethune, Meauder M., pres Otterburn, Homicterosd, Upper Noreseds wed
122, Leadenhait-street, 2.
Bathane, Adm, C, makina 4, Cromecllerd., &. Kensington, 8. Ws
‘Betta, John, Buy. 21, Freegrore-row, Caamion-roud, Ny
Beran, William, Eaq. 12, Belton-garslens, South Kensington, 8.W.
240 Devingtou, Henry Gro., Raq, Fervudale-house, Lee, SE.
Berington, Herbect &, Esq, mA. Ferndale-hose, Lee, SE.
‘*Bithy, Edward, Exy. Care of Joha Bibhy, Ev. Hartshill, Liverpoot.
Bieker-Cearton, Poter, Esq. 30, Northunberland-ploce, Buyrwater, W.
Bldors, Edward, Esq., 4.0. Care of Messrs. Xing and Co,, Cornhill, BO.
Bickersta, W, M., Eay,, 2.r. 18, Zighbury-terrace, N,
Pickarsteth, Tho Very Rev. Elveart, v.o., Dean of Lichtield. The Deanery,
Téeh field.

“Dickinore, A. S., eq 28. Fitts Superintendent of the American Museum of
Natural Wistory, Centralrpark, Jew York,

Bicknell, Algernon 3,, Raq. 23, Onslow-gardens, South Kensington,

Bidder, G. Fucker, Emp, Cok. 2, Gt, Georgest., S.W.j and Mitcham, Surrey

250 Diddulph, Geo, Touroay, Esq, 42, Charing-croas, 5,W,

S28 5 SE5552E25

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‘*Bigg-Wither, T. P., Ex 6.8, Belleour, Reigate,
Bigaby, Jobn J,, Baye, #04, FRA 8%, Gloucester-place, Portman-square, W:
Birch, H. W., eq. Belyrave-mansions, Grorenor-gardens, S. W',

ie Bisa opin rans Eas , New Broadstreet, £.C.; and 27, Cavendish
aquara, W.

*Dirvbill, Captain B.H, H. Junior Carlton Cub, 8, We

“Bird, Richard, Kay, Wynyan-house, Fulham, 8,1.

Birdwoal, Gov) Exj, Md. India Musern, 8. Kensington, 8.W. ; and Acton,

‘irkbeck, Ralves, Bq. Horsteadshalt, Norwich.

“*Bishotlshelm, Henrl Loule, Baye 7%, South Audleysstreet We

Riley Gomes Fats FR-hA! ton Cteh;5.Wi' ah Tho ecto

Tieickenham, 8.

aba yee bai “La, ForthnE place, We

Bishop, Juinox, Eeq. Foredt=row, Leytonstone.

Bishop, Win, Heary, Exye 8, Prince of Wales-terrace, Kensiuplon-palace, W.
270 Bion, Capt. Frederick 8. de Carteret, #.1.%, 70, Bernera-strest, We

‘Bisok, Andrew H., Haq. 28, Royal-crescent, Glasgow,

‘Blackmore, W., Kaq. Founder*ecowt, Lothbury, #.C,

“Blackstone, Frederick Elliot Bays Rcte British Museum, WiC

Blagden, Robert, aq. Junior Cartton Club, Pallemall, 8,W.
280 Blaine Henry, Lag. 2 Cleveland-rood, Castleill, Laling, We

Blakeney, Captain W. A. Fe
Blakistoa, Matthew, Eaq, 18, Willon-cressent, 8, We
Blakiston, Captain Thomas, Ra, 18, Witonecrescent, 5. W.

Blanc, Hemy, Eajy MD» So, Care of Mera, I, & King and Co. 4%,
Paltemalt, 8.We

1814
1875
1845,
1856
41875
171
a4
1872
1860
Lead
es

ae gama xxY

290 Blanch, Jno,,kaq. Care of W, H. Blanch, Eug., 12, Downan-read, Pechham, Si.
aeeemreainn utes race Geological Sareny-office, Cuteulta, Care of

“Blewitt, Octavian, Haq. 20, Joheastreet, Strand, W.C.

‘Blore, HAwand, Enq, 0.C.tiy Palichy Ache fie. +, Manoleatersuquare, We
Blount, Edward, Fay, CN, 28, Old Huelingten-stroet, W.; and G1, Rua de
Courcetios, Baris,

sy eR Gare of Robert Beons, Big. Betvedere-park,

Blumberg, George Py aq. Monaflold-house, Ciifton-gardons, Maida-vale, W,
See tia Weld, Kaq. Ince, Blundelihall, Groot Croshy ; ond rvoked's
Blast, Jony Esq.

320"hlunt, Wilfred S, Haq. Worth, Crawley, Suesee,

Biyth, Henry, aq. 59, Winpolestreet, W.

Biyth, Philip B., Zag. (7.0. for Mildlewes). 58, Winpolestreet, W.
*Dintenbw, Chas dela Barre, Ba. Hotherwas, Mereford,

tgs Bag. 49, Pall-moll, 8, Wa; and 2, Bayneatersterr., Kensington
spusre,
Oo Sade get Care of W, Ledtlow, Baz, 2%
Bouth Anateyrstreet, We

Booker, Samuel, Faq, ‘61, Abseny, Olid Hall-street, Liverpool.
Booker, Wm. Lane, Raq, Gore of Menara, F. O'Brien and Ca, 43, Portion
ment-atrect, 5.We

Bown, Geo, C, Kang. Leonart-house, Gwen tones, Stobe-Newington, 2,
Booth, Joho, faq. Training College, Exeter,

Borksse, Capt. Jno. 6, Priery-terrace, Mostings.

‘*Borver, Dawsan, Em. Altmont Button, Co. Carlow, Ireland,

*Botcherby, Blockett, Exq., xa. 174, Brompton-road, 8, W.

Bourne, Geo., Eq. Se Gare of Mr. Join Taylor, 110,
Fenclurchaetrest, E.\

ro) Pesenaptomned 21, Rickmond-road, Bayswater, W.

Bourne, Robert, Kay, 3.7. Grayton-manor, Bromsgrove.
Bousield, Willlam, Bay., M.A, 99, Stanhope-gurdens, Queewegate, 8, We

‘Bouveris, P.P., Esq. 32, Hill-street, Berksley-syuare, W.

1874

‘Brooks, Kobert Aleuunder, Eeq. rte 4 Fema
‘coahinitn alert pein Growwenor-equary, Ws
Buarlow-hall, wear Manchester ; ant Forest of Ger Tanar, yrs

Beown, Colonel David (Madras Siaif Corps). Jada

‘Brown, Rev. Dixon. 28, Queen'e-gute, 5. Kensington, 8.19.
Beowa, E, Ay Big, Burton-on-Trent.

‘Brown, Henry Rowlna!, Eaq. 56, Lincoln’minnepfields, W.C.¢ and Oxley-grove,

Brows, James, Bay. Lossington, Yorkshire,
Brown, J.B. eq. 90, Cannonastreet, EC. ; and Bromley, Kent,
“Brown, James R,, Enjes Fitted Copenhagen. 84, Cavershamroad, 5. We
“Brown, John Allen, Enq. Daihwell-ledge, Kent-gardens, Haling, W-
Beuwa, Richard, Bacay CH 115, Lonsdownerroal, Notting-Aill, W.

470 Brown, Robert, Kay, Mi Dr, Vhil., PLA, Be. 26, Guilfordsread, Albert

square, 8.W,

“Brown, Thomas, Eq. 8, Hyde-parh-terrace, Hyde-part, W.
Brown, Rev. Thos, B. Clifton-coldege, Bristol.
Brown, William, Esq. Quarryshishouse, Tondestge, Kent.
Browne, H, Ha, Esq, Moorclose, Dinfetd, Bracknell
Browne, John H., Kiq. Glenlus, HaywAill, Cheltenham,
Browne, Samuel Wooleott, Eeq. 58, Porohester-terrace, Hyde-park, W,
‘Browne, Captain Wade. 35, Charlesatreet, Heekeleyaquare, W.
Browne, Walter Raleigh, Eee Gate Survde Club, 16, Sanile-row, We
Browne, Wm, A. Morgan, aq. 116, Piccadilly, W.

420 Drowne, William J., Req. Aforly-howse, Wimborne, Dorsetshire,
Browning, G. F., Raq. 25, Longtonegrove,
Browning, H., Esq, 73. Grosmeorstrect, Gromanor-aquare, W.; and Git

Warden-park, Bigglescade,

“Browning, Thomas, Eaq, 8, Whitehall, 8, W.

Brunton, Joho, Haq. 22.0%. ¥.0.8 15a, Great Georgostrect, &.W.

Brunton, Ry Ha Lay ¥.0.8, 4a 1, Oxfordevilan, Bathom, 8.

Bryant, Walter, Esq, M.D, P00. 254, Sussexeaquare, Mydeepurk-gardens, We

‘Buccleuch, His Grace the Duke of, 0. ¥tube Dalkeith-palace, near Kdinburgh 5
‘aad Montayushouss, Whitehall, 8, W.

Buchanan, Andrew, Kaq., ¥.0, 48, Easthourneterrace, Hyde-park, W.
Buchanan, R, Dunlop, Haq. 10, Porchoster-terruce, W.
43e"Buchanan, Thos, Ryburn, Raq. All Soule! College, Oxford.

Royal Geographical Society. Xxix

Buelley, Frank, Eq. Liverpeol-road, Birkdale.

Buckley, Joho, Eaq. Cure of Messrs, Dalgety, De Cron, amd Co, 52,
Lombard-atrect, Be Co

Bndkley, John, Ka. The Academy, Wearer-sinn, Winsford, Cheshire.

Budd,J, Palmer, bag, Trintaren, peur Seanera,

* Bulger, Linut.-Colonel George Ernest, ¥.1..8,, FM, 0.1.28. d0,, tate 10th Foot,
Care of Meswrs. Wheatley and Co., 158, Leadenhall-atreet, B,C.

Boll, William, Eoq., vats. Aing'evood, Chetsea, 6.1.

Haller, Sir Rdward M, Dart, ax, Old Patsco-yard, 8 W.¢ and Dithora-halt,
Cheadle, Staffordshire,

Baller, Walter La, Bag, Viet, 7, Weatminster-chambers, Victorians, 8, W.
Ballingwr, Her. E, Wm, Wallhamstow, Ewer,
440 Blleck, Captain Charles J., Bx. Hydrographioopice, 8.W.
Bullock, Rer, Win. T., x.4. Kennington Palace, We
*Banbury, Sir Charles James Ver, Bart., PR. Barton-hall, Bury St, Kiownd's,
Bunbury, Be H., Rages at, 85, St, Jamen's-strect, &. We
Bundeck, F.pKaq, Buctland-ottvy, Horrobridye, 8. Devon,
Burges, Willkun, Eeq. Fethard, Co, Tipperary.
*Bangess, James, Eaq,, XR.A%, Archmological Reporter, o,, to Government,
Bomboy. 8, Merohiston-terrsce, Hiinburyhe Care of Meares, Tribner,
Lndgate-till, B.C.

Bargoyor, John, Faq, Wood-thorpe, Stone-iridye-park, Willeslen,
Burke, Samuel Comtantine, Eaq. 84, Harbour-atrevt, Kingeton, Jamaicn,
‘Barm-Biyth, Robert, Faq. 5, Ciflon-place, Susseznquare, W.

45 Burne, Lient-Coloud 0. F. Zadinofice, 8.1.
Barney, Comms, Chas., 2-¥., Superintendent Greenish Hospital Sohools, 8.2.
“Barun, Joho, Raq. Castle Wemyss, by Greenock, NB,
“Burr, Higford, Eaq. 23, Katoneplace, 8.W. + ond Aldermaston-court, Berkshire,
Burtal, Captain E., ux, 9, Parkevillas, Lower Norwood, 8E,
‘Burt, Charles, Bay. Lillnidenhouse, Richmond, Surrey.
“Burton, Alfred, Beq 64, Marina, St. Lenard’.

‘*Burton, Desimus, Kinq., ¥.2,8. 1, Gloucesterhouses, Gloucester-crescen!, W.
“Burton, Capt, Richi, Fras, Atheneum Club ; 14, Montingu-ploce, Mowtagu-
apuare, W. Care of afesrs. O'Brien and Co., Bariiament-street, 8. W.

Burton, William Samuel, Loy. South-villa, Regent'e-parky NW,

‘460 Bury, Wm. Coutts, Viscount, K.03t.0, 63, Prinee’s-gats, SW.
Bash, Revs Hobert Wheler, xa. 29, Milnersoquare, Zelingtom, N.
Basbell, Dr, Nathaniel, Prince’sparkechoot, Léeerpoct,
Bushell, Dr. 8 We x0, Poulion, Winghav, Kent,
‘Busk, Capt. Hans, vt, 1b, %.8A, Hon, V.0L, Oxford, %1, Ashleyeplace,
SW, j and United Cnivernity Chad.
Baik, William, Esq, w.c.r., 8c, 28, Bewtorough-gardens, 8. Ws
Batler, Charles, Esq. 3, Connanght-place, Hyde-pork, W.
Butler, E, Dundas, Esq, Geographical Department, Brittsh Museum, W.Ce

Royal Geographical Society. xxxi

1857 Cannon, Lieot-General R, 5, Purt-rillas, Fothestonr,
1873 “Cantwell, Edward I,, Baq. Hittids, West Horatey, Serrey; Ozford and
aad Garrick Char.

TASS ‘*Cardwell, Viscount, 14, aton-square, 8. W.
2863 Seas i Pan 3 Corpendersspark, Walford, Herth ; amt Oriental

4873] Cary, Lieutenant H.C. {late t8,), Almussrond, Southport

1803 Carey, Rev. Tupper, Piet, avant, Satishury ; and 15, HZyde-parkegardens, Wo

1872 | Cartina, John, Keg. 31, St Swithin’edane, B,C; and Junie Conservatine
Ghul, King-strect, St, Jamer's,

2862] Cargill, Joba, Eaq., Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Zealand and
Legislative Council of Otago. Dunedin, Otago, Neo Zealand. Care of
Movare, Dangill, Feachin sind Coy, 23, Cornhill, B.0,

1803 | s1o*Csrgill, Wan, W., Bay. 7

1873 ‘*Curillen, John Wilton, Baq., 7.2.4. PAA, Ko, Wormbill, Buxton,

1853] Carlingford, Lard. 7, Carttoregardens, 8, W.

1é Carlisle, A.D, Raq. Hoileylury-collaye, Hertford.

1866) *Carmichad, Capt, L.M,, a.a. (Sth Lancers), Oxfordand Cambridge Club, 5, W.

1965] *Carvegio, Dovid, Bag. Eastury, by Walford, Herts,

1865] Carongie, Commander the Hon. J,, Rx. 26, Pali-mall, 8. W,

SG) "Carr, Wen, Ward, Faq, 0.0, Leyland-etila, Eltham-road, Lee, &B,
1881 lhgia ey sa raerahag Arsene en oe. Guardy’ Club, 5, We
and 1, Carlinterpsce, Victorianstrest, 8.
Cater, Cain Thoome Top, Bike pie hn Hf, & King ond Cox.
45, Polienalt,

Carter, Thoodory, Key, 10, Hanoeer-street, Byenlane, Se.
Sea ey Henry (Grenndier Guards), ar. Aydon-hail, Banbury.
aac Care of Office of Chineoe Customs, 8, Storey’egate,
St, Jamet's-park, &

‘Oxrver, Rev. 7 er ee Duleioh, 8.25,

Cubent-Boteler, Commr, W. J, Bx, The Elms, Toplow; and Navat and
Military Club, Piccadity, W.

Camila, Lonis P., eq. 147, Holboen-bare, H.C. ; and South-grove, Highgate, N.

Casels; Andrew, Esq. (Memiter of Councll of Ludia), 51, Cleecland-square,
‘Weathenrne-terrace, W.

Costin, Chan Jomeph, Ea. 1, Ocoryoutreet, Portman-szuare, Wy
30 Catheart, Major Andrew. 16, Groseenor-street, W.
cree a Union Club ; and Bintrook-house, Market=

pee 3, Wobummesyuare ; ond St. Petersburg.
Gere, Amce, Eaq. Groveouer, Helvodere, Kent,
Cave, Colonel RAward, East Inefis United Servie Clws, 14, St. Jamee’e-
eyeare, 8.18

S83 055 52 $8 985 5

List of Fetiows of the |

Cave, Captain Laurence Treat, 75, Chester-square, &. W. |
‘Cave, Right Hon. Stephen, ur. 35, Wilton-place, 8. W. ’

Challis, John Hesry, Kay. Reform Chub, 8.17,

Chapelle, Count dela. 4, Jermywstrect, St. James's, 8.1,
Chapman, Capt. EF, 1a. Ruirholme, Wimbledon, 8. W.
‘Chapman, Spencer, Lay. Roehampton, SW.

$50 Charles, Rev. D., #4. (Oxon), 0.0. Aderdocey, North Wales,

Coaruoch, Richard Stephen, Raq ri.0m, FAA. Junior Garrick Cd,
Adilphisterrace, W.C-

Chater, Geo, juur, Esq, 41, Porchestersaquare, Byde-park, W.

Chatwoo!, Samuel, Esq, 5, Wenlwurth-place, Botton.

Chauntrell, Prot Dundas, aq. 633, Lincoln'ninn-fielde, WC.

‘Charis, George von, Esq. 6, Haif-moon-street, W.

turncoat orale Camb. 9, Hyde-park-place, Cumberlende

Cheetham, Samnel, aq. 11, Rumford:place, Ldeerpool,

a Rare 9, Fanbrugh-purk, Blachheuth, 8.8, ; anc Consereatioe

copra coset we 3, Charles-street, Loundesaquare, S,W3 and
Chilton hore, Thame, Oafordedire.
$60Cheyne, Captain Ino, P., n.¥. 15, Aditison-gardens, North, Kensington, We

Chichester, Sir Bruce, Bart, Arlington-court, Barnstaple.
‘Childers, Right Hon, Hugh. a.r. 17, Prince segardens, W.

Christio, T. Beath, Kaq., a.n. Ealing,

Clapton, Edward, Bae, Ds, dere ebbing SB

ill

Royal Geographical Society. mail

Clark, Liout, Alex. J. 14, St, Jamofs-square, SW.
2670 | Clark, Charles, Faq. 90, Belmont-park, Zee, Kent, 22,

Clark, George Thomas, Esq. Dowlaishouse, Dowlais
Clark, Sir Jobs, Bart, 38, Cormcalhgardens, £7; and Tiipromir, Aboyne,

‘Clark, John Gilchrist, Raq. Spaddook, Dumfeter, Dunfrievahire,
Clark, J, Latimer, Bag. ees eee et Sey and

1873

1973

1988

1862

1874 | 580*Clark, Mathew B., Bay. eA i Hele sed

TaTO| — Clark, Robert, Kay. 48, Chepstowwoilias, Baynoater, W.

1068] Clark, William, Yq. The Cedars, South Norwvod,

1358 Clark, Rev. W. Geo, Maa. Trinity College, Combridge.

1865 ‘Clark, W. I, Eaq. 6, Leinrter-terrace, Hyde-park, W,

1874 | *Clark-Kennoty, Capt. Alewunder W. 3, seein a Sanit
Craiz'sdoure, Dumfries, NB + ond Cvards! Club, Pall-mall, 8,

1875 Clarke, Archibald My., Raq. South-hilt, Paignton, Devon.

1350 ‘Clarke, Col, A., mx. Army ond Nowy Chis, SW.

1874] Clarke, Captain WC. ML, Ra. Adadrhouse, 5, James’ eaqnre, SW,

$872) Clarke, Joneph, Haq, Norti-Aill-cilla, Highgate, N-

1855} gge*Clarke, Rev. W, B., m.a, Sydney, New South Wiles, Care of Mostra,

Trier anit Co, Ludgate-hill, BC.

1868

1863

1865

1866

1871

1883

1870

1940

1856

mas

last, Captain Joka W. (ate 32th Mamas. ee,
“Cleghorn, Hugh, Eq, X20. Strarithy, St. Andre's.
Cleghorn, Jolin, eqs, att, 8A Be, 3, Spring-gardena, 2.1,

Clarmont, Thomas, Lonl 35, Lidhalroet, Berheloy-square, Way and Barene~

6o0*Cleveland, His Grace the Duke of, Cleveland-house, 17, St, James's-square, 8, W.
1861 ‘Clifford, Sir Charles, Hatherton-hall, Caancek, Stafordelire,
1858 ‘Cliiford, Charles Cavendish, Eeq. House of Lords, 5. We
ast ‘Chfford, Henry, Eaq., 6.8, 1, Lanadown-ploor, Blackheath, 8.E,
$886) Clinton, Lord BAward, atrmy and Nowy Club, 5,1.
RTS} Clirwhugh, W. P., Ea. 7, Strathmore-gardens, Campden-hill, W.
1858 | Clive, Rev, Archer, Whitfeld, Hereford,
1983] Clowes, E., Eaq. Salishury.square, Fleet-street, F.C.
1676 Chewes, Capt. Froleric (30th Regiment). St. Mary's Barracks, Chatham,
TESE | Chewes, George, ay. Dubestreet, Stamfordaatreet, S.E.3 Charing-cros,
BW; and Surbiton, Survey,
1854) G10 Clowes, William, Faq. —Dube-sirest, Stanfordestrect, &E.j Charinrorcas,
S.Weg and 51, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W,

“VOL. XLVI. ¢

Sa &

List of Fellows of the

Clowes, William Charles Knight, Esq, us. Dute-street, Stamford-street,
BLE. and Surbiton, Surrey.
Clutterbuck, Robert, Esq., J.P. 8, Great Cumberlind-place, W.
Coard, Philip Aldridge, Esq. 13, St, Marl's-eyware, Smdringham-road, West
Hockney, E.
Conte, James, Esq. 41 and 42, Liste-strect, Leicesteroqmare, W.C.; an?
Coates, Edmund, Esq. 8, Baker-street, Portman-szeare, W.
Cobb, Jas, Francis, Esq. The Brake, Torquay, Decon.
Cobbold, John Chevalier, Esq. Atheneum Club, 5.W:; and Ipecich, Sufolt.
Cochrane, Rear-Admiral the Hon. A., c.t. Junior United Service Chub, 5.W-
“Cochrane, Kenneth, Esq. Elmbank, Galashiels, N. B.
620 Cock, Edward, Esq. Hingston-on-Thames.
‘*Cockbarn, Captain James George, 6th Hegiment. Dover.
Cockburn, J.P, Esq. The Mount, Totnes, South Devon.
Cockerton, Richard, Esq. Cormeall-gardens, South Kensington, S. W:
‘*Cockle, Captain George. 9, Bolton-gardens, South Kensington, §.W.
*Cocks, Alf. Heneage, Esq. 5, Radnor-place, Gloucester-square, W.
Cocks, Colonel C, Lygon (Coldstream Guards). Treterbyn-Tean, Liskeard,
Corneal.
Cocks, Major Octavius Yorke, 86, Park-street, Grosvenor-equare, W.
*Cocks, Reginald Thistlethwayte, Esq. 43, Charing-cross, 5. W.;
29, Stankope-gardens, South Kensington, 5.W.
‘*Cocks, Thos, S. Vernon, Faq. 43, Charing-cross, 5. W.
630%Cockshott, Arthur, Hsq., x.a. Eton Colleje,
Codrington, General Sir William, 0.¢.8, 110, Eaton-square, 8.¥7,
*Coe, Rev. C.C. Highfield, Bolton-le- Moors,
Coghlan, Edward, Esq. Training-institution, Gray/’s-inn-road, W.C.
Coghlan, J., Eaq., Engr-in-Chief to the Government, Buenos Ayres. Care of
HL C. Forde, Esq. 6, Dukesstreet, Adelphi, W.C.
‘*Coghlan, Nav, Lieut, Jas. E., nx, Care of Hydrographiooffice, Admiralty,
3.W.
Coghlan, Lieut.-Gen, Sir William M., K.c.B., Ra, Ramagate, Kent,
Colchester, Reginald Charles Edward, Lord. 68, Eaton-place, 8.W.

Cole, Geo. Ralph Fits-Roy, Esq. Queen Anne's-mansion, Westminster, 3.1.5 *
Wanderers’, and South American Clubs, 8.W".

Cole, William H., Esq. 64, Portland-place, W.
640 Cole, Wm, Hammond, Esq. Great Plumstead, near Norwich, Norfolk.
Colebrook, John, Esq, 1, Waltonsplace, Chelsea, 8, W, ,
*Colebrocke, Sir Thomas Edward, Bart.,¥.2..8, 37, South-t, Park-lane, W.
Coleman, Everard Home, Eaq., F.nas. Registry and Record Office,
82, Basinghallstrect, E.C.
Coles, Charles, Esq. 86, Great Tower-street, F.C.
Coles, James, Esq. 26, Malcern-road, Beeston-hll, Leeds,

i PEELE if 93

‘Callie, Stars. Bary i, Care of Mes, Colts,
Capt Royal Regimnt, Core of

Calls, Benjamin, Eq, ln

Colquhoun, Sir Patcick B. de, Qc, ELD. 2, King'sbencheall, Temple, 0,

Colvill, William H., sq. (Sarg. H.M, Ind, Army).

"Colville, Charlee John, Lonl. 42, Baton-place, & We

Colvin, Minny J., Key, 71, Olt Rroadesteeet, B.C.

Colvin, Captain W. By Boyal Pusiliers,

‘Combs, Lieut. BA.

Comber, Coloael A. K. (DepeCommd, of Aram, Gealpaze), Care of Mises.
Woodhead and Co., 44, Charing-cross, 8. 1

660 Commerell, Admiral Sir J. E,, v.0,, €.0.n, Alverbank, sAiveretoke, Flats,

Compldgue, Marguiade, 10, Fue de Chicky, Pare,

Conder, Rev, John, Hallbreokehonse, New Wandnewrth, 8 We

Congrers, Chas, R, Esq. Cire of IR. J, Congress, Key, Carlinearkoxstle,
oauglas, 1.

Conlan, Geo, Nugent, Ea. Tieolivhouse, Kingatown, Co. Dubin.

Constable, Captain Chas. Golding, 1.8. 6, Harley-rond, St. Soin'scood, WW.

“Cook, Fs Lny Ente 24, A7yde-park~gardens, W.

Cont aaa Gare of Meuee, Fortes and Co, 12, Leadenhall

ieee teow. A.C. nx. Bermuds,

Cooke, Be Wa Bats AMAy) Polity Paley PAMy 7.0.8 Aces, Bell, Art, Veorte
ee ius, Glew-Andred, Groombridge, Sussex; and Athenaue Clb,

[ee clr oe 25, Austin Friars, Old Brood-street, 2.0.
‘Nathaulel, Eoq. 3, Ladbrohesterrace, Notting, W,

kena 50, Albemarle-strert, W.

Cooke, Willian Heory, Ray, ec. 44, Winpolestrort, Wi

‘Cooks, Capt, W.8,, 220d Regiment. Adairmhouse, St, Jome¥ nequare, 8.0:

enim BJ Rx. 31, Kensingtn-spware, W.
© Cooper, Charles 2, Roy Eaqe Obseroatory-house, Kingsdown, Bristol.
‘Cooper, Sir Daniel, 20, Prince’eyardens, South Kensington, 8. W.

xxxvi List of Fellows of the

Jouet
cin,

1856
1860
1873
1874
1876
1887
1874
1853
1964
1868
1868

1865
1860

1877
1868

1873
1874

1869
1853
1875
1876
1875
1856
1875
1873
1877
1873
1874

1875
1875

1862
1857
1854
1871
1862

1874

Cooper, Lieut.-Col. Edward H. (Grenadier Guards). 42, Portman-square, W.
Cooper, Lieut.-Col. Joshua H. (7th Fusiliers). Dunboden, Mullingar,
Cooper, Thos. T., Esq. Care of Messrs. H. 8. King and Co., 65, Cornhill, E.C
Cooper, William White, Esq. 19, Berkeley-equare, W.
Coote, Algernon C. P., Eeq., Mk. 6, Park-terrace, Cambridge.

Coote, Rear-Admiral Robert, c.n, “ Shales,” Bitterne, Southampton,

Copland-Crawford, Lieut.-Gen. R.F., na, Sudburyslodye, Horrow, Middlesz

690 Copley, Sir Joseph William, Bart, Travellers? Club, Pall-mall, 3, W.

Cork and Orrery, Earl of 1, Grafton-strest, W.

Cork, Nathaniel, Eaq. Grennel-howse, Sutton, Surrey.

Corner, William Mend, Eeq. “Surrey View,” Howard-road, Woodside, South
Norwood ; and 105, Leadenhall-strest, E.C.

Cornthwaite, Rev. T., a, Forest, Walthamstow,

Cornwell, James, Esq., PH.D. Purbrook, Crescent-wood-road, Sydenham
Ail, SE.

Corscaden, John F., Esq. 24, Holland-park, W.

Cory, Frederic C., Exq, «.d. Portland-vitla, Buckhurst-hill, Essex; ond
Nassawplace, Commercial-road, E.

Cosson, Emilius Albert de, Esq. Junior Naval and Military Club, Pall-mall, 8. W.

*Comson, the Baron de, The Camels, Prince's-road, Wimbledon-park, 8.W. 5

and 38, Rus St, Dominique, Bt. Germain, Paris.
700 Coster, Guillaume F., Esq. 11, Park-crescent, Regent’s-park, N. W.

‘*Coaway, William Halliday, Esq. Ozford and Cambridge Club, 8. W.
Cotesworth, Wm,, Esq. Coedenknowes, Roxburghshire, NB,
Cotterill, Rev. G. E, 5, Arlington-villas, Brighton.

Cotterill, H. B., Eaq., B.A. 1, Athobplace, Edinburgh.
Cottesloe, Right Hon, Lord. 20, Eaton-place, S.W.
Cotton, General Fredk., 2.8, Athenaeum Club, Pali-mall,
Cottrill, Robert Alfred, Haq. Stanveli-house, Stanwell, near Staines.
Couch, Right Hon, Sir Richard, Knt. 48, Linden-gardens, Bayswater-road, W.
Courtenay, J. Irving, Esq. 3, Plowden-buildings, Temple, E.C.
710*Courtney, Henry Nicholas, Esq, B.s. 2, Little Stanhopostrest, Mayfair, W.
and National Club, Whitehall-gardens, 3, W.
Covington, Rev. W., Vicar of St. Luke's. Shepherd’s-bush,
Coward, Dr. John W.S. Care of A. B. Hill and Son, 101, Southwark
street, SE.
Coward, Willis; Esq. Rock-bank, Lordship-lane, Dulwich, 8.5.
‘*Cowell, Lieut.-Col. Sir J.C., £.0.8,, RE, Buckingham-palace, 8. W,
Cowley, Norman, Esq. 4, Montagwplace, Montagwsquare, W.
Cowper, Henry Aug. (H.M. Com. Puerto Rico). Care of Messrs. Woodhead
and Co, 44, Charing-oross, 8.17.
‘Cowper, Sedgwick 8. Esq., J.
SW.
Coxon, Samuel Bailey, Eaq., ¥.0.8, Usvorth-halt, Durham.

8, Westminsterchambers, Victoria-strect,

Rayal Geographicat Society. xxxvii

Copsh, John 8, Raye Levant-housey St, Helen'eplace, BC.
yaotCracroft, Bernard, Esq., M.A. Trin, Coll. Camb, Oxfont and Cambritze Club,
S.W.r and 1, Stanford-rov, South Kensingtos, SW,
*Cragoe, Thos, Adolphus, Bay. Woodturyeiin, Tero,
Crane, Leonant, y,, M.D. 7, Albemarlestreet, We
Crave, T. Hl, ay. Ventnor, Zale of Weyht.
Craufurd, George Pooronby, faq. Huenon Ayres : andl Travellers? Club, SW,
Craufurd, Liout.Ceneral Jomes Roberton, Grenadier Guarls, Thaveliers’ Club,
S.W. + and 30, Prince’sgardens, 8, W.
Craven, Alfred, Bq. Sroolifeli-Aouse, Zolhestone.
Crawford, Robert Wigram, Esq. 71, Old Broadsstreet, ¥.C.
Crawkes, Wen. Joho C,, Raq, 3, Bly-place, Dublin.
Cromwell, AMG Avg. Eaq. 1, Cxpetcourt, 2.0.3 and Madford-nicarage, Notts.
Mme Ror, Samuel Franch, 10. 78.4% Prinsipal of the High Schoo

Sr RX. Gristhorpehall, Filey, Yorkshire.

Grokor, T. F. Dillon, aq, 19, Pethamplace, Brompton, 8, We

Croll, A. A., Kaq., C28. Oremantiedye, ochampton.

ee Aavivbanh, Grange-road, Upper Norwood,

*Creskey, J. Roinwy, xq. 43, Fortafoun-road, Maido-nill, W.; and 30,
‘Parliment-strert, 5. W,

Crom, Rev. Thonan, Cotes MitteA.Se Hastings

Crosman, Jamas Hincatt, Haq, Rolle-park, Chiell, Keser.
Lieut-Colouel W., tat Gata, 90, Harcourtsterruce, Redelilfe-

uare, &.W.

18S Dewwuer, Thon, Mosley, Kay -A. Corpus Christi College, Cnforch

1852 740 Crowiy, James, Eaq. 17, Serjeanty’-inn, BC.

129 Call, Richard, Ea, Pa. 13, Tuvialookareet, Bedford-ngvare, WC
we! ‘Cumming, Chas, Leanor B., Eeq. (Madras Civil Service). 34, Westbourne
| parkwoat, Bayreater, W.
at Wiltiam Fullarton, Exqy a.m, Athena Club, §.W.5 and
man

$840 Canlifo, Roger, Kay. 24, Lombard-street, E.C. 3 and 10, Queen’s-gate,
Bouth Kensington, 8. We
‘Cunningham, Johu Wm., faq,, Seo. King’s College, Somersetohowe, W.C.: and

1859

1862! — eCasyaghaime, Leut-Gen, Sir A.T4X.c.3, United Service Club, Pall-malt,S. W.
$8GS | Care, Capel, Haq, 51, Grommorstrert, W.

4B | 965 Curling, Lieut. J. Jas., m2,

We) Curls, A. A. Hay, Eaq,, oun. 18, Acqua Sole, Genco,

4S Carnation, Manockjee, Baq.y FaRs.a, VitlaaByoulla, Bombay.

WS9 Curtis, Timothy, Enq.

aNIVii Last of Feilows of the

inet a
Ana

1a ‘ret, Uhr, Tonthamn. Zan, 4, Jt, Feorqe'seqmare, 2.7

1987 teamee ohn Fas i ‘Tereiand-aouee. econ are SH.
ar Carriers “asar, lan,

Indann, Artior ing 2a, 12, SMiugdabs-eill is, Manar-rvad, Yea Crom, SB.
nlavts, Fed G, Zan, 38, Hydecparinterrace, We

lim, fart of. eh. Lancasterspite, We

Trallnn, ALG, tq, 7, Fanamare-yardena, Prince’ -gite, 5.W-

Tolling, Sie C00, fan Part, Parsuyneasfice, Doveniny-etreet, 5.1

I Almeih, Wi, Eq. 4, Graonpark, Buth,

ine, bony, Lagi, Elphinstone, Aberdeenshire,

Dy, Foster Cerant, Hay. Sianiehouse, near Wincanton, Somerset.
iehen Cin, Voy toistn “President of the American Geographical
‘ 24, Chntomeplace, New Forks

ir Halt, Aloe. Ouinen, bart, IfJl.'s Consul at Bustchuk, Bulgaria.
MA, Lionel, Dwain, Came-house, Dorchester,

Mhameplice, Bryanaton-oquare, W.; and
We Pnited survive Car, V4, St. Sumes'eaquare, 8.

Unlties, Rep. Virtiniepatrh, Manchester.

tom Vile 44, Sunhupeyardens, 8.1, ; and Osford and Cam
ty ta, Pall w

ibionein,

Gano, Kip

Dorn, Heclenham, Kent,
4. D. Darenprt, Begs 48 St. Jame’

es a
NN amet saat

1875

Royal Geographical Society. axxix

gn A 8, Belgravesquare, SW; and Bookhave roc,
RTS ole Bringhorough-hall, Newtosupm-Ouse, York

Daymond, Ber, Charles, s1,4., Principal of St, Peter’s College, Peterborough.
190 Tebury, Rev. Thorns, a4. 8, Chapel-plar, Henriettonstreet, Cievendish manne.
Debeaham, William, Eq. 18, Glouceiter-place, Portman-square, W.
‘De Blaquides, Capt. Lard, rx, Scientifis Club, 7, Savilo-row, W,
‘De Crespigny, Aug. C ay London end County Club Lanzhamephice, We
eee aeneee xs: Give of Movers. King aed Co, 65, Corne
h

#0 Daman Eom Des (leo tha Orme Pl) 1, Poleargatn Xeing

Denny, KAward Maynard, Eaq. 53, Manchestersstreet, W,
Dewwy, Thor, Anthony, Esq. 7, Connaushtepiece,

Deans, N. By Kay, 20. Hong Kong,

“Dent, Alfied, Eeq, 29, Chevhan-rtreet, 8. We

Dent, Clinton 'T., Ray, 20, Chesham-atreet, 5.

“Dent, Edward, Req. 22, Hyde-park-gardeas, We

‘Denny, James, Kage The College, Margate,

“Derby, Bdwant Henry, Earl of 8.0m Liat MO.te 25, St. James'sesquare,
S.W.; and Knowsley-park, Prescot, Lancashire.

De Ricci, Jas, TL, Haq. 2, Zinfieldrchumbers, Temple,

1857 | 210 De Salis, Majorsien. Rodolph, 0.1. 128, Patlamall, SW.

1873

3870

De Salis, Win. Fane, Raq. Dureley-court, Usbridge,

Beemond, Kur, H, M, Rzan, 1, Belvisepark, N-W,; and London amd
Wastininater Banh, 1, St. Jamed'e-rquare,

‘Dera, Thoms, Eq. Mount Ararat, Wimbledon.

Devereux, W, Cope, Enj., nas, Herefond-oottage, Manuelsronl, W. Croydon,

‘De Vitre, Rev. George, ws. Aeep Hatoh, Wokingham, Berk.

0 rake epee Dowenshirg
byeee, Picondilly, W. 5 and Hardwicke-hall,

De Wnclow, Leak, Frat, 0, Simpkins. 67, Victriatret, &.W.

Dholeep-Singh, Wis Highnow the Maharaja, Elvedon-Aall, near Thetford.
Dibtin, Charter, Haq, 62, Torrington-equarey W.C.

2970 | 820 Dibdin, Robert W,, Bq, 62, Torringtormaquare, W.C,
7862 | ‘Dick, Captain Charles Cramond, Bayford-grange, Hertford,

cae

1853
1845,
1872
1809
1865

1859
1880

EEE

Royal Geagraphical Society. xii

Dozle, Sir Francis Hastings C.. Bart, Curtomshowse, J.C.

*Drach, Solomon Moser, Em, RAR 23, Uppor Barnsbaryostroet, N,

“Drew, Fraderie, Bay. £tcm College, Window.
B6o"Drammond, Captain Alfred Manners, Army and Kuoy Olvt, SW,

Du Cune, Major Francis, Rr, Rrentwe, Knee,
*Ducie, Heary Sohn, Karl of, ¥.x,8 18, Portmanssquare, W.
Pace et Bi Ts Sy Dockmaster, Wert Jndia: Docks, Limahoure

Duckworth, Henry, sq. Soft, Waterivo, newr diverpoot,
‘Dui Fanr, Rooloeton, Kay. Sydvry, Now South Wales, Care of Mite Du Kear,
74, Lanstnone-road, Keraington-park, W.

*Daff, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant, Bag, ar, 4, Queen'sgategardens,
South Kewington, 8. W.

‘Duff, Wan, Pirie, Rese poms Care of Messrs. John Wateon and Co, Sy
Fonchurehostreet, B.C,

even 1 etiaien ‘Hamilton-Blackwood, Karl of, KP, 0.0.00,
FRA, Clandeboye, wear Belfst, Invkmd,

Dap Capers Renry Cantar 0. Mecoate-hall, Atherstone, Warwick
Try oa John, Rey, 1, Hydepark-gardens; and Lleyn, Ldanfyllin,

es a eet ibang 28, Pembridge-crescent, Bayncater, W.: ond
4, Barnard’ ein, Holborn,

Duncus, Major Francis, Ra. May Dit, Lid, Sedentifie Chib, 7, Sxvile-
roe, We

*Duncaa, George, Esq. 45, Gordonmequare, W.C.

Dunesa, Joho, Kay. Care of Meserr. Anderion an Co., 17, Philpotetane, I.
Dunlop, Aleumaler Milue, Koy. 28, Clunriourengardens, W.j ank 3, Olt
Paluce-yard, Westninster, 8. ebe

Dunlop, Hamilton Grant, Req. 11, Rockstone-place, Southampton j and Junior
Carlton Chub, 8.

‘*Dunlop, KR. M. Wallace, Eeq., 0.0, (Indian Civil Service). 12, Kent-gardens,

‘8o*Dunmore, Charles Adolphus Marmy, Barl of, 50, Porthend-place, We

Dunrareo, Wyadbaum Thos, Earl of, Coonbescomt, Kingatonman-Thancs,

Damtons, J. Joho, Eay- 22, 88, Geonye’rferrace, Caernareon-street, Glangore.
Doprat, La Vicomi, Comsul-Gencral de Portugal, 10, St. Mary-Aze,
BG

Durharn, Edward, Eaq, Cilyshouse, Ziltle Chester, near Derby.
Durnford, Lient-Colonel A. W., Rr,
Duthie, Capt, W, H., wa, Devonport,

Royal Geographical Society. slit

Elles, Jamieson, Eq. Winbledon-common, 2,1:

Hiles, Major Wen, K., 38th Regt. Army cad Nasy Clah, Peltomsit, SW,
“Elliot, Colonel Chas, cn. 28, Stafforderruce, Kensington, We
Tile, Gy Kady curs The Hall, Houghon-Le Spring, wear Foase Hessen,

Elliot, Capt, L. i. La Muilterayonsur-Seine, Seine Inférioure. Care of J, L.
Filiot, Eag., 08 04, Albany, W.

|}.930 Eliot, Williasa, Esq, 3, The Limes, Lambert-rood, Bristonrive, We

‘Kills, Ste Barrow If., x.cs.t. (Mem, Connell of India), 1, Quem'ngateplane,
SW. 3 and Inis-offce, 5.W,

Elib, Hou, Evelyn 1, Ruleigh Club, Hegont-xtreet, & 0.

Ellis, W, B. H., Kay. Hosfield-restory, Gloucester j Oriental Clvb, We end
Byoulia Chub Bombay.

Ellis, Walter L. J., Esq. T, Brmswiok-place, Reyeal’spark, NW.
Bhraie, Jans Ay Eq,

Elnntie, William oq. The Laurels, Rickmond-hill, $.W,

Byte Major Sir Howard Cy, Re. K.C,My Vu 08.0, Buctinghanpalecr,
Hlsey, Jao. Greon, tay, Borwatshowse, Addivoneroad, Kensington, We
Eley, Colonel William, —Westebiye, Baling, W.

940 Elton, Sir A, Tl,, Bart, Athewaum Glub, S.War and Cleveden-2ourt, Somersetshire,
Elton, Capt. Froterick. Care of Mosors. If. S. King and Co.,43, Pallonatt, SW.
Elwell, W, RG. Boy, 10, Ktageatrvet, St Juswra's, &.W.

Ely, John Henry Wellington Graham Loftus, Marquis of 9, Prine sate,
RW. and Bly-castle, Fermmnagh.
Coa Solus, Enq. 15, Duguall-parb-esas, South Norwood,
Kotielt, Kulward, Ksq., ¥.5.A. 19, Chesterterrace, Regent’e-park, N.W.
bcd Guoinee D., Esq. Duchy of Lancaster Office, Lancaster-place,

Eerington, Goo, Kag.. 31.0, 18, Albany, W-

Enkior, Hou, Chas H, 3, Allaspark, Alloy, NB,

Rrskine, Clande J., ay, Bombay Civil Servioe. 87, Harley-etveet, W. ; and
Athenaeum Club, 8.We

90 Erskine, Admiral Joho Elphinstone. 1 L, Albany, W.y and Lochend,

Blivling, XB.

‘*Bameade, G. M. Ma, Eoq. 29, Park-strect, Grosvenor-equare, W.

“*Rirans, Hi, Hill, Req. 23, St. JoAn’sewlar, Upper Holloway, N.

Brana, Fdwant Biokertou, Haq. Whithownonhalt, near Worcester,

‘Beats, Edwand Prichard, Raq. 21, Prinromdillrond, Kegent’e-park, NW.

Evans, Colonel BL. M. Last Ladin United Sercive Club, 14, 8t, Janet's
wpasce, 2

Brans, Coplain F. J.0,, 22%, CW, FR, RAK Hydroyraphic-offce, Ad-
ssiralty, &.W.

‘Exams, ViowAdmiml George. 1, Newssireet, Spring-gardens, S.W.; and
Eaaglefielit-groen, Staines.

Royal Geographical Society. aly

1853 | *Psyrec, Surgrou-Cionwral Sin Joesph, K.68.ty 2. 16, Granwile-place, Port-
wmcen-aquare, We

1875 | Feihten, Capt. Hy, Wemyss ma. Langholm-citia, Shooters’ All, F.C.

1878 | *¥eilden Liewt-Colonel 0, B, (TWh Highlanders), Tha~hill, Chorley, Lancashire,

1800 | roooFelkin, William, Kaq., jan., B28, 2%, Upper Zaltot-street, Nottingham.

3a76 ean, Thomas, Esq. 14, Bedford-eyware, W.C.

1872! Ferma, William A., Haq. Thatehed Howe Ohi, St, James watreet, S.W. and
Woodlands, Kewn, near re

1875 Ferzuo0, Jno, Kay. 10, Staple tim, W.C.

180] Ferguson, Jamee, Ken, VR, 0.0,t4 20, Langham-place, W.

1875 Right Hon, Str Jame, Bart, Xithorran, Maybole, W. i,

1876 Perris, Colonel W. Spiller. 31, Cormwall-riad, Boymeater,

18m Fasting, Major Robert, nk, South Kensington Museum, 5,W-

1876 | Few, Robort Hamilton, Esq, Soutley-grange, Lingjeld-road, Wimbledon,

1874

1875

1877

Findlay, Joba, Em}. 10, Belnont-crescent, Glasyoe.

1462 | Finis, Thoms Questol, Esq. Alderman, Wanstead, Easer, I,

1874 | Firth, Frax. Holme, Hq. 25, Coolypursstrert, .W.

180 *Firth, Jobo, Eoq., 3.2. Care of Mossre. 2. Buchiand and Son, Iop-gardens,
St, Martitirtane, WC >

1869

18T6

Fitoh, Frederick, Waq., ¥.298, Hadleighhowe, Highhury-mee-park, ¥.
“*Pita-Adam, Joba T., Bay. 5, Phillimore-gardens, Kensington, W.
1897| —*Fitzclarence, Commander the Hon, George, .N. 1, Wareiok-square, 5.1.
1872 Fiteperalt, A., Bay. Verulam Clu, 4, St, James’ sstreet, 8.1.

1873 | Fite Gersld, A, U. Pearom, Hq, 110, Zaton square, 8. W,
~ A875} Fiterdamon, Frank, Eaqy Cx, Benares,
18T4| Fite Roy, Capt. Rob: O'Brieg, Rx. Cniled Sereice Club, Pall-snall.
2897 | Fitewilliam, The Hon. C. W,, a.v. Brookes’s Club, St. Sumes'estroet, &. W.
1865 | *Fitewilliam, William 5, Bey. 12, Ounter'egrove, Wert Lirompton, 8,17,
ASST | *Pitewillinm, William Thomas, Earl. 4, Groenorsquare, W.; and Wentworth
‘use, Rotherham, Yorkshire,
1883 Fleming, @., Bay. Brompton Barrack, Chatham,
186L | Fleming, John, Heq., 0.8.2. Homewood, Chiveihurst,
1865, Pleming, fev. T. 3, The Vicarage, St, Clement's, Leeds.

Royal Geographical Society. xlvit

Fou, Falwant William, Haq. Zrennbam-hoase, Croydon,

Fou, G, Lush, Eaq. Cleredon-house, Coronution-road, Bruutol,

Fower, Edmond, jun, Ley. 79, Portadown-road, Maida-rale, W.

Foater, James Murry, Kathy tMsDiy 7.M.0.My YuAry Se, Naaverah, Astor,
Bengal, Care of Seeph Foster, Faq, Deworn,

Vester, K. G,, Enq. 4, St, omer's-place, Tloucester,

Pewler, A, Grunt, Eaq, Care of alles. Denson, Enjy Beckenham, Kent,

“Fowler, J.T Esq. Government Inspector of Schools, Adywr, Badras, India.
Care of Kee. A. Wilson, Nationat Sooiety's Office, Senatuary, Westminster,

1872 | 1070*Fowler, Joba, Esq. car. Thornwoodetodge, Campdenhill, We

18668

*¥owler, Bobort No, Haq. M.A, 50, Cornhill, KC. ond Tottenham.

Fox, Liew-Colonel A. Lane. Guibifurd, Surrey.

Fon, D. M., Eeq., Chief Bing, Santos and St, Paulo Railway. $¢ Paulo, Brasil
Care of O, H. Rillier, Enqu, U1, Gresham-howse, Old Brond-atreet, B,C.

1864) *Fox, France R, Bq, ni, Me Mount, Mannanead, Plymouth,

1876
1865.

Fax, Franch Wana Ex. Groveshovae, Stoke Dishop, near Bietol.
For, Saruel Crane, Faq. $1, Combridgegerdens, Notting-Ail, W,

18Te Fos, Lieut, Ts Av Re¥te 3, Albert-terrace, Lower Addiscombe-roach, Croydon.

1865
1960

Franks, Aug. W., Hay. 103, Vistorioutrect, 8.W.
Franka, Charles W., Raye 9, Victoria-street, 8,17.

1869 | roGoFraser, Captain H. A., 1.x. Zanzibar, Cure of Mesers. Grindlay, 65, Partio~
Ww

‘Fraser, Jus Em. % Great Queen-strect, Wentminater, 8. We

Pram, Captain T. Care of Col, Macdonald, Senior United Streice Chub, 8,W-

Prater, Alex. Raq, Timmul, Formosa, Care of ames Prater, Exq.. Tmew-house,
Aberdees,

Preciand, H.W, Esq. Chichester ; und Athenacon Cluby Pallemalls

Frvernan, Henry W., Eq. Thirlestainenhalf, Choltentam.

Fucks, Thosmas George, Eaq. 1, Cromvctiohauses, Kensington, 8.1¥

Fremantle, Captain Hon, Edmund Robert, 22.0.0, 0.3.0. 20, Katonsplace, 8, W.

Fremey Major James if, Wrentnallshouse, Shropshire s and Army and Noy
Cheb, 8.17

Preach, Colonel P. F. 8, Duke-stroct, St. James's, 8. We

1877 | ro90Frere, Lieut, Bartle CA. Wressit-fodye, Wimbledon, 8. W.

Frere, Bartle John Laurie, Eaq. 45, Bodford-square, W.C.
Front, George, Kaj. 16, Creat College-strect, &. W.
Frore, Right Hou, Sir Hy. Bartle Edw,, Bart, Pc, 4.6.0
Wreasitsiodge, Wimbledon, Servey.
Frere, William Kitw., Ksq., ¥.0.4.8, Tho Rectory, Bitton, Gloucestershire.
“*Fresbfidd, Douglas Wo» Lag. 6, Stomhopergardens, South Kensingtorsy SW
‘anal United Gniveraity Chub,

Cafhay DiC Tiny

‘*Preshfild, W. Dawes, Eiq. 04, Wetldourne-terrace, WW:
Foewen, Richard, Eq. Wanderers” Clu, Pall-malt, 8.W.
Frivdricheen, Aug. Daniel, Eq. 3, Queen's yote-terrace, 5. Wat

1875

1877
1872

1969
1873

1871

1873
1869
1865
1878
1868

1863
1875

1859
1966

1866
1873
1875
1873

List of Fellows of the

Frith, Rev, William. 3, Brunswick-oillas, Combridge-road, Turnham-groe,
r100*Fry, Frederick Morris, Esq. 14, Montague-street, Russell-square, W.C.

Fry, Rev. Heary John, Warkton, Kettering, Northamptonshire,

Foidge, William, Esq. 5, Park-row, Bristol,

Foller, Thomas, Esq. 119, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W.; United Uni-
versity Club, 8.0.

Fassel, Rev. J.G. Corry. 16, Cadogan-place, 8.1. ; and Kiloskehane-castle,
Templemore, Ireland.

Fyfe, Andrew, Esq.,.D. 112, Brompton-road, 8.1.

Fytche, Major-General Albert, 0.1. 21, Loundes-equare, 8.W.; and Reform
Club, 8.W.

“Gabrielli, Antoine, Eaq. 6, Queen's-gate-terrace, Kensington, S.W.
Gahan, ©. F., Esq, India-ofice, 8.W.; and Woodalee, Kingston-hill,
Gaisford, Thomas, Esq, Travellers’ Cub, 8. W.
r110Galbraith, Wm. Robert, Eaq., 0.8, 91, Finchley-road, NW.
Gale, Henry, Esq, 0.8. Care of Mfr. A. 8, Twyford, 5, Bouthamptonstreet,
Bloomsbury, W.C.
“Galloway, John James, Esq.
Galsworthy, Frederick Thomas, Esq. 8, Queen’'s-gate, Hyde-park, 3.W.
Galsworthy, Robt, Herbert, Esq. 61, Gloucester-place, Portman-equare, W.
Galton, Captain Douglas, R.m. 12, Chester-street, Groroeor-place, 8. W.
Galton, Francis, Esq., 4, 7.2.8, 42, Rutland-gate, 8,W.; and 8, Bertio-
terrace, Leamington,
Galton, ‘Theodore Howard, Esq. 78, Queen'sgate; and Hadzor-house,
Droitwich,
Gammell, Major Andrew, Drumtochty, Kincardineshire, N.B.
‘Gardiner, H. J., Eeq, 6, Orsett-terrace, Westbourne-torrace, W.
1120Gardner, Christopher T., Esq. British Consulate, Canton,
Gardner, Captain G. H., R.x. Woodside, Eltham,
Gardner, Henry Dent, Esq. Sherwood, Eltham-road, S.E.
Gardner, John Dunn, Esq,
Gascoigne, Frederic, Esq.
Gaskin, Rev. Joseph. Chateau Belle Assise, Boulogne-sur-mer, Care of
Wesleyan-mission-house, Bishopagate-street-.ithin, B.C.
*Gassiot, John P., jun., Esq. The Culvers, Carshalton, Surrey.
Gastrell, Lieut.-Col. James E. (Beng. Staff Corps). Surveyor-General's Office,
Caleutta, Care of H. T. Gastrell, Esq., 38, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.C.
*Gatty, Charles H., Esq, wa, Felbridge-park, East Grinstead, Susser.
Gawler, Colonel J.C, Tower of London, F.C.
r130Gayfer, Wm., Esq. Middle-class-school, Bromley, Kent.
‘*Geiger, Jno. Lewis, Esq. 75, Onslow-gardens, South Kensington, S.W,

1870

“Gellatly, Edward, Esq. Uplands, Sydenham,

SEGE8 GSEREE2 ETEEEEE & § F555

Pata Ee

Royal Geographical Society. xlix

George, Ber, HB. Now Citege, Oxford.
*igess Albert Drown Hogs GX Pondiw is Deere, Be do Peron

"Gibb, George Hendersoo, Ea. 18, Victoria-sireet, Wertaainster, 5, W.

"Gibbs, It, Hucks, Esq. St, Dunstan's, Reyent’s-park, XW,

Gibbs, Jurmes, Keg.

Gibbs, Jno. Dison, Eoq. The Willows, »,

Gibson, James Y., Haq. Care of Mesers, Williams and Vorgate, Henrietta-
Covent-Garden, W.0,

street,
E140*Gilford, Raar-Admiral the Right Hua, Lord, &, Herefordegardoms, &.W. 7 anf
Admiraity, Whitedsti, & W.

Gill, Lieutenant W. J., ne. 1, Bdinburyhemansions, Victoria-street; amt
Junior United Service Chub, Chartes-street, 8, W.

oe Shama 1, Lawoiatrsgote, Ws
Robart, Baq., 02, Gare of Mruars, Reith and Wilkio,
barat Bs alan Sees AE A Ca esti

Gladstone, J. H., Eaq., Pun. 17, Pembritye-square, We

‘*Olmdstoue, Robert Stuart, Kay.

*Gladstone, W. K., Esq.

Glanville, Sranus Goring, Baq. 52, Threadneedlensireet, B.C.

Glass, Semex George Henry, Kaq. 28, Londomatreet, Edinburgh, Care yf

Mears, King and Co. 45, Paliemalt, 8. W.

Gloss, H. A.,Eeq. At, Kika, Yanbrugh-port, Blackheath, 8...

Glen, Soeaph, Raq, Met, Geogr. Soe, of Bombay. Oriental Club, W.

Glover, Capt. Sir Jobn Hy HN. OC.as 37, Buryrstrert, St, James's, 5.W.

Glover, Robert Rtoaveley, Faq. 22, Great St, Helen's, F.C,
‘tr60Glover, Colonel T. G,, R.8, Barwood, Hersham, near Esher, Surrey.
Glyn, Bir Richard George, Bart, Army and Navy Cixb, 3.1V.
‘*Godimus, F Da Cane, Esq. 6, Tenterden-stroct, W. = and Child Gkeford-houss,

Gokismid, Bartle, Boy. 32, Nottinghameplace, Marylene, W.

‘Goldamid, Sir Francis, Bart, x. /aneroivole, Regent’ spark, V.W.

Goldanid, MajoGen, Ble Frederic Jobo, Eeaty Oh 9, Obeertutory-awense,

Keasington ; nel United Service Club, 8,W.

Goldamid, Jallan, Kay, 205, Plooadidly, W.

Goldeworthy, R, Tuck field, Kay, Army ond Navy Chub,

Gooch, Thomas Longridgy, Eq. Toanviodge, Saltvell, Gateshesd-on- Tyne.
XLV, ad

List of Fellows of the

Goodall, Abraham, Esq., 24D. 4, Elvaston-place, Queen’ gate, 8.1.
1170Goodall, George, Esq. Junior Carlton Club, 8.W.
‘*Goodenough, Lieut.-Col. W. H., R.A. Woolwich. Care of Mesers. Cox and Co,
Graifs-court, 8. W.
Goodinge, Jas. W., Esq, 18, Alderagate-street, E.C,
Goodliffe, Fras, Gimber, Esq. Care of Messrs. Goodliffe and Smart, 95, Bishops
gate-strect-within, E.C.
‘*Goodwin, William, Esq. 27, Grosvenor-road, Birkenhead,
‘*Goolden, Charles, Esq. United University Club, 8. W.
Gooldin, Joseph, Esq. 18, Lancaster-gate, W.
“Gordon, Major-General the Hon, Sir Alexander H., ¥.0.3. 50, Queen’sgote—

gardens, South Kensington, S.W.
Gordon, Arthur Leo{sq. Wardhouse, Aberdeenshire; and 42, Dube-strect,-
‘St, James's, 8.W.

Gordon, J. Newall, Esq, Morro Velho, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Care of Johw
Hockin, Esq., 8, Tokenhouse-yard, Lothbury,' E.C.
r180Gordon, Robt, Esq, cz, Care of Messrs. Nutt, 270, Strand, W.C.
Gordon, Russell Manners, Esq. Funchal, Maderia,
Gore, Colonel Augustus F, St, Vincent,
Gore, Richard Thomas, Eaq. 6, Queen-square, Bath,
Gore, Lieut, St, George C., RE. Care of Messrs, Grindlay and Co., 55,
Parliament-street, 8.W.
Gonling, Fred. Solly, Esq. 23, Spring-gardens, 5. W.
Gottlieb, Felix Henry, Esq., J.P, Singapore, East Indica.
Gotto, Hy. Jenkin, Esq, Croft-lodge, Highgate-road, NV. W.
Gough, Hugh, Viscount, v.18, Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, Oo, Gahoay.
*Gould, Abraham, Esq. Somerset-lodge, 111, Adslaide-road, V.W.
r1yoGould, Rev, Jas. Aubrey, Z 4, Albany, W.
Gould, John, Esq., ¥.R.8., ¥.L8, 26, Charlotte-street, Bedford-square,
w.c.
Gould, Rev. Robert John. Stratfield Mortimer, near Reading.
Gourley, Colonel E., uP, Sunderland,
Grabham, Michsel, Esq., 4p.
Graeme, H M, S., Esq.
Graham, Andrew, Esq. (Staff Surg, w.x.). Army and Navy Ohb, 8.
Graham, Cyril C., Esq., Governor of Grenada, Wrest Indice.
Graham, J.C. W. Paul, Esq. 1, Carlisloplace, Victoria-strest, 8.¥. ; and
Brookes’s Club, St. James'sstrect, 8.W.
Graham, James Henry Stuart, Esq. 1, Belgrave-terrace, Shephord’s-bush, W.
1200Graham, Robert Geo., Esq. Lyndhurst, Roehampton, Surrey.
Graham, Thomas Cuninghame, Esq. Carlton Club, S.W.3 and Dunlop-house,
Ayrshire,
“Grant, Andrew, Esq. Invermay-house, Bridge of Earn, N.B.
Grant, C. Mitchell, Esq,

Grant, Daniel, Esq. 12, Clevelandogurddear, Hyteparh, W.

"Canty Francis Wa Eoq. 4, Pelt-eall, 8.17,

Grant, Lieat.-Col. James A., 0.0, 68.1 7.08. HK. feilin 0.8. Clad, SW. 7 1%,
Upper-Gromenorostrest, Wey and Ieg-bavt, Nairn, XB,

Grant, Jno, Bay. Grampton-todge, Putney.

Grant, Liectenant 3. Murray (lurpecter Cape Frontier Police), Cope of Good aye,

‘Grant, Colonel W, Francis. L 6, Adeny,. We

1874 | s2z0Gmathams, Geo, Eoq. Barcowdrplace, near Laser,
ive Sy Semen TRS Core of Mesers, OBrien avi
Ga, Parkinment-sirvet, .W

1sT2 Gray, Andrew, Eq. 1, Limeutrnetopeares B.C.

1876) *Geny, Archibald, Koy. 7, MoMlandapark, Ws amt 13, Awacee Friars, 2c.

1370 ‘Gaay, Charles W., Eaq. 14, Chester-terroce, Repent'epark, MW. Ws

Asti | Gry, Mathew, kag. St. Jokn'spark, Blaodheath, St.

197% “Gray, Matthew Hamilton, Bay, St. John'eparh, Biecthoath, SF.

USTS| Gang, Robert Hage, Haq, St. John'separd, Baciheath, 8.5,

1888} Gray, Lieut-Colonel William, Farkey-Aall, Reeling,

1863 | Gresthad, Lieat.-Colonel Wilberforce W. H, Cn, 10, Portigabutreet, W.

1855 | 4330Oreaves, Rer, Richard W, 1, Whitelall-gardena, 3, Ws

1861 | Green, Captain Francie, 58th Regiment,

1676 Green, Gro, Exy. Glanton-hrses,, Me

1876 | — Green, Geo, Pe Ey Hay, 100, Cower-atrort, Beiford-opwore, W.C.

17k Gree, Soneph E,, aq. 124, Myddeltonequare, BC.

1876 | — Green, Colonel Maloolm, om, 78, 84, Cooryt road, 8.W,

ast Green, Walter, sq. 13, Pallemalt, & W.

1868 | Green, Rev, Wey 8A. Chaplain to the Tower of London,

1869 Gresn, Major-General Sir W. MH. f, K.0.84., C8. 85, Melyrane-roeny, SW.

is Greenfield, Thorona Challen, Raq, 84, Bavinghallatreet, B.C. und 0, Ostrom=

Adddiscombe,

1887 ee oa ok B., Kay. 35, Glowserter-squane, Hyde-park, Way end Calon.

F870) Greenup, W. Thomas, faq. 22, Marelooksaquare, Shepleld.,

187 Greg, Thomas, Raq. 8, Faton-equare, 8, We

4856) Gregory, Sir Auguates Charlo Sureeyor-General, Brisbane, Qecentiamd,

188 Gregory, Charles Hatton, Boy. cu. 1, Delahayatreet, Weetivinster, 8. We

1860 | "Gregory, Franois Thomas, faq. Queensiond.

AWSE | *Gregery, Lanne, Eq. Merchontstollege, Blackpool.

J8T2| Grego, George, Faq. 26, Marleyestreet, Cavendiahesquore, W.

1897 | ee eri neth Eos. Care of M. Miss, Bs, 41, Crutched Friars,
_ 1888 Sr ty Ba 15, 56. Jamese-place, 8, Wr

y8rT | Gey, Albert, Boy, 2.4, st. Vinal palate, am
d2

Royal Geographical Society. litt

‘*Halkett, Rev, Dunbar S. LAttle Mookham, Surrey.
+ Hallett, Commander Peter Avy Rate
yatoHiall, Alex, Lyons, Eaq, Zyonmconrt, Lodbrokewond, Holimf-part, W.
Hall, Charles Hall, Haq. Wotergate-houne, Bmeeorth,
Hall, BA, Alg., Raq. 20, Olaryematreet, W,
Hall, James MacAleater, Bo,
‘Hall, James Tebbutt, Faq. Foreefreet, Limehowsr, Ke
Hall, Admiral Robert, cm 98 Cracon-hillgordens, We; ond Admirotty,
Hal, Thomas ¥., Ksq., ¥.0.8. 2Yfeghom-house, near Leatherhead.
Hall, Wm, Bd, Bq. 20, Onsiowegardens, &. W
Hall, Admin Sir William Hutcheson, x.0.0,, rn nile! Service Clb
S.Wes and 48, Phillinore-gardens, Kensington, We
"Halpin, Capt. RC. 38, Old Broadastreet, F.C.
rago*Homilton, Lieut. Andrew (000d Regiment), The House of FalAland, Fyfe =
and Noval and Miditary Clwh, We
Hamilton, Archibeld, aq. South Harrow, Bromley, Kent.
Hanillton, Lord Claude, 12, Eaton-square, S. Wj and Baronscourt, Cowmty

“Hamilton, Captain Henry G., mx, 71, Eecleston-aquare, S, We
Hamilton, Jno. G.C, Kaq. 54, Katom-place, 8. W.
amilton, Ceptoin Richard Vesey, mx, Pembroke Dockyard, South Wales.
Hamntiton, Cal. Robert Wm. (Grenadier Guanls). Guards’ hw, Pall-mall, 8 W-
‘Hamilton, Rowland, Raq. Ortentat Club, W.
Hamilton, Waltar, Esq. 13, Mitre-courtchambers, Temple, F.C.
_ Hazillton, Resr-Admiral W, A. Baillie. Maoartney-Aouse, Blackheath, SE
‘A3eo"Hammond, Nevigeliew. G. Cy wx, Care of the Hydragraphic-offoe, Ad
mirally, 5.1.

Bampton, Lord, v.n.s, 41, Latonaquare, & Wa; and Westwood-parh, Droit-
wich, Worcestershire,

Hanbary, B. W., Eaq., 7. Fam-hall, Ashbourne, Derbyshire,

Hancock, K, Hi, Enq. Leighevilda, The A venue, Surbiton,

Hand, Admiral George 5, om. U.S, Clud, 5.1,
‘Handley, Benjunia, Esq. 56, Klanderoud, Lavenderilt, 8.W.

Handley, Captain Francie (late 1.x). Brighton Club, 55, Old Steine, Brighton.
Hasham, Comme. T.B., 2.x, AMansfon-howse, near Blandford, Dorset.
“Hankey, Blike Aleander, Faq.

Hankey, Reginald, Eig, 1, Chester-sgquare, SW. ¢ and Arthur's Club, 5, 1.

) rg10*Tlaakey, Rodolph Alexander, Raq. 54, Warwick-equare, 8. W.

iter, Lord, rites, 59, Biton-place, 8.1, and Hanmer-halt and Bettiv
fald-park, Flintshire.

“Hlsaimer, Philip, Eq. 1.A, Ohriafokureh, New Zealand,

*Haauard, Henry, Exy. 18, Great Queen-streat, W.C.

Lathpar-cottage, 5
Harvey, James, Eeq. (Slleltor). Exkatrert Inrercaryill, Southland, Now
Zealand, Care of the Bank of Otago, Olt Broad-atreet, B.C.
Harvey, John, Kisq. Jobwell Mary, Biyslernade,
Harvoy, John, Beye 7, Minctngefune, 2,0.
Harvey, John, Enq., 11.0. Clltews Poslyons, KowlognesmreMer,
‘Harvey, Richard M4 Haq, 13, Deconshirestroct, Lortland-place, Wa
“Harvey, Win, C,, Eig. City Liberal Club, 71, Queenstreet, Cherpride, H.C,
“Harvie, Edgar Christmas, Esq. City of Lowlon Club, Old Broad-atreet.
Harwood, 3., Req. Hamittonhouse, Leemingten,
Hislam, Aug, Pred, Enq. 14, Lain-rond, Hoveretock-ll, YW,
f360Hatherton, Lord, Toddesley-part, Pentridge, Stafardshire.
Haughton, Colavel J.C, oa.t, West Firleigh, Mfusistone,
‘Havilland, Rew. C. Ht de, Leer, near Uxbridye, Bucks,
Hawker, Edward J,, Eaq. 97, Cudoyun-place, 8.1",
Hawher, Geo. C,, Esq. Care of Mesern, Hacard and Caldecott, t, New Bseing-
Aalbatredt, B.C.

MawkinasAlf, Templeton, Bey, 20, Great Georyo-ttreet, Westminster, 5, W,
Hawking, Francis Timet, Eaqy 2.0» ¥-R8. 140, Upper Harley-atrect, Wj nd
Leweibialye, Durchester.

Hawkins, Jobo, Ey.
Hawkins, Major-General J, Summerfield, nex, &t, Leonards, St. Lames rood,
Matcern.

Hawking, Rev. Joobun. The Nee, Howard-ront, South Norwood.
1370Hawkins, Rav, W, Bentinck Loy WHA. 33, Bryanstonuquare, We
*Hamkabaw, Sir Joba, 0. FMA, 9%, Croat Ceorge-street, S.W

sei | Hawksley, Thor, Esq. ce. 14, Philimore-gardens, Kensington, W-

Hag, Andrew, Esq. Oriental Club, Hanoter-equare, Wa; and Bombay.

‘*Hlay, ear-Admiral Sir J.C. Dalrymple, Bart., s¥., ¥.R. 108, St. George's
square, 8W.z U.S. Chib, SW. 3 Dunragit, Glenkuoe ; ant Marroreamethen
hill, NW

‘*Hay, Rear-Admiral Lent Joba, 3.P,, ct, 15, Cromuei/-road, South Kensings
‘tom, & We

‘Hay, Jno, Ogilvy, Bq. (Hoa. Magiste nnd J.P. Brit. Burmal:). Ruxgeon,
Bay, Lord William, - 25, Afbony, W.
Haydon, G. H., Esq. BetAfchem Murpital, 8.1.
Hayes, A, An Kays jun, Cane of Horace Furguhar, Bsyy 9, King Williem-
street, B.C.
‘s380Haynes, Stanley L., Keq., M.0) Mirlnern-lint, Worcestershire,
‘Haynuman, Semes, Haq. Burycosith Finchleyprooh, NW.

esl, Alfred, Req. 13, ChareneAili-gardens, Royweater, W.
Bead, Hears, Eaq. Stole Newington, N,

Heat, Goo, T., Enq. Lust-clif-houee Oremmar-school, Margate,
Headley, Robert, faq. 20, De Bomuovir-syucre, N-

Royal Geographical Society. vit

HUlL, Clement be, Ea. Foreiymoffioe, SW.

Hill, Henry, Eaq. 122, Leadenhallatreet, B.C,

HIM, Capt. Jno, Kutt. (Grest Trig. Survey of India). Dehra Dhoom.

HUM, Samuel, Bey, a0. 22, Mechlenburglrequare, WiC.

Hill, Colonel Sir Stephen J, KOM, C8 Army and Namy Club, SW.
Care of Capt. £. Barnelt, w.x, 14, Woburn-square, We

Hills, Lieut Colonel James, Ct ViCu Rae Cure of Mevers. Hi, &, King undl Wry
Cornhill, B.C.

Hiachlifl, T, Woodblnn, Kay Barristor-at-Law, 64, Léncoln’s-ina-felds, W.0.

‘Hinde, Samuel Henry, Haq. Windham Ch, 8,W,

‘t430Hinat, Walter 0, Haq, 11, Norfolbatroct, Mamcherter,

Hirt, William Henry, Fay 103, Afottramsrond, Stateybeidge, Cheshine,

1873 | Hirth, Drs FP. Zmperiat Maritime Customa, China ; and 8, Storey's-gate, SW.

1870 itching, Capt, T. M., Ra. Sheerness.

1979 “tiers Hoary, Bi Hoaré’s Bank, Flevt-atreet; amt St. James'esywere,

1868 | Howre, Samuel, Hq. 7, Hereford-gardens, Pork-tine, W.

41876 | Hobart, Major Bertie, nia. Cure of Miss Hobart, 20, Deconshire-place, Haste

3876) Hobeon, Rev. J. Py a4. 4, The Grove, Blackheath; and Worceater College,
Oxford.

a Hobson, Stephen James, Esq. 10, Nagent's:pork-road, NW.

‘*HHochuchild, His Excdlency, Bacon (Swedish Minister). 2, @reut Oumberlande
treet, Hytle-park, W.
r4qoHockin, Charles, Eaqy a4, 8, Avenue-road, St. John se00d .W

1875 Hlodier, Edwin, Esq. Asiford-rilla, Willesden, NW.

1875 Hodge, on W. Enq. Penilatt, Bletohingley, Surrey; and 4, Langham-
phase, We

1860 Hodges, Henry, Ex. Hrondashury-lodge Collegiatesschoo!, Kitin,

1856 | *Hodguon, Arthur, eq. Clapton: house, newr Stratford-on-d.vom,

1871) ' Hodgson, Haury Tylston, Ksq. Harpenden, St. Albans,

1861) Hodgson, James Stewart, Haq. 24, Princeryordions, &. We

1857 | Hodgwn, Kirkman Daniel, Baq., a.m, 8, Hishopazate-street, KC,

1809} *Holgson, Willian Hy Eaq. Trouswyschambers ; and 1, Whitehail-gardens,
We

4888 | — Molalch, Lieut, Thos. Hungorford, m2,

1859 | r450*Holford, Robert 8., Raq. Dorchestershouse, Park-lane, W.

1867 Holland, Rev, Fred, Whitmore, Eresham, Worcester,

861) — Holland, Colonel James. Southside, The Park, Upper Norwood, 8.

1863 | Holland, Loton, Ki, The Cables, Osborne-road, Windsor.

1862 Holland, Robert, Key. Stanmore-Aall, Great Stanmore, Midllesex,

1970 Cure of Meera, Hildreth ond Ommaney,

nC.
3875| *Halkbonn, Pray Haq, ovenbouneparh, Culforddrilye, SE.

E pee 3

Royal Geographical Society. lis

Torres, Theophilus, Faq. 18, Cmnengle-sywore, Hyde-pork, We

Horsley, Thomsr, Esq. Kiny's Newlon, Derbyshire.

Seni? ho Randeeasmtg Oh BP Sethe Care of Sir C. MoGeegur, Bart,
ant Co, Charlesatreet, St. Jere, &

‘Hostsasay Captain John C., x, eee ee

Hoskins, Capt. A. H., nx Army end Nery les, SW: Gere af Besse.
‘Woedhead, 44, Charmigeerons, 5. W.

Houghton, Lord, ».6.ty Yams. 33, Bretowsteest, W.; Trareliers’ Club, 3.1.
Phe Hall, Bawtry ; and Fryvtowssa, FenryAratye, Yorbahire.

Floward, AIC Sno, Hay. 2, Flvetttreet, .C.
Howard, Charles C., Eq. Christokurch, Canterbury, Nee Zealand. Care of
Messrs, Stanford, Charingecroe, 8.W.
2520HoWard, Jeb, Exq, C267, Goldhoah-roadh Shepheni'eDush,
Howard, Seeaph, Eaq, Tostenham-green,
Howard, Morgan, Key., qc. Zemple, H.C.
Howand, Samuel Lloyd, Haq. Goldénge, Zouphton, Essex.
Howard, Willis, Hag. 3, Hoslypbont, Lyndhurstorowd, Fompatead, WV.
Hosier, Capt. Soo, W. (Scots Greys). 11, Hobirt-place, Katen-square, 8.1%.
*Hlubbanl, Re, Hoa, J.Gelibrand, xx, 24, Prince gute, Hyde-park, We
Hubbard, William Egorten, Key. Leowardalve, Horshars,
“Habart, William Egerton, jun, Esq. Leerssrialec, Horsham,
“*Huileston, Wilfred, faq. 2°, Cheyne-walk, 8, We
AstoHadeon, George B., Esq. Frogmore-halt, Hertford + and New University Chi
St. Somer'eatreet, SW.

“Hudson, Joha, Kaq. 4, 5, and 6, Great St, Zelen's, EC. 5 anid Mhatched-favve
Clubs, St. James, SW

Hughen 4. W., Eq. Care of F. P. Bator, £4q., 4, Bont court, Wallevok,

‘Maghes, Captain Sir Frederic. Elyowe, Wexyord.

Hoghes, J. Win., Esq, Bangor, Carwartonshire,

‘Maghes, Capt. W. Gwynne. 14, St. Savnes’s-squaro, & W.

Mughes Hallett, Capt. F.C. Junior Tiled Service Ch, 8.1V.

‘Mol, Staff-Comm. Thos. A., nx. Mydregraphio-office, Admiralty,
_1520%Hume, Edmund Kents Bag.

Hoot, John Percival, Key, wv. 3, Paraditeeplace, Greenlaner, N.

Munt, Joho, Esq. 22, Lancuster-gate, Hyde-purh, We

peas 0, Fade, Keegy RX. Sunion Nawal and Military Club, Pait-matt,

Hust, Wiliam Thomas, Exq, 4, Pembriige-rilas, Baysoater, W.
Honter, Major FM, (Bombuy Sta Corps). Aden, 60, South-réreet, St. Andrew's,
Pifedhire, Care of Messrs. Hf. 8. King and Coy Cornhill, EC.

Royal Geographical Society. Ixi

ert

| ome

VATS Fackoony Fy HH. Wand, Eaq. 9 Albiometreol, Hyde-park, We

sti eta eee cor ned are ee
‘Wellingtou). Neo Zealand.

X6T1 Jackson, Richd, Belgrave, Haq. 16, Addivonerrace, Kensington, We

1865 '56oJackaon, Robert Wand, Eoq. 136, Incerneseterrace, yderpark, We

18TL Jackson, Thos, Hughes, Ey. Manor-house, Birkenead.

1835 | Jackson, William, Kixq, 44, Portland place, W.

1871 Jackson, Won, Chas, Esq, Universities Clu), 71, Jermyn-strect, S,W.

1842 | —_Jacomb, Thomas, jon, Raq. 29, Olt Broud-strect, Greskam-house, B.C.

18TS| Jog, Rev. F. Charles, Faversham, Kent.

1881 James, Willlxn Bouville, Eo, 13, Blomjield-road, Aaite-hill, W.

1870 ‘Janes, William Mortis, Eu. 8, Lyndhurst-road, Hampstead, N.W,

1838 | Jamieson, Hugh, Haq. Junior Cariton Club, 8.57,

1862 | “Jaques, Leonard, Esq. Wentbridye-house, Pontefract, Yorkshire,

1893 | 1570%Janling, Andrew, Kay. Lanrich-castle, Stirling.

1368 | *Sandine, Robert, Haq. Castlemitt, Looherby, ND.

1575 | *Janline, Rotert, Eoq. 21, Cuoensbairy-place, South Kensington, &.W.

3871) Jarrad, Liout. ¥. Wa mx. Care of Baw. Mf. Toe, Hq., Koyat Hospstal
Schools, Greencich,

1876 Darvin, F, Cy Bay, 14, Fiteroy-square, W,

18TG | Joakes, Ror, Jmol, 54, Aryyllorcad, Kensington, We

17 ene Forahill, Bournemouth; and 1, DP. Jolinson's-buildings,

1855 | Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, Bay, 1.0, 7.0, Ware-priory, Herts,

487 | Jeifeies, Wen. H., Esq. U11, Southgatorond, Fslington, N.

1875] Jelly, Richand, Boy, 246, Razent-strvet, We

1880 | 1g80*Sejoebhoy, Sir Jametjee, Bart. Mombay.

1854} Jellicoe, Charles, Eaqe 12, Cavendish place, We

1958 Soaking, Capt. Grittith, 0.8, Kast Indis United Sereioe Chub, St. James's
aqsare, 8. Wa} and Little Garth, Welshpool, Sontzomeryshire,

1837 | *Jeukins, R. Castle, Esq. Beachley, near Chepstow,

1877) _Jenklog, Commander R P., Wx, 7, Spmcer-vitlas, St, James'eevad, Croydon,

1874) *Jeakinwon, H. Irwin, Kay. Komoick, Cumberland.

1875 Toanings, Samuel, jun, Raq. $8, Gronosite-park, Dlachheath,

ESSE “Jennings, Willinm, Esq. aa. 13, Plctoriastreet, Westminster, 5. W.

1876) Jepheon, Mountory, Hiaq. Garrick Club, Garriok-atreet, WiC,

TH7E) ——_Jeppe, Le Chevalier Prod. Care of Portuese Consulate, 8, St. Mary Axe, EC,

1850 | is9oJecmyn, Rowland Formby, eq. War-ofice, &.W.

TBTE| — Joris, Theedlore, Ray. 48, Vinomt-spuare, 5. W.

18TD| Jessop, Captain Thomas, Henley, Huddersfield.

1850) —_Jesopp, Rev. Augustus, 4.4, Head Master, King Edward V1. School. Norwich,

ARG) toads, Hoary, Eq, Lloyds, B.C.

ase Jeane, Fron HH, Req, 3, Howich-plaoe, Pictoriu-streot, 5. W.; end 1, Hare-

‘ewurt, Temple, B.C.

Royat Geegraphical Society. Leith

Kane, De, William, Care of AF. Kane, Fe., a.0., Suantghit, KingstonnAil

Kane, Dr. Matthew, 20.0. Samnimytiit, Kimyrtomit.

Kantzow, Capt. P.de,cs. 1, Otsereatoryapantens, Campdentittrosd, W

Karuth, Frank Oscar, Em, Galhuret, The Knot, Becleien, Ket,
Cmentegaeden.

Kel, Sino Yay, Cinrrvotve Clubs 8.17.

Keller, M, Franz, ct, Curlerale,

— |, Maj Gen, Sir Amold Burrowes, *.Citi., Cau. United Sereice Cid,
Keanp, Geo, Ln, Eaqy Celeulta. Care af Mears, dH. 8 King and Cr, hy
Corwhitt, B.C.

Keep, Torr. Honry Willian, na, Ne Charterhouse, Mulh.
Kesnpster, J., eq. 1, Portenouth-place, Kewnington-lane, Surrey, &E.
‘Keonard, Ads Steinmets, Ej. Chaeley-court, Wisckerter,

a6soKeamard, Tame, Eq, Neonsan-hovse, Stockieud, Manchester,

"Kemtaway, Sir John H., Bart, Escvt, Ottery St. Mary, Devon,
Keunely, Heary Hyndham, Eq. Union Chub, 5.17.
Kantoly, Joho, Eej., a0. East India Usiled Service Ou, 14, St, James's
aqware, 5.Wi

Kenooty, Jobo, Rey. 1:5, Brootiyn-road, Shephenetush, We

Konnedy, Rrr, John, a1. 97, Stepney-grom, Be

Keunedy, Rrar-Adwilial Ino, 33%, 0.1, 1, Cromuelf-plsce, South Kensington,
SW. 5 and United Service Cis, Palemall.

Beauely, Colooel J. P., xx. 66, Sk. Georyeeropvare, SW

Kennion, fer. George Wyndham, Ha. Alt Sainty-sicarage, Bradford, York
shire.

Kent, Fras, 4. Esq. Keayrute-Aail, Sufolk,
aboKerr, Alesaniler, Eaq. (Batiker), Wellington, New Zeiland, Gare of Norman

B Keer, Bin, Weiey 0, Growerroad, St, Sohn'swoed, XW.

‘Kerr, Statf-Commor, J. H., mx. Mydrogrophioopice, 8.W.

Kerr, Major-General, Lord Mack, cot. 18, Jumerstrect, Buchinghamegate, 8, We

Karhaw, Wm, Em, 16, 8 Mary Ane, KC; and Sufolh-tedge, Brixton
road, SW

Hess, Dahl W. Esq, Hayer-common, Beckenham ; and 8, Freet-atreety

Bettle, H. A., Eaq. Haysorcommon, Beckenham, Kent.
Sepsill, Francis P., Keg. Grove-house, Cheshunt,

1864 | | *Hiddle, Stall Commr, W. W. 70, Upper Leeaonnatrect, Dublin,

—_=

U5: SS55552% 538 G25 G58 ERLTPETLTIE FPaga|!

Royal Geographical Society. Ixy

‘Lang, Arthur, Ray. 29, Mincing-Line, F.C
Laing, Jomph, Eoq, 17, Chstetnaw-vidian, Barnes, 8.1.
Laing, Robert A., Ea, 5, St, Peter'-road, Croydon,
Lamb, Hon, Hdward William, Bristone, Quemaland, Auatralia.
‘Lamb, Liet, Henry, 1.8. HLM, India Store Department, Beloeders-road,
Lambeth, 3B.
“Lambert, Alan, Ey. Meathotodye, Putney-heath, 8.57.
"Lambert, Cowlay, King. New Univerrity Club, St. Same/nstrest, 8.
z710Lanlng, James, Esq. 1, Bryanston-place, Bryanstonoquore, W
Lamont, Sumer, Boy. 4, Queenatreet, Mayfair, W.
Lamplough, Charles Edward, Esq. City of London Ctvb, 8.0.
Lampray, John, Raq. 16, Comden~square, .W.
Lampoon, Sir C. Ma, Bart. 80, Extomoquare, S. WT:
Lance, Joba Henry, Enquy P18, The Molmuced, Dorking,
*Landell, Rev. Henry. The Grove, Blackheath, 5.E.
“Lange, Six Daniel A. 21, Regent-street, 5.1,
eee eee Bt 1, Thurtounstroet, Thurlowsparisroad, Tule
W.
Langley, Edward, Eng. Wellshalf, Ettham, Kent.
azzolangworthy, dwar, Bag.
Laayon, Charles, Eaq. 3, Papersbustdinys, Temple, B.C.
Larcom, Major-General Sir Thornas Alakew, Barty fakiy E-C.Moy ¥.R.R, JTenth~
‘fel, Fareham, Hants.
Tareom, Lient, T, H. Clare of Mesers, Stilwell, 2%, Arundel-atreet, WC.
Lardoer, Colonel Joho, United Serevoe Club, 8. W.
Lange, Robert Emmott, uj. Vernon-lodge, Teddington ; and 13, South-square,
Gray'einn, W.C.
Larnach, Donali, Eay. 21, Kensington-palaceszardens, W.
Taweter, Proderio, Raq. 5, Porchester-gate, Hyde-park, W.
a ‘Lieut-Col. George Aruold, Bombsy Staff Corps, Superintendent
Bombay Surrey, Bombay,

Laaghton, J. K., Raq, Royal Nawal College, Greemeich,
179 oPLantia, Peter Geo,, Bey. 9, Arwutelegardins, Kensingtonsprck, W.

Lawrence, Hon, John Hamilton, 54, Beaufort-gardens, 5, W.

‘VOL. XLYI. e

‘Teatie, Witien, NB; ant
Ts WEA Abe mel jeter’ Ey

Mrighton,
Tatts, Thomas, aq, 2, Crown-buldings, Queen Vactorba-street, EC,
Laver, 3..0., Ray, 97, 8t. George’ sequare, 8.1¥,
‘Laverson, George B, C., Enq. 19, Queensberry:place, Cromwell-road, 5, W.
Laversea, Deut, Jallan Jno, nx. 18, Quemsberrysplace, Cromuedllsroad, S.W
Leveon, Edward Jay Eq. Cluny, Cresoent-wood-road, Sydewhumhill, SF,
‘Lari, Profesor Leone, #.8.4. S., Doe, Pol, Roan, Univ, Tub, 19, Richmond
crescent, Barnsbury, N, ; and 5, Orewen Ofice-rove, Temple, B.C.
Leviny Nathaniel, Eaq. 44, Cleveland-syuare, W.
Levintoha, Louis, Enq, Vernon-house, Chirendon-gerdens, Moidu-hilt, W.
Typolery, B. W., Eey. 19, 5. Helen'splace, F.C.
“Lewin, Froderice Dualtry, Esq, Morelands, £2. John'epark, Blackheath, SE
‘Lain, F.Geo., Raq. 4, Lombardiam-elias, St, Mury’srornh, Pechham, 8.0.
Levin, Capt. Thomas (Beng. StaiT Corps), 50, Eatomequare, SW.
‘Lewis, Francis T., Kay, 26, Groshamatreet, 1.0.
Lewin, Jor, Keg x, Cnstle Carrore, Carriat-on-Shannon.
Lewig, Ree. B.C, A. Streathamecommon, & W. .
Leyoster, Captain Ediaund M., xox. White-place, near Masienhend, Berks.
Leyland, Watts, Haq. LE meres whee

on Powys Lord, Lilfordsptrk, Ousdle, Northagsor-
Lip, Lit 7 G. Innes, ms. Coilemorerhoure, Lochaleh, Bose

day, I an, Ea. Windhaneplace, Brysnsion-square,
Mioduy, Lord, .p, 47, Bronk-street, Groweenor-equare, W-

ioe (pint hed Leokinge-houre, ‘Wantage, Berkey
cand 2, Curltongardens, S.

*Lindny, William S., Beg. coset appuoanaden

‘Lindsey, Mark Joba, Eq. 22, Judyate-'tt, B,C.; ond Durnt-osb-lanc, Lee, Kent,

Liater, Yoanc S., Req, ‘The Heath, Hampstead, N, W.

Architald J. Req, Shanghat ; and 18, Park-street, Gromenoraquore, We

Little, Simon, Faq, Calantra-howse, Wexford, Ireland,

‘Littledale, Clemnent 8t, George, Enq. Highjleld, near Liverpool,

Littleton, The Hea. Heary 8. Teddeiley, Penkridge, Stofordshire.

‘Littleton, Hon, Wr. F, 3, Cliferststreet. W.

peor Henry. Care of Jno. Jupp and Ch, 113, Fenolurch-strect

Lioyt, Francis Aylmer, Esq. 23, Queen'sstervace, Finchtey-road, N.W.
e2

B RESESESE2 93

BEESESHEGS § GEE SS EEESSEESEGEEGHEEE aft

fas

—

Royal Geograplical Society. Txix

Lovett, Major Beresford, mx. Kast India Onited Service Club, 4, St, James
square, SW.

Lovett, Phillipa Comby, Bag. Ldscombeowe, Liwombe, Leighton Bursar,

Low, Ale. F., Haq. 44, Westtournesterrace, W.

Low, Chiat Ry ay. (Lieut, late 1:3.) 18, Glete-place, Chelsea, IP.

1860Low, 8. ¥, Hey, 59, Parliament-street, 8, W

Lowen, Ter, George Rouse, St. Leunarde-illa, Hanwell, Mitdlever,

Lows, Captain W. Drury. Myrio, Betbes-y-Coed, Llanrwit, North Wale.
Lowry, Joneph Wilson, Esq. 30, Robertostreet, Hompateadsroad, 1. We
“Lowther, Capt, Marcus, 2:8, Thornton, Ryle,

Loyd, Colonel W. K, Union Club, 8 We

Luard, Captain Charlee Edward, nat. Portemouth,

Guan, Colonel RG. A. Eoelea, near Manchester.
Lard, Wen. Charles, sq. Liandaff-Aowe, Cardif ; and Athenaeum Civb, 8 We
Lubbosk, Sir John, Bart, 2.0, 7-8, ke. High-elms, Beckenham, Kent,

1870*Lvoas, Arthur, Eeg., 0.1. 19, Georgo-street, Hanocer-square, We

Lock, #.G., Em. The Obioen, Windiurst, Susser.

Luckinan, Alfred, Ey. 4, Pantowmatrect, Cambrilye,

Ludlow, Edgar Jobn David, Kxq. Care of Geo. Perry, Ex, 67, Charkewoud=
street, St. George’»rond, 8. W,

Logard, General Right Hou, Sir Edwanl, cn. #5, Albany, We

Lumslen, Colonel P. S., c-21., Quartermaster-Caneral, Bengal Army. United
Service Chub, Pallomall, 8, W.

Lonoaden, Irv. Re Guy Moby YaltsA.s. Maidenhead.

Lush, Sir Rebert, @.c. Balmoral-house, Avenue-road, Reyent's-park, X.W.
*Tushington-Tilsou, Rev, W. R Tilson Mark, x1, Oxford and Cambridge
Club, 8. Wz Conservative Club, 8. W.; and Strotham Manor, ule of Bly.
“Luttrell, Liowt, Alezasder Fownes (Grea, Gas), Guards’ Cid, Pol-wally

BW. 5 und Duntercastle, Somerset,

B8oLyall, George, Hag. 43, Queen’s-gateterrace,S. W.: und Hedley, near Epsom,

Lyowth, Sir Finueis, x10. 18, Highburyegrove, Highbury, 3.
Lyla, J. H., Eaq, 12, Southampton-buildings, Chincery-tane, W.C.
Lyiigste, Robert, Esq. Uyper Schon, Peckhom, 5.2,
Lylgate, Wing Bag. The Castio School, Guildford,

Lye, John Gaunt, Esq. 14, Kensinglonagate, Mytempart-avuth, W.
Lyell, Francis H., Enq. 42, Regent’s-park-road, V.W.

Lynch, Thomus Kerr, Esq. 31, Cleceland-equare, Hyde-park, W.
Lyne, Francis, Baye 5, Sxgeuve Place, Pittolls, Oheltendan,
Tyne, Robt. £, Ex. Xoyat Dublin Society, Dublin,

WS g0Mecaulay, Janes, Fay, 7, Albemarle-street, W.

‘Macwolay, William, Enq. 122, Leadenhalinrtreet, EC.
Mociraize, James, Eq, Broadmeadous, Berwick-en- Tweed.

§ 5 §5 E588 SEER ESE EEEESE GSS EFPSEEE ESET

Royal Geographical Society. Ixxi

MecLeay, Sir George, Peedeli-court, Bietohingley

Macleod, Liont, Angus, Rx, Care of Mesure Hallett un Cs. 7, St, Martin's
place, Wil.

‘Maclure, Andrew, Esq. Mess, Maclwe, Macdonald, and Macgregor, 97,
Queen Victorio-street, EC,

Macnanas, Surg-Maj.P.¥.,a.0. (Indian Army). 28, Placespardneterr W.

Mactark, John, tq. 8, Miltheai-gardens, Glaxgow,

MacViont, Lievt. Jno.'A. (09rd Highlanders), Nawul and Military Cheb, 04,
Picouailly, We

Medjpin, Donald A, Ly Baqy RX. HEALS," Fosourite; Queensferry, XB,
MeAlpin, Reuueth W. A. G,, sy, Ldanion-terrace, Pembrobestock, South Wales.
MeAndvew, Maj,-Gen, G. (Bengal Stat Corps), Care of Mentrs, Grindlay end
Os, 55, Parkiamentostrect, S.WV.
MoArthur, Alex, fq., 0.7. Raleigh-hall, Brivtonertee, Briaton, 8.
sq¢eMcArchur, William, Eq. 1, Guyslervouren, Ziréston-rive, 8.1K
MeCall, Jabn, fan.
McChan, Rev. D. Stuart. Norwood-rectory, Simthall, Midiencx.
MClean, Frank, Exp, M.A. C8. Fernclife, Tunbridyencells,
MoCtintock, Admin Sir Prone Leopold, v.24, ILM, Dockyanl, Portimonth ;
and United Service Club, &.W.
"McClure, Jessph Henry, Eoq. 9, Sumford-place, Léoerpool,
McConnell, Jas. HAw., Kq., 0. 2, Deun’ryard, Westoninater, 3.17, °
*MoConnell, We Ruy Enq, Warristersat-Law, 12, King's Benchewrale, Temple,
EL.; and Charleville, Beifoxt,
MeCouh, John, faq, M0 Fuslor United Sereice Club, &.W.
‘McDonald, James, Enq. Oriental Club, Hanover-square, W.
#9s0MeEam, D, P., Raq. 24, Pembridye-square, Bayswater, W.
MoGavin, Alen Lawrie, Kay. Cordon-dodye, Wanstead y and 2 Buryeyard,
Fivtorimstrect, 5.
MoGregor, Dunoon, hisq, Cyderplace, Glasgow,
‘MeGrigor, Aleander Vennett, Raq. 19, Woodslide-terrace, Glasgow.
‘Melisraith, Robert, Raq. 36, Prince’ngate, 8.W,
*atelvor, W. G., Eoqe, Sup. of Chinchona Plantations, Ootacamund, Madrass
Gare of Mr. E. Bumps, Mobornbars, B.C.
Mekerlie, P, H,, Eoqu Pan. Ecot,, he, 26, Pembridge-villon, Bayneater, W.
McLean, Hon. John. Oamaru, New Zealand. Care of Mesers. Bedfern,
Alexander, ant Co., 3, Groat Winchestersstreatebuildings, EC.
oer ap het Allan, Bog. v8. Dvart-houe, The Avenue, Zitham-road,
MoLeod, Major-Gen, W. C, 62, Glouceeter-gardens, Hyde-park, W.j and 14,
Bt, Jamed'esquare, 8,

Fi 52 853 e3ff

$53 SSSESHEEE SHGSSESESESES

Royal Geographical Society. Issili

‘Montell, Sir Joho Iles, County Foticwoffice, Strangeways, Manchester,

Mantell, Walter Baldock Dorant, Key. Wellington, Niw Zealand, Care of

J, G, Coobty Eigy 25, Austin Friars, EO

Mantle, Win, John, Esq. Northyate, Lincoln.

Moppin, Jovepb Chas, Lay. 35, Duleichroad, 8.5.

‘March, Haward Bernard, Esq. HM. Conml, Callas. Care of Mesrrs, P,

7 Brion and Co., 43, Pariiomentastreat, SW,
qoceMargeits, Willian G., Boy. Altamira, Stonebridge, Willeeden, N.W.

‘Margischis, John ‘Thomas, Kim. Cure of Mre. MaryCschir, Brodicvoilla,

‘Maijoribanks, Law, Esq. 194, Piveadilly, MW,
‘Maricham, Csplain Atbert Hastings, was, 21, Svolestonsequare, 8. W.
‘Markham, Clements Robert, Esq., 0.0., FR, Tudiawiffice, 8. W. ; 21, Feclestan
‘square, &.W.; and Athenaum Club, 8.W.

Marsh, Capt ILC. Care of Messrs, Howre and Con 2, Pivet-atrort, 3.0.

‘*Marsham, The Hon, Kobort, 5, Chesterfold-street, Aayfoir, We

Manhmsn, J.C, Eq. 1, Kensingtonpuluceyurdens, W.

‘Marston, Edward, oq. 188, Fleet-street, #.0,

‘Marten, Chas, Henry, Faq, Curnbe-lodye, Blactheuth, 8.2.

Martea, C, Rous, Eaq. Wellington, New Zeulandh,

Marten, Elliott, Bsy., Vice-Consul, Sarnwak, Core of W, Z. Marten, Este,

‘80, Great St. Waton’s, KC.

Martio, Pras, Oey, Hq, Rowe-Ail, Hampton,

Martin, Henry, Esq. Sumershonse, Highbury-nave-park, N.
2020°Martin, Michard Biddulph, Eoq. Clareweod, Bickley,

Maret, AC, Way. Beale-towse, ABepseced, Keat.
Bawon, Chath, A. J, Esq. 9, Jlowsestervcrescent, Myde-parh, We
Mawoo, Dr. Samuel. 44, Finshury-cirew, B.C.

Meoter, Chas, Hoskins, aq, Burrow-yreenouse, Oxted, near Godstone,

Masierman, Fidward, Raj. 90, Tireadneadte-street, E.C, ; and 27, Clement's
~ kane, Lombard-street, £.0,
Masterman, KAwant, jun., Esq. 874, Old Broad, B.C.; and Walthamstow,
Masterman, T. Woy Hq. 4, Spencere-'ill, Wimbledon,
‘| s030*Mathesom, Alexander, Hsq., = ‘85, South-strect, Park-Lane, W.; and
Ardrosrosstle, Rots-thire, N..

E ESEEE EEEEEE 234 5 FREES EERE ESSE 25

Royal Geographical Soity. Ixy

Marywother, Colooel Sir Willian Lockyer, K.citty can, Xerruchee, Gore
Messrs. King ad Oo. V5, Oormbill, Een ¥
v-onnHiudsen, New York, US.

Meritt, Donglas, Haq. Lyadiurst, Irvington:
Care of J. 8. Morgan ond Co, 29, Old Broad-strvet, #.C.
Memiter, Charles A. Ex. The Avenue, Srampford Spobe, near Exeter.
Bees Sel Yong. Dy 3.3, Fas, Cote af EM6 Pecied Serte
Generel Postoffice, B.C.; and Bedford-vitla, Sydenkamevoad, Croydon
‘Mitealfe, Froderie Morehouse, Esq. WishecA,
opodlethuen, Capt, Hon, Paul (Seots Fas. Gas.) Guard Ody Paltmall, 8.
‘Methven, Captain Robert, 44, Chestorsquare, &.W.
‘*Meaborough, John Chas. Geo, Escl of 33, Dorerstreet, W, ; and Metitey=
park, near Leeds,
"Michell, Gecoral JE, Bit,
‘Michie, A, aq. 59, Leadenhall-street, EC,
Michio, Honourable Archibald, 0c. Victoriachambers, Pictordacstrevty
B.Wep and Reform Olub, SW.
Middicton, Rear-Admiral Sir G. N. Broke, Bart. Sirabland-part, Needlam,
Suffolk ; and 35, Albemarle-street, W
Middleton, Jag Edmund, Beq. 61, Clapham-park-rvad, &. We
‘*Dlidwinter, William Colpoys, sq. Alyaby British Burmah,
"Mic, Joba Willis, Ea, 0.8, T4, Addivon-roud, Kensington, W-
PoBeMiland, Joba, Esq. Clairwille, Lansdvon-voad, Winbledon,
alerts Conk Hest. tn (Bile Brigade), 19, Chariee-street, Berkeley
square, We
Miles, Captain Samuel Barrett (Bombay Sta Corpr), Political Ageat in Mekrane
Cure of Mesara, Trillmer and €s., Ludyaterhilh B.C.
Miller, Chak. A. D,, Esq. Sherbrooke-todge, Brinton, 8. WW.
Miller, Capt, David, nox. Vnited Service Club, Paliemall, 8 We
Mille, Captain Henry Matthew, 1.x. . Tnited Service Club, S.W-, ant Fern
ide, Sreenoaly,

‘Miller, Rotert Montgomerie, Req, Culverden-grove, Tunbriddyo-wells,
‘*Miller, Admiral Thomas, United Service Club, S. W.

Thnbridye-wrelts.
Milne, Admire Sir Alex, Bart, @.0,0, 1, Lownder-street, SW. ; and
fansclbrg he

‘Milaer, Ror. John, ua, The Rectory, Mildicton-ineTeexssie, Darlington,

‘*Mitehell, George, Eaq. 22, Bolion-strect, Pivonditly, W.

‘Mitchell, Sir William, Strate, feybridge, Devon.

‘Mitchell, William Aug., Enq. Murthoresilly, Learbriiigerrout, By

‘Mitford, Cul. Jon. Philip Osbaldiston, Afifard-Aall, Morpeth, Northumbertend »
‘and Army and Nary Club, 3, W,

‘*Mecutta, Fredavice D,, ag, 9% Connaught-place, WW.

Morven, Colonel J.C. Ds Milfotchowy, Dalla, Sevton
Morcisom, Pearson. Bay. Care of Mevors. Roberts amt Diskson, Chester.

* Mount, Frederick J., Esq., 21.0., Surgeon-Major snd ( Sag cour bind

"Mowatt, James, Em, Ms. 51, Nothing-Ail-eyuare, W:z ond Caine Collage,
Cambréige,

Morley, H.W, Haq., s.a. ton College.

Mudie, Charles Edward, Bay, Mfurweli-bil,

Muviler, Ferdinand, Keq., o.0., Pxt.nm, Director of the Botanical Gardens,
Malteurne. Care of Messrs. Thikwu ond Co. 87, Sohonequare, W.

Suir, Hagh By Ea. 20, Old Browd-sireet, F.C,

"Meir, Thomas, Keg. Madeira ; and 24, York-terrace, Regont'r-parh, WW.
‘Miller, Albert, Ey. Zulon-cotlaye, South Norwood, 82,
‘Malliner, Robt. Bouverie, Haq. Groveshoure, Grove-park, Chinwioh,
‘Maply, Daniel Lovis, Esq. Care of Mesors. Buditen, Fissher, and Co, 48, Feax
churchestreet, B.C.

‘axsoMunro, Dr. 11, Park-fane, W

Mia, Fis Rees Cant, (Asnbomaer oth Garman imple) Gorman
Beabavsy, 9, Cortton-houre-terrace, 8. W.

Mesh, Pras Kati, be, Ghncester-howe, Sonebriye-port, Witten,

“Mfurcbieon, John He, Kaye Junior Certon Cab, 8, W,

Murchison, Kenneth Ray Raq. 24, Chupelstreet, Park-tone, W; owt Senior
Cited Service Clu).

| Murdoch, Sir Thomas W. Clinton, 0.3.5, 8 Parhstrect, Westminster,
BW. 5 and 88, 51, Oeorge'eaquure, 8.1,

Murray, George J, Req. Wootton-cowrt, Canterbury ¢ ani Funior Carlow
Olid, 5.0

*Murmy, G. SD, Ray. 118, Pallamall, 8. W.

‘Murry, Heory, Esq. Garrick Club, Garrichatreet, W.C.

* Murry, James, By.

Hard John, Raq. 50, Albemarte-strect, W. 5 and Newstead, Wimbledon,

“*Marray, Sohn, jan, Eaq. 50, Athomarlest, W.s ond Newertead, Wimbledon, 8, W
Marray, Lieut, John Geo., na, Lisnamaudre, Crosadoney, Ireland.

138
lass
1M)
107
19
176
ists
wis
15
1369
1366,
Rad
130
1200
wn
1888
1848
1899
wre
1876

Royal Geographical Society. xxix

Nicholoon, Six Chalet, Barly 0.02. The Grange, Toltersigy Herts, M,
Nichohon, Robert, Bey, Lose End-louw, Vorkom, new Dereiohon- Treat,
_Northwmtertond.

‘Nicol, Geo, Wen, Raq. 912, Somth Lambetteromt, 5, We

‘Nicol, Robert, Eq. Reform (Bah, ©. W.; and Weatminster-palece-hetel, &. W

> paler 10, Aalieyratrect, Viotorsonatrect, SW; ond Faxeayde,
Kennsf, Kinoarsine,

‘Za0oNioals, Arthur Mobert, Keq. 11, Chureh-row, Hampatend, .W,

Nicolson, Viee-Admiral Sir Frederick Win. Enkin, Bart, om. 15, William=
street, Zocndesoquare, 8. W.

‘Nimmo, Rev. Ry may mx, Mill-owse, Grantohester, Cambridge ; amd
UMS, ‘Leek! Worden? _ J

‘Nisten, HAW, aq. Marb-lane, ¥.C.

‘Mis, John H, fag. 17, Lombarchstreet, F.C,

‘*Noldwritt, Joo. Spencer, Eeq. 352, Aibany-road, Camberwell, SE,

*Nolloth, Admiral Motitew 3, A 12, Albany, Picouiilly, Wee and Outed
Service Oinb, & WF.

‘Norman, Copt. CharleeB. ary of Dethi and London Bank, 76, King William=
street, BC.

Norman, HJ., Raq. 4, Halkin-street, Gromenor-place, 8, W-

‘Necmandy, Prank, Bay. 6, Cherch-meaknos, Weol-hill, Sydenham, 6.E,; and
3, Garden-orert, Temple, B.C.

Bereta ts Eig. 124, Wood-street, £.0.; and Martwhal-read, Lee,

Norris, Harry, aq. Colonial-ofloe, S.W. j and 4, Lsttle St. James’estreet, 8, W.
North, Alired, fq. 2%, Lanodowne-cresoent, Notting hit, We
‘Northumberland, Algernon George, Duke of. 2, Groamenor=place, 5. W.
Norton, Geo, Ragu, ats, 2, Gloucertar-plice, Hyde-park, W.
‘Notman, Henry Wilkes, Ea. 7, Great MarDoronph-street, W.

Nowe, Weary, Foy, Conservative Club, & We

EESEEE 5 OGG G GS8E 3 23 abi ot

Oakeley, I. Hanner, Yq.

Ontes, Win. Edward, Keg, Moanwoadstie, near Lede.

Niclas Fulgillar, Clarenceriver, New South Wales. Ozre
of Messrs, Marryat and Sons, Laurence Pountney-lane, EC.

‘Oiallorsn, Joueph Sslvestar, Keay, 1, Whitehadtyardens, &, W.
*OKeetfe, Comm, Yelverton, nx, 14, Aviagton-grove, Penge, 8.2
Older, W. Avg., aq. Carringtom-lodge, Richmond,
Ollersbaw, Capt. Robert Pharott. 74, Warwichwyuare, Belgrueroad, &.W
‘OMibam, Sargeon-Major C.F. Care of Ree.J.1., Morris, Fitlongtey, Conentry.

FE5555 9 532

Royal Geographical Society. Lsxxi

“Parish, Chas, Wooltine, Exy. Care of Messrs, Hyertony Hubbard ond Ow St,
Pariah, Capt. Joka By mx, Army und Navy Cheb, SW. Care of
Mesere. Stiboell, Arunel-sireet, Strand

‘*Pariah, Sit Woodbine, «6.0, ¥uthetsy 80, Quarry-house, St, Leonards-omSeo~
Park, Abraham, Faq. Warrington-terruce, Ashiton-under« Lyne = ane Morning-
dale-house, Renfreeshire, ¥.B.

Park, Jatnes Dickson, Eay. 48, Queen’-gate-gardons, South Kensington, &.W.

Parker, Capt. Francis G. 8. (54th Regiment), P08, A1.0.8- Morar, Galion.

*Parker, Honourable Francis, 94, Estomeyuare, 8,W. 5 and 9, King's-Zenche
walk, Temple, B.C.

Parker, Jamon, Eq, 45, Leinster-square, Hydepark, W,

32 70Parkes, Sir Harry S., 6.¢.0,, HM. Minister Plenipotentiary, dc, to Japan,
Parkin, Goorge Lewis, Eaq. 22, Parkdane, W.

“NG es 9, Rue Monsigny, Pari. Gare of Bers Jon

Parkin, Halton-cicarage, Hastings.

1.2 yplaino ages Arthue!s Club, Bt, Samas'enstreet, 8 Wj and
Bayswater, W,

59, Prince’s-ayuare,
Parlane, Jue, Faq. Applety-lodge, Rusholme, Manchester,
Parr, Commmnnder Alivel A, Chaar na. Powyrfoige, BicMeyy Kent,
Farry, Kdwand, Key, 200, Camden-rood, WV, We
*Pairy, Francia, Ey, Stoney Stretton-hall, YocKletom, near Shrewsbury.
Pesce, Captain Crawford, BX, Care of Messer, Case and Loudenschy 1, Jamar
es Atte Wig | Pros! to Capt, J. #. Dorit, nity Hydrographic

Pees, Elias de, Ksq. 2, Keurington-gardenmtarrace, diyde-parh, W.3 and The
Lege, Bembridge, Tule of Wight,

3280Pasteur, Mare Henry, Faq. 38, Minaingetane, F.C.

Paterson, John, Bay, 15, Coleman-street, F.C,

Patterson, Jax. Wilson, an, Roseland, Waverley, Baltimore Co,, U.S.A.
Patterson, Myles, Eaq. 26, Gloureater-place, Myde-park, W.

"Patterson, Capt. Kichd. R. The Park, Nottingham, '
Patterson, Colonel Wm. Thos, Laind, 6, Spring-gardeney SW.

Pattinson, J., Kay. 21, Bread-strect, B.C,

Paul, J, Hey Boge, au. The Terrace, Camberwell, 8.5,

Paul, Josoph, Raq, Ormonde-house, Ryde, Isle of Wight,

Paull, Capt. FP RETO, Porto Rica, Care of Mesers, Woodlead and
Gb. Tharing-eross, 8.

229oPauhon, W. Ha Eig, B.A. 51, Lavrence-eigarage, Bumagate,

Paxton, Robert Chas, Ea. 24, Staford-terrace, Phillimoregardens, W.

Payne, Lieat-Col, Geo, Mamey, Eat India United Soreico Clu, 14, $t, James's
opens, SW

Paynter, William, Eaq., RAS, 21, Belyraressquare, SW. 5 and Camborne

‘House, Biohmond, Surrey.

‘OL. XLVI. F

Royal Geographical Society. Iexxii

eee me ee 5, Curtton-terrace, Owkley=
2330*Philbrick, Prodariek Adolphos, Ray. 28, Arenwewroni, 1.
Philip, George, Eoq. 32, Mesteatreet, B.C.
Philipps, Herbert Hew, Haq. Jndtio-offie, SW.
Philipps, Sutheriand Rew, Bj, a0, 3, Berkeley-ploce, Cheltewdam,

Phillimore, R-Admiral Auguitus, Shedjeli, Fareham, Hante; and India
United Seretoe Club, 8. We

Fodiaofice, 8. W.

Phillimore, Capt, Win, Brough (Grensdlier Guards), 6, Jolmat,, Berkeley-a74 W.

Phillips- Woolley, C1. Es, Vieo-Consal, Kerth. Care of J, W. Sincicir, £1g.,
2, Bast Indio-avema, Ey

Phillips, Major-General Six B, Travel. United Service Ciub, &. We

Phillips, EAwd. Aug, sq. 11, Oroat St, Holew's, 2.0,

2540Phillipa, Geo. W, Hag. Care of Jna. Marah, Evy 90, Highatreet, Maidstone.
Philp, Capt. Fras. Lamb (Mtoyal Seots Greys). Saiperton-park, nonr Cheltenhasn ;
end Army and Nowy Che, 8,W,

Philpott, Edward Py Esq. M.Dy LL.D, Poole, Dorsetshire,

‘*Pickering, Joho, Ksq. 28, Springeld-mownt, Leeds.
Pickerngill, Wan. Cunlife, Haq, 98, Drinod'egate, 8, We
‘Perea, John ‘imbrell, kay. (ISarvistersstslaw). 8, Middle Templeslane, Temple
Sof mara ps Ohb, 8 : “
Ploroe, Jovinb, Raq, 12, Beanfort-gurdens, Brompton-ront, 8, We

Pigott, Robt, Turtle, Kaq., 0.0.1, Manor-park, Lee, Kyat; ard 96, Southampton
street, Strand, W.C.

Pigott, Thomas Dighy, aq. Waroffice, Pallemail, 3, W,

“*Pigou, P. A. P., Eo. Dartford, Kent,

53 3532 9392 92 2 R552 5

1962 | 2350°Fike, Captain John W., nx. United Service Club, S, W.

ass! Pilkingtou, James, Esq, Blackburn,

1852} *Pim, Captain Belford C. T,, n¥,, xP, Lawidi, Kingreosd-roat, Upper
Norwood, 8.E.j 2, Coron-opfcerrow, Tonple, EC; and Senior and Funior
United Service Club, 8. W.

Pimblett, Rev, James, 26, Greet Arynham-atreet, Preston,
Pinney, Colooel William, 30, Berteley-square, We
Piteaira, Coc Colvin, Kay, Ra. Now University Cheb, St, Jamer’estrert, 8. We
Plaister, Ws Ha oq, wat.cits os Tottenham, Mildleses,
Platt, Liout.-Celonel Chas, Rowley. 4, Bolton-atrect, Piceadilly, W
Player, John, Exq. 22, Carpnter-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham,
Plasfair, Liout,-Col. Robert Lambert, H,B,M, Consul-General, Algiers, Core
of Messrs. 1.8. King and Cosy by Palt-mall, 8.Wn
G | 2360Plowden, Charles C., Esq. The Cottage, Chislehurst, Kent.
© *Plowes, John Henry, Eaq. 39, Fork-terrace, Regent’spark, ¥. We
*Plunkett, Capt, Geo, T., nse. Chatham. Care of Measrs. Cox and Co., Craiy's
cout, SW,
f2

— i

HERES

Isxxiv List of Fellows of the

Pohl, Franz Enil F, Hugo, Haq. Matvonnctte, Clapham-commen, 8 We
Vollard, Henry Thot, Eq. Threadneale-strect, BC.

‘*Ponsonby, The Hon, Frederick G. B. 3, Mount-street, Grosoenorsaquare, W.
Poole, C, Moy Bato, Crtte Cure of W. ZT, Poole, Fuga Camorson,
ee ee a ae 9, Graneille-park, Lewisham,

2370? ope, Captain Wan, Aguew, Union’ Cluby Trafalyarsaguare, &.W.

‘*Porchor, Captain Edwin A.,n.%. 60, Chestersspuare, 8. W.

*Porges, Theodore, Ex. ST, @rosconarstrect, Crosvenur-square, 8.W.; and
Austin Friars, B.C, .

*Portal, Wm. Htichd., Eaq., 3.4, Zonge-house, Lower Norwood, SE
in eepiaiermer ie
Potter, Bichar Eq. Standdish-owse, Stonchouse, Glowscatarshire,

Potter, Wm. I, Raq. - Care of @. 7. White, Bay.. Kinraray

Pound, Alf, Jae, Ziq. Me 3, Nowraquare, Lincoln's Inn, Wid,

"Pounden, Captain Lonsdale. Junior Unitat Sereice Club, 8.W.3 and Browns.
wood, Co, Weaford, bs
Tovah, Rev. John V., M.A. 11, Enduleighstreet, W.C.

2380°Powell, F. Sy Req. 1, Cambridye-equare, Hyde-park, W.

Power, Edward, Faq, 16, Southicell-gardens, South Kensington, & W-
Power, E. Rawdon, Esq. (Retired List, Ceylon Civil Service). Hapescd-
ode, Tenby, South Woles ; and Thatohed House Club, 8. We

‘Pownall, John Fish, Exq. 63, Aussellasquare, W.C.
Powys, The Hou, Leopold, 10, Queensbery-place, 8.9¥.

*Pranos, Reginald Ht, Hnq. Frognat, Hampstead.

eo oe The Chantry, Padbury, near Pershore, Worse

rene, Edvtd a, Care of Rev. H, Waller, The Rectory, Tieyweltsy-
Thrapston, Northamplonshire,
Prevost, Admiral J.C, Hilleite, Camberley, Farnbord!-station, Hots.

Price, Charles, Kay, Bryn Derwen, Newth,
a3goPrioe, FG. H., Haq. 1, Pleetstroet, B.C.

Price; Sunes, Bay, 8, Mouloyplace, Mairi! West,

Price, James Glenie, Keq., Barrister-at-Law. 14, Clement’einn, WiC.
Price, J. M,, Eqs, Cate

Price, Sir Rost Lambert, Bort, Naval and Military Club, Plooadilly, We

‘*Prickett, Rev. Thomas William, at.4. ¥.8.A. 11, Lyplattterrace, Cheltenham ¢
and United University Club, Pallemalt East, 8.W,

Lees AST Bombay Staff Corps, Cort i Seen as
45, Palbmait, 8.’

ri ea a, 34, Cravenshsit-gardens, Hydepart, We

RL LEE $5532 293 92 5 2 28 Feel

Royal Geographical Society. Ixxxy

Pringle, A, Boy. Yair, Seldinh, ND.

*Pringle, Thomas Young, Esq. Reform Cd, &.W.

Te Oe le perarpaeti byob apd

of Movers, 1, 8. King and Co., 69, Cornhilt, B.C.

PRA alo Gorton Dough, Bengal,

Probyn, Maj.-General Sir Dighton Macnatghtin, KiCAyV.Cy Cite Quorn nme’
‘mansion, St. Sames'spark, SW.

Procter, Juoy Em. Cromueliviouse, Long Preston, Leeds ; and 2, Croumoffice-
row, Temple, B.C.

Proctor, Sarnvel, Kq. (Head Master, Borough Schocts, San Fernando, Trinklnd),
Care of BH. Penney, Hop Vi, Limeostroet, B.C,

‘*Prodgers, Edwin, sq. Ths Jiectory, Ayote St, Peter's, Herts,

Capt, Montagne, Care of Messrs, Grindlay and Coq 86, Parliaments,

street, SW, ; and Junior United Service Club, 8.W.

Protheroe, Pry, Faq. Gothio-cottage, Adelaido-road, Surbiton,

Prous, Onvald Miller, Eaq. Leightow-Aowse, Ancrley-pork, SE,

Prout, John William, Kaq., W.A,, Burristersat-Lavw, Athenorum Club, 9, Wj
and Neasdon, Middteser, N.W.

agroPryceJoues, John, Esq. Grove-park School, Wrexham.

Pryor, Rev. Jno, Eade. Benningtonarectory, Stevenage, Mert.

*Pugut, Liewt.Colovel J. 5 Myde-parteterrace, 8, Kensington, £.W¥,

Pulestoo, Joh Hy Rey, 2, Palace-gatey Kensington, W.

Poller, Arthur Giles, Haq, Athenanum Club, 8. W. = Arthur's Ohi, 8.W.2 anc
Younptury, Ware.

Pullman, Hleory, Eoq, Grove-ead, Chiawiohs

Pullman, Juo,, Esq. Growmend, Chinoich,

Punsler, Wm. B., Exy, 1 and 2, Grosvencr-eillas, Merton-rood, Wantsworth,

Purcell, Edward, Eq. £10, Whitohwrch, Monmouth,

‘420"Puney, Sidoey E, Hourerie, ki.
Pycroft, Sir Thomas, Kotte 17, Cleocland-gardens, Hyde-parh, W.

Quin, Land George, 15, Belgrave-square, 8.W.
Quin, John Thomas, Kay, Care of Mr, Fao, B, Williams, 96, Hillmartenaroail,

ea, x

Quis, T. Francis, Hay, Wiitelands, Higheatreet, Glaphom, &.W,

Haolife, Sir Joseph P., Bart.
Radotatk, Granville Auguatan Lord, 30, Ziryenston-square, W.
Mae, Eawanl, Esq. Devonshiresroad, Birkenhead,

a ie |

ist of Fellows of the
rare

1876 bate hae pct emo anil Capen Canieiape

1862 Shae ne naa reine Tapani :
188 | apo deka Ba any 30s 2 Aalumrsurdens South, Lollsdeitenre,

1076 mia eur 0, Afincing-lans, 0,

1876 ‘Hahim, Mirea Mohamed. 6, Membrilgesternane, Springaqrone, Fsteworth,
1875 | Rubles, John, Raq 108, Candonrood, We

1870 Keakos, Francis Wm, Esq. unior Cortton Cid,

1867 | Raleigh, Rev, A m0, 27, Lalbroke-grove, We

1871] Rall, Bostratins, Waxy. 915, Zamoastorgate, W.

1871| alli, Pabeli, Lag. 17, Belyravemaquare, 8. We

1870] “Ralston, W, Ri Shodan, Fay., aa, British Mvaewm, W.C.

1073 | umbaut, John, Bq, Ho. The Grange, Godstone, Surrey.

1866 swe Max, Ex. Kilmoreyslodge, Castlebar, Baling, We

*. W. Hutehinson, Expy a0. 15, Someractvstreet, Portmansaquare,

1867| Ramsay, Joho, Eaq. Islay, NB.
1875] — Ramexy, Major Jno, Straloch, Aberdeenshire.
1867 | —*Rtamslen, Richarl, Eq. B.A, Camp-hill, Nuneaton, Wareichshira.
1869] — *fandell, Nev, Thomas, n.4. Huidll’s School for oys, Tannton,
1674 Rankin, Capt, Fras, W. Mortlwick-eille, Cliflon, GloucestersAtre ; and Junior
Naval ant Military Ctvd, Pollmalt, & W.
Rankin, William, Kisq. Wernaleague, Carndonagh, Donegal.
‘*Ransom, Edwin, Raqe empstone, near Bedford,

Raplor, Richard C., Keq., 6.8. 5, Westminster-chambyrs, &. We
agsofarsam, Hormuzd, Eaq, Vinevelshouse, Spring-grove, Lalewcorth.

Ratcliff, Colonel Chatles, F.4, Athenarwm Club, 3, Wat Eilybaston, Birming=

tam s and Downing College, Cambridye,

1861] Rate, Lachlan Macintosh, faq. 9, South Audleynatreet, W.
173} Ravenseruft, W. HL, Eq. 3, Beriteley-gardens, Campdew-hill, Kensington, We
1859 | Ravonstein, Ernest G., Haq. Alphacottage, Lornsrcad, Bricton, 8, We
1875 | Rawlings, I. D,, Bq. Ohalhshitt, Kingudury, NW
1875] Rawlins, Wm. Donaldson, Kg. M.A. 18, Dovenestreet, Mayfair, W,
1861] Rawlinson, Sir Christopher, 28, Euton-place, 8, Wer and Aldinghourne-house,

1844 | — *Rawlineon, Major-General Sir Henry C., .0,0%.5 D.0.tuy tats PS. Atheneum
Olds, S. Wag cand 21, Charier-strect, Ierkeleyaquarc, We

1874 Rawson, Christopher, faq, 9, Pictoria-chambers, Westminster, 8. W.

1876 | 2460Rtawaon, Philip, Bq. Woodhurat, Cruveley, Sumer.

1838 | —_Kawnon, Sir Rawson Win,, K.03.0,, CR. Wombveellohall, Graverend.

1875 | Rawson, Liouts Wyatt, mx,
1869) Ray, Major Alfred William, The Lodge, Briston-cval, 8, W.
1872 | Bay, Goorge Hy Baga a0, Bengal,

‘tMtayleigh, Lont. Teriéng-place, Witham, Bex.

Read, Predetick, Esq. 45, Leinstersaquire, We

Road, FW. C., Bay. Walthamstow.

Rothenl, 1. Milne, Eoq. vis Springfelt, Scedles, Manchester ; Conservatice
lub, 8.1V: 5 ond Funlor Carkion Clud, 8.7.

"Redman, John B., Kuq., 6.8, 25, Great Geargostreety 8. We

‘Re, David, Ex.
Bald, Lostock By Kaq. Atheneum Club, S. Way and 192, Westbourne
terrace, We

Reilly, Anthony Adams, Eq. Belmont, Mullingar,

Heiss, Jammer Ey. 7, Cromuell-road-houses, South Kensington, &W.
Reiafry, Jno,, Eaq. The Grange, Niyhtingalo-tene, Clapham-common, 8.W.

*Reane, John Keith, Eaq., tA. Cats, 2, Eveleston-syuare, & We

Tamale, M. B., Ke, ce. Care of James Rewnie, Hn, 9, Motcombostree,
miparoeit SW.

Reynardson, Wenry Bireh, Esq. Adtwell, near Tetaworth, Oxfordshire.
Reynolds, Wn, Hy., Bog. Care of Mesirs, King ancl Co.4'85, CornAil, B.C.
Rhodes, Arthur John, Haq. Yerk-esla, Londoneroad, St, Aldana,

Rhodes, Hon Won, Barnard, Mem. Legis, Connell, New Zialaud, Wellington,
Set sity aire a ero el or Go, 4, Fenchurch.
Be.

‘Ricirde-Soaver, Major F. Iguicio. Consereatice Clu, SY, James's, 8. W.
Rice, Win, Esq. Apsley-enc Homel Hempatead,
Bichands, Alfewd, Enq. Tewhesbury-lodge, Foresthill.
a4goRichands, Capt, F, Was 26%, United Service Club ; and H,M8, * Devaatation,!
Charnet Squatron,

nary per Goorge H., v.40, cme 24, Warrington-rrescent, Madar
Richards, MW, Esq. Shore-read, 8. Hackney, E.
Richardwoo, F,, Eaq. Junipershall, Miokicham, Dorking,
Richardson, W, Brown, Esq. Darlastonsrectory, Wednesbury, Staffordshire,
Tier, T.¥., Enq. The Grove, Claphanerout, 8.W.
Riddell, Lioat. H.'8, Hutton, Mahifar, Noor Scotia,
Bilal, John, Eaqe Devowlodye, Mayowe-roach Foreat-bill,
Billy, F. HL, Key, pera etna ee
Ridley, George, Eis. 2, Charler-strect, Berkeley-squcre, W.
‘rgo0Rtidpath, Saanos Lionel, Bay. Devoi-Jown, Windiedoe-park,
‘idpath, Thomas Alex., Esy. 9, Pelaise-parh, Hamputesd.

lexxviii | List of Fellows of the

‘tigi, Majer Gace Cpt Pam, Oriental OM, Wf ety me
Fickdatreet, W.

Bley, Copan Charles Henry. Junior United Sersve Ch, We

‘Bintoul, Robert, Esq. Windham Club, &. W.

‘Ripon, Geo. Freilk, Sau,, Marquis of, us. 1, Curltonapardens, 8.W.j and
Studley Royst, Ripon,

Ritchie, Kev. George St. Martin (Chaplain to the Foros).

Rotarts, H.C, Ey. 41, Lowndessquare, 8.1.

Roberts, Rey, Chas. M, The Gramunar-sohool, Monmouth.

‘*Boberts, Charles W., Faq. Penrithshowse, £fra-road, Diriaten, &.W:

agroRoberts, Capt. E. Wynne, 24, Glouceater-placs, Portman-eyuore, Way ond

Mutfoid-lodze, Pouchew-end, Doxmoor, Ilertr,

Roderts, W..C aq. New Zealans, Care of the Kank of New Zestond
50, Old Broad-street, B.0,

Robertaon, A, D, Esq. 29, Queen’s-gate, 5, W
Rokertaon, A, Stunrty Ragas 2D,

Robertson, Sir D, Brooke, c.2., H.M, Consul. Canton, Cure of Messrs. i. 5.
King and Co., 85, Cornasll, F.C.

Tobertoun, D. Le Uy Beqe 174, Chathamestront Fallner-syware, Laverpo.

“Robertson, Graham Moore, Isq. 21, Cleoolandeaquore, Myde-park, We

‘* Robertson, James Nisbet, Eoq. Yewlands, Dunstews, Surrey. .
Robertson, Rey. J. S. Sy Moy FRA. Dunorubcastie, Dinorwb-park,
Danning, Perthibire, XB,

Robertson, Ii, B., Esq., H.M. Consul. Yotohama, Japan,

2520Roberteon, Major Whoatley. 85, Queen's-gurdens, W,

Robinson, ALi, Haq. Elmbank, Hudilerafeld,

“Robinson, Arthur MM, Esq. 32, Deconshire-road, Claughton, Birkenhead,

Robinson, Capt. F.C. B., RN. The Mount, Wilmington, Dartford.

Robinson, Heury, Eaqy M.10.0., 203, 1, Wentminster-chanbora, & We

Robinson, H. On Esq- 8, Southastreet, Finsbury, B.C.

Robinson, Sir Hereales G, R, x.0.00, (Governor of New South Walon) Meare:
Burnett, 17, Surrey-strect, W.0.

Robinson, John, eq, Care of L. Street, Keg. 30, Cornhill, EC, | '
Robinson, Joh, Baja ove. 2, Weatminster-ohambers, 8. W.

Robinson, J. Ruy Ege; LD, VA. Scot, Linda, P.tibas du Nord, Copen-
agen, ¥.0.8, Edin,, Membre Société Asintique de Paris, dc. Southterrasey-

3530Robins0n, J, T,, Faq, 20, Boomeburysquare, WC,
Baiees Genk ir Joba Gabe Bat Arthw's Club, B.Wez and 20,

Robinson, Mr, Mt (B.C.). 8, King’s-Benoh-walk, BC. 5 ond
sma (oe, ‘ing’ Tomple, B.C. 5 ond 43,

Robinson, Thomas F., Enq. F.t.8, Helmont-lodge, Anerley, SE
‘*Robin'on, Captain Walter Fe, mas. 15, Montpelliervifas, Briyhtone

Royal Geographical Society. ixxxix>

Rodd, James Rennell, Kaq. iecagsderit
Elks Jersotee, 7, Buston-plase, Leamington.

Rooks, Geo, Arthur, Faq. 24, Old Burlington-atrert, W.
Ross, Dr. Don Manuel Gonzales de th, 21.4. (Profemor of Philosophy,
Dolversity of San Marcos, Lima) 80, Guildford-etreet, Russetlasg., WC.
Bowe, Henry, Eaq.- 8, Porohertereyware, Mydepork, W.
ag5oRom, H, Cooper, Eaq., a.0. empstead, 1, W.
Rose, Ja, Anderson, Esq. Wandoworth, Surrey, 8.W.; and 11, Salisbury.
street, WiC,
‘Rowe, The Right Hon, Sir John, 18, Queensgate, Mydepark, &,W.
“Rose, Colonel Sir Wm, Anderion, Alderman, ¥.RAty Pict mets 1
03, Upper TMamesstreet, B.C. : and Upper Tooting, 8.
Rosenthal, L., Esq. 10, Delamere-terrace, N. We
teeth Care of Mesars, Grindlay and Co., Partiament-rreet,
| Rows, Capt, Geo, Emmott Augustas, Forfar-house, Cromucell-road, South Kw-
ington, 5,W.

*Roundell, C,5,, Faq. 63, Cromueeli-road, Sintth Kensington, 8.W.
"Rous, Vice-Admirnl the Hon. Henry John, 19, Berkeley-oquare, We
Routh, KJ, Kaq.y MA, WR, PRAR, dee, St, Peter's Collage, Cimbridge,
‘AsGoRloutladge, Edmund, Req, 40, Clonricardesgardens, Dayscater, W.
| Routledge, Thomas, Hay. Clazhewgh, Sunderland,
*Row, A.V, Nursing, Esq. Dabe-gurden, Visagupatum, India, Care of
Messrs. King and Co. 09, Cornhill, B.C.
MRowlands Peroy J., Koy, Ludia-epioe, 8,1.
Rowley, Captain C., nw. 85, Cadeganplace, 8, W.
Boyne, Capt. £. Cy tx. 31, Royal-aeenue, 8. We
Rocker, J. Anthony, Boy. Blackheath, 8.8.
Budge, Win, Newland, Haq. 9, St. Jamey-stret, 3.W,; and Etiyldacw,
Torquay, Devon,

Dal ‘Rumbold, Capt, H. K, W. Junior United Service Club, 8.W.
“Miumbold, Charles James Augustas, Esq. 6, Peroivalterrace, Brighton,
‘WBS! ag 7oRumbold, Thomas Henry, Esq. 33, Suster-equare, Brighton,

List of Fellows of the

Romley, Major-Genernl Randall, 18, Eaton-terrser, Zalon-syuare, S. W.
Sp ey res Care of Mossrt, Askton amt Cow Crown-court, Old
Broabestrect, BL.

‘fuse, Lo Sttbur, 2. 10, South Audleyateet, Wh

Rae Rewer Viewfold, Southpebt, Wandsworth; and 16, Old

Bussell, James Hl. Eaq, St, Mary's Natimat Schools, 4, Kinglake-stroet, Bakyer
Ail, Licorpool. 7 .

‘ihyler, Admiral Altved P., H.M.S. + Audacious,” Chins. Gare of Adiniraftys 8. We
Ryller, G., Esq, 10, Kiny's-Benohwalk, Temple, EC.

Sabbon, J. T., Eaq,, 4,0, Northumberland-house, Stohe Newegton, XY.

Sate, Emest E, Fay. 30, lurendonayardens, Moidanhit, We
2590S9abine, Lieal-General Sir KdW.y Wi0.thy Msp PARAS, 80. 80, 18, Allee

place, Vietoriastrost, Westminster, S. W-
Sadgrove, Arthur William, Eaq. 64, Mark-lane, ,C.5 ond Eltham, Kente
‘St. Albans, Dake of, Bestwood-park, Arnold, Notte.

‘St. Clait, Alerander Bower, Esq» H.BM, Consul, Jasay, Molfacia,

St Clair, John, Kang. Newton Stewart, Wigtonshire,

St. Jean, Le Vicornte Ernest de Satgé Matrarneeele; and Junior Athenceum Clu,
Ste John, Major Oliver Beauchamp Coventry, mat, Care of Meaore, dS
Bing and Con, 05, Cormiil, B.C

St. John, Spenser, Knq., British Minister for Peru. Care of J. A. St. John,
Ege, 44, St. John's-wood-tervave, St, Tohn'e-wood, H.W

Sale, Captain MT nas, Chatham,

Balled, Colonel J, Coy HaML, Forces, 20, St. Jamen'vatrect, 5. 1

26c0Sallen, J. de, Ea. 99, Stawhope-gardens, South Kensington, 8, W.

Salmon, Charles Spncer, Kage

‘Salmond, Robert, Faq. Reform Club, & Wj and Rankinsion, Patna, Ayr,

‘*Salomnons, Sir Dovid, Bast, Broomhill, Tuubridgemoelts ; ond 46 Upper
Berkeleyostrent, W.

Royal Geographical Society. xei

“*Salt, Henry, Esq. 2yremont, Bournemouth,

Salthouse, Rev. Robert. St. Jumer'sparsonoge, Wait Derby,
‘Salting, William Severin, ¥sq. 6, Grosvenor-gardins, &. We
*Sandbooh, Wra, Roberton, Eaq. 10, Prinadegate, Hyde-park, & We

Mrcinden, Ker. Etward The Voosrige, High nt Woot, Colfett,

Padi aain iy 189, Marilane, EC,
Sanford, Liout-Colonel Haury Ayshford. 20, Oheutenaireet, Greacenor-plice,
BW. 5 andl Nynshendocourt, Wellington, Somerset,
Sanford, W. Aysbford, Lisp, res. Nynchoadsoourt, Wellington, Somerset,
Sarel, Colonel Hl, Avy €oBoy Analst,-Adj-Genemt 8K Disttiety Dover; and
Cnitod Service Club, Peil-mall, 8.W,
Sault, Joba, Esq. Beaecsr-house, Aolléagton-parh, St. Leonard on-Sea.
Sartori Alfred, Eaq. Abbettiwood, Stowonethee Wold.
Saumarez, Rear-Admieal Thomas, cn. The Firs, Jersey.

Sawyer, Col, Charles, 6th cael Guards, 25, Queen'eyateterroce, Soath
Keuington, S.W.

*Sediifer, Wann Bredky Kaq. Zysitep-Kowe, Highgate, N, *

Sehaleh, Vernon Rototph, Haq. 20, Milton-straet, Doraetomquare, NV.

Schenley, Kdwanl W. Hy Raq. 14, Prinedsgate, 5.Ws

Schofield, Wiliam F., Raq. $5, Onslow-gardens, &.W.

Seobell, Sandford Geo, T., Rage Dovn-house, Red Marley, Gloucvster,

Sconce, Giison Cy Raq 14, St. James’s-npuare, 8.7.

Scout, Abraham, kag, 14, Farquhar-road, Upper Norwood, 8.0,

ab yoSeott, Adam, Exq. 10, Knatohbullarox, Ciomberiell.

Scott, Albert Edward, Koq, Bishopadoun-grove, Tunbridge Wella,

Scott, Arthur, Esq. Rotherfield-park, Alton, Hants; ond Travellers’ Club,
sw.

“*Scott, Dugald, Raq. The Moorlands, Kersabedye, Manchester.
Scott, Lord eury, %, Tihey-street, Park-tane, W.

“Scott, Herculm, Esq. Brotherton, near Montrose, N.B.

Bearell, George, Eq, 25, Grostonor-plooe, 8. We
Searight, Hugh Ford, Faq. 7, Hast Indvaanenue, B.C.

Sazight, James, Eaq. 80, Lanoaater-gute, We

‘Seaton, Colonel the Right Hon. Lord. 73, Albany, We

‘26 42Geigwick, Jao, Bal, Esq, 1, St. Andrew'e-ploce, Regent’epark, N,W.

EGESEEE9 ERRRETEEEE FF

List of Fellows of the

Seoley, Harry G,, Ray, V8, 7.08, he, 61, Aibksisroat, 5W,

“Seely, Charin, Eo, Jus, 7, Gece gegen Both Keweastn, Ws on
Shar goodsboige, Nottinghamatire.

Segrave, Capt. We Fi, HM. Ceneal. SteeMetin ‘Gare of the Liraion,
Forvigneopfce, S.W. ta

‘*Servcold, Charles B., Raq, Brnecery, Lipsorpondestreet, Es.

Seria, Charies, Eaq, 155, Fenchurch-street, F.C,

‘Sewell, Henry, Esq. 10, Upper Werthourne-terrace, W-

Serrell, Stephin Avy Kay. City Clb, Old Broail-atreet, B.C,

Seymour, Alfred, Eaqy 3.7, 47, Katonaquare, 5 We

*Seytoour, Admiral F, Brachamp, Cn, Admiralty, Wiltehail, 8 W.

a6 s0Seymour, George, Kaq. 12, Lower Phillimore.place, Kensington, W.
SeraeutsHeary Ds, eg: Athewrn Cok, BW. + Knipe er, odes

pcm airs Duited Service Club, Potlemelt, We

‘Shadwell, Admiral Sir Charles F. A., K.0n., rs, Mendow-bank, Melksham,
Witte,

Shadwell, Livat-Colonel Lawrence.

Shatiks, Major Joseph G., matuct. Plymouth, Deeom.

‘*Share, StaCommander James Masters, wx. Seaview-terrace, Zipten-roed,

Plyraonth, :
‘Sharp, Colin Kimber, Raq, 49 Tregunter-road, West Brompton, &. Wr
‘Sharp, Captain Cyril, 7, Thurloeepuare, 8, We =
Sharp, Heury T., Bag, 8, Parkelane, Mayfair, We ’

Shaw, Bousld, Bag, 26, Charlee-sret, St. Some’; and 2, Bisee-ourt,
"Shave, Geo Raq. 7, Garrichetrest, WAC. and Onheootshou, Restrevory
Teeland.

shaw, John, Esq. Fineyand, Otago, New Zealand. Care of Mesers, Reith
Sn6 TRG, Doane, Cargo, IZ. Ea; Mawr, Seree aes la
‘188, Floetastreet, E.
ae nA oe Arrowepark, Birkenhead,
‘Shaw, Robert B,, Faq, (British Joint Commimioner). Laduh, Punjab, Bart
Tadion Care of General Younghusband, 108, Pembroke-road, Oliftom.
Shaw, W. Otho Nicholas, Haq. 53, Queen's-gate, South Kensington, 8 W,
*Bhearme, Bdwand, Haq. Junior Athenaevm Club, W,
Shelley, Edward, Esq. Avington, Winchester.
a67o%Sbelley, Coptaia G. Ernest, 2, Chesham-place, 8. We
Shoustone, Hrek, Smith, Keq. Sutton-hall, Larcombe, Levees,
‘Shepherd, Chas, Blwi., Lag, 0. Beaumont-howse, Ealing.
‘Shophert, Chas, Wm., Kaq., M.A., 7.2.8, Trottersoliffe, Maidstone,

Peterlee, xcili

Sheridan, If, Brinsley, Kaq.y war. New City Chub, BO,

Sheridan, Richasd By Esq. 39, Groseenor-place, &.W,

Sherrin, Joveph re Esq, Lind, ru.DR. Leytonhouse, Layton-orescent,
Kentishetown,

rrp Windham Club 8.1, j anit, Queennyler
26te*Sheclbred, Jamey, Ke. 38, Loncaster-gate, Mylepark, We
‘Short, Robert, Eq. 42, Litémarten-road, Canwlen-ronh, 3.
‘*Shuter, William, ey, 66, Belsise-part-gurdenn, Haverstook-hil, N.W.
Shuttleworth, Sir J.P. Kay, Bast. 3, Victoriastrect, & Wj and Gascthorpe
hall, Burnley, Lancashire,
Sibley, George, Bq. cuz. The Mount, Whitehilt, Caterhaeny Surrey,
‘Sidney, Capt. Fred, W., nx. 3, Approwch-roadd, Lower: Norteeod, SE
‘Silk, George Chas, aq. The Viewrage, Kensington, W,
‘*Sills, Wm, Bernart, Esq. 19, Bomyfort-gardens, 8. W.
Silva, Emanuel, Esq. 8, Sheen-pitias, Darkroad, Riohmond,
‘Silva, Freeric, Esq. 97, Werthourne.terrace, Hyde-part, W.
Silver; the Rev, Prods Matas FAB ¥.05,y Fitat, Reolory, Norlon-in- Males,
Market Drayton, Salop.
a6gorSilver, Stephon Wma, Raq, G6, Cornhill, JC. 3 0d 9, Yorkngate, Regent's-
park, NW.

‘Simmons, Edw. K., Esq., Barristersat-Law. Werild-howse, Belgrave-terrace,
Brighton,

“Simmons, Licut-Geteral Sir Joka L, Ay) Rik, 6,0, 30 Cornicall-gartens,
Kensington, 8. W.
Simons, Heary M., Req. Tyersolloorescent, Wood-roail, SydenhameNill, 8B.
‘Simpson, Frank, faq. 17, Whitehatlcplace, &.W.
*Simpeon, William, Req, G4, Zinooln’n-inanfishds, Wick
*3ima, Richard Proctor, Req. ct. Malubar-hill, Bombay. Cure of Messrs.
H.S. King end Co., Cornhill, F.C.
‘Skelmersdale, Edward, Lori, Zathompark, Ormshirk, Lancashire,
Skortehly, Jouph A,, Eq. 189, Glenarm-road, Clapton-park, E,
Bkllbeck, A. Jony Haq, 202, Upper Thamerstreet, B.C.
+2700Skilbedk, Ina, Hy., Hq, The Hollies, Snaresbroot, Leytonstone, E.
Skinner, Joha E, Hy, Eq. 3, Drs Johnson'stuikdings, Temple, £.C,
Skrine, Henry D,, Eaq. Warleigh-manor, near Bath,
Slade, Heury, Bog Floct-Surgeou, a2. Army and Jury Cho, 3,¥.; und
Royal Western Yacht Club, Plymouth.
ee Care of Messrs, Grindlay anit Co, 55, Larliament-strevt,

Sladen, Rev, Edward Henry Mainwaring, he Gare, Bournemouth.
Smale, Sir John, Chief Iuatics, Hong-Kong, 20, Xensington-eqware, We.
Smedley, Joveph V., Eq., MA, Oxford and Cambridge Club, 3. W.

List of Fellows of the

‘Smetham, Johu Osborne, Kaq, King's Lynn, Norfolt.

‘2710*Seotth, Angustus Heary, Ea. The Rilye, Bitterne, Southampton,
‘Smith, B. Leigh, Esq. aa, Osrford and Cambrilge Club, Patlmalt, 5. W.
‘Smith, Bridgman, Raq. 27, Lieyd-equare, WC,

Ls eearietece tang ‘Ad, St. Jaines’ewquare, §.We Care of Messrs,
King and Co., Cora

‘Smith, David Murray, Eq. 2 Uebel Sr

Smith, Kdward, Esq. WindAam Club, 8.0.

‘Smith, P, Porter, a1.1, Shepton Mallet, Somereatshive.

‘Smith, Geo. Fereday, Keq., ¥.A., 3.7.) fo, gps Nien pet

27208mith, Jervoiso, Kaq. 47, Belgravensquare, 8. We
sana Se Rey Ea 1, Lombard-stren, H.C.4 anit Purley, Greyson,

Sat Je lier ap Beverley-terrace, Halifax,
“*Smaith, Joseph Travers, Enq. 25, Theegmorten-street, EC.
Pasas Gol eas (oii Oot 6, Somessstoent, Buckingham-yate,

‘*Sunith, R Barr, Leqe Toreenseparh, Adelaide, 8, Avatratin.

Smith, Major Kobart M., nae. Teheran,

Smith, Rupert, Keq. Zarnar"erhitt, near Duley.

*Smith, Thomas, Faq,

‘*Smith, W. Castle, Key. 1, Gloucestersterroce, Reyent'spark, NW.
27303mith, William Henry, Raq., 4%. 1, Hydecparhastrest, We

Smith, Won, Hy., Bay. Care of Messra, Atlan Bros., and Co, Femesestrect,

“Taverpool.
Smith, William Howarth Glynn, Boy, 24, Delamere-crescent, W,
‘*Smith-Bosanquet, Hornce, Eaq. 58, Queensgate, South Kensington, SW.
Smyth, Colonel Bdmund. Weluyn-grange, Herts.
‘Smyth, Warington, Iieq., FA, 92, Znvernera-terrace, W.
"Smyth, aia William. Care of Afcssrs, Chili and Coo, Temple-
tar, B.0.
Smythe, Major-General Wilkinm Ju, Rude, Petbse¥ Athoncrwan Chub, &.We
Snooke, Willlam, Esq. 20, Northampton-park, Canonvury, N.
Salbé, Laward, Esq, Palace-grove, Bromley,
2740°Solomons, Hou. George. Jamaics,
*Somers, Charles, Rurl, 49, Princésgate, 8, W.; Kaxtnor-castle, Hereford
shire ; and The Priory, Reigate, Surrey,
‘Somerset, Capt. Leveson E. H., mx. Care of Afesers. Chard, 3, Cliford'sinn,
Flectertreet, BC,
Somerville, Dr, Thomas, uia0, Haxethorn-hall, Wilmatow, Cheshire.
oe A EES Ral of, Kinnaird Castle, Breshing

SE 2 G2 PSiEESERSEEESE EE FFES PPRGFTEGE 7

Royal Geographical Sockety. xer

Southey, James Lowther, Faq. Admiralty Traaportafice, Drery-bustdings,
Linerpicl.

Southwell, Thomas Arthur Joseph, Viscount, Windle Cie, 8.51,
‘Spalding, Captain H, (104th Regiment). Dover,
Spalding, Samuel, Eye Thornleiyh, Syewhan-bill, 6,8.
Spares, J. Hyde, Esq. Consorsation Club, SW.
a758paurow, Williass, Eqq. Aliriyhtonshall, Shrewsbury,
Sproee, Jan Mudio, Kaq. rlington-toure, Whalleyorange, Manchester.
Spence, Juo, Berger, Haq.,¥,0.8,, fe. Zilington-hall, Whalleyorenge, MencRester,
Spmoor, Admiral the Hea. J. W. 8, 5, Portman.atreet, W
ais faq. i are a en sr Tene Cormac
807, Reyentartreet, W,

roreacralaen-am 10, Nae Bridgestrec, B.C,

Splcir, Jax, Esq. The Harts, Woodford, Faser.

‘Spicer, Capt, Richard W. 8, Chosham-place, Belgrave-square, 5, W,
Spickernell, Dr. Geo. K., Principal of Eastman's Ropal Naval Establishment.
Eautersparode,

*Spottlowoode, William, Boqy rts, 41, Grosvenomplace, 8.
2760%Spratt, Reaw-Admiral Thos. A. B,, CL, PAGE, Clareslotiye, Nevill-park, Twn=
bride-cellay Kent.
Spruce, Richard, Kaq., pit.on. Coneysthorpe, Malton, Torkshire.
‘Square, William, Eoq., 7.0.08. 22, Portfand-square, Plymouth,
Stanford, Edward, Esq. 55, Charing-orces, 8. W-

‘*Stauhope, Waller Spencer, Esq, Cannow-Aall, Rarasley, Forkshire,
Stanley, Hon. Lyulph. 82, Marleystrect,
Stanley, Liewt. Henry, nx. Admiralty Surcey, Melbourne,

“Stanley, Walmsley, sq, 0x. Kastemansion, West Worthing,

Stanton, Charles Holbrow, Enq. 65, Besolife-gurdenh &.W,

*Stanton, Elid. Wen,, Kag., aA. 5, Verulambuildings, Gray'sinn, WiC,

2770Stantoa, George, Exq. Coton~hitl, Srewslury ; and Conservative Club, 8, W-

Stanton, Henry, iq, 1, Hieerstreet, Myiklettonaguare, B,C,

Stark, Won, Emery, Eoq. yludsoniye, Newpark-roud, Brictonhilt,

Starling, Joerph, Ha. Bererford-todge, Dyke-road, Brighteo.

Stareley, Major~Geu, Sir Charles, x.0.n Commnslerinchie, Bombay. Cure
Of Mr. H. Swenders, 24, Tichborne-street, W.; and United Service Club,

|. HM. Female Convict Prison, Woking, Surrey,
2780Stein, Hon, Butert. Port Louis, Mawritivs, Core. of Messrs, Hod:pon, Stel,
aad Co,, 22, Bavinghallstrest, B.C,

List of Follows of the —

- Steawing, Charles, Esq, 9, Upper Hamitton-terrace, W.We

‘*Stephen, Sir George, Melbourne, Care of Mr, H. W, Ravenscroft, 15, Johm-
treet, Bedfordeow, WC.

‘Stephens, Harold, Esq. Finchley, .W.

‘*Stephens, Thomas Wall, Esq, 119, behest S

‘Stophenson, Sir R Maotonald, cx. 72, Laneastergate, W. ; and Fastcottoge,
Stepoey, A. K. Cowell, Baye 6, St. George'mplace, Knightsbridge, 8.1.

tern Geer Rad Eq. Pinos Late, Kross,

‘ aus Henry, Esq. V8.4, 4, Trafaigarssquare, WC.
Stereason, Thomas, Eaqy ¥.8.4, Leer Heath, Bucks,
Steward, Major Edward H., 1.8. Warcgfice, Whitehall, 8.¥7.

Stewart, Major , Ey t4. Bengal Stall Corpa. Cure of Sir Thow, Dyer, ¥icelty
14, Belolife-square, 8, W.

Stewart, Gilbert MeLeod, Haq. 1, Wastininsterchambers, 8.W.

‘Stewart, H., Esq. 58, Brutonestreet, Wy

‘*Stowart, Captain Hortert, nt Dragoon Guanis, Stayf-college, Rarworo’-sbation,
Thunts,

Stewart, Rav. Dr. Jamen, Lovedale, Alice, South Africa. Care of Bebort
Young, Kay., Offices of the Free Church of Scotland, Eitinburgh,
saeeeesehi 3M: os Cre Maino
‘Stewart Robert, sq. es Reavis Cand cea, Care of Standort
Bank, 10, Clerent’s-lane, Lombard-street, By
Stewart, Wath, Eaquy ads
pau Adple We. Bourton, 02. 18, Warwiohqwary, Ei po Ane
‘Stilwell, Henry, Kaq., 14D. Moarovofi, Hillington, Usbridge.
‘Stirling, Arthur P. G., Esq. 2, Mitro-courl-buildings, Temple, B,C.
Stirling, Sir Chas. K. F., Bart. ai eepamoe ere SE Glorat, wear
Glasgow y and Junice Carlton Club,
Stirling, Capt, Frederick H,, 1x, United Servioe Club, 8.7.
‘Stirling, J. Carolus, Kag. 9, South Zaton-place, 8. W.
Stitling, Sir Walter, Bart, 98, Purdman-aguarey We
28 so8tocker, John Palmer, Kxq. 03, Onford-terrace, Hydle-park, W.
‘Stokes, Vioe-Admiral John Lort, United Service Club, 8.W.; and Scotehscell,
Hiaverfordweat, Wales.
Stone, David H., Faq Alderman, 2 Bucdlervbury, BQ

Storia, Rev. Charles F. 59, Warwioh-syuare, 8.1.

Royal Geographical Society. xovil

Stow, Geo, W., Esq. Queen's Town, 8, Africa
‘Strachey, Major-General Ibehard, ar ae mam Biowey-howet, Claphaw-

common, SW. 5 and Indimoffce, 8,

ea tale wens Gosies eee 29, Gromense-epware, We

Suratoo, Rey. ND. J, The Frcarige, Watefeld.
‘Ba0Straughton, Jowph, Key. Cochermanta, Cumberfanel,

‘Streeter, Alfred, Hog. 5, Henwontroud, Rotherhithe, 8.5,

‘Stricklad, Edward, Esq, cn, Comminary-General, Cure of Sir Cinr, 2,

M Grigor, Bart., ond Con 25, Charleesireet, St, James'esyware, 5, We.

‘*Strofe, Alf, Rowland Chetham, Faq. Dvnedin, Otago, Noo Zealand,

‘Strong, Alfred, aq % Duclington-road, St, Stephen'ssqusre, Bayncater,

‘Strousherg, Dr. Bethel Henry,

Strousberg, Hy., june, Bag,

Strutt, Goorge H., Haq., PRAB. Brilye-hill, Belper.

‘Stuart, Alexander, Eoq. 8, Powieaquare, Kensington, W.

Stoart, Lieat.-Gon, Charles, 5, Granville-plnce, Portman-syuare, W.
scot Lat-Oel F.'D, Crichton, 25, Wilton-orescent, Belyrace-spware,

Sn peal Pa Oahonskane, Upper Norwood,

Stuart, Major Robert, Janina, Albania,

‘Stuart, Colonel &, William, 96, Hillestrect, W. «

‘Sturgeon, Wentworth, Eaq. The Rookinghan Clay.itords, West Wellow, fuer
ney, Hants,

‘Stuirman, Rev. Me Cs Te G4, Zidfowrdbvoud, Comberwett, 6.28,
‘Sturt, Hoary, Kaq,, jum, 119, Hollanderoad, Xenington, Wo
Styan, Arthur, Ea. 1.4.4. 26, Nor/olb-erovcent, Hyde-park, W.
Sadeley, Charles, Hankury Tracy, Lord. 5, oltonorow, W. ; and Todiingten,
nwar Brosduay, Worsester.
Salivan, Kear-Admim! Sir Bartholomew J., n.x.. 5.cm. Bournemouth,
aBqeBullivnn, Sir Edwi., Bart, 18, Grosenor-place, 8.W.
Sallivan, Captain T. W., c.thy x28.
Summerbayes, William, Baqu 3.0,
Sorridge, Rev. Henry Arthur Dillon, aa. 1, Bernersstrest, W.
Surtees, Colonel Charles Preville, Chakott-howse, Long Ditton, Surrey.
Satherland, Gea, Esq, Artoretum-syuare, Derby.
Sutherland, George Granville William, Dake of, v.n.e, Staiford-how, St.
Fomer'sepatace, & We
Sutherland, Rotert, Haq. yhamarine, Surrey.
Sutherland, Thomas, Boy. 98, Zaurlowsyuare, 3.
‘Button, John Manners, Keq. Atlham-hall, Newart, Notts,
WTI | aéscButton, W. P, Bay, 11.0. r4,, bo.
Burd ‘Saruki, Kinzo (See. of Japanese Leg.). 9, ensington-pardgantens, W.
aid ‘Swain, Edward, Esq. Three Counties Asylum, Stotfold, Daltook,
Swaine, Cpt, Leopold Vietor, 14, Queen'sgate, &.W.
‘FOR. XLVI, g

SE8 ESEEEESE F299 F925 ELFLPESE FSSFe eal

5859592 i23ff

Lied of Follows of the

‘Swanp, Rev. P. Fy a4. Broudshy, Enaingwolt, Fortshine,

‘Swanay, Andrew, Eeq. Sevenoaks, Kent,

Swart, Hoa. N. J.B. Pretoria, & African Repuiios core of J.J. Pratt,
U4, Coleman-strect, H.C, .

‘Symous, Lieut. J. £, mx, 6, Lonedownesterrace, Cheltenham,
“Synge, Colonel Millington H., nm. United Sereice Chub, Pall-wall, 5, W.
‘Salamper, Jas. Weeks, E1q., cm., v.08. Aberystwyth,

Talbot de Malahide, Jamen Talbot, Lord, #8, Malahite Cavtle, Co, Dublin.
‘Taylor, Commander A, Dundas, 12%, (Director of Marine Surveys), Caloutts,
Care of Messrs. Hf, 8. King and Co,, 65, Cornhill, 2.0,
aBzoTaylor, C. Avy Esq. Boghtonsplace, Matiitone,
‘Taylor; Charles, Eaq. Churohahouseschooi, Ealing, W.
‘Taylor, Hens. Cloment, Kay. Summerteare, Kast Morptrer, near Bristol
‘Taylor, George N., Eaq. 31, Cormialiegardens, Queen s-gate, 8 We
Teenie Reform Chub, 3.W.5 ond 23, Phillimore-gardent,

ie cae Pizesfield, Lower Streatham, Surrey.
‘Taylor, Rev. Jas, Hudson, 6, Pyrdundorvad, Newington-groen W,
‘Tiylor, John, Esq. ‘The Rooks, Bath ; and Booth-halt, Blaokley, Lancashire,
‘Taylor, John, Eng. 110, Fenchurch-strect, 2.0,
‘Taylor, John Fenton, Kisq. 20, Newstreet, Springegardeas, 8. Ws
2BG0*Taylor, John George, Eaq. 11.0.3. Consul in Kurdistan, Diarbekir. Cure of
Messrs. O'Brien and Co., 43, Parliamentestreet, 8.
‘*Taylor, John Stopford, Req, 4.0, 1, Springfield, St, Anne-street, Liverpool.
Taylor, MajoGen. K. C,H, cr. 16, Eaton-place, 8,Wes ane Carlton Club,
We

‘Taylor, Wen, Richard, Eaq.y Deputy-Commnisary. Fort George, Znverness-shire.
‘Tedlio, Lieut.-Colonel William. 3, The Groce, Boltons, South Kensington, S. W-
‘Teele, Chas,, xq. 12, Granrille-park, Blackheath,

‘Telfer, Commr, Buchas, Rx, 14, Sumner-place, Onslow-syuaré, SW.
‘Temple, Lieut, Gu, Bit, The Nash, near Worcester,

Royal Geographical Society. xeix

‘Tonple, Sir Richard, x.cat,
‘Teempleton, Joba, Esq. 24, Budye-row, #.C,

ByoTeanant, Professor James. 149, Strand, W.C,

‘Terushima, Musenort ice peeemeienaae Eavoy Extmondioary and Minister).
Kewington-park-gardens, W,

Thomas, Chae, Evan, Esq. 98, Queensgate, $1,

‘Thomas, G., Bag.

‘Thorns, Jaren Lewis, Kaq., Waroffca, Horse Guanla. 6, Glonceeterstrevt,
Warwich-mpare, SW. and Thatehed: Howse Ciuh, St. Famer’e-etreet, SW

‘Thomas, John Henwood, Beq. Last Jndia Dept. Customehouse, H.C.

‘Thomary J. Ru Ean, Staff Asset, Sung, Cartle-Kill, Fishguard, Pombrokeshive.

agooThormar, R, Gerard de V., Ess aa. Zyhornedouse, Maidstone; and

Universities Club, Seemyn-street, &.W.

Thomas, Wesley Hy., Ea. he Fews Watthamatow, Essex.

‘Thompson, John Gen, Kay, M.A. St. Mary's College, Peckham, 8.F.

‘Thompson, Bajor 1. Bengal Stall Corps. Care of Masurs. Grindlay and Con,
53, Partiament-atreet, 8.7.

*Thompacn, Henry Yatos, Haq, 92, Enniemore-gordens, S.¥,
Thompoon, Liut, Ricband, Rx. 22, St, Mary's, Bedford,
‘Thovapion, Thomas, Enq. Durban, Natal, South Africa,
‘Thorson, James, Kage Dunstubie-howse, Bivhmond,
Thomon, James Duncan, Haq, Portuguese Consul. St. Peter’sehambers,
Cornhill, 0.
‘Thomson, John, Haq. 12, Bigingartens, Riffraroad, Brixton, 8.W.
29to*Thounsen, J, Tumboll, Bag. Chief Surveyor. Wellington, Wew Zratasd,
“Thomson, Ronald Ferguson, Raq. Gare of Messrs, O'Brien anid Con, 43, Pare
Wament-strect,

*Thomson, Thomas, Exq.. Mt, False 0, Dower-torrace, Maidatones

‘Thomson, W. T,, Raq.

‘*Thome, Augustus, Exq, Belyravemansions, Grosvenoreyardens, 5.W.
‘Thornhill, Capt, Jas. Alfrol. Brodhournewvillas, Lushey-Ait!, Camberscelt

Thorton, Edward, Esq., 0. Zurrow,

eed Rey, Thomas Cooke, sd Mita. Brockriall, near Weedon,

forthamplonshire.
Thorold, Kev. A.W. 31, Gordon-square, W.C,
ae ‘Thowold, Alesmnder We T Grant, Bag. 3, Groseenar-gardensy &. We
}} agroTthorye, Geo, aq. 20, Fautohenp, F.C.
‘Thorpe, Win. Gton Ext, 70.9, Glouccrler-house, Lardall-rias, SW. ¢ and
Barton'showe, Loplepen, Newton Abbot, Devon.
‘Thing, Sie Heory, x,0.0, 18, Queen Anne'egate, .W,
‘Thuillier, Colouel H. L., ct, Surreyor-Geueral of India, vun.s. Colostta.
Gare of Messrs. Grindlay and Co., 58, Parliamentestrect.
g2?

iia itll

‘Thaler, Capt. Hy. Rey Rar Menara, King and Co., Pall-matt,
‘*Thurbum, C, A Raq. 16, Kenningten-park-gardens, Notting-hill, We
‘Thurlow, The Right Hon, Lord, DunpAail, Forres, N.B.
‘Thwaiter, Capt. Joseph. 5, Washington-terroce, Southampton,
Tighe, Col. Fred. The Priory, Cheistohurcn, Hants ; and Travellers? Club, 8. We
Tilley, Henry Arthur, Bae,

eee T Chsdajioal RiapeegeeS

‘Torrens, Sir Robert Rigen, © KC. 12, Chestorplace, W.; and The Coty
Tolm, near Ashburton, South Devon,

‘Townshend, Capt, F, Wrench (264 Lifo Guards). Arthur's Club, St. Somes
street, 8. W.

Townshend, Commander John, 1.x. 12, Macautaysroad, Ctapham, 8.1.

*Towry, George Edward, Raq.

‘Towser, John Wrench, Esq. Fishmongers'-hail, Lonton-tridge, B.C.

‘Towson, J. Thomas, Exq. 47, Upper Parliament-rtreet, Liverpoo.

‘2950*Toyntee, Capt. Henry. 12, Upper Westbourne-terroce, W

“Torr, Rev. H. Vi, MA. Exeter Collage, Ozford,

‘Tracy, The Hon. C.H. 68, Becleston-square, SW,

"Travers, Arch, Fiq. 28a, Addilion-road, Kenslagton, W,

Travers, Lioat.Gen, James, Vic. Carsof Messrs, King and Co.,63, Cornhill, I.

‘Trowenheere, Lieats-Geroral C. Way Cty tt 1, Porchesteraquory, Bayswater.

‘Tromlett, Rov. Francia W.,¥.A.,1.C.1n, PID, Belsizenpark, Hampstead, NW.

“Trench, Major the Hon, Le Poer, nm 33, Hyde-park-gardens, Wes and
Grdnance Burveyroffioe, Bimtico, 8. We

Trosteail, Rev. Frederick, St, Joln'svoad, Newport, Late of Wight.

‘Treueofeld, Richard vou Ps, Esq. 12, Queen Annd’sgate, Westminster, S. W:

agboTrevelyan, Sir Charles Kdward, Bart. «0.0, 8, Groavenor-cresent, 5. W.
‘Trevelyan, Shr Walter Calverly, Barts M.A, F.Ay Pala, FRAN Any &C, Athen
aru Club, 8. W7.; Wallington, Northumberland ; and Nettlecombe, Somerset.

ES355

S288 F FERFERRLPEE PFEEESEES

Royall Geographical Society. Ci

‘Trimmer, Edmund, Esq. 41, Dotolph-tune, B.C,
‘Trinder, Hy. Wm., Ksq. Queen Anne'emansions, 8. W.
‘Tritton, Joseph Herbert, Eq. 54, Lombard-atroct, B.C.
‘Trivett, Coptain John Fredk,, xk. The Homestead, Hackney-common, NE.
“Trotter, Coutts, Esq. Athenaum Club, Patl-mall, &W.
Trotter, Capt. Henry, RH, Cure of Mevare, Richardion, 23, Cormhill, B.C.
‘Trotier, Captain J. Moubray, Naval and Military Club, Piooadilly, W.
‘*Trotter, William, Haq. 11, Heriford-atrest, Mayfair, W:
2970 rutch, J.W,, Haq, (Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works), British Columbia,
‘Tryon, Captain George, 2% 0, Ary and Nacy Chub, 5, We
‘Tackett, Francis Fox, Esq. Frenchay, near Bristol,
‘Tockett, Philip D,, Esq. Southevod-taen, Highgate, ¥.
Tudor, Edwant Owen, Eaq., ¥.2A, 1, Portugabstreet, Grosoenor-square, We
Tudor, Henry, Em. 12, Portland-place, Wi
Tufhell, Win, Kay, 6, Faton-suare, S.W.; and Hatjteliaplace, Hatjtetd-
Peveral,
Turnbull, George, Eaq,,0.n., ¥.1t.At, Rovehitt, Abbots Langley, Herts,
‘Tarver, Hon, George.
Turner, Hf. G., Eaq. Madras Civil Service, 14, St, Jamed'roquare, 8. We
29HoTumer, LieatFneral Hoary Blois, Bomb, Rng, 131, Harleyatreet, WY,
Tamer, Jos, Edward, Faq. 30, King-street, Cheupside, F.C,
Tarwer, Thomas, Esq, 98, Harley-street, W.
‘Tweedie, Captain Michael, ta. 92, Vietoria-rvad, Charlton,
*Twontyman, A.C, Bay, Casthsereft, near Wolverhampton.
Twentyrmas, William H,, Hq. acensworth, St. John'ewoodspark, 1. W.
Twise, Sie Travers, 0,0, nus. 3, Paper-tuildings, Tomple, F.C,
‘Twite, Charles, Esq. 5, Fiolorianstreet, S.W.¢ anc Castlerhowe, St. Agnes,
Scorrier, Cormeall,
Twyford, Captain A, W., Slat Husmts. Governor, County Privon, Bury
Bt, Edmunds, Sufolh.
‘Tyer, Edward, Req, Om, PAS. 15, Olt Jeery-chambers, B.C.
aggo"Tyler, George, Eay. 24, Holloway-place, Moliowayroud, X,
Tyler, W, James, Req, 15, Bromley-common, Kes,
‘TyUer, Colonel W. Fraser, Aldsurie, Inverness,

Uilyett, Honry, Ey. Dover-rowd, Folkestone,

Wnderdown, H M. Eaq., 3, King’s-Bench-walk, Temple, B.C.

Underhill, Edwant Bean, Esy,, to, Derwent-lodye, Thurlow-road, Hamp
stead, N.W.

‘Vawi, Howard, Eaq., cx. Oxford-court, 1004, Cunnon-street, 2.C.

Washer, Jobn, Hy. Arthur's Olut, St, Jamersstrect, 8.W.

See Dae One Fen BE
Bol ate peeps ‘Drelowarren, Coral

BG F328 S85 2 55]f.

GES 28 85 2

SEESEPSESEHSE

Royal Geographical Society. ci

*Wagatall, William Racater, Barvoy at.Dyy 3a.
sojoWainwright, Char Jax, Ex), Meriouhouse, 162, Aiyhiurymeepark ; ond
O51, High Holton, W.0.
Waite, Chars, Haq, U1.0., Principal of St. Johu's College. Weiyhioneroad,
South Pangespark, SE
“Waite, Rer, Jon,
Wakley, Thos, Pimbury Septimns, Eay., coR, Chllegesterrace, Guernsey,
Walburo, Bdmund, Raq. a4 Principal of Grosrenor Collegy, 960, Birtxtome
rout, 8&7
Wale, Rey. Burlington B, 10, Southbroot-road, Burnt Aubslune, Lee, 8,2.
Walford, Lionel X., Faq. 66, Lowndes-square, 8.
Walker, Hon, Geo, Anthony, British Columbia, Carvef GM. Sproat, Bot,
4, Limenstrectsspuare, B.C.
Walker, Aitert, Kaq. Avokland Gish, New Zealand. Care of LC. Walker, Evy
8, artley-rillar, Lansdoveneroad, Croydon.
Walker, Capt, Arthur Campbell (Royal Body Guard). Army and Novy Ci,
Poltematt,

3040Walker, Major-General C, P, Beauchamp, ¢.% 2, Craniey-ploce, Ondow-
square, 8.W. 5 and United Service Clud, 8.1.

Walker, Capt. Caraphall, Madous Stall Corps. The Laven, Exher.
Walker, Edwant Heury, Esgy HM. Consul ut Cagllast, Cure of Mensa,
Drummond,

‘*Walker, Frederick John, Eeq, The Priory, Bathwink, Bath,

* Walker, Colonel James T., ¥.8% Royal Engineers. Supt. Gt. Trig. Survey of
Indin. Delva Doon, India. Care of Mestre, H. 5, King and Co,, 65,
Cornhitt, 2.0.

Walker, John, Zoq. 15, Loughborough-roat, North Bricton,

‘Walker, Joba, Req.

*Walker, Captain John, H.M,"s 66th Foot, Broomhill, Colchester,

*Walker, Capt. J. 1, Bast Bank, Oston, Birkenhead ; and Old Calabar, near
Bonny, Weet Africa,

Walker, B. B. N,, Esq. Care of fr. Blinett, 38, South Cnstlestreet, Ziverpool,
sogoWalker, Robert, Eaq. 15, Clement'sinn, W.0,
Walker, T. F.W., Esq. 6, Brockestreet, Bath; ond Athencmim Club, 8, W.
Walker, W. Fretk., Eq, Moore-park-iilas, Watham-preen, 8, We
Walker, Rov. William. Grammar-school, Hanley-castie, Upton-on-Severn.
Walker, William, Esq, v8.4. 48, Hilldroproad, Tufaetl-park, 1,
Walkinshaw, William, Esq. Martley-grange, Winchfeld, Hants,

* Wallace, Alfred Russell, Eq, Zosehild, Dorking.

Wallace, Rey. Charles Hill, ma. 3, Harfey-ploce, Clifton, Bristel,

Waller, Edsuund, Haq Loerstrect, Watihamatow,

Waller, Rev, Horace, Zhe Rectory, Teyeoll-by-Thrapaton, Northamptonshire,

yohoWallleh, George C.,.Eaq..atv. Terraveshouse, St. Oearge'sterrace, Herne-toy.

‘*Wallroth, Chas, Henry, Esq. Woodelyffe, Chiidohurst.

Walton, J. Wa, Eaq. 41, Great Morltorough-street, We
‘Walton, R. @., Faq, 0.x. Bombay,
3070°Wanl, Christopher, Haq. Saville-place, Halfas, ‘

Want, Elwin, Kaq.,¥.2.5 49, Wigmorestreat, We

Want, George, Bag.

Ward, Jno., Esq. 2, Chlorinesplace, Belfast. Cure of J. A. Row, Fog.
Ll, Sadlsbury-ttreet, Strand, W.C.

Ward, Captain the Hon, Wm, John, nix, HM, ‘ Sees

zo8oWamer, J.D. Eq. Quornshall, Loughborough s ‘od Cosereatica Chi,
Worrand Gola W, By 2.8, Aldershot,
Warre, Arthur B., Hig, 109, Onslow-aquare, 8. W.

‘Warren, Major Richard Pelham, Worting-house, Bavingstohes
“Waterfield, 0, C., Raq. Temple-growe, Bast Sheen,
Waterhouse, George Marten, Esq. Care of Messrs,

EC,

Royal Geographicul Society. cv

Watson, Sir Jsunes, Lord Provost of Glasgow, 9, Wacdiileterrace, Glasgoi,
‘Wotson, James, Haq, Barrister-at-Law. Langley-house, Langley, Bucks,
Watson, Jno, Gibson, 4. 20, Clanricarde-gurdens, Hyde-part, W.

3to0Wateomy Jobn Harrison, Eq, 28, Queensborvugh-terrace, Kensinglon-gardens, We
‘Watson, Lieut, Jooaph, m.x.n, 2, Bancroft-rond, Milenendroad,

Watson, Hobert, Enq. Flaleott-houte, Northebith, Hiyhyate, 2.

Wation, Robert Spence, Esq. Moss Craft, Gatesheadaome Tyne.

Watoon, ‘Thos, Keys Portuguese Viee-Consul, Cape Town, Cure of Je 2
Thomson amd Co., 6, Peter'-chambers, B,C.

Waton, Win, Bryce, aq. 5, Lime-strett-square, E,0, ; andl 29, Dube-street,
St, Jamed's, 8 We

‘Watson, Wm. Livingstone, Key, 54, Leadonhatiastreet, E.C. ; and Oriental Club,

Watt, Robert, Key, 0.1m. Ashieyravenue, Lelfast,

Watts, H. Cool, Kaq. Careof Mestes. Thooker and Co.,87, Negatestreet, H.C.

Watts, John, Bay. Nortonscourt, near Gloucester,

Eien Mapes iere jet Rognees 153 aera

resident Athenarum

Waugh, Fras, Gladstanen Ea, 3.4, Orford aud Combridge Club, Paltmali,
aw.

Waveney, Lord, v.its., &c. 17, Audiey-square, W. ; and Fixtonehatl, Murleston.

Wayte, Rev. Win, aa, 2, Cambridge-terrace, Rezent’e-park, XW.

‘Webb, Edward 1., Haq, Carty Se. 6A, Vidloriasstreet, Wextminster, 8.W.

Webb, Goo, Pry Raq. Junior Athenaum Club, Picontilly, We

Webb, J. Cy Kip, M.. 14, Lower Helgrarenstroet, SW.

Webb, Lawock, Bin Qc. 1, Hanover-terrace, Notting-hill, We

‘*Webb, Capt. Sydney. Riversdale, Tuschenham.

“alt William Frederick, Eaq, Newstead Abbey, Notts ; and Army and Novy

Pergo Major-General Jumnon, Care of Mrs. H, P, Murray, Blake
ney-road, Bookenham, Kent.
Webster, Alphonsus, Esq. 44, Mecklondurph-square, W.C.
Webster, George, Eig. 40, Finohury-cirous, B.C,
‘Webster, James Home, Esq. “Aesthalodtye, Upper Norwood.
Weld, George, Eaq. it, Queen‘egardens, Hyde-park, 8.W.
‘Weedon, Joseph, Rasy. Darwhalt Grammar-schoot, Winaford, Cheshire.
Wegueliv, Thouwas Maithias, Boy mar. Peninrular and Orientat Steam Naei
gation Com Leadenhallortrect, B.C.
Weere, Sno,, Raq. 103, St, Georye'srvad, Pimlico, 8. W.
‘Wein, Foreaus, Eq. 93, Chester-terrace, Reyent' spar, XY.W,
Weller, Edward, Esq. 34, ded-lion-equare, W.C.
joWeillogs, Heary, Esq. 44, ThistBe-groee, South Kensington, &.W.
‘* Wellington, Arthur Richard, Duke of, Major-General, 0,0.L, Apaley-Aowse,
W. 4 and Strathfeldsaye, Hampshire,

Royal Geographical Society. evi,

ait

ESERSEE SESS525252 § § F

‘Whitehead, Chas, Esq. 7s, Barming-house, Matstone,
3170Whiteheut, Colonel F. George. 84, Portiand-place, We
Whitchouse, William Matthew Milla, Eaq. 46, Chopatomglace, Bayseater, Wj
and Harsviche-house, Studley, Warwisbonine,
Whitford, John, Kaj. Care of Afessre, Sinctein, Mamstion. ad Cs,, 17, St.
Helen's place, BC, ; ond Aifred-strert, Liverpool.
Whittnee, Hiv. 8. J, Samoa, South Pace, Cure of Hew. J, Mullens, Landen.
Mission Howse, Bloompeldnstreet, LC.
Whymper, Kilwand, Beye Townehowas, Haslemere
Whrte, Jas, Haq.
Whyte, M, 1, qu
‘Whyte, W. Anthony, Fisy. Consercatice Club, iS. W.
Whytt, Ebeneser, Ea. Zhe Grove, Hayhgatey Me
Whytt, P. Faleooer, aq. The Grone, Meghgate, X.
510° Wiggins, Jomply Ling. (sam, in Narigy cal» 4 The Zlmiy Sunderland,
Wilder, Frederick, fing, Prrley.tatl, Reading,
‘Wilkstony 3. Bry Bags 4, Poper-builidings, Inner Temple, BCs
Wilkinson, Alfred, Raq; 14, Eleaston-place, South Kensington, SW,
‘*Witkinson, Major A. Eastfield, na, Qui Commission, Enda ; 7, Cavendish
place, Deighton ; and Army and Nuey Club, 8.1.
Willdneon, Frederick Buy Beqoy a0 Sydenham, Kent, 8.2
‘Wilkinson, Dr. G. 4, 8. Jolw'ewood-rillas, Ste Jokn'ewood, IY. We
Wilkineon, Capt. J, Fenwick. Gere of Gor Tue, Key Ilohestery Somerset,
Wilkioron, J. J.. oq. 3, Pictortnstreet, Westoninster, £1
Willinsom, Joneph, Eaq. CPown Clerk). Fark,
3190*Willacs, John Anderson, iq. 6, Vincentusgusee, Westminster, 1.
Willeock, J. Wo, Keg, Qc, 6, Stone-buildinge, Lireoln'e-inn, W.0, 3 andl
Rosenstead, deenue-roady St, John's-woed, X. W.
Willetns, Edouard Heari Léonard, Eaq. 1, Haverstocaterrnce,
Willian Clament, Esq, Chrsof Meters. JZ, 5, Hinyand Co, 05, Cornhill, EC,
Williams, Conynghaon O.; Esq. Cure of Wo, Hall, Bp Little Hoke-tous’,
Kenley, 2.3, Ory Surrey 3 vind Store's Heights, Dhornton, Beadforss, Yorkshire,
‘Williams, Frederick G. A.y Haq. Chapebstairs, Lincotn'stnn, WiC.
*Williams, F M,, Bag. Gronvres, Pema, Anworthal, Covnwolle
Williams, Henry Jones, rh eee Parklane, W.; and 82,
King William-street,
Williams, Heary R, Esq. as Canden-road, N.W.
Williams, John, Esq. 44, Pidsadilly, WW,
3200Williawis, Jolin, Esq, 27, Pulmeraton-road, Northampton,
Williams, Joha Kobdert, Keq. Junior Carlton Ct ; and The Cedars-coltays,
AMitcham-comman, Surrey.
*Wiliiais, Michael, Esq. Tregullow, Scorrser, Cornett,
“William, Montague, Eq. Woolland, Blandford, Dorset,

List of Fellows of the

‘Williains, Rey. Watklu Hertert. Viour of Bodehegddan, nr. &t, Asaph, ¥, Waler,

‘Williams, Major-Geneesl Sir Wen. F,y Barty 0.0, D.0te Army and Navy
Chu, 8.W

“*Willis, Major-General G. H.S., 6.0, United Sereioe Chub, Pallemail, 8.W,
‘Wills, Peter Turner, 2, Little Lore-lane, Wood-atreet, 0,

‘Wilson, Bawa. D. J, Bey, Midy Se, 20, Wiltehirenoad, Brixton, SW,

*Wilson, Dr. John Scnith. Jane-fleld-ptace, Gourook, Kenfrewahire,

‘Wilson, Robert B, W., Key, 3, Beaufortagardens, 8, W.

‘*Wilson, Robert Doble, Ej. 19, Green-strest, Groseenor-square, We

Wilken, Samual King, Hoy. 3, Portland-terrace, Regent’spark, W.-W.
3220Wilwon, Rev, T, Given, 8.4,

Wilton, Admin Thomas, 1, Prince’stuildinge, Clifton, Brixtol,

‘Wilson, William Thomas, Haq, Deute, near Cologne,

epee emits 7.08, F.L8. 25, Gronoidlepark, Lewisher,

*Wineh, W. Richard, kay. North Mymmsepark, Hatfld.
Winchester, Cy Ary Raq. Oréontol Club, We

‘Wiochester, The Most Hon, the Marquis of, 11, Alby, W.; and Amport St,
Mary's, Andover,

‘Windram, James, Eaq. 80, King Williamestreet, BC.
‘Wingate, T. F. Faq. 18, Aibion-strect, Hyde-park-oquare, We

Winser, Thomas Boorman, Raq. Shooter’ shitl-road, Blackheath, Ss

53joWindow, Eugewe Henry, Raq. War-ofice, Pall-malt, 8, W,

‘Wheeman, Captain Sir Win, Bart, Care of Messrs, Case andt Toudensich, 1,
Jamesstieet, Adelphi,

Wolehousey Tl, Ey Kay. Wome, Worcester.

Wodehouse, J. Way Kaquy H.M.'s Commissioner and Consnl-Genernl for the
Sandwich Ialands, Care of Mesers. O'Brien ond Co,, 48, Parliament, 5. W-
Wedaious Hie Geely Oe Pet, 1.08, Gareren ef Boatey. ae
Andiaroffcs, 8.

Wolff, Pgeeae Deonseed, BCMOy MP, 8, Allertterrace, 8, We ; and
Atheneum Chub, W

Wonnacott, Juo., Eaq., 7.0.8, deo, Wadham-houre, Liskeard

a a.

1879| Wood, Captain Alexander (Borabay Stn Corpe), Heatleiodye, Abbeyancod,
Kent; and U4, St. Famer’ssquare, 8. We

1873} Wool, Chas, Malcolm, Enq, Heathelaiye, Abley Woot, Kent; and Junior
Athenanwn Cut, W.

1873| Won Gilbert, Biq. Percy-rila, Warrsa-road, Besley-houth, Kent.

1869 | 3240Wood, Henry, they. 10, Clereliandanquare, Hyde-park, W

Wool, Major Herbert, wx, Fellow Eraperial Russian Gengrphical, Society, Cor
responding Member Société de Geographic, Geneva, Cure of Mesars, Grindley
and Co., 35, Farléament-atrect, 8. W.

Wool, Jud. D.y Haq. 82, Ladbrote-grove, Notting-Adl, W.

*Wood, Richard Henry, Ep, 784. Pearios-touto, Rugby.

Woul, Walter, Raq. 8, Clarvnce-roa, Finsbury-park, ,

*Weodd, Robert Ballard, Kaq, Wondlands, Hampstent.

Woothead, Major H. J. Plumridge. 44, Qharing-cross, 8, We

Woodifield, Mathew, Baq., ¥.1.6.8 General Ooloniat Manager, Cape Copper
Mining Co., Namaqualand, Cape of Good Hope, 43, Ladbrohe-grove-rood,
Wotting-hill, We

*Woodrotte, Join W. Allen, Eq. 90, Cormeallyardens, Queen's-gate, &.W.

Woods, Henry, Raq. Warnford-park, Bishop's Waltham,

3250Woods, Rab. Carr, Raq. Care of Mesars, King and Co., Crnhill, B.C

‘Weeds, Samuel, Eaq. Micleham, near Dorking, Surrey.

Wools, Rev, W. J, Ra. Leamington.

Woolcott, George, Enq. 78, Palacegardens-terrace, Kensington, W.

‘Worms, Baron George de, 17, Park-crescent, Portland-place, W.

Worthington, Rev, James, 0.0, 27, John-street, Bedford-row, W.C.

Worthington, J. Hall, Eaq. Alton-hill, Orton, near Birkewhead.

“Worthington, Bichard, Esq. 7, Champion-park, Denmarkoiilt, 8,2,

Wotton, William G., Keq., 42D. 13, Clement'ssina, W.C.

Wrage, Clement Ly Bey, Core of G. P. Wragye, Baty Peivry-gtoce, Edye
aston, Birmingham : and Taylor's Nautical Academy, 104, Afinories, 2.

3260"Wrny, Geo, Hag,, 7.28, 38, Cherter-terrace, Regent’s-park, NW,
“Wyld, James, Esq, Charingecross, Wal.
Wylde, W. H., Hay. Fovejyn-office, 8. W..
Wyune, Key. Wiward, ata. Parkgate-riowrage, Rotherhirm,
*Wyoo, Alfred IB, Bey. 2, Langhamchambere, Portland-pluce, We
‘Wyon, Atlan, kay. 2, Langham-chambers, Portland-place, We

Yerlley, Sir Willlam, Hadlow-pork, Tunbridge, Kent.

Tatas, H. Geo., my. Highwood, Hamprteadslone, Highgate,

Feats, Joh Kany uL.D, 7, Beanfort-mpuare, Chepstow, Monmouth,

‘York, Most fey, Williat Thorson, Archbishop of, ¥.LA."Y Sishoputhorpe, York,

List of Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society.

1859 | 327cYorke, Lieut.-General Sir Charles, K.0.B, 19, Southst,, Grosvenor-square, W.

1877
1875
1857
1838
1874
1880
1858
1876

Yorke, Henry Francis Redhead, Eay. 108, Eaton-amare, 5. W.
*Youle, Frederick, Eoq. 4, Montagustreet, Russell-square, W.C.
*Young, Sir Allen, Kat. 1, St. Jamed's-street, 8.7.

*Young, Charles Baring, Esq. 12, Hyde-park-terrace, W.
*Young, Charles Edward Baring, Esq. 12, Hyde-park-terrace, W.
*Young, James, Esq.

Young, James, Esq. Kelly, Wemyss Bay, by Greenock.

*Young, Jess, Bas, Stibbington-house, Wansford,

1857 | 3279Yule, Colonel Henry, c.5., Bengal Engineers, 115, Glowcester-road, South
Kensington,

( oxi)
LIST OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, &c.,

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cy
—_—— . Royal Sccioty of Saloncos
—: of North=
era Antiquaries
Dagusrave . . Geographienl Society
Duow seis des Solences,
‘Arta ot Bellos-Lettres
Dansoax - . Studien Socety
Puasxrour . . Geogrophical Society

exii Institutions presented with * Journal’ and * Proceedings.’

Pans... . Socléléd'Bncourage-
fs ‘ment pour Findustele

0
| Echnographle

AFRICA,

Carmo. . . . - Soeléié Khéidivinte de Géographie
Care Town’, . The Public Library

AMERICA,
Aumar .... New York State Li-| Brazin .... Historical’ and Gi
‘American Soctety of Arts | Catsroxsta

‘00
Mossachusotts State Li-| Cure... .
Mextoo -

Sototy (Of Kat, His-| New Haven. . Yale Liseery
tory *——_- - Silliman’s Journal

Institutions presented with ‘Journal’ and ‘ Proceedings.’ cxiii

AMERICA—continued.

New Youn .. Geographical Sook
en Tome « Geegoyur’ inatats)

Puitapenema, Academy of Nataral

Solences
_——, American Philosophical
Society
Franklin Institute
2 Library of the Parlia-
‘ment of Canada
+» Peabody Academy of
Sotences
. « The * American Naturalist’

Quasec ...

Sauem

Survey of the ‘Terri-

San Feancisco, Mercantile Lib. Assocla- torles

a ton Woncaersn . . Antiquarian Society

AUSTRALASIA.

as ++ Library of the Tegisle- | Taswanza » ral Society

ae tare vestale | Tasmania « «« Pubtle Library
Hrececeane : Muth Australian Institute | *Vsorossa . « - Royal

2 Pablio Lil

vere | Mining Department New Zrataxp . Library of the House of

Srower. .. . University Library ‘Representatives

VOL. XLVI.

( exiv )

NAMES OF INDIVIDUALS.
. 70 wHox =

| HAVE BEEN AWARDED,

lard anger Malte “discovery of the
ver Nigor or Mats cutlets Gat

833,—1 ur dobn B Medal—for the discovery of the land
; et Et ce da the Ant-
sot expan i Or ce Ea ee en

etn rr eis

George the disco
PC SenE pent T a aaa a to the ses on the

Arctic Coast of
1887, bert —Royal Medal—for
i ry Pte Pacman ihe oedl eaz ee

1833—Colonel C] 1 Bede Seen ere Medal—for the generat conduct of
the “Euphrates ition” and for accessions to the
geography of Syria, ia, and the Dats of Boston

1399, omas Simpson—Founder’s Medal—for the discover,
ae tracing, in 1887 aiid 1898, of about 900 miles of the Arctic
shores of Aunerica.

Dr. Edward Ri |—Patron's Medal—for his travels and
researches in Nubia, Itordofin, Arabi, and Abyssinia,
1810-~Ool. H. O; Rawlinson, 21.0—Founders Molal—for his travels
and researches in Susiana and Persian Kurdistén, and for the light:
thrown by him on the comparative geoura) at vestors Asin,
Pie ee peor Scare Yio SA aut Coe
researches during the years in the colony o
sot te aca uvte of Bouth America
—) , Rx,—Vounder's Medal—for the publication of his
BSN Hin and Nantical Axtronomy.)
Lieut John food, 1.¥.—Patron’s Medal—for his survey of the
Tad, and miboey of the sores of the River Oxns.
1342—Captain Sir James Clark Ross, 1.¥.—Iounder's Medal—for
Ins Clscuvoris lathe Antarotio Coosa,
Rey. Dr. E. Robinson, of New York—Pstron's Medal—for his
work entitled * Biblical Researches in Palestine,”
1648—Mr. Edward John Byre—Founder’s Medal—for his explora~

‘tions in Australia,
. J, F. A, z.x—Tatcon's Maal—-fr his survey
im Palcstine, and levels across the enuntry to the Dead Sea,

A541

Avcard of the Royal Premiums. , exe
184—Mr, rong ied J. Hamilton—Founder's Aimer his researches in.

Prof, Adoiph Erman—Patron’s Medal—for his extonsi
‘gmphical iabours, ae
HED, els roniierk ‘Medal —for his extensive oxplorationa in

¢ Medal—for his
Mi, Ghateg Riter—Puir important geogra-
1846,—Count P. I Rete Rare belt er gr, eT
eee em

ee aera
A. Th, Middendorff—Patron's aloe BB Dis extensive
PSone teseerte te Nera st
1elT-—Gapt. Charles Sturt—Founders Medee hs Gives oak
Dr Ludwig Lelohhardes Patras Medal“ « journey per
forme from Bay to Fort Baxington, ad
1818 —Bip James Brooke, Hoja of Sandra nod Governor of Lbs —

Founder's Medal—for
Wayne of Diver. “Beige uo i Ue ‘Bunenle
crop saey

(iain gat Fades Med —fr bi
en Tart, Pe phy, rocartea i Meco nd id

of
‘Cashmere ond sus countri communicated 7 work
entitled ‘Kashmir und das tich dor ek,”
1800-—Col, John. Ch, Prémont—P trou's Medal—for his ‘ucceastil

i, of
for his auceossful apenaiee of South.
"1851— Dr. Gronar Watta, of Fialand—25 Gainess—for his Travels in Arabio,
Mr, THomas Broxxen—25 (uineas—for bis erplorations to the Middle
Island of New Zeniand.
1862-—Dr, John Rae—Founder’s Medal—for his survey of Boothia and
of the Gnas of Wollaston and Vielorin Ta Rg
Strachey—] Medal—for his ys
«ype se tn
1853—Mr, Francis Galton—Foander’s Medal—for his explorations in
Odmmander i A. n-—Patro's Medal —for bi
5 ratron’s is
‘Burvuy of the Coasts Sc Bole Bon baat th and Lancaster Sount
Smyth—Founder's eee

‘Rear-Admiral

for his valuable \tOrTADewN.

Captain Robert J. ‘M'Glure, R,¥—Patron's Modal—for hix
dincovory of the sas Passage.

4855 —The Rev. David Livingstone, ».»., &—Patron’s Medal—

~ Wr his Scenic "taylan in Cextral Africa,
Cuantes J, AXDEMEOX—a Set of Surveying Instruments—for hie

*rravels in Souths Western Africa

ie beloatite ‘to the Miesiou in Contra
Mr, Founder's Medal—for hie explora
wm oe gen
sent Sohal Reiter Gras eee ont

ass Captain, Biches: Gollinaay ‘w¥.—Founder’s Medal—for his.

1853—Prof, Alexander Dallas Bache, Superintendent U. 8. Const
Survey—Patron's Medal—for his extensive Surveys of America.

12850.—Coptain Richard F, Burton —Foundor's Melal—for bis Explo-

Palliser—Patron's Medal—for his explorations in

Abaca nde Behe enaiaioey
Mr, Jou Blacoocaus, ro ‘Watch—far his Disooverios iv
‘South snd Central

_ 1860.—Lady Franklin—Foundor’s Medal—in commemoration of the dive

of Sir J. Franklin. *
pasck, ‘B.N.—Patron’s Modal
hie Disoovories 18 the Arctic

top, isi eet cee

Mr. John Macdouall Stuart—Patron’s Modal—for his Explo-
1802.—Mr. Robert O'Hara Burke—Founder's Medal—for his Explo~
rations in Australia.

Cantata Thomas Blakiston—Patron’s Medal—for his survey
‘the River aoe Oa
Me, Joms, Kimo-—a Gold Waleh-=for lis meriorions, conduct while
Mr. R, O'Hara Burke.

the Expedition ander

1863.—Mr. mr. Frank, T. Geedcry —Fonndert Medal—for his explora~

Mr, John Arrowsmith—Patron's Medal—for the very important:
aervicos he bas reudered to Geographical Scieuce.

Mr, Waisaxt Lxnevonovon—s Gold ‘Watch—for successful Explora-

in Australia.
‘Mr. Jome M*KILAY—a Gold Watch—for enccesful Explorations im

sPecpetion WALK Exe Gold Wetter wonomafsl Splartios
et .
ia Australis:
1864, in J. A. Grant—Patrns Modal—ir his Jouray from Zan
te Africa io Egypt, in company with

*Gogmital’s Si You der Deak re cre ae
arenot tei
roan Faioaates the oom of38 Guinea fi
spf (ewer mace or other Testimonial, for his adveaturous Journey
An and across Arabia,

Been FG Ga. pmoutgemerie, =: Bt. Beara great!
Mr. 8. W. Baker—! wo Modal or beret of Capt, Speko

Award of the Royal Premiums, cxvii
cosh escapee noe ed gt moulin lec
Soh este Pounds—for his Travels in Central

1866.—Dr. Thomas Thomson, ».0.—Founder’s Medal —for hie Re-
arches in the Western Himalayas and Thibot,
W, Chandless—Patron's Medal—for his Survey of the Rivor

M. P, K no Cranio—the sum of 100 Guiness—for his Astronomical
“Observations Weaters:

‘th the Interior of Rquatorial Africa.
Moots, Auvct Mensio—e Geld Wateh—for hin Explorations over the

Pamir Steppe, &e,
1867.—Admiral Alexis Boutakoff—Founder's Medal—tor being the

Dr. Isaac 1. Hayes—Patron's Medal—for hie memorable expe
dition in 1860-61 towande the open Polar Sea,

1868—Dr. Augustus Petermann—Founier’s Medal—for his zealous
‘and enlightened services ns a writer and cartographer in advancing

's Metal—for his extensive and
Important travels tn the intarfor of Northern Aiea,
LAGE rent are fm tae Sasaorer sah ts Gree

wy boveseora Pare —
Joux Witso—the sun of Five Pounde—for sucoumfel competition
= Guography at the Noclety of Arte examination,

eet reer ance
recent
Mrs. Mary Somerville—Patron's Medal—in recognition of the
tion,
ule works publabed by her whisk have lagely bnaied Gora
ibleal Seience.
Political Peegraph; bo reas Liverpool College (Gold Medal),
JAS. Deano ence toate aekest bem

Gnoxey, Kostall Sohool (Gold Madal),
(Bronze Medal).

Krosicr—the sum of Five Pouads—for socuesful competie
Mies a Gengeaphy at Vou Lasers of dons msedoaiions
Lientenant Fras, Garnier (of tho Fronch Imperial Navy’
ton Meta “or hey of te eae ote pat Candas
| Mn Gennes We ‘W. Hayward—Founder's Medal—For his explont-
| ow. |—Foun: ot
fia in Raster ‘Torkstan Me
Scnoots’ Pune Muna
| Seman eee ane
as Hire .
“ Gare Bosuan, Livers Cellege (Gold

cae ‘Srewanr, Rossall School (Bronze Medal),
EpucavionaL Prk —
I] ‘Mr. Thomas Kieran Chatcn—the som of Five Pounds—for success
ful competition fu Geography at the Society of Arte examination,

1871.—Sir Roderick I, Murchison, Bart, —Founder’s Modal —in
‘VOL. XLVI. ° '

xviii Award of the Royal Premiums,
ee
Deane oreaee ieee wang Gr
reece be ‘merit, in carrying out hin J
san WAM

Lieut. G.C. Mosrens, n.—a Gold Wateh—for his adventurous Journey
‘900 miles

in Patagonia, of latitnde, of which 780 were pr
unknown to ,

Kart Maventhe mum Pounds In acknowledgment of the
‘eal ard ability with which he has devoted himeelf, for a eeios of
years, to the Exploration of'

Scuoons’ Pas

Epveariovat, Parex :—
Mr. Gko, M, THoas—the sum of Five Pounds—for successful come
Petition in Geography at the Secloty of Arte Examination.
1873.—Mr. fai Eliaa—Founder's Medal—for his of the Yellow
‘River of China, in 1868; and for his recent journey Western

M
Mr pa M, Stanley—Tatron's Molal—for his discovery and relat

Mr, THOMAS BArses—a Gold Watcbafor his long-cuntinel services to
if a especially for Ma jms te South Wenn and
Captala Caniatx—a Gold Watch—for his dinoveries in the Arcti

‘Seas, and for having ccamoavigated the Spitabergen ex well as the
Nova Zarobla groupe.

Award of the Royal Premiums. exix

1874.—Dr, Soe Fines Modal for hi davovery
piv ie South-westorn limits of ‘ies
fein an work, ‘Tho Heart of Africa," in which
5 rosniel the cndiaet Hi Waves

P. ‘Warburton — Patron’s Medal—for hin
Journey across ‘unknown
tralia; from Alice on the line of overland tolegraph, to the
Weat Coast near De Thiver,
Scroors’ Prom Mepats:—
be rll perma ee Waatox, City of London School (Gold
Fnaxcts Cmantes Moi 1 College Schoo!
et INTAOUE, University College (Bronne
Pai gry Wrasse Hany Turros, Clifton Celloge, Bristol
cae ‘Jacon, City of London School (Browse Medal).

Pib-Lieat. gates Weresobs “tmz "s Medal—for his itions and
in the Arctic Sea ae itzbergen nnd Nova Zembla.

Lisat Jullus ius Payer—Patron's his spies
Ty a) ct Nai nsec ape aoa itzbergen
ova

W, Hl. Joustox—Gold Wateh—for weviow rendered to Geography
Sule sore 15 he seh Seer Bary of Sa eg

ay Parze Mroats ;—
Pays of Geography Han Avexaxpem Mrxne, Eton College (Goll

avoat io Soman Basan, Seeaags Coa Medal).
et Ree terec a macnn SAUNDERS, College (Gold
Wac0. Grasse, ton College (Bronze Medal).

4876.—Lieut. V. Lovett Canerch, saree Modal—for his
“journey neross Afrien from Zani to Tengtela, and his survey of
ito Sonthern half of Lake
John Forrest-—Patron's Melal—in pepanticaot of the services:
Seal eens. a Tat ae alcrae.
‘estorn Australia, and especial i admirably executed
rpegeeray eee yee furchison River to the line of

sons

See Prize Mepats :—

vical Geegraphy Jone W estoy hip College (Gold 2

na ra ni alg Hai Cal sa aid
W. M. He rata, Muritorough Calepe intr edn »
Cammapor Locat Exascrvations Prize Mapa —

FH. Gtaxvins, Devon County School (Silver Medal),
tepal Looar, harp Ineiia Menara

i2'bh, Wance Detlgrorih Orserer Shoe (Droase Mela),

Ateard of Medals.—Camoron. exxi

men wo are proud that the great feat of traversing Equatorial
Africa from soa to sea should have been accomplished for the first
‘time by an Officer in the Naval Sorvico of the Quoon ; but we wish
it to be understood that it is not your success in this particular
exploit, it is not your remarkable exhibition of manly courage and
perseverance —though these qualitica, which you possess in an
eminent degree, will always secure you the full and well-morited
admiration of your countrymen —which have on this occasion
exclusively, or even in an especial degree, recommended you to the
favourable notice of the Council. We have seleoted you to be our
Medalist, above all other reasons, because you have, amidst diffl-
culties and dangera, in failing health, under privation and fatigue,
steadily kept in view the paramount claim on your attention of
Scientific Geography, and have thus brovght back with yon from
‘tho interior of Africa a Register of Observations for Latitude,
Langitndo, and Elevation, which, for extent and varicty—and wo
are authorised by the Report of the Groonwich authorities to add for
judicious selection and accuracy of result—may favourably com-
pare with the finished work of a professional Survey. We feel,
therefore, that we may fairly hold you up as 4 model to future
travellers, trusting, indeed, that Geographical Scionco may as
largely profit by the example which you havo set to others, as by
tho rosulte which you have yourself contributed. Sir, you have
already roceived at the hands of your Soveroign, as a roward for
your brilliant achievement, the distinction of the Companionship of
‘the Bath, which I beliove was never before bestowed on so young:
ax officor in Hor Majosty’a Naval Sorvico. You aro also daily
receiving proofs of the interest that your discoveries have excited
among the public at large, owing to the practical bonofits which
the nation may expect to derive from them, both in regard to its
commerce, and especially in regard to that object it hax so much at
heart—the suppression of tho African Slave-trade; and I am now
offer you, in the namo of Goographical Science, tho highest
‘honour wo can confer—the Founder's Modal of the year.

“And in congratulating you on thus taking your plice on the
Golden roll of the Geographical Socioty’s Medallists, I may be per-
‘mitted to add that, having presided on five occasions at the die-
tribution of our Annual Awards, it has never boon my fortune to
‘present the Medal to one who, by his services, bus more thoroughly
earned it.”

exit Sir H. C, Rawson's Address.

Se SRE ee,
ey Beets i Wi sae a
teen It has becn the one Grd ‘that has sustained mo
my recent very well when Twas in
Africa that Iwas not there to play, but to take observations for
mapping ont the country, and the training I had received in the
worviee to which Iam proud to belong taught me how to do it, T
am glad to find that my observations have been and
that they are found to be accurate and good. I beg to thank you
most cordially for this testimony of your approval of my labours.”
‘Turning to Mr. Lowther, the Parstvaxr spoke as follows :—
“it,—Knowing the interest which you take from your official
position in everything aflecting the reputation and prosperity of
our Colonial Empire, I am particularly glad to be permitted on this
occasion to deliver into your hands, for transmission to Australia,
the Patron’s Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for the
present year, which has been awardod by tho Council to a most
meritorious traveller, Mr. J. Forrest, ‘ in recognition of the services:
to Geographical Science rendered by his numerous successful explo~
rations in Western Australia, and especially for his sdmirably-
executed ronte-survey across the intorior from Murchison River to-
the line of the Overland Electric Telegraph. Already on eight
different occasions the Council of our Society, on weighing the
claims of travellers in all parte of the world, has awarded the groat
ize of the year to Australian explorers—the enormous tracts of
uninhabited, and for ths inost part unknown, territory in the
interior of tho Australian Continent, and the difficulty of transit
from one point to another, owing to the waterlems character of tho
intervening country, giving a certain grandeur and importance to
Australian discovery, over and above the material benefit to be
derived from acquiring frosh lands for sottloment, which ig wanting:
in other regions. Never, however, since Macdouall Stuart, in 1860,
traversed Australia from south to north and explored the route om
which tho line of the Electric Telograph was subscquently laid,
‘has a journey been undertaken of the same magnitude and difficulty
a8 that recently accomplished hy Mr. John Forrest and his party
‘between Champion Bay, on the west const, and the Peake Station,
on the line of the Overland Telegraph ; and never certainly, either
in Australia or in any other country, has a more conscientious and.
exhaustive survey been excouted of the route traversed in so long

Award of Medals—Forrest. oxxiii

aud arduous a jonrney. It appears that thé total distance which
the road lying for somo 600 miles through a region covered with
Mulga junglo and spinifox grass, and almost destitute of water; and
‘the result of their oxperienos being that the country was entirely
unfitted for sottloment, In testimony of our admiration of the
‘atiring energy and perseverance ‘which enabled Mr, Forrest to
‘traverse sucoossfully this desolate and arid tract, and thus acquire
for his Government a Jmowledgo of tho true character of the
country, ax wall as in grateful acknowledgment of his services ron-
dered to Scientific Geography, both in his previous exploration
round the shores of the great Australian Bight and in hie present

‘Venture to add that it will greatly enhance the value of the award
if you will undertake to transmit our offering to ite destination
through the Australian authorities.”

‘Mz, Low7uer, in roply, said ho was sare he was justified in return
ing Mr. Forrest’s hearty thanks for the honour that bad been oon-
ferred upon him. His noble friend, Lord Carnarvon, would have had
‘Great pleasure in attending had he not been unavoidably detained ;
‘at even if his Lordship had been present he would not have been
‘the real “lion ;” that honour belonged to the absent traveller. Ho
wished, however, to express the great gratification which ho expe-
‘Fienced in accepting, on behalf of a colonist of one of the most
‘important dependencies of the Crown, this appreciation of hi«

services. It must be patent to all that no greater tie could unite
“the mother country to hor colonies than the conviction among the
colonists that their fortunes, their snecesses, and in some cases even
their dimppointmonts, were anxiously watched by those who owned
them a8 their fellow-countrymon. Mr, Forrest had performed a foat
‘which not only involved considerable physical and moral courage,
but which, it might bo sincerely hoped, would be of lasting service
to tho cause of mankind. fis travels had not been pursued morely
for pleasure or the greed of gain, but they had beon undertaken on
public grounds, at the call of the public authorities in the interests
of the community. Liontenant Cameron had been complimented on
the accuracy with which, throughout all tho difficulties which he
had had fo encounter, he had maintained his records; and in Mr.
Forrest's case no small portion of the gratitude which he had so

‘ exxiy Sir H, C, Rawarsson's Address,
deservedly earned was owing to the very grost accuracy with which,
under circumstances of extreme difficulty and danger, he had con-

chapter to scientific geography. He thanked the Society for their
beautiful gift, and it would ufford him great pleasure to forward it
to Mr. Forrest a

PUBLIO SCHOOLS’ PRIZE MEDALS.

‘The following was the award of the Examiners of the present
‘year —

Parsicat Groonarny. Gold Medal,—John Wilkie, Liverpool
College. Bronze Medal.—Walter New, Dulwich College. He
Mentioned.—J. A. Robinscn, Liverpool College; L. P. Jacks, Uni-
versity School, Nottingham ; E. von Lengeske, lage fe
Sir Malby Crofton, Eton College; F. 8. Carey, Bristol Grammar

Pourrican Geooraray. Gold Medal.—Thomas Knox, Hailoybury
College. Bronze Modal—W. M. H. Milner, Marlborough College
Honourably Mentioned.—J. B. Johnston, Edinburgh High School
H. W. Pigeon, Clifton College; J. F. Heyes, Liverpool College ;
W. J. Nowton, Liverpool College; (equal) A. R. Ropes, City of
London School, and W. MacMaster, Rathmines School, Dublin.

Oxrorp Axp Oampnrnor Loca, Bxaaixatioss Prize Mepats—Under
arrangoment with tho Univorsitica of Oxford and Cambridge for
tho award of Medals to the best Senior candidates in Geography,
whether male or female, in their Local Examinations, a Silver
Medal has this year been awarded, by Cambridge, to F. H, Glanvill,
Devon County School ‘This single award was made, as a com-
mencement, on the result of the Examinations held by the Cam-
bridge Delegates in Decembor, 1875. In 1976, and futuro years,
two Silver Modals will bo offored by the Society for award by
Cambridge, viz. : one each for the best candidate selected by the
Delegates in tho two branches of Physical and General Geography.
For Oxford the arrangement will bo somewhat different: ono
Silver and one Bronze Medal being promised, to the best and second
Dest candidate in Gonoral Geography.

Mr, Fnaxcts Gauron stated that twenty echoola bad eet candi-
dates for the Public Schools’ Prize Modals thie year, thoro being

Public Schools’ Prize Medals. exxy

§9 competitors in all. During the past eight years $2 Medals had
been given. Out of those, Liverpool College had gained 9, Eton 5,
Rossall 4, University College School 3, City of London School 2,
Dulwich Colloge 2, and seven others one each, Those who were
boys when these Medals wore first instituted were now growing
into manhood; they had paseed or werg passing their University »
earners with credit, and might now be looked to to fulfil what was
‘one of the primary objects fur which the Medals were establi:
namely, the advancement of Geographical scionos, either a8 writers
‘or professors, or conductors of examinations, Ho, therefore, mon-
tioned with much pleasure that one of the earliest Gold Medallists,
Mr. G. G. Butler, had just beon appointed by the Civil Service
Commissioners as ono of their two pormanent Examinore,

The Preset then presented the medals to the successful com-

potitora.
The Hon. G. ©, Broorick mid there was ample reason to be
satisfied with the results of tho Geographical Examinations con-
uctod by tho Socicty. Considering how many examinations of
‘various kinds boys were now subject to at the public schools, the
number of candidates offering themselves for our geographical com-
petitions was most encouraging. Success, however, was not morely
to be moasurod by numbors, but also by the character of the achoola
which had competed. ‘The various classes of public’ schools bad
‘been admirably represented in the thirteen which bad been suo-
cessful in winning medala sinco those examinations commenced,
“Who old public schools were worthily reprosontod by Eton and
Winchester; the new public schools by Marlborough, Huileybury,
Clifton, and Rossall; the great motropolitan achools by the City of
London School, University College School, and Dulwich Collogo;
and the great schools in the provincial capitals by Nottingham,
Manchestor Grammar School, Liverpool Institute, and, above all,
by Livorpool College. Geographical education owed a groat deal
to Mr. Butler, the head master of tho last-named, who was the
toappreciute the importance of these prizes, and nearly
‘twice as many of whose scholars had obtained modals as from any
other school. Considering how great the success of the examina-
tions had been, he was not surprised that some desire had been
exhibited by those interested in female education, that girls should
be admitted to the competition, At first there was a enggestion
that soparate prizes might be awarded to girls’ schools, but that

these cirenmstances. He would be very glad if ono of the next
successful titors for these prives should be a gil Tho
subject for the Public Schools’ Examinations next yoar would be
“ Africa, South of the Equator,” It had beon felt that Africa, which
‘had been so glorious a field of geographical discovery, ought to
‘be somewhat more carefully studied than it had yet been by the
boys of the public achools. It was true that it was rather a large
snbject for treatment, but it so happened that the geographical
features of that vast continent were remarkably simple; and
students would not need to trouble thomselves very much with
tho political history of the interior. Last year, in selecting the
eee eorex ta, sah: fer. examination, thei OST

the great advantage arising from the public interest which had
attached itself to the Expedition under Captain Naros, ‘This year
there was a similar advantage in the interest excited by Lieutenant
Comeron’s memorable journey; and if no other result was attained
by these prizes, they would not bo utterly uscloss if they led somo
of the most intelligent boys in the public schools to follow, with
interest and sympathy, such expeditions as those of Captain Nares
and Lieutenant Cameron, expeditions in which Hnglish gontle-
mon, who might have been lounging or droaming away their
lives at home, a3 80 many do, had preferred to endure untold
hardships, and to manifest the highest physical and moral courage,
not for the sake of gain or pleasure, but from a pure loye of disoo-
‘yory, and for the advancement of science and the honour of their

country,
‘The Ballot for the Now Council was then takeny and tho
rosult declared by tho scrntinoers to be as follows (the names in

Vote of Thanks to the President. exxvii

ee
a

President: Sir Rutherford Alcock, K.c.t., ke. Vice-President :
Major-General Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, x.0..; Right Hon. Sir H.
Bartle Frore, Bart., .0.n. ; Right Hon. Cottenloe; Admiral Sir
Alerander Milne, x08. Trustees: Lord Houghton, neu, vrs, ; Sir
Walter ©. Trevelyan, Bart. Secrelaries: Clements R. Maxkham,
Enq, 0. ¥.0.8,; BR. H, Major, Esq, rs. Foreign Secretary : Lord
Arthur Russell, s.r. Councillors: Admiral Sir George Back, K.0.0.,
pow; John Ball, Bsq., res. ; Sir T. Fowell Buxton, Bart. ; Hon.
G. 0. Brodrick ; Six Goorge Campbell, K.0.8.1, 4.,; Captain FL J.0.
Evang, 2%, ¢.,; Sir Barrow Elia, x.0.8.1.; James Forgueson, Esq.,
¥.k5; Major-General Sir Frederic J. Goldsmid, x.cst.; Francis
Galton, Faq, v.n.s.; Captain Douglas Galton, me, rus.; Colowel
S.A. Grant, cu.; Major-General Sir W, H. RB. Grew, ¥.0.2-; Vieo-
Admiral Sir William H, Hall, x.cn.; Admiral G. H. Richards,
ow. vrs; General OC. P. Righy,; Sir Raceon W. Rawson, x.cato.
on; H. Denby Seymour, Eaq.; General KR. Strachoy, r.ns.; Sir
‘Harry C. Vernoy, Bart.; Colonel Henry Yule, cu. Treasurer:
Reginald '. Cocks, Esq.

‘The Paxstonst then proceeded to read his Annual Addross on the
Progress of Geography.

‘The reading being terminated,

Lord Corrmstox rose to propose a yoto of thanks to Sir Honry
Rawlinson for his address, with a requost that he would allow it to
‘be printed. Al present, he said, must have been highly gratified
by the amount of geographical information conveyed to them in no
interesting a form. Though he had not beon a member of the
Society quite 20 many years as the President, he had seen it rise
from very small beginnings to vory largo dimensions, The first
meeting hevattended was in o small drawing-room in Whitehall
Place; but now upon special occasions even St, Jamos'e Hall was
foo «mall to acoommodate all who desired to bo present. He quite
agreed with the President that the Society had given an impetus to
geographical science and discovery, not only in this country but

Europe. He regretted tho resignation of Sir Henry
Rawlinson, who for five years bad given great attention to the
Gnterests of the Society, and conducted its affairs with even as
touch zeal and success as the lamented Sir Roderick Murchison
himself, whose equal he had never expected to find occupying the

exxviii Sir H. C. Rawunsson’s Address.

chair, Mixed with his regret, however, there was the consolation
be earn te Bee ran to ie coe
such distinguished ability as Sir Rutherford Alcock.

‘The resolution was unanimously agrood to.

nt ie aus syed taper Atma rT
Members of Council, the Committee, the Auditors, and the
Soratincers for the year.

‘Mr. Gtorae Pescook seconded the motion, and in doing so said
every Englishman must feel proud that such a Socicty existed, and
‘that it was so ably conducted for the bonofit and instruction of the
world,

‘The resolution was agreed to,

Sir Hewry Rawsrxsox said tho Mellows would no doubt excuse
his making any longthoned speech after reading to them for two
hours, but he was bound to say that his conduct of the affairs of
the Society hud been a labour of love and a source of great gratifi-
cation to him, Ho could not help foresceing that ho should often
regret that he did not still continue at his old post, but he would
have the cousolation of knowing that the work was being thoroughly
well looked after by his friend Sir Rutherford Aleock, There
could be no question that the work of the President, though
onerous, was of the deepest interest, and any person who engaged
in it would find that while it occupied more and more of his time,
it day by day acquired fresh interest in his oyos and a hold
his whole mind and attention. He had no doubt that though Sir
Rutherford Alcock might find the details a little irksome at first,
ho would, when he got fairly into running, feol that it was really
an exciting occupation, He himself could not say that he was
taking leave af the Fellows, for he had still the honour of retaining
a place among the vice-presidents, and he hoped to be just as
vognlar in his attendance at the meetings as he bad been during
the time he had occupied the chair, His interest in (heSociety was
not by any means diminished, Ho wished it every possible sucoces
in the future—as much as it had attained in the past.

ADDRESS

THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting on the 22nd May, 1870,

By Masor-Gesenat Str H. C. Rawxinsoy, 5.0.8, F.28,
D.C LD, ETC, PRESIDENT.

Grxtieux,

‘Dur year which has elapsed since I had the honour of address-
ing you at the last Anniversary Meoting has boon one of great
importance to our Society, both in regard to our material prosperity
and our scientific reputation. It has witnessed, on tho one hand,
‘our passago of that Rubicon of 000 paying Membors, which has often
boen assigned as the limit of our possible expansion. Tt hus wit-
nessed, on the other hand, the successfal accomplishment of by far
‘tho most sorious Geographical enterprise in which tho Society has
ever been yet engaged. The net increase of the past year has not
equalled, it is true, tho exceptionally large accession which was
made to our ranks during tho preceding twelvemonth—the increase
during ono poricd being 200, ax against 150 daring the other—but
St has far oxceeded the average annual augmentation of the last ton
years, and it has moreover now fairly lannebed us into our fourth
‘thousand of Ordinary or paying Fellows. The following briof atate-
‘mont of figures will spoak more eloquently as to the flourishing con-
dition of the Society than any description in words, however full.
Our total numbers now amount to 3106, of whom 3325 are Ordinary,
and 71 are Honorary Fellows. Ourincome during the year 1875 was
‘Very nearly 80002. Our House and fixtures in Savile Row are valued
‘at 20,0002, our Library and Maps may be estimated at 6000/,, and
wwe have about 10,0001 invested in publio securities. But thoso
figures, although abundantly proving our material prosperity, do
‘not at all adequately represent our improved position in general

cially because, patrons of discovery and the
pec fniregry sate we were admitted to be at the head of
this of acience,” And certainly our carcer since the

wolf, who, in his solitary camp on Lake Tanganyika, conceived the
grand dosign of tracing the Lualaba to tho soa, and who, in pur-
suance of that design, proceeded to force his way to the Western
seacoast in the face of all difficultics and dangers, and under the
burden of a crushing personal responsibility, must be ascribed tho
chiof honour of the enterprise; but it will always be our pride to
romembor that the Geographical Society, acting as Trusteo for the
public, enabled Lioutenant Cameron in the first instance to reach
Lake Tanganyika with a duo provision of oquipment and supply;
and that throughout his subsequent exploration, although under
taken without our expressed sanction, we have cheerfully met
all his calls upon us for curront and oontingont exponditure, We
believe it to be our vocation and our duty, ag far as our means
extend, thus to direct and encourage all enterprises for the advance-
ment of Geographical knowledgo ; and whon our means as a privato
Society aro insufficient to cope with the heavy outlay incident on
such undertakings, while, at the same time, ax in the present caso,
the results obtained are of a national—almost of a world-wide—
importance, we know that we may rely with confidence both on
the aid of a generous public and (he support of a discriminating
Govornment.

I must refer to my November Addroes, which has already ap-

—_

Obituary —Mirazinger. exxxi
peared in our ‘Proceedings,’ for a Report on all thoso matters of
current Geographical Interest, both at home and abroad, which
oceurred during last summer and outumn, Our participation in
the work of tho Paris Intornational Congross of Goographers, and
‘of the subsequent Meeting of the British Aswociation at Bristol, will
bo there found duly noticed, and it ia needless therefore to ropoat
the record. I shall, accordingly, proceed at once to what i# a pain-
fal, but, ut the same time, a solemn and obligatory duty—a con-
sideration of the losses which we havo sustained during the past
year from the death of so many of our most valuod and mout dis-
tinguished Associates.”

OBITUARY.

Wensen Mowzrsarr, o..—Our late Corresponding
‘Momber, Wornor Munzinger, was born on tho 4th of April, 1832, at
‘Olten, in the Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, His fathor, Joseph
Munzinger, previous to the year 1848, was magistrate in his Canton,
‘and subsequent to that time was elected one of the seven Councillors:
‘of Switzerland, ocoupying a Obair in tho Fodoral Council at Borne
until 1855, the year of his death. The education of young Mun-
zinger commenced at Solouro, in tho Gymnasium of that city, and
‘was completed at the University of Berne, in which hix much-loved
elder brother, Dr. Walter Munzinger, subsequently became Pro-
fessor of Law. It was his father’s desiro that ho should study
medicine, but his ardent imagination, revelling in Oriental story
and the narratives of great travallors, could not bo brmght down
to #0 prosaic a pursuit, and he adopted for tho time the study of
philology. During the years 1850-1 Munginger etudied at the
University of Munich, and, on his return home, went to Paris, and
studied thero Hebrew and the modern languages, His thoughts
‘were now turned to the East, and ho left Paris for Cairo, where ho
spent twelve months in the quict study of the languages of the

ry. The exhaustion of his financial means then compelled

hhim to take a situation in a French mercantile house, and having
‘won the confidence of the principals, he was sent on business in one
of their versols to the various ports af the Red Sea. Tt was on this
Voyage that ho first saw the little island of Massowa, which was
afterwards to bocomo his residence, and tho centre of the most
ovonts of his life. On the completion of his engagement

with the French house, he returned to Massowa on his own affairs,

exxxii Sir H.C. Rawzassos’s Address,

and as French Consul. His love of exploration lod him soon to
undertake various excursions in the interior, chiefly

In tho year 1861 he was engaged a8 » Mombor of the German
Expedition in search of tho colebrated Dr. Vogel, first as philologist
and afterwards ax chief of the Expedition, an account of which was
published in Petermann’s ‘Goographische Mittheilungen, 1862,
p. 98 (“Erginzangshefto,’ Nos.6—13). In 1863 ho paid a visit to his
native country, after an absence of ton yoara; but he had become,
by his long residence, so habituated to the freer life of the Bogos
country and ite unsophisticated people that he soon got tired of the
conventional polish of a civilised country, and made
for his speedy return. He employed his time whilst in Switzerland,
however, to good purpose in working up his extensive African
Imowlodge, and, as results, published in 1864 his most important
book, ‘Ostafrikanische Studien ;' besides smallor treatises, such as
‘Vocabulaire de la langue Tigre’ (Leipzig), and others, He
roturnod to Massowa in 1864, Soon afterwards commenced the
troubles with King Theodore, of Abyssinia, which led to the
English Bxpedition of 1867, In the preparations for thix Expedition,
capecially as rogurds reconnoitring the alternative routes between
the sea and the Abyssinian Highlands, Munzinger rondored great
sorvioe to the English forces, Colonel (now General Sir William)
Morowether, our Political Resident at Aden, who, as is well-known,
Airected all these proparations, obtained for Manzinger tho post of
British Consul at Massowa in October, 1865. ‘The weal, fidolity,
and ability with which he fulfilled the arduous duties which sab-
sequently devolved upon him were at the timo frocly acknowledged.
Daring tho early part of 1867 he accompanied Colonel Merewethor
to Ailet and the plateau of Agametta, and roughly survayed two
passes into tho interior in the direction of Kiaquor. In June of
the samo year he undertook, for the same purpose of discovering
the best route for the English army, an arduous and toilsome
journey through tho little-known Afar country, lying between

=—=—

Obituary —Manzinger. | exxxili
Amphilla Bay and the lower slopes of the Abyssinian plateau, an
‘account of which, illustrated by an excellent map supplied by
himself, was published in the 39th volume of our ‘Journal.’ During
the march of the Expedition to Magdala, ere ates
Colonel Merewetber as interpreter, for whieh his therough
Jodgo of Amharic and Englith, his local knowledge, and his frank
‘conciliatory conduct with the natives, well fitted him. When «
‘special mission to Kassai, the Prince of Tigre, was determined on,
‘Munzingor was also found indispensable as interpreter to Colonel
Grunt, the chief of the mission; and when nearer Magdala, he was
employed on & still more delicate mission, in advance of the expe-
ditionary forces, namely, to the camp of Dudjatsh Mashesha, the
uncle of Gobazyé, by which he obtained that exact information
regarding the topography of tho region which enabled him to point
ott to the English Commander-in-Chiof the best route to Magdala,

‘It is greatly to bo Jamented that these services to the Britich
Expedition failed to meet with duo reward and recognition on the
part of our Government. It was only after considerable external
influonce was brought to bear, and after a question had been
askod in Parliament by Mr. Melly, that the Companionship of the
Bath was offered to him. Sir Roderick Murchison, backed by an
address signed by all the leading mon of scienco of Switzerland,
endeavoured to obtain for him moro substantial recognition, but
failed.

‘Tn 1870 Munzinger secompanied Captain Milos on bis excursion
from Adon into the interior of Southern Arabia, an account of
which was published in-vol. xli.of the ‘Journal’ of the Society. In
1871 he entered the Egyptian Service as Bey. In 1872 he was
Paised to the rank of Pasha/of Maseowa, and soon afterwards the
Pashalik of Suskim was added to his Government. His efforte
‘were henceforward directed to the development of the resources of
his adopted country, extending from the shores of the Red Sea to
Koseala, Ho established a system of watersupply for Massowa,
and constracted a dyke to connect the island with the mainland.
All his energies were dirested towards tho improvement of the
people committed to his care, =
| Altor threo years of peaceful life in his pashalik, the designs of

ian Government with regard to Abyssinia necessitated the
despatch of Munzingor to tho Southern Kingdom of Shoa, and he
‘set off on this ill-fated Expedition on the Istof October, 1875, The
‘population on the routo to the capital of Shoa were hostile to the
VOL. XLYI, k

for tho interior on the 27th of the month, His Expedition consisted

of 350 aoldiers, 2 guns, and 45.camels, Its. errand was to open up
‘the road between Tajurraind Ankobor, and enter into communica-
tion with King Menilek, an envoy from whom, Raz Buru, who had
‘heen on a mission to the Khedivo, was roturning in company with ih
On reaching Lake Aussa, on the lath of November, the Expedition
was attacked in the night by a large body of Gallas; a disastrous

straggling gallantly against overwhelming

party of his followers. Of the whole Expeditionary: party, threo:
only survived to return to Massowa and ‘tell the story of the
disaster ; and # story more harrowing in its dotails has rarely ‘been
given to the world. ‘Tho work of butchery waa carried on for days
along the line of retreat over the inhospitable desert, one of the
Europeans, Herr Haggemacher, dropping dead from exhaustion on
the fourth day, Munzinger was left, at his own request, to dio,
aieeeestnetinae indli'n Piston iestuselobibidtat du becker
with their livos to the coast,

‘The Marquis de Sk nA Baxvrina—Tn our obituary list of tho
present year we have to record the loss of on¢ of the most illustrious
‘of our Honorary Corresponding Members, the late Marquis de Sd
da Pandeira, who, a8 a soldier, a statesman, and « cultivator of
literature, had for fifty yeurs held a prominent position in Portugal,
and who has left a namo which will orer bo honoured and remem~
‘bored with affection in the history of his country.

‘Ho was born in 1795; and at the age of fifteen, when Portugal
was invaded by the French, he enlisted as a volunteer in a cavalry
Togiment, and, ae such a time was favourable to promotion for a
young officer of merit, in 1812 he was promoted to a cavalry lion-
tenancy. In 1814 he was severely wounded at Viella, near Tarbes,
im the Dopartment of Gors, in France. He lay holplees on the
ground, with two aabro-cuts on the head, a spear-thrnst in’ the
elbow, and two wounds in the right side, and would have perished
had not a French officer, who was out in pursuit of the plandorers
of the dead, found him still alive, and undorgoing the operation

Obituary-— Marquis de Sé da Bandeira, Oxxxv
of being pillaged. ‘The officer immodiately raised him, gave him
relief, and took him prisonor,

» In1832-we find him raised to the rank of Lieutonant-Colonel for
his services in the Azores. In the action of Alto da Bandeira,
during the civil war between Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel, bis
Tight olbow was fractured by a ball, With determined stoicism,
ie kept his wound o secret, and led his troops to victary against,
@ far enperior force; but his arm had afterwards to bo ampu-
tated. For this act of herciam ho was rewarded with tho rank
eer ea rece Swenson cee Sede

For a short timo in 1834 he wae Military Governor of the
Algarre, and, on retiring from this post, he entered the Ministry.
To 1837 he was mado Lieutenant of His Majosty in the northern
provinces of tho kingdom. He was many times Minister, and
always on tho side of the people ; for, although staunch Monarchist,
and devotedly loyal to the house of Braganza, he lost no opportunity
of conscientiously defending the rights of the lower claasce. While
he was in office after the revolution of the Oth of September, 1836,
Portugal was indebted to him for the establishment of the following:
important institutions :—"Ths Polytechnic School, the Army School,
‘the Industrial Institute, the Academy of the Fine Arts, and the
Conservatorio of Dramatic Art, It was in his Ministry also that
thore was issued the Decree of the 10th of Docember, 1836, abolish-
ing slavery, There wero two great objects to which the Marquis
do Sé da Bandeira devoted the cnergies of his life, viz, the abolition
‘of the slave-trade and tho fortifications of Tisbon., So carnest was
+ aie Rr ein ama raaaicaed

Society. In a private letter, souluiglistituecntidaits opm
ing of the recently-cstablished Goographioal Society of Lisbon,
saya: “Our good friend tho Marquis de Sé did not live to eee the
fulfilment of the desire of all his life. It is owing to his efforts that
‘this impulso has been given to geographical studies in our country.”
is indebted to the Marquis, in conjunction with Liout.-

Colavel Fernando da Costa Leal, for an excellent map of Angola,
‘which was published at Lisbon in 1868. It was the Marquis de 84
ds Bandcira who, in 1839, eroctod on the promontary of Sagres, near
(| demerit formor resident, Prince Henry
the Navigator, to whom the world is indebted for the discovery,

. h2

exxxvi ‘Sir H. OC, Rawimvson’s Address.

within one century, Ss aerremcrinaeah Dreier
including Australia, ine J
iifios detadeod nobleman was the Scat Banoo, Vaacountren

de Sida Bandeira, and for twelve years bofore his dest. he had
‘Doon a General of Division. Tn the noble words of his epitaph,
indited by himself, we have an epitome of his character. It says:
“In serving his country, he served his own convictions. Soe
satisfied, and his country owes him nothing.” ~
Odea Asgurasba domme hoon abvthb depiantig A horney
in Bologna, was one of those who most diligently strove to awaken
and diffuse in Ttaly the love of geographical studies at atime whon
they were neglected, and almost excluded both from public ahd
private schools, ‘Tho Geographical Societies of Paris and London
had only been established a fow years, when Ranuzzi entertained
the hope that a similar institution might be founded in Italy; and
at the closo of 1835 he commonced, with this object in view, an
opistolary correspondence with the Commendatore Cristoforo Negri,
then a young Profsor in Milan. Italy being divided into-many
States, and tho spirit of combination everywhere repressed by poli-
tical suspicion, and it being impossible to animate, through tho
medium of an encouraging and popular press, the realigation of the
fond idea of Renuzzi and of Negri it became o failure. What
‘waa wanted was that their views should be formulated and
before public attention, so that indifference might be. awakened ;
but the utterance was wanting, and the plan fell through. Never-
theless, Ranuzsi. undertook the publication of a

Anpual, which, when the ciroumstances of the author and the times
wore taken into consideration, had real merit, and deserved a
greater circulation; but it only lasted for threo years, With the
events of 1848 a new light dawned upon Italy, but soon it. became
confined to Piedmont only, and even here political anxieties inter-
fered with the calmness and serenity of study. At length, with
the war of 1859, the barriers began to give way; the minor States
ormmbled away, and rapid progress was made towards the unity of
the nation. Count Ranuzzi entered on the carver of polities, and
was appointed Governor of some leading cities, and notably of
Sienna, Althongh he continued to entertain a keen love for geo-
graphical studies, age, the necessity of economy, and the

of his career, prevented him from again attempting to lay the
foundation of an Italian Geographical Society, or to continue the

Annual. At Jength his hoalth failed him some years before his
Goath. But now throughout Italy the times were becoming more
tranquil and more free. ‘The press, in a hundred articles, dis-
seminated tho notions propounded, and invited emulation. In
addition, the National Government gave its support and encournge-
ment. Now the old friends and companions of Connt Ranuzzi
were able openly to unfold the banner, and to make it victorious.
‘Lhe Italian Geographical Society was founded mainly through the
instramentality of Rannzzi’s old friend and coadjutor, the Com=
‘mendatore Cristoforo Negri, who became its first President.

Goneral Duroun.—'This eminent geographer, for many years
mown to the scientific world as Director of the Topographical
Survey of Switzerland, was one of our Honorary Corresponding
Members, having beon elected in 1863. He belonged to a Genovese
family of old standing, and was born in 1787 at Constance, during the
temporary emigration of his family from their native city, He was
‘too young to foel the change when his country was annoxod to the
Fronch Republic in 1798, In bis early years he showed bat little
aptitude for study; but having heard by chance of the existence of
the Boole Polytechnique at Paris, ho was seized with a desire to
enter it, and became ono of its most zoalous and able pupils. Ip
the examination on entering the school he was admitted with the
‘140th rank only; but at the end of four months he exchanged this

iit position for the 11th rank, and in less than two years
he leftas Sth. After his first examination he was promoted to the
rank of sergeant, and was enabled by his pay to contribute to the
support of his mothor, who hud boon left in straitened cixcum-
stances. After his brilliant fins] examination, he had the prospect,
according to the routine of the school, of spending two years in
comparatively cosy studies and pleasant military life at the School
of Practical Engineering st Metz; but young engineers were then
greatly needed, and he was hurried off from Metz with four other
emots, on the order ef Napoleon, to proceed to Corfu, thon recently
ismembered from the Venetian Republic,
At Corfu young Dufour und his companions were placed under
tho command of Colonel Bandraud, who had then the management
‘of the fortifications in tho Tonian Islands, During the carly part of
his stay here Dufour wrote, withont any aid from books, a treatise
On perspective, a subject which was always a favourite one with
him in aftor-lifo. Whon Corfu was blockaded by the English, be

—

that he was landed again at Corfu by hiseaptorme

“At the poaco of 1814 he was relioved by a Royal floot and taken
to Marseilles; and after Napoleon's return from Elba, he was\em=
ployed in an attempt to mise a line of fortifications around Lyons
against tho Austrians, On the dissolution of tho French army after
the battle of Waterloo, he was allowed to withdraw to Geneva, on
haalf-pay, and with the decoration of the Cross of Honour. In 1817
ho was offered a command at Briancon, on the condition of adopting
tho French nationality; but ho had resolved to sever himself from
the French connection, and refased the offer, resuming his status as
4 Swiss citizen, to which he adhered for the remainder of his long
and honourable life. He married in the same year, 1817, and was
soon after promoted to the rank of Commandant of Engineers in the
Federal Army, .

Dufour was now entrusted with the superintendence of the
‘Cadastral Survey of the Canton of Genova and the exeoution of &
new map of the Canton, in fonr sheets, on the scale of yrhyq-
‘He was also appointed Professor of Mathematics, and was the first
who taught Doscriptive Geomotry. Among his numerous pupils
wore Sturm, Augusto de ln Rive, the Crown Prince of Denmark,
Prines of Holstein, and the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
Tn 1819 he created the Federal Military School of Thoune, in which
‘ho remained chiof instructor of tho Staff and of Engineere down to
the year 1830, when he had the honour of receiving there, under
his own tuition, the late Emperor of the French, then Prince Louis
Napoleon. As Colonel in tho Fodoral eorvice, in 1827, Dufour com-
manded the first field manatvres exocuted by the Federal Army, to
the consolidation of which many of the years of his life were
patriotically dovoted. It was during these manotrres, whilat
engaged in drawing the sketch of the plan of operations, that omr
‘Honorary Glaetagohatn Member, M. Paul Chaix, to whom T am
‘indebted for these biographical details, became acquainted with
Dufonr, with whom he ever afterwards maintained the moat affeo-

-tiovate relations, After the manuvres, Dufour, as wus his habit

for many years, undertook, with o scloct party of his best pupils
and young officers, pedestrian excursions of reconnaissance along
the frontiers of Switzerland—excursions ocoupying several weeks—
during which he sot the example of cheerfulness under the trying

Obituary —General Dufowr. ‘OXXxiN
circumstances of physical discomfort, and exercised their eodur
avoo in daily marches of fourteeu hours.

His engineering works at Geneva will retain a lasting monu-
anont of his skill, He lined both banks of the Rhone with beautiful
quays, and built many bridges. All public improvements wero
promoted by him—sometimes in the tecth of etrong opposition—
such as the introduction of stean-navigation on Lake Geneva, and
the lighting of the city with gus. He instituted elaborate measure-
suents of the discharge of the Rhune, and established an astronomical
observatory and « limnimetrical observatory on the lake, Notwith-
standing his numerous public duties, he found time during all these
Yours to give yoluntary lectures on perspective and elementary
astronomy, and took an active partin the proceedings of the Society
of Artsand the Geographical Society of Geneva.

‘But Dufour's greatost work as a geographer, the most important
result of his seiontific activity, was undoubtedly the Fedoral map
ef Switzerland, on the scale of yy@ygy: It was in 1883 that he
‘was first entrusted with this great undertaking, which, after thirty-
two years of unocasing exertions, he had the happy fortune to ovm-
plete, In oxocuting tho triangulations neccesary to this great work,
‘he had to train a stalf of active, devoted, and skilful officers, inured
to hardship, and admirers of the beauties of the regions they had
to survey. In honour of this work, the Federal Counoil in 1868

the name of Dafonr Spits for the thon unnamod highest
peak of Monte Rosa,

‘This not the place here to dilate on the political side of Genoral
Dufonr’s caroor, although thie would be essontial to a just ostimato
of his lifoand character. Suffice it to my that he took prominent
part in establishing and afterwards maintaining tho Federal oonsti-
tution of his native country, and in 1846 was entrusted by a
majority of the Confederation with the melancholy duty of leading
its army against the revolted Catholic Cautons. Thanks to the
eompletonees of the measares taken, and the humanity with which
Dufour conducted the campaign, the contest was soon bronght to
termination, and comparatively little bitterness loft a a result of
the strife. When, on the re-establishment of peace, the Federal
Amombly voted to tho successful genoral a flattering address and
‘thé sum of 60,000 francs, Dufour immediately made over n part of
‘the latter to the charitable fund for the wounded of both sides.
“Tho ‘habits of General Dufour throughout life wore frugal, and
‘his temper amiable. Mo was rewarded by a robust and lappy old

— 7
esl Sir H.C, Rawson's Addrest,

ago, Finally his health was broken down by sorrow at the los of
oo dhinaseatice whom he soon followed to the grave, on the —
Uith of July, 1875. Tho day of his funeral at Geneva was obssrved
as.o day of general mourning.

TiNaSdara ole Gs tu scr acess!

‘the noblest and most opulent families of Upper Italy. “He was the
son of tho Marquis Giusoppo and of the Countess Costanza Trotti,
After 1821 his fathor was compelled to nbsent himself from Ttaly:
in consequence of the part which he had taken in the political
moyomonts of Picdmont and Lombandy, and it wos during his
absence in Germany that Giammartino was born, in 1839. The
family returned to Ttly in 1848, and established iteel? no longer
in Milan, whore it had originally boen seated, but in Turin, Tho
‘Marquis Giammartino, however, remained mostly in Paris, London,
and in Belgium, where his. family possessed a magnificent chateau,
which formerly belonged to Count Egmont, He was a man of most
amiable mannors, of keen intellect, and devoted to the study of the
natural sofences, He had a complete mastery of the different
Ttelian dialects, and was also acquainted with Arabic, In company
with his friond, Count Emilio Dandolo, he made a voynge to the
Nilo, and reached beyond Khartoum, but fall seriously ill, and with
difficulty was able to make his way back to Egypt. This voyage
of the two friends was described with elegant simplicity by Count
Dandolo, and published. In another journey the Marquit Arconati
crossed Arabia Potrma, and thence, by the desert, made his way to
Jerasalom, He himself composed the narrative of this journey, and
published it in a costly style, and with a map made exprossly for it
by Kiepert. He had then set on foot some excavations in Arabia.
Petres,and returned to Egypt to give instructions about them, and
was prosent at the opening of the Suez Canal.

In the war of 1859 he entered as officer in a battalion of Bor-
saglieri to fight for the independence of Italy. At the close of the
war he was appointed Second Secretary to the Commendatore
Cristoforo Nogri, thon charged with a mission to China, Japan, and
Siam, to conclude the Italian treaties with those States. Bat causes
indopendent of his will, and that of the Commendatore Negri,
brought about a suspension, and finally tho abandonment of tho
expedition.

‘Tha Marquia wan asoonget tho rst who. combined to foundither
Italian Geographical Society. On tho death of his parente, being

Obituary.—Margquis Visconti— Baines. ‘exli
the only roprosentativo of his family, and already suffering frow
incurable ailments, he chose Florence for his home, und in the
intoryals of suffering oconpied himself with the fiue arts, which he
encourmged with his largo fortune, He died in Floreneo at tho
beginning of the present year, at tho early ago of thirty-six. With
him terminated » life which might have been an honour and an
advantage to Italy, and @ family whose nobly-employed wealth
‘was a source of succour to many of tho most illustrious Italians who
were driven from their country in that period of persecutions and
political onimosity which Jasted from 1621 till 1848, He joined
‘our Society as a Life Mombor in 1866,

‘Tuomas Bares, the well-known African traveller and painter of
African scenery, dicd at Durban, Natal, on tho 8th of May, 1875,
whilst preparing for anothor of his numorous expeditions into the
unexplored interior af the Continent. He was a man of marked
individuality of character, a born artist and explorer, a lover of
wild life, and skilled in all the shifts aud rosouroew of an explorer’s
career. Few men wore so well endowed with these and other
qualifications for successful African travel, and perhaps none
posecsicd greater courage and porveverance or more untiring
industry than Baines. He was born at King’s Lynn, in Norfolk,
in 1822, the second son of @ master matiner of that place.
After receiving such an education as tho vicws and circum~
stances of his parents admitted, he was placed with a cosch-
Iuilder to learn the art of heraldic painting on carriage-panels; but
4 strong innate love of art soon led him to more elevated subjects,
and he devoted much of the leisure time of his youth to sketching
marine subjects from nature along the coasts of his native county.
His ardent imagination fired him with « desire to see forcign
countries, and in 1642 ho left Bagland for the Cape of Good Hope.
At was in Cape Colony and in the neighbouring countries of South
Afvica that he was destined to pass the greater portion of his subse-
quent life; and it was here that he became bettor known even than
in his native country. In fact, few men were thought so much of
‘or talked so much of for many years in our South African Colonies
as the Artist-traveller, Thomas Baines. His extreme unselfishness
and willingness to obligo, his prolific pencil, ready for anything—
African landscape, soenes of native war, animal and Caffre life, or
portraits of his friends—and his fluent pen, kept him continually
before the Colonial public ond mado him popular. It is to be re-

exit ‘Sir HL ©, Rawnassos’s Address,

‘marked nlso that many friendships which he formed in the Colonies:
wore kept with constancy to the end of bis life, Tn 1849-7 ho loft
Cape Town and procooded to the then nearly unknown regions to
tho north of the colony for the purpose of sketching the scenes and
incidents of the Caftre war then waging, Again, in the subsequent
wars of 1851-8, he was busily engnged on tho frontier in similar
work, he having been attached to General Somerset's Staff daring
the campaigns, through the fntervention of his fathful fiend, Mr

which have since been on exhibition, with his other works, in
London aud Dublin. On the 6th of November, 1851, ho was prosont
at the action with tho robel Hottentots at Water Kloof, when
Colonel Fordyce, of the 74th Regiment, was killed; und in fact
Baines, in his desire to sketch faithfully scenes of actual battle,
gencrally strove to be in the front, and ho was rich in anoodotes of
adventure and narrow escape in presence of the savage enemy.

At the conclusion of the war in 1854 Baines returned to England,
and-was soon after his arrival, at the recommendation of our Council,
‘appointed artist to the North-West Australian Expodition, under
Mr. Augustus Grogory.” During 'thia arduous undertaking he dis

himself and earned the approval of bis leader and the
Colonial Oifico by the zeal and ability with which ho carried outa
spocial mission with which he was entrusted, namely, a voyage ina
schooner from the Victoria River to Java to procure fresh provisions
for the Expedition, after their traverse by land from the Victoria
to the Albert rivers. ‘he large series of sketches in oil made by
Bainos during this, wx well as the subsequent Zambest Expedition,
were afterwards divided between the Kew Museum and our Society.
On tho tormination of the Expedition in 1856, Baines returned to
England, and in) revisiting his native town was presented with
the freedom of the borough by the Corporation.

When the Zambesi Expodition, under Dr, Livingstone, was
organised, early in 1858, Baines was eelected to accompany it as
artist and storekeeper. An unhappy disagreement with Mr. Charles
Livingstone, the brother of the great traveller, led to Baines” re-
tiroment, much against his own wishes; and ho proceeded to the
Cape, His love of exploration was at this time as keen as ever,
and having become well versed in tho uso of astronomical and sur
‘veying instraments, under the supervision of Sir Thomas Maclear,
Astronomer Royal at the Cape, he accepted the invitation of his

Obituary— Thomas Baites. exliii

fiend, Mr. Thomas Chapman, an ivory-trader, to accompany him
in'a journey from tho south-west coast to the Victoria Falla of tho
Zambesi. An account of this journey was published by him in
1864, on his return to Hogland, under the title of * Explorations
im South-West Africa; being an Account of a Journey in 1861-2
from Walvisch Bay to Lako Ngami and tho Victoria Falls,’ Bosides
4 complete route-survey, and very numerous sketches, Baines made
on this journey a collection of objects of Natural History. Ha
spent several wooks at tho Victoria Falls, making drawings and
‘measnrements ; and published, besides tho narrative just mentioned,
& folio volume of coloured lithographs of this remarkable cataract.

‘Tho years 1864-8 Baines spent in England, employing himeclf
in bringing out tho works above montionod, lecturing, writing,
and drawing illustrations for various periodicals. Hix industry
was without limit. Early aod late he was to be found in his
painting-room, or at tho dosk, and bis time and abilitios wore at
the service of any one who needed them, with or without payment;
for amongst his most striking charactoristics was an utter indif-
ference to worldly considerations, At the end of tho year 1868
be again wont out to Africa, under ongagomont with a Company
to explore the Goldficlds of the ‘Tati, recently discovered, or
rediscovered, by Oarl Mauch and Mr. Hurtley. Ho succeeded in
obtaining tho friendship of Lo Bangolo, the suoocasor of the colo-
Inated Mosilikatze, the paramount chief of tho region in which
lay the Goldfields. From him he obtained valuable concessions for
the Company ho represented; bat nothing came of all his toil-
some journeys and successful diplomacy; the distances were too
gret, and the Company had no capital. Baines was never reim-
‘bursed his expenses, and had, on his return to Natal, to toil again
an artist to obtain a livelihood. Tho results of his oxplora-
tions in the Gold region were, however, of conxidorable importance
to Goography. Ho mapped very carefully the country, and the
routo thither from tho capital of tho Trans-Vanl Ropublic, and
‘write a description of the region, which is now about to be pub-
‘Hshed under the editorship of his old and tried friond Mr, H. Hall,
‘ef Capo Town. A reduction of his map was published in our
* Journal,” vol. xli., in illustration of un abridgment of his Journals
by Dr. BJ. Mann. In 1873 our Council recognised the value of
Bainoe’s goographical servioos by presenting him with a testimonial
gold'watch. To undortook, mbsequently, other journeys into the
adjoining Caffre countries, always mapping most carefully his

esliv Sir H.C, Rawtinson's Adiress.

routes, and sketching soouery and people. After a visit to Port
Elizabeth, he planned a new journey, almost alone, to the Gold
district north of the Tati, taking with him o small quartz-crushing
machine; and had propared all his ontfit and waggons for the
ead a ese ‘enomy of so many

at Durban, and died, as before stated,
pasarer aac

Commodore Jase: Graviaa Goovssoucr,—The tragic death of
this distinguished officor and good man at the hands of the savage

‘ond friends, many of whom, like himself, were prominent men in
geographical circles. Ho was born on the 3rd of Docomber, 1830;
the second son of Dr, Goodenongh, Dean of Wella, one of the
original meabers ef our Socivty, and a contributor to the first
volume of our ‘Journal.' Young Goodenough was sent to Wost-
minstor School at the early age of nine and a-half, and entered the
Navy as naval cadet on board H.M.S. Collingwood in Muy 1844. As
a midshipman he was distinguished for his modesty, courage, bigh
principle, and the vigour of his character. He naturally took the lead
in ing: the best an a linguist, in navigation, in seamanship,
in gunnery, and all exercises, and among the foremost in all expedi-
tions, He took to sea with him Burney’s ‘ Colleotion of Voyages
in the South Sea,’ which he read carefully; and ho thus acquired
# love for such narratives, and for the achievements of daring
navigators and explorers, which continued to the day of his death.
Ho received his first lessons in surveying from Captain (afterwards
Sir Henry) Kellett, then in command of the Herald, who kindly
gave him sore practical instruction in Callao Bay and round San
Lorenzo. When the Collingwood was paid off in July 1848, Good-
enough joined the Cycléps, under Captain Hastings, and went to
the coast of Africa, But ho shortly returned on leave, and entered
the Naval Collego, where, after a year’s close study, he obtained
his commission, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in
June 1851, From September of the same year to May, 1854, he
served on board the Centaur flag-ship, on the Brazilian Station.

‘He was in the Baltic during the Rugsian war, and was engaged
with the rucket-boats at the bombardment of Sweaborg. Tn
Febrnary, 1806, he was appointed to the command of the guaboat
Goshawk ; and towards the end of that year went out to Ohing us

Obitwary.—Commodore Goodenough. exly

first Lieutenant of the Raleigh, when sho was lost. Ho afterwards
joined the flag-ship Coleutta, and was actively omployed in tho
operations of the Chinese war, being gazetted for his services on
four occasions during that period. On the day of the captare
of Canton, 26th February, 1858, ho was promoted to the rank of
Commander; und in August 1859 returned to England. But he
returned to China almost immediately afterwards as Commander of
tho Rendrd, and served in tho action when the Tuku Forts were
taken; again returning home in 1861.

Tu May, 1863, Goodenough was promoted to the rank of Captain,
and was on shore for nearly cighteen'months. Hoe had always kept
up his studios, linguistical and. scientific, and during thie poriod
of well-earned leisure showed the dircotion of his tastes by joining
the Royal Geographical, the Astronomical, and the Huklayt
Socioties. Ho took an active part in the Geographical Scction
at the bney meeting of the Britich Axsociation at Nowenstle in 1863.
‘From December 1863 to April 1864 he was in the United States,
uaofully employed in examining the American dockyards, fur which
‘service ho received the thanke of the Lords of the Admiralty. In
‘May 1864 he married the daughter of Mr. W. J, Hamilton, oor
former President, and in November 1864 resumed active service
in the Mediterrancan. From May 1867 to 1870 he commanded the
five-masted iron-clad Minotaur.

Tu the autumn of 1870 Captain Goodenough, accompanied by his
wife, undertook to assist in personally distributing tho * Daily
News’ Peasant Relief Fund at Sedan ; and in the Fobruary follow-
ing ho was employed in revictualling Paris after the Prussian
siege. Subsequently he was commissioned to visit and report upon
the naval establishments of Russia, Austria, Italy, and Franco—a
sorvioe for which bis accomplishments ax a linguist, hix urbanity,
and his extensive general knowledge well fitted him. Ho returned
to England in the antumn of 1872, and in May 1873 was appointed
to the Pearl as Commodore on the Australian station.

The Pearl orrived at Sydney in August, 1873, ond during his
passage out Commodore Goodenough communicated a vory in-
teresting paper on Amsterdam Taland to the * Geographical Maga-
zine’ Having, shortly after his arrival, been appointed Joint
Commissioner with Mr. Layard to report on the advisability of
accopting the cession of the Fiji Islands, he proceeded to Levuka
to perform that: responsible service. His report on the Fijis pre»
pented to Parliament is a full and admirable Stato Papor, which

exlyi | Sir TL 0. Rawnrsson’s Address.

had great influence in deciding the questions relative to the an-
‘nexation of tho islands, Fiji becamo a British eolony on tho
10th of October, 1874. - aye

After conveying Sir Arthur Gordon, the Governor of our uew
possession, to Fiji, Commodore Goodenough sailed from Lovaka in
‘the Pearl, with the object of visiting the differont islands of the
‘New Hebrides and Santa Croz groups, of concilisting the natives,
and especially of acquiring fall information respecting their re-
lations with white men. Visiting tho islands in succession he
arrived off Carlisle Bay in Santa Cruz on the 12th of August, 1875,
Hare he landed inthe hopo of entering into friendly intereourse

tended friendliness the Commodore entered their village and passed
ome time in amicable intercourse with thom, But when pre-
parations were made to embark, a savage discharged a poixoned
arrow, which struck the Commodore in the left side, and before the
firearms could be reached several flights of similar arrows were
shot at the party, wounding five mon, including their commander
second time. ‘Tho wounded being re-cmbarked, the Pearl pri-
ecoded to Brisbano, but all hopes of saving the lives of the beloved
‘Commodore and of two of the wounded mon were soon found to be
vain. On the 18th symptoms of tetanus appeared, and on the 20th
he died, entreating with his last breath that no vengeance should
bo takon on tho natives for the cruel dood thoy had committed.
Thus ho died ns he had lived, « self-sucrificing, noblo-hoarted
Christian gentleman.

‘The Earl of Sakermiy,—Although not known as a traveller or
geographer, the late Lord Sheffield merits « place in this record for
the interest he always tock in our proceedings, and the constancy
‘of his devotion to the interests of the Society, He had boon a
Fellow so long ago as the year 1846, and hetween the years 1852
and 1864 served nine times as Member of our Council, He was,
moreover, a regular attendant at the social gatherings of tho leading

and friends of the Soclety. The late Earl was tho
only son of John, the first Lord Sheffield, and friend of Gibbon the
historian, and was bora in 1802, Ho succecded to the title on
tho death of his fathor in 1821,. In June, 1825, ho marviod the
eldest daughter of the’second Lord Harewood, by whom he leaves
two sous and a daughter. His eldest son, who now succeeds to

Obituary, —Karl of Sheffield—Bishop Thirlwall. exivii

‘tho fazily honours, was, as Lord Povenmy, attached to the
British Embassy ot Constantinople from 1858 to 1856, Lord
Shefficld died on the Sth of April last, after an illness of several
months’ duration,

Bisnop Tamewatt.—In a great Socicty like ours it is obvious
hat we shall occasionally find among its Follows men of high
renown in whose case the science of Geography has not been the
distinctive spociality by which their fome haa been achieved, We
are, however, not tho lesa proud of sooing tho list of our Members
honoured by their illustrious names. Eminent among such was the
Right Rev. Connop Thirlwall, late Bishop of St. David's, whose
cath during the past your it is my sad duty to.rocord. ‘This dis-
tinguished scholar, historian, thinkwr, and theologian, wax in his
sevonty-ninth year when ho died in the month of July last, having
been born on the 11th of January, 1797. Educated by his fathor,
tho Rov, Thomas 'Thirlwall, ho oxhibited a prooocity which almost
‘verges on the incredibla At the age of three he wos taught Latin.
At four, according to his fathor’s account, he road Greck “ with an
eago and fluonoy which astonished all who heard him.” At seven ho
begun to write sermons, and ho filled up bis leisure momenta with
writing poetry. His * Primitive, or Essays and Poems by Connop
‘Thirlwall, eloven. years of ago, with a Profaco by his Fathor,’ pub-
Hished in 1809, was the firstfruit of this tendency of his mind.
The wonder is that such prococity was not followed by an early
failure of power. How far the contrary waa the caso it noods not
the testimony of my pen to declare to any reader of the English
language. His education at the Charterhouse under Dr. Raine,
the then Head-mastor, would, doubtlons, oxerciso a very wholesomo
fnflugnce in steadying the processes of thought, and in checking
the somewhat too Inxuriant growth of an exceptional intellect like
this, In fact, we find that from this time he gave up writing poetry
altogother- Ono of his most remarkable faculties was his groat
facility in mastering languages. It is well known that on his
accession to the Epiecopato of St. David's, he made itn duty to be
able to addroes hia poople in their own lapguage; and in the course
of six months he was able to preach to them in Welsh. Tho vast
extent of his reading, combined with the independent freedom of
histhabit of mind, gavo him a gonoralising grasp of thought which
was of tho highest value when brought into joint action with his
wonderful power of minute criticism. Of the latter quality wo

exlyiii Sir H.C. Rawnrison’s Address.

‘have a notable example in his ‘ Essay on the Irony of Sophocles.”
‘At is now forty-cne years ago that he appenred as the author of
the first ‘History of Greece’ really worthy of the name in the
literature of England, But of courve it was as a Churchman and
theologian that Bishop Thirlwall stands most prominently con-
spienous in the minds of men. In this direction boldness and
impartiality seem to stand out as his characteristion
And although it would ill become me" here to touch on the many-
headed subject of theology, I think I may with all enfoty uttor
word of commendstion on that wise tolerance which enabled Bishop
‘Thirlwall to see and openly to acknowledge what was good in the
tencts and practices of others, with whoa creed ho himself was
cmontially at variance. Tt was this grand quality producing great
broadth of charity, as the legitimate offspring of great breadth of
thought, which giver their trnest point and value to the

words which have been engraved on the granite slab over his gravo,
“Cor sapiens et intolligens ad discernendum judicium.” Under
tart gomien Vah ia Revntorien Aber oppcpsatiy Danced

side by side with his brother historian, George Grote.

Earl Sraxnorg.—Among the distinguished men whose losawe have
to deplore this year, the late Karl Stanhope takes a very prominent
place, as having exhibited qualities which add dignity to rink, and
honour to an already honoured name. Tho eldest son of the fourth
Earl, bo was born at Walmer, Kent, on the 80th of January, 1805.
Cndor his courtesy-title of Lord Mahon, he sat in Parliament,
with only slight interruptions, from 1880 to 1852. He served
under Sir Robert Poel, as Under-Secretary of State for Poreign
Affhirs, in Sir Robert's short administration of 1834~5,; und again,
as Secretary to the Board of Control, in 1845-6, Conjointly with
tho presont Lord Cardwell, he also became Sir Robort. Peel's
literary oxeentor. It was not, however, in connection so much
with politics or statesmanship that Lord Stanbope was to found his
reputation, It is as an historian and essayist that his name will
be transmitted with honour to posterity. His most noted work was
his ‘History of England from the Peace of Utrecht down to tha
Peace of Versailles,’ His Lordship subsequently published ‘The
History of England during the reign of Queen Anne down to the
Pence of Utrecht;’ thus connecting his previously published
‘History’ with tho brilliant narrative of Lord Macaulay. Hix
othor works were, a ‘Life of Belisarius,’ ‘The Court of Spain

Obituary.—Earl Stanhope—Licut.-Col. Strange. exlix

under Charles IL,’ *A History of the War of Succession in Spain,’
a Life of the Great Condé,’ a ‘Narrative of the Insurrection of
1745,’ ‘ History of the Rise of our Tndian Empire, and several
articles in tho ‘ Quarterly Review.’ Those who were

porfeet—both as to construction and rhythm—as could not easily
‘be surpassed by uny but a Frenchman born. In 1846, his Lordship
was elected President of the Society of Antiquaries, a post which
carried with it « Trusteoship of tho British Musoum ; he was aleo
President of tho Royal Literary Fund, a Fellow of the Royal
Society, a Foreign Neuter ef the Tnstitute of France, and an

‘Honorary Doctor of Laws of the Universities of Oxford and Cam-
oe. ‘Lo him also, in conjunction with the late Lord Derby, we
are indebted for the establishment of the National Portrait Gallery.
Tn 1858 ho was elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen ;
and in the yet more important University of Oxford he is known
not only as the Founder of the ‘Stanhope’ prize for the study of
modern history, but as having been on several occasions Examiner
‘on his own special subjects. Lord Stanhope had been a member of
our Society for twenty-one years, and although the bont of his
mind leaned loss, perhaps, to our own peculiar topics than to
those of history and antiquity, enough has been said to show that
in him wo have lost a very distinguished member of our Socicty.
(a act he tattle the
‘24th of December last.

‘Lientenant-Colonel Atexawper Srnaxcr.—This distinguished
officer, who in his later years occupied an important position in the
scientific world, was not originally destined for tho scientific branch
‘of the military profession. He was born on the 27th of April, 1818,
the fourth son of Sir Thomas Strange, and after completing his
‘education at Harrow School, was sent to India in 1834, whore, at
the age of sixtecn, he joined the 7th Regiment of Madras Light
Cavalry. Some time afterwards, the scientific bent of his mind was
discovered by General Worster, who himself instructed the young
cavalry officer in tho uae of astronomical and surveying instruments,
‘and to such effect that the pupil became well versed, not only in
the use but in the construction of the instruments. Aftor thus
thoroughly qualifying himself, he received, in 1847, an appointment
on the Groat Trigonomotrical Survey of India, where his ae

VOL. XLVI.

a Sir H, ©. Rawumyson’s Address.

Poa, Hitcaeg ap lagen ‘The section of tho

great Survey which was first allotted to him was the “ Karachi
‘Longitudinal Series” —a triangulation embracing an area of 23,000
square miles, aud a length of country of 670 miles, from Sironj, im
‘Central India, to Karachi, Afterwards he was

“Coast Series" along the ‘eastern ida of tha Peniamcla, » - Howns

occupied in this latter work in the Goomscor Hills in 1857, wher
his labours were cut short by a severe attack of jungle fever, whicl
necessitated his removal to the Neilgberry Hills for

of his health. After attaining the rank of Major he retired from
the Survey, and in 1857 finally left India for England, aftor twonty-
six yours of continuous service, In 1862 he was appointed to the
‘post of Inspector of Scientific Instruments for the Tudian Services.
As an olive metbor of several of ‘the learned Societies of London
Colonel Strange became, during subsequent years, a well-known
wun echaitfielesleny'anil ha epiyet iid cnowladge Slap
rience to good effect in agitating for the fuller recognition, on the

Lossy under the presidency of the Duke of

Devonshire, which, after its five years’ labours, has issued a Report
embodying all the chief points of the scheme which the originator
of the movement had at first propounded. Colonel Strange was a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and served on the Council of that body
from 1867 to 1869. He was clocted Follow of tho Royal Geo-
graphical Society in 1861. The only paper which ho contributed
on a geographical subject was one on a small Altaximuth instra~
ment, which he had invented for the use of travellers in unexplored
regions. This was communicated to the Geographical Section of
the British Association at Exeter, under the presidency of Sir
Bartle Frere. He died on tin 01h Sof Mozck Veni ras eae
fifty xeven,

Sm J. Garnsen Wrxixson, vx.s—This celebrated Biyptologist
and traveller died at his seat in Glamorganshire on the 29th of
October last, at the age of 78 years, His journeys and researches
in Egypt commenced about the year 1822, and the fit of his
numerous contributions to the geography and antiquities of the

Obitwary—Sir J. Gardner Wilkiuson—Sir WF. Logan. oli

which his fawe is indissolubly sssociated—t A Narra
undertaken

-oountry with
tivoof a Journey in tho Eastorn Dosort of Uppor Egypt,’
‘Ty hitn in the spring of 1823—was published in the second volume

and at the conclusion of his Egyptian travels he compiled from hia
-own observations a large general map of the country, which 1
believe was novor publishod, at least in its entirety, the drawing

remained in the possession of Mr. Arrowsmith, until the
death of that distinguished cartographer, He was|born it io 1797,

cvisit to Egypt wax undertaken for the benefit of health, and
‘being attracted by the marvels of the land, ho devoted himself
“for many years to & minute investigation of its ancient remains
sand modern topography. Hix first independent work was the
“Topography of Thebes,’ published in 1835; which was soon
followed, in 1837, by his great undertaking, ‘The Mannors and
“Customs of the Ancient Bzyptians,’ in xix volumes, copiously
-and beantifully illoatrated by engravings made fram his own draw-
sings. This noble work. immediately created for its author a great
‘reputation as a profound Ngyptian scholar and clegant writer; and
san abridgment was published by himself, in two volames, in 1854,
under the title of ‘A Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians,’
‘He was created a Knight in 1830. Moantime some of his mors
purely geograp! siedl dasertatiome were obmmmntoated te our Socksty'5
-one, ‘On the Nile, and the Present and Former Levels of
in vol. ix. of our‘ Journal’: a second, entitled ‘Some Account of
tho Native Lakes of Kgypt,’ in vol. xiii,; and a third, ¢ emarke
von the Country between Wady Halfeh and Gobel Berkel in
liopia,’ in vol. xx. He became a Fellow of our Society in 1839,
and served on the Council in 1841, In 1848 he published a narm-
tivo of a tour in the Solavonie countries east uf the Adriatic,
under the title of ‘Dalmatia and Montenegro, with a Journey to
‘Mostar in Herzogovinn.’

Sm Wittsa Evoxn Locax, v.ns.—This distinguished geologist,
wm follow-workor of our former honoured President, Sir Roderick
‘Marchison, diod on the 22nd of June last, at the age of 77 years.
‘He was born, it ie stated, at Montreal, Canada, in 1798, but was
educated at the High School and the University of Edinburgh.

clit Sir H. 0. Rawzrxson’s Address.

After some years spent in during
ci dag amine agregar ao and expecially
Wiicercceain @ acca sana ean renee
ono geological tour to North America, visiting the coal-felds of
Ponneylvania and NovaScotia, Papers on these, and other kindred
subjects, ware in the mean time published by him in the ‘Trans-
actions of the Geological Society of London. In 1842 Mr. Logan:
pommel giieayergre ied arpmenbter ina
investigation carried ont by him with great ability and succoss,
“aes fa i cole atecoray of tie eee
rocks, which Sir Roderick Murchison subsequently detected in the
north of Sootland. In 1843 Mr. Logan was appointed Director-
General of the Geological Survey of Canada, and in 1856 received
the honour of Knighthood in consideration of his great services to
sciende, He was elected Fellow of our Society im 1856.

Sir Faxnxnick Annow, Deputy Master of Trinity House, diod
on tho 17th of July Jast at the age of 66 yoara, Ho had been a
Fellow of our Socicty since 1871, and occasionally took part in the
discussions at our Evening Meetings. Few public men were more
estocmed, and his sudden doath caused groat sorrow among a large
circle of friends, He was the second son of Captain William
Arrow, of the late Indian Navy, and received his education at King
Edward's Grammar School at Bath. In 1834, at the age of 16,
ho ontered the Mercantile Navy, in which he served with great
credit until 1859, when ho became an elder brother of the Trinity
‘House, and relinquished the active duties of his profession. After
ho had hold this rank for five or six years he was elected to the
post of Deputy Master of Trinity House, thus receiving the highest
compliment to his skill and judgment which could possibly be paid.
Ho fulfilled tho dutios of the office with so much distinction that in
1868 he received the honour of knighthood. Since 1865 he had
also been an ex ofleio conservator of the River Thames, and a magix-
trate ond Deputy-Licutenant, not only of Essex, but also of the
‘Towor Hamlets, and in all of these offices ho discharged hia duties
with industry and conscientiouness.

Joux Barrist Zwecker.—This eminent artist, who waa con-
nected with Geography not only as n Fellow of onr Society of
twelve yoars’ standing, but also as an illustrator of books of travel
and oxploration, was & German by birth, having been bom at

Obituary,—Arrow—Zacecher—Bireh, lili

Frankfort-on-the-Main on the 18th of September, 1815. He received
Bis artistic education at Dusseldorf, and attained so much distinc
tion by his drawings of animals bofore his twentioth year that he
received an invitation to the Court of the late King of Wurtemburg,
with whom ho long resided on terms of friendly intimacy, He came
to England in 1852, and after a time settled in London as profes-
‘sional artist, Although he produced in his timea number of works
of high character in oil- and water-colonrs, he was chiefly known
for the wonderful ekill, facility, ond truth with which he pencilled
‘the scenery and native life of remote countries, often from the mere
‘verbal doscriptions of travellers or fnperfect sketches, Hix pro-
‘eminent ability in this unobtrusive branch of his art procured him
almost constant employment during a long series of years, Among
the numerous well-known books which he illustrated were Atkinson's:
“Travels in the Regions of the Amur; Magnuson's ‘Legends of
Teoland ;’ Livingstono’s *Zambosi and its Tributaries ? Anderason's
“Take Ngami;’ Potherick's ‘Travels in Contral Africa’ Winwood
‘Reade’s ‘African Sketch Book;’ Stanley's ‘How T found Living-
stone ;' Sir S, Baker's Albert Nyanza;’ Du Chaillu's *Asbango
Tand;’ Bates’ * Naturalist on the Amazons;’ and Macgrogor’s
* Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Cunoo.’ He died on the 10th of
January last,

The Hon. J. W. Woovronp Bincs, who wus assassinated by the
Malays at Perak on the 2nd of November last, was ono of our Asso-
inter, having been elected in 1871. Ho was the eldest son of tho
Rey. J, W. Birch, .4., Vicar of All Saints, Hertford, and commenced
his official carver as a member of the Ceylon Civil Service, He
‘remained in that island for tho long period of twenty-four years,
from 1846 to 1870, filling in auccexsion many important posts, chiefly
in the magistracy of the colony. His last appointment there was
that of Government Agent of the Enstern Province, the affairs of
which he administered with much ability. In 1870 he received
tho appointment of Colonial Secretary of the Straits Sottlements and
resided in Singapore, until he was promoted, in November, 1874,
to the offioe of Resident at the neighbouring Malay State of Perak,
whore ho was brutally murdered by a party of Malays under tho
influence of political excitement. Neither the personal churacter
of Mr. Birch nor any quostion of his troatment of the natives had
anything to do with tho catastrophe, for he was a wan always much
respected by the populations over whom he had been placed. In

he oldest acrvanta of

Admiralty Surveys. ely

greater accuracy (in the interests of commerce) the appreaches to
and the anchorages of better-known regions, the Marine Surveys
undertaken hy the Admiralty still deservo permanent rocord in the
Annual Address from the President.
Passing from our own shores, surveys of o permanent charactor
are being carried on in parts of tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, New-
foundland, Labrador, Jamaica, and Mauritins Also on the East
Coast of Afrioa—for the socnrity of our cruisers engeged iu eup-
pression of the slave trafio—on the shores of Japan, and in tho
‘suveral Australian Colonies of Queensland, Victoria, South Aus-
tralia, and West Australia; together with tho rocently-acquired
‘Crown dependency of Fiji.
_ Survoys of a detached character by trained surveying officers
and others havo also been mado in the Mediterrancan, on the
consts of China, and among tho islands in the western half of the
South Pacific Ocean.

‘Whe voyage of the Challenger, now on the eve of completion, has
also during tho past year materially addod to our knowledge of the
Physical Goography of the Pacific Ocean; the details af which will
be given hereafter.

_ The Arctic Expedition, under Captain Naros, comprincd of tho
wcrow steam-ships Alert and Discovery, and accompanied by the
pedile-whoel frigate Faloroua, left our shores late in the month of
May last. Tho two Polar ships, after completing their i
fuel, and stores at Disco, in Davis Strait, parted from the Valorous
‘and proceeded on their way to Smith Sound, The Valorous, returning
to England after an absence of thirteen weeks, performed good
gervios on the homeward yoyngo, by obtaining deep soundingyand
serial ocean temperatures in Davis Strait and the Atlantic Ocean.
"Through the, laudable, zeal of Captain Allen Young, while en-
gaged in an enterprising voyago of oxploration in the Arotic seas,
the time of arrival at and departure from Carcy Islands (noar
Smith Sound) of the Polar ships was ascertained ; and letters
‘buoyant with hopes for their futuro, roceived up to the 27th of
July, 1875,

_ There have been thus employed during the past year under the
direction of the Admiralty, in exploratory research, three of Her
‘Majesty's ships, with complements of 51 officers, including seven
gontlomen of special scientific aeqnirements, and 305 mon; two
surveying war-ships, foreign, and one on home servico—employing
80 officors and 210 mon; six dotachod surveying partics, forviga

Admiralty Suroeys.—Mediterranean. elvii

any vory marked heaping-up or necumulation of Nile deposit or
sand-dvift outside the western breakwater of Port Said, such as
might have boon expected in the time that had elapsed from tho
survey made in tho spring of 1873; more especially ag thoro had
‘been a very high Nile in 1874. Tt wax, however, evident that a
slow but certain shallowing of the water obtained, ax the 27, 30, and
‘32 feet contonr-lines wore soaward of those before surveyed. ‘The
bottom was invariably sand and mud of a stiff clayey nature. At
depth of 27 feot the sand was in excess, incroasing as tho water
shoaled ; at depths oxccoding 33 foot mud alone was found. ‘The
dispersion or Iovelling of the ooxy mud found northward and west-
ward of the west breakwater during former surveys was probably
Aue to the vwintor westerly gales, which provailed bofore Staff-
Commander Millard commenced his examination,

‘The season of the year prevented more than a cursory examina-
tion of the currents along the adjacent count. So faras this extonded,
the conclusions drawn wore:—I. That the wind mainly inflaonoes
the current. 2, That the prevailing wind is north-west. 8, That
the provailing current ix easterly, or from the Damietta mouth
towards Port Said. 4, Tho lincof strongest current is that border-
‘ing on the Damietta mouth of the Nile and the projecting coast
east of Port Said. 6. The current is retarded and diverted by
‘winds contrary to its coureo, and wholly reversed by strong easterly
winds, or a continuation of light easterly winds, 6, Tho sand-
drift of the coast, between Ghemil and Port Said is always to the
‘eastward, or towards the westorn breakwater.

‘The coast-lino between the Damiotta mouth and Port Said was
also by this survey fonnd to have extended considerably seaward
winos that made by Captain Mansell, n.x,, in 1856; in somo places
nearly to the extent of throo-quarters ofa milo, Permanent beach
marks wero, on StafCommnnder Millard’s xuggestion, erected by
the Egyptian Government, in order, by fature surveys, to test
‘accurately the conditions and rato of extonsion of this particular
‘coast district.

‘Btaf-Commander Millard is now engaged in resounding the
“upper part of the Grand Harbour at Malta, there being evidence of
‘a slow silting up in parts, Ax these soundings will be referred
to a fixed datum-mark, cxuct comparisons of changes in progress
‘can be mado in the future.

East Coast of Africa,—Excellont work on this trying const, not-
withstanding occasional sickness and adverse weather, has been

elx Sir H. C. Rawxrsson’s Address,

aes aS aly 8 ra

northwant to the 28th parallel, or just beyond Port Gregory. ‘This
atrotch of coast is described asmost barren and inhospitable,
Se ne iead ake soa et ees oe
miles from the shore; fresh-water scarce and hardly drinkable.
Tho only places of shelter for vessels in this district, nearly 300
miles in extent, are Champion and Jurien Bays, tho latter only
available for a small class of vessels, and cven for them diffoult of
‘access, Port Gregory is alene a boat-harbour; it bas, nevertholess,
for some years been tho outlet for the produce of the Goraldine and
other motalliferous mines in the neighbourhood, Being unsafe in
winter, it will probably be abandoned as a shipping port when the
railway in progress from Champion Bay to the mines is completed.
‘The surveying force is now working its way from Swan River to
Capo Leonwin and King George Sound, ‘Ihe coast region south
of Geograph Bay is little known, and good results will follow this
examination.

‘South Australia—The examination of the coust and off-lying
islands and soundings between Cape Catastrophe and Streaky
Bay still progresses under Staff-Commander Howard. One of his
astistants, at the request of the Colonial Government, has made an
elaborate eurvey of Port Pirie, in Spencer Gulf, and had aleo com-
menced for engineering purposes, in the interests of the colony, a
survey of the sea-mouth of the Murray River.

Victoria,—The survey of Banks Strait, referred to in the Address
of Inst year, is in progress. The necessity of this examination is
shown by several new dangers presenting themselves. Excep-
tionally bad weather in the surveying scason prevailed; a feature
that was obsorved generally throughout the Australian colonies.
Hobson Bay (the chief port of Victoria) hus also been surveyed in
minute detail to meet projected harbour-improvements.

Queensland.—Tho survey for the past year has beon confined to
the sounding out the region bounded on the north by the line
‘between West Hill and the Percy Isles, and the several approaches
to Broad Sound. Numerous and extensive shoals oxist hore, and
the surroy has dikelosed that great caro is necossary in navigating
these waters. The great range of tide at Broad Sound—over
80 foot—and the rich character of tho adjacent country, point to

Admiralty Surceys— Challenger’ Expedition. eli

‘this district as one of groat value in the future maritime interests
of the colony.

Fiji Tnlands—This group having recently become a colonial de-
Pendonoy, Licutenant Dawson, aftor tho completion of the charts of
North-East Now Guinoo, made in H-M.S, Basilisk, Captain Moresby,
and referred to in the Address of last year, was detached with a
small party and a steam-launch to the South coast of Viti Levu.
A dotailed plan of the Suva bay and the adjacont neighbourhood,
on & large soale, has beon completed, in anticipation of the seat of
Government being removed from its present position in Levuka to
this, or some moro suitable site. Licutenant Dawson has recently,
from ill-health and exposure, been compelled to resign the charge
of the survey,

Deep-Sea Exploring Expedition —The Challenger’s labours are now
drawing to. clove, and within a few days her arrival in England
may be expected; thus terminating a voyage which, for the wido-
ness of its scope in the field of terrestrial physical research, and
the eolidity, and—it may be, indeed, fairly eaid—brilliancy of the
results, has not been excelled in any preceding generation. At
this timo last year the Challenger was engaged in the Tnland Sea
of Japan, after having been refitted and docked at the Japanese
Government port of Yokoska, The dredging and trawling ope-
rations in the Inland Sea produced little of interest. to the natu-
talists, and time pressing, Japan was finally quitted on the 16th
of June; the deep-sea soundings provionaly mado from tho Ad-
miralty Islands north of Now Guinea being now connected with
‘the South coast of Otsima.

From Yvukohama « section betwoon the 35th and 38th parallols
of latitude was run to the 156th moridian of west longitude (the
eepest water found being 3980 fathoms), from whence the course
was shapod direct for tho Sandwich Islands (the deepest water
on the latter section 3025 fathoms). The sea-bottom level at the
great depths of these sections of the North Pacifle Ocean is
throughout very uniform, composed of red clay, with mangancso
‘and pumice, the latter much increasing as the Sandwich Islands
‘were approached.

‘Honolulu was reached on the 27th of July. Leaving Honolulu
on the 11th of August, deop soundings were taken (2050 fathoms)
between Oahu and Hawaii, and four days wore spent at tho
anchorage of Hilo, in the latter island, to afford the scientific ob-
sorvers the opportunity of visiting the crater of Kilanca, whore

elxii Sir Hy C, Rawnmreon’s Address,

‘magnotic observations were made, and a eories of photographic
‘views taken. Quitting Hilo on the 19th of August, a course was
shaped for Tabiti, which was reached on the 18th of September.

3000 fathoms, with an average depth throughout of 2500 fathoms:
‘Leaving Papeote in Tahiti on thé Srd-of October,
pasenh Ree tesa nosebediibe yaceiba of 40s. in 193° w,; the:

Cumberland bay was reached on the 13th of November; two days:
were spent here by the Naturalists in making such collections as
‘the time afforded; on the Abt: of November: Ube sb ieeeseedae
‘Valparaiso. = tome
‘Combining from the able reports. of Professor Wrille- [Thomeon:
and Staf-Commander Tizand the results obtained in the central and
-enatern parts of the Pacific Ocean in 1975, with those made in 1874
in the western part; our knowledge of the physica of this wide
expanse of waters is seen to be greatly extended. The general
distribution of tho sea-temperatures—an important feature on
climatio and other grounds—admits of being thus briefly do-~
scribed :—Tho whole mass of water may be considered as divided
into two layors—the upper comparatively superficial, and rapidly:
‘cooling from the pre Lcpemaeen| the lower of incomparably
a pceenlceae past eiegh-epelenmbetgpage bens
iemiainipstacs ietioxt
These general featurea aril bo apparent Hy the following clase-
fication of tho maximum and minimum temperatures anes)
observed from the surface downwards.

2 wer

ats | sto | ofa | ots
sos | set | sa5 | 404
78 | 733 | S00 | 478
ooo | coe | 453 | aoe
40 | asa | 38-0 | 40-0
avo | aoe | soo | gen
367 | 368 | aes | OS
35-0 35-0 wo oe

Admiralty Surceys—* Challenger" Expeditive. — ebxiii
The isothermal line of 40° thus indicates nearly the dividing
Himit between those two ayers, and, as @ goneral rule, oscillates
| the 400 and 800 fathoms depths. Above this line the
distribution of temperatares is apparently regulated by causes

another source, and its distribution governed by other laws, In his

Valparaiso, dated 5th Decomber, 1875, it is stated :—
“The depth of tho Pacific incroases slowly from the south to the north,
the mean differenca between the depth of the South Pacific and that
of the North being, Perhaps, as muchas 1000 fathoms.* Not-
withstanding this incroaso in depth, wo havo mtisfied ourselves,
although the determination is one of great difficulty, that the bottom-
temperature rises slightly from the south northwards. We can
scarcely say more than that it risos slightly, for tho differences in
the temperatures below 1500 fathoma are 20 small thata result can
only be arrived at by a carefal combination and comparison of
many observations.”

"We can scarcely donbt that, like the similar mass of cold
bottom-water in the Atlantic, the bottom-water of the Pacific ix
an extremely slow indraught from the Southern Sea, That it
is moving, and moving from a cold’ source, ix evident from the
fact that it ia much colder than the mean winter temperature of
the area which it occupies, and colder than the mean temperature
of tho crust of the carth; that it is moving in ono mass from the
southwards is shown by the uniformity of ite conditions, by the
gradual rise of the bottom-temperatures to the northward, and by
tho fact that thoro is no adequate northern source of such a body of
water, Behring Strait being only 40 fathoms deep, and a consider-
able part of that area being occupied by » warm current from the
Pacific into the Arotic Sea, and by our knowledge from observations
‘that one or two trifling currents from the Sea of Okotele and the
a
Peres ee ont rs cnat ees

4s ‘Nour Pacee. Som Pavia

Sot i a OI AE Gireatent depth 2750 tathoma Fabs. 12h 1k w.

oeating tov 146 tm, sig Yin. | Somalne dare 2100 ome Linke,
So femme tt ftmaieo wae yet
% from 2000 fo 3800) {i from 3900101800
= from aoe 102009 Strom isooto 130
. dootorrs FS

dsiy Sir H. C, Rawnrwson’s Address. |

| SUR aaa areor yt ca mpmnprperienmes eh Tt

nite independent of the main mass of cold water, represent the
Ny Aas During its progress northwards the upper
portion of the mass becomes slightly raised in temperature by
spest ana it nea Rowe yg plarpoondestion frees} tapas
layers which are affected by solar heat."

“T am every day. more folly .eatieficd: tbat this influx of cold
water into tho Pacific and Atlantic Oocans from the southward is
to be referred to the simplest and most obvious of all causes, the
excess of evaporation over precipitation of the land-hemisphere;
Sees arets Oe yeguiraiasion over vapicio iaeeeE
southern part of the wat

4(Atier what I, ao: alroedy. onld, I. eed \eoerentysutditoad
have never neon, whether in the Atlantic, tho Southern Sea, or
the Pacifio, the slightest ground for supposing that such a thing
exists as a general vertical circulation of the water of the ocean
depending upon differences of specific gravity.”

‘The Equatorial current was found, in accordance with the ox-
porionce of former navigators, to occupy the region of the trade~
winds, i.e. approximately from 20° 5. to 20° s,; a8 was also the
narrow, but strong, counter-current setting to the eastward between
the parallels of 9° and 5° x. On the passage from Honolulu to
‘Tahiti, when in 7° s., this counter-current was found to be running
at the rate of 50 miles a-day, with a surface-temperature of 80° to
$2". In 1°s., the south branch of the Equatorial or west-going
current waa running at the great rate of 70 miles a-day, with the
surface-tewporature at 77°,

Several obsorvations for velocity and temporature wore mude in
tho Japan stream, or Kuro Siwo, In June a current of 3 knots an
hour was found on the 198th meridian, between 324° and 334° ».,
with varying surface-temperataros from 63° to 68°, the rate of the
stream not being affected by the changes from cold to warm water,
‘Theso peouliar effects are probably not found to the eastward of
140° «,, and there, apparently, the stream is a warm one.

‘The course of the Japan stream is much the same as that of the
Gulfstream, and due to the same cause, ‘The Equatorial current,
orrather its northern bronch, striking against the Philippine group,
and othor islands of the Eastern Archipelago, is diverted to the
north, but in a lew permanent and defined manner than the Equa-
torial current is in the Atlantic by the unbroken American con-

Admiralty Surveys—' Challenger* Expedition. — clx¥
-Ainont. Novortheless, the stream pastes the southern coasts of
Japan | sly a8 & pormanont current, a
ee ieee ceraeeie
of the Japan stream itself on the temperature of the ocean, as com=
pared with tho Gulfstream, is, however, much soonor reduced and

Reverting to the Pacific Equatorial current, its warm waters,
instead of being closed up by the form of the land-barricr, as in
the Atlantic, spreads out in tho Middle and Wostern Pacific Ocean
Jn # vast sheet of abnormally warm wator, extending to a depth of
nearly 100 fathoms,

On the naturo of the bottom of tho Pacific Ocean and ita fauna,
Professor Wyville Thomson dessribes the former in that great
extent between Japan and the Sandwich Talunds ws uniform, being
of red clay, containing a large proportion of tho testa of siliceous
<nganisme, and a considerable quantity of pumice in differont utates
‘of comminution and decomposition. ‘The clay was found to contain
scarcely a trace of carbonate of lime, although tho surface swarmed
owas foll of concretions, consisting mainly of peroxide of manga-
“Bese, varying in size from a grain of mustard-seed to a large
‘patato, When theso concretions are broken, they are found to
consist of concentric Tayers, and nsnally starting from a nucleus
consisting of some foreign body, such as 4 piece of pumice, a shark’s
tooth, ora fragment of any organism. The concretions appear to
form loose among the soft clay, and’ the singularity iz striking both
‘of the amount of this manganese formation and the vast area which
“itcovers. ‘The fauna of the North Pacific at depths of from 2000
“to 3000 fathoms, although not abundant in species, wan by no
‘means meagre; and the naturalists were again struck with the
wonderful uniformity of the fama at theve depths. If not exactly
‘the came species, very similar representatives of the same genera
ooour in all parts of the world.

‘Botwoen the Sandwich Islands and Tahiti, and from Tahiti in a
meridional direction to the parallel of 40°s., the bottom is described
‘as consisting mainly of rod clay, excopt in the neighbourhood of the

of volcanic islands, where it was found to be largely
-comporod of volcanic débris and shore-mud, containing occasionally
‘an admixture of tho decaying shells of foraminifera, and at nearly
‘all the soundings a large proportion of the manganese concretiong,
from the size of a nut to that of an orange, and passing into fine,

VOL. XLVI. #5

2225 fathoms, tho conditions in this locality seem much moro fiavour-
ablo to animal life than even the manganese area; and Tat in-
clined to think that we bad struck upon one of the highways by which
migration takes placo to the northward from the Southern Soa.”

Leaving Valparaiso on 10th of December—the eectional sound~
eS Crete 8 ia ae
‘been completed—the Challenger proceeded to the southward, still
oa eae tcasoa and anchored on tho last evening of
eee at Port Otway, in tho Gulf of Peiias, On Now
Vous Tey Memior Channel was entered, and on the 20th of

Port Louis, in order to obtain corresponding tidal and
‘observations on the exact site of those made by Ton ocean
his Antarctic voyage in IMS. Erebus and Terror. The tidal
‘obsorvations were of some immediate interest, a information had

of the group being now in action: these tidal observations, how-
‘ever, indicated that the mean sea-level was in exact accordance with
that dotermined by Ross thirty-three years previously (May: to
September, 1842), and duly recorded by him on a permanent rock

Arctic Expedition, olxvii

tablet. The magnotical observations, as in the time of Ross, show
‘that great secular changes still exist; the exsterly declination or
“variation of tho compass decreasing at the rate of 5:3 minutes, and
Le patpdhetean dhipaagheste ptaineismenn teased: sola’
nearly 8 minutos annually.
On the 16th of February, the Challenger axvivei at Monte Video,
from whence she miled a fow days afterwards to comploto sectional
oceanic observations across to Tristan d’Acunhs. We have subse-
quently heard of her arrival at Asconsion and the Cape de Verd
ielands; the ship may now be daily expooted to arrive in England
to bo paid off at Sheerness,

‘Swmmarg.—Vbe demands of commerce and its rapid expansion,
‘even in unlooked-for regions, have been mot by increased activity
Gn the Hydrographic departments of most Maritime States, and the
interohango of nautical information by the modium of brief published
‘notices bas now become general. The translation of, tho re-oditing,
oharting, and issuing this daily-received now matter in the wsual
form of Notices to Mariners, requires unremitting attention and
well akillod labour to utilise in tho interests of British shipping.

_ Bive volumes of Sailing Directions, embracing the North Soa,
‘West Coast of England, West Indies, and Western Africa have been
revised and published during the yoar; as leo a Supplement to
‘the * Chinn Sea Directory,’ containing eailing directions for Malacca
‘Strait, compiled and published.

~ Tithe Ohart branch, 72 now charts havo been published, involving
‘the cancelling of 50 sheots; while 175,000 charts havo boon printed
for the goneral public and for the use of the Royal Navy.

oly

Anerio Reatoxs—Since my romurks at the opening of the present
Session little has occurred relative to our Arctic Expedition which
itis necessary here to record. The Alert and Discovery were last
‘geen by Baropean eyes on tho 27th of July last, when they dis-
appeared from the view of the speotators on board the Valoroue in
‘Waigat Strait, near Disoo, Many of you have doubtless read the
fntoresting account of the last days of the Uxpedition in Danish
Greenland, written by our Secretary, Mr. Markham, which has
‘since appeared in tho first part of our ‘ Proceedings’ for tho Sossion.
Ht is well known, also, that Inter letters were received, th:
the agency of Captain Allen Young, announcing. the well-being of

elxviii Sir H. ©, Rawnrnson’e Address,

the officers and crows up to the 27th of July. We have now only to
‘buoy ourselves with the hope that favourable news of the Dxpedi-
tion may arrive in the autumn, on the return of Captain Allen
Young in the Pandora, who has boon commissioned by the Admiralty
to visit, during his summer's Arctic crnise, the islinds at the
entrance to Smith Sound, in the hope of finding letters deposited
thoro in the spring by sledge parties sont down by Captain Nares,
‘Tho Pandora leaves England in the course of a fow days, and we
shall all be on the’ aay ahanaty papircsnlnn =)
bring on her rotura, vl | thm
‘With regard to other Arctic undertakings, have only TAS
that the Swedish voyaye to the mouths of the Yonisei andthe Obi
“last summer having proved: suoceesful, Professor Nordenskivld is
for another cruise this summer to the same regions, He

is to leave Gothenburg in a steamer on the 10th of July, Simul-
tanoously with his Expedition we hour that several Russian steamers
‘will make the reverse voyage, that is from the ‘Yenisel toSt Poters-

burg, vid the Kuri Sea, North Sea, und the Baltic. a
1 fe the

Tegtaxp.—Tho journey of Mr. W. L, Watts across the Vatua

necessary here to record. ‘Tho successful passage of the previously
untrodden Vatna ice-mountain in the south-eastern part of the
island was, in the words of the veteran Arctic traveller Dr. Rae,
ono of the most daring journoys that it was possible to accomplish.
Tt had beon attempted the previous summer (1874) by Mr. Watts
and # party of ‘young Englishmen, but the excessive cold and the
deadly snow-drifte drove back the expedition. In the summer of
1876 ho tried again, accompanied by a number of hardy Toolandors,
and sncceeded this time in getting across to the northern «ide.
Althongh by this feat Mr. Watts added but little to our geographical
Knowledge, his investigation of the imporfectly known volcanic
‘ogion on the northern side of the Vatna enabled him to rectify to
a considerable extent existing maps, especially with regard to the
course of the Jikulsi, His geological observations were, more
numorous and important; according to him the Vatna Jukull isa
mass of ice and snow, resting upon a nest of voloances, and rising
tow height of nearly 7000 fect, Captain Burton’s two handsome

Teeland—Russia, elxix

‘Yolumes form a complete monograph of this interesting island; the
well-known onoyclopwdic tustes and acquirements of the author
enabling him, in addition to the narrative of his journey, to bring
together o mnass of information rogarding the Physical Geography,
products, and inhabitunts of Iecland, which he hat arranged and
classified in a manner convenient for purposes of reference,
ant

dieters tho:ocures cf. tho pest yoaneight important Bepedl=
tions, under the auspices of the Rassian Geographical Socioty,
ave been undertaken, continued, or brought to « conclusion,

‘Tho idoa of tho first of those, namely, that charged with carry-
ing asuries of levels actos Siberia, was originated in 1872, when
the academicion, I. J. Wild, submitted his proposal to the joint
eeotiona of Mathomatical and Physical Geography for the equip:
ment of an expedition for this purpose. He had in view the ime
Portance of determining the absolute heights of a fow positions in
the northern part of the continent of Asia, so. as to correct, with
some degree of certainty, the barometrical measurements for alti-
tudes in different parts of Siberia and the neighbouring countries,
Although the proposal met with considerable favour and sympathy
in both sections, and in the council of tho Society iteelf, its fulfil~
ment was deferred for want of the necessary funds, Upon the
‘termination of the Aralo-Caspian levelling-operations, however, the
instruments employed on that occasion became available for othor
‘purposes, and a sufficiont sam of money having been accumulated
to allow of the carrying of ono line of levels for a distance of
2000 miles as far as Irkutsk, it was determined to proceed with the
work and to place it undor the control of Colonel Tillo, whose survey:
of the Ust Urt between the Aral and Caspian Seas was noticed
in the last Annual Address, The whole distance was divided into
five sootions, to cach of which o separate surveyor was assigned,
the work boing commenced eimultanedusly at several points. By
the end of last year a distance of about 170 miles to Irkutak
remained unfinished, and this will probably be comploted in the
eourse of this summer, when the results will be published,

Phe second Expedition, that to the Olonek, to which attention
‘has been called in the Addresses of former occasions, has now,
in its third year, beon brought to a conclusion. Chokanoflaky,
who had previously succoasfully accomplished two scientific Hx-
pelitions to the lower Lena and the tundras on the Olonek,
has now supplemented theee by farther researches, Leaving

dcx Sir H.C. Ravwursson's Address,
Irkatek in the month of May b
seommyaniad by it

the Lens at Aiakit (17 miles below Balun) and crossed by land.to
the Olonek, following ite course to its embouchare in the Northern

afterwards, it wax i
in F490 Ity they romaed Samet, belonging to the oder
Neareptera, lying about, ee awh

1 hatliilidey txkage titan lke geogeiontin-aish cpatg atteenipattl
‘» Journal kopt during his journey from Yakutek to the mouth of

‘inow ab home and on the continent, "he literature of din wub.
Joct has alo received an important addition in Major Horbert
‘Wood's work, mentioned in another part of this Address, +The:
Shores of Lake Aral’ It. only remains to say a fow words
on the meteorological observations which havo been steadily
continued #inoe the establishment, by M. Dorandt, of am cbeor-
vatory at Nokun and a subsidiary station at Petro-Alexandrofisk.
At both of those hourly observations have been made during a year
(from October 1874 to October 1875) on the temperature, density,
and humidity of the air, direction and force of the wind, clouds,
declination of tho magnet, solar heat, measurements of the internal

—

Russian Explorations. elxxi
temperature of tho carth at various depths, aud of aqueous evapo-

‘Aickala, Klytch-kala,
Anghiz, boiides making 167 cbeorvations for timo, 19. for Intitnds,,
and 176 for terrestrial magnetism.

Sferiifaticnary,,1878;jnsyaoon ia the ice om the yAwva-dartacwadt:
‘snfliciently strong to bear, accurate surveys wore made of tho river,
and the velocity of its onrrent was determinod. ‘Theso obearvations
were further verified in July of tho same year by: the Aral flotilla.

The extreme dryness of the atmo phore in theso regions during
the summer months afforded on admirable opportunity for testing

with tho hydvometers of Saussure and Renaud. In this wey «
foundation has been Jaid for the study of the physical geography of
Central Asia, which may horeafter produce important results.
‘Mx, Miklukbo-Maklay’s travels im tho Malayan Region, undor
athe auspices of the St. Petersburg Society, have been continued.
‘He passed nearly the whole of last year on the poninaula of Malacca
for the purpose of pursuing his ethnological studies, which promise

to ke interesting. ‘
_ Anothor of these enterprisos is the Expedition to the Ket and
Chulim Rivers. M. Sidensnor, at the instigation of the Minister
af Public Works, visitod last summer tho wator-communications of
‘Wostorn Siberia, with tho view of ascertaining the practicability of
ee ees He found.
the Ket, an important tributary of tho Obi, offored the greatest:
facilities for the accomplishment of this undertaking; while his col«
‘league, M. Lopatin, explored the geology of the basin of the Chulim,
syhore he found iron ore, His researches further resulted in the dis-
‘covery of animal and vogotable fossil-deposits in several places on
sthis river,
_ An important atep in the exploration of the unknown torzitory
of Central Asia hos boon made by the Hisar Expedition, The
party, commanded by M. Mayef, an accomplished ethnologist and
statistician, and assisted by a staff of traincd observers, « diplo-
tatic agent, and an edcort of Cossacks, set ont from Karshi (the
summer residence of the Khan of Bokhara), and took the road to
Baisun, passing the Chakcha valloy, and the gorge famous under
ithe namo of tho “Iron Gato,” situated not fax from Darband.

olxxii Sir H. 0. Rawnrsson’s Address.

‘This place had net been seen by European travellers since:
Don Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo’s embassy to the Court of Tamer
lane. Thoy visited the town of Hissar, in the highland valley of
the Surkhan and Faiznbad,* in that of

tributaries of the Oxus. 'Thenoe they proceeded to the valley of the:
Surkhab, one of the four chief contributaries of the Upper Oxus,
the source of which was’ discovered by Fedchenko to be in the
Alai Mountains, where it is known under the name of the Kizil-sm

dangerous precipices,

Pul-i-Sangin (the Stone Bridge), It should bo montionod that
the river is hero known asthe Wakhsh-ab (a form which bas
eee sete We Dire Ox OL

intended, to tho point of confluence of the Wakhsh and the Panj,
in order to fix it astronomically, and obliged them to return to-
Shahar-sebr, which they reached on the 18th of June, after having:
spent forty days in traversing the territories of Hissar and Kul-ab.
‘Tho mape of this Expodition will bo of great interest, a

In the extromo west of the great desert of Central Asia an
other expedition, organised by the Caucasus section of the Russian
Geographical Socioty, has explored and mapped tho xemaining
unsurveyed portion of the Usboi, or old bed of the Oxus, betwoon
Bala-Ishon and Lake Sara-kamish. From their report it appears
that the river-bed is well marked throughout its course betweer
banks 140 feet high, with a stony bottom, encrusted in places with
salt, and here and there covered with vegetation chiefly consisting:
of mxaul, he channel presents no serious obstacles to the unin
terrupted flow of a river. The prosence of this Eussian recon-
noitring detachment is said to have exercised so beneficial an effect
on the country, that four caravans of merchandise wore dispatched
from Krasnovodek to Khiva (eightoon days’ march), an event
which has not occurred for ten or fifteen yoars.

* This must not be confounded with the capital of Badalkehon, to the eouth of
‘the Oxus. °

Russia—Fadia. — elxxiii
‘The return of Mr. Sosnoffiki, already well known as a Central
Asian traveller, from China, completes our list. His expedition
‘was undertakon by orders of tho Governmont with the object
of opening new ontlots for the Russian trade with Axia, as well
as for obtaining precise information on the insurrection of the
Dungens, and tho resources at the disposal of the Chineso
Government to ropress thom. Tho party, consisting of MM. Sos-
nofiki) and) Matusofski, Dr. Pinssitaky, M. Boiarsky, anda Chinas:
man long resident at Kiakhts, and representing one of the principal
tea houses of that place, proceeded vid Kiakhta to Pekin; thence
to Hankow, whore they arrived in October 1875. Leaving this
place, they ascended the Han-kiang, which waters the provinces of
‘and Shen-si, and is easily navigable for steamers. ‘Thoy
their journey to the Russian frontier in the Altai,
Fasting through Han-chung-fu, Homi (Khamul), Barkul, and
Guchen (Kuchun)—a distance of about 2800 miles, of which 800-
‘ware accomplished by water. Thoy have made a number of obser~
vations; brought back collections of plants and animals, besides
specimens of Chinese art and industry ; and taken photographs of
the various types of inhabitants and the buildings and monuments.
‘The coming season promises to be one of unnsual interest to
Russian geographors in regard to Arctic enterprise. In co-operation
‘with Nordenskigld's expedition already montianed, it is ramoured
that four steamers will leave Tobolsk in autumn, and descend the
Ob to the Sew of Kara ; aud that « scientific expedition will proceed
overland to the Gulf of Obi, What tho results of those ontorprisos.
may be it is impossible to foretell, But this, atall events, we know
for certain, that Messrs, Pinsch aod Brehm, and Count Waldburg-
Zeil, of the Bromon Polar Verein, havo started for Wostern Siberia,
with the intention first of exploring tho Altai Mountains, in the
neighbourhood of Semipalatinsk, and thence, travelling northwards
to the country near the mouth of the Ob, by the high road through
Barnaoul and Kolivan, gaining the Upper Obi at Tomsk.
‘Two now expoditions to Mongolia are spoken of ; and the inde~
fatigable traveller, Projevaléky is on the point of starting for Lob-
nor, whence he may possibly try and penetrate to Lhasa.

Axpts.—Trans- Himalayan Surveys —The recent publication of Cap-
tain HL. Trotter's Report on the Trans-Himalayan Explorations by
employés of the Groat Trigonometrical Survoy of India during the
years 1873-5, has boon a groat gain to Geography, containing as it

velxxiv _ Sir H.C. Rawrrsson’s Address. |

does an account of threo very important journeys performed through:
unknown, or very. little known, portions of Central Asia, Tho
route of Coloncl Montgomeric’s havildar, to which I gave a pro-
tminent place in my November Address, has now beon published “in
extenso," os the first Memoir of this series, and fully justifies the
expeotations that wero formed of it, Tho havildar’s exploration,
‘indeed, of the northern bend of the Oxus, was not arrested, it now
appears, at Kileh Khumb, the capital of Western Darwéz, ax had
beon previously stated ; but he succeeded in penetrating 60 miles
further up the river to the village of Yaz~Gholam, on the immediate —
frontier of Shignan, thus Teaving an interval of only one day's march
between his survey from the west, and that of Abdul Subhan from
‘the east, His obeervation also of the lower course of the Wakheh
-or Surkhéb, and his detormination of the positions of Kulib and
Baljewdn to the north, and of Kurghin-teppch and Kobddidn to the
-south, ore of the utmost value to a true undorstanding of this inter-
-esting region, and entitle him to the thanks of all Geographers.
Captain Trotter, I may add, has utilised all the new material that,
‘bas been thus obtained in a map recently published, which for the
first time exbibity in correct form the natural features of tho
narrow belt of country now alone intervening between the Russian:
frontier at Kokand and the Afghan frontier on the Oxus

‘Who Moolah’s journey, which is described in Cuptain Trotter's:
second Papor, is also of niuch value in supplomenting our previously
scanty knowledge of the upper portion of the Chitral Valley, a lint
of route to which I drew particular attention ten years ago as the
natural high road of commerce between India and Central Asia.
‘Hin description of the Biroghil Puss, which wus first brought to our
notice by M Amin, and has been since visited by Captain Bid-
dulph, is of ospecial intorest in showing that whoclod carriages can
cross without difficulty from the basin of the Oxun into a valley
Acading to the Cabul River, and ultimately to the Indus, s0 that the
lo inca cenlnie baclencaalemmngs sees me
ing tho approaches to India from the north,

‘Captain Trotter's third Memoir, which describes the-routel@red
entirely now ground, in Thibet, of tho famous Pundit, now intro~
duced to us for the firet time under his true name of Nain Singh, is
-of such peculiar interest that I propose to give a résumé of the
journey, as it appoars in the introduction to the ‘T'rans-Himlayan

“Leaving Leh in the disguise of a Lima or Buddhist priest,

Topographical Surceysz.—Naga Hills, Assy

was successfully amugyled across the frontier, and sue-
seeded in making his way from Noh to Lhésa by an entirely new
route which emerges to the north of Lhésa on the Tingri Nur
or Némcho Lake, the succesful exploration of which by another
Pundit in 1872 has been recently described. From Lhasa tho
Pundit retuned to India by a southerly route, following fora few
tailes the Brahmapitm, in a hitherto unsurveyod portion of ite
course, at a distance of about 40 miles east of Lhasa. By taking,
bearings to peaks, beyonl which the great river was said to flow,
he succocded in fixing its course approximately for another 100
miles to the east, He traversed the Thibetan district of Jawang,
and emergod in British territory at Odalguri in the Darrang: District
of Assam, having made a very careful route-survey over almost
‘entirely now ground for o distance of more than 1200 miles Ex-
‘cellent astronomical observations wore made at. various points
throughout his journey, and tho quulity of the wark has proved
iteolf first-rate. ‘The difference in longitude, betwoon Lhisa and
Odilgnri (whose position has been fixed by tho Indian Survey),
ing little more than one degreo, we nce enabled to obtain a new
value of the longitude of Lhiea, which ought to supersede all former
Alotorminations derived from routes, all of whieh lie for considerable
alistances in nearly the same latitude. Hypsomotrical observations
for caloulation of height above the sea-level were taken throughout
his routo, which materially increases the value of the newly-obtained
‘geographical information.”

Topographical Surveye—The Naga Hills.—In tho Noga Hills,
Captain Badgloy and Lieutenant Woodthorpe, and the other
assistants of No. 6 Topographical Party, havo been for the Inst
‘two peatons of 1879-74 and 1874-75, doing excellent work. The
course of tho Lonior has boon surveyed, and that stream proved
to drain into tho Trawadi instoal of the Brahmaputya basin, ax
hitherto supposed, and a large extent of country, before quite
anknown, has boon filled into the map of the north-cast frontior.
In Jannary 1575, the party, with the political agent, Captain
Holeonthe, was treacherouly attacked and eightyeone men mas«
sacred by the Nagas of Ning, that officer boing the first to be
eat down, Captain Badgloy had a most narrow escape, being
severely wounded ; fortunately he got to his revolvor in time, and
‘tits savell his life. Ho collected the rembunts of the party together,
and by his cxamplo and courage lod them safely out of the hills,

clxxvit Sir H. ©. Rawxassox’s Adiress.

although repeatedly attacked on the line of march by the Nagas,

who were greatly excited and fluched with tho succes of their

attack, but whe gave up tho pursuit with Joss. On the more

weatern side Captain ranma sete of ‘the Naga Hills,
Woodthorpe, had similar

instantly token‘and "burat. \/The oficial reports’ gteing tho ars
completed have not yet been gent inj but it is in topography”
and triangulation vory considerable. Mr. Ogle completed large’
portion of Munipur ‘territory, und connected the
which had been carried over for 80 miles in the season
‘by Major Godwin-Austen from Samaguting ta Munipur, with the:
Great, Trigonometrical Survey series at Cachar, its most eastern
limit, This was a most laborious pieco of work, and kept him
and his party in the field until the Se
most trying tine for such work,

the last field ances 2078-6; tis Spies oer
token up in the Naga Hills, near Wokha, Again the party, éhortly
after starting for their ground, were attacked on the line of murchy
by the Nagas, and that gallant officer, Captain Butler, received a
spear-wound, from which he died on the 7th of January last. Ho
took a zealous interest in the work of exploration, and his lose will
be severely felt by the Survey Department, whose operations be had:
forwarded to the very bost of his ability. By every one who
knew him in Ageam his loss ie much deplored, Lieutenant Wood-
thorpe hag boon continuing the work, but has been impeded not a
little by the unfricndly feeling some of the clans display.

In the Naga Hills south of Sibsagar some excellent

work has boon turned ont by Captain Samuells, of the Revenue
Survey, who was sccompanied during the field season af 1870-74
by Captain Holcombe, as political officer, and whose wafortunate
death I have mentioned above,

The Dufla Expedition. —The Expedition on the North-Dast frontier
during the winter of 1874-5, to releaso captives taken by the
Dnflas, afforded an opportunity of oxploring and mapping a large
area of country before unvisited and unknown. The charge of the
Survey operations was given to Major H. H. Godwin-Austen,
assisted by Lientenant H. J, Harman, 1.x. and Messrs. M. J. Ogle,
and W. Robert. A great number of peaks had in previous seasons.

Dufla Expedition. elxxvii
‘tron fixed by Mr, W. Beverley," which proved of great use. Tho
country is one denso forest to the eummite of all tho ranges, up to
9500 feet, and the only method of making a reliable map was to
clear peaks at intervals, and in commanding positions, from whence
the country could be overlooked; it was, therefore, found very
little extra labour to carry on a regular system of triangulation at
the same time with the topography. ‘Thin triangulation was curried
from a baze of tho G.T. Series on the Brahmoputra, near Dunsiri
‘Mukh, up to our farthest point 42 miles distant, whore from two
stations at about 7000 feet a fine panorama of the snowy mnge was
obtained, stretching for 120 miles from the snowy peaks DB, G, and
HY, north of Lozpur, in a direction z.v.x, towards the groat bond of
the Brahmaputra, Many peaks upon ridges bounding the great
valley of the Subansiri, or Lopra Kuchu of D'Anville’s map, were
secured, and the run of its course within tho hills laid down, Tho
country to tho north here was seen to be much more open, the
bills grassy with patches of forest a8 in the northern parts of
Bhutan. Tho total area covered by triangulation was about
2500 equare miles; six poaks wore cleared, and nine stations ob-
served from, the most northern peaks fixed lying near lat, .28° 15’,
The total area of topography was about 1550 square miles, of
which 450 was completed on tho scale of 2 miles = }inch, tho
remainder on 4 miles = 1 inch; thie area comprises the whole
drainage of the Dilrang, Burroi, and Ranga rivers,

‘The work entailed a good deal of hard climbing and exposure,
as in January the cold was severs on ranges of 7000 to 8000 feet;
and a good deal of snow fell in January, when on Toripité Peak,
which was felt much by men of tho native establishment, the
amount of clothing they could carry on the Expedition being very
Timited. Progress was much impeded by the incessant rain during
January. The Duflas having carly in February given up all our cap-
tured subjects, tho Government of India determined to withdraw the
whole of the force at once, and thus a grand opportunity was lost
‘of penetrating to the higher runges overlooking the Subausiri, an
undertaking thon not so very difficult to have carried ont, after so
Jango a force had entored the country, and with all supplies roady
4o hand; it will be many many years before so favourable an oppor-
tunity ocours again,

An account of the Geology of the Dufla Son by the officer in

* Then in charge of the Aewam series of tho Groat ‘rigonomaicend Survey.

_elxxviii Sir TH. ©. Rawstwsow’s Adiiress

‘charge of the Survey Party, has een published in the *Journab
‘of the Asiatio Society of Bengal for 1875." ave") arn

interest which ‘fa taken’ by’ the’pablie/tn these

(ecjoaa thet mp abana he royce WOE
Vo inoomplote ifT did not briefly allude to them, 1 hall
Firstly, then, I would draw attention to the handsome quarto
printed by the Indian Governmont, which contains all the official
‘reports “on scientific subjects submitted by the members of Sir
Douglas Vortyth’s Mission to Kaéhgar. Colonet Gordon and Dr.
Bellew, who were attached to the Mission, have also furnished

‘Mr. Markham's *Thibet,’ ‘although yrimarily devoted to the
narratives of the little-known journeys of Bogle and Manning to
‘Teshu-Lumbo, and Lhasa, contains # vast amount of information,
‘collected from other sources, regarding tho Geography of the Trans
Himalayan plateau. This information, indeed, is vo complete and
well arranged as far as it goes, that it is all the more to be re~
grettod tho report of tho famous Pundit, desoribing his important
route from Lhasa direct to Assam, from which the identity of the
‘Tsanpu River with the Brahmaputra bas been all but demonstra~
tively proved, did not arrive in timo to bo incorporated in Mr.
Markham’s digest of authorities,

Another Asiatic work which possesses much interest for Geo-
graphers at the present time is Dr. Anderson’s narmtivo of the
two late expeditions across the Barmese frontier into China, ‘The
book, which is entitled ‘Mandalay to Momein,’ commences with
Sladen’s march in 1868, and continues the account of Colonel
Horace Browne's proceedings up to the date of Margury's murder,
in Fobraary, 1875. A very important supplement to this work is
supplied by our own * Proceedings’ on the 14th of February last,
when Mr, Margary's Journal from Hankow to Sha-ch’iao, already
published in China, having been read to the Meeting, Dr. Anderson,
from private letters furnished by the ill-fated traveller's fumily,
was able to oontinue the narrative of his march through Tali-fa and
Momein, and across to the frontier to Bhamo. On o later occasion,
it may also be remembered, a Paper, by Mr. Ney Elias, was read to

‘Wew Geographical Works on Asia—New Guinea. clxxix

the Society, which minutely described a now tract of conntry to tho
south of Major Sladen’s routo, through which an easier and more
direct road ledfrom Bhamo to Momein. It is to be hoped that
during the investigation into the Manwyne outrage of Inst year,
which Mr. Grosvenor is understood to he now conducting upon the
‘spot where it coourred, occasion may be found to complete our
knowledge of the Geography of this most interesting region,
through which in times post a very flourishing trado was carried
on between India and China, and which may be expected in the-
future again to become a highway of commerce.

Among other recent works upon the East, of which the Geo-
‘graphical valuc has boon already brought before this Sceicty by
anticipation, I would notice, flatly, Major Herbert Wood's volume
‘on the Arslo-Caspinn basin, which, in its scientific portion, is a
‘mere aniplification of the ndimirable Memoir published in ourown
*Journal;’ and, secondly, Colonel Baker's ‘Clouds in the Bast,
where the author's travels along the rarcly-visited Turcoman
frontier of Persin, to which I drew attention in my last year’s
Adidross, aro described with much vigour and clearness of detail.
But by far the most important of all sch publications is Mr. D.
‘Morgan’s translation of Colonel Prejovalski’s travels in Mongolia,
which, having had the good fortune to be annotated throughout by
Colonel Yule, whose services we have, happily, this year secured
for our Council, will henceforward be our standard anthority for
the Geography of tho Hustern portion of Contral Asin.

New Gonoa—The past year has been remarkable for the
activity displayed in New Guinea exploration —no fewer than
three of our Evening Meotings thie Session having been ocoupicd
‘by tho rading and discussion of Papors rolating to recent dis-
coveries in the south-eastern part of this great island. Some of
‘tho increased activity is, no doubt, a roeult of the promising
field of oxploration opened up the year previons by the coast-
surveys of Captain Moresby, in the Basilisk, an account of which
wos givon in my Jost yoar’s Address; but the principal discoveries.
‘have boon duo to the ability and enterprise of the Rev. S. Mac-
farlane, of the London Missionary Society, who, in tho search
for new stations for tho New Guinea Mission established by
‘the Society before tho voyage of the Basilisk, has suceceded
in penetrating with the steamer EWlengowan two of the large
‘Fivors which debouche on the southern const. The first of these

—

elxxx Sir H. C. Rawunssoy's Address.

-explorations, in ordor of time, was the ascent of the Mai Kassa,
‘or Baxter River, the mouth of which lies behind tho small idand
of Boigu, and nearly opposite the Cape York promontory of Aus
tralia, Mr, Macfarlane states that he received information of the
existenoe of a navigable river in this direction, from the natives
of Boigu; bnt I believe the credit of first discovering the river
‘in due to Lieutenant DB, R. Connor, max. who surveyed this part of
“Torres Straits, on behalf of the Queensland Government, in 18735
for I find on one of his charts, published at Brisbane in the samo
year, the mouth of the river very clearly marked under the name
of “Mai Qussar." Mr. Macfarlane ascended the stream to a dis-
tance of 90 miles, but found that only the lower course for a
distance bf 60 miles was navigable by his steamer, We are in-
-debted for an account of this first successful attempt to ascend a
New Guinea river to our young Associate, Mr. Octavius Stone, who,
“being at Cape York at the time Mr. Macfarlane was preparing
for his voyage, accepted the im of the latter gentleman to
accompany tho Expodition, It is interesting to find, from the
given both by Mr. Stone and Mr, Maofarlane, that

the country improved in appearance, and in the varicty and
beauty of its vegetable and animal productions, the farther they
penetrated into tho interior; the tract of land through which
‘tho lower and bronder part of the rivor moanderod being level
and monotonous in its aspect. Similar observations were made
on the next river-voyago of Mr. Macfarlano, namely, that up
the great rivor called tho Fly, a little farther eastward. Tho
Fllengewan ascended this stream in December lust toa distance of
160 miles, anchoring at the turning-point in 17 fathoms of water,
withont reaching tho undulating or hilly cou stry of the interior,
Tt would seem, therefore, that the whole of the coast-land in this
part of New Guines partakes of the nature of a Delta formation,
consisting of broad lovel tracts traversed for scores of miles by aalt,
‘or brackish water crecks, into which, far in the interior, the rivers
proper discharge themselves, On his ascent of the Fly River,
Mr. Macfarlane had as passenger Signor D'Albortis, the ox-
perienced Italian Naturalist, whose observations, read at our last
‘Evening Meeting, on the country, the native tribes, and the animal
productions, are wost interesting and valuable. Besides adding to
our knowledge of these subjects, Signor D'Albertis has rondered
service in finally disposing of the fabled existence of large
quadrapeds and birds in this part of New Guinca—the rumoured

a! 4

New Guinea. elxxxi

‘colossal bind, of which some accounts were published a fow months
‘age, turning out to bea hornbill of ordinary siz; and the traces
‘ef weupposed rhinoceros proving to be those of the New Guinea
camowary. ‘The banks of the lower part of the Fly River—as the
Doating-parties of the surveying ships Fly and Rattleenake bad
found, to their disappointment, thirty years ago—aro thickly
inhabited by nativo tribes of a most warlike and courgecus
disposition, Mr. Mucfurlane had grout difficulty in avoiding «
sanguinary encounter with these daring savages; bat he appears,
by a judicions display of force whon neodod, and by peaceful
overtures on other occasions, to have at last gained their good-
will, Tt is doubtful if the branch ascended by Mr. Macfarlane
‘bo really that of tho principal stream discharging into the Delta
channels of this part of New Guinea; its course lay much too far
to the west for the great river which is supposed to descend from
the interior in this direction, the course of which is more likely to
‘be from the north-west.

‘Whilst Mr. Macfarlane was exploring the Ply River, Mr. Stone
had engaged at Cape York the two practical Naturalists left there
by tho Macleay Expedition, and proceeded to Port Moresby, much
farther to tho vast, with the intention of crossing the Eastern
Peninsula of New Guinea. He did not succeed in his main object,
for want of moans of transport, which, ho roports, must be either
Timor ponies or South Sea Islanders. The natives proved un-
willing to act as carriers, although they offered no obstacle to his
penetrating by land domo 20 miles into tho intorior. In this part
of Now Guinea tho great mountain-range of the interior approaches
within a moderate distance of the coast; and Mr, Stone's twenty
miles’ marth brought him to the lower hilla which lic at tho foot
of Mount Owen Stanley, a3 far as at present known, the highost

ak of the range. Mr, Stoue found the interior much more
Tuxnriantly wooded and moro fertile than tho coast-country, and
the hill-tribes of natives different in disposition and manners from
the maritime tribes. I need not particularizo further the informa-
tion he gives, inasmuch as it will all in due time be in the hands of
the Fellows with the next volume of the Socioty’s ‘Journal.’ Tho
Sn details with which we have been furnished by Mr. Stone

the country and natives of the Port Moresby region,

to those of Signor D'Albertis, respecting Yulo Island and

the my, River, form u large addition to our knowledge of this

Hitherto almost unexplored land, They supplement, to an ianiant
YOu. XLVI.

elxxxii ‘Sir H.C. Rawnnysos's Address.

ogre, the valuable record of his discoveries which Captain Moresby
thaw lately given to the world in hia orion New Gai aa

As an addendum to thin brief account of New Guinta.
I may venture here 0 mention a now work that has recently
appeared, which contains a most valuatie and reliable account of
many of tho islands of the Western Pacific, some of which were
also visited and deecribed in Captain Moreaby's book alluded to

above, I mean, the ‘Journals of Commedore , daring
‘his last Command on the Australian Station.” T have in
the Obituary, given a brief notice of the last cruises of this gifted
and much-respected naval commander.

Ausnataa.—Our Council, as you are ulready aware, has rewarded
with ono of the Royal Medala of tho yoar, the vkill and perseverance
of Mr, John Forrest, whose successful journey was fully narrated
in the * Proceedings’ of our last Session, I have now ta record
that another traveller has succeeded in traversing the great desert
ef West Contral Australia; thus making the third who has accom-
plished this exceedingly difficult task. The traveller to whom I
allude is Mr. Ernest Giles, who may almost be said to be the
pioneer in this Jatost and most arduous field of Australian explo-
ration, he having preceded both Colonel Warburton and Forrest in
these attempts to penetrate the great unknown region lying between
‘tho line of overland telegraph and tho shores of Western Australis.
On that first Expedition, in 1872, he reached a point 900 miles to
‘the west of the telegraph line; and in a subsequent attempt, along
nearly the same parallel, he sucoceded in advancing double that
distance, but was then forced to return by tho death of his
and the invincible difficulties of the country. His third undertaking,
much to the south of the previous journeys, has been more successful.
Furnished with camels and a complote equipment by the liberality:
of the Hon. I, Eldor, the same constant friend of Australian
exploration who fitted out the Expedition of Warburton, he left
Beltana, a station to the east of Lake Torrens, on the 6th of May,
1875, and reached Perth on tho 18th of November of the same
your, ‘The line of march through nearly the whole of the
Aistriot lay along tho thirtieth parallel of sonth latitude, therefore
about 240 miles south of Forrest's route, and 480 miles south of
‘that of Warburton, The region traversed, though lying in a moro
temperate latitude, and at no great distance from the southern

* |

Australia—North America. elxxxili

shores of the continent, proved just as desolate an waterless ax the
ines of country traversed by the two other travellers just mentioned.
‘Mr. Giles, in summing up tho results of his journey, states that
throughout the 2500 miles he travelled no areas of country avail-
able for setilement were found. The general character of the
country was that of « slightly undulating descrt, clothed, however,
for hundreds of miles at a strotch with a sernb of low troes and
Bushes, chiefly Velonging to the Leguminose order, which grows
‘80 densely that it was often impossible to got a view of the sur-
ronnding country. At rare intervals, rock holes containing a
‘moderate supply of water were found; but in the central part of
the journey the interval between theso reservoirs was no Tess than
325 miles, and in mony parts chains of dried-up saltJakes added to
the desolation of the scene and the difficulties of the march. With-
‘out camels such a journey would have been no doubt impossible.

A journey of 20 great an extent, through a country so barren and
Aifoult, could have been carried ont only by an explorer of great
courage and determination, and full of resources, Mr. Giles has
shown himself to be an able loader, and has well earned the snocess
‘whiok will place him in the same category of Australian travellers
to which belong Sturt, Eyre, Stuart, Warburton, and Forrest. He
‘appears to have been woll seconded by his subordinates, Mr, Jeas
‘Young and Mr. Tiotkons, the former of whom has been recently

us. This Expedition, confirming in its romlts those of
Porrest and Warburton, will probably set at rest the question of the
capability for sottlemont of the interior of Wostern Australia, and
‘elons the era of Australian Exploration on the large scale, although
much yet remains to bo done in completing the examination of
districts intorvoning betwoon the routes of the greater Expeditions,

“Nonrit Asrenics.—United States—Tmportant additions to our
‘Geographical knowledge of the Western Territories of the American
‘Wnion havo boon again made this year by the Geological and
Geographical Survey parties, under the energetic superintendence
‘of Professor F. V. Hayden. Among the many bequtifully-executed
‘mape issued by this Dopartment have been ono of the Sources of
‘the Snako River, including the Yellowstone National Park, on a
‘tale of one inch to 5 miles, and another, embracing portions of the
‘Montana and Wyoming Territories, which present striking effects in
‘eartography—the one from a skilful use of contour-lines to represent
inequalities of surface, and others from the brown tinting of the

—

elxxxiv Sir H.C, Rawursson’s Addrese.

hill, printed from chalk drawings. Some of there maps have been
issued in two forms, one of them coloured geologically. Four sheets
of an Atlas of Colorado have also appeared during the year.
Public attention in England has lately beon drawn to thess regions,
especially the Yellowstone, by the publication of the interesting
work by Lord Dunraven, callod ‘The Great Divide,’ a narrative of
travels in the Upper Yellowstone.

The amount of topographical and geological work aecom-
plished by Professor Hayden's Department is quite equal to that
of any previous yeur, although the arcas of exploration were
much further romoved from the base of supplies, 24,900 square
miles having bean surveyed in the threo districts into which the
work is divided. Tho results of this survey have been issued in
the shape of bulletins, aa a more prompt medium of publication ;
and a volume of 500 pages, with many plates and maps, has been
completed, in which the physical geography, geology, zoology
(oxtinot and existing), and othnology of the district are discussed ;
some 200 pages of 2 second volume having alao come tohand, Six
“mixcellancous publications" have also boen issued, comprising:
valuable meteorological observations, lists of elevations, a* Synopsis
of tho Flora,’ &c, (including an exhaustive work of 800 pages on
the ‘Ornithology of the Region drained by the Missouri and ita
tributaries’), The wonderful oxtinct vertebrata of the cretaccous
formations of tho Wost are described by Professor Cope, in a 4to
volume of 300 pages, with 57 plates, also issued by this Survey.

Much material of interest, both as regards Topography and
Physical Geography, ia to be found in Mr, G. C. Brondhead’s recently
rogoived * Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Missouzi,”
published in 1874, and illustrated by many plates and a separate
atlas,

‘The Topographical Department of the United States, under
General Humphreys and Lieutenant Wheeler, of the Engineor
Corps, has also performed good work during the past year, It hus
issued the first cight sheots of a Topographical Atlas, projected to
iNustrate Geographical Explorations and Surveys west of the 100th
moridian of longitude; the maps being cn a scale of 8 miles to the
inch, A useful appendix to this is an Index Map showing the
routes of Exploring Expeditions and the areas that have been sur-
veyed west of the Mississippi. When this Atlas is completed it
will forma most valuable addition to the cartography of the Western
States and Territories. We hear that tho work of Triangulation of

‘The United States. elxaxy

the Northern and North-Western lakes is now being carried on
under the direction of Brigadior-Gonoral C, B. Comstock. It has _
‘beon alrosiy carried round the south end of Lake Michigun.
‘may mention also, as @ work indispensable to the
and Statist, the new Statistical Atlas of tho United Statns, which we
have recently received from Amorica. It ix an exhaustive work by
Professor Walker, Superintendent of tho 9th Consus of the States,
containing & vast mass of accurate information under the heads of
Physical Features; Population; Social and Industrial Statistics and
Vital Statistics. Sixty maps and diagrams illustrate the important
and furnish cloar viows of the Rivor Systems of the country;
the areas of woodland ; the distribution of rain, temperature, storms,
and #0 forth, besides the more parvly social phenomena, such as
the Density of Population and its migration during the provont

century.

We learn from our Honorary Corresponding Member, Professor
J.D, Whitnoy, State Goologist for California, that the worl: of this
important Survey, which has yielded in past yoars such valuable
results in Geography as well as Geology, is suspended, and that he
doubts if it will be resumed. Of the four sheots of the Central
California Map (scale 6 miles to an inch), two are finiahed and the
others in progress; but no more Geological Maps will be issued, and
the stones from which they wore printed will probably be destroyed.
Professor Whitney has brought out a new edition of his ‘Guido
Book to the Yosemite Valley,’ in which a good many changes and
aiditions have been made and a new map insorted. Mr, Whitney
‘has also published an interesting historical essay on * Gcographioal
‘and Geological Surveys’ (Cambridge, 1875), and some valuable
contributions to barometric hy

‘Mr. W. H. Dall’s determinations of | heights on the north-west
coast, in connection with the Coast Survey; the military survey
of the Black Hills of Dakota and Wyoming, under Colonel Dodge ;
and Professor Thompson's exploration of the Colorado River, under
‘the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, also deserve notion,
‘The local authorities of the State of New York have published
‘two works of geographical interest; one on the boundaries of the
State, the other (with many maps) on the Topographical Survey
of the Adirondack Wilderness, ‘Tho topography and physical
resourees of this State have also boen ably discussed by General
E. 1. Viele, in an address to the American Geographical Society.
‘Lantly, the minor features of the maritime provinces, middle States,

r —
elxxsvi Sir H, C, Rawnason’s Address,

and Now England, are exhaustively treated and illustrated by maps
—somewhat after the plan of our own ' Murray,” in Oxgood’s sorics
of Handbooks. jwnle a
The North-American Boundary Line.—The Geographical informa-
tion gathered by the Officers of the British Boundary Commission,
‘under Major Cameron, 4., during their Survey of the Frontier
Line between our Possessions and the United States, formed the
subject of a Paper which was read to the Society, in March last, by
Captain 8. Anderson, 2a momber of the Commission.
met the Commission appointed by the United States at Red River,
and commenced their joint operations in September 1872, Beginning
with the Lake of the Woods, the line surveyed extended to the
Rocky Mountains and completed the work of the similar Expe-
ditions under Captain Palliser and Dr, Hector, which explored the
North-West Territory in the years from 1857 to 1860, In the courso
of their operations the party had to traverse, often for weeks in
anccossion, treacherous swamps, dense pino-forests, and stretches af
desert country, clearing ond making tho boundary-line through
every obstacle. The description given by Captain Andemon of the
configuration and varied nature of the region examined has added
very considerably to our knowledge of the Topography and Physical
Geography of this part of North-America,

Sourm Awznica.—The first volume of the general work on the
Geography and Products of Peru, by our Honorary Corresponding
Momber Don Antonio Raimondy, which was mentioned in the
Address of 1874 as being in preparation, has now been published,
and fally justifies the anticipations indulged in with regard to it,
This fine work promises to be a complete geographical monograph
relating to this varied region, and it is to be hoped that means
will not fail for its successful completion. We have received also
from Peru, direct from the President of the Ropublio, a volume
entitled *Demarcacion Politica del Peru, which will be of the
greatest possible utility to all who are engaged in studies con-
nected with tho political boundaries of tho various divisions of
that country. a
‘Two interesting journeys of exploration have been recontly per-
formed by young Bnglish engincers in Brazil, accounts of both of
which, communiented by the authors, will ehortly appear in the
‘Journal’ or ‘Proceedings’ of the Society. One of these journeys,
hy Mr, James W. Wells, extended from the middle course of the

South America—Africa. * elxxxvii
River St, Francisco to the Tocanting, and thence back to the
Atluntio shores at Maranham. Tho other, by Mr. T. P. Bigg
Wither, was on exploration of the little-known River Tibagy, a
tributary of tho Parané, in the interior of Southern Brazil, Both
papers supply @ largo amount of most wolcome information regard-
ing the Topography and the Physical Geography of parts of this
‘vast empire. Another oxploration, of etill greater novelty: and ex-
‘tont, is one by Mr. Alfred Simson, up the Rivor Iya, or Putumayo,
a tributary of the Upper Amazons. Mr. Simson fk said to have
navigated this almost unknown stream for « distance of 1000 miles,
bat we havo not yet received dofinite accounts of his exploit.
‘Those, .as wo aro assured, will be furnished to us as soon as they
reach England.

Arnici-—In Africa, and especially In, Equatorial Africa, has
Deen contered the chief geographical interost of the year. When 1
delivered my last Anniversary Address to you in this ball I drow
your attention to the gravo—not to say porilons—position of the
two adventurous travellers, Mr, Stanley and Licutenant Cameron,
of whom nothing had becn heard for many months, bat who wore
Believed to be pushing their way into regions of the most inacoos-
sible and inhospitable character. With regard to Lieutenant
Comeron I may now confess that I felt more anxiety than I cared
to express, knowing as I did that ho wns trying to force a passage.
throngh the savage tribes who line the lower course of the Congo,
and feeling assured that he would persist in his attempt to reach
‘the western sea-coast, appalled by no dangers, recoiling before no
difficulties. Mr. Stanley's temporary disappearance did not excite
the same amount of uneasiness, since his track lay in a less remotes
portion, of the continent, and he was bottor equipped for the
emorgoncios of travel; but still the absence of all intelligonco
regarding him was becoming painful, when in the autumn of last
year tidings were received, almost simultaneously, from Egypt and
Yanribar, that the gallant explorer had reached the Court of M’tean
at Uganda, on the north-western shore of the Victoria Nyanza. As
full report of his travels after leaving the’ eea-comst’ has been
already publishod in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Socicty, I nood not at
present follow his footsteps in any detail; but in the interoste of
Geography, and in recognition of his eminent personal servicos, it is
‘only just and proper that I should briefly notice the main features
‘of hia journoy, Mr. Stanley thon, by taking a now lino to the lake,

elxxxyiii Sir H. C, Rawunseon’s Address.

epee to ta net of tig trate pecbual by Secon ee
discovered a considerable river flowing in north-western direc-

tion, which he followed down to the lake along a course which bo
approximately estimated at 850 miles. his river is named tho
Shimoeyn, and, as far as our present means of information extend, it
must be considered the true source of the Nile, that is, it is the
most southerly feeder of the great reservoir of Victoria Nyanza,
from which the White Nile issues. After reaching the southern
shore of the lake, not far from the Jordans Nullah of Speke, Mr.
Stanley put together the Thames boat which he had brought in
ploces from Zanzibar, and to which he gave the name of Lady
Alice, and proceeded to cireumnavigate this great inland sea. He
passed along the eastern and northern shores of the lake to M'tesa’s
capital in Uganda, taking a series of observations for lutitude and
longitude as he went along, and also obtaining measurements both
of the depth of the lake and of its elevation above the sea-level.
On the whole, Stanley’s surveys may be held to confirm in a re-
markable mannor not only the accuracy of Speke’s own work, but
the correctness of the information which he obtained from the
natives. ‘The lake was found to consist of one great and continuous
body of water, instead of being broken into a series of lagoons ae
had been surmised by other travellers. Its general contonr, indood,
as delineated by Speke, and the area which it was estimated to
cover, very nearly corresponded with the shape and dimensions
given in Stanley's map, and even in regard to the so-called sub-
sidiary lake, named the Buhr-ingo, at tho north-eastern corner,
which Speke was held to have introduced into his map on ineuffi-
ciont authority, Stanloy was able to identify the title in the samo
locality ; and indoed he explained the criginal report hy showing
that there really were large land-locked bays in that quarter,
almost claiming to be independent lakes, The only serious discre-
pancy between the two accounts was a difference of latitude
amounting in the north to 14 miles, which was due no doubt to
some orror either of instrument or observation, Tho elevation of
this groat reservoir above the sea may be now definitely taken at
about 3800 feet, and the depth was ascertained by Mr. Stanley at a
point near the enstern shore to be 275 fect, Mr. Stanley sont
three letters to England, two vii Zanzibar and one by the hand of
‘M. Linant de Bellefonds, who was afterwards killed by the Baris
near Gondokoro; but wo are still without his dosoription of the
south-western shores of the lake—between the Kitangulé river and

Equatorial Africa, elxxxix

Jordans Nullah of Spoko—which he proposed to examine on a
second excursion from his camp at Kagehyi, to which he had
roturned from M'tesa’s capital. With regard to Mr. Stanley's sub-
sequent movements wo are ontiroly in the dark, It may be
assumed from some of hix letters that his first object, after com-
Pleting his survey of the Victoria Nyanga, would be to cross over
to tho other great Nile reservoir, namod by Baker the Albort
Nyanza, where an equally largo extent of virgin territory awaited
his exploration; but it fs also to be inferred from the important
statement, with which his last letter of May 15 concludes, of his
being about to enter on a tramp of 3000 miles, that he must con-
tomplate the further prodigious font of striking south-west from
the Nile basin and opening a way to the western sca-coast between
the lines of the Congo and Ogowé. Tn the caso of any ordinary tra-
‘yeller toattempt a raarch of such extraordinary difficulty through an
entirely unknown country, and without any previous arrangement
for relief and support, would be pronounced to be an act of almost
culpable temerity, but Mr. Stanley possesses such very exceptional
qualifications in his fortility of resourve, his vigour both of mind and
body, and the unlimited command of funds which he derives from
his munificent patrons in London and New York, that his success
hardly seoms beyond tho reach of reasonable expectation. At
any mate, as a twelvemonth has now elapsed since Mr. Stanloy
quitted the shores of the Victoria Nyanza, intelligence must very
shortly reach us, either through Colonel Gordon or by Zanzibar, of
the further course of his African travols; and his frionds may rost
assured that if success should attend his steps, nowhere will that
success be hailed with greater satisfaction than in this country and
im this Society, where his discovery and relief of Livingstone aro
still remembered with mingled foclings of admiration and gratitude.
I now proceed to notice what may well be termed the crowning
Geographical exploit of the year, At the date of my last Anni-
versary Address, all that was positively heard of Lieutenant
Cameron's movements was that be had left Ujiji a year previously,
with the avowed intention of tracing the course of the stream called
the Lukuga, which ho believed to be the outlet whereby Lake
‘Tanganyika discharged its waters into the Lualaba. It was further
surmised, however, that, having reached the Lualaba, he would
endeavour to solve the problem which had been left unsettled by
Livingstone, as to the lower course of that river, and its identity
either with the Congo or Ogow6; and I felt bound accordingly to

— |
Sir H. C, Rawzanson’s Address.

extreme peril and difficulty of such an enterprise,
think it necessary to discourage hope, or to:

siecle paps mapirraph epee ee ep

EF
:

achieving results of real national importance, he struck boldly
forwards, taking all responsibility on himself, and trusting tom
gencrous public to support his efforts in the canse of disoavery.
It de already known that when the Relief Expedition came to
an end, Cameron's private friends subscribed a sum of noarly a
thousand pounds to met the expenses of his further Exploration,

prosented two contributions of 5002, and 1000! respectively; and T
may here add, that over and wbove these advances, with some
assistanos from the public, and especially from His Majesty the
‘King of the Belgians, who contributed to the Cameron

tion fund a sum of 2007. from his private purse, we have since met all
demands for the maintenance and expenses of the Expedition, and
the conveyance of the escort from Loanda to their homes at Zanzibar.

But it will be of more general interest that I should now briefly
follow Lieutenant Cameron's footsteps from ‘Tanganyika weatward.
Finding himself unable to pereuade his men to accompany him in
his projected tour along the banks of the Lukuga, which stream,
however, acoording to the consentient testimony of the natives, was
doclared to fall into the Lualaba below Lake Moero, or at a point
not greatly depressed below the level of the Lake, he turned to
the north-west, and passing through the swamps and forests of
Manynoma, roachod the commercial mart of Nyangwé in the early
autumn of 1874.

At Nyangwé commenced that series of important results which
have made Licutonant Cameron’s Expedition memorable in tho
annals of Geographical enterprise, A liberal supply of instruments
had been furnished to Lieutenant Cameron by onr Society on hia
original deputation to Africa, but many of these instruments had
‘boon damaged and rendered useless by the accidents of travel on his

from the sea-coast to the interior; and it was therefore
most fortunate in the interests of science that, on mecting Dr.

Lieut. Cameron's Expedition. xed

ei pple yucky aitinpany nbs, bere able to reinforce his
apparatus from the Doctor's etores, Tho chronometer
which had been presented by the Society to Dr. Living-
in 1956, in recognition of his carly services to Geography, and
eee out of order, had enabled the Doctor to observ,

with more or less nccurncy, throughout his last journey, was thos

‘ to Lieutenant Cameron's care, and it is on this instru-
‘mont that all tho latter officer's caleulations for longitude from
‘Tanganyika to the Western Coast are based. A soxtaut, together

| with some barometers’ and boiling-point thermometers, were at the:
same time takon charge of by Lieutenant Cameron, whose obliga-

tions to his illustrious predecessor we aro thus proud toacknowledgo,
Hieutenant Cameron's first care was to determine the correct astro-
nomical position of Nyangwé as a starting-point for further explo-
ration. In continuing his rescarches he ascertained that the Lualaba

from this point inclined to the west and south, thus turning away

| from the direction of the Nile Basin; and he likewise obtained
Valuable information of the junction of a large river from the north-
ward, which soomed to answer to Schwoinfurth's Ucllé, ax well av

i of the existence of the great Lake Sankorra, somewhat further to,
the west, through which the Lualaba passed, and where traders
woaring a European dross, and supposed by Mr. Monteiro, who

‘was long a resident ut the West Coast of Africa, to be half-caste
Portuguese from Cassange,* were wont to repair for the purposos of
commerce, Lieutenant Cameron was most anxious to proceed west.
‘ward either upon the stream, or along the immediate banks, of the
‘Lualaba, 80 as to prove by personal observation its identity with the
Congo; but the scruples of his followers, the impossibility of
obtaining bouta, and the persistent opposition of thenatives, defeated
his purpose, and he was compelled to turn in the first instance to
the south, with « hope that by making a circuit amongst tribes of «
more friendly character ho might still succeed in striking the great
siver again at a lower point. In this, however, he was again doomod
todimppointment, being threatened, indeed, with the armed resist-
ance of the Western chief, who, acting probably under a jealous
approhonsion of interference with their carrying trade, seemed deter-
amined to prevent the exploration of the Luslabe ur Cungo. Uiti

edt th clety by Br, Montel and Mr. Oper
ext Coest of Afcem will bo found in ou

Bi Wak hsrys Tad) cad oostose may ol be mms te Mclain y

‘and the Hiver Congn,” p. 189, for partiomlars,

—
exeli Sir H, ©. Rawursson’s Address,
mately ho was obliged to give up this line of route altogether, and,

up tho valley of the Lomamé, the most ‘wosteraly alist 46 the
‘Lualaba of Livingstone’s map, led to the discovery of another great
wutor-system, composed of a stream flowing through » series of lakes
Intermediate between the Lomamé and the more easternly valley
which Livingstone had followed up from Lakes Bangweolo and Moero.
‘This new river Cameron believed to be the trae Lualaba; and it
certainly seems to represent the river of that name which was crossed
by the Pombeiros in thoir passage from the capital of the Muata Yanvo
to that of the Cazembé. Having penctrated as faras the 10th degree
of south latitude, Cameron then turned to the west, and passing
along tho watershed between the Congo tributaries and the head
streams of the Zambési, arrived in due course, but after the most wea-
risome delays and troubles of every description, at the Portuguese
settlement of Benguela, on the sea-coast, It will be unnecessary in
this place to recapitulate in any detail the resulte of Lieutenant
Cameron’s remarkable journey, as affecting the interesta of the
polsoan, the merchant, and the philanthropist; but I may briefly
fow of hie most important discoveries, First, then, the
ae of the chief Kasongo, who, as the sovereign of Urna,
appears to be of at least equal power with the Muata Yanvo and
Cazembé, into the triumvirate of Central Africa, is a new fact which
cannot fail very materially to influence the diplomatic intercourse
of the future. Of not less interest is it tv learn, for the first time,
‘that the trado from the Kast and West consts of the continent docs
actually meet on the confines of Uruaand Manyuema, the Arab mer-
chants of Zanzibar having commercial dealings with the half-casto
Portuguese of Bihé and Cassangé, and the produce of this central
region boing, according to Lioutonant Camoron’s observation, of tho
most varied and valuable character. But the most useful informa-
tion probably which has been brought back by Lieutenant Cameron
from his travels, and that which at tho present time is most likely
to command tho attention of the public, refers to the slave-trade of
the interior of the continent, the inference to be drawn from Liou-
tenant Cameron's experience being that, until superior inducements
for tho omploymont of capital are held out by the introduction of
legitimate commerce, it will be in vain to expect that this odious
traffic can be suppressed, or even seriously checked, by mere repres~
sive measures on the sea-board,

Lieut, Cameron's Expedition, excl

T havo reserved for separate notice the scientific results of
Lieutenant Cameron’s journey, because it is these results which
‘especially interest us os Geographers, and which havo induced our
Council to award to him one of the Gold Medals of the year.
‘Tientenant Cameron's essential merit is as an observer. Familiar
with the use of his instruaments—from his former experience as a
‘naval surveyor—and gifted with extraordinary industry and per-
noverance, he seema to have entered on his African travels with a
Aetermination to keep his register and ficld-books as carefally as
$f employed on a professional eurvey ; and the result bas been that
he has furnished us with a sories of over 5000 observations for
latitude, longitude, and elevation. His diligence, indeed, in obsery-
ing under varying conditions, 80 as to reduce all possible error to a
minimum, together with the extrome sccuracy and ekill with which
he hus used his instruments—as testified by the authorities at
Greeowich, who have computed his observations—have elicited
‘our warmost acknowlodgmonts; pointing him out, indond, as a
‘model to all futuro travellers whone lot may be cast in the mmox-
plored regions of the earth. The Geographical result of his
journey—a result of which this country and this Socioty may
well bo proud—has been the construction of a section of cleva~
tion across tho entire continent of Africa from sea to sea, laid
down upon a linc botwoon the 4th and 12th degrees of south Iati-
tudo, of which the protraction has been verified throughout by
carefol and repeated astronomical observation. I need bardly say
that Lieutenant Cameron has received congratulations from almost
every country in Evropo on the aplendid snocees of his African
journey; and that this Society, as the patron and supporter of
his work, is proud to be able to participate in his triumphs.

Lhave but fow further observations to offer on African explora-
tion. A remnant of the German Expodition atill survives in the
person of Dr. Lenz, the Geologist, who was last hoard of at Axyuka,
an upper village of tho Oknnda tribe, on the Ogows River, where
he was reported to be detained from want of moans to continue his
Journey. The other members of the Expedition had returned home,
but the German African Society aro now preparing a new effort,
and with good hope of success, seeing tht they have engaged thin
time an experienced and acclimatised African traveller to lead the
‘Expedition into the interior, This gentleman, Mr, Edward Mohr, is
known for the successful journey he has recently made from Natal to
the Zambesi, regarding which he has published a very interesting

—

exciy Sir H. C. Rawirsson’s Address.

‘book of Travel, which has been translated into English under the
title of * To the Victoria Falls of the Zamibesi.’ Mr. Mohris about to
visit England) in order to confer with Lioutenant Cameron on the
subject of West African Exploration. It is his intention to follow
‘tho Congo, as closely as circumstances may admit, from the West.
Coast to Nyangwé,

In the mean time the famous French Expedition, ander the Count
di Brozza, strong in numbers and perfect in equipment, has penc-
‘trated on its way up the Ogowd; and in spite of an awkward affair,
‘in which a native had been killed by M. Marche, hnd, up to the last
accounts, met with no serious impediment. The Count di Brazea
‘expected, we are told, to reach Lake Tanganyika in threo years,
‘and opinion on the coast among those most competent to judge was
said to be favourable to the success of tho entorpriso, We aro not
in a position here to confirm or to reject thix opinion, which, after
Lieutenant Cameron's brilliant exploit, can hardly be deemed
oxtrovagunt; but I may, at any rate, suggest that if the French
party do reach a great central Take, it will bo tho Sankorra of
Cameron, rather than the Tungunyiku, and may add that the suc~
cessful accomplishment of euch a journey would completely eclipse
tho glory of our own oxplorers, inasmuch as tho country through
which the Count di Brazza would pass from tho sea-const is fur
more difficult than the region on the eastern side of the continent.

No groat additions have been made to our knowledge af the
course of the Upper Nile since the opening of the Session whon
T reviewed the proceedings of Colonel Gordon and his subordinates
as far as they wero known up to that time, Colonel Gordon, it is
‘true, has ince marched in person as far south as Mrooli, boyond
the Karuma Falls, and ho has established a line of Egyptian
posts, oxtending from Gondokoro to Lake Victoria, which he has
officially added to the Khedive’s dominions; but in regard to
that unvisited portion of the river which intervenes between the
Mukedo Rapids and the Albert Nyanza, nothing hus been added to
the information which was gained last year by Lieutenant Chippon-
dail at the Koshi village of Fashero, when he was still 20 or 80
‘miles distant from the Lake; and it is embarrassing thersfore to

to find that Dr. Schweinfurth, in the map which he
has drawn up and published at Cairo, in illustration of M, Linant
de Bellefond's itinerary between Rejaf and M'tesn’s capital of
Ugwnda, has lent the authority of bis great name to the hypo-
‘thosis that the Nile proper does not enter tho Albort Nyanza at

Col. Gordon's Expedition, oxev

all, but merely communicates with that inland-sea throngh the
subsidiary branch which Baker ascended, during his first journey,
from Magungo to the Murchison Fulls, ‘This view, of the hydro-
graphy of the Nile, which conducts the main river by an indepen-
dont channel from the Murchison Falls due north to Chippendall's
‘village of Fashoro, cannot at preeent be positively oontradiated ;
‘but I must observe that it is not in any way supported by Colonel
Gordon's reports, the result of his latest inquiries and observations,
which were addressed to myself in Febraary lost, and which repre-
sont tho Nile passing through the north-east comer of the Albert
Nyanza very much as it was delineated in Sir § Baker's original
map.

Colonel Gordon hax beon mable to visit the Lake himself, owing
to the more pressing calls on his time and attention arising from
the responsibilities of bis important command, and he is now about
to quit tho country on his return to England, leaving Signor Geeai
—the only Haropean officer now remaining on his Staff—in charge
‘of the Nyanza flotilla. This flotilla consists of two lifebouts (capable
‘of containing 60 or 70 men each), and ons small steamer of 38 tons;
‘all those vessels having been originally taken out by Sir §. Baker,
and having been moved in pieces by Colonel Gordon from Gondo-
koro to Duilé, above the Makedo Rapids, where, according to
Colonel Gordon's last lotter to myself, dated February 9th, they
‘wore being put together by workmen obtained from Khartoum.
At the above date, Colonel Gordon says that the two boats would
be ready in about ten days to start for the Lake and Magungo, and
would bo followed in about two months by the steamer,”

+ Slice lio shove was in. type T have received, trough General Stone (ehiot

eet tin Goneral Staff at Cairo), news of lator date from Gondon, Saleh,
acon erent question of My
mp ‘Nilo wih All Jenoral Stone's Tottor is ws follows :—

Cairo, 6th May, 1876.
* T havo to day received from Goneral Gonton-Pacha a letter under date 15th
Hert, sh 1576, written at Dus on the White Nile, ae he ame that
aieatly completes 10 of posts between Capitan, at Ripou and
Lardo (near Gondokoro) his hi

(near ) hai iquarters.
Ho atatos that his two lifeboats ere on Lake ieee a that his firab nse of
them was that of sending supplies from Dutlé to the ¢ that Mr,
‘Geral was sent with peries ordora to go round io tals

“Tt would seem, then, that Gener Gordon has Crit a Laer
ts to whether or uot the Silo ‘ous’ oul af take Alber us tat

tively,
“1 give you lls own words :—
**'The two lifeboats have gone on theLaks, ‘They first took stores to Magungo.
Geel weot with thom, aod has erdors to g0 round the Lako, . T heve faished

i ol

. -

exevi Sir H. 0. Rawrxmson’s Adress.

few othor potatFroquiro notion, notice. Colonel Gordon had always
to tho opening up of a direct communication
Febspn akg Viste atk meses oot Siege
tho utmost importance, both in the interests of Egyptian trade,
and with a view to tho consolidation of the Khedive’s rulo over
Eqnatorial Afriea; and he had suggested as the shortest line for
» such, munication, that the course of the Ozy river, which enters
the sea 2 and 3” south, should be followed from the coast
as far as Mount Kenia, betwoon which and tho lake the interval
er ts but in this forecast the
of the Zanzibar State—which extends along the sca-shore,
not moroly to the Ozy, but to the Juba, and even still further to
the north—were overlooked, and the consequence was, that when
thesEgyptinn ethortes poser’ tothe essoutio of the projet
political complications arose of the most serious character,
SA ePaper
Egyptian occupation extends no further than Ras Hafiin, o short
distance south of Cape Gardafui, from whence communication with
the Lake-rogion is impossible; but it may be hoped that the
Italian Expedition, under the Marchesi Antinori, which left Burope
on the 8th of March Jast, for the purpose of exploring the Galla
country to the south-west of Shoa, may discover some routes
from Victoria Nyanza to tho coast, which may serve as an outlat
for the produce of Equatorial Africa, without trenching on the
rights of the Sultan of Zanzibar,

‘Tho Egyptian congnest of Darfur and Wadai has also given an
impetus to exploration in this direction. Independently of the
official surveys of the Rgyptian Staff, which havo beon regularly
forwarded to this Society by General Stone, under instructions from
the Khedive, and which are very creditable to the skill of His
Highnoss’e eurveyors, at least two private exploring parties are now
engaged in extending our Geographical knowlodge to tho south-
west of the Nile basiu. “Signor Marno is reported to have pushed
on through the Bari country towards the Balogga Mountains; *
while an enterprising private Saplet, traveller, Mr. Lucas, who

ibs Nyunsa) wick ote and fiat 9 mile Omen or of De®

“1 congratulate Society on the fact that one of its
Patent wed the abv ioteeatlag quetioe i. =
“Lam, &,
“FM, P, Sroxe,”

*# Acconding to latce news this traveller has xeturned to Egypt.

—

Mr. Young's Expedition. ——_oxovi

‘Toft England in tho antumn well-equipped, and thorongtily im-
‘bued with the spirit of exploration, writes to me from Khartoum,
cunder dato tho Lith of February, t tho following effect ; “I bopo
‘to leave this in about a month for the Babr-ol-Gaselle, following
Dr. Schweinfurth's route to Munza, and from thence I shall en-
deayour to find the hesd-wators of the Congo, by marching duo
south until I roach the latitude of g°%, and then altering my
lirection to the south-west."

Anothor Expedition which promised well has, Lain sorry to say,
-cometoan untimely end. ‘Che Catholic Archbishop of Algiers wrate”
to us in the autumn, that having for many years cultivated rela-
tions with tho tribes of the Norther Sahara, and established
stations amongst them 200 miles beyond tho French frontier, he
‘wan about to depute threo of his best-qualified ecclesiastics to efose
the Desert direct to Timbuctoo, partly for missionary purposes, and
partly to collect information regarding tlie country and its inhabi-
tants, We cheerfully awarded him our sympathy, and exproasod
our interest in the success of the enterprise. Intelligence, how-
Over, has just reached England that the three young priests have
been all beheaded in the Desert, and their followors plundered and
dispersed ; a serious blow being thus given to any further attempt
at exploration in this quarter,

As a set-off to this tragio event, I may congratulate the Society
on the vory flourishing condition of the settlement of Livingstonia
om Lake Nyasa, where our uld Associate, Mr. E. D. Young, is doing
geod kervive in the cause of civilisation, and from whence ere long
‘we may oxpect to receive some valuable additions to our Geo-
graphical knowledge. Mr. Young successfully launched his little
-screw-steamer, Iala, on the waters of this great Lake, so long ago
as October Jast; and the missionary party whom he had in hia
charge are now settled near the south-west corner of the Lake, at
Cape Maclear.* Whilst recording the success, so far, of this under-
taking, wo must not forget that the credit of its first inception is
ine to Dr. James OTBSad the old companion of Dr. Livingstone on

so Be Tota, tated Tokar Bae rh the we have received a letter

from Mr. ¥« nh, L870, in bh bo announces his success

faces eae A most interostin paar tae
his offorta. The lake proves to extend 100 alee tanker tart

Tien believed; the ‘Livingstone's ators
" ftcate hood of the lake * 5

es i to indicate wurning out to abe nerrore,
which eas a freah-water hi! again expands, aud reaches P 20°

No ound wth 10 father of Hinds end Tong range
Srrmountatnn 10,000 to 1300 fon highs ee ‘along the north-esstern

YO. XLVI. a

exevili Le hs ool SE tend

saat ir ont to ‘The Established Churcly
sending outa strong party of men, with a fine
tilt of etl by Mz, ‘Yarrow, to form a fresh station on
the meee the Free Church reinforee this party with new
volunteers. A new Expedition bas also been organised by Mr.
H. B, Cottoril, tho won of the prosout Bishop of Edinburgh, with a
view of pushing commercial enterprise from among
‘the tribes along the shores of the Lake, as well us in the interior,
and thus introdueing the only effcotive remody for the
, legitimate commerce ; the gentleman in question, whom we
havo supplied with a few instruments, is son about to leave England.
He has been furnished, as a gift from his old pupils, the Harrow
boys, with @ large steol boat for navigating the Lake. Ho starts
undor very favourable auspices; and we shall await the results of
his travels around Lake Nyasea with interest and hope,

Bofore concluding theso remarks on the eubjoot of Afrios, I must
say a fow words regarding the remarkable journey of Dr, Steere,
overland to Lake Nyassa. Desixous of following up Dr. Living-
stone's work in this direction, and accompanied by Livingstone's
old servant, Chumab, Dr. Steqre undertook this journey of some
500 miles on foot, for the purpose of visiting Mataka, the paramount
chief of the Waiyero tribe. He landed at Lindy Bay, on the Hast
Const, and struck across for the Rovuma, reaching Mataka’s hoad-
quarters, which he found to lie in the very heart of the great slave
preserve of Hast Africa, In spite of the protestations of the Arab
slaye-dealers, Mataka expressed a wish to have same of tho English
to reside among his people, and it is now Bishop Steare’s object to
establish a Universities’ Mission Station at the chief's place.

Coxetusion.—Gentlemon, I have now brought my Report on tho
progress of Geography during the past year to an end. The
Report is not perbaps quite as comprehensive as usual, owing to
‘various accidental circumstances—such as tho non-urrival of intel-
ligence from India, the absence of our Honorary Secretaries, and the
pre-cccupation of my own time; but it will, I trust, have conveyed.
to the Fellows a sufficiently clear idea of tho vast extension and
importance of our favourite science at the present day. Not only,
indeed, are Expeditions being organised for exploratory purposes
hy Govornmonts, by public bodies, and by private individuals, in all
quarters of the globe, but new Societies are also springing up, with
every indication of strength and vigour, which bear evidence to the

Conclusion, : excix
growing demand for Geographical information, and which may each
‘be expected to form in the future a nucleus of intelligont research.
‘The Société Khedivialo established at Cairo under the Presidency
of Dr. Schweinfurth, has thus already taken a high place among
Goographical authorities, and we have beon invited within those
few days to recognise now institutionsat Madrid and Lisbon which
promise to revivo the glories of the old days of Spanish and Portu-
guese discovery. That the Royal Geographical Society of London
has been mainly instramontal in creating and developing this
spirit of research cannot bs doubted. We have encouraged the ex-
Ploration of unknown regions by every means in our powor. Wo
‘have impartially bostowed our modals and rewards wherever Geo-
graphical merit came to the front, irrespective of creed or race,
and wo aro now reaping tho fruits of our long yoars of labour,—
so0ing as wo do on tho one side the increasod attention which, in
deference to the feeling of the age, is everywhere paid to Geo-
graphy in the teaching of the young, and seeing on the other the
general rospect with which our suggestions and advice aro troated,
‘not only by the Government of this country and our great educa-
tional establishments, but by public opinion throughout Europe
‘and Amorica, And it may farther be of intoroat to tho Follows
of our Society to know that, in view of the recognised importance
of the study of Physical Geography, a study which, although clearly
Within the scope of our operations as defined by our Charter, has
‘beon hitherto comparatively neglected, we are now considering —
‘at the instigation of certain members of our Council, General
Strachey and Mr, Francis Galton, whose effurts in this direction
it is only proper thue publicly to acknowledge—the propricty of
instituting special rewards, and evan establikhing Teotures in order
to promote the diffusion of knowledge in this branch of Geogra-
Phical science, and to encourage ita more systematic cultivation.
‘Owing to the recent heavy prossure of other business, our consulta-
tions on this head have not yet assumed any definite form, but it is
probable that the plans will vory shortly bo maturod and duly
communicated to the Fellows.

And now, Gentlemen, before T close my Address, T must again
remind you of the debt of gratitude which wo owe to the Senate of
tho University of London for their continued liborality in granting
us the nso of this hall for our Evening Meotings. On all ordinary
ceousions it amply suffices for our wants, On extraordinary ocon-
sions—such a4 our rocont Meoting to welcomo Lioutenant Camoron

a Sir H. 0. Rawumson’s Address.

—no public building in this great motropolis, which is available to
our uso, is enough to afford accommodation for the thonsands
who are catitled to admission, Perhaps in the fulness of time,
-cither through the liberality of the Government, or by the help of
some wealthy friends to Geography, who may think the scientifle
education of the public to be as much an object of national im-
Portanco as tho formation of rich gallorica of art, we may be pro-
‘vided with a hall of our own suited to our largest requirements ;
tupt in the meen tine wo thankfully acknowlnige the onlightaustl
-aid of the University of London, and we must be content on rare
-oocasions to eubmit to some inconvenience and even disappoint-
ment,

Gentlemen, the time is now come when I have to take a formal,
-and probably a final leave of you. I have been for 82 years a
member of this Society ; for 20 years, with very few breaks, I havo
verved upon your Council, and I have now presided five times at
your Annivorsury Mootings, Tho greater part of my spare time
since I returned from the East has thus been devoted to your ser-
vice, and I am proud to stute that my most agreeable memories are
associated with the growing prosperity, and what I may now call
tho asgured success, of the Geographical Society. But time steals
on; Iam not as active in mind or body as I was; and as I the
continued direction of your affairs to be hardly compatible with the
dischargo of other duties connected with my public office, I am
obliged to tender my resignation of the post of President, And I
have the less hesitation in now asking for wy release, that Iam
eblo to transfer my functions into the hands of a gentleman who
to great experience in the East, and a good practical acquaintance
with its Geography, unites the qualification of a perfect man of
‘business, a scholar, and a diplomatist, In elocting Sir Ruthorford
Aleock to be your President, and in surrounding him with the
thoroughly efficient Council whose names appear on the balloting
list which bas just received your approval, you have obtained the
best possible guaranteo for tho succossful management of your
affairs during tho ensuing year, I shall always bo glad mysolf to
give any advice or assistance that may be required, and I trast
that the whole body of Fellows, in our common interest, will accord
to the Conncil as at prevent constituted their fullest confidence and
support.

PAPERS READ

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

DURING THE SESSION 1875-76.

(Fonsso Vou. XLVI. or rum Socnery’s Jounsan.
Poutasnen May 260m, 1S77.]

———_—

L—Journey across the Vatna Jokull, in the Summer of 1875.
By W. L. Warts.
[Mead, November 15th, 1876.)

isa remarkable fact, that although this island ie not moro
400 miles from our own shores, it contains no less than
3000 to 4000 square miles, until pee untrodden by
foot ae Laster to the Vatna Jékull, and amo
rea the north of it which had never been investigated.
this district that my work this year was princi
and it is to the Jékulls, or ice mountains of I
or mountains destitute of any frozen covering, together
with the hitherto uninvestigated districts to the north of the

Tt has been a matter of surprise to mo that al gh we have
extended our researches to most of the principal mountain-
chains of the world, the ice Jékuills of Iceland, with volcanic
eat ES smoulderi ee beneath their icy surface, should be left in

on eer tbat we should ite account of those
aaa which lie immediately to the north of
‘atna Jokul
Conan Cra the wildest stories have been current ;
tradition has led down the a1 Li pelea xistence of fertile
valleys in the te hor of Yatna Jékull, and of ontlaws lurking

va ci of the Odéda-hraun, ‘To this distriot
pttians forces reach Jonlesd appear of late years to have
B

Ee
Bun
Ee
fH Ue
aie
Hou
a

Heh
a
i
z
:

2
é
z
}
S

ih
H
ie
i
g
Hi
2
i

5B
i
tie
F
i3
[
I
E

ui
- ¢
if
F
i

i
a
ip
:
Ei

commenced the ascent of the frozen mass before me.
The Jokull at this point last year was a crovassed glacier,
the surface of which was covered with aignilles and hummocks

an the Summer of 1875. 3

a
;
'
is
:

nopHieete
He
Hitat
p tegel?
Eyez Be abe
ef GUT eT
40 brea
iit Be Tees
god GEE.
Fed a4 iF
aie
tie sate

i
E
:
i
;
:
i

multitudes of the ionary f :
am les coneret forms, corm
monly known as spherulite. pense,
At this point I sent back four of my men. The weather was
and for two days it was wtterly impossible to d,
‘My compass had for some time been almost useless. ir thick
‘Weather ono has tosteor principally by the wind ; in fino weathor
Biitttoaler pisos: ef card, marked off into four’ right angles; i
32

—_

‘the best compass; so that. bing dlialpenttngs ot
the angular position , one is able to
sstoor 1 rede Tn mapa snow
we now on, to rest about every quarter
ofa mile to take ,and to-clear the ‘from the
Sr peer ten eer nel eso
wee eee wl
J sage oat gop eptererye ee en
‘ was
“TL therefore pi "bat with great difieulty,
Pape Sites won Mihm te iasinoe eincwan
was dug. shee Vmgeies «
The continued for two bich time I put
Poa mapa nents bron
ian berate, fipereel od typ hlaskeonieslino tains
Miers one about 5 miles due north, other

We were at a height of 6150 feet. We took six hours’ sleop,

and, on looking out, found the storm bad subsided; and for a

seamen foe les lon three dark mountains to the
h-doubtl id and .

in the Summer of 1875. 5

fefotisioné! growing: leon atids leek For three days and
2 re rap ld let Sesh wee heen do
a lok Cape ; the fury
Pind Tired verythi re ets : sath
some warm cy
Sairitont expe i 3
‘We ascended for a short distance, and then ight a

closing a deep valley at our feet, and a black mountain streaked
fea eoe'atour vight. ‘Wo continued our course till it became
obvious that we could eS in this direction with the

sleigh; 80, accompanied by Paul, I went forward to explore.
Reomcsed feeding to sag tos Clg oy Sua wed
warn to i,

Dea dec obll god tovcissaver to tak‘ci) be
to freeze, 30 I ordered two of my men to-beat them with

hands, ond directed the other threo to put spiked i Ips
0 EAS race plat et the sleigh, Without

ition we most likely have

be andy yt Sra descent’ into the valley beneath,
eee gota bacnisioy by some of the gcc
yawned halfway down the snowy steep, upon 1 yeecipitons
and slippe: cide iot wbskowe descendis ipon reach-

€

like, troubled ocean of cindery stone; patches of
1 sand at intervals broke the continuity of this tract of
Tava, and culminated in a desert still farther to the north-east ;

apApevadeas eg veyany tts peseaytisanyseicteys
el ptr REA
; Pest ee, HUME
a Lee it tg
I ieee Hla peh dante
i uae ci “ ie ae oe as shi 22i 2
if ie ene : alle ; di uk /
-3 Po
ia aig Haut
fie adit: ih ae He inl TAT

in the Summer of 1875. , 7

Ba air clrmter of, sonic manta ane huge
on tho north slope of the Vatna Jokull. This larger
Hie pots tas renich na other ges cf acl. Histing
no :

reed ba, malo he Vail o eyo ui
Oskja-gia.
pa has
Betenils wZ radii east)
course six farms in tl
ietele erie, ‘This shows that the
ights and a da;

of G

of which were passed among the regions of perpetual h

saust here remark that nothing could exceed the pluck, per-
severance, and obedience of the Icelanders who accompanied
me, without whom I could never have cross the Wyotas

_ Woe rested for three days, and thon started for the Odéda-
hhraun, in order to ing the yoleano whence the pumice had
bee is year eruy It is situated in the southern portion

f the Dyngjufjoll Mountains. I had been unable either to hire
or) more than two horses, and as my own had not yet
armtyed from the south we were compelled to start on foot,
' the two horses to carry our and hay, I

across the lava and sand desert Myvatns-orcafl, to
little river of Grayalandi, upon the banks of which, and
those of its noighbour the Linda, wo found good feed for the
horses. It was upon the banks of these rivers, beneath the
shadow of the snow-capped Herdubroid, that the last of
‘the Icelandic outlaws found a shelter. Herdubreid is one of
the highest mountains in Iceland. The banks of the Grava-
Janda wero in places ret grown with birch and salix, but
tho larger wood was dead: I have noticed this in many other
places. ‘The banks of the Lind’ abounded with Angelica aretura,
‘the stem and roots of which are decidedly good to eat.

A woary march across the pumice brought us to the little
desert where our tent had been left. During the first part of
‘this march wo had suffered greatly from want of water, but
remembering that the pumice had fallen during the winter, 1
‘obtained « good supply of snow by digging through pee
Stony nent bask three of my men with ‘the horges and all eupar-

2
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i
i

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i
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ae
=
;

33
A
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if
BtE
cee
Hu

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see
Fetes
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mud, and water, copious
wed from its crater. lt

£3.
ee
Bat
EB
32
fi

:
i
|

it is situated more than 100 miles from the sea,

the yoleano of Askja behind us and ing i
a i etpentallerss Loretta heey aay
hravn had entered the Askja upon its most western side, having

considerable distance up hill.

There was the snowy mound of Skjaldbreid,

ing lava, with its curions tuft of rock at the gome~

Nar to that on Herdubreid; further to the east ln
Kistufell, by which wo first descended into. Northorland, and

= in the Summer of 1875. a)

expanse of the Vatna Jékull srconing: ing the
"tron he ponies
Sands, j id:

reached

sunshine; to amore Gleyated erags
| in white Jékull, the
ack san Hare; alee otibolean

'e will now briefly retrace our steps over the wastes of the

the fire-blasted hills it hve sl pr to

the shoo]

aa autumn Sabbath morning. It was in
that the violent volcanic outbreaks occurred

Y these
is erupting with considerable violence, and ix rapidl
a cone within a large crater which had mee
by a previous ea a column of cinders
t

shot to twice the height of the volcano itself, and
lava-stream is flowing from a breach in its most
t! side ond from a smaller opening at the base of the

is freshening from the from which quarter it

ély Veen blowing all day, thus enabling us to gain

nd now almost encircled with lava. Within a few
yards of the volcano itself showers of fine cinders are
despite the adverse wind. Fountains of volcanic fire
with loud explosions from the grim jaws of the volcano,

fe
a
il
&
te
He
ls
=F
au

ERT:
ee
Fagecd
Bug
ae
F TH
Egsire
p file

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IL.—On Mr, H. M. Stanley's Exploration of the Victoria Nyansa.
By Lieut-Colonel J. A. Grant, on, 0.8.1,
{Read, November 2b, 1875.]

THe acer recently made by Mr. If. M. Stanley, the com-
missioner of the ‘Daily Telegraph’ and ‘New York Herald, is
one of the most important and brilliant that bas ever been
made in Central Africa, or, indeed, in any other country. For,
when we consider that he accomplished it so Beene pe
only nine months from the time he left England, it seems
at 8 incrodible as was his famous discovery of the late
Dr, Livingstone. It is not alone the short time, but the great
ene question which he has Sealy eho Os he

confirmed Speke’s discovery, that the Victoria Nyanza was

MES 3

Sat

GRANT on Stinley’s Exploration of the Victoria Nyanza. 11

need fresh epee ce navigated its shores for #
thousand miles, thereby provi at its waters are continuous,
Before remarking vj saa, Beatles two letters, dated the
‘Ist of March and 15th of May mae
Pees erpls dated 12th April, 1875), I may allude to the
we had of the great Lake previous to the time when
Ar. Stanloy visited it,
‘The lakes of Central Africa were known to geographers as
for back as the ey 883, for in ‘Tabula Alinamuniana,’ of this
fate, also in Abul Hassan's map of 1008, we have the Nile
ising from one Lake “Lacus Kura Kayar;" and in the latter
‘we have mention of M. Komr (Mountains of the Moon!
8. Several old maps, showing the Jakes with their
effluents, have been referred to in Lelewel’s ‘Géographie du
Moyen Age,’ and may be classed as follows —
ALS4.

2} save tte 03 Rion
cag hE ap enB OA
o 2 ” Te

Othor more modern maps might be quoted, but during the

Just century map-makers seem to have left out all the lakes of

‘Africa, antl it is only in tho Jast fifteen years that the
centre of Africa has again been studded with its fakes,

“that wo first heard of Lukes ‘Tanganyika and Victoria,

Captain Speke, in 1858, went twenty marches north of Kazeh,
alone, with iG) seventeen natives, fo test the Arab rumour that
‘@ great ocean, which they called a babr, or sea, existed. He
‘found that tho Arab traders had informed him correctly; a lake
of almost unbounded extent stretched away from him to the
“north; there was, he was told, as great breadth of it on his loft

_ humd) as there was on his right. He returned to England and

t his map of the discovery of the Pviciowia: Niyeaice to

‘Sveiety, accompanying it with his belief that the waters he

“had geen were those of tho Nile—but this had yet to be proved.

"The President for the time was the late Sir Roderick Murchison,

‘Who at once grasped the subject, and said, “Speke, we must
you back aguin.”

“Many months’ preparation fi next | iT
i Siete mee er mires

African when I tell that we had 40 men of
reached Kaseh, RES

M3
A
2

: ar
ive
fe
E
eS
:

26
ial
il
the
EP ig
ise
in
He
its
ai

Hed
i
Ze
i

Sassy omg to tgs ood. black bub no peoks mec oat
3 is, but no nor distant
i Meceberastion create pistecds eoitiog Eras clear

‘izon was visible, and no native could tell who lived

Berend tale
‘he bays and long inlets of water or friths, seen by us on the
western and northern ghores, wero M’werooka, Katonga, Mur-
jison, &e. Some were completely land-locked, and 20 miles
capil to here, probably, tat Gnloal Long of the in
capital. It is 5 ‘of the Khe-
Aim the other day, when he reported
eee fa, Vitoria, Nyanza was snere!y. 5 small a ir of

wat
mile of the mainland. The King of Uganda keeps his flect
pa herey Ae Goll of the Lake, who

f
E
E

Grasr on Stanley's Exploration of the Victoria Nyanza, 5

Sir Samuel Baker, that he was Se
name for the Lake was Sesseh. comprehensive
this auturon, has followed th thie malstales calling
Seger cap avery A seats che | iyanm.
Texplained that Sesseh was a large island, and am glad to have
my statement confirmed by Mr. anley, who has found it to be
the largest island on the Lake. Various and numerous were
the islands seen by us, but they were nearly all unin-
habited, and of no importance.
‘The greatest river on the route between the most sonthern
‘the Lake, Seances ae is the
in istri ragweh. Tt rises
ti ‘ai

and ie to ral thie at the fi becanse
ing our I Hines into

1 should not be the np en staat,
selects this noble river as.a point for exploration. Wi
| Alice he can ascend this stream from the Lake up ied
to Rumanika’s door; or he ean eross over the mountains
of Ruanda and Urundi and descend to the ested redler an
genie, yika, where Livingstone and he had such a mitt
or he may select the Albert Nyanza as his fiel
All will sacri tous; either route would terest peer
ei the country, its people, and its animals ure all

sei the River Kitangule, und fee north to the
Ugands, a distance of 1 miles, we
ethee vents ere streams, nisi ‘os lepth from 3 to

swamp-rivers, in fact.

The area of the Lake, according to Speke, who took Iati-
tudes and longitudes for its western half, and only had native
information for the other half, is 645 geographical miles in
iad and if we add to this the circumference of Lake

Bahr-ingo, now said to form a portion of the Lake, we have
oT aig miles. Speke, therefore, after his last journey
made the Victoria Nyanza out to be of an area not

ld
fo

saa ee
gull He Hae Hie aay qu wile

i 2 44 rl eesie its Gs EPErE Hie ai iu lua
eu a te
foetal diet Hau
etn : Lea ate oe
re é rs) age i ne 2 23. ass e yeecegee
ca Gina ei
: 3 ae Pe Ep PEE

Hie al Pierre ne

Grant on Stanley's Exploration of the Victoria Nyanza. 15

fail

io
| Here it may bo as well to explain that some hers
Doteencepied' a Lake ag one great ocean,

general wor ‘The foremost of unbelievers,
the Seer con drteni Gpokan tie iced eee

B
BE

Burton,
the at one time of did not seem to have
reason for neh aa per = AES be baie

8; AN: in fac ti 2.
ine ivingstone =i Mr. Siealepcantcnoct there est be
ivingstone wrote in a very patronising tone,
= Speke has turned his back upon the real sources of the
uo "—" his ae at Ripon _ ae was not large for
the Nile "—and w: Speke'a discoveries. ‘The
a of Dr. Schweinfsth, “1 Sat of Africa,’ has fallen

mp omar by funder, Also, neat three years a
ee Mz. Keith dobnston, withost autherty,
Lal Soap carrey is, but, on
ident Rawlinson ordered that

a0 2rd Yo th dla Lake by Speke. 4

neared of other writers and map-makers, Continental
fea have gone on disintegrating the ne fom re
to ee and from year ee k the

i eeoraitbe cones

pul ive how un}
how Arscky fame of § Sian bees wiablahtjaet
‘s in their opinions which ho

ma) shave lost for a time,
iblished maps exhibit the Victoria Nyanza
divided 3 ‘into two or more Jakes :—

- § The Nile Basin,’ by Richard F. Burton, 1864. Coast-line
dolineated oer at south Spy eee Lake and mers A ae
of the islands Kerewe and Mazita;
to the Katonga: at Murchison ae at mere mee

these is placed the words “Sty site of Victoria
eer Babari "Ngo made a distinct lake.
vere of Hastern Africa,’ by A, Keith Johnston; 2nd
‘edition, 1872. Victoria Nyanza, 1 continuous coastline from
Napoleon Channel, along N. and W. sides to Urundi on E.
Beton! only as water at the S. extremity, and round
tho islands Kerewe and Mazita; from a little S. of Kitangule
River toa short distance K. of the Katonga; about Murchison

i ‘Creek; about Napoleon Channel. The eastern side made a

by the

sled

Pp Hine Peart ais se ee
| jase Ree ant Hie ans
ig Ag clstg a ae al ay
baggy faci) HUE
iin: a rtinie cain) ay ain getl a
" alee pit ee eG
fe al eee
Pee urat

0 les trons

Chief of the Staff,
ve a width of only 20

Dectatei shown ite hay
N, const,

Guawr on Stanley's Exploration of the Wieteria Nyanza. 17"

80, he has navigated the Inland Ocean, and
ing account of its oxtent, ite rivors and sbores,
s.

Bei the tree nya cad cetog 6 wey fat nad

eee eees barat iatecitiel ris, ote in eter ebae
‘oth of May, allusion is made to # fight from his boat with the
‘Waruma mve; but as no are furnished, the account

ask Mr. Stanley here; but we must be content
ae dreembalsthieapees rivers, islands, and broad

wi a
tho rivers which he observed during his voyage round the
sega ee

no! west consts, he commencing with
the most southern and proceeding northwards, the Monunguh,
and 3. these join and form

mgth. Fifty mi
70 to 80 miles. ‘Twelve miles north there is the Mori; then
‘in euceeesion, the Shirati, Gori, Ugoweb, and Yi In all,
ten rivers are in the map. The only one descrbed—the Lee-
or Shimeeyu—zeems to be the only important river.

is has reached England sinco the above was written. ‘Th
Bes clnee cot which vocotomiee Phat vo leant iy Ugesian Ace
co

‘VOL, XLVI.

SILT Pidlie pajuetayar? saugsazapeud
euies? He FAH i Ee
He ee eg in
a RIED sn tal iu: Hata
> HEbas b iH fone Hyun!
Lee futh E Heald ere und
iia neg ba i eatei
] seein 2 eatery eee
ei Ha ay dial lae ie
3 e Hi ing # aati Hu

ral

£2
t
a
gf
:
ul
4
z
F
Ey
=
i

4H
Fe
ted

Hy
i
Fi
i
35
:

1p
Bs
i
a
BPE
oe
ree
He
5
1
a:

_Mr. Stanley makes it 35% 25. Passing to the south

if
ee
a
fi
-
a
re
SB
ee

8,
een eens i ene Se ao
0 m™ an
— en 4

» examine the areas of the islands mentioned above, for
instance, Sesseh—or, as Mr. Stanley calls it, Sasse—it has an
area/of about 700 English equare miles; tho dimension of this

one island
, which is probably the largest body of fresh water—at this
otetade i in the known world,

Captain Speke attached the Lake Bahr-ingo to his lake at

[
i
i
a
F
z
:
5

end th need sponitly, os te

‘cages, at it was obtained independently, on thi

unt I do not give in to the non-existence of the Hoyo

e. He mentions that the River Ugoweh joins tho

re, and is of considerable size. Hippopotami were seen there
, und it may be the water communication which Speke

it
i

Heard of as connecting the Bahr-ingo with the Nyanza. ‘There
is aléo the Yagumo here."
© * Since the ubove was written, another lottor from Mr. ‘states that
aringo begins north of Ugeyeyn, iso country 15 miles of yh dey
c

GRANT on Stanley's Exploration of the Vietoria Nyanza, 21

“Slat January, 1802, at Mork, by star (Iet Mag) Capella
Sit Webra Reg bi

eae

att
FERFED

he it by another star on tho same night or following
con That he took many more piety than are
au

+ altitudes and 8 compass bearings,

ect hmeh
altitudes, com
‘poss bearing

‘The area of Victorin Nyanza, as made known to us by Mr.
Beasley, proves that Speke far underrated its extent. I have
ly measured tho maps of both travellers with compass to
ascertain their existing difference, measuring every 10 miles,
and the result, by this rather rough means, obtained is ag fol-
lows, The map in Speke’s book was the one measured from:—

Cireumforyace of Bpeko's Lake... 645 geographical miles,

st ‘sTake.. 890 ”

_ Hf wo add 265 geographical miles, the cireumferonco of the
Bahr-ingo Luke in Speke’s map, we get 910 miles as one
‘of water—a curious similarity, in circumference, to Stanley’s
Lake—only 20 miles of difference,
if peenlsy tanks the mode of spelling Nyanza is objection-
able, because ho says the natives do not pronotince it in thir way,
‘Let me first explain that in using the expression Lake Victoria
N; wo actually say Lake Victoria Lake—Nyanza signi-
ig Lake, All that is necessary, when using the word is to
call it the Victoria Nyanza, or Victoria Lake. As to the
and the pronunciation of the word, we find that it is
differently in different localities, and different people
‘spell it differently >—
Feticingioa, oS Ny a8
off
1875 Mr, H.M.Stanley ., .. Ni oe corjanza, of 9 aylables.

‘Nyassa, Nyanz-a (nasal n), and N'yanja, have a more liquid
sound than the three-syllable word of Nee-yanza ; and sli

FH
i
Hy
i
ili

r
a
fe
bie

id
He
in
TzE
re
Fa M4
Pi
He
=
iy

&
:
i

Mr, Stonloy’s » Howover, 1 ha Pleasure in com-
frit ins opened, up to me Pats id love, and ico

Postseript:—Sinco hearing that Mr. H. M. Stanley had cir
cumnayigated all but the south-western corner of the Victoria
Ny » we learn from the ‘ Daily Telegraph” that he has com~

the circuit of this Lake, and visited the Albert and

‘Ist. Letter dated Mahi;

Island, Victoria Nyanza, July 19, 1875.
“2nd. Port of Dumo, South-Western Uganda, August 15, 1875.
‘Srd. Sage frontier village between Unyoro and Uganda,

January 18, 1876.

4th. Kafurro, Arab depot near Rumanika’s capital of Kura.

ore woh 26, 1876.
Ubagwe, Western Unyamwezi, 14th April, 1876.

‘There are three lerters Francis John Pocock,
the 15th May, 1875, Secomia; 14th 1875, Uganda,
Victoria Nyanza ; 18th April, 1876, Ci Africa,

Mr, Stanley had gone by water from the western shore to
his camp on the south-eastern side, having first had some

i SEpeie Segasgraiegé
ee ea
Higiae ik if Hales Fitba Erie
He : ae Uehaaia (dian
gg elilag sibepgeesiss eee
Ty adnan seeeialgal ag)easc0aeiee!
i i Hh Pi re t ali: aH
a feba Ss sealiryeds Hh 3 jie Bree Ea eset a
1a cade iiie i Hie
fila hei Ht ba ae Pca
SHUG He

GRANT on Stanley's Exploration of the Victoria Nyoaza, 25

By Stanley's it med

by Speke's map that one of its tributaries is called the
or Ingezi, bat from below the ferry of Kitangule to the
he had a name to it,

was enabled, through the friendship of Rumanika,

Lady Alice, escorted by canoes manned by
ih pe of Karoo fo get oan

ot
f
e

i
E
tue
a
i
3
E
:

Fur
#
i
st
ee
25
re
2

mi
hi lied decidedly in the tive. ‘The le
aes manda riertLicatile or niragsocs! and tho
if possible, more destructive than any race he

A
if
EF
FE
f
iz

if
A

i
al
Eat
i
i:
re.
Fe
H

camp was at Ubagwe, in Western Umyamwesi ;
to Ujiji he would find a difficult aot
ntry to pass through. We therefore look for
with much interest for his next communications.

ree
i

5 all of which is newly discovered, except the portion of
Hamgwoh aod Uganda which Speke und T visited. He has
the south-west corner of the Lake, down about
twenty islands, ee the region dividi Victoria and
named the Beatrice Gulf, and extant our knowledge of
4 district to the north-west of Karagweh. This is enough
for one man to do in a lifetime, but he st to do more.
The jical details are far better in his own words, and
given along with one of Pocock's letters, dated the
18th day of April, 1876, I will, however, endeavour to make
a few remarks upon his present correspondence, as he has been
censured for killing the natives.
Mr. Stanley had an escort of Waganda ever since his visit
to the king. This connection was the cause of bringing him
into trouble, for the Waganda are such noted plunderers that

PCM IIB ED RIA tt eee
Bua Cela i sa

aul s ii i ae AE ilunipartn

“The counlty of eats” ltemlly.—J. A. G.

segiz2agags2
vil HY etiaig,
sipieetatasan y ail Hy He ae
inne H BACHE oul ae ie
: ae aie nae a Anna
ee Hs 2228 jp2esces ee
tees rl peal oF pe aia
2 fie 4 iy qui iia Bilis
ey fal ral iueneuuele
Le at di a
iy TR Hee ft
it jy euiamHtiniah
its ‘ hi gate
i

GRanr on Stanley's Exploration of the Victoria Nyaaza, 81
eee south-by-mest

fans

fae

ren

the:
agate
Feith
river E
ete

and wore
tewaed into
seen,
with
Such
jrundi

Bate
ie

Hakio-like si)

i He

BG Hine

EY a

a nee

fs re
ie

fail)

Bet |

tat

38 aaga2
it

Bit

ee da ide

* , Peeberagggnggnnysyaza
(Hea iat (MER ape.
ae ts aiey Sean EEE Re sESesaep
Lineal aie aaeeuuieeiee
i sue sits pilviiel sina
we lacie Pret dleaitle
> Pa i ipeuiin Ete3 :
Hat shah
a wae | Eadie
i baat Wanihenienal,
a ee
i ll caleeenn adieaie ret

Bae?

me of to gras bons eld reeks and plant
aro hardy, breed quick! ntifully,
eid most ateitious diet “or invalids

and

al ical Features—When ved at. ‘on the
mir onaes 1875, the istered aioe ted a and.
1 ip appearance. They jut out into the sea in a succes-

on of low conical mounds, averaging 460 feet high, fo a

continuing ina more

and it ix the only metal winch positively know exists. The
three vill spe.
total lation of newly 700, are situated on the beach east
the hirvour, at a distance of ¥ mils from its opening; behind
them extends a valley of nena ee ile Mount 'T:
harté, rising, like the kool of a boat, 750 feet high, closes it
‘The sides of all these hills partake of the same barren nature,
+ pled a pia tri ego ep
Sor

lo rs the wing
Gord het high whieh te tornally Carat down se
of Septembor, when it has. actos ante pee
cessive droughts and solar heat. Patches of dar
ib or jungle usually clothe each mountain gully
ad ravine, at rare intervals the lower portion of the hill-sides
similarly adorned. ‘These trees are alive with the songs
jong which parrots and doves, of various are
munon. ‘The hills along the const must have risen
sea-level within a comparatively recent » for
‘h as the Chama, racy
&o., like those existing in the sea at the present day, are
ata height of no leas 600 feet. The whole country
‘up into hills, mountains, detached chain: nenoeiaye,
D

FEREPFSEE SSE
in

Port Moresby and Neighbourhood, Now Guinea, 37

of irregular them,
the stata ly hori: ~ This be 2
run nearly horizontally. sangonnay

‘and forming on its west or inner an i of hills,
1000 feet high, which includes within ‘tube dotrct of Moribaieg
and several Upon the summit, at « height of 1600 feet,
isa table-land, sloping slightly inwards, ‘at its southern
extremity with trees and into

dense serub. ‘The sonthern side ey eathoeelien
like the walls of somo loviathan fortross, and on tho inner sido
the rocks fall perpendicularly for a distance of 200 feet,* whence

‘the table-land over tle tall cliffs is a cascade,
marian, which falls in one unbroken volume into the gorge
peeetncta its a So Rint This reshend
averages 15 yards wide, w saw in Deceml was
2 feet deop, running in a westerly direction with a current of
8 miles an hour, though after severe rains it is much swollen,
overflowing its banks i many places, and assisting to give nutri-
ment by this means to the belt of tall trees msing on oither
hand. A valley separates the most northerly point of Mount

Variata—trom Vetura to its north, and through
this winds the river, culled Laroki, already mentioned, when it
takes © turn northwards towards the high mountains, It is
sometimes spoken of as the Manumanu by the inland tribe,
flowing westward, and bert the sea at the ips as that
name, situated at the mouth of the Usborne, in Bay,
which is, no doubt, one and the same river, or a branch of
‘On the authority of several natives 1 am informed that another
brinch of the same river empties itself into the sea at Karo, 0
village immediately to the zouth of Hood Point, The width
where we crossed it, nearly 30 miles in a direct line from its
mouth, was 35 yards, depth 6 feet, and current 4 miles an hour,
while its waters must remain fresh until within « comparatively
short distance of theses. Owing to the force and depth of this

be constructed and firmly secured by I pest haloes create
it on the rolling tide. ‘The banka, which are of rich black soil,
rise abruptly to a height varying from 4 to 10 feet above the
fe where I first came upon it,
were of the former height; li al rains, it
overflows at such places, creating swamps on its subsic » A
Sbbe pppeeracos of this moastain reninded mo of Gunit—Ghamy!'s stronghold
After tho manor of the Staubboch, near Interlachen, fn Switzorland.

Port Moreshy and Neighbourhood, New Guinea. 39
River. That other tropical fraits and spi

Seen pare orp oe
een, Ob ine sooae ores thereriea aiieely sign tnimeres
coffee. ie sugarcane ure already ligenous
sorts; and by adopting th ‘of iti rico
mit mle ra apart mn To bar preceni
Seepage pres )

is not
ight be attended
with; satisfactor: see: Coco-nut are usually found.

Proportion to the population, who partly subsist upon the alt

are inadequate to their ‘irements, In
pf ll ci Hood Point, clara Re are particularly

Ani ing eoco-nute from the south, and ma
Gea: thee they chiefly exchange for enbnetere le
In times of extremity they are forced to subsist upon
mangrove fruit.

_ Races—Vhe race inhabiting the Eastern Peninsula of New
Guinea diffors matori ee physique from that ing the
main body of the is! westwards. Their colour varies from
yellowish-brown to rich coffee-brown; whoreas the

ja are, a8 a rule, not so tall; and in disposition are less

warlike; but they are endowed with a greater degroo of intol-

Tigence, that only requires training to mise them their

present seas into civilisation, It is a notable fact, not~

withstanding, that the Papuans appear to possess the art of

ving, colouring, and imitation in a greater measure

the more docile race; and it would not surprise me to

find, when more is known of them, that, but for théir cannibal

aygenaitios, they are more enlightened than most savage
to

So little intercourse, however, has been had with them, that
I shall be content for the present to confine iain cbameratone
to the l¢ among whom I have lately beon ling.

It is dificult to draw any positive conclusion as to where
the light race of the Peninsula first came from, or at what
remote period of time such influx took place, That they are
not the true aboriginals of the island is as certain as that they
are not pure Malays, Their charactor is entirely different from
that of the quiet, apathetic, reserved, and undemonstrative
Malay; and though some are of the same yellowish com-

eae ae
eee

& 3
3 | etettats

i tlidedl

S sidlidetaas

Port Moresby and Neighbourhood, Now Guinea. 41

Peninsula contains; but if we place the unknown portions:
those occupied by tribes whose names and the
position of whose country I herewith give, wo shall have a total
namber of nearly twenty, though this would not represent more
than half the number of dialects spoken. For its sizo New
Guinea will be found to possess more languages and dialects
than any other country, Lagene in the world.

Commencing at tho north of the Gulf of Papua, we find :—

Istly. Tho Hema tribe, extending along the const from Muro,
alittle north of Freshwater Bay, to and including Oiabu, si
about 10 miles above Yule Island (Roro), distance 50 miles

2ndly. The Maiva tribe, tin? constwise from Oinku, to
and including Kapatsi, situated to the west of the Manumanu
(Usborne) Rivor, distance 45 miles,

Srdly. The Motu tribe, extending along the coast from
tice ps on including Kapakapa (close to Round Head),

smiles.
, The Koi tribe, living on eminences overlookin;
the ie and ose the Sooner the Motu. sf
lily. The Kirapuno* tribe, extending along the sen-coast
from Kapakapa to , distance about 40 miles.

Gthly. The Mountain tribe, called Koiari by the Motu, and
Kuni by the Kirapuna, are the most widely di i, occupying
a ‘area in the interior, the limits of which longthways are
uncertain, but which includes the whole country lying behind
Annapata so far as Mount Owen Stanley, if not er.

‘These are the tribes with whom I have come in contact

my Ear Shs Fealnesie ay Tlema, Mates: Mea)

rapnno 4] istinct languages; whil oO

fa Koiari sepainieay ove of the other, though quite
dissimilar to any of the remaining four just named.

‘West of and adjoining Tema is the Namau Papuan tribe,
spoken of by the Motu with great abhorrence, a8 hang: oun to
cannibalism. ‘Their country extends from Muro to Ipiko, one
of the furthest paints westwards to which the trading-canoes of
the Motu ever Eo, and near to which is a large rivor that, in all
probability, is the Aird. Not far from that point the eountry
of the Daudé Papuan commences.

Buch y tribe either varies slightly in physique, or
has gome peculiar characteristic of ite own “ dross, manners, or

whereby it can be ae distinguished from another.
Treen wlone, Sur instance, the Kirepan diftre from the Motu

Dae ee nie ep Wate Taiko Hhoubln,altiongh £ betiors Witoty entect vo

;
|
i

rounder than those of tho men, Like the other coast-tribos L
which aro artificially extracted, ‘eyelashes, |

men are slij bailt but w propor tiated Sthletis th

and a#a rule not bade! ani telat ieet The

form of oye is just perceptible in a very but in

cath tribe ite colour & chestnut. ‘Tha furehead is high,
0 flat as in a European, curving j
ee at it ot pri,

ae
LEE

Hiei
fea
nu
HE Hh
rea
site
le
ful L

e
i
|
i
i
A

z rate , L observed this type more frequently
ri—In this tribe the features likewiee differ, but
of the skin is more uniform, the shade not varying
ee from the darker among the Motu. They may be

two types, the one having aquiline and the other

F
:

flatter noses, with nostrils more m caso the
forehead is high, the cheekbones slightly inent, and. the
face Sastte ited, mouth large, and lips somewhat thicker
‘than those of the ‘Their teoth aro low
betel-chewing ; and the chin is finely shaped, several wearing a
short curly and m a

er aed men is 5 fect $ inches, and of the women + feet
94 ; while the Koitapu, who next

compar them in man-
ners and general appearance, measure 5 feet 1 inch and
4 feet 8 inches parently but although shorter of stature
than the Motu, they are more thickly-built, muscular, and
powerful-looking men. They are more generously 3
equally cheerful; evidently Lenidyaacvas! and quick to com-

ee noel timid at first of rs. ‘Two men alone
in the manner of wearing their hair from all the rest I

frizzed hair. Tn both cases the skin was darker, though ab
first sight imperceptibly s0, and the nose was fatter, otherwise
little difference could be traced in their physiognotnies from the

| 44 Sronn's Description of the Country aud Natives of

romainder of the Koiari. Al ) case

Hl
:
i
i

z
i
f
|
F

to
ira, to tho has been conquered from them
is of. ioe cosines stn he sa
iva x appene leo to be more hospitable
is Jere or than the ‘otu.

7
fe

on closer retain
a h tint.’ ‘Cho hair grows in ringlets or curling locks,
Inds, hint ttre h'jdlows fat Tonausl at at hn Kivepons Soop are
cognizant of this process,

Port Moresby and Neighbourhood, New Guinea. AS

which, combined with its colour, the comparative fairness of
their skins, their symmetrical features, and the fino ions

This,

seer ae, although as children se orc pictures of loveli-

bee similar freaks of Nature being not unfroquent among
“0

the spear, stone-club, and sword-club or paru, 4 feet long, made
ofa wood called orfe by the Motu, and partially orna-

mented.

General Character of the Tribes —The charactor of
these tribes differs ly from that of the pare Malay, and
toa less extent from that of the Polynesian, which is ‘chiefly

to intermarringes with the latter; but is, no doubt,
ble in some measure to, unaccustomed atmospheric and
dictary influences cansod by change of location, Uhey are a
merry and laughter-loving people, fond of speaking, and loving
‘a joke when not played ina Bef gts ‘upon themselves ;
(oo ia ace eth to resent a supposed injury,
soon reconciled, and I have known them to bring some
Rit Saathts sort of apology for any hastiness on their
part. are fairly moral, but by no means modest; clean
im their habits, particularly eo in their cating, and lly
active. They are peacefully disposed towards the white man
when they understand his pacific intentions, and coon become
attached.” The women are not debased, as we find them among
the Pa race, but mix freely with the men, attending to
their ic occupations, and being the reverse of shy at
i when they have once got accustomed to their Sea
unlike of the Ky iga and Papuan races,
no disagreeable odour attached to it; and they are fond of
all sweot-scented herbs, with which they often decorate their
arms and heads. i re Bereta ns an
‘active part in every disturbance and ‘ion of interest, and
ing the hardest and most determined bargains, so that
‘where tho lmsband fails his wifo generally succeeds, When
allowed liberties, they do not fail to take advantage; and at Port
Moresby, in Peruoaisn ie accomplished ile ne
linrs, confirmed beggars, ungenerous to a eo C50
are their four worst Oharastotitica; but we fountt those in the
interior, and other visitors from north and south, quite different,
th whether natnrally so or through fear { cannot, say.
Whoever the settler, a firm and determined bearing ought to

_ © Hyon if ot death's door, for wnat of food, they would give you nothing,

‘Tead
who

PELE
i

ge ee
: lie
?

st rial HL Fu

ae
u i an stese

piace (ih
digetatatie Uh

ription of the Country and Natives of

first, 80 a8 to

Sronn’s Deseri
t ‘aniline
not hesita to. shoot

‘the inland tribe is
dread, it
them a.

tig ay
aa Hau HAE tha

becoming too fa

would

46
‘be exercised from:

Li Syd ime laagtcdins eacieihe-oy AT
and. Manufactures —Tho duties of the
firewood, also

children, oe val thoy make poe daily for
the piteher, wh hich pete as Aeente, :
being carried upon tho shoulder without any apparent effort,
. Tho duties of the men are panes cis Cannel of hunting
Serratia nee sauateatia “to th feng of thls
Daeiadion or sumas 5 kg ere ¥ the bro. of
safe sil Fels, if

ij
5
F
§
FEse
EES
BE
i

a
Ee
Fe:
&

Fe
ee
Pree

Fy
Be

of making earthenware pottery is confined to the
forms the sinple trade of their coms whereby
induced to come from long distances, bot
pose of procuring some, which they are enabled
of their soins prodace. They are made
the top and bottom of the
ot era over an earthenware mould,
doatd, secs fnahea oe cniacaneee eae
\ meaning inished twa lar forms,
in tho size of the aperture. hoy ors thn, bakedin. an open
fire constructed on the beach.
That called a ands for carryin, ere has a lees aperture
than a ura used for cooking, both being fitted with a lip.
Their clamstar. Aira 14 inches, but I have seen some in the
chiefs’ houses us 24 inches, A bowl or nao is the
third and last form aan manufactured by this interesting
people. aeag as aro mechanicians, making drilling-machines on

i
:
it
|
tele

e eeF
te
i Ali

wht spindle, when, by means ee a piney cord attached to
top, it is made to revolye to and fro, The eutting-tool used
rs and or vesika, with which the hardest shells can be per

forated. The Hema make neater drills, haying stone fly-wheele
foatoad of wood,

AS Stown’s Description of the Country and Natives of
sand Population.

- : —All the of
at enetirs same rset i at » the
sea flows under the honses, which ‘built

inland villages aro thinl, and are not so large.
ee peat ea ae aia net cecuta mate fl | houses,
and houses, Dividing the Koiari

HH
gare
anh e
rei
Fe
tee
fee
Pe
&
zl
age
ts
irk

e .
ft
Ai
a
eg:
i
> ey
put

i
ifae
eEee
rier

EL
eS
(
iE
Hi

an ;
\e Teverse or sea end is an ay re leading on to a smaller
which serves as a pantry, and at
the same time lets in sufficient light for the requiromenta of the

at first present a tumble-down appearance, thot in reality
they are strong and mabieen Alcs The fire nie Rpt

* This doce not allow for numerous minor indentations,

es
=

«Port Moresby and Neighbourhood, New Guinea, 49

ted beteen
a
cooked, is the trio. i beams
i upon the u ae
filled with their most prized eg paedt and
drum, &e. The whole are neatly dispersed, and the interior ix
fairly clean, though, on the death of an inmate, the beame and

conspicuous places are blackened by smoke or lamy 2
men refrain from eating until after their return the

own homes,

jari houses usually face a common centre, or are built:
facing one another, leaving an open

it at one end. Tne form
just described, beit i

BY 2
in
i
t
'

Bar
: Te
zis
PEE
a
a
F

broad end of one being laid betwoon the

the adjoining ones, The front is also made of
stalles placed somata fitted with pe
material ewinging upon vex, constructed certain
creepers. ‘This front, however, partakes of the nature of a par-
tition, as it is placed 4 or 6 feet back, thus loaying a stage of

thigh derived simply from this cause, Each Koiari village
pati one or more kehora or house, Lee patis built among
the foliage of some tall tree, at a height of 3 or 85 feat above
the ground, reached by a ladder of bamboos tied or.
seem to be thus raised aloft in order that Vata, the evil
spirit, who both thoy, the Koitapu and Motu, fear, and who is
supposed by them to wander about the surface of the earth
during the dark hours of night, may have the greater difficulty
in gaining a foothold. At the same time it answers all the
‘of a sentry or look-out station, The Koitapu houses
resemble the Koiari, those of the chiefs being rather larger than

the rest.

Religion, Superstition, Charma—None of these tribes believe
fav God, although they ave wus ideo of'w future stute; for
they will point over the eea, and say that after death their

VOL. XLVI. zB

ae |

Aap many Hany
eg ee
a ee ae viet
ae tues iit fetta ie
Pie ae te feud fan Elle
i sis Bah in ie Ae Hab
: st allel iiptati Hiteay
: a He ; bie ii
» thud le Hee guile enue

Port Moreaby and Neighbourhoed, New Guinea. 52

hollow which cla and behind,
costa evry Brophy tape
‘in the mouth their features, as though involuntarily, imme-

eee een rete split bamboo, 16 inches
¥ pang a
. Se
‘inner end, it is carried dari: sper 9
war it is held vertically by a ribbon tied round the outer end.
‘Tcannot make out that either the Maiya or Toma believe

ah et apreeerts the Chiefs:-—Each village has its

to quell a distur! or to make war; the women as well as
the men having « voice in these matters Notwithstanding
this, their advice is genorally taken in any matter

the interest of the village, or in any dispute. The
seth ab Bale spdekioerterl others, and attend to
the plantations ves, receiving no tax or tribute
thos beneath them. Their undaunted air (6 among
6 nico Hingham! ill pl

- oe forehead-ornament, or musimust, attached by a string
red beads, No tion-houses are set apart by the a
Koiari, or Koitapu, as is the case Maiva, so that it
becomes the duties of the chiefs to and entertain

the
chief strangers from a distance, and they expect to be similar!
‘treated when hey go inland) or make (oor i ‘4
to villages along the sea-coast. ‘On such occasions many of the

Per

> Fy His it iH: rr Kat
i He Bae is 3 a Bunny S392 83229! 58
: a eth ‘i ual Hi Pela
ne eee an
eer ean ial ‘al
He eee ll
ata an |
HE ne a i eptmeie tl

Haat

Port Moresby anl Neighbourhood, New Guinea. 88

‘unpleasant houses, good dict,
ae pide moderation, eden cabeed oe
to preservation of any

: The year 15 was an exceptionally fine one, but the climate
is always very equable, In that year the variation at Anua-
pata was not more than 7° 40' between the maximum tempera-
ret ony: month, and 3° 1' betwoen the minima of the same
pon i hottest month was Fel , the thermometer at
“clock in the morning averaging 90° 43’; and the coldest,
at the same hour, was August, which ov ° 3; while
the average day-temperature for the year was 36° 71, and night

when the least occurred, the gauge indicated (23 inches. July

of November and December, when light north-westors continue
with more or less regularity until the end of April.

‘The climate of the interior is more salubriovs, but it is im-
possible to live in the valleys without injuring the constitution,
on aceount of the excessive moisture of the atmosphere. As
tlie morning aun rises above the hills, and pours its glow down
into the valleys, the moisture from the rains and heavy dews
is converted into yapour, which hi suspended in the form
of white elonds ; and it is not until sl becomes sufli-
elently heated, that they lift themselves ly, and gradually
i . After the heavy rains of the preceding mght this
was an every-day scene from my camp near Matogorogoro,

z :
toast uuent (be val ttl sc tse meno tt br ret
and the lattor for soras,

aan

BA Stone's Description of the Country and Natives of

sitnated in the district of Munikaira, at an elevation of 1100
, by aneroid measurement. Tt is on this aecount that all
‘villages aro built as high up on the mountain-tops as

i
=
3
F
ft
a
A 8
id
FFs8
seek.

4
id
i

and all the: I baye mentioned adopt a similar
of blackening thomselvos on such occasions. ‘he bl:

=
3
i
fe
:
F
5
a

Ea
git

init

PeceEeae
it
ie
Fife

ritye
Hla
i
VASE

b from the of the ear, and nock-
Eoeerine cies while Therdvon ment 7 ie
somo of the bones of a deceased relative. are either

coconut
the body is in ‘its last resting-place, the mourners stand
ree ing, pulling the bair, and smiting their heads
seemingly with some violence. It is then covered over with
shingle, raised sli nS) above the level of the beach, and th:
ecremony is concluded,
Among the Koiari the deceased is laid out upon the floor of
row iouse fora box le of days, when ho is oither buried or
at some distance off. If, as it often

dislocated, when tho skull is fastened to a rafter beneath the
floor of the dwelling, and the remaining bones are wrapped up
in some roughly-made matting, eadantleay .
their dead sre buri ae sean ie house; ond
among the Koitapu, occasionally underneath. A circle of stones
is then formed, 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, from which half-a-
dozen sticks, 4 fect long, verge inwards, meeting at the top,
upoa which are hi ill atis earthy “poehiniban of sista
ing the most valued body-ornamenta
—The number of wives a Motu has is only limited

stout
heard ee bccn eae Few men oo
twenty years: remain single, an sexes are nearly
onlay epecee3, though, as a rule, their progeny is not

56 Sroyn’s Desription of te Country and Natives of

1ePEE TEELEE
alia
Pe. i oe
(ial de
iealinter
He
eG ee
eae He!

B
i
z Eg
if
ac
4
a

t to take when trayellin, eigenen i by the
‘olnri as one of their greatest luxuries; so that those who come
i or lakatois, often

nut wood, > feet long, and usually barbed near the point, the

Port Moresby and Neighborhood, New, Guinea. aT

thickest, ee being at the centre of gravity. are not
ike the war-arrows of the darker race, who steep them

into the putrid carcass of a victim, and the ip is
inferior. The Koiari, however, show considerable in
manufacture, The Motu uso a shield, or

Hat wood, partially covered with wicker-work, 2

Tong, with circular top and bottom, and hat

On the inner side is a handle, by whi

left hand, while the spear is thrown with the right. The

rana, of the Lema is of the same length, the wood

A
ou
tapes

cEg2
a
if
if
eed
Fie
=
fa
eS =
4

and dress
# plain band, or ési, of tappa-eloth, 1 inch wide, stray tightl
round the waist, one end of which is then passed. eee tack
beneath the body, and fastened up in front. This applies to all
the tribes excopt the Kirapuno, who usually wear stained pelkiy
belts, ornamented with black devices, allowing the ends theroof
to wee, down. On special occasions a stiff bark-lelt, or kava,
nearly 3 inches wide, is worn over this, laced injuriously
hi* Arinlets woven from the fibre of the pandanus-leaf are
ly worn, lit bruising the flesh beneath, A necklace
of nassa-shells ground down and strang jer is commonly
worn. Before ores they paint the face with streaks by means
of a rose-colored lime, or any gorgeous colour they ean obtain
aeeteat Parades: ‘This lime is found on the mainland opposite
Roro (Yule » and is eaten in small quantities the
likewise wear head-dresses of bird-of i
(Paraidisea }) feathers, and those of other gay birds, while
the yariegated leaves of the croton, sweet-smelling herbs, and

have known a boy's wairt contracted: oneal Sit

*1 only
1.0, 0 kn, while his flesh, 2 inches above aad below, bulged oat to 2

in,

rie
and also of a krownish=
=
those worn

head-ornaments by that.
aor
‘compactly’
i length.
more

es, or muara, of
ornaments
neck are

tosecls, each ono
‘csi ram

flavour,
are aleo made up into
in
ces ce
are
when a hundred are prea
fringe
men, but the cars
With certain trifi

and the
dresses, their

red,

8929222432
Syst tiyee
aye
Dee

g2zbE255 83
alll

ee :
HEE

Port Morseby and Neighbourhood, New Guinea. 3

and relations, Moonli; ights are as no fire or
other Eaten os, ‘The dances vary

cleared space, while the grown-up men and women stand
bebind to witness the performance ; and the chief with some of
friends look on from the verandah of his house. Each
jes a drum; all accompany the sound by a monotonous

i ing wondorful time with their odliog aa they go
ugh & series of figures like those of a quadrille, Etiquette
married people from taking part in these reerea~
the women are, however, allowed to
reat the me and single men are
and pleasing, carries a dram, which
ain to oliclorsabavt the head, accompanying

a oe yey iat — es Sits are
and when ei canoes, voices, mol-
iia deere may be frequently heard,

On the completion of their trading, cance-regattas are hold.
‘The canoes, or lakatois, are usually made of three large canoes
ound firmly together, sido by side, ench fitted with aqua sail
act between two masts, oran cllipticulonc, In order to correct];
test.the sailing powers of each, « circle of half-aanile radius is
indicated. During these trials there is much merry-making,
and the winner receives the congratulations of the less fortunate.
While the lakatois are away, tho children make models and
hold liliputian regattes among themsclyes. A custom, uni-
versally respected, prohibits a man from entering a house of a
‘woman whose husband is absont; hence, of whatever colour sho
may be, she feels perfectly secure. A few of the children have
emall bows and arrowe to amuse them; others, whips, which
they are very fond of cracking; and the babies are given a few
sea-shells to‘play with, ‘The latter are carried on tho arm or in

kiapas, which at other times are often suspended with
the contents to a beam beneath the verandah: and rocked to and
fro. All these tribes are fond of public epeuking, which com-
mences wfter sundown and lasts far into the night; but the

fe
Fs

ger
5
Z
z
z

i oe
2
9
5
:
g
5

Soe hneinerey pinion sei ives, and,

bling
Mer eae secre nd ny igs

Sees a three months!
Eead soectsyi Lema ce te to conclude
"thine te of Soa xed
jate of a coun annexed may exer-
influence eee decision “4

it TN have a te ren ora ane which are not pes

=
“ER
&

E
i

Dp Fort Merely ant Neighbourtoed, Noo Guisen. 61

healthy, that of the ee further inland
I feel convinced, be found otherwise, and it is there
where the labours of the cultivator would be best

t it even along the sea-coast 1 do not think that much
se ed a ps a a aken in the

and due north of he Guta Ga a
ba remain to be proved.

So far aa trading is concerned, it is certain that the natives
have at it no article the ex; ean cee Bee
cient, ipeensnts to emcee in pany to settle on
the miary motive Soe Tortoiseshe!l
does exist, bat I I should ¢ doubt if there was so much as half-n-
ton in the entire area. Precious minerals may, and
ably do exist among the high mountains to the oes
oldie ite ErenoWe to ie aed ated zo sipaa of of an}
met le my party. Ebony and sani
romain to be discovered ; a some of the finest timber in see
ee only walling for hands to work it in the south of

Jand would have to be pmaeee
lee pay woul pe
to serious consequences, and change their
into Eien of hostility. From hosertee inquirios, ot
‘my own observations, I boliave that pearl-shell, if found at all
to the west of the Gulf, will not be found in sufficient quantities
> while tripang (Qéchede-mer), though found on the reefs
south, is not over-abundant,

the inhabitants themselyes are sufficiently intelligent to
further enlightenment T quite balleve, but to effect
is change too much care cannot be exercised. Any large or
influx, without, its motive being perfectly understood,
resisted, or-eloo drive the inhabitants from their
plantations into the interior, only to result in
t steadily taking place among the

Such a system as that referred to
rior and not unfriendly race must, at all events,
for her inhabitants aro spe been too fow. Of all
lonisation among an unt iple, T conceive
the best which is attained by Peace means; that
eee eee eee and usefulness;
i insubordination, yet exercises
ab, though governing, yet allows her subjects—
or white—to have an t in that govern-
been contended that the Dutch systerm is one of

Fa fd e422
te ms
ieee
hd

F
f

5 which,

if
rie

Napter’s Diary of a Tour in Khorasean, and

a
-and all are
of Javanese ;
not one to be

but I atm unable to see that oither
an
will, to become |
members of
milli
end is

slavery ;
government:

if not of
exists ina.

first
cn
ne

on the Eastern Alburz Tract. By Captain the Hon. G.

1V.—Eatracts from a Diary of a Tour in Khorassan,

(Communitated by the Txpra Ovvter,)

jaa eH
aa a Hate dine:
ata an ye 5agire
le rth
PAH a
tiie tie aH ie
i daieitelnet
aH Hee EE HG

: a

Narien’s Diary of a Tour in Khorassan, andl

64
ap es eof th alg ected

x
ti

;
(

tf
i

chit

ing, a large popu-
lation might bo supported, without fear of famine, by tho
naan produce of Mavanderan, and their more scanty
oT water be deyoted to the production of cotton,
am wine, and other valuable staples of foreign and
le.

line of cascades, und neat ue with white octagonal spire
showing over the a Bengt elm and party might com~
in

pare with any Lor the Swiss Alps. In spite
of its elevation, the winter on the plateau is said to be searcely
more severe than in the low! ; snow falling to a great

depth, but melting quickly.

Notes on the Eastern Ailurz Tract. 65

origin of this doctrine, and said that “everybody be-
same;” the tents, made of black goat'shair woven
a number of short sticks placed
king, they are said to give good

Eyluier
24 iu
besa!
34,
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sBERES
8 28
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Nimrud, a large stream flowing into the Veramin plain,
Across the Nimrod is the plateau of Firuz Kuh, green and
fertile, traversed by the Sowa Ghee, a small stream with
marshy banks. The village of Firuz Kuh is situated on the
south side of the plateau at a point where this stream enters a
rocky gorge shut in by two opposing cliffs of limestone 800 to
400 fest in height, un surmounted with the ruins of an ancient _
fortress, said to have been built by Alexander the Great, The
que has 500 houses, many of which were, however, emptied
famine. At Sowa Ghee, a village ix or eight miles
jigher up the stream, are said to be some rock inscriptions.
Firaz Kuh lies the main post-roud to Mazandaran.
Tt is now much used by caravans taking rice, timber, and
charcoal to tho capital, but must hortly be superseded by
VOL. XLVI. F

Narier's iE SES: and

ait et fui fy
LF ab rs
fe es ail ius mil Al He Hr

a;
’

ye EEE anit ae
Pena el ecard
ite i a
Sid he ak = paid 33
bidity Mea
it : ui au Sey ne
ey. iG
ial
3

a ToGu Bah

Notes on the Bastern Alburz Tract. or

were no carvings or inzerij From the Jash Valley the
road leads ucross a rough hilly tract of country into the basin
of a small stream the east to a pass | down

ts y
Peak of Alburz into the plain near Lemnan or Lemnun, Both
the Jash Valley and the plateau of Anaseran are cultivated in
parts, and the wheat-crops wero fino; the wholo area is, how-
ever, insignificant. The enclosing hills showed nothing but
soft rocks, sandstone conglomerates, gravel, and shale, but in
the bed of the Khing stream were many boulders and pebbles
of granite, quartz, other older formations.

he plateau of Khing is a good specimen of the summer

eral, whi ighan..
Jevel bottom of the glen, having a length of about 14 milo

an overhanging spur is a icturesque Imanzadah, with a
en ctrecttetees z Crossi: a spur the route

fino ri
‘were gruzing several brood-mares, and a herd of fine hea
~ pe eet Intl te hates Copsey
ee ea ee Pe eee
sepa onion thew retake i detilo i
lea & picturesque defile is
Aho track wis Sota throne Tpavechtng by bigh
rocky well clothed juniper ; after leaving
the pass, eae wo cope esa “ ly
through a main range, and is joined by a aie
brook from lateau of Rudber, a fertile beatae
miles im length, and a little less in width, eolooed Ry: pure of
‘the outer chain, :
r

arg nnied eine

eae tac
eal rte seat IGE
HU isi Rideau
ie satiate
Batali i Huish ail fea ys
BCP cote eee ree
i iigadlal ee Hie fe ege

Hee Hale aba nniideatiae

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 69

in one place only. A mile from Husainabad, on a spur of red
sandstone, is ape of areata at the
"a msrsry eg the chief town of
18th, To mnch=i-, edi miles—From Husainabad
hasmelimi~Ali, a distance of na
es, if

which is left flowi , te route turns north-cast towards a
a

a ends in a grove ee and ain
trees, vnfich flows a stream of pure water which it foods.
‘The utter of the valley above the oasis watered

by the stream is most striking, ood fully accounts for if it, does
not justify, the local belief in the miraculons origin of the

Chasmeh-i-Ali,—Visited the spring which had been the
ae day occupied and enclosed by the camp of some ladies,
'y of a Governor in Mazandaran, Te is chiefly’ ro~

mat! for the yolume of water that issues from one
point, and the complete sterility of the valley and surrounding
mountains from wl it is presumably fed. “The discharge at
the spring-head was found to be, ata mee saree 100 enbie

feet per second. ‘Tho water is porfoe ea omer
‘oraalide fn saspeneion but. it healt with some ariel a
and ia said to be ly efficacious in
ly the ms who resort to it would fot ans springs tage of
their own equally s0, more ro feat aed ees
The stratum from which issues is a
of gravel, with some large an; Bolo its
auf it to the spot at some very remote period; no
rock is visible, A large tank, shaded by a fine planestree, i is
filled from the and contains a number of tench, eaid to
be sacred, but, as I found, not difficult to land with a silver
hook. A building erected by the Shah on tho odgo of the tank,
aoe pont by some ech i pious eessapd Lag sad

would be a most pleasant lodging in the summer.

Tn) 4H) HELL CTE LET
’ ee eG Ee a His EL ey
Han a rain ele jute Tee
ety lees Wiad al
= af ate qi Peay: HH He HHL peRisG
é ated | i i ra crn @ §isbsss
= feud Pe rs ae thal, Bee: er 2 3
Sq. eres Is TS aahive g 24383 aii F rs q
1G s3 5 bee Hat ial LES aafiia
; a Pie es ae i dene
A He pt ee teeta
ere He ae free

Notes on the Eastern Albure Tract. a

yards With an average width of about 18 feet. peel
‘stream, the path finds an exit through a natural
feet wide, and mi overhead. ‘There can be

improves. At the foot of the slope is the green
ta orchards and _poplar- ie Pall: @ once
in, name on
gig renee hae fn am tr
Sab acsalon “ Nawand”), eka gree eee t
line marking an old water-channel, and the terraced fields
abandoned. I was informed that there were in former day

not tell me. Tipe ab colin a ee
ment,—the usual ery ; but, being » “ Ket kh ae
and not knowing my crte aettor with ae

tated silence on that score. Deeroasi Sewanee
admitted, Last winter's snowfall sitscealinir ks
HL Rep Wek peed ep pay

th ead and *T7eh-—Hulted at Sawor.

18th, To Asp Noza, 134 mitez—Movod hake Opa ee
4 pasture-ground with a little cultivation, on the banks

oe shee out endless malate taneratene
; to the nortl inp gto Sd peared
Reheivee Cove an. evel ou ly wide and

Pree iit
fe
i
ke
Ei
Ee
Ey
Bay
8
HF
ie

AS
rt
i
at
é
in
ge
&E
ui:

if
E

south, ata the direction of the eee
beatae etieitieanes olande, ctr mr from the
the northern face of the mount bathed in

Lo Shahrud, 193 miles—Marched to Shahrud. From
Neza the route to Shahrud, following up the course
Passes into a narrow defile, known as the Tang-i-

te
a é

De. |

cr Nartzr's Diary of e Tour in Khorassan, and

house month; of this complained loudly. At
Bhotcals Bas there arc eed to bo egos Soa
ee of Shah Kuh are composed almost entirely of

aan cong] 0. .

, Tash (Tash)-—From Shah Kuh, descending again to the
stream and ing it for a few miles, the defile narrows, and
is at one enclosed by ‘of pure white chalk, clay,

eurately measured. These seams of mixed with
clay were visible at various clevations, One bee
ent away by the stream, showed a seam eoal
might be worked from the surface. The of Shah Koh
not to know the use of the mineral had never

appear
worked it; but I found that at Tash, a few miles off (10 or 12),
there was a mine which had been worked for some ee
eoal being carried to Gez to supply the Russian steamers.”

of the mine had with the demand, the steamer

Notes on the Eastern Ailuerz Tract. 78:
ee aie aa this stream to its head, the za ed

and eS on e the iit of the main road
-line to where 13 a carn]
nite mile from the village of Tash. The village of
mere hamlet of 40 houses, lies high np on the mountain, The
pens were formerly subject to constant incursions of the Tur
comans ; but for now thirty years have been at poace.
22nd. To Shahrud, 194 miles Fae ee a ha ged
the Ab-i-Tash, the hills i and getting more barren at
every ‘At about 5 mil tee dalle open ‘onto awide plain
enclosed by mountains utterly barren destitute of vegeta~
tion. ‘Traversing this plain, which is without villages and
aaialee ee ‘the Ab-i-Tash bein, renters brackish by a tribue
tary from south), the enters the Shahrad Bostam
Plain hich extends eastwards to the desert, scarcely brok: oa
the last undolations of the Alburz. There are many large vil
Joges on the plain, all walled and surrounded with watch-towers,
but the state of these defences shows that the need for them
has passed. It is now eleven years since a Turkoman has been
seen on the ea save a the guise of a peaceful trader. Turn-
ing south from Bostam chet between low rocky hills
to ee nae ae hill-skirt dee in gardens,
vale epgNanthet ry ‘Tho town of about S00 houses is en-
by a weak wall, without towers or flanking defence. The
ent in fonts was but far more bearable than @ similar
temperature in India,
rd. Shahrud—Halted at Shahrud. [The section of the
author's route from Shahrad to Mash-had, having often been
described before, is omitted.)
September 26th—Obtained the heoeesary order for guards
to ects me to Kalat, a district in the mountains north
The Khan of Kalat-imadiri is the medium of
communication between the Khorassan Government and tho
Turkomans of Merv.
27th. Kardeh, 24 nviles—Left Maeh-had for Kalat-i-nadiri at
11:30, and, traversin, ‘the valley of Mash-had ina northerly direo~
tion, erored the Kaahaf Rod aw, bridge known as the Pul-
‘The Kashaf Rud or Abi Mash-had flows from the Chas-
weh-i-Gélis, a small lake near Samet and collecting the
Serta encr baled bead gal tera
known as Akderband to the Pul-i-Khatum where it joins the
Ab-i-Herat. Below Mash-bad the water becomes brackish from
‘the contributions of some small tributaries draining the lower
spurs of-the Khelat range. ‘The Pal-i-Shah is wide and solidly

+ Hai agence
if ae a al spas ese
Fe He saat aa
i s a Be 3 Heian siete Peri
$ Heel 3 zi 4 a igi ashe
ai aie Hie eet ult
Ha Hee fubiete at HO a

AGE Pe uni ‘ipinal

it grows, ‘The gnarled and twisted trunk and grey spreading

branches clit edantke Seach sc ali or coewracg a pode

Fosmnted hyde high poe of Allmrn tne bare dey akesion
o r glens tl

“¢ a at Aul, Tor

limestone,

ae ircicenetbargingeats 2 poles
anold fort. Following anenstern branch of the valley, in wh
the Kardeh stream Lar SURI NE SE THER aol

an exceedingly Nemes bad path, and drops at sre te
glen of Wardeh ich drains to the Turkoman plain, In

centre of the glen, pepeneiy uke few ing any
‘fields, i is the Lenin od: of twenty
and live by grazing large Tots of of tipo a goats; for their
fields, at all times light mons and often SERS Shut
in by To aeeias except to the north-cast, with roves

tion of x stony soil, it is surprising that

ce al", tt the Kalat
Spratt ta te al val
have a of 8000 Sr 0 }, and have in former times

‘whole powors of the most powerful ruler of Khorassan

29th, Kalat, 224 miles—From Wardeh to Kalat is poe
-of nbant 22 miles. The track, a good bridle-path, leads for some
milee Ex.z. over low undulating hills of coloured clays and
shales with a fair covering of rete fit for pasture,
descends down a narrow ge and |, and pic~
n mae

of juni
‘the strata inclined Same. out into the steep spura,
ting often an eater canes of rock neti feet, witha
tary ie and distinct serrated outline. Denso thickets of the
or barberry, with crimson leaves and ana lined the
al Following the stream along a i boulder-
|p pene ap pen eel with o eae
flowing from the west, a narrow pass, Le an

‘the first rocky barrier of Kalat, is entered. In places

scarcely room for more than one horse to pass, and the el is

Napime’s Diary of a Tour in Khorazsan, and

: ‘the pass
= seer ana Saon the natural bounding-wall:
% P a
Hig mh ng east west in &
unbroken level summit,
300 isa natural scarp of dark-brown rock, falling away to
Solas yee are eT
and coloured marls: only one gap was visible in the whole line,
thigy though epparently innocesi

who mi; this safe retreat the wealth of plundered

Dalhi ab eirmandy have ot lestt¢ fai start in tho soeamabla fc

power in and Persia, that ho well knew would ensue

perenne the gateway, Ifound a guard of Persian Sir-
iy, Tfound a

baz drawn if than their

comradan at Mashhad evn beon eithoet ret and withoot

or clothing franc The men looked sickly and
aaah have heavy duty, and the water of the stream is
said to be un T noticed that, in spite of a swift ear

th el bed covered with ea of green weed,
Wy he rater vas igh coloured pa y it may derive

this some injurions ities. The remains of a
water-course constructed by Nadir are still visible outside the
junshah It carried the water of a spring, 5 or 6 miles

fluted with half-columns of the same st
somely decorated with carvings in blind arches, executed,
Inilt by Nadi for his descendants, has been repaired by the
Khan, and contains his family.
30th. Kalat—The Ohicf of Kalat came in to-day from the

served thom asa guide, His fate was sealed. The Chief is a
fine-lookin ate above the indy sarap arene

inte! with a raro thirst for knowledge. He has
taught himself to read English, French, and Russian, and is
sesseediag yavell informed Snjgeoumphy: snd dhe history ol Ek
own 0 nei;

Kalat,— up the hills to the north-west of

piesa te to the summit of
stone, tho lower strata hard, and showing only minute particles
of shells, the wy 100 feet soft, and composed almost entirely
otf ry with which the surface was etrewn, led on
ae vated plateau, on which ood the Imarat-i-
Nadiri, Nadir’s palace or house ; for the ruins looked moro like

monarch’s palace, Tho site was well chosen, and commanded a
fine view over hill and plain. The whole extent of the natural
barrier and enclosure Kalat, with its plateau, mountains, and

itous gorges, was visible, wl
maze- Sircanl oceet tines tea Teckoonmraeel

stone and lime, the inner of brick, ‘There being no springs on
ie plate, i dng pani ert a mp by a
line of domed* had been constructed in tho

from a hill on the west side of the barrier, an¢ haaeiantarciod

viata wie careeh Only lags tae bray

a . one vil wi

risen on the ruins of the Se perce mn ee ‘he plateau. They

have wells, which are seat and reservoirs. Tho

adler is iets os on ate but a good crop is
ae Recsvad visits from Baba Sirdar, a Tekkeh ee

of Mery, & man of some influence, and the Khan, There has

evidently been a great change in oe rie

* Sic in original.

Narine’s Diary of @ Tour in Khorasan, and

rh £ cay at EL : LEE eh ey
Gy it Hee aan
Fee gis Meee TE Per EPS
hg ipmne any abd

i rhe opeseis He 210 ifiget tak 1 23
CEH ea ae rae
ne dte re aeeee TE e
rer iea ear eareetr ee
WP HUE ARE Men alae

the one hand, and of Mash-had on the ‘Snow lately fallen
was lying on the monntains and on all the highest points of the
‘The Atak and the desert were nike aoa

7000 feet below. Each bend of the numerous small streams
flowing into the Atak, and the belta of cultivation following
their courses for many miles through the sandy on werd
visible, and told « tale of increased seeurity from tile

visitations.
Sth, 9th, and 10th.—Returned to Mash-had by a route already
desoribed.

16h and 1741.—Applied to the Governor for an order to the
Chie of Bajaur, directing hin to give me a wuftient guard

1st, Mash-had to Kasimabad, 12 mile,—Marched at 4 rat.
for Kazimabad; leaving the Balakhyaban Gate north-west at
niente terre hy Bahrabad, The

Ly
ll
i
iz

intersected “by kanats the surface was absolutely dry.
strking featore of a Persian landscape, the contrast

fertility of the cultivated ground, and
of the untilled ground around the cul+
to a great extent, though the cause is not at a

Hn
i
|
f
i

iit ty a ae Hae
ill A q el ue ae
if ne 2 38 eas Hae 4
i ip a wall ui
i i i, whe pall zig
i i a nn Ha
HEEL me ae
Hale 1
THOSE a ail
nis

Notes on the Eastern Alburz ‘Tract, 81

ground of, saturated “plough.” Under other conditions of
weather, the first impulee would haye been to tarn away
pointed; but there was an attraction in the harmony of the
tion above and around. ‘Tho ruins aro those of a city built res
seo after the Arab west of Khorassan.
pon to the Cael etry the ruinod cities of Sei wih
arched the same bricks, the same Me ramparts

hore,

T was fortunate enough to hear on the correct legend
ak ria inet eral iinet a devastated
Rite of Turan, ‘Tis was still a fine city when the

liph Mamin himself struck a death-blow to its existence.
The leas it Reza, poisoned by his order, was buried in
nu humble grave near the ot of Nowghan and Sunnabad,
12 miles eouth of the cits was thrown into a “sardah,"
or pestis eine was Taian aring @ small aes room
aga passing travellers. For man vo
remained unnoticed and uneared for, and A f bare ao 36:

Y
plainly saw the r of Providence, A deer, hunt party.
ia fe the archway, and was pli it by them

stock was exhausted; but, sti

wrought. The story was noised abroad, and the grave visited
by many to ll pers of Khor "Tha Govemor of
ordered own remains to be buried there and a tomb to
built. From that day the village of Sunnabad increased,
tho inbabitants of ‘lis moving over to the new settlement,

ey sto linos ot th the old walls ane 4 nearly t
Toctangular fi with a dongthic of 2 miles (roughly) ar ee

Te ee eae a tly peat and,
‘not quite of the usual construction, i ily that the

buil was a mosque, The name “Nakarakhana” has pro-

YOu, XLVI. G

—

Khan, in the end to obtai

fow villages:

ree peeare da and,
‘of golid masonry, knows
Ee ieee
traced in the name.
=
eonlelaan the:
north side, wheno it
of the Zafuranla
. ‘K tribe, lives in

or also. of.
x: e lamp! as difficult
to Serine at any pray Eecea Sea but, including

fam

‘at 7000 to 0 fats inelude 300 ad tente.ce nomads,
From Radian a rood to z and the Atak, eaid to be:

the only one practicable for guns. I had taking |
route Yt found it ndvica to chan; my plans. Hoong

H
that the Khan of the Bujni summoned to
and foresecing dificulty in getting to Astealeel isa
Atrak or Gurgan in his absence, { determined to march direct
to sonst, and there ascertain the Khan's movements, visit-
ing gaz if possible. After leaving Chinaran, I rode across

iNetes on'the Eastern Aturz Tract, 83

Its virtue must, therefore, be solely in imagination. The
ee mocks cares

is visible. Sop hte

that of Shasmeh al Shab ~ Patios aoe
‘more #0, that the strata, a dark-bl:

laminated

source of supply must therefore lie hi in the moun-
ae casa The

ys a epee a Tanne Ron
twenty-five fold, and the grain large and good. araaeieeee
dish ani rock ix sufficient to give its colour to

the soil; and the samo rock is conspicuous at the bee of the
mountain for many miles, with the same condition of soil, Tt

is probable, ti that the sandstone, though distinct)
ganas, eable, and relat the ibid canoer ae
the, ‘the, light-coloured wlloviam in the centre of

Lh dag nothing will grow without rain. Chinaran is a deso~
lnte-looking fillers olive or fifty families, aml about 1000

Reavis many families of men who died during tho
ete er ae

thus y cus eintatirclietnie ie
Bs owned anon, which it is said six only remain,

Lreceived a visit from the Khan, a feeble 21d man, fall of
the departed of his house. Even at recently the Khan
had i le possessions; but constant qi with his
brother so weakened his tahnends hee h his neighbours were
able to deprive him of them piecomeal.

The family is of the Zafnranla tribe of Kurds, settled in tho
country by Abbass the Great. After the expulsion of
the Kurds from the Atak, the Chinaran section of the tribe
settled in the upper portion of the Mash-had Valley, and founded
‘Chinaran. or layed a subordinate part in the bait of
the border till the time of Mauresh Khan. Say baizaled

86 Narmn's Diary of a Tour in Khorassan, and
~Bpauiria bc an ee
. To dafirabad, 27 - Radkan and ;

bad

the.
of

pial . a pats ora IW ee

bushes of tamarisk. ‘The the plain is from 16 :
m pe mea nen to the hills on either side, and t
vithin 2 or 8 miles of sata hres ken by nal
the fit in tho Btato of
teepdltgens reece
gardens and no trees,
and the village was almost destroyed
26h. To. Keochan
slopes, ‘north
rises in the
soalowed byt eee
wn as
iow tll t aches te Go
ee ttltie atta teotatiee
aspect a
pa nespian tery tind ‘Thera are
villages and numerous d
Cultivation also extended far up the mountain-sl hi
debinear std nek wore toil, Wea lene
and is carried as far as Jabjarm, and occasionally

‘The town of Koochan lies on the north side of the plain and
south of the stream. Low hills, with round easy.slopes, running:
out from the northern chain, approach to within a mile of the
walls. On the last mound is o terrae known as the Tukh-i-
Shah (Fath Ali Shah's tents having been pitched there), from
which a view of the tow: bazaars, and a great extent
of encl 2 Ade pte dens is obtained. The towzi-wall
is dilapidated and the ditch filled in, no attempt having been
made to restore the defences since they ork Haetrored Tee
troops of Abbas Mirza, FPhe town iteclt Se in aceatooneatatertin

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 87

¢ usual stir eases
ia the Kurd distrita shatlt juires little notice to collect the
people in the streets, and on tho houso-tops in crowds, Tho
crowds are, hoger iow invariably silent and civ, the word
Oras” ‘passed to mouth in whig; whispors chowing their
ae with the name, if not with the nation.
To Kooahan——Road through the town and central ba~

Perrot stati biailaesas Pe arenow much

Having suffered from the si ly from the jake,
the town itself is more than ae result also of the

A largo solidly-built Madrassah of that
was pointed out to me Tad b

mck these, scagelea sce 8
it peceeeeapet aa
Sara et Vopentseset tie toe pera begins bee
piping a Snlne this pruapeorta ene bs at fo Bay eee

mi money by
wheat and fruit in Meath RACE pee le flour was 5 krans
maund. ‘l'wo or three hundred le are said to havo died of
eae Outside the Mash-had gate » heap of stones was pointed
iG fy sieiaa zaoricing the ppot ees which auvsnfortunato rots,

88 Narimn'y Diary of a Tour in Khorassan, and

E
Teese
fee
iF

in those villages is 6 rnin nd
Wie aise Ste a fr are ee
Bn banat of hE that D
of 500 kharwars off the ground, 70
eee nea ae i peared wot high tn er Sout:
a 3 ten per
of grain, with two per cent, for expenses of
‘head on the ob the while Gemsha,” Bld
eared
eucoession
He ree? Ruy keisli Kuh Duz, Kuh ‘Watioias, Ei
rot, ‘This ‘range cannot be lees than 7000 feet high, and’is fairly
wooded ae Beyond it lies low range
at the foot ich arethe Akhal Tarkoman Set ts.

disket pay modeiee 1. tard to cova ee
ie contain

inches thie, of minute fossil-shells, which is, I balleya aaleatal
‘24 miles.—Marched from Koochan to Tavil on

Notes on the Eastern Albur= Tract. 89

Pee eee a tae ed. Several flourish-
bs ‘Mages lio on the ion Wel an Bone
it ‘ah watered. seals dak

tively; and ctu ull a ja same indivi foal

sowing, and hat r the fashion of
bit a Brad fowl plo links ae Pe
wun wor ken finds what must be anythi Seat
eee, over the open furrows. With a | eee ree
Tight frinblo this primitive method is moro effectual
ight be supposed. On the mite et barani lands
tip adel is is sown "iad ba and fa vig Threshing was
going en i's er nas at tt rain having delayed the opera=

barley.” Cotes does al Gogh cal gore: a
not ;
le attribute this bec a Snow thong { for four ;

‘and the ice bears for two or three weeks at a time. After
ing two fine villages, Hy Hy and Chalata, the village
Yusuf Khan, on the border of Radkan and Koochan, is reac!
ae people, und of Peon ooh are are a ae
apparent]; nm or
men came out of the villa; We eter an enteratenceoe ue
La “Sopee pr ta T aa ae of reward or
men! me ir Khan's guest
hh i ‘the men were all clothed with an under and
overcoat of brown wool, hom trousers of the same
i a gar and boot shee pe
tened by a thon; La Bi es al
the heel, ind thea: thal eer ne ctitis ll stooge

mado, I noticed a minance of blue ee pazel
Lila Although mee Turk or Tartar race, these

show nothing of the ; their features aro

handsome, regular, Me ees a ment, and beards ample.

When salutin; ting they a te the eeu ach

oe ce es a aaiek al aint movement, Ugg te
ing bend of the Irany and slovenl:

state ith hand of the Pei Serbaz. ‘oid th them

that ie country was a much better one than mine, and better

than any I had seen in Persia, and ait pe admitted that
ey were well off. A glance at the’ well-fed, wel

looking mon, and aroun’ at Hane terraced vine

the well-stocked eee picturesque in vivid autumn~

flocs werdine hee pene of corn-land, dotted with
fast, ond yellow patches of freah-threshed

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 91

the clan of Afshars, to which belonged Nadir Kuli Beg, shep-
ord and bandit, aRerwards Nadir etPews nears
Shah Ismail Seffuvi, who them from ij

the banks es soars Bales in tabad
Dastjart, in the plain stan
to every peasant in pr isieeh ree The stream,

eee a8 eorex smart eee Sah ae en

a8 tenants. They were removed
to the lands of Durgana and Kalkhan, in the Atak, beyond
Sriaralieer fe eiich:thace ies of Turkomaus,

0 S even unsafe to mi
ana etapa om FE ae ee eae ee
for small plundering parties are always lying hidden in some
ravine on the look-out for chance je or flocks insufficiently
a

Hroletiad. At ti body of Larkom ill
whole faba heeing ie people An in tha fords or driving

than hia Becean and is on bottor terms with the
‘Tarkomans ; has often to buy off his enemies, and is at
their merey if they chooge to combine. The Akhal settlements
can with ease bring 5000 horsemen against int on the
border, and supplement these with 2000 or footmen if
nm -
ie Ist—Rode out with an escort of 40 horsemen to
yisit, some of the settlements in the Atak. The ol
ail ged ea a Atak, lie a couple of miles from
v of at the mouth of the pass. They aro all
defended by good walls with towers and ditches, A guard of
hi ce EN nA
4 it has url
nans._ hay wight i oe le

‘The er
lawfal owners, This sess hastily ang sem tad) ice
to sober with the haryest-worl ‘he ‘ibute
this to the Russians, who haye given the Turkomans othor
Cccupation, I found myself usually taken, for s Russian, and
men were everywhere asked whether Thad come to pioneer
te ‘are jan force Meas a to finish the Lee gripene alt
Turkomans ussian sway, ‘The poor vi a
BLY sind entcciy nak Meee tale ook Wee at
r with it security from thé constant attacks of their
mauranding neighbours,—a security that their own Government
is unable to give them. I was informed credibly that there was

2 ee ee
cee et one sh
| ied if tne i HE Hue be ile
Pea deena ee
pene tie (iaatlaati hy duit
i Hee gui ie it ee
z ee ae . lanl rival 2uul al
2 el fle Hand fun ul ioe

Khorassan |. The of the giant-tree
of Tereshez, mentioned in Yule’s * Marco. in the author's
notes See or Se of Polo, was related with

Bisssiian iui ot Erase tobe a
Suckre coins by the
As a central point in the bat of Eran and Turan, it is
le not bese that the valley, though fertile, should
ves had no settled population.

ent h
time of i at of the mat-ud-dowla at Mery,
acknowledged with Jee that he had robbed his master

Khan's residence, and mands the whole village;
are extensive ey groves, and vin ext for
own the stream, a Sa ‘owe

lies up-stream, Sts oGarie'%0 tan Git Of 48
Baa ce os tat WRN. cratnsly on tao he a

ats

wile pe eee

Sil we it
ie
ag

sf 3
IEDC Ee eee

ig the storm came, dow!
north drove the snow in

Notes on the Eastern Allurz Tract. oT

the path under our feet, and that was rendered difficult by drifts
of snow collected among the boulders through which the horses
foundered with diffi » ‘The pass is, however, a very easy
‘one, the jients nowhere steep, and the hill-sides safe and free

from A very small amount of labour would serve to {
a road is for guns or from the Atak of Dareh-
ux on to the and thence to the plain of han. No
more prac! route exists to the east of Koochan. -

Serpe ach oe et
is fut or vi a8 corn-
land on the hi ‘The inhabitants are Kurds,
ander the rule of the Khan of Koochan.

sunrise stood at 6° Fahrenheit, and little stream flowing
past the village was frozen hard, the swift current barely forcing
its way ico ond boulders, Leaving the Zublili nat

‘The platenw known as Taklta or table of Katerchi, has a width
Fo ata cds dare tos 15; the central portion is

With favourable tain, taken off such land; th
ees reteesicgiacs lvoavient cosa tane 4

patties a sige wl be taken to be the
i i low ridge whi to

ae of this very intricate i of hi enters
the Daulatkhana Plateau, imilar in its features to the

north-west, and cventt ly.swest’ into the. ewkiostead of into
the Darehyaz stream. “Beyond Daulatkhava lies Koochan.
Leaving tho crest of the plateau, there is a descent as off the
a table into the valley of Shorazun, which names
village lying in it, and drains directly into the Koochan
stream. On the level of the valley, the snow dis-
and a few trees began to show along the course of the
VOL. XLVI. «

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract, 99

ranning for 30 miles into the

and are in parts

up for ¢barani") rains

crops central portion, through which flows the Koochan
lages, re, eo and sr ‘igs = ee

i, vi ct ity in
landscape is the circular flat-t mol ice near
such ¥ ‘These mous

height, wi
been cither forts or the sites of Guebre fire-temples The
could give no account of t! further than that they
heard tell that they were built a8 Wateh-towers
of Shirwan lies

ud,
bounding it on the south; to the north the plain atretches
or

a4 for 15 or 20 miles. The enclosing hills in that direction
are low, and of less bold outline than in other parts of the
range. Several good roads lead over them to the Atak or plain,

ge eee
is to
between Darehgaz and ‘Koochsn.

toad debouches at Yang-i-Kalla,

but not easier than the road
‘en miles from the plain is a

epee known as the Kushkbana, on which are thirty villages,

largest Khairrhat.

The
one of the old towns, formerly large and populous, the ruins
which = rer

ld
ich are said to cover » large

possession at the time of the Kurd occupation. They were

a8 to the origin of these former Anea of the Atak. Thoy

tar conquests, whence their distinction from the other

Turkish tribes of Iran. ‘The
population of 3000 or 4000, an

iteau of Kushkhana has a
furnishes 300 well-mounted
H2

Nolen om the: Eastern Albers 2 WL

culating five to a honse, would give 200,000, jintbebly not much
ait mark, for the towns Se tne wis of the

the onettng pt athe beng ange mas tld
most str og a nm
of all Tn cther of Tiles it ix

child cf more than two or three years of age. A-npminal

‘On
leaving the gate of the towa a sheet of bure rock on the hikir
side to the south gives a very representation of a tiger, -
whence the name Shirwan, Bujnurd oud turns ont of
Jesh bera ince passing over a low spur and ao fine

lateau known os the Hagar Jarib, whence a but easy

leads into the Bujnurd Plain, There is on alternative
tee) straight down the valley aod 4 pass closed
here fort of Rezabad, built by Reza Gull the rebel
i of Zafaranlu, in the time of Fateh Ali into

the Germekhas Valley, whence it strikes across a very dil
looking broken country westwards to Bujnurd. This road is
used, but not tenet Carayans and troops always choose
the first mentioned, ‘The pass and the descent into the bed
of the stream draining the Hazar Jarib Plateau would be an
obstacle to. tee but it is turned by a route which, leaving the
village of Zobaran at the head of the plateau, passes for some
miles over a low ridge, broken only by easy undulations, and
descends into the Koochan Plain over the village of Mushtarji,
and joins the main road from Shirwan at Parez, a large
$8 miles distant from that plain. Six field- of the Shah's
escort were drivcn across the path without difficalty, ‘Lwo and
a half miles from Shirwan is a fine spring, known aa the Kara
Kazan Spring, and considered by the people the source of the
ee main stream oie dry in oA cereria® There is a

i permanent sourea about 15 miles north-east, drainin,
the Khuskhana Plateau and joining the Germekhas stroam a
Mana, 30 miles north-west. “From the summit of the Kanah
Ajab, 10 miles north-west of Shirwan, and 2000 foet above the
level af the valley, a fine view is obtained of the Koochan and
Bujnurd plaine, of the watershed of the Atrak as far as the
Jost height skirting the Gurgan Plains, and of all the principal
peaks of the eastern Alburz,

1th, Bujnurd, 14 miles—Marched to Bujaurd. Leavin;
Chinnaran the Barats road follows 2 narrow, well-cultivater
glen, known as the Germekhas-i-Chinnaran, ‘The hills on
either side are of cballe and colonred loams, low, and easy of

wwheat-lands giving good crops. ‘This year the harvest was
ional and tly wheat is nt sever

mute per'ctn” In tio weret Pear of tho info famian foe

‘unirrigated lands gave a crop sufficient to maintain the

tion and a good many of the damine-<t,

less fertile valleys to the south.

For the last two or three also, though situated within a
few miles of the passes through which the Turkomen “Allamans”
constantly piss, the village has enjoyed a certain amount of
sayfa under.

mountain to the right, or north, is known as the
or the “piebald mountain,” « name very commonly
n to mountains high enough to retain patches of snow late
into the summer, The southern mountain is ox high as and a
mass than rh. The north face, for about 1800
was thickly with fresh-fallon enow, and is well
with jrniper of fair th. To the east of the peak,
‘ south of Bujnurd, is a deep cloft, with
Sone apeelies to 1500 fect above the valley known a3
@ Siahkhana, through which lies the direct road to the Tsfar-
ee Valley, and thence to tho Jouvain and Nishabur plains,
the east of the pass agnin the ridge falls away, and is
by a second and easior pass, 6 or 8 miles from the Sialkhana.
66 it rises agnin, joining the high range in which lie the
ux of Bi ard aod Saltan' Mea % Rea pay
jchan and Mirzakhana, reach an elevation of 7000 to
feet. Bending from south to south-east beyond Koochan, this
pore rons past Mash-had, through Balharz, towards Herat,
Leaving the baggage to follow the easy road over the low
ridge connecting the two mountains, T ascended the peak of
‘Alndagh, known ns Baba Bulnnd. ‘The ascent was steep and
the path being frequently obstructed by deep drifts
of snow, through whieh our horses straggled with difficulty 5
bat the view from the summit well repaid the exertion. To
the cast the mountain falls abruptly into 4 glen, which carries
the drainage of its east Bin ‘of the north slopes of the

Salig Mountains, into the Bujnurd Plain and into the Ger-
me! tributary of the Atrak. To the west it continues in
a high, unbroken ridge, dividing the drainage-basins of the
and Gurgan for 50 to 60 miles, where it is lost in the
fertile plain dividing the two rivers, a“

* Equal to about 42 tbs,

Notes on the Eastern Ailurz Tract. 103

tant, from whom I received the information, Sanghas aum-
bered 750 houses; it has now only 200. Numerous kanats
(onderground water-courses), almost all traces of which are now
obliterated, supplemented the supply from the stream. This
decline may possibly be attributed to a long period of neglect,
mixgovernment, and insecurity ; but these causes alone seem
insafficient. For ten years the people haye enherey. absolute
immunity from Turkoman aarageat ate a light and fixed
rene a 3 but there has a6 ro sneraem
m ivation or population. Deficient water-su) woul

alone gnffice to luco the results visible, and the rledciency
may be attributable either to a decline of industry or to actual
decrease of rainfall. The latter has not been observed, and is
not admitted; but the former is disproved by the aspect of the
people, of their dwellings and their flelds, and the evidence
of care in husbanding and distribating the available supply of

‘The people of Sanghas and the minor villages are, according
to their own account, Uzbegs, brought from Bokhara at some
long-forgotten period, probably by Mahomed Shaibany, who is

to hayo tronsferred a number of Persians to arn.
They number 1000 houses, and, though known as Uzbegs, are
now undistinguishable in features from the Azans or Persians
and the Kurds and Torks, with whom they have mingled, An
ascent of the Knh-i-Buhar, a few miles to the west of the route,
afforded a fair view of all the principal veer sed by the Turko-
mans as far as Nanlin, distant about 20 miles. The main chain
of the Alburz is for that distance broken into low disconnected
ridges, between which intervene wide expanses of ravine-clelt
pasture-lande. Nothing but a line of strong forts at short dis-
tances would suflice to protect the border on the interior line,
Imt the outer line of mountains or Kul-l-Atuk is much more
connected and difficult of access, and it is probable that a few
well posts would cover the whole of the interior ond
fertile mountain-tracts.

Beyond Nardin the ridge rises again, and continues in an un
broken line westward. Buhar Ridge has the same geolo-
gical formation as the Jagatai Mountains on the south side of the
pe ‘Trap-rock predominates, aud the dark rich soil afforded

these supports a more than ordinarily luxuriant vegetation,

‘S @ * Dayma” or rierighiad wheat-erops on the hare
were particularly isod; the yield being 10 to

fold more tha in other ‘pes On the 5 i of the mountain

few granite boulders indicated tho existenco of a solid base of

Blatenis rock underlying the whole mage, The north slopes

‘od limestone and traps of various colours and texture, worn

Notes on the Eastern ABurz Tract,

Persia usually are, Small parties of thieves Iurk about the

hill-skirts, but the extensive ravages of former have

ceased, Betwoon tho Kah-i-Buhar and Kuh<-Chukah, which

{Be Hobet ict tn the Shanghan Valley, IC hew'e eg of
in io . It a

water which enables tho raiders to make the distance to the

ring on the high road of Kh over 40 miles, in
a6 wietoh. Beyond Kh Cskaby wh i stoop and
ve

Jojarm is a emall ing town of 400 houses, lying in
the south-west corner of the Isferayin Plain. "To the mérth

chief of the Geraili Toorks settled in the country. A small
Tmamzada, lying a milo to tho south-cast of the contains
a tomb covered with large blue tiles, on which are verses from
the Koran; near it are the ruins of a small stono building
Apparently of quite recent date, but suid by the Antes to be

ler than the town. For some miles to the south the ground
is covered with fragments of smoll red-brick and blue-glazed
tiles, indicating the site of one of the towns founded after the
Arab occupation, to which also the peculiar form of the modern
name also points. Further to the east are the ruins of two
mud forts raised on mounds similar to that within the town,
having nothing to mark paren creh three miles to the
‘north-west is a stone fort crowning a low limestone rock,
in good preservation, and apparently of moder construction.
The rock within the walls is pioreed by a shatt toa depth af
about 100 fect, from which, it is said, a communication exists
with the village of Garwe, half a mile to the west. That the
excavation was nover of us¢ as a well was evident from tho
remains of a number of large earthen vessels built into the foot
ef the outer wall, which could only have been provided as
receptacles for storing water. ‘The only coins known to have
been found are some silver pieces stamped (it is said) on one

Notet on the Eastern Allurz Tract, 109

sh barren waterless valleys dividing the spura of the
ating tie tuene ob ther KOottetes. he ponunirat
the low hills on either side are formed of « highly crystalline
white limestone, the lower slopes of mottled marla and clays;
vegetation ix almost entirely wanting. ‘The surface of the
valleys has a thin covering of varieties of salaola and thorny
the si LED ee erty ete

Nardin, the chief of the “Beluk” or Chiefship, lies
ina small plain aw by bight mountains to the north
rising to a considerable elevation, and with dense forest, To
the north-east there is a depression leading to the fertile
platesux of Kalposh, Dasht, and Paighambar Dainel, and

thence to the bank of the G above the 6, through:
which it enters the plain. Sout there isa bet depras-
sion, through whi ronds to Meges and Gilan on the
skirt of the Bostam Plain, and thence to Astrabad and Bostam,

‘The basin contains on le village, and that a mere mud
fort, with a few gardens, soil is fertile enough, but the
supply of water is limited to two ae No doubt,
with ‘@ sufficient outlay, the whole basin might be brought
under cultivation. 2

25th, Kanchi, 16 miles—Marched from ‘Tulbin down the

valley abundantly watered, and reming little but rice, ae
tall, robust, and healthy-lool 4 ria rd a finer look-
ing race than the inhabitants of the dry highland glens about
Nardin. They are of Turk origin, and spenk that language
among themselves, though all know Persian, heir fixed
revenue is only 25 kharwars = 218 maunds Indian, and valued
im cash at 10 to 15 tomans, less than one-tenth of tho

produce, They, however, complained much of illegal exac~
tions. ‘Choir position secures their immunity from ‘furkoman
yaids, and they know them only by friendly intercourse, From
ulbin the valley falls very rapidly, the mountain slopes on
eithor hand ending abruptly in raggod provipicos, ‘The glens
and ravines seaming the hill-sides are clothed with juniper
to a height of 2000 to 3000 feet, above which is a dense forest
of se;ub, elm, oak, and eH le. The valley is for the most
part closely and carefully cultivated, the fields being carefully:
tormeed for irrigation, and fenced with qnick-set hedges of

nara cia

a ea

oe
i 4 az 5
at Li qi
385040884 THE F

Lea

Hage AE

sy"

Soe fever

the fa

oils
oo
‘more free from

ease in Khorassan, and

La aoe

nocessiry, rites the winter
one

Ties

source of their safety, but they have organisation
for defence. There are fifteen villages in the valley, all near
enough to su) eat cee asd sommes a ee ASS
shot. or signal-firos. Thoy can collect, in from thre to

hours, 1000 men, all armed with serviceable guns, and, to a

SPREE
ate
trees

refs

gi ELEs
laf

BE Sa
rey
ce
Fees

th
aH
pie

present dense growth of deciduous trees haying
wally from the west.* The tradition is very curious,
coupled with the actual ee of the at Sari,

ot be easily rejacted. mouth of the Nowdeh Glen is
still called the Dihana-i-Khurmaln (khurma being Persian for
4 date-tree), a fact in itself suggestive, though to be accounted

the production of cotton,

In the whole range of the Alburz, from Teheran to the Horat
River, there ig no point at which the chain could be go readil
crossed, by ithaca antlcta) ito th lian oh tae Mamie
peal Up to the village of Tulbin the valley is eno!

cromsing any difficult country. There is
‘no other line ing anytl ioe like similar facilities. Coal
of good quality has ly been found in the mountains to the
west

* My informant also nssertod that the Nowdch stream had in thoso days a
anotiiIneger volume, and had been dried up by the growih of the forest on the

in fact, masters of tho country; their nominal allegiance

gained at the cost of the unfortunate ntry. Any attempt
to coerce them, if made in sufficient would be answered
by their retirement ae the Atrak into Russian. territory,
a conrse to which the Persian authorities are very loth to drive
them. A guard of fifty men, fairly mounted and armed, escorted
me to , Whence a fresh guard took me to Astrabad.
Epa toate in euro pars any a magnificent park-like
lain, extending from the foot of the hills to the Gurgan River,
Tistant & to 10 miles The villages, few and far between, are
surrounded by a good stretch of rice and wheat cultivation, and,
in placo of the mud wall of Khorassan, are defended by wet
di backed by tall hedges of thorn and brier; the clustera
of thatched cane huts, buried in a luxuriant vegetation, give
them a tropical aspect, and there is little, save the fine men
and the fine cattle in the farmyards, to distinguish many of
them from the forest hamlets of lion the Deccan! After
seven or eight successive crops, with a yield of from fifty to
eri igifildia sea acoasoels low ia allowed, and nothing is
ever returned to the land in the shape of manure. A good. of
ease of a very ron spalitys inane ay ogee aes

approachi: town I was receive o sent

[> ae agen decmeeipea pane es reaped ita 9 le
in the town, secured for me by the British Agent. A telogram
from the Minister of Foreign Affairs had procured for me a

reception,
You, XLVI. a

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 15

Canals might do a deal, but the country rises mpidly a
Atitrt-flatanoa from river, and would not easil bs watered
by canals. seer the Yomuts, he ape
become peaceal jects of Persia, and were

up their roving habits. For two ie, 00d wey ee ee
such large numbers as usual their summer-quarters on the
Balkhan, and were turning their attention tothe Kara Balkhan,
or lower ranges between the Atrak and Gurgan, where there

wsennh stun.

Sik. Kurd Mohatla, 16 miler —Marched to Kurd Mohalla, «
large village of fifty to sixty houses in the Beluk of Anazan,
The village is the largest in this part of the province; it covers

neat one
tering the village, thirty-five minutes in winding through

fields skirting it, as far as Kurd olay whit ee mile

being paved throughout with pebbles from the numerous
mountain-streams traversing the forest-covered plain, and
drained by deep ditches fenced with a good hedge of white-
thorn wild pomogranate, which is equally thorny and im~
wetrable; but it was not sufficiently raised, and ene for cross

i were neglected. This, with the inevitable Persian
indifference to repair, has reduced it to what it is at the present
day,—a monument to the wisdom of a single sovereign and a
loa er neglect and apathy of a long line of successors.
1 country offers no serious obstacles to the maintenance of a
road, for the cross-drainage streams flow in well-defined
beds, and the forest and undergrowth have not at all the
uncontrollable luxuriance of the tropies. Though not kept
clear by traflic, the original clearing is still » With the
material for fascines so close at hand, a small yearly outlay
would make a good passable track. A few miles from bad
is the picturesque roadside Imamzadah of Roshanabad; Kurd
Mohalla bas a small fort known as Mulla Killa, 2 miles distant
x3

a
—

Notes on the Eastern Alburs Tract, uy

Russian barks trading to Bakuand Astrakban, and other ports on
the Caspian, lie off about a mile, and thestarger Turkoman bouts,
“Kasaboi,” usually send their either to the jetty or direct
to the beach in “naos,” or small narrow canoe-shaped “dug-
outs.” The Russian Viece-Consul, a Nestorian of the Caspian

ments of two regiments of infantry, and the residence of the
Commodore of the Bast Caspian Squadron and other officials.
‘Three or four small yessols-of-war and a few steam-launches are

to Xow Gulugah, and Ashraf lies across a marshy plain
covered with dense beds of reeds and cane, and immense tangled
masses of bramble. The few clearings are cultivated with rico,
and remain more or less under water the whole year. Three or
four miles wost from Goz a high green rampart of earth rung
from the base of the mountains through the forest and over the
marshy plain to the shore. It is said to have been raised by
Hamza Sultan, an ancestor of the present Khan of Anazanyns a
defence against an attack of the Lurs, 250 years ‘The Lurs
were dofeated with o loss of 20,000 men, and finally driven out
of Mazandoran. So stands the tradition; but the Lurs came
from the west, and the rampart was obviously mado for defence
against an enemy coming from ‘the east, for the diteh is to the
cast, and the ba or path under the crest of the bank to
the west. The Turkomans are more likely, therefore, to have
been the invaders, but why tradition should confound them with
the Lurs ix a riddle. A rampart so formed with natural slopes
and a broad crest is indestractible; it is possible, therefore, that
it is as old as, and had some connection with, Alexander's wall
on the opposite shore of the bay. If of no other interest, the
ae gives a very eatisfactory proof of the alleged rovossion
of the Caspian. The sea-flank is now at some distance, not less
than 300 or 400 yards from the water's edge, Swamps and

Notes ou the Eastera Allurs Tract, iy

again im) ‘The fields are fenced, and have wooden

stiles. The ground is kept clean and deep,
two pairs of very fine oxen working in relays; alzo
is heavier than that used in other parts. it 18 grown as

the cotton was unusually fine, growing

near Lankeron; Tats, a Persian tribe, and a few houses of
Godars, a peculiar race whose origin is very obscure. ‘They are
the“ Parigh "caste of Mazanderan, cewap @ status and occu-
paceae eas to one ror dha, aban tribes of India, the
ies, Bheels and Dares. enn watchmen, hunters,
fishermen, and, though nominally Mussulmans, live mainly on
the flesh of wild swine, In summer they wander in the
when not employed in watching the distant fields. In winter a
small thatched cabin oa the outskirts of some village shelters
thom and their families. They rarely marry Persian women,
bat their women, if are occasionally taken. Persians,
From the specimens I saw, there can, I think, be little doubt of
their Indian origin. The men are short and dark, but show a
ee eeeel ck can bicod- Lhe women, of whom I saw two or
three, are short, dark, and slender, with irregalar, small features,
and little, graceful figures; their costume aay much that of
Indian women of the lower castes. The children cree

appear to haye no traditions of their Poel I was not Ase

-Maaanderani dialect, ive, by
name Abbas Gali Khan, Sarhang (Colonel), who ix also in
charge of the irregular troops of ‘district, and has the eus-
toms contract for the of Gee and Mash-had-i-Sar, From
ite situation, Ashraf should be unbealthy; it is enclosed in a
hollow of the mountains formed. by eter pean an lee
stands the castle of Seffiabad, Fever, however, is not more
t thon in other towns of the province. Cholera appears

juently, and is much dreaded, ‘The famous garden of Shah

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 1

northerly gales The sea rose lately over a = of the
= — oof the island, floodin, peti the et doing
amnch damage,

See la of Miankullar (“ kullur” signifying dry land
in the Muzanderani dialect) is 50 to 40 arr a fromm
3 to 4 miles in breadth, and has ample water, timber, and
forage. It is uninhabited and uncultivated. Game is said to

rises in the Shabkuh Mountain, and flows into the cea 12 miles
ae peste Nikah. a road ie ie is im
un ly ler; in IJ e mlder pavement
it is Jaid down in gravel, asd is well ndsok dred, and fenced.
It has the advantage, howover, of running through an open
cultivated country and over dry hill-skirts. ‘The Nikah stream
ix spanned bya fine bridge in perfect order, ‘The village of
Nikah, the principal place in Beluk, has 150 to 200
houses and farms seattered about over the cultivated land on
both banks of the river, ‘The le are Gernili Turks, of
which tithe there are six other villages in the Beluk. A Tare
village, Nowzarabad, lies at the mouth of the stream, but there
is no port, the nearest being Mash-had-i-Sar, further west on the
Babil stream. East of the head of the Miankullar peninsula
the forest commences again, and extends along the coast as far
asthe eye can reach. It is broken only by clearings. The
bare marshy plaina of Ashraf were probably, till very lately,
by the shallow waters of the bay, the deposits of salt
from which prevent the fore of the usual luxuriant yegeta-
tion of the coast. ‘The shore for many miles is flat, and is sub-
merged for some distance inland Baan northerly The
water of Karatuppa and of other villages on plain is
brackish, and most of the vegetation indicates a saline soil. ;
‘The mountain-slopes to right of the high road are to
some extent cleared of forest and cultivated. This I found was

io Roboal Ht, shat:fimer'ross to 140 tomeansper khisewiieiot40

avanderan peasant is a ietor, and owns his Jand
batately: He ie anlyxestcoted bp custata tron sala: veh

‘an obstacle to it of the resourees of the country.
An ignorant and poor peasantry, without capital, and an

Notes on the Eastern Albur=z Tract. 123

bastions and salients. Evon from tho crest
pet Barely a is ae of the town, the

low hones boing buried There
are four gates, Barfrush, aeaetat Faral and Chil

suai ‘ino
similar to that represented in drawings of Cues or re

‘towns. Within pet es is an eee of Feootis

euch having its yard al a oop of eran

ars wel pave dane, Fined wil raised footpa nore
either si aol pied Tair lace bat agra
eee ral arin all othor towns. The

bazaars are covered and kept clean, and the eh ‘wallstocled,
The market-place is a sight worth sesing in the Te would
Jose little by comparison with the “ Kermees” of or
Pan; less order and cleanliness, few women, no a and
rod-broeched slouching conseripts, but an any

sal luce and cheap foreign wares set out in templiog
‘he stalls were for the most part covered with loka
and the vendors silent and businesslike, and not

e fruit and butchers" stalls were particularly well
provided. ‘The town has = ease industry, but almost all
the wants of the country rovided for; a rough white
cloth, known as “ kattan, oda kk stuffs are woven, and a good
deal done in tae 3 met The mosques are neat and pic-
‘turesque, with ss eset rt cere wooden [ger
ares ©! n turf, and lines of oran;
tnt ating cf lreeee est Souls fn 0 aoc Ap

* Kol eee of the six quarters or mohullag, a
sort of par committee, receiving little aid from the
‘Governor, and ler, on the town for funds, Of the popu-

lation of 15,000 to 16,000 a large proportion are only frond
visitors, driven in from the oui and the
near the summit of the number of Pirox Kul
come down to work in the a ba aot Basia clog
winter. They are easily di by their ruddy, healthy
colours, from the sallow, haggard citizens and peasants of the
marshy, forest-covered pl

The trade of Sari ae sae increased of late years, cotton
and wheat boing exported in excl for European goods,
Silk, formerly a great staple, has declined, I was credibly in-
formed, a a result of trafficki with the infidels at Sat
to whicl large quantit; to be sent. Much o!
‘the alae ten fon Western Europe; English piece-

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 128

population of 50,000 to 60,000, and this is, 1 daresay, not far
over the mark, Beyond the bazaars the houses aré so much
scattored that it would be difficult to form any idea of the size
of the town, but it eh ua" ao sone
parts aré much ero Five thousand
the revenue now taken from the town, raised wy
‘tax on trades, the whole sum being diatsibutad over if
isi whose representative is the Collector. No octroi

of Mash-had-i-Sar, 8 miles distant, is eaid to be fre~
ae by numbers of Russian ships, which monopolise the
trade with the Caspian ports; native craft trade only with the
Tarkomans neck the Ted of Cheleken. A ae calls
every seven takes up os a ase
Balu and Astrakhan. In spi its of this Gomntodi ‘i the
civilised world, it is as ill mpvided with news, as indifferent
“figs peeen ranked ile The Russians have a Vice-
Consul (a (e native of Shiraz) at Barfrush to look after the in-
torests of their merchants, a fow of whom reside in the place.
‘The staple exports from Barfrush sole ae ge
fmits, which are brought from across the mountains, cotton,
Ser and rice, chiefly raised in the district. The returns are
eloth, goods of various kinds, hardware, and glass. Seas
cane of | an inforior quality and hemp are also grown in the
istrict, bat are not expo
Between the town ead the Babil River is a royal garden
an island in the centre of a small lake, filled by the the ceowte
from the river at certain seasons, There are remains of a
channel i which a constant ae EY was ee up, but this
‘hol garden and buil are

Khan, a former Governor. et Pree

ne bri is the junction of the Babil and Kari, a stream

tho mountains south-west. Betwoen the Babil
atid Amol a great extent of country is cultivated with rice, and
irrigated by numerous cuts from Horaz River. Thero are
also wide stretches of scrub-jungle, thorny and Bie re
A more difficult oa over which to move either horse, foot,
‘or guna, it would be difficult to find, for even the tilled portion
is fenced with wide straggling hedges and deep dykes,

Notes om the Eastern Alburs Tract. 17

flood being intended to find its way round on either side, At
‘Kalluband, half-way, is the headquarters of the Persian sap-
pers don the road. In ‘of tents the caves ent in
a gravel-bank and used as caravanserais were allotted to ther,

¥v
ravaliare tia taractoatic fontare the Haraz Valley. They
vary from 10 to 50, and even 100 feot in height, and fill every
angle of the stream, seeming to mark its former level. They
are formed of gravel of all sizes; in parts worn, the
deposit of the numberless mountain-torrents, and in parts
angular, the collection of centuries of disintegration of the pre-
cipitous slopes bounding the river by the action of frost, snow,
and rain, Mavy of the banks are now above the highest flood-
Jevel of the stream, and consequently permanent. In theso

lines of caves have been excavated. There are four such
stations, and it is caleulated that they shelter no less than 400
or 500 mules, with numerous travellers every night.

18th, To Rahna—Above Baijan the valley narrows, the

rising to 200 and 300 feet perpendicular height, and divided by
aspneo of 15 to 20 yards only at the narrowest point. The
new road is being cut sheer into the faco of the elf, and the
Persian engineers have taken their task boldly in hand, and
will apparently make a creditable work of it. There nre traces
at the narrowest point of an old road aud two old bridges, ver
curious relics. The road was carried aoe face of the oli
which is like a wall without any cutting. In places itis built up
from the bed of the stream, in others on what must have been
shaky foundations afforded by chance ledges, On reachi
angle it was found spare, impossible to turn it, and there
Dalat aap ten of one span was

stream ; the portion of the arch still clinging to the face of the
cliff shows that it had a width of not more than 3 fect, with the
ecm of « half-moon, As a ea aiiinnl a yet

ious engineering, it is to it it has not
Speers bainets alee coeds cari-uvyer baveibeie. wide accep
to give passage to a Jaden mule. They were probably, as at
the present day on the exis ting road, unladen, and the loads
carried over by hand. Preparations are being made for a rock-
earving in the ancient Persian style, which is to commemorate

atalzgis:

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract, 120

me, I have no doubt that it would repay scientific seer with
the view of utilising its waters for the LN ge of Ny |
below Demayend. Ab is a large village

Rudihind stream. In spring or summer it may deserve its

a for its beauty and the luxariance of its vegetation,

but looks in winter, with its snow-covered hills and lines of bare

willows and poplars, desolate enongh. T was aie enter=

tained and lodged in a very handsome room by a who bad

travelled to Constantinople, Bombay, and Calentta, an ase
for wealth magnificence, there was

at. To Leheran.—From Ah a good bridle-path ares
pert res, the elise Oe eat an here it
crosses a small stream Bs a dilapidated stono bridge. The
diroct road from Demavend to is mot at point,
6 miles, from Ah, thence a ride of 25 miles brought us to

Notes on the iy of the Eastern Albiurz Tract, with
tc attra on the Persian border.—From
the lati Absa the ee Ea ied fete ay
eerried, unbroken line, east: ant miles to the
Rover the Nowdeh Valley cuts deep into the chain.

read ont, forming a bi expanse of hilly
country, extending north to the banks of the main branch o
he Ary and et for 7 ile

To the west, this tract is supported by the Kuh Zirkay,
which abuts on ‘the Gurgan Plain A line of heights, connected
Rig Taveted rm iti from the Jajarm Plain on the south,

oe from east to west, cece plateaux, more

level, forming the Gurgaa jage-basin, but draining
ene south to the desert, and north into the Atrak. ra
the Kuh yee the Cha loses its apna of forest,
hill-slopes become bare and iteaux are te
the most ie fertile, well abt “and cay of su

erent le population. Nardin, tho most. western, hae a

population; but those to the east, the plateaux of Kal-
chan rs draining to the Sees Murtaza Ali Maidan,
han, to the south; Simalghan, to the north and south,
are com] tf desolate, and form, between Kard and Turko-
ground, of ee neither mce is able to retain
. From the Shaoghan and Simalghan plateaux rises
the Aladagh, a high mass of mountain, which, together with the

VOL, XLYL x

Notes ov the Eastern Alburz Tract 181

wngged in outline, the spurs running into the “Atak” bei
more preiitony sod iaosomb tha any ther part othe
le range. The principal elevations, the Kuh Imarat,
Koh Tammas, Keradagh, and Takakhana, the eastwards,
have ema uniform clevation of about 7500 feet above

‘The of the East Alburz Sarees iaavenets entirely to
the west and north, South, the Jain of Jonvain and
Isferayi which is divided ony bya cena ices) eit
a wid 30 to 40 miles, and > lon from the of

Nishabur to Raibat, west ch dy cml, non i ig
drained by single narrow and
Kal-i-Shor, which flows under the Seay ‘The surface

of the plain is level and the soil fertile; but from lack of water
it sterile, and is little cultivated.

Mash-had Plain has a width varying from 15 to 20 and
30 miles, and is surrounded by high mountains; but, never-
theless, its drainage foeds but one small stream, the Kashaf
Rud, which, rising in an extensive marsh near the village of
Radkan, flo for for 50 miles to a a
to the Excopt in hea it is
fordable. The few small streams flowing from i eta
Og hl re area channels of the wide valley,

@ perennial source of the Gurgan Tex below the defile
known as the Dihana-i-Gurgan, 30 miles x.w.w. of Jajarm,
bat a large tract of hilly ested is included in its basin,

The plateau of Kalposh, high, well-wooded, watered, and
fertile; the plateau of it, Lowel ing oe barren, but: capable
of cultivation, to the south, the Abbas Plateau to the
east, the Nardin Basin and slopes of ‘Kuh Zirkay to the south-
west drain into it, sending in spring a torrent through the

Below this ‘hie (Route 16) the “Ean
en Ger Se ie 18 wee ae _ =
to where ie yur enclosing on bret ia
appears in the plain, which o ee to the weet and north. On its
banks aro said to be fine woods and pastures.

Gurgan is described as an “olang," or meadow, wide and

extending to the runtibalnean ie ois ate
sgn strom on the other. It bos permanent cam)
settlements of the nee tribe, with cultivation and plantations
of thulberry. The above ia not oceupied, having been
mich to nis o ofthe Akhal Turkomans Sin Nenkalie
whence is a good bridle-road from north-east, across the
broken, mountainous country intervening between the Atrak

tributary streams,
K2

Notes on the Eastern Alburs Tract. 183

tho valloy joins the woat of the Gunbaz, much
Senta by aioe by nt

by the way

From aiPe point get the streams a Teavo the hills, the Per-
sian border in the plain may bo anid to dia thar
is Ge ly nominally tri ‘Thenee a wide
belt of forest and cane-brake, with scattered yil and i
extends along the base of the mountains ax fir ax A:

Tho edge of the forest everywhere marke the border; beyond,
the open pea is in undisputed possession of the Yomuts, ‘The
ae this forest tract are large and populous, the two
or districts, Findarisk and Katul, into which it is
divided having, it is estimated, togethor with Kohsar, 100 vil-
20,000 houses, Of late years cultivation has much
pre owing toa rise in the price of wheat and the increased
demand for cotton ; and the forest has been cleared in parts up
to the base of the hills. ‘The present generation of Turkomans
is also said to be more addictod to the land than their
ancestors, and more inclined to settle. aes ome ree
ining the camps but rarely and in a limited circle.
er causes have much altered tho face of the pao

ae continue to do ES Before many aye are Leip it Gren em

e measuro security continue,
the Traadloes futon forest, and ar Silecleeganene reed huts of a population in
a chronic state of A will have given placo to a cultivated
plain, combining the scenery of @ well-wooded English country
with the clanate of Southern Ttaly, ond studded with red-roofed
villages, standing out boldly oe orchards ond gardens.
Asit nears the sea the banks of the fall, and, ire current
becomes sh . It is said to be fordable everywhere except
after floods, It reaches the sea by two mouths Acai a bare
ren flat, on. which are camps of the Ogurjhily, the ing-tribe
of Yomuts.

The tributary (or main stream) of the a the Ger-
mekhans, drains the plateaux lying north and east of Koochan,
a eateteel of the Kelat chain, the Koochan Plain, and
ml ; is aaa soni ani acoa cs ALOE Ne

formin; upper part of tl ‘basin.

en ot Keach, Peontes tho waters of a largo

nown ws the Kara Kazan, the reputed xource, also a

stream from the north of Shirwan, At 45 to 50 milos

from Kill Yusuf Khan, the point at which it enters the Koo-

eban Plain, it disappears in a narrow gorge known as the Tung-

i-Reaabad, and continues to flow thence between high mountains
W.N.w, and Ww, for about 40 miles to Mana, a large vi

20 miles x.y. from Bujourd by road, receiving small streams

Notes on the Eastern Allurz Tract. 135

past Kizil Arvat into the desert, ‘To its north lies the “ Dasht,”"
4 wide plateau, divided from the river by low ridges, and

in a gradual slope'up to the main North-west and east
the enclosing mountains rise to a considerable height. At the
edge of the “Dasht,” on the spur of the mountain known as
the Sunting Sur, or Sunt Sar, stands the fort of the Kara
Killa. Its position bude ral (os it does) the only good road
on to tho Dasht Platean and then to the * Atak,” it has been
the scene of frequent struggles betwoon the Turkomans and
Shahdilu Korda. Some ae ago the Saham-u-daula,
AWkhanni, or Chief of the Shahdilu, led a small force with a
few inst it, and sueceeded in capturing it after a siege
of righ 8, ao two lve seaie assaults, mi
account he affair is eke as to

Josees sustained; buat ae is us that the megane
having their wives and families with them, fought hard. They
nambered 300 or 400, and but fow of them .

‘The fact that the light guns taken with the force were able
to break the walls of the fort is worthy of note, as showing that
it cannot be very formidable either in jon or construc-
tion. The Persian force retumed after plundering the nearest
“ obaha,” and the fort remainod unocoupied. After the fall of
Khiva, a body of Goklans, said to number 200 families, fugi-
tives from thence, with the assent of the Ikhani, took pos-
session of, and repaired the fort. They did not, however,
obtain undisputed possession, for the Akhal Tekkeh, who had

their of the desert, attacked them frequently,

rds them as her subjects, and only awaits an to
coerce them, thongh possibly without foundation, invests the
‘ison with an. mi to which it would otherwise have

no iene seen the fort to the Chat-iChandir, the point at
which a foree attacking from that direction would enter the
hills, is « distance of about 8 forsakhs. The road, with the
exception of the last 2 fursakhs, is aid to be not difficult, but
the spurs of the Sang Daghi ridge lying north of the Chat,
and running south-west, close in on the stream, and must form
@ difficult defile. ‘The road from Kizil Arvat to Kara Killa
peedie 4 is snid to be passable for 3 but n foree, if comin;
the Atral, ing to attack that side, must mare!
for some days across a barren, waterless tract to tarn the Atak
range. Infantry marching from Balkhan to Kizil Arvat would

Notes on the Eastern Allurs Tract, 137

Kramovoilsk, or Kizil Su, is marked on our maps on tho
siorth shore of Balkan Bay; but the Turkomans place it on
the south shore at the bottom of a little bay, known as Kizil
Su, and on the shore of a tract known as Darya (? Dai is
3 or 4 fursakhs north of the first Russian settlement, called by
them Kaifa Su. ‘hia is probably Mikailovsk, the first
ment on the east const made under the orders of the Governor-
General of the Cancasus in 1859.

The position of Kizil Su is further fixed by reference to
that of the Island of Cheloken, which may be a een to be
correctly in our latest derived from Russian
sourees. The Turkomans describe Kizil Sa us lying opposite
to Cheleken, and within a long gunshot, the 1 not 60
deep or wide as to prevent the of a horseman ; while
Krasnovodsk, as sl eset as the whole depth and
width of the Balkan Bay between it and Cheleken.

Tho new fort is said to stand on the spur of a hill near the
shore of the bay, naturally searped on one side, and surrounded
dy a stone wall on the other,

Water was at first obtained only from two or three wells,
and by distilling the sea-water on’ board the steamers, but a
good supply is now procured from new wells, ‘Lhe wholo Darya
fmct ix said to be incapable of cultivation; the soil being
barren and sandy, and the supply of water deficient, even for
the Turkoman herds.

_ The one where there is water and soil, not loose sand nor
with salt, is near Kaifa ‘on the margin of

large pool, 2 or 3 miles from the shore, which was some
Fears ago occupied by the Russians, who have built houses and
gardens. At Deh Sharbat, 4 fursakhs from Kizil Su,

4nd beyond the pool, are some “obahs” of the Jafar Bai, eub-
gent in, and it was there that the Tekkeh made their
fo raid in defiance of the Russian General. The troops at
Kizil 8u are kept supplied from Baku, even live stock and
bread being brought hiioed There is regular steam eom-

amunication.
Some distance round by sea from Kizil Su, at the head of
the Balkan Bay, is what is described as the port, or

‘orce (the main body appear to have landed at Kinderli,
forther up the coast). Tt. is known as Shakadam, or Mullakari,
and also by the Yomuts as Kaisa Sa. The first two names
amark wells of fresh water. The place is not permanently oc-
on but is looked upon as Russian.

Balkan to the nearest Tekkeh “obah” is a distance

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Traet. 139

it waters the village of Chardeh, also lately re-oceupied by
the Persians, Wost of the Kelat stream is the Abi i
on which are three small new settlements—Igdalik and Ar-

ae Abivard stream, known as the Rud-i-Kibkan, rises in
the plateau north-east of Koochan, passing tl the Kibkan
glen, and reaching the plain at Abivard, where are exten-
sive ruins of the Arab period. ‘The stream is one of the largest ;
it is drawn off to water some of the villages af Dai

It. is watered by
through Darehgaz. It has twenty villages along its jh, some
of considerable size, the total an talag apliseae
5000. Gawars is a Tekkeh “ol thapeindpalt men of which

stream cultivation extends for 16 to 18
tailes into the d and grain is raised mors that suflicient
for local consumption.

About xax.w. trom Darehgaz the Atak rango rons in an un-
broken line of heights formed by two spurs, one ending in a
ae called the Zarin Kub, overban; ing the Darehgaz Atak,and

raining its southern slopes into the Darchgaz stream ; the other
prolonged, without any great depressions, as far as Rizil Arvat,
and thence subsiding” far Babe the desert; its drainage
reaching the Atrak by the an Sunt a ate taidia
no streams, but many ke prin 3, along the baso of tl
heights, from which the fertile belt extends for 8 or 10 miles.
The “obahs” of the Akhal Tekkeh stretch in a line from
Gawars to Kizil Arvat, and they hold also Ashkabad and
Annau, Nissa, Mehna, and Karez, fertile tracts of pastare-land,
enclosed by re-entering angles of.the line of mountains. From
Karen there is a route to Khiva, x joarney of twelve days for
camels, along a line said to be provir with wells at each
stage. The Tajand stream does not reach so far west as this,
but on the third day the “Oguoz,” or old bed of the Oxus, is
erossed. The Turkoman horsemen reach Khiva in six days.

‘The first pass east of Astrabad ia one from the Bostam Plain,
crossing the Alburz to Gurgan, a line little likely to be used,
and presenting also great natural diffenlties. It was traversed
some years @ Persian force of 40,000 men, with thirty
guns. Leaving Bostam, it eae over the plain north-east,
crosses a high shonlder of Khushyeilak Mountain, into the
Nowdeh Val oo Chinask, and thenee up the valley to Nandin,
the Kalposh Plateau, and over a high ridge of the Gurgan.

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. dar

making « detour through the Atrak Pluin would certainly
meet with fewer difficulties by crossing tho main chain west of
the Atrak watershed.

Bujnurd, Nishabur, and Mash-had, may be reached by the
old highway of Shak Abbass, which rans up the Gurgan stream
to aoa the defile, Chanda AbI Rabat-i-Karabil,
Rabati-Ashk, an etal thence to Bujnurd by the Pass
of Feroza, and to Nishabur through the -inHlixsar, and
tho Jouvain Plain. Mash-had by the same route, or through

Bajnurd.

The wer rt of the Gurgan Valley is narrow, but the road
good ients very easy, for the ascent in 18 to 20 miles
cannot be above 2000 to ae feet. The defile of Gurgan had
once o road through it and beyond to the lateau,
SPER ied tt be aioe ore eels aoa dues cae
forest, passable for horsemen. The plateaux undulate very
ae have a width of several miles. The Bujnurd Pass
ig difficult, but that.of the Darband-i-Hissar exceedingly onsy.
The route keeps throughout so low a level that no great incon-
venience could ever be experionced from snow in winter. For
4 railway to the east no better line could be selected.

From Koochan to the “Atak” there are two passes—one by
Aughaz (Route 13), of which all available information his
“Reeds been given, the other by the Dawand Pass, a line
nearly

as ag that by Nowdeh, but attaining a greater
elevation, and juently more liable to be in winter;
‘that portion of it hime lying across the high plateau is much

Tea cfbllowing givea. the’ approsimate dstatoay) aan
dients :-—

Koocuay 10 Dunayoan.

| ame | ne |

Ascent (gentle) oe ee | oH | oe
fs fete is in) se] gh | ie
Deep nduledions'to Zobanin: Pase a

Dosoent to Koochan 1000

From Koochan east there are no passes that can be considered
pmeticable for wheel-carringes, or that could be rendered eo
with any amount of labour at short notice.

With the Nardin or Nowdeh and the Gurgan Pass held, a
force marching eastward from the sea would be compelled to

Notes on the Eastern Alimrz Tract. 148

Tribes which are couneeled with Ata Bai are four in
number—

1. Daz. 3. Qan Yokhinas.

2, Kuchak. 4. Tedar,
Daz has four Tirahe— -

1 Panga. 3. Dard Ata Oghil.

2, Havga. +. Chin Sabli.
Kuchak has four Tirahs—

1, Aslanjug. 3. Khartum.

2. Ustajng. 4. Guti Qara.
Qan Yukhanaz has four Tirahs—

1, Hataku, 3, Saricha Kur,

2 Quija. 4, Makhdumy
Igdar has four Tirahs—

1, Aq Irkokti. 3. Bidmag.

of Gara Irkakti. 4. Emir,
Jafar Bai is divided into two divisions, viz—

1. Yar Ali. | 2. Nur Ali,
Yar Ali has nine clans—

1. Arikh, 6, Burketias,

2. Kal. 7, Ide Tumaj,

3. Kuantl. 8. Unng.

4. Qiail. ‘9. Changan.

6. Snqqati.
Nur Ali has eight clans—

1, Qariwange Kur. 5.

2. pai sina 6,

3. Qnranjik. I

4. Qaraja.

Tribes which aro connected with Jafor Bai ‘are five in
number—

1. Yalghi. 4. Tatar.
Daweji. 5. Qujnq.
3. Qara Daqti.
Yalghi has seven Tirahs—
1. Sign. 5, Anliq.
2. Qira. 6. Chirashak.
3, Mireati, 7, Tprh

4. Watrilti.

144 Navten's Diary of a Tour in Khorassan, and
. Daweji has nine Tirahs—

1. Udak. 6. Kirai.
2. Miut (Meat). 7. Chobnash.
Ichmal 8. Buqu.

4, Abdal. 9. Gurganii.
5. Khivali.

Qara Dagli has seven Tirahs—
1, Pablawan, 5. Idakti.
2. Usin. | 6. Qalmuq.
3. Pira-an, 7. Uras.
4. Yalitli.

Tatar has three Tirahs—
1, Sigarli. 3. Aghilmishli.
2, Aq Qimishli. |

Qujugq has six Tirahs—
1, Keke, 4. Agohati.
2. Khivachi. 6. Qiriq.
3, Qarata. 6. Dan Qiriq.

Notes on the Eastern Altrurz Tract, 145

‘Lasr of Roures in the Dasrxun Ansunt Tuscr, including one from
‘Hynat to Meny.

Kons teh Ay Sie

Grd to A ver)
Astral to ee
Hasan Kali to Kore Killo e,

tuba an Aum au ts Dusnogar (Hoaie 0 y
2 Xovlan by Apa i

Bujasord to Kara Killa and Kizil ~~
Tajatu to'Leraied Nondah 5 % sf
Maclin Eh 3 Fa
erty

Nore—Rontes, of which distance is given in fursakhs, have bowu derived from
native information usually with the ald of a soagh sketeh-map,

‘Fonsaxits—Khorassan fursakh, caloulated at 4f in plain and in hills.

Distanco in furmikhs in hilly conntry reduced ono-third or one-fourth, according
‘to ground, for direot distanoo, The Kurds usually mossure xtoges by tho hour,
ealoaloting one furmlch an hour, ‘This gives 4 to 4j miles (lor @ horeman) on
Joyel ground and 2} to 3 miles in tho hills,

‘MuLes.—Caloulated at 4} miles per hour on level smooth ground, the ordinary
marching pace of n horse,

Tn rough or broken ground at 4 zilon,

Tn mountains 2} to 3 miles,

Ascont of gradients measured by Anoroid Baromoter, moan of readings of 2
‘instraments.

Ruevarton.—Oaleulated from inean of several observations of boiling-polnt.

‘Temperatures from standard Thermometer.

YOu. XLVL L

wn g ieL Ip crete
: il rl A aad

S352

age §
ae
i rn all Hi ii ie

AkDarbond | 9,
Sarakhs

Notes on the Eastern Allurz Tract. iy

gy ee el t

Ef faa F 3
ne ft hy ra F

He si

Rovre No, 4
MASH-HAD TO KELAT AND THE ATAK.

Narten’s Diary of a Tour in Khorassan, and

cee i Ha i
Bua # i
ad L a

bias 48 i

walls, towers, and dit
North, over level for some miles. Th
Slings Dan, Zaden Atshon'@ miles ree

mules t
miles farther, whence 2 ‘miles to Killa Yusuf Khan, »
of a

. at
. .
r, 95 feet high, with Ou!
of 1000 houses of

derma acura
jisbad. 9} miles
Dug At 1)"
i Hand a ry
gerd cot banker
» large village,
tivated one
es off I lain uncultiy
last of Chis
‘maraby
past by ford. r6
oak
ra

Bovrz No, 5,—continued.

EI 4

S34 fics # 3

HEE Te

HHUBLE aalln

iy Tt |
Aiogd us 4
fi ha He & 4
(|i fivae 2 i

MASH-HAD TO DAREHGAZ BY RADKAN.

; 2
ia i ae
i ss EB 8

4 2g 2 3
: A :

a
3 4 3
i i 3

i CT ; a an BS i i
BG Pee
ana
Z 2 Pies oI aa EA 7
eu ere
i #3: basa : ana i 3
z iis : i ae
5 iy aar| 2 sai ii
Hig | §) eae]
a a} Ef ad
i: i de
hi i aga! P

: dk

r_| eos

i (10

.
|

ee ee
i

:
i Pecan

digi i aH

ua Tene
Hane eee

Ba FH ieee
iludia genie

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract.

HEHMME| | Wit jit
ee] Aili!
lea) THe
sie) tua
Hede| tains
Brea 3 k He i 3
quel afd

Hehe | (Hie al
Hlinial Wadia

Rovre No, 6

DAREHGAZ 'TO SARAKHS.

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 193

= ae cana a A

it a
: 1 : i he
i meni il gl

ia Hip g anita

of tho valley, and at tho ontranoe:
TATFOW,
Cy
rita sta
CA me
vest flows
a
of val
‘hamlet of
niles

Fanow, 8} miles,
Tavari, 10) males

ss | 21 miles | 111} milod)
8} fur,

Chapubla ..

Notes on the Eastern Alburz Tract. 165

ee] ul

qi pe
ny Hite
Be 5 a it # st ee a
alt Wwe
wl 2 in it ni
in Gite u HH i i a
aad , : d Pe a fn
ea)
dae

Atak or Turat

Abivard “
Gren. |
Mobna

P sa et 4 "
; it ut 4 a
it wig Bult ne :

i je shi
i . i io i

ss 3 s
32 2
se 3 Z

5
iz: 3
oy
Bie |
Hi i

ER, Notes
£25 on the Eastern
i ais Histo
ae a Bate
te fal eae
ai Hg il ti
dal eel ’ nel
er ne al | 3 ine i
cnet a) 4 ceed
ii] <i ia
os ql ai
3 ES
Ho
|‘ f il:
: E ie
j if ne
Lo
i i
i

161

TTY ony yee epyur yy UTPDOON JO FpIAyL

on) Aq pasortey ATywnsn ono any Hy a “Ceo Kas oq 0 prer myaoy SPE. “Ir
Spgs la pol Fr puw ‘uxqeoost

Jo yoy Sauqrnquy yy ©} Nppoamng f “seer purged |

‘Gio touea mip oe Soe oF nana cy mquery
uw att
yu

anh
Foc sn Soueu, “one ot tan Do mw
8 nr MOLTEN HMMS pun vdduys oy qprwesny Suot F eouorty,

) wammot, Or ‘ewysuy OF wn) 5 ay peony bs omy

“ZVHOOY Af AYNNV GN¥ CVAVYSY NOW. NVHOOOM

‘6I ON aLaoy
“punt
Sq, vant qwrt dof o1quonowd paw S00 sv prquioep
" weRTUsY OT JO vd ALoy LOAD ‘OEY ONY TOY Hod ONT,
say Moxon w nao
Spoor pood @ 940 ‘yywarny Aor T ‘eoppH p Jo WIOREP suTuMEECE
of COUNT, “OP MNNRRY “eOUQOYY wu TACHA ITH ‘Puy

Saucy WOH PRY Oi JP SOON PIO OTTO ont 30.
uve @ ic} SISTA we want OOE 1° “
Wav PTW | ‘UoyS Lew moxeve MOTTO} wer wORs

Notes on the Eastern Aliurz Tract, 163

: aii Pata

tele ea : i ea
Hella 284 Hee ay ifs

Car

Sele a,

q\f i ae

4 E 4

: is ge

i i

3 af

Notes on the Eastern Alburs Tract.

apr Heian He

oe wes 236
aii Bustae

u jill 2s a ue 43 inte es BI

Rovre No. 17.
JAJARM TO ASTRABAD BY NOWDEH.
Twas, 7 miles, 50 houses.
‘Durrs, 9} milo.
is
miles,

w» | 23 miles | 53 miles

30 miles

unm aaeet. Tr a
7 iN ce a t
i ne ae a

BELT

hel Le

gy
EI ie af: tae ; fut A anes Hi

el ii i Hee a

169

-
Notes on the Eastern Allurz Tract,

we aie il me oe Jpn Bo pH
ors undue) 07 aujg yudog ayy 4q sand Og OUT,
“worth B40 R Op 81 smoY pay “aiULT ney ON CHUTE
qupunon Jo oFuEE DANO OY AA Ywodyoy] Woy yao pow KyION

amis |

qeodres

‘NVOUND OL NIGUYN
"OL ‘ON aLaoy

“PEON sAnoY, UE ew Mary may, suNS sys My o[O
<eud poogy yurexy oy stpQoany F ou eM [HIG 48 TMA;
cud PUN “CUAL SUMIP[OMUIDD) 911} Jo ogTeA cau rPLOW puDdeaqT

cuoya yuan
Je greta Je Fae ea 90 TUE OF STOTT BENTH 29

SE moqgy wpawTD “any s yo 'yoITA Bapemaws, Qqwocy Jo ued
OTF OFF THOM PHPoFOP pu “OLIN UNS oF “ANT OUT,

musyut (soda ony opUY Jevo-tpHON myprMNE MOLT

“Ez

“8

omy 1

oe gummy

mqay epawD

qwodqes,

“LV AMY 'TIZIM OL NIGUVN
“ST ON ano

Napuen’s Diary of a Tour in Khorassan, and

Rours No. 20.
GURGAN TO ATRAK (RIVER).

is HL i 5
BEd 338 = fs
ae aay

wi qa

& Bd a il a4

ie] lg i
ae 43 a, ate
fe an 2 if
Hebe) 2\ae
pial un a é| ge 8

ia =

} ES

1 ae

i 2

E é E

Fee —*

| Shon
far

=.
Khalid-i-Paighamber| 8 fur.

Obat-i-Atrak
Gurgen River.

Atk ou!

Notes on the Kastern Alburz Tract.

smojmnoyg 2ng yung,

ory, 30 emnda 4040 yuoom dae w da ‘ous Woy OF ypa0K jo

Lon} upTHEny g 405 ‘avy uvdo qnony Fupmop *AzwnqHy
SPAY OG MupMOTTOF OPMONE.T, “ADALL OtFY JO sIfBG 49 OF
sooanpend ong pav eSciade Kiwi oxwy oF pve (senses

SITY yo oSuwr w OMT SF ApMIIQ-4HIO FY 59 THON “ e8 “ ot MUN we
“Bavjo
PANY #v aMOUT ue ETT way Foye “pUOYD oq) paw yn
sPay ‘oda MY OT MOR; eoTOUMAT HAHEI OM OT Jo WoHHOMR| . 5
OM, of *SaINGUY YOM a ‘aypavyd oq} Jo KxGOq oMF UOTY ee & 2} apawng--avi
“ayant ony tary aory Typs LawqngiTy

UyuUr oy ‘suUTPPMIE) OYF Jo OPOUnf OF 48A}4 JO Auvq Sup oe “5 TS “OF | aeV¥-F9GD 209

cmproesny gr ‘(amyrod)
Sanyo pop-taeta of sate Fang Shope ooasyT KPIS
& ‘samyrod EY oy OF UrnpeO [UY oY Jo atoyE yrx01r
‘ny To “emUMO INT, AYTPINAG Jo WOUKHPIes w TON, WeSUYL MOLL eos ee cage) sforrsaeca

“‘YTIVH VuVH OL (10M NVSVH
GS ON BLOOY

i ;
uk ,

ul a

s
eI

Map to illustrate
THE JOURNEY FRON

tw ANKOW to TALI _
of
MA. R. Margary

Sg Melee

Mancany's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Fe-ti Fu. 173

@ were completed for starting on the 3rd,
peyenenns an attack Be illness Diligelnanit put off
‘ah depart ll next day. The boat was one of those com:

pepcely called @ Mandarin , long and narrow, and divided
Gato five or x coinpartments whieh ran tho whole length of
the craft, the centre being occupied with a somewhat wider and
peeeien spec. fitted with fata and tables, and snited for the
Eee guests. Buch com arene contained a couple of
one on each nlarel passage running down the
But ag a Chinaman’s eae pail falls far short of
; ett mx compre’ iy removing iy Ba

3 & compartment by removing the divi Dy
had to be taken with regard to the floor,
ms Aiesh were lowered fully six ren to save my
ene the pains and penalties | of Lia ing to wnroof tho not
‘too substantial top. A regular ria of agreement was
Gi up by tho boat-owner ree assledicnber ch aie toe
‘main conditions were that he should convey me to Chen-yuen
| Fun in Kwei-Chow for the sum of 110,000 eash, which as to be
chester feomgpln at different places on iy
payment of 60,000 cash ra Hankow.

re rte ude. cpt ae and to free me from all thoso m-
ental appeals on bebult of the crew which so frequently
ring up en route incaeaaareie eae My party
ted of five, comprising a writer, an official messenger, &
and my body servant. With rej to the necessary
ies for daily expenses between Han! and Yun-nan Fu,
@ alone I lind eredit for funds, I should mention that I
ted the SoUupina pienrtaoh ap} id to be the best that
anyone could suggest. Tt was to take with me in the boat a
itity of cash sent to cover everything as far ae Chen-
en I'u, and to leave a mar piacenilts aoe eles
ent for chairs in the land j ara which would eom-
at that place. In addition to this 1 procured a hundred
worth of small silver ingots, weighing five taels ench,
formed a very convenient parcel, and one easil; concealed
box of winter ter tlothos reserved for Yun-Nan, ‘These small
are called at Hankow chin sha yin, The cash was en-
ed to my ollicial messenger, whose receipt for the amount

ly in ete ‘of 1000 caah (called a tiae) on

hes at the Dont t beneath the servant's couch, and there it

ight remain without the emallest fear of theft, although within
reach of a pilfering arm.

Mancany's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Tati Fu. 175

but they are also furnished with enormous ing the
strength of ten or twelve mon to caainalene ie sateen
appear to possess a magnificent form. Ihave nowhere seen
sueh fine athletic frames in China, and eould not help stop-
fing to admire the splendid development of muscle, which was
‘so well displayed as they swayed to aud fro with the enormous
sweeps, It may be worthy of remark that 1 noticed, first at
Pai-chou, and repeatedly afterwards at other places further up
the river, the use of a cart in agriculture. It is not often that
one sees a Chinese farmer make use of anything so handy ; but,
in_this instance, the form of the vehicle was 20 novel and s0
different to that which is sometimes used in the Province of
Chih-Li, thet it deserves to be described. The diversity of
shapo is itself a striking fact in a country where similar ees
tions are carried on in isely the same way and with the
eame implements in provinces far apart and disconnected by
dislect. ‘The main difference lay in the fact that wherens the
northern carts, like others all the world over, are built with
their wheels outside the body of the vehicle, the centre of
gravity of which is placed low down, these Hn-Peh carts
enclose their wheels, and are consequently raised high above
them, like a railway carriage, The cart simply amounts to
wide platform poised above two wheels upon the stout
axles which protrude. D: along by the water-buffalo, of
a) beasts the most ungainly, its appearance is more quaint
elegant.

12th.—At Lo-shan I deemed it prudent to call on the local
official. Having announced my intention of calling at4 paw, £
fap ae a hot day for the welcome diversion. But
was little prepared for the hubbub my presence was going to
create. TLo-shan had never been feasted with even the sight. of
@ foreigner, and their very coat of his conformation put a
boldness to the curiosity of the mob which surrounded me with
shouts and abusive language as I proceeded in a hired chair,
the méanest of its kind, to the poor abode of the local official.
“As is usually the case ip China, the rabble burst into the court~
of the yamén, and were with difficulty repressed from

ing even the audience-room, by the whips of the lictors at,

never private in China, any more than correspondence. It is

whether intended to be confidential or see to read it calmly
. TL have seen a Mandarin, while making @ call on the

A stop up to the writer's table, and, coolly putting on his

a letter which had just been prepared foranother

ial on an important subject. ‘too, every interview I have

a8 aye a

Manoany’s Notes of a Journcy from Hankow to Ta-li Fu, VT

22nd.—Sailed up the Yuan River with a good breeze until
we arrived at a considerable town stretching along the face of
the river, ai au Hsin T'ang, 60 li from the mouth, are
remainin, an hour to re provisions, we proceeded on
Eiaay ecTisecatory of river is exceedingly pretty. In
lieu of towing-paths and mudd: Hapoel which invariably
meet the ray ete GRCHCAY eee ee
find grassy banks covered thickly with willow-troes. I land
and walked as far as my weak state permitted. Everywhere
the signs of ‘ity abounded. ‘There was neat and careful
cultivation of cotton, “The homesteads adjoining the little farms
were well built and well provided, and men, women, and chil-
dron seemed to be happy and thriving. I mot with civility from
all. Stopped for the night at Yin Ho Hsiang, having run over

100 li from our ae se ney nen
— "any ien, at a distance, AML,

and stopped at Lino Ya Tsui, only 70 li in advance, i
24th— We d at Shib-ma P'n, 20 li from Ch’ang-té.
Only ed 40 li. About midway we came across a L
tributary river, which does not appear in threo several maps
which I Tam told, however, by the boatmen that this
riyer communicates with Shahih, on the Yang-taze, and also

with Tseng-shih and Li-chou.

28A.—Reashod Chrangete, und had a fine view of the city as
we passed along its face on the opposite side of the river.
The wall of the city, as I observed after we had crossed over,.
was built very close to the river-side, deere no room whatever
for an open suburb to spring up ontside, which was absolutely
necessary for the carrying on of trade. The difficulty, here,
has been got over by bail wooden tenements on long piles,
om! in ae eth mud of the sloping ra The a is
an exceeding! appearance ouses Wi on lon,
crooked legs re loaniug at all angles. =s =

retired to rear) my cress; but my visitor insisted on ay
i Kk hands me, and said that the
me, and
that he accompany me to the next fecture. He
stayod upwards of an hour and talked incessantly. Aftor hp
left, I was somewhat annoyed by people i wn to stare,
Tn some cases they would step on the side of the boat to look
in through the wa. It was the great full-moon holiday,
and a number of idle characters were about. No direct rude~
VOL, XLVI. a

Manoanr's Noles of ¢ Journey from Hankow to Ta-li Fi. 179

soullions, or some other such menials, out of the needy crowd
that infests all Yamens, no doubt, that fine words and
the foreigner's ignorance hide his devices,

S0h—Li Pi-shéng left me next day, and T was now eon-
signed for “safe conduct and protection” to the care of the
two miserable menials in their ridicolous boat, whose frantic
efforts to pace with us afforded me much amusement. —

At about 3 P.ot, we passed th several rapids ‘in succes-
sion, ‘There was nothing formidable about them, Five men
tracked along the shore, and the remainder staved the boat
off sunken rocks with their bamboo poles. ‘The seenery ‘was
wildly beautiful, and more compact than that wo through

esterday ; 4 continuation of perpendienlar cliffs now and then
Tinea ‘tho river-side, A mountain-path, which was the high-
way for foot-passengers, passed in some places along the very
face of the upright cliff.

October Ist. We passed through tho most dan, sot of
rapids on the river. They extend over 80 li, and are divided
into three portions of ten li each by tho boatmen, who name
se de die en the lower. Le ae i

ital and ra; exceed everywhere in su
“4 a oe toe for a boat to be gui

rs,
‘The small village we seeped at to make repairs was a ver
flourishing timber-station, @ hills at the back were wel
with fine fir-trees, and a mountain-stream flowed down
their inmost recesses, facilitating the transfer of the timber
backwoods to the main #troam,

‘This morning I had the misfortune to be completely
prostrate with a severe attack of dysentery, accompanied by
acute pain, which lasted for some hours, I was obliged to
the boat for four or five hours, in order to ascertain the course
which the malady was likely to take, harwssed all the time with
the thought of being — to relinquish my mission and
return to Hankow croatfallen. Howovor, to my great relief,
the disease was quickly and completely driven away by opinm
and .. pills, the efficacy of which, in the early stage of this
et Le thankfully ‘vouch for, Although eured, T was
loft so nttorly weak as to’ be unable to rise without assistance,

On October 3rd reached Ch’én-chou Fa; and on the Sth
passed a dilapidated city called Lou-ch'i Hsien, and at 5 va.
xd

Manany's Notes of a Journey from Hankoto to Ta-ti Fu, 181

ahead which could bo reached to-day, I readily accepted

Tis tospitality ‘of a very civil ‘Mandarin, with whom [ hada
most atmicable conversation, He was a Canton man, and had
both seen something of foreigners and travelled rd bonne!
Sixt—The road passed at a very high level for nearly the
whole of to-day's The valley below seemed to be
sparsely cultivated with rice, and large tracts of Jond remained
in a wild state of nature. Slept at a place ealled Ta-féng

‘Tun;

Nas day we reached Ch'ing-p'ing Hsien, and on leaving the
town I noticed a large heap of good coal exposed for sale,
which clearly indicated the existence of mines in the Sa
bourhood. Evory villago I passed through showed tad signs of
savage havoc caused by the raid of the Miautsze. Everywhere
extensive romains of good, substantial stone houses pointed out the
Frosperity ie rene been, aa ahr Lie: cP

peace and quiet oT a ol rr,
étraw-thatched huts, wate ty immigrants from Seo-Ckuen
ee Curiously en ug » there: coped a sudden
im) rospority now taking place, for in every village,
goa and ity Led een were ober just fished or course
tek egnmter Suche roe peed thrvar foal

Le e TOr a vo ie
and beautiful, but wholly deserted, region. Taco trabin of
good arablo land were given up to grass and wild weeds. ‘This
alone speaks very plainly of the wide-spread desolation,
when we consider how accustomed the Chinese are to cultivate
ir very mountains up to almost inaccessible heights; and if
the desolation is 80 great on the main road, what must it be in
‘the less frequented interior? The Miautsze have been taught
many severe lessons by the Im ‘troops since thelr day of
triumph; and, indeed, many of them now live in the cities L
have passed through, mixed with the Chinese population, T
gaw several of their women about the streets, A wild, fearless
Tooke was in their faces, and withal a very attractive expression,
such as I have seen in the countenance of the wan tribe
in North Formosa, But whether thoroughly subdued or not,
the settlers in tho rising villages have little to fear from their
Jawless neighbours, for a chain of forts has been erected at
distances of 5 li apart, each containing five soldiers, which
serve us wateh-towers, while the whole route is chock-full of

3rd.—Just a3 the cities grow in sizo and start into more
active life as we approach the capital, so the count:
jess neglected, villages ay in secluded hollows off the main
road, and every level plot is cultivated with rice. Ono crop

Maraany’s Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Tati Fe, 153

Wild flowers abounded everywhere, including the camelix, blue

Loop te ett tel ani variety and profusion), and the

violet. whole was a paradise of ferns, and
flourished in marvellous variety.

‘The first view of the city from the top of the last
Ee ery Beaatifol It rests on an uneven plain, well-suppli
with trees, and completely surrounded by hi h alg an
which stand solitary on the plain in remarkable forms,

top, otherwiso clothed in rich vegetation, and which had beew
cleverly seized upon by bonzes to build imposing temples up in
the air, The inequalities of the groun raised all the imposing
buildings above yoil of tho walls, which ‘ce in

for piety, and widows constant to the memory’ of de
ceased, “Their distant effect certainly added to the liveliness
of the scene. fe
Leailed on the Governor of the Provinee the next day, at
noon, ee appointment, and was most civilly treated by him. A’
brisk old man, full of energy and intelligence, cotered the
"Siren ma after I had waited about a quarter of an hour
for him. It was a large room, and two sides of it were panelled
with glass windows, through which I should think there were
fally fifty faces peering in during my interview with the great
man, There were lesser Mandarins in full fig, and a érowd
‘of household servants, We sat midway up the hall, on opposite
sides, more than 20 feet apart. A visitor of high eo
rank he would have conducted to the divan at the upper end of
the room. My first, object was to borrow money, which was
reallly pranted ;-and the next morning « parcel of silyer ingots,
amounting to Tis, 180, or about 401, duly came to hand. On
taking my leave, the great man did me the honour to conduct
me to my chair. ng was completely occupicd all the

rost/of the day in m: ‘arrangements to lighten my
and to travel more quickly. Being behind timo several days,

Maneany's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Lali Fe, 185

round them in almost any direction; indeed, long arms of the
broad valley were seon to to like estuaries through their
auidst, Par away in the southern bonvdary of the valley, where
the hills seemed to be massed almost: into a mountain

tho oye could still see similar separated peaka, which

ened the presumption, that 9 large belt of country was
Ho both a" poctrabl end abound in a com|
network of small arable valleys. We the Prefectural
city of An-hsan by six o'clock. The undulating, downy ground
‘to the east of the city, ae, from the side we a ed, was
ne vast graveyard, extending over two or three acres,
Either this must have been a favourite cemetery, or the popu-
Jntion of An-hsitn Fa must have been enormons,

Uth—Left An-hsiin at about 9 Af, and through
the same scenery surrounding the rich valley al ioned.
Cultivation increased as we proceeded westward, and
‘tracts of fine, rich soil were turned up to view by ties
One oF of Kwei-Chou <a im) Paps mass #5 mow

it it wos most agreeable to it possessed of man}

fine piste Iying in the right direction. “4

12th—About 16 li from Chén-ning Chou, we camo to the
end of the fine valley, but entered another smaller one, after
crossing an easy In 10 li more the valleys came to an
end, and the ah wound in and out among low, grasscovered
hills; the rocky, mountainous peaks having disappeared for the
time being. We entered the village of Hwang- once a
large town, over an old bridge of several arches, under whieh
flowed a considerable body of water, alter dashing down « series
of small, sloping. falls, On leaving the place, a grand si
met my view. There was tho river, a couple of hundred yards
below the bridge, leaping down a precipice of 140 feet in one of
the prettiest falls I ever saw, ‘Lhe brown muddy look of the
rock, over which the river flowed, added to the striking effect
of tho whole.

13th.—The damp, white mist, which has surrounded us for a
day and a half, was to-day conlensed into the still more uncom

form of fino rain, and the thick vay floated low

above the ground. It made travelling both difficult and dane
gerous; for the stone-paved, or rather stone-strewn, track was
provokingly rough in. itself, but to-day, for fully 10 miles, we
‘a mountainous barrier, over which the road ascended and
somewhat steep inclines, But even in tho midst of

this mountain muss, where the rocky cones were tossed and
tumbled like a stormy sea, there was a succession of quiet
valleys down below, lying flat at the base of these abrapt
boundaries. To this region there succeeded a milder tract of

Maneany's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Tali Fi. 187

sale. (ie reer ost ip nte aie
reaching the source of their wealth. It may
rng that the rocky ranges, which were
Sout the igh we crossed, one and all presented a
clad, mild mild appearance towarde the ete but on
‘ing back at the to summits from the valley, hargtrees
that vegetation stopped within about Sab sagt

facing eouth and west, and that
saree snrpy dledibedl oullive:tovtis cooxt White struts
marked. thi app

whitewashed,
Tapered oage cf S0°N bas ‘rong it unto anciat
village, a terrae brought us

As T anticipated, our read was full of rises to-day, and the
aneroid marks a feet. eee Sam peretate has consequentl)
— several legroes. ranges runni oust

a eg our ers while the i loniatiepeed _
valloy to the south, and a Sarda sere platiacitoiehs

pasturage. Cattle but peal bred.

‘There were trees over the bills. onan , yellow, and orange

ov eetigleser geal wh eal eet an he mas

of green. sun ay dispelled the mista.

So that altogether the ears was very refreshing, and the

fur less tedious.

—The road to-day over « long stretch of weari-
oa hills, covered with tall grass, without ds without abort
with only their endless rise and fall always hiding a view of
bold, majestic peaks ; Dbo river at Mé-k'ou, I should
have sia ie rte Fe of the aes pe ne

iries: le thr my writer, who uired some worl
Teced ermothingef these Minister aad other eid tribes in tho
hills, together with the canses of their insurrection. ‘There are

te idee hac ah are

ivisions, distinguis! ittle peculiarities

and are mostly called by names ‘ibing the same. I sow

* Seasenps of three or four sects, and could ae see the
For Se are the White Miau; the om-

broidered Red Mian; ick Miau (who, by the way, weareur=

Mancany's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Ta-li Fa, 189

Bene here wee about, and added to the beauty of the
were the sycamore, the plane-tree, the poplar,
chestnut, a pretty, smooth-leaved holly, covered
ae Crane parc gesecr Tho far we
west, the Sopra seme paneer he
Vig ccy othe sudan hore me eal i
oranges from Yun-Nan and straw shocs come along; while
drovers are met with flocks of sh Lying east some
say, from the cold weather of Yun-Nan; others, to feed their
on of whiel ve ny
eka otia exserp | Slasphastbiehylunarangee
being scarce in Yun-Nan. Kwei-Chou must have a tem
climate, for the Rep eren built to ag jmeatoe and,
amongst other signs, [notice that the ec
yet dro; its faded blossoms. So far the
ture we have experienced has been about 53° eee
sheep have re Beceaneeatess end numbers of pals sere

setae tthe road to-day passed through a number of valli
full of tice, and watered by smell streams running ina sere
cg direction. The distance to the Chou city of P*u-an was
only 40 1i, which had to be accomplished in one stretch.
19¢h—On leaving early this morning we met hundreds of
men ond ponies carrying coal into. the city. It was in
dust, but a small quantity was in lumps of a useful size. Par-
pieced un eos nstitvenah adoverand aie a
was driven at a downward incline,
to the usual practice in China, I don’t know how tl
‘of the water. About a mile from P‘i-wn, we Bae a to ascend
the last great barrier on our road. It was called the Yun-Nan
Fiseant axokeded, all the others in Seep But the incline was
easy, and the summit moderately high (3300 feet). There was
no steep descent on the othor side, the road Serer er maples eh

Biioiciel teskoon ay Before reachin; a

herria chy SS

Manoanr's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Ta-li Fu. 191

region was nothing but a. row Seetiel eee eee
snerounded with ‘The latter half of the stage, however,
} v jai-tzn ‘u, improved in scenery

2
2
et
il
i
gee
LE *
ui
Hie

or)
a
Peet
hae
we
ae
&
ta
pul
gncae
aide

sent early, since we had to start at rene As the Mandarin
bly knew little or nothing about:
with the Treaty to eulighios is all-powerful. and facto-

eivil, 20 Ido not pay much attention to this want of courtesy.
On starting from Fa pan hig irebia se Raat
dve south fora mile or two, and then al ‘ly broke ont of
at right angles, to ascond a series of small, but uncomfortable
: which led up to another dreary like those we
Fare alteady. ‘The valley was cultivated with rice,
and the harvest being over, the numerous flooded fields: gave
the appearance of a vast lake to the ai on fromabora!
Numerous flocks of storks found feeding-ground thereon.
But'& good deal of this was a swamp, and not yet
putto use, There were high Ee a as

fair lodging at the kung-kann,
Mas Chou before sunrise in order to complete

nificent plain stretching far away. ‘The city is on Level ground,
th thee ptiengeAfw vty pst nd egal

about to send a flying despatch to Yung-ch'ang Fu, which
re pepetie la a city, and my letter to Col.

ee ae In the

course of the afternoon I received a message the Governor,

requesting me to wait another day to allow timo for the escort

to get ready. Iwas obliged to uequiesce, alth time
recious,

Did not leave: till December: 2nd. —"The road across

‘the valley towards the hills. Peasants were at work irri-

with salt for the capital, and ircitated tho’ cheltboarsts ly

their erratic motion, which continually threatened a collision
terete

in , and a cou mules invarial 8

was decorated in the moet fantastic manner about the Head with

rosettes and tassels surmounted with a bunch of long feathers
like a Red Indian chief. We came toa full stop comparativel:
early in the afternoon at the top of a small pass between
and 40 li from the capital, called Pi-chi K’ou,

VOL, XLVI. 2

eee Toli Fu. 195
and! one hadi dt pnd

the “gti ny Shel

tho wtola length of Cs ttioos sage of 75.
wl ious to
ienirtos rota i hid ‘ “
“my aneroid' the track by which it is surmounted
Pek Gate uel Sesion eosin ottaksee tas
Sei 2 paar: My
uel was
arriving rs oe Hee, a
ait a and ity nme
travelling were La reception.
an as: Seb pe auctgh at dervonal pours
Ao EM aay tla res per oli
90 li, and much of it over steep passes.
+ Span he cg me All the vill
and the val Sieteln uh areas
inhabited, Oss! very. heavy
severe incline, intervenes in Hate

descont Toads to the town of Shi-tzu

the sun shone out , and
SE ieee:
oni an a
Paperon Yun Nan Fe ol S panot

markets,
would naturally prefer to buy at Yun-Nan, and float taacgoo
down the Yang-teze, to the risk and expense of the difficult
ascent from Hankow uy edo Joe Native cloth is so
the cannot afford

to buy it, and their ragged co is due not so much to
pers the re of ing beyond their means.
‘would be an immense sale if only heater

classes, and there is a great ess to know the “ot
‘moat of my foreign productions. and crockery
excite admiration, and almost anything foreign wi iy

ie Sy iE “3
oP ea

: fi

Manoany's Notes of a Journey from Hankow to Tali Fu. 197

‘and a shaft was actuall mee eee i foal

Hee
Bae
af
ga2
bre
aff E
Hees

= 3
ka

stei2
ca
cain
Lt z
jai
Sieei

etd
eS
ri
F

2
3
=
3

over a
sdk ects ae reat ns red
w they cow avoid on the loose

ares than Sarentihs ick ke under foot, It was one
ascent oe Pinch of the until we reached a village
summit, which was the halfway-rest. ‘Tho remainder
road was tolorably good. It first descended 1 ravine sli
and then followed @ high level overhanging deep precipi
well veiled with trees. This debouched at length on to an uri
petrals plateau of red sandstone, endian

covered with shrubs and a few stunt san Ate
we were on a level with the tops aCe ee oC bie
oN Serabe tery beat hgh that A little

fae 28
Hae Hl

on in terraces, but et eee
sand waste far and wide, I was to see quite a large
‘town in the midst of this wild plateau, and still more to find
‘that it contained « yamén, in which we were soon very com-

ye
z
He
E
4
Euut
:

Yao-chou, in whose jurisdiction the town lay, and who had

‘civility | proves how thoroughly the Viceroy is to be relied on.
‘His career has been marked by itera 2 listen daily
to stories of his remarkable Zao ae @ Miautezo
‘in Kwei-Chou, and the Mahomedans Ney whit the od

eo in Western Yunnin, 199
to

Pasty detent Ka \khyon territory into China; and in order
Recta sees iinanencticas i pees it necessary to visit the

at Pi "
“ihe Shinclt ive Tier! below Mong-Man, I
this duty on the 19th of December, 1874, accom) by

a
Sear and half-o-dozen porters, and afterspending
afew days) Vag eae eset ese groan ee
Faisiend “hae 2 Ee to oa vine orere — ape
Ste
ise seey Tiacon kath sperms
at ce a sn eh fi mtn ms
a ly fu manner,
On the arrival of the eee of the Se party,
paren: 2 one endeavoured to alter the terms of
ment with the Lennas, whose chiefs had come to ie
meet ee eas nod. on tees eesti 8 disinclination to : aabmnity he
sath pg tact ierpeage eee sk
par ing its —
ag tho i pt e perp enemies, and
Det ait tam nt tht le patsy Tooke ath
mistrust on this body of nearly 300 sc i ed
Sep teen ieee sree pace
agreement, and, after some discussion, eventually
transport tho Ingl lish party at all. ‘he Lenna chiefs then
returned to thelr hile, and the Expedition wax “eres in the
cntoet of the Burmeso authorities for tho of being
ted. by the Northern or Tapeng route, where a trap
nm carefully prepared for them, aud into which poor
was allowed to fall.
On Recaps of relations between the Lenna ebiefs and the
dearer of the Lxpedition, it was intimated to me by an agent of
chiefs that I should be received with the same friendship wx
Jif I passed through their hills to China without any armed
eae my train; and taking advantage of this, I obtained
Toit to detach myself from the main body, and on the

of February aap started mire as Meorn
this time necom) ee Captain @, the polit it at
Bhomo, whon t ee jitable icvauaitr wast zinteerth aa

on the previous occasion. The hills crossed, the Shan. town of
‘Mung-Mau was reached on the Bes gana ht the Lith of Febranry,

Ovoke returned to Bhamo on the morning of the 16 iM

Ithen found myself st ive by the Chinese officials from.

ting my journey any further into Yunnan. After several

ys of fruitless nego tintions with the head official

fone Ber cincciwe, otherwise known as Li-szo-ta-yoh), L crossed.

Shueli to the Burmese Shan township of Nam Kam, in order

Trawady, =
‘Tho plain. between the lower slopes of the bills from which
the Sawuddy road descends ond the Trawady, is, ¥
0 miles elevation about

* Reo Noto 1, p. 214. |

in Western Yunnan. y 201

are Ielt to be dried ‘evaporation—a process that is
completed poche yene UP about the end of Deets
Soba ore exits dicing thr wiate and arty png on
jere exists durit winter i ry
ansoy, the pole where
it converges with the track from Sawnddy and enters the hills,

e of the latter ho
jungle of heavy titabaas whore the soil is fee oad ets
‘water lies for a shorter time,

“When on my first visit to the hills of the Lennas in December
1874, it was necessary, in order to avoid the flooded tract om
the: oe ge ate de to Mansey, to make a detour through the
vil of Namo-poay, bringing the whole distanee up to
16 miles ; while on thé return the Sawnddy road was followod—
adistance of about 11 miles—and thence by boat to Bhamo,
Caan on i last ends = ter Pe both

and returni ‘ebruary ie ie direct
Frask from Bhamo 8 te was practicable, le th
the villages of Kang-gyi and Thein-leng, and involving
some 1 miles, with the streams ut « fordable depth,

Monsey standa in its own paddy clearing of about one equare
mile in extent, and is surrounded bythe usual bamboo ade,
Like all the villages aituated on the plain between the hills and
the river, it is under the protection of a Kakhyen chief, for it
is within the reach of Kakhyen power, and consequently beyond
that of the Burmese Government s0 far as the Kakh: are
concerned. ‘The ing genius is the Lonna but
the aystem adopted I believe to be the game as in all other cases
of “ villages:” thus « Kakhyen ‘l'sanbwa, after con-

a certain agroement for the mutual bonefit, takes a

or villages under his protection, hangs up his “dah” or

lin the house of the headman of the place, and sends «
“representative,” usually a relative, to reside with the latter;
the “dah” an emblematic token that all comers may look to its
owner as the champion—the “ representative” a kind of living
ene or hostage for the sutisfaction of the vil that he
Be Ap ae ttn Serapcistl lantnen im against

all enemies, and in abstaining from hostility himself, This
enstom obtains on both the Burmese and Chinese sides of
the hills, and the return usually made by the villagers to the
Kalhyens is, I believe, more in the form of services as agents ov

ba pumorens, though at:
Pitter foes: tonrnech nye ecldtes orendias Wearliorueces

alon; awed
"The rmasclt estvanlen-yin inn raped was fermarmenmeetr eeand
12 miles, and through country to that between
Wurabbum, with the exception that the timber in the
‘becomes Jess in size as the altitude inoreases, and couse>
quently gives a more open aranea to the acenery. ‘The

€
a

a
5
i
i
i
3
+
2
E

:
i
i
i

i
Fg
Ad
g
58
Hi
Hs
Lu
Ze
=
if
fr

section between elenoriendl atone sa bo the most difficult of
the whole distance to Momien or Yungchang. The villages
passed on this stage ure more numerous than on the previous

straight to Nam-kai ntlung,
At Paitan, ‘the little gardens of tobacco and bles
arily soon around vill one mects with small

pal peppy
straggling uncared-for wance, I was informed that
sna uantities are prawtirslon at other vill: las that. its
a yery insignificant proportion amount

am the teens being obtained from the Chinese
Shan provinces of Yunnan. Nearly every grown-np man among
‘the Kakhyen tribes that 1am acquainted with is.a smoker; but
T have seldom observed boys, and never women, ii ing in the
viee, a8 in some parts of China, The mode of smoking, too, ix
different from that practised in China. . They first dissolve the
drug into a Liquid, boil it in a copper-ladle heldin the hand, and

(ipaeeie eae elisions
or
fale dn opens Laxabop works of Ukinees ternplon ove tliods of Eis
aa.
At about 1 milo the junction of these roads th
tence of Nam jas rachel situated or ti top of

ances, this one ma; avi as 4 means of reaching the
Trawady by a round-about process. ther or not a

ellings are seen

till emerging from the hills on to the flat plain of the Shueli
Valley at the small Shan village of Pankham on the right bank
of the Nam-Wun. Here the Chinese border is crossed; and
mut ile further on, standing like an island of trees and
ions in the otherwise bare plain, ia the Tillage Kutlng,
consisting of about thirty Shan houses, a bamboo Kyaung or
monastery, and a zayat in the Burmese style. Continuing to
follow the road from here to Mung-Mau, the Nam-Wun is
crossed about a mile to the cas! ato point where it flows
in a general southerly direction across the plain towards the
Bhueli, and in a stony tortuous bed. Tho average depth (in
February) at the ford was about 2 feet, the breadth some
60 yards, and the current about I mile an hour; the banks of

(ba Western Fieian 207

mile from the river's right bank, Tt is | by!an
fect brick wall between 600 and 600 peerebel pe ti

feet high, without either

occur, at mtervol, Tor are want of 7
fala” or Chineso ated Poe dacoonpa oye i, os
ive

‘works of any kind onteide the town, ‘The buildings within the
Wall are inferior bamboo-huts without of any kind,
absolutely no suburbs exist, be
‘estimated ‘at about 1600 or 1800 persons, all, except a few of
the and soldiers, on
the whole, by a dead-alive, slip-shod a
fam-Kam, near the Tank of the river, and some 20

miles lower down, is the chief town of the Burmese Shan
Traubwaship of the same name, forming i
nee,

Shane, who appear to be mere tor or villagers from
‘ea oe |, called in and arm rusty matehlocks,
as aw on the Kakh who inhabit the hills in the

vicinity, or who wander into the place on market-daya with
produce for sale, or bullocks for hire. The town is neither
wallod nor fortified in any way, ifan imperfect barnboo stockade
on the south and of the west sides is exce ‘The
population is el t Was inixed Lp at Mi me nine
@ greater of Chinese an Aaveien 6 whole
would rokabiy ie umber more than about 1500 persons,
‘Tho Shuoli Valley, in form of a level plain, may be nid, as
far as I am aware, to have its upper lumit only some 6 or 8
miles above the town of Mung-Mau, between that place and
Luey-leik, and its lower limit, near the point where the river
re-enters the hills in its course to the south-west; it would thus
measure some 30 miles in length, with a breadth pee

some places there are swamps ani Miners? hollows that point
to the occurrence of inundations duri flood season of the
Shueli; nevertheless, haps one baif of the entire area,
exclusive of the river-bed, may be roughly estimated to be

* Theinnee is someties spokun of az containing 49 maingr,

in Western Yunnan. 209

‘Throughout valley in the Shan States the Shuoli
Rivet eas tat general erally well defined, eda shibgly bes aos
a scarcely perce) between the lower
ene the valley bitin which a ave ioral pond

lity of any consider
a pl ny be the Ppp eeay malate ‘of tho Send

neurly opposite omg. ch esti~
mate it would ceom that the Nam-Wun toler to
about one-third of the Shueli, and the velocity in each about

po anse rally higher up. The river appears to have unsc-
countably missed taking this secondary valley, to the south of
the spur, and to havo mado its way alon; the northern side of
it for about 2 miles; it then suddenly a turn to the south
and 2 SCR feeoneme ele, narrow gorge or defile.
i i bank of he iver
from the Nam- Wut oon confluence et — and it was
syident that the influence of the Nam-Wun on the Shueli was
one of velocity entirely, Fees beetieie freee ana
creased after junction, for the breadth below was even less than
Fa ai coalinanion, end shees. wes 0, sppeaeaice.te uerostett

depth. ier aged ee Stall ae Sims eee

th eh ey bes sDarrowed daceomeag
, from the lay a aah a

bn the other h eRe ey was greatly increased, and
must have been at least 4 geographical miles an hour at this,

Jatter is called by the Chinese buen, * these two rivera” he
continues, * there is a small stato called Maow, containing many extonsive
the whieh fa ieliy grit.” Hep ale Klagrt

* On the sccompan Maa i nee ‘but the town
stande on ris Soni poor re anv

+ Probably Henan of Cranilg® sop sontines witan Fan
‘Lang-quan.

VOL, XLVI, ®

in Western Yunnan. 2
Beemer nataral‘one! on
== econ
nese ‘edn is on Sees the Shnoli

Se natural border, but in no caso, that J-am aware

eet oceania

ond come and go in the Shan torritory ax

the markets bofites bn} bir sled eqonty ha
‘as ballock-drivers, or porters for their prodacé; while

other hand, the Shans never venture atong the hills

of their neighbours without an escort of ered

it an
Pe enters head of a
Buddhists, and having a written

Mie ponies ni), these would ieee tl oe
ain civilisation over ar

, their buildings, their domestic Hate serete aes
Tye ittle or no advantage; and
extensive on account of the ae
still the Kakhyens cultivate considerably for their li num:
bers, and I imagine would equal the SI in this
SE er

2 Ye fi yens

ad advance of Gane of the Shiols Va a

?
Hl

towns, so far as I saw them, being mere collections
cabing, without strects and without shops, cannot be
even the local centres of trade, for they are only

a
9
et
=
z
=
:
i
E
#

ef Hy
in
ue
it
a
a
ite
tr
Sag
ee
i

1 tribes cancarned. To the nortl
equally inlopendent, though on the line of that tire—tho main roel
trigne, opiuia, and other infuences, 70

‘mndovmined this Fodependont condition. _,

in Western Yunnan.

ey
&

however, esa con upon these amiable 60
Ww

2
Aa
a
es.
iG
roe
Ee
He
iG
eT

i
iH!
E
E
Bx
z
Be
ale
Le

mese weil ap ine ta Thero is absolutely i
current, a ees balk lang at rei cee
would pass by weight and at a discount on cee,
trade, not barter, is carried on. tee of Chico (or blk
silver weighed according to Burmese custom

through ae hills “These are almost sien Lae
int and and they oath airs joe

which all payzients are reckoned : thus, on ing zl te
Saag Eee toes hing i
to the Lennas as transit dut ee

ion ;” so that in fact about 1

as the amount of transit-dues levied i meee Gree
Sawnddy and tho Shueli Tsauby ‘These dues are o0-
casionall by by upward-bound pares at the

yy atthe foot of the hills, but more frequently

Eatin the chief (Palanngtu) Tsaubwa taking no part in

the collection of tolls for the reason that his village is not on
the main road. All downward-bound caravans pay at Wurab-
hum. For the tmde with China—vis,, at the other end of
tho yalley—tho Mung-Mau Tsaubwa, T was informed,* has a

* Not on vory good authority.

Rtn Seng goer oe tet

Chanai .. ane
From Siaou-Chanai to village on Namthnbe.

CMa plebatishdneccalgct preecbtag
‘the more northerly of the two

than 24 days to traverse, but to what it leads I
information. Neither have 1 any but con! brpiteden
country throngh which those routes puss, of how far back from tho river tho
plain extends, or’of the natare of tho hill-tract boycud.

Tk is therefore almost impossible to say whether oither om be the ronte on
which Marco Polo desoribes the groat desoont of 24 days! to the
forests of Miyn ; but one of thera would certainly 9 teth ‘road
travelled by tho 20,000 to 30,000 fugitives from “Yunnan-foo to Ava in tho,
pez lst? (es mentioned in Vol. 6 of Arad, Reyalo dex Sclnces 1736, and
i Kale's “Marco Polo,’ ii. p. 72, 1st ed.),

itinerary gives -— ae
Press Tate hss ig to Momicn © 4, se ov ne oe oe
‘From Momien to m village where they embarked for Ava‘, 5

pbingon (* Descriptive Acct. of Amaru,” 1841, p. 247), mentions w.route In’
from plac calle Katomow on the:
sand refers probably to the Naamthabot line,

‘A noto on the Kakhyen, or Singpo mee, in & general sense, would ocor,
too much space, and be fr be Rho woos of Shia short pebery I propeey
therefore, only to glance at what ia known of their origin, or carly

In tho absence of a written language, it is at all times exceodingly dificult

in Western Yunnan. 217

the eee Se Tem chanics ee eat of the
‘Norns az part of his schame for the subjection of Upper ; his army was
his brothor, Satm-lung-pha ; nnd it ia in the records of
thi carpi tha he Aakhyeae oe tnt mecsoo ‘No State or
appears to have
among

Wut a ele ae nr
Non f Aka ait be Tod ‘some assistance to the

3 ofl
since the timo of Siri Jia's exiatonco, ie. nearly twenty-three gonerations up to
tho present date,

* Ai-Khem to the north end Ai-ton to the south, ‘Tho revord of tho Noras

219

in Wertern Vanaan.

rpenaelut
Ta infle eh, ue
: pagan eal iota
i ae Hig ui Pee Fiat ul
ae @ a if art fies 32 zest lj
dia Ha a tii te i
qi dad al Ey ae: aqichets KE Bay é i
He ae dae line itll
ee tay et pe ab
ad iat pagel Wie sie ul
att Bat a gst ett
(aaa al Beards il Tet ee
in eae Hisalllfil
sot eer
Wa e ages

BRS RESEERE
Hatt
ES egrherils
tb EEE
be (anu
Eee if
iY alta
nat
Ha
a al
He

og i So ee

Pre pee tea eal saat ec
GB) Pedemun Ug Nat that resides in man for evil purprsee—an ev

15.) Bhim Noi—The sist ofthe hla.
tit of tho

sacrificed to
os Tales tant who pane stepe and doorways (not the eame as
xe Pe eae, Scents ie ‘He guards the posterity of the faally,

i unsle Na "The oe reel te ee ‘gnant,
tt ie Moca te ghost of ‘tat a
aterm of abuse among Kakbyens. mae tp tin,
‘a plece Tih aed a naa a
Ko Kam La Nat—The spirit after death,
camo io a Kakhyen village and anh cite, Ears eeedacal oh a
of tickness.*

cases
"Kau Saing Nat, or Haw Seng.—Tho God of China.
Nat—The stir it of the 4 hen morificat:
eee eee See i

<The name of the king hare not emertalned, but the Nat te a
ping boc mee fo tle eskimo

‘his expedition
i ae re Sa tduare teak sboatibed™ tm ible wap by oct bee
.

afk i i, i “| ii
SgSg35ig3es Saad: sone S
a ee
ee cae rage iE
ft dleabey a! eee as
LASER! | (he a
2 ir os avis a3 PEE 4
inthe my Bena |
a ees ies sei
Beg ali Heath
i iE 4 fan aie eae |"
334 Anne! Hue

in Western Yunnan. 225

Warabhum,
Latitude by Moridian Altitude 8. of Zenith.
4875. Feb. 11, Sirius ee OO N,
Palaungtu.

Latitude by Meridian Altitude 8 of Zenith,
AST, Feb. 12 Siriuy ee oe HOON

Eutlung. :
Latitndo by Meridian Altitude 8. of Zonith,
1515, Feb 1S. Sirus we BO
Sables ye ae al Dg ei
1875, Feb. 28... ag win a fh &
Mean of &andN, .. 4, 28 82 45,
Mung-Mau,
Latitude by Moridion Altitudo 8, of Zenith.
1875, Feb. 15; Sirius usenet eae 6 at
Latitudo by Polo Star out of tho Moridian,
1976. Wob15 UE we ie sax an Sa ae
Fs ies inet a erate! “4 0 8
Su, al aol calle Aw QMS
Mone S.andNov. .. 2 0 45

Nam-Kam.
Latitude by Meridian Altitude & of Zenith.
1875. Feb. 26, Sivfas eo

Mung-AMa
Longitude by Lunar Distanoos.

15, Aldsbaran Ist sot. Moon ¥, . & ro fs

28 Mo

na 5 0

Regulus 2nd Moon W. 7 D8 18

Moan, Moon E.98" 12 8". Moon W. 98" 1" ST".
Concluded Mean 96° 06° 63".
Bhamo,
Maguetio Variation.*

167. Dey a Oba. Bast of Be Meridian
187!

pat De. a Obs, Wat he rian :
1875, Fob, 5,

Mean of Haat and West =

* North end of noeille deviating to Kust of astronomloal north.
VOL, XLVE. Q

in Western Yunnan.

Longitude,
I, By Lunar Distances.

227

WIL Ort. 22 Ss Anuilo Int ot Moon Bs 5+ oe 1d “o
ailm tndsct. Moon... .. 95 58 15
ot Mikeed dew Menwis O88 1o
Aldebaran 2nd sot, MoowW... i. 96 18 0
: zAquilm lstsot. Moon B. .. 1. OS 88 15
eAquilm Qndest, Moon E. ©. (. 95 48 19
oh we ftee AM et sot, Moon W., , 96 14 30
ho {) Aldeharan nd set, Moon W.. + 90 8 15
Moon ‘Moon W, Daily Means.
Oct 22. of 4 ah ab ft 6 oh 6 4
+7 28, 95 60 45 96 iL 2 % 1 4
‘Mean of the Daily Means
Long. 96° 4 56” Bout,
IL. By Oogaltations of Starr,
ISA. Oot. 28. BLA. C176. oa . 8d
we Nov, 2% BAG. 8579. «ow 8 88
tenn Th e Capricorn <. Di 6 5
MOU agg Aguar % 5 BR
VOD aa) gt Aqnarii Bor wight ab” 8 7 36
Mean .. +, us os 96, 5 20
Nore—Tho last chyorvatio, being reeppearance at the bright tim; wae
prubably ghoorved too ini, thus pivtog $00 sets ongiteda Ib Ses ain
Fomowhnt too late ut the Yio of obscrvations but Me Elis, write,“ T abould
no recommend the application of any hypothtical eotretion, but take theremlt
fa with tho others ae of equal val
Concinded means.
By Lunar distances atte
By Occultations as
Mean Longiteda ..
Magneléc Variation.
(North ond of Neoille deviating to East of Astronomieal North).
Oba. . of Meridian, Oba, WW, of Meritian,
1874. Nov. 8 .. Ot 18 .. 2 ob
Thats os fe eee et
gma CP fio. 8
Mean. Mom. 2 58
Mean of Kast and Weat.
iv

international boundary-line between the British

igor Amer nd the Uae Sty sh ean part
the Continent from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky
tains, was established by treaty in 1818; but more than half a
ec raetemeet bare ae Teceamity arses and
marking the’ 9 on round.

Sai ey ora sy ia Dah

in United States territory; but in the early, of the

ap
z
z
s
5

, all its settlers come

e
2
t
i
:

eng) ‘actory s
Bay, by an equally difficult route, had in the earl of this

ry the prairi:
object of these rival Companies was the fur-trado, ani
no interest or deaire to open

lians, some of
and in 1812 established on it a colony of Sutherl Bie
landers, whom he imported caw of Hudson's Bay, and
left them on the banks of the iver to endure fret hard-
ships, which were aggravated by the constant hostilities of the
rival Fur Companies, who, after carrying on a war of extermi-
nation with each other for some years, eventually made peace
in 1821, and joined in partnership, This union caused the canoe
Bel So ee cee ly to be abandoned for trade in
favour of the more northerly route direct to the seaboard. The
latter route was available during the months of June and Ji
only, and the ship that annually came from En,
supplies took away the furs. The Red River colonists were,
therefore, almost cut off from communication with the outside
world; while it was impossible for new settlers to come into
Bales, unless they were imported by the Hudson’s Bay

pany.

Suxeying was already woll ad-
vanced, and ot of the Joint Commission in
camp on the Red River was riaieat from
wi th great violence for throe days,

" ‘The settlers foretold
this was the harbinger of fine autumn weather, which proyed to
be the case; for di i month bright and genial
Teesiier rearsiacdantion erie , and inotiouless state of
-atinosp! Po 'y. known it Canada as the
33 position of the boundary-line at Red
River was carefully independently by astronomical
taken by the two Commissions, and the results
differed by 82 feet, or t one-third of a second of latitade.*
“This difforence was halved, and. the of the boundary-
dine, as then agreed to confirmed the rough ‘observations that
Ahad been previously taken by Captain Palliser and others, Tho
Griucipall point uow scttlod ‘wee, thas the, Hodscn's Bay Com
any’s post, the territorial of which had been
ieee ascertained to be 200 yards within British ter-
In order to take ad of the open weather that
ight be expected during the month of October, three astrono-

jes were ed by the British Commission,
two of them to the Lule of the Wood, to commence

operations there in concert with the United States Commission ;
and the third party commenced work at an intermediate point

A mBiopiy. pantontee itself at the outset, a3 to the exact
north-west point of the Lake of the Woods,

eterminod by a former Joint Commission in 1826, being the
terminal point of the operations under that Commission, and
the initial point of the work of tho present Commission. The
point was described as being in a swamp, and thero being

constructed about a mile south of the spot, at an exact oe
cares upon as the north-wost corner of the Luke of the Woods.
traces of this wooden pyramid had aissppasred, but the tra-

‘Chippewa tribe, some younger members of the tribe indicated

* "Tho mothod of working and marking the houndary-line is explained su the
Appendix.

the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 288

was equally divided among their number, and used with sur-
prising economy. After living almost entirely on mooso-mout
and a few roots, they have an indescribable craving for flour.
During the progress of the work the frost set in on the 8th of
Novembor, and travelling through the swamps became casier,

‘early fall of snow prevented the swamps from freezing,
and 1] ind continued to be treacherous till the snow along
the travelled trail had become well consolidated by constant foot
traffic. The due-south line passes almost invisibly from ite,

into the open lake, the timber, becoming more and more st
merging into willow-bushes and coarse reedy grass. The acti
lake-shore was indicated by a sandy beach, on which a fow
willows ‘led for existence ; and the surf which had beaten
violently on the beach during the prevalence of southerly winds
had now become frozen into most, fantastic forms, and the
floating ice which had been drifted to land was packed and
consolidated in a rugged and confused mass, which extended
for some distance into the Jake, and was merged at lust into
the ‘Ue icy covering which now held the surfuce of the lake
fast. Inland from the bench, a belt of open marsh, fully a mile
in width, had become coated with glare ice, 2 feet in ness,
and this ice, which had formed under more peaceful conditions
than that in the open lake, was as clear aa eryatal and stran;
beautiful. In striking contrast with the icy desolation of the
scene, the Indians, on finding that their work was at an end,
ron forward with wild joy, shouting, and enjoying the frequent
falls that they met with in rushing thoughtlessly over the ice,
till they arrived at the beach-line, where an liane eer
was set up. Just at this time a snowstorm, which had
threatening from the southward, came up with great fury, and,
with a temperature below zero, everyone was compelled to cover
his faco; and the retreat to the sheltered cutting in the woods
was almost cut off by the severity of the storm. Tho truo
direction in which the men had to travel was only ensured by
ranging the men in line, and prolonging the line of travel by
looking back on those in rear, who were not allowed to move
forward till the foremost ones were placed in line.

The boundary-line continues sontherly for 10 miles across
the open lake, and intersects the 49th parallel at a spot in
the lake where the soundings showed 80 fect of water. Pro-
cen then due west for 6 miles, the boundary-line inter
sects the western shore of the lake, at which point 4 serics
of observations was taken by the Joint Commission on a little
sandy ridge, where a few poplars were found, and a dry spot

the encampment. Close by, a small and independent
band of Indians was established, who cultivated somo small

the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountainn 285

alerra une! by white men; and described
SS eae
ich was retarded by the overlying snow. swamps

were
found to be quite impassable for wheeled vehicles or pack-horses
during the cae season; but by making a from Red

River towards the south for 25 miles, access was obtained to a
point on the boundary, 57 miles wost of Red River, From this
it progress in either an east or west direction was impeded
#wamp, and the work was continued with much diffi till
winter set in and the surface of the swamps gradually froze. As
Puen cared renoe) aad the lon loca in tec eek

wore supplied with leathe 5
Eos.
wrt of stores and provisi vanced partic

transpo wisions to the most ady partion
owas accomplished by dogetrai Al hit generally
supposed he SiS nn carat ns =a

ond animals were spated the excessive fatigue
working mgh the unfrozen swamps. It was soon ascer-
tained, too, that the winter was the only time in which the
country between Red River and the Lake of ihe Woods could
be surveyed, as the awampes were almost continuous, and say
intersected at intervals by belts of timber. Although the
was at times intense, the thermometer often showing 40° below
zero, and on one occasion 51° below zero, the marking parties
were for the most part protected in camp by the is, and as
Jong as the air was still, no great discomfort was experienced,
‘The least wind, however, caused much suffering and many
frost-bites, In using the astronomical instruments, care hed to
be taken not. to touch the metal of the instrument with the
bare hand. Tho observer would occasionally find his eyelid
froven to the eye-piece of the instrument, scexpeienaee by the
Russian officers in Siberia. While on the march in a cold wind,
the traveller would frequently find his eyelids for the moment
frozen spgesnets A severe snowstorm swept over the country
on the 7th, Sth, and 9th of January, 1873, causing great loss of
life in Minnesota, farmers with their families being caught when
driving in sleighs, attempting journeys of a few miles from
‘ing houses. I have a vivid recollection of tho storm,
in consequence of being out in the open country at the time
trayelling on snow-shoes, in company with two attendants, and
a dog-train carrying blankets and provisions, The dogs were
stung ¢o pitilessly in their eyee and ears by the drifting snow, that
it was impossible to get thom to face it; and they continually

the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 287

‘The result of the first winter's operations was the completion
boundary work betwoon tho Lake of the Woods and Red

HERE

Hl
Ft
H
. Hi
uf
:
He

re
u
35
A
A
Ee
A
2

ass
ain
gif
ace
E
Fie
F
ak
by
ie

was

housed in quarters which had been specially
ring the winter. The quarters consisted of
wooden buildings, capable of uccommodating eleven
parang pee piste one hundred and seventy-four
. ‘They were built by contract, and completed
eg sopieopeeriahnr abner
most trying to the trans; it
pee gr
for their sustenance, the officers and men
th, and anly a few cases of serious illness

winter of 1872, advantage was taken of « line of
connecting the Red River Settlement with the United
exchange telegraphic signals for the determination
the difference of itude between our obser camp
at Red River and the United States observatory at Chicago.
Nine bundred miles of wire were placed in continuous circuit,
and instantaneous comparisons of the Jocal time at tho two ends
were made on five successive nights, simultaneous with observa-
tions’of tho stars for determination of local time at each place,
In midwinter the insulation of the wires was perfect, and |
circuit was worked without difficulty ; th great trouble

‘annoyance was occasioned by the clerks at the numerous inter
mediate stations fighting on the wire, that is, trying to send simul~
tanoous messages when only one measage at a time was practicable,

SPT ARTEEHEE
&s at i i

the Laake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, 239

their fixed observatory instruments within one hundred yards
of the ‘and subsequently measuro north or south
to the exact position of the 49th when the final result
of the observations and calenlations

the reconnaissance was thus important, as it greatly facili-

ia
e

$
u
2:

a
Le
:
7,

prairie af the
Valley was found to extend for 35 miles to the westward,
then to be bounded by the first Prairie called Pembi
Mountain, an ancient shore-line whieh was
many miles before reaching it from the eastward, as on
broken blue ridge with elevated table-land beyond.

:
i
res

proved to be wooded with a small 4) dense growth of
poplar, and the boundary-line ‘ing through 8 miles of
rough leer came upon the the bina River,
which flows in a deep ravine below the table-land,

the river was to be fordablo when the waters wore at their
inary summer-level. On passing this ravine an ascent is
made to the upper plateau and to the commencement of the
great plains w! extend in one vast expanse, more or less
Lipp ayia teal hag pega eA
‘he ‘t plains resemble a sometimes: I

at other aie abounding in hillocks and me latior petal
and occasional prominences rising 30 or 40 feet al the
level of tho plain are met with, from which a mic

view can be obtained to the horizon 10 or 12 distant.
From these elevations tho vastnoss and solitude of the plains
can be seen and realised. A ie ari with some admixture
of sand, a stunted growth irie-prase wings in
bunches, and in every direction across Ae ple biffalo-treoks
or old pangsae distinctly marked, and in many places tho
skulls and bones of the buffalo are about,

in evidence of the vast numbers that must formerly have grazed
over the ground, and of the deh rartene ter caer a
cally exterminated them in this section of country. The only
signs of life that attract the traveller's attention are the inni-

the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 24

ion that we should fail in our attempt to survey and mark
he boundary in 9 continuous line across the mountain. Tho
difficulties pointed out by the Indians were not. ; for
it inmned out that the Donndary, in ite course of 5 miles in

“mt peter side since 1861, ee nee Mie ones
I RTH TT: iy ican sett

during the summer. During the operations of the
Commission a depot was kept pei storing supplies, ani
‘8 large store-house of poplar logs, in which the
care-takers lived during the winter months, munication
with the headquarters at Red River was somewhat precarious at
that season except by dog-trains, but the more northerly settle-
mente on Red River are of easier access in consequence of inter-
Teogvas'thas ‘erasing to, 70 sles ot open probe Ine

9 imme-
diately to the eastward. effect of the led. a of Turtle
Mountain was very marked in ericiey wegen from the clouds,
while the eurrounding plain suffered continued drought,

VOL. XLVI. a

spinal
trial, cbiect
5

rss tad

al inet Hegel A

if Hendy
324 iF : leer a33 uf Hi i
HIB at TEBE i i TU
Le il Ru etaee ah i
| : Ti He nica ih Pup : ui
En rt a
UTI EE Pn PU peee rruenteets te

8 year, and eral en onda Hod vr as ord

been continuously
and marked by the Joint Commission during the four and

i
&
&
z
rid
a
&

28
aa
e
i
iH
Hye
e
:
Tee

He
sisfeatis
rleepeae
Tui
rye
eid it
aie
ee :
ea
s ei idecsiieh

destroction. ‘They had just time to reach their camp,
‘tear down their tents, and to plunge ing into an

#
i
E
E
!
2
g
it
ig
it

was and the oxen released from eee
driven to it, the unfortunate animals were too mach to
wemain quiet, but rushed about wildly in the flames and were
eeoctomad mats se eae ‘Une of the mon had the hair on
his burat, aud in the rash of wind secompunying the passage
of the fire, his hat went away, adding fuel to flames, At
‘one of the astronomical camps one of the officers, seeing the
onward progress of the fire, employed all the men in the camp
‘to meot the fire and save as much as possible by burning
strip; this was so far successful that about 400 acres of grass
were saved, which were of incalculable value to tho transport-
animals on the final retreat; but the fire that had been started
with this object at last got beyond control, and

the Like of the Wood t0 the’ Rocky Mountains: 247

i
A
i
Z
E
i
j
it
i

i
ah

lee

fu
a5
32
Be:
5k

rib?
rt
Be

i
EE
ue
Hill
fie’

Ht
H

if
Fl
f
Sele
ft
aes
ul
i

z
j
|
BE
i
i
Hi

‘established ut intervals of
ions, by which,

‘country, at Woody Mountain to meet
tho-wants ‘fi the Commiagion for ey earn per aman

"4 wine psp | cepverraucreaaplennenigagin
Hentai iu java
vi eee i

a 4 ae a i 3

3 eg Cisgedio i457 72 pe 2g8 243 8153 eee 4

: tH Re ET eee

ets Geer BIRTH

{a eeiniiuae a i tata
ATE eB
PTH TLE Heirri rea eeeeeed PPE

arate samcrnrtced tite
ah tha totvuilarie ees tew haat

“tho Lake of the Wools to tho Rocky Mountains, 251

abundance, The buffalo were met with here in, great
und on one occasion were noticed to be up

Seis
gue
pier
A atl
ip

if
a

diameter, into which their “ponies were’ driven’ at night) and
fons ero pik} wie

rs iy ecordacacl ngeley aor ome
reat pan!

antes ree who

a Soe ral be thelr chief mtarerelon

ie as ‘spiritual ‘Business was -trancacted by

‘a council who met ‘iy, unl dockded wHced hay aha hunt.

hunti Lara taintoanbonr deat
would follow in rear of the: hunters to carry home

Each ether prtaney shea es six or eight animals

in the day, and for remainder of the day bis whole

the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, 258

tern butte, and the indomitable oxen “arrived bere with fall
in charge of the com and his

‘A fow days detntion ot thie dept ste wd operant oe

fention at this site iti
Ree erative beoniinte on ie three tepals Mr. Daw-
son, the geologist, reported are of igneous 5
pon little monntain pr i repens highest

river rises in the mountains, and flows northward boisterously in
achannel full of boulders and shingle. No sight could be mora
erate ples are packs ig waters from the mountains,
after the stagnant muddy rivers of the Great Plains.
granite rs were found on the plateau nearSt. Mary's
River. The bed rock, from which these blocks must have
travelled, is 700 miles distant. Some bituminous coal wasfound
exposed in. the river-banks, On Kress Mary's River the
boundary-line enters the fertile belt which extends for 25 miles
the base of the Rocky Mountains, emiges change for the
ter is now observable in the soil, whic undulating
and even hilly before arriving at the actual base of the moun-

LyESEEL EH
ie
BeeEebEse
Hiteade
g pelt i

te
EELEE Foods

a Hl
he i He
fael

if
H
t
ie
it

in great force in the neighbourhood. tribe alone
numbering 6000 warriors—und their scouts were seen to be

the ission. We commenced our

fee pen Spe ao robably than had expected,
and as we were ‘callectod into sufleient parties to
protect ourselves no molestation was ol camp was
always formed by the waggons being in a circle, and

the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountain, 257

eer ese, hoc pastry i mnaem neem met as Ee

The whole from the Lake of the Woods to the
fountains is now marked by stone caims or
mounds at 3-mi across t plains, and by iron

same plot of for forty successive The wild
of patel pace nent te favourable far sock-rsline i ofall
VOL. XLVI. x

28) un

aie Hen Hei : Fee

i Heh
ila heiite let
a ae ee Fi
faples ie a

HEE

BE&e Beeens esse,

aun ie eis igaiz:
Rane i ii ni eke

Bil an

Hae

PRL OR AC, 259
j—and the
pul

rarely,
lelicate
oat-crop is
has eet
from
\blished
found
scarvit
use
settled

ise
seri
from 18
as they
eae

APPENDIX.

Hue Hill
earl 3 il B q
tai < iis itt FH ei a nt

EET ES itt
He
; : i Ha } Tete

art eitapieiag!
lees Hanh
HAP EH Le ed ee
Le ee

we ead tame mal - 26h

tisonarh
Lod
was
the

bnerrations f
‘These
carly
tho
if
wore

EB
35788 S35 F ver
ee ae a ar a LH

log Sh ened wa

Meuabldha deal tbe

3
:
£

author. ‘The little G
of the river, at an i
‘a-lovel, being taken as the startin

4, the ex,
accurate

y
in

eit riguea ut H i
a

of a

sufficienth
the river itself,

of about 2400 feet above sei

Biee-Wrruer on the Vailey of the Tibagy. 265

intervals of few hundred yards or leas, locomotion by
land would probably prove to be not only the more tedious, but
also the more difficult, means of progression of the two.

From the Freguezia das Conchas down to where the Rio
Pitangui enters (a distance of about 34 miles), the river

Larrabee Page yah cal eS J
either in depth or width of channel. The ivity of its bed
is here aleo alight, and, with the exception of one small
cascade caused by an eruption of “trap” rock, it has no ob-
structions whatever, and is navigable throughout, even in the
Griest seasons of the year, for boats or canoes drawing up to
1} foot of water.

‘The geological formation of both sides of the valley ia sand-
stone overlying granite, which latter occasionally crops out on
to the surface on the surrounding ete

‘The land is not generally fertile, except at some distance
from the river on southwest slope of the valley, where
beds of clay and gravel predominate, and forest commences.

In marked contrast, however, to this upper portion of the
river and valley is the general character of the section below,
namely, that lying between the river waa and the town of

, 0 distance by water of about 30 miles,
to the sive hag been winding fully along through
an elevated and comparatively level plateau; it has now, how-
ever, approached the verge of this plateau, and the big retro-
grade which it here makes, seems to show that an obstacle
at last been encountered which cannot readily be passed,
aly however, an outlet is found, and, leaving the level
plateau
course of headlong, impetuous destruction; tearing its way
down a succession of long, inclined planes, till it reaches, after
falling 600 feet in the short distance of 30 miles, the town of
Ti . Here, onca more, it appears for the time at least to
have found its proper level, and subsides for a brief space into
its former ealm and even flow.
_ The journey ovor this latter portion of the river was exciting
in the extreme—the roar of the waters, the shouting of the
men, as rapid after rapid was shot in quick succession, in con-
junction with the general wildness of the surroundi Ean
combined to fuce an impression upon the mind impossible
to describe. Nor was the descent accomplished altogether
with impunity. Of the two canoes forming the mengre loco-
motive outfit of the party, one had been, on first entering the
rapids, unladen and employed as « pilot for the other and bigger
canoe. This canoe by some unlucky chance allowed herself to
be drawn unawares into the midst of one of the most dangerous

Broa-Werten on the Valley of the Tibagy. 267

exposure to at cris influences, the “trap” is continually
{ckosng and ring wt ta rian othersivo po
This prairie land attains to its test. richness in the neigh.
bourhood of the town of Til simrapdiaialy, Hetorede perce
into the still richer forest-land

At may here be observed that although on a a line
Rr Aedlanladion, Eebooen and praii eta genta
nature no such strietl; align. a There is no

be more accurately shown by a broad belt than by a

ite of the want of roads and the consequent diffi
paltioa of th cattle ih as. considerable ities of

ity.

< Working af these diamond-mines ahs discontinued some
four arin on account of their exhaustion, but because
the depth w ich the diamond-bearing stratum had then reachod
below the surface of the ground made their further wor!

no longer profitable with the both limited and indifferently-
managed resources at di Statistics obtained on the

and verified, where possible, from independent. sources, and a
careful examination of the mine itsel!, convinced the author
that, though abandoned for the present, they are yet capable

the highest in January.
‘The air is most invigorating; and, contrary to tho usually

Thaa-Wrrnes on the Valley of the Tibagy. 200

‘Pibsgy, a8 it was wiser to the river y
from yin order tho risk of in navi its
unknown ‘rapids sh be

i
i
i
i
E

ah
:
H
a
He
a

riers
Hey
i
fae
He
i

|
i
rE

=
Had
li
[es tn
ll
He
E

:
ig
&
|

emerges into an open patch
“ prairio,” or “ ” which (strangely enough at first si
(aioe a Opt oarsmen ier Sepa pie
surrounding forest. A similar pateb, called the “Campo de

beoe

have many square miles of an almost perfect 80
fat is it Layee peri onitias lac i of
their extent is ly covered by swam
Tho fallowing facia obscrvod, appear to alford come key to

Bia-Wiruer on the Valley of the Tibagy. 271

&
Bi
tl
g&
5

ge
1
a
i
i
F

ae
uf
i

ail
bey
AH

i
re

The evidence of the river once haying filled a far
than that which now suffices to contain its

outline bills ranged LD igant anphdhestca oppor
equi-altitu i c itic. amphi oppo
sing each other on either si 2 THAN, mgel pn
ire in anduiowartatjieleuaice: ian the
these were striking features, and rendered. more
from the fact that, from this elevated point of view, all minor
configurations of the ground, which would ve

to confuse the eye, had disappeared, or were visible but in

ir just relative proportions.

Hence it was now quite evident that the pass ent by the
river through eral Range Pe aperenes
or eafion, on the contrary, was a wide valley, fering
LS ACRERT difficulties to the construction fm Tailway

character

of the ‘tation becomes more completely tropical, and the

feist tote and eed i averted

garlic-tree, and the fig-tree, of which rivals in ita dimen-
has displaced,

Bioa-Wrrien on the Valley of the Tibagy. 273

AO AT GENE ea GH Aro amish ear
colony, containing about tas and ey sore
ever since its formation Tae, state of
inulin coon any oh fl akoeen

is count

Daring “the time, of the Paraguayan war it was used by the
Brosilian terry eae for mili ia dn
fos agate in consaqy tg Uj \usion of the
war it Dain into, ia former state fe though buoyed buoyed up for
the time by the that the Government, having once proved
Reawilea Shines ane make some
«fort to open up better communication with it from the east-

ward than the wretched mule-track already existing, These
Aopes have not, however, yet been fulfilled.

Lhe river below Jatahy is not sok seyigtble Teing fall of shallows

and small rapids, though, during the war, the Government
made constant use of it for transporti Lele ties of canoes,
Jorge quantities of war materials into though at a
Joss of cont one-sixth of the cargoes,

Frost is here, too, unknown, and coffee, su, eet
sete ane ices benidens al sof tropical fra ite—such as

and pine-a — luxuriant];
ileal ang of tn che sales asians i

trade is carried is with the prairie-towns in sugar
“e ae (a kind of rum). ‘This, in addition to a certain
annual i afford led by G vernment, is sufficient to keep
the place alive, An int colony of semi-tamo
Tndians, under the direction of a Padre or dacs) Pee
posed 500 individuals, is established on the opposite bani

Lite ost of the smaller Eialian rivers on he Hosiess of
e Tibagy is sul to frequent and violent floods,
oven at irregular iste oa

On account of one of theso sudden toile 0 rortaly,
author was detained at Jatahy from the 2 2nd to aes Steg
After nine days of dooce rain, the river

where it was about 20 ren ee ees Paes
of water which it ‘lu from 8000 to 200,000
cubic yards per minute,

Immense trees, ied by an enormous

fecompan amount of débris,
down in endless succession during the height of the flood,
the noise of their roots plonghing, rocky bed of the river,

were borne impetuous! in the swirl of waters, was
ah audible at a ST Tee eae the bank,
‘VOL, XLVI. x

Brac Waraen on the Valley of the) Tihagy. aT8
arid forming s cloull upon the summit, The roar of the immense

faci of weet was like deep eee st tp siele
per exatnination this seo gente ae

and about half a mile in length. ra “nls wae

perpendicular walls of basalt of nearly 200 Sail

offered no: ive forthe passage of the

SS vipseradrgeny xin enadienicndhaia pale.
is operation, which was of a
_ le oe arene thin on
a tor part 0 00 Appearance of
wild, Of the Botooudo ii.

thn from their eden brutish, oe
‘it was hecessary to be ¢onstantly on one's saris

(tia, BirecsTealesessnbsiryma eesabiock
san uceameictial nares eam

ie
fireee
a :
isi LP
He
E
= Ferd
ae
i

&
EEE

ney mney: the river between Jatahy-and Tiny
haa ‘already Toon. ould or dampliod ; but it’ may be

to mark out the limits of three of the more widely-differing
sections into which it may naturally be divided.

much diminished.
Fenian rape erga om
is remir! reason
lis proper (as distin, ane rapids or,
mee pote them of long reaches of deep
calm water, isc ploy cobiainetipal Mama hich arasetan 6.
"*

SMaw on the Geography ef Lastern Durkiston, — 279.

Athmtine, Una type tmp ysl

Mustals (sometir Soper ae
Hanky oe inthe serve tear Be

abumbéish ix Es by pee
Amir of Kashghar. Tada is bel is SN anu of Hunza~
Nagar... One of the Bacniaries of Bala of Bi

marked out. As it mdjoined Raskem

must have included Hunga-Nagar. a

a real dij
i cena et onetace ihe tenet] fm
F mentioned,

ef is in the direction of ieee [south of
weet; ia ality ti wry little sabe react south] from
a and the mountains lie between. That which’
lies between. Yéskinds « and Kashmir is, a, $a Pin of Tibet,
called Balti. And here in the same way eee

the ae pee Balti ee width of preiecaie sieeTise nae

chief
ae iit tea ay ofS a
in Siriano ool “ lithe ih ey a
acclivity to, that is about twenty days’ journes

“Similarly in tho, winter sunset’ [south an west], of Khotan
certain of the cities of India are situated, as Lahor and Sultan~
pur and Bajwéra ;} and the same mountains before-mentioned
tic between. That which lies bet Khotan and the cities
of India, above-named, forms of Tibet, viz. Arduke
{Radok], and Gugeh ioe) ane Agpati$ (Bridh foe 3 this

must be borne in mind, these mountains end

[China).”

Here wo have a ical description which shows that
Mirza Haldar was able to rise aboye details and conceive a
general idea—a rare faculty among Orientals. The account of,
the mountain region sweeping round the north, west, and south,
of Kashghoria, and thos La hee that country on threo sides,
is the simplest and truest that can be given. “Our author evi-
denily, considers all that lies between Yirkand. and Khotan on

* Tho capital of Baltistan.

soar Sultinpu.
t Horo we here ie mah arty of certain Oriontal nations’ which. provonts
their boing blo to pronounce an s immodiately preceding another comonant at
pieaee Word, has, wo havo Zaid for tho forint Sealth, Zahardo

SHAW on the Geography of Eastern Terkistan, 281

which M. Pedsehenko visited this plateau, it wus about 7
iniles wide und 8000 feet high. ‘Yowards the east there are
no mountains visible, and the plateau seems to widen out
towards the north-east, On the south the Alal is skirted by a
snowy range... . Across these mountains, which M. Feds
chenko calls the ‘Trans-Alui, there is a puss into Sarikol, and
Hikialaradtirmid ries maha el ties iene
leads to har.”* He himself crossed the range which bounds
the Alai on the north by a pass of 13,000 feet.

Now, it is across this same range further east that the Shart
Pass leads (the eek, or mam route between Khokand and
eee being still furtler east), On crossing the Shart
Pass the north one enters the flat Alat i, Which is
hore described asa days march across (say, 12 or 19 miles).
At first small rivnlets are met with, running west to form the”
River Surkh-ib, or Kizil-su, seen by Fed: C
the plain ae (epee ?) towards the southern
snowy range, one gets to t! of a sudden depression
along at the foot of the southern mountains, like a d
under a rampart, with the Alaf plain for a “glacis.” Tu this
depression is a small stream running cast and coming from the
«west, whore the depression itself seems to originate only « few
iiles off, being, m fact, a kind of fissure between the plain
and the mountains, This stream flows towards Kashghar. I
am assured by ay informant that the whole thing is almost
exactly paralleled by the deep cut of the Sum-kyil stream at the
edge of the Kiang-chu plain in Tibet (Rapsti), with whieh I
am acquainted. Here the plain is merely the surface of a vast
and deep bed of alluvium, between which and the mountains a
atream has cut a channel several hundred feet deep, and corre~
spondingly wide, through the same alluvinm.t

If this comparison is exact, as seems probable from tho in-
telligence of my informant and from independent corroboration,
we have hero a singular repetition of the indistinct water-
ings of Tibet. For the surface of this same Alai plain sheds its
‘waters westward ; and hera, without any ridge, merely by
walking across a dead flat, we get to the edge of a nel whic
feods the Kishghar River (eastward). For the road follows this
stream for some distance, until the rapid deepening of its bed
and the ipitous nature of its banks, compel the traveller to
ascend t! -side, cross a small pass callod the Igizak (Evins),
and return again lower down to the Alni stream, where its sides

* Seo ‘Clean Highways! for August, 1873,

+ [These lofty valleys, filled to 4 flat floor with Ailovinn, and affording fine

<tigh to bethe Tealarces to'wlich ts pitac of Pl to give gvorpalty,
WL Yeu,

Saw onthe Geography of Eastern Turkistane 283

ich cree the rood
“About hit » mile from the 'uew) Foe to tho routh for eay ooxtly 6 males from

ify) ls email maddy otreuin port of a bed, whieh is about three
Seto Umes in wide Ais etnias os oseueheg are raionaly enlod by
natives according fothe-names given to m0; Tebachub fy LA (Cie oame T

seem to have applied to the wrung rlver Yefore), Kucharshé (from
i ad Yast (al Ned banat Pisce o fur tal foes te
Puteobad eat) oa ee mgadedees furthor the

ree) shee function foots mec The ier ts tho walle
‘i : ‘)
theta Tm bd that thre our abovemnned, alte fi the ate Wu
= ver
Pa pipe nia acheter phe Bt at the
‘of which fx'a considerable canal, callod the Khan-erdk C*Ring’e eahal).

* ,
four branches of
The deprosfon i tceped by three oar gash of ire hp Cs aay
Grhioh really enna “a foe") wad Fpl Baggy. Thiavo alr inant the

district on its banks some 30 miles below. But this is @ corruption of
the words Ti (is q rang") aod ot net fr ner:
5

After: iho thie Ky or Yv a tioned above in the note), one
Seria ee ry carienes

With these two deseriptions before us, viz, Mirza Haldar's,
written ee cence and that of the present features of
‘the road given in the wa see the water distribution which
Teo likentsoi anton Sor: Thero is ono strange thing about it:

that streams crossing miles
Haney tn the nS

ing! learns that are derived

Se regetdaas po
jal ph, in account is wait to

(see Royal Geographical Society's ‘Proceedings,’ vol. xviii.

‘ mentions “three considerable streams flowin; the south!

whose names were given to him as “the nchek” (my
Telbachuk), * the and “the Fafzabad.” He was

told “that they are all united elre ‘ono stream called the
Yaméinyar, at no great distance above where I them.”
aie tea cae Easel is seme een eae eae
and Yarkand road over a space of, at the least, some 6 miles, be-
ginning from the Fort; areslerfved from, ;, Whose

Bro oven aenlakas bebe inipe pion ere ean
ptain Biddul, [stds tetsal ate that my own informants

a the name more

BS ied th particularly to the northern branch,
ilurly the Kbin-arik and the several branches of the

and that. water can there be diverted at

from the main river-head into either one or more of the latter,

0 that one might be ee, to run pupal the others were

full, There is a noted shrine, after a certain Khoja

ae it and it is said that at the proper season
carl bale assemble there, and, after pray dis

pte rate iat the diferent chanel ‘means of dams,

&c,, under the direction of the priests or of the shrine,

who act as arbiters,

‘The next river, the Saighan, is said to rise from springs in

‘however, his weak paint, ax with moxt tmvel
abl: tham down when le wrote the book in Kashmir (of which be was
the ruler) towards his life. With the exception of the two
ghar to Yanyi-Hianke 0 all the distances given fs thia passaice
Sorel, eat eat en
ore, ectn =
Rare eh See win tae uo tases Od tabagttebend egaret: hin posal Ea

SHAW on the Geography of Eastern Turkisia, 287

bout a mile, Tt will be observed” [from an accom,
ithetratioe mhoeite i vt ne ‘th ean

i
‘
E

or feature to thé landscape. .. . The radial

(seen in Fig. 8) are as faithful tations as T could make
of the water-courses with which the surface of the fan is econsd.
Whether we start from the furthest proj int of the cir-
Us flag Cf targis) vege to the open ek fe erie
al a ravi
thw ar aay Gpoyta rekts depart ier
grees, :

i
238
ES

. «+ When the alluvial matter which had Meee i
in the ravine reached ‘its mouth, there was a tendency ot
the stream to flow over the material it was bri down—now
in one direction, now in another—in every ion, indeed,
from the mouth of the asa centre; and along eaeh line,
as it flowed, it accumt material at, an equal angle, — Thus
‘cone after cone was formed, each coating the last, and the sloping
Sar tard tion 44 io Wat Secu flonerte
must e ler to rest:
for a fuller account of these formations. Ly
With regard to the desert slope in the road from Rial to
Kok-Rabit, I can best characterise it by nying that it consists
Soypicend anes in os Bay sel ee
are ona much larger (as follows)
a gentler itislinution. The road nes gol shaks a unfeleciom
‘of great width (say 5 or 6 miles from trough to trough). ‘These
are the toils of the alluvial fans. ‘The Stanging horizon-line is
always remarkably straight, with a distinct downwards
from right to left (as one travels eouth-eastwards), When the
traveller a) the summit of each undulation, another
but fainter horizon-line ie seen, peeping over that which ir
immediately before him. Thisis the central slope of the next fan,
several miles off. On looking towards the mountains the profile
of the desert is son defined against the distant hill-side, either
sea alvale Hape Gipplngg is the min dlseetlon os HINA road, or
ele as a double elope, aynclinal if he be in the trough, or anti-

“water-courses ascribod to
same, although we haye

Saaw on the Geography of Eastern Turkistan. 289

itby ocular inspection, as in, the district between Kizil and Kok-
Rabit ‘Thus, to begin again fom the south, the Shahniz

Valley may be supposed to have luced a gigantic though
hy alopi alluvial fens se its waters shone
various from Kilpin to Cbemalnng. i

ik to: ust

waters of the Yangi-Hissir district from the Saili
River, and possitly the Tazghun as well, would be radiated
another gigantic fan; for some accounts connect the
ter volume of water of the Tizghun and Khan-arik with

@ same system as the Kusun. e case of the Yamén-yar
and Tuman river-systems is moro de |, for the mountains
are here much more distant, and the intervening country is
yery flat. Hence we seem here to havea kind of inland
that is, a tract so level as to cnablo the trunk-river to separate
into diverging branches, artificial or natural. 7

Wo may perhaps take Mirza Haidar to bo detailing only the
natural river-systems, each under the name of its principal
branch, and neglecting the artificial and perhaps more modern
subdivisions of the water. Eyon then, in an author usually so
careful and acenrate, it would be diMfeult to account for the
omission of any representative of the Yamin-yir or Telbachuk
system from his list, unless it be that they are derived from
the t trunk of the Tuman. The considerable stream,
called Saighan (south of Yangi-Hissir), is also passed over in
silence, whether because he considers it to to some other
systom, or because it doca not rise in the mountains. It may
be that he includes it in the Shihniiz system, whose waters ny
perhaps at one time have filled it (a3 they are said even now to
tech it) before they were diverted to such an extent a»
are now, for the irrigation of the villages between Kilpin and
feacainne. eich appear to be more numerous than they were
in Miran Haidar's day

“South of the Shittake there iz no other important stream till
we get to the Yirkund River, For the village of Kizil seems
to gaanppotine a little riynlet from the lower hills, said to bo
distinct from the Shibndz, being Sa pctatpr cpm ciay on salt or
brackish wells as in former day ‘bit obtains water by
a Jong cut from the Yarkand River, at the place where it issues
from the hills in a district called Ka: . This, and its town
or large village of the same naine, vould seem te have supplied
the name, if not the locality, of the mysterious Kareku of geo~

* This bow to be trae in the caso of the far moro itny A fan-olta of
the Yarkand Jtiver. whiow, issuing from the mountains below Karehung. winbracen
in ite radiating branches the ls cultivation of the Yarkand district, 40 miles
fn width, Soo my~ Report of wn Excursion to the Kurohung Valloy)” in the
“Gazette of India of October 1875, (It. B, 8,, March 1877.)

¥OL, XLVI. u

SuAw on the Goography of Eastern Turkistan, 291

whieh thers,
ae ebat i oatles oo
ween the two above-mentioned p

is in reality an openin, h ite ie Ws openings
roy a ee ‘he mountains, we In a
oe least of the river-syatems whose

ate in

vated ee ¥ No water, he ve aa iy
any wore 50, Ua alan ony He iis ert

Gordon's party, Mf, iz informant was
of the rivers of this ah was formed by the Tishbslik stream,
The mountain bolt visible on the He nee ol Hasnee ia thas
seems to be broken throu, LEP streams flowing with a
west. to east direction i pte

‘e haye first tho Oksaldi i peas Mean pe the
iba; Ts en he

another at Bori-Tokaf ;
of the Shibniz, south of Yangi-Hisshr,

divided from one another by a series of sige wh Pbhe
eastern extremities and coalescing bavneyeg

exploration, and
Racor! what, to all OE mountains
barring my path; to find Sereally amen ener
ronning at right angles to the apparent axis of the mass, whoke
seeming continuity was a mero optical illusion. I “aha we
should consider the mountains on the east of thé Pamir
nob as a range lying roughly north and south, and cut

rabainges
oscapes. It is probable that we could trace some of these ri
right om to rast ae
their axes would form the separation
Pimirs. This would be in harmony not CT
the 1 bounding the Alai Coie: by
algo with those traced by Colone!
north of Kishghar, where the lec coer ‘flow of the iar
does not prevent the ridges from Stee eg or,

Suaw on the spctilsh atti eepikoot 293

cording to.our author. Now, ie pesinet re of Tibet in
this direction, as described b:
ua Se get an he “lection of in N

h sae Kanjut (Ih i eo )

t 5

“Im aut on he telly use * The ae border of
Baloristin adjoins the country of KAshghar and Yérkand." (is
the provinces of Hague anda and Bexar aoresenaaie
Seon me creas t Babee 7 item Ra

i ts Sout) t

ade ag) its Southern spre country,

Balor, t of Kafiristin,
Chitral, Yond Cin it, Se a oa &e. paint it also
extended south of the Indus to Aor and Chilis, Walkin is
excluded, being considered part. of Badakshin, since Miran
Haidar saya: “ returned from Balor to Sarigh Juyin (Chaupin,
ely> for lys), which is ot the head of Wakhiim, ‘There is
acommon tie between all the districts thus indicated, in that
they constitute the habitation of the Dard race.

ecording to Mirza Haidar's definition, therefore (and he
was in a good position to judge, having conqnered the country),
Balor anwered to Dardisiin, Qolonel Yule bas already shown,
from a comparison. of authorities, that this is where we must
Took: for it.

We now came to the route from Yirkand to Kashmir. ee
ing vid Sanja he makes it traverse Baltistin. Had he taken
it vid Kugiie and the Muztak Pass, the distance across the
mountains would have been nearer what he sa} Mises 20 day
march, But going wid Sanja proper, it would
more, untess for a li Ere guinea jorseman trating
Moreover, Iskardo not on the road from Sanju to
Kashmir, while it beat it on the Muztak me route. We
may therefore suppose that to bo the route which Mirza Haidar
fad it his mind, if we allow ae he has extended the name

Sanju to tho more westerly part of the same Kuen-Lun Range
Ie fo portion now ue 2 “an i-Dawin"). For as T have be-
inted ont, it is le that. the lines which he gives

the 0 the routes” travelled iy hits or his informants. In the
“4 + fa another place 1 bo waltens “Balti ia ane of the provinces of Tibet, aud it

Eek Tibet) comprehonia wanes other provinces, such 4 Parik, Khapulah, and
igor), acd Tskar ond Leda.” (Thi is tho corot ipelling
Here att pactape be seeds Gest Sod Keckaar tee oe bain

tots Tea Se Ca Un dealer ech
+ Ses ldo Vigne's “Travels vol tp. 209,

Suaw on the Geography of Eastern Turkistan. 295.
native | of the junction of this valley from the southern
Ste of thet with the Yirkond River at Kufalung,
seems less liable to objection, and better with other cir
cumstances, i enough, we have a report to the same
effect, given by Vigne: “The Kurukurum Mountains E believe

aetientn ro aerate o aaa
4] a a ) sul a
ou oan, eeu meoidad by a pee ere epee
‘The easiness.of the ascent, of the small, rise constituting the

!
is
é
4
i
i
ft
i

H
e
z
5
iy
e
aFe
Ht
2
A
EF
f

=
Ee z
cy
al

=
rail
Feet
in
he

:
i
t
=
ee
F
'
i

i
6

H
Z
f
Fl,
ES
i
gE

others, which join the Yirkand River. ‘The little

$
&

rth
EB

ai
uy
a
i

i
;
E
i
i
H

i
hy 4
ie
irrey
if
ie
be
:
feet
E

tannellikee, hil tha lator Oh pom nee Fie a8
in whi tha latter he watery farms aif to

Sant pacar ide bap anchor pain WEatap ice the hills which
sia inact eer sartdistans witha edge, and

imaginary line acroe
tac ie pace Tot Hantinnonts “Usbeen taleetend or shotogrraph wie
‘ol G | we
oth Punt tend patna Tew be oberved thee thoe ts quit wsouortaon,

Suaw on the Goography of Eastern Turkistan. 297
“lin that from Khotan to
Rack, Gugéand Spit Supporting

Lahore, vid

as before, that this
Beaten rev aoee
eer

the southern

masz, “isa highland... . “its polka eases a
west adjoins ct
mentioned. It extends on the south-east to tie a ima
is bets tho ee ye of Saas Cahners)
Fee egy eleanor en,

an, ¥ UN, 81
sand, whose farther boundary pe cies to Kanju and Sakju§, ot
Khatat (Chiva). . . . All waters which flow from the mountains
of Tibet towards the cast and north, form the rivor of Yarkand and
the River Ak-kash, and the rivers of Kiria and Charchan,and the
rest, They flow into Kok-naur | (Koko Nor). Koknaur is a lake
in the many ney which has been mentioned, I hear from
arenas zihe barn seen. hal one, can, Go cueal tio

Hola vhs ‘ae river comes out of its

este which iscalled the arieturan Tot hata (oui

* Silér is (dentifled Colonel Yulo with Ho-chau. It is deseribed to

ae of Titan: eee ny modern account er to Sir ' iH Beane
oarbly connected ‘with the Pereo-Aryan 1
tua educated native of at nf

Gases ile rane vod nant +b, to whom T atiowed

¢ 299)
X.—Ou the District of Akém, in West Africa. By Captain
J,8. Hay.

(Mead, Juno 26th, 1878.) :

Dunixe the late war between the Asintis and Djaubins in
latter pa 1875, I received orders from the Governor of
Gold to take command of the field force sent up to
frontier of the British Protectorate, to prevent the neutrality,

being violated by the Arintis,

having been driven to take shelter in our t of Akém,
Starting from Accra on the 17th November, I ed Kyebi,
the capital of Akém, after 5 days’ heavy march, having wal

150 miles chiefly through mud and water, on the 2let; and here,
during a period of three months, I had occasion to make my
head-quarters. Having thus had ample opportunity to make
pea) ecquainted with an interesting district hitherto almost
unknown und unexplored, I have undertaken. to describe, as
clearly and briefly a3 possible, what I was able to observe during

my stay,
Sor the auku-of greater elsarneai, shall divide een
into three heads, under which the various particulars [ collected

i of the natives. ’

iifne district of Akém in West Africa lies between 6° and 7°
wy, lat., in about 1° w. long. It is bounded on the north by the
Okwaoo and Karaki countries; on the east by the di of
Krobo and Aquapem; on the south by Gabene and Pauté-
land; and on the west by Asinti, A series of mountain-manges,
densely covered with primeval forest, whee tl tho whole extent,
except a small portion of the south-east and a still smaller por~
tion of the western part. ‘The towns and villages ure mostly
situated on or near the tops of tho bills; the exceptions being
Akakam, Tumfah, Asuom, Abomosso, Asunafoo, Akrofu, Mmoso,
Quabin, and Anninam, dying in that limited western portion
where the country is flat. In the larger level district of the
south-east are ay two small towns, viz, Osanease and Asi-
mang, the remainder of that portion, with the exception of
& few sparsely scattered hunters’ hate, being totally unin-

ted.
The following tabulated list of the chief towns and villages,

on ol ae 30L
both rise in the neighbourhood of the
ae ge eta,
and aeey
falls into the Afram.

th
ein the characteristics of its soil, its tim’
mineral and yegetable produce, and peculiarities of climate.
the ie eountry ie eoanres a high ee
native oat are too i to worl
peely, and content thomvel¥ digging. eiralar

te Bo 1 i 0 ft dept aa inthe ape of anal

nuggets and dust, the latter being in the rivers and
ae Slat? where I ae oe, seen cn the ree it. See

country is honeycombed in eome parts wil Ley
which makes walking « dieule. and tine “geo
operation, ‘The soil is a heavy tenacious red clay, q\
strata and red sandstone in every dinethon The
country is rich in timber-w: which frrow to ae
nd girth—som: seen over atl feet Mots
largest and best are: 1, the Odum; 2,

Ofram; 2, apie 3 the Ozia; Fi the Oseee; and
5, the Cottan-tree, are white woods, and, with the exception of
the last named, which is too soft for working, are available

the same pi 5 tte woke oe eee iets
of sierehi pe Sea the const, but in the
present lack of roads, and of means of transport, combined
With the utter want of industry among the natives, it is a source
of wealth that is not appreciated at all, except in the caso of
the cotton-tree, which is used by the natives nearer the coast

of
their primeval state, all cultivation reid impossible, With
a ey small amount of activity and however,
were the forests cleared in ates nelghuensted a the towns, the

other products), i
As it is, in spite of the sloth of the natives, the palm-tree

tho
oil would prove a rich staple of commerce with the coast, The
tabsceo-plant grove wild i rank luxuriance, untended and un-
used, the natives purchasing from the coast for their own con-

HAY on the District of Akém, in West Africa. 803
and can only proceed ii through water and
mand, Sameera lee indescribable stench of the
decayed vegetable: and from the mud.

1 come now to the third section of my sub-
ject, viz, the ce, habits, manners, language,

and wash the gold the streams. Amongst the men I have
seers noticed an ina) of the cheek-bones
under the eyes. These take the of horns.on each side of

int
The begins in ood. The skin is not broken in any
way, but esems to stretch over the horns like a glove. This
eer sree peculiar to the tribe, having noticed
it in no other. ‘ y
einige ewe ansemrs nape ich, however,
le
with snails or monkey's
inary dish is called “ Fou-fou," and consists of green
plantains, boiled and beaten to a pulp by a in the hollow
of a cotton-tree, a little cold water being mixed with them. Of
this they consumo enormous quantities, after which they fro-
nently fast for twenty-four hours, They sometimes roast the
over a wood fire,
Marriage Customs:—These are curious and interesting. They

to the father, varying from 5!. to 10/, in goli besides
“dashes” of cloth and ram, The only exception to this rale is

the daughter of any man without the customary payment. The
resent te fester has about thirty; but some of
eso are well-stricken in years, it being tho custom when the
King ascends the “ stool” for him to. retain the principal ane

wives in the harem. A daughter of the royal family
am all the tribes can propose to any man, and he cannot refuse

HAY on the District of Ahém, in West Africa, 308

differs from the common notions curront about
it, as will ly shown. But long before the Christian
doctrine was it to their country they entertained a clear

idea of the one God, whom

a bowl or bfass pan, filled up with a mass
of clay and leaves, These minor fetishes have priests who act
as thi known their will to man, and dance

blicly before the po] ‘They also are revered as sooth-
sayers, and to them the people resort for advice in cases of
ful, for, pase aly-2 peste goed kaesteaenret
usel pom a
herbal. effe they a th ci datas x each vag
J be ciate the puta forage lca tha
priest or pi Jere ps. as or pos~

i from drink, and even from
‘rhe name af dhe fash found it i older priest! he
minor

«Hay on the Dietrict of Akém, in West Africas. (/ 807)
ofthe: jhe’ offer
eee prio ro — eer

eget eras = ies

on to touch eit w i

paler wnt to eb tarifos am

{hose pricsts are not allowed say Aller aioeriiny Geet
yer

prohibited to touch a dead bod:
custom of a friend or rolative, a must be ree
consecrated water, st

were The high ee Shee: a

fea
ae
He
Hite
:

ob the Lag of a vie ele ss Cee Begs be nnhesi-
‘Gus

chooses, or depart whithersoaver hi
eoapioe ction it ibe Gold Godse

Busty extent, and prevails so much
ialects, that we might even use this name as the common
‘of the lan; instead of the Chwee. As Akin is

thn chit and its deve
easily tay ee peashetent oa aden admixture from Akém,
even Pants, and Fianté also admits and receives such foreign

east
the river
to the town

qa 24,533 Hien Al ey

ee pane ae
bial i le
3 waite 9g i : ETHEL 4
Hy a, fi ui ee HL te PLE
He ia
i a et He
He Hu ea aie
a

oi!

;

fk
ae

to the River Tocantins and the City of Maranhéo, 311

The ‘of Boquerio, consisting of 25 houses, a few of
adobe ant Hod, but Soe of chon bull entirely with materials
obtained from the Carnahnba palm, is situated on the east side

80 insignificant, will be in the future unquestionably an im)
when the rich, ferti! tad pease aittoteot the terior
more deagtlen s the

hie ee ot erage Dey Pea ae other
trees, 8 country in man a, park
The A tears to the very Rar the ee eee ane
Gharartegrauia-paliny-and 9 Inigo tees seeds like
‘eastor-oil-plant, and from which the natives manufacture a very
serviceable oil for their lamps. It grows in great luxurianea,
aud in vast quantities. Another tree bears a brown fruit
about the size and appearance of a potato, which is largely

for making soap.
The Rio Preto (Black River) is so called from the dark
pe amet Rep lena ye AES a NSIT AN
water in a river. It is very winding, and its width is
generally abont 150 to 200 feet broad.
At night we always endeavoured to reach somo of the small
i like houses of the cattle-breeders: wl

the men their hammocks from the rafters, and I sleep

Fy Sit hee ar rs
‘ appearance of the valley still continued more or Tess tho
game, sometimes gently undulating, but generally the same flat

to the River Tocantins and the City of Marankéo. 313

Sonar Teas igs pee ey

a ime an
house, belonging to the sub-d ‘within
te lagsirembart house a (se Atty \y curious rie igh
to in what men who anything to
enna ig Soils "heir a astonishment was tet

sy Twas ane of Basen Ingleses ;” greater still
ees aS ae Mayen ete ng to eo the country and
unbounded when I toll them I intended

Bonin, A eertuls eb) many. wet tas dknges aie) ies I
oe pi eel Ca tng uate as no one of them iat ever
n it no ir representations. Not so,
unfotunatey, the men I had brought with me; they imme-
took: fight, and refused to further,
the rains had now set in; Hate mnformed they would last till
Ried a the month, and that the country beyond would soon
tng ny, abeli thn peemet on eaain The

aud night continuously until the ee of the month, as
poe Formosa is merely 9 collection of some sixty wine
its and houses, picturesquely built in the midst of a wealth at
vegetation. ‘Trees and bush grow in every unfrequented space.
In many places the weeds were so high in the strect as effectually
toyreest a view ofthe houses on the opposite side. Theclimate
warm and moist, ares ier 0 soil is of the richest;
aol ab the abatiisls om the r (ease nn with ith, ite
tibetan athe di ih ee hich apery mo 5
mani ee sur] a w wn
river in rafts, mad leaves of the
ey palin, to ta. Rita od Onlade da Dasma, ‘Traly this
wonder of PLM ee pee Intermittent fevers,

20 common in similar distri spe fiem ae and what
there is of them is, T “Bal nly eter to the bad living and
filthy habits af the inhabit
Game is‘ not prolific in on district, having, I believe, been
Prunieeh the people, who are all fond of this occupation,
and kill eythane. eatable indiscriminately at all seasons,
cma clearing the district of its game.
Pe ‘hot. man can do in such a country who likes to
wa ‘ill take the case of Senhor Jose Moreira da Cunha e
alo; now a hale, hearty, ruddy-faced man
ea ee ‘twenty years ago with only two slaves,
and immediately set to work in clearing land which, he called

to the River Tocantins and the Oity of Maranhin. 815

Up to this point I have found no serious difficulty or obstruc-
ton fo th nation of he io Proto bya mal ight rah

steamer. The only are j—
Atoleiro . . . . 5% kilometres below Formosa,
Rato 2 38T g ”
Marimbondo . . 5 OL ” ”
Tatoba iE Set =o: st » ”
Yao de Bata nee is above’ Formosa,
% Capi Lol at .
» BrejoGrande, 31 ” ”
‘Theso are all strong currents of water at various bends of the
river, but nob leg sm aes called rapids, Of these Porto
Raso is the shalloweat, but I am told that even in the dry

season it has 4 feet of water in its channel. A small

covered with oo poe ae us if aera of
ground palms, sm trees, and a thin,

hard, coarse Sometimes many miles were covered prin-
cipally with the extraordinary-looking Canella d’Elma ( Vellonia),
with its beautiful lilyelike flowers. ‘ond these low: the
land suddenly rises ‘up almost icularly, and becomes a
vast arid table-land, but abounding in anost of the kinds of
‘9 found in Brazil; such as the Porco do Matto, a trae wild

, rarely found anywhere else, and not to be confounded with
Caetetd or ; deer of several kinds—the Galheiro

statel; oe arheriagens in Brazil, but ee flesh
is not eatable, is ounce or jaguar; the Sugua-
Tana panresfia cel cd sea iomae ©

aE HHA F a3
Hear ene et
[Hie rine ci e
egy LER rane ieitispa
1 edi CELE sHnlhts
i Lue sariigttesily ag fab easel cidisleltae
EUR ra
Ruf b aly eta caieuie
‘lie ay eee He Hes
sigze Lb EL Pats Ser raat oe
COMES RIHS Girne abating

to the River Tocantins and City of Maranhao. 319

i irito Sai found the all,
aaa lek Nags pap nto, eee 0 sit ie

During tho next few days we a few isolated farms,
oe Oe te Tees Steen ae meena
Somno, the last habitation. Here I was told the river was
nayigable; accordingly I dismissed my men and troop, and
constructed a raft ‘ing into five long bundles, 10 feet long,
tho dry stems ty palms, and with throo men and my

of
baggage emburked on board the crazy affair. From
to the mouth of tho river it took us oight days to float, down wat

&
:
3
:
:
:
Ly
A
i
eae

colo metimes 100 or more feet high. Innumer-
able cascades of water from the heights above ; pal
and ferns, and flowers grow in evi and. crevice and

ern ae Tat meats
sometimes: feet
devtronp bom) good honey, The lover ft of the
& Somno flows through a much lower more regular
country. Here the river is bordered by forests of great
Tuxuriance and vegetable wealth, The varieties of palms were
Yery numerous, and most of them new to me, as the Naj
eH i Crate RP Ha RAR er
Bacal Im, Lg des ; alender stem
cot, belght, he oe ming at the 1op «Sam;

shelf of the rock, presenting a mos| sachahiing Sppentaniees
ge nests

the bends it is 300 or 400 feet wide, Only in a fow shallows is

its 2

B gfe 22s2¢ si Tleht #
See 2 Ha s 444) a FEisaaa ¢
ji ul eae eee a ie
d ae al ue go iets niin
at Salis liasiis igh oF qu
? i B: 33 2232 i re Pere S324: ali : EBL,
Pere: sole ened
fia s3<44 Alnay a EE ce fii
2 % Z i Pe pe dalanilien i gicgegs
Ht el ete He Se eet BL
} aati uP ies an i
88 HEAT HE

to the River Tocantins and City of Marankio. 828

bout 1500 inhabitants, like all the ems tog
tiled br thatched,

4
3

Hrcclercrmers ‘My
Fotl mon cant tthe

Sie Gece ca Peete ie of Sito Paulo, Appas
rently every province has its system of 4 mule and
Seeds itn hammer en gol animals
get the muleteer becomes far

or og

of « hill; on one

be done by a hard-working Brazil. Tho owner, a ni

was in his youth a slave; Tasting is tr ho a i

Ren eee srarelpuaipeha pets grinding
ane, another for mandioca, a neat house, numerous

Iu tracts of land, fenced in and under cultivation, and a

of 1200 cattle; and his only assistants are his two sons and his

bie

fter passing these hills the land became more regular, some-
Jacrerfir fins ot mead yiwustenthitlpgemeeet with grass, and a
few trees; or in the lower parts boggy land, densoly covered with

fo the River Tocantins and City of Maranhao, 825
country from Carolina to the Grajabri ig all more or Teas

miles, It isa very healthy district, and in many
there are tracts of rich land; the greater peo
poh ee! line I believe it to be immensely

As the class of inhabitants in thisdistrictis very low and igno-
rant, we were but indifferently received at some of the farms;

dat at others kin ly treated. arrival at
pails the District Judge, y ‘cies fags

At this 6 I saw an Indian girl of the tribe of Anambeios,
from the River Tocantins, below the mouth of the River Ara-
ya, cece pink darpet ale AL eget
Soomro Tshould never have thought she
had I not been told so, I was assured that all her race are as

& most:
Jand
the riv

is
er
‘vast vil

to the River Tocantins and City of Maranbizo, 327

nate that this river is 80 very winding, as it almost trebles tho
actual distance, “A rou las fatal been cut through the forest
from Chapada to Vietoria on eee
it is through land subject to inundation, and the isalmost
‘nil, in a very short time it will be all grown over and’ useless.

igonous plants, and bogey land. Near the mouth of the
raja the water of the river assumed anh it like weak coffee,
owing to the overflow of the neighbouring lakes and swamps;
Sul yd yee al nn agree! rains
eould find no dry lan
Grojabié and of the Liver Meni ‘mo bokigi sedan ee eater From
ee etree eR

W.
Sebi EE

Tune iheasyeae at Victoria, a town of about 2000 5
the north bank of the Rio Mcarim,. It carries. on a slo
trade wie mt the interior ; sr bat an agate

i the country dis ve low and flat,.20
Bake tat th oat af lakes M

¢ rains, it, becomes a series connected
tree enabling people. to cross from Mearim
Rio Pinaré in canoes, Intermittent fevers and agues, are
not 80 Sor as one would be. inclined ta. ae

Sauueemne Shia ct eng
Moar i nL te ei ny eae Another ling

G oends, the, Bio oll. é
's aftsr passing. nA of ee Pinaré with the

fiat, tee ar ioe oe A ilo me nae
Hore we had to avait ov Seta aire Seay
ped rks ut the river is exposed. in,

mosquitoes and a bm ‘The scenery was most melan-
shel sealanlaneendicnislbancateaieg by the
roots of mangroves, amongst which flocks of

am BEDS
t “4

Ly SS
2 )

to Western Australia, in 1875. 329

| found a native well in their neighbourhood, which, however, did
ie aeen a a ee er ‘The views obtainable
Petros tie Little Lille were-not very tuvitiner'ta’ ‘any direction, as
| eens rape ph ete oe little well
was 82 miles from Youldeh, Bee Beet tyeal oclier

tinued on further’ north satis ot ee

water in it; then turning a little to

some claypans with a little more water. They went
early west from the little dam, and though the
in ing they could discover no more water.
ly point in lat, 28° 59’, and
turned upon a bearing of 8,55° x. direct for
near the two little flat- hills mentioned

i
|
;

ri
:

| previously, In their progress upon this at 45 miles, and
Hattie then theyre wen tal , flat space, very

|
“-woll grassod and yi teesct a a ali another
_ native well, and sects natives, with whom they held a sort
‘of running conversation, There were several wells, all of which
had water in. ‘heir black boy managed to elicit from the natives
‘the name of the place, which they said was Ouldabinna, This
-scomed a yory discovery indeed, as the first well found
near the: was by no means « one. Here they en-
camped, bei dich Rhyitie t Cire a 7 88

1. 20° w, from

Youldeh, the: position of this spot being’ ix lat. 29°7' 4, and
Jong 181° 15' 4". From here they departed in a straight line
for Youldeh, where they arrived the day before I returned from

nnn, th 27th sei having nineteen a
‘provisions it months, an rl eae juipment
th ak pli phere ae deh. Richard

by g uel { ih a co
Hal flat ia ie
ue seu

TEE He i! i
ut He HE Ha

Rreee ae
a ae Hite : He 4
titi uate ea ie

a iin Heels tae THEE si

pu allman cata digits

Hara gH atin

Se ee ii

ee ieee ee iy righ;

(Re: ality i aGeH Haul ia

i sulin Mi ean ipa

SE BREN Naa! in Gu

+ a2 Hail sae aipe A us ' He
PL ret Ler

ana

Til ipen eas HHM Herr be

iaageei-idegies
fiiniilniaal

i
i
a4
ne
i
i
i

gee
ele
fr
Fete
Bae
EE
i
ate
HIE
i
aeie

z
;
t
4
s
B
=
&
fF
:

piraies
Hl He
se fe :
iii
eles mi
2 fet}
z arte
elie
aferilis!
PEs ii

i;
it

inelined to favour us, for the
and before night we were ol
tents, Iwas indeed thankful to heaven for paying me such a
long-standing debt. A slight trickling of water commenced to
su int the est etching of our vel: i
id not continue nor eavy, yet

into the CG eoablo us to fil
and give a Wag pe

i
i
aa

a
geg
EE.
S83
AH
3

a
all our water-vessela,
our camels

E
pee

eae

Sis,

e
Hy
ge
i
:
3
i
cs
REG
ebee
AD
EES

Lf
they encamped tho first night, it bei miles x,
ier Bnldabin ma). Tearing it lie went north
igh sandhills and through serubs, when
some fresh native’ tracks, and discovered a small
native well—thore being only a bucket or two of water
got out of it, They kept on, still going further north fi
miles, when they found « hollow with natives’ tracks in it, and

ig
Fs. s
ae oe

i eet ue ae oy
a i maul eu eB! thy i
! sly vue anita) ay
at uti erat ey
it bh rae filed hile i
i AUT ete Meer
E af rete Lis | 32220833
ia eres GU TEH HPL

to Western Australia, in 1875. 337
ion of water supply. T had found so little where T had

follow a3 a sequence because it rained here that
rain at the little dam, 160 miles away

water. So, the dey after I returned, we filled up corset
femmes AT omni a interned teiag 100
august, we from Ie
Sellen of detects mei we toatnatecpare Sienna
the end of it. But having watered our led our
bere we “folded our tents like the Arabs, and as silently
away.
Te consequence of having to carry so much water, our loads

for soventeen days, at the mte of 23 miles per day, with only
one drink of water in the interval. These four E took were

very hot and oppressive. At dusk of the sixth day, some clouds
obscured me sky, and light rain fell, which continued till the

foe noy Lidl mckaes abarokidie! in ha Iitoriamaners water
than when I left it, On the morning of the 30th more rain

in, so we quiotly cam) felts penteont Seas it coaeingiy
under our canvas and made ourselves as and com=
fortable as we could in the distressing circumstances in which

we wore placed, The polsopn ston pie sel eter

surface water, and the camels wanted it ever so much, it

could only be caught on tho canvas; and what with the rain,
VOL, XLVI. %

to Western Australia, in 1875. 389

trate it up to this point o little dam being situated in
29° 19 4", and long. 128° 38° 16", showing we lave crossed
the boundary line between the two colonies of South and
Western Australia, which is the 129th meridian, It appeared,
evident to me, that in such a country as I now had in
having traversed nothing but serubs for hundreds of from,
the cast, and haying found no water of any size whatever in
I sy i i i analo;
dam, Concluding such to be the ease, and
that the expedition should reach the City of
that there was only one way to accom, it, and
simply to go there haphazard at any risk, and trast
dence or chance for an occasional supply of water
there in the intermediate distance. I was able to carry

:
fae

:
i
i
oH
:

ete
us

rl
cgesd

i255

ate
pela
Uy
2 vip
Ane rE
mae * aS

Hae

E
E
2

tired of the Hatleas life at the camp. ‘The cor
calved, and showed no greater disposition to do so than
she arrived, 20 I determined to delay no longer on her acoot

The anit had done remarkably well hers, 2s the feed was so
excellent, What water had been lying in the bed of the lake

when we arrived had now entirely dried up; and the quantity
of ese taken by oe camels a3 meres from the little dam
was beginning to conaiderably upon it, plainly intimatin
Tis oak, wed reseienaenaio teeta mercer
the, sustenance of life more must be found. Where the next
favoured spot would be was more than could tell. The
last water we had mot was over 150 miles away; the next
aa be double that distance, The only way to cu that
m

tho worst dosort probably upon the face of tho earth; but that

were surrounded on all sides lense scrubs,
pushed our way out of them the better. The natives belonging
this little dam had never come near us, and therefore we had got
no information from them concerning any other waters, though
it ix highly probable all L should have got would have been
valueless, This region evidently docs not support many of
them, and there isnot, so Ree Rene it, 1
never before saw any part of eo Deabicd aie
; Fi

to Western Australia, in 1875, Bal

all scrub, and nothing could be seen a-head, or, indeed, in any
other direction. The latitade of the camp upon this lake was
29° 24’ 5", and it was 22 miles from the dam. We now con-
tinued our march, and proceeded on still upon the same course;
the fifth day of our travels we had met with no water or
places to hold it, and had left all the salt-lake basins behind. Up
to this point we had been continually in the dense serubs, but hero
the country became a little more open. Myal timber
acok the plassact she ranlleg audicaniactnat us othe pale
disappeared, and real grass grew in its place, was
of finding some water if padvatl debouch upon a plain, or
haps discover some ranges or hills which the serabs had
‘idden from us. On the sixth day we entered fairly upon a
pas the country being very well grassed, and it soveral
inds of salzolaceous bushes upon it, though the soil was not
very good; it was very hard and good travelling country, the
made searcely any impression upon it, and only by the
crushed grass could the trail be followed—no one could trail
us after leaving the scrubs and the softer soil, or sand, which
they inhabit. ‘The plains appeared to extend for some distance.
Saba we nec os or two wild turkeys, only one of ane
could we get—Mr. You to one, on the
seventh a from the Breen morning of the eighth day,
we actually had cold fowl for breakfast, with o icum of
cold water. On the ninth and tenth days of our march the
plains continued, and I began to think we were moro liable to
death from want of water on them than in the dense scrub we
had been 20 anxious to leave behind. Though the country
was now all plains, vet no view of any extent could be got, as
the country till rolled on in continued undulations in the same
way it had done in the scrub, It wos evident tho wo
hud entered was utterly waterless; and in all the distance
we had come in ten days no spot had been found where it
could lodge. It was totally uninhabited beth by man or
animal; not a track of a single marsupial, emu, or wild dog
was to be sven, and it seems we had penetrated into a
utterly unknown to man and as utterly forgotten by God. We
had now come 190 miles from water, and our fsaap
obtaining any appeared to get less and less, On leventh
day the plains died off again, and we re-entered a new bed of
serubs, consisting again of mallee, casnarinas, sandalen and
ikem troes, and the ground overgrown with ifex. 8
e night of the twelfth day from the little dam ig
increased our rate of progress), it being the 21st of September,
we had traversed scrubs more undulating than previously, con-
sisting as usual of mallee, myal, mulga, caxnarina, &c.; and at

to Western Australia, in 1875. BB.

sou Seoul natty thors posts sian nth ty ‘sas

seon, the on] can in in

iret om tos of tie fom at number of the so-
native of two varieties, were now met, and

the camels ato as they passed by; the smaller vogetation

. y
as usual. ‘The latitude here was 30° |
tinued to rise into sandhills from which the only views obtain-
able presented spaces precisely similar to those traversed
and left behind us to the eastwards; and if it-was only from
the experience of the past we were to gather an { of
what was before us in the future, then would our » be
most. gloomy indeed. At 12 o'clock some native fires were
been straight on our course, anda little to the north of it their
tracts were somewhat numerous The day was quite
enough, the thermometer standing 94° in the shade. » On Satur-
day, 25th September, being the sixteenth day from the water at

through lee and spinifex, pines, casuarina, mulga, acacias,
1 srinntlong. feeds ec occa fos theta pave eer

isin through tracts of alluvial soil, and ing the
ares cuterindicating gum-trees, This night oe reacheer most,

spinifex; before ox and all the western hy hid a
black a minty Se high een Cen |
a observing it noti peculidr resemblance to those
sundbille confronted us to'the north and east when at

Youldeh. observation we found we were upon the same lati-
tude as Yi ‘bat had reached « point in longitude 500 miles

HE HEE | i

Hiiiliss

ieee
eae

to Westera Australia, in 1875, B45
mile of it, if Mr. Tietkens had not sent Tommy to look ont.
When I arrived at this newly-discovered liquid gem T found it
to bo as described abovo ; it is tho most singular existing water
1 have ever seen—lying in a small hollow in the centre of a
small grassy flat, surrounded by clumps of the funereal pines.
tba crates hase Gh ioe pastaia tak ihc ata
the drainage of the sandhills surrounding it. It lies
sna ieee el sop Rag yaar mean aes feet,
slopes, native wells hud been sunk in all

igher up than the largest basin, which a iful su
we eral Beyond the immediate precincts of this open zy
the scrubs abound, It may be buaginadine were grul at
the discovery of this only and lonely watered Kp after tra-
versing such a desert to. it, How much longer the expedition
could baye gono on without water we were now saved the
necessity of trying. But this I may truly say, that your South
Australian camels aro second to none in the world for strength
and endurance. Ina human and humane point of view, it was
certainly most fortunate to have found this spring, and enj
Loth for men and animals a respite from the unceasing H
and as the point for which I desired to make (Mount Chureh«
man)’ was yet 330. miles distant, it was evident that this dis-
covery was a vast benefit to, if uot the entire sulvation of, the
whole party.
j Dosing our march from Lester be rn, for seventeen
lays, not put the members Heche
actual shart allowance Rr water, yet the implied restraint
each was so great that we were all in a continued state of
daring the whole time; and the small quantity of water con-
sumed (of course we had neither tea nor coffee) showed how all
had eee eneloes pee paefiraet haye berm.
most terribly searce 1] i ition, is spring is
first, ema renee RATE found. I haye ventured to dedi-
cate it to the Queen, naming it “ Queen Victoria Spring.”

On arriving here our camels drank as only thirsty camels can,
and our own t delight was to find ourselves enabled to
indalge in the ay ig Past abies tS bate Saas oma
without a change of apparel, or the slightest ppt ow
At this peculiar spring the thorny vegetation of the desert
grows noes the moro agreeable water-plants at the water's
edge, so that fertility and sterility here stand side by side,
Heong har platted the swede of mammovs vogue,
Fanta trees, and amongst others some of the giant
(Dendroclanus striatus), also Tasmanian blue gum, and wattles ;

to Western Australia, in 1875. BAT

the camels could n water was to bo
i a3 . and covered with a tarpaulin,
fter Mr, Tietkens and Alec we remained yet two days

g
f
H
E

uurhood, yet the open spnco on which the water lies is so

seen from any conspicuous one, nor can any conspicueus sand~
hill (distingnishablo at any distance) be soon from it. Tt lies at
or near the south-west end of a mass of white-faced sandhills,
there being none to the gouth or west of it. While we remained
here there were a few natives prowling about the camp, but
they never showed themselves on the top of the bank,
the water was a well-beaten corroberrie path, where
denizens of the desert have often held their feasts and dances.
Tommy found closo ne quantity of long, flat, sword-like
weapons, and brought or five of them up to the camp,
‘They were ornamented (?) after the usual sboriginal fashion—
some with slanting cuts or grooves along the blades, others with
square, elliptical, and rounded figures. Some of these two-
handed sworda were 7 fect Jong. Mr. Young and I collocted as
many specimens of plants here as we could. Some graxstrees
grew in the vicinity of thie spring; somo of these troes reached
a height of 20 fect and over. On the evening of the 5th af Octo~
ber a small snake and several scorpions came erawling about us
as we sat round the fire, and we managed to kill the i
but though we wounded the snake, yet it escaped. While at
this water we occasionally saw some hawks, crows, corillas, black
magpies, which in some parts of the country are alko called
mutton-binds, and pigeons. One day Peter Nicholls shot a
meer kind of carrion bird, like a crow, only it was not 0

though its wings were as long; it bad the
of the crow when on the 1; its plumage was of a
slate colour, with whitish tips to the wings; its benle was similar
to the crow’s. I now desired to go as straight as ible for
Mount Churchman, discovered b Gage 846. Tts position
al fend oe a0 Int. 29° 58’, and 108 118°, poing ae

m this it iiles in a straight line upon the map; bat
straight lines upon the map and straight lines eheongh. denao
scrubs are two different things, and, go as straight as we could,
we should still make it several miles farther.

‘On the 6th of October, Wednesday, we departed, and at once
entered into the second division of the desert. ‘That night we

HF a sede
a

i ii

to Western Australia, in 1875. B4o

being in Tat, 30° 105", and 122° 76". The next day
we made good 24 miles, all scrubs, sighting three low ranges,

away ‘our track,
‘On the 9h and 10th of October we had all scrubs. On the
11th, towards evening we had some serul iK front of

we got a number of the leading camels into a eerie
t was

Bs oe eal ee aA them ee id
oO the strennous ex ns hands, ane vig
their Jegs with ropes, and poking tarpaulins into Ase cael

holes, that we finally got them all out without loss; then we

where we find aor more of the little pea-vetch, and encamped

nothing to cat for three nights previously. We saw some
+ native smoke 8 or 4 miles away from whers we camped; and,

‘as there were some rit near it, 1 intended to send some one
in the morning to look for water. The following day we had
got 3 or 4 miles to go round to cloar of this boggy lake;
and Alec Ross and Tommy walked across to hunt up any traces

holding a drop of wator could be seon. At 15 or 16 miles,
having all the ridges and anallee serul in,
Aleve and Tommy overtook us, as Mr. Young had remained behind
with camels Ba aed thi found one small
rock-hole—Alee said with 20 or 30 ‘allona of water in—but
Tommy said it was only a little drop, so I did not think it
worth while to send any camels back so far for so little reward.
We saw two ce tires ‘love gross-trees to-day with quandong
and ee Camping again in the scrub, where there
were only

travelled 284 miles, but only making 24 straight. The last
three days had Bee veeyr eens: the thermometer going up to

ih He

Prieur By

uae

IF ray:
ap Hae 7

Hae HE
HO error

inivnbheugige

to Western Australia, in 1875. 353

thick. We a small salt-lake bed on our right.
anade good 20 miles by night, which became cold and windy,
rain. At 3 or 4 miles, on the following morn-
ing, we saw some ‘ite rocks to the south of our line,
and noticed the tops of some low ranges to tho north, but

which were partially hidden by some nearer
ance to Ula and seemed remarkably high—but
or 6 miles away our line, which was now nearly west,
not visit it. At 15 miles from camp, from the top of a
undulation, we sighted a pointed hill a little south of west,
another, higher, and more southerly. Woe could
reach the pointed hill by night. The country is now
densely scrubby than ever, and thongh we toiled the
day, we only made good 24 miles. Upon nearing the hill
following day we saw some more of the grasstrees, and
detween two sult lakes. At 10 miles we were upon the top of
the hill. The scrubs surrounding it were so terrifically dense
that, ee ee difficulty in getting the carayan to
move along at all. Only Mr, Young and I the hill,
aa See at ea Gane fae
rst as We Were now £0 i fount
Onnvelnnies tha hills to the fads eto bars havi
Mount Jackson, but according to the chart 1 had thero was
nothing visible in any easterly direction fram Mount Jackson,
whereas, from the range to tho south, not only the hill 1 was
upon, but all the others, ia various directions, must also have
been seen from it by any one who had ascended it. It was
wuazling, as here we were in a place where there should be
no le lreconting eee , and yet we not only stood
upon one, but others surrounded us in’ nearly all directions,
he composition of this hill wus alnost iron itself, and there
were also some fused rocks, like volcanic slag, upon it, It was
too magnetic for working angles with a compass, It was be-
tween 500 and 600 feet above the surrounding country. The
horizon, from about ¥v.z,, round by north and west to south,
was bounded by low es, de into seven groups, and
the white beds of small were visible, running up to the
northern or north-eastern group—the intervening country being
all scrubs, and which prew even to the summits of the hills.
‘The view from this hill was enough to horrify the spectator.
Pepeentt en hill lay nearly west, and we pushed on to it,
Ge not Apel ht. Pics Sh a eare
many to a number of lows eggs—yesterday
beceen gba day thirty-four; those birds me ie in
VOL. XLVE, a

:
i

eebeed

cliff. Yesterday and to-day we got several lowans" (or, as the
West. i | them, Gnows’ eggs)—we got forty-five
to-day und thirty yesterd The following day

had for a long time. Early on morning of the 27th
October, we stood upon the summit of Mount Churchman;
and, though no ee

i day, our
friendly ner rg all came and camped with us at ‘atk

holos, and encamped on the edge of the lake. The
day we crossed its bed, which is 7 miles wide ; it is a salt lake,
but the bed where I crossed it was dry, We loft it on the 30th
October, and travelling on a course nearly w.aw. We struck
some old dray-tracks at a dried-up spring on November
which, however, ran eastwards, which was in a direction L-did
not desire to go. From here I tarned to the south, and early
on November 4th we dropped down an out sheop-station,
where there was a shepherd living. wos the first settle
meant seen in Westet catalina. eet wrasse Saeki
man, who was 60 surprised at tho a] ance of the caravan
that Tam sure he would have iy Ei be ea ait
ra

aud

a22%

ae ® ui 2ipzeus ll
TELA

Resident (the late Mr. ) at Perak, restored order and peace
wo community. It been visited by Sir
A. Clarke, the Inte Governor; ee r
General pierces by ‘the Mr. Birch, the
Sceretary, and Trying, the:

the Straits Settlements, ‘or officials; before:
after the outbrodk of the war, by the Governor, Sir W.
Jervoize, and a the ¢ in com-
pany with the Buffs, and from their reports, and

TLaroot it ardistsictcb therktagdou ot Perak lying tenn
the Krean, the Perak, and Bruas Rivers on the side, and

on the const,” says Mr. Irving, “it is an inconsiderable stream,
az the range of mountains which forms tho: waterahod of the

more than enter the river; but the small steamers belonging to
the Tunku Mantrie, or headman, are able to get up to the town,
a distance of 2 miles from the coast.” The town in 1872 was
surrounded with stockaded positions, and Mr, Irving observed
that there was an excellent road all the way to the mines in the

Laroot
isa level; here it begins to rise in until it reaches
better dacs ee Oe eka rf cite Douditiee abies
the level of tho sea, ‘This level or plain is well watered and
well suited for the cultivation of sugar, tapioca, tobacco, &e.
sompeuliq apf aboee 00 allertcon by San kecadiuieng
com a al mil
Fi eit ek ero sae i fatiradroez |
tho supply of tin is inexhaustible. At present (1872) about 4

with a Brief Sketch of some of the adjacent Malay States. 361

dated it
a hill between Gunong Pondok and Gunong
6 or 7 miles from Laroot,

“'The couutry,” he says, “is very beautiful; the jungle has
been Pools cleared away all the way from 5| to here,
and there are some ing bits Berna | road.
The town of Bukit ots is very prettily situated, lying,
pa Hid bottom of a hill which on the southern side rises
over feet. It has a very respectable bazaar, considerin;
its seclusion and proximity to tho turbulent chiofs. Up to t
the roads have been excellent, and thanks to Captain Speedy,
who is indefatigable in his exertions, and onergetic in his mea-
sures, the troops have thes Ree ees
comfort. Beyond this the road is heavy. Hills
are covered with fee timber, and slopes easily
be cleared in the Ceylon fashion for the eultivation of coffee.
Not only aro minerals to be found in abundance here, but tea,
coffee, and tobacco might be grown in large quantities and of
cn ce owe T saw specimens _ an two latter grown at

im, without special care and simply as an experiment,
and they ace of a very fine quality. One Mirawbacke to Bukit
Gantang is that it rains every afternoon from year’s end to
year’s end, and T may add it is the happy hunting-ground of
mosquitoes. On the other side of Gantang, a considerable
eae paddy is grown. After leaving it for some distance
we reach tho entrance of the mountain-pass; the scenery here
is very beautiful. The road winds along one of the and
all around rises @ magnificent primeval forest, some of the trees
being over 150 feet high with clean, stately stems. Beyond
this road, there is no possibility of procesding; elephants alone
ean break through the jangle and wade the ewampa, It was
fortunate the Malays did not defend this pass, for a few hundreds
of them lying in ambush might have done an amount of mis-
chief unpleasant to think of. In the middle of the pass is

a stockade occupi ioe Seale eats Tt was ah
placed, and aeattnare bebe ifficult of assault, Close to the

stockade is Gunong Pondok, the Shark’s Tooth, a curious
mountain, some thousands of foet high, and formed of limestone
and saltpetre. Tt is apparently inuecessible, the sides falling.
shoer down. In one of ita cavernous clifts I saw some long
a ing ae in at tele psa the ace The
village of Po: yt 2 mi m the stockade, at
the south-eastern mouth of the pass. The country vine
here is level and thickly covered with low jungle. “Nine miles
boyond this is Qualla Kanga.”

swith a Brief Sketch of some of the adjacent Malay States. 368

‘Tho great feature of the country is the Perak River. It
rises north of the Krean River, and the southern boun-
dary of tho ki of Quedah. It empties itself into the sea

ever, to go on. These pooplo, ho

jouses concealed in a forest of fruit and jungle trees, Tho
houses are built of wood and are
of hi ne epeekos mats at Ringers speak fier abs
of 0s in al
this river in thees terma:—*The river i:

cultivation of tobacco, pet gi or indigo, he
prove the success with which he can
excellent, the water pure and in abundance, and oes
available for purposes of irrigation ; the soil is remarl i
with Iarge herds of cattle at village, and consequently
Mfording grat fics for ‘eozichiog: j-awhile
around, which are very accessible, good coffee land
may undoubtedly be found. lon has progrossod of late

é
E
i
2
Hi

Lailke

with a Brief Shetch of some of the adjacent Malay States. 305

saw the le around him armed to the teeth. Maharajah Lela,
rina himself from receiving and sent his son
instead to represent him. “The country on the left bank

there being lage eee all the way to the foot

correspondent of
Sani is ih et ane Spee ry eer part ue
iver :— ‘0 kind permission in Garfor
wo ub gop th ter ped i r
expedition. We started at six 0’ in the morning, and got
to Kota Lama (old fort or stockade) by nine. It is a village
of considerable size, and, as far as we see, the inhabitants

ment ut Qualla Kangsa. Many of them came down to the
banka and squatted down, wing betel-nut, and gazing
Seely at us. Still more seemed to think it was

a Sie her aoe ate Lest

village sui @ nom! ma or ler

villages, so it is difficult 3 determine where Rote Lana ends,
eat vies ie eee ee It has long been the asylum
for the criminals of whole surrounding ease | very
murderer, every thief, from Penang, made for Kota a8 &
place where he was certain to find a shelter and congenial com-
panions, ‘The neighbourhood was kept in constant terror by
them, and even the Bandabara was to exuct the vassalage
which he claimed from his surrounding neighbours. Several
letters were found in the Chief's house, ahowing that he was in
communication with Ismail, and that a few months ago he was
called up to Kinta, to give his counsel in ‘an important under
ei the murder of Mr. Birch and the subsequent
rising.” It will be remembered, I may remark en passant, that’
it was at a village above Kota Lama where Major Hawki
of the Stuff Corps, and a small party of men, fell into
an amb and were killed. “On the ite bank, a little
farther up, is another village met as as Kota Lama, has
a large number of fishing-stakos in the river. We also saw
numbers of buffaloes, goats, and game-fowls. In fact, except
for rice, those Malays seem to bo very well off in way.
As we approached the hills the banks became more and more
declivitons, and the bed of the

while occasional boulders and rocks appeared in it, The banks
are studded with houses and small ham! id

lacee considerable clearings had been made in the jungle, pro-
fab by Chinamen, for Ct ed to have an incurable

dielike to work. At noon we ‘on the left bank under a

Perak River, on which the of is
st 250% Sl ge Ya Ce teat

from the Perak River re Bites Gal, Taciverin down

P
z
Ee
43
i
F

a
H
F
Esse

capital of ex-Sultan Ismail. Kinta appears to take its
Fey rise oe net a miles or s0 above the village
Perak River, runs almost in a line with it till it approaches
Passir Sula, where it begins tocom and wv

branches and flows into the Perak, forming an island
embrace, in which is situated the village of Bandar
and the English Resideney. ‘The Kinta River is
several tributaries, between two of which stands a
Gopin, also celebrated for ite tin mines. Another
able tributary of the Perak iz the Bidor, which

into it near the Laxamana’s village at Darian
the One-branched Durian Tree); it also takes its
same range which forms the watershed of tho
the Perak River, and is fed by two
moat im) of them being the
branch River, Between these main rivers the country is,

ag
already deseribed, rich in Jands consisting princi of
allnril doyeatiaotd watered, and sity lad the

Ez
Ewe
bate

i
z

lh
erat

h
he
i

Patt

with a Brief Sheteh of some of the adjacent Malay States, 369

that of a small boat, with a depth of only an inch or two; in
fact, same run at low water. pave pe eiipeenittd
trees, whose es droop over the 's edge.

Tn 1825 its boundary was to reach Bernam to
the Linghie River in Malacca ; consequence of
that have taken place in the of the country, it is

i
‘This kin; is of recent origin, and its name aj to
inv fen en SorAt by, wi eeeny high eal ponte cy

Until De eet though nominally under Peni

country was divided into several inde}
Chiefs’ were Keceortley tying i other, volther for
jess or pleasure. At length a son-in-law of the a,

named Tunku dia Oodin,a man of great energy and
‘of purpose, curbed their power by of arms; and for
peta prcgeors patpeeny eye melee y=

, until recently, fia) penethiel i naira bayer
eotatios of its rivers to give us any account of the eouutry. Tes

rations ; but were never so yenturesome as they were in

of
in hayin, ae pe
Titer ‘Trving, oe Shortland, Captain Bhontelt

LE bees BE i qHeegaiini HE lit ay

Praise amac ee

: ah arene ae Hite q ifs
ae aude iia tune Hie fy
eT ‘ earie | F

he Peta 34 Eig 23 gisc ees q A
3 ‘i 2 i fis Lt stints £2235 git ts
Rae ne at

weaiise ;ideceg SPeases BeEreerrT sd te
a ae ae nel eule illiate APT HG

BPH eat eeu
i TUL ri PH Ue enue dere

is 3 a q
rlulneal

with a Brief Sketch of some of the adjacent Malay States, 373

‘his distrust of Europeans, unfortunatel: ye pet a

rivers, was doubtless aggravated on ihe: presen

Sonoda rea
ec water,

an intatins Goce aire ta the whole distance wo

of or tobacco in
of oat a SS Salytn wally oe
Ri ete grown hore, where the crops seem

Potala taker Geary tata fiat of fe
ein my map wh oars As
to its character, Mr, words
inclnde all that ean be aald of it His w Tey os
magnificent country, peter apes mer

sources. It ix wate: rou re ee
which ran up within \ighinee of tha the Rie
situated in 1) eaterabeade of tb the Slang, Klang ad Langa
rivers. It only wante security for life and property, and
exlyconsrutod ads, to make it burst oot ato exuberat

ai foe now to the nine States adjoining Malacca, known as
the “ Nigri Simbilan,”

xcept § Sun; hy Ujong, as pears to have seceded from
Salangore of late years, and to avo thrown in tot ith
them, these States have boon independent since

of the kin; obey wer mey barter Sates
‘they are confederated States, like the German Bund beliretis its
absorption into the Empire, though instead of appeal
of the States of the Buns might i have done either to fice
Austria, elect a head-man, called the Dato awe
I understand, disputes are referred which cannot be arranged
amicably between themeelves, ‘The Dato is not elected from
their own », but. from the people of in
Sumatra, which the Malays look upon as the « of thei
race. This confederacy aj to me marvellous strange in

are and nurtured in an

Re cenetens know of no other instance like it in Malay

Though ves daar we an exellent survey

of the Bie 7 at

Bal wt Mr. Daly, the Government rat

the Straits Settlements—to whom we are also indebted for a

map of oe nine States—we have but a deseri
geographical point of view, of tl

while

but
tion, in
bese Gt shat beac erortog rio al white passing through

ri
Allan!

witha PANNA PIS CT 3815

ip aannEe i
at nH!
wnt Pe
a falta
Eee
il TRL
any a

= 33
nea

Senses ny eapitd

Soa

jning’

‘of one man killed and

a handful of Beitieh
gai
bere

jousands; and our

is
a

H
Hu

: al 4
fare

i SEs

in a circular direction

2
2
z
:
a
3

kooping

flows

801
of Moar,

es,

433

i 23% [ : H
| Ht Bd 4543 Hr

with a Brief Sketch of some of the adjacent Malay States. 377

of it is Mount ir—the supposed Biblical Ophir of the
oS taigt ee eid fort I have seen it
very plainly, and made a sketch of it soveral times from the
town of M: It has a fine bold head, and the hills around
it are covered with dense jungle-trees, Gold has been found in
its neighbourhood, and the plains near it are spoken of as being
extraordinarily fertile and productive.

The Maiays—It seems to me rather late in the day to talk
about a race with whom we have come in contact, more or less,
for the last 80 ; but when they are spoken of as a “set
<raligicos wa shows plenty that we havo $0 somang
“religious war,” i we i
Dee eeltite o ‘f

i
i
2
q
ce
E
al
EE

have to say. I
the Malay, as I have known

5
3
F
is
iy
AP
Par]
is
22
ti:

i
i
rE
i
i
i
2F
Hi
ELE

coast of Sumatra. As a rule, he is a man below the mic
height, His colour is of a healthy copperish-brown—a_

aixture of the Chinese and Mongolian tint, with a dash
d tinge of the Hindu mingled with it, His hair i
and straight, and usually worn with a kerchief tied very

ly
lashes, Like the he i
es, Lil ian in one rospect, the

if on.
he has none; but his cheek-bones are not so high, nor are his

.
B
i
F
i
i

‘Thoy are a
which meets one’s gaze with wonder. In his movements,
Prigseau iceman pert ro he is repent lesteinr ee
‘anosten’ an F
lis manner fee caller cen _ Ho can always
superiors, among his own rank, insulted
or grossly outraged, he is apt to run riot, or, as he calls it, ta

Bat
vite

"
a

ag
the 'y

whom
dy

virtues he sa man, To was not a
savage to be kicked and tram ‘bat one whom
always desired to educate in of industry and.

£
z
He
:
oe
He
lit
4
zh.

vers, and on
forests inland, atedonndl tha hingal Tambaga, the Areeeed
goon

the Ran, teak, and the Marabu. ‘These trees grow toa

great height, and their wood, being noted for ita firm and
eat durability, is largely used for masts, spars, and

gatta-] Sricwigy hh said to

be vi and free from impurities, and in dren Ralledia

Kroony ierech oil ne the properties of linseed,

SSA hel Daanchnina I
obtained. aealerpediondee

searside. wt
Gold is mot with in almost all the rivers of Perak,
in the beds of the mountain-torrents, and indications of this

and in very abundance, in wl

been most wor! ih ea resis RR e) Serene
ore; at Laroot, in jandat Linghie, near

ines in i says Mr. Braddell, “are so rich, and

they are still to the eae and succeed renin in
po fe ingapore and Penang.”
From a wat Te aa coke tree ated ofenacking

asses
Be

washed

machinery. In conclusion, 1 have me t
now wanted is only British enterprise and h capital t
‘out the resources of this country to their fullest
protuly endoved with «baal nt ea

e with, a it, not t
ene Lhope, of much material Praia,

( 381 )

XIV.—The Watershed of Central Asia, East and West,
By Lieut-Col. T. E. Gonpoy, n.z.*

‘Tne iplomatic mission under Mr, (rox, Sir be Forsyth,
sent to in 1878 apie forthbrook, the of
Be re cen ea ee ea
un! wo ray 1

a \eTo Les ates up condo ugh
spaniels lying Tine Eastern pa oe ‘Turkistan,
I had the good fortune to be in command of the party detached

Turkistan to the Oxus and along both the Great and
Little Pamir routes. But before arene tensa I
in

shall briefly notice what were the points before we
Rep over the ground, and how far Wood and former travellers

$Pyockdoe thavellore?—!Tis frat ta outer oc tha Oxcoa Veatn and
Pamir tracta was tho Chineso Hwni Song, who, in 518,

famous Hwen Tsang, who m his return journcy to China in 644,
by the Little Pamir to the 1 Art. I would here

old traveller, Mareo Polo, who,
Geld the Great Pamir to the Kizil Art P!
le Wis

oH
&
g
i
&
a
i

'* Read before the Googrophical Soction of the Duitith Asscclation at Bristol,

logiea|

ie i : 5

Central Asia, Bast ani West, 383

rs
Own,
all quarters=

“samo Har A Steraee
towers in the valley. “The village towers were used for refuge

&
&

one
;

te
spepggeaasaTeatis yi
: TE uf te

Contral Asia, East and West. 385

River may yet be regarded as rising in the Kunjat range,
instead of the Karakorum,

The Tagharma Plain lies about 3 miles to the north-onst
of the Sirikol Valley, and is of the sama elevation, It is a fine
‘open crescent-shaped flat, abont 12 miles Jong by 7 broad, ex-
ae? from the south-west to the north-east, and is well
watered by a stream which flows through it from the
end, and falls into the Sirikol River. stream is plontifully
fed by numerous sel iilelarat erat em A few
Sirikals ‘oeide’ ant oa vate in it; but the mm Reser oe
the inhabitants consists cf 100 Taiyat Kirghiz families, under

a Lit, Soriben and yisit the Ti
pasture in Tagharma is rich and abondant,

‘This plain is separated from the Kizil Art by a low rounded
ridge, formed by FFrsjectin spurs from the opposite mountain
ranges, the Neza Tish to the west, and tho to the
east. ‘The ridge forms the watershed between the two plains,
tho drainage on the Kizil Art sido flowing into the Little Kara-
kal Lake, said to be about 20 miles distant. The Bardish Pass
leads nee Eaectoe ie the Neza ae range into
the Altish Valley, emerging posite the Great in,
Peco 80 soiletsbore the junction af the Alsi and the

arghab,

According fo the accounts given by the Kirghiz of Tagharma,
and poerobeentod by Wakhis and whe the Kizil Art Plain
extends north from the Tagharma to the Alai, from which it is
separated by a mountain chain. The height of the two former

lains is about the samo, and that of the Alai somewhat greater,
Bat still, considerably Jess than the elevation of the Pamir. The
Kizil Art is similar in charactor to the Tagharma Plain, being
well watered, and abounding with grass fuel (willow). Its
length is about 130 miles, It is enclosed on tho east by the
mountain range extending and sweeping round from the diree-
tion of the Khokand Terek Pass and the Alai, and on the west
by the Neza Tash, ‘Tho Little Karalal Lake lies in the lower,
and the Great Kirakal in the apper end of this plain. The
former gives riso to the “Goz” or * Yi " Stream, which
flows through the pass of that name under the lofty and massive
Maztagh, or Tagharma Peak, into the Kashghar Plain, and
there joins somo of the namerouy branches or canals of the
Kizil 80, or Kushghar River. The Little Kfirakal is said to be
about 15 miles in circumference, and very deop. The Great
Kiraksal is stated to be about 40 miles in circumference, and to
‘ive rise to the Marghib, which finds its way through the Neza
h range, and flows towards Shighnda and Roshin. Four

YOu. XLVL ts

Contral Asia, Kast and West. 387

covered with deep snow. Extensive
near the western end of the lake, wi
close in considerably. he sume arta
Lenehan heap Po i ya

2
native travellers, is properly ARR he cy
head ead means the " eagles place” or qantg
in Re ER epee 2
‘and thus #8 mistake Taayihaye bees niin}
At less than half a mile west of the lake a watercourse, filled
with ico, leading west down the valley. This is the
beginning of the », Which unites with that from

Panja. Si stream
from the eastern Tighdingbieh Pamir ‘The valley closes
in at a distance of 10 miles below the lake, and the Little
Pamir may be said to terminate there. This gives that Pamir
a length of 58 miles, calculated to the se
Aktash Valley. Tho Sarhudd Peestis from this
deep set course between steep banks which rise 1) Sant
mountain slopes, along which, by the cise oa bank, <a
to Langar, 25 miles below the of consideral

tre
if
3
eFF
Z
he
7
af

kes
route Wo tad Reena ‘to break: up
ee ith had to be sought eae
over the rocky bed, and up and down the steep high banks,
making the journey tedious and severe to
summer tho swolling of tho streams makes this road extremel:
difficult, and it is that the Great Patnir route ia followed
in preference.

‘e lett the last firowood at the mouth of the ravine leading
from the Neza Tish Pass to the Aktish Valley. Up to that,
willow and myricaria aro found, No wood of any ki
tho Pamite Det the wild lavender unt, which with its woody

tion and cultivation commences at Sarbadd, and coin
down the yalley, with eg ae tracte of dense, low thorn an
willow jungle and pasture flats interyening between oe

Resaidar Muhammad Afzal Khan of the 11th Ean Daal.

vita

ith us)

a
peg
z

Central Asia, East and West, 389

Captain Biddulph, secompaniod Mohammad Afzal
Khan, for the Little Pamir, epee the Baroghil Pass on the
deg a Lary in fe Aktash Valley being appointed as our ron-

mata rat a Bsmie irty) halted the first
kit miles from la Pa, a. consider ‘a consideral Tio lee aa
right, orn ot Settles Seg apeny at ieee
icy leading to ear itia the Hissar built on a
solitary rock, standin out high on the and said to be of
wer ancient ‘date We examined the me eet ree eyS to
0 signs of gr ol iter antiquit, ntl

aaa Lae ee Sea in the walls alls tatiental no
tage. No Sei ‘stones wore seen in the whole place, The
tr’s eldest son, Ali Murdin a visited us in the evening, at

Tange S ehh to aay
jSaly parent Semele road lay in a Seren nies,
aimction at some height along the slopes of
the right bauk of the stream, ‘The eee on ee side rise
in a very gradoal incline from the rocky gorge in which

the north at 8 and 19 miles from Kisht, upper
rood to Shighniin leade up the latter. Panja, the capital,
is said to be ie in eight days by it, and Suet Darrah in
three days. kh Darra was at one time a small indi it
Mahi me 4 now absorbed in Saree similarly as
The who formerly occupied the western end of the
Great Pamir, are now Tocated i in P shaleh Darrah, and yisit the
Alichor Pamir in summer. cube. Pera
‘The great Pamir n 25 miles
Kisht, and 39 from eee Its length from that point tothe
Ajxtash Valley is 108 miloz, with an average breadth of 3 miles,
The valley which, up to the point indicated, 25 miles
r-Kisht, is narrow, the base of the mountains aj
of the stream opens oat there, and the bills on cither
tide show low and, rounded. Thence the fave lay in’ the same
general direction over flats and lon; Lertresed whole way
to the lake, Birch and willow are oe I to within 25 miles of
the lake. From that point forward the never failing pecan
it affords an abundant supply of fuel for
oye Fae similar to that in the Little Pamir, ah, and and
Sirikol valleys, is found throughout, ‘ho lake stream, in the
first 16 miles of its course, flows between high, gravelly banks
oe rise to far-extending downs, dying away in the long and
mountain slopes.
‘e reached the Great Pamir, or Wood's, Lake on Ist May.
It was entirely frozen over, and covered with snow. Its water

qa CPN BUTE
i iltea! a: se

EL ge

Ha ie Tesh
alli a He ies
‘ le ite a EE
J ahGinill peeling ee ay
wreeeetltas Metta ap an
elt ar er ei net
ubildetlenbe wilh iia

Alstiish
fille Psi
kal is

HEE
fe

on Jakes
ducks and geese at the head of the Great P
‘We were not fortunate in

Pamir. ‘These animals suffer heavily from th
wolves, which prey entirely on them. A

to have made great havoc among both some
ibex aro similar to the Himalayan speci

differ from those we saw in the Thian Shan R
of the black species, also found in the Kien Lt

Central Asia, East ancl Wee, 395.

Platine wert aaa rete al
roun curve, 53 inches in a it
and 16 inches round the base. ribs ao a
to the British Museum, ba iti ites ee to deste

‘e experienced none of besa
ache, and difficulty of Sate hile on Acie pate in the degree
that native travellers have described. None of our people
suffered in any way beyond breathlessness when exertion was

‘There was perfect health among our throughout the
journey. One of the Wakhis who accompanied us with sup=
plies over the Great Pamir died suddenly on the last march to
Aktish from heart diseaso, and this was the only casualty or
sickness even among the numbers of men who were stantial to
our camp when crossing and recrossing the Pamirs. All the
natives of India with us bore the severe cold and hard work
with remarkable endurance and courage.

The Pamir Plateau may be described as a great, broad,
rounded ridge, extending orth and south, and petite by thiek
mountain-chains, between which lie elevated eetiere and
gently sloping towards the east, but narrow and , with a
ee fall towards the west. ‘The waters which ron in all, with

exception of the eastern flow from the Tighdangbish,
collect in the Oxus; the Aksi from the Little Pamir Lake
receiving the eastern drai which finds an ontlet in the
Aktash Valley, and joinin, the Marghib, which obtains that
from the Alichor and Sirtz Pamira.

Our observations and inquiries show the true East and West
Watershed of Central Asia in that quarter to extend from the
head of the Taghdangbash, along the Neza ‘lish Range, to the
Kizil Art Plain.

It is remarkable that, while we found the Little Pamir Lake
not to be the source of the Sarhadd ee of the Oxus, we
discovered it to be the souree of a much larger branch of that
river if taken in connection with the Marghib. The mossongor
whom I sent from Wakhin with a complimentary letter to
present to Eusuf Ali Shab, the Chief of Shighnas, at his
capital, Bir Panja, on the left bank of the Oxns, found, on
arrival there, that the Chief was at Wiimar, in Roshéo, further
down on tho right bank of the river. He procooded there, and
on his way crossed at Wamar the Marghibi or Bartang River,
near its junction with the Panja, as the Wakhén Stream con-
com to be called there. This name Panja the united streams

to Kulab, after which the riyer is known as the cae
Sepia The Wi at its junction was observed to
larger in yolame mor¢ rapid in current than the Banja

id, i Serre In
was inhabited by Kirghiz, as is shown

i the valley was not all called
was ki
Sirikol, wl

ieieueiesaecnty oa
fe Is Wpstame el oceupicd
Aictash “Valley and the Alichor, Great and Little P

Central Asia, East and West, 395

ig in the routes travelled, is ‘ively small, and the
ce of detail as to the flow of tiers, de lod to belief in
the existence of one far-extending “steppe” from Victoria
Lake to the Alai range.

Tho sneaning of Sitikel is generally believed to bo “the yole
low valley,” but Hesean Shah, the governor, gave me his
opinion that it is a corruption of “ Sir-i-kob," as the valley rans
up to a considerable elevation. On the valley to be
@ continuation of the Tighdingbish, I looked upon Hassan
Shah's explanation us probably correct, from the fact of its
being a literal translation of Tighdingbish, both m “head
= the a a uote seems more ra hereros the

ersian-speal i] |, on sett ry 1 Rive:
it a Persian name, literally in ing its ‘Turki one.

Wakhiin on the Pamir owns the western Tighdungbésh from
the watershed, the Little and Great Pamirs, and the left bank
of the Akst from the head of the Aktish Valley in the south,
to Ak-Bilik in the north. The eastern boundary of Walkhdn is
conterminous with the western one of Kashghar from the Tagh-
dingbish to Ak-Billik, and Kashghar also owns.the Kizil
Plain, meeting the Khokand frontier at the Kisil Art Pass
which leads to the Alai Plateau. Shignén owns the Alichor
and Siriz Pamirs. There is no intermediate tract of country
held by independent Kirghiz or other yee le; the whole of
the extent from Herat on tho wost to Turiin on tho cast is
held by Kabul and Kashghar.

We wore very reluctant to leavo the Kizil Art unoxplored, but
circumstances beyond our control compelled us to pass on. We
retraced our steps to Tashka and after three days’ halt
there continued our journey towards Yarkand. We went: ies
Tagharma Plain, a the Kok Moinok Pass. We had a fall of
snow at Chihil Gambaz on the night of tho 14th of May, and
cold weuther till the 18th, when we were at once plunged into
extrome heat at Egiz Yar in the plains, Woe arrived at
ae on 2ist May, left on the 25th, and reached Leh on

th June.

Three days ‘after crossing the Karakorum wo suffered the
deep affliction of losing by death one of our party, Dr. Stolicaka,
a highly valued friend and talented companion, His death is a
eS Joss to the seientifle world, for ix is not to be expected that
his notes on geology, natural history, and other ecientific sub-
jects, can be presented to it in as perfect form as the author
would have produced,

On our return to Tadia, the Viceroy caused a letter, accom
as with valuable presents, to be sent to the Chief of Wak-

jin, in acknowledgment of his hospitality, aid, and protection

Avance to Lorku,

ides @
and sha -out channels t J
‘These are the lines of

the Arabs. Tarts seer

the Wanya, who live on par or

Ihe oreincetof Weal, a eas
nortl t and ti

settled north of Dar Pur; bat io was Savers E

haye not been able to reach the seat of this n

to
continue my jo thence towards Bornu.

sang val pt Cop ymin ie

country a it, the ‘nu Tan was
garnet a to the Chad when a war Niele a
ing of Wadai and the ruler of irmi overturned this
t, and for the time closed to me the rontes to the east
and south-east, I therefore took advantage of the opportunity
which offered to accompany an Arab horde belonging to the
tribe of Aulad Soliman (which st thie timo were on a trade-
Visit to the market of Kuka, the capital of Bornu). These
Ambs had settled in Kanem thirty-five years before, and were

For nine months I travelled with these bandits—the fear of
whom spreads far and wide—leading a monotonous and horrible
nomad and ee but ae eo ee me opportunities
of exploring the topography of these ita, ‘extendi
our Pee of ae dco qcaity aid aathanay tices
cially enabling mo to determine the character of the Bahr ot
Ghazal, and of the depressed plain of Bodele, to which last I
will afterwards call your closer attention, Tcould not, indeed,
reach the terminal point of my ‘Tibesti journey; but from the
northernmost, hills of Borku I'saw the mountain-chain whieh T
had traversed in Tibesti, extending south-cast as far as tho
country of the Wanya.

Having returned to Bornn in January 1872, I found that the
war between Wadai and Bagirmi had come to an end; the

2 ‘tion to ey intention of :
Walt, the ve of 1. Vogel Yat momelio mete Ve
more desi first, to trace upwards the course of
River, and to study the chief tributaries of the Chad,

and Neighbouring Regione, 401

hieal square miles (10,500 igh a a
Gee eeabon thy mene iste ep tua tao dot ag hye
is that of an irregular triangle, the base of ay
wa, to £.N.E, but not m a stmight line, since the oe
land of the Shari River invades the triangle at this point;
another side lies moro or lesa from it to south, forming the
western shore of the lake; while the third, which runs not
ae directly from north to south: forms the
. ‘The interior does not consist of open water, or only in a
relatively small Peon ion, two-thirds at least being occupied
land, which, the net-like distribution of the waters of
Shari, falls into innnmerable islands, which for the most

the interior of the Chad, should have ee seanty informa~
tion, that it is impossible from his to estimato the true
relation of Jand and water within it, Still it is a fact, that

the sou
of the Cl caries the insecure state of the northern route,
and as soon as they hi ad pale’ Sere faruod tothe sort wat
reached Mondo throug]

being aware that they pateee
feathos which separat ats Pee are se the a lov ater

= ds of th faint Peay beasts of burden, On the central

Islan

“Yedina" ; on the eastern, live the Kanuri; and from the north-
east shore several Kanembn families have into the
interior, since the occupation and ravages of the mainland of
Kanem by Aulad Soliman have made it uninhabitable, Be-
tween the islands and in the open water the Budduma navigate
about in their light boats, proving very dangerous to the shore-
peoples, on account of their rapi oy cary my tae Wh

thse neo copy on some trade with

across their count eee

and thence on’ ithe

Wha te tasks of die chask ecualelot sand-soil, and this is
not uncommon in the lako-islands and on its shores. A

black mnd-soil, which ister ail yn in some seasons,

only mot with on the low
every year. From the shores of the Chad a vinw aver
. VOL. XLVI, Ve

spe
Bt 25

‘vel

2 TE figd4sg® ni iy ald fe i2afi af

as i
a isi i He i Hla i

cr falling dict

and
ies

EF 228"
lai
24 HHT a: soa Hike 2328 al eased
THT eearTEE stn I RETR ETE
ill hike TF ad. ate iis!

beg sBi8 i i :
eat La

Sul;
-Yaol
s
dista
it 50

It is therefore a fact that the rain-water
the lake during
Sener it

these, the eastern arm:
m

had reached the river
becoming at once convinced fi
antes of the Shax. He (Schweinfurth) says, “If
not the Shari, whence can the volume of the Jatter:
tributaries

and Neighbouring Regions.

405

Tater, when in Wadai, E it information about the hydro-
graphy of the country in the south, and I found the existence of
these four tributaries of the Shari-system fully confirmed, both
the native merchants who carry on a Little trade eae

:
:
x
E
i
rE
i
£

great part, in the swamp of Jeo; onl
waters going beyond this reach the Ba Bachikam, the above-
noticed branch of the Shari. The second, which is larger in
volume, is called Aukadebbe, and comes from the spurs of the
mountainous country in the south-west of Dar Par; i ir
a south-west ond westerly direction through Dar
which it receives several tributaries from the lands of
and the northern Banda, and reaches the Shari
and 10° s. latitude. It is dieteest “ee pe water se
d to about i

water to reach to the waist, ‘The third, whiel
still larger, rises by two hend
the Buhr el Azrek, from the mountainous di
flows w..w., and joins the eastern branch of the
territory of the not far from Sora Kumra.
Rhee and we Aare eth wets always,
the report of my servant wl accompanied a
esto as bidye eke ae
wortl intelligent, passage
not ihont ined The River
man, is 150 paces broad, and could not
— ene water; and Sone ir
wide, with water reaching to the chest.

The fourth, which isis
pated le ereeeten be more than 800 paces

ave a strong current, which makes it difficult to cross; it
studded with islands, an ch it
that season, yet the number
bitante showed ita usual large size,
an intelli Bcc eae potions

ears, and wi travelled a great deal,
Memb larraberetiy (mountain) Banga, between 6° and
7°. lat., and about the 21st meridian east of Greenwich, and
was acquainted with its farther course. In volume he com-

.F
ae
ERLE
hue

E
Ee
ee

z
EH
i

i
Hi
in

Hl
Pine
i
Bek

pane
iy

& s a8 a
THAHE

Sat of Groves nal theee it Joes itl. the district which

valleys, it has a longth of 250 English miles valley
Trae chan al the Bakr et Ghasal, been

characteristic, one is
think thet tho Bahr ol Ghazal must slope from north-east
south-west, towards
ee eee ee opposite slope; that

and robberlife. Ascendin, jnally from the shores of
the Chad in Kanem northward last well-station which ix
generally reckoned the limit of Kanom is reached a little south.
of the sixteenth parallel. ‘Turning thence m, to ¥.N.e. and
then ¥.x,, the aneroid and boili Says herein, show a

rich pastoral plains of i and Bodele are then crossed, and

again the - rises ener as 5
whit 10 fer: narileenbti Gh mane however,

reachi: to the Bahr el Ghazal; and Bodele’ is a
ing down to the Babe bands annie

isolat

from north-west, to

its district ‘to be where the Bahr el
loses the last trace of its “wady" characters. Prom

the river valley (called “ Euncyi,” xaé" éfoyyjv, by
named Djurab by the Arabs, slopes down into the south of
Borku, and is also conspicuous

Tasting changes of
‘fund
cireni

to have
the case in the northern corner
traversed almost annu:

Kanem, who have

seems
been
Arabs of
should be

qiskiigie
g aU uE! i

the Court circle, were in
covered with the

travels, and

of Kin,

of my journey.
ry had b
and fry

ig Ali.

avnings

for a fown

portions

‘Lhis county,
of my

the west, Le south-west shores

ite of all wi
for Wadai,
jief object
heard much

ang

|, in
ry
chi

the town of Ngornu.
I hasten to a close, but I be;
nee at the remain’

lai
is73,

and Neighbouring Regions. 409
tho

to the Shari, which I crossed at Gulfo, through
districts south of the lake which are only ea i
fur a3 the rocky heights between the Jake and Fitri, and
traversing the territory of the Fittri once seen by Leo Africanus
in its powerful state’ as the Bulala empire, reached Wadai
Proper, throu; isbovconsis Sate SHO eas te ee
Kondongo, afer a month's journey came as as Abeshr,
aeerias a the country and the residence of the king, with
whom I found every protection and support. ae Ali, of the
race of the Abassides, is a young, sonra intelligent
man, who during his government since 1858 has won for his
country a position of unusual power.

He rought foreigners into his Lemna eng and
encouraged traffic, and lis extended his power and influence far
beyond the limits of his kingdom, To the northward he rales
over We a small part of Borku, and « large area of the
Bideyat; he calls Fit, Bagitmi, apart of Kanem and of the
Babr el Ghazal, his propery and southward he extends his
sway over Dar Runga and Dar Kuti to the south of the Bahr
el Salamat. In natural resource, in richness of land, in cattle,
in population, and industry, Wadai is still behind Bornu, yet it
excels in strong government, traffic with the Mediterrancan
coast, and in the warlike spirit of its inhabitants. The peng
of Wadai even surpass the people of Bornu in their hatred of
strangers, in their rudeness, anc eral lack of civilisation.

‘The death of King Hassin of Dar Fur closed my route to the
cast for some time; so I turned once again to the south, in order
to study the details of the hydrographic conditions of the exten-
sive country of Dar Banda, and I returned only when I heard
that the hang of minent in Dar Fur had passed over
peaceably, leaving the track to tho east free. Now only, in
order to Coton my return journey to Europe, in J: a
1874, I was able to leave my royal protector of Wadai, and Wi
residence. In four days I passed through the eastern limit of his
kingdom, and entered upon the territory of another State, feared
alike for its fanaticiam and its hat of inn yfaae namely,
Dar Fur, which i eesiote had only been visited by two Euro-

the English tra Browne, in the end of last century,
and the French Dr, Ouny, more ies ea a Browne,
who had only seen Kobe and Fasher, the chief of trade
and foreign intercourse, brought back but scanty information
with him; but Dr. Cuny died of illness in Fasher, and scarcely
any of his reports reached Europe.

Coming from the far west, one ascends from the eastern shore
of the Chad to the Marra Mountains. If we assume that the Chad
Jies about 800 feet above the sea-level, the capital of Wadai,

of cattle; its breed of horses is ‘ially fine,”
i i its riches in

and quantity of its honey.
Dar Fur bas since ceased to be an
complications of the n

shortly after my departure.

and fe in the battle of Menowatsi; his w
Hasseballa, retreated with the remnant of his

the mountains, but was soon compelled to throw
feet of the victorious Khedive, Dar Fur, tho,

Leaving Suakim on the 11th of the
at Berber upon the Nile on the 24th,

ard a0 eyes rok Seen wm “er
hp Yee 0 WOOK am OTTTNCd mo ways exp ayy
any a eae U aaar 2p Jo

Groce 0 soup @ temp

jeulty was ab first

that the

of the vessel in knots correspond

of seconds which alae! after the pasate n
a any object until the after line had passed the:
't.is evident that the same method was

taining the wate of the exrrent, by abe

of the White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf. As

objects in the stream; numerous observations of this kind were

made, and the mean results recorded.
‘The notes and remarks which are entered in the map, on each
side of the river, are taken nearly verbatim from the |

book, in which oyerything of intorest was recorded on tho
Astronomical observatious were taken at various stations
Fashoda to Rigaf. An S-inch sextant, to 10, was the
instrument Whenever it was practicable, stars north and
south of the Cay Fa ey oa eo stars east cil west oe
time, were
taken. Lunar observations were made at i Rigne bagel corste
jkoro, and the relative longitudes of the other stations were
taken with a chronometer of which the rate was found to be
fairly regular. These observations are all appended to this
paper. rtunity also offered for observing the transit
Tenis on tthe Sth December, 1874, and the times of contact
of the planet at eres eae noted as accurat tely as the instra~
ments at our would

Meteorologi eon wore also taken daily, The ane-
roid barometers used were checked at intervals by com,
with ae George's mercurial ui
are filled with great ease, and stand very rough usage without

suffering i
ne ‘am which we passed iron shee aaiesinay
Be th Yabeed i ie ie! gsr, hack ich made fe
as the whi it im-
passable for so many years, was cut th coy in 1874, and
the channel is now aavigabla without th in jeulty,
the width of open water is yery small in
Bahr-el-Zeraf, on the contrary, thro 2, whieh ‘Sir Boral
Baker on his last journey to koro, is now said
to be Noakes ie It is probable that the directions of
the abaraaig through this mass of yegetation are

hanging,

The Gals marsh may be said to end at Shambch, or about
north lat. 7°. ‘From this point to Gondokoro the banks of the
river aro, for tho most part, i ialastiy firm ind. In some

places the river breaks up into a a of different channels,
4 will be seen on reference to the may

At one place, between Bohr and Geeciokico thers a
branch of the river, easly az wide aa the main branch itsel
which flows away in a direction to the cast of north, “The
Arabs say that it joins the River Sobat This is a most inte-
resting question, and it ia hoped that it will be investigated.

_ We arrived at Gondokoro on the 14th November, and went
on to Rigaf on the 29th of the eame month. At that time the

As the Nile was so low, that it was not possible
to got oyor the cataracts between Khartam and
by camel to Berber, passing through M
ancient capital of Ethiopia, and ‘ing the :
now become an insignificant stream, not more than |
From Berber we continued to follow the road on the:

White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf: ait
APPENDIX.

Results of the Astronomical Observations made by Lieutenant
Warsow, n.8., at positions on the River Nile during the your
1874. Calculated by Wits. Buxas, r.2.1.8., of the Royal
Observatory, Greenwich,

Tavrm I.—Rusvars ov ran Onsunvarions ron Larrrupes py

i
i

i
5

Oh 9 00 00 &> = 50 08 Oe ee ce eo Ge On He
SLdlabsbbebeeta tee ee
SStRIRRSSeReEsanF8S
SERSSSS_RoYSERO SNE:

; Prom the results contained in the precediag Table the following Table was
formed -—

Taste I.—Coxerwpxp Larrrvprs,

Pace, Tal jot
Sue of Pace | rowade worn. | "erate
» 8 5 i 1
9 23 50 2
7 5 50 2
6 46 38 1
- ew a 1
4 54 38 ‘
444 a2 8
22

White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf. 419

Tanue V.—Sepanare Dattx Rusours vor Loxcrrupn nom Luwan
Distaxozs.

Teewalting Longitude for stoon,

i nae ee UT Coe [weet me | go3
Nor. 3 Gb bl Ho td A oe
Deo, 15 Bl 38 45 poe Bed =

+ m4 0) 1% 5 oO 8

Jn the proceing Table thet apres ono rent for Gondokoro and te for
Ring Tht by the chronemne difecace of lougtnde between Candckoro
Arse! eet oHint ne f ee ae sr Tigah, 9 ‘nda cat f, thie
i ry en!
pee vm

Nov. 27 | Longitude of Gondokoro v2 vs sv oe oe | OL TBE

From which is adapted for the absolute longitude of Higaf, 81° 39° 24" m,
pecan arr eg ar

JWith the adopt longtade of Ria, 1" 0 24" xy andthe, chou
aiftrence of lngitade conta fa able Huge “it ths
places included in that Table may now be feeacdlsrae thereto the
Toalcudes from Table TL, the allowing results are obtained -—

Taste VIK—Coxcrupen Latrropas axp Lonorruprs,

420 Lieut. Warsoy’s Notes on a Traverse Survey of the

Taste VII.—Oseenvations or Tax Eonnss or tar Prawer Vexvs

From THE.Sun, 1x THE Tranerr oy Vexus AcEoss THE Sor,
Deocemssr 8, 1874.

Place of observation, Rigaf, latitude x. 4° 44’ $2", lougitade =, 81° 99" 24%, a
already determined. See Table VI.)

We
Watch Time, | Rigs Mean

Formation of black line | Deo. 8 | 26 3& 260

|= zn ,
[02 iste Dec. 8/20 & 64
Tntemalomniact* ..| 4, [2085 855) 02719°6/ 4, | 20 859
External contact ¢ o | 21 Jno. O87 sre ” * 20 37 $20
1

* Was « good observation.
+ It was difficult to observe this with accuracy.

White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf. 421

Report on the Calculations of Heights from Otwercations made by
Licatenant Warsox, mx, on the White Nile. By Ricuaup
Meteorvlogical

Now. 1 days | Gondokoro .. «| 1700{Tt'gnet
Nov, 19, 21 a + | aT
| Dect | Rigat 1715
} of
f Dees daye | yy, ow, wore

‘These heights have beon calculated from obserrations made with mercurial
Darometers of Captain George's pattern for travellers, ‘The original observa-
tions are stated to have been corrected for instrumental errors, Whers a
namber of observations have beon made in the same month, the means of
them have been used as the dats for the upper station. The barometrical
observations have been reduced to temperature 82°, by the table for gradua-
tions on glass scales, these barometers being divided on the tubes themselves,
"he air temperatures have been taken as correct. The following aro the data
used for the sea-level the pressure having been obtained from Buchan's
inobarometric charts, and the temperature from Dove's isothermal charts :—

Inches, |

ia
| sis

" oe

‘The column H is the correction due to the b

done, and the results shoud bapyen Vo wayyors Ye

| he theoreted

White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf,. 423

founded on the barometrical formula of Laplace, and the vapour tension
formula of Regnault,

Tt may be noticed that the corrections actually applied to the readings of
the hypsometers average about + 0°2; and consequently the residual cor-
rection deduced now seems to show that their zeros have risen, eo that now
thoy are really more accurate than they were originally, the plus and minus
corrections being almost nil.

‘The comparisons instituted between the barometer and hypsometer obscr-
vations afford a convincing proof of tho fidelity with which the observations
have been made.

Lieut. Warson’s Notes on a Traverse Survey of the

424

wu ‘NosLY A ‘Loxry Ag
“PLT ‘AVOIY PUY ROLEVEY UOOMyOq ‘WIN! HLTH AM Of} UO WOH’; SNOILVAUESEO TVOIOOIONONLATL

ARB

White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf.

‘auguano uy peng
ona
“wt

aesecn a Zane ajaeoara naan 3 Za

i ;
aS
geal ad owed asesay

rae,
ood a

REE

eeee E

'SS Seas 5

REEREE

2B 5a28 PRSS vaee yu

SER eEESE ER

: as “ponnyuos—art ‘xosay yy “Lowry Seq
vo § “PLST ‘AVONY POW KAANVITY, ToOAZOG WITT ALIIA\ OY UO TOY) SNOLLVANASI(Y TVOIDOTONOMIALL

White Nite from Khartum to Rigaf. 497

j S e

ia
Ssatauii 3

at night,
ito min.

fil tied

ee ee eee Sen

ae
hg fat
Beate eatin apa teed :

— —_

& S8RERES ESR & ERRREES
SESSS8S S58 8 SESSRBES =: :
ERE SEES 8 2 ReeeRe
SeS:222S :s 2 28esas

+2 BSR SSSR S SRSSRSSS 2G
TiS FESSERE RRS S PSSRSSS :

"ARERR

28°43 | 28-2:
28° 42 | 28
28°41 | QR-27 | 28°)

28-44 | 28+

{ 428 )

XVIIT.—Note on Lieut. Gnaxpy's Map of his ne
Ambriz to San Salvador and the Congo. By W. J.

regarding interior of the country tray
fouod a toefal ecoompankment of the Man}

Os the return of Lieut. Grandy to England, he read to

Society a general narrative of his a wo
ment it with amore detailed and scientific account for

itineraries of traders, and is alto, d it
topographical rendering; whilst the Intter, which has

XIX.—On the River Quanza. By Cart

Tue River Quanza forms the south-eastern boundary
Portuguese province of Angola. Ss source as yet is

From Dondo to the bar Wis the great commercial
7 apitind only navigebe for small eralt, owing voit:

pen con~
structed from the information of Dr. Bastian, in 1557, and that
of the missionaries in the sixteenth and seventeenth a

426 Lient, Watson's Notes an a Th

“PLT ‘AVON pum KAIVITYY WOOAgOG “WHAT ALITA Ot} TO WOW BXOLLVANRAGC) TvOIDOONOR AECL

White Nile from Khartum to Rigaf. 497

3
a

at night,
ily.
ly; close.
Fino.
iy:
A little min,

2 | Rather clout
Fine.

Fino,

Per
£22 32
sane Zions
fel , et fet
sachet ca tuta 8 aul aBees : 2 8

SSheess 2 oe Serreess*
: 1 SSSSESS STS S ESSSeSRE :
DS BRR SEE S cS) SREReRe es
'SSEL SESS 2S | KVSeSS sss ts

id
i2g2dbvassisiy i

Se ee

TE RERE SRR ER R RERRESRE tt

12 SEES ::2R FB SSESS88SSSR ==:
ii RP GRSSRRE ERE & FESEBSS 2:

& S282Ree +=

ry
: $ BRBSS
R anaaa 8
: 2 Shee 8
&

RRRAR & HARAARKS
1 $ SS3F3 -
& RRRAR

23
ge
28
Rigs Saangeuel
aa
a
aa

a
3 E ts 4 men
seo: TATE

i
i
4
i
i

& 2

eee oe wenoou sauna LaDOTe, Up to the Junction of

HE
é

Daal
a

‘This is a vory serious obstacle to the navigatic
SH a ea the rij

( 483")

INDEX

VOLUME THE

Ab’bass Mirza, 85,
‘Abdal step ‘891, 998.

‘Aboal, eapital af Wadai, 409, 410,
iaygan xtreans, 189,

Ab-i-Mehno stream, 18%.
Ab-i-Sard Village, 64.
Abi-Sunt stevasn,'184, 199,
persey stream, 78,

lage, 1
Almod-#ayi iret ‘tract, 234 note,
Abmuli

Ahom people, 21

au oo iis 207 ait note.
inei-Vorzan

And Rive, 1. ne

Aiton Provineg 217 ond nol

‘Ak Durband, 14!

‘Akan Teta, 209,

‘a ru Lake, 32; Bivesjnatciaény
rr ry

Alcbaiie 8650

Akdlerband Gorge, 73;

Akin tm Weee Afries, Cope JE. Hiy
‘on the Distelot of, 21) ef we.

of,
Akbnl ‘Tekkeh, the, 135
ae Glen, 85; Vil

FORTY-SIXTH.

see eal “Piebeld Moun-
alt Plateau, 250, 281, 985; wtream,

06 4S Mea poe bk

“yy Gap to He. 6, ae G. Copan
AML, fo int nttributed to, 70,
=p Shiah sect, 05.
— Munlio Shah, ruler of Walkin,

A M a it of, 269,
saan wera Tine fortress
, om the River

Alishor ‘Pamir, ‘190. 301, 392,
All Vert Kha, erbula mond

alta “bafl, silk 100,
cer

‘Allabo 91, 190.
i Alla Fa” oF conve delag, 28
al ik

Pease ats. Vilage, 82

Rnanbetnne Witte Tatlan tithe, 325.
Anasern Pass, 67,
Anderson,

phe SI

froin, tho
Jey Mouths,

Andig on Vlg iO,
Angelica archura, 7.

INDEX. 485
{Barak Town, 124 12, etn Vile 108
Bac Ho Grud, Cidade da, 206, etemu lof odians, 278.
Barrett, ere Seb Laaaks we pore, 859, 370,

Bim rape ck ge

nit ing of, 223, 225, 226;
pe Capt 28, 02, 8b, 89,

Bea ete

is fs Hn at"Zeat,

bee = murder of, 364,
Birikn Peak,
—— alee of, 217, 218,

Bitokn Peale, 6.
Blackfoot Indiana,

Bombaxs pentandrum, eotton-tree, 29.
Eo. ? Rivor, 300, 301,

Tigo ‘Village, 810, 811; Serre do,

Bork distriots, 890,
Berta, Sultan’ of iag of Pramas
poh, on 1896, nee og

Bann
Dieu fay Ts Plaing, 101, 108;

HAN, 838,

= stop

Ei ee

eae seme
ek ater ee clstion of
410; Mountains, 410, .
eee
Darband-i-Kardeh Sarge mu
Pua Plain, 99, 96;

Lake, 128: Beak, 68, 128 ;

Range, 118; stream, O4; Village,
Dendroclanus striatus, S45.

Det ‘exploration of Lake Chad by,

jurab river-vallay, 407.
employed ia war by African tribe,

Dom Pedro Segundo Railway, 208,
a a 828, eon
Doula Khana Plateau, 88; Village,
‘Dowo, isothermal charts of, 42).
Dowlatkhona Plates, iM

Drow, Mr. ¥., 286, 287.
Dutle, 432.

Darian Sabatang Vi >
Dynggugell Momptainn h 6, 7,8 9.

25.
Visit to the of
‘Western Yunnan,

Farang Village, 152.
HY 1a Provines, 278.
5. Bl City, 109, 410

Kocland, Skulls of, 1 et sq.
ih a ((*Tomahayk®) Anuapata Chol,

Jeeta cen
Taguat Valleys

Taghan Village, Of,

JeRih Torte 108: lon ote farmer

108; Wn 19, :

a
soca ete

Tourney aerow the Yana Jiu, $a

irapana tebe 41, 4 doath enslome
Kishakka, King, soni of 28.

Kistafell. 6, 8.

Kitagwenda 28, 29,
Kitangule Kagera yet, 15.18,
Kisil ean in, 385, 886, B04.

nu.
Koochan Town,
quale at, 98;

$7,100, 141; earth-
a tg 10
stream, 86, 97, 99,

K , 4168.
Roah-Guunbar village, 284 anu note:
Kote Lama Village, ao asylam for
;, Russian oattlement, “KI.
ail Su” of the Yorvute, 186, 187,
‘Kwan a

Kren Iver, 07,398, ime
Erometi bn Okie eS
Kubo sig"), Antapaia Chit 6
Sey ted .
Kahana tea 406 s

— Selig nowelad rhige 06 100
— Zirkay Mountain, 131,
Kuntaba anger 10,

‘overfow of by Lake Cli
Kalkan aetive namo tt
Pamir

Kolkaliga rues, 48
i t

a it Maing (Hindu Korb or
‘Kurs Kavar, ee dk
Kuni Mohalla Village, 115,116} euing,
quiet
Ruukiiane Pitas 6
pass la
Kath avi ales es 226,
7
Kwat, goats’-mille ebtese, 05; mode of

manufioture, 68,
Tice Toy corti anedo of
storing 0

ai]
aH
ue

g
iff

a
i
ae

4
2
s

‘359, 962; Tange, 497,

yaa Mountain, 217.

Tourney to Lalke Ohsid

‘ond ed Regions, 806 ef

alu Deg unde and.
Todi the Nair Shah oP Borla
aay 120; flood-gutes

N hry 217 mae

‘Namau Pay a i.

Num Borg Vill

Numion)u, Prine, -Afvtean,,

Nam-Kal Village, 208

NaucKam River, 200; 207;
let Saas 226 5

x ‘Village, 201.

Nimtey stent 214,

NameWun Mver, 203, 200, 208 nae

N the Hon. G.C., Diarg of
Roe in Khoa and Notas ou tha
astern Albare Pract, 62 et aq.

‘Nardin Basin, 181, 198: Pass, 140;

saa ee

Nats, goede scorsbipped hy
eee a of, 21%,

218.
Nw Calcae? 0-413, Mier
Mena Taal Pasa, 386; ange, 384, 389,

Penlido, Rin 20,
, Dry 18, 185 map of Angola

mie eae 108.

Pickering, Mr., 360.
oes, ‘Oni ite, 198,
Chineeo writer on Europe, 176.
Fe Rio, 827.
Ping llen City, 190,
Piranbas, of the, 320,

aia Jy Baten) a

tion
Polo, on 221 note, Bz, 2221,

Port Moresby, New Guinea, Desor
Wea of Cinay a Nats af tho
Neighbourhood of, by Mr, OC.

Proirle fires,
Preto it back iver, 800, 810, 1,

1 197.
Parsyan Villag, 12.
singe Vi va

Quabin Town, 299.
uatla Karan Village, 860, 96, 96,

omnia Ttiver, Carl Anderson on the,
den Vietvia, Caine eetimotion of

—_— South Ans
Trilla 915,800 ze

Rabitehi district, 284 note,
Rachada, Capo, 869,

fF
i

A
2
i
a

FF
i

[
i

Haan Feces a>.
52.

iy Bh 0,"

artery
from Khartaw to,
Rit daa C3 Wetton, READ et Og,
Rinalilo, the, 369, 870,
ipon Falla, 14.
Hiker, ©, ron, 217 note,
Robinson, 369,
| Mr, 315,
Robie, 397,
Roro, Bore, ae an Korg 38, 52; natives, +4,

Hot ta
a atroan, 29; vill 190,
oi Kibo ae

Romie, King of Karn: rete
Bung Kul stream, 985;

dt, iE eet the Shak.
illu, 185.
Baidabad

Bethan Bat ates
Suitla #troam, 283 note, Fase bh:

alee ee ‘Bo tens of,
— Pula Province, 267. 4
Sat Bec ins
Sein 8,

226,
Seer te

— ain ‘310.
PoE Lake, 13.

16.
halt Abbun fom pueda oi 120,
= silage OF
“Tike Yorieig 136,15 eS"
Gaps Pa
Villages highest
inhabited point fa Berea, 725 seamne
cf coal at, 7

16,
‘Show-storms, woven, ij ferte
tomas at ‘of, 430,
Sobut Rives, 15,
a eee
10,
ness of, $19; Fall of,
Talands, Quoen of the, 97.
Sowa Ghee sirens 63, 8 Vilag 85
reek: inseripitond 460." 7

361, 380.
Heke Sty 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 19, 20,

— Gals, 17.
‘SricLohit Hivor, 217.
Sri Menanti State, 876; Hills, dense
80° Peeelica River, seine to
rs ‘and to the
ep eee
Wells of. 008
St Teroayme River, 271,
Sees 2 34.
's River, coal
Poul, edna ta tho Minin
Ee ‘Exploration of
Nyanza, Col. J, A. Grunt om, 10 ot
sehen Tntorlakon, Switzerland, 37

Stolleska, Dry 291,
808; pe maph Bed how

Sione, Mr. 0. C,, Doser
Country and ativan the Ne softs She

Guinea, by, OM
Sirchan, i Calowiation of

1m Oborvations made by T
Watonen ‘White Nile, 421-423,

1 Khao Athans iewnaet of
Antrabnd, 1h.

ie ee
ir City,
ial strain, 281
185.
jer, Sat.
Sunghy jong, 279; dinning die

crab Viliag, 8,
Sunaxbad Vilage,

‘Surkh-ib, northern Oxea,
es arm of the Ox ;
‘Surkhdeb 68.

‘Sumik Kol cm
seam ek 8
Bwottonham, Mr, 360, 354, 372.
* Tabula pions the, 11.

a ae
Tall we of a ioey ‘Hane
‘Margury,

Tat

or Tashmulok, Peak, 290;

Pass, 281; Promontory,

Tenne, a sick back bay, 088,

‘ar dt

‘Torut B83.
Tsao alf-iviliged Indian,

‘Dmaltdro,
Das aig BR ae
Taig 4.30!

ane Uy ait? als fonad by a,

alin ag 1 1 i.

‘Tumfoh Town,

‘Tungel-emaaed Gorge, 188,
Tung-eRbenehetn Sasa) pepe,

ote, 280,

rete un, Veer of alangore,
head-man of Luroot,
ae

ein Bay, Ty eet Views
Ryan beta Note on Clock

Mieae patent Ce Mr. ks bag

vowk Dr, ‘i, 008.

‘Wo-Bambireh tebe, 24, 26.
= Hing, 400,
iro

109; slave-tmde of,

Watt le
888; bow

— Chiof of, hospital
Tinian of Tonto 2. , Gone

Waki tribe, 301, 393.
Wo-Kishaktka tribo, al.
Walker, Sel 280,

‘Wamar, 3:
wont te 2. 26.

a ane ie
ea

Wartunnde tite’ a
Warn eg 33
lnson gor ML.
Wabartn, ‘or Chic? Mountain, Lake,

Watson, Lieut, Remarks

yn Traverve Survey of ths White
Nita trom Ixhartom to Bignt, 412 et
ji Tesulis of the ‘ical

inks the uration of Saige
‘Mz, Richard
Bronce Seen alot 421~
art Liont. lire) 's Meteorol
Wine Mew a ceet

Vatna si in the Tsaumer of of

i
Watara ree ai
Watusi tribe, 31,

VOU, XVLIL

Wavumu mee, 17. x

Wola, Mr. Jo w. of «
Se eee
che to tho River Toeantins mnd to
‘the City of Maranbito, 908 et req.

2
i
F
i
LE:

1814, by Lisa
Walion ee, ma : -
Burwoy ofthe, from Lando to My

9.
Farka te Ritu 288 note, 285; rivere
al, Chinese soidlor, 18.

Yangl-Hlwar Town, 263 note
Xone; lio ‘Town, 10
Yooshan ye 106.
Profeet, hia “ thoroughinees,”

essai saa
Yonll Kal ed
Somat tbe ona 1, 119, 115, 132, 158

1a,
Noles on the, by Kagew Syud

Abinnd, 142-144,
‘Youldeb, 898, 243,
Young, Mr., 328-48
Sonn ee ames Rally
Yuan River, 177.
Yule, Col, $22, 229, 299 note, 290, 298:

Mand, 98, 44, 52,
20

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