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Vol. I No. 4 July, igo7
RETROSPECT OF HALF A CENTURY.
Having crossed the plains in 1853, while this was a part of
Oregon, and arriving in Olympia in February, 1854, shortly after
it had been organized as the Territory of Washington, I have
thought it would be a fitting subject for this address to take a
retrospect of the half century which has fully elapsed since I first
beheld the placid waters of Puget Sound. During that period
there have been striking events, and wonderful changes, not an-
ticipated either in thought or dreams at its beginning. Some of
the most important changes or discoveries have been made within
the last twenty-five years, which, had they been even suggested
fifty years ago, would have been declared chimerical if not abso-
lutely impossible.
I doubt if there is among all the modern inventions and dis-
coveries anything more wonderful than the growth and progfress-
ive development of the United States. In its earlier history, its
life and continuance as a republic was gravely questioned, espe-
cially by European powers, who have since discovered that the
infant they once despised has not only broke through its swad-
dling clothes, but has become a veritable Hercules in strength
and in power.
Half a century ago the number of the States forming the
Union was thirty-one. The last of these was California, which
was admitted in 1850. It thus remained until 1858, when Minne-
sota was added. The following have been admitted since, in the
order named : Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebras-
ka, Colorado, the two Dakotas, North and South ; Montana,
Washington, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah. This last was admitted
in 1896. These fourteen added in the last half century make the
total number which now constitute the United States forty-five.
Including the Territories and District of Columbia, the popula-
(197)
198 George F. Whitworih
tion is now estimated at 85,o<X),oc». The last census, taken in
1900, gave the population at 76,303,387. At the beginning of the
last century it was only 5,308,483. By 1850 it had increased to
23,191,876. The rate of increase had been at an average of a
little over 33 1-3 per cent, for each year. From 1850 to 1900 the
average has been about 28 per cent. One cause for this lower
average may be found in the Civil War, which occurred in this
period, for a few years creating a temporary division, consisting
on the one hand of twenty Northern, and on the other of eleven
Southern States. This began in i860 and ended in 1865. It re-
sulted in striking the shackles of slavery from the limbs of thou-
sands and the removal of the dark blot which had so long stained
our national escutcheon. This deliverance was purchased at the
priceless cost of the precious blood that was shed by thousands
on either side. It is estimated to have cost the sacrifice of 300,000
lives and a loss of eight billions of dollars. The memories of
the dead, their sufferings and their gallant deeds are brought to
mind year by year as the blue and the gray meet together, and
arm in arm take their part with a grateful people as they decorate
the graves of the departed heroes. Nor will they ever be for-
gotten. Though tears may fall from many eyes as the loss of
friends, of husband, of father or of brother is remembered ; hearts
will glow with gfratitude to our Father above that we are a re-
united people, and that the Stars and Stripes float proudly over
"the land of the free and the home of the brave." It is consid-
ered in many respects as the most gigantic conflict of modern
times, and as followed by one of the greatest marvels, that the
great armies should so quietly have disbanded and returned to
civil life.
The news 'of Lee's surrender to Grant on April 9, 1865, had
barely been flashed over the wires when it was followed by the
sad news of the assassination of President Lincoln, who had not
been spared to see the full fruition of that for which he had
prayed and labored. His name will ever be revered, and through-
out all time will be associated with that of Washington, the one
as the father, the other as the preserver of his country.
The use of steam power for navigation except on inland
waters had been quite limited until 1856, although it had been in
l.artial use from 1838. The first experiment was made in 1819. The
expected event was thus announced by the Times, a paper pub-
lished in London, England, in the issue of May 18, 1819: "Great
experiment. A new steam vessel of 300 tons has been built at
Retrospect of Half a Century 199
New York for the express purpose of carrying passengers across
the Atlantic. She is to come to Liverpool direct."
I further find that this steamer, named the Savannah, the
first that crossed the Atlantic, was built at New York. Her en-
gines were made at Morristown. She was launched on the 22d
of August, 1818. She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal
and twenty-five cords of wood. She sailed from Savannah, Geo-
gia. May 25, 1819, bound for St. Petersburg via Liverpool. This
tatter port she reached on the 20th of June. The voyage thus
took twenty-six days, and out of these she used steam eighteen
days. The record is silent as to whether she continued her voy-
age to St. Petersburg. I rather conclude she did not. If she did,
there is question if she has ever returned. Experiments were
made at intervals up to 1856, when larger ships weie built and
equipped with greater power. I find the steamship Persia the
only one mentioned in 1856 (capacity not given), making the
time between New York and Queenstown in nine days, one hour
and fifteen minutes. Up to i860 there was a question of suprem-
acy between the screw and the side or paddle-wheel, when it
was decided in favor of the screw, so far as ocean navigation was
•concerned, both in the merchant marine and in naval construc-
tion.
I find two steamships recorded in 1856, the Persia and the
Scotia, making the voyage between New York and Southamp-
ton, the Persia in nine days, one hour and forty-five minutes, and
the Scotia in eight days, two hours, forty-eight minutes. The
time was then gradually reduced until .1889, when the City o»
Paris made the voyage in five days, nineteen hours and eighteen
minutes, since which date the time has hovered about five days.
Vast improvements in regard to safety and comfort of pas-
sengers, as well as increased rapidity of travel, have been, and
still are, being made. It is confidently asserted that on most of
the steamships the accommodations in the steerage are superior
to those that were furnished some years ago for first-class pas-
sengers.
The Arrow, a vessel recently built in New York, is claimed to
be the fastest steamship afloat, having attained a speed of nearly
fifty miles an hour. She can be stripped an<l converted into a
torpe<loboat at forty-eight hours' notice.
The Minnesota, which we all know, is said to be the largest
merchandise vessel ever built in America. Designed primarily
for freight, she can carry 172 first-class cabin passengers, no
200 George F. Whitworth
second cabin, 68 third cabin and 2424 steerage passengers or
troops, in addition to a crew of 250.
Iron has taken the place of wood in the construction of large
merchant and steamships for freight or passenger service on the
ocean. Their masts are often iron instead of wood, as heretofore.
The day has come when boats, instead of floating on the top
of the water, can be so constructed as to dive, swim and stay
under the water, almost as long as the operators of them desire.
The trial of one such boat proved so successful that the govern-
ment had six more built.
Turning to machines of locomotion on land which have be? 1
constructed within a few years, the one which has been more
extensively used is the bicycle. This had its prototype, which
was used in England eighty years ago. It was a bicycle with
wheels attached to a bar of wood, rudely shaped like the body
of a horse, the rider sitting astride and propelling it with his
feet on the ground. Some were a little more stylish, and so ar-
ranged that the front wheel might be turned by a handle. This
was called a "nobbyhorse," sometimes a "dandy horse." I can
remember seeing them when I was a ten-year-old boy.
In 1856 the Western Union Telegraph Company was formed
by the union of two Eastern companies. From that time com-
binations and consolidations have been carried on and the effi-
ciency of the service continually improved and increased. Its
lines were not extended to the Pacific Coast until 1861. In Oc-
tober it was completed and in operation to San Francisco. In
1864 it reached Puget Sound, and now has its offices in every
important town in the State of Washington, connected by 12,000
miles of wire. Its Seattle office employs thirty-five operators. It
has fourteen dynamos, which supply the power that it formerly
required 5,000 batteries to furnish. Messages sent and received
amount to 5,000 daily, of which 500 alone are sent to Chicago.
The Postal Telegraph Company made its first connection with
Seattle in January, 1887. It has in this State 1,060 miles of wire.
It employs twenty-four operators. It has five dynamos, which
supply power equal to that produced by 2,000 cells battery. Mes-
sage's sent and received average a daily number of 3,500. It has
direct connection with commercial cables, the Canadian Pacific
Railway telegraphs, seven Atlantic cables and one Pacific cable
from San Francisco to Manila, Honolulu and Japan.
I should have stated that the Western Union is so connected
as to have cable service to all the world. I may also say that
Retrospect of Half a Century 201
these lines use the Morse code of signals, which consists of dots
and dashes, so arranged as to represent the different letters of
the alphabet. The experienced operator reads the messages thus
sent by sound. So expert do they become that errors rarely
occur in the reading. Sometimes in transcribing by the type-
writer errors do occur. One rather amusing instance of this kind
is reported, where a "t" was touched instead of an "r." Some
friends on a journey, having arrived at their destination, desired
to inform those at home of their safe arrival, and that they were
all right. The message delivered stated "they were all tight."
The restless spirit of modern invention was not content with
guiding the mysterious power of electricity both above and be-
neath the surface of the earth, when a proposition was started in
England to join the shores of England and France by means of
a submarine telegraph. While it was admitted that such an un-
dertaking was possible, it was questioned whether it would be
worth while to attempt it. It was alleged that "the injuries to
which the wires would be subjected created an insuperable objec-
tion to this plan being carried out on a large scale." This was the
condition in 1848. In 1845 an American newspaper had made a
bold prediction that the Atlantic would one day "ht spanned by
an electric wire. The idea was derided as extravagant. Never-
theless, many were experimenting in submarine telegraphy, but
it was not until 1857, when Mr. Cyrus W. Field, at the head of
a company, made the first attempt to span the ocean. This proved
unsuccessful, as the cable broke in two places, which left 144
miles of it at the bottom of the ocean, thus rendering the whole
worse than useless. But the projectors were plucky men and re-
solved to try again. The third attempt succeeded, and the first
message sped across the Atlantic on Augfust 6, 1858. Tliis suc-
cess was but temporary, and failed after having conveyed a total
of 400 messages. It is somewhat curious to tell that the last
word transmitted was "forward." It was not until 1865 that an-
other company was formed, a heavier cable of 2,300 miles In
length constructed and successfully laid by the Great Eastern in
1866, and thus secured permanent connection between the Old
World and the New. Two other Atlantic cables were laid in 1874
and 1875, and a number of others since. There are at least two
on the Pacific.
The greatest, the most marvelous wonder in this line is that
of wireless telegraphy. Had it not been fully demonstrated it
would seem to be beyond possibility of belief. Electric wave
202 George F. Whitworth
wireless telegraphy may be said to have had its beginning when
the gfreat physicist, Michael Faraday, deduced philosophically the
broad generalization that ether, which scientists consider to ex-
ist in, but different to, the air, constituted the medium by which,
not only light and radiant heat were propagated, but electric
forces as well. This was in 1845. Faraday and others con-
jectured that light from the sun and electricity were of the same
order, only differing in degree — ^that is, in the length of their re-
spective waves, whose velocity through space was the same,
namely, 186400 miles a second. Marconi in 1890 began some
experiments in accordance with these views, but made his first
experiments in transatlantic telegraphy without wires on Febru-
ary 25th, 1902, while on his way to the United States on board
the steamship Philadelphia, and received signals at a distance of
2,099 miles, and worded messages at a distance of 1,551 miles.
Messages are often sent now to passengers on ships several miles
out on the ocean, so that it is stated to have become a regular
experience on some of the Atlantic boats to see, as in a club, the
servants carrying around telegrams and calling the names of the
recipients.
Having said thus much in regard to telegraph, I need not say
much regarding the telephone, as it is on the same principle,
only that it conveys sound and enables two to carry on conver-
sation even at long distances. This is one of the wonderful dis-
coveries made within a few years. In 1876 Alexander Bell first
exhibited the speaking telephone at the Philadelphia Centennial
Exposition. It is this telephone which has been greatly improved
which is now in common use. Edison and Blake have made
additions and improvements which have been combined with it
and makes it of general use. Communications have been held
through it between Chicago and New York.
There are two telephone offices in Seattle — the Sunset and the
Independent. The Sunset opened its office in May, 1883, starting
with thirty subscribers. Its plant was destroyed in the fire of
June, 1889. When it resumed it had 560 subscribers. It has built
in this State 115.250 miles of wire. It has five offices in Seattle,
including the main office. J. N. Cochran is the division superin-
tendent, and J. B. Jansen manager. It has i ,027 employes and on
June 1st had 23,500 subscribers.
The Independent Telephone opened its office in Seattle in
1902 with 2.000 subscribers. It has in all five offices in Seattle,
Retrospect of Half a Century 203
has 400 employes and has now 15,000 subscribers, and including
its cable wires, about fifty thousand miles of wire in this State.
Vast changes have been wrought in the work of printing,
especially as it is connected with the publishing of newspapers.
The old Ramage press with which our early papers were printed
has long since been laid aside, and displaced by the modern Hoe
press, to which the name Perfection has been attached. Well
may it be so called, for not only does it print the papers, but feeds
them to an electrically controlled paper carrier, which carries and
counts them, ready for distribution, to the mailing department.
If no such improvement had been made, neither the Post-Intel-
ligencer nor the Times could begin to furnish the papers which
daily and weekly they send forth. The P.-I. has two condensed
quadruple Hoe presses. Each press complete, carrying thirty-
two page plates, will print per hour 48,000 eight-page papers,
24,000 of ten to sixteen-page papers, or 12,000 papers containing
from sixteen to thirty-two pages. In its city deliveries the P.-I.
uses seven special chartered cars, together with a number of
wagons and automobiles. It requires 200 persons to bring out
the paper each day; forty-nine are in the editorial department,
sixty-eight in the business departments, and eighty-three on the
mechanical side. Besides this the paper has a staff of special cor-
respondents numbering 158. Its net circulation for May was
992,461.
The Times has three quintuple presses, which are the Hoe &
Co. perfection presses, with which it publishes daily between
40,000 and 50,000 papers on an average ; of the Sunday Times be-
tween 50,000 and 60,000. In December last its circulation ex-
ceeded 60,000. From circulation of less than 3,000, nine years
ago. the daily has passed 40,000. Its consumption of white paper
in 1906 amounted to seven million pounds. This paper costs 3
cents per pound. The circulation of the Daily and Sunday Times
according to the "press report" for the year 1906 is g^ven as fol-
lows:
Daily average for 12 months... — 42,172
Sunday average for 12 months 56,794
Average for both daily and Sunday 44,529
From the items furnished by both papers I have selected what
I have given, which, taken together, show .the extent of the work
which is done by both.
The Times has over 300 persons engaged in the diflferent de-
partments of the office.
204 George F. Whitworth
Besides these two, which are the principal papers, there are
about seventy other publications, some daily, semi-weekly, week-
ly, semi-monthly and monthly.
The automobile needs no description from me. They make
themselves generally known, but do not always obey or care
fven for the lives of those they carry. It is more comfortable
and much swifter than the oxmobiles with which so many of us
crossed the plains. Our pioneer brother Coombs tells the story
of an old teamster who declared when he saw the first automo-
bile in town that his horses, as they looked at it, laughed, con-
gratulating themselves that they would soon be relieved of their
laborious work. He does not say whether or not it was a mule
team. If it was, I expect they would have laid their ears back
and loudly hee-hawed.
Electricity is causing many wonderful changes in locomotion
by the use of the trolley, furnishing facilities of rapid transit both
by street car and interurban lines at very low rates.
In Seattle at this time we have not less than twenty-four
street lines. We have also two interurban lines in operation and
others projected.
When the early pioneers crossed the continent they found one
serious obstacle in the way, which was then denominated "The
Great American Desert." The geographies and atlases of half
a century ago contained description of it. It has now disappear-
ed, not only from the atlas, but from the face of the earth. I
have endeavored to locate it, and conclude that a part of it, if not
the whole, has been swallowed up by the State of Wyoming.
That it was in existence in 1853 there are others than myself who
can testify from their recollection of undertaking to cross a part
of it, at least, by driving over it at night, so that the cattle should
not suffer from thirst, as no water was to be found for a distance
of some twenty or twenty-five miles. This was encountered soon
after the Rocky Mountains had been crossed by way of the .South
Pass, and the Pacific Springs passed, where the waters divided,
a portion going to the southwest, continuing down until empty-
ing into the Colorado River, the other to the eastward, by the
way of Sweetwater, discharging into the North Platte.
The plains, as they were then called, over which we passed,
had their beginning as soon as we crossed the Missouri River,
and did not really end until we reached the Columbia River, al-
though divided at times by mountain ridges, of which the prin-
cipal one was the Rockies. The whole may b** cribed as
Retrospect of .Half a Century 205
wilderness. It had been described on the floor of Congress as an
"interminable desert," with "arid plains" and "impassable moun-
tains," reaching to a land that was "worthless," "not even worth
a pinch of snuff," "the whole country irreclaimable, and as barren
a waste as the Desert of Sahara." Out of this barren, desolate
land there have been carved at least six States, which have been
reclaimed and made fruitful by the labors of hardy pioneers and
settlers, so that now it may be truthfully said that "the wilder-
ness and the solitary places have been made glad by them, and
the deserts to rejoice and blossom as the rose."
These States are now teeming with rapidly growing popula-
tion, and are dotted on every hand with towns and villages, and
here and there with cities of no mean proportion.
These changes and this progress have been greatly aided bv
the railroads which have been built, especially the Northern Pa-
cific and the Union Pacific, which have traversed this region,
through which it had been claimed that it was impossible to con-
struct even a wagon road. Senator McDufRe, of South Carolina,
declared that the idea of building a railroad to the Pacific was
preposterous, and that were it even possible "the wealth of the
Indies would be insufficient."
Now we have at least six from .the Atlantic to the Pacific in
operation, and others projected. It was not until the Northern
Pacific was completed to the Sound that \N'ashington began to
grow. This was accomplished by 1885, and in 1887 it reached
Seattle ; since which time the growth of the State has been rapid.
The entire length of the main line of the N. P. from St. Paul to
Seattle is 1,911 miles. In this State it has nearly, if not quite,
1,200 miles, 400 of which is of the main line, the .balance being
made up by branches.
The Great Northern reached here in 1893. Its main line from
St. Paul to Seattle is 1,828 miles, and it has within this State
about 800 miles, 388 of which is in the main line.
Both of these roads have united in the building of the Union
depot, which is an ornament to the city, a credit to the com-
panies. It is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it has
been built and for the comfort and convenience of the traveling
community.
The facilities of travel, both on the water and on land, have
been greatly multiplied. For a long time the only steamer on
the Sound was the Eliza .Anderson, which made only one trip
a week betw - piympia and Victoria. There were then only
206 George F. Whitworth
the towns of Steilacoom, Seattle. Port Gamble, Port Ludlow and
Port Towsend, each with sparse population.
The trip to Portland, which is now accomplished by rail
in about nine hours, used to require about three days. Before
there were any railroad connections the land travel from Olym-
pia to Monticello taking a day and a half, with part of a night,
by stage, or more correctly, a mud wagon; the first portion of
the route being by water to Olympia, and the last from Monti-
cello to Portland by the Cowlitz and Columbia and Willamette
Rivers.
Those memorable words of George Berkeley, the celebrated
philosopher, "Westward the course of empire takes its way,"
written as long ago as 1730, are being verified in the onward
march of our population.
The center of population of the United States has been grad-
ually moving westward. In 1790 the center was twenty-three
miles southeast of Parkcrsburg, W. Va. In 1890 it was twenty
miles east of Columbus, Indiana, and in 1900 was seven miles
southeast of that place. The Western movement in no years
has been 513 miles.
When Washington was organized as a Territory it had a
population of a little over 3,000. In 1889 its population hail
increased to about 300,000. when it was admitted as a State.
It has gn-own, until in 1906, as estimated by State authorities, it
had reached the number of 925,000. It is now by some authori-
ties estimated to be about one million.
Fifty years ago there were no settlements in Eastern Wash-
ington. It was still in the grasp of the Hudson Bay Company,
but on the discovery of gold in the Kez Perce country in 1855
and 18 '6. attention was so attracted that the tide of population
began to flow in that .direction. This has been greatly in-
creased, and its agricultural and horticultural capacities have
been marvelously developed, so that it has become widely known
for its wonderful production of grain and its fine, delicious fruits.
Its prominent cities are Walla Walla, Spokane, Ellensburg and
North Yakima. Returning to the West, in addition to the towns
already mentioned, as bordering on the waters of Puget Sound,
have been added the city of Tacoma, sometimes called the City
of Destiny, with a population now estimated at 100.000 : Everett,
near the mouth of the Snohomish River, has of late years sprung
into existence, partly through the influence of the Great North-
ern, and bids fair to become a young giant before many years.
Retrospect of Half a Century 207
Its population is numbered by the thousands. Bellingham, for-
merly Whatcom, is growing rapidly.
In 1858 Seattle was a small village of not more than 150
whites. In i860 it had increased to 250; in 1870 it was 1,107; ^^
1880, 3,533; in 1890, 42,837; in 1900, 80,670. Its population, as
estimated by the Chamber of Commerce on January ist, 1907,
was 221,000.
The growth of the cities along the Sound has no doubt been
much accelerated by the trade with Alaska, which has been
pouring into our lap its golden treasure. When the purchase
was made in 1867 from Russia for $7,200,000, the wisdom of i:
was greatly questioned, for the general impression was that it
was utterly worthless. Time, however, has fully justified the
action of Seward by the revelation that has been made of its
wonderful resources.
The Seattle assay office, since its establishment in 1898, has
received and paid for gold dust to the value of $139,353,686.31,
nearly all of which came from Alaska. But its entire output
was not received here. Much was sent to other 'places. It has
other valuable resources than its gold. Seattle has probably been
a larger recipient of benefits from this source than have other
places. It has now twenty-two banks, in which, in 1906, there
were deposits amounting to $60,000,000, and the amount of clear-
ances were $485,920,021.
Seattle has about 120 churches and church societies.
The enlargement of the business of the postoffice and its
multiplied facilities reveal perhaps as fully as does any other
branch of business the substantial growth of the country. Hav-
ing opportunity only to ascertain with any degree of accuracy
the increase of business of the Seattle office, I give what 1^ have
been enabled to learn of its growth, while no doubt similar
growth is to be found in the postoffice of other principal cities in
both Eastern and Western Washington, with this exception
only: that Seattle is one of the distributing offices. I give,
therefore, the history of its feeble beginning, and its present
capacity, and with this will close:
Until August 27th, 1853, the settlers in this region had to
depend upon uncertain chances for either letters or papers. At
that date national recognition of Seattle was given by the estab-
lishment of a postoffice, and the appointment of Mr. Arthur A.
Denny the first postmaster, who opened the office in his dwell-
ing house, which was a log building, situated at the corner of
208 George F. Whitworth
what is now known as Marion and First Avenue. I learn from
Mrs. Denny that a man had been previously employed to go
to Olympia to procure whatever mail matter was there for
parties residing here. He returned on August i6, and brought
twenty-two letters and fourteen newspapers, but what was
brought on the 27th she does not recollect, only that it was a
very small amount.
I was living near Olympia when the first mail arrived from
Portland and recollect of its being publicly stated that it was all
brought in one of the mail carrier's pockets. I know that for
some time after it was brought in an ordinary pair of saddle-
bags on the same horse on which the carrier rode. Many years
elapsed before there was business enough to require any as-
sistance. A few minutes were generally sufficient to open and
distribute the mail. It was the same in making it up.
It is very different now. Mr. Colkett, the assistant post-
master, informs me that in addition to Postmaster Stewart
and himself, both of whom are kept busily employed, there
are in the main office 124 clerks. There are forty-one stations,
with one clerk each, thus making the full office force em-
ployed 167. There are also 124 letter' carriers and 12 spec'al
messengers, thus making the number of outside employes ij').
This brings the total of officers, clerks and employes to 303.
On an average five tons of mail are daily received, and from
ten to fifteen tons sent away.
GEORGE F. WHITWORTH.
* A'ofr.— Asrcrably to (uggotloo* mad* at the tlm« of dcllT»rr. I have ampllfl«d
•ome mattcn then only blatfd at, for wblcli there wa« not time to rolarxe. I take
tbia opportunity to aeknowledce my Indebtedneia for help ao kindly Klrea by Cham-
ber of rommerce. Railroad, TTelegraph and Telephone companies, the V.-l. and TImea,
In fumlahlnK Information whirb I could not othenrlae obtain : also to Judf« Burke,
Tbomai W. Troacb and Prof. Meany, In addition to name* which hare already been
mentioned.
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