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I^arbarli  CoUegt  librara 

FROM   THE 

J.  HUNTINGTON  WOLCOTT  FUND 


Enublished  by  Roger  Wolcott  (H.  U.  1870),  in  memory 
of  his  father,  for  "  the  purchase  of  books  of  per- 
manent value,  the  preference  to  be  given  to 
works  of  History,   Political  Economy, 
and  Sociology."     (Letter  of  Rog^ 
Wolcott,  June  1,  1891.) 


Received 


,^. 


ULC... 


.».at,...i^..o.3.. 


THE 


JUDICIAL   DICTIONARY. 


^'t^orb^  ace  tti^  inni'#  couttmi^»  tbep  bo  but  cecfcon  bp  tbetit;  but  tbei^  ace 

tbe  monep  of  fooI^.'» 

HoBBES*  Lbviathax,  Pt.  1,  ch.  4. 

"  ll^ott  nece^^acy  it  i#  to  bnott  tbe  ^gnificadoit  of  ttocb#." 

Ck>.  LiTT.  325  a. 

^'  f#  not  tbe  fubge  bounb  to  fcnittB  tbe  meaning  of  an  ioocb#  In  tbe  CntfiA 

language?" 

Per  Maktiit,  B.,  HilU  ▼.  London  Ga$  Co,,  27  L.  J.  Ex.  63. 

'*  ?Befinttlon  tf  afmajg^  pericufoifar  plenum  opuji  aleor.'' 

Per  Wills,  J.,  Swantea  Imp.  Co,  v.  Swantta  Urban  Authoritif,  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  125. 

'*  St  i#  not  nece^^acp  to  go  into  tbe  becibation  of  ttotb^,  foe  tbat  #oct  of  tea.- 
Waning  ttoulb  not  a^^  in  tbe  abmini^ation  of  fu^dce.** 

Per  Kun>BB8LBT,  Y.  C,  Barrett  ▼.  White,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  726. 

'*  legaf  befinition^  ace,  foe  tbe  mo#t  pact,  inbucttbe  genecaltsadon^  becitaeb  fcom 

fubtdal  eq^edence.** 

Mickle  y,  MiUs,  1  GnnVs  CaBes  (Pa.)>  328. 

**  JUdtbec  i#  a  ?Bictionacp  a  bab  bort  to  ceab.    tf  bece  i^  no  cant  in  it,  no  epce^^ 

of  ejcplanadon,  anb  it  i^  fun  of  ^ugsejfdon." 

Emeuson. 

"*^ben  9  ujle  a  mocb,' —  ^umptp  ?Bumpt9  ^atb,  in  catbec  a  ^ocnfuf  tone,— 
*it  mean^  tu^  ttbat  S  cbooife  it  to  mean,  neitbec  moce  noc  le^^.' 

***(tbe  quejfdon  i^,*  ^aib  Xfice,— 'ttbetbec  pou  can  mahe  ttocb^  mean  #o  manp 
biffecent  tbingjf  1' 

«<<^be  quejfdon  i^,*  #aib  i^mptp  ?Bumptp,— 'ivbicb  i#  to  be  tbe  ma^tec? 

«bat»#an.»" 

Through  thb  Looking  Glass,  ch.  6. 

^^%t  i#  of  tbe  utmost  impoctance  tbat  in  an  pact^  of  tbe  ^Bmpice  ttbece  ^Bngft^b 
%am  pcebail^,  Sntecpcetadon  ^boulb  be,  a^  neadp  a^  po^^ble,  tbe  #ame.>* 

Per  Pbivt  Council,  Trimble  v.  HUl,  5  App.  Cs.  845  ;  49  L.  J.  P.  C.  51. 


THE 


OF 

WORDS  AND   PHRASES   JUDICIALLY   INTERPRETED, 

TO  WHICH   HAS   BBBlf  ADDED 

STATUTORY  DEFINITIONS. 


BT 


F.  STROUD, 

OF  Lincoln's  inn^  babristbr-at-law, 

BEOOBDER  OF  TEWKESBURY. 


SECOND  EDITION. 

VOL.  I. 


LONDON: 

SWEET  AND  MAXWELL,  Lijcixro,  3,  CHANCERY  LANE, 

STEVENS  AND  SONS,  Limited,  119  &  120,  CHANCERY  LANE. 

BOSTON,  U.  8.  A.:  THE  BOSTON  BOOK  CO. 

1903. 

All  righu  reterved. 


■;  DUG  12  \:  ';  i 


c0ptb]0bt»  1903,  bt 
Frederick    Stroud 


A 


UNIVERSITY   PRESS    •  JOHN  WILSON 
AND   SON     •        CAMBRIDGE,    U.  8.  A. 


jfrunl>  anb  WSiiit, 

(Sbtx,  BxCt  in  all  iiinsB,  tnll  of  fmiBt  counsel  nxCb  steatifaet  conrage, 

f!IS!)o  tooit  an  affectfonate  interest  tn  tg{0  enteqirfse, 

But  fD!)O0e  too   eatiB  tieat^  ^a0  taken  atoag  ft0  cbarm, 

{0  teberentls  anti  lobfnglg 
tfajfter,  1890. 


y^ 


PREFACE 

TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


Good,  or  bad,  it  is  believed  that  this  book  is  unique.  It  had  no 
predecessor  and  has  no  rival.  Its  Idea  is,  not  only  that  it  may  be 
of  frequent  practical  utility  to  the  EngUshnspeaking  lawyer  but, 
that  it  may  become  the  authoritative  Interpreter  of  the  English  of 
Affairs  for  the  British  Empire ;  and,  incidentally,  forge  a  link  in 
the  golden  chain  of  common  interest  and  community  of  feeling 
which  binds  together  its  various  peoples. 

The  decisions  of  the  English  Judges  are,  and  will  remain,  the 
central  source  whence  this  authoritative  exposition  must  come, 
though  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Colonial,  decisions  should  harmonize  and 
amplify.  To  formulate  the  English  judicial  interpretations  from 
the  earliest  times  down  to  the  end  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  and 
therewith  to  blend  the  statutory  definitions  of  the  High  Court  of 
Parliament  has  been  the  endeavour  of  this  edition ;  incorporating 
a  not  inconsiderable  treatment  of  Irish  decisions,  and  some  from 
Scotland  and  the  United  States. 

To  Lord  Lindley  sincerest  thanks  are  tendered  for  the  use  so 
kindly  allowed  of  his  MS.  Word-Book,  containing  a  list  of  many 
words  and  phrases  judicially  interpreted,  with  the  names  of  the  cases 
in  which  such  interpretations  were  to  be  found ;  also  to  Mr.  Justice 
Gainsford-Bruce  for  a  like  courtesy;  also  to  Mr.  J.  H.  Redman  for 
the  MS.  Word-Book  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  R.  Cole,  and  to  Mr.  A.  R. 
Rudall  for  his  MS.  Word-Book. 


viii  PBEFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 

To  the  late  Sir  Henry  Jenkyns,  K.C.B.,  and  to  Sir  Courtenay 
P.  Ilbert,  K.C.S.I.,  warm  thanks  are  due  for  their  great  aid  in 
reference  to  the  statutory  interpretations,  —  aid  so  kindly  obtained 
by  the  Lord  Chancellor. 

A  deep  obligation  has  also  been  incurred  to  many  Members  of 
the  Bar  for  their  criticisms,  suggestions,  and  notes  of  cases,  to  all 
of  whom  grateful  thanks  are  tendered,  especially  mentioning,  Mr. 
J.  B.  Matthews,  Mr.  E.  A.  Scratchley,  Mr.  G.  Broke  Freeman,  Mr. 
F.  B.  Pabner,  Mr.  P.  F.  Wheeler,  and  Mr.  R.  A.  McCall,  K.C. 
To  tiiC  first  two  named  and  to  the  Author's  soils,  Mr.  Lewis 
Stroua,  and  Mr.  Herbert  Stroud,  the  work  is  exceptionally  indebted 
for  their  care  in  revising  the  proof  sheets. 

It  is  in  contemplation  to  issue  periodical  Supplements,  so  as  to 
keep  the  book  up  to  date  and  further  develope  its  Idea.  To  this 
end,  aid  and  suggestions  from  those  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
judicial  literature  and  decisions  of  Scotland,  of  Ireland,  and  of  the 
British  Dominions  beyond  the  Seas,  would  be  highly  esteemed. 

The  Preface  to  the  First  Edition  is  here  reprinted,  the  explana- 
tions in  which  are  adopted,  except  that  Statutory  Definitions  are 
now  brought  within  the  scope  of  the  work.  It  is  not  pretended 
that  every  such  definition  is  cited,  still  less  that  they  are  all  set  out 
at  length ;  but  it  is  believed  that,  approximately,  all  of  practical 
utility,  down  to  the  end  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  are  referred 
to,  whilst  many  are  given  fully  or  blended  with  judicial  inter- 
pretations. 

The  principle  of  cross  references  (by  simply  printing  words 
referred  to  in  Small  Capitals)  previously  adopted,  has  been,  in 
this  edition,  very  extensively  and  carefully  elaborated. 

To  make^  conciseness  still  more  brief  a  number  of  grammalogues 
have  been  invented.  These  are  purposely  bizarre,  for  their  better 
remembrance;  their  explanation  will  be  found  in  the  Table  of 
Abbreviations. 

Again  hearty  thanks  are  given  to  Mr.  R.  Riches,  Librarian  of  the 
Inns  of  Court  Bar  Library,  for  his  numerous  suggestions;  and  also 


PREFACE  TO   THE  SECOND   EDITION.  ix 

to  Mr.  R.  A.  Riches,  Assistant  Librarian,  for  his  careful  verification 
of  the  many  thousands  of  references  herein  contained. 

A  sincere  acknowledgement  is  also  recorded  of  the  diligent  ser- 
vices rendered  by  the  Author's  clerk,  Mr.  E.  T.  Osborne,  especially 
in  getting  the  "copy  "  ready  for  the  printer. 

One  further  word  in  sending  off  this  endeavour :  —  the  ambition 
of  the  book  is  that  it  may  be  a  living  entity  to  business  people  in 
the  various  societies  forming  the  British  Empire.  The  first  edition 
obtained  considerable  success;  that  the  work,  in  its  varied  and  much 
extended  form,  may  prove  a  much  nearer  approach  to  its  .rimal 
motive,  is  the  earnest  hope  of  one  who  has  laboured  strenuously 
for  the  accomplishment  of  its  Idea. 

2,  Nbw  Court,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
Easter,  1903. 


PREFACE 

TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


This  work  in  no  sense  competes  with,  nor  does  it  cover  the  same 
ground  as,  the  Law  Lexicons  of  Jacob,  Tomlins,  Wharton,  or  Sweet. 
As  its  name  imports,  it  is  a  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language 
(in  its  phrases  as  well  as  single  words),  so  far  as  that  language  has 
received  interpretation  by  the  Judges. 

Its  chief  aim  is  that  it  may  be  a  practical  companion  to  the 
English-speaking  lawyer,  not  only  in  the  Mother  Country,  but  also 
in  the  Colonies  and  Dependencies  of  the  Queen.  The  hope  is  also 
indulged  that  it  may  be  not  without  utility  to  the  man  of  business, 
nor  without  interest  to  the  student  of  word-lore. 

Its  few  archaisms  will,  possibly,  be  excused ;  for  "  Of  all  these 
you  shall  read  in  ancient  bookes,  charters,  deeds  and  records :  and 
to  the  end  that  our  student  should  not  be  discouraged  for  want  of 
knowledge  when  he  meeteth  with  them,  we  have  armed  him  with 
the  signification  of  them,  to  the  end  he  may  proceed  in  his  reading 
with  alacrity,  and  set  upon  and  know  how  to  worke  into  with  delight 
these  rough  mines  of  hidden  treasure  "  (Co.  Litt.  5  b,  6  a). 

Interpretation  Clauses  in  Acts  of  Parliament  are  not,  as  a  rule, 
within  its  scope,  imless  when  themselves  judicially  interpreted. 
But  in  some  few  instances  of  general  importance  this  rule  has  been 
departed  from,  whilst  the  important  Interpretation  Act  of  1889  is 
given  in  extenso  in  the  Appendix. 

In  many  instances  where  a  word,  or  phrase,  has  been  determined 
in  a  special  sense,  or  brevity  seemed  preferable  to  a  lengthy 
definition,  only  a  reference  to  the  authorities  has  been  given. 


xii  PREFACE  TO   THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

Whenever  available,  the  very  words  of  a  judicial  exposition 
have  been  given.  And  so,  when  a  convenient  definition  has  been 
found  in  a  work  of  repute,  —  e,g.  Jarman  on  Wills ;  Elphinstone, 
Norton  and  Clarke  on  the  Interpretation  of  Deeds;  Mr.  Justice 
Stephen's  Digest  of  the  Criminal  Law,  —  such  definition  has  been 
adopted. 

Where  a  statute  is  cited  as  having  been  interpreted,  it  must 
not  be  assumed  that  the  statute  is  unrepealed.  A  judicial  inter- 
pretation once  delivered  is  a  permanent  possession ;  and  though  its 
immediate  utility  will  be  diminished  by  the  repeal  of  the  statute  on 
which  it  was  founded,  it  none  the  less  should  find  a  place  here,  as 
an  authority  on  the  same  word  when  used  in  pari  materia^  or  as 
furnishing  a  guide  to  interpreting  similar  expressions. 

The  printing  of  a  word  or  phrase  in  Small  Capitals  is  an 
indication  to  refer  to  such  word  or  phrase  in  its  alphabetical  place 
in  the  Dictionary. 

The  references  to  each  case  have,  since  the  sheets  were  in  type, 
been  verified  by  Mr.  R.  Riches,  the  Librarian  of  the  Inns  of  Court 
Bar  Library,  Royal  Courts  of  Justice,  whose  well-known  ability 
and  experience  will  be  accepted  as  a  guarantee  of  accuracy. 

For  the  Tables  of  Cases  and  Statutes  I  am  indebted  to  my  son, 
Mr.  Lewis  Stroud. 

Projected  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  and  prosecuted  at  such 
intervals  as  could  be  obtained  from  an  active  professional  life,  this 
book  will,  I  fear,  offend  by  omissions,  inequalities,  and,  possibly, 
worse  faults.  Yet  merely  to  lay  the  foundations,  search  for  the 
materiids,  and  bit  by  bit  build  up  the  Vocabulary,  has  been,  of 
itself,  a  task  the  difficulty  and  labour  of  which  may  well  soften 
criticism  and  excuse  imperfections. 

It  is,  however,  impossible  to  rise  from  these  labours  without  a 
deepened  admiration  for  the  Judges  of  our  land.  It  is  extraordi- 
nary that  so  many  minds,  working  through  so  many  centuries, 
and  upon  such  various  matters,  should  have  been  able  so  bar- 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION.  xiii 

moniously  to  lay  down  the  law  for  such  an  expansive  and  ever- 
widening  civilization  as  that  of  the  British  Empire.  And  probably 
in  no  sphere  of  their  duties  has  the  work  of  the  Judges  been  more 
distinguished  than  in  their  dealing  with  the  composite  subtleties 
of  English  Diction.  To  study  that  work,  though  involving  labour, 
has  brought  delight;  and  this  attempt  to  systematize  its  results 
will,  it  is  hoped,  be  usef uL 

2,  New  Coubt,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
rthAprilj  1890. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

TABLE   OF  CASES xvii 

TABLE   OF   STATUTES Cxlvii 

TABLE   OF  ABBREVIATIONS CXCvii 

INTRODUCTORY  CHAPTER  ON   THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  DOCUMENTS     CCxix 


e  §ittianar5 1 

APPENDIX,  CONTAINING  INTERPRETATION   ACT,   1889        ....   2291 


TABLE   GF   CASES. 


A. 

Puge 

A.&B,,Re 1804 

A-  B.  &  Co,  iftf 476 

Aalije.  Tlie 1261 

Aaron's  Reefs  p.  TwUs      .  691,  692,  1290, 

1594 

Abailam  v.  Abadam 484 

Ahhoti,  Ex  p..  Re  GourlAy    ...     1816 

,  Rt       1462,  1747 

V,  Andrews 660 

V.  Bates 719, 1249 

u.  Fearj 66 

V.  Middleton 239,  528 

V,  Minister  for  Lands     .    .    .    1762 

V.  Wolsey 12, 1681 

Abdy,  Re 686 

Abell  V.  Heathcote 1414 

Aberdare  v.  Hammett  ....  698 
Aberdeen  Arctic  Co  i?.  Sutter  .  676,  703 
Aberdeen  Commercial  Co  v.  G.  N. 

Scotland  Ky 1161,2070 

Aberdein, /2e 1324 

Aberystwith  Pier  Co  v.  Cooper    263,  589 

Abinger  v.  Ashton 189 

Ablett  17.  Basliam 1784 

Ableyr.  Dale 2141 

Abraham  I*.  Al man 1532 

Abram  v.  Aldridge 46 

Abrams  v.  Winshup 1956 

Abrey  v.  Newman 187 

AbsoD  V.  Fenton 899 

Abstainers  Insroe,  Re 256 

Accidental  &  Mar  Insrce  v.  Mer- 

cati 1492 

Accomac,  The      .    .    .      588,  1246,  1200 

Ackerman  v.  Barrows 669 

Ackers  v.  Howard    ....      618, 1862 

Ackland  v,  Lutley 778,  781 

V.  Paynter 8 

Ackroyd  v.  Smith     .  • 110 

Acraman  v.  Hemiman 1165 

V.  Morrice 826 

Acton  u.  Batten    .    .    .      672,  1886, 1848 

V.  Blandell   .    .  494,  976,  2118,  2223 

V.  Crawley,  Re  Crawley    1865,  2015 

Adam  v.  Newbigging  .  .  .  079, 1744 
Adam  Eyton,  Lim.,  Re      ...    .      679 

Adams,  Re 2129 

P.Adams 145,608 

r.  Barry 1077 

V.  Batley 459,  1819 

V.  Bostock 1210 

r.  Bromley 227,637 

V.  Cattley 1986 

p.  Dunseath 689 

VOL.  I. 


Page 

Adams  V.Ford 969,1835 

17.  G.  N.  of  Scotland  Ry     .    .      414 

p.  Q.  W.  Ry 589 

V.  Gibney 503 

p.  Graham 809 

p.  Grane 1616 

p.  London  &  Blackwall  Ry    .    2095 

p.  Mackenzie 2073 

p.  Malkin 1808 

p.  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet 

Co        2162 

Adams  &  Kensington,  Re  .    .     646, 1530, 

1532, 1583 
Adams  &  Lambert's  Case  .  .  300,384 
Adams  and  Perry,  Re  .    291,  1078, 1079, 

1459 
Adamson  p.  Edinburgh,  & :.  Ry      .    1647 

p.  Newcastle  Steamship  Insrce   252, 

2066 

Addey  p.  Woolley 2059 

Addington  p.  Mellor 1903 

Adey  p.  Trinity  House      .    .    2062,  2009 

Adkin  p.  Friend 276 

Adkins  v.   North    Metrop.  Tram- 
ways     1918 

Adney  p.  Greatrex 1264 

Aerated  Bread  Co  p.  Grigg    .      774,  2164 

p.  Shepherd 1267 

Affleck  p.  James 1007 

African  Gold  Co,  ^c 391 

African    Merchants   p.   British   & 

Foreign  Mar  Insrce 1934 

Agence  Havas  Co,  Re 1694 

Aggs  p.  Nicholson      741,  1024,  1854,  1867 

Agnew  p.  Fowler 188 

p.  Jobson 1628 

p.  Usher 51,  621 

Agricola,  Tlie 330 

Aiken,  Re 1077 

Aikshaw,  The 1510 

Ailesbury,  Re       130,  695 

V.  Pattison 1772 

Ailesbury  &  Iveagli 1843 

Ainley  p.  Kirkheaton    ....   328,  713 

Ainsley  p.  Nicholson 317 

Ainslie, /&2       ....      696,1392,2252 

Airey  p.  Bower 806 

Aitchinson  v.  Lohre 1786 

Aitken  p.  Batclielor 1959 

Aiton  p.  Stephen      ....      170,1114 
Ajello  p.  Worsley     ....    1149,  2129 

Akeroyd,  Re 488, 1851 

Akers  p.  Howard 1852 

Aktieselkab  Helios  p.  Ekman    .   73, 1190 

Alabama  p.  Georgia 172 

Alabama,  &c  Ry,  Re 486 


xvm 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Alabaster  v.  Harnesa    .    .    .      850,  1140 

Albano,  The 962 

Albert  t;.  Grosvenor  Inyeatment  Co    488 
Albion  Life  Assrce,  Re     ...    .      136 

Alciiin,  Be 890 

p.  Wells 1089 

Alcock  V.  Leeuw       6 

V.  Sutcliflfe 123 

Alcoy  V.  Greenhill    ....    1344,1722 

Alder  v.  Lawless 686,  102  L 

Alderman  v.  Neale 177 

AldersoD,  Re 7 

V.  Elgey 1231 

Alderton  v.  Archer 276 

Aldous  V.  Cornwall 1169 

Aldrich  t^.  Cooper 1167 

Aldrldge  V.  Feme 1378 

Alexander,  Re 716»  1988 

,  The 1261 

V.  Alexander 144 

u.  Burke 1243 

r.  Burnhill 1874 

V.  Jenkins 846 

V.  Jones * .      689 

t'.  Kirkpatrick 646 

0.  Mackenzie 1460 

'  V.  Polk 49 

V.  Simpson 1789 

V.  Sizer 1812 

V,  Vanderzee     ...    1847,  1871 

V.  Wolsey 86 

Alexandra  rulace,  Re,  Goodson's 

Case 322 

Alexandre  v.  Alexandre    ....      886 

Alexiadi  v.  Robinson 912 

Alger  V.  Parrott 1476 

Alhambra,  The 1247,1778 

Alina,  The 466,  1869 

Alison,  Re,  Johnson  v.  Mounspy    674, 1228 

V.  Bums 1427 

Allam,  Ex  p..  Re  Munday    1 72, 1296, 2103 

Allan  V.  Backhouse 1717 

V.  James 1069,  1393 

—  V.  Liverpool 1121 

Allaway  v.  Waffstnff     ...      946, 1992 
Allbutt  V.  Gen.  Medical  Council    963, 980, 

1027 

Allcard  v.  Skinner 2126 

V.  Walker     ....    643,  986,  993 

Allchurch  v.  Hendon     .    .    .    1120, 1826 
Allcroft  V.  London  Bp  .    814,  1177,  1343. 

1668 

Allday  u.  G.  W.  By 976 

Allen,  7?« 287,1437,2120 

I'.  Allen 867,874 

V.  Ayre 228 

V.  Cameron 1089 

V.  Coltart 1977 

V.  Eaton 1632 

r.  Flicker 1337 

V.  Flood     881,  880,  1000,  1148, 1149, 

1963 

V.  Fulham 1272 

V.  Gold  Reefs 1186 

V.  Grogan 62 

V.  London  Co.  Co 805 

V.  Maddock 1726 

V.  Norris 380 


Allen  r.  Pullay 1682 

r.SeaAssrce    ....    1864,1857 

p.  Sharp       ....  467, 888,  1883 

p.  Sparkhall 1877 

V.  Sugrue 2073 

V.  Taylor 266 

V.  Thompson     ...  622,  809,  2148 

17.  Thorp        664 

V.  Tunbridge 1498 

AUerton  Co  v.  Falk 1246 

Alleyne  v.  Darcy 1818 

AUgood  V.  Blake 1869 

V.  Gibson 728 

AUhusen  v.  Brooking 2184 

V.  Ealing,  &c,  Ry 896 

V.  Whitiell 948 

Alliance  Mar  Insrce,  /?€....  401 
AUinson  v.  Gen.  Medical  Council  .  968 
Allison  f*.  Bristol  Mar  Insrce     .    .        46 

p.  Haydon    ....     97,  801, 1992 

p.  SUrk 177 

Allkins  p.  Jupe 2268 

Allport  p.  Nutt 1961 

AU8op,Exp 1883 

p.  Day 1676 

AUum  p.  Dickinson     127,  298,  2011,  2014. 

2166 
Alma  Spinning  Co,  Re  1287,  1642, 1864 
AIne  Holme,  The  ....  621,  2162 
Alnutt,  Re,  Pott  v.  Brassey   .    .    .    1828 

•^—  p.  Ashenden 10 

Alpine,  Re 696 

Alps,  The 773 

Alsace  and  Lorraii.e,  The      .    .    .    1944 

Alsager  v.  Currie 1236 

Alsbury,  Re,  Sugdt  n  v.  Alsbury    .      948 

Alsopp.Bell 476 

Alston, /?e 1644 

Alt  p.  Gregory 187 

Altham's  Case     ....  31, 16S6, 1979 

Alton  p.  Parker 1376 

Altree  p.  Altree 926, 1817 

Alty  p.  FarrtU 1489 

Amalgamated  Syndicates,  Re    .    .     1084 

Ambler  p.  Bradford 1606 

American    Braided    Wire    Co    p. 

Thompson 968 

American  Must  Co  v.  Hendry  .  .  1877 
American  Tobacco  Co  p.  Guest    817,  079 

Amerique,  The 610 

Amersham  p.  London 2280 

Ames,  Re 961 

,  Re,  AAes  v.  Taylor      .    .    .    1670 

p.  Cadogan 180 

p.  Colnaghi 1969 

p.  Taylor, /?e  Ames  ....    1670 

Amesbury  p.  Wilts  Justices  .    .    .     1143 

Amherst,  Re 66,  146,  2088 

Ammerman  v.  Digges 780 

Amner  p.  Clark 977 

Amor,  Exp. 1930 

Amos,  Re,  Carrier  p.  Price    .    .    .    1623 

p.  Chadwick 2085 

p.  Smith 1436 

Amstell  p.  Lesser 1741 

Ancketill  v.  Baylis 1120 

Ancona  i\  Rogers 1616 

p.  Waddell 66 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XIX 


Page 
Anctil  V.  Manofacturera'  Life  Insrce     950, 

Andaluflian,  The       ....    1681»  1866 

Anderson,  Re 664 

F.  Anderaon      .    .    1860, 1367, 1726 

».  Berkley 2240 

p.  Butler's  Co 1716 

r.    Carlisle    Horse    Clothing 

Co 270 

V.  Commercial  Union  Assur- 
ance      1698 

c.  Dawson 2261 

V.  Hay 1827 

».  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry 1480 

V.  Morice ...  106,  260,  1008,  1872 

c.  Oppeuheimer 1640 

V.  Pignet 1794 

I?.  Vicary 1315 

Anderson's  Case 390 

Anderton  v.  Birkenhead  ....  558 
Anderton  and  Milner,  Re  .    .    2155,  2177 

Andrew  v,  Aitken 1774 

p.  Andrew      488, 490, 529, 779, 1253, 

2234 

— rv.  Hancock 1438 

V.  St.  OUve 1351 

V.  Southouse 1759 

Andrew  Wilson,  The 1981 

Andrewes  v.  Nott  Bower  ....    1723 

Andrews  v.  Deeks 870 

tr.  Denton 1096 

V  Partington 319 

u.  Stvnip 2248 

Andros,  6e 804,  1278 

Androvin  v.  Poilblanc 2133 

Anelay  r.  Lewis 32 

Angell  V.  Felgate 19 

V,  Paddington 894 

Angela,  Re 1939 

Angerstein, /?«  ....  34,632.866 
Anglesea  Colliery  Co.Re  .  ,  .  .  896 
Anglo-African  S.  S.  Co.  Re  .  .  .  2277 
Anglo-Argentine  Agency  v.  Tem- 

perley  Co      ...    486.  802,  808,  1942 
Anglo-Austrian  Printing  Co,  Re    .    1632, 

2097 
Anglo-Austrian  Union,  Re  .  1632  2097 
Anglo-Colonial  Syndicate.  Re  .  .  188 
Anglo-Continental  Corp.  Re  .  1994,  2252 
Anglo-Dan  ubian  Steam  Nav.  Co,  Re  1649, 

1722 
Anglo-Italian  Bank  v.  Davies    .    .      497 

Angus  r.  Clifford 1079 

V,  Dalton 1242 

Ann,  Re 475 

Annaly  v.  Trade  Co 1604 

Annesley  v.  Woodhouse    ....      182 

Annison  v.  Blofield       77 

Anon.    306,  395,547,  848,  863.  1258,  1282, 
1506, 1667,  1701, 1927,  2190,  2197 

Aneley  v.  Cotton 1396 

Anstee,  Re  .    .  - 739 

Anthers,  Exp.     ......    .     1810 

Anthony,  i2«    .......    1230 

r.  Halstead 1(J41 

V.  Seger 884,  606 

Antil  V.  Godwin 1378,2012 

Antisell  v.  Doyle 1685 


Page 

Antony  v.  Cardenham 1889 

Aplin  V.  Porritt 565 

ApolUnaris  Co,  i2e  .  .  57,351,696,697 
Apothecaries  Co  v.  Allen  ....        97 

V.  Greenough 97 

».  Jones 651, 1627 

V.  Lotinga     ....    97,  301,  1992 

u.  Nottingham 97 

».  Eoby 74 

V.  Warburton 97 

V.  Welch 97 

Applebee,  Re 812 

Appleby  v.  Horseley  Co    ...    .      154 

t;.  Mvers 918 

Appleford  v.  Judkins 964 

Appleyard  v.  Lambeth  .  .  .  1197, 1849 
Aptborpe  v.  Peter  Schoenhofen  Co      265 

Aquila,The 510 

Arbenz,  Re 697 

Arbib  and  Class,  Re  .    ,    ,    .    1108, 1751 

Arch  V.  Bentinck 1911 

Archbold  v.  Austin-Gourlay  ...  68 
Archbold  and  Charters,  Re    .    .    ,    2150 

Archer  v.  Baynes 166 

V.  Hudson 2125 

V.  James 1438 

V.  Jegone 2044 

r.  Kelly    ....     628,1518,1850 

Archer  and  Caledon,  Re    .    .    ,    .    2076 

Archibald  o.  Hartley 561 

P.Wright 547,1073 

Arden,  Re 2259 

V.  Boyce .      671 

Arding  v.  Economic  Printing  Co    .     244. 

918, 1872,  1878,  2013,  2014 

Ardree  Osy ter  Co  v.  Ullman .    .    .    1662 

Argentine,  The 458 

Argos,  The  Cargo  ex 166 

Aris  V.  Orchard 275 

Arkell, /fe 716 

V.  Fletcher 701,  1062 

Arkwright  i;.  Evans 1391 

V.  Gell      ....    1002,  1768, 1907 

r.  Newbold 763 

Arlett  V.  Ellis 847, 1193 

Armitage,  Re 948 

V.  Askham,  Re  Fenton  ...        49 

r.  Gordon 518 

V.  Haigh 16, 1840 

—  V.  Moore 1673 

Armitt  v.  Breame 461 

Armstrong,  Re  185,  420,  1000,  1624, 1582, 

1826 

V.  Armstrong    .    183,  367,  604,  1074 

V.  Bowdidge 1629 

V.  Cahill 593 

V.  Christiani 1294 

w.  Clavering 1832 

r.  Eldridge 1862 

V.  Hunt 1422 

V.  London  Co.  Co.     .    .      340, 1949 

Armstrong  Co  v.  Hotchkiss  Co  .  .  14,  78 
Armytage  v.  Armytage     ....    1734 

V.  Wilkinson 2183 

Arnell  v.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  .    466, 1601, 

2108 
V.  Regent's  Canal  Co  231, 1428, 1601, 

lt)10 


XX 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Puge 

Arnison,  Ex  p 1975 

V.  Smith 1912, 1961 

Araold,£:j:|).,/2«  Wright.    ...      891 

,  Re 660,  1780 

t;.  Arnold     217,  608,  924,  1367,  1582 

V.  Blades,  Re  Turner     .    .    .    2049 

V.  Congreve 834 

r.  Diintdale 911 

V.  Kayess,  Re  Taber  ....    1380 

V,  Stratton 1690 

Arnot  V.  United  African  Lands  362 

Arnott  V.  Tyrrell 102 

Arnould  v.  Grinstead 1008 

Arn8\»y  v.  Woodward   .    .    .    2193, 2208 

Arrogpe  v.  Rarr 321 

Arrow  v.  Mellish 137,  2042 

Arrow  Co  v.  'J  yne  Commrs  .   1398, 1708, 

1718 
Arrowsmith,  Re 1220 


.  1800,2199 
.  1272,1949 
95,  105, 1970 
580 


Art  Union  v.  Savoy  . 
Arter  v.  Hammersmith 
Arthur  v.  Mackinnon 

r.  Walker     .    . 

Arthur  Average  Assn,  Re  793, 1919, 1920 
Artistic  Colour  Printing  Co,  Re     .     1562 

Arton,  Re 1504 

Arundel's  Case 2178 

Arundell  v.  Bell 828,  1586 

Asch  V.  Financial  News    .    .    1059,  2074 
Asfar  V.  Blundell      .    .     158,  1570,  1916 

Ash,  Re 991 

V.  Lynn 1643 

Ashburner  v.  Sewell 2063 

r.  Wilson 1837,1906 

Aslibury  v.  Ellis 7, 1438 

Ashbury  Co  v.  Rich6    .     .    .     804,  1187 

Ashby  r.  Hincks 1358 

V.  While 976 

V.  Wilson 832, 1788 

Ashcroft  v\  Crow  Co 2162 

V.  Foulkes 1683 

V.  Morrin 1212 

Ashdown  v.  Curtis 722 

Ashendon  v.  L.  B.  &  S.  By    .    .    .    1667 

Asher  V.  Calcraft 214 

Ashford  v.  Haines 1862 

Ashforth  v.  Bedford ....      779,  1347 

Ashling  V.  Boon 152 

Ashmore  u.  Cox 918,2211 

V.  Horton 7 

Ashton,  Re  .    994, 1119,  1264,  1265,  1511 

».  Ashton 2062,  2217 

».  Blackshaw 1166 

V.  Breviit 1063 

t'.  Dawson 568 

V.  Stock 861, 1669 

Ash  win, /?c 439 

Asiiworth  V.  Heyworth      .    .      592, 1873 

u.  Outram 1829 

y,  Bedford 779,1347 

Askew  V.  Askew 2000 

V.  Booth 1624, 1795 

V,  Woodhend 49 

Aspinall  v.  Sutton 2091 

Asplin  r.  Blackman 1 1 70 

Assets  Development  Co  v.  Close    .    1912 
Assicurazione    General!  v.  Bessie 
Morris  Co 1520 


Astbury  «7.  Astbury       .    .    .28,24,1434 

V,  Beasley 4(5 

V.  Henderson 767 

Asten  V.  Asten 197 

Astley  V.  Essex 750,  792 

V  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  By      .      548 

r.  NewTivoli   ....    1490,2117 

V.  Weldon 1105 

Astley  and  Tyldesley  Co,  Re    .    .      361 

Aston  V.  Aston 1303, 1481 

V,  Hurwitz 1913 

Astor  V.  Union  Insrce 1892 

Atcberley  v.  Du  Moulin    ....      628 

V.  Vernon 1659 

Atherstone  v.  Bostock 1652 

Atherton  r.  Crowlhir 1082 

Athlumney,  Re 851 

Athill  V.  Athill 332 

Atkins,  Re 544, 1515 

V.  Davis 970 

Atkinson,  Re   .     182,  287,  598,  620,  1513, 
1741, 1945,  2025,  2239 

r.  Bell 106,825 

V.  Collard 968,  1835 

V.  Elliott 1286 

V.  King 1963 

V.  L'Estrange 862 

V.  Morris 519 

V.  Pilsworth 781 

V.  Bnleigh 2047 

V.  Sellers 201,  2092 

Atkyns  v.  Kinnler    .    .      553,  1105,  2164 
Atlantic  Insrce  v.  Huth     ....    1256 

Atlas,  The 211 

Attenborough,  Ex  p..  Re  Cunning- 
ham       1864 

».  Henschell 1878 

V.  St.  Katharine's  Docks     293,  1172 

V.  Thompson 1783 

Atterbury  v.  Fairmanner  ....    1907 

A-G..  Exp 1370 

V.  Aberdare 1966 

V.  Ailesbury 645 

V.  Alexander 1787 

r.  Anderson 1539 

V.  Anon 870 

V.  Bagot 1626 

V.  Bailey 1921 

V.  Baker 1534 

V.  Barren 254 

V.  Barry 1399 

V,  Beech 1426 

u.  Bidder 736,1480 

r.  Birkbeck 281,  1015 

V.  Black 1673,  2028 

V.  Booth 812 

V.  Boultbee 458 

V.  Bournemouth    .    .  363,  714, 1964, 

1975 

V.  Bowyer 296 

V.  Brackenbury 805 

W.Bradbury 1274 

V.  Bradlaugh     .    80,  439, 1008, 1960 

V.  Braybrooke  ....    1538, 1966 

V.  Brecon 1762 

V.  Brentwood  School      .    .    .      760 

V.  Brighton  Supply  Assn    .     .      878 

V.  Brown 1966 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XXI 


A-O. 


Brunning 645 

Bunce 1530 

Burridge 747 

CaWert 697 

Cambridge    .    899,024,021,1164 

Cardiff 1600 

Carlton  Bank  .  .  .  1326,  1677 
Cast  Plate  Glass  Co  .    .    .    1926 

CecU 1278 

Chambers  .  507,  014, 1246, 1875 
Chapman  .  241.  1426,  2116,  2201 
Christ  Church,  Oxford    602,  1142 

Churchill 1468 

Clarke 970,  1506 

Clarkson 1843 

Clifton 815 

Cole      ....    1298,1299,1800 

Comber 1350,22.30 

Conduit  Co 457 

Coote 1732,2021 

CouUon 1842 

Croydon 1654 

Dakin 1771 

Dardier 1689 

Deeping  St  Nicholas     .    .    1403 

DePreviUe 1426 

Dobree     .    .    180,  202,  570,  1622 

Dodd 1474 

Dodington      211,  549, 1426,  1474. 

1842,2117 

Donaldson 1421 

Dorking 2161 

Dowling 1533 

Kastlake 297 

Edison  Telephone  Co     402, 1193, 

2019,  2091 
Edwards  .  .  781,  026, 1790,  1878 
Ellis  ....  1476,2100,2201 
Emerson  .  .  .  747, 1042,  1846 
Ewelme  Hosp.  .    .    50,  405, 1156 

Exeter 1506 

Fairley 1843 

Fitqohn 666 

Fletcher 188 

Flojer 1638,2116 

Foster 969,  1654 

FumessRy 700 

GaskiU 267 

Gibbs 2165 

Gilbert 1968 

Gosling 1426,2201 

Grey 1426 

Gutch 1503 

Hallett 855 

Hamilton 1414 

Uanmer 847,2210 

Hanwell 2136 

Harley     .    .    .    1010,1267,2099 

Hatch 2003 

Hawkins 1622 

Haj 856 

Hertford 1019 

Heywood 003 

Higgins 024 

Homer     ...     036, 1162, 1247 

Hughes 522 

Jackson 767,1078 

Jacobs-Smith    .    1621,2200,2202 


A-G.  V.  Jewish  Colonization  Associ- 
ation     567,1686 

V.  Johnstone 1706 

r.  Kenifeck 2141 

V.  Kissane 488,  439 

V.  Lamplough 2223 

o.Le  Revert 242 

V.  Lewin 870 

V.  Littledale 1066 

».  Load.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .    .    .    2111 

V.  London  Co.  Co 2087 

V,  London  Parochial  Charities    1838, 

2116 

V.Lonsdale 816,1708 

V.  Loscombe 1306 

V.  Loyd 1471 

V.  McLean    ....   170,  580,  1732 

V.  Magdalen  Coll 1464 

V.  Mander 786, 1966 

e;.  Manchester  .    .    1800,  1302,  1639 

V.  Margate  Pier  Co    .    .    1606,  2064 

V.  Maule 1846 

r.  Merthyr  Tydvil     .  610,  006,  1768, 

1070 

V.  Metropolitan  Ry    .  300,  074,  1255 

V,  Meyrick 1830 

p.  Middleton 1066 

u.  Mid.  Ry 1282 

V.  Mitchell 1633 

V.  Monteflore 649,  622 

V.  Moore 430,  2004 

V.  Morgan 1204,  1366 

V.  Mylchreest 1203 

r.Nash 1798 

V.  New  York  Breweries  Co    42,  663, 

1516 

V.  Northumberland    .    .    1607, 1877 

V  Owen 1842 

V.  Oxford,  &c,  Ry 177 

I?.  Parker 969,1406,1801 

V  Parmenter 747 

V.  Parsons 602,  636 

u.  Partington 646 

p.  Pearce 1602 

—  V.  Pearson 815 

V.  Penrhyn 1684 

V,  Pougett 672 

v.  Powis 247 

V.  Radloff 439 

• V.  Rathdonnell 1221 

u.  Reeve 014 

p.  Reveley 783 

V.  Robertson 1966 

V.  Robson 362 

V.  Rowe 566 

u.  Rufford 1271 

V.  Saggers 1575 

p.  Sr.  John's  Hosp.  Bath    .    .      598 

p.  Sefton 180,2174 

p.  Sewell 476 

V.  Shield 483 

p.  Sibthorp    ....  640.  707,  1966 

V.  Sillem  .    .  08,  633,  740,  084, 1626 

p.  Smith 30 

r.  Smith-Marriott 1221 

p.  Smythe 1533,2116 

p.  Stamford 710 

p.  Strange 947 


xxu 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pt«e 

AG.  v.  Sudeley 746,1760 

r.  Sunderland 1496 

r.  Swansea 1762 

V.  Terry 1600 

V.  Tewkesbury      ....     18, 622 

V.  Tod-Heatley 1300 

r.Tomline    .    .    .     747,1201,1202 

V.  Tongue 2084 

p.  Trueman 684 

V.  Tynemouth  .    .    1081, 1862, 1601 

V,  Vigor 864 

r.  Walker 833,1252 

p.  Walthamstow 2247 

V.  Wandsworth  Bd  of  Works      1272 

V.  Wax  Chandlers  Co    .    .  866. 1254 

V.  Webster 295,  816 

V.  Welsh  Granite  Go      .    .    .    1202 

V.  Wendt 2201 

V.  Westminster        Chambers 

Assn 563,  660,  896,  1256 

r.  Whiteley 767 

V.  Widnes  Ry 678 

V.  Wilkinson 1506 

V.  Wolvenon    1220, 127.3.  1441, 1966 

V.  Wood 184,  993,  1962 

V.  Woolhouse 2084 

V.  Worcester 767 

V.  Worrall    .    .     184.  627,  812,  1474 

V.  Wright 1224 

V.  Wyndham     ....      548,  1781 

V.  Yarmouth     .    82,  HI,  1627,  1710. 

2147 
A-G.  British  Columbia  o.  A-G.  Can- 
ada   1204,  1608, 1772 

A-G.  British  Honduras  v.  Bristowe      604 

A-G.  Canada  ».  A-G.  Ontario   .    164,669, 

1246,  1438, 1606.  1765,  1804,  2106 

A-G.  Hong  Kong  v.  Kwok-a-Sing  .     437, 

1482  1789 
A-G.  Ireland  r.  Apothecaries'  Hall  '  1184 
A-G.  Isle  of  Man  v.  Mylchreest  .  .  496 
A-G.  Jersey  v.  Le  Moignan  .  .  .  127 
A-G.  New  South  Wales  v.  Love     .        42 

V.  Rennie 1084 

V.  Walters 10G2 

A-G.  New  Zealand  v.  Edwards  .    .    1026 
A-G.  Ontario  ».  Mercer  .    639, 1754, 1772, 

2031 

A-G.  Quebec  v.  Reed 584 

AG.  Straits  Settlements  v.  Wemyss     317 

Attree  r.  Attree 1743 

V.  Hawe 470,  996 

Attwater,  £:t  p 163 

Attwood  V.  Case  ....    33,  618, 1609 

V.  Emery 1520,  1664 

V.  Munnings 1450 

Atwood  V.  Monger 1591 

Aubert  v.  Gray 1 746 

Aubrey  v.  Fisher 2056 

Auckland  v.  Westminster  Bd    of 

Works 226,2168 

Audsley  v,  Horn 806 

Aulton  V.  Roberts 559 

Austen,  Re 1162 

r.  Boys 828.1686 

Auster  v,  Powell 8*91 

Attsterberry  v.  Oldham      878, 1778.2111 
Austin  V.  Austin  ....  684,  720,  1142 


Austin  V.  Cull e9 

V.  Drewe 720 

V,  Manchester  Ry      ....    1606 

».  Olsen 1418 

Austin  Friars,  The 1657 

Australasian  Insrce  o.  Jackson  .    .      168 
Australasian  Nay.  Co  i*.  Morse   1254, 1266 
Australian  Agricultural  Co  t*.  Saun- 
ders      990,2090 

Australian  Bank,  i?« 1034 

Australian  NaT.  Co,  /?«...  .  1830 
Australian  Newspn per  Co  i;.  Bennett  80 
Australian  Wine  Importers  &  Mason     248 

Authen,Exp 1810 

Automatic  Weighing  Machine  Co 

V.  International  Hygienic  Socy  .    1962 
Autothreptic  Co  &  Hook, /2e     .    .    1690 

Ayards  v.  Rhodes 160 

Ayeland  v.  Lucas 679 

Ayeline  v.  Whisson 1880 

AyeriU,  fl« 320 

Ayery,  Re 724,  764 

v.  Bowden 1281,2-211 

t\  Langford 2084 

V.  Wood 786 

Ayis  V.  Newman.  Re  Cartwright  .  2219 
Ayison  i;.  Simpson    ....      821, 1277 

Ay\e,Re 303 

Aylesf.  Cox 182,409,638 

».  S.  E.  Ry 1776 

Aylesbury  Ry  v.  Thompson  .    .    .    2069 

Aylesford,  Re 951,  1056 

i;.  G.W.  Ry 476 

V.  Morris 668.  764,  2123 

r.Poulett 790 

Aylesford  Peerage 169 

Aylnier,  i?« 248 

Ayr  S.  S.  Co  v.  Glasgow  &  S.  W.  Ry  2163 
Ayrton  v,  Abbott  ....  1322, 1369 
Azemar  v.  CaselU    .    .    1134,1790,2214 


B. 

B.,  Re,  Ex  p.  Caucasian  Corp    .     .  316 

B.  A.  S., /?e 1068 

Babbington  v.  O'Connor    ....  1886 

Baber  v.  Harris 836 

Bache  t;.  Billingham 479 

Backhouse  v.  Bishopwearmouth    .  208 

V.  Mellor 2143 

Backweirs  Case 1174 

Backwell  r.  Child 852 

Bacon  v.  Bacon 336 

r.  Cosby 1968 

Bacup  V,  Smith 1889 

Badcock  v.  Badcock 867 

V.  Cumberland  Gap  Park  Co  .  1784 

r.  Hunt 917, 1651 

Baddeley  p.  Baddeley 1840 

V.  Denton 870 

V.  Gingell 2256 

Badeley  v.  Consolidated  Bank    1026, 1416 

Badham  v.  Marris 696 

w.  Mee 1141 

r.  Williams 1356 

Badische,  &c  v.  Basle  Works     2149,  2177 

Badley  r.  Cuckfleld '  " 


TABLE   OF   CASES. 


XXIU 


Baenelman  v.  Bailey 1872 

Ba^ge  V.  Whitehead 1319 

Baggett  27.  Meux 646,  953 

Baglan  Uali  Colliery  Co   ...    .      944 

Baglehole  v.  Walters 704 

Barley  r.  MoUard     ....      803, 1264 

BagnaUtown  &  W.  Uj 2122 

Bagot,  Re 1742 

V.  Bagot 1340,1841 

V.  Legge 1966 

Bagott  9.  Orr 1394, 1864 

Bagshawe  v.  Canning 1000 

Bagsliawes  v.  Deacon 8 

Bagster,  fxp 98 

Baile  v.  Baile  ....     616, 1686, 1686 
Bailee  r.  SunderUnd  Eg  Socy   .    .    1861 

Bailey,  Re 618,  2288 

V.  Barnes 840,  1376 

».  Bowen 983 

V.  Bryant 689 

u.  Finch 1236 

r.  Jamieson 877, 1606 

V.  Johnson 1236, 1764 

V.  Kalamazoo  Co 1478 

r.  Skinner    ....  266,  889,  1061 

V.  Sweeting 1289 

V.  Uniyersal  Provident  Assn  .    1863 

r.  WaUon 1684 

V,  Wright 1277 

Bailey  and  Isle  of  Thanet  Ry    .    .      366 

BaiUie  V.  Goodwui 264,689 

Baily,  Re 1901 

V.  Bonlt 321 

V.  De  Crespigny    ....   131, 133 

Bain  r.  A-G 1418 

V.  Free  Church  of  Scotland    .    1613 

Bainbridge.  yZe 981 

,i2e,  J^arp.  Fletcher    ....      809 

V.  Ashburton 1669 

V.  Bainbridge 477 

p.  Cream 468 

V.  Smith 931 

Baines  v.  Bromley 417 

p.  Lumley 1712 

p.Ottey 1082 

p.  Swainson 66 

Baird  v.  Tunbridge  Weils     897,  686,  878, 

1908,  1909,  1949 

Baird's  Trustees  v.  Lord  Advocate      294 

Baker,  Re,  Nichols  r.  Baker      1174, 1177 

,  Re,  Pursey  v.  HoUoway    .    .    1401 

-^—  V.  Ambrose 1419 

V.  Coombes 1614 

o.  Dening 1881 

V.  Gray 1684, 2162 

V.  GreenhiU  .    .    .    1407,  1410,  1434 

p.  Herd 1723 

p.  Lee 610,  816.  887 

p.  Lucas 2044 

p.  Martin 2100 

p.  Monmouth 72 

r.  Nottingham  Bank      .    .    .    12HI 

p.  Oakea 426,428 

p.  Pierce 1480 

p.  Portsmouth 1948 

p.  Rawson 248,  641 

p.  Richardson 1839 

p.  Sebright  .......    2218 


Page 

Baker  p.  Stephens 260,626 

p.  Sutton 1704 

p.  Towry 1948 

p.  Wall 1276 

p.  White 1469,  1460 

p.  WilUams 1362,  2177 

p.  Yorkshire  Ineree   ....    1969 

Bake  well  p.  Unite*  I  Insrce     .     .    .    1892 

Balagh&t  Gold  Co,  Re 983 

Baldwin,  Re,  Ex  p.  Fobs   .    .    .  824,  826 

p.  Baldwin 293 

p.  Cock 1349 

p.  Dover  Jus 1273 

Balkis  Co,  Re 486, 1806 

Ball,  Re 2269 

,  Re,  Slatterley  p.  Ball    .    1074, 1076 

P.Maxwell 1427 

p.  Plummer 677 

p.  Ray 1300 

p.  Stanley 1663 

Ballance,  Re 690,  1748 

-^—  p.  Lamphier 2067 

Ballantyne  v.  Mackinnon  .    .    1466, 1809 

Ballard,  i?e 771 

p.  Dyson 2224 

V.  Tomlinson 1966 

Ballinger  p.  Ferris 202 

Bamberger  p.  The  Commercial  Credit  262 

BsLmtoTd.Exp 267,2163 

p.  Tumley    .    .    .    1298,  1299,  1800 

Banbury  p.  Page 1301 

Banbury  Peerage 169 

Bancroft  p.  Mitchell 437 

Banda  and  Kirwee  Booty       34, 186,  207, 

407, 1021 

Bandy  p.  Cartwright 603 

Bangor  Bp  p.  Parry      .    .    .    2196,  2197 
Bank  of  Africa  p.  Colonial  Gov- 
ernment    814 

Bank  of  Bengal  p.  Macleod  .  1262, 1496 
Bank  of  China  p.  American  Trading 

Co 718 

Bank  of  England  p.  Anderson   .   190,  210 

p.  Vagfiano 191,  712 

Bank  of  India  p.  Wilson  691, 1627,  2078 
Bank  of  Ireland  p.  McCarthy    ...  68 

Bank  of  London,  Re 2140 

Bank  of  New  South  Wales  v.  Camp- 
bell       333 

p.  Piper 1046 

Bank  of  Scotland  p.  Cunningham  .  1182 
Bank  of  S.  Australia  p.  Abrahams     1682, 

1684 
Bank  of  Syria,  72e  .  .  .  .  1642,  1806 
Bankes  p.  Le  Desfiencer  .  .  1693, 1962 
Bankruptcy  Notice,  Re     .    ,    .  662,  716 

Banks, /;« 698 

p.  Braithwaite 321,  322 

p.  Hollings worth 780 

p.  Small 649 

Bann  Navigation,  Re,  Ezp.  Olpherts  1361 
Bannatyne  p.  Ferguson  ....  722 
Banner,  £Jx  p., /Ze  Key  worth     .    .    1816 

Bannerman,  Re 483 

Bannister  p.  Hyde 8,  1616 

Bannon  v.  Hanrahan  .  .  .  690, 1303 
Banque  d'Hochelaga  p  Jodion  .  .  16G6 
Baptist  Trustees  p.  Whitwell     .    .    1672 


XXIV 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Barber,  /?«...      180,  1077, 1091,  2142 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Stanford  .    .    .   182,  926 

t;.  Barber 1912 

V,  Blaiberg 1357 

V.  Gamson 1645 

V.  Grace  ....     218, 1642, 1992 

0.  Mackrell 1709 

V.  Meyerstein 1973 

V.  Penley 1300 

V,  Waite 2150 

u.  WaWuck 724 

Barclay,  JFx  p 734 

17.  Maskelyne 032,  984 

».  Pearson 1128 

Barcore,  The 456 

Barcroft  v.  Murpliy 1641 

Bardin, /?e 1966 

Bardswell  0.  Bardswell      ....    1631 

Bareham,  Re 49 

Barfleld,  i?e 1861 

Bargate  v.  Sliortridge 636 

Barhafn  v.  Marris 997 

Baring,  Re 1316 

0.  Abingdon      ...     846,  807,  867 

V.  Ashburton 757 

V.  Corrie 222.  686 

V.  Inl.  UcY 1016 

Baring-Gould  v,  Sliarpington  Syn- 
dicate  62,260,626,2114 

Barker,  Re  .    60,  368,  674,  691,  868, 1688, 

2129 

V.  Allan 636 

V.  Edger 714 

r.  Faulkner 2229 

V.  Greenwood   ....    1267, 1469 

V.  Highley 1872 

r.  McAndrew    842,  1260, 1779,  2204 

17.  N.  Staffordshire  Ry  .    .    .    1159 

w.  Palmer 1865 

I'.  Sniark 494 

V.  Windle 2046 

V.  Young 1349 

Barksdale  v.  Gilliat 485 

Barkshire  v.  Grubb  ....  2132,  2226 
Bark  worth  v.  Young  .  .  .  1164,  1289 
Barlow,  Re,  Ex  p.  Thornber  .    1660,  2133 

^ —  V.  Osborne 1417 

V.  Rhodes 109,  2226 

V.  Ross 595,  677,  1762 

V.  St.  Mary  Abbotts     226,  230.  805, 

926,  940,  1269,  2168 

V,  Teal 242,  1891 

V.  Terrett 673 

Barnaby  v.  Tassell 648 

Barnacle  v.  Clark 362 

Barnard  v.  Faber      ....      364,  2216 

V.  Pillow 2278 

0.  Wieland 432 

Barnard  &  Roaenthall,  Rf,  Ex  p. 

Evans 1661 

Barnardo  v.  Ford 1350 

Barnes,  Ex  p,  .    .    .  763,  908, 1033,  1968 

V.  Akroyd 1301 

V,  Barnes 336 

V.  Chipp 15:^5 

V.  Dowling 2260 

V.  Edleston 1759 

V,  Forsyth 1900 


Barnes  v.  Glenton 1437 

V.  Grant 15:^1 

V.  Loach 2132 

r.  Maltby 818 

V.  Marshall 275 

V.  Patch 642,  694 

V.  Peterson 272 

».  Shore 1657,1612 

V,  Southsea  Ry 895 

».  Toye 1249 

i;.  Ward 1800 

V.  Youngs 1976 

Barnett  v.  Allen  .    .    106,  196,  800. 1062. 

1669.  2190 
r.  Blake 66,  291 

—  t;.  Eaatnian 472 

r.  Eccles 785 

V.  Hickmott 445,  590 

V.  Howard 1028 

1;.  King 1090 

v.Laskey     ....  245,321,1964 

Barnewall, /2e 1267 

Barney.  Re 1389,  1721 

Barnsley's  Case 2141 

Barr,  Re 284 

V.  Kingsford 1671 

Barraclough  v.  Brown  .     .    .    1393,  1708 

V.  Oreenhough  ....      362,  1976 

V,  Shillito 1018,  1014 

Barran  v.  Lomas 766 

Barrett  v.  Burden 64 

Barraud  v.  Archer 710 

Barret  t;.  Barret 2216 

V.  Glubb 413 

Barrett  v,  Bedford 1267 

V.  Birmingham 24 

t;.Day      .    .    .    318,680,968,2061 

—  V.  Jermy 76 

V.  Markham      ....    2094,2256 

V.  Stockton,  &c,  Ry  .    .    .    .    1609 

V,  White 1216, 1705 

Barrett  &  Elers  v.  Day     ....      778 

Barretto  v.  Young 2260 

Barrington's  Case 171 

Barrington  v.  Liddell    ....  477,  626 

Barron  v.  Willis 2125 

Barrow  r.  Bell 1944 

1;.  Isaacs.    .    .    .    1210,2140,2157 

V.  Methold 1638 

V.  Wadkin 66 

u.  Williams 1069 

Barrsv.  Lea 790 

Barry  v.  Arnaud 2276 

D.Harding 1818 

V.  Mid.  G.  W.  Ry      ....    1357 

V,  Parry 782 

Barry  Ry  v.  Taff  Vale  Ry  684, 1129.  1349 

Barsham,  Re 1729 

©.Bullock 876 

Barsht  v.  Tagg 1379 

Barstow's  Case 190 

Bartell  i;.  Gray 2121 

Bartholomay  Co  v.  Wyatt     .    .  265,  746 
Bartholomew  v.  Freeman  ....      826 

Bartlett  u.  Bartlett 376 

V.  Crittenden 1618 

V.  Fonl's  Co 1935 

r.  Gibbs 1248 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XXV 


Bartlett  v.  Holmes 1542 

r.  Kirwood 2283 

V.  Salmon 841 

V,  Vinor 2194 

Bartley  v.  Lees 146 

Barton  v.  Birminghsm      ....     1091 

V.  Bricknell 650 

p.  Glover 1106 

V.  Plggott 1820 

V.  Vanheytlmysen     ....    1621 

Bnrtonshill  Coal  Co  t;.  McGaire  .  348 
Barton-upon-Uumber  Water  Co, /?e  2122 
Bar  well  «.  Winterstoke     ....      637 

Basliam  v.  Smith 786 

Bashford  r.  Cliaplin 1101 

Baaing  v.  Basing 515 

Basnett  c.  Moxon 2115 

Bass  V.  Gregory 595 

Bassano  r.  Bradley  .     88,  89, 1563,  2063, 

2174 

Basset  r.  St.  Leyan 871 

Bassett's  Case 1711 

Bassett  r.  CoUis 1007 

9.  Nosworthy 816 

V,  Tong 960 

Baster  v.  London  &  County  Print- 
ing Works 752 

Bastifel  v,  Llojd  ....  139*  1247 
Batclieldor  v.  Yates,  Re  Yates  .    95,  186, 

1817,  1820. 

Batchelor  v.  Bigger 1378 

V.  Middleton 24 

Bate  V.  Amharst 1337 

Bateman  r.  Bluck 877 

r.  Faber 647,  948, 1448 

».  Hotchkin 2252 

r.  Poplar 573,1840 

Bateman  and  Parker,  Re 89 

Bater  and  Birkenhead,  Re     .    ,    .      785 

Bates  V.  Bates 1487, 1971 

V.  Donaldson 2140 

0.  Kesterton 1843 

V.  McCormick 565 

V.  Moore 481 

Bateson  v.  Gosling 1708 

V.  Oddy 846 

Bath  V.  Berwick-on-Tweed    ...      307 

p.  Sutton 810 

Bath  anil  Wells  Bp,  Exp.  ...  1841 
Bathard  r.  London  Sewers  Cummrs    1249 

Bathe, /2«    .' 428 

Bathurst  v.  Errington   ....  607,  608 

V.  Stanley 708 

Batt,/2« 697,1617,1974 

r.  Dunnett 1617, 1974 

V.  Price 1561 

Batteley  r,  Windle 2146 

Batten, /?«,  ^z  p.  Milne    .    .    .58.1169 

0.  Dartmouth  Commrs  .    .  339,  844 

V.  Gedye 1405 

P.  Wedgwood  Co 1662 

Batterbury  v.  Vyse 886 

Battersby,  Re 694 

p.  Kirk 880 

P.Nicholson 1427 

Battersea  p.  Commrs  of  Sewers     .    1003 

p.  Palmer 1273,1947 

Battbyany  r.  Bouch 180 


Batthyany  v.  Walford 1041 

Battishill  p.  Reed 624 

Battison  p.  Hobson  ...  34,  408,  1098 
Batty  p.  Marriott  ....  796, 1961 
Baum,  Re,  Exp,  Cooper    ....    1677 

Baumgarten, /^6 '2037 

BaumwoU  Manufnctur  v.  Furness  .  1392 
Bavins  p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Bank  .    .    2115 

Bawden,  Re 1748 

p.  London,  Ac,  Assrce    .     .    .    1870 

Bawtreo  p.  Great  N.  W.  Central  Ry  1254 
Baxendale  p.  G.  W.  Ry     .    .    .    .    2128 

p.  Lucas 927 

p.  N.  Devon  Ry 2128 

Baxter,  Re 10,  588 

—  p.  France 957 

p.  Langley    .     627,  1528,  1569, 1704 

p.  Spencer 1469 

Bay  ley  p.  Boulcott 871 

p.  Chadwick 280 

p.  G.  W.  Ry      109, 1758.  2182,  2226 

p.  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Ky     1478 

p.  Wilkinson 955 

Baylis,  Ex  p.,  Re  European  Bank- 
ing Co      4.34 

,  Re 60,  989,  1337, 1436 

p.Jiggins 127,2014 

p.  Lintott 892 

p.  Tyssen  Amhurst  ....    1052 

Bayliss,  Re 118 

Bayly  p.  Schofleld 983 

Bayne  p.  Crowther 1141 

Baynes  p.  Lloyd  .    .    503, 658,  835, 1086 

Baynham,  Re 1375 

p.  Guy's  Hospital      .    .      781, 1710 

Bays  p.  Bird 902 

Bayspoole  p.  Collins      .    .    .     961,2171 

Bazalgette  p.  Lowe 2228 

Bazeley  p.  Forder 1260 

Bazett  P.  Morgan 71,  542 

Beach,  Re,  Clarke  p.  Hayne  .  .  .  1279 
Beachcroft  p.  Beachcroft  .  .  303,  1232 
Beacon  Assrce  p.  Gibb  .  .  .  1536,  1537 
Beadon  p.  Parrott     .    .    .  615,  849,  2271 

Beahan  p.  Bealian 162 

Beak  p.  Tyrrell 1560 

Beal,  Exp 400 

p.  Exeter 1735 

P.Ford 1736 

p.  S.  Devon  Ry 1666 

Beale  p.  Arabin 1260 

p.  Beale 1111 

p  Connolly 629 

Beales  v.  Crisford 269,  694 

p.  Tennant 809 

Beall, /?« 1562 

Beamish  r.  Beamish 1165 

Bean  p.  Stupart 1807 

Bear  p.  Bromley 1026 

Beard,  Re 1416,  1861 

p.  Egerton    .......    1348 

p.  Hine 1077 

P.Perry 1683 

p.  Rhoiles 138 

Beardman  p.  Wilson 2118 

Beardmnrc  p.  Fox 921 

p.  Tredwell 1209 

p,  Wilson 1070 


XXVI 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Beard  nell  t^.  Beeson 17B7 

Beardsley  v.  Lacej 519 

V,  Walton 869 

Beasley  v.  Roney 26 

Beatson  27.  Rushforth 708 

r.  Schank 29,941 

Beauchamp  v.  Anderson   ....      810 

p.  Faber 1842 

V,  G.  W.  By 1986 

V.  Winn    ....   1899,  2028,  2216 

Beauchant  t;.  Usticke 1906 

Beauclerk  t;.  Ashburnham     .    .    .    1727 

».  Beauclerk     ....      444,2189 

Beaufort  i^.  Bates     .    .    1767,  2227,  2270 

0.  Crawahay      ....    1458, 1794 

V.  Phillips 1029 

».  Swansea 1876,2034 

Beaumont,  Re 567,  568 

V.  Bowers 588 

V.  Oliveira 296, 1626 

Beaupre,  Re 21 

Beavan  v.  Delahay 622 

V.  Oxford 202,  648,  1621 

Beaver  v.  Manchester  .    .    .     217, 1948 
—  V.  Victoria  Equity  Master  266 

Beawfage's  Case       656 

Bebb  V.  Bunny 2286 

Bechuanaland   Exploration  Co  v. 
London  Trading  Bank  .    .    1065, 1261 

Beck,7?« 943 

V.  Pierce 1021 

Beckett,  i?e 1391 

V.  Howe 25 

V,  Mid.  Ry 976 

17.  Stiles 818 

V.  Sutton 92,  94 

t;.  Tower  AsseU  Co   ....      198 

V,  Upton 1878 

Beckford  v.  Crutwell    .    .    .    1123,1222 

Beckhv.  Page 1225 

Beckhuson  t;.  Hamblett     ....      848 

Beckwith  v.  Beckwith 1369 

Beddall  v.  Maitland 744 

Beddoe, /?e 1582 

Beddoes, /?6 416 

Beddow  v.  Beddow 1C3:3 

Bedell, /?« 151 

Bedford  t;.  Teal 996 

Bedford  Charity, /?<! 98,96 

Bedford  Infirmary  v,  Bedford  Imp. 

Commrs 782, 1601 

Bedford  Ry  v.  Mid.  Ry     ....    1580 
Bedford   Union    v.  Bedford  Imp. 

Commrs 1407,  1410,  1601 

Bedfordshire  Jus.  r.  Bedford  Im- 
provement Commrs 782 

Bedingfleld,  7^6 1570 

Bedson,  Re 466 

Beecher's  Case 77 

Beeching  v.  Westbrook     .    .    .  653, 654 

Beeman.  Re 1750 

Beemy,  Re 1372 

Beer  v.  Santer 53 

Beeston,  Re 662 

V.  Beeston 797,  7«J8 

Beeston  Brewery  v.  Mid.  Ry       684,  2128 

Behn  v.  Burness 1297,  2215 

Beighton  r.  Beighton 1642 


Psgc 

Beilby  v,  Scott 291 

r.  Shepherd 652 

Beioley  V.  Carter 1966 

Belav.  Foni 1735 

Beianey  v.  Behmey  .   604,  645, 1468, 1588 

Belasco  v.  Uanimut 126 

Belch  V,  IdL  Rev 406 

Belcher  v.  Mclntoab 1719 

r.  Magnay 203 

Belding  t;.  Read 69,206 

Belfast  t;.  Tomb 1637 

Belfast  Central  Ry  v,  G.  N.  Ry,  Ire- 
land       2053 

Belfast  Co,  i?e 1830 

Belfast  Harbour  t;.  Commrs  of  Val- 
uation   1612 

Belfast  &  Ballymena  Ry  v.  Keys  .  1473 
Belfast  &  N.  Counties  Ry,  Re  .  .  416 
Belford  Union  v.  Pattison ....  160 
Bell  t;.  Antwerp,  &c.  Line     .    .    .     1375 

17.  Balls 1883 

V.  Barcbard 2158 

r.  Bell 1377 

V.  Buckley 1750 

V.  Crane 1179,  1044 

C.Dudley 457.1992 

p.  Morson 693 

p.  Phyn 1349,2187 

17.  Stone 2190 

p.  WardeU 1808 

V.  Welch 45,  956,  1586 

V.  Wilson      .  1201,  1202,  1204,  lo:^, 

1808 

17.  Young 481 

Bell  Cox,  £arp 1794 

BelUirs  17.  Tucker    ....     692,1678 

BelUmy  v.  Debenham 1958 

17.  Pow 1929 

17.  Wells 1300 

Bellencontre,  Re 612 

Bellhouse  v.  Mellor 2143 

Bellinger, /?e 1381 

Bellyse  V.  M'Ginn 1866 

BelperCase 1670 

Belshaw  v.  Bush 742,  1486 

Belti7.  Lawes 1170 

Belton  r.  Busby 2152 

r.  London  Co.  Co 1164 

Beman  v.  Rufford     ....     628, 1010 

Benabo  v.  James 582 

Bence, /?e 885,1462 

V.  Shearman 8,  1436 

Bendelow  v,  Wortley 1299 

Bendy,  Re 630 

Beneficed  Clerk  u.  Lee  918,  1226 

Benett  i;.  Costor 728 

Benford  v.  Sims 419 

Benington  v.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works     1159 

Benjamin  r.  Andrews 1607 

17.  Belcher 858 

17.  Storr 735,  950 

Benn,  i?e 1997,1999 

Bennet's  Case 1434 

Bennet  v.  Bennet 1119 

17.  Talboys 966 

Bennett,  Re      .    895,  416,  829, 1880, 1582 

17.  Blackpool 1498 

17.  Brumfril 1884 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


xxvu 


Pag« 

Bennett  u.  Bury 2035 

p.  Harding 927,2270 

9.  Herring *  1193 

o.  Hugliee 631 

».  MeUor 848 

V.  Slater 1288 

r.  Stone 2246 

r.  Tyler 789 

V.  Wormack     1266,  2164,  2167,  2168 

V.  Wyndham 1781 

fienninffton  i?.  Goodtitle    ....      272 

».  Taylor 2070 

Beiinison  v,  Cartwright     ...   25, 1002 
Bensaude    v.    Thames   &  Mersey 

Intrce 1127, 1465 

Benson  o.  Chapman 919 

V.  Dunn 1849 

r.  Maude 2288 

p.  Morley 1767,1777 

0.  Schneider 160 

Bent  V.  CuUen 90 

r.  Roberts 1313,1314 

Bentham  r.  Hoyle 1439 

r.  Wilson.  He  Parker     .    .    .    1810 

p.  WilUhire 2068 

Bentham  Mills  Co.  /2e 2091 

Bentinck   v.  London  Joint  Stock 

Bank 888,1262 

Bentley  v.  Blizard 1242 

0.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry      .    1798 

V.  Meech 1348 

r.Vilmont 1164.1744 

Bently  v.  Hastings    ....      602. 1591 

Bentsen  u,  Taylor 6, 1297 

Beawell,  Ex  p.,  Re  Huiion    ...      946 

r.  Inns 266 

Benwick,  The 460 

Benyon,  Re 87 

Berdan  v.  Greenwood 612 

Berens  v.  Fellowes    ....    1400,  1769 

Beresford  r.  Browning 1876 

BeresfordHope  v.  Sandhurst     709, 1079, 

1033 

Berk  r.  Day 1871 

Berkhampstead  School,  Re    .    ,    .      767 

Berkley  v.  Ryder 875 

Berks  v.  Bertolet 467 

Berminsliam  v.  Burke  .    .    .    .471,  476 

P.Turner 666 

Bermondsey  o.  Johnson    ....    1446 

Bemal  v.  Bemal 1146 

Bernard  v.  MinshuU      .  1867,  1529, 1632. 

1742 

Bemdtson  v.  Strang 682 

Bemicia  S.  S.  Co,  & 600 

Bemina,  The 1260,2175 

Bernstein  o.  Baxendale       814, 1886,  20'^ 

V.  Bernstein 366 

Berridge  v.  The  Man  On  Insurance      787 

Berrie  v.  Howitt 1685 

Berry.  Ifc 2091 

V.  Heard 783 

-^  V.  Henderson 1184 

r.  L.C.&1).  Uy 1672 

».  Usher 1470 

Bertolaoci  v.  Johnstone     ....    1062 

Berwick,  i?xp 2103 

Beryl.  The 424 


Page 

Besant  v.  Cox 527 

Bescoby  r.  l*ack 1817 

Besford  v.  Saunders 5 

Bessant  v.  Noble 63 

Bessel  v.  Landsberg 1996 

Bessela  v.  Stern 1170 

Best,  Re 1081 

p.  Osborne 1907 

V.  Pembroke 1029 

V.  Saunders 247 

V.  Stonehewer  .    .      512, 1104,  1867 

Beta,  The 455.1211 

Betham  v.  Gregg 2193 

Betliel  V.  Abraham 548 

Bethell.  Re 1165, 1333, 1664 

Bethlehem  &  Bridewell  Hospitals, 

Exp 1468 

Bethune  o.  Bethune 444 

Be^'emann  v.  Betjemann  ....    1669 

Betsey,  The 198 

Betterton's  Case 1300 

Bettesworth  &  Richer,  Re    290, 953, 1879. 

1890 

Bettingham, /2e 1378 

Beits,  Re 29.368,808 

p.  Armstead      ....    1045,  1636 

p.  Burch.    .    .     .    1104,1106,1106 

p.  G.  E.  Ry 1627,  1984 

p.  Menzies 860 

Betty, /?« 1316 

Beyan  p.  Bevan 1667 

P.Chambers 618 

p.  Gething 1839 

p.  London  Portland  Cement 

Co 2109 

p.  Mahon-Hagan 1239 

r.  Waterhouse       2069 

Beverley's  Case 906. 1669 

Beyerley  r.  A-G 1383,  1908 

p.  Lincoln  Gas  Co     ....      641 

Bew  p.  Bew 416 

p.  Harston 94,  796,  797 

Bewdley  Ca^e  .    .      418,  678, 1409,  1786 

Bewick  p.  Whitfield 1368 

Bewley  p.  Atkinson 980 

Bexley   p.    West  Kent  Sewerage 

Board 375 

Beyfus  and  Masters,  Re    .    .    1072, 1687 

Beynon  p.  Cook 6(58 

Beytagh  v.  Cassidy 624 

Bhugwandass  r.  Netherlands  In- 
surance      1340 

Biaggi. /?<! 1583 

Btanchi  p.  Offord 1143 

Bibb  p.  Thomas 234 

Biccard  p.  Shepherd 1808 

Bickers  p.  Speight 1918 

Bickett  p.  Morris 1763 

Bickford  v.  Skewee 338 

Bickley  r.  Bickley 612 

Bicknell  p.  Hood 1070 

Bidder  v.  N.  Staffordshire  Jly    .    .      268 

p.  Trinidad  Petroleum  Co  .    .      6.37 

Biddle  v.  Herbert 1162 

Biddlecombe  p.  Bond 981 

Biddulph  p.  Lees 489 

Bide  p.  Harrison 1218 

Bidwell,  i?e 2203 


XXVIU 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Biffin  V,  Bignell 683 

Bigge  V.  Bigge 2227 

Biggeretaff  v.  Rowatt't  Wharf   786, 1107 

Biggs  p.  G.  E.  Ry 1819 

V.  Gordon 1783 

V.  Hoddinott 1227 

V,  Mitchell 1040 

Bignall  v.  Rose 162 

Bignold, /2e 040,902 

Bigwood  V.  Btgwood 615 

BilU.Neal 174 

Billing  V.  Billing 70 

r.Prebble 177,1821 

Billings  V,  Holloway 858 

27.  Sandom 006 

Billson  t;.  Crofts 081 

Bingham  v.  Allport 1282 

r.  Sl»effleld  W.  W.  Co  .    .    .      170 

Binning  v.  Binning '70 

Binstead,  Re 481 

,  Re,  Ex  p,  VsLie 716 

Birch,  ^x» 687 

,  Re 1484 

V.  Birch 444.  472 

V.  Cropper    .    .    .    1671, 1672, 2252 

V.  Dawson 788 

V.  Depeyster 1568 

V.  Edwards 682,  688 

c.  Podmore 2116 

V.  Sherratt 1956 

V.  Wade 1632 

Birchall, /?« 639 

v.  Builough '  .    .      152 

».  Puffin 1686 

Bircham,  Re 1229 

Bird,  Re,  Ex  p.  HiU  .     I,  1232,  2189,  2201 

V,  Bass 1290 

p.  Bird 1401 

V.  Davey 38 

t.  G.  E.  Ry 997 

V.  Webster 612 

Birkley  r.  Presgrave 803 

Birkinyr  v.  Darnell 476,  005 

Birks,  Re 304,  1014 

V.  Allison 1248 

1;.  Trippet 1833 

Birley  v.  Gladstone 466 

Birmingham,  £x  p 1799 

r.  Allen 38 

W.Baker 1637 

Birmingham  Bank  t;.  Ross  .  . '  .  808 
Birmingham  Benefit  Socy,  f?6  .  .  982 
Birmingham  Breweries  v.  Jameson  72, 
884,  1928,  1968 
Birmingham     Churchwardens    v, 

Shaw 1709 

Birmingham  Land  Co  v.  L.  &  N.  W. 

Ry 397.  966,  967 

Birmingham  Vinegar  Co  v,  Powell    1329, 

2082 
Birmingham,  &c.  Gas  Co,  Ex  p.    665,  661 

1564,  1713 

Birrell  r.  Dryer 1780 

Birtle.  Re 1966 

Birtwhistle  v.  Hindle 460 

Bischop  V,  Toler 693,  992 

Biscoe  ».  G.  E.  Ry 457 

t;.  Jackson    ....  206,  453,  2191 


Bishop,  £:xp 1217 

,  Re 646,  1685 

p.  BalkisCo 6.286,1079 

r.  Bishop 67,340,2160 

».  Elliott 734. 1862 

0.  Helps 248,1975 

p.  North 1646,2226 

V.  Pentland 1944 

r.  Smedley 2027 

V.  Smyrna,  &c,  Ry    .  103, 610. 1266, 

1672, 1758 

p.  Taylor 2167 

V.  Wandsworth 103 

Bishop  and  Richardson,  Re   .    .  860,  8G2 
Bishop  Auckland  Sanitary  Author^ 
ity  V,  Bishop  Auckland  Iron  Co     1301, 

1349 

Bissell  V.  Beard 1276 

V,  Michigan  Ry 2114 

Bissicks  V.  Bath  Colliery  Co  .    .    .      662 
Black  V.  Bally mena  Comnirs     .    .      494 

P.Clay 622,1880 

p.  Dawson 1626 

r.  Hill 700 

p.  Murray 205 

p.  Rose 1835 

Blackamore's  Case 1664 

Blackbome  p.  Blackborne     ...      985 

Blackburn, /?e 1726,2189 

p.  Micklethwait 1967 

p.  Parkinson 1685 

V.  Smith 10 

V.  Staples 860 

Blackburn  Building  Society,  Re  284, 1186 

p.Cunliffe 1096,1960 

Blackburne  p.  Hope-Edwardes  .    .    1713 
Blackett  p.  Royal  Ex.  Assrue    .    .      163 

Biackhall  p.  Blackball 1418 

Blackhurst  v,  Cockell 1778 

Blacklow  p.  Lawes 1331 

Blackman  p.  Bryant 2280 

V.  Fysh     .     386,  466.  684,  602,  1706 

Blackmore  V.  Yates 1112 

Blackpool  p.  Bennett     .    .    .      656,  1498 

p.  Kenyon 1498 

Blackpool  Motor  Car  Co,  Re     ,    ,      765 

Black  well's  Case 1174 

Blackwell.  Re 1337 

p.  Bull 694 

p.  England    .......    1733 

p.  Halo 1014 

p.  Harper 1240 

p.  M'Naughtan      ...      664,  1207 

p.  Pennant    .    .    .    1112, 1832.  1833 

Blackwood  p.  Brewster     ....      699 

p.  Regina      .    .    .     200.1471,1659 

Blades  p  Higgs 795 

—  p.  Lawrence 1885 

BlagroYe  p.  Coore 2187 

Blaiberg,  Exp.,  Re  Toomer  .    .    .    2196 

P.Beckett     ....   490,491,1143 

p.  Parke 1784 

Bljwn,  Exp 476 

Blair  p.  Assets  Co 2039 

p.  Cordner 600 

—  p.  Nugent 24 

p.  Stock 698 

Blairmore,  The 2073 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XXIX 


BUke*s  Case 18 

Biake,  £:x;> 338 

V,  Albion  Asarce 1797 

r.  AttersoU 1441 

».  Barnett 66,291 

r.  Boech 488 

P.Blake 24,2169 

V.  Done 667 

17.  Gibbs 702,1109 

V.  Hummell 190 

V.  Hynes 1622 

r.  Izard 1»17 

V.  Lond.  Corporation  890,  1618 

p.  Marriage 1566 

V.  Peters 787 

P.Shaw 1493 

Blakeley  Ordnance  Co,  /?«...      931 

Blakemore,  jE:x /> 942 

BUkeney,  The 1784 

Blaker  p.  HerU  &  Essex  W.  W.  Co   1616, 

2122 

p.  Tlllstone 1046 

Qtakesley, /^6 1669 

r.  Whieldon 2166 

tiakey  p.  Latham 1001 
lanchard.  Re 1619 

Blanchett,  Ex  p..  Re  Keeling    .    .    1809 

Bland  p.  Dawes 1900 

p.  Lipscomlie 727 

r.  Williams 2143 

Blandford,  £:jro..  i^sHood    .    .    .     1677 

r.  Blandford      .    .      866,1142,2180 

Btanford  p.  Morrison    .    .    .      431, 2236 

Blank  p.  Footman 1618 

Blankenstein  p.  RoberUon    .    .     88,  926 
Blann  p.  Bell    ...    .      995,  1715,  1738 

Blantem,i?e 2046 

Blashill  p.  Chambers 1890 

Blasson  p.  BUsson 208 

Blaydes  p.  Selby 2024,  2026 

Blazer  Co, /Z« 181 

Bleakley  p.  Smith 1882 

Blenkhom,  Re,  Ex  />.  Jay  ...    .    1516 

Blenkinsop  p.  Ogden 280 

Blessing.  The 2206 

Blighp.  Brent 1469 

Blight  p.  HartnoU    ....  89,  90,  2044 

Bliss  p.  Lilley 672,  722 

Blissett  p.  Daniel 1929 

Blithman,  R^. 164 

Blockley,/fe 47 

Blood  p.  Robinson 1107 

Bloomenthal  p.  Ford 787 

Bloomfleld  p.  .Johnston  .    .    727,  728,  902 

Blount  p.  Harris 1733 

Blower,  Re 1268 

p.  Morret 912 

Bloxam  p.  Ellsee 724 

Blozsome  p.  Williams 1983 

Blue  Bell,  The 690 

p.  Fullerton 255 

Bines, /2e 911 

Blttmberg  p.  Life  Interests  Corp    .    2027 

Blumley  p.  Rose 2048 

Blundell  p.  Brettargh 497 

p.  Catterall 747 

p.  De  Falbe 2187 

Blunt  p.  Hcslop 54, 1338 


Page 
Blyth'sCase  ....:...  1016 
Blyth  p.  Birmingham  W.  W.  Co    .    1268, 

1260 

p.  Granville 338 

Blything  p.  Warton 1388 

Boake  p.  Stevenson 99 

Board  of  Trade  p.  Block  .  368,  808, 1662 
Boardman  p.  Boardman    ....      444 

p.  Mostyii 2154 

P.Stanley 2031,2282 

Boast  p.  Firth 29 

Boddington,  Re 1099, 2289 

p.  Clairat 1099 

Budega  Co  p.  Owens 564 

Boden  p.  French 269,  1266 

p.  Roscoe 468 

Bodenham  p.  Pritchard     .  178,  624, 1812 

p.  Purchase 1436 

Bodger  p.  Arch 1436 

Bodman,  Re     .    .     470,  1589,  1861,  1940 

Bodurtha  p.  Phelon 809 

Body  p.  Halse 147 

Bog  Lead  Mining  Co  p.  Montague         12 

Bogle,  ifc 1074 

Bogue  p.  Houlston 205 

BoUeau  p.  Heath  .     299,  605, 1009, 1201. 

2266 

Boissiere  p.  Brockner 2199 

Bolckow  p.  Fisher 1288 

Bold  p.  Rayner 668 

Bold  Buccleugh,  The    .    .    .    1008,  1009 

Bolding  r.  Lane 24,  1434 

Bolland,  j;t;i 147,1396 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Roper 2103 

BoUen  p.  Southall 1210 

Bolt  p.  Stennett 1617 

Bolton.  Re 804,  790,  1682 

p.  Aldin 409 

p.  Bolton 109,  2226 

p.  Curre 986 

p.  Dugdale 1677 

p.  Gladstone 1660 

p.  Lambert 1845, 1968 

p.  London  School  Bd  628,  684,  2143 

p.  Natal,  Ac.  Co 1672 

Boman  p.  Maxwell 157 

Bona,  The 804 

Bonaparte  p.  Bonaparte    ....    1067 

Bond,  Re  1910 

,  Re,  Cole  p.  Hawes    .    .    1037,  1538 

p.  Bond 2240 

p.  Evans 1971,  1972 

p.  Pittard 1377 

p.  Plumb 2148 

Bonella  p.  Twickenham     782, 1886, 1793 

Bonelli's  Co,  Re 2277 

Bones  p.  Booth 1890 

Bongiovanni  p,  La  Soci^t^  G^n^rale     267, 

388,888 
Bonham's  Case.  Fo^rgassas'  Case  .      920 

Bonnardet  p.  Tavlor 55 

Bonne  Amelie,  the 1251 

Bonner,  Re,  Tucker  p.  Good      .    .    1810 

p.  Bonner 871 

Bonnett  p.  Sadler 1322 

Bonnewell  r.  Jenkins    .    .    .    1957, 1958 

Bonomi  p.  Backhouse 277 

Bonsall  p.  Byrne 1445 


XXX 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Bonter  t;.  Klnnear 1532 

Bonsor  v.  Bonsor 947 

Boocher  v.  Samford 1 10 

Booker  v.  Pocklington  8.  &  Co  .    .    1787 

Bookham  v.  Potter 1 

Boon  V.  Howard 590 

Boone  v.  Eyre 668 

Boor, /fe 963,1379 

Boord  t;.  African  Co     .    .    .      988,1694 

Boosey  v.  Gardner 1102 

1;.  Purday 1888 

u.  Whight 409 

Booth, /?« 528 

1?.  Alington  .    .    .     669,1023,1412 

V.  Bank  of  England  ....      210 

v.  Booth 1141 

V.  Coulton 1965 

1'.  Dean 1882 

0.  Ferrett 360 

V.  Howell 971, 1282 

p.  Hutchinson 1236 

U.Mayer 1401 

».  Ratttf 2222 

V.  Shadgett 2188 

V.  Trail 472,  473 

V,  Vicars  .  .  1082,  1274, 1280,  1451. 

1724 

Bootle  0.  Blundell 1717 

t;.  Lancashire  Co.  Co.    .    .    .      678 

w.  Scarisbiick 2287 

Boraston's  Case 2044,2284 

Boreham  v.  Bignall  .    .     179,  2042,  2241 

U.Hall 1299 

Borgnis  v.  Edwards 637 

Borland's  Trustees  v.  Steel    .    .    .    1861 

Bom,  Re 1686 

».  Turner 95 

Borrodaile «.  Hunter     .    .    .      528,1978 

Borrow  v.  How  land 2246 

Borrowes, /2e 1646,2145 

Borrownian  u.  Drayton      ....      260 

Borthwick  v.  Walton 276 

Borton  v.  Dunbar 603 

Bosanquet  v.  Woodford    ....    1862 

Bosley  v.  Davies 1972 

Boss  v.  God  sail 1727 

0.  HeUhara 111,630 

Bostock  V.  Ramsey  .  817,  1028,  1620 

Boston  Case 264 

Boston  Deep  Sea  Co  o.  Ansell  .    .    1811 
Bosville ».  A^.    .    .    .      169,1536,1644 

Boswell  V.  Coaks 823 

Bothamley  v.  Sherson  .    .  68, 1237, 1918 
Botten  V.  City  &  Suburban  Bg  Socy    988 

Bottomley's  Case 1642 

Bottomley, /?« 1817 

V.  Fisher 1812 

Bouch  V.  Seyenoaks,  &c,  Ry .    .    .      478 

V.  Sproule 948 

Bouchard,  Ex  />.,  Re  Moojen     .    .    1816 

Boucher  v.  Boucher 867 

Boucicault  v.  Chatterton  .    .      725, 1618 

Boughton  ».  Gousley 582 

Bouillon  V.  Lupton  ....    1666, 1808 

Boulding  v.  Tyler 1688 

Boulter  v.  Arnott 12 

V.  Kent  Jus.  .     28,  80,  356,  424,  427, 

1081,  1861, 1418,  22:;5 


Page 

Boulting  V.  BouUing 874 

Boulton,  Re 1496 

r.  Bull      ....    1169,1194,1661 

Boulton  and  Cuilingford,  Re      .  593,  688 
Bound  V.  Lawrence  ....    1168,  2269 

Bonrdiilon  v.  Collins 1689 

Bourgogne,  La 264,  325 

Bourke,  Re .      188 

v.Nutt 1010 

Bourkmire  v.  Darnell 476 

Bourne,  Re 898 

27.  Netherseal  Co 486 

V.  Seymour  ....    6, 1225, 1796 

P.Taylor 1092 

Bournemouth  Commrs  v.  Watts    .      966 

BoYill  V.  Hadley 2162 

Bovril,  Re 696,  698 

Bawden,/?« 215,1218 

i;.  Besley 1886 

—  V.  Laing 1141 

u.  Yoxall 1093 

Bowditch  r.  Wakefield      .    .    1890, 1637 

Bowen,  i?« 709 

u,  Anderson 2229 

i;.Fox 664,2248 

t;.  Lewis  .    .  806,  306,  529,  643,  869, 

861, 1011 
Bower  v.  Foreign  &  Col.  Gas  Co    .    1684 

».  Hett 2116 

r.  Hodges     .    .    .    2066,2067,2286 

—  V,  Jones 1266 

».  Smith 1086, 1839 

Bowei^Barfif, /?e 1429 

Bowers  V.  Harding   ....    1609.2238 

u.  LoTekin 121,240 

Bowes  ».  CroU 2082 

0.  Foster 1702 

V.  Hope  Socy    ....    1176,  2140 

v.  Law 226,1656 

r.  Press 7 

17.  Havensworth     .    .    .     880. 1668 

V.  Shand  ....     684,  1849, 1871 

».  Strathmore 1162 

Bowie,  Re,  Ex  p.  Breull     264,  1731,  1783 

Bowlby  17.  Bell 826 

Bowie's  Case 2005,2269 

Bowles  17.  Bowles 2288 

17.  Jackson 86 

v.  Round 491 

Bowling  and  Wilby,  flfl    .    .      379,1186 
Bowlston  V.  Hardy   .    .     795.  1300.  2216 

Bowman. /2e 1999 

17.  Blyth 1866 

t7.  Hyland 1699,2233 

17.  Milbanke 67 

17.  Taylor 1006,2286 

Bown,i?e 2067 

Bows  17.  Fenwick 1326,  1488 

Bowser  17.  Colby 982,2198 

Bowyer  v.  Percy  Supper  Club  .    .      829 

17.  Woodman 292 

Boxius  V.  Goblet 1619 

Boyce  v.  Ewart 687 

17.  Higgins 69 

Boycott,  & 1643,1909 

Boyd,i?«     ....    270.621,716,1661 

17.  Bischoffsheim 99 

17.  Boyd    .  47 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


XXXI 


Page 

Boyd  V.  Dubois 2187 

V.  London  &  Croydon  Ry  .     .    1464 

V.  Phillpotts 1868 

Boydell  v.  Drummond 1288 

17.  Golightly 1238 

p.  MillRr 71 

Boyerv  Bancroft 984 

V,  Norwich  Bp 1006 

Boyes  t;.  Bedale 904, 1278 

p.  Bluck 766 

c.Cook 806 

Boyle  V.  Brandon 474 

V.  Foster 62 

p.  MulholUnd 1042 

p.  Olpherto 2109 

Boysr.  Ancell      .    .    .    1106,1106,1987 

V.  Bradley     .    972,  1104, 1146, 1278, 

1634 

V.  Morgan 1040 

r.  Pink 623 

Boyse  v.  Rossborough  .    .  881,  763,  2126 

V.  Simpson 472 

Brmbant  v.  king 962 

Brace,  Re 806 

p.  Abercam  Co      .    .  36, 1206,  2229 

Bracegirdle  p.  Heald 2282 

Brackenbury  p.  Gibbons    ....    2046 

Bradburn  p.  Morris 2224 

Bradbury  p.  Hotten 204 

p.  Morgan 1727 

Bradby  v.  Southampton    ....      662 

Bradford,  Re 1382 

p.  Belfleld 132 

r.  Dawson 188 

p.  Hopwood 662 

p.  Pickles       106,  201,  494.  909,  1924 

p.  Symondson.    .    .    .    1127.1763 

p.  White 87,  2035 

Bradford  Library  Society  v.  Brad- 
ford Churcli  wardens      ....     1790 
Bradford  Tramway  Co,  Ex  p.    .    ,      4S6 

.  Re 982 

Bradlangh  p  Clarke     .    .    30,  316,  1101 

p.  I)e  Rin 1666 

p.  Newdegate 1139 

Bradlee  p.  Boston  Glass  Manufac- 
tory         ...    1024 

Bradley, /2« 1279 

p.  Baylis 970,1120 

p.  Dunipace 2220 

r.  Gas  Liglit  &  Coke  Co    .    .      373 

p.  Johnston 62 

p.  Newcastle  Pilots    ....    2040 

p.  Peixoto 864 

p.  Westcott 2261 

Bradsbaw,  Et  p 2247 

p.  Bradshaw 882,  616 

p.  Fane 1414 

p.  Huish,  Rf  Huish   ....    1896 

p.  Jackman 401, 1989 

p.  Vaughton 867 

p.  Widdrington 1437 

Brain  p.  Thomas 1874 

Bndntree  p.  Boyton  .  .  .  1298, 1820 
Brail,  Re,  Exp.  Norton  .  .  319,  2198 
Brampton  p.  Bcddoes  .  .  .  266, 1788 
Bramston  p.  Colcliester  ....  1911 
V.  Robins 1486 


Page 
Bramwell  v.  Lacy     .      86.  236,  237, 1263 

p.  Penneck 1049, 1366 

p.  Spiller 494 

Branckelow  r.  Lamport    .         1490,  2228 

Brancker  p.  Molyneux 1068 

Brand  p.  Hammersmitli  Ky  .    .    .      974 

Brandao  p.  Barnett 1066 

Brandon,  Ex  p.,  Re  Trench    .    .    .    1706 

p.  McHenry 669 

p.  Robinson 2143 

Brandram,  Re 481 

Brandt  p.  Lawrence 1870 

Branfill,  Ex  p..  Re  Blackman  .  .  614 
Brankelow  S.  S.  Co  p.  Canton  Insrce      298 

Brannigan  v.  Murphy 1861 

V.  Robinson 2270 

Branscombe  p.  Rowclifie  ....  1497 
Brantom  p.  Grifflts  ....  824, 1468 
Braunstein  p.  Accidental  Insrce  126, 1266, 

1727,  1794 

p.  Lewis 1826 

Bray  p.  Ford 1964 

Bray  broke  p.  Inskip 1669 

Braybrooke  p.  A-G 649,2116 

Brazier  p.  Camp 882 

p.  Jones 681 

Bread  Supply  Association,  Re   .    .    1632 

Breadalbane.  The    , 1876 

Brearley  p.  Morley 1616 

Brecon  Markets  Co  v.  Neatli  &  Bre- 
con Ry     2071 

Brediman's  Case 2086 

Breed,  i2e 47,1142 

Breese  p.  Jerdein 1292 

Brenan  p.  Brenan  ....  1216, 1696 
Brenchley  p.  Higgins    .     764,  1622,  2129 

Brenda  S.  S.  Co  p.  Green 74 

Brennan  p.  Brennan  .  .  .  1216,  1696 
Brenner,  Re,  Ex  p,  Saffery  .  .  .  1616 
Brentford  &  Isle  worth  Tramways 

Co,  Re 1648 

Brereton  p.  Chapman 118 

p.  Richardson 1616 

Brest  p.  Offley 1631 

Breton  p.  Mockett    ....      382, 1287 

Brett's  Case 1427 

Brett,  £xp 1866 

V.  Monarch  Socy 162 

p.  Robinson 1666 

p.  Rogers      .    .  588,  936,  2012,  2014 

Breull,  Ex  /).,  Re  Bowie     264,  1731, 1783 

Brew  p.  Brew 1437 

p.  Conole 1086, 2024 

Brewer,  Re 281,  2274 

p.  Eaton 242 

p.  Sparrow 2209 

Brewers  Assn  p.  A-G.  Ontario  .    .      634 

Brewin  p.  Sliort 891 

Brewster  p.  Angell 1580 

p.  Kidgill 2011 

p.  Kitchell 2011 

p.  Kitchin 2011 

Briarly  p.  Athorpe    ....     838, 1840 

Brice  p.  Bannister 130 

Brickwood  v.  Reynolds     ....    1627 

Briddon  p.  G.  N.  Ry 1664 

Bridewell  Hosp  p.  Fawkner  .  .  .  2139 
P.Ward 1003 


xxxu 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Bridge  v.  Abbott 1082 

r.  Bridge 1202,1419 

V,  Grand  Junction  Canal  Co  .    1260 

V.  Howard 1200 

r.  Partons  ....  444.  665,  1488 

Bridger,  Re 242.  592,  1296 

V.  Richardson  ....  1804.  2009 

V,  Savage 797,  909 

Bridges  v.  Garrett 1435 

0.  Longman 1229, 1783 

».  PotU 140 

Bridgewater  v.  Bolton  .    .    517,  642,  643 

i;.  Durant 2028 

Bridgewater  Nav., /?«  .    .    .    1571,1572 

Bridgland  v.  Shapter 1070 

Bridgman, /?« 1177.2129 

p.  DoYe 789,898,1183 

Bridgnorth  v.  Collins 1810 

Bridport  Old  Brewery  Co,  Re   1740, 1920 

Brien  v.  Swainson 1958 

Brierley  Hill  v.  Pearsall    ....      785 

Brigella,  The 808 

Briggv.Brigg 1101,1102 

Briggs  V  Boss 20, 1733 

V.  Penny 1531 

0.  Swanwick 1401 

V.  Upton 1082 

Briggs  &  Spicer,  Re      .    .    .      810,  2198 

Bright  V.  Hutton 896 

u.  Marner 1797 

Bright-Smith, /?e 700 

Brighton  r.  Strand 1480 

Brighton  Marine  Co.  v.  Wcodhouse  1935 
Brighton  &  Dyke  By.  i2«  .  .  .  .  1534 
Brighty  t;.  Norton      912, 1293,  1^33,  1664 

Brind  v.  Dale 348 

Brindle,£xp 946,1781 

Brinkley  v.  A-G 1165 

Brinsmead, /?« 1034 

Briscoe  v,  Briscoe     ....    1685, 1686 

V,  Drought 2221 

Bristol, /?«   .    .    .  101,257,669,801,923 

V,  Jones 176 

r.  Westcott 750 

Bristol  Aerated  Bread  Co  v.  Maggs  1958 
Bristol  Athenaeum,  Re  .  236, 1022, 1620 
Bristol  Guardians  v.  Bristol  Corp    .   1578. 

2271 
Bristol  Joint  Stock  Bank,  Re  918,  1034 
Bristol  Trams  v.  Bristol  .  .  681,  1182 
Bristol  W.  W.  Co  r.  Bristol  .    1346,  1961 

r.  Uren     86.  87,  564.  888, 1496,  1537 

Bristol  &  Exeter  Ry  v.  Gartou  .    .    2041 

w.  Somerset,  &c,  Ry  .    .    .    .      216 

Bristol  &  West  of  Eng.  Bank  v. 

Mid.  Ry 1496 

Bristow  w.  Masefleld 1738 

British  Columbia  Co,  /?«...  .  1266 
British  Electric  Co  ».  Inl.  Rev. .  .  1712 
British  Guardian  Co.  ffe  .  .  .  .  1325 
British  India  Steam  Nav.  Co  v.  Inl. 

Rey 469,1677 

British  Inst,  of  Preventive  Medicine 

©.Styles 2078 

British  Motor  Synd.  ».  Taylor   968, 1145, 

2149,2177 
British  Museum  V.  Payne  .  .  1466,2199 
V.  White 1628 


British    Mutual    Banking    Co    i^. 

Chamwood  Ry 285 

British  Nation  Assrce,  Re  ...  579 
British  Provident  Assne,  R«  .  .  788 
British  Wire  Co  v.  Preseot  ...  1856 
British  &  American  Corp  r.  Cuuper     256, 

168f» 

Britnell  v.  Walton 2045 

Briton  Med.  Assrce*  Re     ....    1562 

Britt  V.  Robinson 1666,  2035 

Britten  r.  G.  N.  Ry 1473 

Brittlebank,  A«    .    .    .     46.47,83,1349 

Britton  p.  Twining 860 

Broad, /?« 1626 

V.  Bevan 1532 

V.  Broad 1463 

Broadbent  v.  Rarasbottom     .    .    .    2221 

V,  Shepherd 1389 

Broadhurst  v.  Morris 806 

Broadmead  v.  Wood 2288 

Broadwater, /{c 226 

Brock  r.  Harrison 1989 

Brockbank  v,  Whitehaven  Junction 

Ry 1179 

Brocklebank,  Re 1208 

t*.  Johnson 1141 

Brocklehurst  v,  Railwav  Printing 

Co *  .    .    .    .      469 

Brodrick  v.  Brown 986 

r.  Scale 809 

Broennenburgh  v.  Haycock  .  1907, 1908 
Brogden  v.  Metropolitan  liy  .  107,  1883 
Bromage  (7.  Prosser  .    .    .    .    1118,1150 

Bromfield  v.  Crowder 907 

Bromley,  Re 1242 

v,  Brunton 668 

V.  Cavendish  Spinning  Co      .    2226 

P.Lloyd 381,632 

Brook,  Re 136,  1738 

V.  Badley 996 

p.  Brook 1088 

r.  Harwood 1915 

p.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry      .    1150 

Brooke,  Exp 1784 

,Re     .    .    95,1079,1498,1829,2104 

,  Re,  Musgrave  p.  Brooke   .    .    1239 

p.  Clarke 676,  791 

p.  Inl.  Rev 1118,1686 

p.  Kavanagh      ....    1910,  2218 

p.  Memagh 2218 

p.  Mitchell 1618 

p.  Shadgate 2133 

p.  Turner 924 

p.  Warwick 1019 

Brookes  p.  Drysdale     .      429,  1695,  2167 

Brooking  p.  Maudslay 979 

Brookman  p  Smith 208,  864 

Brooks  p.  Blanchard 1209 

p.  Hamlyn 688 

p.  Oriental  Insrce 163 

Brooksbank  p.  Wentworth  ...  702 
Broom  p.  Batchelor       12,  675,  818, 1180, 

2041 

Broome  p.  Gosden 881 

Broomfield  p.  Southern  Insrce    153, 1127 

p.  Williams  ....    229,  395,  808 

Brophy  p.  Bellamy 548 

Brosman  p.  Roche 488 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


XXXIU 


Brotherton  v.  Metrop  Dist  Ry  .    .    1747 

Broagh  v.  Perkins 72 

V,  Whitmore     .    .    .  789,  790, 1808 

Brougluim  v.  Brougham    .    .    .    .     213*J 

V,  Foulott 2036 

Broaghton  v.  Conway 2o9 

Brooghton  Co  t;.  Kirkpatrick  .  .  1573 
Brown,  £x  p.   .     466,  657,  784,  745,  1982 

,  Exp,,  Re  Suffleld  and  Watts     1686 

,  Exp.,  Re  Vansittart  819, 1844, 2198 

,  Re    270, 308. 306, 310, 376, 543, 1074, 

1261, 1347,  1401,  1860,  1997,  2049,  2184 

v.  Alabaster     .    .      867,  2132,  2226 

V.  Annandale 1663 

V.  ArundeU 148 

V.  Bamford 294 

r,  Batemfui 1817 

V,  Brown       444,  747,  788,  832,  1219, 

133.3, 1407 

V.  Burdett 2037 

V,  Bussell 245 

V,  Butteriey  Co 2269 

r.  Carstairs  ........    1058 

V.  Cocking 1714 

».  Collins 2211 

V.  Cooke 1456 

r.  Dale 2199 

p.  De  Tastet 1034 

V.  Foot 1016,  1824 

V.  GelUUy 281 

V,  Granville 228 

».  G.  E.  Ry 1445 

17.  G.  W.  Ry      .     .     684,  2069,  2148 

».  Hammond 468 

I?.  Hare 682 

V.  Hiatt 317 

r.  Hiffgs 15S0 

V.  Holyhead 226 

c.  Hutchinson 1727 

tf.  Inl.  Rey.  .    469. 1016,  1164,  1822, 

1577, 1816 

V.  Jaryis 651 

p.  Johnson 462,  1774 

r.  L.  &  N.  W.  lly 26;} 

V.  Manchester.  S.  &L.  Ry  496. 1084, 

1666 

V.Maryland 919 

V.  Montreal  Cur^  .    .    .    1688,  1830- 

V.  Nicholson 209 

V.  Oakshott 920 

V.  Patch 1486,1488 

p.  Perrott  1217 

p.  Raindle 631 

p.  Robinson       1528 

p.  Rotherham 88 

p.  Shevill 1616 

p.  Smith 1275 

p.  Tayleur 1509, 1510 

p.  Thames  &  Mersey  Insrce  .    1825 

p.  Tombs 1884 

p.  Trumper 1720 

p.  Wales 1492 

p.  Watkins 93,1417 

p.  Whiteway 1483 

p.  Wilkinson 142 

p.  Wood 1277 

Brown  &  Sibley, /2e 1743 

Browne.  iZs      .    .    .    .    1180, 1152,  1564 

VOL.  I. 


Browne  p.  Burton    ....      780,  1276 

—  p.  Emerson 19 

p.  Groombridge     .    1007,  1657,  2037 

p.  Hammond 1465 

p.  Kenyon 606 

p.  King 1877,  2239 

p.  Kinsella 1882 

p.  La  Trinidad      ....     62,  536 

p.  Peto      .  95,  1313,  1314.  1316,  1712 

p.  Pickering 1332 

p.  Rainsford 2000 

p.  Vigne 718 

p.  Warner 1214,  2110 

Browning  o,  Gt.   Central   Mining 

Co 358 

Brownscombe  p.  Johnson  ....  1439 
Brownsword  p.  Edwards  ....  1349 
Bruce  v.  Ailesbury   ....      998, 1842 

p.  Curzon-Howe 933 

V.  Helliwell 770 

p.  Jones 1503 

p.  Nicolopulo    ....      587,  1260 

Brudenell  p.  Elwes 305 

Bruflf  V.  Cobbold 1326 

Brumfit  p.  Morton 610 

Brumfltt  p.  Bremner    .    .    .    1852,  1886 

p.  Roberts 707 

Brundrett,  J5:z  p 162 

Brunei,  The 231 

Brunner  p.  Webster 1746 

Brunsden  p.  Humphrey     .    276,  278,  942 

Brunskill  v.  Atkinson 1161 

P.Powell 276 

p.  Watson 824 

Brunt  p.  Mid.  Ry 1886 

p.  Spencer 1768 

Brunton  v.  Electrical  Co  .    .      736, 1230 

P.Hall      ....      261,1069,2224 

Brutton  p.  Branson 1938 

Bryan  p.  Arthur 781 

p.  White 146 

Bryant,  Re 1141,  2128 

p.  Busk 967 

p.  Easterson 702 

p.  Foot 1212 

p.  Hancock   181, 184,  540,2118,  2248 

p.  Herbert 760,  2072 

p.  Jjcfever 595 

p.  Heading    ....  428,  714,  1026 

Bryant  &  May, /?0 654,641 

p.  London  Assrce  .    .    .    1889,  1944 

Bryce,.ft« 1881 

Rryden  p.  Willett     ....    1014,  1074 

Brydges  p.  Dix 1291,  1885 

p.  Stephens 2124 

p.  Wotton 741 

Brydone, /?6 2259 

Brynmawr  Coal  Co,  Re     ....      362 

Bryon,  Re 303 

Bryson  p.  Russell      ....    1629,  2061 

Bubb  p.  Padwick 37 

p.  Yelverton      ....      797,2218 

Buccleuch, /2« 2024 

p.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works      .    .      976 

Buchanan  p.  Faber 637,  887 

p.  Harrison 1470, 1683 

p.  Poppleton 1068 

Buchannan  p.  Hardy 259 


XXXIV 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Buck,  Re     ....    290,  656,  066.  1602 

V.  Nurton 109 

V.  Robson 1916 

Buckell  V.  Blenkhorn 2278 

V.  King 39 

Buckeridge  v,  Ingram 1469 

Buckhurst,  The 962,2123 

Buckhurst  Peerage  Case  ....    1865 
Buckingham  v.  Sellick      ....    1014 

V.  Surrey  &  Hants  Canal  Co  .    1665 

Buckinghamshire    and    Hertford- 
shire Co.  Co.,  Re 41,  51 

Buckland  v.  Buckland 1844 

w.  Papillon 2157 

Buckle,  Re 485 

r.  Fredericks    .    .    .  832,979,1749 

V.  Knoop 497 

Buckler  0.  Wilson     ....    1456,1586 

Buckley,  jEjcd 905 

».  Buckley    ....    305,786,927 

».  Crawford 1437 

V.  Hann 263 

V,  Hanson 1996 

1;.  Hull  Dock  Co 657 

V.  Life  Boat  Inst,  Re  DuTid   .      996 

Buckmaster  v.  Buckmaster    .      514,  2145 

V.  Reynolds 397 

Buckmyr  v.  Darnall 475 

Bucknill  v.  Morris,  Re  Morris     .    .     1789 

Buckrose  Case 826 

Buck  well  t;.  Norman 471 

Budd  V.  Fairmanner 1907 

».  Lucas  ....     108,2080,2149 

V.  Marshall  .       171,  588,  1378,  1651, 

2012,  2014 

Budenberg  v.  Roberts 917 

Budgett  V.  Binuington  .    .    .      505,  1053 

Bulkeley  v.  Scepliens 560 

Bull  t^.  Comberbach 862 

».  Pritchard 2234 

V.  Ventnor  Harbour  Co      .    .      881 

BuUard  v.  Harrison  ....    1821,  2225 

Bullen  t;.  Ansley 1089 

v.  Denning   ....  657,  788,  2006 

Buller,  Re 468, 1216,  1524 

Bulley  V.  Bulley 1685 

Bulli  Coal  Mining  Co  v.  Osborne   .    2118 
BoUiirant  v.  AG.  Victoria     ...      649 

Bullmore,  Re 008,  2240 

Bullock,  Rb 643,  926 

,  Re,  Good  17.  Lickorish  .    .    101,  183 

r.  Dodds 815,  823,  2091 

V.  Donimitt 1038,  1720 

u.  Downes 1277,  2044 

Bulman  v.  Fenwick  ....    1345, 1953 

Buhner,  The 616 

V.  Gilman 1891 

V.  Hunter 2170 

Bult  t7.  Morrell 1153 

Bunbury  v.  Fuller 2062 

Bunker  v.  Mid.  Ry 372 

Bunn  0.  Harrison 1038 

Bunting  V.  Sargent 2196 

Burbey  ».  Burbey 379,  428 

Burbidge  r.  Burbidge 1109 

Burdr.  Burd 3(59 

Burdekin,  Re 1783 

Burdett,  i?<;      ....     926,2196,2197 


Burdick27  Garrick 278 

Burdon  v.  Burdon 367 

Burge  f.  Ashley 1897 

Burger  v.  Indemnity,  &c,  Assrce    .     936, 

2064 

Burges  V.Lamb 2218 

r.  Wickham 1809 

Burgess, /?e 368,1200 

u.Boetefeur      .      27,406,756,1883 

V.  Burgess 2082 

V,  Clark 72, 166,  990 

V.  Clements 848 

D.Morris 259.2248 

».  Northwich 666 

V.  Richardsoji 1441 

—  I'.  Robinson 117,  1761 

r.  Wheate 864,2160 

Burgh  V.  Legge 1280 

Burgoyne,  Re 698 

Burke  v.  Gore 267 

V,  Lechmerc      ....    1868.  1961 

Burkill  t;.  Thomas 340,  300 

Burkinshaw  v.  Birmingham  &  Ox- 
ford June.  Ry 2005 

»,  Nicolls 867 

Burkmire  v.  Darnel  or  Djimell  .    .      475 
Burland  t;.  Broxbunie  Co  .    851,  554,  698 

Burleton  v.  Humfrey 375 

Burley  v.  Saint 700 

Burlinson,  Re 1705,  2138 

1;.  Hall 8 

Bum  V.  Morris 2209 

Bumaby  v.  Baillie 169 

i;.  Earle 521 

Burnett  v.  Berry 437, 1439 

V.  G.  N.  of  Scotland  Ry      .  67,  1425 

Bumie  v.  Getting      ....      788.  1210 

Bums  V.  Brown 662 

V.  Collum 1274 

r.  Walford 671.1204 

Burr,  iZe 107,248 

Burrell  o.  Jones 124 

V.  Simpson 840 

Burroughes  and  Lynn,  Re     ...    1689 

Burrowes,  Re 1345,  1546 

Burrows,  Re     .    .     208, 1014,  1111,  2241 

V.  Foster 184 

V,  Holley 403,  1028 

V,  Rhodes 306 

Burrup  v.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      .    .      807 

Burry  Port  Hy,  Re 432 

Bursledon  v.  Clarke 1316 

Burslem  v.  Attenborough  ....    2047 
Burslem  &  Staffordshire  Co.  Co.,  Re    1 187 

Burstiai  p.  Baptist 2067 

1%  Beyfus 778 

V,  Fearon 1417 

Burt  V.  Gray 2,  1071 

V.  Haslett 1200,2258 

».  Hellyar 604 

Burton,  Re 1142 

».  Barclay    .    .    .    1754,1094,2002 

V.Brooks 1866 

P.English 1190 

V.  Eyden 1877 

».  Gery 1682 

V.  Reevell 1070 

V.  St.  Giles  ......      650, 1460 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


XXXV 


Page 

Burton  v.  White 648 

Barton-OD-Trent  v.  Egginton          88,  181 
Barr   r.  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire 
Ry 218 

—  V.  Thompson 522 

Bury  St.  Edmunds  r.  W.  Suffolk 

Co.  Co. 1912 

Busby  9.  Chesterfield  W.  W.  Co    .      664 

Busfield,  Re 2277 

Bash,  Re 647,1884 

p.  Calls 667 

u.  Cole 667 

0.  Freeman 1641 

V.  Gower 136 

p.  Kinnear 2030 

p.  Trowbridge  Water  Co    076,1046, 

2006 

Bushell  V.  Burland 2104 

Busk  V.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce      ...      721 

Butcher  V.  Butcher 61 

p.  Lend.  &  S.  W.  Ry      ...    1180 

».  Nash 1689 

».  Stead 819.1434 

V.  Steuart 681,858 

Bute  V.  Cunynghame    ....  332,  ^33 

».  Grindall 1309 

».  Thompson 2286 

Butler,  i:x» 1833 

,  Re 1471 

V.  Ablewhite 689 

p.  Borton 2057 

V,  Bray 669 

p.  Butler  .    .     836, 1063,  1469, 1658 

p.  Greenwood 984 

p.  ^ountgarret 1107 

r.  Swinnerton 82 

p.  Wearing 1676 

p.  Wildman 1019 

BttUer  and  Baker's  Case  .    .    .  868,  912 

Butt  p.  Newman 1327 

p.  Thomas 1511 

Butterfleld  p.  Forrester     ....    1200 

p.  Heath 1621 

Butterly  p.  Carroll 2021 

Butterworth  p.  Robinson  ....      204 

Buttery  p.  Robinson 1956 

Button  P.  O'Neill 1784 

p.  Tottenliam 1848 

Buxton  p.  Buxton 399 

— ^  p.  Jones 978 

—  p.  Mingay 965 

Byas  p.  Miller 1764,2009 

Byerley  p.  PreYOst 1676 

Byne  p.  Currey 871 

Byng. /26 1845.1843 

p.  Byng 806,866 

Byrd,i2« 1880,1881 

p.  Nunn 1499 

Byrne  p.  Brown 1638 

p.  HUl 1427 

p.  Muzio 768 

p.  Pattinson 715 

r.  Ring 1808 

Byrom  p.  Brandreth     .    1215. 1216, 1613 
Byron, /Ze    ....    267,416,806,1843 

Bythesea  p.  Bythesea 1074 

By  water, /20 90 

p.  Richardson 2214 


C. 

Caballbro  p.  Henty    ....  667,  953 

Cable  p.  Cable 2044 

p.  Marks 205 

Cachapool,  The 1661 

Caddick  p.  Highton 1283 

Cadell  P.  Bewley 1621 

p.  Wilcocks 1755 

Cadett  p.  Earle 746,  788 

Cadge, /2e 2232 

Cadman  p.  Cadman 1470 

Cadogan, /26    .    .    1216,1216,1492,1513 

p.  Essex 1727 

p.  Lyric  Theatre  .    .     .    1677,  1712 

Caerleon  Tmplate  Co  p.  Hughes    .    1959 

Cafe  p.  Bent 1715 

Caflfarini  p.  Walker       .    .    76,488,1274 
Caffin  p.  Aldridge     .  260, 524, 1094, 1509, 

1870 
Cahill  p.  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry    ....    1472 

Cahn  p.  Pocketo  Co 34,  876 

Caiger  p.  St.  Mary  Islington  288,894,953, 

1388, 1389 

Cain  p.  Moon 668 

Caine,  i?6 1111 

p.  HorsfaU 106,1206 

Caird  p.  Sime 1618 

Caithness,  Re 1233 

Calcott  and  Elvin 408 

Calcutta  p.  De  Mattos 106 

Calcutta  Jute  Co  p.  Nicholson   .    .    1737 

Caldecott  p.  Harrison 429 

Caldow  p.  PixeU 1858 

Caldwell  p.  McLaren 1947 

Caledonian  Ry  p.  G.  N.  Ry    .    .    .    1773 

p.  Greenock,  Ac,  Ry      .    .    .    2153 

P.N.B.RV 656 

p.  Ogilyy." 456,976 

p.  Turcan     .     448, 1170.  1411, 1766 

p.  Walker 975 

Caley  p.  Kingston 1088 

Callan  p.  Armstrong 910 

Calliope,  The 2232 

Callow  p.  Callow 1818 

Caloric  Co,  i2e 2203 

Calvert,  Re 1829 

p.  Thomas 926. 1148 

CaWin's  Case 65,  506, 1100 

Calye'sCase     .    .    .      299,821,824,843 
Cambefort  p.  Chapman     ....    1025 

Camberwell  p.  Ellis 75 

Camberwell  &  S.  Lond.  Bg  Soc  p. 

HoUoway 1072 

Cambrian  Ry, /fe 872 

Cambridge  p.  Anderton    ....    1916 

p.  Edmonton 1736 

p.  Parr 1774 

p.  Rous 1742 

Cambridge  University  p.  Bryer     .    2199 
Camelo  p.  Britten     ....      672, 1190 

Cameron,  Re 223 

p.  Nystrom 349 

p.  Tyler 1240 

p.  Wiggins 2080 

Cameron  and  Wells,  /2e    .    .    .    .    1621 

Camfleld  v.  Gilbert 525,  604 

Caminada  p.  Hulton .    .    .  183,  347, 1128 


XXXVl 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Page 

Camoys  ».  BeBt 1369 

».  Blundell 1*211 

Caiupanliia,  &c  t;.  Brauer       .    .    .    1226 

CampanU,  The 1211 

Campbell.  Re 8»5, 1209 

p.  AUgood 2218 

t?.Bou8kell 63,1203 

1'.  Chambers 66 

p.Hadley 844 

u.  Leach 1711 

».  Lloyd's  Bank 829 

r.  McGrain 604 

V.  Prescolt    ...      603, 1042,  1248 

r.  Strange  ways 462 

».  The  Queen  .    .    .     63,708,1208 

p.  Wardlaw 1206, 1341 

Campden  Charities,  Re     ...  664,  767 

Canada,  The 2261 

Canada  Freehold  Estate  &  Timber 

Co,  Re 1212 

Canada    Shipping   Co.   v.  British 

Shipowners'  Assoc  ....  920,  921 
Canada  Sugar  Co  v.  The  Queen  .  917 
Canadian  Pacific  Uy  v.  Parke   .    .      668 

Candy  v.  Campbell 630 

Cane,/Je      .    .    .    .   • 468 

V,  Golding 1912 

Canham  w.  Fish 1063 

Cann, /2e,JE:x;>.  Hunt  .    .    .    1296,2103 

Cannan  o.  Abingdon 829 

V.Hartley 1996 

V.  Meaburn 2174 

V.  Wood I486 

Canning  v.  Raper 494 

P.Wood 1436 

Cannock  v.  Jones 176 

Cannon  v.  VUhirs  .  .  .  676,  968,  2226 
Cannon  Brewery  Co  v.  Gilby     .    .    1626 

P.Nash 2284 

Canterbury  v.  The  Queen  ...  16 
Canterbury,  Archbp,  p.  KoberUon  42 
Canterbury    Gds.    p.    Canterbury 

Corp 1606 

Canwell  P.  Hanson 1387 

Cape  p.  Scott 2187 

Capell  p.  Aston 2047 

Capital  &  Counties  Bk  o.  Bank  of 

Eng 282 

Caplin,i2« 778 

Capper  p.  Forster     ....    1080,1863 

—.P.Wallace 1248.1778 

Capron  v.  Capron 660,  676 

Caproni  p.  Alberti 1803 

Carali  p.  Xenos 680,2090 

Carbery  r.  Preston 298 

Cardiff  Savings  Bk,  fie     662, 1168, 1268. 

2107 
Cardigan  p.  Curzon  Howe     .    .     .      948 

p.  Montague 207 

Carew,/& 1078 

p.  Carew 668 

Carey  p.  Carey 1346, 1349 

Cargill  P.  Cargill 616 

Cargo  6x  Argos,  The 166 

Cargo  ex  Laertes,  The  .  .  493.  1809 
Carington  p.  Wycombe  Ry  230, 23 1 , 1 123, 

1986,  2076 
Carisbrook,  The 1776 


Carl  XV,  The  .    .    1481,1633,2186 

Carlill  p.  Carbolic  Smoke  Ball  Co      378, 

664,  790, 1766 

Carlotta,  The 889 

Carlton  S.S.  Co  p.  Casile  Co  76, 1664, 1968 

Carlyon  p.  Levering 2222 

p.  Truscott 1966 

Carmichael   p.   Livtrpool    Sailing 

Ship  Association  ....      920, 1246 

Carnarvon  p.  Yillebois 602 

Came,2?€ 1312,2024 

Carnegie  p.  Conner  ...  260, 466, 1226 

Carney  p.  Plimmer 798 

Carpenter  p.  Bott 1993 

-v,  Deen    ....     491,  1007, 1917 

p.  Hamilton 2248 

p.  Mason  ....   1626,  2244,  2247 

P.Parker 239 

P.Smith 1616 

Cm,  Exp 1899 

p.  Bedford 1042 

p.  Benson 1093,  2266 

p.  Carr 477 

p.  Dougherty 686 

p.  Foster 1002 

p.  Fowle 1868,  1662 

p.  Griffith, /?«  Griffith    .    1602,2084 

P.Lambert 1088 

p.  Living 1141 

p.  Lynch 2287 

V.  Metropolitan     Board     of 

Works 998 

p.  Mostyn 289 

p.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce  ....    1114 

p.Stnnger ,.2188 

Carrard  p.  Meek 2108 

Carrier  p.  Price 1623 

Carrington  p.  Bannister  .  .  :  .  2121 
Carritt  p.  Godson      ....      104, 1412 

Carroll  p.  Cooke 612,2036 

p.  Hargrave 293 

Carron  Co  p.  Maclaren  ....  1734 
Carron  Park,  The  .  688,802.  1246, 1260 
Carruthers  p.  Sydebotham     .    .    .    1944 

Carshore  p.  N.  E.  Ry 966 

Carson  p.  Pickersgill 668 

Carter, /2« 1288 

p.  Andrews 1094 

p.  Bentall 863,1011 

p.  Boehm 861 

p.  Carter 649,  686,  630 

p.  Clarke 1493 

p.  Crick 167 

p.  Drysdale 492, 1290 

p.  Ducie 608 

p.  Rigby 2041 

p.  Silber 1664 

p.  Thomas 203 

Carter  and  Kenderdine,  i2e    .     319,2198 

Carthew,  Re 179B,  1910 

Cartwright. /?« 1041,2219 

p.  Forman 2266 

p.  Regan 1671 

p.  Sculcoates 88 

p.  Vawdry 803 

Cams- Wilson  and  Greene,  Re    ,    ,      112 

Caruth,  Re 1361 

Carver  p.  Burgess 1997 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XXXVll 


Carver  v,  Richards 871 

Gary  v.  Gary 1581 

V.  KingBton 1088 

V.  Stephenson 276,  278 

Casbome  v,  Scarfe 744 

Case  V.  Storey      .    .  848,  846.  1408, 1961 

Casey, /20 61,131,634,003 

V.  Amott 61 

r.  Ulor 1682 

r.  Rose 2076 

Casgrain  v.  Atlantic  &  N.  W.  Ry  .  06 
Gasher  V.  Holmes  ....  1103,1364 
Gathill  V.  Wright      ....      840,  2221 

Cass  0.  Butler 2121 

Cassidy  v,  O'Loghlen 1561 

Gassin  v,  Shortali 472 

Gasson  r.  RoberU 1106 

Casswell  V.  Cook      .....    1640,1028 

Gastel  V.  Trechman 1247 

Castelli  v.  Groome    ....    1177, 1170 

Gastioni,  Exp 1604 

Gasde  v.  GasUe 1141 

V.  Fox 862 

V,  PUyford 1764 

V.  Sworder 12 

Castle  Bytham,  i::x  D.   .    257,1841,1848, 

1968 
Castlegate  S.  S.  Co  v,  Dempsey  .  460 
Gastleman  v.  Hicks  ....    1384, 1443 

Castling  v.  Aabert 474 

Caswell  I'.  Cook 2070 

V.  Worcestersliire  Justices      .    1601 

Gate  V.  Devon  &  Exeter  Newspaper 

Co 204 

Gaterham  Hy,  Re 2128 

Gates  V.  South 1342 

Catesby's  Case 1228,  2112 

Gatford,  Re 1097 

Cathay.  The 285 

Cathcart,  Br  p..  Re  Stuart  ...  688 
Catherine  Chalmers,  The  ....    1060 

Catling,  Re 40,  2272 

p.  King 1680 

Catlow  r.  Catlow 1G86 

Catt.  Rb 1289 

p.  Tourle 660 

Gattel  p.  Ireson 438 

Cattle  V.  Thorpe 653 

Catton  p.  Bennett 066,  967 

p.  Mackenzie 2288 

Caucasian   Trading  Corp,  Ex  p., 

ReB 316 

Caudrey's  Case    ....    872,873,876 

Gaadwell  v.  Hanson 1387 

Gaughey  p.  Gordon 1647 

Gaunter  p.  Addams 1883 

Cavan  p.  Pulteney 480 

Cavanagh  p.  Morrison 2082 

Gave  p.  Cairo 784 

p.  Grew 76 

p.  Harris 100, 1063 

p.  Hastings 116 

p.  Mackenzie 2104 

Cavendish  p.  Cavendish    1228, 1661, 2172 

Gavey  p.  Lidbetter 1299 

Cavill  p.  Amos 1498 

Cawdry  p.  Higliley  ....  730, 1708 
Gawley,  f^xp 678 


Page 

Gawley  &Co,Re 678 

Cawse  p.  Nottingham  Lunatic  Asy- 
lum   890 

Caygill  p.  Thwaite 726 

Cecil's  Case 1295 

Cecil  p.  Langdon 395 

Cederberg  p.  Borries     .    .    .    .69,1871 

Cefn  Cilcen  Go, /2e 1113 

CelluUr  Clothing  Co  p.  Maxton  609 

Central  Bank  v.  Hawkins  .  .  .  613 
Central  De  Kaap  Co  .  .  .  1448,  2288 
Central  Wales  Ky  p.  G.  W.  Ry    757, 1647, 

2058 

p.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  .    .    1081, 2058 

Cesena  Sulphur  Co  v.  Nicholson    .    1737 

Chadburn  p.  Moore 1667 

Ghadwick  p.  Clarke 2117 

p.  Doleman 2288 

p.  Dublm  Steam  Packet  Co   .      328 

p.  Marsden 2220 

Chaffers, /?0 26 

Chaine  p.  Nelson 101 

Challender  p.  Royle  .  .  .  1083,2051 
Challinor,  Ex  p.,  Re  Rogers  .    2102, 2103 

Chalmers,  Exp 1942 

p.  Chalmers 1844 

p.  North   .  • 65,  1279 

p.  Scopenich 1867 

Chaloner  p.  Bolckow 1917 

p.  Lansdown 1608 

Chamber  Colliery  Co  p.  Hop  wood     1768, 

1907 

p.  Rochdale  Canal  Co    .    .  360,  457, 

2257 

Chamberlain,  Ex  p 1616 

P.King 1628 

p.  Lee 1218 

p.  Masterson 199 

p.  Young 1352 

Chamberlain  Go  r.  Bradford      .    .    1599 

p.  Smith 2082 

Chamberlaine  p.  Chester,  &c,  Ry  .  1247 
Cbamberlayn  p.  Chamberlayn  .  .  861 
Chamberlayne  v.  Brockett     .    .  610,  636 

p.  Chamberlayne 1075 

P.Collins      ....  800,784,1132 

p.  Dummer 2218 

Chambers  p.  Robinson  .....    1691 

p.  Smith 1287 

p.  Taylor 708,  860 

p.  Wliitehaven  Gommrs     .   623,  033 

Champ  p.  Stokes 190 

Champion,  Re       1812 

Champneys  p.  Arrowsmith    ...      177 

p.  Burland 497 

Chancellor, /?« 1528,1573 

Chandler  p.  Blogg    .    .      836,1246,1868 

P.Bradley 187,188 

p.  Pocock 1053, 1238 

p.  Smith 636 

Chandos  p.  Inl.  Rev 2065 

p.  Tftlbot 2056 

Chanel  p.  Robotham     ....  209,  824 

Ghannon  v.  Patch 2056 

Chant,  Re 2187 

Chanter  p.  Dickenson 826 

P.Hopkins 2214 

Chaplin,  £x  p. 882,1818 


XXXVIU 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Chaplin  v.  Clarke 654 

v.  Levy 764 

V.  Rogers 81*2 

V.  Southgate      .    .    1008, 1645,  1640 

Chapman's  Case 6«5,  897 

Chapman,  Ex  p.,  Re  Davey   .    .    .     1310 

,  Re  1043, 1091, 1277. 1761, 1861, 2037, 

2088 

1'.  Beecham 1276, 1276 

V.  Biggs 473 

U.Bradley 1902 

V.  Chapman 648 

V.  Corpe 674 

V.  Dalton 1849 

r.  Fylde 1090 

u.  G.  W.Ry 2067 

».  Gwyther 2214 

V.  Hart 1332 

V.  Hayman 1687, 1940 

V.  Lamphire 261 

V.  Milvain 1858 

V.  Peate 669 

V,  Reynolds 1613 

V.  Robinson 188 

V.  Royal  Bank  of  Scotland     .      893 

V.  Royal  Netherlands  Co    .    .        91 

Chapman  to  Hobbs 1220 

Chappell  w.  North     ....    1661,1986 

r.  Punlav 68,409 

».  St.  Botolph   ....     669,1314 

Chappie,  Re,  Newton  u.  Chapman  .     1670 

Chard  v,  Jervis 1182 

Charge  v.  Goodyer 1810 

Charing  Cross  Bank,  Ex  p..  Re 

Parker 2103.2104 

Charing  Cross  Bridge  Co  v.  Mitchell    2070 

Charinton  v.  Johnson 1834 

Charles  v,  Blackwell 670 

V.  Burke 806 

V.  Jones 416 

r.  Plymouth  Works  ....      651 

Charleswortli  v.  Mills   .  83,  186, 193,  499. 

10U6,  2088 

Charlotte,  The 2074 

Charlton.  £xp 976 

r.  AG 1638,2116 

r.  Charlton 646,1685 

V.  Gibson 226 

V,  Rolleston 2006 

V.  Morris 1736 

Charroan,  Exp 471 

o.  S.  E.  Ry 1816 

Cliamock  v.  Court 186 

r.  Merchant 69 

Charrington,  Exp.,  Re  Dickinson  .     290, 

1814,  1816 

Charter  v.  Charter 2041 

V.  Greame 1862 

Chartered  Bank  of  India  v.  Mac- 

fayden 212 

V,  Netherlands  Steam  Nav.  Co    836, 

1069 

V.  Wilson 691 

Charterhouse  v.  Gayler     ....      691 

V.  Lamarque 297 

Chasca.  The 1069 

Chase  v.  Westmore 741 

Chasemore  v.  Richards      .  494,  976,  2223 


Chasteauneuf  v.  Capyron  .    .  1097, 1862, 

2090 

Chaston,  7?e 1370 

CImtfield  f.  Cox 1699 

V.  Ruston    .    .  322, 486, 1378,  2016 

V.  Sedgwick 660 

Chatham   v.    Rochester    Commis- 
sioners       868 

Chatterton  v.  Cave 96, 1411 

».  Watney 472 

Chattock  V.  Bellamy     .    .    .      348,2232 

P.Shaw 1969 

Chaundy,  Re 161 

Chauutler  v.  Robinson  .  .  .  1387, 1390 
Chaurand  v.  Angerstein  ....  1316 
Chawner, /^e    .    .    .    187,378,637,1061 

1;.  Cummings     .     .      121,1488,2029 

Chaytor,  Re 913,  964,  1841 

Cheape  v.  Kinmont 178 

Cheavin  v.  Walker 1428 

Cheese  v.  Lovejoy    ....      619, 1766 

V,  Scales 2130 

Cheeseborough,  Re 819 

Cheeseman,  fo 1910,2118 

Cheesman  v.  Hardham      .    .     1088, 1860 

Cheetham  v.  Butler 171 

Chelmsford  School,  Re 767 

Chelsea  v.  King 1991 

Chelsea  W.  W.  Co  v.  Bowley      696,  871, 
1064,  1056, 1364,  2029 

Chenie's  Case 1295 

Chennell,/?e    .    416,791,943,1661,1912 

Cherry  v  Endean 781 

r.  Ileming 1880 

Chesnutt  v.  Chesnutt 444 

Chester  v.  Chester    ....      610,  1623 

».  Powell 1039 

Chester  Mill  Case 248 

Chesterfield, /26 447,1748 

V.  Janssen 1604,1622 

Chesterfield    Brewery   Co   i\  Inl. 

Rev 404,684 

Cheston  r.  Gibbs 661 

Chetham  v.  Hoare    ....      361, 1669 

V.  Williamson 1093 

Chetwynd  v.  Allen 1191 

Chew  V.  Holroyd 870 

Chibnall  f.  Paul 1300,1600 

Chicago  Ry  v.  Inl.  Rev.  .  .  1016, 1165 
Chicago  &  N.  W.  Granaries  Co,  Re    1688, 

1890 

Chichester  p.  Hill 1744 

—  V.  Quatrefajas 1766 

Chick  V,  Blaukmore 206 

V.  Smith 462 

Chieftain,  The 1099 

Chilcot  V.  Bromley 1882 

Chilcott,  i?« 1766 

Child  V.  Douglas 226,  226 

p.  Hearu 272 

Childe  V.  Towers 53 

Childers  v.  Childers 861 

Childsp.  Cox 1866 

Chillis  p.  Cox 1366 

Chilton  r.  London    ....      9Y0,  1899 

p.  London  &  Croydon  Ry  .    .    1445 

p.  Progress  Co 1108 

China  S.S.Co,Re 1885 


TABLE   OF   CASES. 


XXXIX 


Page 
Chinery,  Exp,     .....      716,1027 

,  Re       1860 

Chinnery,  Rb 896 

V,  Evans 24,  1437, 1661 

Chinnock  v.  Ely 1968 

Chippendale  P.  Holt 1431 

Cbipperfield  v.  Carter   .    .    .      107,  1967 

Chlsholm  V.  Doulton 1201 

Chitty  r.  Bray 220 

Cholditch  0.  Jones 240,  309 

Cholmondeley  v.  Cholroondeley  .  1681 
Chomeley  School  v.  Sewell  ...    1071 

Chope  V,  Reynolds 1670 

Chorley's  Case 848 

Chorley  v.  LoTeband 629 

Choriton.  Be 1916 

V.  Kessler 1079 

r.  Lings    ....      709,1079,1161 

Chorlton-upon-Medlock  v.  Walker  .  1388 
Christ   Cliarch,   East   Greenwich, 

Re 699,1687 

Christ  Church  Enclosure  Act,  Re  .     1889 

Christ's  Hospital,  Re     872,  686.  680,  699, 

601,  002,  830 

r.  Charity  Commrs    .    .    .   769, 830 

p.  Harrild 1407 

Christian  v.  Devereuz 1077 

Christie,  Re 79,  660, 1662. 

p.  Christie 1797 

p.  Cooper 979 

p.  Davey 1800 

V.  Gosling 1890 

V.  Inland  Bevenue    ....      404 

—  c.  Ovington 166 

p.  Richardson 911 

Christmas,  Re 961, 990 

Christopherson  p.  Naylor  1861, 1800, 1906 

Chadleigh's  Case 1461,2160 

Chudley,  iBs 2107 

p.  Chudley 610 

Church  p.  Brown        128,  846,  1680,  2166, 
2166,  2167,  2168 
p.   Imperial    Gas    Light  and 

Coke  Co 1867 

c.  Inclosure  Commissioners  .   1202. 

1203 

p.  London  School  Bd     .    .    .    2006 

p.  Maxsted 666 

p.  Sage 192,1096,1817 

Churcher  p.  Martin  .    .    .    .    2194,2196 

Churchill,  Re 36 

p.  Churchill 1890 

p.  CoUer 366 

p.  Dibben 044 

p.  Pemberton 1800 

Churchward  p  Churchward      .    .      380 

p.  Ford 1069 

Chnrton  p.  Douglas 722, 827 

Cigala,  iRs 1680 

Cirenoenster  Case 1911 

Citizens'  Insroe  p.  Parsons  .  .  .  816 
City  Lands  Corporation,  Re  ,    .    .      426 

City  of  Agra 60,2181 

City  of  Lhicoln 377 

City  of  London,  The 2123 

City  of  Ix>ndon  Brewery  p.  Inl.  Rer.  1964 
City  of  London  Case  .*....  119 
City  of  Mecca W.)9 


Page 
City  &  S.  London  Ry  p.  London  Co. 

Co 1264,  1260, 1728 

Civil  Service  Mus.  Instrument  Assn 

p.  Whltenuiii 1930 

Ciril,  &c  Outfitters,  Lim.,  Re    .    .      764 

CUck  V.  HoUaud 1073 

P.Wood   ....   1073,1968.2006 

Clacton  P.  Young 108,  782 

Clagett,  Re,  Furdham  p.  Clagett    .    1440 

Clapham  p.  Langton 1809 

p.  Olirer 1867,2072 

p  St.  Pancras 104 

Clarendon  r.  St.  James,  Westmin- 
ster  1800 

Clark,  i?«     .    .    .     470,1874,1821,1997 

,  Re,  Husband  p.  Martin     .    .    1606 

p.  Bishop 674 

p.  Calvert 1363 

V.  Cogge 2*226 

t%  Denton 2148,2212 

p.  Gaskarth 1303, 1569 

p.  Glasgow  Assrce     ....    1720 

p.  Jetton 88 

p.  Leach 184, 687 

p.  Molyneuz     .     .    1148,  1160, 1669 

p.  Newsam 1076 

p.  Powell 222 

P.Reg 768,1484 

p.  St.  Pancras 227 

p.  Stanford 1498 

p.  United  States 2281 

Clarke's  Case 1010 

Clarke,  ^arp 941 

,  Re      .    .    69,  941, 1209,  1881, 1910 

,  Re,  Coombe  p.  Carter   .    .    .    2170 

p.Adie 1899 

p.  Blake 1111 

V.  Bradlaugh 340, 402 

V.  Butler 1788 

P.Clarke 684 

p.  Colls 2136,2137 

V.  Hague 63, 1039.  1488 

V.  Hart 4 

p.  Hayne,  Re  Beach  ....    1279 

p.  Hoggins 2210 

p.  Law 1417 

p.  London  &  County  Bank  461,  740, 

1430 

p.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry      .    1382 

p.  MUwall  Dock  Co  ...    .      499 

p.  Parker 876 

p.  Samson 886 

p.  St.    Mary,    Bury    St.   Ed- 
munds       1814 

p.  Thornton 267,  670 

p.  Watkins 204,266 

V.  Yorke 277 

Clarkson  p.  Musgrave 1290 

p.  Robinson 1670 

Clavering  p.  Clarering 1341 

p.  EUison 000,760 

Clay,i2e 064,1364 

p.  Coles 1076 

p.  Crofto 064 

— -  p.  Pennington 1014 

p.  Yates 826 

Clayden,  i2e 686 

Claydon  p.  Green     ....      041,1607 


xl 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Pago 
Clayton's  Case     ....  106,  780,  1437 

Clayton,  Re 1910 

V.  Burtenshaw 486 

V.  Corby 1276 

u.  Gosling S86.2178 

V.  Gregson 1088 

V.  Smith 2012 

Cleary  v.  Booth 639 

Cleaver,  Re 926 

V.  Bacon 239, 1820 

V.  Mutual  Reserve  Assn    .    .    1611 

Cleckheaton  u.  Firth 1066 

Clee,i?< 1691 

Cleer  v.  Peacock 770 

Clegg  V.  Hands 1022 

W.Rowland 2266 

Cleland,  flte      ....     826,1349,1868 

Clement, /?« 37,2081 

u.  Lewis 1869 

Clementi  v.  Golding 1864 

Clementf, /?e 434,948 

V.  Flight 520 

p.  Smith 787 

Clemow,  i?e 2036,2037 

Clemson  v.  Hubbard 560 

Cleopatra,  The 510 

Cierp^y  Orpftan  Corp.  Re  .  49,  620,  2200 
Clerical,  Medical  and  General  Life 

Assrce  v.  Carter  ....  1578,  2286 
Cleveland,  Re      1 17,  447,  024, 1376, 1380 

v.  Meyrick  .     .    .    1202,  1204,  1686 

Cleveland  W.  W.  Co  r.  Redcar      .    2224 

Clew,/28 1317,1849 

Cleworth  v.  Leigh  Justices    .     1050,  2078 

Clifden, /?e 1182,1487 

Cliflf,  Re 2277 

Clifford  t;.  Arundell 1362 

V.  Hoare 918, 1420 

V.  Holt 228 

r.  Inl.Rev 1071,1456 

V,  Koe 806 

V.  Watts 918,  2266 

Clift  V.  Schwabe  ....  344,  707,  1978 

Clifton  V.  Goodbun 808 

— '-  V.  Lombe 1581 

V.  Ridsdale 1358,  2184 

Clifton  Coll.  V.  Thompson  .  .  178,  591 
Climpson  v.  Coles      133,  192, 1095,  1760, 

1817 

Clink  w.  Hickie ^34 

y.  Radford    ....    282,466,504 

Clinton,  Re       629,  680,  2178 

W.Clinton 947 

u.  Hatchard.     ...'...      214 

Clitheroe, /2< 182 

Clonk  t'.  Hammond,  Re  Tavlor  429, 1264 
Clonmel  Traders  v.  VVaterford,  &c, 

Ry 528,1148 

Close,  Ex  p.,  Re  Hall    .    .  192,  198,  2088 

Clothier  u.  Webster 663 

Cloves  u.  Awdry 806 

Clow  V.  Harper 19, 20 

Clowdsley  v.  Pelham 1582 

Clowes,  Re 1238 

V.  Hilliard 203 

ClufiEr.  Cluff 996 

Clutterbuck  v.  Taylor 590 

Glutton  V.  Attenborough   .  712,  888, 1015 


P»ge 

Clydach,  The 1241 

Clyde  Cycle  Co.  i«.  Hargreaves  .  1249 
Clyde  Navigation  v.  Laird  81,  1765, 1860 

Clymene,  The 1424 

Coal  Economizing  Gas  Co,  Re  .  .  1577 
Coard  v.  Holderness       160,  525,  644,  645, 

1512,  1548 
Coates,  J^xp., /?eSkelton      ...      758 

V.  The  Queen 723 

Coates  to  Parsons 889 

Coats  v.  Jnl.  Rev.  404,656,658, 1781,1828 
Coats  worth  v.  Johnson  .     .    .    1070, 2197 

Cobb  V.  Cobb 1666 

r.  G,  W.  Ry 348 

V.  Stokes 2284 

Cobbett  V.  Slowman 437 

V.  Woodward 205 

Cobden  v.  Bagwell 2045 

Cobom  r.  Palace  Tlieatre  ...  88 
Coburg  Hotel  v.  London  Co.  Co.  226, 227 

Coburn  v.  Colledge 277 

V.  Collins 136 

Cochran  v.  Retberg 468 

Cochrane  v.  Duiidonald    .    .    15:iO,  1532 

V.  Entwisle 926 

V,  Green 1876 

V.  Moore 811,  1296 

rock.  Re,  Ex  p.  Rosevear  Co     .    .      682 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Shllson     .  488,  993,  1339 

W.Gent 1114 

Cockaine  r.  Hopkins 1774 

Cockayne  w.  Harrison 382 

Cockburn  w.  Alexander     1080,  1189,  1363 

V.  Edwards 1437 

Cocker's  Case 1295 

Cocker  v.  Musgrove  .  .  .  1089, 2008 
Cockerell  w.  Aucompte  ....  1225 
V.  Essex,  Re  Johnston    .   1396,  1495, 

1897, 1968 

Cockey  V.  Atkinson       1509 

Cocking  w.  Eraser     ....     1916,2073 

Cockrane  v.  Fisher 1780 

Cockrell  w.  Cockrell 566 

Cocks,  Ex  p..  Re  Poole      ....     1083 

w.  Chandler 1356 

V.  Macclefleld 497 

w.  Manners 1704 

V.  Mayner 879, 1498 

w.  Purday 725,1888 

Coddington  w.  Jacksonville  Ry  .     .      826 

Coe,  Re 1751 

Coggs  w.  Bernard 159,  886 

Coghlan,  Re 585 

Cogswell  w.  Armstrong      ....    1742 

Cohen  w.  Foster 2072 

W.Hale 478 

w.  Kittell 798 

w.  Slade 566 

w.  S.  E.  Ry 1667 

w.  Tanner 818,2053 

Colac  w.  Summerfleld 1798 

Colam  w.  Hall 1490 

w.  Pagett 566 

Colbeck  w.  Ashfleld 2093 

Colberg,  i?« 2017 

Colbourn  w.  Dawson 1679 

Colbran  w.  Barnes  ....  228. 2049 
Colby  f.  Hunter 034,2214 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


xli 


Colchester  v,  Kewnej  ....  889,  800 
Colchester  Grammar  School,  Re    .      636 
Colchester    &    Co    v.    Gloucester- 
shire Co.  Co 680 

Colclough,  He 188 

Cole's  Case 667 

Cole,  Re       322 

,  Re,  Ex  p,  VLution     ....    1616 

'—  V.  Accidental  Insrce  ....     1601 

V.  Coulton 1486 

V.  Davis 1822 

r.  Eley 1290 

p.  Fitzgerald 898 

tf.  Goble 864 

V,  Greene      .    .    .    1727, 1864. 1867 

V.  Hawes,  Re  Bond    .    .    1037, 1633 

—  V.  Jealous 416 

— -  c.  Manning 418 

o.  Miles 203 

r.  North  Western  Bank      .   66, 1189 

V,  Sootl 862, 1296 

V.  Sewell 1999 

V.  West  London,  &c,  Ry    .    .      896 

Colebrook  o.  Tickell      :     870,  1364,  202f) 
Colegrare  r.  Dias  Santos  ....      783 

Coleman  v,  Bathurst 1781 

V.  Birmingham      .     .  806,  307,  1232 

V,  Coleman 444 

Colenso  v.  Gladstone 633 

Coles,  Re 321 

V.  Bristowe 2068 

V.  Coates 1089 

V,  Dickinson 1899 

D.  Pack 748,2069 

ColUrd  V.  Marshall 2002 

V.  Sampson 2278 

CoUedge  p.  Harty 2064 

Colles  V.  Coates 1089 

Collesa  ».  N.  S.  Wales  Minister  for 

Lands 1072 

CoUett  V.  Collett 1841, 1966 

V.  Walker 1686 

CoUette  V,  Goode 1499 

Colley  V,  Hart 680, 1691 

Collier  r.Nokes 1984 

r.  Squire 119 

V.  Walters 861 

r.  Worth       1697,2076 

Collinge,  i?0 1066 

V.  Haywood 966 

Collingridge  v.  Paxton 1217 

CoUingwood  v.  Pace      .    .    66,  606, 1277 

V,  Stanhope  .    .    .     632,  2116,  2288 

Collins,  ^rp 364 

,Re 696 

V.  Castle 991 

r.  Collins      .    .    .    .111,630,1216 

V.  Cooper 687 

V.  Hopwood 1286, 1684 

r.  Johnson 1860 

— ^  V.  Middle  Level  Commrs   .    .    1697 

».  Paddington    .    .    .  716,717,1001 

V.  Prosser 693 

V.  Rose 684 

V,  Thomas 2047 

V.  Weymouth,  Re  Yarrow  198 

V.  Worley 823 

CoUls  V.  Carter 206 


Page 

Collis  V.  Laugher 36 

Collison,  Re 661 

I'.  Curling 1938 

Collnian  i;.  Mills   .    246, 1046, 1460, 1893. 

1972 

V.  Roberts 1874 

Colman,  Re      ,    .    , 

V.  G.  E.  Ry  .    . 

Colonibine  p.  Penhall 
Colonial  Bank  v,  Cady 
—  u.  Hepworth 
V,  Whinney 


969,  1240,  1681 
....  1242 
....    2170 

....    \m 

....    1261 
122,  809,  310,  824,  926, 
981,  1618, 1619 
Colonial  Government  v,  British  S. 

Africa  Co 266 

Colonial  Insrce  of  New  Zealand  v. 

Adelaide  Insrce     ...    106,  140,  260 
Colquhoun  v.  Brooks      96,  114,  206,  611, 

1619,  1586 

V.  Heddon 990 

Colt  &  Glovei'  V.  Bp  of  Coventry  & 

Lichfield 841 

Coltherd  v.  Puncheon 1641 

Colthirst  V,  Bejushin  .  .  284,  364,  4U0 
Coltman  v.  Chamberlain  ....  18^)8 
Coltness  Co  v.  Black  ....  89,  1673 
Colton  V.  Roberts,  Re  Fleck  .  896, 1664 
Coltsmann  v.  Coltsmann  ....    1830 

Columbus,  The 216,  2083 

ColviU  V.  Wood 322,  323 

Colyer,  Re 106 

Combe  v.  Pitt 462 

Comber  v.  Uyland  ....  1376, 1707 
Combined  Weigliing  Co,  Re  434, 478, 2088 

v.  Automatic,  &c,  Co     .    .    .    2051 

Combridge  v.  Harrison     ....  2 

Comfort  V.  Betts 8 

tf.  Brown 869,  86 ) 

Commercial  S.  S.  Co  v.  Boulton    .   1068, 

1776 
Commercial  Bank  of  Australia  v. 

Wilson 1436 

Commercial  Union  Assrce  v.  Lister    1900 

Commins  v,  Scott 1689 

Commrs  of  Charitable  Donations  v. 

Cotter 628,  629 

Commrs  of  Inland  Revenue  v.  Good- 
fellow       447 

Commrs  of  Railways  r.  Hyland  336,  746 
Commrs  of  Sewers  v.  Glosse  2187,  2219 
Commrs  of  Stamps  v.  Hope  200,  924, 1118, 

1471,  1916 
Commrs  of  Tnxation  v.  Kirk      611,  2078 

V.St.  Mark's 2162 

Commrs  of  Valuation  v.  Sligo  Har- 
bour      1612 

Common  Petroleum  Co,  /?f  .  .  .  1374 
Commonwealth  v.  Dejardin  .    .    .    1239 

V.  Stevens 20m 

V.  Vincent 1246 

V.  Wright 2030 

Compagnie  Financi^re  v.  Peruvian 

Gunno  Co 1699 

Components  Tube  Co  v.  Nay  lor     .      692 

Compton  V.  Bagley 641 

Comtessc  de  Fr^geville,  The     .    .    1261 

Comyns  r.  Hvde 206 

Concessions  Trust,  Re  ,  286 


xlii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Condon  v.  Vollum 448 

Congreve  o,  fivetts 061 

Coningham  v,  Mellish 2146 

Conington,  Re 1258 

Conlan,  Re 1437 

Conlon  V,  Moore 394 

Conly  V.  Green 1215 

Connell  v.  Grienon  .......    1270 

Connolly  to  Sheridan,  Ex  p.     1071, 1125, 

1643 
Connor  v.  Belfast  Water  Coromra  .      374 

1;.  Kent 1004 

ConoUy,  i2« 388 

Conquest  v.  EbbetU 1720 

Conron  v.  Conson 68 

ConroT  V.  Peacock 1033 

Consolidated  Co  v.  Curtis  .  .  .  2100 
Consolidated  Credit  Corp  v.  Gosney     401, 

025 
Consolidated  Exploration  Co,  Re  .    2097 

—  V,  Musgrave  .  .  .  .  158 
Consort  Deep  Lerel  Co,  Re  .  .  .  1882 
Constable's  Case  ....  787.  876,  2275 
Constable  v.  Bull      ....      561,  1705 

V.  Constable 2108 

ConsUble  and  Cranswick,  Re  .  .  737 
Consterdine  v.  Consterdine  .  .  .  1941 
Conway  v.  Clemence    .    .    .    1493, 2227 

V,  Vernon 893, 1587 

Conybeare  v.  London  School  Bd   .      436 

Cooch  V.  Goodman 1880 

r.  Maltby 1688 

».  Walden 123 

Coode  V.  Johns 555 

Coogan  V.  Hayden 778 

».  Luckett 822 

Cook  v.  Bath 4 

t;.  Collingridge      ...     827,  1084 

V.  Corbett 187 

V.Dawson 1229 

V.  Fowler 2214 

p.  Gerrard 1811 

V.  Gordon 188 

V.  Hainsworth 1439 

V.  Humber    .    .    .     898,1387,2023 

V.  Hutchinson 2146 

r.  Ipswich 956 

—  V.  Jaggard 67 

V.  Luckett    ......  250,  941 

r.  Montagu 1388 

V.  N.  Metrop.  Trams  Co    1049, 1168, 

1373,  2260 

V.  Oakley 2040 

V.  Paxton 1899 

Cooke  V.  Baldwin 1349 

V.Blake 1698 

u.  Cholmondeley   .    .  702,  820, 1038 

V.  Crawford 132,  183 

».  Cunliffe 1288 

».  Farrand 06 

V.  Fuller 26,585 

V.Gill 276 

V.  Mirehouse    ....     1348, 1340 

v.  New  River  Co  883,  564,  592, 1857 

—  V.  Vaughan 408 

—^  V,  Vogeler 476 

f.  Wagster 1656 

V,  Wilson 2008 


Cookman  v.  Rose 2141 

Cookney,  Ex  p 1961 

Cookson  V.  Bingham     ....   74,  1024 

V.  Swire 1516,  2196 

Coole  p.  Lovegrove 1627 

Coolgardie  Gold  Mines,  Re  611, 1034, 1136 

Coolidge  0.  Choate 015 

Coombe  v.  Carter,  Re  Clarke     .    .    2170 

p.  Trist 1306 

Coomber  v.  Berks  Ins 181 

Coombes  v.  Dibble 1961 

V,  Queen's  Procior    .    .    .  815,  708 

Coombs  V,  Beaumont 825 

V.Cook 1878,1874 

V.  Wilks 1060, 1280 

Coon  V.  Rigden I960 

Coope  V.  Cresswell 1420 

Cooper,  Ex  p.,  Re  Banm  ....    1677 

,Re 1411 

V.  Betsey 1055 

V.  Chitty 2100 

V.  Cooper 46 

V.  Crabtree 2021 

V.Crane 584 

V.  Davenport 2121 

V.Day 932 

—  V.  France 1624 

V.  Griffin 031 

V.  Hood 648 

V.  Hubbuck  ....  224, 624,  1005 

V.  Huggins 1917 

V.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry 864 

—  V.  Lawson 473 

V.  Macdonald    ....      710, 1045 

V.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works     .    .      820 

—  V.  Pearce 441 

V.  Pearse 800,  884 

r.  Pegg 1688 

V.  Phibbs 684,1088 

V.  Slade 1822 

V.  Straker     ....      13,  36,  1002 

V.  Trewby 767 

V.  Whittingham    .    .  817,  916, 1047 

V.  Woolley 1621,  1526 

V.  Wright 2121 

V.  Wyatt 66 

V.  Zeffert 147 

Cooper  and  Allen,  Re 66 

Cooper  King  v.  Cooper  King     .    .      671 
Co-operative  Wholesale  Socy  and 

Kershaw,  i?6 1084 

Cootev.  Jndd 1619 

—  V.  Lowndes 395 

Cope  V.Barber 282,561 

V.  Cope 160 

V.  De  la  Warr 526 

V.  Landles 1122 

— —  V.  Thames  Haven  Dock  and 

Ry 1856, 1857 

Copeland,  £x j> 1039 

V.  N.  E.  Ry 2088 

V.  Simister 1630 

Copernicus,  The 140,  622 

Copis  V.  Middleton 816 

Copland,  Re 2087 

V.  Bartlett 208 

V.  Davies 168 

Copley  V.  Burton 2092 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


xliii 


Copp,  2?€ 98 

Coppard,  i?e 2188 

Coppen  V,  Moore  .  .  979, 1046,  2080 
CoppiDger  v.  Gubbins  .    .    .      186,  2109 

Corballis  v.  CorballiB 895 

Corbet's  Case 1860 

Corbet  v,  Corbet 1680 

V.  Haigh 1666 

Corbett,  Re 2000 

17.  Gen.  Nav.  Co    ....  264,  266 

V.  Jonas 1263 

Corby,  fie 1162 

Corbyn  v.  Leader 1460 

Corcoran  v.  East  Surrey  Ironworks 

Co 492 

1?.  Gumej 1944 

Cording,  Exp 1127 

Cordinglej  v.  Cheesebrough  41,  864,688, 

1872 

Core  V.  James 1047 

Cork  &  Bandon  Ry  v.  Goode  1369, 1915 
Cork  &  Youglial  Ry,  iRa    ....    1112 

Corke  ».  Fry 947 

Corkling  v.  Mussey 669 

CorUss,  Re 1066 

Corless  r.  Sparling 1226 

Com  V.  Matthews 2110 

Comeck  v.  Wadman 185 

Cornell  v.  Hay 1325 

Comer  r.  Odd  Fellows  Socy      .    .    2242 

Comtek  V.  Pearce 669 

Cornish,  Re 2106,  2107 

—  r.  Accident  Insrce     ....    1309 

p.  Cawsy 780 

V.  Cleife 6a%  2028 

Coramell  v.  Keith 2173 

Cornwall  V.  Cornwall 664 

V,  Henson 608 

Cornwall  Ry,  iB« 1915 

Comwallis, /?« 1729 

Coromandel,  The 510 

Corporation  for  Relief  of  Widows 

and  Children  of  Clergy  v.  Sutton  207, 
620,2200 
Corporation  of  Sons  of  Clergy  t; 

Sutton 297,620 

Corpus  Coll.  V.  Rogers 646 

Corrall  v,  Cattell 865.  608 

Corsellis, /?« 1417 

Cort  9.  Ambergate  Ry  .    .    .    1646, 1656 

r.  Sagar 178 

Cortis  V.  Kent  W.  W.  Co  .    .    1286, 1468 

Cory  V.  Bretton 2260 

p.  Burr     .    .     268,1066,1822,2214 

V.  Patton 1894 

Coryton  v.  Helyar 1258 

Cosby  V.  Shaw 921,  1200 

Cosgrare  v.  Trade  Co 1604 

Cosgrore  v.  Partington     ....      628 

Cosh.ife 719 

Cosier, /2e 891,1793,2008 

Cossey  r.  Cossey 619 

Cossman  p.  West 2078 

Costar  p.  HetlieringtoQ     ....      764 

Costello.p.  O'Rorke 1727 

CoUiam  p.  West 1085 

Cottam  p.  Guest 785 

p.  Partridge      ...  18,  1189, 1190 


Page 
Cottee  p.  Richardson    .    .    .    2082, 2118 

Cotterell  p.  Stratton 415 

Cotterill  p.  Lempriere 896 

Cottingham  p.  King 1282 

Cottle  p.  Warrington 51 

Cotton,  £xp 1670 

,  Re 1624 

p.  Cotton 1082 

p.  Vogan 743 

Coulbert  p.  Troke     .    .      712,1248,2092 

Coulthurst  P.  Carter 528 

p.  Sweet 497 

Coulton  p.  Ambler  .....  827, 1H04 
Counden  p.  Gierke    ....     695,  1940 

Counhaye,  Re 487 

Counsel  p.  Garvie 2192 

Counsell  p.  Lond.  &  Westminster 

Loan  Co 864 

Counties  Conserrative  Bg  Socy,  Re  1186 
Country  Estates  Co  p.  Graves  .  .  1879 
County  of  Durham,  The  ....  2180 
County  of  Gloucester  Bank  p.  Rudry  815, 

829, 1806 
County  of  Lancaster  S.  S.  p.  Sharpe  866, 

1485 
County  Road  Trustees  p.  Fleming  1138 
County  Theatres  and  Hotels  Co  p. 

Knowles 1985 

Courcier  p.  Bardill 1166 

Courier,  The 828 

Court  p.  Buckland    .    .   1266,  1788, 1788 

Court  Bureau, /?e 1806 

Courtauld  p.  Legh 86 

Courtier,  Re 1816 

Courtis  p.  Blight 1489 

Courtney  p.  Cole 2083 

Courtoy  p.  Vincent 801,  821 

Cousen  p.  Cousen 444 

Cousens  p.  Rose 968 

Cousins,  Re 124,  888,  1290 

p.  Thompson 1441 

Couturier  p.  Hastie 91,  688 

Coras  V.  Bingham 128 

Coventry's  Case 1208 

Coventry  p  Coventry  .    .    .    .     74, 681 

p.  L.  B.  &8.  Ry  .    .     40,230,2076 

Cuverdale  p.  Charlton   .     868,1948,2181 

p.  Grant 1646 

Coverley  p.  Burrell       2280 

Cowan,  Re 472 

p.  Milboum 311,2184 

p.  O'Connor 276 

Cowap  p.  Atherton 2092 

Coward  p.  Gregory  ....      176, 1680 

p.  Larkman 2151 

Coward  &  Adams,  Re  .  .  26,  838,  584 
Cowas-jee  r.  Thompson  ....  682 
Cowburn,  Re,  Ex  p.  Firth      .    1296, 2108 

Cowdell,  i^ 1969 

Cowell  p.  Amman  Co 1688 

p.  Buchanan 2023 

Cowen  p.  Kingston 78, 1256 

p.  Phillips 40 

p.  Truefltt 1211 

Cowles  p.  Dunbar 1726 

p.  Gale 1607 

Cowley,  i26  ....  286,1254,1956 
P.Cowley     .    887,1018,1213,2064 


xliv 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Cowley  V.  Inland  Rev 1426 

V.  Watts 1238 

r.  Wellesley     ....    1841,2218 

Cowling  V.  Higginson 2224 

Cowman  v.  Harrison 16>^ 

Cowper  V.  Andrews 741 

Cowper  Essex  v.  Acton     ....      074 

Cox,  Be 660,1749 

r.  Ambrose 862, 099 

V.Bennett    .    .    .     862,1296,1745 

V.  Bishop 182 

V.  Bruce 1684 

V.  Feeney 1607 

v.  Glue     .   ' 828, 1968 

V,  Godsalve 702 

».  0.  W.  Ry 2085 

V.  Hakes 488, 1794 

V,  Land  &  Water  Journal  Co      204, 

1466, 1880 

r.  Willoughby 587 

Cox  and  Neve, /?6 2068 

Coxon  p.  N.  E.  Ry 431 

Coyle  V.  Cuming 1797 

Coyne  v.  Brady 1488 

Crabb,  Ex  p.,  Re  Palmer  ...  97, 1092 

v.  Crabb 514,615 

Crabtree,  jKxp 2186 

V,  Hole 1972 

Craddock  v.  Rogers 2160 

Crafton  v.  Frith 88, 1342 

Cragg  V.  Taylor 994 

Craig, /?« 1839 

v.  McPhee 1183 

-. —  ».  Nicholas 015 

u.  Wheeler 1715 

Craignish,  Re 666 

Craiki;.  Lamb 612,1104 

Crake  ».  Powell 1176 

Cramp,  Re,  Ex  p.  Bering      ...      431 

Crampton  v.  Swete 1694 

Crane  v,  Lawrence  ....      678, 2192 

V,  London  Docks  Co      .    .    .    1164 

1;.  Price 1270 

Craven  v.  Brady 183 

V.  Errington.  Bathurst  v.  Er- 

rington 607,608 

V.  Sanderson 1403 

r.  Smith 1026 

V.  Yorke 2160 

Crawcour,  £jr  p 192 

t;.  Salter 1519 

Crawford, /?e 1724 

r.  City  of  London,  &c,  Co  .    .      609 

v.Forshaw 664,1241 

r.  Newton 1720,2026 

».  N.  E.  Ry 660 

V.  Toogood 641 

V.  Trotter 869,  862 

t;.  Wilson 2116 

Crawford  and  Lindsay,  Re    .    .    ,    1702 

Crawhall,/?€ 184,1372 

Crawley's  Case,  Re  Peruvian  Ry  .      787 
Crawley,  Re,  Acton  v.  Crawley  1866, 1387, 

2015 
Crawshaw  V.  Crawshaw  .  .  690,1743 
Crawshay,  Re       66, 187,  769, 1840, 1911, 

2116 
Crayford  V.  Rutter 1688 


Page 
Craysbayv  Homstedt      ....      898 

Creagh,  Re 122, 138, 1546 

r.  Wilson 56 

Cream  v.  Ray 1683 

Crears  v.  Hunter 743 

Credit  Co  v.  Pott 2108 

Credits  Gerundeuse  v.  Van  Weede    ^77 

Credland  v.  Potter 402 

Cree  v,  St  Pancras 1629 

Creen  v.  Wright 650 

Creek,  Re 420 

Creeth  V.  Wilson 2188 

Cremetti  v,  Crom 716 

Cremome  v,  Antrobus  .  .  .  789,  898 
Creppt  r.  Durden  ....  1266, 1444 
Crespigny  v.  Wittenoom  ....  1440 
Cressington,  The  ....  1259, 1454 
Crew  V,  G.  W.  Steamship  Co     .    .    1746 

Crewe  v.  Crewe 336 

Crichton  V.  Symes    ...  821,  828,  2228 

Crichton's  Oil  Co,  Re 1994 

Crick  V.  Theobald 2079 

Criokmer's  Case 390 

Criddle  V.  Scott 1296 

Crimdon.  The       1977 

Cripps  V.  HartnoU 90 

».  Judge       492,1493 

w.  Wolcott 1998 

Cripps,  Ross  A  Co,  Re      ....    1782 

Crisdee  v.  Bolton 1987 

Crisp  V.  London  Co.  Co 1955 

Crispin,  Exp 1706 

Critchley,  ffe 2142 

Crocker  v.  Gen.  Insrce  of  Trieste  .     900, 

1610 

r.  Sturge 718,1510 

Crockett  v.  Crockett 688 

Croft,  i?e 2201 

V.  London  &  County  Bk    .    .      786 

V,  Lumley       129,  m.  548,  886,  921, 

1059,  1072, 1307, 1626,  2166,  2283 

u.  Rickniansworth     ....      671 

Crofton  V.  Poole 1471 

Crofts  V.  Haldane     ....      456, 1146 

V,  Taylor 582 

Crogate's  Case 464 

Croker  w.  Orpen 6 

Cromack  v.  Brennand 1184 

Crompton  v.  Jarratt   60, 139, 869, 871, 924, 
1861,  1659,  1890 

Cromwel's  Case 1597 

Cromwell  v.  Stephens 891 

Cronin  v,  Rogers 1071 

Cronniire,  i?« 480,1436 

Cronshaw  v.  Wigan       1270 

Crook  V.  Hill 304 

V.  Morley 1291,2001 

V.  Whitley 1263 

Crooke  v.  Brookeing    ....   806,  306 

».  MTavish 1222 

Crookewit  v.  Fletcher 2064 

Croome  v.  Croome 2147 

Cropper  v.  Smith     ....    1447, 1563 

Crosbie  t*.  Macdoual 1412 

Croshaw  v.  Lyndhurst  Ship  Co  .    .    1814 

u.  Pritchard 646 

Crosland, /?« 629 

Crosmann  v.  Bristol.  &c,  Ry  .    .    .    2182 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


xlv 


P»ge 

Crofts.  Re 2200 

,  Re,  Ex  p,  Payne 163 

17.  Eglin 1225 

V.  Fisher 1678 

c.  Maltby 19y9 

V.  PagUano 2083 

V.  VVatta 1336 

r.  West  Derby 1501 

p.  Wilks 603 

r.  Williams 1282 

Crosse  V,  Gardner 2214 

©.Morgan 721,2161 

r.  Raw      ,    .     918.  1378,  2013,  2014 

V.  Wandsworth 1272 

Crossfteld  v.  Tanian     .....    1755 

CroMlej, /2e 096,2122 

».  Maycock 1958 

Grossman  v.  The  Queen    .    .    .  165, 166 

Crosswell  v.  People 906 

Crouch  V.  Credit  Foneier  .    .    1065, 1261 

V.  G.  N.  By 1400 

Crowo.  Falk 587 

V.  Redhouse 1268 

r.  Robinson 90 

Crowe  u.  Bank  of  Ireland      .    .    .    1417 

r.  Crisford    .    .    .    ia38, 1715,1716 

P.Price 478,1447 

Crowhorst  v,  Amersham  Bd  .    1300, 1501 

Crowley  v.  Cohen 822 

Crown  Bank.  Re 1084 

Ciowther,  Re 1528, 1574 

V.  Elgood 712, 1515 

V.  STans 1999 

V.  ITiorley    ....    235,  268,  798 

Croxton  v.  May 1544 

Croysdale  v.  bunbury-on-Thames  .     571, 

1386 

Crozier  v.  Fisher 2001 

Cruiubie  r.  Wallsend    ....   278,  887 

Cramp  v.  Adney 1856 

V.  Norwood 885 

Crunipe  v.  Crampe  ..'....      625 

Cruse  V.  Nowell 865 

V.  Paine 1695 

Crush  V.  Turner 1467 

Crusoe  d.  Blencowe  v.  Bugby    .    .      128 

Crutwell  V,  Lye 827 

Cruwys  v.  Colman    .    .     695, 1581, 1700 

Crux  r.  Aldred    .    « 1445 

Crystal  Palace  Co  v.  London  Co. 

Co 012 

Cubison  v.  Mayo 71 

Cubitk  o.  Porter 1421 

Cuckfield  V.  Goring  ....  1091, 1655 
Caddington  v.  Wilkins      ....      707 

Cadlipp  V.  Cudlipp 514 

CufiF  V.  Hall 400 

Cull  V  Austin 69 

Cullard  v,  Taylor 1903 

Cullen,  Ex  p..  Re  Parrott  .  .  .  2263 
CuUeme  r.  London,  &c,  Bg  Socy  .      278 

Cnlverhouse.  Re 124 

Cumberiand's  Case 2056 

Cumberland  p.  Bowes 689 

17.  Kelley 1441 

Cainberiand  Co.  Co.  v.  Inl.  Kev.  .  1629 
CuinberUnd  Union  Bk  o.  Mary  port  76 
Coming, /2e 2107 


Psge 

Cnmming  v.  Bailey 299 

V.  Bedborougli 1433 

Cuifimings  v.  Ince 583 

Cummington  v.  Cummington    .    .      867 

Cummins  v.  Birkett 19 

V,  Uerron 717 

Cummins  and  St.  Lcger,  Re  ,    ,    .      884 

Cumner  v.  Milton 1303 

Cunard  S.  S.  Co  r.  Coulson  .  .  .  2227 
Cundy  v.  Le  Cocq  577,  1045.  1046,  1972 
Cunliffe  v.  Blackburn  lig  iiocy      .     1113 

V.  Hampton  Wick     .    .      858, 1845 

Cunnack  v.  Edwards  .  .  .  296, 1602 
Cunningham,  Exp.,  Re  Mitchell  567,  623 

»Re       470,1880 

,  Re,  Ex  p,  Attenborough  .    .     1354 

W.Dunn 466,2161 

V.  Foot 674, 1076 

V,  Mar.  Insrce 2073 

V.  Philp 978 

Cunningham  and  Fray  ling.  Re  .     30, 165 

Curfew,  Tlie 76 

Curle'sCase 1024 

Cumick  V,  Tucker 1530 

Currey,  Re 92.  188 

Currie,iRfl 821,822,946 

V.  Anderson 12 

V.  Bombay  Insrce     ....         3 

r.  Misa 378,1435 

Curry  r.  Edensor 1699 

Cursham  v  New  land 1014 

Curteis  t;  Kenrick 500 

Curtis,  ^xp 427 

V.  Armstrong 650 

V.  Curtis       866, 444 

V.  Eniherey  ...     846, 1766,  1950 

V.  Kesteven  Co.  Co.  .    .    1767,2182 

V.  Marsh 1818 

V.  Rippon 1532 

Curtoys,  Re 891 

Curwen,  Re 10 

Curzon  i;.  Edmonds 24 

Cusack  r.  L.  &  N.W.  Ry  ....    1478 

V.  Robinson 12 

Gushing  v.  Dupuy 164,  717 

Cuat  V.  Middleton  .....  1717,1994 
Custance  v.  Wilkinson      ....      173 

Custodes  V.  Jinks 1232 

Cutbill  v.  Kingdom 1913 

Cuthbert  v.  Gumming  ....    84,  260 

V.  Robinson 109 

Cuthbertson  v.  Butterworth  ...      893 

Cutlan  V.  Dawson 1095 

Cutler  V.  N.  London  Ry    .    .    .    .    1667 

Cutter  r.  Powell 627,  1635 

Cutto  V.  Gilbert ' .    1068 

Cutto  r.  Ward  ....  61,  394,  1172 
Czech  V.  Gen.  Steam  NaT.  Co    .    .    1060 


D. 

Dafforvb  v.  Goodman     ....      808 

Dagg  V.  Dagg 515 

jy&gliBh^Exp 784 

v.  Barton 99, 1466 

Dagnall, /?« 267,1291 

D'Aguilar  v.  D'Aguilar     ....      444 


xlvi 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Pago 
Dahl  v.  Nelson     76, 118,  124,  1247, 1458, 

2204 

Daintree  v.  Fasulo 25 

V.  Hutchinson 1525 

Daintrey,  Re,  Ex  p.  HoU  ....    2281 

,  Re,  Exp,  Maut 1286 

Daisy  Hopkins,  £:x;7 2209 

Dakin's  Case 2187 

Dakinv.  Cope 2198 

t;.L.&N.W.  Ry 1169 

Dakins  t'.  Wagner 2142 

Dale,  Ex  p..  Re  Binstead  ....      716 

V.  Atkinson 1111 

Dale  &  Plant,  Re 289 

Daley  v.  Desbouverie 375 

Dalgleifih  t;.  AthoU 2281 

V.  Brooke 407 

Dalison,  Re 928,  954 

Daliow  V.  Garrold     .  202,  428, 1200,  1686 

D'Almaine  t\  Boosey 204 

».  Moseley 833,644 

Dairy mple  v.  Dairy mple  .    .    .    .    1165 

W.Hall 2136,2187 

Dalton  V.  Angus 595, 1124 

1;.  Fitzgerald 647 

Daly  V.  Edwardes 129 

V,  Webb 1488 

V.  Wright     ....  63. 1353,  2077 

Dalzell,  Re,  Ex  p,  Rashleigh     .    .    1425 

V.  Welch 1014 

Dames  to  Wood 2144 

D'Amico  V.  Trigona 1146 

Danby  v.  Coutts 1525 

».  Hunter 267 

Dand  V.  Kingscote 2225 

Dandov.  Boden 162,1106 

Dane  v.  Mtge  Insrce     .    .841,  989,  1295 

Danford  r.  McAnulty 1171 

V.  Taylor 94,  797 

Daniel, /2« 1906 

V.  Coulsting 898,  894 

V.  Dudley 664 

r.  Cosset 185 

r.  Janes 2186 

V.  Metrop  Ry 348 

».  Ocean  Coal  Co 508 

V.  Whitfield 267,  742 

Daniel  Ball,  The 1245 

Danieil,  Re 229,  2:?0 

Daniels  v.  Harris 916 

Dann  ».  Spurrier 1347 

Dannebrog,  The 214 

Dansey  v.  Richardson 978 

Danson,  Re 22, 1054,  1.S39 

Dantv.  Moore 1941 

Dannbian  Sugar  Factories  v.  Inl. 

Rev 634 

Danvers  v.  Clarendon 860 

Dapueto  ».  Wyllie 262 

Darbyshire, /?€,  £:xp.  Hill  '.    .    .      755 

V.Leigh 1170,1171 

D'Arc  r.  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry    ....    1398 
Darcy  v.  Askwith     ....    2216,  2255 

D*Arcy  r.  Carrager 472 

v.  Tamar,  &c,  Ry  .     535,  1642, 1806 

D'Arcy  to  White, /?« 1113 

Dare  Valley  Ry, /?e     ....   112.375 
Darell  u.  Wybame 1156 


Darenth  Valley  v.  Dartford  .    .    .    1912 

Dargan  V.  Davies 651,919 

Darlaston  v.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry      .      688 

Darley  V.  McDonnell 1330 

v.  PerceTal 2183 

Darley  Main  Co  v.  Mitchell   38,  277, 278, 

387 

Dariing, /?« 1837 

Darlington,  Ex  p 941 

V,  Hamilton 1007 

Dariington  Forge  Co,  /?e  .    .    .    .      138 

Darlington  Wagon  Co  t;.  Harding  .     274, 

375.  531,  636 

Darlow  v.  Bland 1296,  2102 

r.  Edwards 1883 

V,  Scratton 778 

Dartmouth  v.  Spittle 361 

DarviU  v.  Roper 1202, 1636 

».  Terry 201 

Darwin  V.  Lincoln 836 

Dashwood  v.  Ayles  ....  1243,  2028 
V.  Magniac  408, 452, 821. 1038. 1205, 

1840, 1719, 1808,  2003,  2056, 2057, 2124, 

2216 
Daubuz  V.  Lavuigton    .    .    .     671,  1294 

Davenport,  Re 664, 2241 

V.  Coltman 67,  2238 

V,  Davenport 1952 

V.  Hanbury.    .    .     638,1011,1018 

V.King 1420 

«.  The  Queen 2193 

Daventry  v.  Parker 1091 

Davers  v,  Dewes 1278 

Davey  i*.  Bentinck 1495 

V.  Durrant 2123 

V.Mason 1886 

V,  Shannon 1288 

v.  WilUamson  ....      736,  1364 

David,  i?« 2122 

,  Re,  Buckley   r.  Life   Boat 

Inst 996 

v.  Sabin 182,1330,2063 

David  and  Matthews,  Re  .  .  828, 1940 
Davidson,  Re,  Martin  v.  Trimmer  .      400 

».  Allen 1664 

».  Burnand 1808 

V,  Cariton  Bank     .     .     .    1007, 1917 

V.Cooper 1169 

V,  Gwynne 1984 

V.  Kimpton 1543,  2000 

Davies' Case 902 

Davies,  ^xp 1880 

,Re    .    .  184,1085,1310,1827.2103 

v.  Bolton 1010,  2170 

V.  Davies  367,  535,  1611, 1745.  1897, 

2227,  2260 

V.Evans 1179 

V.  Games 1009 

V.  Goodman 2196 

r.  Harvey     .     813, 1358,  1886,  1594 

V.  Hopkins 1884 

V.  Jenkins     ...     926, 1297,  1917 

V,  Jones 1616 

V.King.  The 2045 

V.  Lond.  &  Frov.  Mar  Insrce  .      989 

V.  Main  Colliery  Co  ...    .      607 

V.  Makuna 2189 

V.  M'Lean 656 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


xlvii 


Page 

DaTiefl  v.  M'Mahon 689 

V.  M*Veagli 1776 

V,  Penton 1106 

».  Price 2199 

V.  Rees 2196,  2197 

—  V.  Smith 6 

V.  Stacey 72 

V.  Stone 1447 

V,  Wise 714 

Davis.  Exp 1484 

,  Re  ,    .    ,    ,     674.  1077,  1582,  1818 

,  Re,  Exp.  Rawlings  ....    1683 

V.  Bennett 1740 

r.  Berwick 702, 1886 

V.  Bryan 2193 

17.  Barton 926 

r.  Committi 206 

V.  Davis 106 

».  Gardiner 873 

V.  Greenwich    .    .     344. 1273, 1947 

r.  Harris 173 

1».  James 1171 

V.  Lieicester 106 

p.  Noak 1691 

p.  Pembrokeshire  Jus.    ...      410 

0.  Scrase 2092 

If,  Shepherd 1991,  2046 

V,  Spence 1876 

V.  Surr 660 

V,  Stephenson   .    .    .  287,  269,  2148 

17.  Stribolt 697 

V.  Taff  Vale  Ry 1198 

p.  Treharne 2162 

V.  Waddington      .         .      899, 2023 

V.  Walton 870 

o.  Witney 666 

I?.  Witts 110 

Davis  &  Carey,  Re 86,  288 

Davison.  Re 1068,  1668 

V,  Gent 1996 

p.  Meklbben 330 

Davitt,  lie 1742 

Davy  p.  Garrett 663,  763 

p.  Milford 2078 

Davys  p   DougDu 1484 

Daw  p.  Herring 64.  687 

p.  London  Co.  Co.     .    .      889,  1272 

Dawdy.  Re Ill,  112 

Dawdy  &  Hartcup,  Re  .    .    ,      988,  2172 

Dawe  p.  WiUlams 214 

Dawes,  £:xp 1971,2088 

,Exp.,ReUoon   ....  66,2274 

p.  Cliarsley 1276 

p.  Creyke 684 

p.  Ferrers 1769 

p.  Hawkins 1606 

p.  Thomas 1483 

p.  Tredwell 61 

Dawkins  p.  Bokeby  ....      424,  2097 

Daws  p.  Benn 2061 

Dawson,  Re 1462,  1833 

p.  African  Co   .    .    .     172,271,492 

p.  Clarke 2146 

p.  Dyer 1484 

p.Lawley 662 

r.  Mid.Ry 1316 

p.  Oliver-Massey 1401 

p.  Robins 767 


Page 
Dawson  p.  Van  Sandeau   ....    1691 

Day  u.  Barnard 2137 

p.  Daveron 67 

P.Day 1349,2044 

p.  Fynn 1226 

p.  Kelland 1671 

p.  Longhurst     .    .    .  171,  882,  1262 

p.  Luhke 641, 1607 

p.  McLea 930 

V.  Radciiffe 1432 

p.  Simpson 627 

p.  Woolwich  Bg  Socy    ...  2 

Daykin  p.  Parker 1183 

Dayrell  p.  Hoare  ....  96,  646, 1813 
Deakin,  Re  28, 428, 1266. 1686, 1700, 1701 

p.  Lakin 1827 

Deal  p.  Schofield 1336 

Dean  p.  Brown     ...      933, 1362, 1940 

p.  Dean 2u46,  2143 

P.Gibson 648,2040 

p.  Green I'M 

P.King 2084 

p.  Thwaite 361 

]>eane. /?« 2259 

Dear,  Re 468 

p.  Sworder 73, 1292 

Dearden, /?e 1910,2118 

Deards  v.  Goldsmith 2075 

Dearie  p.  Hall 1292 

Dearmer,  i?e 1829 

Death  p.  Benns 1448 

p.  Harrison 714 

De  Beauvoir  p.  De  Beauvoir     .   869,862 

p.  Welch 487,  1238 

Debenham  p.  Digby 1470 

P.Mellon 1260 

De  Braam  p.  Ford 1937 

De  Burgh  Lawson, /2e  .    .    .      476,2202 

De  Bussclie  p.  Alt 26, 1811 

Deck  p.  Deck 2240 

De  Clifford.  i2« 1674 

Deer  p.  Bell 1270 

D'Eguino  p.  Bewicke 407 

De  Hertel  p.  Goddard 372 

De  Hoghton,  Re  ,  .  .  486,  1026,  1078 
Deighton  and  Harris,  Re  .  .  1699,  2283 
Delacherois  p.  Delachcrols     .    .    .    1166 

Delahoyd,  Re 1666 

Delane  p.  Hillcoat 1824 

Delaney  p.  Wallis 1164 

Delany, /?« 1997 

p.  Delany     ....    236,288,267 

De  La  Salle  p.  Moorat 400 

De  Lassalle  p.  GuUdford  ....  2216 
Delaubenque  p.  Delaubenque    .    .      614 

Delaurier  p.  Wyllie 414 

DelaWarr, /?« 1592,1790 

p.  Miles 1427 

Delea  p.  Cork 140 

De  Lisle  P.  Hodges 1738 

Deller./fe 238 

Delmar,  i2e 1346 

Delobbel-Flipo  p.  Varty  ....  31 
De  Mattos  p.  Benjamin     ....      798 

p.  North 2258 

V.  Saunders 1944 

De  Medina  p.  Norman 1666 

De  Mestre  p.  West 2202 


xlviii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pago 
De  MoDtmort  v.  Broers     ....      6G3 

Denaby  Co  v.  Feiiton 703 

».  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Uy      .    2128 

Denbigh  &  Flint  Case 190 

Denby  v.  Moore 1433 

Dendy,  72e 1841 

Denhara,  i?e ;    1268 

De  NicoU  v.  Curlier 666 

Denis,  Re 1013 

Denn  v.  Diamond     ....      648,  1781 

u.  Kemeys 1348 

Dennett  v.  Atherton     ....   32, 1640 

Denning  v.  Henderson 1146 

Dennis,  Re 1766 

».  Forbes 2269 

Dennison  v.  Jeffs  ....  988,  1888 
Denniston  v.  Zimmermann    .    .    .      884 

Denny  v,  Tliwaites 2244 

Denoon  v.  Home  &  Col.  Assrce      .      773 

Densliam,  Re    . 698, 699 

Dent  V.  Dent 866 

V.  London  Tramways     .    .    .    1730 

Derby  v.  Grudgings  ....  103.  660 
Derby  Co.  Co.  ».  Derby    .    .    1318.1319 

r.  Matlock 281,1137 

Derby  Municipal  Estates,  Re  .  .  474 
Derbyshire  v.  Houliston  ....  693 
De  Rechberg  v.  Beeton  .  .  629, 1966 
Derecourt  17.  Corbishley    .    .    2046,2047 

De  Ricci  v.  De  liicci 2074 

Dering,  Ex  p..  Re  Cramp  ....      431 

V.  Dering 367 

1>.  Winchelsea 396 

Derome,  Re 1904 

De  Ros,  i?6 61,  94,  279 

De  Rosaz  v.  Anglo-Italian  Bank  62 

De  Rosne  v.  Fairrie 928 

De  Rothschild  v.  Morrison    .      293, 1172 

Derry».Peek       202,1079 

De  Souza  v.  Cobden 709 

D'Fstampes,  Re 61,  686 

DeTabley, /?e 1678 

De  Teissier. /?«    .    .    .    1087,1676,1714 

Detmold,/?« 1971 

Deutsche  National  B;ink  v.  Paul  224,  392 
Deutsche  Springsteff  Gcsellschaft 

V.  Briscoe 631 

Devall  v.  Dickens 664 

Devaux  v.  J'Ansun 773 

De  Vaux  v.  Salvador 901 

Devaynes  v.  Noble   ......      478 

V,  Noble,  Houlton's  Case    .    .    1306 

Dever,  Ex  p.,  Re  Suse 1901 

Devereux  o.  Clarke 1092 

Devine  v.  Keeling 1913 

De  Visme  v,  De  Visme     ....        94 

Devon,  Re 102, 1768 

Devonshire  v.  Barrow,  &c,  Co   .    .     1917 

V.  Brookshaw 1820 

V.  Lodge 761 

f.  O'Connor 2,761,770 

V.  Pattinson 728 

V.  Simmons  .    .  174,  891,  1556, 1607 

V.  Stokes       999, 1391 

Devoy's  Case 1617 

Dewar  v.  Brooke 2236 

Dewhurst,  Re 248.  2264 

V.  Pearson 263,  376 


De  Wilton, /?« 304,1166 

Dewsbury  VV.  W.  Bd  v.  Penistone      180, 

181,  1360 

Dexter,  Re 248 

D'Eyncourt  i*.  Gregory      .    .      734,  1240 

D'Huart  v.  Uarkniss 2250 

Diamond  Fuel  Co,  Re 1034 

Dibb  v.  Walker 1420 

Dibbins  v.  Dibbins 1346 

Dibble  v.  Bowater     ....      678,  1731 

Dickason  v.  Foster 1779 

Dickenson  v,  Fanshaw      ....    2130 

1;.  Jardine 803 

Dicker  p.  Angerstein     .    .     .    1696,  1626 

Dickeson  v.  Valpy 2272 

Dickins  v.  Gill 1066,1144 

Dickinson,  Re,  Ex  p.  Charrington  .     290, 

1814,  1816 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Rosenthal     .      138,  2186 

V.  Dillwyn 686,  630 

w.  FoUett 1907 

p.  N.  E.Ry 803 

V.  Teasdale 674 

Dicks  V.  Brooks 409 

V.  Lambert 1817,  1818 

P.Yates 642,2064 

Dickson,  Re 1466,  1847 

,  Re,  Hill  V.  Grant  .     .    896,  938,  948 

tf.  Graham 1000 

V.  G.  N.  Ry 348, 1667 

p.  Lough 1106 

p.  Neath  &  Brecon  Ry   .    .    .      476 

p.  Pape 1263 

Didcot  Ry  p.  G.  W.  Ry     ....      683 

Didcott  p.  Friesoer 21 

Diederichsen  p.  Farquharson      .  866,  479 

Difiori  p.  Adams 139 

Diggens  p.  Gordon 874 

Digges'Case 140 

Diggle  p.  Higgs    ....  609,  796,  1961 

p.  Lond.>  Blackwall  Ry    .    .    1866 

Diggles,  Ae 1681 

Dillon, /?e 366,668,967 

p.  Arkins 470 

p.  Bath 800 

p.  Haverfordwest       ....    1627 

p.  McDonnell 1216 

p.  Reilly 1989 

Dilworth  p.  Commr  of  Stamps  .  137,  186, 

646,  889,  946,  1602,  1614 

Dimes  p.  Grand  Junction  Canal    749,  998 

Dimmock  p.  Hallett 638 

p.  Sturla 2068 

Dingle  p.  Coppen 1684 

Dinning  p.  Henderson 2286 

p.  South  Shields    .....      416 

Diphwys  Co  p.  Festiniog  Ry  .  .  2128 
Direct  Spanish  Telegraph   Co    p. 

Shepherd 292,1661 

Diss  p.  Aldrich 621 

Distington  Iron  Co  p.  Lond.  &  N. 

W.  Ry      ....    114.366,684,2128 

Ditcher  p.  Denison 1979 

Ditton's  Case 100 

Dive  p.  Maningham 678 

Dix  p.  Kent 72 

Dixon,  Exp 684,1973 

,  Re  .    ,    .    .     674,  1013,  1023,  1079 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


xlix 


Dixon  V.  Bd  of  Trade 1068 

V,  Calcraft 856,  456 

V.  Cal.  Ry 1202,  1203 

r.  Curwen 1344 

p.  Kennaway 647 

r.  Sadler 721,1808 

V,  Walker 1684 

p.  White 63 

r.  Wrench 994 

p.  Yatea 499 

Doane  v.  Broad  Street  Aesn      .    .  2231 

Dobbe  p.  Brain 42 

p.  Grand  June.   Waterworks 

Co 86.87,323,838 

Dobbyn  r.  Somers 110 

l>obell  r.  Green    ....  124.  334,  1953 

p.  Uossmore  Co     .     580,  1246,  1810 

Doble.  ^xp. 1621 

Dobson, /?«       1565 

V.  Bownesfl 1748 

p.  Jones 2023 

p.  Sotheby 75 

I)oL-kwray*«  Case 1595 

Docwm,  Re 165 

Dod  &  Co,  Re,  Exp.  Lamond    .    .  036 

Dodd  V.  Ackloro 1905 

p.  Churton 1445 

p.  Ponsford 1835 

V.  South  Sliields 88 

Dodds,  Re 2189 

p  Thompson     .    .      767, 1713,  2028 

Dodgson, /?e 1678 

bodworth,  Rt  Spence  p.  Dodworth  810 

Doer.  Clarke 1111 

p.  Dring 604 

p.  Rrrington 1449 

r.  Freeman 2239 

p.  Frost 860 

p.  Gallini 861 

9,  Gower 1070 

p.  Guest 237 

p.  Gwillim 2272 

P.  Hiley 177 

r.  Laming 978 

p.  Lawson 2044 

p.  Meakin 1536 

r.  Morgan 67,  1582 

p.  Sotheron 417 

p.  Terry 176 

p.  Wauiewright 1999 

p.  Walker 76 

P.Wood 1098 

Doe  d.  Abdy  v  Stevens     ....  669 

Andrew  v.  Lainchbury  .    .    .  1582 

Angell  p.  Angell 1712 

Annandale  p.  Brazier     .    .    .  20C9 

Armistead  p.  N.  Staffordshire 

Ry 623 

Ashby  p.  Baines 1056 

Atkinson  r.  Fawcett ....  1218 

Atkinson  p.  Featherstone  .    .  861 

Atkyns  p.  Horde 652 

Baddeley  p.  Massey  ....  819 

Beach  r.  Jersey 643 

Bedford  r.  White 88 

Belasyse  p.  Lucan     .    .    .  700,  701 

Biddulph  V,  Hole 28,  82 

—  Birtwhistle  p.  VardiU    ...  305 

TOL.  I. 


Page 
Doe  d.  Bish  p.  Keeling .    .     236,  250,  687 

Blakiston  v,  Haslewood     lt23,  1535 

Blesard  t*.  Simpson    ....      806 


Blewitt  p.  Phillips 

liiigh  p.  Colman    .    . 

Blomfield  p.  Eyre 

Bover  p.  Trueman    . 

•^■^  Browne  p.  Greening  . 

Brune  i».  Marty  n    .    . 

Bryan  p.  Bancics    .    . 

Bunny  p.  Route    .    . 

Burdett  p.  Wriglite  . 

Burton  p.  Wliite    .    . 

Bute  p.  Guest   .    .    . 

Calvert  v.  Reid      .    . 

Carter  p.  Roe    .    .    . 

Chadbom  p.  Green 

Chattaway  p.  Smith  . 

Chichester  p.  Oxenden 

Chilcot  p.  White    .    . 

Chippendale  p.  Dyson 

Church  p.  Pontifex    . 

Clarke  p.  Clarke    .    . 

Clarke  r.  Ludlam 

Clarke  p.  Smaridge  . 

Clayton  p.  Williams  . 

Clements  p.  Collins    . 

Cock  p.  Cooper     .    . 

Comberbach  v.  Perryn 

Cook  p.  Dan  vers  .    . 

Cooper  p.  Col  lis    .    . 

Corbyn  i'.  Bramston  . 

— -  Cotton  p.  Stenlake    . 

Courtail  p.  Thomas  . 

Cox  p.  Roe   .... 

— -  Cundey  p.  Sharpley  . 

Dacre  p.  Dacre      .    . 

-^ —  Daniel  p.  Keir  .    .    . 

Daniell  p.  Woodroffe 

Darke  v.  Bowditch    . 

Davies  v.  Davies  .    . 

Davies  p.  Williams    . 

Davis  p.  Elsam     .    . 

Davy  V.  Bumsall  .    . 

Dixon  p.  Roe    .    .    . 

Douglas  p.  Lock 


.  .  1211 
.  .  1970 
.  .  1346 
.  .  1642 
.  .  180 
.  .  1146 
2193,  2266 
652,  1683 
.  .  2196 
.  648,852 
2148,  2169 
.  .  1922 
.  .  2083 
.  .  2284 
.  694,695 
.  .  1317 
.  .  604 
.  .  768 
.  .   301 


.  .  1062 

.  .  2284 

.  .  1166 
1110,  1193 

.  .  1381 

.  .  1014 

.  .   409 

.  .  1011 

.  .   792 

.  .   686 

.  .  1995 

.  .   758 

.  .  1294 

.  488,489 

.  .   482 

.  .  1707 

.  .   242 

.  860,963 
1062, 1053 

.  .   289 

.  .   885 


.    .      242 

22,  82.  847,  1.384, 

1730,  1731,  2285 

Duncan  p.  Edwards  ....     1806 

Dymoke  p.  Withers  .  605, 1268, 1676 

Edney  p.  Benham      ....    1711 

Egremont  p.  Grazebrook    .    .    1918 

Egremont  p.  Stephens    .    .  82,  2159 

Egremont  p.  Williams   .    2169,  2221 

Ellam  p.  Westley      ...   74,  1102 

Ellis  p.  Owens       841 

Ellis  p.  Sandham  .....    2166 

Eustace  v.  Easley      ....      859 

Evans  p.  Walker 2036 

—  Farmer  p.  Howe    .         ...    1470 

Gains  p.  Rouse 2240 

Gamons  p.  Knight     .    .    •    .      498 

Gaskell  p.  Spry 239 

Gatehouse  p.  Rees     .    .    .  981,  982 

Gillard  p.  Gillard  .    .    .      665,1901 

George  p.  Jesson 1544 

Goodbehere  p.  Bevan  131, 13.3,  2088 

Gore  p.  Lansrton    ...      178, 1157 

Graham  p.  Hawkins  .    .      184,  1755 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Doe  d.  Gray  o.  Stanion 

Guest  V.  BenoeU  .    . 

Hall  V.  Benson  .    .    . 

Hanley  ».  Wood   .    . 

Harries  v.  Morse  .    . 

Harris  v.  Saunder 

Haverson  v.  Franks  . 

Haw  V,  Earles  .    .    . 

Hayter  v,  Joinvllle 

Heblethwaite  v.  Roe  . 

Hemming  v.  Willetts 

Henniker  v.  Watt 


Page 

689 

1220 

1197 

2028 

847 

71 

768 

603 

606 

1069 

1637 

864,  866,  906, 

1696, 1938 

647 


Herbert  v.  Thomas 

Hick  V.  Dring 603 

Hickman  v.  Haslewood      .    .      666 

Higgs  V.  Terry 2059 

Holland  v.  Worsley  ....      128 

Horton  v.  Rhys 1069 

Hubbard  p.  Hubbard     ...      417 

Hudlestune  t;.  Johnstone    .    .    1996 

Humphreys  v.  Roberts  .    .    .      924 

Huntmgtower  v.  CuUiford      .     1293 

Hurrell  v.  Hurrell      .    .      646,  1743 

Hyde  v.  Manchester  ....      786 

James  v.  Hallett 2066 

Jenkins  v.  Davies 1702 

Jersey  v.  Smith     .    .    .    2166,  2160 

Johnson  v.  Liversedge  .     .    .      792 

Jones  V.  Davies 306 

King  r.  Frost 1330 

King  u,  Grafton 2286 

Kinglake  v.  Beviss     .  81,  1428,  2263 

Knight  V,  Chaflfey      ....    1276 

Knight  V.  Nepean 1514 

Lean  v.  Lean     ....      643.  1788 

Leicester  v.  Biggs      .    .     1469, 1460 

Lewis  V.  Lewis 181 

Littledale  tf.  Smeddle     ...      861 

Little  wood  v.  Green  .    .      698,  1741 

Lloyd  V.  Ingleby 682 

Manifold  v.  Diamond      .    .    .      404 

Marlow  v,  Wiggins   ....     1178 

Meyrick  v,  Meyrick  ....     1624 

Mitchinson  r.  Carter      .    .  129,  291 

Murch  V.  Marchant  ....      984 

Myatt  V.  St.  Helen's  Ry     .    .    2122 

Nash  r.  Birch 1874 

Nepean  v.  Goddard   ....    1967 

Newnham  ».  Creed    .    .     1231,2164 

Noble  I?.  Bolton 1459 

Norris  v.  Tucker  .    .    .      643,  1056 

Palk  V.  Marchetti ...      669,  1146 

Palmer  v.  Eyre 319 

Parkin  r.  Parkin 1312 

Patrick  V.  Royle 1740 

Payne  v,  Bristol  &  Exeter  Ry      623 

Pearson  v.  Roe 1059 

Pemberton  v.  Roe      .    .    2033,  2284 

— .  Perkes  v.  Perkes   .    .  234,  252,  2017 
Phillips  v.  Evans  .    1868,1880,1881, 


Phillips  V,  Phillips 

Pilkington  v.  Spratt 

Pitman  v.  Sutton  . 

Pitt  V.  Laming  .    . 

Pitt  and  Hogg  .     . 

Player  v,  Nicholls 


1886 
944 
860 
766 

2119 
129 
1079,  2088 


Doe  d.  Plumer  v.  Mainby ....  2284 

Potts  ».  Jinders 1173 

Pratt  u.  Pratt 6^5 

Preece  p.  Howells       296, 2171,  2190 

Pritchard  v.  Dodd      ....  880 

Reed  i;.  Harris 234 

Richmond  r.  Morphett .      447, 1293 

Robinson  F.  Dobell    .    .      447,1293 

RoyUnce  v.  Liglufoot   .    .    .  489 

Scrutton  p.  Snaith     ....  494 

Shaw  V.  Steward 282 

Shrewsbury  v.  Wilson   .     .    .  2286 

Smith  r.  Fleming 2287 

Smith  V,  Webber 806 

Snaper.Nevell 68 

Spearing  v.  Buckner     .     .    .  646 

Spencer  V.  Beckett    ....  633 

Spencer  ».  Godwin    ....  872 

Spicer  v.  Lea 1197 

Spllsbury  v.  Burdett      ...  147 

Stevenson  v.  Glover  .  647,  862, 1412 

Strong  V.  Goff 866 

Sutton  V.  Harvey 187 

Sweeting  v.  Hellard  ....  1844 

Tennyson  v,  Yarborough  .    .  23 

Thomas  v.  Acklam    ....  66 

Thompson  v,  Lediard     .    .     .  1662 

Thorley  v.  Thoriey    ....  1078 

Thwaites  r.  Over      ....  1701 

Tilvard  v.  Cooper      ....  1069 

Tindalv.  Roe 1294 

Tofield  V,  Tofield 1470 

Tunstill  V.  Bottriell  ....  2029 

Turner  v.  Kett 862 

Twining  v,  Muscott  ....  749 

Usher  v.  Jessop 1849 

Wall  V.  Langlands    ....  1682 

Webb  V.Dixon 1347 

Wellard  v.  Hawthorn    ...  2190 

Westlake  v.  Wcstlake   .    .    .  1237 

WethereU  v.  Bird       400, 1320,  2078 

Whitfield  ».  Roe 2022 

Wickham  v.  Turner  ....  790 

Williams  ».  Evans     ....  1645 

Williams  v.  Smith     ....  1293 

Willmett  V,  Alchin    ....  79 

Winter  v.  Perratt 724 

Wood  V.  Wood 696 

Woodall  V.  Woodall  ....  62 

Wrangham  v.  Hersey    .    .    .  462 

Wyatt  ».  Byron 2022 

York  r.  Walker 862 

Doherty, /?e 1062 

p.  Allman     ....  642, 921,  2217 

Doick  v.  Phelps 2231 

Doidge  V.  Carpenter 346 

Dolan  v.  Anderson 372 

V.  Kavanagh 1308 

V.  Macdermot   ....      294, 1612 

Dolby  v.  Powell 2240 

Dolcini  v.  Dolcini 1733 

Dole  V.  Johnson 670 

Dolphin  V.  Aylward .    .      436,  1167, 1621 

1;.  Layton 472,473 

Dominion  Brewery  v.  Foster     .    .  1977 

Dommett  v.  Bedford 60 

Domvile  v,  Colville 226,  690 

i\  Taylor 1494 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


U 


Page 
Domvile  v.  Wir.nington    .    .    .  607, 082 

Donald  v.  Brrce 186 

Donaldson, /e€ 1899 

V.  Haldane 1891 

r.  Little 2130 

D.  Soath  Shields   .    .    .     1948. 1962 

Donisthorpe,  Re 1026 

Doon  o.  Penny 64 

Donne  v.  Martyr 969, 1964 

Donnell  i;.  Columbian  Insrce  16«) 

Dtmnelly  v.  Graham 1735 

Donnison  v.  People's  Cafd  Co    .    .    1968 

Donnithorne.  Ex  p 766 

Donovan  v.  Fricker 1743 

Dooby  V.  Watson 1803 

Doody  o,  HigRins      ....      802, 1277 

Doogan  v.  Colquhoun 1366 

Doolan  v.  Mid.  Ry    .    .    .    .    1667, 1834 

Dorchester  o.  Poplar 807 

r.  Weymouth 2032 

Donlogne.  The 1211 

l>ore  V.  Gray 1848 

Dorinr  Dorin 303,461 

Dormer  v.  Knight 135 

V.  Phillips 1146, 1276 

a.  Ward    716,  1401.  1686.  1842,  1844 

Dormont  v.  Furness  Ry    ....    1 180 

Dorrett  v.  Meuz 1600 

Double  p.  Gibbs 774 

Dougherty  r.  Gates 229,  771 

Doughty,  Re 640 

p.  Firbank 1646 

c.  Lomagunda  Reefs      .    .    .     1828 

Douglas,  Re 295, 1898 

V.  Andrews 1412 

V.  Bolnm 1031 

^—  V.  Congreve 1962 

r.  Patrick 2209 

Douglas,  Tlie 1180 

DougUss  r.  Lond  &  N.  W.  Ry  .    .    1390 

p.  Piotsch 2061 

Douglaase  r.  Waad 1621 

Douion  r.  Halse 942, 1576 

Douse, /2e 1881 

Dover  &  Kent  Co.  Co.,  Be     .  479, 1637, 

1837 

Doward  p.  Williams 1901 

Dowdall  p.  Allan 1920 

P.Kelly 1210 

p.  M*Cartan 2038 

Dowling,  Re 1471 

p.  Byrne 3308 

P.  Dowling 866 

p.  O'Loughlin   ....    1006,1921 

p.  Pontypool  Ry 496 

Down  p.  Down 700 

r.  Pinto 1346 

Downes  v.  Johnson 1740 

Downing, /?€ 1630 

p.  Birmingham  &  Mid.  Tram^      914 

p.  Capel 768 

Downing  Coll.  v.  Purchas      .    .    .    213:i 

Downman,  £:xp 1661,1671 

Downs  p.  Salmon 618 

Downshire  p.  O'Brien 1163 

r.  Sandys     .    .    .    1368,2218,2260 

Dowse'sCase 1295 

Dowson  p.  Gaskoin  ....    1216,1705 


Page 

Doyle  V.  Coyle 395 

p.  Hort 763 

p.  L.  &  B.  R.  R 297 

Doyle  and  O'Hara.  Re  .      128,  1838,  21 18 

Dojne  p.  Campbell 62 

Drake  v.  A-G 807 

p.  Foottit 603,  604 

p.  Martin 162 

p.  Pickford 907 

p.  Trefusis 1064 

Drant  v.  Vause 1669 

Draper  v.  Mancliester,  S.  &  L.  Hy         55 

p.  Sperring 1469 

Draper's  Co  p.  Haddon      ....        59 

Drax, /2« 890 

V.  Ffooks 1849 

Dredge  p.  Conway    ....      881, 1720 

Drennan  p.  Andrew 606 

Dresser  p.  Johns 472 

Vrew,  Exp 984 

.  Re 2241 

p.  Drew 514 

p.  Guy 1887 

p.  Lewis 1970 

p.  Norbury 880 

Drewe  i\  Hanson 2060 

p.  Lainson 1089 

Dreweatt,  Re 1014 

Dreyfua  p.  Allen 62:B 

Driefontein  Mines  p.  Janson  .    .  65, 2210 

Drielsma  p.  Manifold 369 

Driffield  Co  p.  Waterloo  MilU  Co  .     313, 

1373 

Drincqbier  p.  Wood 1790 

Drinkwater  p.  London  Assrce    1676, 2166 

p.  Ratcliffe 180,  820 

Driscoll  p.  Riordan 2021 

Dri?er  p.  Broaii 786,  097 

Drogheda  p.  Holmes 1740 

Dronfleld  Co 256 

Druiffp.  Joel 936 

Druitt  p.  Ciiristchurch  .    .    .     1311,  2028 

p.  Seaward   ....  65,  1279,  2044 

Diummond  p.  A-G.  of  Ireland     816,  1694 

p.  Parish 36 

p.  Sant 286 

p.  Vanlngen    ....    1190,1790 

Drummond  and  Davles,  Re   .     160,  1582, 

1585,  1660 
Drury  p.  Army  &  Navy  Stores  .    .    1422 

V.  Defontaine 1864 

p.  Rickard 2184 

Drury  Lowe,  Re,  Ex  p.  Silwell .  .  677 
Drybutter  p.  Bartholomew    .    .    .    1469 

Dryden  p.  Hope 809 

p.  Putney 1272 

Duberley  p.  Page 347 

Dublin    Cemeteries    p.    Valuation 

Commr 1626 

Dublin  Corp  p.  Judge 24 

Dublin  Railway  v.  Navan  Ry  .  .  1031 
Dublin  Socy  p.  Richards  ....  24 
Du  Cane  and  Nettlefold,  7?e  .  .  .  1843 
Duck  p.  Bates     92.  674, 1486, 1486, 1725. 

2233 

p.  Mayen  ......     1703, 1723 

Duckett  r.  Cover 208 

p.  Satterfleld 260 


lii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 
Duckett ».  Williams  .    .    .    .    1177 

Duckworth  v.  Alison 1446 

DuddeU  v.  Simpson 2144 

Dudden  v.  Glutton 2221 

Dudgeon.  i?e 1877 

Dudley,  £.r;7 273 

,  Re. 1203 

Dudley  Canal  Co  r.  Grazcbmok    .      300 
Dudley  Trams  Co, /?tf  363.714,1964,1976 

Dudlow  r.  Watchorn 681 

Dudson,  y?« 1392 

Duero,  The 1260 

Dufaur.  Exp 1808 

V,  Professional  Life  Assrce  844, 

1083,  1978 

Duffy.  Mackenzie 604 

Duffield  w.  Duffleld 144,907 

V.  Elwes 663 

Duffy, /^e 1986,1986 

Dugdale,  72c 364 

Duignan  v.  Walker 663 

Duke  of  Buccleuch,  The  ....    1926 

Dulieu  V.  White 15, 1265 

Dumbleton  r.  Beckford     ....    1303 

Dumpor's  Case 2193 

Dunally  v.  Dunally       .    .    .      603,  1215 

Dunbeth,  The 624 

Duncan,  Re 206, 1469 

V.  Dixon 893,  2199 

V,  Dowding 1691 

r.  Koster 1778 

V.  Pope 446 

0.  Topham 634,  2071 

V.  Vereker 1797 

Duncomb's  Case 1434 

Duncombe  i;.  Brighton  Club  Co    .      284 
Dnndalk  and  Enniskillen  Ry,  Re  .     907. 

2044 
Duiidas  V.  Dutens     .    .    .    309,  824,  826 

p.  Wolfe-Murray 1846 

Dundee,  The 100 

Dunelm,  The 1932 

Dungarvan  Gdns.  v.  Mansfield  .    .    1617 

Dunhill  r.  N.  E.  Ry 1986 

Dunkirk  Colliery  Co  v.  Manchester, 

S.  &L.  Ry 679 

Dunkley  v.  Harrison 1877 

Dunlop  V.  Balfour     .    .    .    282,460,604 

V,  Greer 198 

Dun  lop  Co  V.  British  &  Colonial 

Motor  Co 2149 

Dunn  V.  Bryan 2066, 2218 

V.  Lareau 1614 

V.  The  Queen 1698 

V.  Warlters 1317 

Dunne  v.  English 786 

Dunston  v.  Paterson 689 

Dunwich  v,  Sterry 2276 

Duplany  v.  Duplany 616 

Durant  v.  Carter 1736, 2023 

V.  Roberts 1666 

Durham  v.  Robertson   ....       8,  130 
Durham  Bg  Socy  v.  DaTidson  .  886,  4-33 

Durham  City.  The 1610 

Durham  Co.  Co.  r.  Chester-le-Street      181 

Durham  Ry  r.  Walker 2254 

Durrant  r.  Branksome .    .  261, 713,  1056, 

1848 


Durrell  ».  Evans 1882, 1884 

Du  Terreaax  v.  Da  Terreanz    .    .    1670 

Duthie  V.  Hilton 1916 

Duthy  and  Jesson,  Re  .     .     188,  967,  983 

Dutton,  Re 160%  2138 

V.  Atkins 100 

V,  Brookfielil,  Re  Jones  ...      116 

V.  Marsh 635 

Duxbury  r.  Sandiford 1070 

Dyer.  Dye .♦    .    1419 

Dyer  ».  Park 1808 

l>ygert  u.  Bradley 962 

Dyke  c.  Elliott 676,1244 

p.  Gower       .    .    .    1046, 1200, 1896 

r.  Stephens 1417 

V.  Sweeting 1222 

V.  Walford 1772 

Dykes  t;.  Blake 726 

Dymock  v.  Showell's  Brewy  Co    .    2184 

DyneTor  v.  Tennant 866 

Dysart  v.  Dysart 444 

Dyson  r.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry      ,     .     1489 
V.  Mason 94,  796,  797 


E. 


Eadbv.  Eade       1532 

Eadie  v.  Addison      ....    1580, 2164 

Eager  v.  Fumivall 912 

Eagle  V.  Charing  Cross  Ry  .  .  .  975 
Eagles  V.  Le  Breton  .  .  .  1700, 1701 
Eagleton  v.  East  India  Co  264, 1342,  1793 

V,  Homer,  Re  Homer    .      304,  1724 

Eales  V.  England 1632 

Earl  Wemyss,  The 828 

Earle  v.  Kingscote    .    .      602.1267,2132 

V.  Rowcroft 168 

Early.  Re 1091 

V.  Benbow 871 

V.  Early 332 

u.  Rathbone  ....  771,  924, 1361 

Eamshaw  v.  Earnshaw  ....  2246 
Earashaw.Wall,iRfl  .    .     770,1682,1686 

East,  Re 2129 

V.  Twyford 971 

East  Dean  v.  Everett 1966 

East  India  Co.  v.  Tod 1869 

East  London  liy,Re 1639 

V.  L  B.  &  S.  Ry    .    .    .      606,2084 

East  London  W.  W.  Co  v.  Charles      866 

V.  Kyffin 1268 

V.  Ley  ton 1067 

».  Mile  End  Town     ....    1364 

V.  St  Matthew,  Bethnal  Green   1419, 

1990 
East  Molesey  v.  Lambeth  W.  W. 

Co 1492 

East  Yorkshire  S  S.  Co  v.  Hancock  1435 
East  &  West  India  Dock  Co,  i?e    881,1648 

V,  Shaw 2084 

East  &  West  Junction  Ry  v.  G.  W. 

Ry 1672 

Eastbourne  v.  Bradford  672, 1010,  2182 
Eastern  &  Midlands  Ry,  Re  ,    .    .    2267 

r.  Mid.  Ry 618,2053 

Eastern  Counties  Ry,  i2e  .  .  .  .  416 
r.  Marriage 1969 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


liii 


Page 
Eastern  Telegraph  Co  v.  Dent  .  .  2140 
Eastman,  He     ,    ,    .    .     961,  1311,  178'^ 

ir.  Baker 1848 

Eastman  Co  v.  Comptroller  Gen.  of 

Patenu 698,699 

Easton  p.  Alee     .    .    .    1448,1652,1664 

V.  London  Joint  Stock  Bank  .     1261 

r.  Penny.    .    .    .      461,1726,1996 

r.  Pratt 1719,1721 

r.  Richmond     ....      617,1878 

Easton  EsUte  Co  v.  Western  Wag- 
gon Co     1769, 2265 

East  wick  v.  City  of  London  .    .    .      642 

(lastwood  V.  Honley 1847 

V.  Kenyon 90 

V.  Ixxrkwood     .    .    .  628,  864,  1280 

V.  Miller 1487 

Easum  v.  Cato 1286 

Eaton.  Re 1,  1364 

V.  Basker 666, 1896 

V.  Hewitt 468 

».  Johns 1152 

p.  Lake 939 

p.  Lyon 92 

u.  Tapley 1983 

V.  WatU 1581, 1632 

p.  Western 1968,2016 

EaresUff  v.  Austin 1377 

p.  Russell 1990 

Ebbetts  p.  Conquest 1720 

Ebbs, /26 1472 

Eccard  p.  Brooke 1241 

Eccles, /?« 1911 

^  p.  Clieyne 625 

P.Mills 916 

p.  Wirral 1951 

Ecclesiastical  Commrs  p.  Kildare  266. 614 

r.  N.  E.  Ry  .     .    .    .     .      361.  1669 

r.  Parr 1642 

p.  Pinney 1090, 1960 

r.  Rowe 646, 1464 

r.  Treemer   ....    646,  722,  993 

Ecclesiastical  Commrs    and   New 

City  of  London  Brewy,  Re     .    .     1888 
Ecroyd  p.  Coulthard     .    .    .      747, 1846 

Edan  p.  DudOeld 12 

Eddison  p.  Collingridge     ....      483 

Eddy  p.  Eddy 667 

Eddystone  Co.  Re  204.  1874,  1897.  1432 
Eden  p.  Weardale  Co  .  .  .  .493,1844 
Edenboroagb  p.  Canterbury  .    .    .     1664 

Eder  r.  Attenborough 1417 

Edgar  p.  Blick 664 

Edge  p.  Boilean 1434 

p.  Pemberton 239 

E*lgeberry  ».  Stephens  ....  724 
Edgeware  p.  Colne  Valley  Water 

Co 1492 

Edgeworth  p.  Edgewnrth  .  .  888, 1672 
Edinburgh  Ballarat  Co  p.  Sydney  712 
Edinburgh  Tramways  Co  p.  Black    1492 

p.  Edinburgh 2087 

P.  Torbain 874 

Edison  p.  Westminster,  &c.  Tram- 
way Co 336 

Edith.  The 1932 

Edmonds  p.  Blaina  Co  ...  .  468.  469 
V.  Foster 2283 


Pago 

Edmonson,  Re 218;? 

Edmunds  r.  Gates 133i 

' p.  Fessev 1900 

p.  Jamei 1972.  2009 

p.  Low 871,1396 

p.  Waugh     .    .  241,  292, 1684,  1979 

Edmundson. /?e 1351 

Edsall  p.  Brooks 196 

Edward  p.  Trevellick  ....  616. 583 
Edward  Hawkins,  The  ....  1786 
Edwardes  Co  v.  Chudleigh    ...      9:]L 

Edwards.  £j:n 225 

,  Re       629,  586.  630,  937, 1812. 1473, 

1618.  1829,  2024,  2025 

p.  Bagster 1713 

P.Carter 1664 

p.  Dick 2195 

P.Edmunds 400 

p.  Edwards    614,  616,  626.  627,  1066, 

1616,  2160 

p.  Freeman 48 

P.Hall 619,648 

P.Hodges 1036,1136 

p.  Jenkins 656 

p  Jerons 813 

p.  Lloyd 73 

p.  Marcus 864 

p.Marston    .    .     .      160,1148,1937 

p.  Moseley 873 

V.  Purnell 1335 

p.  Roberts 722 

p.  St.  Mary,  Islington    .    .    .      670 

p.  Salmon 72 

V.  Standard  Synde    ....      7;J6 

p.  Steel 88ii 

p.  Tuck 1511 

p.  Walters    .    .  12, 1146,  1173»  1717 

p.  Whitehurst 258 

Edwick  p.  Hawkes 660,  744 

Eede,  i?e 439,1868 

Egan,/?e  .  .  .  1216.1238.1614,1705 
Egerton  p.  All  Saints,  Odd  Rode  .     1528 

p.  Brownlow     ....      760,1611 

p.  Massey 386 

Eggp.  Blayney 963,1379 

Egleton  p.  Barclay 7<>8 

EgUnton  p.  Norman  .  .  .  1387, 1393 
Eglinton  Trustees  p.  lul.  Rev.  .  .  1821 
Egmont, /ee  ....  1688,1714,1720 
Egremont  p.  Saul      ....      449, 2045 

Ehrmann  p.  Ehrmnnn 1558 

Eichbaum  p.  Chicago  Elevators     .     1996 

Elvers  p.  Hamilton 1427 

Eland  p.  Medland.  Re  Medland      .    16:^8 

Elborough  p.  Ay  res 1 140 

Elcom,  &  .  3:^1,986,1133,1442,2035 
Elderton  p.  Emmens     .    .     .      614, 1750 

Eldridge  p.  Stacey 3 

Electric  &  Magnetic  Co,  Re  .  .  .  1970 
Eley  p.  Positive  Assrce     ...     62,  890 

Elgood  p.  Cole 694, 1574 

Elias  p.  Snowdon I'lil 

Elkington's  Case 1802 

Ellam  p.  Martyn 2051 

Ellesmere.  Re 2:30 

Ellesmere  Co  p.  Cooper     ....     1169 

Elliot  p  Clayton 1471, 1472 

p.  N.  E.  Ry 457 


liv 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Elliott,  Re 627, 1989 

V.  Bishop 734, 1382 

V.  Elliott 806, 1940 

V.  London  Co.  Co      1627,  1964.  2086 

p.  Lord 1678,2162 

p.  Montgomery 72 

V.  Osborn 444. 1046 

f.  Pilcher 2270 

r.  Roberts 1107 

V.  S.  Devon  liy     .    .    .    2076, 2221 

V.  Turner     .    1346,  1348, 1887,  2243 

Ellis,  i?xp 1144 

,Re 1068.1476 

V,  Arnison 710 

V,  Bartruni 97 

V.  Bedford    .    1634.  1689,  1789, 1790 

V.  Burch,  Thompson  v.  Ward  .     690, 

896 

1\  Cory 2232 

r.  De  Silva 660 

P.Eden 746,788 

0.  Ellis     ....    1446, 1463,  1633 

V.  FIraanuel 888 

V.  Goulton 609 

t'.  Houston 803 

i;.  Hulse 63 

V.  Kelly 2248 

V.  London  Co.  Co.       667,  1949, 1951 

V.  McCormick 661 

V.  Maidstone 680 

V.  Marshall 742,  816 

V.  National  Union      ....      692 

i;.  Nott  Bower  ....      261, 2176 

u.  Ogden 160 

i;.  Pearce 1426 

u.  Plumstead 227 

V.  Rowbotham  .    .    .    .     1466,1716 

p.  Selby 1346,1611 

V.  Woodbridge 280 

Ellison, /?fl 950 

V.  Thomas 2069 

EUway  v.  Davis 666 

Elmore  v.  Hunter     ....    1969, 2260 
Elrasley  v.  Young     ....    1277, 1862 

Elphick  V.  Barnes 1784 

Elphinstone  v.  Bedreechund .    .    .    1167 

v.  Monkland 1105 

V.  Purchas    .  1281,  1868,  1612,  2163. 

2184 

Elsam  f.  Denny 1760 

Elsdon.  ^jrp 1445 

Elsee  V.  Gat  ward 1760 

Eljiiey  c.  Kirby 1026, 1367 

Elt^more  v.  St  Briavelis    ....    1381 
Elstone  v.  Rose    ....  88,  1714,  2174 

Elton.  The 1254 

V.  Brogden 1907 

V.  Larkins 361 

Elve  t'.  Boyton 241,  364 

El  well  V.  Jackson 473 

Elwes,  /?«...    87,  88,  89,  1254.  1643 

I'.  Brigg  Gas  Co    .    .    .     1201, 12a3 

17.  Maw 736,2166 

EI  wood  V.  Bullock 1308 

Ely  c.  Bliss 1711,2062 

f.  Cash 2062 

Elysin,  The 1211 

Emanuel,  Re 986 


Pag« 

Emanuel  v.  Bridger 289,  200 

».  Fernii^re  de  Vichy  Cie  .    .     1901 

Emanuel  &  Simmonds,  He    .      288, 1071 

Emblin  v.  Dartnell 742 

Embrey  v.  Owen 942 

Emden  v.  Carte   .    .    .    1016, 1472, 1685 

Emerald,  The 1706 

Emerton  v,  Selby 417 

Emery  v.  Barnett 1639 

V.  England 2287 

Emilien  Marie,  The 2229 

Emma  Co  v.  Grant   .    .    .  214,  892,  1106 

V.  Lewis 1677 

Emmens  v.  Elderton      .    .    60,  614,  1750 

V.  Pottle 1619 

Emmerson  v.  Heelis 1882 

Emm er ton  v.  Matthews     ....    1046 

Emmet  v.  Emmet 716 

Emmins  v.  Bradford 2259 

Emmy  Haase,  The 1892 

Emperor  v.  Rolfe 1432 

Empire  Assrce, /^« 76,1101 

Empire  Mining  Co,  Re      ....      435 

Emsley  ».  N.  E.  Ry 1256 

Emuss  V.  Smith 852 

Engineer,  The 1708 

England.  Re 1437 

V.  Webb 263.  266 

Engleheart  v.  Eyre 2287 

English  V.  Murray 217 

English  Bank  of  River  Plate,  Re  .     191, 

1107, 1603 
English  Channel  Steamship  Co  v. 

Rolt 268 

English,  Scottish  &  Australian  Bk, 

Re 1698 

English  and  Scottish  Trust  t\  Brunton469 

Engman  v.  Palgrave 212 

Enniskillen  v.  Reilly 952 

Eno  V.  Dunn 248 

t'.  Tatham 396 

Enohin  ».  Wylie 256,  1283 

Enraght  v.  Penzance     .    .    .    1221, 2186 
Entwistle  t'.  Dent      ....    1176,1664 

0.  Markland 2284 

Epsom  V.  London  Co.  Co.      .    .    .      680 
Equitable  Assrce  v.  Bishop    .    1286,  1672 

Erichsen  v.  Last 264,  1672 

Ericsson,  The 1764 

Ernest  v.  Loma  Co   ...    .    1698,  2203 
Errington  p.  Metrop.  Distr.  Ry  675, 10')4, 

1728 
^—  V.  More  wood,  Rt  More  wood  .    1574 

Erskine,  zee 1356 

r.  Adeane 1039 

Escott  V.  Mastin 2116 

Escritt  V.  Todmorden  Socy    .    1179,  1544 

Esilaile  v.  Maclean 1779 

Esk,  The 2123 

Esnouf  V.  A-G.  Jersey 494 

Espinasse  v.  Luffingham    ....      647 

Espley  y.  Wilks 11 

Esquimau  and    Nanaimo    Ry    v. 

Bainbridge 1204 

Essequibo,  The 1876 

Essex  V.  Essex 687 

Essington  v.  Vashon 478 

Etherittgton  v.  Wilson       .  201,  887, 1405 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Iv 


Page 
Etherlej  Grange  Co  o.  Auckland  .      680 

Eton  Coa,  Re 950 

Ettricke  r.  Ettricke 1021 

Earopa,  The 1099 

European  Banking  Co,  Re,  Exp. 

Baylis 484 

,  Master's  Case 810 

European  Blair  Camera  Co,  Re  67 

European  Life  Assrce,  Re  .    .     578,  2114 
European  &  Australian  Royal  Mail 

Cov.  P.  &0.  Co 1868 

Euston  9.  Seymour 1161 

Evans,  Exp 1036 

,  Ex  p..  Re  Barnard  &  Rosen- 
thal       1651 

,  Exp,,  Re  Watkins    .    .     497.  1816 

,  Re     9,  885,  439,  481.  876,  988,  1417, 

1516 

r.  Angell 109,110,189 

V.  Atkins 144 

V.  Conway  Jus 1081 

r.  l)Hvies      ...     826, 1882,  1456 

p.  Davis 1307.  1555 

V.  Evans  442,  448,  85S,  869,  860, 958, 

2062 

V.  Hoare 1882, 1884 

p.  Jackson 1783 

r.  Jones 67.2283 

c.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .    1028, 1981 

V.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry      .        15 

V.  Merthyr  Tydfil      ....    1604 

V.  Mostyn 1891,  1467 

V.  Newport 1278 

r.  Owen 2093 

V.  Pratt 28 

p.  Prothero 162.  654 

V.  Roberts 826,  997 

V.  Roberts.  Re  Roberts  ...      186 

p.  Robins 841 

p.  Smallcombe 25 

p.  Stevens 421,  561 

p.  Vaughan 587 

p.  Williamson,  Re  Roose   .     .      702 

Kvans  and  Finch's  Case    .    .    .  893,  896 

Evatt  p.  Hunt 1441 

Evelyn  p.  Evelyn 1171 

p.  Whichoord 1387 

Everard  v.  Kendall  ....      458, 1867 

p.  Paterson 681 

Everett  v.  Everett 1296 

^—  p.  London  Assrce  .    .    .     720,  1697 

p  Remington    ...    86, 1^3. 1347 

Everitt  p.  Automatic  Weighing  Co    1097 

p.  Davies 446 

Evers  p.  Challis 886 

Evershed's  Case 2163 

Evershed  p.  Evershed 13 

p.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .    .    .    2070 

Eversley,  i2« 1240 

Everton,  Exp 1029 

Ewart  p.  Graham 2 

—  p.  Jones 151 

Ewer  r.  Hayden 1068 

Ewing,  Re 745 

Exchange  Bk  of  Canada  v.  The 

Queen 359 

Exchange  Telegraph  Co  p.  Central 
News 1618 


Page 
Exchange  Telegraph  Co  p.  Gregory     204 

Exeter  p.  Heamnn 2176 

Exeter  (Mayor  of)  u.  Warren    .    .    2069 

Exhall  Mining  Co,  Re 1662 

Ezmouth  p.  Praed 1897 

Ezmouth  Docks  Co 1648 

Explorer,  The 466 

Eyies  p.  Ellis 1486 

Eyre  p.  Glover 1671,  1876 

p.  Landi 86 

r.  Waller 801 

Eyre  and  Leicester,  Re  1.  102,  112, 1175. 

1888,  2114 

Eyston,  Exp 66,  1460,  1971 

Eyton,Re 511 

P.Mold 1494 


F. 


Fairbairit  Co,  Re 2146 

Fairclaim  p.  Shamtitle 1059 

Fairclough  p.  Roberts 1748 

Fairfield  v.  Bushell 1014 

P.Morgan 1848 

Fairman  p.  Oakford 1666 

Fairport,  The 637 

Fairtlough  p.  Whitmore    .    .      156,  2184 

Faithful  p.  Ewen 1290 

Faithful!,  i?e,  £:x  p.  Moore    .    .  484,715 

Falck  p.  Azthelm 1452 

Falcke  p.  Scottish  Insrce  .  .  1654, 1787 
Falconer  p.  South  Shields      ...      667 

Falkner  r.  Butler 1263 

— ^  p.  Somerset  &  Dorset  Ry  .    .    2076 

Fallon.  Ex  p 1317 

Falls  p.  Belfast  Ry 975 

Famenoth,  The 489 

Fanagan  p.  Keman 942 

Fanshaw,  Re,  Ex  p,  Birmingham, 

&c,  GasCo 661,1664 

p.  Rotherham 1543 

Farbenfabriken,  Re  ....  698,  609 
Farebrother  p.  England  ....  1840 
Fareham  p.  Smith    ....      113,  2181 

Farewell  p.  Dickinson 1956 

Farington  p.  Parker 547 

Farley  v.  Danks 279 

p.  Higginbotham  .    .    .    1047,  1692 

Farlow.  jEx  p 829,994 

P.Stevenson      ....     986,2012 

Farman,  Re 668 

Farmer  p.  Farmer 514 

p.  Giles 651 

p.  Inl.  Rev 634, 1118 

p.  Legg 284 

p.  Smith 2169 

p.  Waterloo  &  City  Ry  .      105, 1903 

p.  Wilson 186 

Fargiers'  Dairy  Co  p.  Stevenson    .    2279 

Famham,  Re 2198 

Farnum    p.  Admor.  Gen.  British 

Guiana 66-^ 

Farquhnr.  Re 86,  02 

Farr  p.  Hennis 2074 

Farraday,  if^e 1853 

Farrah  p.  Keat 1087 

Farran  p.  Beresford 1541 


Ivi 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Farrance  v.  Elktngtnn G22 

Farrands, /?« 1910 

Farrant  ».  Nichols 19o6 

Fairer  v.  Billing 2046 

V.  Close 1953 

V,  Kirkby 12 

V.  Lowe 730 

p.  St.  Catherine's  Coll.  .    .    .    2260 

FarringtOD  v.  Meek 1168 

Farwell  v.  Boston  Railroad    ...      848 

Faulkner, /2e 369 

V.  Boddington  ....      170,  1823 

r.  Litchfield 76,362 

V,  Llewellin 780 

Fa  are  Electric  Accumulator  Co,  Re    944 

Faversham  v,  Thanet 209 

Fawcett  v.  Feame 172 

V.  Strickland 347 

V.  Whitehouse 786 

i;.  York  &  N.  Mid.  Ry    .      877,1066 

Fawcett  and  Holmes,  Re  ...  .  638 
Fawcett  Assn  &  L.  B.  &  S.  Rj,  Re    2269 

Fawkes, /?« 1904 

Fawsitt,  Re,  Galland  v.  Burton     30, 1172 

Fay  V.  Fay 611 

Fazakerley  v.  Ford  ....      626,1614 

Fear  i;.  Castle 1962 

V.  Freebody 806 

Fearnley  v.  Ormsby 1308 

Fearns  v.  Young 1034 

Fearnside  v.  Flint 292 

Fearon,  Re 2067 

V.  Aylesford 1213 

V.  Mitchell    ...      692, 1768,  1873 

V.  Webb 302 

Feast  V.  Robinson     ....     810,  1310 

Featherstone,  Re 308 

Fecitt  V.  Walsh 1782 

Feilden  t^.  Slater  .    .    .    1607,  1748, 1922 

Felix  u.  Gordon 817 

Felkin  v.  Berridge 176 

Fell  V.  Christ's  College 836 

V.    Off.    Trustee   of  Charity 

Lands 296,  1230 

Fellows ».  Thornton 661 

Feltham,  Re 1211 

Fenn  v.  Grafton 1167, 1193 

V.  Miller 934 

Fenna  v.  Clare 1300 

Feunell  t;.  Ridler i:364 

Fenner  v.  Blnke 19% 

Fenner  and  Lord,  Re 273 

Fennessey  v.  Clark 684 

Fenton,  Ke^  Armitage  v.  Askham  .        49 

V.  Browne 1806 

i^.  Wills 1788 

Feu  wick  i;.  Croydon 1949 

y.  E.Lond.  Ry      .    .    .      467,1266 

I'.  Robinson 48.  726 

V.  Schmalz 14 

Ferguson,  iRe 1866 

V.  Davison 650,  1688 

u.  Ferguson  .    .    .      779,  1940,  2046 

V.  Green 1796 

r.  O'Gilby 1815 

Ferguson  to  Buckley,  Ex  p.  .  .  .  1007 
Fergusson  v.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry  .  896,  1496 
Fermoy's  Case 1443 


Fernandez,  Exp 19b7 

Feronia,  The 1098 

Ferrand  v.  Hallas  Co    .    .  672,  678,  1386 

V.  Wilson 2067 

Ferrer's  Case 2028 

Ferro,  The 1162 

Fesenmayer  v.  Adcock  ....  1009 
Festing  V.  Allen   .    .    .     907,1846,2234 

V.  Taylor 483 

Fetherston  v.  Fetherston  ....      862 

Fetter  i;.  Beal 277 

Few'iDgs,  Ex  p.  Re  Sneyd     .    .    .    2138 

Ffinch  V.  Combe 98,  1306 

Fickns,  Re 2, 1861 

Field,  Re     .    .  288,  699,  1071, 1833,  1881 

».  G.  N.  Ry 660 

v.  Hopkins 2048 

—  17.  Manlove 1361 

V.  Mitchell 658 

V.  Peckett 898, 1494 

V.  Wagel  Co 699 

Field  S.  S.  Co  v.  Burr  ...  901,  1456 
Fielden  o.  Ash  worth     .    .    .      124.  1700 

i;.  Morley      ....  31,  1629,  2064 

V.  Slater  ....    1607,  1748,  1922 

Fieldhouse  v.  Croft 1217 

Fielding  v.  Corry 646 

V.  Rhyl 1268,  1619 

Figg  V.  Moore 662 

Filbey  v.  Combe 1772 

Filbum  V.  People's  PaUce  Co  .  .  665 
Filby  V.  Hounsell  ....  1690, 1957 
Fillingham  v.  Bromler      .    .    1109.  1311 

P.Wood.    .    ."  .    .    .    .40,1387 

Filliter  r.  Phippard 16 

Filshie  v.  Evington 600,  936 

Financial  Corp.,  Re 1342 

Finch's  Case 1166, 2147 

Finch  t;.  Boning 1282 

V.  Finch 110 

V.  G.  W.  Ry      ....    1687,  1746 

Finchley  Electric  Co  u,  Finchley  .  2181 
Finck  V.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry  .    .     .      496 

Findlay,  Re 2106 

Findon  v.  M'Laren 1616 

Finlason  v.  Tatlock  ....  862, 1349 
Finlay  u.  Bristol  &  Ex.  Ry    .     .    .     1856 

V.  Darling 630,  1796 

V.  Mexican  Investment  Corp      675, 

678,  989 

Finley,  i?e 993 

Finney  v.  Grice 898 

Finnic  v.  Glasgow  Ry 17b9 

Finnis  to  Forbes 296,  297 

Fire  Queen.  The 1759 

Firmstone's  Case 390,  989 

Finh,  Er  p.,  Re  Cowbum     .      1296,  2103 

V.  Fielden 2241 

».  Palmer 2117 

V.  Staines 106, 1655 

Fisenden  v.  Levy 212 

Fish,  Re  .  .  1268. 1264, 1266, 1670,  1906 
Fishburn  v.  Hollingsbead  ....     1668 

Fisher,  i?<j 673 

t'.  Adelaide  Insrce     ....      142 

V.  Black  &  White  Co    .    .    .      151 

V  Brierley 1515 

V   Drewett    .    .  94,1220,1567,1679 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ivii 


Page 

Fishery  Fopd 1010 

V.  Hepburn 1241 

V.  Howard 2092 

r.  Lee 1941 

c.  Leslie 1009 

f.  Ogle 1660 

p.  Shirley 680 

Fisher  and  Qrazebrook,  /2e    .    .    .    1345 

Fitch  V,  Rawliiig 449 

Futon  V.  Accidental  Death  Insrce      116, 

874,  1811 

Fits  r.  lies 882,  838,  2016 

Fitzgerald*8  Case 41 

Fitzgerald,  Be      .    .  607,  927,  1277,  2288 

p.  Champneys 1909 

V.  Dressier 91 

V.  Field    ...  899,  938,  1636,  2165 

p,  Firbank    .  668,713,727,728,886 

p.  Fitzgerald 332,  614 

p.  Hosford 1046 

p.  JerToise 399 

p.  Kinsella 1829 

FitzUardinge  v,  Jenkinson    486,  674,  2016 

p.  Pritchett 1785 

Fiuherbert  v.  Heathcote  ....    1014 

Fitzjohn  v.  Mackinder 1591 

Fitzoiaarice,  Re 24 

FiUpatrick,  Re 613, 1310 

p.  Kelly   ........     44,  126 

Fitzroy  v.  Howard    ....      770, 1053 

V.  Ridimond 190'i 

Flack, /2e 949 

Flannagan  v.  Bishopwearmouth    .    2246 

Flecha,The 1251 

Fleck,  Re,  Colton  r.  Roberts       395,  1564 

Fleeming  v,  Howden 1865 

Fleet,  £:xp 1824 

V.  Metrop  Asylums  Bd  .    1298, 1299 

Fleetwood  V.  Hull     ....      459.2073 
Fleming  p.  Buchanan   ....  993,  998 

p.  Burrows 633,  2232 

p.  Crouch 180 

r.  Hislop  . 86,  1064 

p.  Mancliester,  S.  &  L.  Ry      .      392 

V.  New  Zealand  Bank    ...      878 

p.  Newton 1604 

p.  Self 1578 

Flemvng,  Re 186, 1849 

Fletcher,  f:*p 784 

, -£:x  p., /Jc  Bainbridge    ...      309 

p.  Baker 462 

p.  Dyche 1445 

p.  Fields 329 

P.Fletcher 308 

P.Gillespie 73 

p.  Hudson     ....      96,  166,  5.30 

p.  Inglis 1454 

p.  Nokes 1293,  1413 

p.  London  United  Tramways     1644 

p.  Sondes 271,413 

p.  Sterenson 477 

Flight  p.  Booth 688 

P.Thomas 1002,1008 

Flint,  ^z/? 1900 

.Re 423 

p.  Barnard 478 

p.  Flemyng 772 

P.Howard 1167 


Page 

Flint  p.  Pike 1963 

Flintham  p.  Roxburgh 1638 

Floating  Dock  Co,  Re 256 

Florence  p.  Jenings 995 

p.  Paddingtoiw. 1849 

Florence  Land  Co,^«  ...      194,  2121 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Moor 469 

Florence  Nightingale,  The    .    .    .    1241 

Flower  p.  Allan 1670 

V.  Bradley 43 

p.  Darby 1891 

Flowers,  Re 398,  1152 

p.  Chaml)ers 662 

Floyd  p.  Lyons 127,  2228 

Floyer  p.  Bankes  .    .    .    1220,1966,2171 
Fluester  p.  M'Clelland  .    .    .    1564, 1565 
Foakes  p.  Jackson    ......    2241 

Fobbing  Commrs  p.  Regina  .    .    .    1806 
Foggassns'  Case,  Bonham's  Case  .      920 

Foinett  p.  Clark 1498,  1950 

Foley  p.  Addenbrooke  .    .    .    1681,  2266 

p.  Burnell 1618 

P.Foley 1387 

p.  OaUagher      ...    26,  131,  2000 

p.  Parry 1532 

p.  United  Insrce 140 

Folkard  p.  Metrop  Ry 2145 

Folkestone  v.  Brooks 650 

p.  Ladd 550 

p.  Woodward 894 

FoUit  V.  Eddystone  Quarries  Co    .    1212 

Foot  p.  Baker 94,  797 

V.  Hodgson 1943 

Footner  p.  Cooper 1583 

Forbes' Case 282,610 

Forbes,  i2e 1816,1921.2259 

p.  Asplnall 1866, 1868 

p.  Balenseifer 1094 

p.  Ball 1632 

P.King 794,1161 

p.  Peacock 2063 

p.  Ross 1476 

Ford's  Case 299,821,824 

Ford, /?« 662 

^—  p.  Barnes 589 

p.  Beech 2002 

p.  Cotesworth 2161 

P.Drew 1735 

P.Hart 1785 

V.  Kettle 147 

p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      ...    2128 

p.  Metrop  Ry 975 

p.  Oamaru 2281 

p.  Pye 1786,  2028 

p.  St.  Louis  &  N.  W.  Ry    .     .    2206 

p.  Tynte 1358,  2057 

p.  Wiley 445 

Ford's  Charity,  Re 1447 

Ford's  Co  p.  Bartlett 1985 

Forde's  Case 939 

Fordham  p.  Clagett,  Re  Clagett     .    1446 

p.  Speight 1580 

Fordom  p.  Parsons 245 

Fordyce  p.  Willis 2029 

Foreign   &   Colonial    Government 

Trust,  Re 237,  401 

Foreman  p.  Free  Fishers  of  Whit- 
stable  80.  1608 


Iviii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Forest  Oak  S.  S.  Co  v.  Richard    1385, 

1501 

Forest  of  Dean  Co,  Re 1258 

Forest  S.  S.  Co  v.  Iberian  Co     .    .    2267 
Forget  i;.  Baxter  .    .^ .    .341,  842,  2039 

w.  Ostigny    .    .• 799 

Forman  v.  Whitney 388 

Forquet  i;.  Moore 1995 

Forrest  v.  Carte 650 

Forsdike  v,  Colqahoan      ....    1983 

r.  Stone 911 

Forshaw  v.  Cliabert 1809 

Forster,  Exp 174 

.  Re 1877 

V.  Clowser 1088 

V.  Farquhar 817 

i;.  Hale* 871,1154 

Forsyth  v,  Bristowe      ....  23,  1420 

Fort,  Re 393,  1416 

Fortescue  v,  Mer.  Bank    ....      954 

Forth  V.  Chapman 530 

Fortune  v,  Hanson 1200 

Forward  v.  Pittard 28,  29 

Forwood  V.  North  Wales  Mut.  Mar 

Insrce 9 

u.  Watney 550 

Fosberry  v.  Waterford  Ry     .    .    .      010 

Foskett  t;.  Kaufman 1248 

Foss,  Exp.,  Re  Baldwin    .    .    .  824,  h25 

Foster's  Case 1887 

Foster, /?« 89 

V.  Borax 1354 

V.  Diphwys  Casson  Co  .    .  269, 1040 

V.  Dodd 2U 

V.  Edwards 1026 

I'.  Fowler 1166 

If.  Kraser 226,  227 

r.  Fyfe 083 

e?.  G.W.Ry 542,1152 

V.  Hayes 1012 

V.  Inl.  Rev 404 

V.  Leonard 2055 

u.  Mulhall     .    ,    .      179,1323,1578 

V.  Newhaven     ....    1815, 1891 

V.  North  Hendre  Co  ...    .    2268 

tv  Owen 1814 

V.  Pointer 2248 

V.Smith 1716 

t;.  Tucker 616 

V.  Usher  wood    ....    1.371,  1089 

V.  Wheeler 61 

V.  Wybrants 1014 

Foster  and  Lister,  Re 1621 

Fotherby  v.  Metropolitan  Ry     .    .    2095 

FothcrgiU's  Case 927 

Foulds,  Re,  Ex  p.  Learoyd    ...        58 

Foulger  v.  Arding 918 

V.  Steadman 2249 

Foundling  Hospital  v.  Garrett   .    .    1096 

Fountain  u.  Rogers 1674 

Fountaine  v.  Carmarthen  Ry     .    .    1975 
Fourth  City  Bg  Socy  v.  Williams  .    1983 

Foveaux,  Re 294,  296 

Fowell  V.  Franter 1347 

Fowkes  V.  Manchester  Insrce         52,  412 

Fowle  V.  Fowle 577 

V.  Freeman 1957 

Fowler,  Re 225 


P»g« 

Fowler  t;.  Churchill 294 

V.  English    &  Scottish    Mar 

Insrce 1328 

r.  Foster 1166 

V.  Mon.  Canal  Co 1188 

w.  Padget 1348 

».  Perkins 1174 

Fox,  Exp 358 

,  Re 1900,  1997 

i;.  Clarke 1312,  2210 

w.  Fox 891,  2238 

r.  Martin 197 

V,  Newfoundland  Government      881 

17.  Smith 1761 

V.  Star  Newspaper     ....      540 

Foxbourne  v.  Vernon 449 

Foxley's  Case 784 

Foxon  t;.  Gascoigne 1680 

Foxwell  V.  Bostock 838 

».  Van  Grutten      ....   588,  859 

Frames  v.  Bultfontein  Co      .    1266, 1837 

France  v.  Clark 196 

V.  Dutton 1885 

Francesco  r.  Massey 1090 

Francis,  Re 1510 

r.  Boulton 1413 

V.  Grover 674 

1-.  Mass 44,592 

r.  Nash     ..    ^   ....  269,  309 

V.  Steward 2246 

r.  Turner 2 

Franco  v.  Alvares 1223 

Franconia,  The    ....  455,  840, 1385 

Frankland,  Re 1029 

Franklin  v.  Godfrey 1728 

V.  St.  Cross 75 

Franks  v.  Rollans 998 

Frank um  v.  Falmouth 2279 

Frape.126     ....      60,212,939,1884 

Fraser  v.  Burrows 1417 

V.  Murdoch 888 

V.    Telegraph     Construction 

Co 1984 

Fraunce's  Case 750 

Frazer  v.  Hatton 486 

Freason  v.  Loe 428 

Frederick  Mole^  The 198 

Fredericks  i;.  Howie      .    1484,2029,2042 

V.  Payne 879, 1485 

Freedom,  The 1455 

Freeland  u.  Neale 1612 

Freeman  v.  Appleyard      .    .    .  822,  826 

I'.  Baker 704 

V.  Cooke 4 

V.  Cox 1372 

t;.  Freeman 1063 

V.  Gainsford 1323 

U.Pope 2198 

V.  Read 141,  249, 1294 

Freer  v.  Murray 930 

V.  Rimner 1751 

Freestone,  ^^x  p 1488 

Freke  v.  Calmady,  Re  Hotchkys    .      645 

Freme, /?« 1841 

V.  Clement 525 

French  v.  Gregory 1728 

r.Hoey 1619 

Frend  v.  Dennett      .    .    1854, 1856, 1857 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


lix 


Freshfield  V.  Reed 146 

Freweii  r.  Orr 1941 

Fnarjr  v.  Singleton    .    .    .  181,  132, 1346 
Fricker  p.  Van  Grutten      ....    1386 

Frid  u.  Fenton 381 

Friedeberg,  The 642 

Friedlander, /2e 608 

V,  London  Assrce      ....      692 

Friend.  Re 10, 106, 1806 

i;.  Shaw 1080,  1204 

V.  Towen 1248 

FrlBhy^Re 1487 

Frith,  Aj 1814 

p.  Frith 1479 

c.  Rotherham    ....      494, 1722 

Frith  &  Osborne, /2e 1414 

Fritz  u.  Hobson 786 

Froglej  r.  Phillips 1261 

Fromant  v,  Ashley 1257 

Frost,  Re 891 

p.  Holland 102,2094 

p.  Frost 1441 

p.  WUIiams 18,  82« 

Fry.  Re 037 

p.  Chartered  Mer.  Bank     .    .      866 

p.  Fry 809,  2142 

P.Lane 764,2123 

p.  Raggio 928,  2267 

Frvcr,  Re 1029,  1182 

p.  Bodenham     ....    132.3,  2023 

p.  Moriand    ....  611,  629,  1966 

p.  lianken 1656 

Fryman,  Re 1352 

Fuentes  p.  Montis 1006 

Futford  p.  Blatchford 1492 

Falham,  The 1787 

p.  Goodwin 782 

p.  London  Co  Co  .    .    .      573,  1802 

^^  p.  Solomon 321 

P.  Thanet 202 

Fuller,  Re 739,  1077 

p.  Alford 699 

p.  Bishop 1358 

p.  Blackpool  Co    ...    .   674,  940 

p.  Chamier 860 

p.  Hooper     .    .    .     871,1412.2036 

r.  Mackay 275.  278 

f.  Ferryman 798 

Fuller  and  r.eathley,  Re     643,  1 41 1 ,  1412 

Fullers  p.  Squire 2272 

FuUick  p.  Evans 1646 

Fulwood's  Case 801 

Furher, /?« 1113 

P.Cobb 756,1143 

Fumess  p.  Caterham  Ry  .    .    .    .    2122 

p.  Forwood 15.  620 

p.  Tennant 84,  1363 

Fumess    Ry   p.    Cumberland    Bg 

Socy 11 

p.  Inl.  Rev 1939 

Furniss  p.  Mid.  Ry 1159 

Furnival  v.  Crew 781 

Fumivnll  p.  Grove 1995 

P.Hudson 1674,1937 

Fursdon  p.  Clogg 24 

Furtado  &  Jeffries, /?e 1879 

Fusilier,  The 177 

Fyenoord,  The 482 


G. 

G.yRe 918,1141 

G.  p.  L 1831,2060 

Gabay  v.  Lloyd 1226 

Gadd, /?c 643 

p.  Houghton 741 

Gaffee. /?e 991 

Gage  p.  Brealey 49 

p.  Elsey 812,  1686 

Gainsford  p.  Dunn 1748 

Gairloch,  The 460 

Galatti  p.  Wakefield 376 

Gale  p.  Bumell 1146 

p.  Laurie  ....    1236, 1868,  2174 

Gall  p.  Esdaile 2272 

Galland  p.  Burton     ....      340, 1172 
Gallard,  Re      964, 1414,  1670, 1739,  1791, 

1863 

Galley  v.  Barrington 1.S69 

Galllers  v.  Rycroft 305 

Gallini  p.  Noble 1216 

Gnllop  and  Central  Queensland  Meat 

Co 101 

Galloway  p.  London     .    .    .    1948. 1962 

p.  Maries 1488 

Gaily,  Re 221 

Galsworthy  p.  Strutt 1106 

Galvanized  Iron  Co  p.  Westoby  1647, 1868 
Galwey,  Re      ....      212, 1092,  1996 

p.  Barden 250 

Gambart  p.  Ball 408 

Gambler  v.  Lydtord 180 

Gamble,  Re 818 

Gambles  p.  Ocean  Insrce  .    .      624,  2204 

Gamboa.  Re 862 

Game,  Re 1716 

Gandyp.  Gandy  .    .    67,866,1141,2160 
Ganly  p.  Dowling 1218 

—  p.  Ledwidge 1164 

Gann  p.  Free  Fishers  of  Wlutstable        80 

Gannet,  The 141 

Gappp.  Bond  ....    1867,2179,2180 

Garbjr  p.  Harris 936,  1086 

Garcia  p.  Garcia 614 

Gard  p.  Commrs  of  Sewers    .    .    .    2016 

Garden  p.  Bruce 1436 

Gardiner, /?« 1273 

p.  Gray 2219 

p.  Grout 12 

p.  Jewers 1287 

p.  Macfarlane    ....      898,2116 

p.  Slater 122 

Gardner  p.  Cowles    ......    2106 

p.  Hart 1391 

p.  Hodgson's  Co    ....  86, 1757 

p.  Ingram 622 

p.  Lond.  C.  &  Dover  Ry    1616,  2122 

p.  Mansbridge 2248 

p.  Trechmann 366 

Garforth  p.  Esam 1626 

Gariand,  Re 868,  1769 

Garment  p.  Barrs 1907 

Gamett.  Re      .    308,  684,  791, 1656, 1962 

—  p.  Backhouse 730 

p.  Bradley 957,  1908 

p.  Inl.  Rev 1703, 1792 

Gamett  Orme  to  Hargreaves,  Re  .    2108 


Ix 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 
GRTTArd,  Ex  p.,  Re  Lewer     ...      IGO 

y.  Edge 9'20 

Garratt  v.  Niblock 179 

Garret  v.  Jolinsnn 2045 

Garrett  u.  Marylebone 58 

f.  Noble 899 

Garrick  v.  Camden 1277 

Garrud,  Re,  Ex  p.  Newitt ....  1817 
Garston  Ship  Co  v.  Hickie     .    .    .    1246 

Garth  v.  Cotton 2202 

Garton  v.  Bristol  &  Exeter  Rj    1667, 2128 

».  G.  W.  Ry      ....    1560, 2128 

-^—  V.  Gregorj 120 

Gartsides  v.  Inl.  Rct 1964 

Garvey  17.  Hibbert  ....  1211,1303 
Gas  Float  Whitton,  The    1786, 1866, 1868. 

2276 

Ga8kell,/?e 37 

V,  Harman 1216 

Gaskin  v.  Rogers 1076, 1442 

Gaslight  Co.  v.  South  Metrop  Gas 

Co 1990 

Gaslight  &  Coke  Co  v.  Hardy    .    .      781 

V.  Smith 731 

Gath  p.  Howarth 2097 

V.  Lees 1344 

Gathercole  v.  Smith  138,  2087,  2089 

Gatty  V,  Field 1961 

Gauaer  v.  Dasrenaike 49 

Gaunt  V.  Finney 1299 

Gauntlet,  The,  H.  v.  Elliott   .    .    .    1244 

Gay  V.  Cadby 1092 

Gayford  t^.  Chouler 2243 

V.  Moffatt 2225 

Gayner  v.  Sunderland 772 

Gazard  v.  Cooke 2007 

Gaze,  Ex  p.,  Re  Lane 765 

Geach  v.  Ingall     ....    52,  418,  1923 

Geake  v.  Ross 500,  1981 

Geams  v.  Baker 902 

Geary  w.  Physic 2277 

Geaves  i'.  Price 1901 

Gebhardt  t;.  Saunders 1351 

Gedge  v.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce  ...  887 
Gedye  v.  Commrs  of  Works  .    .    .    1515 

Gee,  Re 1839,1345 

U.Bell 497 

V.  Liddell 1997 

Geen  v.  Newington 571 

Geiger  v.  Filor 2231 

Geipel  V.  Smith 1746 

Gell  V.  Burgess 419 

1;.  Watson 1226 

Gem,  Exp 1803 

Gemma,  The 773 

General  Assrce  v.  Worsley  .  .  .  522 
General  Estates  Co,  Re      ....     1261 

General  Ex.  Bank, /2^ 1007 

General  Horticultural  Co,  Re  .  .  1916 
General  Insrce  Trieste  v.  Cory  .  .  2180 
^—  V.  Royal  Exchange  Assrce  153, 

1764,  1958 
General  Share  Co  v.  Wetlev  Co  .  1107 
General  Steam  Nay.  Co  v.  British  & 

Col.  Steam  Nav.  Co  .    .    .    1245, 1509 

0.  Hedley 441 

v.  Slipper 1778 

Generoas,  The 1981 


Gennari,  Re 1904 

Genu  Re 712 

Gentle  v.  Faulkner   .      129,  ISO,  182,  403 

George, /?« 1333,1717 

r.  Carpenter 2098 

V.  Goldsmith's  Insrce    .    .    .    2191 

George  Arkle,  The 2128 

Geraldes  v.  Donison 2229 

Gerard,  Re     .     121.  702.  922,  1049,  1054, 
1055.  1085,  1087,  1157,  1675, 1841 

V,  aowes 204 

V.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .    .    .    1054 

Gerard  and  Beecham,  Re  ,    .    .    .    1713 

Gerhard  v.  Bates 874 

V.  Montague 932 

Germ  Milling  Co  v.  Robinson    .    .    1668 

German  v.  Chapman 1555 

German  Date  Coffee  Co,  Re  ,    .    .    1034 

Gerring  v.  Barfield 1308 

Gervis  v.  Peade 239 

Gery  V.  Redman  .......     1767 

Geswood,  Re 7 

Gether  v.  Capper      1397, 1594,  1790,  2204 

Gethin  v.  Allen 1076, 1737 

Gianaclis,  Re 57 

Gibb  V,  Inl.  Rev 405 

Gibbins  v.  Eyden 1918 

Gibbon  V.  Paddington 1411 

u.  Phillips 1720 

Gibbons  v.  Gibbons 1851 

V.  Hickson 1516 

V.  Rule 222 

0.  Vouillon 1214 

Gibbs,  Re 478.  646 

V.  Barrow 328 

».  G.  W.  Ry 291 

^—  V.  Lawrence 823 

V.  Messer 712, 1590 

u.  Rumsey 1470,2146 

Giblin  v.  McMuUen 840 

Gihney  v,  Clayton 55 

Gibraltar  Sanitary  Commrs  v  Orfila     397. 

2182 
Gibson,  £'xo.,  7?c  Lamb    ....     1291 

,  Re 1237 

V.  Barton 1158, 2283 

V.  Brand 1159 

V.  Clark 2190 

V.  Doey  or  Doeg 2208 

V.  Fisher 1451 

V.  Hammersmith  Ry  734,  1159 

V.  Ireson 1616 

V.  King 891, 1566 

V.  Kirk 642,  1410 

V.  Muskett 202 

V.  Preston 878 

V.  Small 180VJ 

V,  Sturge  .    .• 497 

Gibson  &  Co,  Re 1016 

Gieve,  Re 798 

Gifford  c.  Willoughby  Co     ...      737 

V.  YarborouKh 914 

Gifford  &  Bury.  Re 1866 

Gilbart  v.  Wandsworth      .     .      805,  2168 

Gilbert,  Re 1750, 1755, 1983 

u.  Boorman 2066 

V,  Lewis 1828, 1900 

i>.  Tomison 800 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixi 


Page 
Gilbertson  v.  Gilbertson    ....    2037 

Giles,  Re 99,  717,  1760 

V,  Grorer 669 

r.  Hooper 1709 

».  Jones 1234,2071 

V.  Melsom     ....  63, 1896, 1918 

».  The  Cynthia 773 

p.  Walker 1300 

Gill  r.  Bagshaw 197 

V.  Barrett 2044 

V.  Continentel  Gas  Co   .    .  886,  931 

o.  Shelley 303 

GiliaiB  9.  Arkwright 1976 

p.  Taylor 696,1607 

Gillespie  v.  Cheney  .....   119, 120 

p.  Winberg  . 878 

GilleUv.  Green 911 

GilUat  p.  Gilliat 1730 

Gillibrand,  £x  p., /2<}  Walker    .    .    1360 

GilliDgham  v.  Beddow 828 

P.Walker 880 

Gillmore  p.  Shooter 224 

Gillooley  p.  Plunkett 872 

Gilman  p.  Crowly 1702 

p.  Elton 1616 

Gilmore,  Arc 1111 

Gilmour  p.  Mauroit 1616 

Gilpin  V.  Kendle 1923 

Gilroy  p.  Price      .......     1810 

Ginesi  p.  Cooper 827 

Ginger,  Re 376 

Gipps  p.  Gipps 374 

Giraud  p.  Uichmond 2286 

Girdlestone  r.  Brighton  Aquarium       481 

p.  Doe 1349 

Girrin  p.  Gtepe 1876 

Gisbome  p.  Gisbome 643 

Gisboume  p.  Hurst 1616 

Gittings  p.  McDermott      ....      862 

Given  v.  Massey 396 

Gjers. /2e 1316 

Gladding  p.  Yapp 1040 

Gladstone,  Re 96 

p.  Fadwick 82, 1822 

Glaholm  p.  Hays 1667, 2203 

p.  Rowntree 1749 

Glanystwyth,  Tiie    .    .     830,2083,2099 

Glasbrook  p.  Owen 636 

Glasgow  p.  Fade  .  1201, 1202, 1203, 1204 

p.  Glasgow  &  S.  W.  Ry     .    .    1342 

p.  Glasgow  Tramway  Co  .    .      670 

r.  Inl.  Revenue 691 

p.  M'Ewan 874 

Glasgow  Packet,  The 1098 

Glasgow  Tailors  p.  Inl.  Rev.  ...      296 
Glasgow  Union  Ry  p.  Caledonian 

Ry 1986 

Glasier  p.  Foyster     ....      723,1810 

p.  Rolls     .    .    .  142,  267,  1079,  1266 

Glassington  p.  Rawlins      .    .      778,  1224 

Gleadow  p.  I^ieetham 484 

Gleaves  p.  Parfitt 2186 

Gledhill  p.  Crowther 1082 

p.  Hunter 1687 

GledsUnes  p.  Allen 2261 

p.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce  .    .    .    .    1127 

Glen  p.  Fulham 1016 

«-^  p.  Lewis 76 


Page 

Glendevon,  The 618, 1461 

Glenfruin,  The 460, 1809 

Glengall  p.  Barnard 1882 

Glengyle,  The 1787 

GlenUvet,  The      ...     234,  1868, 1946 

Glennie  p.  Delmar 264 

-^—  p.  Glennie 374 

Glenny,  Re 889 

Glenochil.  The 1162, 1246 

Glenton  &  Saunders,  Re    .    .    .    .    2144 

Glory  Paper  Mills,  Re 931 

Glossop  p.  Heston 1164 

p.  Spindler 1170 

Gloster  p.  Murphy    ....      918,  2016 
Gloucester  Bk  p.  Rudry     .    .    .  816,  829 

Glover,  i2« 1881 

p.  Andrew 2263 

p.  Chancellor 604 

p.  Coleman 26, 1276 

V.  Halkett 653,  1699 

r.  L.  &  S.  W.  Ry 814 

Glubb,  Re 2201 

Gluckstein  p.  Barnes 1811 

Glyn  p.  E.  &  W.  India  Dock  Co     17,  183 
Glynn  p.  Margetsou    624, 808, 1094. 1297, 

1626 

Gnat  p.  Laurence 1869 

Goblet  p.  Beechey 1030 

Goddard*B  Case 486 

Goddard  p.  Carlisle 2126 

p.  Smith 1282, 2268 

Goddart  p.  Haselfoot I(>d2 

Godden  p.  Corsten 1918 

Godefroy  p.  Dalton 1891 

Godfrey's  Case 78 

Godfrey,  Re 986 

p.  Davis 803 

p.  George 621 

p.  Poole 1821 

p.  Watson 1034 

Godson  p.  Sanctuary     ....  462,  779 

Godwin  p.  Brind 2096 

p.  Francis 1289 

p.  Schweppes 808 

P.Walker 127,1439 

Goetz,7?« 876,449,1619- 

Gold  p.  Turner 276 

Gold  and  Norton,  Re 94 

Gold  Co,  Re 362,  1038 

Gold  Ores  Co  p.  Parr 1106 

Golding  p.  La  Sainte  Union  .      746, 1327 

p.  Wharton  Co 1342 

Goldring,  Re,  Ex  p.  Harper   .    .    .    1809 
Goldschmidt  p.  Whitmore     ...      168 

Goldshede  v.  Swan 46,  1222 

Goldsmid,  Re,  Exp,  Taylor  ...      484 

,  Re,  Mocatta  p.  A-G.     ...      769 

p.  Hampton 1818 

Goldsmith  p.  Slattery 1.388 

Goldstein  p.  Foss 920 

p.  Vaughan 2086 

Goldstraw  p.  Duckworth  ....    1676 
Goldstrom  p.  Tallerman    ....    1143 

Gonne  r.  Cook 1349 

Gonty  p.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry  .    1170 

Gooch's  Case 2196 

Gooch,  Re 9 

p.  Clutterbuck 780,  967 


Ixii 


TABLE  OF  CASES- 


Page 
Gooch  V.  Gooch  ....  840,  367,  851 

Good  V.  Good 742 

p.  Isaacs 460,2161 

V.  Lickonsli,  Re  Bullock      101,    183 

V.  Lond.  S.  S.  Owners'  Assn  .     920, 

1246 

V,  Walker  171,  882, 1262.  2080, 2089 

Goodall,  lie 1264 

Goudbody  &  Co  and  Balfour  &  Co, 

He 1154 

Goodburn  r.  Marley 707 

Goode  V,  Goode 867 

».  Job 24 

Goodenougb,  Re 447 

Goodhand  r.  Ayscougli      .    .    .  214,  976 

Goodhew  v.  Williams 1654 

Goodier  v.  Edmunds 1462 

Goodlad  V.  Burnett   .    .    1287,  1296,  1940 

Goodlock  V.  Cousins 1782 

Goodman,  Re    ...    .     306, 1278,  1945 

V.  De  BeauToir 1854 

V.  Griffiths 166 

I?.  Robinson 1309 

V.  Saltash 727 

Goodrigiit  V.  Moses 1621 

V.  Straphan 499 

Goodright  d.  Drewry  r.  Barron  772 

d.  Hall  i;.  Richardson     ...     1347 

d.  Thompson  v.  Saul      .    .    .      169 

d.  Walker  v,  Davids  ....    2208 

Goodson's  Case,  Re  Alexandra  Pal- 
ace   822 

Goodtitle  v,  Billington 1706 

i;.  Herring 861,  802 

V.  Otway 633 

v.  Paul 700 

i;.  Southern  ...      700,  1312,  1839 

Goodwin,  Re    ,    ,    .    .      804,  1841,  1966 

f.  Robarts 1065,  1802 

U.Sheffield 1482 

Goodwyn  o.  Cheveley 1664 

Goodyear  v.  Weymouth    ....      374 

Goold  u.  Teague 1818 

Goolden  u.  Tiiames  Conservators  .      172 
Gopeekishen,  &c  v.  Brindabunch un- 
der, &c      323 

Gophir  Co  v.  Wood 999 

Gordon,  £ar  11 121 

,Re 689,983,1816 

r.  Atkinson 593,1741 

w.  Cann 1984 

i;.  Duff 1929 

V,  Gordon      .    .     125,  374,  443,  1238 

p.  G.  W.  Ry      ....      620,2245 

V.Harper 2100 

V.Jennings 1833,2205 

V.  London  City  Bank     .    .    .     1436 

v.  Potter 1223,  2200 

V.  Rae 1286 

V.  Rutherford 1674 

V.  St.  Mary,  Abbotts      ...    1411 

V.  Street 596 

V.  Williamson 1654 

V.  Woodford      .    .   2050,  2057,  2217 

Gore  V.  Commrs  for  English  Fish- 
eries      731 

17.  Lloyd 1500 

V.  McDermott  ....     728,  1055 


V%ge 

Goreley,  Exp 896 

Gorgier  v.  Mieville 1261 

Gorman,  Ex  p 856 

Gorringe  v.  Irwell  Works      .    .    .      476 

Gorrissen's  Case 1491 

Gorrissen  v.  Perrin    ....     160, 1297 
Gorsedd  S.  S.  Co  v.  Forbes    ...      446 

Gorslett  v.  Harris 263 

Gorton  v.  Bristol  &  Exeter  By  .    .    2060 
Gosden  v,  Dotterill   ....      669,  1216 

Gosling,/?*! 1877 

».  Brown 2179 

V.  Green 1126 

V.  Newton 1632 

».  Woolf 1073 

Goslings  17.  Blake 2285 

Goss  V.  Kelson 2234 

».  Sharpe 1160 

Gossain  v.  Gossain 80 

Gosset,  i?e 47 

Gossett  V.  Campbell 716 

Gough,  Exp 826 

If.  Everard 1516 

17.  Gough  ....      517,  1060,  1182 

Gould,  Ex  p.,  Re  Salmon  &  Woods     116, 

1868 

,  Re 478 

»,  Bacup 1657 

V.  Haynes 1488 

V,  Sharpington  Syndicate  .    62,  250. 

625,2114 
Gouldsworth  i*.  Knights  ....  177 
Gourlay, /?«,  Ax /).  Abbott    .    .    .     1816 

Goutard  v.  Carr 650 

Gover  v,  Davis     .    .    .     648,  1683, 2040 

Governments  Stock  Co,  Re   .       263,  401, 

605,1186,1626 

t7.  Manilla  Ry 786 

Gowan  v,  Wright 2198 

Gower  v.  Gower 933 

V.  Main  waring 778 

Gower's-Walk    Schools  v,  Lond., 
Tilbury  &  Southend  Ry    .      975,  1793 

Gozzett  V.  Malilon 1272 

Grace  v.  Bishop 433 

17.  Clinch 754,911 

V.  Newman 206 

Graff  V.  Evans 1782 

Grafftey  r.  Humpage    ....  664,  792 

Grafton  v.  Armitage 826 

17.  Watson 1309 

Graham  v.  Barras     ....    1666, 1779 

17.  Connell 1603 

V.  Ewart 2,  902 

17.  Furber 891 

17.  Graham 1034 

V.  Lee 66,  145,  2088 

17.  Londonderry 1400 

t7.  Newcastle-upon-Tyne    1341,  2147 

17.  Robinson 1446, 1758 

Grahame,/?e 1209 

V.  Graharoe 45 

Grainge  v.  Wilberforce      ....      998 

Grainger,  Re 1738 

17.  Aynsley    ....  394,  551,  2269 

17.  Gough       .    66.265.666,685,746, 

1732,  2078,  2079,  2257 
17.  Martin 2174 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixiii 


Grand  Canal  Co  v.  M'Namee  .  .  287 
Grand  June.  Canal  Co  v.  Petty      .    1618, 

1627,  2076 

V.  Shugar 1966 

Grand  June  W.  W.  Co  v.  Brentford     721, 

1726 

V.  DaTies      ....     87,  664,  2030 

V.  Hampton 1792 

Grand  Union  Canal  Co  v.  Ashby    .      3o0 

Grange  v.  Silcock 272 

Granger  v.  Aynsley  .    .    .  894,  661,  2269 

p.  Dent 1657 

P.George 2100 

Grant, /2e 2107 

V,  Anderson      ...  264,  398, 1489 

V.  Banque  Franco-Egyptienne    1910 

r.Coverdale      ....     621,1112 

V.  Da  Co«U 2178 

r.  Dyer 1848 

p.Easton 471,1107 

r.  Ellis      .  646,  936, 1684,  1711,  2062 

r.  Gould 1167 

P.Grant 1264 

t'.  Gunner 347 

V.  Hulton 837 

r.  Kavanagh 1308 

V.  Langston  .  .  148,  660,  898,  896, 

1873, 1902,  1948 

r.  Lynam 696, 1701 

V  ^faddox    .    .    .    1222, 2228, 2283 

c.  Munt 491 

V.  Mussett 1219, 1988 

V.  Norway 1634 

r.  Pazton 767 

V.  Slww 881,  9tX) 

r.  Thompson 1140 

V.  Winbolt 1021 

Gratton,  ife 2137 

Graver  v.  Temple 7 

Graves,  Re,  Ex  p.  Walker    .    .  68, 1479 

i;.  Ashford    .    .    .     408, 1240,  1693 

P.Colby 2069 

— -  r.  Graves 614 

p.  Hicks 1962 

Gray. /2e 470,1221,1277 

p.  Carr 465 

P.Cook 1041 

p.  Cookson 2196 

p.  Garman 1346,  2048 

p.  Golding 1966 

p.  Gray 1632 

p.  Hopper 1371 

P.Jones 809 

p.  Leidemann 666 

p.  Smith  .    .    .  828,  997, 1770,  2256 

p.  Sylvester 1439 

Gray  burn  v.  Clarkson 400 

Graydon, /?« 1472,1772 

Grayson,  Re 1769 

p.  Atkinson 2020 

Grayston,  Re 1858 

Great  BriUin  S.  S-  Assn  p.  Wyllie  137 
Great  Central  Ry  p.  Metrop  Ry  .  1616 
Great  E.  Ry  p.  Hackney     891,  963, 1388. 

1389 
Great   Indian    Peninsular   Ry   v. 

Saunders 683,1413 

r.  Tarnbott 1128 


Page 

Great  Kruger  Co,  226 1033 

Great  Marlow  Case 1736 

G.  N.  Ry  p.  Coal  Co-operative  Socy     354, 

1898 

p.  Great  Central  Ry  .    .    .  663,  960 

p.  Inl.  Rev.   .      404,656,1703,1718, 

1781 

p.  Lurgan 22 

p.  Palmer 1819,1981 

p.  Shepherd       1473 

p.  South  Yorkshire  Ry  .    .    .    2070 

p.  Tahourdin 1645 

p.  Winder 1446 

G.  N.  Salt  Works,  12e 1642 

Great  Pacific,  The 1127 

Great  Ship  Co, /{e 16:30 

G.  W.  Coal  Co, /2e 1326 

G.  W.  Ry  p.  Bagge 379 

p.  Bailie 412,  2188 

p.  Bennett 860 

p.  Bishop 1801, 1349 

p.  Blower 2187 

p.  Bunch 1478 

p.  Central  Wales  Ry    874,  684,  1728 

p.  Edwards 1473 

p.  Halesowen  Ry  .    1144, 1728. 1896 

p.  Inl.  Rev 404 

p  London  &  County  Bank  451. 1287 

P.  McCarthy     ....     1090.1667 

P.May     ....    1728,1984,2184 

p.  Ry  Commrs 668,  683 

p.  Rous 2052 

p.  Sutton  ....    1101,  1788,  1789 

p.  Swindon  Ry  .     595, 711, 869,  870, 

1054,  2029 
Great  Wheal  Polgooth  Co,  Re  ,    .    1325, 

1577 
Great  Yarmouth  p.  Groom    .    .    .    1928 

Greated  p.  Created 1848 

Greater  Lond.  Property  Co  p.  Foot    1849 

Greathead  p.  Morley 770 

Greatorex  p.  Shackle 1343 

Greaves,  Re    .    .  1063, 1511, 1613,  22.36 

,  /?«,  Ex  p.  Whitton    ....      479 

p.  Simpson 860,  862 

p.  Wilson 981 

Grecep.  Hunt 114 

Green.  Re       86,  278,  598,  856,  1714. 1716 

p.  Baverstolk 877 

p.  Bolton 1357 

p.  Cresswell 474 

p.  Davies 162,1577 

p.  Eales 677 

p.  Elmslie 258 

p.  Giles 1429 

p.  Gosling 1125 

p.  Green 628 

P.  Irish  Independent  Co     .    .     1234 

P.Lucas 1567,1679 

p.  Marsden    .    .    .     694,  1580.  16«8 

p.  Marsh 148, 487 

p.  Mepham 1384.1408 

p.  Paterson  ....  649.  816.  1621 

p.  Penzance      .    .    .     273, 698,  866 

P.Price 1105 

p.  Sevin 1499 

r.  Thompson 2110 

p.  Tribe 2260 


Ixiv 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Page 

Green  r.  Wood 1016,1349 

I'.  Young 1746 

OreenawRj  r.  Adams  128,602, 1888,  2118 

V.  Hart 184, 865 

Greenbirt  v.  Smee 611 

Greene,  Re 1644 

V.  Gordon 806 

P.Greene 1631,1583 

t;.  Thornton 1-382 

Greenham  i;.  Child 17;i3 

Greenock  &  Wemyss  Bay  Ry  v. 
Caledonian  Hy      .    .     767,  1647,  2063 

Greenough  t;.  Eccles 49 

Greenslade  v.  Darby     .     1461, 1687, 2186 

y.  Tapscott  .    .    .      129,1314,2119 

Greenway  v.  Greenway     ....    1.340 
Greenwell  v,  Howell      .    .    .    1465, 1605 

V.  Low  Beechburn  Co    .    .    .      278 

Greenwich  Co.  Co.  Registrar.  Re  .    1724 
Greenwood,  Re     .    .    .      181,  1277,  1821 

V.  Briggs 1026 

V.  Hornsey 18,  2046 

V.  Leather  Shod  Wheel  Co    .   1290. 

2144,  2208 

».  Sutcliflfe 21,2118 

Greer, /?« 214 

V.  Young 1685 

Gregg  ».  Coates 1732 

V.  Smith 1442 

Gregory's  Case 427 

Gregory  v,  Henderson 1459 

V.  Tuflfs 1603 

».  W.  Mid.  Ry 1667 

Gregson,  Re 1998 

».  Watson 578 

Grehan.  Re 822 

Greig  v.  Bendeno 126 

V.  Martin 197 

Grendit  v.  Baker 499 

Grenfell  v.  Girdlestone 24 

r.  InLRev 1016 

Gresham  Assrce  v.  Bishop    .    .    .    1679 

V.  Styles 1678 

Grctton  v.  Haward 865 

Greville  v.  Browne    ....     291, 1743 
Greville-Nugent  v.  Mackenzie  1840, 1712, 

1772 

Grey. /2c 92.305,2067 

v.A-Q 1426 

V.  Curtice     ....  357,  404,  1588 

».  Friar 863 

—  V.  Jenkins 629 

t;.  Pearson 992,1849 

Grev's  Brewery, /2« 1562 

Gribbin  v.  Kirker 1825 

Grierp.  Grier 1391,1840 

Griesley's  Case 1689 

Grieve  v.  Grieve 306 

Grieves  v.  Rawley    ....      223, 1263 
Griffin.  Re    .     .    236,  239,  268,  812, 1288 

V.  Taylor 502 

Griffith.  Ex  p.,  Re  Wilcoxon  .    .    .    2190 

,  Re 840,  560.  1910 

.  flc.  Cam;.  Griffith  .    .    1602.2084 

V,  Hodjres 1995 

V.  Hughes 940. 985 

V  Pasret 1681 

t;.  Selby 1656 


Page 

Griffiths,  JfEe 620 

r.  Evan    ....     694,  1248, 15l«0 

V.  Gale 524 

V.  Griffiths 147 

v.  Hatchard 10O2 

V.  Lond.  &  St.  K.  Dock  Co     .    1171 

V,  Mortimer 200O 

17.  Rigby 2280 

V.  Taylor 758,  912 

Grigby  r.  Cox 2125 

Grigg  ^.National  Guardian  Co  136. 193, 499 
Grill  V.  General  Iron  Screw  Collier 
Co  .    .    .    .167,839,1259,1464,2244 

Grimbly  r.  Ackroyd 276 

GnmeB,£xp 1691,1889 

Grimman  v.  Legge 1995 

Grimshaw, /?e 2236 

Grimston  v.  Turner 914 

Gnmvftide,  Ex  p 716 

Grindell  v.  Brendon 2069 

V.  Godmond 1250 

Grindey, /^e 1008,1673 

Grissell  v.  Robinson 416 

Grizewood  v.  Blane 2058 

Groom,  Re 2087 

V,  Cheesewright 1686 

Grossniith,  Re 697 

Grosvenor  r.  Hampstead  Junct.  Ry      895 

Groux  Co  V.  Cooper 2^17 

Grove,  Re 666, 1278,  1946 

—  V.  Dubois 495 

V.  Marshall 1014 

Groves  v.  Volkart liJ57 

V.  Wright 382 

Gruffly  r.  Pindar 2056 

Grundy.  Re      ....     416,  1910,  1<.»69 

Gryffyth  v.  Jenkins 1031 

Gryll,  12« 1082 

Guaglieni  v.  Matthews 1603 

Gude  r.  Mumford 321 

Gue, /?€ 1264 

Guerin,  Re 1241 

Guest  V.  Cnldicott 2245 

1;.  Poole,  &c,  Ry    .    .    .    .860,1631 

Gugen  V.  Sampson   ....      222,1190 

Guidot  V.  Guidot 1053 

Guild  i;.  Conrad 91,957 

Guilmette  17.  Mossop 1359. 

Guinness.  Re 641 

GuitermsD,  Re 1590 

Guldfaxe,  The 455 

Gullan  r.  Grove 1244 

Gully  r.  Davis 1658 

r.  Exeter 2028 

V.  Smith 1807, 1308 

Gummoe  r.  Howes 865 

Gundry,/?6 179,1840 

V.  Pinniger 1278 

Gann  v.  Roberts 1251 

Gunning  r.  Gunning 1181 

Gunnsstad  v.  Price 156 

Gunter  v.  Metrop  Police   .    .    1697, 1763 

Gumey,/?« 1094 

V.  Gumey 1077 

Gurrr.  Scudds 1699 

Guthrie  V  Fisk 1971, 1979 

p.  Walrond 646.924 

Gatteridge  v.  Munyard     .    .    1820, 1719 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


Ixv 


Page 

Gnj  r.  CYiurchill 287, 1686 

Gayer  o.  The  Qaeen     .    .    .      795,2007 

Gwilliain  v.  Twist 1257 

Gwillim  V,  Daniel 1796 

r.  Gwillim 24 

Gwjnne  v.  Davy 488 

V.  Knight 870 

r.  Muddock 860 

Gjeo.  Felton 2194,2196 

Gyett  r.  Williami 525 

GyngaX\,Be 2230 


H. 

Habbrdashbrs'  Co,  Exp.  .  .  ,  10 
Habergham  v,  Ridehalgh  ....  1860 
Hack  r.  Lond.  Prov.  Bg  Socy    .    .      551 

Hackney  v.  G.  £.  Ry 212 

Haddan,  Re 1491 

Haddock  v,  Humphrey     .    .    2057,  2232 

Haddon  v.  Haddon 586 

Haden,  Re 61 

Hadfleld*8  Case 83 

Hadfleld  v.  Liverpool  .  .  .  600,2151 
Hadgraft  V.  Hewitt  .  .  .  .  1414,2099 
Hadleigh  Castle  Co,  /26     .    .    .    .      862 

Hadley  v.  Beedom 131,  808 

V.  Clarke 612 

p.  Hadley      .    .    .    1435,1817.2079 

V.  Perks 224,  853 

Haford  Hotel  Co,  Re 76 

Hagen,  iZe 1370 

Haggar  9.  Neatby 1847 

Haggin  v.  Comptoir  d'Escompte    .     264, 
411,1327,1734 

Hahn  n.  Corbett 258 

Haig  V.  Swiney 561 

Haigh,  Jf?e 538 

V.  Brooks 45,  378 

V,  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet 

Co 456,1127 

F.  Sheffield 909, 1487 

Hailes  p.  Marks 1668 

Haines  V.  Bamett 2157 

V.  Welch 701, 1683 

Hale,  l?« 1487,1910 

F.Hale 1111,2183 

Hales  F.  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry  ....  1664 
Haley  f.  Haromersley  .    .    .      637, 1200 

Haiford  F.  Half  ord 2036 

F.  Kymer 994,  998 

Halhead  f.  Toung 1570 

Halifax  Banking  Co  f.  Oledhill  .  1624 
Halifax  Commercial  Bk  and  Wood,  Re  967 

lUn,  Exp 162 

,  Re     803,  882,  865,  1014,  1095, 1264, 

1354,  1447, 1532 

,  Re,  Ex  p  aose     .    .  192, 198,  2088 

,  Re,  Ex  p,  Rocke 1816 

F.  Barrows 605 

F.  Box 1873 

F.  Brand 2097 

p.  Bristol 456 

p.  Byron 346 

r.  Comfort    .    .    .    .148,671,1294 

p.  Cox 1128 

p.  Derby 1602 

TOL.  I. 


Page 
HallF.Ewin     ....     181,1160,1774 

r.  Fisher 700 

p.  Franklin 2079 

p.  Hall    867,  444.  525,  569.  603,  604, 

1583,  1890 

p.  London  Brewery  ....      503 

p.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry     40.\  431.  679,  944, 

1425, 1672 

p.  May 132 

V.  Metcalfe 1313, 2023 

P.Norfolk 278 

p.  Nottingham 449 

p.  Pritchett 290,  472 

p.  Reid 2098 

p.  Richardson 2243 

p.  Robertson 2137 

p.  Smallpiece    ....      227,1954 

p.  Smith 905 

p.  Snowden 502 

F.Thomas 680 

p.  Wallace 203,  661 

p.  Warren 1779 

p.  Wright 29 

Hall  to  Sutton.  Re 230 

Hallen  p.  Runder 826,  997 

Hallett,  7?« 229,1264,1814 

llallifax  p.  Wilson 1432 

Halligan  p.  Ganly 1089 

Halpin, /?« 1991 

Halsey's  Case 2064 

Halsey  p.  Brotherhood 2080 

p.  Hales 707,1821 

Halton  p.  Cove 2169 

p.  Foster  ....     927,  1277,  2137 

Haly, /?6 546 

Hambleton,  Re 528 

Hambro  p.  Hambro 1713 

Hamer,  Exp 477 

p.  Sharp 1667 

Hames  v.  Hames 1387 

Hamilton's  Case 792 

Hamilton,  i?^  .    .      882,1530,1531,1532 

p.  Bass 323 

p.  Brogden 946,905 

p.  Buckmaster 333 

p.  Chaine 2108 

p.Dunlop 1093 

p.  Foot 1737 

p.  Graham 1990 

p.  Hamilton  ....      7,  586, 1021 

p.  Lloyd 117,  477 

p.  Mer.  Mar  Insrce    ....    1576 

p.  Musgrove 595 

p.  Pandorf    ....  14,  1453, 1464 

p.  Paton 1830 

p.  St.  George,  Hanover  Sq.     .      283 

Hamilton  and  Cnsey,  Re  ...  .  706 
Hamilton  and  Sharpe,  Re      .    .    .      886 

Hamington  p.  Rydear 753 

Hamlet, /20 1119 

,  Re,  Stephen  p.  Cunninprham  .    1075 

Hamlyn  p.  Bettely    .    .    .  30. 1206,  2103 

p.  Crown  Insrce     .    .    16,  677, 1182 

p.  Wood 1901 

Hammersley,  Re  .  .  603,  899,  1867, 1667 
Hammersmith  Ry  p.  Brand   .    .    .      974 

Hammerton  p.  Honey 449 

Hammond,  i;xf) 799,1163 


Ixvi 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Hammond  i;.  Hill 1711 

w.  Hocking 1143 

V.  Malcolm 828 

V.  Mather 758 

V.  Kcid 523 

V.  Smith 6 

Hammond  and  Waterton,  Re    .    ,      112 

Hamond  v.  Jethro 1189 

Hampden  t;  Buckinghamshire  .    .      903 

V.  Wallis 1372 

V.  WaUh 609 

Hampshire  v,  Wickens    2153,  2154,  2155, 

2157.  2158 
Hampstead  i;.  Hoopel    .    1272, 1431,  1949 

Hampton  v.  Holman 308 

V.  Southwark  Co 1067 

Hanbary  v,  Jenkins  ....    1846,  2229 

V.  Lovett 1169 

r.  Tyrrell 872 

Hance  v.  Harding     ....     891, 1622 

Hancock,  i2e 2241 

V,  Austin 1712 

r.  Hancock 1844 

V.  Somes 754 

Handcock,  Re 881,  1014 

Handsworth  v,  Derrington  1741, 1793, 1849 

r,  Taylor 1949 

Haney.  iR« 2277 

Hanfstaengl  t*.  American  Tobacco 

Co 124,1568.1569 

V.  Baines 1726, 1797  . 

?'.  Empire  Palace  Co  408,  409, 1726, 

2004 
Hanfstaengl  Art  Co  v.  Hollo  way    .    1568 

Hankow,  The 1414 

Hanks  v.  Bridgman  ....      497.  1439 

Hanna,  The 1424,  2083 

Hannam,  Re 1860 

Hannan  v.  Power 24 

Hannay,  Re 697 

Hannington  v.  True 1918 

Hanrahan  v.  Limerick  S.  S.  Co      .    2268 

Hanrott  v,  Evans 1062 

Hansen  v.  Harrold    ....      282.  2261 

Hanson,  Re 654,  607 

V.  Armitflge 12 

V.  Graham 2234 

Hanway  V.  Boultbee     .     .    758,775,910 

Harbin  ».  Darby 1570 

Harborne  Ry  v,  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry    1931 

Harbottle  v.  Terry 2098 

Hnrburg  Co  v.  Martin 842 

Hardacre  v,  Nash 1076 

Hardcastle  v.  Bielby    71,  1047,  1068,  1281 

y.  Hardcastle 2143 

V.  Jones 615,  1651 

Harcourt,  Exp 1833 

Harden  Co,  Re 697 

Harding  r.  Glyn  .    .    .      695.  1581,  1701 

V.  Harding 130 

V.  Headington 649 

V,  Metropolitan  Ry    .    .    .    .    2095 

r.  Stokes 1766 

V.  Wilson 2226 

Hardley.  Re 2107 

Hardman  v.  Johnson 1 109 

V,  Maffett 2269 

Hardwick,  Re 439 


Paipe 

Hardwick  v.  Brown 030 

V.  Hardwick TOO 

r.  Thurston 2137 

Hardy,  Re 912,  937 

p.  Bern 1176 

V.  Fetherstonhaugh  ....      6SO 

V.  Fothergill     .    .    .  471.  690, 109O 

V.  Ryle 1885,  2058 

Hare  r.  Barstow 1200 

V.  Burges 1710 

V,  Copland 1626 

f.  Henty 1664 

V,  Putney 181 

Hare  and  O'More,  Re 1887 

Haren  v.  Archdale 1370 

Harford  v.  Lynskey      ....  264,  562 

Hargreave  v.  Spink 1164 

HargreaTes,  Re 183 

V.  Dawson 930 

V,  Diddams 2054 

V,  Hopper 784,  1010 

Harington  v.  Moffat 1861 

Harker,  Exp,,  Re  Tatum      ...      489 

Harland  v.  Trigg 1581 

Harley  r.  Mitford     ....      806, 1969 

Harling.  Re 1911 

Harlock  v.  Ashberry     .    .    .    1487,  1687 

Harloe  v.  Harloe 2037 

Harman.  Re 1238 

V.  Homer 107 

W.Johnson 1803 

V,  Owden \?M 

V.  Richards 435 

V.  Vaux 1943 

Harmann  ».  Powell 50 

Harmer  v.  Cornelius      .    .    .    1891, 1892 

Harmon  r.  Park 368, 1752 

Harms  v.  Parsons 1100 

Harnett©  Vyse 817 

Harold  v,  Daly 188 

Harper,  A"x/> 875,1969 

,  ^z/).,  i?eGoldring  .     .     .    .     1309 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Tait 98 

V,  Granville-Smith     ....     1784 

V.  McCarthy     ....      462,2267 

V.  Marcks 666 

V.  Morley 322 

V.  Williams 284 

Harper  Co  v,  Wright  Co  .  .  1269. 1809 
Harper  and  G.  E.  Ry,  Re  .  .  875,  1969 
Harrington  v.  Harrington      .    .    .     1897 

V.Pole 1241,2040 

V.  Ramsay 1849 

Harris.  Arp 172,2260 

,  Re  ,    .    .    696,  906.  996,  1665.  1991 

,  Re,  Powell  v.  Goodale  ...      482 

V.  Amery 236,  2078 

V.  Beavan 1821 

V.  Best-Ryley 615 

».  Brisco 297,1140 

V.  Cockermouth  Ry  .     .     .    .    2128 

V.  Darley 81i9 

— r-  V.  Davis 1348 

V.  De  Pinna  ....  228,  696,  1363 

V.  Franconia,  The      ....      623 

V.  Gamble 1499,1918 

r.  G.  W.  B 1126 

V.  Harris  .    .    .    616,  733,  788, 1661 


TABLE   OF   CASES. 


Ixvii 


Page 

Harris  r.  Jacobs 1057 

r.  Jenkins 1171 

V.  Jenns      221.  711, 13^0,  1868,  2268 

w.  Judge 1026 

V.  Loftus 1012,  1013 

V.  London  Co.  Co 1183 

V.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry  399, 1262,  2086 

17.  Mantle 230 

V.  May 2279 

V.  Mobbe 1308 

V.  Newton 1080,  1278 

V.  Nickereon 2262 

r.  Perkins 440 

p.  Phillips 283 

p.  Poynep 1716 

V.  RothweU 724 

^■^  V.  Soaramanga 803 

p.  Slater 1861 

V,  Tubb 816,  1621 

V,  Wall 1665 

p.  Warre 1170 

Harrison,  Exp.,  Re  Peake  661, 1664, 1713, 

1916 

,  Re    62,  197,  304,  686,  662,  931. 932, 

940,  1011,  1648,  1909,  1910,  2066,2240, 

2252 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Jay 1817 

V  Anderston  Co 1270 

r.  Barrow  in  Furness     .    .    .     1742 

V.  Barton 1028 

V  Blackburn     824,1361,1367,1470 

V.  Brongh 815 

V.  Bush 1669 

r.  Carter 72 

p.  Cornwall  Minerals  Ry    .    .        96 

p.  Foreman 606 

p.  Good 40,  i:i01 

r.  Grady 1260 

p.  G.  N.  Ry 1697 

p.  Harrison  895, 942, 1686, 1686, 1803, 

2065,  2160 

P.Hyde 1226 

p.  Mexican  Ry 1558 

p.  Mid.  Ry 1189 

p.  Muncaster 1640 

p,  Paynter 1217 

p.  RutUnd 878 

p.  Southwark,  Ac,  Water  Co      1299 

p.  Symons 1013 

V.  Taylor 1269 

p.  Wardle 1591 

p.  Whitaker 616 

Harrison  and  Bottomley,  Re  .  .  498 
Harrison  and  Ingram,  Re  ...    .    1844 

Harrod  p.  Harrod 2142 

p.  Worship 93 

Harrold  v.  Watney 1300 

Harrop  p.  Bayley 67 

p.  Ossett 81, 1629 

narrower  r.  Hutchinson  .  861,  624,  1609 
Harrowing  S.  S.  Co  p.  Toohey  .    .    2089 

Hart  p.  Aldridge 1026 

p.  Alexander 1867 

p.  Baxendale 1886 

p.  Beard 1408 

p.  Bush 12 

V.  Hart     .    .    1446,  2164,  2166,  2160 

p.  Holmes 2238 


Page 
Hart  p.  Middleton     ....    1222,  1223 

p.  Standard  Mar  Insrce      .     .     1009 

p.  Swaine 771 

p.  Tribe    ....    1581,1632,2241 

p.  Tulk 1206 

p.  Windsor   ...     503,  1039,  1086 

Hartfleld  p.  Rotherfield     ....    1553 

Hartley's  Case 890 

Hartley,  Re     .    .     805,  1466,  1691,  2283 

p.  Allen 733 

p.  Halse 1210 

p.  Hudson  127,  298,  2011,  2012,  2014, 

2015 

p.  Maddocks 1714 

Hartnall,  i?« 1902 

Harton  p.  Harton 1459 

Hartopp  i\  Hartopp 1586 

Harts  home  p.  Nicholson    ....      759 

Harty  v.  Davis 1182 

Harvest,  The 2071 

Harvey, /?«      ....      819,1465,2088 

—^  V.  Barnard's  Inn 1968 

— '--'  V.  Broad 72 

p.  Brydges 743 

p.  Facey  ." J129 

p.  Farnie       623 

p.  Harvey 702 

p.  Johnston 1192 

p.  Lyme  Regis 1069 

p.  Municipal  Bg  Socy    .    .    .    2168 

p.  Olliver 416 

Harvie  p.  S.  Devon  Ry      ....      895 

Harward  p.  Frost 1794 

Harwood  p.  G.  N.  Ry    .    .    .     .     92,  726 

Haseldine,  Re 308 

Hasker,  Exp 273 

p.  Wood        570,  957 

Haskins  p.  Newcomb 359 

Haslam  Co  v.  HaU 1028 

Haslewood  p.  Consolidated  Co  .    .     1148 

Haslock  p.  Fergusson 2146 

Hasluck  p.  Clark      ....      478,  1477 

Hassall  p.  Lawrence 2257 

Hasson  p.  Chambers 590 

Hastelow  p.  Jackson 509 

Hastie,  Re 304 

Hastings,  Re  483, 434, 661, 662, 1814, 1916 

p.  Hastings 933 

p.  N.  E  Ky  .     .    81,  951,  1078,  2027 

p.  Pearson 1188 

p  St.  James,  Clerkenwell  .    .    2237 

p  Whitley 140 

Haswell  p.  Haswell  ....      615,  1670 

Hatch  p.  Hatch 1276 

Hatfield  p.  Phillips 10()6 

Hatter  p.  Ash 778 

Hatton  p.  Harris 16 

^—  V.  Haywood 497 

p.  Kean 149 

V.  Treeby 261 

Haughton  p.  Empire  Mar  Insrce  .  140 
Havelock  v.  Hancill ....      168, 1006 

V.  Rockwood 1649 

Haven  Co,  Re 1034 

Haverington's  Case 753 

Haviland  p.  Haviland 5H 

Hawes  p.  Draeger 169 

V.  Hawes 1759 


Ixviii 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


HawcB  V,  leader 2198 

r.  S.  E.  Ky 1461 

Hawke, /?«,  Ax ;).  Scott    ....      114 

V.  Brear (560 

r.  Corn 1018 

V.Dunn 1487 

Hawkes  v.  Hubback 091 

llawkings  v,  Newman 134 

Hawkins, /?e 476,626 

V.  Bridgwater  J 118 1188 

V.  Gathercole 60,  1909 

V.  Hawking  ....     867,  476,  628 

V.  Butter 696,  2063 

1;.  Walrond 187,1624 

Hawksley  V.  Outram    .    .    .    1626,1783 
Hawksworth  v.  Cliaffey    ....    1068 

V.  Hawksworth 1348 

Hawley  v.  Simpson 1334 

Haworth  v,  Ormerod 1691 

Hawtajne  v.  Bourne 1266 

Hawtiiorn  v.  Newcastle  By   .      084,  2149* 

V.  Shedden 806,  806 

liny,  He 398 

u.  Goldsmidt 69 

-^  17.  Norihcote      ..'....    1166 

V.  Perth 1266 

r.  Swedish,  &c,  By    .     .    .    .     1212 

i;.  Tower  Justices      .    406,  707,  768 

17.  Trinity  House 1424 

Haycraft  Co,  Rb 635 

Hayden  v.  Tiverton       32 

Haydon  v,  Bose 1482 

17.  Taylor 944,  2252 

Haydon  Bridge  School, /2e    ...      686 

Hayes, /?e 1161,1914 

17.  Alliance  Assrce     ....    1840 

17.  Bickerstafife 1640 

V.  Dexter 672 

17.  Hnyes 68 

V.  Stephenson 2136 

Hayes    Common    Conservators  v. 

Bromley 1178 

Haygarth,/?e 176 

Hayle,/?e 1406 

Hay  les  V.  Pease 1008 

Hayman  v.  Bugby  School      .    .    .    1496 
Hayn  17.  Culliford      .    .    1246,1260,2091 

Hayne  i7.  Burchell 827 

t'.  Cnmmings 866,  429 

V.  Bhodes 1977 

Haynes, /?e 1312 

.  Re,  Ex  p.  Nat.  Mer.  Bank     .   1310, 

2103 

17.  Barton 49 

17.  Doman 1746 

17.  G.  \V.  By 2246 

17.  Halliday 199 

V.  Haynes 321. 1643 

v.  King 386,989 

Hays  17.  Bickersta£fe 1434 

Hayward,  Re 164,  627, 1760 

17.  Cannington 2109 

17.  Homer 1840 

V.  James 631.  1678 

V.  Scott 942,  1676 

Haywood,  Re 1666 

t'.  Brunswick  B-  Socy  .    .    .    1774 

t'.  Silber  .    .    1102, 1969,  2164,2160 


Hazle,  i2e 2025 

Heach  v.  Prichard 80O 

Head  v.  Head 169 

Head  and  Macdonald,  Re  ,    .    .    .      633 

Healey  v.  Batley 878 

17.  Storey 1025 

(7.  Thames  Valley  By    .    .    .    1242 

Healyp.  Healy 1779 

Heap  V.  Day 1439 

W.Hartley 836,1686 

Heaphy,  i?e 213,1001 

Heard  v.  Heard 889,  616 

t\  Holman 468, 1868 

Hearle  r.  Hicks 1866 

Hearn  r.  Baker 1998 

17.  L.  &  S.  W.  By 1126 

Heame  v.  Edmunds 1944 

17.  Garton 1047 

Hearson  v.  Churchill 208 

Heartley  v.  Banks    ....    1823, 2023 
Heasman  i7.  Pearse  .    .  1014,  1969,  2044, 

2046 

Heath  v.  Burdcr 49 

17.  Crealock C28, 1821 

17.  Hall 1626 

V.  Heape 292 

17.  Milward 328 

t7.Pugh    .    .    .    319,722,744.1687 

p.  Bollason  .    .    .      617,  1269,  1430 

V.  Smith 92 

Heathcote,  Re 2172 

Heathe  t7.  Heathe 1862 

Heather  v,  Webb 936 

Heathfleld  S.  S.  Co  t7.  Bodenacher      260 

Heatley  t7.  Newton 1188 

Hea wood  17.  Bone 1122 

Hebbert  v.  Purchas  .    .  1858,  2168,  2184, 

2206 
Hebblethwaite  t7.  Peerer  ....  1027 
Hecla  Foundry  Co  v.  Walker   .     .      968 

Hecquard,  Re 691 

Hedderwick  v.  Griffin        ....      206 

Heddy  t7.  Wheelhouse 2266 

Heden  v.  Atlantic  Boyal  Mail  Steam 

Nav.  Co 764 

Hedger  v.  Steavenson 1762 

Hedges  t;.  Hedges 667 

t7.  London  Docks  Co .    ...    2180 

V.  Preston 808,  2196 

Hedgman,  Re,  Morley  v.  Croxon    .     769, 

1990 

Hedley,  Re 873 

17.  Fenwick 1366 

17.  Pinkney  Co 1809 

Heelis  v.  Blain 88 

Hegarty  v.  Milne 664 

17.  Shine 83, 966 

Heginbotham,  Re 1142 

Heinrich,  The 1638,1746 

Heitzmann  17.  Gowenlock  .    .    .    .    1114 
Helby  v.  Matthews  ....      240, 1346 

Hele  V.  Gilbert 117 

17.  Ogle 7 

Helene,  The 1069 

Hellawell  v.  Eastwood 734 

Hellier  i7.  Casbard 2286 

Helsby,  Re  .    , 1829, 1886 

Helsham  v.  Barnett 696 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixix 


llemans  v.  Hotchkiss  Co  ...    .    1642 

Hemingway,  Re 1076 

Hemp  V.  Garland 277 

Uemsworth  Grammar  School,  Re  .     536, 

580,620 
Henderson. /?«     ....  716,717,1724 

,  Be,  Ex  p,  Lewig 1616 

r.  Australian  Hoy.  Mail  Steam 

Co 1857 

p.  Bank  of  Australasia  .      945,  1920 

V.  Comptoir  D'Escompte     183,  839, 

1261 

c.  Eason 1680 

V.  Farbridge 67,  603 

r.  Hay 346,2157 

V.  Kennicott 629 

r.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry      .    .    .    1480 

r.  MaxweU 204 

r.  Shanklaud 2073 

p.  Thorn 1720 

Hendon  v.  Pounce 381,  632 

Hendricks  v.  Australasian  Insrce  Co     688, 

808,1334 

Hendrie, /?« 937 

Hendriks  v.  Montagu 2082 

Heneage  v.  Andover 1716 

Henfrey  v.  Henfrey 883 

Henley,  Re 1402 

Henly  p.  Lyme 1610 

Hennessy  p.  Bray     ....      861,  2108 

p.  McCabe 662- 

Henniker  p.  Chafy 40 

p.  Henniker 405 

Henrette  p.  Booth     ......      893 

Henretty  v.  Hart 1487 

Henrich  Bjom,  The 1251 

Henriques.  Re 1412 

Henry  p.  Antrim 71,  1286 

p.  Armitage  ....  811,  987, 1856 

p.  Ball 1899 

p.  G.  N.  Ry 560 

P.Smith 1027,1551 

Henry  Clay  Bock  &  Co,  /2e  .    .    .      641 

Hensey  v.  White 15 

Hensloe's  Case 1004 

Henslow  p.  Fawcett 418 

Hensman  p.  Fryer 1918 

Henthom  p.  Fraser 1087 

Henton, /?«  237 

Henty  p.  Henty 515 

p.Regina 1471,1659 

Henwood  p.  OTerend    .    .    .    .871,872 

Hepburn  p.  Skirving 1296 

Hepworth  p.  Pickles 2208 

Heraud  p.  Leaf 1521 

Herbage  Rents  Charity, /2c  .    1713,2035 

Herbert,  Re 803,  461 

p.  Forbes 1724 

V.  Herbert 85 

p.  McQuade 1573 

p.  Reid 1832 

Hercules,  The 8*26 

Hercyma  Copper  Co,  Re  ...    .    1632 
Hereford  Case,  R.  p.  Jones    ...      879 
Hereford  Waggon  Co, /2<      ...      890 
Heritable  Reversionary  Co  p.  Mil- 
lar   1583 

Hermann  v.  Seneschal 1628 


Flige 

Hernaman  p.  Smith 275 

Hero,  The 1177 

Heron  p.  Donellan 310 

p.  Granger 1(599 

p.  Stokes 1277 

Herring  p.  Barrow,  Re  Thomson  547 

p.  St.  Paul's 1929, 2204 

Herron  p.  Hathmines  Commrs     523,  10(58 

Herse  p.  Dufaux 874 

Hersloe's  Case 778,1004 

Hertford  p.  Lowther  ....  648,  824 
Hervey  p.  McLaughlin      ....    1846 

Heseltine  v.  Heseltine 923 

p.  Siggers 826 

P.Simmons 491,2196 

Heske  p.  Samuelson 492 

Heskethp.  Lee 931,1971 

Hester  p.  Hester 237,2120 

Heston  and  Isleworth  p.  Grout     175,  570, 

1758 

Hetherington,  Re 553 

p.  Groonie     .    .    .     926,  1384,  1937 

Hetley  p.  Boyer 542 

Hetling  and  Merton,  Re  ...  .  2244 
Heugh  p.  Chamberlain      ....      612 

Heurteloup's  Case 724 

Hewer, /?« 1734,2101 

p.  Cox 1783 

Hewett,  Re 631 

p.  Thompson 1670 

Hewitson  p.  Sherwin 1437 

Hewitt,  Re 890,  1846 

p.  Cory 1988 

p.  George 1412 

p.  Price 1021, 1614 

p.  Taylor 1975 

p.  United  Marine  Insrce    .    .    1000 

Hewlett  p.  Allen 1438 

Hewlins  p.  Shippam 594 

Hewson  and  Listowel,  Re      .    .    .      502 

Hewston  p.  Phillips 1077 

Hextp.  Gill.    .    .   1201,1202,1208,2257 

Hey  man  p.  Flewker 56 

Heyne,  Re 1651 

Heys  p.  Tindall 1892 

Hey  wood  p.  Hey  wood 2137 

p.  Mallalieu 865 

p.  Potter 119 

p.  Whitehead 1200 

Hey  worth  p.  Hutchinson  ....    1790 

p.  Knight 1182 

Hibbard  p.  Lamb 1998 

Hibbert  v.  Acton 227 

p.  Hibbert 1264, 1700 

Hibblewhite  p.  M'Monne  .  .  486,  2058 
Hibernian  Bank  p.  Gilbert  ...  45 
Hibonp.  Hibon  .  .  .  1193,1537,1890 
Hick  p.  Raymond     ....    1664, 1963 

p.  Tweedy 1667 

Hickey,  Re 376,  712 

Hickinbotham  v.  Leach     ....      581 

Hickley  p.  Greenwood 1917 

Hickling  p.  Fair 1011,1074 

Hickman's  Case 2070 

Hickman  p.  Birch 846 

p.  Isaacs        1320 

p.  Maisey 878 

Hicks,  £:j/>. 1983 


Ixx 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pa«e 

Ilicka  V  Duostable 131G 

V.  Gardner 1620 

p.  Ross 90 

r.  Sallit 1156 

Hide  V,  Whistler "2263 

Hides  V.  LitUejohn  ....      388,  1893 

Higginbottom's  Case 122 

Higgins, /?e 485 

V.  Dawson 1738 

V.  Grant 1166 

».  Hall 120 

V.  Harding 1055 

V.  Northwich 114 

Iligginsiiaw  Mills,  lie 1562 

Higginson  v.  Hall 1417 

r.  Weld 2119 

Higgs*  Case 77 

Hi^ii  Wycombe  v.  Thames  Conser- 
vators        2247.2249 

Higham  u.  Wright 615,616 

Highland  Chief,  The    ...    .    485,  577 
Highland  Ry  v.  G.  N.  of  Scotland 

Uy  .    . 684 

U.Jackson 2070 

Highmore  v.  Primrose 2173 

Highworth  p.  Westbury-on-Severn     307, 

2240 

Hilder  v.  Dexter 2124 

Hildesheimer  u.  Dunn  .    .    .    1398, 1864 

Hildred  v.  Ingram 1615 

UWl,  Exp 271,555.1365 

,  ^x  p.,  i2c  Bird     .    .    1,1232,2189, 

2201 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Darbyshire  ...      755 

,  £a:  p., /?«  Roberts     ....    1713 

,  Re  , 35,  1091,  1897 

V.  Barge 1174 

V.  Broughton 338 

V.  Brown 643,  706, 1583 

D.Browning 245,1422 

V.  Bullock 734 

».  Cooper 26,  585 

V.  Crank 71 

P.Crook   .    .308,304,526,903,992, 

1166,1253,1265 

V.  E.  &  W.  India  Dock  Co  488 

P.Edward 1378 

p.  Exeter,  Bp  of 1621 

r.Fox 1938,2119 

p.  Grange      .    .  109,  270,  1 166,  2068 

V.  Grant,  Re  Dickson     395, 938,  948 

p.  Hair 572 

p.  Haire 1909 

p.  Hill        362,  866,  1076, 1532, 1633. 

2104 

I.London 2146 

p.  Lond.  &  County  Assrce  .    .    1176 

p.  Mason 160 

p.  Mid  Ry 870,2109 

p.  Fatten.    .    .    .      790,1877,1866 

p.  PotU 657 

p.  Priour 2045,  2070 

p.  Rowlands 1201 

p.  Scott 994 

P.Smith 1164,2071 

p.  S.  Stnfifordshire  Ry    .      500,  1981 

p.  Stawell 24 

p.  Thomas 680,2144 


Psge 

Hill  p.  Walker 932,  984 

p.  WalUsey       .    .     897, 1557,  1949 

p.  Wilson 1256 

Hill  to  Chapman,  i?e     .    .    .      606,2000 

Hilliard  p.  Constable 198 

— —  p.  Jennings 432 

Hillman,  Exp,,  Re  Punifrey      .    .    1622 

Hills,  £:*p 1565 

p.  Evans 1345, 1348 

p.  Hills 568 

p.  Lond.  Gas  Co    .    .    .    1845, 1348 

V.  Mesnard 1436 

p.  Renny 714 

p.  Sughrue 918,2130 

Hilton  V.  Hopwood 59 

p.  Tucker 198 

Hime  p.  Dale 1864 

Hinchlifife,  Re 666 

p.  Armitstead 670 

p.  Westwood 1081 

Hinde, /?« 911 

p.  Chorlton 707,  2181 

p.  Gray 603 

Hindle  p.  Taylor 872,1970 

Hindmarch,  £xp 632 

Hinds, /?€ 1881 

Hindson  p.  Ashby     ....      914,  1846 
Hinks  p.  Safety  Lighting  Co      .    .      123 

Hinton  p.  Duff 1383 

p.  Spark es 1106 

Hipkins  p  Birmingham  Gas  Co    71,  1320, 

1490,  1973,  2220 

Hire  Purchase  Co  p.  Richens     .    .      182 

Hirst  p.  Halifax 878 

w.  Horn 2249 

p.  Molesbury     ...  796,  988, 1483 

p.  Williams 798 

His  Majesty's  Procurator  v.  Stone     2060 

Hiscock,  Re 35 

Hiscox,  Re 35 

Hitchcock  p.  Humfrey 888 

p.  Siretton 1436 

Hitching  p.  Croft 1793 

Hitchins  p.  Brown 1243 

p.  Morrieson     ....      903,  2240 

Hoad  p.  Grace 1989 

Hoarp.  Loe 712 

Hoare  r.  Chambers 1086 

p.  Hornby 21 

p.  Sllverlock     .  663,  783, 1026, 1152 

Hobbs  p.  Cathie 582 

p.  Dance 1268 

p.  Hudson 1448 

p.  Knight 2017 

p.  Mid.  Ry 89,40,1985 

p.  Tuthill 1013 

Hobert  and  Stroud's  Case      .    .    .    1652 

Hobgen  p.  Neale 1859 

Hobson,  /?«...    9,  84,  497,  1098,  1822 

p.  Hull 1984 

p.  Middleton     ....    1420, 1460 

p.  Tulloch 1565 

Hocli  P.  Boor 20 

Hochster  p.  De  la  Tour     ....    1755 

Hockaday. /^e 1296 

Hockey  p.  Evans 317 

Hockin  p.  Cooke 234 

Hocking,  Re     ...  807,  571, 1462, 1544 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxi 


Page 

Hockley  v.  Ansah 1626 

r.  Mawbey 1011 

Hodder  r.  WiUiams 1877 

Hoddinott    v.    Hume    &    Colonial 

Stores 660, 10?6 

r.  Newton     .    .  881,  858,  179(5,  1797 

Hodges, /?e 1814 

I?.  Grant 1076 

r.  Smith 204 

Hodgins  V.  Hancock 463 

Hodgkinson,  Re 1282, 1766 

r.  Crowe  .    .  1680,  2164,  2165,  2166. 

2167,  2168 
Hodgson,  720    .     60,688,924,1020,1026, 

1669,  1740 

r.  Bell 1871,1689 

c.  Coppard 169 

p.  Davies 107,241 

c.  Field 384 

r.  Graveling 1004 

v.Jex 603,  1367 

p.  Little 213,729 

V.  Sinclair 697 

p.  Sinithson 1111 

Hodgson  8  School,  Re   ,    .    ,      680,  1704 
Hodsoll  V.  Baxter     ....      471,  1107 

Hodson  V.  Pare 1031 

Hoerter  v.  Hanover  Co     ....    2267 

Hoffman  v.  Marshall 1944 

Hogan, /e« 230 

p.  Byrne 310 

V.  Jackson   67,  642, 1470,  1668, 1669. 

1706, 1968,  2272 

V.  Sterrett    .    .    .      970,  1120,  1236 

Hogarth  v.  Jennings 168 

p.  Miller 216,  606 

p.  Walker 790 

Hogben  v.  Neale  .    .    .    1013,  1014, 1869 

Hogg  p.  Cook 1264 

p.  Jones 33 

p.  Scott 1319 

r.  Snaith 69 

Hoggan  p.  Esqui  malt  &  Nanaimo  Ry   1926 

Hoggarth  p.  Tavlur 483 

Hoggins  p.  Gordon 912 

Hoghton  p.  Hnghton 2260 

Hohenzollem  Co,  Re 660 

Hdbom  V.  Chertsey      .    .    .    1860,1736 

Holcroft  P.  Heel 2046 

Holden.  Exp, 621.  662 

P.King 67,274 

p.  Ramsbottom 1494 

Holder  p.  Ramsbottom 1494 

p.  Taylor 608 

Holdfast  p.  Dowsing 432 

Uoldsworth  p.  Dimsdale    ....    2260 

Hole  p.  Chard 388 

HoKord,  7?e 1142 

p.  Bailey  .     233,  708,  727,  886. 1236, 

1846. 19Q1 

p.  George 782,  1631 

p.  Pritchard 658 

Holgate  p.  Jennines  ....      690, 1742 

Holgate  School,  & 602 

Hollp.  Hsdiey 2166 

Holland.  Re,  Ei  p.  Warren  .    .    .    1864 

p.  Clark 24 

P.Dickson 1692 


P*ge 
Holland  p.  Fisher      ....    1011, 1634 

p.  Fox 1446 

p.  Hagan 1735 

p.  Hodgson 1200,1469 

p.  Kensington 1388 

p.  King 1345 

— -  p.  Lazarus    ....  671,  673,  1849 

V.  North  wich 345 

p.  Wallen 1268 

P.Wood 1349 

Hollands  p.  Chambers 2023 

Holledge's  Case 969 

Holies  r.  Carr 429 

Holliday  p.  Wakefield  .  .  103,  076, 1064 
Hollinrake  p.  Truswell .    .  298,  410. 1108. 

1864,  2064 

Hollins  p.  Fowler 2100 

p.  Verney     ...'...  86, 1002 

Hollinsworth,  £'x  p 1516 

Hollis  p.  Briscow 174 

p.  Marshall 69 

Hollis  Hospital, /2e 1462 

Hollon,  Re 996 

Holloway,/2c 1357 

p.  Coster 1836 

p.  HoUoway 2044 

Holman  p.  Dasuieres 73 

p.  Green 1606 

p.  Loynes 930 

Holme  p.  Guy 1663 

Holmes,  Re     ....      996.  1240,  1625 

p.  Clarke 801 

p.  G.  N.  Ry 616 

p.  Hoskius 12 

p.  Kerrison  .......      142 

p.  Lauder 1427 

p.  Meynell 93 

V.  Millage 946 

p.  Milward 701,  1668 

p.  Seller 2225 

p.  Tutton 194,  1097 

Holness  v.  Mackay  ......      616 

Holroyd  p.  Gwynne 591 

p.  Marshall 1760 

Holt,  ^r/>.,i2eDaintrey  .  .  .  .  2261 
Holt, /?e    .    215,655,699,753.959,2101, 

2264 

p.  Collyer 65/ 173, 174 

p.  Frederick 47 

p.  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co      .    2047 

p.  Scholefleld 754 

Holtby  p.  Hodgson 1028 

Holton,  Re 650 

Holy  day  p.  Morgan 1907 

Holyland  p.  Lewin 624,  625 

Holywell  p.  Halkyn  Drainage  Co  .     659, 

871 
Homann,  Ex  p..  Re  Vining  .    .  640,  151G 

Honiberg,  Exp 1833 

Home  p.  Booth 1704 

Home  Marine  Insrce  p.  Smith    1340, 1894 

Homer  p.  Homer 139, 1812 

p.  Taunton 2100 

Honan  p.  Vereker 541 

Hone,  Re 1997 

Honey  bone  p.  Hambridge  .  .  .  1183 
Hony  wood  »».  Hony  wood  .  .  2056, 2216 
Hood,  Re,  Ex  p.  Blandford  .     .    .    1677 


Ixxii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Hood  V.  Barrington 1689 

V.  Franklin 1330 

P.Hood 1076 

1;.  Murray 1279 

V.  Newbv 161 

r.  N.  E.  Ry 723 

*r.  Oglander 694 

Hood-Barrs  v.  Cathcart     .    498,  781,  986, 
1344,  1626,  1627,  1662 

V.  Heriot 986, 1746 

Hooke  V.  Hooke 1912 

Hooker  v.  Boggs 431 

V.  Wilks 838 

Hookes  V.  Swaine     ....    1448, 1624 

Hookey,  Exp, 479 

Hoole  v.G.W.Ry 1396 

Hooper,  f^xp 1074 

.  Ex  p..  Re  Elliott      ....    1446 

,  Re 896, 1339 

V,  Accidental  Insree  ....    2237 

V.  Balfour 698 

V.  Bourne     ....  40, 1984, 1986 

17.  Gumm 1034, 1440 

i;.  Holme 872 

r.  Kenshole  .     692,  1341, 1484, 1873 

V,  Stephens 1436 

V,    Western    Counties    Tele- 
phone Co 76, 1682, 1718 

Hope, /?6 866,1138,1326 

».  D'Hedouville 2024 

V.  Hope 447,  709,  710 

V.  Potter 1969 

V,  Walter 610 

V,  Warburton 1972 

Hopewell  v.  Aclaud  .  74, 1102, 1739,  2233 

Hopkin,  Re 1014 

Hopkins,  Re     .    ,    .    .   1011, 1014, 2129 

».  Abbott 1818 

17.  G.  N.  Ry  .    .    .    .    712,  870,  976 

V.  Philipps 769 

V.  Robinson 1427, 1901 

17.  Swansea 246 

Hopkinson,  Re      .     664, 1829, 1429,  2081 

17.  Cauut       615 

i;.  Lee 1826 

17.  Lusk 1470 

Hopper,  Re 112 

Horbury  Bridge  Co,  Re     .    .      362.  2203 
Horder  v.  Grainger  ....      120,  1536 

r.  RoberU 758,  2133 

17.  Scott 1626 

Hore  i*.  Briddleworth 892 

Horley  v.  Rogers 768 

Horn,  7?e 1841,1966 

r.  Raine 1807 

17.  Sleaford 896,1912 

Horn  and  Francis,  Re 1071 

Hornblower  v.  Boulton      .    .    1194, 1861 

Hornby  t7.  Cardwell 967 

17.  Lacy 496 

17.  Silvester 1829 

Home,  Re 629,1841,2026 

17.  Barton 1580 

V.  Mackenzie     647, 1232, 1765,  2281 

Home  and  Hellard,  Re     ,    .    .    .      736 

Horner,  Re 284,  447,  2240 

,  /?«,  Eagleton  v.  Homer      804,  1724 

,  Re,  Pomfret  v.  Graham     .    .    1999 


Horaert7.  Fiintoff     ....    1106.1106 

p.  Lewis   ....     688, 1184,  lOOO 

Hornet,  The 1940 

Homsby  v.  Raggett 2148 

Homsey  p.  BrewU    .  288,894,958,1389, 

1018 

V.  Davis 782 

t7.  Monarch  Bg  Socy    290, 292, 1541 

V,  Smith  ....    1389,  1537,  1538 

Horridge  v.  Ferguson 1848 

Horsburgh,  i?e 248 

Horsey  v.  Steiger     750, 1086, 1107, 1293, 

2119 

Horsfall. /2« 1111 

17.  Key 784,  826, 1699 

Horsfield  v.  Ashton 924 

Horsford,  Re 98 

Horsley  17.  Price  ....     76,139,1247 

Hort's  Case 1295 

Horton,  Re 1528 

».  Leeds 1899 

V.  Walsall 839 

Horwell  v.  Gen.  Omnibus  Co     .    .    1C38 

Horwood,  Re 810 

V.  Smith 1744 

V.  West 1531 

Hosegood  V.  Pedlar 1952 . 

Hosking  v.  Smith      ....      632,  1933 

17.  Wood 1310, 1733 

Hoskins  v.  PickersgiU  ...      790,  2004 
Hotchin  v.  Hiudmarsh  .    .    .    1200, 1824 

Hotchkins,  Re 923 

Hotchkiss, /?e       1180 

Hotchkys,  Re,  Freke  v.  Calmady  .      645 
Hotel  &  Gen.  Advertising  Co  v. 

Wickenden 398 

Hotham  v.  Sutton     .     .     604, 1866.  1868 

Hotten  V.  Arthur 205 

Hough  t;.  Head 835 

Houghton,  Re 701, 702 

17.  Gilbart 260 

17.  Houghton 1009 

17.  Matthews 496 

17.  Orgar 792 

t\  Staines 2077 

V.  Sutton  Heath  Co   ...    .      694 

Houlder  v.  Mer.  Mar  Insree  .    .    .    1058 
Houlston  17.  Woodward      ....     1561 

Hounsell  v,  Suttiil 1880 

House  17.  House 1532 

House  Improvement  and  Supply 

Assn,  Re 

Hovenden  v.  Millhoff 217 

How  17.  Whitfield 182 

17.  Winterton 215 

Howard's  Case     ....  461,  778, 1144 

Howard, /?c 954 

V.  Bodington 1866 

P.Clarke 1674 

p.  Collins 1998 

p.  DIgby 1481 

p.  IngersoU 876 

p.  Kay 788 

p.  Lupton 1442 

p.  Patent  Ivory  Co    ...    .    1584 

p.  Sadler 981 

p.  Wilson 1832 

p.  Woodward 827 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxiii 


Howarili  v.  Brearley     ...         .    1528 

r.  Howarth 1171 

I'.MilU a04, 1084 

Howcutt  o.  Bonser 23 

Howden,  iZe 1656 

V.  Fleemiug 1134 

Howe, /2e 2240 

r.  Dartmomh     ,     .    1567,1715/2220 

».  Finch 2270 

V.  Palmer 12 

V,  Smith 608,  598,  641 

Uowell,  Re 21,  678 

u.  Bowers 144($ 

r.  Movers 1625 

r.  Metrop  Dist  Ry     .    .    .    .      472 

HowelU  V.  Wynne 419 

Howes, /2e.  fTx  p.  Hughes      .    .  753,926 

I*.  Broshfleld 489 

r.  Inl.  Rev 439.  626 

r.  Turner      .    .     141,463.662,1283 

llowitt  V.  Harrington    .     646, 1641, 1711 

r.  Stephens 1248 

Howland  v.  Dover  Harbour  Bd      .    1300 

lioworth  V,  Minns 178 

V.  Sutcliffe 595, 2063 

lloyle,  Re 91, 1289 

V,  Hitchman      ....      173, 1536 

r.  Oldham 1963 

V.  Oram    .    ...    616,  642,  944, 1661 

Hoyles  r.  Blore 656 

Hubbartrs  Case 2277 

Hubbard,  iTx  p., /2e  Hardwicke  193,1760, 

2088 

,  Re 1095,  1364 

V.  Goodley 44 

V.  Hubbard 1844 

llubbersty  r.  Manchester,  S.  &  L. 

liy 249 

Hubbuck, /?« 36,949 

V,  Wilkinson 1668 

Heckle  9.  Wilson 551 

Hucklesby  v.  Hook 1882 

Huckman  v.  Fernie 2163 

Hnddersfield  v.  G.  N.  Ry  .    .    .    .      936 

V.  Ravensthorpe 2224 

Huddersfleld  Bank  v.  Lister  ...  869 
Huddersfield  and  Jacomb,  Re  .  .  866 
Huddleston,  Re  .  1238,  1820,  1914, 1918 
Hudleston  o,  Gouldsbury  .    .      204,  1818 

Hudson.  Re 564, 706 

D.  Bilton 718 

p.  Clementson  ....    1621,2110 

9.  Cripps 735 

r.Ede 520,1504 

r.  Ffissett 996 

r.  HiU 765 

r.  Louth 1356 

r.  McRae      .    .    .     203,2064,2135 

r.  Osborne 828 

r.  Parker      ....    24,147,1540 

V.  Revett 498 

p.  Tabor 1806 

r.  Tooth 1122,1123 

Huds|>etb  v.  Yamold 654 

Hudston  p.  Mid.  Ry  ,    .    .    .    1472, 1473 

Huffam  V.  Ellis 2030 

p.  N.  Staffordshire  Ry    .    .    .    1439 

Hu£fell  p.  Armistead 1665 


Pige 
Huggins,  /?e     ....     946,  1349,  1583 

Hughes,  i;xp 1566,1836 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Howes      ...  758,  926 

,Re       .    26,129,403,475,710,1683, 

1826 

p.  Breeds 1699 

V.  Buckland 1629 

0.  Chatham 2028 

p.  Doyne 2021 

V.  Evans 2146 

V.  Humphreys 1183 

0.  Jones 1715 

P.  Little    .    .    .  717,  926, 1334, 1818 

P.Lloyd 699 

p.  Palmer 2193 

p.  Pritchard 1737 

V.  Rees 66 

p.  Sutherland 1893 

p.  Twisden 1709 

p.  Whiiby 1706 

p.  Young 628 

Hughes  and  Ashley,  Re     696,  2170,  2226 

Huguenin  p.  Baseley 2126 

Hulsh,  Re,  Bradshaw  p.  Huish  .    .    1396 

Hulkes  p.  Day 938 

Hull  p.  Hill 745 

—  p.  London  Co.  Co 1576 

p.  Macfarlane 1467 

Hull  Dock  Co  p.  Browne  ....    1609 

P.Priestley 1510 

p.  Scutcoates  Union  ....      181 

Hull  Ropes  Co  p.  Adams  .    .     .  240,  499 

Hull,  &c.  Ry,  /?« 4, 128 

p.  Yorkshire,  &c,  Coal  Co  .    .     1789 

Hull  &  Selby  Ry.  fl« 914 

Hulme  p.  Tennuut    ....      709,  1827 

Hulsep.  Hulse 1171 

Humber  Iron  Co,  Re  (WilUams' 

Case) 810 

Humble  p.  Bowman 694 

p.  Mitchell 826 

p.  Shore 690,  691, 1743 

Hume,  Re 996 

p.  Bentley 1007 

p.  Druyff 1692 

P.Lloyd 1013 

p.  Lopes   ....     931,2106,2176 

Humfreston's  Case 1619 

Humfrey  p.  Humfrey 2044 

Hummel  p.  Hummel 2250 

Humphrey  p.  Bethell    .    .    .    1756, 2203 
Humphreys,  Re    ...    .  895,  938,  1685 

—  p.  Harrison 2123 

p.  Inl.  Rev 1703,  2089 

Humphries,  Re 303 

p.  Taylor  Co 697 

Humphriss  p.  Worwood     ....     1668 
Hungerfurd    Market    Co    p.    City 

Steam  Boat 2128 

Hunnings  p.  Williamson    ....      998 
Hunt,  Ex  p.,  Re  Cann  .    .    .    1296,  2ia3 

r.  Allen 1003 

p.  l)e  Blaquiere     .    .    .      610, 1250 

p.  Fripp 982 

V.  0.  N.  Ry  .   1168, 1669,  2064,  2069 

p.  Goldby 531 

p.  Harris 1887 

p.  Hibbs 1852,  1854 


Ixxiv 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Hunt  V.  Hooper 2066 

w.  Hort 1104 

w.  Hunt    .    .    .      13,  836.  789,  1214 

V.  White 1640 

1^.  Wimbledon     666,  955, 1866, 1867, 

1896 

V,  Worsfold 776 

Hunt  and  Pennington,  /?e      .    .    .      123 

Hunter,  Re 648,  1232,  2000 

V.  A-G 60,  1346 

i;.  CaldweU 713 

V.  Clare 1480 

V.  Dowling 829,  1062 

V.  GreensUl 472 

r.  Hawke 628 

0.  McGown 793 

V.  Nockolds 91 

V.  Northern  Insrce     ....      984 

V.  Parker 987 

r.  Potts 2187 

U.Sharp 1607,1632 

».  Wright 1061 

Hunting  v.  Boulton 860 

Huntingdon,  Rowledge's  Case   .    .    1823 

Huntington  v.  Attrill 1444 

V.  Inl.  Rev 404 

Huntsman,  The 1163 

Hurbalt  and  Chaytor,  Re  ...    ,      646 

Hurcum  v.  Hilleary 1243 

Hurlbatt  v.  Barnett  ...      19,  20,  16:^ 

Hurley.  Re 662 

Hurlston, /2e 1614 

Hurlstone  v.  Ash  ton 806 

Hurrell,  Re 946 

U.Ellis 488 

Hurry  17.  Royal  Ex 1112 

Hurst  V.  Hurst 292 

Husband  u.  Martin,  Re  Clark    .    .    1506 

Huskisson  v.  Lefevre 1788 

Hussey  v.  Berkeley      ....  228,  834 

V.  Horne-Payne     .    .    .    1967,  1958 

Hutcheson  v.  Eaton 222 

Hutchings,  Re 1582 

Hutchings  and  Romer,  Ex  p.     .     68,  184 

Hutchins,  Re 2000 

V.  Ciiambers 665 

Hutchinson,  £:r /) 884,1866 

,  Re 137,  661,  1969 

V.  Barrow 1296 

w.  Bowker 167 

I?.  Gascoigne 1803 

u.  Hartmont 712 

V.  Humbert 943 

V.  Hutchinson 1762 

V.  Kay 1200 

V.  Manchester,  &c,  Ry  .    .    .    2247 

V.  Rough 603,  2006 

U.Smith 789,898,1109 

Hutchinson  and  Tennant,  Re     694,  1530, 

2241 

Huth  U.Clarke 496 

Huttley  u.  Simmons  .  .  .  380, 1149 
Hutton,  i?e,  isJx;?.  Benwell    ...      946 

u.  Annan 1662,  1661 

u.  Brown 1223 

u.  Eyre 1703 

V.  Lewis 1440 

u.  Thompson 1186 


Hutton  r.  Warren 2218 

u.  W.Cork  Ry      .    .    .    1763,2113 

Huxham  u.  Wheeler 1400 

Huxley  u.  W.  Lond.  Ex.  Ry  .    .    .      817 
Huxstep  r.  Brooman     ....  67,  2273 

Huxtabie  u  HuxtaLle 332 

Huzzey  u.  Field 711 

Hyatt,  Re 1902 

Hydamess  Co  u.  Indemnity  Assrce      140 
Hyde  u.  Bank  of  Eng.  .    .    .     418,2184 

U.Hyde 1166 

U.Johnson 1883 

u.  Skinner 1710 

u.  Warden     .   1807,2139,2157.2158 

u.  Watts 766,  2193 

Hyderabad  Co  u.  Willoughby    .    .      624 
Hydraulic  Engineering  Co  u.  Mc- 

Haffie 1620 

Hyndman  u.  Ward 327 


Ibbbt  v.  De  la  Salle 1546 

IbbeUon.  Axp 309 

Icely  V.  Grew 1937 

Ida,  The 1634 

Ide  r.  Chalmers 2163 

Iggulden  u.  May 781. 1710 

Ilchester  u.  Raishley     .    .    .      697,  1246 

lUingworth  u.  Cooke 197 

V.  Walmsley 164, 1(193 

Illinois  Central  Hy  u.  Williams      .    2190 

llminster  School,  Re 816 

Imbro,  The 1876 

Imperial  Bank  of  China  u.  Bank  of 

Hindustan 1920,1977 

Imperial  Credit  Askh  v.  Coleman  .  481 
Imperial  Gaslight  Co  u.  W.  Lond. 

Gas  Co 1990 

Imperial  Land  Co,  Re  .  .  ,  248,  1326 
Imperial  and  Foreign  Investment 

Corp,  Re 1888 

Imray  u.  Oakshette 1071 

Ince.  Re 1068 

Inchley  u.  Robinson 1063 

Income  Tax  Commrs  v.  Pemsel   186,  294. 

296,296,816 

Incorporated  Socy  u.  Ricliards  .    .    2141 

Ind,  Coope  &  Co  u.  Hamblin      .    .        39 

Indian  u.  Colquhoun 1526 

Indian  Chief,  The  ....  1780,  2123 
Indian  Zoeione  Co,  Re     ....      937 

Ingate  u.  Christie 348 

Ingilhy, /?e       1736,1737 

Ingle  u.  McCutchan  ....      180,  1884 

u.  Vaughan-Jenkins  .    .    .    .    1191 

Ingleby,  &c.  Co,  Re      182 

Inglis  u.  Buttery 1383, 1719 

u.  Haigh 1190 

u.  Robertson     ...  668,  686,  1188 

V.  Stock   ....  48,  682,  738,  868 

Ingram  u.  Barnes      ....      121,  2206 

u.  Soutten 627 

Ings  u.  L.  &  S  W.  Ry  .    .    .    1426, 1683 

Inkop  u.  Morchurch 1976 

Inl.  Rev.  u.  Angus  .  62,  404, 1083,  1686 
u.  Fonest    816,  600, 1083, 1798, 1800 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxv 


Page 
InL  Rev.  o.  Goodfellow     ....      447 

V.  Muller 827 

V.  PriesUey 1842 

V.  Scott    .     106,  296,  971, 1156. 1699 

V,  Stewart 1842 

o.  Tod 482, 1781 

Inmnn,IU 1847 

Inman  Co  v.  Biscliotf 773 

lanes  r.  East  India  Co 472 

V.  Newman 971, 1800 

Insole, /fe 26,684 

Institution  of  CItU  Engineers,  Re  .     699, 

1800 

International,  The 1190 

International  Assrce,  Re    ,    .    ,    .    1376 
International    Financial    Socy    v. 

Moscow  Gas  Co    ...    .      101,  1692 
lonides  v.  Pacific  Insrce    ....    1894 

V.  Universal  Mar  Insrce     .    .      377 

Ipswich  V.  Brown 711 

Ipswich  Tailors  Case 119 

Iredale  v.  China  Traders'  Insrce    .      804 

Ireland  v.  Bircham 489 

V.  Harris 606 

V.  Higgins 299 

V.  Livingston    ....     414,  1226 

Irish  Land  Commission  v.  Grant    .     869, 
936,1684,1711 

p.  Junkin 722 

Iron  Co  V.  Dodson 894 

Iron  Ship  Coating  Co  v.  Blunt  .    .    1323 

Irons  V.  Davis 1418 

V,  Smallpiece         811 

Irvine  v.  Sailivan 1632 

Irving  r.  TurnbuU 1422 

Irwell  V,  Eden 93, 1361 

Irwin  r.  Farrer 1371 

Irwine  v.  Reddish 786 

Isaac, /2e 416 

p.  Farrer 882 

Isaacs  V.  Royal  Insrce 2142 

p.  ToweU 1108 

Isaacson,  Re    .    ,    .    .     809, 2196, 2197 

V.  Durant 66 

Isis  S.  S.  Co  V.  Bahr     ....  73,  2231 
Isitt  and  Raili^ay  Passengers'  As- 
srce./2e    280,602 

Iile  of  Ely  Case 1848 

Isle  of  Wight  Commrs,  Re    .    .    ,      878 
Isle  of  Wight  Ry  v.  Tahourdin  .     92,  636 

Ive'sCase 1166.2263 

Ive  V.  King 1740. 1869,  1860 

Ivensr.  Elwes 1916 

Ires  p.  WilUns 1936 

Iveson  p.  Moore 1912 

Ivison  p.  Gassiot 606, 1297 


J.  R.  HiNDB,  The 1940 

Jack  p.  Kipping 1286 

p.  Mclntyre 2109 

Jackson,  Re    9,  891.  697,  941, 1840,  2183 
,  Re,  Ex  p.  Union  Bk  of  Man- 
chester       309 

p.  Battley 468 

p.  Courteoay     ....    1823,2186 


Page 

Jackson  p.  Hamilton 90 

V.  Hanson 602 

V.  Healy 1323 

P.Hill 1183*2269 

p.  Hoaie 186, 626 

p.  Isaacson 773 

V.  Jackson 1009 

V.  Napper 879 

p.  Ogg 1333 

V.  Rainford  Co      .    .    .    1166, 1684 

p.  Spittall 278 

V,  Spittle 278 

p.  Tyas 270 

p.  Union  Marine  Insrce      .    .      612 

Jackson  and  Woodbum,  Re  .    1639, 2170 

Jacob  p.  Catling 1082 

p.  Down  .    .   1038,  1293,  1630,  1720 

Jacob  Christensen.  The     ....      967 

Jacobs,  ^x» 1296 

p.  Harbach 1784 

p.  Revell 6:^8 

Jacoby  p.  Whitmore 828 

Jacomb  p.  Dodgson 114 

Jaederen.Tbe 460,2161 

Jaggard  p.  Jaggard 1623 

James,  Re 1072 

p.  Allen 186 

p.  Buena  Ventura  Syndicate  .    1186 

p.  Evans 661 

P.James 828,1441 

p.  Jones 738 

P.Kerr 287,068 

p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry     .      466,  1564 

p.  Masters 1492 

p.  Parry 664 

p.  Plant 109 

P.Salter 792 

—  p.  Stevenson 4 

p.  TafEValeRy 684 

p.  Tutney 246 

p.  Vane 1688, 1684 

p.  Wyrill       1268 

P.Young 617,1091 

Jameson  p.  Marshall 2091 

Jamieson  p.  Jamieson 2082 

p.  N.  British  Ry 1266 

p.  Trevelyan     ....      786, 1026 

Jamieson    and    Newcastle    S.  S. 

Insrce,  Re 262 

Jane  and  Matilda,  The     ....    1807 

Janes  p.  Staines 1694 

Janet  Court,  The 610 

Janson  p.  Brown 1036 

p.  Ralli 2073 

J' Anson  p.  Stuart 800 

Janssen  p.  Green 222 

Jaques  p.  Wilson 1248 

JurmRJi,  Exp 1178.1179 

,  Re 186,  890, 1846 

p.  Vye 67 

Jarrett  p.  Hunter 1689 

Jarvis  p.  Jarvis     ....  193,  997,  2088 

Jarvis'  Charity,  Re 1447 

Jauncey  p.  A-G 871 

Jay,  Exp.,  Re  Blenkhorn      .    .    .     1616 

,/?« Harrison 1817 

p.  Hammon 616 

^—  V.  Johnstone 1027 


Ixxvi 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Jay  V,  Richardson 1080 

—  t;.  RobinBon  .    .    .     .   174,471,1386 

Jayne  v.  Hughes 24 

Jeakes  v.  White 821 

Jeans, /?« 803 

Jee  V,  Audley H62 

Jefifcock, /2e 1464 

JeSeTey,Exp 1446 

Jefiferies  v.  Michell 834 

Jefifery,  Re 1142 

V.  Legender 407 

».  St.  Fancras 1299 

Jcfferys  P,  Boosey 149,409 

V,  Smith 829 

Jeffreson  v.  Morton 2036 

Jeflfrey's  Case 970 

Jeffrey  t;.  Franconia 455 

I?.  Neale 127,1878 

V.  Weaver 1040 

Jeffreys  v.  Reynolds 1970 

Jeffryes  p.  Evans 795,902 

Jellard,i?e 2277 

Jenings  v.  Bally 1716 

Jenkins  r.  Barrett    ....      214,1896 

p.  Betham 1891 

1;.  Clinton 801,1906 

».  Comber 960 

».  Cook    .    .274,347,609,654,1065 

V.  Green 1637 

17.  Hughes 661,1906 

P.Jackson 1301,1440 

V.  Jones 1645 

V.  Power 48 

Jenkinson,  Re 122,  925,  931 

».  Brandley  Co 354,470 

Jenks  V.  Clifden 976 

r.  Taylor 774,1110 

V.  Turpin  ....      349,  1039,  2134 

Jenkyns  v.  Gaisford  .    .    1881,  1882,  1884 

Jenner'sCase 1632 

Jenner  v.  Turner 666 

Jenner  Institute  o.  St  George's     .   1799, 

1801 

Jenning  v.  Rocke 1625 

Jennings  v.  Jennings    ....   128,  828 

V.  Johnson .      939 

V.  Major 417 

Jennor  and  Hardies'  Case      .    .    .      647 

Jenoure  v.  Delmege 1558 

Jephson  v.  Barker 406 

Jersey  p.  Neath    .    .    .     607,1202,2233 

v.  Uxbridge 804,  1912 

Jervis  t».  Lawrence 995 

V.  Peel 472 

r.Tomkinson    .  580,687,962,1085, 

2266 

Jervoise  v.  Clarke 1783 

V.  Jervoise 1400 

V.Northumberland    ....    2066 

Jessel  V.  Bath 884 

Jesson  V.  Essington 897 

V.  Solly 866, 1435 

V.  Wright 861 

Jesus  College,  Exp 1468 

Jewell  V.  Christie 930 

V.  Stead 663 

Jewison  r.  Dyson 144 

Jewry  c.  Busk 849 


Jex  V.  McKinney      .     .    .  100,  251,  2132 

Jinkings  v.  Jinkings 1912 

Jiorns  v.  Van  Tromp    .    .    .    2278, 2270 

Job  V.  Lamb 908 

Jobson,  Re 779 

Jocelyu,  Ex  p 290 

Jodrell, /;«.    .    .     903,1166,1241,2090 

t;.  Jodrell 98C 

Joel  V,  Harvey 204O 

V.Mills 468 

Johannes,  The 2267 

Johannesberg  Land  Trust,  7?e   .    .   1177, 

2114 
Joliannesburg  Hotel  Co,  Re  .    .    .      928 

John  V.  Albion  Co 1831 

V.  Holmes     .    .    .      181, 1923,  1968 

John  Griffiths  Corp  v.  Humber  .  .  1289 
John  Holloway,  The  .  .  .  441,2110 
John  Morley  Bg  Co  v.  Barras     536,  1185 

John  O'Scott,  The 2071 

Johns  V.  Dickinson 1619 

V.  Ware 1829 

V.  Wilson 872 

Johnson,  Exp,     .    .     .      752,  1562, 1786 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Chapman  ....    2103 

,  /2s   10.  36,  387,  592,  717,  866,  923, 

1010, 1076,  1078,  1999,  2063 

,  Re,  Cockerell  v.  Essex   1396.  1496, 

1897, 1968 

,  Re,  Sly  V.  Blake 1641 

V.  Baker 788 

V.  Barnes 1088 

V.  Blenkensopp 1187 

V,  Crook 87 

1;.  Curteis 639 

V.  Diamond 472 

V.  Dlgby 788 

w.  Diprose 192 

r.  Edge 680,2061 

V.  Emerson 1 148 

i;.  Faulkner 665,1821 

17.  Fenner 1370 

V.  Harris 1684 

u.  Helleley 827,  828 

W.Johnson    .    .    .      776,1677,1716 

V.  Lander 684 

«;.  Lindsay 848,349 

t?.  Macdonald 118 

».  Mid.Ry 848 

V.  Mounsey,  Re  Alison  .     674,  1228 

».  Newnes    .    .    .     206, 1830,  1831 

v.  Rowlands 1631 

V,  Simcox 1348 

p.  Shspte 1091 

V.  Smart 1968 

W.Telford 223:^ 

i;.  Webster 1889,  1966 

Johnson  and  Tustin,  Re    ,    ,    .    ,      967 

Johnston,  Re,  Cockerell  v.  Essex    .   1396, 

1495,  1897, 1968 

V.  Benson 1764 

i;.  Edge 680,2061 

V,  Ewing 637,  1769 

V.  Hogg   .    117,  268,  620.  1744, 182: 

V.  Kershaw 1226 

p.  Moore 1667 

V.  Swann 1694 

Johnstone  v,  Baber 1331 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxvii 


Johnstone  v.  Bucknnll 662 

F.  Cox 1760 

r.  Crompton 1201 

p.  Hadleston     .    .    1221,1996,2284 

I?.  Marks 1249 

».  Milling 1766 

Joint  Stock  Discoant  Co  v.  Brown       944 

Joliffe.^xp 440 

V.  Baker 646, 1079 

w.Twyford 867,1088 

Jolliffe  p.  Hector 1084 

V,  Wallasey 669,  1629 

Jolly  r.  Arbuthnot 666 

r.  Hancock 2284 

V,  N.  Staffordshire  Tramway  .      914 

p.  Rees 1260 

c.  Young 1222, 1223 

Jones,  ^x  p. 1062,1291 

,  Re,  182,  428, 646.  790, 988, 946, 1022, 

1086,  1188, 1167,  1172,  1626,  1788.  1897, 

2024 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Thome     ....      891 

, /&,  Dutton  tf.  Brookfleld  .    .      116 

17.  Bamett 968,  1622 

0.  Beirnstein     ...    8, 1616,  1813 

V.  Bone 1748, 1922 

p.  Brinley 1989 

r.  Bubb 1183 

V.  Carmarthen 669 

t?.  Carter 809 

0.  Chapman 88 

p.  Cliappell 2021,2217 

O.Clarke 688 

a.  Conway,  Ac,  W.iter  Bd  .     .    1989 

P.Cook 1478 

p.  Curling 6*2,  817 

p.  Daniel 1968 

p.  DaTies    622, 987, 1866.  1892, 1896, 

2148 

p.  Edney 768 

p.  Festtniog 1119 

P.Foley 744 

p.  Foxall 2260 

p.  Frewin 1860 

p.  Gibbons 124 

P.Giles 1188 

P.Gordon 819 

p.  lUrris 1783,1734 

p.  Harrison 266,  1176 

c.  Heavens 862 

p.  Henley 1882 

p.  Hough 1106 

p.  Huxtable 244,  246 

p.  Inl.  Rev 1466 

p.  Jones     .     70.  276,  616,  616, 1072, 

1258,  1443,  1912 

p.  Just 1166,2009 

p.  McCraw 622 

—  p.  Maggs 1611 

p.  Marshall 1911 

p.  Maunsell 1399 

p.  Mersey  Docks 181 

r.  Mills 1666 

—  p.  Nanney 1761 

p.  Nicholson 168 

r.  Nixon 621 

p.  N.  E.  Ry 206 

p.  Ocean  Coal  Co 164 


Psge 

Jones  p.  Ogle 660,  946, 1466 

p.  Padgett 1190 

p.  Parsell 1782 

P.Pope 1916 

P.Price 1741 

p.  Quinn 1619 

p.  Reynolds 714,  870 

p.  RoberU  ....  827,  869,  1917 

p.  Robinson   646, 1468, 1470,  1820 

P.Ryan 1381 

p.  St.  John's  College.    ...      918 

p.  Scottish  Accdt  Insrce      667, 1784 

p.  Sefton 924,  983 

p.  Shears 2265 

p.  Short 262,  846, 1960 

V.  Skinner 1682 

p.  Slee 661 

V.  Smith 1227 

p.  Stanstead  Ry 974 

p.  Taylor 2249 

p.  Thompson    .    .    .   472,  478, 1816 

p.  Thome 1820 

p.  Vemey 229 

p.  Victoria  Dock  Co  .    .  1289, 1860, 

1882 

p.  Watts 1788, 2177 

V.  Westcomb 468 

V.  Whittaker 668 

P.Williams.    .    .    .660,911,1218 

p.  Withers 1711 

Jones  &  Co,  i?e 928 

Jonge  Margaretha.  The  ....  890 
Jonmenjoy  Coondoo  p.  Watson     .    1262, 

1496,  1788 
Joplin  p.  Postlethwaite      ....      112 

Jopling  p.  Stuart 7 

Jopp  p.  Wood 629 

Jordan  p.  Adams  .    .    .  869,  861,  862,  865 

p.  Roach 2281 

Jordeson  p.  Sutton,  &c.  Gas  Co .    .   1-301, 

1990 

Jortin  p.  S.  E.  Ry 24 

Joselyne,  Ex  p 194 

Josh  V.  Josh 89 

Josolvne  v.  Meeson 1601 

Josselyn  v.  Parson 1189 

Joule  p.  Taylor 1980 

Jowett  p.  Idle 1947 

p.  Spencer 768,  810 

Joy,  fle 2186 

Joyce  p.  Beall 1417 

—  V.    Northumberland    Miners' 

Socy 888,780 

p.  Realm  Mar  Insrce     .    .    .      139 

Joyner  p.  Weeks 1720 

Jubb, /?c 1974 

Jubber  p.  Jubber 849,2137 

Judah  p.  Randal 1916 

Judge  p.  Bennett 1001 

p.  Selmes 1628 

Judkin,  i?e 1748,1847 

Judkins  p.  Judkins 67 

Juffrow  Maria,  The 198 

Juggomohun    Ghose   p.    Manick- 

chund 284 

Julius  p.  Oxford,  Bp      .    908,1178,1174, 

1176,  1176, 1177, 1179,  1843 

Jull  p.  Jacobs 779, 1706 


Ixxviii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Jampv.  Jump 1685,1844 

Jumpsen  v.  ritchers 792 

Jupp,  Re 603,  1023 


K. 

Kalamazoo,  The 1099 

Kane  v.  Kane 74, 1841 

Karaskhoma  Syndicate,  Re    .    .    .      989 

Katy,  The 1776 

Kay,  Re 1673,2105 

r.  Field    ....      621,1112,2162 

f.  Oxley  ....    1768,  2182,  2226 

V.  Wheeler 1464 

Kaye  v.  Croydon  Tramways     .    .    1920 

».  Laxon 841 

V.  Sutherland 61,  621 

Kearley  v.  Tonge 1047 

u.  Tylor 1047 

Kearney  i;.  Lloyd     ....      880,  1149 

V.  West  Granada  Co      .    .    .      191 

V.  Whitehaven  Colliery .    .    .     1205 

Kearns  v.  Cordwainers'  Co    .    .     .     1767 

Kearon  t;.  Pearson 2162 

Keast  V.  Barrow  Hsematite  Co  .    .      164 

Keates  v.  Cadogan 491 

Keats  V.  Keats 366 

Keay  v.  Boulton 803 

Kesys,  Re 1661 

Kceble  t;.  Bennett 1684 

V.  Hickeringill   761, 1148, 1772,  2242 

Keeling,  i?<!,£>;>.  Blanchett      .    .    1809 

Keen  v,  Denny 1260,  2109 

t?.  Henry 1690 

V.  Milwall  Dock  Co  ...    .    1290 

r.  Priest 172 

Keep  V.  St.  Mary,  Newington    .    .    2016 

Keer  v.  Brown 166 

Keeson  v.  Luxmore 1686 

Keet  V.  Smith 1763 

Kehoe  V.  Lansdowne     .    .     .     1736,2157 

Keighley's  Case 642,  1806 

Keighley  v.  Durant 1666 

Keightley  v.  Watson    .    .    .    1024, 1826 

Keith  V.  Burrows 772 

r.  National  Telephone  Co    766,2209 

V.  Reid 1874 

Kelcey,  Re 69,  2170 

Kell  V.  Anderson 118 

Kellard  v.  Kooke 1986 

Keller,  i?« 221,439 

Kellett  v.  SUnnard 1036 

Kelleway  v.  Macdougal    ....      626 

Kellner  v.  LeMesurier 407 

Kelly,  Re 1868 

,  Re,  West  v.  Turner  ....      133 

V.  Byles 2064 

V.  Hammond 461 

V.  Heathman 412 

».  Kellond 926 

r.  Kelly 444 

V.  London  Pavilion    .    829,  686,  622, 

661, 1462 

o.  Metrop  Ry    .    .    .    .      392, 2072 

V.  Mid.  G.  W.  Ry 1668 

V  Morris 204,  1108 

r.  Powlelt 898 


Fkge 

Kelly  v.  Rogers 318,2053 

Kelner  v.  Baxter 1664 

Kemble  v.  Addison 1310 

r.  Farren 1105 

Kemeys-Tynte,  Re 918 

Kemp  t7.  Attenborough      ....     1404 

V.  Batt 725 

r.  Falk 499 

V.  Kemp 70 

V.  Lester 148,  671,  1294 

r.  NevUle 427 

V.  Sober 236,  260,  466 

u  S.  E.  Ry 1728 

V.  Wanklyn 1365 

r.  Watt 742 

V.  Wright 988 

Kempe,  Exp 477,478 

Kempson  p.  G.  W.  Ry 1112 

Kendall  v.  Burt 174 

V.  Granger 807 

V.  Hamilton 1020,  1026 

W.Hill 2167 

U.Kendall     .    .    .     823,1216,1216 

v.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry     .    .    .    2187 

V.  Wilkinson 666 

Kenlis  v.  Hodgson 176 

Kennaird  v.  Cory 831 

Kennard  V.  Futvoye 1228 

Kennedy,  J?*;?.,  Ae  Willis    ...       148 

,  Re 163 

V.  I)e  Trafford 66,  2105 

V,  G.  Southern  &  W.  Ry    .    .      172 

V.  Kennedy 106 

r.  I^e 827 

w.  Lyell 1646 

V.  Sedgwick 1074 

V.  Thomas 464 

Kennelly  v.  Enright 181 

Kennerly  v.  Nash 171 

Kenney  v.  Hutchinson 765 

Kennlngton  Case 164,369 

Kenny  v.  Harrison 2232 

Kenrick  v.  Guilsfleld 1847 

1?.  Lawrence 160 

Kensey  v.  Langham 2028 

Kensington,  i?e 1960 

r.  Mansell 749 

Kensit  v,  St.  Ethelburga   .    .    1358,  2004 

Kenson  v.  Reading 667 

Kent's  Case 928 

Kent  ».  Astley      .    .    .     686.  1160,  2080 

».  Mid.  By 114,1819 

u.  Tapley 204 

Kent  Coalfields  Synd.,  Re  .  .  .  238 
Kent  Co.  Co.  v.  Gerard     ....      680 

V.  Vidler 680 

Kenworthy  v.  Schofield    ....      166 

Kenyon  v.  Berthon 934 

U.Eastwood 1840 

U.Hart 1807 

Keogh  V.  Keogh 1956 

Ker  V.  Clobury 2060 

u.  Williams 76 

Ker's  Claim  (Bubbu.  Yelverton)  .  797 
Kerferd  u.  Seacombe  Ry  .  .  .  .  896 
Kermode  u.  Macdonald      ....    1007 

Kerr, /?« 1666 

u.  Haynes 689 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxix 


Page 

Kerr  r.  Jcston 2142 

r.  Kerr 1090 

r.  Middlesex  Hosp 219 

KerrisoD  v.  Cole 2196,  2197 

1?.  Smith 1096 

Kershaw,  Re    .     40,  183,  471, 1063,  1371 

V.  Chantler 1284 

V.  Kershaw 94 

V,  Taylor 1849 

Kerslake  v.  White    ......    1 193 

Kettlewell  v.  Kettlewell    ....    2100 

».  Watson 402 

Key  r.  Key 1268 

Keynsham  Lime  Co  v.  Baker    .  203,  689 

Keyse  r.  Hay  den 2269 

Key  worth, /;«,  fTr  p.  Tate    .    .    .    1810 

Keyzor  v.  Newconib 1632 

Khanukhoma  Synd.,  i20    ....      390 

Kibbett  v.  Lee 2277 

Kibble  v.  Fairthome 1468 

V.  Gough 12 

Kidd,  Re 1099 

p.  Boone 1916 

r.  North 1111 

Kiddell  0.  Barnard 1907 

Kidiier  v.  Keith 499 

Kidson  V.  Turner 891 

Kidston  v.  Empire  Mar  Insrce    162, 1418. 

1414 
Kiff  V.  Roberts,  Roberts,  Re,    .68,  1682 

Kildare  v,  Fisher 1232 

Kilford  r.  Blaney 2037 

Kilkelly  r.  Powell 645 

Killamev,  The 1414 

KiWick/Exp 1900 

V.  Graham     .  1908,  2078, 2079, 2092. 

209.S 

Killmister  v.  Fitton 2076 

Kilpin  u.  Ratley 811 

RiWington  v.  Parker 1738 

Kilwick  V.  Maidman 1820 

Kimber  v.  Admans    .    .    2,  736,  898,  896 

r.  Press  Assn    ....    1340,1723 

Kiraberley  W.  W.  Co  i;.  De  Beers 

Co 89,1728 

Kimpton  ».  Willey 276 

Kinderley  v.  JerTis 648 

Kindleside  v.  Harrison 917 

Kmg,Re 1214,1706,2137 

V.  Alston 341 

V.  Burrell 1268, 1970 

V.  Chamberlain 1628 

p.  Cheyne 1909,  2179 

p.  Cleaveland    .    .   1082,  1860,  1862 

r.  Denisnn 1966 

p.  Dilliston 749 

r.  England 1781,1782 

r.  Eversfleld 2284 

r.  Frost 1999,2000 

p.  George 68 

p.  Henderson     ....    1149,  1698 

p.  Hinde 2109,  2110 

V.  Hoare 1020 

V.  King 863, 1913 

—  V.  London  Improved  Cab  Co     1690 

p.  Marshall 2122 

p.  Morris 848 

P.Parker 1953 


Pige 

King  p.  Phillips 17 

p.  Pinsoneaalt  ....      166,  2087 

V.  Rymill 1086 

p.  Simmonds 891 

p.  Smith 2, 1619 

p.  Victoria  Insrce  .    .    .     310,  1960 

p.  Walker 189,  1668 

p.  Wycombe  Ry 896 

King-Harman  p.  Cayley    ....    1644 

Kingdon.  Re 68, 1766 

p.  Kirk 497 

Kingdon  and  Wilson,  Re  .    .      637,  1868 

Kingsford  v.  Marshall 1944 

Kingsman  p.  Kingsman     ....        26 

Kingsmill  p.  Millard 178 

Kingston  p.  Harding      .    .    .     284, 22.30 

p.  Lorton 1681 

Kingston  Cotton  Mills  Co,  Re  1209, 1826. 

1672 
Kinloch  p.  Indian  Secretary  ...      988 

Kinlock  r.  NevUe 1768 

Kinnaird  p.  Trollope 1231 

Kinnersley  v.  Knott 972 

r.  Orpe 128 

Kinning,  £!xp 861 

Kinsella  p.  CafTrey 916 

Kinsman  v.  Jackson      .    .    .    1649, 2265 

Kinson  Co  p.  Poole 1954 

Kippins.^xo 1488,1498 

Kippling  p.  Todd 1863 

Kirby  p.  G.  W.  Hy 1911 

p.  N.  British  Insrce    ....    1856 

p.  Potter 1938 

p.  Smyth 894 

Kirk  P.  Bell 1642 

p.  Coates 1685,  1782 

Kirkbank  v.  Hudson     .    .     .      619, 1148 

Kirkbride,  Re 1349 

Kirkham  p.  Attenborough      .    .    .     1784 

p.  Marter 474,  476 

Kirkheaton  v.  Ainley    .    .    .      691,  1178 

Kirkin  V.  Jenkins 2136 

Kirksmeaton,  Rector  of,  ^xp.  .    .      270 
Kirk  wood,  ^xf)., /^e  Mason  .    .    .      273 

p.  Smith 1677 

Kirshenboim  p.  Salmon      .    693,  849,  979 

Kirwan,  Re 2250 

Kish  p.  Cory 604,  1090 

Kissam  p.  Link 1026 

Kitchen  v.  Johnson 1243 

r.  Shaw 1369,  1366 

Kitching  p.  Croft 1793 

Kitson  p.  Asl:e 1485 

p.  Hard  wick 1472 

Kitto  p.  Bilbie 499,  648 

Kleinwort  p.  Shepard 1822 

Knapp,  Re 319 

V.  Burnaby 284 

p.  Williams 996 

Knatchbull, /?e 964 

Knight,/?* 1177,1686,2184 

.  Re,  Ex  p,  Voisey     ....      2X4 

p.  Abbott 960 

V.  Barber 664,  826 

—  V.  Bennett 622 

p.  Bowers 120 

r.  Coales 20 

p.  Crockford 1882 


Ixxx 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Knight  v.  Cubitt 868,  2121 

V.  EgertoD 1388 

p.  Ellig 1012 

r.Halliwell 867 

u.  Knight      .    444,  1629, 1688.  1667 

v.hee 224,  798 

V.  Puresell 1421 

V.  SimmondB 1321 

1;.  Waterford 1212 

Knight's  Deep  v.  Inl.  Rer.    ...        79 
Knight  and  Tabernacle  fig  Socy   .     062, 

960, 1028 
Knight  of  St.  Michael,  The  721, 1868, 1916 
Kniglitlj,  ^xp., /{cMoulson  .  .  1788 
Kniglits  v.  L.  C.  &  D.  Ry  .    .    .    .    1240 

Knili  V.  Prowse 0 

Knolljrs  v.  Sliepherd      .    .    .     894, 1669 

Knott  v.  Cottee 882 

Knowles,  Re 1082, 1848 

V.  Bolton 112 

v.DickinBon 88,2266 

t;.  Lanca.  &  Y.  Ry     .    .    .   860.467 

i;.  Sinclair 412,1336 

Knox  i;.  Gildea 602 

».Gye 19,869 

V.  Mackinnon 874 

V.  Siromonds 2142 

u.  WellB 2188 

Koc'hv.  Koch 614 

Konig  and  Ebhardt,  Re     .    .    1770, 1771 

Kopi  V.  The  Queen 864 

Koster  v.  Park 1182 

Krehl  v.  Burrell 710,1001 

i;.  G.  Central  Gas  Co     .    .    .      891 

Kreuger  v.  Blanck 200 

Kroniieim  v.  Johnson 1419 

Kriise  V.  Jolinson 1438 

KUhne  v.  Hudson 1033 

Kurtz  v.  Spence    .    .    .   1083,  2061,  2261 

Kusel  V.  Watson 1214 

Kynaston  v.  Malkinder     ....      138 
Kynter's  Cnse 789,  2004 


Lab\lmondt ERE  v.  Addison.    .    .      114 
La  Banque  D'Hochelaga  v.  Murray     141. 

1302 

La  Beau  v.  People 42 

Labouchere  v.  Dawson      ....      827 

V.  Warnclifife 766,  980 

La  Bourgosrne 2B4.  326 

Labron,  Re 898,  982 

La  Cave  v.  Credit  Lyonnais  .    .  451,  960 

Laceby  v.  Lacon 1096, 1708 

Lftcey,  R^. 482,  1909 

V.  Hill 907 

Lat-kington  i7.  Elliott     ....  148.  891 

Lacon,  7?« loll 

V.  Hooper 1222.  1224 

hncy.Re 2,301,674,1602 

Ladd  V,  Lynn 1250 

Ladies'  Dress  Assn  v.  Pulbrook     .      363 

Lady  Campbell,  The 577 

Ln dy ma n  V.  Grave 1758 

La  (fan  and  Downes,  /2<    .    .    .    .    2241 
Lafond  v.  Raddock 1761 


Lafone  v.  Smith 785 

Lagerwelt  v.  Wilkinson  ....  2093 
Lagunas  Co  v.  Lagunas  Synd.    .    .      840 

Laidlaw  o.  Willson 2279 

Laidler  v.  Burlinson 106 

Laing,  Re 1476,  1841,  1966 

V,  Barclay 2162 

V.  Bishopswearmouth    .    .    .      143 

V.  Cownn 806 

V,  Hollway 618,  892 

Lainson  v.  Lainson 779 

Laird  i^.  Briggs 1467, 1764 

Laitwood,  i^e 864 

Lake  v.  Butler 663 

V,  Dean 1614 

V.  Plazton 3970 

».  Smith 2026 

Lake    and  Taylor,  Re,  Spain    v. 

Mowatt 1064 

Lakeman  v.  Mountstephen    .    .    .      P06 

V.  Stephenson 16, 1762 

Laker  v.  Hordem 461 

Lakin  v.  Lakin 1738 

Lamb,  Ex  p.,  Re  Southam     .    .    .      766 

,  /?e  ....  68,  687,  913»  1860, 1868 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Gibson     ....    1291 

V.  Brewster 980 

V,  Bruce 826 

P.  Erans 206,1108 

w.G.  N.  Ry 894,1184 

r.  Hemans 921 

».  Walker 277 

Lambe  v.  Eames   .      640,  094, 1630,  1682, 

1683 

V.  Smythe 1734 

I^mbert,  Re 447,  891 

—  V.  Lambert 2090 

V.  Neuchatel  Asphalte  Co  .    .    1260 

V.  Parker 2234 

V.  Peyton 1014 

Lambeth  v,  Ix)ndoD  Co.  Co.  .  .  .  181 
Lambton  v.  Kerr  ...     178,  1902,  1920 

—  V.  Parkinson 428 

Lamond.  Ex  />.,  Re  Dod  &  Co    .    .      930 

V,  Richard    ....  848,  978,  2093 

Lamphier  v.  Despard 823 

V,  Phipos 1891 

Lampleigh  v.  Brathwait  ....  2200 
Lamprell  v.  Billericay  .  .  .  1674, 1860 
Lancashire  v.  Hunt  ....    1098,  2086 

V.  r^ticnshire 2069 

t\  Rochdale 1187 

V.  Staffordshire  Jus 068 

Lancashire  Asylums  Bd  v.  Man- 
chester      1668 

Lancashire  Brick  Co  t;.  Lane.  &  T. 

Ry 946 

Lancashire  Cotton  Co,  /?e     .    .    .    1662 
Lancashire  Insrce  v.  Inl.  Rev.   .    .        16 
Lancashire  Jus.  r.  Rochdale      .    .      281 
Lancashire  Teleplione  Co  v.  Man- 
chester      069 

Lancashire  &  Y.  Ry  t'  Bolton     804, 1912 

V.  Bury 218 

V.  Gidlow      ....    88,944,1914 

Lancaster,  Ex  p 1978 

V,  Barnes 672 

—  V.  Lancaster 1979 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Ixxxi 


Page 

T^ncftster  r,  Walsh 2239 

Lanchlmry  r.  Bode 449 

Und  Credit  Co  of  Ireland.  Re  .  .  1450 
Land  Development  Assn,  Re  .  .  928 
Land  Mtge  Bank  of  Florida,  Re  .  2124 
Land  Securities  Co,  Re     ...    .      641 

Lander  v.  Lander 2160 

Lander  and  Bagiey,  Re  .  .  2167,  2168 
Landowners'  W.  of  England  Co  v. 

Ashford 1892 

Lands  Allotment  Co,  Re   .     .     361,  2106 

Lane,  y?« 470 

,  Re,  Exp.  GKze 706 

V  Bennett 189 

r.  Chapman 2196 

r.  Collins      .     .     .      120,  1199,  1200 

P.  Ksdaile 1073,  1350 

V.  Horlock 1817 

V  Jjine 1859 

r.  Norman 490 

V.  I'anton 1214 

p.  Uendall 2133 

r.  Sewell 983 

V.  Stanhope 701 

V  Way 68 

Una-Fox,  Re 2198 

Lang  r.  Anderdon 1779 

V.  Gale 1222 

r.  Giftliorne 1618 

V.  Hugh 1384 

Ungdale.  Re 788,  820,  1152 

1\  Briggs 1866 

F.  Mason 316,  1674 

p   Whitfield.    .     .    1216,1216,1666 

I^ngdon  9.  Broadbent 360 

p  Howells 880 

Langford  v  Selmes  ....      841,  2118 

liingham.  Re 767 

langley  v.  Bombay  Tea  Co  .    .    .    2080 

r.  Hammond     ....    2182,  2226 

r.  r^ngley 1671 

r.  Thomas 1787 

Langmead  r.  Cockerton    ....      820 

I<angrish  v.  Archer 1483 

Lan«rston  v.  Glasson 1609 

r.  Langston 1309 

V  Ollivant 1476 

Jjington  V.  Carleton 2112 

V.  Horton 100,  791 

Lansrtry.  Re 68 

Lnnning  v  Lovering 687 

r^nnoy  v.  Werry 407 

Lanop.  Neale 2004 

Unoy  V.  Ath*)l 1167 

Lanpfiier  v.  Buck 1014 

l/in!Miowne  v.  Lansdowne  .  .  .  2218 
Urcliin  p.  North  Western  Depfisit 

Bank 20 

Umer  v.  Lamer 1216,  1613 

Larocque  v.  Beauchemin  .     .      928.  1874 

Larpent  v.  Bibby 1297 

Usceiles  V.  Onslow 1976 

; — ».  Swansea  Sch.  Bd  .    .    .     .    1322 

Lashbrook  p.  Cock 188 

lAshmar,  Re 1070,  1469 

lA«t  p.  Tiondon  Assrre  Co     .    1236,  1572 

lAtham  r.  Barber 826 

p.  Spedding 1639 

voIj.  I. 


Page 
Lathom  v.  G-eenwich  Ferry  Co  1649, 1662 

Latimer's  Case 2165 

Latimer,  Ex  p.,  Re  Morse      .     .    .     1561 

I^atymer,  Re 1506 

Laudergan  v.  Feast 1372 

Launceston  \\y  Acts,  Re  .    .    .    .    1616 

Lauri  v.  Renad 2090 

Laurie,  Re 1 

V.  Douglas 14, 1246 

Lavender,  Re 1286 

Laver  v.  Botham 2007 

r.  Fielder 867,  1861 

Lareroni  p.  Drury    ....      348,  1454 

Lavery  v.  Purssell 826,  097 

Lavy  p.  London  Co.  Co.    .    226,  227,  806 

lAiyr,Exp 1401 

P.Garrett 112 

p.  Harwood 1912,  2264 

p.  Kedditch 1105,  1106 

Law  Reporting  Conncil,  Re  .      236,  2078 

Law  Socy  p.  Bedford 1904 

u.  Waterlow 1904 

I^we  p.  Harwood     ....    1912,  2264 

Lawea  p.  Gibson 1379 

Lawler  p.  Linden      ....    1187,1188 

Lawless  v  Sullivan 948 

Lawlor  v.  Henderson 1701 

Lawrance  r.  Norreys 778 

Lawrence,  Re 1830,  1860 

p.  Aberdein 1226 

p.  Acct  Insrce 280 

p.  Adams 1830 

V.  Boston 494 

p.  Edwanls   .     .     .    1206,  1404,  1830 

p.  Galsworthy 1818 

r.  Hedger 1281 

p.  Hitch 2071 

p.  Ingmire 1733 

p.  King 1131,  1945 

p   Knowles 1666 

V.  Norreys 1669 

P.Todd 121 

p.  Willcox 487,  1106 

Lawrie  p.  Lees 781 

Laws  V.  Eltringham 16«0 

p.  Rand 1664 

p.  Read 759 

Lawson  p.  Atlantic  Transport  Co  .      562 

p.  Burness    .     .     .    2109,2110,2162 

V.  Fraser 690 

p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      ...    2278 

p.  Wallasey 373 

Lawther  r.  Black 637 

Lawton  r.  Hickman  * 824 

Laxon.  Re    ...     .  703,  818,  1465,  1562 

Lay, /?e 1162 

Layard  p.  Ovey 323,  2163 

I^yboum  v.  Gridley 1493 

T-ayfleld  p.  Cowper 2056 

Laythoarp  v.  Bryant     .    .    .      878, 1881 

T/ea, /?« 830 

p.  Facey 1029 

V.  Parker 2192 

r.  Whitaker      ....    1104,  1106 

I^ea  Conservancy  r.  Button  .     .    .    2076 

T^ach  p  Jav 1820 

V.  Learh 110 

r^ad bitter,  Re 1420 


Ixxxii 


TABLE  OF 


/ 


leader  v.  Duffey 2045 

V,  Hayes  .    .    * 1059 

y.  Yell      ........      818 

Leadsineltinfif  Co  v.  I^ichardson     .    1203 

Ixjak  r.  Driffield 1826 

i;.  MacI>owan 1724 

V.  Scott,  He  Parry     ....    1277 

Leake  t^.  Leake 2288 

V.  Robinson 1742,  2236 

Lear  v.  Leggett 66,  2088 

Learoyd,  Ex  p.,  Re  Foulds    ...        58 

V.Bracken 398 

V.  Whiteley 1661 

Leary  v.  Pattrick 666 

V.  Steeves ^    2040 

Leas  Hotel  Co,  Re    ...    .    1584, 1587 

Leathern  v.  Craig 1149 

Leatiier    Cloth    Co    v.    American 

Leather  Cloth  Co 1428 

Leathly  v.  Hunter 534 

Leavesley,  Re 60,  548 

Lebeau  v.  General  Steam  Nav.  384 

Lech  mere  v.  Curtler 901 

V.  Lavie 1531 

Lechmere  and  Lloyd,  Re  ...    ,    2046 

Leckey  v.  Watson 643 

Lecky  v.  Ogilvy 414 

Leconfield  v.  Dixon 770 

V.  Lonsdale  .......      780 

Le  Couteur  v.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry  1473, 2060 

Lecoy  v.  Mogford 841 

Leda,The 1386 

Leduc  V.  Ward 250,  1098 

Led  ward  v,  Hnssells 5 

Lee's  Case 854 

Lee  V.  Ashwin 1797 

V.  Bayes 1163 

i;.  Bude  Ry 542 

V.  Butler 240 

V.  Dangar     .    .    .    1319,  2009,  2256 

V.  Flack 1225,  1887 

V.  Gansel 406,  553 

V.  Gaskell 826.  997 

V.  Griffin 825,  826 

V.  Hutchinson 293 

u.  Lee 1277 

I'.  Matthews 1621 

1.  Neuchatel  Co    .    .    .    1571,1572 

I'.  Nuttall 1814 

i;.  Pain 37,1210,1211 

V.  Risdon 826 

V.  Simpson 574,  627 

V,  Turner 2111 

Leech  v.  Gartside     * 2269 

V.  Lamb 911 

Leeds  v.  Amherst     ...  25,  1512,  2218 

1^.  Burrows 108 

V.  Cheetham 2156 

V.  Lancashire 1577 

Leeds  Bank  v.  Walker  .  .  .  98,  1169 
Leeds  Banking  Co.  Re,  Ex  p.  Prange  927 
I.«eds  Bg  Socy  v.  Mnllandaine  .  .  2286 
I^eds  Theatre  Co  v.  Broadbent     .     1620 

Leek  r.  Stafford  Jus 1143 

Leeke  v.  Bennett 2254 

Leeming  ».  Snaith 1796 

Lees  p.  Lees 891,2037 

V.  Massey 1700, 1701 


Lees  V.  Mosley  •«/ 1 1 

V.  Newton 471 

Leeae,  i?e 1901 

—  V.  Jennings 1826 

Leeson  r.  Gen.  Medical  Council  903,  980, 

1027 

Leevin  v.  Cormac 407 

Le  Farrant  v.  Spencer 899 

Le  Feuvre  v.  Lankestcr     .    .    .  167,  999 

Le  Fevre  v.  Freeland 806 

Leftly  V.  Monnington 1186 

Legg  V.  Mathieson 2122 

Legg  and  others  v.  Stoke  Ncwington  1326 

Legge  17.  Asgill 1216 

V.Boyd 2276 

—  r.  Edmunds 160 

V.  Tucker 392 

Leggott  V.  Barrett 827,  828 

Legh  V.  Heald 2263 

V.  Hewitt 450 

».  Lillie 2136 

Le  Gros  v.  Cockerell 744 

Lehmann  v.  McArthur      ....    2140 

Leicester  v.  Beaumont 1848 

V.  Brown 228,  1360 

W.Holland 203 

Leicester   Co.    Co.    v.     Leicester 

Assessmt  Committee     .    .      181^  1501 

Leicester  Forest  Case 748 

Leicester  Freemen  v.  Hewitt     .    .      427 
Leicester  Racecourse  Co,  Re       289, 1373 

Leidemann  v.  Schuliz 2110 

Leifchild's  Case 944 

Leigh, /?«    .    .    .     saS,  1054, 2017,  2145 
V.  Banner 826 

—  V.  Chapman 970 

U.Jack 541,550 

V.  Leigh  .     .    .  374,  722,  1239,  1661 

V.  Norbury 1014 

Leinster,  Re 954 

Leishnian  v.  Cochrane 1031 

Leitli  v.  Leith  Harbour  Commrs    .  1629, 

1762 
Le  Lievre  v.  Gould  ....  839.  1891 
Lemage  v.  Goodban      .    .    .    2035,  2240 

Lemaitre  v.  Davis 506 

Leman  v.  SafiEery 869 

Lemnnn,  Re 940,  962 

Le  Marchant  v.  Inl.  Kev 1705 

r.  Le  Marcliant 1530 

Le  May  v.  Welch 1269 

Lemere  v.  Elliott 1009 

Lemmon  v.  Webb     ....    1125, 1800 

Lemon  v.  Mark 1025 

I/cnanton,  Ex  p 941 

Leonard,  Re 1974 

Leonard  and  Ellis, /?e  ....  654,  855 

Leonino  v.  Leonino 383 

Lepla  V.  Rogers    ....  129,  523,  2139 
Leppington  v.  Freeman     ....    1715 

Lesingham.  Re 2136 

Leslie  z;.  Leslie 1063 

V.Rothes 1514,1865 

V.  Thompson 1226 

V.  Young 204,  2060 

Tiessing  r.  Horsley 1871 

Lester,  Ex  p.,  Re  Lyncs     ....      716 
i;.  Garland 468,2058 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Ixxxiii 


P»ge 
Letter  v.  Torrens ....  651,  769, 1096 
Le  TiiiUear  v.  S.  E.  Rj     ....      263 

Letchfbrd  V.  Oldham 1944 

Lethbridge  v.  Lethbridge  .    .    1167, 1637 

p.  Thurlow  ....    821,322,484 

Lethieullier  o.  Tracjr 1102 

Letricheax  v.  Danlop 621 

Lett  p.  Osborne 779 

Letton  V.  Goodden 711 

Leacade,  The 221 

Leaw  V.  Dudgeon 1019 

Leren,  jfte 1389,2031 

Lerer ».  Goodwin 697 

p.  Land  Securities  Co    .    .    .      818 

Lererington,  7?« 1881 

Lererington,  The     ....     441, 1241 

Lerip.  Berk 260 

Lerin  p.  Allnutt 871 

p.  O'Keefe 596 

Ury.Re 748 

p.  AbercorrU  Co  .    .468,  469, 1015 

p.LoveU 1815 

p.  Rutlej 149 

P.Walker 827,2082 

Lewer,  Re,  Ex  p.  Garrard     ...      160 

Lewes  p.  Lewes 1142 

Lewin  p.  Wilson 1487 

Lewis.  Ex  p.,  Re  Henderson      .    .    1516 

,H€       674,717 

,  Re,  Exp.  Munro 988 

p.  Arnold 1390 

p.  Brass 1957 

F.  Burreli 1938 

p.  Carr 166,536,684 

p.  Clay 883 

p.Collard 1891 

p.  Erans 1365 

p.  Fermor 445 

p.  Fothergill     ....    1580,^261 

p.  Gompertz 546 

p.  Goodbodj 1694 

P.Graham 268 

p.  G.  W.  Rj     1898.  1666, 1911,  2245 

p.  Hammond     ....    1408,2163 

r.  Hoare 867 

p.  InLRer 404,1466 

p.  Leonard 1976 

p.  Ixjwis 395,1001 

p.  M^Kee       1792 

p.  Madocks 630 

p.  Marshall 260,  773 

p.  Mathews       1828 

p.  Nicholson      ....      741,  1882 

p.Nobbs 2049 

P.Owen 1172 

p.  Poole 663 

p.  Rees 792,1622 

P.Roberts 683,1884 

p.  Rogers 604 

p.S.  W.Ry 357 

P.Stephenson  ....    1347,1710 

P.Swansea 687 

P.Thomas 361 

p.  Waters 726 

p.  Weston-super-Mare   .    1265, 1996 

p.  Williams 1001 

Ley  p.  Peter 24 

Lejoester  p.  Logan  .    .    .    .    1446,2173 


P»ge 
Leyland  p.  Illingworth  ....  2230 
Leyland  and  Taylor;  Re   .    .      689, 1379 

Leyman  p.  Latimer 707 

Ley  ton  p.  Causton 781 

L'Herminier,  Re 1716 

Liberator  Bg  Socy.  Re  ....  1325 
Licensed  Victuallers'  Assn,  Re  .  541, 2124 
Lickbarrow  p.  Mason  ....  133,  192 
Liddard  p.  Liddard   .    .     1413,1582,1538 

Liddell  p.  Real 352 

p.  Liddell 1841 

V.  Lofthouse 1487 

17.  Westerton 352 

Liddy  p.  Kennedy    .    92,  105.  1060, 1611 

Lidgett'p.  Perrin 773 

p.  Secretan 118, 1778 

Lidiard  and  Jackson,  Re  ...    .      633 

Liebig, /?« 2277 

Life  Assn  of  Scotland  P.  M'Blain   .    1897 

V.  Siddal       26 

Liffln  p.  Pitcher 323 

Lif ord's  Case 783, 2263 

Llghtbound  p.  Higher  Bebington   .      782 

Liglitfoot  p.  Burstall 690 

Liiesp.Terry 2126 

Lileyp.Hey 695 

Lilfordp.  A-G 365,389 

Lilley  p.  Harvey 1639 

p.  Rankin 798 

Lilly  p.  Ewer 407 

p.Smales 2019 

Limerick  r.  Commrs  of  Valuation.  1612 
Limmer  Co  v.  Inl.  Rev.    .    .      987,  1586 

Lincoln  p.  Pelham 2288 

Linder  p.  Pryor 2166 

Lindley  p.  Girdler 18 

Lindo  p.  Belisario 1165 

Lindow  P.Fleetwood 1580 

Lindsay  p.  EUicott 1724 

p.  Janson 118 

p.  Rook 2279 

P.Wells 811 

Lindsay  and  Forder,  Re    .    .    ,    .    1492 

Lindsell  p.  Phillips 202 

Line  p.  Harris 594 

V.  Stephenson 502 

Linen  &  Woollen  Drapers  Institu- 
tion, Re 295 

Linfoot  V.  Pockett 364 

Lingard  v.  Brennan 1234 

Lingwood  p.  Gyde 451,684 

Linnsean  Socy  p.  St.  Anne,  West- 
minster     1799 

Linne  Regis  Case 208 

Linotype  Co, /?« 289,699 

Linton  v.  Linton   .    .    .     475, 1090, 1704 

p.  Mackenzie 1214 

Lion,  The 1428,1424 

Lipton  p.  The  Queen 693 

Liquidation  Co  p.  Willoughby  .  .  1101 
Lishman  p.  Christie  ....  321,  1679 
Liskeard  Un.  p.  Liskeard  W.  W.  896, 1612 

Lisle  p.  Lisle 2277 

V.  Reeve 1227 

Listp.Tharp 40,1887 

LUter,/f« 797,941 

,  Ex  p..  Re  Milford  Docks  Co .      434 

p.  Hoxley 1887,1798 


Ixxxiv 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


P»ge 
Lister  v.  Lane  ....    1088,  1719, 2146 

u.  Lister 74 

».  Lobley 1387,1798 

V.  Perryman 1668 

V.  Pickford  ....      108, 109.  286 

V.  Tidd 1329 

V.  Turner 436,  1621 

v.  Van  Hannsbergen      .    .    .     1112 

Lister's  Hospital,  Re 1447 

Listowel  V.  Gibbings      .  1201, 1202,  1203, 

1772 

Litchfield  V.  Jones 712 

Little,  A« 183 

,  Ee,  Mather  v.  Roddy    ...      948 

V.  Newport  Ry 18 

V.  Stevenson 1068 

Littledale  v.  Lirerpool  College  .  641,  660 
Littlejohns  v.  Household   ....    1997 

Littler  v.  Holland 488 

V.  Rhyl  Imp.  Commrs    .    .    .      896 

Litton  V.  Litton 1704 

Liver  Alkali  Co  v.  Johnson  .  .  .  348 
Liverpool  v.  Llanfyllin  ....  88 
Liverpool  Banking  Co  r.  Eccles  .  1882 
Liverpool  Borough  Bank  v.  Turner  1866 
Liverpool  Brokers'  Assn  r.  Com- 
mercial Press 1690 

Liverpool  Cattle  Market  v.  Hodson    1273 
Liverpool  Com  Traders'  Assn  v. 

G.  W.  Ry 1179,  2128 

r.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry    .     1698,  2r28 

Liverpool  Gas  Co  v.  Everton      .    .    1276 
Liverpool  Household  Stores,  Re     .     1209 
Liverpool  Investment  Co  v.  Rich- 
ardson       926 

Liverpool  Library  r.  Liverpool  1799 

Liverpool  Rector,  ^x /) 1717 

Livesey  v.  Livesey 607 

Livie  r.  Janson 863 

Llandaff  Market  Co  v.  Lyndon    1 19,  692, 

1640,  1873 

Llandudno  v.  Hughes 1442 

V.  Woods 747, 1629 

Llanelly  v.  Neath 2239 

Llewellin,  Re 666.  943,  1682 

Llewellyn  v,  Glamorgan  Vale  Ry  .    1390, 
1444,  1761,  2046 

V.  Rutherford 261, 829 

V.  Simpson 1628 

u.  Swansea  Canal  Nav.       .    .    1138 

Llewelyn  o.  Williams 779 

Lloyd,  Re 185,  697,  1704 

V.  Cocker 47 

—  V.  Gen.  Iron  Screw  Collier  Co       14, 

1464 

I'.  Gregory 189 

V.  Jnckson 2272 

I'.  Jones 869,  870 

V.  Lloyd    ,    .    .    .   m,  163,  644,  646 

V.  Nowell 1958 

I'.  Rosbee 2026 

V.  Sugg 16 

V.  Tench 1278 

r.  Tweedy 1706 

Lloyd's  Bank  v.  BuUock  .    .    1622,1976, 

2168 

—  V.  Princess  Royal  Co     .    .    .      428 
Lloyds,  The 830 


P««e 

Loadman  V.  Cragg 2175 

Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  Re     .    ,    .  43,  1(527 

Loch  r.  Bagley t840«  19l>3 

Lock,  Re 31 

p.  Pearce      .    .    .    .31,1293,1654 

Locke  V,  Dunlop  .    .    .     607,  1369,  2065 
Locke-King  u.  Woking     ....      877 

Lockhart  v.  Barnard 2289 

».  Falk 604 

r.  St.  Albans    .    .    .  426,427,1855 

Locking  v.  Parker 1228 

Lockwood  v.  Levick 211 

p.  Wood 767,  207O 

Lockyer  v.  Wade 1278 

Lodge  V.  Huddersfield 1350 

r.  Lodge 616 

LofFt  V.  Dennis 2166 

Ix>fthou8e  i\  Brown 1249 

Loftus,  Re 248 

Loftos-Otway,  Re 66,  1670 

Logsdon  r.  Booth 360 

V.  Trotter 860,  670 

Loibl  p.  Fraser 1827 

Lomas  v.  Wright 476 

Lomaz  v.  Holmden 169 

V.  Holmeden 1868 

Londesborough,  Re  .    ,    ,    ,     898,  2179 
Loudon  i;.  Cox      .    .    .     964,  1987,  2230 

V.  Derry 43 

V.  Nash     ...'...      229, 1676 

p.  Parkinson 329 

V.  Southwell 48 

r.  Web 2217 

London  Assn  of  Shipowners  v.  Lon- 
don Docks    245 

London  Assn-e  v.  Mansel  ....      860 
London  Bank  of  Mexico  v.  Apthorpe  116, 

266,  746 
London,  B.  &  S.  Ry  u.  Faircloagh     2069 

p.  Hay  ward's  Heath  .     ...      609 

V.  St.  Giles,  Camberwell      212, 1272 

P.Watson 1445 

London  Celluloid  Co, /?c    ....    2193 
London  C.  &  D.  Ry  v.  Ix)ndon  .    .    1948 

p.  S.  E.  Ry    284,  447,  600, 988, 1606, 

1981 
London  Cleanng  Committee  p.  Inl. 

Rev 1707 

London  Corp,  Ex  p 1007 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  ^lon  Coll      .     .    .    2121 

London  Co.  Co.  r.  A-G 949 

p.  Aylesbury  Dairy  Co  .     .     .      744 

P.Candler 1964,2149 

p.  Carwardine 1892 

P.Cross 114,636,806 

p.  Davis 971,  2086 

—  p.  Dixon       340 

p.  East  London  W.  W.  Co    .    1497 

p.  Edwards 228 

p.  Erith 181,  904, 1848 

p.  Hirsch 844 

p.  Holzapfels  Co 1478 

p.  Humphreys 1964 

p.  Lambeth 181 

p.  Lawrence 1879 

p.  Lewis 686 

p.  London  Hydraulic  Power 

Co 2220 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxxv 


Page 
London  Co.  Co.  v.  Mitchell    ...      667 

r.  Pearoe 227,  1954 

r.  Pryor 2108 

r.  Read 246 

V.  RowtOD  Houfies  Lim.  971 

p.  St    George's    Assessment 

Committee 69,  1178 

V.  Savoy  Hotel  Co     ...    .    1892 

V.  Wood 2148 

V.  Worley 889 

London  Co.  Co.  and  City  of  Lon- 
don Brewery,  Re  .    .    ,    .    2056, 2080 
London   County   Cycling   Club  v. 

Beck 1185 

London  Dock  Act.  Re 186 

London  Financial  Assn  v.  Kelk  .     46,  944 
London  Freehold  Co  v.  Suffield  499 
London  Grand  June.  Ry  v.  Free- 
man       1864 

Ix>ndon  Guarantie  Co  v.  Feamley      864 
London  India  Rubber  Co,  Re    .    .    2140 
Loudon  Joint  Stock  Bank  v.  Sim- 
mons     1261 

London  Library  v.  Carter  .  1834,  2078 
London  MeUlturgical  Co,  Re  .  .  1791 
London  Monetary  Co  v.  Smith  .  .  990 
London-Paris  Corp,  Re  ...  .  2124 
London  Printing  Alliance  v.  Cox  .  1690 
London  Provident  Socy  v.  Asliton  990 
f^ndon  Reform  Union  &  G.  B.  Ry  1665 
London  School  Board  v.  Duggan    .    1670 

V.  Faolconer 1171 

V  Jackson 1401 

V.  St.  Mary,  Islington    .    .  764, 1388 

London    S.   S.  Owners    Insrce  v. 

Grampian  S.  S.  Co 92 

London   Tramways  Co  v.  London 

Co.  Co 2044,  2087 

London  Wharves,  The 2069 

London  &  Birm.   Flint  Glass  and 

AlkaUCo,/2<! 434 

London   &  Canadian  Loan  Co  v. 

Duggan 938 

London  &  Colonial  Finance  Corp, 

Re 1209.  1961 

London  &  County  Bank  v.  Fulford    2068 

p.  Goddard   .    .    .     165,  2104,  2184 

c.  Groorae 1383 

c.  London  &  River  Plate  Bank     203, 

1261 
London  &  Devon  Biscuit  Co,  Re  .  1680 
London  &  Eastern  Banking  Corp, 

Re 1868 

London  &  Eastern  Counties  Loan 

Co  V.  Creasy  224, 1488, 1498,  1966,  2161 
London  &  Gen.  Bank,  Re  .  ,  .  .  1326 
London  &  N.  W.  Ry  v.  BUlington  .      631 

17.  Donellan 631 

c.  Evans  .  724,  1139, 1798, 1899,  1902 

p.  Evershed 1789 

V.  Fobbing  Levels      ....      449 

r.  Garnett 174 

v.Giyn 938,994 

».  Grace 708 

r.  Llandudno  .  .  1646,  1646,  1647 

c.  Richards 2183 

V.  Runcorn  .  672, 1114, 1849,  2116 

r.  Skerton 910 


Page 
Loudon  &  N.  W.  Ry  c  Wigan  .  .  1644 
London  &  Northern  Bank,  Re    .    12,  243, 

2169 
London  &  Paris  Banking  Corp,  lie  1259 
London  &  Provincial  Laundry  v. 

Willesden 894,1692 

London  &  S.  African  Exploration 

Co  V.  De  Beers 922 

London  &  S.  W.  Ry  v.  Blackmore  39.  40. 
229,230,231,  1986,2075 

V.  Bridger 49 

V.  Flower 1330 

V.  Gomm       ....  10,  U62,  1774 

London  &  Suburban  Bank,  Re  .  .  425 
London  &  Suburban  Laud  Co  v. 

Field 65,  173 

London  and  Tubbs,  Re  ....  2244 
London  &  Universal  Bank  v.  Clau- 

carty 1107 

London  &  Westminster  Bank  v.  Inl. 

Rev 987,  1677,  1802 

V.  Smith 2029 

London  &  Westminster  Bread  Co, 

Re 1292 

London  &  Westminster  Loan  Co  v. 

Chace 810 

p.  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry 46 

London  &  Yorkshire  Bank  p.  Bel- 
ton  689 

p.  Cooper 44S 

V.  Wiiite 136,  193 

London,  &c,  Buildg  Socy  p.  Angell  2168 
London,  &c.  Hotels  Co,  Re  ,  .  ,  1814 
Londonderry  v.  M'Elhinney  .  .  .  2070 
Londonderry    Bridge    Commrs  p. 

M'Keever 711 

Lonergan,  Re,  Exp.  Shell      .    .    .     1684 

Long, /fe 47.471 

P.  BlackaU 2043 

p.  Lane 1849 

p.  Millar 160,  1623 

V,  Ricketts 66 

Longbottoro  p.  Berry 1468 

p.  Longbottom 1077 

Longboume  p.  Fisher 1059 

Longford 1022 

Longford,  The 81 

p.  Eyre 1244 

Longman  v.  East 6:36 

Longmore  p.  Broom      .     .    .    1346, 1347 

p.  Elcum 1141 

LongsUffe  p.  Woodrow      ....     1936 

Longworth,  Re 49 

p.  Bellamy t    .    2241 

Lonsdale  p.  Crawfurd  or  Lowther  .     372. 

929,  1514 

V.  Rigg 272,  795 

Looker  p.  Wrigley 1113 

Loome  p.  Baily 795 

Loosemore  p.  Tiverton  and  N.  Devon 

Ry 1202,1256 

Lord  p.  Colvin 666 

V.  Mid.  Ry 839,  1666 

p.  Stephens 1794 

Lord  and  FuUerton,  Re  ....  6-39 
Lord  Advocate  p.  Bogie    ....    1471 

p.  Fleming 182,  2237 

p.  Grant 1837 


Ixxxvi 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Lord  Adrocate  v,  Sawen  .     .     977, 1155 

f.  Sinclair 729 

V.  Wemyss 747,  967 

V.  Young 2179 

Loring  V.  Thomas     ....      305,  1851 

Losh  V.  Townley 1849 

Lolt  u.  Melville 1803 

V.  Outhwaite 357 

v.Wyckott 706 

Louch  r.  Peters    .    .    .     821,1380,2016 
Loughborough  v.  Curzon  ....      438 

Louis,  Re 1904, 1905 

V.  Louis 1014 

Louth, /fc    .     .    .     999,1071,1324.1441 
Lovat  r.  Leeds     ....     51,  483, 1716 

Lore,  Re 2120 

U.Bell 1093 

Love  Bird,  The 1188 

Loveacres  v.  Blight 66,  772 

Lovejoy  r.  Cole 44,  318 

Lovelace,  jRe 1584 

Lovell  V.  CalUghan 1874 

V.  Lutterell 753 

V.  Newton 1829 

Lovelock  V.  Dancaster 1059 

Loveridge  v.  Hodsoll     .    .    .    1431,1766 

Lovesej  v.  Stallard 208 

Lovett  V.  Lovett 628 

Low,  Re 2,  763 

V.  Innes 81,  1675 

V.  Uoutledge     .    .    .     149,  219,  3?.7 

V.  Smith 862,  1079 

V.  Staines  Reservoirs  Commit- 
tee   895 

Lowden,  Re 1660 

Lowe,  Ex  p 766 

, /?«  .    .      304.992,1901,2239,2240 

V.  Blackmore 290 

V.  Carpenter 1276 

V.  Davies 861 

V.  Fox 641,  766 

u.  Govett 1876 

u.  Lowe 716,  1001 

V.  Pearson 616 

V.  Peers 1106 

u.  Thomas 1216 

17.  Volp 1439 

Lower  Rhine  Insrce  v.  Sedgwick  .    1357, 

1895 
Lowman.  Re    ,    .    .    ,     863, 1821, 1969 

Lowndes  v.  Fountain 2174 

Lowry,  Re 2081 

V.  Patterson 608 

Lows  ».  Telford 744 

Lowth  V.  Ibbotson 088 

Lowther  v.  Beniinck     .  46,  47, 183, 1370, 

1372 

V.  Caledonian  Ry  .    .    .      621, 1566 

V.  Heaver 1769 

V.  Radnor     .    .    .    1026,  1049, 1366 

Lozano  v.  Janson 1746 

Luard  v.  Pease 46,  47 

Lubbock  V.  British  Bank  of  S.  Amer^ 

ica 1571 

Lucas,  Re 21,  578 

V.  Beach 1207 

V.  Beaie 1332 

V.  Bristow 187 


Lucas  V.  Cuddy 1 147 

©.Dicker 819 

V.  Goldsmid 694 

V.  Harris 472 

V.  James 610 

V.  Rideout 1073,  1076 

v.  Swan,  The 962 

Luoena  v.  Crauf  urd 379,  994 

V.  Lucena 1999 

Luoey  v.  Ingram 2210 

Luckin  v.  Hamlyn 1310 

Luckraft  v.  Pridham 1623 

Lnddington  v.  Kime 1012 

Luddy, /?« 627 

Ludford, /?6 662 

Ludmore, /?e 662 

Luff  V.  Leaper 94,  797 

Luker  v,  Dennis 660,  1922 

Luiham,  Re 816 

Lumb  V.  Beaumont 1170 

i».  Teal 1002 

Lumley,  i^e 986,1746 

».  Gye 1148 

17.  Simmons 491 

Lumsden  t;.  Burnett      .    .    .    .     3,1616 

Lund. /?« 1446 

V,  Campbell 650 

V.  Liverpool  School  for  Indi- 
gent Blind 484 

Lury  V.  Pearson 1976 

Luscombe  v.  G.  W.  Ry     .    .      878,  1316 

Lttshington  v.  Sewell 1494 

Luther  t;.  Bianconi 1727 

Lutterel  v,  Weston 2284 

Luxford  t;.  Cheeke 467 

Lttxmore  v.  Robson 1038 

Luxon,  Ex  p..  Re  Pidsley  ....      138 

Lycett, /?€ 2087 

Lyde  v.  Barnard 5 

Lydney  Iron  Co  v.  Bin!  ....  1677 
Lyell  V.  Kennedy  286,  1666, 1724,  2279 
Lyle  Co  v.  Cardiff  Corp  ....  450 
Lynall  u.  Longbothom  ....   740,  797 

Lynch  v.  Copinger 201 

i;.  Lynch 1487 

V.  Nurden 1354 

Lyndon  v.  Standbridge  .    .    .     1773,  2029 

Lyne,  Re 179 

V.  Leonard 740 

Lyne  Stephens,  Re 734 

Lynes, /2e,  fx  p.  Lester    ....      716 

Lynn  v.  Bell 801 

Lynne  Regis  Case 208 

Lyon,  i2e 1297 

V.  Fishmongers'  Co   .    .      975, 1763 

V.  Greenhow      .    .   1144,  2013,  2014 

u.  Knowles 276 

r.  Morris 714,1148 

u.  Reed 1994 

V.  Tomkies 1388 

Lyons  v.  De  Pass 1164 

p.  Wilkins 186,1149 

Lys  17.  Lys 820 

Lysaght.  fle     .    .    .    .21,676,760,1608 

V.  Coleman 1971 

17.  Edwards  .    .    .    .166,1288,2170 

17.  M'Gratli 9 

17.  Warren 494 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxxvii 


Page 

Ljsons  V,  Enowles 164 

Lythgoe  V.  Vernon 2209 

Lvtton,  lie 1054 

-1-  ».  G.  N.  Ry 1262 


M. 

M,/2c 631 

Mabbett,  iZe 00 

Maberly  o.  Strode     ....     1349,2187 

Mac,  The 1836,1866 

MacAlIister  v.  Rochester,  Bp     1344, 1417 

McAndrew  v.  Barker 1001 

V,  Chappie 400 

V.  Electric  Telegraph  Co    .    .    1666 

1;.  GaUagher 1103 

McArthur,  ^p 1684 

M'AoliCFe  v.  Fitzsimons     ....     1724 

M'Bean  v.  Deane 179 

M'Cabe  v.  Galsworthy 2124 

McCaU  V.  Houlder 803 

V.  Taylor 1818 

MacCallum,  Re 860 

M'Cance  v.  Lond  &  N.  W.  Ry   .    .    1667 

M'Cann  v.  Downshire 2076 

McCann  v.  McKaughley    .    .    .    .     1164 

MCarthy,  i2« 1664 

V.  Daunt 293 

McCarthy  v.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works      978 
McCawley  v.  Furness  iiy   840. 1886,  1393 

M'CIean  v.  Simpson 971 

McCHntock, /?e 426 

M'Connel  v.  Murphy 1795 

M<;ord  V.  Cammell  .    .    .  291,  676,  2086 

McCord  r.  McCord 367 

Maccord  u.  Osborne  ....      887, 1655 

M'Connick  v.  Patten 299 

Maccoy  v.  West 618 

M'Crea  v.  Holdsworth 1260 

McDonald  v.  Jopling 616 

Macdonald, /28     ....    23,396,1185 

o.  Law  Union  Insrce ....    2100 

r.  I^ngbottoni  ....    1225, 2289 

r.  TaeqnahCo 472 

McDonnell  v.  Fitzgerald    ....      2i)2 

p.  McKinty 649 

M'Donneli  v.  Idorrow 1818 

P.Murray 1262 

M  Dougal  r.  Creedon 970 

p.  Sutheriand 947 

Macdougall  v.  Copestake  ....    1910 

P.Patterson 1176 

Macdougle  v.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce     .     1943 

M'Dowall  r.  Boyd 742 

Macduff, /?«     .    .    .     197,294,296.1479 
McEntire  p.  Crossley     .    .    .    .186.240 

Macey  p.  Gilbert 926, 1144 

V.  Shurmer 1580 

Macfarlane  v,  Hulton    .    .    .    1618, 1924 

p.  Lister 1563 

P.Taylor 979 

Macile  p.  Callander  Ry     .    .    1728,1986 
McGarel./2e     ....     693,1071,1448 

McGeorge,  Exp 176,  267,  2168 

McGiffen  v.  Palmer's  Ship  Bg  Co  .     492, 

2226 
MacGowan,/2e 369,1262 


Page 
McGowan  p.  United  States    ...      116' 

McGrah  p.  Cartwright 188 

McGralh, /?« 1836,2230 

Macgregor  v.  Clay 817 

McGregor  p.  Gregory    .    .    .      196,  1288 

p.  McGregor 1014 

V.  Thwaites 1030 

McHarg  v.  Universal  Stock  Ex.      .     1626 

Mc Henry,  Exp 1446 

,  Re 1910 

Macher  p.  Foundling  Hosp.  .  .  .  876 
Machin  p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Iiy  .  .  .  1834 
McHole  V.  Davies  ....  592,  1873 
Machu  p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Uy  .    .    .    1834 

MachynUeth  v.  Pool 2131 

Mcllquham  p.  Taylor  .  .  .  1862, 2274 
McUwraith  v.  Dublin  Ry  .    .    .    .    1802 

Mclnany  v.  Hildreth 1487 

Mclntire  p.  Barnes 187 

Macintosh  p.  Pogose     .    .    .    1374, 1622 

Mcintosh  r.  G.  W.  Ry 284 

p.  Romford 1948 

p.  Simkins 1182 

p.  Slade 1224 

Mcintosh  and  Pontypridd  Co,  Re  .     107, 

1721,2217 

Maclntyre  v.  Connell 1608 

Mackp.  Petter 2064 

p.  Ward 472 

McKane,  Re 2081 

Mackay  p.  Bannister 960 

p.  McGuire 2023 

p.  Merritt 662 

M'Kay  p.  M'Nally     ....      129,  1229 

McKay  v.  Rutherford 342 

McKechnie  p.  Vaughan    ....    1303 

M'Kee  p.  M'Grath 261 

Macken  p.  Ellis 278 

M*Kenzie  v.  British  Linen  Co  .  .  1886 
Mackenzie, /?e      .    .  257,476,1910,2178 

p.  Childers 991,  1774 

p.  Day 467 

p.  Devonshire 709 

p.  Dunlop 682,1480 

p.  Mackenzie     .    10,  514,  1150,  1669 

p.  Whitworth    ....      822,  1384 

Mackenzie's  Settlement  ....  1389 
McKeowne  p.  Bradford     ....    1856 

Mackesy  v.  Mackesy 645 

Mackie  v.  Mackie 281 

Mackill  p.  Wright 466 

Mackinley  p.  Sison 600 

Mackinnon  p.  Clark  ....     1752, 2091 

Mackintosh  v.  Trotter 733 

Mackonochie  v.  Penzance  ....  1221 
Mackrell  v.  Brentford  Jus.  .  .  .  1710 
Mackreth  p.  Glasgow  &  S.  W.  Ry  .    1827 

M'Kune  p.  Joynson 46 

Maclaren  v.  Stain  ton 1312 

MacUy  v.  Baker 890 

McLayp.  Perry 1225 

Maclean,  i2e 1705 

McLean  p.  Clydesdale  Bankg  Co   .    1435 

p.  Dunn 451 

V.  Fleming 465 

p.  Monk 881 

Macleay,  Re 694 

Macleod,  The 577 


Ixxxviii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Macleod  v.  Annesley lt>()2 

V.  A-G.  N.  S.  Wales  ....    2238 

r.  Wakley 6^8 

McLeod  i;.  Inl.  Rev 404 

y.  McNab 370,1766 

V.  Power 1020 

McLeroth  v.  Bacon 6y4 

M'Loughlin,  Re 8?8 

Maclurcan  v.  Lane    .    .    .    .    .21, 1850 

V.  Maclurcan 1686 

McMalion,  He 1090 

M'Malion  v.  Gaussen 183 

p.  Irish  N.  W.  Ry 1784 

McManus  v.  Cooke  ....      097,  1288 

».  Hay 372 

V.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry 1667 

McMullen  v.  Wadswortli  ....  666 
MacMurdo. /?«      .    .    .     600,1162,1466 

McMurray  v.  Spicer 2041 

McMyn,  fte 956 

MacNab  v.  Robertson 1946 

V.  Whilbread    ...'...    1630 

McNair  v.  Audenshaw 1001 

Macnamara  v.  Macnamara     ...        63 

Macnce  v.  Gorst ^92 

V.  Persiun  Investment  Corp   276, 746 

McNicholas  v.  Dawson 616 

M'Onie  V.  Whyte 864 

Macoubrey  v.  Jones 2288 

McPherson  v.  Daniels 11-18 

Macpherson  v.  Scottish  Socy  .  .  2186 
McQueen  and  Farquhar,  He  .  .  .  1414 
Macrow  v.  G.  W.  Ry    .    .    .     U72, 1473 

McSliane,  i5:j:;). 3«4 

i;.  Baxter 22:i7 

McVeigh,  Re 1565 

Mac  William  v.  Dawson 2148 

Madden  w.Ikin 607 

Maddison  v.  Chapman 1206 

Maddock, /ie 147 

V,  Wallasey 1950 

Madeley  v.  Booth 1072 

V.  Bridgnortli 807 

Madell  w.  Tliomas 192 

Maden  r.  Taylor 2000 

Magarrili  v.  Whitehaven   ....     1409 

MaKdalen,  The 610 

Magdalen  Coll.  Case 81H) 

Magdalen  Coll.  v.  A-G 1-Ht4 

Magdalen  Hosp.  v.  Knotts     .     890,  21W4. 

2196 

Magee  ».  Lavell 1104.  llOo 

Magellan  Pirates,  The  .    .    .      144,  1482 
Magennis  v.  Fallon   ....     1358, 2057 
Mag^i,  Re,   Winehouse  v.   Wine- 
house   1741,1814 

Magner  and  Hawkes,  Re  .  .  602,  1641 
Magnolia  Metal  Co,  Re    289, 699, 810, 829 

Magnus  v.  Buttemer 1944 

Mahon,  Re 078,  908,  imi 

V.  Stanhope 1358 

Mahon  and  Sayer,  Re 146 

Malioney  v.  Ashlin 977 

MMidwell  V.  Andrews 486 

Maillard  v.  Argyle    ....      742.  1436 

Main,  The 1385,  1870 

U.Stark 134,1032 

Main  Colliery  Co  v.  Davies   .    .    .      607 


Mainland  v.  Upjolm 1818 

Mainprice  v.  Westley    .    .    .    2261, 2202 

Biainwaring,  Re 1828 

».  MiUier 111*2 

'  MaitUnd,  Re 867,  1818 

».  Adair 1963 

V.  Chalte 1074 

V.  Mackinnon    .    .    .  109,  178,  1926 

Majendie  v,  Carruthers     ....      708 
Major  V.  Park  Lane  Co     ....    1420 

Malam,  i2e 948 

Malcolm  v.  Ingram 254 

Maloolmson, /ee 1913 

Malcomson  v.  Malcomsou     ...      741 

n.  O'Dea 727.  844 

Maldon  v.  Woolvet  ....      726,  1394 

Malim  v.  Barker 1631 

p.  Keighley 16:n 

Malins  V.  Freeman   ....    2193,2195 

Mfilkm,  Exp 1803 

Mallanv.  May      .    .    .    1122,1123,1222 

r.  Radloff 1452 

Mallet  V.  Hanly 1477 

V.  Howitt 279 

Mallet 1166 

Mallinson  v.  Carr      ....    1046.1822 

0.  Siddle 808,  1066 

Mallory's  Case 130 

Malmesbury  v,  Malmesbury  .     1349, 1821 

Malone  v.  O'Connor 1531 

V.Stewart 874 

Maloney  v.  Lingard 1600 

Maltby,  Re 291,  759 

V.  Murrells 1333 

MaltoD  v.  West 1882 

Malton  Loc  Bd  v.  Malton  Manure 

Co 856,  973.  1301,  1.349 

Malvern  Hill  Conservators  v.  Foley      617 

Manby  v.  Bewicke 861 

V.  Sjott 1250 

Manchester  v.  Andrews     ....    1970 

0.  McAdam 1108 

V.  Onnskirk 1735 

Manchester    Bonding   Warehouse 
Co  V,  Carr      818, 962,  1039,  1362,  2057, 

2227 

Manchester  Brewery  Co  v.  Coombs     182, 

810,  1070,  1923,  1968,  2197 

p.  N.  Cheshire,  &c,  Co      ...    248 

Manchester  Infirmary  v,  A-G.    .     .    2106 
Manchester  Law  Clerks  Socy   v. 

Wilson 451 

Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry  t;.  Ander- 
son   1640 

V.  Denaby  Main  Co   704, 1101,  1561, 

1789,  2162 

1;.  Doncaster 474 

V,  Nortli  Central  Wagon  Co    .    193, 

1677.  1818 

».  Pidcock    .    .    873,405,044,2033 

V.  Wallis 1315 

Manchester  Ship  Canal  Co  v.  Man- 
chester Racecourse  Co    726.  1462, 2170 

V.  Midland  Ry 1647 

V.  Rochdale  Canal  Co    ...    2210 

Manchester  Trust  v.  Furness     .  866, 1362 
Manchester  &   Liverpool    Bk    v. 
Parkinson 1001 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Ixxxix 


Page 
Manchester  &  London  Assrce,  Re  ,  1295 
Manciiester  &  MilforU  Ky,  Re    393,  1679, 

2208 
Maocliester,  &c,  Traders'  Assns  v. 

Lane.  &  Y.  Ry     .    .    .    .      952,  1605 
Manchester,  &c  Trams  Co,  Re       .         4 

Mandleberg  v.  Moriey 1668 

Mangerton,  The 1764 

Mangey  v.  Hungerford 1400 

Mangin  v.  Mangin 788 

Manly,  Re 2031 

Mann  v.  G.  S.  &  W.  Ry     .    .    .    .    1890 

V,  Owen 486,  1818 

Manners  v.  Johnson 226,  456 

V.  Pearson 19 

Manning, /2e 1138,2046 

V.  Chamhers      ...    66,  868,  1851 

1^.  Clement 1066 

V.  Commrs  of  Titles  ....      638 

p.  Eastern  Counties  Ry  1 16 

o.  Lunn 1407 

V.  Purcell 899, 1216 

».  Wasdale 1671 

V.  Wells 843 

Mannion  v.  Harrison 930 

Mannoz  v.  Greener 1811 

Mansel,  Re 416 

Mansell  v.  Clements 1003 

Manser  v.  Diz 1067 

Mansergh  v.  Rimell ....      671,  1294 
Mansfield  v.  Blackburne    ....    2270 

r.  Butterworth      .    .    .      989, 2139 

Mansion  House  Assn  v,  Lond.  &  S. 

W.  Ry 746,  1789,  2128 

Manson  o.  Hope 854,  2084 

Mant  &.  Leith 1661 

Mantle  v.  Jordan 1489 

Manton  v.  Tabois     .    .     .     823,  898, 994 

Maori  King  v.  Hughes 1809 

Maple  V.  Junior  A.  &  N.  Stores  .    .      205 
Mara  p.  Browne   .    .    .    .215,986,1515 

Maraia,  ^x» 1167 

March,  /fe 1023 

V.  Ward 905 

Marcus.  Re 787,  1077 

MardeU  V.  Curtis 203;) 

Mardon,  Re 013 

Mare  v.  Charles 1450 

Margaret,  The 1099, 1499 

Margary  v.  Robinson  519,739,1755.  2017 
Margetson  v.  Wright    .    .    .    1859, 1907 
Margetts    and     Ocean     Accident 
Guarantee  Corp,  Re      ....    2179 

Marhant  v.  Twisden 1743 

Maria,  The 1005 

Marianne,  The 1251 

Marine     Insroe   v.  China    Trans- 
pacific   153 

Marine  Mansions  Co.  Re  ...    ,    2122 
Maritime   Bk   of  Canada  t^.  Rec. 
Gen.  New  Brunswick  ....      442 

Mark  Lane,  The 583,  584 

Marker  r.  Marker 1358 

Market  Harborough  v.  Kettering  .      781 

Market  Overt  Case 1163 

Markey  v.  Tolworth      ....  278,  387 

Markham  v.  Hutt 1779 

c.  Ivatt 1248 


Page 
Marks  v.  Benjamin  ....     1039, 1603 

».  Beyfus 1611 

V.  Ford 1950 

V.  Frogley    85,  402,  1198.  1900,  2086 

r.  Hall 151 

Mark  weirs  Case 817 

Marlborough,  Re 1406 

V.  Majoribanks      ....  267,  866 

V.  Mariborough 2263 

V.  Osborn 2016 

V.  Queen  Anne's  Bounty    .    .      866 

Marlow  v.  Thompson 1173 

Marpesia,  The 962 

Marquess,  Re 894 

Marreti;.  Sly 1901 

Marriage  v.  Wilson 818 

Marriage  &  Co,  Ae 282 

Marris  v.  Ingram 712 

Marrow  ».  Fliraby,  &c,  Co    240,616,916, 

2116 

Marsden  t;.  City  &  County  Assrce  .    216, 

721,  1857,  1597 

«;.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ky 717 

V.  Meadows 1676, 1677 

V.  Moser 1980 

V.  Saville  Street 724 

Marseilles  Extension  Ry,  Re  .  .  535 
Marseilles  Imperial  Land  Co,  Re  171, 888 
Marsh,  Re    ...    .  395,  675, 1007,  1008 

V.  Conquest 279 

V.  Estcourt 1835 

V.  Granville 865 

V.  Higgins 1222 

V.  Marsh 444 

Marsh  and  Smith's  Case  ....    1156 

Marshall  V.  Baker 1014 

V.  Bentley 608 

v.Fox 126,849 

V.  Green 826,  997,  1677 

V.  Hill 1074 

V.  Langley 1344 

i;.  Marshall 1446 

V,  Murgatroyd 623 

V.  Orpen 265,  613,  2272 

u.  Richardson 740 

V.  Rudeforth 1797 

V.  Smith 114,  389 

V.  S.StafibrdshireTramwaysCo  1578 

V.  Taylor 558,  659 

0.  UUeswater  Nav.  Co.  .    .    .      727 

Marshall  and  Salt,  Re 2140 

Marshfleld,  Re  .  .  241,  203,  1684,  1979 
Marshland  Smeetli  Commrs,  Re  .  878 
Marson  v.  L.  C.  &  D.  Ry  .    .    .  447,  895 

W.Lund 1176 

Martelli  v.  Holloway     .    .    .    1513, 1595 

Marten,  Re 1071 

V.  Nippon  Insrce 1764 

Martin,  Re    .    238,  566,  1081,  1342,  1716, 
1904,  2007,  2142 

V.  Glover 1367 

V.  Hewson 609 

V.  Hobson 1218 

V.  Holgate 1014 

».  Lee 805 

u.  L.  C.  &  D.  Ry 997 

V.  London  Co.  Co 975 

V.  McAlpine 835 


xc 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Martin  v,  Mackonocliie      164,  510,  1048, 

1358,  1528,  1704,  2263 

V.  Margham 145 

».  Martin 36,  8»5,  515 

V.  Pridgeon 2175 

V.  Purcell 2099 

u.  Smith 2032,2197 

i;.  Trarellers'  Iiisrce ....        49 

V.  Treacher  .    .    .    1318, 1819, 1448 

V.  Trimmer,  Re  Davidson  .    .      400 

V,  West  Derby 180 

».  Wright 432 

Martineau  v.  Kitching 938 

V,  Rogers 2067 

Martins  v.  Upcher    .    .      324, 1292, 1489 

Martyn,  Re 2026 

V.  Clue 176 

V.  Williams  .  1073,  2027,  2028,  2270 

Martyr  v.  Bradley 921 

V.  Lawrence 1812 

Marvin  v.  Wallace 12 

Mary  Ann,  Tlie 537 

Mary  Thomas,  The  ^ 803 

Marylebone   Vestry  v.   Sheriff  of 

London 2008 

V.  Zoological  Socy     ....    1800 

Maryon  Wilson,  Re 485,  646 

Mashiter  v.  Dunn 1409 

V.  Smith 129 

Maskelyne  Typewriter,  Lim.     .    .    1402 
Mason,  Ex  p..  Re  Smith    ....    1315 

,  Ex  p..  Re  Wliite 68 

,  /ee  ...     22,  90,  1416,  1742,  1818 

V.  Bennett 368 

r.  Bibby 978 

r.  Broadbent 241 

t'.  Cowdary 120 

V.  Dean 2121 

V.  Harris 203 

r.  Hey  wood 600 

V.  Lambert 14()1 

V.  Lickbarrow  ......      192 

V.  Limbury 1631 

».  Mitchell 694 

r.  Schuppisser  .     .      988,  1845,  1467 

V.  Shrewsbury,  &c,  Ry  .     .    .     1758 

V.  Westoby 2288 

V.  Wirral 30,  273 

Mason's  Orphanage,  Re     .    .    ,    .    1797 

Masper  V.  Brown 271 

Massereene  v,  Inl.  Rev 1845 

Massey,  Re 2118 

V.  Heynes 1264 

u.  Morris 71 

V.  Sladen 912,  984, 1333 

Massingberd,  Re 1228 

Massy  v.  Lloyd 1433 

V.  Nanny 404 

— ^  V.  Norse 1641 

V.  Rowen 1900 

Master  v.  Miller 1169 

Master  in  £q.  Victoria  v.  Pearson        477 

Masters  v.  Durst 1358 

V.  Green 60 

r.  Manby 566 

p.  Pontypool 1492 

Masters  and  G.  W.  Ry,  i2e    .     .    974,  976 
Mather  v.  Lawrence 793 


Mather  v,  Roddy,  Re  Little  .    .    .      948 

Matliews  v.  Brown 451 

V.  Gardiner 805. 1065 

V.  Jordan 1063 

MathewBon's  Case 5(^3 

Matson,  Re 1624 

p.  Baird 1645 

Matthews, /Se 1644 

V.  Brise 882 

p.  Buchanan     ....      809, 2092 

».  G.  N.  Ry 560 

V.  Keble 22 

V.  Ovey 273 

V.  Paul 2288 

V.  Usher 129,  132,  1292 

Matthias  v.  Mesnard 1616 

Matthieson  v.  Loud.  &  County  Bk     1287 

Matte  V.  Hawkins 1421 

Maude,  Exp 2262 

r.  Baildon 1961 

».  Brook 1796,1797 

V.  Maude 1348 

Maudslay,  Re 924 

Maugham,  Re       2277 

Maughan,  Re 1839,  1583 

V.  Mason 1470 

V.  Sliarpe 613 

Maund's  Case 1067, 1334 

Maund  r.  Mason  ....     806,  300,  307 

Maving  v.  Todd 348 

Mavro  v.  Ocean  Mar  Insree  .    .    .      803 

Mawdsley  V.  Beesley 869 

Mawson  v.  Blane 1665 

r.  Fletcher 981 

Maxstead  v.  Paine 2068 

Maxwell,  Re    ,      36,  733,  928,  1641,  1711 

r.  Hogg 410,2064 

V,  Inl.  Rev 494 

V.  Maxwell 476,  2233 

V.  Ward 781 

May  V.  Brown 1317 

V.  Burdett 665 

V.  Chapman 121>0 

V.  Grave 1666 

I?.  Lane 310 

V.May 1732 

u.  Piatt 645,1493 

V,  Thompson    ....     1957, 1958 

May's  Lynde,  Re 391 

Mayl>erry  v.  Brooking 478 

Mayd  v.  Field 1826 

Mayer,  i2e 1800 

r.  Claretie 2117 

U.Harding 114,1856 

r.  Murray 2161 

Mayfair  Co  v.  Johnston    ....    1422 
May  fair  Property  Co,  /?«....    2122 

Mayfield  v,  Wadsley 826 

Mayhew  v.  Cattermole      ....    1067 

».  Maxwell 18:i0 

V.  Nelson 790 

V.  Parker 1275 

V.  Wardley 626 

Maynard, /fc 1341 

V.  Wright 1014, 1348 

Maynards,  Re 391 

Mayne  v.  Mayne 1666 

Mayott  V.  Mayott 1810 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


xci 


P*g6 

Mead  r.  Davison 1127 

Meade. /2c 1843 

Meade's  and  Belt's  Case  ....  126 
Meader  v.  West  Cuwes      .     .      820, 1848 

Meadows  v.  Tanner 22(51 

t'.  Taylor 87 

Meakin  o.  Morris 2110 

Measure  i;.  Carleton 1938 

Meatli  V.  Winchester  .  .  .  1463, 1574 
Mecca,  The      .    .     876,1437,1867,1868 

Mecredjr  v,  Taylor 1250 

Medawar  v.  Grand  Hotel  Co       813,  2248 

Mediana,  The 458 

Medical  Battery  Co,  Re  ....  1535 
Medina,  The    .........      584 

V.  Stoaghton 2214 

Mediand,  i2e.  Eland  V.  MedUnd      .    1638 

Medley  i;.  Medley 1813 

Medlock, /2e 1847 

Medows,  i2s 2218 

Medway  v.  Bedminster     ....    2240 

V.  MedvraT 1463 

Meeds  r.  Wood 1748 

Megson  v.  Hindle 803 

Meiklereid  v.  West 1392 

Meirelles  v.  Banning 2263 

Melaugh  v.  Chambers 1243 

Melbourne  v.  Greenfield  ....  1489 
Melhado  e.  Porto  Alegre  Ry      .    .      390 

Mellen  V.Ford 1494 

Mellington  v.  Goodtitle     ....      272 

Mellidh  V.  MeUish 1906 

r.  Motteux 492 

r.  Vallins 1956 

Melliss  V.  Shirley      ....      167, 1856 

Mellona,  The 1099 

Mellor  V.  Denham 815,  438 

o.  Spateman     ....    1088, 1937 

r.  Tomkinson 1132 

Mellows  V.  Mellows       514 

Melrose  Abbey,  The 756 

Melsom  v,  Giles 53 

Melrille  v.  Hayden 1637 

c.  Mirror  of  Life  Co     150, 742.  816. 

1466 

r.  Stringer    .    .    .     926,1334,1937 

Mendham  v.  Williams 1432 

Mennard  V.  Welford      .    .    .      940,2129 
Menzies  v.  Breadalbane    1201, 1202, 1203 
Mer.  &  Exchange  Bank  v.  Glad- 
stone     768 

Mercantile  Bk  of  London  v.  Evans  .  8, 310 
Mercantile  Mar  Insrce.  Rb  ,  .  ,  942 
Mercantile  8.  S.  Co  r.  Tyser  .  .  1934 
Mercantile  Trading  Co.  /?e  .  .  .  930 
Meruantile   Trust  t;.  International 

Co 141.1212 

».  Rirer  Plate  Trust      .    1212, 1569 

Mercer,  Exp 2198 

V.  Mercer 204 

V.  Sparks 1150 

V.  Vans  Colina  ....    1471, 1472 

Merchant  Prince,  The 962 

Merchant  Shipping  Co  v.  Armitage  284 
Merchant  Taylors'  Co,  Re     .    .    ,      2^7 

Meredith,  Re 675, 2286 

V.  Gittens 1282 

—  p.  Heneage 1530,1531 


Page 

Meredith  v.  Holman 245 

V.  Treflfry 607 

V,  Watson 567,  668 

i;.  Wilson 2272 

Meriton  v,  Giibee 502 

Merivale  v.  Carson 688 

Merrick  i;.  Wakley 1600 

Merricks. /?e 1014 

v.  Cadwallader      .    .    .    1365,2098 

Merrill  v.  Morton 1264 

u.  Wilson     ...      562,  1493,  2121 

Merriman  v.  Williams 195 

Merritt  v.  Judd 84 

Merry  v,  Pownall 1254 

Merry  weather  v.  Nixan     ....      896 
Mersey  Docks  v.  Birkenhead     .  88,  1052 

—- r.  Cameron 181 

».  Henderson    ....    1849, 2088 

V.  Hunter 262 

».  Inl.  Key 404 

V.  Llanelian 180 

V.  Lucas 794, 1572 

r.  Turner 458 

V.  Twigge     ....  189,  916,  2088 

Merspy  Loan  Co  v,  Wootton      .    .    1578 

Mersey  Uy,/?€ 470>2268 

Mersey  Wood  Co,  Be 2121 

Merthyr  Tydvil  o.  Stepney    .    .    .    1735 

Mervin,  Re 819, 1462 

Meryon  v,  Collett 1387 

Mesnard  v.  Welford  ....      940, 2129 

Messent  v.  Reynold 1086 

Mestayer  i;.  Biggs 1441 

MetcalfsCase 705.716 

Metcalf.  i2e 66,287 

V.  Bruin 353 

Metcalfe. /?«? 827,2120 

V.Britannia  Co 1247 

V.  Cox 1353 

V,  Hutchinson 1716 

Methuen  and  Blore,  Re     .    .      652, 1787 

Metrop  Assn  r.  Petch 881 

Metrop  Asylums  District  v.  Hill    .    1298, 

1299 
Metrop  Bank.  Re,  Heiron's  Case    .    1033 

».  Heiron 3(J1 

V  Pooley 778 

Metrop  Bd  of  Works  v.  Howard    .      976 

It.  r^nd.  &  N.  W.  Ry      .    .    .        08 

V.  McCarthy 974,  975 

V.  Steed 1349, 1360 

V.  West  Ham 181 

Metrop  Coal  Consumers'   Assn  v, 

Scrimgeour 2124 

Metrop  Counties  Assn  c.  Brown  731 

Metrop  District  Ry  v.  Fulham    108,  12-36 

V.  Sharpe 675 

Metrop  District  Ry  and  Cosh,  Re  .    1985. 

2006 
Metrop  Police  r.  Cartman      .    .    .      577 

Metrop  Ry.fle 1665,2270 

V,  Defries 1716 

V.  Fowler      106.  596,  659,  871, 1054. 

1055,  1364,  1963,  2029 

V.  Turnhara 1547 

Metrop  Ry  and  Cotton's  Trustees, 

Re 1064 

Meunier, /2e 1504 


xcu 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Meuz  V,  Coblej      450,  701,  814,  887,  903, 

922,  1203,  2213 

u.  G.  E.  Rj 1130,  2072 

V.  Jacob 1468 

Mewburn.  Re 2277 

Mews  V.  The  Queen  .  346,  1140,  1653 
Mexborough  v.  Wliitwood  .  .  .  750 
Meyer,  Ex  p..  Re  Stoplianj   ...  7 

V.  Decroix  &  Co    .    .     12, 704,  1839 

V.  Ralli 083 

Meyerhoff  i;.  Froehlich      ....         6 

Meyerstein,  Re 609 

Meyricke,  Re 557 

Michel,  Re 1621) 

Michell,  Re 791,  16*20.  1913 

V.  Michell      .    .    83,  603,  1613.  1585 

Micklethwait  v.  Micklelliwait  1841,  2218 
Micklethwaite  r.  Kewlay  Co     .    .      885 

V.  Winter      ...     907,  1202,  18'.)9 

Middlesborough  Bg  Socy,  i?e  .  .  2114 
Middlesex  Co.  Co.  v.  St  George's  .      181 

p.  Willesden      ....     557,1137 

Middleton,  i:x/J 262,1360 

,  Re 1085,  2037 

V.  Bradley 16G8 

V.  Brown 860 

V.  Chichester 1516 

V.  Crofts 1628 

Midgley  v.  Coppock 1379 

V.  Richardson 1S66 

V.  Smith 2158 

Midland  Coal  Co, /?e  ....  435,471 
Mid.  G.  W.  Ry,  Ireland,  v,  Dublin 

&MeathRy 623,1763 

Mid.  Ry  v.  BUck      .    .     952,  1665, 1672 

V.  Checkley  .    .    .    1201.  1202.  2267 

V.  Edmonton     .    .    .  840,  341,  1562 

V.  Freeman 281 

V  G.  VV.  Ry  .    .  356,  688,  1270.  1306 

V.  Haunchwood  Co    .    .  1201, 1202, 

1203 

w.  Ix)8eby 631,1672 

V.  Manchester,  &c,  Ry    .    .    .    1118 

».  Miles 1202.  1970 

u.  Robinson  .      618,  1201,  1202,  1208 

u.  Sills 1665,  1672 

u.  Watton     .    .    .    1917,1948,2111 

V.  Withington 1629 

Mid.    Waggon    Co.    v.    Potteries, 

Shrewsbury,  &c,  Ry 1645 

Midleton  v,  McDonnell  .  .  .  910,  13 IG 
Miedbrodt  v.  Fitzsimon     ....      687 

Migotti  V.  Colville 249 

Milbank  v.  Vane 491 

Milburn  v.  Jamaica  Co      ....      802 

».  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      .    .    .     1087 

Mildmay's  Case 1359 

Mildmay  v.  Methuen 1981 

Mildred  v.  Maspons 1290 

Mile-End  Old  Town  v.  Whitby      .    1378 

V.  Whitechapel 1412 

Miles,  £'x/7 618 

V.  Dyer 1348 

V.  Furber 1616 

V.  Harris 1089 

r.  Harrison  .    .    .   1730,2037,2235 

».  Jarvis 2046 

1-.  Miles    .     .     852,  1193,  1237,  1296 


Miles  V.  New  Zealand  Alford  Estate 

Co 748 

p.  Presland 1026 

Miiford  V.  Hughes 222 

Milford  Dock  Co,  Re,  Ex  p.  Lister      434 

Milissich  v.  Lloyd's 689 

Millar  u.  Taylor 409 

MiUard,  Re 923 

V.  Bailey 1861 

O.Millard 867 

Millen  v.  Brasch 1120 

Miller's  Case 12^5 

Miller,  Re     178,  384,  604,  863. 1107.  1291. 
1859,  1481,  1616,  1634,  1558 

».  Borner 260,1225 

i;.  Chapman 1969 

O.Collins      .     .      290,954,996,9^8 

o.  Dell 277 

r.  Everton 1993 

V,  Gulson 891 

V.  Miller 1550 

V.  Race 269.  1261 

V.  Salomons  .    .     .     489,  1796,  2101 

V.  Sharp 1453 

Miller's  Dale  Co,  Re     .      138,  1008,  1287 

Milligan,£xp 1167,1900 

,  Re 1161 

Milligen  o.  Picken    ....    1590,1859 
Millington  v.  Harwood      ....     1085 

V.  Loring 1170,  17.^7 

V.  Thompson 24 

Millner,  Re 1643 

Mills,  Re    1 ,  69. 376. 1238. 1059, 2102. 2246 

V.  Armstrong 1200 

0.  Charlesworth     ....  409,881 

V.  Dugmore 1381 

V,  Dunham      96,  250,  461,  466,  1745, 

2087 

V,  Farmer     ....     296,  452,  669 

V.  Hughes 676 

o.  MilTward 2017 

o.  N.  Ry  of  Buenos  Ay  res  Co    1571 

r.  Scott 1686 

Mllman  v.  Lane 864 

Milne,  Exp.,  Re  Batten    ...   68,  1169 

,Re 2044 

O.Gilbert 1277 

o.  Graham &J 

o.  Wood 803 

Milner,/2c 9,1624.1738 

0.  G  N.  Ry 1646, 1647 

o.  Maclean 744 

o.  Milner 444 

Milnes  r.  Foden 2036 

o.  Huddersfield     .     487,  1482,  1625 

Milroy  o.  Lord 812 

—  o.  Milroy 1206 

Milsom  0.  Awdry 53 

Milsome  o.  Long 604 

Milverton  S.  S.  Co  o.  Cape  Town 

Gas  Co 1248 

Minehead  0.  Luttrell 1386 

Mineral  Residues  o.  Levant  Mine  .    1075 

Mines  Case 1204,  1772 

Minifie  o.  Banger      ....    1243,  2028 

Mining  Shares  Co,  Ae 854 

Minnie,  The 1241 

Minor  o.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  .    .    .      263 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XClll 


Page 
Minors  v.  Baltiaon     ....      479,  1678 

Minsliall  v.  Lloyd 733 

Minslmll,  fie 1911 

Minter  o.  Wells 724 

V.  William* 1144,  2177 

Minton  v  Geiger  ....  178,  1687 
Mirams,  Re  ....  946,1610.1611 
MUcalfe  v.  Westaway   ....  131,  134 

Mitchel  V  Reynolds 1732 

Mitchell,  Re,  Ex  p.  Cunningham   667, 623 

l^CantriU 939 

V.  Collg 2137 

V.  Fordham 485,  1378 

!••  Forster 141 

r.  Hender 263,  266 

V  Henry 1309 

V.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry  .     .     .    1286,  1398 

r.  Lee 478 

V.  Newhall 1862 

^—  V.  Sinipson 148, 144 

Mitford  V.  Wayland 307 

Mittens  p.  Foreman 778 

Mitton  V.  Troke 246 

Moase  v.  White 1668 

Mocatta  v.  AG.,  Re  Goldsmid  .    .      759 

o.  Lindo 1432 

o.  Mocatta 1312 

Mcxllen  9.  Snowball  .    .    .  674,  768,  1749 

Mody  V.  Gregson 1790 

Moenich  u.  Fenestre  .  .  .  1546,  2078 
Moes  V.  Leith  &  Amsterdam  Co     .     1069 

Moffalt  p.  Barnie 1021 

V.  Dickson 1660 

V.  Ward 717 

Moffet  V.  Catlierwood 1079 

Ibloffett  r.  Goiigh  ...      202, 1032,  1476 

Mogford  V,  Courtenay 828 

Moggr.  Clark 1663 

r.  Yatton 1428 

Moggridge  r.  Thackwell    ....      296 

Mogridge  v  Clapp 819 

Mogul  Co  V,  McGregor       3.38,  973,  1148, 

161W,  2129,  2279 

M')ir  V.  Royal  Kx   Assrce      .     .    .      507 

r.  Williams  ....     225,  227,  735 

Molifere,  The 441,  1386 

Moliire  S.  S.  Co  v.  Naylor     .    .    .     1093 

Mollett  V.  Robinson 1020 

V.  Wackerbarth 1169 

Molloy  V.  Kilby 1344 

Molton,  Re 2049 

r.  Camroux 361,  2193 

MoWneux,  fxn 1340,1-397 

:,  /?€... 867,  1900 

V.  Fletcher 46.  1544 

Monaghan  v.  Taylor 279 

Monck  V.  Croker 1706 

V.  Hilton  767,  1370,  1098, 1922,  2169 

Monck  ton  v.  Payne 277 

Monckton  to  Gilzean 94 

Monk  V.  Bartram 1910 

p.  Hnskisson 2115 

V.  Mawdsley 67 

V  Noyes ni9 

V.  Whittenbury 66 

Monkhoase,  Ex  p.,  Re  Maughan    .    1839 

Monks  r.  Dykes 893 

—  V,  Jnckson 879 


Page 
Monmouth  Ry  &  Csn.  Co  v.  Hill  .  161 
Monsen  v.  Macfnrlnne  .    .    .    .118,  460 

Monson, //e 1843 

Montagu,  Re 1676,  1787 

Montague  v.  Flockton 2237 

V.  Nucella 1346 

i;.  Sandwich 1119 

Montgomery  v.  ¥oy 1008 

V.  Middleton 118 

V.  Thompson 2082 

Monti  p.  Barnes 733 

Montreal  p.  Standard  Light  Co  .  .  2118 
Montreal  Gas  Co  v.  Vasey  .  .  .  706 
Montrose  PeerHsre  Case  ....  648 
Mony penny  r.  Mony penny   480, 602, 1713 

Moodie  o.  Bai:nister 23 

Moody,  Re 1142 

V.  Corbett 39 

V.  Surridge 410 

V.  Tree 1869 

Moody  &  Yafes,  Re 1436 

Moojen, /?e,  Ax  p.  Bouchard     .    .    1816 

Moon, /2c 976 

,  Re,  Er  /).  Dawes  ....  66,  2274 

».  Dnrden      ...      224,  1137, 1751 

V.  Witney 1635 

Mooney  r.  VVillcocks 2021 

Moor  0.  Raisbeck 306 

17.  Roberts 1784 

Moore,  Ex  p.,  Re  THUhUiU    .    .434,716 

,  Re    6^6, 129(J,  1682, 16.33, 1632, 1716, 

1740,  1971 

V,  Beagley 1.337 

V.  Brompton  Co.  Co.  Bailiff    .    1207 

V.  Campbell 1226 

V.  Clench 890 

V.  Culrerhouiio 402 

V.  Darton 668 

V.  Denn 870 

v»  Edwards 1146 

V  Ffolliot 1073 

V.  Gill 817 

V.  Greg 132 

V.  Harris 990 

V.  James 643 

V.  Moore 367 

V  Pearce 1749 

V.  Rawliu!* 1626 

V.  Robinson 915,  2166 

V.  Shelley 1333 

p.  Taylor 717 

p.  Watson 1690 

p.  Woolsey 202,  1794 

Moore  and  Batt,  Re 602 

Moorhouse  p.  Linney 852 

p.  Woolfe 696 

Mnran  p.  Place 985 

Morant  p.  Taylor      ....      114,  1370 

p.  Wheal  Grenville  Co  .    .    .      257 

Moravian  Socy,  Re  .    ,  6,  607,  940,  2129 
Morewood,  Re,  P>rington  v.  More- 
wood    1574 

p.  Pollok 721 

p.  S.  Yorks.  Ry 810 

Morgan,  Re  9, 89, 90, 012, 1010, 1613, 1716, 
1841,  1901, 1966 

—  V.  Alexander 867 

p  Bowles 1856 


XCIV 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


P»ge 

Morgan  v.  Britten 70 

u.  Castlegate  S.  S.  Co  637, 1009, 1897 

V.  Crawshay      .    .    1203,  1669,  1916 

V,  Daries 1891 

V.Edwards 1864,1866 

V.  Gronow 871 

V.  Hardy 1090 

y.  Hatchell 432 

r.  Hedger 2092 

V.  Hutchins 492 

r.  King 1246 

V.  Lend.  Gen.  Omnibus  Co    120, 849, 

1049,  1168, 1878,  2269 

U.Mather 2127 

V.  Minett 2126 

V,  Parry 1862 

V.  Seaward 1169, 1663 

V,  Swansea 165 

».  Thomas  806,1011,1012,1014,1348 

V.  Thorne 963 

V.  West 2010 

Moriartv  i;.  Martin 1682 

V.  Moriarty 1604 

Morice  v.  Durham    .    .    .  186,  296, 1846 

Morier,J5:arp 1286,1764 

Morison  o.  Thompson 1811 

Morisse  v.  Royal  British  Bank  .    .    1176 

Morland  v.  Cook 1252 

Morley  v.  Carter 622 

O.Clifford 1987 

V.  Cook 2261 

V.  Croxon,  Re  Hedgman      769,  1990 

V.  Greenhalgh 1488 

V.  Jones 62 

V.  Loughnan 2126 

V.  Morley 292 

Moroney,  Re 201,  764,  816 

Morony  v.  Morony 1682 

Morrell  V.  Fisher 1312,2087 

».  Morrell 1161 

Morrice  v.  Aylmer    .    .    1861,1938,1940 

u.  Smart 2091 

Morrieson,  Re 2240 

Morrill  v.  Slate 864 

Morrin  v.  Morrin 646 

Morris' Case 1427,2122 

Morris, /?« 822,1737 

,  Rf,  Bucknill  v.  Morris  .     .    .    1789 

V.  Barrett 462, 1009 

V,  Beves 1803,  2203 

».  Blackman 1128 

V.  Burdett 262 

V.  Cleasby 496 

V.  Cook's  Estate 491 

V.  Davies 169 

V,  Dimes 2216 

t'.  Duncan     ...      114,  1684,  1916 

t'.  Edmonds 2246 

V.  Flipo 1760 

V,  Jeffries 1131 

V.  Langdale 1062 

p.  LeTison     ...     260,  1226, 1796 

V.  Manesty 1939 

V.  Mattliews      ....      603,  1591 

V.  Mellin 1970 

V.  Morris  ....     991,  1348,  2218 

B.  Rhydydefed  Co     .    .    1254,2166 

V.  Smith 962 


Morris  v.  Tottenham  Ry    781, 1266, 1766 

».  Walker 1792 

».  Wall 1441 

Morrtsh  v.  Harris      ....      228, 1363 

Morrison,  Re 179 

r.  Chadwick 2001 

V.  Glover 661,  651 

V,  G.  E.  Ry 1170 

V.  Hoppe 1582 

V.  Muspratt 866,  2163 

V.  Stubbs 1783 

V.  Trustees,  &c,  Corp     .    .    .    1016 

V.  Unirersal  Insrce    ....    1894 

Morriss  v.  Howden   .    .     362, 1428, 1986 

Morritt,  Re 1148 

Morrogh  v.  Hall 1382 

V.  Power 24 

Morrow  v.  M'Conyille  .    .    .    1218, 1989 
Morse,  Re,  Ex  p,  Latimer      .    .    .     1551 

V.  Fowler 1745 

u.  Slue 848 

r.  Tucker 477 

Morten,  Re 6,  292 

Morteo  v,  Julian 1481 

Mortgage  Insrce  v.  Inl.  Rev.      .    .    1677 

p.  Pound 2116 

Mortimer,  ^6 1998,2000 

».  BeU 2262 

V.  Hartley     ...     861,  1067,  1348 

V.  Slater 1277,  2043 

Mortimore,  Exp 1671 

V,  Cragg 1089 

V.  Inl.  Rev.   .    .   386,  471,  494,  1967, 

2065 

V.  Mortimore     ....    1277,  2048 

Mortlock,  ^e 647 

Morton,  Re 2017 

».  Copeland      .    .     940, 1886^  1879 

—  V.  Emanuel 1527 

V.  Freeman 1100 

V.  Green 120 

V.  Lamb 364 

V.  Palmer 1121 

Morton  and  Hallett 182,  133 

Moscow  Gas  Co  v.  International  Co  1492 

Moseley,  Re 436,  790, 1401 

Moses  V.  Marsland    ....      889, 1601 

».  Parker 636 

Mosley  v.  Hide 1331 

Moss,  Re 819,  1904 

V.  Dunlop     ......    1277,  2059 

V.  Hancock   .     446,  1214,  1217,  1744 

V.  Moss 947 

V.  Smith 919,  2073 

V.  Sweet 1784 

Mosse  V.  Killick 418, 1452 

Mostyn  v,  Lancnster 1073 

V.  London 1669 

V.  West  Mostyn  Co   .    .      603, 1086 

Mott  V.  Hicks 1792 

i>.  Shoolbred 2021 

Motteram  v.  Eastern  Counties  Ry     1604, 

1618 

Moubray  r.  Drew 1567 

Mouflet  V.  Cole 568 

Moul  v.  Groenlngs    ....    1669, 1761 

Moule  V.  Garrett 1967 

Moulson,  /?«,  Ex  p.  Knightly    ,    .    1733 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


xcv 


PftRe 

Moulton  p.  Edmonds 967 

Mounsey  v.  Blaniire 862 

V.  Dawson 1722 

V,  Ismay 696 

MountcRshell  v.  More-Smyth     .    .    1913 

».  O'Neill 2080 

Monntifleld  v.  Ward     .    .    .    1122, 1970 
Moun^oy's  Case  ....  22, 1093,  2101 

Moantney  v.  Collier 1039 

V.  Watton 889 

Mountstephen  v,  Lakeman     .    .    .      474 
Moarilyan  v.  Labalmondiere      .    .    1387 

Mouson  p.  Boehm 4 

Moutrie  p.  Mitchell 1328 

Mouys  p.  Leake 2196,  2197 

Mo«ratt  p.  Londesborough     .    .    .      600 

Mower  p.  Orr 1481 

Moxon  p.  Berkeley  Bg  Socy      .    .    1167 

p.  Sheppard 1686 

V.  Townsend 2026 

Moyce  p.  Newington 1161 

Moyle  p.  Jenkins 1290 

Moysey  p.  HUlcoat 1689 

p.  Staart 1842 

Muckleston  p.  Thomas      ....      176 

Mnddle  p.  Fry      2272 

MufiFett,  A; 694,1887 

Muggeridge,  Re 981 

Muir  p.  Keay 626 

Muirhead  p.  Day 1446 

Mulcahy  p.  The  Queen      ....    2093 

Mulcarry  p.  Eyres 200 

Malckem  p.  Doerks 776 

Malkern  p.  Lord 661 

MiillHUy  P.  Walsh     ....      648, 1683 

Muller  p.  Baldwin 672 

p.  Inl.  Rev.  634,  926, 1118, 1188, 1688 

Mullett  p.  Huchison 664 

Mulliner  p.  Mid.  Ry 1986 

Mullins  t*.  Collins      ....    1046,  1046 

p.  Surrey  Treasurer  344,  1140,  1668 

MuUis. /?e 1014 

Mullow  V.  Backer 773 

Mulqueen, /2i! 694,1761 

Mamford  p.  Collier  ...  148, 198, 1294 

p.  Getliing 1788 

r.  Oxfonl.  &c,  Ry      ....    2021 

Munday,  Re,  Ex  p,  AUam  172, 1296, 2108 

p.  Norton      .    .     112,  156,  360,  2097 

p.  Rutland 2138 

Mundella  v,  Shaw 430 

Mundy,  Re 267,  1346 

Mundy  and  Ropcr^  Re 1843 

Municipal  Bg  Socy  p.  Kent  .    .    .      661 
Municipal    Permanent     Building 

Socy  p.  Richards      ....  266,  661 
Munro,  Ex  p..  Re  Lewis    ....      988 

p.  Watson 1488 

Munroe,  The 1984 

Munster  p.  Cammell  Co    ...    .      271 

Munt  p.  Glynes 684 

Muntz  p.  Sturge 262,  384 

Murdock  p.  Heath 716 

MnrietU  p.  S.  American  Co  .    .    .      386 
Murphy  p.  Arrow     ...  758.  862, 1740 

p.  Boese 1882 

p.  Cheevers  ....  810,  896,  1496 

p.  Coffin 1776 


Page 

Murphy  p.  Daly 82 

p.  Donnelly 627,  666 

p.  Doyle 788,  1816 

p.  Manning 444 

p.  Ryan 1246 

V.Wilson 1119 

Murray, /?e "  .    .    1665 

p.  Addenbrook 687 

p.  Arnold 1097 

p.  Close 1073, 1076 

p.  East  India  Co   ...    .     69,  278 

p.  GUsgow  &  S.  W.  Ry      .    .    1789 

p.  Hall 1449 

p.  Mace 1089 

-■ —  p.  Stephenson 1496 

p.  Thorniley 32 

p.  Wise 1739, 1748 

Murtagh  p.  Costello 1009 

Musgrave  p.  Brooke,  Re  Brooke    .    1239 

p.  Dundee  Mags.  .    .    .    1108, 1902 

p.  IndoBure  Commrs      .    1427, 1768 

Muskerry  p.  Chinnery  .    .    .    1072,  2049 
Muskett  p.  Eaton     ....      144,  2234 

P.Hill 1686,2028 

Muspratt  p.  Gregory 1616 

Mussett  p.  Burch 2064 

Mussoorie  Bank  p.  Rnynor  1037, 1531, 1638 

Mustapha  p.  Wedlake 668 

Musther, /?« 1860 

Mutter  p.  E.  &  Mid.  Ry     .    .    .    .      983 
Mutton.  £x;7.,/2e  Cole     ....    1616 

,  Re 289 

p.  Peat 1437 

Mutual  Aid  Bg  Socy,  Re  .    .    1114, 1595 
Mutual  Provident  Socy  p.  Macmillan  1679 
Mutual  Reserre    Assrce   p.    New 
York  Insrce     ....    28,  660,  2237 

Mutual  Socy 1605 

Myers  p.  Baker 1428 

p.  Defries 649,660 

p.  Elliott 926 

p.  Financial  News     ....      817 

p.  Hodgson 661 

p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      .      668,  1 198 

p.  Myers 587 

p.  Phelan 1684 

p.  Sari 2228 

p.  Veitch 1826 

Mysore  Mining  Co,  Re     1035, 1172, 1264 

Mytton  p.  Mid.  Ry 1478 

p.  Mytton 1375, 1980 


N. 

Nab  p.  Nab 2029 

Naden,  Exp 686 

Naef  p.  Mutter 1731,1734 

Nance,  Re 1971 

Nanfan  p.  Legh 861, 1066 

Nanney  p.  Morgan 2088 

Nannock  p.  Horton 2090 

Napier  p.  Glasgow  &  S.  W.  Ry      .    2128 

Nares  p.  Rowles 2067 

Nash  p.  De  Freville  ....     931,  2173 

p.  Dillon 987 

p.  Flyn 499 

p.  Palmer 1640 


XCVl 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Page 

Nash  V.  Pease 472 

Natal,  Bp  v.  Gladatore  ....   195,  683 
Nathan  Newman  &  Cu,  Re     .    .    ^    2*277 

National  Arms  Co.  /^e 181 

National  Bank  v.  Silke      .    .      888,  1287 
National  Bank  of  Australia  v.  Mor- 
ris   ..  * 1046 

National  Bank  of  Scotland  v.  Dew- 
hurst    1450 

National  Bank  of  Wales,  Re      840.  1541. 
1672,  1687,  1791, 1862,  1932 
National  Debenture  Corp,  /2e    .    .      368 
National  Deposit  Bank,  Ex  p..  Re 

Wills 1810 

National  Dwellings  Socy,  Re     .    .      256 
National  Mercantile  Bank,  Ex  p.  .    1468 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Haynes     .    .     1310,  2108 

National  Permanent  Bg  Socy,  Re  .    2106 
National  Prov.  Bank  t7.  Harle    .    .  8 

I?.  Jackson 486, 1806 

National  Savings  Bank  Assn,  Re  ,      896 
National  Society,  &c,  v.  Gibbs  1022, 1586, 

1587 
National  Sporting  Club  Co  v.  Cope  329 
National  Telephone  Co  v.  Baker    .     1800 

V.  Inl.  Rev 987,  1456 

Natt,  Re,  Walker  v.  Gammage    808,  1278 

Naylor,  Re 2277 

».  Collinge 637 

V.  Goodall 648 

Naylor  and  Spendla,  /2e    .     .    .    .      451 

Neal.  Ex  p 1883 

Neale  v.  Ellis 276 

w.  Neale 19a3 

V.  Ratclifife 176 

V.  Rose 149 

Neale  and  Drew,  Re 638 

Neath  Bg  Socy,  Re 79,  2059 

V.  Luce 1960 

Neath  and  Brecon  Ry,  Re     .    .    .    1536 

Neatherway  v.  Fry 1860 

Neave  v.  Pratt 616 

Neaverson  r.  Peterborough  .    .    .    1427 

Neaves  v,  Spooner 71 

Neck  V.  Andrews 1005 

Nedbyw.  Nedby 2125 

Needham  v.  Bowers  ....      890,  1613 

Neeld  v.  Hendon 878 

w.  Neeld 444 

Neesom  v.  Clarkson 1743 

Negus, /?« 1071 

Neill  V.  Devonshire 1042 

V.  Whitworth 118 

Neill's  Trustees  v.  Dixon  ....     1992 
Neilson  v.  Columbian  Iiisrce      .     .     1916 

V.  Harford 603 

V.  Monro 862 

t;.  Mossend  Iron  Co  ...    .      587 

V.  Wait  76, 468, 605,  1068,  1248, 1775 

Neirinckx,  Exp 225 

Nelmes  V.  Hedges 911 

Nelson,  Ex  D 2103 

w.  Anglo-American  Land  Co  .      983 

V.  Dahl  (  V.  Dahl  v.  Nelson)  919, 1458, 

2162 

r.  Protection  Assn     .    .    .    .    1127 

Nene  Valley  Comnirs  t\  Dunkley  .    1493 
Nei>ean  i\  Doe 1544 


Page 

Nepoter,  The 10(59 

Neptune,  The 1099,1171 

Nesbitt  V  Lushington    .    .    .    1448, 1746 

Nesham  v.  Armstrong 259 

Ness  V.  Stephenson 1121 

Neston  Co  v.  Lend.  &  N.  W.  Ry  679.  944 
Netherseal  Co  v.  Bourne  .  .  329,  1205 
Nethersole  v.  Indigent  Blind  School    1623 

Nettlefold,  Re 1751 

Neve  V.  Pennell 402 

Nevill,  Re 395 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  WhWe 495 

V,  Boddam 200O 

V.  Fine  Arts  Insrce  Co  .    .    .     1559 

Nevill  and  Newell.  Re 95 

Neville  v,  Tbacker 395,  629 

New  British  Iron  Co,  Re  ...  ,  289 
New  Clydach  Iron  Co,  Re  .  .  .  2121 
New  Eberhardt  Co,  Re  ....  939 
New  London  &  Bmzilian  Bank  v. 

Brocklebank 107 

New  Mashonaland  Co,  Re  .  .  .  1209 
New  Moes  Co  v.  Manchester.  8  &  L. 

Ry 360, 467,  li»90,  2257 

New  Oriental  Bank.  Re  ...  .  1817 
New  Ormonde  Cycle  Co,  Re  .    .    .      242 

New  Par  Consols,  Re 636 

New  Sombrero  Co  v  Erlangcr  .  .  2003 
New  S.  Wales  Commrs  v.  l^ece  .  949 
New  S.  Wales  Minister  for  I^nds 

V.  Harrington 1072 

New  Terras  Co, /?e 611,622 

New  Transvaal  Co,  Re  .  .  .  1994,  2252 
New  University  Club,  Re  .  .  200,  2200 
New  Windsor  v  Stovcll  ....  1687 
New  York  Breweries  Co  p.  A-G.  .  1615 
New  York  Insrce  v  Styles  .  1236, 1672 
New  Zealand  Gold  Co  v.  Peaciick  77, 1186. 

2122 
New  Zealand  Trust  Co,  Re  .  .  .  1939 
New's  Trustee ».  Hunting      .    .     1,2189 

Newall,  Exp 278 

Newbattle,  The 254 

Newberry  v.  Colvin 202 

Newbold  Socy  v.  Barlow  .     .    1503, 1W)8 

Newbould  v.  Bailward 869 

Newby  v.  Eckersley 2022 

V.  Harrison 1586 

V.  Van  Oppen  Co 1784 

Newcastle,  Re 257,  371,  498 

Newcastle  Pilots  v  Hammond  .  .  1392 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne  v.  A-G.     .    .      784 

V.  Houseman 1847 

Newcombe  v.  De  Roos 275 

New(!omen  v.  Coulson 1587 

Newdigate  v.  Newdigate  .  .  1858, 2218 
Newell  V.  Hemingway  .    .     .      829,  1782 

Newen,  Re 101,  1369 

Newhaven  Loc  Bd  v.  Newhaven 

School  Bd 230,237,806 

Newill  r.  Newill 807 

Newington  u.  N.  E.  Ry      ....      684 

Newitt,  Exp 274 

,  Re  Garrud 1817 

Newland  v  AG 831 

Newlands  v.  Holmes 661 

Newling  v.  Dobell 266 

Newlove  v.  Shrewsbury     ....      136 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


xcvu 


Page 
Ne%vinan,/2« 1105,1910 

-  I?.  Lamport 1610 

r.  Newman    .    .  413,648.  1216.  1S)94 

New  march, /2e      .     .    .396,477,068,927 

Newport  v.  Graham 782 

Newport  Bridge, /?«.    .    .    .     1016,1177 
Ne\?ry,  &c,  Ry  v.  Edmonds  .    .    .      249 

Newsume  v.  Bowyer 6, 161 

Newson  v.  PendiT 4 

Newspaper  Synde,  Be 826 

Newstead  v.  Searles      .    .    .    1621,2202 

Newton, /2e 140,862,998 

9.  Anglo-Australian  Co  .    1684, 1816 

V.  Chapman,  Re  Chappie    .    .    1670 

t».  Cubitt 711 

V.  Ellis 534.  669 

».  Monkcom      .    .    .    177,673,1617 

r.  Nock 2265 

c.  Wilmot 701 

Newton-in-Makerfield  v.  Lancashire 

Jas 281,  1137 

V.  Lyon 678 

Ngapoota.  The 1892 

Nichol  V,  Godts 740,  1790 

V.  N.  E.  Ry 684 

NichoU  p.  Carey 1862 

Nicholla,  ^xp 494 

V.  Atherstone 19'.*6 

V,  Bulwer 1713 

».  Diamond 1460 

V.  Hall 1046,  1526 

V.  Osborne 897 

r.  Rosewarne 1602 

V,  SaTage 2241 

Nichols,  ^x/ 1683 

p.  Baker,  flfi  Baker   .    .    1174,1177 

V.  Marsland 29 

p.  Kamsel 2143 

V.  Regent's  Canal  Co     .     266,  1664 

Nicholson  p.  Bower 12 

p.  Chapman      ....     1267,  1786 

p.  Field 1998 

p.  Fields  ...      102,  166,  636,  942 

p.  Drury  Bg  Co    ....  26,  1690 

p.  G.  W.  Ry 2128 

r.  Harper 499 

p.  Kirk 805 

a.  Rose 397 

p.  Williams 1609 

p.  Wright 389 

p.  Yeoman 1885,  1967 

Nickels  p.  Lond.  &  Dover  Assrce  .      377 

Nickisson  p  Cockill 1476 

Nicklin  p.  Willinms 277 

Nickling  p.  Heaps 1744 

Nickoll.  £'a:p.,A!  Walker     .    .    .    1291 

p.  Ashton 918 

Nicol'sCase 1332 

Nicolp.  Nicol 686 

NicoU  p.  Penning 173 

p.  Greaves 1187 

Nielsen  p.  Wait    76,  463,  605,  1068. 1248 

1776,  2267 

Niemann  p.  Mora 884 

Nifa.  The 18 

Nightingale  p.  Goulboum      .    .    .      837 

p.  r>awson 1034 

p.  Witcoxson 681 

VOL.  I. 


Page 
Nightingall  p.  Devisme  ....  1930 
Nind  p.  Nineteenth  Century   Bg 

Socy 1071,  1703 

Nisbet  p.  Murray 924 

Nisbit  p.  Rishton 2276 

Nitro-phosphate  Co  p.  L.  and   S. 

Katherine's  Dock  Co      ...    .        29 

Nix  p.  Nottingham  Jus 1G60 

Nixey  p.  Roffey 1429 

Nixon  p.  Verry 9dl 

Nixon  Co.  12c 657 

Nizam's  State  Hy  p.  Wyatt    ...      947 

Noah  p.  Owen 1901 

Noakes  p.  Inland  Rev 1166 

Nobel  Co  p.  Jenkins      .    1248,  1746.  1778 

Noel  p.  Hoy 67,  105 

p.  Redruth  Foundry  Co     .    .      694 

Nokes'  Case 429 

Norburn  p.  Norbum 662 

Norden  S.  S.  Co  p.  Dempsey     .    .     1110 

Nordenfelt,  Re 691 

p.  Maxim-Nordenfelt  Co    .    .    1745 

Norfolk.  Re 257,  923,  2284 

p.  Arbutbnot 800 

p.  Lamarque 1578 

—  p.  Wiseman 1671 

Norman. /^6     .    .     .696,1754,1910.2259 

p.  Binnington    ....     1260, 1372 

p.  Bolt 1561 

P.Mitchell 6:]o 

p,  Ricketts 1436 

Normandy,  The 117 

Norris.  Exp 140,  428 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Sadler 93 

,  Re 36,  96, 1626 

p.  Barber 2137 

p.  Barnes 1302 

p.  Beazley 1638 

p.  Birch 488 

p  Cottle 896 

p.  Craig 647 

p.  Norris 366 

p.  Smith 1299 

p.  Staps 2078 

Norrish  p.  Harris 1363 

North,  Re 468, 1790 

p.  Bassett 1635 

p.  Martin 861 

p.  Percival 1967,2244 

p.  Stewart 1085 

p.  Strafford 1641 

p.  Walthamston 1361 

North  Australian  Q),  Re  .     .   1033, 1209, 

1811 

North  Britain,  The 1708 

North  British  Insrce  p.  Lloyd    .    .      989 

p.  Moffatt 938,  1189 

North  British  Ry  p.  Tod  ....     1493 
North  Central  Waggon  Co  p.  Man- 
chester, S.  &  L.  Ry 2069 

North  E.  Ry  p.  Hasting    .  81, 1073,  2226 

p.  Kingston-upon-Hull    .    .    .      406 

p.  Leadgate 1646 

—  p.  Scarborough 1728 

p.  Tynemouth 1631 

North  Kent  Ry  p.  Badger  .  .  .  1627 
North  fiondon  Ry  p.  A-G.  ...  300 
North  Lonsdale  Co  v.  Furneis  Ry    2128 


XCVUl 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


North  Metropolitan  Tramways  Co 

V.  London  Co.  Co.      .    1029, 2087,  2121 
North  of  England  Oil  Cake  Co  v. 

Archangel  Insrce 1871 

North  Shields  Ferry  Co  v.  Barker     231, 

711 
North  Shore  Ry  v.  Pion  .  .  .  974,  975 
North  Staffordshire  Ky  v.  Lawton      910 

».  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     ...     1192 

r.  Peek 1287 

».  Salt  Union 1879 

Northage,/2e 048 

Northallerton  Case 1736 

Northam  Bridge  Co  v.  London,  &c, 

Ry 2110 

Northampton  Coal  Co  v.  Mid.  Wag- 
gon Co     1663 

Northampton  Gas  Co  v,  Pamell  66:) 

Northen  v.  Carnegie 1913 

Northern  Creosoting  Co,  Re  ,    .    .      391 

Northey  r.  Paxton 604 

Northumberland  o.  Hougliton   .    .    1092 

17.  N.  E.  Ry 1614 

V.  Percy 1091 

Northumberland  Whinstone  Co  v. 

Alnwick 679 

Northumbria,  The 117 

Northwich  v,  St.  Pancras  .  ,  .  803,  807 
Norton,  Ez  p..  Re  Brail    .    .      819, 2198 

17.  Dash  wood 734 

V.  Davison 594 

V.  EUam 142, 1333 

».  NichoUs 1269 

V.  Powell 1353 

V.  Salisbury 141 

V.  Walker 1969 

Norval  v.  Pascoe 1073 

Norwich  v.  Norfolk  Ry  ....  2113 
Norwich  Equitable  Fire  Assrce  Co, 

Re 1562 

Norwich    Union    Fire    Insrce    v. 

Magee 1679 

Norwich  &  Norfolk  Bg  Sooy,  Re  .    .  100». 

1668,  2256 
Noseworthy  v.  Buckland  ....      123 

Nosotti  V.  Auerbach 1664 

Nott  V.  Nott 514 

V.  Williams       1961 

Nottage,  Re 296,  470 

V.  Jackson 149 

Nottebohm  v.  Richter  .  .  .  842, 1872 
Nottingham  v.  Tompkinson  .  .  .  1563 
Nottingham  Brick  Co  v.  Butler  865 

Nottingham  Corp,  Re   .    77,  78, 157,  719, 
1016,  1497, 1081 
Nottingham  Co.  Co.  v.  Manchester, 

S.&L.  Ry 217 

Nourse,  Re 876 

Nouvion  r.  Freeman     .     663,  1497, 1707 
Nova  Scotia*  Steel  Co  v.  Suther- 
land Co    1620 

Novello  V.  Sudlow 409 

Nowell  V.  Worcester     .   1854, 1856,  1857 

Nowlan  17.  Ablett 1187 

17.  Nelligan 1531 

Noyce.  Re 629,  1026 

Nugent,  Re 2^3 

r.  Smith 28,  2187 


Paca 

Nun  OS  r.  Carter 765 

Nunn  17.  Denton 893 

Nutley  and  Finn,  Re 1494 

Nuttall  t;.  Staunton 586 

17.  Hargreaves 1919 

Nutter  17.  Accrington     .    .    .    1949,1951 

17.  Messafreries  Maritimes  .  325, 1327 

Nutton  V.  Wilson 362 

Nymph,  The 1099 


Oak  Pits  Co,  i?e 1817 

Oakden  17.  Pike  ....  482,498,641 
Oakley     v.    Portsmouth      Steam 

Packet  Co 28 

V,  Young 633 

Oastler,  Exp 1291 

17.  Henderson 1996 

Oates  17.  Bromil 497 

Obey,  The 84 

O'Brien,/?* 888.1294 

17.  Bryant 200 

V.  Clement 196 

17.  Queen,  The 2093 

17.  Salisbury 881 

O'Byme,  Re 549 

Occleston  v.  Fullalove  ....  804, 1084 
O'Connell  i7.  The  Queen    ....    1004 

O'Connor,  Re 640, 1068 

V.  Grand  International  Hotel 

Co 674,2244 

t7.  Norwich  Union  Insrce    .    .        41 

V.  Star  Co 817 

Oddie  V.  Brown 2046 

t7.  Woodford 1104 

Oddy,/ee 1526 

O'Dea  c.  Crowhurst 854 

V.  Hickman 1629 

Odell,  Axp.,  Ac  Walden  .  .  .  .  1676 
O  Donnell  v.  Cheamley    ....    1698 

u.  O'Donnell 27 

Odwell  17.  Willesden     .    .    .      846,1268 

Off.  Rec.,  Exp 716 

17.  Tailby 206 

Ogden  V.  Graham 1778 

V.  Hall 741 

Ogg  17.  Shuter 270 

Ogilvie  V.  Foljambe 1280 

Ogle  17.  Knipe 1817 

17.  Morgan     ....  566,  899, 1888 

Ognel'sCase 885 

O'Gorman,/?* 433 

Ogston  17.  Aberdeen  Tramways  .    .    1800 

O'Hagan,  i5:jr  n 1861 

O'Hanlan  v.  Unthank 1511 

O'Hara,  Re 8,  1402 

17.  Elliott 828 

O'Harer.  Fahy 2109 

Old  V.  Robson 2082 

Old  Battersca  Bg  Socy  t7.  Inl.  Rev.    1229 

Old  Bushmills  Co.  i?e 1354 

Oldershaw  v.  King 748 

Oldfield  17.  Dodd 1849 

—  17.  Lowe 906 

Oldham  Case  .  96,305,1409,1781,1786 
Oldham  v.  Sheasby 2092 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


XCIX 


Page 

Oldham  Co  v.  Heald 268 

Olding «?.  Wild 732 

Oldroyd  v.  Oldroyd 274 

Oliphant,  Re 2031 

OUvant  V.  Wright 627 

OliTer  V.  Fielden 1657 

r.  Hunting 1289 

OliTerson  v.  Brightman     ....      718 

OlliTe  V.  Booker 1297 

Olney  v.  Bates 14tS6 

V.  Gardiner 1767 

O'Loaghlin  v,  Fogarty 459 

Olpherta,  Exp.,  Re  Bann  Nav.  .    .    1861 

0\ympia,,Re 1677 

CXMahoney  v.  Burdett  .    .    .      627, 1346 
Ommaney  v.  Butcher    .    .    .      294, 1215 

O'Neill.  Re 1633 

p.  Kruger 2052 

Ongley  v.  Chambers 110 

r.  Chatham 670 

Onley  r.  Gardiner     ....      624, 1767 

Onslow,  Re 1000 

17.  Eames 1907 

r,  Inl.  Rer.   .    .    .    1027, 1350,  1844 

Ontario  v.  Canada     ....     1438, 1697 
Onward  Bg  Socy,  i20    ....     5d,  3*59 

Ooddeen  v.  Oakley 2143 

Ooregum  Co  v.  Roper  .     928, 1373, 1788 

Opens liaw  v.  Evans 226 

Opera. /?« 735,1630 

Oporto.  The 424,1777 

Oppenheim  v.  Henry 834 

Oram,  Re 21 

Oran,  A'x  p., /?«  Watson    ....    1973 

Orange  v.  Martyn 1860 

V.  Pickford 2277 

Orchard  v.  Bush  .    .  843.  978,  2093, 2225 

17.  Simpson 1164 

Ord,  Re 1296 

Orde,  Re 810 

O'lieiily  V.  Alderson 6,940 

— ^  r.  Richardson 1460 

Orford, /fe 2''3 

17.  Churchill 834 

Orgill  V.  Smith 604,  622 

Orienta,  The 637 

Orienul  Bank,  Re     549, 1356,  1402,  2263 
Oriental  S.  S.  Co  r.  Tylor      .    .  46,  1780 

Orion.  The 1031 

Orme'sCase 32 

Orme,  Re 415 

p.  Orme 444 

Ormerod,  Exp 120 

p.  Todmorden  Co  .    .    .    1576, 1959 

Ormond  v.  Bierly 608 

Ormrod,  i2^ 1842,1593 

F.  Hnth 763 

O'Rourke  r.  Commr  for  Railway s  .    2179 
Orr-£wing  v.  Colquhoun    ....     1763 

».  Regr.  of  Trade  Marks     .    .      641 

Ortigosa  o.  Brown 087 

Osbond  V.  Meadows 1807 

Otbom  V.  Chocqueel 1801 

P.Wood 1287 

Osborne  p.  Homburg    .    .    .     1371, 1689 

p.  Milman 440, 1805 

p.  Morgan 442 

p.  Skinner's  Co 1891 


Osborne  and  Rowlett,  Re  ,    .    .    .      132 

Osgood  p.  Nelson 274 

O'Shea,  Re 891,  661 

p.  O'Shea 439 

Ostle  p.  Christian 327 

O'SuUivan  p.  Thomas 1397 

Oswald  p.  Berwick-upon-Tweed  888,  792 
O'Toole  p.  Browne    .    .    .     642, 643,  644 

Ottley  p.  Fenn 259 

Ottley  and  Ilkeley,  Re  .     110,  1296, 1297 

Otto  p.  Steel 1618 

Otway,  ^€ 1091,1974 

Our  Boys  Co  p.  Holborn  Viaduct 

Co 85 

Ouseley  p.  Anstrutlier  ....  789,  898 

Outlay  Assrce,  Re 1342 

Outram.  Re 1974 

r.  Maude 1768 

Over  p.  Harwood 1877 

Over  Darwen  p.  Lancashire  ...      421 

Overton  p.  Hunter 1342 

Overweg, /?« 388 

Ovey,  Ae 270,1815 

Owen,  /?e     ....  640,  899, 1641,  1988 

p.  Burnett 814 

p.  De  Beauvoir  ....      878,  1711 

p.  Langford 64 

p.  Thomas 1288 

Owen's  College  p.  Chorlton-iipon- 

Medlock 88,181 

Owens  p.  Porter 1017,18.39 

Owthwaite,  Re 160, 1008 

Oxenden  p.  Compton 2219 

Oxford,  The  p.  London  Co.  Co.      .        11 

Oxford  Bg  Socy,  Re 1063 

Oxford  &  Cambridge  p.  Gill  .  .  .  1790 
Oxlade  p.  N.  E.  Ry 2128 


P. 

P.  Caland  Owners  p.  Glamorgan 

S.  S.  Co 339 

Pacific,  The     1412,  1786, 1876,  2237.  2257 

Pack  p.  Tarpley 954, 1830 

Packman's  Case 2198 

Paddington  p.  N.  Metrop  Ry      .    .      213 

p.  Snow 114,806 

Paddington  Burial  Bd  p.  Inl.  Rev.    1572 
Paddington  Charities,  Re  .    .    .    .      870 

Paddock  p.  Forrester 2260 

Padget  p.  Priest 663 

Padstow  Assrce,  Re 285,  798 

Padwick  r.  Hurst 1236 

p.  King 795,  902 

Page,  Re 402, 1936 

P.Adam 2063 

p.  Faucet 1083 

p.  International  Agency   1584, 1753, 

2122 

p.  Leapingwell    661,1383,1706,1994 

V.  Meek 1436 


p.  Mid.  Ry    . 

.    .    .      868,1640 

V.  Morgan 

12 

r.Page     .     . 

06 

p.  Pearce  .    . 

911 

p.  Ratliffe     . 

605 

V.  Soper   .    . 

664 

TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Page  V.  Wisden .      206 

V.  Young 160 

Paget,  Re     ....  948.  061, 1812, 1732 

V.  Milles 728,  902 

V.  Paget 183,  986 

Paice  V.  Canterbury,  Archb.  of  .    .    1166 
Pain  t\  Boughtwood      .    .    .    1046, 1200 

V,  Bowden 314 

Paine, /2c     .    .    .  289,434,697,766,810 

V.  Chisholm 1912 

V.  Cork  Co 1781, 1823 

1.  Daniell 248 

Palatine  Estate,  Re 1253 

Palin  v.  Hills 664 

Palinurus,  The 1876 

Palliser  v.  Dale 661 

V.  Gurney 1827 

Palmer's  Case 2056 

Palmer, /&    .    67,327,434,664,691,939, 
1809,  1327, 1748, 1999,  2037 

,  Re,  Exp.  Crabb  ....  97,  1992 

t'.  Balrotliery 18 

V.  Caledonian  Ry 1660 

r.  Day 1236 

V.  Dewitt 1618 

c.  Earith 1407, 1410 

V.  Johnson 688 

V.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry 2128 

r.  M*Corraick    .     .     .    82,111,1008 

y.  Mallett 266,  1840 

V,  Marshall 140 

V.  Moore 4 

r.  Newell 1286 

V.  Orpen 2044 

V.  Power 2016 

V.  Kidi 1847 

V.  Richards 1176 

V.  Rouse 737,  2276 

V.  Simmonds 1630 

V.  Snow    ...  120,  849,  2078,  2269 

I?.  Temple 608,1106 

i;.  Thatcher 2253 

V.  Wick  S.  S.  Co 896 

Palmer  Shipbuilding  Co  v.  Chay  tor      1 19 

Palmer  and  Hosken 1926 

Panama  Co,  /?e 2121 

Pandorf  v,  Hamilton     .  29,  278, 460,  1454 
Paunell  ».  City  of  London  Brewery     1293 

r.  Mill      ....    1730,1772,2216 

Panther  Lead  Co,  /?e 1996 

Panton  r.  Williams 1668 

Pape  V.  Pape 616 

Pardo  V.  Bingham 1761 

V,  Pardo 784 

l»ardoe  v.  Pardoe 2067, 2216 

Parfitt.  jRis 1502 

V.  Uwless 2126, 2126 

Paris,  The 1290, 1686 

Paris  Skating  Rink  Co      ....      434 
Parish  v.  Sleeman     ....     1878, 2166 

Parkdale,The 1895.2206 

Park  Gate  Waggon  Co,  Re    ,      810,  1583 

Parker,  Re       303,  1161,  1265,  1361,  1475, 

1519,  2122,  2278 

,  Re,  Exp.  Charing  Cross  Bank    2103, 

2104 

,  Re,  ^jr  p.  Sheppard  .     ...      214 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Turquand     .      789,  2088 


Parker,  Re,  Bentham  p.  Wilson  .    .    1810 

,  Re,  Wignall  v.  Park      ...      9% 

».  Alder 1046 

V.  Birks 1830 

V.  Blenkliorn     ....      S69,  1071 

V.  Bolton 1630 

17.  Butcher 1671 

V.  Clerk 1404 

V,  Flint 848.  1122 

V.  Gossage 981,  982 

i;.  G.  W.  Ry 1160, 14C0 

V.  Green 126,  438 

17.  Hodgson 137 

».  Ibbetson 1665 

V,  Ince 90 

17.  McHugo 894 

17.  Marchant      .  477, 1219, 1666, 1832 

F.  Mitchell 1275 

17.  Nickson 23,  1902 

f.  Palmer 1790 

V.  Piummer 1016 

17.  Queen,  The  ...    .     201. 1248 

r.  S.  E.  Ry 1819 

r.  Sowerby 1086 

t7.  Staniland 826 

17.  Taswell     .    .461,648,1070,2197 

I'.  Tootal 1967 

17.  Trigg 1420 

V.  Winlow 1247 

t'.  Wise 1286 

Parker  Jervis, /?6     .     .    .     483,486,674 

Parkers',  Re 892 

Parkes  v.  White 1827 

Parkin,  Re 2202 

17.  Knight 1849 

17.  Thorold 641 

Parkins  v.  Hinde 600 

Parkinson.  Re 694,  696^  1829 

17.  Blackburn 762 

17.  Dashwood 1378 

r.  G.  W.  Ry 2128 

17.  Parkinson 614 

Parky  ns  r.  Preist 1119 

Parnham,  Re 66 

Parpaite  v.  Dickinson 1918 

Parr  v.  Lillicrap 1683 

17.  LoTCgrove 1668 

V.  Parr 626 

Parr's  Bank  v.  Albert  Mines  Synd.      990 

17.  Yates 389 

Parrey  v.  Duncan 1976 

Parrott,  Re 604,  1988 

,Re,Exp,C\x\\en 2263 

17.  Worsfold 1237 

Parry,  Re 627,  1276 

,  Re,  Leak  v.  Scott      ....     1277 

17.  Liverpool  Malt  Co      .     .    .      650 

V.  Parry 867 

Parry  and  Hopkin,  Re 2219 

Parsons,  Ex  p.,  Re  Tuwnsend  .   193,  926, 

1096 

,  Re     .    21,  886,  631,  993,  1043,  1279 

».  Alexander     ....      796,  1961 

17.  Baker 1631 

V.  Birmingham  Dairy  Co  .    .    1636 

V.  Brand 88 

17.  Gillespie 2082 

r.  Hargreaves 926 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


ci 


P«ige 
PiirsoDS  V.  Lakenheath  Bil     ...      81)9 

v.  New  Zealand  Co    .    .      863,  2229 

r.  Parsons 1956 

V.  Saxter 368 

p.  Tinling 340 

Parteriche  v.  Powlett 2218 

Parton,  Re 1171 

Partridge  v,  Bajlis 1433 

v.  Mallandine 2192 

V.  Partridge  .    .    .    1061, 1330, 1732 

—>  V,  Strange 1646 

Paicoe  V.  Richards 1704 

Paaley  v.  Freeman    .  478,  768, 1280,2216 

Pasmore  v.  Haggins 791 

V.  Oswaldtwistle 1847 

Passey  p.  Oxford 1298 

Patch  V.  WUd 1743 

Patching  v.  Bamett 2087 

a.  Dubbins 1343 

Patent   Agents   Institute  v.  Lock- 
wood    1352 

Paterson  v.  Gas  Light  &  Coke  Co   1270, 
1273, 1616,  1896 

Patman  v.  Harland 1665 

Paton  V.  Sheppard 898 

Patrick,  iBfl 1168 

—  V.  Simpson 674 

Patten  v.  Rhymer     ...  796,  797,  1972 

V.  West  of  Eng.  Iron  Co      112,  2097 

Pattenden  r.  Hubson 866 

Patterson  v.  Huddard 644 

Pattle  V.  Anstruther 1589 

Paul,  Ra 622 

V.  Coropton 1681 

V,  N.  America  Insrce     .     .    .     1764 

PauU.  Re 1910 

Pawley  u.  Lond.  &  Prov.  Bank  .    .    1475 

Pawson  V,  Brown 1902 

V.  Watson 2216 

Paylor  v.  Pegg 1102 

Payn  v.  Porter 1691 

Payne,  Ex  p.,  Re  Cross     ....      168 

,ke 58 

V.  Barridge 2012,  2014 

».  Cave 1751 

V.  Eadaile     .     292,  1074.  1456,  2062 

u.  Haine.    .    .    .    1088,1719,1721 

V.  Hogg 276 

V.  Wright     ....  488,  946,  1682 

Paynter  v.  James    1335,  1759,  2145,  2146 

p.  Wauon 6-A  1492 

PeabodyCo,  «« 1994 

Peace  P.  Brookes      ....    1144,1418 

Peache  v.  Cobnan 2092 

Peacock. /fe SSS 

V.  Pares        2288 

».  Peacock 366 

V.  The  Queen    ....     463,  1854 

Pcake./e* 555,673,949 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Harrison    .    .    661,  1564, 

1713 

».  Screech 63 

Pearce  v.  Carrington 208 

V.  Kdmeades 468 

p.  Gardner    .    .  400,  467,  1087,  1289 

p.  Lansdowne    ....     1188,2209 

P.Lindsay 660 

p.  Lond.  &  8.  W.  Ry     ...        82 


Page 

Pearce  v.  Pearce 2108 

—  p.  Scutcher 728 

p.  Waits 1268 

Peard  v.  Johnes 688 

Peareth  p.  Marriott  .    488,  484,  791,  2144 
Pearks  p.  Moseley    ....      319,  1462 

p.  Ward 1465 

Pearl,  The 616 

Pearman  v.  Burdett-Coutts    ...      817 

p.  Pearman.    .    .    .    122,617,1481 

Pears  v,  Laing 1420 

p.  Wilson 1077 

Pearson,  7?6 476,2116 

p.  Belgian  Mills 1788 

V.  Gosc'hen 466 

V,  Holborn 1942 

p.  lies 1087 

p.  Kingston-upon-Hull  .     228, 1134, 

1972 

V.  Pesrson    ....    645,  827,  828 

p.  Rutter 1102 

p.  Seligman 2146 

Pearson  and  J' Anson,  Re  ,    .    .    .    2022 

Pease  p.  Chaytor 203,  666 

p.  Coates 1607 

p.  Lowden 1380 

p.  Norwood 989,  1332 

p.  Pattinson      ....      296,  1602 

Peat  p.  Fowler 1915 

P.Jones 1236 

Peate  p.  Dickin 1360 

Peck,  y?« 1911 

p.  Halsey 1906 

V.  Hindes 1545 

Peck  and  London  School  Bd     100,  1726, 

2226 

Peckforton  Castle,  Re 1386 

Pedder  p.  Hunt 859,  1063 

Pedgrift  p.  CheTallier  .     .    .    1480,  2248 

Pedrotti, /2« 1976 

Peebles  p.  Oswaldthistle   ....    1847 

Peed  p.  King 1391 

Peek  p.  Derry 84 

p.  N.  Staffordshire  Ry  .  1666.  1667, 

1882,  1911 

p.  Waterloo 1890 

Peel's  Case 363 

Peers  p.  Snevd 1152 

Pegler   p.    Gurney,    Southampton 

Case 463 

Fegram  p.  Dixon 492 

Peirce  v.  Corf 1289 

Pekin,  The 441, 1241 

Pelham  p.  Pickersgill 2071 

Felham-Clinton  v.  Newcastle    1011, 1146, 

2006 

Fell  p.  De  Winton 389 

Pellas  V.  Neptune  Mar  Insrce      493, 1839 

Pellew  V.  Horsford 899 

Pelly  V.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce     .    .    .    1068 

Pelly  and  Jacob,  i?e    ....  766, 2244 

Pelsall  Co  p.  Lond.  &  N,  W.  Ry  206,  405, 

1467,  1686, 1981 

Pelton  p.  Harrison 1826 

Pemberton  p.  Barnes    ....  806,  820 

p.  Colls 1481 

Pembroke  p.  Warren    .    540,  1299, 1S20, 

1321 


cu 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Pemsel'sCase 294,  295,  2iK5 

Pender  v.  Lushington 1 185 

Pendrell  v.  Pendrell 169 

Penfold  r.  Abbott 603 

Penley  v.  Anstruther    .    .    .      180,1884 
Penn  v.  Alexander    ....      201,2092 

Pennell  v.  Rhodes 359 

V.  Smith 30 

V.  Uxbridge 1854 

V.  Walker 818 

Pennington,  Re 2170 

Pennsylvania,  The 1211 

Penny  v.  Clarke 1111 

V.  Hanson 479,  757 

V.  Penny 2037 

Penrice ».  Williams .    .    .    .    1093,1178 

Penryn  v.  Best 2255 

Pentland,  The 1810 

Penton  v.  Barnett    .    .    .    .    1293,  1413 

V.Browne 1249,1377 

t'.  Cosh 492 

Pen-y-van  Colly.  Co 484 

People  V,  Fisher 341 

V,  Niagara 948 

V.  Pinckney 1323 

V.  Toynbee 963 

».  Warner 2030 

Peplow  r.  Richardson 2092 

Percernl  v.  Lawes  Manure  Co  .    .      766 

Percival  t-.  Gamer 2120 

V.  Pedley 44 

V.  The  Queen 242 

Perkins,  lie     1090,  1097,  1588,  1790,  1813 

i;.  Baynton 188,  1024 

I'.  Bell 12,1790 

V.  Gingell 3838 

i\  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .     .    .      983 

V.  Potts 103 

Perkins  Beach  Lead  Mining  Co, 

lie 1562 

Perla,  The 1251 

Perls  r.  Saalfeld 2266 

Perpetual  Exors  Assn  v.  Swan  .    .      509 

Perreau  v.  Bevan 602 

Perrin  v.  N.  Y.  Central  Ry    .    .     .    1406 

v.  Roe 767 

Perring  r.  Trail 1623 

Pcrrins  r.  Bellamy 1673 

r.  Marine  Insrce 640 

Perry  v.  Barnett 798 

t'.  Chotzner 1897, 1719 

I'.  Davis    ....     077.2046,2233 

V.  Eames 36,  595,  1363 

V.  Fitzhowe 748 

U.Jenkins 278 

r.  Mitchell 1317 

V.  Oriental  Hotels  Co     .    .     .    1662 

V.  Phelipe 886 

V.  Woods 1862 

Perry  Almshouses,  Re  184,  312,  871,  597, 


Perry-Davis  v.  Harbord 
Persse  v.  Malcolmson  . 
Pertwee  v.  Townsend  . 
Peruvian  Guano  Co,  Re 

V.  Dreyfus    .    .    . 

Peruvian  IXyt  Re,  Crawley's  Case 
Fery.Re 


554 
1996 
1714 
1981 
2261 

787 
85 


Peryi'.  White       1740 

Petch  ».  Tutin 2026 

Petchell,  lie 1063 

Petchey  v.  Taylor 1892 

Peter  v.  Compton 1288 

P.Kendal 711 

Peter  der  Grosse,  Tlie  ....  384,  820 
Peterborough  v.  Wilsthorpe  .    1001,  1850 

Peters  r.  Cowie 661,  1466 

I'.  Planner 704 

Petersen  v.  Freebody 1 100 

Peterson  v.  Taylor 713 

Pethick  V.  Dorsetshire  Co.  Co.  .    .      680 

Peto  V.  Grissell 898 

V.  West  Ham 1588 

Petre  ».  Ferrers 784,899 

V.  Petre 360,  674 

Petrel,  The 349,  840,  1694 

Petrie  v.  S.  S.  Rostrevor   ....      840 

Pettinger  v.  Ambler 1063 

Pettitt  V.  Mitchell 704 

Petts, /?c 1238,2240 

Petty  r.  Ophir  Concessions    .    .    .    1794 

V.  Taylor 205,  742.  1590 

v.Willson 1218,1513 

Pettyt  ».  Janeson 1062 

Pewtress  v.  Annan    ....      461, 1015 

Peyton,  Re 707 

Pharmaceutical  Socy  v.  Armson    .    1500 

V,  Delve 1499, 1500 

r.  Hornsey 1040 

r.  London    &    Prov.   Supply 

Assn 1463,  1464,  1824 

u.  Piper 1500 

V.  Wheeldon 1824 

V.  White 1824 

Pharmaceutical  Socy  of  Ireland  i\ 

Boyd 1464 

Plielan  u.  Slattery     834, 1265, 1937, 1989 

Phelps, /?c 2142 

V.  Hill 524,  1256 

V.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  167,  1130,  1473 

V.  Prothero 634 

V.  White 1170 

Vhen6  v.  Popplewell 1996 

Pheysey  v.  Plieysey 1001 

r.  Vicary 110 

Philadelphinn,  Tlie 757 

Philby  v.  Hazle 190 

Philipps  t\  Halliday      .    .     .    1478, 1479 

r.  Philipps    .     .    .    1170,1171,1716 

Philips  V.  Astling 1796 

V.  Bpry S34,  889 

V.  Philips 5 

Phillipps  V.  Chamberlaine      .    .    .     1347 

t'.  Smith 2056 

Phillips,  Re  396,  641,  675, 809, 1291, 1910, 

2046,  2145 

r.  Barber 1466 

r.  Beal 382,526*604 

V.  Briard 378,  768 

i;.  CaldclfcUgh 638,  771 

V,  Cayley      ....  396,  675, 1526 

V.  Clark 1069 

r.  Deakln 860 

V.  Eastwood      ....      470, 1382 

V.  Evans 2098 

V.  Garth 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


cm 


Page 

Phillipe  17.  Goff 1303 

V,  G.  W.  Ry 307,  674 

v.  Heiison 1120 

V.  Uewston 1077 

V.  Homfray       2100 

V.  Hull  Alhambra  Co    ...    2130 

p.  Huth 1006 

V.  Inl.  Rev 404 

r.  Innes     .    .    .    297,849,884,1190 

P.London  School  Bd     .    .    .    1708 

p.  Lord  Advocate 178 

p.  Phillipg     ....      7,374,1236 

p.  Ree« 565,1089 

V  Rodie 466 

p.  Surridge 2002 

Phillipson  v.  Gibbon      ....     24,  650 

PbillpotU  p.  Boyd 1358 

p.  Phillpotto      .    .    2193,2196,2197 

Pliilpott  p.  Jones 1684 

p.  Lehain 716 

p.  St.  George's  Hospital     .  630, 1622 

Philps,  At 1279,1349 

p.  Evans 1279 

p.  Hornstedt 403 

Phiney  p.  Phiney 48 

Pliipps,  Exp 222 

,  lie 86 

p.  Ackers 2234 

p.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  .    .    .    .    2128 

p.  Williams 2234 

Phceniz  Insrce,  Re 496 

Phosphate  of  Lime  Co  p.  Green  .  1623 
Phythian  p.  Baxendale  ....  1426 
Pickard,  fl« 990 

—  p.  Anderson 1475 

p.  AG 1919 

p.  Marriage 1516 

p.  Sears 4 

Picker  p.  Lond.  &  County  Bank  .  1261 
Hckering  p.  Barry 679,  680 

—  p.  Dowson 704 

p.  Ilfracombe  Ry 648 

p.  Marsh 31)8 

p.  Noyes 1772 

Pickford  p.  Caledonian  Ry    .    .     .    2128 

Pickthall  p.  Merthyr 1977 

Pickup. /2e 9a%  2235 

P.Atkinson 1715 

Pickworth,  Re.  .0, 606, 1431, 1998,  2000 
Pidcock  p.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry    1879, 

2033 

Piddocke  p.  Burt 713 

Pidgely  P.  Pidgely 101,  806 

Pidsley,  Re,  Ex  p,  Luxon  ...  138 
Piercey  p.  Young     ....      318,  2074 

Piercy  p.  Maclean 420 

p.  Young 2074 

Pierpoint  p.  Cartwright     ....      1.38 

Piers, /?« 941,1830,2173 

PiersoQ  p.  Garnet  ....  1111,  1632 
Pieve  Superiore,  The   ....  214,262 

Pigg  p.  Clarke 694 

Piggott  p.  Jefferson 1077 

Pigot's  Case 1169 

Pigott  p.  Wilder 79,2036 

Pike  p.  Dickinson 1417 

— ^  p.  Ongley 741 

p.  Stephens 1163 


Page 

Pilbrow  p.  St.  Leonard,  Shoreditch     448, 

673,  1849,  2256 

Pile  V.  Salter 468 

Pilgrim,  The 840,  1694 

p.  Hirschfeld 1884 

Pilkington  v.  Boughey      ....    1532 

p.  Gray 2141 

p.  Myers 73 

Pillar  p.  Llynvi  Co 121 

Pilley  p.  Robinson 1026 

Pimp.  Curell 711,779 

p.  Reid 7o,  1830 

Pimlico  Tramway  Co  p.  Greenwich      659 

Pince  p.  Beattie 1073 

Pinchin  p.  Lond.  &  Blackwall  Ry  .     869, 

2006 

Pincombe  p.  Thomas 2263 

Pinder  v.  Barr      .    .    .   1206, 1404,  1410 

p.  Pinder  .    .    .  178,  604, 1279,  2014 

Pine  p.  Barnes 1122 

Pinet  p.  Pinet 2082 

Pinfold,  Re 1853, 1856 

Pinhome,  Re 1859 

Pink  p.  Federation  of  Trades  Union      213 

V.  Fleming    ....  377,  458,  2000 

Pinkerton  p.  Easton 1686 

Pinner  p.  Arnald 1699 

Pinney  p.  Marriott 611 

Pinnington  p.  Galland 2225 

Pine  p.  Goodall    ....  214,  697, 1240 

p.  Steele 72(1 

Pit  p.  Pelham 665 

Pitt  p.  Williams 913 

Pittard  p.  Oliver 259 

Pittegrew  p.  Pringle 1656 

l*itts  p.  Millar 159 

Pixton  and  Tong,  Re 2059 

Pizzala  p.  Pizzala 614 

Place  p.  Fajjg 1200 

Planchc  r.  Braham 94 

Plank  V.  Gavila 1008 

Plant,  i?fi 804,2240 

p.  Bourne     .    .    .    1238,1624,2041 

p.  Potts 1243 

Plasterers    Co.  v.  Parish    Clerks 

Co 1003 

Plastic  Co.  p.  Massey-Mainwaring  .    2270 

Piatt  p.  Beach 1323 

P.Tyler 1892 

Player,  Re 402,  1844,  2088 

Play  ford  p.  Mercer 781 

Plenty  p.  West 10C3 

Pletts  p.  Beattie 1783 

p.  Campbell 673,  1783 

Plews  and  Middleton,  Re  .    ,    .    .    2127 

Plimmer  p.  Wellington 646 

Plimpton  p.  Malcolmson    .    .      724, 1618 

r.  Spiller 724 

Plomer  p.  Ross 1175 

Plomesgate  p.  West  Ham  ....    1403 

Plomley  p.  Richardson 2146 

p.  Shepherd 447 

Plummer,  Re 1844 

Plumstead  p.  British  Lsnd  Co   .    .    1888 

p.  Ecc.  Commrs 1388 

Plymouth  p.  Axminster    ....      807 
Plymoutli  Tramways  Co  p.  General 
Tolls  Co 329 


CIV 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


P>ffa 
riymoulh  &  Dartmoor  Rj  v.  G.  W. 

,  liy 1118 

Pneumatic  Tyre  Co  v.  Puncture 

Proof  Co 968 

Poad  V.  Watson 800,  861 

Pocock,  /?« 183 

V.  Gilliam 226 

V.  Lincoln,  Bp  of 1461 

V.  Reddington 643 

Pocock  and  Prankerd,  Re      .    1843,  2025 
Pogose,  Re^  Ex  p.  Vanderlinden  762 

Pogson  V.  Thomas 646 

Points  V,  Attwood 1884 

Poland,  Re 483 

Polden  V.  Bastard     ....      024,  1312 

Pole,  Re 1619 

W.Dick 1903 

PolehilU.  Walter 763 

Pollard,  Re 183 

I?.  Photographic  Co   .    .      160,2134 

PoUastrini,  Re 937 

Pollini  i;.  Gray 1642 

Pollock  V.  Moses 96 

v.  Pollock 660,676 

Pomeranian,  The      ....    1226,  1971 

Pomeroy  v.  Apthorpe 265 

V.  Will  way,  Re  Wall .    .      617,  1877 

Pomeroy  and  Tanner,  Re  ...    .      638 
Pomfret  v.  Graham,  Re  Horner  .    .    1999 

V.  Perring 806 

Pomphrey  ».  South wark  Press     636,  694, 

1418 
Ponsford  &  Newport  School  Bd,  Re     283, 

1888 

Pontefract  Case 164 

Pontifex  ».  Farnham 939 

V.  Foord 966,  967 

V.  Hartley 1893 

V.  Mid.  Ry 892,  2072 

Ponting  V.  Noakes     ....    1800,  1501 
Pontvpridd  Tramways  Co,  Re  ,    .     1678 

Poors  Case 1016 

Pool  V.  Cabanes 1441 

V.  Lewin 817 

Poole,  £:z  ;>.  Cocks 1033 

,  Re 694 

i;.  Bott 2183 

Poole  &  Needham's  Case  ....    1634 

Pooley,  Re 180,  1077 

«.  Driver 93»,  1416 

V.  Whetham 1819 

Pope,  Re 22,  498 

V.  Banyard 160,  1857 

V.  Pope     .  ' 1014 

V.  Skinner 780 

V.  Tearle 481 

V.  Whalley 1873 

V.  Whitcombe  .    .     606,  1297, 1701 

Popham  V.  Aylesbury   .    .    .      662,  2049 

Poplar  r.  Knipht 1848 

Poppleton,  A>  p..  Re  Thomas    .    .      379 

Popplewell,  iFx  p 864 

,  Ex  p.,  Re  Storey  ....  490,  491 

V.  Hodkinson    ....    1966,  1990 

Porrett  v.  White 1372 

Portal  V.  Emmens 1863 

Portal  and  Lamb,  Re    .    68,  76, 139,  395, 
1063, 1237,  1295 


Porteous  r.  Watney 506 

Porter,  Re 146,  617 

V.  Bradley 1462 

V.  Lopes 820 

V.  Shephard 364 

V.  Swetman 2286 

V.  Toumay   ....  898,  933, 1100 

Portingell,  Exp 1886 

Portland  and  Tilley,  Re    ....    1626 
Portman  v.  Home  Hospital  Assn   .      237 

r.  Mill      ...      27,  638,  700,  1226 

f.  Willis 824 

Portpatrick  Ry  v.  Caledonian  Ry  .    1143, 

1728 
Portsmouth  v.  Smith  670, 1873, 1947, 1961, 

2047 
Portsmouth  Tramways /?«  ...  2122 
Portway  v.  Colne  Valley  Ry  .  .  1879 
Postlethwaite  v.  Frceland    261,  460,  1664, 

2161.  2162 
Postmaster-Gen.  v.  Highland  Ry    .     1639 

Potinger  v.  WightniNn 667 

Pott  V.  Brassey,  Re  Alnutt    .     .    .    1828 

V.  Turner 222 

Potter,  Re 1911 

V.  Burrell 1094,  1249 

r.  Duffield 1680 

t'.  Inl.  Rev 1680, 1687 

t'.  Peters 1289,1883 

Potteries,  Shrewsbury  &  N.  Wales 

Ry,  ^€ 840 

Pottinger,  Ex  p..  Re  Stewart     .    .    1402 

Potts,  Re 290 

,  Re.  Ex  p.  Taylor  .    .    .      661, 1814 

1;.  Britton 648 

V.  Potts 1896 

Pouey  17.  Hordem     ....    1682,  2260 

Pouiett  V.  Hood 1218,  1228 

Poulton,  Exp 67, 68 

Pound  V.  Plumstead      .    .     .    1272,  1950 

V.  Wilson 49 

Pounder.  Re 546,  1076 

p.  N.  E.  Ry 348 

Powell,  Re  .    .    819,  434,  806,  1656,  1860 

t.  A-G 307,2239 

r.  Birmingham  Vinegar  Co    .        57 

f.  Boggis      .     .     .     «63,  1011,  1759 

V.  Boraston 228, 1868 

V.  Brown 933 

t'.  Bull 1864,  2028 

u.  Divett 1160 

r.  Double 217 

V.  Farmer 228,  1363 

V.  Goodale,  Re  Harris    .    .    .      482 

».  Guest 1786 

V.  Head 940 

V.  HefFeman 728 

V.  Hellicar 668 

V.  Horton 1317 

u.  Howell 93 

r.  Hyde 1822 

V.  Kempton  Park  Co  207, 1486, 1486, 

1487,  1488,  2148 

V.  Knight 445 

u.  Lond.  &  Prov.  Bank  .    .   197,  499 

V.  Main  Colliery  Co  ...    .      317 

V.  Morgan 145 

r.  Powell  ...    608,  619,  791,  2125 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cv 


Page 

Powell  V.  Smith 1347 

Power  V.  Quealy 1248 

Powerscourt  v.  Po^rerecourt      .     .     1837 

Powis, /?« 2107 

Pownall  V.  Dawson 228 

Powya  17.  Btagrave 2218 

r.  Mansfield 1118 

Powjs-Keck  and  Hart,  A'«     .    .    .    1843 

Poynter  v.  Buckley 187 

Pojser  v.  Minors 1284,  1526 

Prange,  Ex  p.,  Re  Leeds  Bnnkg  Co      927 
Prannath  Roy  v.  Ramrutton  Hoy  .     818, 

1048 

Prater,  Re 139,  1237 

Pratt,  a:*  p 1,80,314,1446 

.  Re 1007,  1980 

e.  Bull 1027 

r.  Groome 664 

r.  Jackson    ....     821,82.3,899 

r.  Mathew 1288,  2137 

p.  Sladden 2146 

p.  S.  E.  By 1130,  1742 

».  Swaine 278 

Prendergast, /?€ 35 

Prentice  o.  London 551 

Prescott  p.  Bunk  of  England  .    .  281,  282 

t?.  Barker 1053 

p.  Boucher 707 

p.  Lee 1210 

Preserration  Synd.,  Re      ....      138 

Presland  v.  Bingham 1002 

Presley,  Re 288,789 

Press  r.  Bowes 7 

Prestney  v.  Colchester 450 

Preston  p.  Buckley   ....    1403.  2077 

p.  Butcher 283 

p.  Etheringtnn  ....      718,  1437 

p.  Greenwoo<l 717 

Pretty  p.  Nausea  wen 907 

p.  Solby 1899 

Prevost  p.  Clarke 1531 

I*rew  p.  Squire 489 

Price. /?€      .    .    .    .183,695,1111,2250 

p  A  1  Ships  Small    Damage 

Insrce 158 

p.  Asheton 1710 

p.  Barker 1703 

—  p.  Berrington 361 

p.  Bou«tead 1543 

r.  Braham 178 

P.Dyer 1347 

p.  Griffith 648 

p.  Insrce  Co 696 

p.  James  ....      880.  1096,  1418 

p.  Jenkins 816.  1621 

p.  Livingstone  .    .     718, 1063, 1509, 

1510 

r.  Macaulay 771,  2068 

p.  Manning 49 

p.  Bfarsdon 154 

p.  Nicholson 1347 

P.Powell 2017 

P.Price 2017 

p.  Russell 2102 

r.  Strange 1081 

Price  Candle  Co, /2e 697 

Prichard  p.  Ames 1900 

p.  Prichard  .    .    .    1216, 1518,  1550 


Page 

Priddle'sCase 2061 

Priddy  p.  Henbrey 2173 

Pride  p.  Bubb 649,  865 

p.  Fooks 47,305 

Prideaux.  Exp 104 

Pridham  p.  Tucker 855 

Pridie  p.  Field 822 

Priest  p.  Uppleby,  Re  Salmon  .    .      535 

Priestly  p.  Fowler 848 

p.  Holgate 1751 

p.  Stone 1635 

Prim  p.  Smith 1349 

Prince,  Re 2037 

p.  State 991 

Prince  Albert  p.  Strange  ....    1618 

Princess  Alice,  The 2074 

Princess  Clementine,  The     ...      825 

Princess  Royal,  The 981 

Fringle,  Re 68,  1743 

p.  Moilett 1774 

Prior  p.  Homiblow 1077 

p.  Mackinnon 1062 

p.  Slathwaite  Co       ....    2285 

Prison  Commrs  p.  CI.  of  Peace  for 

Middlesex 1552 

P.Liverpool 1140 

Pritchard's  Case 390 

Pritcliett    p.    English   &   Colonial 

Synd 160,621 

Privateer,  The      .    .    .     328,1775,2252 

Proby  p.  Landor 2274 

Proctor  p.  Proctor 867 

-^ —  p.  Sargent 266 

Proffitt  p.  Nye  Valley  Ry      .    .     .    2267 

Propert  v.  Parker 2169 

Protection  Insrce  p.  Wilton  .  .  .  1766 
Protheroe  p.  Tottenham  Hy  .     .    .      496 

Proud  p.  Bates 1204 

Proudfoot  V  Uun    820,  1038,  1719,  1720, 

2026 
Provident   Clerks   Assrce   r.  Law 

Life  Assrce 954 

Provincial  Bank  p.  Cusden  .  .  .  1295 
Prudential  Assrce  r.  Edmonds  867, 1544 
Prnen  p.  Osborne      ....    1013,  1014 

Prnessing  v.  Ing 1980 

Pryce,  Re,  Ex  p.  Ransberg  .  .  809,  986 
""'"  p  Davies  902 

-' —  p.  Mon.  Ry  &  Cnnal  Co  il98,  2069 
Pryor  v.  City  Offices  Co    ...     .     1661 

p.  Pryor 1624, 1881 

Prytherch.  Re 2288 

Pudney  p  Eccles 795 

Pudsey  p.  Newsam 32 

Pugh  p.  Golden  Valley  Ry    .      457, 1266 

p.  Kerr 416 

P.Leeds 778,2142 

V.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry     .    .    .    .     16,  942 

Pogsley  p.  Ropkins  .    .    455.  1177,  1869, 

2180 

Ptilhrook,  Exp 438 

n.  Ashby 150 

p.  Richmond  Mining  Co     .    .      931 

Pullen  p.  St.  Saviour 839 

Pulling  p.  L.  C.  &  D.  Ry  .    .    .    .    1496 

Pullman  p.  Hill 1559,  1619 

Pumfrey,  Re,  Ex  p.  Hillman  .  .  1622 
Punchard,  Re 2031 


CVl 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


P>ffa 

Purcell ».  Purcell 292 

PurchaB  v.  Holy  Sepulchre   .    .    .    1799 

Purdy  V.  Smiili 2010 

Pure  Spirit  Co  v.  Fowler  ....    1064 
Purisima  Concepcion,  The     .    .    .    1099 

Purser  i;.  Worthing 1163 

Pursey  v.  Hollo  way,  Re  Baker  .    .    1401 

Purton.  i?« 1171 

Purves  V.  Straits  of  Bow  S.  S.  Co     886 
V.  Wimbledon  Com.  Conserva- 
tors   2023 

Purvess  r.  Landell 1891 

Purvis  V.  Traill 1799 

Pusey  V.  Desbouvrie 47 

Pushman  v.  Filliter 1631 

Pust  V.  Dowie 2229 

Putney  v.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry    1058, 1628, 

2006,2271 

Pybus, /?« 1910 

t;.  Mitford 910 

Pye,£xp 1118,1419 

V,  Muniford 872 

Pyer  i;.  Carter 98,  1262,  2132 

Pyle  V.  Partridge 17 

Pyle  Works,  Re    .     .    .    1582,  1584,  2122 
Pyle  Works  No.  2, /2e    .    .     .    1118,2122 

Pym  V.  Blackburn 1720 

Pyman  i;.  Burt 1679 

V,  Dreyfus 1776 

Pyman  and  Dreyfus,  Re  .    .   1068, 1248, 

2204 

Pyne  v.  Dor 2217 

V.  Kinna 473 

Pyotw.  Pyot    ....    1239,1248,1700 


QuARM  r.  Quarm     ....      896,  2001 

Quarrell  v.  Beckford 1227 

Quarrington  v.  Arthur  .    .     .      641,  2266 

Quartemaine  u.  Selby 1294 

Quartz  Hill  Gold  Mining  Co,  Re    .    1417 

Queade, /?0 1844 

Quebec  Mar  Insrce  v.  Commercial 

Bk  of  Canada 1809 

Quebec  Seminaire  v.  Limoilou  .    .     1763 

Queen,  The 1467 

Queen  of  the  River  S.   S.   Co  v. 

Thames  Conservators  ....  260 
Queensberry  Leases,  Re  .  ,  .  646,  836 
Queensbury  v.  Shebbeare  .  .  .  1618 
Queensbury    Industrial    Socy    v. 

Pickles 9;i8,2182 

Queenshead    Industrial    Socy    v. 

Pickles 2182 

Queensland  Bank  v.  P.  &  O.  Steam 

Nav 1810 

Queensland  Land  Co,  i^e  .    .    .    .      196 

Quennell  v.  Turner 642 

Quested  v.  Michell 864 

Quicke  r.  Quicke 1912 

Quilligan  v.  Limerick  Market  .  .  673 
Quin  i;.  National  Assrce    .    .     269,2216 

Quinn  v.  Leatham 1149 

r.  O'Keeffe 1217 

I?.  Shields 1231 


R. 

Rabbbth  o.  Squire 1311 

Rabbett  v.  Raikes 2056 

Raby  t;.  Ridehalgh 215 

Race,  i?e 1304 

p.  Ward 1671,  2222 

Rackham  v.  Bluck 440 

».  Siddall 2108 

Radam's  Microl)e  Killer  v.  Leather    2097 

Radburn  v.  Jervis 871 

Radcliff,/?e 18:3,1191 

Radcliffe  v.  Bartholomew  249,  2058,  2267 

V,  Buckley 806 

Radford  v.  Willis 903 

Radnor,  Re 866 

Radnorshire  v.  Evans   .    .    .    1364,  2234 

Ra£Fety  v.  Schofleld 1346 

Raggett  V.  Findiater 2081 

Raglan  v.  Monmouth  Steam  Co  680 

Raikes  v.  Boulton 1743 

W.Todd 1813 

Railton  v.  Wood 70,  666 

Railway  Sleepers  Co,  Re  .  188, 141, 1003, 

1287 
Railway  Time  Tables  Co,  Re  .    .    1374 

Raine  v.  Jobson 5f)2 

Rainford  v.  Knowles 1476 

Rains  v.  Buxton 660 

Raison,  Exp 396,  1768 

Raleigh  v.  Williams 1262 

Ralph,  Re 67,  237,  6J2 

V.  Carrick  611, 612, 1011, 1012,  1013, 

1401,  1451,  1998 

w.  Hurrel 2176 

Ralston  v.  Smith 1980 

Ramershur  Pershad  Narain  Singh 
17.  Kooni  Behari  Pattuk     .    .    .    2221 

Ramsay,  lie 1584 

r.  Blair 1668, 1963 

V.  Margrett  ....    33,  136,  1616 

1;  Thomgate 1966 

Ramsbottom  v.  Tunbridge    .    .    .      664 

V.  Wortley 663 

Ramsden  v,  Dyson 646 

V.  Gibbs 2091 

V,  Smith 61 

V.  Yeates 162,  810 

Ramsey  v.  Cruddas 108,  886 

Ramshay,  Exp 908 

Ramskill  v.  £a  wards 214 

Rand  v.  Green 1914 

Randal  v,  Everest 1937 

Randall  t;.  Hills  Dry  Dock  Co  .     .      317 

V,  Lithgow 472 

V.Morgan 1164 

r.  Roper 457 

».  Russell .1109 

V.  Stevens 722 

u.  Thorn 488 

Randegger  v.  Holmes 631 

Randell, /?e 814 

p.  Block 1326,2263 

V.  Thompson     ....     681,  1976 

Randfleld  v.  Randfleld 22.39 

Handle  ».  Lory 867, 1974 

Randolph  v,  Milman 256 

Rands  v,  Ckrk 2249 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


evil 


Page 
Rand  wick  v.  Australian  Corp  .  .  1348 
Ranelagh  r.  Hanclagh  .    .    .    1997,  2000 

Kanger  v.  G.  W.  \\y 1106 

Kanken  v.  Hunt 1607 

Rankin  v.  Potter 8 

Ranking,  Re 1277 

r.  Forbes 114 

Rann  v.  Hughes 1410 

Ransberg,  Ex  p..  Re  Pryce  ...  309 
Ransome  v.  Eastern  Counties  Rj  .    2128 

Ranson  v,  Dundas 1419 

Raper  v,  Birkbeck 252 

Raphael  v.  Bank  of  England  203,  1290 
Rapier  v,  London  Tramways  Co  399. 1300 

Rapley  v.  Smart 1820,  1898 

Rashleigh,  £:T;>.,i2eDa1zeU      .    .    1425 

p.  Master 1063 

Ratcliff.  Re 1031 

V.  Evans 1911 

V.  Swift 1686 

Ratt  V.  Parkinson 656 

Raven,  Rb 938 

Rayenscroft  v.   Provident  Clerks' 

Assn 764 

Ravenshaw  v.  Barker 1674 

KaTensthorpe  v.  Hinchcliffe  .  781, 1878 
Rawe  V.  Chichester  ....      687,  1070 

Rawley  v.  Rawley 471 

Rawlings,  Ex  p,,  Re  Davis    .    .     .     1683 

p.  Biggs    293,  2012,  2013,  2014, 2016 

V,  Jennings 603 

Itawlins,  Re 187,  916 

r.  Biggs    20.3,  2012,  2013,  2014,  2016 

p.  Jenkins 1692 

p.  Wickliam 1669 

Rawlinson  p.  Clarke     .     266,  1106, 1628 

p.  Pearson 222 

Rawson  v.  M'Causland      ....      396 

Rawstron  p.  Taylor 2221 

Ray, /fe 186 

p.  Adams 1531 

p.  Barker 1784 

p.  Walker 10 

Raynard  p.  Chase 119 

Rayner  p.  Godmond 1944 

p.  Ornen  S.  S 1106 

Rayson  v.  S.  London  Tram  Co  .    .    1319 

Read,  i2« 482 

r.  Anderson 798 

p.  Brown 276,  276 

p.  Eley 1165 

p.  Hodgens 1989 

p.  Joannon 470 

p.  Lincoln,  Bp    680,  618, 1206, 1286, 

1878,  2263 

P.Nash 474 

p.  Perrett 1808 

p.  Purcell 16 

p.  Read 1637 

p.  Snell 1848 

Read  and  Greswell,  Re     ....     1269 

Reade  p.  Bentley 699 

Reader  p.  Kingham 90 

Real  Estate  Co,  jRtf 425 

Rearick  p.  Wilcox 840 

Reddin  p.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works  .  1159 
Redding,  Re  ...  .  948, 1316,  1881 
Bede  p.  Barley 1616 


Page 
Redfield  p.  Wickham    .    .    .    1447, 2122 

Redgate  p.  Haynes 1972 

Redgrave  v.  Uurd 26 

p.  Kelly 1438 

p.  I-ee 686 

p.  Lloyd 460 

p.  Mid.  Ry 848 

Redhead  p.  West  wood 193 

Redington  p.  Millar 2029 

Redman  p.  Pyne 231,  aSl 

p.  Rymer 786 

Redpath  p.  Roberts 1996 

Reece  v.  Miller 2064 

Reed,  Re 223 

p.  Braithwaite  ....    1849, 1997 

p.  Ingham     .    .    .     431,1364,2235 

V.  Kilburn  Socy 1347 

— ^  p.  Lamb 285,  1604 

p.  Nutt 1102 

P.  Shrubsole 2178 

P.Wilcox 1213 

Reed&Co, /?6 68 

Reeks  p.  Kynocli 1831 

Rees,  i?fl 1277,1279 

p.  De  Bemardy 287 

— ^  p.  Morgan C66 

p.  Powell  Duffryn  Co    .    .    .    1831 

P.Thomas 616 

p.  Warwick 146 

p.  Watts 12:]6 

Reeve  v.  Berridge 2168 

P.Gibson 967 

p.  Yeates 1774 

Reeves  p.  Baker 771,  1683 

p.  Barlow      .    .    .     192,1760,1817 

p.  Butcher 277 

p.  Cattell 1666 

p.  Stroud 774 

Regent  Stores,  Re 1402 

Regent's  Canal  Co  p.  St.  Pancras  .    1102 
R.  p.  Aberdare  Canal  Co  ...    .      141 

p.  Abingdon      ....      382,  1736 

p. . 861 

p.  Adams 102,  604 

p.  Adamson 908,  1176 

p.  Adlard 969 

p.  Aire  &  Calder  Nav.    ...    1246 

p.  Alberbury     ....    1203,1410 

p.  Albert 62 

p.  Alison 1236 

P.Allen    .    .    .    190,196,876,1205 

p.  AUmey 1661 

p.  Amos 1864 

p.  Anderson   220, 681, 687, 876, 1253, 

1609,  1886 

p.  Andover 68 

p.  Anglesey  Jus.   .     64,  86, 174,  802 

p.  Anon 2167 

».  Antrim  Jus.  .    .    1270, 1440, 1887 

p.  Ardley 1684 

p.  Aris 1926 

p.  Arkwright     ....    2146,2146 

p.  Armagh  Jus.     .    .  68, 1276, 1440 

p.  Ashman 838 

p.  Ashton 94,  796 

p.  Ashwell 169 

p.  Aslett 604 

p.  Aspinall 1767 


CVIU 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


R.  V.  Aston 911,  2213 

V.  AtkinsoD 462 

17.  Auchinleck 1766 

p.  Aulton 1183 

V,  Austin 908 

V,  Avery 1240,  1884 

V.  Aylesbury 1407 

».  Aylesford 2010,2011 

».  Bacon 676 

r.  Badger 2247 

V.  Bagshawe 1316 

V.  Bailey 766,  2042 

i;.  Baker  ....    1113,  1467,  1707 

V.  Bakewell 1006 

i;.  Bamber 1143 

17.  Bank  of  England  ....      983 

U.Barclay 83,1176 

I'.  Barker 2028 

17.  Barlow 1176 

V.  Barnes 667 

».  Barnet 479 

V.  Barnsley 460 

V.  Barrett     ....  213,  764, 1039 

17.  Barton 200 

17.  Basingstoke 233 

17.  Basset 1403 

17.  Batt 608 

17.  Battle 1847 

V.  Baxendale 2133 

V.  Bayard 27 

17.  Beaney 888 

17.  Beaumont 1336 

17.  Bedfordshire      ...      998,  1607 

17.  Bedworth 2266 

17.  Beecham 2172 

17.  Beer 1008 

17.  Belford 18% 

17.  Bell       1736 

17.  Bellis 764 

17.  Belton 1276 

17.  Bennett 2266 

17.  Bent 2248 

17.  Berenger 1767 

V.  Berkshire  Jus.  .    .    7:4,911,912 

17.  Bernardo 439 

17.  Berriman 308 

V.  Berry 413 

V.  Berwick 860 

17.  Bexley  Heath  Ky  .    .    .    .    2111 

17.  Bigg 619 

17.  Biggins 1028 

17.  Biggleswade 1276 

17.  Birmingham  303, 1692, 1727, 1853, 

1990 

17.  Birmingham  W.  W.  Co  .    .    1067 

— :—  17.  Birmingham  &  Gloucester 

Ry 1744 

17.  Biron 1691 

17.  Birwistle 616,  1869 

17.  Bishop 1874 

V.  Bishop  Wearmonth    ...        69 

17.  Blaby 406 

17.  Blackburn 203 

17.  Blakeman 1298 

V.  Blanchard 69 

r.  Blizard 1789 

17.  Bloomsbury  Co.  Co.  .      426, 1561 

17.  Boardman 1676 


R.  V,  Bodkin 2149 

V.  Boiler  Explosions  Commrs      20O, 

328 

t?.  Bootie 1962 

17.  Boteler 908,1175 

1\  Boulton 2172 

17.  Bowerman     ....      162, 1819 

t7.  Bowness 339 

17.  Bowyer 2179 

1'.  Boyce       636 

V.  Bradford 1645 

17.  Bradford  Library  ....    1799 

17.  Bradley 811,1886 

17.  Brady 1335 

0.  Braintree  Union    .    .    1326.  1703 

P.Brandt 1799 

17.  Brecon lOll 

r.  Brettell 1203,1636 

«;.  Bridge 714,1692 

17  Bridgewflter 1824 

V.  Bridgnorth 2136 

V.  Briggs 1047 

r.  Bristol 2131 

V.  Bristol  Dock  Co    ....     1728 

p.  Brocklehurst     .    .    .      701,  1912 

V.  Broropton  Co.  Co.  Judge  428,  440 

V.  Brown     17,  42,  84,  146,  691.  1039, 

1062,  1208, 1298, 1691,  1740,  1811 

r.  Brownlow      .    606,684,984,2045 

17.  Bruce 876 

17.  Bucknell 1877 

V.  Bucks  ....    1664, 1600, 1601 

17.  Bullock 2274 

17.  Burchet 1771 

r.  Burdett 1643 

V.  Burgess 1286 

17.  Burrell 1617 

17.  Burrows 318 

17.  Burslem 652 

t'.  Butter  worth 708 

17.  Button 691 

17.  Caledonian  Ry  .    .    ,    1176, 1493 

V.  Calvert .      151 

17.  Cambrian  Ry     .    .     711,761,870 

17.  Cambridgeshire  Jus.  .    .    .    2188 

17.  Camplin 1650 

V.  Canterbury  Archbp.  .    .  633,  866 

17.  Capell 870 

V.  Capper 309,  1191 

17.  Carmarthen 1324 

17.  Carmarthenshire  Jus.     .    .      682 

17.  Carr 876,1113 

17.  Carradice 216 

U.Carrol       1896 

17.  Case 956 

f.  Castle 1666 

17.  Cavendish 244 

17.  Caverswall 564 

17.  Central  Crim.  Court ...      488 

17.  Central  Wingland      .    .    .     1403 

17.  Chadwick      ....      814.1676 

17.  Chambers 2122 

17.  Chapman 1878 

17.  Chappie 272 

17.  Chariesworth 1403 

17.  Charity  Commrs    .    .    1033,  1607 

17.  Charretie 1328 

17.  Chart 423,  878 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cix 


Page 
R.  V.  Cliawton  .    .    1222,  1223,  1891,  2284 

o.  Cheeseman 145 

V.  Chelsea  W.  W 669 

17.  Cheshire  Jus 64 

V.  Chichester  (Bishop  of)  .    .    1177 

17.  Christchurch     .    .    .      127,  1851 

17.  Christian 684 

V.  Cbristopherson 1874 

V.  Cinque  Ports  Jus 100 

V.  City  of  London  Court    .    43,  805, 

822, 1805,  1807 

V.  Clarence 905,  2135 

p.  Clark 758,  774,  1602 

P.Clarke 1047,1804 

p.  Clemens 2l.% 

u.  Cleworth  .    702, 1060, 1256, 1360, 

2078 

I'.  Closs 300 

t'.  Cluderoy 519,  1501 

c.  Cluer 26 

p.  Clutton 1976 

p.  Coady 218 

p.  Coates 1113, 1873 

p.  Cockbum 908 

p.  Coke 1895 

r.  Colbeck 59 

P.Coleridge.    .    .    .   180,247,2085 

p.  Colley 1925 

— ^  p.  CoUingwood 1889 

p.  Comptroller  of  Patents  .    .  93,  96 

p.  Coney 64,  126 

p.  Consistory  Court  .    .    .    .    1721 

p.  Conyers 1210 

p.  Cooban 858 

P.  Cook      237,  259, 1039, 1342,  1811, 

2148 

p.  Cookham 516 

p.  Cooper 1778 

p.  Cork 2268 

p.  Cork  Jus 99 

p.  Cothani 1710 

p.  Cottingham 966 

r.  Cottle.     .    .    .    2075,2076,2221 

V.  Countesthorpe 1779 

p  Cox 8.38,  1256 

p.  Cramp  ....     632,  1298,  1499 

p.  Crawford 519 

p.  Cree 780 

p.  Cridland 203 

p.  Crisp 1564 

p.  Croft 60 

p.  Cross 563 

p.  Crosthwaite  ....     1466. 1849 

17.  Cniydon  Tramways  Co    397,  531 

r.  Cullen 1047 

p.  CuUum 1335 

p.  Cnmberworth  Half    .      815,  1041 

p.  Cunningham      .    .     .      876,  1804 

p.  Curran 910 

p.  Curzon 930 

p.  Dale 209 

0.  Damarell 1062 

p.  Danger 2172 

V.  Darlington 976 

p.  Davie 969 

P.  Davies      .    .    .      796,  2134,  2148 

P.Davis   ....     1062,1149,2248 

p.  Dawson 1482 


Page 

R.P.Day 375,770,772 

r.  Dayman 1691, 1961 

V.  Dean 652 

p.  Deane 68 

p.  De  Banks 159 

p.  DeGrey    .    .    .    1292,1883,1885 

p.  De  Kromme 1903 

p.  Delaval 380 

p.  Dempson 703 

p.  Denbighsliire 1862 

p.  Dennis  .    .    .    678,  739,  759,  1821 

p.  De  Portugal 1361 

p.  Derbyshire 217 

17.  De  Ruiter 955 

p.  De  Rutzen 582 

P.Devon 279.637,1601 

p.  Devonshire 2045 

p.  Dewitt 691 

17.  D'Eyncourt 292 

p.  Dickenson 1366 

V.  Ditcheat    ...      884,  1813,  2022 

p.  Dixon 992 

p.  Dobbins 1691 

P.Dolby 804,909,1140 

r.  Doncaster 104 

p.  Doubleday    .    .    1365,  1867,  2238 

p.  Douglas 1628 

p.  Dover  .     .  50,  383,  422,  760, 1016, 

1191,1446,1681 

V.  Downes 2246 

17.  Downshire    ....    2075,2188 

P.  irOyly 1185,1908 

p.  Drake 1096 

— i —  V.  Dring 44 

p.  Druitt 1214 

p.  Drury 59 

V.  Dublin 669, 14 10 

— ^  17.  Duckworth 145 

V,  Dudman 342 

V.  Dunn 194 

p.  Dunsford 1203 

p.  Durijam  Bp 76,  768 

p.  Durham  Jus 1 

p.  Dutton 1032 

p.  Dyer 72 

p.  Dyson 438, 1285 

p.  E.  &  W.  India  Docks  Co    .     457, 

1633 

p.  E.  &  W.  India  Docks  &  Bir- 

raingliam  Ry 2111 

p.  East  London  W.  VV.  Co      .    2029 

p.  East  Looe 421 

p.  East  Stonehouse    ....    1735 

17.  East  Teign mouth  ....     1409 

p.  Eastern  Counties  Ry  .    .  506,  752, 

975 

p.  Eatington 1812 

p.  Edwards   356,  433,  459,  501,  1.%1. 

2052 
— ■-  p.  Edmundson  .    .      356,  1488,  2212 

p.  Elliott 676, 1244 

P.Ellis 432,679,2028 

17.  Ellison 1381 

p.  Elswick 554 

p.  Ely  Jus 766 

17.  Entwistle 1545 

P.Epsom 820,1710 

p.  Erdheim 368 


ex 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


R.  V.  Essex  Commrs  of  Sewers   .    29,  959 

V.  EBsex  Co.  Co 43 

V.  Essex  Jus 2108 

V.  ETans  .    .    .  282,  311.  1062,  1G((6 

V.  Everett 2062, 2069 

V,  Exeter 690,  970 

p.  Eye 1313 

1?.  Eyre     ....     189,1394,1779 

V.  Falkingham 3 

V.  Fanning 190 

V.Faraday 1145 

p.  Farmer 1062 

p.  Farre 174 

p.  FarreU 908 

».  Fnrrow 42,279 

V.  Faultleroy 486 

1\  Fernandes 1599 

I'.  Ferrybridge  ....    1785, 2128 

V.  Field 739 

V.  Fisher  .    .   17,  188,  457,  779,  2077 

V.  Fitch 1676 

V.  Fitzroy  Cowper     .    .      619, 1885 

V.  Fletcher    482,  437,  674,  988, 1028, . 

1612,  1660,  2107 

r.  Fhntan 1084,2240 

w.  Flockton 1317 

P.  Flock  wood  Commrs  .    .    .    1175 

V.  Flowers 159 

f.  Foley 569,1542 

r.  Foote 438,1028 

V,  Fordham 1853 

V.  Forncett  St.  Mary      .    .    .    1403 

».  49  Casks  of  Brandy   .      576,1804 

r.  Foulkes 615 

i;.  Francis       892,  754,  911,  999,  1768 

V.  Fredland 119 

17.  Freke 615,1161 

P.French      ....   27,1676,2111 

».  Frost 1520 

t;.  Fry 1322 

V.  Fullagar 1778 

r.  Fullford 1948,1951 

V.  Gainsborough  Union     .  87,  1253 

V.  Gale 1386 

V,  Gal  way  Infirmary      .    .    .    1555 

r.  Gamble 1113 

V.  Gamlingay    ....      778,  2064 

r.  Ganz 747, 1030 

P.Gardner    .    .     22,417,1463,1521 

V.  Casks  rth 999 

p.  Gaskell 1799 

V.  Gaunt 406 

V.  Geddington 94 

i;.  Gee 1085 

V.  General  Cemetery  Co    .    .    2087 

V.  General  Med.  Council    .    .    1101 

V.  Glamorganshire  Co.  Co.  1501 

V.  Glamorganshire  Jus.      .   427,  545 

17.  Glossop 1735 

17.  Gloucester 1252 

V,  Gloucestershire  Jus.  .      582, 1418 

17.  Glover 2006 

r.  Godfrey 2212 

17.  Godmanchester      ....    1848 

V.  Goldtliorpe 548 

V.  Goodchild 1253 

V.  Goole 1423 

17.  Gordon 692 


R.  17.  Goyemment   Stock   Invest- 
ment Co  883 

17.  Gravesend    1592,  1090. 2194, 2195 

V.  Gray 238,  708, 1286 

p.  Great  Bolton 867 

r.  Great  Tower  Hill  Trustees     2076 

V.  G.  W.  Ry        100,  676, 1178,  2647 

—  V,  Greenhow 1143 

17.  Greenland 325 

V.  Greenlaw 2152 

V.  Greenwich    County    Court 

Registrar 1724 

(7.  Gregory 226,  852 

V,  Grey 1766 

p.  Grice 1822 

p.  Grimwade 1824 

p.  Groombridge 255 

p.  Gunnell 540 

—  p.  Gwenop 651 

p.  Gwinear 539 

p.  Hackney 1039 

p.  Hadfield 1308 

p.  Hague 1476 

P.Hale 172 

p.  Hales  worth 1610 

p.  Halifax  Co.  Co.     .    .      761,1468 

p.  Hall      .    .    .  352,  899, 1366, 2085 

V.  Hallidav 966 

p.  Hamilton 1667 

p.  Hammersmith 1652 

p.  Hammond     ....    1489, 1826 

p.  Hampden      ....     1869, 1870 

p.  Handy 627 

p.  Hannam 860 

V.  Hannay 360 

V.  Hants  Jus 1418 

p.  Harden 870 

p.  Harding 730 

p.  Hardy  ....     627,  1308, 1490 

p.  Harley 42 

p.  Harper 191, 1190 

p.  Harrald 661 

p.  Harris    504. 1118, 1128, 1484, 2275 

p.  Harrod 1401 

p.  Hart 1818 

p.  Hartfield "      58,2032 

p.  Harvey 1247 

P.Harwich 1101.1175 

r.  Haslehurst    .    .      824, 1326, 1703 

p  Haslemere 2097 

p.  Hassall 150 

p.  Hastings 572 

V.  Haugliton     ....    1381, 1926 

p.  Hawkhurst 438,  482 

p.  Hayward 452 

p.  Heath 1698 

p.  Henley-upon-Tliames     .    .      554 

p.  Hennah 1298 

p.  Hereford  Denn      ....      289 

p.  Herefordshire  Jus.    .      823, 1275 

p.  Hermann 420,  945 

p.  Herring 460 

p.  Herstmonoeauz     ....    2237 

p.  Hewson 848 

V.  Heyop 254 

p.  Hicklin 992, 1307 

p.  Higham 1062 

p.  HiU 1217,2211 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXI 


H.  V.  HipsweU 2193 

V.  Hobbs 609,  650 

p.  Hodges    89,  799,  1363,  1494, 1569, 

2176 

V.  Hodgkinson 2187 

V.  Hodnett 303 

V.  Hole 784 

p.  Holl 201,  438 

p.  Holland  Jus 222,  223 

p.  HolUs 1762 

p.  Holloway 159 

P.Holmes 1484 

p.  Holt 290,  801,  1494 

p.  Hopkins    ....    433,  434,  932 

p.  Hornsea 1143 

p.  Horrooks 1255 

p.  Horton 848,2190 

r.  How 1185 

p.  Howard 827,2212 

p.  Howarth 775 

p.  Howell 603 

p.  Hube ;    .    .    1693 

p.  Huddersfield 1877 

p.  Hudson 796 

p.  Hughes     .     291,  1783,  2089,  2274 

p.  Hull 669 

p.  Hull  Dock  Co  .    .    .      860,2274 

p.  Hulme 91 

p.  Humpbery 2146 

—  p.  Humphrey 43 

p.  Humphreys 1488 

P.Hunt 713 

p.  Husthwaite 654 

p.  Hutchinson 1010 

p.  Illidge 828, 1862 

p  Incledon 69 

p.  Income  Tax  Commrs       618, 1482 

p.  Ingall 1852 

—  p.  Ingham 958 

p.  Inland  Revenue     ....    2042 

'—'  p.  Instan 1168 

p.  Institution   of   Civil  Engi- 
neers     1799,1800 

p.  Ion 2166,  2167 

— ^  p.  Ipswich  Justices    ....    1498 

p.  Isaacs 1298 

p.  Isle  of  Ely 421 

P.James 150,1113 

p.  Jhj 615 

p.  Jenkins  ....  481,  887,  2237 

p.  Jenner 1149 

p.  Jennings 2275 

p.  Jepson 1824 

p.  Jetherell 1089 

p.  Johnson    .    .    .     845, 1066.  1322 

p.  Jones  91.438,691.956, 1194,  l:J81, 

1567, 1617,  1799,  1824,  2188 

p.  Jordan 2246 

—  p.  Joyce 2122 

p  Juby 433 

p.Judd 708 

p.  Kane 66 

P.Kay 160.543 

p.  Kealing 1029 

P.Keith 1411,1626 

p.  Kenardington 339 

p.  Kennedy 2284 

p.  Kennet 245 


Page 

R.  p.  Kent 1255 

p.  Kent  Jus.      .    .   1407,1879,1882. 

1885,  2233 

P.Kerr 96 

V.  Kerrison 1390 

p.  Kerry  Jus 1038 

p.  Kershaw  ....    396,  945,  970 

p.  Kerswill 318 

p.  Keyn    ....     623, 1804,  2035 

—  p.  Kildare  Jus 1446 

p.  Kilderby 119 

p.  King 2148 

p.  Kitchen 1113 

p.  Knapp 64 

p.  Knight 778,2064 

p.  Knollys 2028 

p.  Laboucliere 1607 

p.  Lacy    ...  822,  689, 1267,  1378 

p.  Lambert 1819 

p.  Lancashire    .    .  217,  279,  637,  658 

p.  Lancashire  Jus.     .    .    1420, 2145 

p.  Lane,  and  Y.  Ry   ....    1178 

p.  Land  Commrs 916 

p.  I^ngford 604 

p.  Langriville 1292 

p.  Lamer 691 

p.  Larwood 1599 

P.Latimer 1149 

p.  Leake 1613 

p.  Lee 1388, 1692 

p.  Leeds  Canal  Co     ....      665 

p.  Leeds  County  Court .      462, 1752 

p.  Leeds  &  Liverpool  Nav.  Co     1067 

p.  Lef roy 440 

p.  Leicester 1852 

p.  Leicester  Freemen     .    .    .    1836 

p.  Leigh 679,  827 

p.  Leith 1637 

p.  Leonard-Smith 2274 

p.  Leresche 882,  616 

p.  Levi 862 

p.  Lewen 1122,1128 

p.  Lewis    145, 1162, 1444, 1685, 2248 

p.  Liclifield 72,1698 

p.  Light 776 

p.  Lillyman       1650 

—  p.  Limerick  Jus 1275 

p.  Little 864 

p.  Liverpool     ....    1206, 1266 

P.Llewellyn     ....    1255,1848 

p.  Lloyd 1824 

p.  Local  Board 1001 

p.  Local  Government  Board  .     479. 

1824,  1490,  1966,  2076 

p.  Lock 956 

p.  r^lley 623 

p.  London 1744 

p.  London  Bp  1177, 1843, 1668,2186 

p.  London  C.  &  D.  Ry    .    .    .    1562 

p.  Iy)ndon  Co.  Co.     .     .    1114, 1699 

p.  London  Jus.   69,  99,  377,  621,  806, 

926,  1028,  1095,  1178,  1418,  1427,  1696. 
1728, 1866 

p.  London  School  Bd  .  88, 181, 839 

p.  London  &  N.  W.  Ry  .  .  .  1882 

V   London  &    St.  Katharine 

Docks  Co 1602 

p.  Londonderry,  &c,  Ry     .    .      249 


CXll 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


R.  V,  Long 953 

V.  Longe 2111 

V.  Longnor 408 

V.  Loom 1864 

V.  Lopez 768 

V.  U)Td  Mayor  ....      276, 1827 

V.  Lordsmere 1307 

v.  Loutli  JuB.    .    .      849,1049,2269 

V.  Lovell 2007 

V.  Lowe 1124 

V.  Lowrie 2172 

V.  Loxdale 1247, 1866 

V.  LuelUn      ....  843,  978,  2093 

r.  Luff 169 

0.  Lunacy  Commra    ....     1177 

V.  Lyme  Regis 681 

».  Lynch       1807 

V.  Lyon 486 

V.  McDermot 462 

r.  M*DonRgU 446 

V.  McGralh 2007 

».  MKeevep 331 

V,  McKenzie 738 

i;.  McKnight 263 

i;.  Maconochie 622 

V.  Madeley 2045 

».  Madge       2182 

».  Magee 324 

V.  Maidstone 616 

V,  Main  waring  ....    1684, 1736 

p.  Maiden 1052 

V.  Mallinson 2009 

V.  Manchester  .  283.  294,  ?90,  1826, 

1431,  1612, 1799,  1877,  2029,  2186 

V.  Manchester  Jus 1661 

V.  Manchester  W.  W.  Co  1364,  1368 

r.  Manktelow  ....     1617,2007 

».  Manley  Smith 2006 

V.  Manning  .     .     .      228,  liJ24, 1874 

r.  Mansfield 169 

V.  Mario  uita  Co    .    .    .      988,1662 

I'.  Marsden 776.1317 

V.  Marsliam  ....   108,  669.  1266 

V.  Martin      619,  632,  966,  1149,  1676 

V.  Mashiter 969 

i\  Mason 691 

».  Master 437.1319 

i;.  Matty 916 

V.  Maude S03 

V.  Maulden  or  Moulden  .     .     .      852 

V.  Mawgan 1722 

V.  May 466,  2030 

r.  Maydenhead 1928 

i;.  Maynard  .    .• 291 

V.  Mayo  Jus 1804 

V,  Mead    .  246,  826,  894, 1293,  1865. 

1392 

V,  Mellor 626,  1613 

r.  Merthyr  Tydvil    ....    1183 

1'.  Metcalf 2010 

V.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works      976, 1000, 

15:]6 

—  V.  Metrop  Comnirs  of  Sewers      652 

».  Middlesex 68,670 

i;.  Middlesex  Asylum    .    .    .     1826 

V.  Middlesex  Jus.  462, 468,806, 1370, 

1665 

—  r.  Middlesex  Registry   .    .     .    2277 


Page 

R.  V.  Middleton 2042 

t^.  Mid.  Ry  .   1063,  1806,  1688, 1728. 

2062,  2270 

».  Miles 274 

u.  Milland 902 

».  MUlis 1165 

r.  Mills 814 

V.  MilTerton 1941 

V.  Minchinhampton  ....    2056 

V.  Mirfleld 1786 

V.  Miskin  Higher  Jus.    .    .    .      545 

V.  MitcheU 960 

r.  Monck 1091 

».  Moody 1676 

p.  Moore 1300 

r.  Morbv 2246 

—  V.  Moreley 1001 

V.  Morris 274 

V.  Morrish 659 

V.  Morrison 2213 

p.  Morton     .     .    .     486,  1306, 2278 

p.  Mosley 1864 

p.  Moss 2251 

p.  Moulden  or  Maulden      .     .      852 

V,  Mount 1444 

p.  Mountford 1113 

p.  Munden 703 

p.  Munslow 1160 

p.  MussoQ 1876 

p.  Myott 1733 

p.  Nacton 839 

p  Napton 713, 1083 

p.  Narberth  North     ....    1785 

p.  Neal 1609 

p.  Neat 182 

p.  Neath 1688 

p.  Neath  Canal  Navigation  226, 1364, 

1588 

p.  Nevill 1364,  2028 

p.  Newman 1778 

p.  Newport  Dock  Co     .    1067,  1646 

p.  New  Saruni 390 

p.  Nicholson 069 

p.  Nillins 784 

p.Noakes 1322 

p.  Norfolk  Co.  Co.     .    .     .  487.  878 

p  Norris 467, 13G8 

p.  North  CoUingham      ...      867 

p.  North  Curry      .    .    .      969,1731 

p.  North  Mid.  Ry 976 

p.  North  Union  Ry    ....      976 

p.  Northallerton  Co.  Co.    .    .  7 

p.  Northampton 1601 

p.  Northowram      .    .    .      494, 1489 

P.Norwich 1207,1852 

p.  Norwood 1731, 1735 

p.  Nott 1016 

p.  O'Connell 1129 

p.  O'Connor 796,1032 

p.  Offchurch 611 

p.  Old  Alresford  ....   727,  728 

p.  Oldham 915, 1696 

p.  Ormesby  .     .    .      781,  1878,  2237 

p.  O'Shay 1650 

p.  Ouse  Commrs 755 

p.  Outwell 666 

p.  Overton 1676 

p.  Owen 941 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXIU 


R.  r.  Owens     ......      042, 2274 

r.  Oxford 1786 

V.  Oxfordsliire  Jus.    .  276,  780,  1904 

r.  Padwick 470 

».  Page 2167 

V.  Paget 316 

1;.  Palmer 1822 

r.  Parker 183d 

r.  Parrot 1381 

».  Paterson 2061 

r.  Patteson 1868 

».  Paty 271 

V.Paul 1148 

r.  Payne 119, 1867 

p.  Paynter 1691 

p.  Pearce 976 

P.Pearson 1128 

p.  Pease 1110 

p.  Pelham 019,2286 

p.  Pelly 828,  769 

p.  Pemberton 1708 

p.  PembUton     .    .    1149,2186,2248 

p.  Perobridge 1636 

p.  Penkridge  Jus.      .    .      613. 1891 

p.  Penny 1132 

p.  Percy 1601 

P.Perry 1298,1811 

p.  Peterborough 1276 

r.  Peters 4:^3 

p.  Phillimore 1691 

p.  Phillips     .    .    .    1248,  1349,  1700 

p.  Piddletrenthide     ....    2028 

P.Pierce       ....     420.476,662 

p.  Piercey 418 

— «.  r.  Pllkington 1889 

p.  Pink 389 

P.Pitt 71 

p.  Platts 1948 

p.  Plenty 811,120:^ 

p.  Plowright 867 

p.  Plymouth     .    .     670,  1746,  1969 

p.  Pockett 692 

p.  Pocock 1849,1799 

p.  Pontefract 1714 

p.  Poor  Law  Commrs    .    730,  1328, 

16,33 

p.  Porter 269, 1911 

p.  Portsmouth 389 

p.  Portugal 66 

r.  Postmaster  Gen..  ,     86, 618,  1708 

V.  Pott  Shrigley 1658 

p.  Potterhanworth     ....    1663 

p.  Poulter 460 

p.  Poulton 208 

p.  Powell    290,  824,  826,  1208,  1273, 

1883, 1914 

p.Pownall 174 

p.  Poynder 900,1314 

p.  Pratt    .     .    .  626,  739, 1437,  1982 

p.  Prest 869 

p.  Price  247.  810,  356,  603,  766,  2247 

V.  Priest  Hutton 2131 

p.  Prince 818, 1046 

V,  Prowes 2182 

p.  Pulbrook 160 

p.  Purdey 1418 

p.  Pyne 1447 

i;.  Quainton 1610 

VOL.  I. 


Page 

R.  p.  Radford 2166 

p.  Raffles       1271 

V.  Railway  Commrs  .    .     684,  2128 

p.  Ramsay 311 

V,  Rarosgate 72, 999 

P.Randall 1070,2164 

p.  Rathbone 1621 

p.  Ravenscrof  t 1437 

p.  Reader 1946 

p.  Reason .      614 

V.  Redman 22 

p.  Reed 2122 

p.  Regents  Canal  Co .    .    1067,  2232 

p.  Registrar  Joint  Stock  Cos       363, 

881, 1038 

V.  Rhodes     .  63,  341,  864,  498,  1927 

P.Rice 646 

i;.  Ricliards  ....  63,  1381,  1437 

p.  Richardson 651 

p.  Richmond     ....    1666, 1826 

p.  Rigby 2240 

P.Riley 1,418,986 

p.  Ring 146 

V.  Ripon 664 

p.  Kitson 762 

V.  Roach 611 

P.Roberts 200 

p.  Robinson      .  22,  66, 129, 146,  299. 

862,  601,  764,  822, 1089, 1729 

V.  Robson 408 

P.Rochester     ....      069,1862 

p.  Rodley 1626 

p.  Rogers 141, 1722 

».  Rose     ....   1662,1766,2164 

c.  Rosinski 966 

p.  Rotherham    ....    1176, 1317 

p.  Rourke 1777 

p.  Rothwell 611,  2129 

P.Rowlands 93 

p.  Royal  Medical  and  Chiror- 

gical  Society 1799 

p  Rudge 488,1028 

p.  Runciman      324,  760, 1044, 1666. 

1666 

r.  Rundle 269 

p.  Ruscoe 1928 

p.  Russell 1600, 1838 

V.  Rye 1384 

p  Ryland 1268 

V.  Rymer      ....  843,  978,  2093 

p.  Saddlera'  Co     .    .    44,  982,  ia34 

p.  Saffron  Walden     ....    2257 

p.  St.  Andrew  the  Less      .    .    1607 

p.  St.  Anne,  Westminster  .    .      984 

p.  St.  Benedict 1613 

V,  St.  Clement  Danes    .    .    .      292 

—  p.  St.  George 146 

p.  St  George,  Bloomsbury      .      927 

p.  St.  George,  Hanoyer  Square    843 

p.  St.  George,  South  wark  1286, 1603 

V.  St  George  the  Martyr   .    .    1033 

V.  St.  George's 871 

p.  St  Giles  889, 1088, 1313, 1616, 1714 

p.  St.  Gregory 2196 

p.  St  James,  Westminster     .    1968 

p.  St  John,  Bedwardine     .    .      802 

p.  St.  John,  Hackney    ...      669 

V.  St.  John,  Maddermarket    .    1220 


CXIV 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


R.  V.  St.  John,  Westgate  .    ...    1317 

V.  St.  Lawrence 654 

r.  St  Leonard,  Shoreditch     .    1786 

V.  St  Martin-in-tiie- Fields  1609, 1800 

V.  St  Mary  Abbott's      .    .   424,  879 

t;.  St  Mary,  Islington  284,  307,  616, 

6(59,  1718 

V.  St.  Mary,  Lambeth    ...    1186 

r.  St  Mary,  Warwick   .      141,  2282 

V.  St  Marylebone      .    .     391,  1409 

v.  St.  Matthew,  Betbnal  Green  1849 

V.  St  Michael 210 

w.  St  Nicholas 2196 

V.  St  Nicholas,  Leicester   .    .      862 

u.  St  Nicholas,  Rochester  32, 86, 1313 

V,  St  Pancras  .    .      843.  1311, 1693 

V.  St  Paul's.  Coyent  Garden  934, 1806 

V.  St  Peter^s 1610 

V.  St  Petrox 104 

V.  St  Saviour,  South wark  984, 1176 

r.  St  Thomas 1616 

u.  Salford 1668 

».  Salisbury 2071 

V.Salmon 1209 

V.  Salomons 1319 

V.  Salop 141,  279 

u.  Salway 1644 

V,  Samuel 689,  984 

V,  Sanders 1873 

V,  Sandford 969 

V.  Satchwell 1926 

V.  Battler 768 

V.  Saunders 1484 

I'.  Scot 1616 

V,  Sedgley 1203, 1636 

r.  Senior.    .    .    .    2246,2247,2249 

V.  Sharman lObl,  1861 

V.  Sharp 399,  401 

V.  Shaw    .    .      822, 1130,  1378,  1726 

V.  Sheehan 1361 

V.  Sheffield 1262 

V.  Shellard 663 

u.  Shepherd 1621 

V.  Shiles 1248, 1349 

V.  Shipton 1491,  1680 

V.  Showier 2190 

V.  Shrewsbury  Ga«  Co  .    870, 1864. 

1368,  2029 

V.  Shukard 2166 

V.  Shurmer  .     .     .    1291,  1343,  1886 

t;.  Silkstone 906,1181 

r.  Silvester  .     702, 1050,  1860,  2078 

r.  Simpson 2184 

».  Sinclair 1313 

V.  Skeen 640 

r.  Skingle 1864,2028 

V.  Skinn 1669 

V.  Slnde  299,  889,  822,  894,  978. 1638 

V.  Slator 959,  966 

u.  Slatter 13, 102 

V.  Slawstone 1826 

V.  Smallman 326 

V.  Smith  87,  398, 668,  896, 1062, 1187, 

1270.  1808, 1418,  1446,  1647,  1665,1676, 
1768,  2168,  2172 

V.  Smyth 744 

v.  Snagge 1,80 

V,  Sneyd 1862 


R.  V.  Somersetshire 2052 

V.  Somersetshire  Jus.     .    .    .      427 

17.  S.  E.  Ry 2062 

V.  South  Weald 1179 

V.  Southampton  217, 1080. 1089, 1601 

V.  Southampton  Commrs   .    .      948 

V.  Sottthport   1426.  14U8,  1866,  2162, 

2204 

V,  Southwark  &  V.  W.  W.  Co    1688 

i;.  Soutter 58, 1664 

t;.  Sparrow 57, 1862 

V.  Spicer 1062,  18(54 

t'.  Spilsbury      ....      784, 1644 

V.  Spratley 1866 

r.  Spurrell 1814,1064 

r.  Stafford 929,1014 

1'.  Staffordshire 1862 

1;.  Staffordshire  Canal  Nar.    .   2111 

V.  Staffordshire  Jus.      .    .    .    1418 

r.  Staines 980, 1972 

V.  Stallion 1381, 1838 

r.  Stamper 867 

V.  Stannard 1039 

u,  Stapleton 1602, 1736 

I'.  Steel 244,  438.  1028 

—  V.  Stephenson 908 

r.  Stepney 474 

V.  Stevens    .    .    .    2142,  2148,  2276 

—  t\  Steward  of  Havering  atte- 
Bower 1176,1179 

V.  Stewart 816,  1867 

V.  Stimpson 2136 

V.  Stockton 927,  2146 

V.  Stoddart 188, 1128 

V.  Stoke  Damerel      ....    2194 

V.  Stone 2122 

v.  Stow  Bardolph 867 

V.  Strugnell 1039 

V.  Stuart 826 

V.  Stubbs 1964 

V,  Sudbury 1402 

i;.  Sullivan 488 

r.  Sunley 1041,1617 

1;.  Surrey  Justices       618,  878,  1101, 

1276,  1364 

r.  Sussex 1274 

0.  Sutcliffe 1819 

i;.  Swansea  Jus 1273 

t;.  Sweeney 2228 

V.  Sweet 1669 

V.  Swift 1621 

r.  Swindon   .     929,  1379, 1390, 1877 

V.  Swyer 2283 

V,  Sykes 867 

V.  Tacey 467 

V.  Tadcaster      ....     211,  2029 

V.  Tandy 1280 

i;.  Tankard 2140 

r.  Tatlock 2172 

1;.  Taunton  St.  James    .    .     .    1697 

V.  Taunton  St  Mary     ...        69 

t;  Taylor 160,  462 

?\  Temple 1799 

V.  Thallman 1484 

V.  Thomas 508,  708 

V.  Thompson 870 

V.  Thornham 816 

V.  Thornton 1096 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cxv 


Pa«e 

T?.r.  Thorp 380 

».  Thorpe 13<M$ 

V.  Thwaites 1884 

V.Tibbie 879 

V,  Timroins 1517,  2007 

V,  Tithe  Commre 1176 

V.  Titterton 1663 

u.Toke 1317 

D.  Tolson    190.  202, 1046,  1047. 1149 

V.  TorolinBon    .    22,  822,  1187, 1267 

V.  Tonbridge 867 

V.  Toole 69 

V.  Tooley 1621 

V.  Totley 808 

r.  Townrow 212 

o.  Townsend 69 

V,  TrafEord 661 

V.  Treasury 314 

V.  Tregoning 1146 

o,  Truro 4a%  409 

V.  Tuchin 1421 

V.  Tucker     .    .    .     487,  1603,  1608 

V.  Tugwell 613 

V.  Turner 1177,  2084 

r.  Two  Casks  of  Tallow    .    .      676 

u.  Tyler 436,  438 

V.  Tynemottth 1492 

V.  Tyree 2094 

V.  Tyrone  Jus 1979 

V.  United  Kingdom  Telegraph 

Co 877 

r.  Upper  Pap  worth   ....    1636 

17.  Usworth 664,  893 

r.  Vane 1403 

r.  Vange 180 

u.  Vaughan 1892 

w.  Vincent 1819.1911 

V.  Vine 406 

V.  Wagstafl 1824 

V.  Wainaeet      ....     887, 1630 

V,  Wake 1024 

V.  Waldegrave 361 

r.  Walker 775.  1714 

V  Wallace    ...     241, 1860,  2188 

V.  Walton 601 

V.  Warburton 380 

V.  Ward 1149 

V,  Wargrave 1669 

V,  Warren 1650 

V.  Warwick 228,  1262 

17.  Warwickshire 1970 

V.  Warwickshire  Jas.     .     866, 1980 

17.  Watson 272 

V.  Watta 1300 

V.  Waudby 2276 

17.  Waverton 176,  872 

17.  Weaver 286 

V.  Webb  .    .    .  673.  966, 1062. 1641 

17.  Websdell 1145 

17.  Weil 103 

V,  Welch 1149,  2135 

V,  Welland 888 

i;.  Wellard 1484 

».  Weller 1483 

17.  Wellings 908 

17.  Welsh 2167 

V,  West 27, 1676 

17.  West  Bromwich  Sch.  Bd    88, 181 


R.  V,  West  Derby 285 

17.  West  Middlesex  W.  W.      .      659 

17.  West  Riding  Co.  Co  .    .  64,  1627 

V.  West  Riding  Jus. .    174.  463,  582, 

1811,  1817 

V,  Westbrook 1712 

17.  Westmoreland 59 

17.  Weston 2228,  2285 

17.  Wexford 1108 

17.  Wheatley 1255 

17.  Wheeler 1151,1159 

17.  Whipp 1619 

17.  Whissendine 282 

17.  White  .    .   8,  673,  942,  1297,  1305 

17.  Whitechurch    ....     42,  380 

r.  Whitecross  Street  Prison   .      439 

17.  Whiteley 999 

17.  Whiteman 457 

V.  Whitmarsh 1626 

V.  Whitnash 1354 

17.  Whittlngham 637 

17.  Whixley 272 

V.  Wicklow  Co.  Co 424 

17.  Wigan 756,  912 

17.  Wilcox 224 

V.  Wilkes 542 

V.  Wilkins 973 

17.  Willats ^  1006 

17.  Willesden 1587 

V.  Williams  ....  569,  930,  1824 

V.  Williamson 59,  680 

17.  Wilson  ...     42,  279,  731,  1861 

17.  Wilu  &  Berks  Nay.  .    .    .    1692 

17.  Wiltshire  Jus 2286 

17.  Winder 1843 

17.  Winter 1381 

17.  Wistow 1265 

17.  Wolferstan    ....    1611, 1619 

r.  Wood 688,  774,  2274 

17.  Woodhall 708 

17.  Woodhead 1927 

17.  Woodland 1203 

17.  Woolpit 389 

17.  Woolston 811 

V.  Wootton 554 

t\  Worcestershire  Jus.  .  1418, 1727, 

1914 

17.  Wormingall 2282 

17.  Wortley 1050,1187 

V.  Worton 2148 

17.  Wright 877 

17.  Wycherley 1640 

17.  Wycombe  Ry 1255 

17.  Wymondham 1889 

17.  Yarborough 914 

17.  Yates 2172 

V.York 371,392,418 

17.  York  &  N.  Mid.  Ry    .    .    .    1178 

V,  Yorkshire 1600 

17.  Yorkshh«  Jos.  .    209, 1096, 1418, 

1488,  1709 

17.  Young 438, 1521 

-^—  17.  Younger 1256 

17.  Zoological  Socy    ....    1800 

Reichel  v.  Magrath 778 

Reichenbach  i7.  Quin 1989 

Reid  17.  Allan 1920 

17.  Burrows 827 


CXVl 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Reid  V.  Garrett 1427 

V.  Keid 21,  67,  105 

V.  Kigby 1460 

V,  Shergold 2251 

r.  Wilson      .     626, 1041, 1168,  1342 

Reid'8  Brewery  Co  v.  Male  .  267, 1573 
Reigate  r.  Croydon  ....      307, 2240 

V.  Hunt 209 

Reilly  i;.  Booth 801 

V.Jones 1104 

Reinhardt  v.  Mentasti  .    1298,  1299,  1300 

t;.  Spalding 2081 

Reischer  t;.  Borwick  ....  280,  336 
Reliance  Bg  Socy,  Re  242,  396,  842, 1127 

Remfry  v,  Natal 2221 

Remington  v.  Steyens 80 

Reoanant, /?e 637,638 

Ren  i;.  Bulkeley 1618 

Rendall  u.  Andreae 131 

Rendle,  Re 1619 

Rendlesham  v.  Meux 96 

Reniger  v.  Fogossa 61 

Renner  v.  Tolley 1677 

Rensberg,  Ex  p.,  Re  Pryce  ...  936 
Renshaw  v.  Queen  Anne  Mansions 

Co 650 

Rep.   Church  Body   v,  Commr  of 

Valjiaiion 1612 

Repton  V.  Hodgson 1266 

Repulse,  The 1099 

Resolution,  The   .......    1211 

Kesolven,The 1226 

Restitution  S.  S.  Co  v.  Vine  ...  320 
Reuter «.  Sala .  .  .  .  640,1226,1870 
Revelstoke  v.  Inl.  Rev.  .  .  1016, 1133 
Reversionary  Interest  Socy,  Re  487 

Review  Pub.  Co,  Re 1660 

Reynell  v.  Lewis 346,  1596 

Reynolds,  Re .      806 

V.  Accidental  Insrce  ....        15 

V.  Bridge 1106 

—  V.  Brown 656 

V.Bullock 605 

V.Coleman 2084,2257 

V.Doyle 1085 

—  V.  Jex 2261 

V.  Kortright 1742 

V.  M*Gloughlin 895 

V.  Tomlinson     ....    1248, 1778 

V.  Whelan 702, 1211 

Rhoades,   Re 690, 1742 

Rhodes,  Re 481. 1644 

V.  Airedale  Commrs       112,  875,  466 

V.  Bate 2126 

V.  Bullard 2286 

V.  Forwood 1901 

V.  Ibbetson 366 

V.  Pateley  Bridge 680 

V.Rhodes     .    .    .    .779,924,1011 

Rhondda  Ry  v.  Talbot 17 

Rhymney  Co  v.  Fowler  ....  1627 
Rhymney  Ry  v.  Rhymney  Iron  Co     601, 

1561 
Rhymney  S.  S.  Co  v.  Iberian  Co    .    2267 

Rialto,  The 688 

Ribble  Nav.  Co  v.  Hargreaves  1892,  1871 
Ribble  River  Committee  v.  Croston  1946 
V.  Halliwell 1905 


Ricardo  V.  Maidenhead      ....    1981 

Rice  r.  Howard 49 

V.  Noakes 1227,  2055 

V.  O'Connor 667,668 

0.  Reed 2209 

V.  Rice 684 

V.  Slee 1403 

V.  Stearns 1792 

Rich  V.  Kneeland 348 

V.  Pierpoint 1891 

Richards,  ^« 734,1976 

V.  Banks 747 

r.  Butcher    .     654,1329.2081,2162 

V.  Delbridge 649 

V.  Easto 1114,1699 

V,  Hay  ward 714, 1060 

V.  Kessick 1948 

V.  Kidderminster    193»  282, 469, 477, 

1409 

V.  L.B.&S.Ry 779 

V.  Macbride 1276 

V.  Ricliards 541 

r.  Sely 430 

V.  Swansea  Imp.  Co  896, 1169 

Richardson,  Re    .      101,  964,  1238, 1910, 

1940,  2024 

V.  Bradshaw 162 

V.  Brown 1268 

r.  Colne  Fishery  Co  ...    •    1886 

V.  Elmit 472 

V.  Harris 2103 

V.  Harrison 402, 1079 

V.  Jenkins 481 

V.  Mellish 1611 

V.  Methley  Sch.  Bd  .    .    .    .         8 

V.  Power 2183 

V.Richardson    ....      188,1024 

V.Robertson 2188 

V.  Rowntree 1819 

V.  Spraag      . 1348 

V  Stormont 128 

V.  Watson 327 

V.  Williamson 686 

r.  Willis 1661 

V.  Yardiey 806 

Richardsons  &  Samuel,  Re    16.  398, 1118, 

1362,  1963 
Richmond  Gas  Co  v.  Richmond     .   1268, 

1260 
Richmond  Hill  S.  S.  Co  v.  Trinity 

House 822,1908 

Richmond  Jus.,  i?e 1711 

Richmond  W.  W.  Co  ».  Richmond      667 
Bickett  V.  Metrop  Ry    .    .    .    .  974,  976 

V.  Mid.  Ry 1667,1672 

V.  Sharp,  Re  Sharp    ....    1603 

Ricketts  v.  Harling 661 

V.  Turquand 260 

Riddel).  Re,  Ex  p.  Strathmore    .  716,  716 

V.  Durnford 1646 

Rider  v.  Wood 7 

Ridge, /?« 1340 

V.  Newton 788, 1009 

Ridgeway  v.  Famdale 188 

V.  Munkittrick 101 1 

Ridgway  v.  Hungerford  Market  Co   2286 

V.Ward 742 

Ridler,  i?« 1621 


TABLE  OF   CASES. 


CXVll 


Page 

Ridler  o.  Ridler 816 

Ridley. /e« 1462,1746 

Ridsdale  v.  Clifton     175,  716, 1017.  1285, 

2184,  2205 

Riel  r.  The  Queen 1289 

Riga,  The 1251 

Rigbj  V.  Connol 2082 

p.  G.  W.  Ry 621,  674 

p.Okell 417 

Rlgden  v,  VAlUer ....  559,  638, 1023 

Right  p.  Creber 865 

P.Day 1848 

Right  d.  Phillips  v.  Smith     .    .    .    1459 

Rigley,  Re 318 

Riley  p.  Read 591 

p.  Warden 121. 2205 

Riley  to  Streatfleld 94 

Rimington  v.  Cannon 549 

p.  Hartley 842 

Rimmer  v.  Brereton 926 

Ringer  v.Cann    .     824,1362,1.367,1470 

Ringwood  v,  Lowndes 2199 

Rio  Flour  Mills  and  De  Morgan,  i2e  1950 

Ripley,  He 699 

p.  Scaife 615 

Ripon  City,  The 537 

Rippen  v.  Priest 1228, 1818 

Rippin  p.  Baatin 811 

Risdale  p.  Clifton      .    .    1358, 1512, 1878 

Rishton  p.  Grissell 1266 

p.  Haslingden    .    .    1721, 1793, 1949 

p.  Lane.  &  y.  Ry      .    .    .    .        18 

Risk  Allah  Bey  p.  Johnstone    .    .      785 

Ritch  p.  Sanders 1053 

Ritchie  p.  Larsen 45 

Riyer  Derwent.  The     .    .    .     441,  2110 

Rirer  Steamer  Co,  Re 2260 

Rirers  p.  Adams 970 

Riret^Camac,  Re      951, 1055,  2028,  2064 

Ririere,  Re 57 

Rizsom  p.  Pritchard 858 

Roberts.  Re      .    .     171,  1289, 1472,  1673 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  mil 1713 

,  Re,  Evans  p.  Roberta    ...      186 

,  Re,  Ki£E  p.  Roberta  ...   68. 1582 

,  Re,  Tarleton  p.  Bruton      .    .    1859 

p.  Aulton 559 

p.  Ball 2107 

p.  Bignell 574 

p.  Brett 755 

p.  Cooper 635 

p.  Darey 2193 

p.  Edwards 862 

— :-  p.  Egerton 44,  837 

p.  Gwyrfai 976 

p.  Humphreys 2092 

p.  Hunt 877 

p.  Jones 472,  817, 1476 

p.  Karr 11 

p.  Kuffln 204.  823 

^—  p.  Lucas 190 

p.  Orchard 758,1628 

p.  Page 1568 

p.  Perciyal i;{23 

P.Phillips     ....   146,147.1960 

P.Roberta 1917,2102 

p.  Sampson 2273 

p.  Slieffleld 1252 


Page 

Roberta  p.  Tregaskis 1214 

p.  Watkins 285 

p.  Williams 1489 

p.  Woodward 1723 

Robertaon,  Re 192. 1544 

p.  Broadbent 1918 

p.  Clarke 596 

P.Day 1925 

p.  Ewer 901 

p.  Eraser 1413 

V.  Harris  ....    1200,  1625,  2279 

p.  Hartopp 1088, 1976 

P.Jackson 2109 

p.  Johnson 795, 2007 

p.  Norris 2107 

P.Powell 2238 

p.  Richardson 66 

V.  Robertaon 1331 

p.  Sheward 1153 

Robey  p.  Arnold 1690 

p.  Snaefell  Co 2257 

Robins,  Re 821 

p.  Rose 164 

Robinson,  Re    .    10,  619, 1206,  1585, 1909 

p.  Ashton .    .    1578 

p.  Barton  ....  1271,  1947, 1948 

p.  Briggs 1814 

P.Caldwell 828 

p  Canadian  Pacific  Ry      .    .      191 

p.  Cliff 742 

V,  Curry 59 

p.  Dand 89 

p.  Dhuleep  Singh  .    .    .      738,  2215 

p.  Eyans 1082 

p.  G.  W.  Ry      ....    1393, 1666 

p.  Hawksford 1664 

0.  Heuer 266 

p.  Jenkins 824. 1219 

p.  KiWert 1440,1640 

p.  Restell 876 

p.  Robinson  .    .    .      141,  1661,  1825 

p.  Shepherd       1451 

p.  Smith 1082, 1581 

p.  Sunderland 99,  1974 

p.  Sykes 1013 

p.  Thompson 1422 

p.  Trevor 19-33 

p.  Vale 202 

p.  Waddelow 694 

p.  Wflddington      ....   54,  2257 

p.  Wall 2261 

p.  Webb 864, 1583 

p.  Wlieel  Wright 1869 

Robinson  Gold-Mining  Co  v.  Alli- 
ance Assrce 1822 

Robinson's  Patent 1603 

Robson,  Re  .    .  384,  518,  824,  1071, 1125. 

1237, 1999 

p.  Ues 428 

p.  Owners  of  "Kate"    ...      458 

P.Smith 736,1230 

Rochdale  Canal  Co  p.  Brewster     .      659 
Rochdale  and  Haslingden,  Re    .    .        41 

Roche,  Re 2129 

p.  Cork  Ry  .    .    .   1126, 1130,  1819 

p.  Roche 1686 

Rochefoucauld  p.  Boustead  .    .    .    1154 
Rochford  p.  Hack  man  .....      145 


cxvin 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


Rochfort  V.  Atherley 59 

—  V,  Fitzmaurice 122 

w.  Rynd 1629 

Kock  V.  Lazarus 1240 

V.  Seaton 2202 

Rock  Portland  Cement  Co  v.  Wilson  010 

Rocke,  £:x»., /^eHall 1816 

Rockett  V.  Chippingdale  ....  1988 
Roddam  v.  Morley  ....  292, 1420 
Roddick  v.  Indemnity  Insrce       637,  887, 

901,  2180 
Roddy  i;.  Fitzgerald  861, 1011, 1012 

RodtMi  V.  Eyton 2003 

V,  London  Small  Arms  Co      .      869 

Roderick  v.  Aston 2052 

Rodger  v.  Harrison 136,  403 

Rodgers  v.  Richards      .    .    .    1963, 2175 

Rodick  V.  Gandeli 1376 

Rodney,  The 1152 

Rodocanachi  v.  ElUott  .      117,  612, 1744, 

1746, 1768 

i;.  Milbarn 773 

Rodriques  v.  Melhuish 1561 

Roe  V.  Avis 861 

V.  Bradshaw 186 

V.  Harrison 129 

V.  Quartley 1759 

».  Sales 2119 

i;.  Siddons    .  11,  110,  867,  878, 1768, 

2226 
Roe  d.  Berkeley  v.  York    .    .      940, 1624 

d.  Connolly  v.  Vernon   .    .    .      409 

d.  Hale  v.  Wegg 1166 

d.  Helling  v.  Yeud      ....    1683 

d.  Pen  warden  v.  Gilbert    .    .    2086 

Roebuck,  The 677 

Roelandts  v.  Harrison 718 

RofiEey  v.  Bent 1460, 1971 

Rogers,  Ex  p 768 

,  Re nil,  1471,  1660 

, /2c,  J?x  p.  Challinor  .    .    2102,2103 

i;.  Benstead 1088 

V.  British  Ship  Owners'  Assn       910 

t;.  Davis 2148 

t\  Driver 1859 

V.  Drury 355 

V.  Gravat 2264 

V.  Harvey 2028 

V.  Hosegood     2,  590,  735,  896,  1198, 

1338,  1555 

V.  Hull 1056 

V.  Hull  Dock  Co   .    .    .    1223, 1891 

V,  James 1891 

V.  Macnamara 488 

V.  Manchester  Packing  Co  197, 2212 

V,  Rice 1664 

V.  Rogers      .    .      23,  836,  867,  1171 

V.  Thomas    .    .    .     970,  1216,  1705 

Rohl  V.  Parr 2187 

Rokeby  v.  Elliot 2261 

Roles  V.  Rose  well 1175 

Rolfe  V.  Hyde 1884 

V.  Learmouth 263 

V.Perry 2239,2250 

V.  Rolfe 266 

V.  Thompson     ....    1788,  1790 

Rolland  v.  Cassidy 78 

Rollason,  Re    ,    .    .    .    1269,  1430,  1815 


Rollev.Whyte 780,1046 

RoUes  u,  NeweU  .    .    .    1245,  2040,  2266 

Rolls  o.  Isaacs 1663 

V.  Miller  ...    236,  237,  590, 1566 

r.  Rolls 481 

V.  St.  George,  Southwark  .    .    2181 

Rolpfa,  ^xp 139 

,ij:x  p.,  i2c  Spindler   ....    2103 

Roltv.  Bulmer 605 

Romance,  The      .    .    .     140,2074,2123 

Romer,  Re 190, 1436 

Ronaldson  v.  La  Touche  .    .    .    .    1641 

Rook  V.  Hopley 2278 

Rooke's  Case 542 

Rooke  V.  Czamikow 817 

V.  Kensington 924 

Rooney  v.  Palmer 1577 

Rooper  v.  Harrison 880 

Roose,  Re,  Evans  v.  Williamson  702 

V.  Perry 1625 

Rootes,  Re 862 

Rooth  ».  N.  E.  Ry 1667 

Roper,  Re    .    ,    ,     710,  1826, 2000,  2202 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Bolland     ....    2103 

V.  Greenwood 15 

r.  Knott 2248 

V.  Roper 806 

Roper-Curzon  v.  Roper-Cuizon  .    .        47 

Rosalie,  The 2123 

Roscoe  v.  Boden 458 

Rose  V.  Bartlett 1052 

V.  Coll.  of  Physicians     ...        97 

V.  Frogley 863 

I'.  Groves 1912 

V.  Hill 666 

V.  Rose 866,  367,  862 

1;.  Sims 1236 

V.  Watson 786,  1728 

Rosenbaum  v.  Belson    .    1667, 1781, 1823 

Rosenberg  v.  Cook 1985 

Rosenthal,  Ex  p.,  Re  Dickinson  ]  38, 

2136 

Rosenthal!,  i2« 1796 

Rosevear  Co,  Ex  p..  Re  Cock  .  .  682 
Rosewame  v.  Billing    ....   797,  798 

Rosewel's  Case 122 

Ross,  Re       184,  527,  597,  598, 1278,  1408 

V.  Army  &  Navy  Hotel  Co     .      469 

V.  Borer 90 

V.  Bradshaw 866 

t;.  Buxton 1686 

V.  Charity  Commrs    ....      680 

V.Hill 348,1778 

V.  Morris \        63 

1;.  Price 1374 

V.  Ross 1013,  1401 

V.  Smith 921,  1346 

p.  Taylerson 59 

RoBse  V,  Wainman    ,    .     757, 1201,  1202 

Rossiter,  A'e 668 

V.  Miller  ....    1589, 1957, 1968 

Rotch  V.  Edie 1448 

Roth,  Re 1240,  1623 

Rotheram  v.  Rotheram  ....  1012 
Rotherflelds  S.  S.  Co  v.  Tweedy  .  186 
Rothes  V.  Kirkcaldy  W.  W.  Co    800,  392 

736 
Rothscliild  V.  Corney 1383 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CZIX 


Pag« 
Rothschild  v.    Roy.    Mail    Steam 
Packet  Co     ....     460,1483,1767 

Rouch  V.  Hall 1790 

Rougemont,  The 1640 

Rottghton  V.  Gibson 820 

lioaUton,  Re 181 

Round  wood  Colliery  Co,  Re  .      160, 1263 

Roarke  v.  Short 798,  2068 

Rouse's  Case 1978 

Routledge  v.  Low 726 

Row  V.  Dawson 1376 

Rowclifife  V.  Leigh 20 

Rowe,  /J«     ....    87,  674,  1016.  1971 

V,  Gray 820 

V.  Hopwood 412 

i^.  Shilson 2227 

Rowell  v.  Inl.  Rer.    .    .    .79,1106,1220 

V.  Rowell 1826 

Rowland  v.  Michell 664 

V.  Pritchard 2028 

Rowlands  v.  Miller 46 

Rowlatt  V.  Easton 879 

Rowlls  V.  Bebb     .     447, 1623,  1667, 1668 

Roy  V.  Beaufort 1106 

Roval    Agricultural    Socy    i;.    St. 

George,  Hanover  Square   .    .    .    1800 

Royal  Aquarium  v.  Parkinson    .    43,  424, 

669,  1030,  2097 

Royal  Arch,  The 1099 

Royal  Bank  of  ScoUand  v  Totten- 
ham       801 

Royal  Bristol  Bg  Socy  v.  Bomash  .    1614 
Royal  Coll.  of  Music  v,  Westmin- 
ster  661,1799 

Royal  Coll.  of  Physicians  v.  Gen. 

Med.  Council 1184,  1479 

Royal  CoU.  of  Surgeons,  Re     1083, 1799. 

1801 
Royal  Coll.  of  Vet.  Surgeons  v. 

Groves 1633,2186 

V.  Robinson 1633 

Royal  Ex.  Assrce  v.  M*Swiney      .    1670 

r.  Tod 1340, 1896,  1895 

Royal  Ex.  Co  v.  Dixon  .  .  1019,  2117 
Royal  Insrce  v.  Watson  ....  267 
Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet   Co  v, 

Braham 1464 

Royal  Mar.  Hotel  Co,  Re  .  ,  .  1839 
lioyal  National  Lifeboat  Inst.  v. 

London  &  N.  W.  Ry 1981 

Royal  Socy  &  Thompson,  Re     .    ,      297 

Royce  v.  Charlton 2016 

Royle,  Re 621 

V.  Harris 739. 1844 

Royse  v,  Birley    .    881, 1047, 1643,  1614, 

2120 
Rnabon  S.  S.  Co  v.  London  Assrce     162. 

896 

Rubbins.  Re 1999 

Rubery  v.  Grant 1767 

Ruby,  The 1807 

Ruck  V.  Williams 736 

Ruckmaboye  v.  Lulloobhoy  Motti- 

chund 189 

RudaU  V.  Nichols 1166 

Ruddy,  i26 138 

Rudge  V,  Barker 1862 

V.  Winnall 1109 


Fug* 

Ruffle.  fJxp 886 

Rugby  Trustees  v.  Merry  weather  .      877 
Rumball  t\  Metrop  Bunk  ....    1802 

V.  Munt 177 

V.  Murray 1441 

RumboU  V.  Nunnery  Colliery  Co   .     1831 
Rumney  and  Smith,  Re    ...    .      132 

Rundle  v.  Hearle 1665 

Rush.  Re 498.  1326 

Rushbrook  v.  Hood 791 

RusseU.  Re  .    .    .     10,  852.  8G2,  863,  937 

».  Babor 1655 

V.  Conibefort     ....      264, 1734 

V.  Griffith 768 

V.  Kellett 1359,  2239 

».  Ledsam 1308,  1691 

V.  Ligon 1092 

».  Nicolopulo 1728 

V.  Niemann  .     .    .      621,  1362,  1638 

r.  Phillips 1709 

r.  Queen.  The.    .    .    .      317,1438 

V.  Russell      443,  614.  616,  918,  1176. 

1976,  1977 

V.  Sa  Da  Bandeira     ....      678 

V.  Shenton 1387, 1890 

V.  Smith  ....     673. 1485,  1486 

V.  Town  &  County  Bk  .      591. 1572 

Russell  Institution,  Re  .    .    .    1022, 1094 

V.  St.    Giles    &    St.    Georjje. 

Bloorasbury 1799,2200 

Russell  and  Erwin  Co  v.  Lodge  431, 1944 

Russian  Spratts',  Re 1581 

Rust  t;.  Kennedy 1209 

Ruston  V.  Tobin 1342 

Rutlien,  Re 1814 

Ruther  v.  Harris 2148 

Rutland,  i2e 95 

w.  Doe 387.2285 

Rutland.  The 216,2083 

R  utter  V.  Chapman 970 

17.  Everett 376 

r.  Harris 2148 

V.  Norton 1670 

V.  Tregent 1490 

Ruys  V.  Royal  Ex.  Assrce     .    .    .    2073 
Ryall  u.  Bowles      299,  309,  812,  821,  824. 

1518 
Ryalls  V.  The  Queen    58,  708,  1208, 1222, 

1457 

Ryan,  Tie 1460 

Ryan  and  O'Brien,  Re 62 

Ryde  Commrs,  Re 2247 

Ryder,  726 101,797 

Rye  v.  Payne 1301 

0.  Rye 1969 

Ryhope  Co  v.  Foyer   89, 1839, 1919, 1965. 

2079 

Ryland  v.  Delisle 1306 

Ry  lands  v.  Reardon 194 

Rylatt  17.  Marfleet 2150 

Rymer  v.  Mcllroy 865 


Sjibebton  v.  Skeels 1081 

Saccliarin    Corp   v.  Anglo   Conti- 
nental Co     1962 


cxx 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 
Saccharin  Corp  v.  Heitmeyer     .    .      600 

SacheTerell  v.  Porter 347 

Sachs  V.  Spielman 267 

Sacker,  i2e 433 

Sack ville- West  v.  Holmesdale      412,  421, 

665,  2067 

Sadd  V.  Maldon  Ky 881 

Sadler,  Re,  Ex  p.  Norris    ....        93 

V.  Johnson 1699 

V.  Rickards 484 

Sadlers'  Case 1682 

SafEery,  J?x  p.,  iZc  Brenner    .    .    .    1616 

V,  Mayer 798,  935 

Saffron  Walden  v.  Rayner  .  .  .  1904 
Sailing    Ship    "Garston"    Co    v. 

Hickie 718,1508 

St.  Alban's  r.  Battersby    ....      173 

- —  V.  Beauclerk 1412 

V.  Skipwith 82 

St.  Alphage,  London  Wall.  Re  .  766,  970, 

2184 
St.  Andrew's    Hospital  v.  Shear- 
smith   1672 

St.  Asaph  V.  Llanrhaiadr-ya-Moch- 

nant 1253 

St.  Aubyn  v.  St.  Aubyn  ...  522,  733 
St  Botolpli  Vicar  v.  Parishioners  .  226 
St.  Botolph  Without,  /?e  .  .  .  .  297 
St.  Catherine's  Co  v.  The  Queen  .  639 
St.  Cross  Hosp.  v.  Howard  de  Wal- 
den   234 

St.  Kdmund,  Re 2184 

St.  Gabriel  v.  Les  SoBurs  de  la  Con- 

gr<^gation 1753 

St.  George,  Hanover  Sq.  v.  Sparrow  227 
St.  George's  V.  Ballard  ....  1272 
St.  Germains  v.  Willan  .  .  1070,  2032 
St.  Giles,   Camberwell  v.  Crystal 

Palace  Co 1273 

t;.  London  Cemetery  Co     .    .    1388 

St  Helen's  v.  Kirkham 1389 

St  Helen's  Smelting  Co  v.  Tipping  399 
St  Helen's  Tramway  Co  v.  Wood      895, 

1465 
St.  James',  Clerkenwell  v.  Feary  .  1976 
St.  James  the  Less,  Bethnal  Green, 

Re 624 

St.  John  V.  Boughton 24 

V.  Central  Vermont  Ry  .    2010,  21 73 

St.  John,  Hampstead  v.  Cotton    1272, 1949 

u.  Hoopel      .     .     .    1272,1431,1949 

St  John,  Pendlebury,  Re  .  1729,  2099 
St  John  the  Baptist,  Timberhill.  Re  1769 
St  John  Baptist  College,  A'jr  p.  .  270 
St  John  Street  Chapel,  Re  .  .  271,  020 
St  Lawrence,  Ramsgate  v.  Kent 

Jus 1827 

St.  Leger  w.  Magniac 1339 

St.  Leonard,  Shoreditch  v.  Franklin    1404 

V.  London  Co.  Co 2271 

».  Phelan 1849 

St.  Leonard's  Trustees  v.  Charity 

Commrs 506,  760,  086 

St.  Louis  Breweries  v.  Apthorpe  .  265 
St  Luke,  Middlesex,  Re   ,    ,    .    .  9 

St.  Margaret's  v.  Hoskins  ....      181 
St      Margaret's,      Rochester     v. 
Thompson 1850 


Page 

St  Marks,  /?«....    1358,  1729,  ia31 

St.  Martin's  v.  Gordon 1092 

St.  Martin's,  Birmingham  Rector, 

Exp 1717 

St  Martin's-in-the-Fields  v.  Bird   448, 573, 

1838,  1849 
St  Mary,  Battersea  v.  County  of 

London,  &c,  Co 2182 

—  V.  Palmer 1272 

St  Mary,  Islington  v.  Barrett    1272, 1947. 

1950 

V.  Cobbett 894,  1388 

V,  Goodman 1874 

St  Nicholas  Aeons 297 

St  Nicholas,  Deptford  v.  Sketchlev     177, 

1506.1858 
St  Olave's  p.  Canterbury  .  .  1429,2032 
St  Pancras  v,  Clapham     ....      104 

V.  Norwich 807 

St  Paul  V.  St  Paul 367 

St.  Roch  V.  Quebec  Seminary    .    .     1753 
St  Saviour  v.  Burbridge  ....      906 

St  Stephen,  i?e    ........      297 

St.  Thomas's  Hosp.  v.  Charing  Cross 

Ry 896 

V.  Lambeth 1602 

Sainter  v.  Ferguson .    .    .    .    1105,1106 

Salaman,  Exp 176,  1650 

V.  Warner 715,  717 

Sale  V.  Lambert 1589 

V.  Moore 1531, 1533 

U.Phillips 1390 

Sale  Hotel  Co, /?e  ....  1217,1811 
Salford  v.  Lancashire  Co.  Co.    .    .      268 

Salisbury  v.  Petty 1346 

».  Ray 471 

Salisbury  Co  v.  Ha  thorn    ....      874 

Salkeld  v.  Johnston 1212 

Salm-Kyrburg  V.  Pomansky .  .  .  1741 
Salmon,  Re,  Priest  v.  Uppleby  .  .  535 
Salmon  and  Woods,  Re,  Exp.  Gould     111, 

1868 
Salomon,  Re  .  .  .  201,  255,  363,  992 
Salomon  and  Naudszus,  Re    .    .    ,      563 

Salomons  v.  Miller 1795 

Saloway  v,  Strawbridge    .    .    .   182,  134 

Salt,  i?e 699 

V.  Cooper 1446 

V.  Northampton 1227 

Salt  Union  0.  Harvey    .    .    .     1948,2182 

V.  N.  Staffordshire  Ry   .    .    .     1879 

V.  North  wich  Bd 1533 

W.Wood 1805 

Salter  v.  Cavanagh 674 

Saltmarsh  v.  Barrett 2147 

Salton  V.  New  Beeston  Co  282, 1662, 2288, 

2285 

Saltoun  V.  Pitsligo 815 

Salusbury  w.  Denton  .  .620,759,1859 
Salvin  v.  N.  Brancepeth  Co  .      671,  1800 

Samboume  t7.  Barry 2050 

Sampayo  u.  Gould v    1^^^ 

Sampson,  Re 750 

Sampson  and  Wall,  Re  .    388,  1845, 1546. 

2145 

Samuda  v.  Lousada 1550 

Samuel  v.  Samuel 164 

San  Francisco  v.  Steam  Nav.  Co    .      830 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXl 


San  Paolo  R7  V.  Carter    .    115.206.746, 

1732.  2078 

San  Roman,  The 1638, 1740 

Sandbach  School  Re 1402 

Sandbach  and  Edmondson.  Re  .    .      865 

Sandeman  v.  Rush  ton 1714 

V.  Scurr 882 

Sanders, /?«      .    .     160.1340,1586,2137 
— ,  Re,  Ex  p.  Sergeant  ....  1 

,  Re,  Ex  p,  Wliinney  ....      716 

V,  Ashford 907 

V.Jenkins 118,1852 

V,  Kiddell 322 

Sanders-Clark  v,  Grosrenor  M  Co    1208, 
1200, 1300. 1672 

Sanderson.  iZe 338.2286 

V.  Bailey 429,  728 

V.  Berwick-upon-Tweed     1440, 1640, 

2228 

V.  British  Westralian  Corp     .    1506 

V.  Cockermouth  Ry  .    .     1252, 1255 

Sandes  v,  Cooke 1011 

Sandford  V.  Seal 1210 

w.  Irby 1586 

Sandgate  v,  Keene 550 

».  Kent  Co.  Co 86 

V.  Pledge 1974 

Sandilands,/2e 1806 

Sandiman  v.  Breach    262, 1359, 1860, 1368 

Sandon  v.  Jervis 117 

Sandys  v.  Markhara  ....      739,  1585 

».  Small 1535,1536 

Saner  r.  Bilton    818, 962, 1362, 1719, 1720 
SaniUry  Carbon  Co,  Re    .    .    .    .    1185 

Sanitas  Co,  Re 697 

Sangster  v.  Cave 263 

V,  Cochrane 1938 

V.  Kay 268 

Sanguinetti  v,  Stuckey's  Bank  .    .    2198 

Sankey,/?« 368,1738 

Sankey  Book  Co,  i2e 1584 

Sansom  v.  Sansom 473 

Sanson,  Re 9,  1530,  1531 

Snnspareil,  The 1911 

Sane  V.  Sant 968 

Santley  w.  Wilde 1227 

SanTille  9.  Inl.  Rev 1844 

Sara,  The 537 

Saracen,  The 1099 

Sargeant,/2s 1818 

Sargent,  Ex  p..  Re  Tahiti  Cotton 

Co 987 

,  Re 694, 695 

i».  Reed 260 

StLT\,Re 2102 

Sarson  v.  Roberts ia39 

Sartoris, /?e 1971,2274 

SaUnita,  The 69,  459 

Saatnarez  0.  Sanmsrez  .    .    .    1548, 2087 

Saunders'  Case 2255 

Saunders, -fforp 1255,1348 

,Re 1161,1267,2187 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Treheme  .    .    .    .    1666 

V.  Baring 1916 

r.  Edwards 2264 

V.  Holbom 1693 

V.  Jones 1317 

—  p.  Milsome 1915 


Page 

Saunders  v.  Pitfield 1815 

V.  Saunders 70,  1912 

i;.  Searson 2047 

V.  S.  E.  Ry 1439 

w.  Thomey 1342 

V.  White 836 

w.  Wiel     ....    1269,1318,1819 

Saunders-Davies,  Re  .  .  ,  1412, 1748 
Saunderson  v.  Bailey    ....  429,  728 

V,  Dobson 644 

V.  Jackson 1882 

Savage,  Re 690 

V.  Carroll 2288 

Savery  v.  Endeld      ....     288, 1071 

V.  Lister 1286 

Savile  v.  Jardine 300 

Savill  V.  Langman 1140 

Saville, /?« 1702 

Sarin  v.  Oswestry 679 

Savory,  Re 1881 

Savoy  u.  Art  Union      .   1799,1800,2199, 

2200 

Savoy  Hotel  Co  v.  London  Co.  Co.     566, 

945,  1873,  1874 

Sawyer  v.  Paddington 1949 

r.  Sawyer 215 

Sax. /?« 268,281 

Saxlehner  i*.  Apollinaris  Co  .  248,  2082 
Saxon  S.  S.  Co  v.  Union  S.  S.  Co  .     834, 

836, 1953 

Saxton  t;.  Bartley 820 

V.  Saxton 852, 1296 

Say  1;.  Creed 1278 

Sayer  v.  Bradley 1147, 1278 

V.  Dufaur 644 

Sayers  v.  Boys 1278 

Scadding  v.  Eyles      ....      907,  1991 

V.  St.  Pancras 1002 

Scaife  v.  Farrant 348 

Scale  V.  Rawlins 1076 

Scales  17.  Lawrence 1720 

P.Pickering 362,740 

Scarborough,  Re 610 

V.  Scarborough 468 

Scarf  u.  Jardine 1295 

Scarfe  v.  Morgan  ....  741, 1354 
Scarlet  v.  Lucton  School  .  .  .  .  1511 
Scarsdale  v.  Curzon  .    .  34,  863,  866, 1896 

Scatchard  v.  Johnson 577 

Scattergood  i;.  Sylvester  ....  1744 
Sceberras    Trigona    t;.    Sceberras 

D'Aniico 1146 

Schauer  ».  Field 1761 

Scheibler  v.  Gilclirest 882 

Schilizzi  v.  Derry 1247 

Schirges  r.  Schirges 760 

Schletter  v.  Cohen 1492 

Schloss  V.  Stiebel 2241 

Schmidt  v.  Royal  Mail  Steam  Sliip 

Co 657,721 

Schmitz,  J?x  p. 716 

Schneider  v.  Heath 704 

V.  Norris 1882 

Schofield,  Ex  p 438 

V.  Hincks 1866 

Scholefield  v.  Redfem 281 

Scholes  V.  Brook 2176 

0.  Hargreaves  .    .     417,1088,1198 


cxxu 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Scholey  v.  Peck 1686 

f.  Walton 23 

Scholfield  V.  Londetborough   12,  98, 1015, 

llt>9 

V.  Spooner 1828 

Schomberg,  ^xp 176,267 

Schove  V.  Sdimincke    .    ^    .    .    .      205 

Schreiber  v.  Dinkel 816 

Schroeder  v.  Central  Bank     ...         9 

Schwan,  The 554,962 

Schwartz  v.  Locket 508 

Schweder, /?e 886,912 

Schwerzerbof  t7.  Wilkins  .    .    2118,2151 

Scio.  The 1519 

Scobie  V,  Colling 148, 193 

Scotland  Free  Church  v.  Bain  848,  2078 
Scotney  v.  Lomer  ....  183,2234 
Scott,i:xw., /fe  Hawke    ....      114 

,  Re 365, 1291 

U.Alvarez    .    .    156,366,508,1008 

V,  Baring 203 

V.  Best 994 

V.  Bourdillion 410 

V.  Brown 1757 

V.  Brownrigg 1210 

V,  Carritt 1068 

V.  Clifton  School  Bd  .    .     .    .     1826 

V.  Cousins 222 

V.  Gillmore 1923 

i;.  Glasgow 1439 

V.  Hastings ,      60 

V.  Jackman '  1062 

v.  Key 1141 

V.  Liverpool 857 

V.  Mid.  Ry 1636 

t;.  Moore 579 

V.  Morley 1028 

V.  North 222 

V.  Pape 13,2046 

V.Parker 2145 

V.  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields  1799, 1800 

V,  Scott 444, 1279 

V.  Sebright 684 

V,  Sliepherd 2097 

u.  Uxbridge  Ry 2118 

V.  Washington 1488 

V.  Wilson 2256 

Scott's  Co  u.  N.  Wheeleries  Co  .  .  1684 
Scottish  Equitable  Assrce  v.  Beatty    317 

V.  Inl.  Rev 404 

Scottish  Mtge.  Co  of  New  Mexico 

V.  McKelvie 1679 

Scottish  North  Eastern  Ry  v.  Stew- 
art    1178 

Scottish  Petroleum  Co,  lie  .  .  .  345 
Scottish  Widows  Fund  v.  Craig  .    .    1537 

Scovell  V.  Bevan 48 

V.  Gardiner 292 

Scowcroft,  Re 83,  377 

Scratton  v.  Brown     728,  1894, 1805,  1875 

Scripps  17.  Reilly 840 

Scrivener  v.  Pask 1635 

Scully  r.  Scully 1963 

Sculthorpe  v.  Tipper 899 

Scurfield  v.  Howes  ....  606,  2000 
Sea  Insrce  v.  Blogg  ....    1779, 1780 

1;.  Carr 841 

V.  Gavin 1609 


Sea  Queen,  The 330 

Seagrove  v.  Parks 623 

Seal.  Re 1812 

i;.  Claridge 147,2263 

o.  Merthyr  Tydfil 572 

Seale  v.  Seale 1347 

Seaie-Hayne  v.  JodreU  .    .  429,  903, 1166, 

1241,  1265,  1700 

Sealey  V.  Stawell      .    .    1220,1713,1962 

Sealy, /?« 871 

Seaman,  i?« 391,1619 

V.  Burley 318,  437,  438 

».  Lee 563 

Sear,  Exp 1816 

V.  House  Property  Co    .     239, 2065, 

2189 

Searle,  As 2024 

Searlea  v.  Scarlett 1604 

Seath  V.  Moore 1782 

Seaton  v.  Deerburst 471 

V,  Heath 989,  2113 

V,  Seaton 1345 

Seaton,  The 1885 

Seaward  v.  Drew 853 

».  Paterson 64,  329 

Sebag  V.  Abitbol 1061 

Sebright,  Re 943 

Seccombe  v.  Edwards 1349 

Second  East  Dulwich  Bg  Socy.  Re  1678 
Second  Edinburgh  Socy  r.  Aitken  1883 
Securities    &   Properties    Corp  v. 

Brighton  Alharobra 1787 

Seear  v.  Lawson 1583 

Seed  t;.  Bradley 1143,1918 

Selby  V.  Banlons 464, 465 

V.  Crystal  Palace  Gas  Co  .    .    1613 

Self  V,  Hove 572 

Seligman  v.  Le  Boutillier  ....      631 

Seller  v.  Seller 366 

Sellwood  V.  Mount   .    .     956,  1318, 1669 

Selwood, /i« 1291 

Selwyn  v.  Garfit 2208, 2200 

Sempler.Pink     ; 748 

Sen  Sen  Co  v.  Brit  tens 1694 

Senhouse  v.  Christian   .    .     .    2052, 2225 

t;.  Harris 1649 

Ser£F  v.  Acton 2224 

Sergeant,  7?c 2136,2137 

Seijeant,  A>;7., /?e  Sanders  .    .    .         1 

W.Dale 1128 

Serle,  i2c 1293 

V.  St.  Eloy 1966 

Seroka  v,  Eattenburgh 1267 

Serraino  v.  Campbell     .    .  161,  366,  1362 

Servia,  The 678, 1561 

Seton  V.  Lafone 1598 

Seton-Smith,  Re 898,  899 

Sevenoaks  and  T.  &  M.  Ry  v.  Lond. 

C.&  Dover  Ry 1138,1189 

Severin  o.  Leicester 1286 

Severn  v.  The  Queen 316 

Severn  and  Gierke's  Case  ....      429 

Severn,  &c,  Ry,  /?« 471 

Severne  to  Bird 638 

Seward  v.  The  Vera  Cruz      ...      466 

Sewell  V.  Bishopp 2037 

V.  Burdick 1422,  2041 

V.  Taylor 1484 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXIU 


Page 

Seymour  v.  Bridge 798 

V,  Butterworth 1607 

i;.  Lucas 868,1851 

Seyton,  i& 184 

Shackell  v.  Cliorlton 46 

Shaffers  v.  General  Steam  Naviga- 
tion Co     1158,1986 

Sliaftesbury  v.  Marlborough  .    .    .    1099 

V.  WalUce 1202, 1203 

Shafto,  Re 1068 

V.  Butler 991 

Shaf toe's  Charity.  Re  .    ,    .     535, 2184 
SUakespear,  Re,  Deakin  v,  Lakin   .    1827 

Shakle  v.  Baker 827 

Shamrock  S.  S.  Co  v.  Storey  .    1862, 2162 

Shand  v,  Bowes 1871 

17.  Kidd 1348 

V.  Sanderson 2261 

Shanghai  Corp  v.  McMurray    .    74,  676 
Sbardlow  v.  Cotterill    .  1289, 1590, 1624, 

2041 
Sharland, /2s  .      9,105,1230,1832,1914 

Sharman, /2e 299,2037 

V.  Mason       981, 1619 

V.  Sanders 121 

Sh^rp,  Exp 1515 

,  Re,  Rickett  v.  Sharp    .    .    .    1603 

V.  Birch 147 

p.  Cosserat 358,2143 

u.  Gibbs 518,  1780 

V,  Grey 348 

0,  Jackson 1,  2189 

f.  Lush    .    .     665,  2a36, 2037,  2088 

p.  McHenry      .    .    .  894, 718,  2101 

V.  Milligan 2157 

V.  St.  Sauveur 50, 1059 

V.  Sharp  ...    30,  606, 1759,  1998 

Sbarpe,  Re 1928 

ff.  Dawes 1185 

r.  Wakefield     .    .     543,1081,1468 

Shattock  V.  Garden  ....    1089,  1302 

SluLW,Exp 1816 

,  Re       804,  644,  1974 

V.  Benson 235 

17.  Bull 1888 

r.  Bunny 1620 

p.  Gait 768 

V.  Gould 1067 

p.  G.  W.  Ry     .    ...    .     1126,  1259 

p.  Hertfordshire  Co.  Co.    .    .    1028 

p.  Johnson 1794 

p.  Kay 845 

p.  Keighron 2279 

p.  King 1068 

p.  Lawless 1531 

p.  Morley 1825,1487 

p.  Neale 1773 

p.  Port  Philip  Co 285 

p.  Poynter 1158 

p.  Reckitt 1689 

p.  Robberds 75 

p.  Rowley 249 

p.  Simmons 753 

P.Smith 93,1344,1417 

p.  Standish 1621 

p.  Stenton 1440 

p.  VVooils      ....     106,  179.  620 

8haw  and  Ronaldson,  Re    1010, 1 172, 1254 


Sheard  v.  Learoyd 20 

Sliearman  v,  Kelly 62 

Shears  p.  Goddard 891 

p.  Rogers 982 

Sheba  Gold  Co  p.  Trubshawe    .    .    1107 

Shee  p.  Hale 2088 

Sheehey  r.  Cokley 2238 

Sheehy  p.  Muskerry     .    .    .    1072,2049 

Sheen  p.  Rickie 733 

Sheffield  p.  Alexander 2189 

p.  Anderson  ....  108,  989,  2139 

p.  Bradfield 1912 

p.  Fulham 1949 

V.  Kennett 1074 

p.  London  Joint  Stock  Bk  .    .    1261 

Sheffield  Bg  Socy  p.  Aizlewood     .    1661 

V.  Harrison 1469 

Sheffield  Waggon  Co  v.  Stratton  .    1072 
Sheffield  W.  W.  Co  v.  Bennett .    .    1711 

V.  Sheffield  Corp 1974 

Shell,  Ex  p.,  Re  Lonergan     .    .    .    1684 
Shelboume   p.    Law     Investment 

Corp 458 

p.  Oliver 1004, 2052 

Sheldon  v.  Flatcher 1489 

V.  Sheldon 1655 

Shelfer  p.  City  of  London  Electric 

Co 1801,  1692 

Shelford  p.  Louth  Ry 1372 

Shelley's  Case 664,859 

Shelley  p.  Betbell 1039 

p.  Bryer 1268 

p.  Shelley 866 

Shelmer,  Re 1215 

Shelton  v.  Braithwaite 545 

Shenstone  u.  Hilton     240,  499,  548, 1189, 

1465 
Shepheard, /?s      .    .    .      603,1841,1966 

Shepherd  p.  Berger 2235 

p.  Conquest 149 

p.  Henderson 919 

p.  HUls 380,  726, 1915 

p.  Kain 708 

p.  Keatley 1007 

V.  Kottgen 804, 1520 

V.  Londonderry     .    .    .      879, 1768 

V.  Mackoul 1250 

p.  Nottige 1530 

Shepherdess.  Tlie 175-3 

Sheppard,  Ex  p.,  Re  Parker  ...      214 

,  Re  .    182,  634, 662,  1851, 1860. 1918 

P.Bennett 1660,1777 

p.  Bradford 181 

p.  Duke 1077 

p.  Gibbons 1846 

V.  Gilmore 991 

p.  Union  Bank 1006 

Sherborn  v.  Wells 1125 

Sheridan,  Re 2020 

p.  Mid.  G.  W.  Ry      .  496.  976, 1310. 

1666 

p.  O'Reilly   .    .    .     608,1706,1716 

Sherrard  p.  Gascoigne  .    .    .     559, 1315 

p.  Harborough 1994 

Sherras  p.  De  Rutzen   .    .     .    1045, 1046 

Sherratt  p.  Mountford 1264 

Sherwin  r.  Shaksi>ear 94 

Sherwood  p.  Ray 1446 


CXXIV 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Sheward, /?c 1376 

SliieU.  Sunderland  ....      156,1268 

Shield  V.  Wilkins 1247 

Shields  V.  Howard 274 

w.  Rait 689 

ShielB  r.  G.  N.  Ry 263,689 

Shilling  V.  Accidental  Insrce     .  731, 1309 

Shillitoe  v.  Claridge 1907 

Sliilson,  Ex  p.,  Re  Cock    .  488,  993.  1339 

Sliimmin  v,  iBellew 1610 

Shine,  Re 936, 947 

Shipley  t;.  Marshall 206 

Shippey  v.  Grey 1290 

Sliipton  V.  Thornton 906 

Shirley.  Re 716 

V.  Ferrers 1078 

Shoolbred  v.  Baker 1260 

P.Roberts 796,1472 

t;.  St.  Pancras  Jus 1748 

Shoosmith,  i26 1911 

Shore  r.  Weekly 561 

V.  Wilson 815 

Shorland,  ^xp 402 

Shorthorn  Dairy  Co  v.  Hall  ...      266 

Sliortridge, /e6 2146 

Shortt  V.  Robinson 789 

V.  Smith 738 

Shotts  Co  V.  Deas 2274 

Slioubridge  v.  Clark 1483 

Shovelton  v.  Shovelton      ....     1630 

Showell  V.  Skittreli       879 

Showers  t;.  Chelmsford  Assessment 

Committee 1601, 1612 

Shrapnel  v.  Laing 650 

Shrewsbury  Case 190 

Shrimpton  v.  Shrimpton    ....    2234 

Shubrick  v.  Salmon 1667 

Shubrook  v,  Tufnell     .    .    .      717,  1001 
Siiurmur  v.  Sedgwick    .    .    .      816,  1621 

Shuttleworth,  jBr  p 1111 

,  Re 1863 

V.  Cocker 911 

r.  Le  Fleming  ....      635, 1761 

V.  Murray 682 

Sibery,  Re 695 

Sibley, /?« 69,1346,1860 

V.  HIggs 926 

U.Perry    .    .    1013,1014,1401,1988 

Sibson  V.  Barcraig  Co 368 

Si  bun  V.  Pearce,  &c,  Bg  Socy    .    .    1186 

Sickert  v.  Sickert 614 

Sifldall, /?e       263,798 

Siddell  r.  Vickers 1243 

Sidebotharo,  Re 68 

V.  Holland 778,  1381 

Sidebottom  v.  Sidebottom      .    .    .      125 

Sidgreaves  v.  Brewer 68 

Sidney  v.  Wilmer 631 

Siegenberg  v.  Metrop  District  Ry  .      896 

Sigler  V.  The  State 1246 

Sigoumey  v.  Lloyd  ....     1747,  2160 

Silberschildt  v.  Schott 744 

Silesia,  The 684 

Siikstone  Fall  Colliery  Co,  Re  1740, 1920 

Sill  V.  The  Queen 763 

Sillence, /?« 766 

Silver  Bullion,  The 1099 

Silrer  Valley  Mines,  226    .    .    .   611,622 


SiUester,  Re 622, 1725 

Sirocoe  v.  Pethick    ....    1839,  2109 
Simmonds  v.  Fulham    .    .    .    1273,  1793 

V.  Simmonds 734 

Simmons,  Re 28 

r.  Mailing 229,  1439 

r.  MUlingen 768.  2188 

r.  Norton 82,  647 

V.Simmons 1011 

r.  Taylor 1169 

V.  White 607,  608 

V.  Woodward 88,  613 

Stmms  V.  Reg.  of  Probates    .    .    .      649 

Simon  v,  Sedgwick 288,  811 

Simonds  v.  Hodgson 1238 

Simonin  v.  Mallac 1165 

Simons  v.  Farren      ......     1749 

».  G.  W.  Ry     ....    1666,  1667 

Simonsen,  Re 1291 

Simpkin,  Ex  p 463 

Simpson  v.  Beard,  Re  Beard  .    .    .     1861 

».  Blues 465 

V.  Brown 47 

V.  Clayton 2166 

r.  Dendy      ...      109,  1226,  2047 

V.  Denison 2070 

V.  Frew 186 

V.  Godmanchester      .    241,  695,  939 

V.  Hartopp 1616 

i;.  Henderson 766 

w.  Holliday 677,1349 

1;.  Hughes 1968 

V,  Lewthwaite  ....      779, 2075 

V.  Manley     ...      432, 1620, 1697 

V.  Margitson     ....    1222, 1223 

r.  Palace  Theatre     ....    1681 

V.  Peach 2183 

V.  Shaw 781 

V.  Titterell 1596 

V.  Westminster  Palace  Hotel       944, 

2162 

V.  Yeend       1322 

Sims  V.  Landray 1882, 1883 

V.  Trollope 618 

Simson,  Re 107 

Sinclair  v.  Maritime  Assrce  ...        16 

u.  Sinclair 1421 

V.  Wilson 484 

Singer  Co  v.  Lond  &  S.  W.  Ry  .  683 
Singlehurst  v.  Tapscott  S.  S.  Co  .  1674 
Singleton  v.  Ellison      ....    222, 223 

V.  Tonilinson 604, 1788 

V.  Williamson 273 

Sinnett  v,  Herbert 619 

SInnott  V.  Walsh       667,  694 

Sion  College,  Re,  Ex  p.  Lond.  Corp    2121 

V,  London  Corp 1371 

Siordet  v.  Hall 28 

Sir  John  Moore  Co,  Re  ....  679 
Sitwell,  Ex  ;>.,  Re  Drury  Lowe  .    .      677 

V.  Bernard 2284 

Six  Sisters,  The 1940 

Skeats,  Re 101,  1369 

Skeeles  v,  Shearly 181 

Skegg,  7?e 2128 

Skelton,  Re,  Ex  p.  Coatea     ...      763 

Skidmore  i;.  Bouchier 2068 

Skinner,  Exp 1888 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cxxv 


Page 

Skinner  v.  Eitch 2052 

p.  Perry 2061 

V.  Shew    ....     318,  1873,  2051 

u.  Usher  ....     840,  1484.  1498 

17.  Western  Mar  Insrce  .    .    .     1916 

Skinners  Co  v.  Knight  .  .  .  785,  1665 
Skinningrove  Co  v.  N.  £.  Rr     .    .   1173, 

2128 

Skipper  v.  Skipper 911 

Skipwith*8  Case 883 

Skipwith  ».  G.  W.  Ry 1126 

Sklrving  v.  Williams 1715 

Skittrell  P.  Showell 879 

Skottowe  V.  Young 1945 

Skrine  v.  Ehnore 1699 

Skuse  V.  Davis 1969 

Slack  V.  Sharpe 20 

Sladden  v.  De  Lasaux 1267 

Slade. /?e 1370 

V.  Fooks 1810 

V.  Hawley 1217 

Sladen  v.  Sladen 858 

Slanning  p.  Style 808 

Slater,  Be 292 

r.  Dangerfield 1014 

r,  Pinder 1816 

SUtterley  p.  Ball, /?«  Ball  .  1074,1075 
Slaughter  r.  Sunderland  227, 1268,  2209 
Sleech  p.  Thorington  .  .  .  1211, 1303 
Sleeman  p.  Barrett  .    .    .   121,  240, 2205 

Sleigh  p.  Tyser 1809 

Sligo 1911 

Slingsby's  Cane 1024 

Slingsby  p.  Grainger     ....  700,  788 

Slinn,  Re 2036 

Sloroan  p.  New  Zealand    ....      411 

Slowman  p.  Dutton 2048 

Sly  p.  Blake,  Re  Johnson      ...    1541 

Smaling,  Re 185 

Small  p.  Gibson   ....  140,  821,  1809 

V.  National  Pror.  Bank     .    .    1829 

p.  Smith 1136 

p.  Torley 1989 

V.  United  Kingdom  Insrce  168 

Smallcombe  p.  Olivier 164 

Smallwood  p.  Sheppards  ....  867 
Smal wood  p.  Coventry      ....      118 

Smart  p.  Clark 906 

P.Suva 876,2076 

p.  Watts 1535 

Smelting  Co  p.  Inl.  Rev.    607, 1118, 1586, 

1587 

Smidt  p.  Tiden 124,  778 

Smith,  Re  9,  174,  214,  241.  305.  854, 375, 
416,  419,  666.  710.  861,  94:^,  961,  1014, 
1270,  1296, 1582, 1680,  1726,  1860,  2049, 

2258 

,  Re,  Henderson-Roe  p.  Hitchins    938, 

1215,  1738 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Mason      ....    1316 

p.  Accident  Insrce     .    .      115, 1811 

p.  Adkins 500,1886 

p.  Anderson    162,  235.  236,  268, 353, 

485,  798,  1919 

P.Archibald 1617 

p.  Baker 492»  2209 

p.  Barneby 1081 

p.  Barnett 2168 


Page 
Smith  p.  Barnham    .    .    1947,2222,2247 

p.  Baxter 4,  86, 1002 

p.  Birmingham 86,  88 

p.  Blackham 432 

p.  British  Marine 1976 

p.  Broadbent 1327 

p.  Brown 391,  454,  455 

p.  Buchan 432 

p.  Butcher 862, 1066 

P.Butler       .    .    .   1049,1656,1657 

p.  Camelford 1788 

r.  Campbell 1248 

p.  Cator 1699 

p.  Chandler 1210 

p.  Cheese 810 

p.  Coffin 2036 

p.  Cooke 1747 

p.  Cowell 1001 

p.  Cranshaw 1591 

p.  Critchfleld    ....      662,1564 

p.  Darlow 1417 

p.  Dart     ....     460,  1667, 1778 

p.  Davies 716 

p.  Dean 1677 

p.  Deighton 1914 

p.  Dimes 827 

p.  Dudley 664 

p.  Edge 1688 

p.  Eldridge 2009 

p.  Penning 941 

p.  Gamlen 1499 

P.Gill 1172 

p.  G.  W.  Ry 1064 

p.  Gronow 164 

p.  Hailey 1242 

p.  Hall 72, 73 

p.  Hancock 998,  999 

p.  Harding 1470 

p.  Hawthorn 828 

p.  Hill 298 

p.  Horsfall 1014 

p.  Hudson 12 

p.  Hunt 1316 

p.  Hurrell 1110 

p.  Jobson 307 

p.  Johnson    .    .    .     960, 1460, 1830 

p.  Kemp 727,  728 

p.  Kerr 296,  979,  2199 

p.  Kerrane 2031 

p.  Kirby 2174 

P.Kyle 1874 

p.  Lambeth 658 

p.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry 616 

p.  Land,  &c,  Corp 517 

p.  Lidiard 1264 

p.  Llndo    ........      222 

p.  Lloyd 549 

p.  McAuley 1209 

p.  M'Guire 1450 

p.  Manchester 1081 

p.  Marrable 1038,1122 

P.Martin 110,1193 

p.  Mason 627,  882, 1609 

p.  Matthews 1154 

p.  Mercer 107 

p.  Moore 2239 

p.  Morgan 1814 

p.  MuUer 564 


CXXVl 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Smith  V.  Mnndj 812, 1436 

V.  Myers 668 

V.  Neale 1882 

».  New  York 1828 

V.  Cakes 1021 

V.  Osborne 19^9 

».  Packhurst 2082 

r.  Farkside  Co 866 

V,  Parsons 1641 

u.PendeU 1242 

V.  Pepper 612 

w.  Petrie 178 

r.Pjman      ....    46,773,1728 

1;.  Redding 1408 

r.  Reynolds 1080,2268 

V,  Richmond 63,  1163 

».  Ridgway 110 

r.  Robinson 293.2018 

V.  Rosario  Nitrate  Co    .      620, 1604 

V.  Scott    ...  660.  891. 1006,  22.36 

p.  Seghill 2023 

V.  Shepherd 2071 

v.  Sieyeking     ....      366,1486 

r.  Smith.    .    1641,1860,1986,2160 

17.  Sparrow 1864,2273 

^—  V.  Standing 2 

».  Stokes 686 

V.  Surman 826 

u.  Tebbitt 1702 

V.  Thompson 288 

».  Thome 6,  887 

V.  Vertue 366 

f.  Wallace 981,  2246 

V,  Walton     .    .    .    1197, 1241, 1488 

t;.  Watts 1813 

W.Webb 1617 

V.  Williams 2136 

1;.  Wills 1178 

V.  Wilson      .    902,  1222, 1393. 1708, 

1918,  2061 

i;.  Wood 246 

Smith  and  Nelson,  Re  .    .    .    1010, 1969 

Smith  and  Stott, /^e 1220 

Smither  t;.  Willock       1346 

Smithies  V.  Bridge    ....    1199,1200 

Smithwick  r.  Hayden 1337 

Smokeless  Powder  Co,  Re  37,  248,  664 
Smarthwaite  v,  Hflnnay    ....    2041 

Smyth,  Re 646 

V.  Carter 2217 

U.Foley 1717 

V.  Power 1014 

V.  Queen,  The 1692 

r.  Smyth      .     .     67,604,1743,2049 

Smyth-Pigott ».  Smyth-Pigott    .    .    1962 

Smythe  v.  Smythe 2217 

Snape  v.  Snape 1269 

Snark,  The 3 

Sneath  v.  Valley  Gold  Co  .  .  .  1212 
Sneesby  v.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry  ...  16 
Snelgrove  v.  Ellringham  Colliery 

Co 1901 

Snellgrore  v.  Baily       668 

Snclling  17.  Huntingfleld  ....  2282 
Sneyd,  i2tf,  £x^.  Fewings  .  .  .  2138 
Snow  V.  Boycott  .......    1101 

17.  Hill 1487 

r.  Poulden 2148 


Snow  V.  Teed 694,  696, 1279 

V.  Whitehead 896 

Snowden  v.  Baynes 872 

Soames  v.  Lonergan 1288 

Soar  17.  Ashwell 674,2106 

Sod^t^  O^n^rale  de  Paris  v.  Tram- 
ways Co 309 

17.  Walker 486 

Socy  for  Prqwgation  of  Gospel  v. 

Wheeler 66 

Socy  of  Writers  to  the  Signet  t;. 

Inl.  Rev 1800,2200 

Sockett  v.Wray 2261 

Soden  v,  Cray 2176 

Softlaw  V.  Welch 1028 

Solicitor, /7c  A 1326,1734 

Solicitor- General  v.  Law  Reyerslon- 

ary  Socy 1966 

Solly  17.  Whitmore 624 

Solomon  v.  Cropper 1148 

r.  Graham 1363 

V.  Mulliner 418 

Solomon  and  Meager.  Re  .    .    ,    ,      602 

Soltau,  i?« 1091 

Soltykoff, /?« 1260 

Somerset,  iZ^    .    .    .    216,962,986,2176 

w.  Cox 1292 

17.  G.  W.  Ry 968 

17.  Hart 1460, 1972 

17.  Mere 260 

t7.  Miller 766, 1626 

Somerset  Commrs  v.  Bridgewater  .    2222 

Somes,  Re 188 

17.  Martin 1141,1142 

17.  Wade  ....     677, 1880. 1972 

Sommersett's  Case    ....    1894,2191 
Sons  of  Clergy  Corp  i\  Skinner  620, 1414. 

1909 

V.  Sutton 279.  620, 1414 

Soper  u.  Arnold 608 

17.  Basingstoke 1891 

Sorensen  t7.  Keyser 676 

Sotheran  v.  Dening 1766 

Sooch  17.  E.  Lond.  Ry  .    .    .      877, 1947 

17.  Strawbridge 1288 

Soulle  17.  Gerrard 1848 

South  Australian  Insrce  t7.  Randell      169 

South  Durham  Co,  Re 1668 

S.  E.  Ry.Axp 832 

— 17.  European,  &c,  Telegraph  Co      28, 

2116 

17.  Ry  Commrs  683, 1178, 1679, 1644, 

1648 
South  Hetton  Co  v.  Haswell  Co     .    2027 

17.  N.  E.  News  Assn    ....    1607 

South  London  Fish  Market,  Re     .    1186 
South  Staffordshire  Trams  t7.  Sick- 
ness, &c,  Assrce    ...    14,  778,  1888 
Sooth  Staffordshire  W.  W.  Cor. 

Barrow 87,88 

17.  Stone 426,  427, 1866 

South  Wales  Ry  v.  Swansea    1644, 1646. 

1647 
South    Yorkshire    Coal    Owners* 

Assn  17.  Mid.  Ry 962 

Southall  17.  Jones 617 

Southam,  Exp 364 

,  Rcf  Ex  p.  Lamb 766 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXVll 


Soathampton  Case,  Pegler  v,  Gxa- 

ney 403 

Soathampton  Colly.  Co  v.  Clark    .     161, 

lObO 
Southampton  Dock  Co  v.  Hill   .    .    1887 

P.Richards 287,1864 

Southampton  Steam  Co  v.  Clarke  .      2(K) 

Soathby  r.  Hutt 482 

Southcombe  v.  Teoyil 2041 

Soathcot  V.  WaUon 1818 

Southend  9.  White  .  .  1311,1316,2188 
Southend  W.  W.  Co  v.  Howard     .      789 

Southern  Ry,  ^e 2122 

Southgate  V.  Bohn 1699 

p.  Chaplin 1003 

V.  Clinch  ....     862, 1274, 1276 

Southgate,  The 1246 

Southland  Co  V.  Nelson     .    .      637,1101 

Southmolton  p.  A-Q 1993 

Southouse  p.  Bate 661 

Southport  p.  Birkdale 438 

r.  Morriss 1866 

p.  Ormskirk      .    696,  659,  871, 2029 

Southport  Banking  Co  p.  Thompson  734, 

1200 
Southwark  &  Vauxhall  W.  W.  Co 

p.  Hampton 818,  438, 1067 

Southwell  p.  Holloway  Coll.      .    .      297 

p.  Lincoln,  Bp 890 

Soutter  V.  Roderick 1248 

Sovereign  Life  Assrce,  Re     .    .    ,    1604 

p.  Dodd    ....      820.  1286.  1604 

Sowerby  v.  G.  N.  Ry     .    .    410,  667.  944 

p.  Smith 770,  902,  1098 

Spackman, /?« 408,1688 

P.Foster 277 

P.Miller 376 

p.  Plumstead 114,806 

Spaddacini  p.  Treacy    ....  640,  809 

Spaight  p.  Farnwortii 991 

Spain  p.  Cadell 911 

p.  Mowatt,  Re  Lake  nnd  Tay- 
lor   1064 

Spalding  v.  Crocker 1610 

Spargo's  Case 027 

Spark  p.  Heslop 467, 966 

p.  Furnell 28 

Sparrow.  Re 1841 

p.  Caruthers 1764 

p.  Farmer 2169 

1*.  Hill 417 

p.  Oxford,  Worcester,  Ac,  Ry    1159, 

2006 

P.Paris 1106,1106 

Spartali  p.  Benecke 926 

Spswforth  p.  Alexander  ....  1676 
Speak  p.  Powell  .    .  231,  937,  1902,  2079, 

2176 

Spearing  p.  Hawkes .*     767 

Spearman,  Re 760 

Speer,  Re 248 

Speers,  Re 1064 

Speller  p.  Bristol  Steam  Nay.  Co  .  966 
Spence  p.  Dodworth,  Re  Dodworth  810 
Spenceley  p.  Robinson  ....  756 
Spencer's  Case     .    .    .     429,  1296,  1773 

Spencer  v.  Beckett 24 

P.Duckworth 716 


Spencer  p.  Lane.  &  T.  Ry  .    .    .    .    1601 

p.  Livett 1870 

p.  Marriott 82, 1640 

p.  Metrop  Bd  of  Wks    .    .    .    2006 

p.Mid.  Ry 193 

p.  Spencer     ...     923,  1494,  2288 

p.  Swannell 1443 

Spice  p.  Bacon 408 

Spicer  p.  Barnard 796,  902 

p.  Cooper 1448 

p.  Martin 991 

Spiers  &  Fond  o.  Bennett .    .11,  76,  640 

SpilJer  V.  Maude 1602 

Spilsbary  v.  Clough 1308 

Spineer  v.  Watts 1661 

8!pmtHer,  R^,  Ex  p.  Rolph  .  .  .  2103 
Spirettr.  Willows  .  .  1840,1900,2198 
Spirit  of  tlie  OL-ean,  The  ....        84 

Spittle  V.  G,  W.  Ry 2245 

Spitzel  t\  Chinese  Corp  499, 1016, 1382 
Spokes  t\  Grosvcnor  Hotel  Co  .    .    1344 

Spong  i\  Spong 68 

Spooner,  Re 1787 

• f.  Browning 882 

Spotten,  ife 2031 

Spragg  p.  Hammond 1433 

Sprange  p.  Barnard 1806 

Spratt, /?« .    .    2036 

p.Jefferv 128,206:3 

Sprigg  p.  Sprigg 1761 

Spring  p.  Biles 79, 1851 

p.  Pride 941 

Springett  p.  Jenings 1742 

Springfield, /?e 916 

Spurling  p.  Bantoft  ....    1640, 1768 

Spurr  p.  Hall 612 

Spurrell  p.  Spurrell 1997 

Spurway, /?c 696 

Squire  p.  Wheeler    ....    2244,  2247 

Squires, /?« 1111 

Stace  p.  Smith 766 

Stacey  p.  Lintell 1889 

Stackhouse  p.  Bamston     ....    2208 

Stedhard  p.  Lee 1794 

Stafford  p.  Buckley 1782 

p.  Dyer 1638 

p.  Sutheriand 1369 

Stafford  Charities,  Re 816 

Stagg  p.  Elliott 1450 

Stainhank  p.  Penning    ....  211,  994 

Staines.  Re 1669 

p.  Staines 274 

Stainton,  Re 68 

Stakesby,  The 1876 

Stallard  p.  Marks  ....  1749,2092 
Stamford, /?«  ....  6,943,964,2106 
Stamford  Banking  Co  p.  Smith  .    .    1437 

Stancliffe  p.  Clarke 1284 

Standard  Bk  of  British  S.  Africa 

p.  Stokes 1421, 1649 

Standard  Co,  i?« 786 

Standard  Discount  Co  v.  IjA  Grange  716, 

717, 1001 
Standard  Gold  Mining  Co,  Re  .  .  1562 
Standard  Manufacturing  Co,  Re  192,864, 

470, 1229 

Standing  r.  Bowring 1886 

Standley,  726 1278 


CXXVIU 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


PagB 
Stanford,  iJxi).,^  Barber    .    .  182,025 

,  Re 468 

V,  WiUianis 1736 

Stanger, /2e 183,2230 

Stanhope's  Case 2060 

Stanhope  v.  filith 800,764 

Stanhope  Collieries  Co,  Re    .    .    .      290 
Staniforth  v.  Capon  ....    2102,  2103 

Stanley  v,  Couhhurst 1953 

V.  Eng.  Fibres 8 

v.  Fielden 99 

V.  Hayes 818 

u.  Towgood 1719,  2026 

».  Western  Insrce  671, 721, 800, 2176 

r.  White 2264 

Stannard  v.  Burt 862, 1997 

Stansfield  v.  Cubitt 891 

t;.  Uobson 24 

Stanton  v.  Brown 2197 

V.  Hall 1828 

—  V.  Richardson 83 

i;.  Scrutton 492 

Staples  t;.  Eastman  Co      ....      446 

v.  Young 650 

Stapleton  v.  Stapleton 1849 

Starbuck  v.  Starbuck 367 

Starey  t;.  Chilworth  Gunpowder  Co     992 

V.  Graham 26 

Starr-Bowkett  Socy,  Re    ...    .    2144 
Startup  V.  M'Donald     ...      892,  1671 

Sute  i;.  Marshall 991 

y.  Russell 1768 

V.  Weatherly 761 

V.Wilson 1730 

Staunton  v.  Wood 765 

Stead, /2e 292,1812,1979 

V.  Mellor      .    .    .    1631,  1632,  1633 

v.  Poyer 2044 

V.  Tillotson 2007 

V.  Williams 724, 1616 

Steamboat  Co  v.  Livingstone     .    .      830 

Stebbing  v.  Warner 1480 

Stedman  v.  CoUett 688 

V.  Smith 1421 

Steedman  v.  Poole 941 

Steel  V.  Scott 802 

V.  State  Line  Co   .    .    .    1260,  1809 

Steel  and  Nicholls  Claim  (Bubb  v. 

Yelverton) 797 

Steele, /2fl 1008 

V.  Brannan 1307 

V.  Hamilton 2248 

V.  Hoe 863 

V.  M'Kinlay 960 

V,  Mart 1063 

».  Mid.  Ry 896,2248 

Steen  v.  Steen 395 

Steers  v.  Rogers 1428 

Steignes  v.  Steignes 1233 

Stein  V.  Ritherdon    ....     646,  1666 
Steinman  v.  Angier  Line  ....    2048 

Stelfoz  V.  Stelfox 604 

v.  Sugden 1377 

Stella,  The 1130, 1368 

Stephany,  /?«,  Ex  p.  Meyer  ...  7 

Stephen  t;.  Cunningham,  Re  Hamlet  1076 

Stephens,  iJxD 664,718 

,  Re 1839 


Stephens  v.  Australian  Insrce    .    .      321 

w.  Derry 774,1110 

V.  Green 1840 

W.Harris.    .    .    .    1112,1942,1953 

».  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      ...    1834 

v.  Stephens 633 

v.  Winteringham 73 

Stephens  and  Liverpool,  &c,  Insrce, /{e  396 

Stephenson, /^e 1583 

».  Dowson 1216,1218 

—  9.  Langston .      780 

».  Raine 870 

V.  Rogers 1783 

Stephenson  and  Cos,  Re  .    .    .    .    2177 
Stepney  Case  .    .    164,  1162, 1666,  1911 

Stern  v.  Queen,  The 1166 

V.  Tegner 1033 

Stettin,  The 1246 

Steuart  o.  Gladstone     605,  645,  829,  2001 

Stevens,  £:xo 222 

,  Re  ...    .     206,  1001, 1914,  2244 

V.  Barnet  Water  Co  .    .    .  87,  1643 

».  Biller 684 

V.  Bishop 87 

V.  Copp 796, 1778 

V.  Gourley 227 

p.  G.  W.  Ry 2245 

V.  Marstun 160 

t;.  Meirop  District  Ry    .    1760,2119 

i;.  Trevor  Garrick      ....    1844 

V.  Van  Voorst 585.  630 

Stevenson,  ^xp 1073 

V.  Abingdon 428,  429 

W.Powell 82 

Steward  v,  Dunn 1852 

V.  Greaves 1858 

V.  Poppleton 1085 

Stewart,  Exp 225 

,  Rm 183, 1586,  2120 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Pottinger  ....    1402 

t;.  AUiston 841 

V.  Jones 1869 

w.  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry  .    .    .    1893, 1424 

V.  Merchants'  Mar  Insrce  .   163,  683 

V.  Sanderson 543 

V.  West  Derby  Burial  Bd  952, 1993 

V.  W.  India  &  Pacific  Co    .    .      219 

Stickland  v.  Stickland 515 

Stileman-Gibbard  v.  Wilkinson  .    .    1479 

Stiles,  Re 1761 

V.  Miller 600 

Stinson,  Re 1661 

Stirling  v.  Forrester 896 

V.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      ...     1819 

v.  Maitland 546 

Stock,  Ex  p 610 

1;.  Holland 1784 

V.  Meakin     103,  290,  953,  1379,  2271 

Stock^ridge  v.  Sussams    ....     1267 
Stockdale  v.  Nicholson     1081, 1082, 1274, 

1280 

Stockport  Ry,  /2e 074 

Stockport  Sciiools,  Re  .    271, 1366,  1367, 

1798 
Stockport  and  Hyde  v.  Chester  Co. 

Co 1766 

Stocks  ».  Barr^ 1705 

Stockton  V.  Kirkleatham  .    .    1547, 2087 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXIX 


Pag« 
Stockton  Iron  Co,  Re  ...  .  678,  9&5 
Stockton  Ry  v.  Barrett  ....  672 
Stockton  &  Darin,  liy  v.  Brown  .  17:^ 
Stoddart  p.  Nelson    .    .    .    428,429,728 

inSagar 1128 

i;.  Savile 2269 

Stoessiger  v.  S.  E.  Ry 1818 

Stoffell,2;« 1663 

Stogdon,  Re 38, 1486 

p.  Leo 1745 

Stoke  V.  Price 1664 

StokeU  V,  Heywood 389 

Stokes  V.  Arkwright      .    .    .    1202, 1467 

V.  Checkland 66, 1672 

p.  Cheek 90 

p.  Cox 75 

V.  Heron 90 

P.France 1738 

V.  Salomons        64 1,  646,  1612, 1648. 

1869,  2087,  2236 

V.  Spencer 613 

Stokoe  V.  Cownn 1818 

Stolworthy  p.  Powell     .    .    .    .88,2174 

V.  Sandcroft 79 

Stone,  Re 1461 

p.  Commercial  Ry     ....    2281 

p.  Dean 1866 

p.  Greening 700 

p.  Hyde 492, 1290 

p.  Liverpool  Mar  Socy  ...      661 

V.  Mar  Insroe 1763 

p.  Parker      ....  476,  899,  1312 

P.Yeovil 1969 

Stoneham  p.  Ocean,  &c,  Insrce       .    2182 

Stones  p.  Rowton 889 

StoDor,7?« 1828,1844 

p.  Curwen 626,  1013 

V.  Fowle 920 

Stooke  p.  Taylor 660,1688 

Stoomvart    Maatschappij    Neder- 
Und  p.  P.  &  O.  Nav.  Co      .    .        91 

Storer  v.  Johnson 327 

Storey, /2tf,  Ax/?.  Popplewell    .  490,491 

Stone,  Re 862 

P.Winchester 2193 

Stork  p.  Fox 2190 

Storm  p.  Sarling  .  1676,  1812, 1919,  2069 

Story  P.  Sheard 681,  2072 

Slotesbury  v.  St.  Giles,  Camberwell  102 
Stourbridge  Canal  Co  p.  Wheeley         88 

Stoveld  p.  Hughes 812 

Stow  p.  Davenport 485 

Stowe  p.  Jolliffe 1675 

Stowell  p.  2^uch 817 

Sioy  p.  Rees 88 

Straoey  p.  Nelson 2182 

Straehan  p.  Barton 2201 

p.  Universal  Stock  Ex.  .    .     96,  909 

p.  Universal  Stock  Ex.  (No.  2)     609 

Strafford  to  Mapes,  i2s      .     .     954,2245 

Straker  p.  Kidd 606,  2267 

p.  Wilson 1667 

Strand,  Re 943,  1662 

Strangways,  i2e 182,2025 

Stranks  p.  St.  John 1086 

Stratford  p.  Bosworth  ...  322,  1968 
8tratbe<len  and  Campbell,  A<  .  .  1462 
Strathmore,  i5:x;).,/^«Ridaell  .  716,716 

TOL.  I. 


Page 

Strathmore  p.  Laing 1771 

Strathnaver.  The 2074 

Stratton  p.  Hillas 1216 

V.  Metrop  Bd  of  Wks    .    .     .    1678 

Strauss  p.  County  Hotel  Co  .     .   843,  978 

P.France 1607 

p.  Goldschmid 818 

Streatfield  v.  Cooper 641 

p.  Streatfield 608 

Streatham  Estates  Co.  Re     .    1541,  1684 

StPeatley, /?d 1960 

Street,  Afi 1436 

p.  Cover 498, 1722 

p.  Street 376,  1690 

Streeton,  Re 1486 

Strelley  p.  Pearson  139,  1642,  2164,  2166, 

2159 

Stretch  p.  White 678,1783 

Stretton,  Re 1685 

p.  Ashmall 107 

Stretton  Co  p.  Derby 736 

Stribley  p.  Imperial  Mar  Insrce  .  1210 
Stribling  p.  Halse  .  .  .  590,  969,  970 
Strick  p.  Swansea  Canal  Co  .  .  .  1101 
Strickland  p.  Hayes      .    1307, 1438,  1669 

p.  StrickUnd 616 

p.  Williams 204,  1105 

Stride  p.  Martin 1263 

Stringer,  Re 1076 

p.  English  and  Scottish  Mar 

Insrce 1746 

P.Harper 2037 

p.  Sykes 2240 

Strithorst  v.  Graeme 1751 

Strohmenger  p.  Atten borough  .    .    1188 

Strong,  Re 713,  1904 

p.  Bird 812 

p.  Natally 1764 

Stronge  v.  Hawkes 880 

Stroud,  Re 1349,  1475 

^—  p.  Lawson 1790 

p.  Wandsworth  Bd    .    .    .    .    1255 

Struthers  p.  Struthers 852 

Strutt  p.  Braithwaite 1969 

p.  Finch 834 

p.  liobinson 1007 

Stuart,  Re 1673 

,  i7e,  J?xp.  Cathcart  .    ...      688 

p.  Bell 1569 

p.  British  &  African  Nav.  Co  .    1094. 

1872 

p.  Bute     ...  662,  82-%  2049,  2172 

p.  Diplock     ....  266,  376,  1051 

r.  Nixon 164,  1665 

p.  Scottish  Co 697 

p.  Wrey,  Re  Wrey    ....    2234 

Stuart  and  Seadon,  Re  .    .     480,  654,  967 
Stubbins,  Ex  p  ,  Re  Wilkinson  .    .      484 
Stubbs  p.  Director  of  Public  Prose- 
cutions       032 

p.  Sargon 1849 

Stuchbery  p.  Spencer 2093 

Stucley,  Re 1846 

Studdert,  Re 1842 

— -  p.  Grosvenor 944 

Studds  p.  Watson 160 

Studdy  p.  Sanders 813 

Studham  v.  SUnbridge      .    .    1684, 1955 


cxxx 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 

Stukely  v.  Butler 2040 

Stumm  v.  Dixon 1029 

Stumore  v.  Campbell 473 

Stump  V.  Gaby 1656 

Sturdy  v.  Henderson 142 

Sturge  V.  Eastern  Union  lly  .  .  .  660 
Sturge  and  G.  W.  Ry,  Re  ...    .      244 

Sturgis  V.  Dunn 2031 

V.  Morse 861 

Sturla  V.  Freccia 1604 

Styles  V.  Middle  Temple    .    .    .   122,  848 

V.  Wardle 461 

Suart  V.  Powell 2210 

Suburban  Hotel  Co,  Re     ....    1034 

Sudbury,  i?e tt61 

V.  Brown 1019 

Sudeley, /2e 1714 

0.  A-6 646 

Sudeley  and  Baines,  Re  .  .  ,  .  1462 
Suffell  17.  Bk  of  England  ....  1169 
Suffield    and    Watts,    Re,    Ex  p. 

Brown      1686 

Sugden  v.  Alsbury,  Re  Alsbury     .      948 

Sugg  V,  Hill 1295 

Suggate  V.  Suggate 444 

Sullivan.  i?e 756 

V.  Sullivan 179 

Sully,  Ex  p.,  Re  Wallis     .    .     236,  1163 

p.  A-G 266 

V.  Duranty 669 

Summers  v.  Holbom 2016 

Summerson,  Re 2208 

Sumner  c.Wix 1368 

Sumpter  v.  Cooper   ....      402, 1098 

V.  Hedges 1035 

Sumption  v.  Monzani 936 

Sun  Insrce  v.  Hart    ...     94,  518, 1368 

Sunderland,  Re 692 

V.  Alcock 290 

Sunderland  Bg  Socy,  Re  .    .    2253,  2256 
Sunderland  S.  S.  Co  v,  N.  of  Eng- 
land Insrce 726,  906, 1341 

Sunk  island  Trustees  v.  Patrington  21 1 1 
Sunlight  Incandescent  Co,  Re    .    .      679 

Surman  v.  Darley 893 

u.  Wharton 1082 

Surtees  v.  Ellison 1722 

V.  Hopkinson 68,1102 

V.  Surtees 652 

Suse,  Re,  Ex  p.  Dever 1901 

Sussex  V.  Temple 1014 

Sussex  Peerage  Case    .    .    .    1629, 1702 

Sutcliflfe,  Arp 1111 

V.  Howard 1740 

V.  Kichardson 1732 

V.  Smith 817 

Sutherland  v.  Cromartin    ....      709 

V.  Heathcoie  2, 660, 1093, 1571, 1730, 

2040 

W.Pratt 1127 

V.  Sutherland  187,  202. 229, 626, 819, 

908,  998,  1211 

Sutherland,  The 2083 

Sutton,  Re   .    .     88,  294,  617, 1216,  1846 

V.  Bath 810 

w.  Bishop 406 

V,  Ciceri 1932 

p.  Fenn 63 


Sutton  ».  Goodrich    ....    1971,2184 

V,  Grey 91 

V.  Johnstone 1167 

».  L.  C.  &D.Ry 1870 

r.  Moody 796 

V.  Norwich 1847 

V.  Sutton      .    .    94,  292, 1077, 1979 

V.  Temple 1030 

V.  Wade 1886 

V,  Walsh 689 

Sutton   Coldfield   Grammar  Sch., 

Re 635,680,629,781 

Sutton's  Hospital  Case  ....  889 
Svensden  v,  Wallace      .    .    802,  803,  804 

Swaffield  u.  Nelson 1661 

Swain,  Re 216,  1077 

— ^  t;.  Ayres 1070 

V.  Fleming 178 

Swaine  v,  Kennerley 303 

u.  Wilson 2082 

Swainston  v.  Finn 696,  997 

Swan,  Re      ....  ^.    ...    .      966 

r.  Falmouth 8 

V.  Holmes 626 

V.  Sanders 446,  665 

— ^  V.  Stransham 603 

Swansea  Improvements  Co  v.  Swan- 
sea   1339, 1646,  2034 

Swanston  v.  Twickenham  .  1265,  1848 
Swanwick  v.  Vamey     .    .    .      271,  1392 

Swayne  v.  Inl.  Key 1967,  2066 

Sweet  V.  Benning 204 

V.  Maugham 204 

V.  Seager 231,  2012 

V.  Sweet 1213 

Sweetapple  v.  Horlock     .  628,  630,  1840 

Sweeting,  Re 1138,  1173 

V.  Darthez 773,  930 

Sweetland  v.  Sweetland  ....  739 
Sweetman  v.  Guest  ....  856,  1983 
Sweetmeat  Co  v.  Inl.  Rev.    .     987,  1071, 

1456,2004 

Sweny  v.  Smith 2118 

Swift  t;.  Swift    63, 1014,  1062, 1372,  1586, 

1658 
Swinburne  v.  Milbum   .    .  123,  742,  1710 

Swiney  v.  Barry 1169 

Swinfen  v.  Bacon 2249 

V.  Swinfen    .    .    .    1191, 1238, 1904 

Swinford  v.  Keble 2108 

Swinton  v.  Baily 320 

Swire  v.  Leach 1616 

Swyny  v.  N.  E.  Ry 1676 

Sydney  v.  A-G.  New  S.  Wales  .  .  1458 
Sydney  Bg  Aran  v.  Lyons  .  .  .  203 
Syers  v.  Met.  Board  of  Works  .    .      997 

Syke's  Case 202 

Sykes, /?6 369.1868 

w.  Beadon     .    .    .    .286,882,1129 

V.  Scholfleld 1264 

V.  Sowerby 1386 

Sylph,  The 466,  1764 

Symers  t*.  Jobson 866 

Symington  v.  Footman     ....      842 

Symmers  v.  The  King 644 

Symonds  y.  Lloyd 1984 

Symons  v.  Law  Socy 1904 

V.  Leaker 1764 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXXl 


Page 

Symons  r.  Sjmons 367 

V,  Wedmore      ....    1006,  1709 

Syms  r.  Chaplin 1884 

Synge  ir.  Synge    .     .    274,867,516,1670 
Syred  t*.  Carruthera 1855 


Taapfe  v.  Conmee 2000 

Taber,/2e 89,1380 

Tabernacle  Bg  Socy  v.  Knight    950,  1926 

Tabor  v.  Brooks 548 

Tabulean  v.  Nixon 1829 

Tadcaster  Brewery  Co  v,  WiUon  51, 1607 

Tadhanter  v.  Buckley 879 

Tadman  v.  D'Epineuil 206 

Taif  Vale  Ry  v.  Amalgamated  Socy    2082 

r.  Barry,  Ac,  Ry  Co  .    .     .    .    2084 

Tahiti  Cotton  Co,  Re,  Ex  p.  Sar- 
gent      987 

TaUb7r.OfiE.Rec.  69,206,611,1760,2079. 

2170 
Tait,  22tf,£:z».  Harper      ....        93 

Taite  r.  Gosling 134 

Talargoch  Mining  Co  t;.  St  Asaph       659 

Talbot, /?e 57,697 

p.  Jevers 1896 

r.  Marshfield 47, 1840 

V.  Tipper 2049 

Tallent  v.  Scott 1656 

Talory  v.  Jackson 1915 

Taltamm's  Case 851 

Tamplin,  Re,  Ex  ;>.  Bamett  .  .  .  2102 
Tamvaco  v.  Lucas  .  .  1225, 1796, 1871 
Tancred  r.  Delagoa  Bay  Ry  .    .    .  8 

Tancred  Co  v.  Steel  Co  of  Scotland    1226 

Tankard, /2e 1844 

Tanner,  Exp 593, 1740 

V,  Moore 853 

p.  Morse 2020 

r.  Oldham 391 

V.  Smart 5 

V.  S.  Wales  Ry  .    .    .    .     441,  1766 

p.  Tebbutt 99 

p.  Wise 1739,  2020 

Tanqueray-  Willa ume  to  Landau,  Re    1459 

Tanton  v.  Jervis 1807 

Tanyaco  r.  Lucas     .    .    1225,  1796,  1871 

Taplin  r.  Taplin 1418 

Tapner  v.  Merlott 864 

Tapp  p.  Jones 473 

Tapscott  p.  Balfour  .    .    .  118, 124,  2161 

Tapsell  p.  Crosskey 945 

Tarbuck  p.  Tarbuck 208 

Tarleton  p.  Bruton,  Re  Roberto      .    1859 

Tariing  9.  Fredericks 1485 

Tarn,  Be 657 

Tamer  p.  Walker 1069 

Tarrant.  Re 395,  675 

p.  Baker 158,  424 

Tarsey,  Re 1886, 1900 

Tssbargh  p.  Day 1912 

Tasker  v.  Small 997 

p.  Tasker 1400 

Tassell  p.  Hallen 51,  621 

p.  Oyenden 1040 

Tatom  p.  Easier  ....  819,  888, 1594 


Page 

Tatam  p.  Reeve 798,  935 

Tate,  ^x;)., /2e  Key  worth    .    .    .    1816 

p.  Latham    ....  491,  492,  1986 

Tatham,  jRe 1585 

p.  Drummond 759 

p.  Vernon 1014 

Tattan  p.  G.  W.  Ry 392 

Tattersall  p.  National  S.  S.  Co  .  .  1809 
Tatum, /2c,  iJx/i.  Harker  ...  489 
Taunton  p.  Royal  Inf>rce  .    .    .  671,  944 

p.  Sheriff  of  Warwickshire     .      736 

Taurine  Co,  Re 345 

Tautz  p.  Archdale 501 

Tayler  p.  Web 28. 1901 

Taylor's  Case 811,  1591 

Taylor,  jExp 1,1897,2189 

,  £x /».,/?«  Goldsmid      ...      434 

.  Ex  p..  Re  Potto 661 

,  Re 542,  568, 1760 

,  Re,  Cloak  p.  Hammond      429,  1264 

p.  Ashton 763 

p.  Briggs 160 

p.  Bullen 638, 704 

P.Caldwell   ....     503.916,918 

p.  Cass 1026,  1682 

p.  Clay 1112,  2110 

p.  Clemson 1198 

p.  Crowland  Gas  Co  ...    .      589 

p.  Dening 1881 

p.  Evans 1712 

p.  Fen  wick 1489 

p.  Frobisher 2183 

p.  George 1531 

p.  Goodwin 261,  576 

p.  G.  N.  Ry 1664 

v.  Greenhalgh 1446 

P.Hall 1634 

p.  Hickes 328 

P.Holt 988 

p.  Horde 552 

p.  Humphreys 2092 

p.  Humphries 2092 

p.  Kymer 548, 1261 

p.  T^ird 1449 

p.  Liverpool  &  G.  W.  Steam 

Co 107,459,990,2048 

p.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry   892,  2072 

p.  Martindale 1956 

p.  Meads  .    .     709,  1827,  2277,  2278 

p.  Mostyn      .    .    .    1072,  1665,  2050 

P.Neville 1128,1124 

p.  Newman 2135 

p.  NichoU 676 

P.Oldham 1871,1947 

p.  Oram 626 

p.  Pendleton 659 

p.  Roe 1851 

p.  Rolf 489 

p.  St.  Helen's    .     .    1924.  1946,  2221 

p.  Smetten 1128 

V.  Smith 12,  1289 

V.  Stainton 2239 

p.  Sturrock 1866.  2198 

p.  Taylor 47,  1656 

p.  Vergette 2245 

Teale.  Re 887 

p.  Younge 983 

Tear  p.  Freebody      .    .    .  805,946,1829 


CZXXll 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pag« 

Tearle  r.  EdoU 442 

Tebb,  i2« 1887 

V.  Cave 1640 

Teevan  v.  Smith 632, 1231 

Tegg,  Re 1751 

Telegrapti  Construction  Co,  Re  436 

Temperton  u.  Kiusell    .    .    .     860,  1788 

Tempest  v.  Kilner 826 

V.  Tempest  .    .  896,  899, 1480, 1494 

Temple  v.  Dickinson 823 

w.  Pink 743 

Templeman  v.  Trafford  ....  1824 
Tenants  of  awning's  Case    ...      664 

Tendring  v.  Dowton 1638 

Tennant,  Re 160,  257 

i;.  Bell 766 

V.  Howatson 194 

t;.  Sniitli   .  691,614,947,1314,1434, 

1463, 1609 
V.  Swansea  Harbour  Trustees    1610, 

2083,  2179 

V.  Union  Bk  of  Canada  .     163,  2212 

Tennison  v.  Moore 2288 

Ternan,  Re 1482 

Terraz,  Exp 437 

Terry,  Re 694 

r.  Brighton  Aquarium  Co  .    .      626 

V.Terry 206,2149 

Terry  to  Wliite,  Re  .    .     688,  1372,  2144 

Tesseyman, /^6 1346 

Tetley,  7^6 2171 

V.Taylor 116 

Tetlow  V.  Ashton 860,  862 

Teutonia,  The 1638,1778 

Tew  V.  Harris 1283 

Tewkesbury  Case 1911 

Texas  Co  v.  Holtham 670 

v.Inl.  ReF 1164 

Teynham  v.  Webb 2288 

Tliacker,  Re 1761 

V.  Hardy 797, 2068 

Thackeray,  Ae 1639 

Thackwray  &  Younff,  Re  .  .  .  10 
Thalmann  v.  Texas  Mills  ....  824 
Thames  &  Mersey  Mar  Insrce  v. 

Hamilton 1363,  1455 

Thames  Conservators  v,  InL  Rev.  404, 987, 

1071,  1686 
•^^  V.  Port  of  London  Sanitary 

Authority 1180.  1889 

».  Smeed      ....     172,676,675 

Thames  Haven,  &c,  Ry  v.  Rose     .   1642. 

1864 
Thames  Tunnel  Co  v.  Sheldon  .    .    1960 

Tliarp.  Re 1820,  1969 

Tharsis  Co  v.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  .      684 

V.  M'Elroy 124,1675 

V.  Morel  Co       118 

Thatcher, /?e 895 

V.  England 1686 

V.  Taylor 912 

Theatrical  Trust  Co,  i?6  ....  1874 
Thellusson  r.  Liddard  ...      644,  1191 

V.  Rendlesham      .    .     .      608, 1146 

V.  Staples 1779 

V.  Woodford 1111 

Thelwall  v.  Finney 141 

Theobald  v.  Theobald 1456 


Theodora,  The 81 

Theta,The 456^456 

Thetis,  The 1786 

Tliin  V.  Richards 1809 

Thistlethwayte,  Re 2137 

Thomas,  iPxp 1111 

,  Re    .  9,  258.  263.  662.  922.  944,  997, 

1055,  1089,  1128, 1333,  1380,  2087 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Poppleton  ...   379 

V,  Acklam 66 

V.  Barry  Dock  Co     ....    1830 

V,  Brown 848 

r.  Cadwallader      .    .    .      176,2066 

V.Cook 1995 

i>.  Courtnay       1858 

V.Cross 998 

•^—  V.  Desanges 462 

V.  Evans 1192 

V.  Everard 1214 

V.  Harries 919,1813 

V.  Hudson 473 

V.  Jennings 997 

—  V.  Jones 732 

V.Kelly 026,2196 

V.  Lambert 2^267 

V.Lane 892 

r.  LioniteCo 1988 

V.  Nokes 766 

V.  Nurse 37 

V.Owen 110,1758 

V.  Phelps 67,  665 

— ^  V.  Quartermaine 492 

V.Roberts 1961,2101 

V.  Searles      .    .    .      864,2102,2ia3 

V.  Stepheoson   ....    1629, 2229 

V.  Stutterheim 857 

V.  Sutters     .    .    .    1307, 1439,  1669 

V.  Thomas 378 

V.  Turner 206.  725 

V.  Van  Os 1092 

V.Welch 123 

Thoniason  v.  Moses 862 

Thomasset  v.  Thomasset  .  .  802, 1142 
Thompson,  Re     .  11.  697,  938.  996, 1074. 

1082,  1157,  1161, 1277, 1278, 1436 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Wilmot    ...  433,  434 

V.  Adams 1895 

V.  Ayling 1836 

V.  Barrett 1676 

V.  Beasley 1329 

V.  Bowyer 24 

*  V.  Clerk lOM) 

V.  Corby  ....    1877, 1920,  2239 

V.  Farrer 1668 

V.Gibson 911 

V.  Gillespy 1779 

V.  Harding 668 

V.  Harvey 1863 

V.  Hill 2188 

V.  Hudson 1106 

V.  Ingham 203 

V.  Lacy 892,978 

V.  Lap  worth  .     588, 201 1,  2018,  201 4 

V.  Lawley 1062 

V.  Masliiter 1616 

V.  Parish 416,  1000 

r.  Partridge 1913 

V.  Pearce 1861,1614 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXXlll 


P»ge 
Tliompson  v,  Kobinson     ....    1208 

V,  Rose :    .    .    2251 

V.  Rouke 1018 

V.  Sanderland  Gas  Co    .    .    .      228 

V,  Thompson 614 

V.  Tomkinson 1060 

V  Universal  Salvage  Co    .    .    117& 

V.  Ward 1120 

r.  Ward,  Ellis  ».,Burch      .  690,  896 

».  Watts 2060 

».  Whitmore 1464 

Thompson  and  Holt,  He   .    ,    .    .    2209 

Thomson, /?e 1076 

,  iU,  Herring  v.  Barrow  ...      647 

c.Ansten 2260 

».  Bums 1708 

V.  Cianroorris  ....      277, 1444 

V.  Eastwood 2116 

V.  Hempestall 1068 

p.  London  &  Grays  Co  .    1818, 1401 

V.  Thomson       184 

V,  Trustees  Incorp 1689 

r.  Waterlow     ....    2132,  2226 

V,  Weems 1968 

Thoriey  v.  Kerry 904 

V.  Massani 812, 2100 

Thorn  v.  City  Rice  Mills  ....      490 

V.  Mayor  of  London  .  *.    .    .      916 

Thornber,  £x  />.,  He  Barlow  .    1660,  2183 

V,  WUson 1968 

Thomborow  v.  Whitacre  ....  918 
Thome,  Ex  p.t  Re  Jones    ....      891 

.  Bb 86 

V,  Cann 1191 

i;.  Colson 1927 

V.  Heard  .    .    .    216,  361,  402,  1936 

Tliomeloe  v.  Hill 827, 828 

Thomett  v.  Haines 2261 

Tbomhill  v.  Thornhill 1860 

Thomley  i?.  Thornley 1023 

Thornton  v.  Charles 1681 

V.  Clegg 1709 

p.  France 819 

r.  Jenyns 2044 

Thorold  t;.  Thorold 1230 

Thorowgood  v.  Collins  ....  66 
Thorp  o.  Hart      .    .    .     1067,1068,1334 

V.  Holdsworth  .    .      122,  1499, 1918 

r.  Owen 868,1146 

».  Thorp 741 

Thorpe  v.  Adams 1909 

V.  Booth ia33 

».  Mansell 2186 

V,  Milligan 1200,  2167 

V.  Friestnall 986 

Thrift  V,  Youle 1069 

Throckmerton  v.  Tracey  ....    1764 

ThrosseUv.Marsh 1310 

Thmnscoe,  The 1466 

Thrnpp  p.  Collett  ....  1568,1832 
Thorlow,/2e  ....  248,1863.1866 
Thnrsby  v.  BrierclifiFe  .  .  .  1208, 1687 
Thwaitet  v,  Coulthwaite  ....      207 

Thynne  v.  Shove      • 827 

Tibbits,  i?«       1843 

w.Tibblts 1631 

V.  Yorke 1274, 1690 

nbble  o.  Beadon 2231 


Page 

Tickle,  iZc 2193 

V.  Brown 1757, 1768 

Tidswell,  J5::r;i 1374 

V.  Whit  worth    .     127,  281,  918,  936, 

2011,2018,2014 

Tierney,  Re 1671 

V.  Wood 1419 

Tiis  V.  Byers 606, 2266 

Tilbury  t;.  Brown 1097 

Tilbury  Co,  i?« 1014 

Tildesley  v.  Harper 1499 

Tilley  ».  Simpson    ....    1739,2233 

V.  Thomas         1614 

Timewell  v.  Perkins 823 

Timmins  v.  Leeds  Forge  Co  .    .    .        16 

Timmis  v.  Albiston 390 

Timms  v.  Baker 1039,2119 

V.  Williams 1812 

Timson, /2e 1484 

Tindal, /2e 611 

Tindall,  Exp 768 

,  Re 2101 

Tindle  r.  Davison 639 

Tinkler ».  Wandsworth     ....    1976 

Tinnuchi  v.  Smart 712 

Tipperary 1922 

Tippett  v.  Hart 2041 

Tipping  D.  Howard 1081 

Tipton   Green  Colliery  v.  Tipton 

Moat  Colliery 1034  ' 

Tischler  v.  Apthorpe 2«>5 

Tisdell  V.  Combe  .      109,  431,  1246,  1864, 

2266 

Tissen  v.  Tissen 1674 

Titchfield  v.  Horncastle  ....  604 
Titchmarsh  v.  Royston  Water  Co  2226 
Titley  i;.  Wolstenholme  ....  132 
Tiverton  Ry  v.  Loosemore    .    .    .    2006 

Tivnan,  Re 137,  1482,  2268 

Tobacco  Pipe  Co  V.  Loder  .  .892,1915 
Tobacco  Pipe  Makers  v,  Woodroffe      93 

Tobin  t;.  Cleary 479 

Tod  V.  Winchelsea 1640 

Todd,  ^x;> 1844 

,  Re 1278 

V.  Kellage 1187 

1;.  Kerrich 1187 

V.  Robinson  ...  362,  406,  634, 998 

V.  Stokes 1250 

Tod-Heatley  v,  Benliam     84,  85,  86,  236, 
1263,  1299,  1801,  1820 

Toft  V.  Stephenson 24,  1420 

Toleman  v.  Portbury    .    .  148,  376,  1460 

Toler  v.  Bischop 131)5, 1300 

ToUemarclie  v.  Coventry  ....    18'.M$ 

Toller  V.  Attwood 1146 

Toilet  V.  Thomas 988 

Tom  V,  Nagle 1784 

Tomkins  f.  JoUiffe 900 

V.  Jones 870 

V.  Safifery 128,  848 

V,  Tomkins 443 

Tomkinson  o.  S.  E.  Ry      ....      946 

Tomlin  v.  Budd 1986 

Tomlinson,  Re 948, 1316 

— ^  V,  Ashworth 7 

».  Brittlebank   ....      764,1767 

f.  Bullock 1426 


CXXXIV 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pag« 
Tomlinson  i\  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry    .    1J67 

T0QI8  u.  Clacton 1629 

V.Cuming    .      583,1883,1884.1885 

r.  Luckett 228,1121 

V.  Wilson      .    .    .      912,  1338,  1664 

Tomson  v.  Judge 2125 

Tone  V.  Preston 1758 

Tonneiier  v.  Smith 45 

Tooker  v.  Annesley 2252 

Toomer,  Re,  Ex  p.  Blaiberg  .    .    .    2196 

Tooth  V.  Power 202 

Topham  v.  Greenside  Co  .    .    .  470,  733 

Toplis  V.  Vanderheyde 206 

Toppin  t*.  Lomaa       P06 

Torishr.  Clark 1835,1967 

Torkiugton  v.  Connor 2192 

Toronto  i;.  Virgo 1697 

Toronto  Bank  v,  Lambe    ....      534 

Toronto  Ry  v.  Regina 1649 

Toronto  Street  Ry  v.  Toronto    .    .    2087 

Torquay  Bath  Co,  Re 2140 

Torrett  v.  Frampton 1741 

Torrington  r.  Bowman  ....  1658 
Torva  Syndicate  v.  Kelly  ....      736 

Tottenham  v.  Emmett 668 

V.  Rowell 290 

V.  Williamson 1389 

Toulmin  v.  Millar 1005 

V.  Steere 1191 

Tourret  v.  Cripps 1882 

Touteng  r.  Hubbard 612 

Toward,  7?c 1583 

Tower  Tea  Co  v.  Smith    ....      698 

Tow  good  V,  Pirie 697 

Towie  V.  Topham 1689 

Towne  v.  Campbell 1665 

V.  Limerick 1988 

Townend,  A'a:/? 174 

Townley,/?c 1216,1216 

V.  Bolton 1021 

V.  Gibson 1716, 1899 

Towns  r.  Wentworth 861 

Townsend,  Re  860,  1079, 1237,  2196.  2197 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Parsons     .  193,  926, 1095 

V.  Carus 1704 

V.  Champcmown 100 

r.  Hughes 2145,2239 

v.  Jarman 827,828 

t'.  Kingston 1349 

r.  Head 1349 

1'.  Townsend 514 

Townshend  v.  Windham    ....     1832 

Townson  i*.  Jackson 160 

Tozer  v.  Lake 1889 

Trade    Auxiliary   Co  v.  Middles- 

borou(;h  Assn 204 

Trade  Mark  Normal,  Re    ,    ,    .    .        67 

Trafford  v.  Ashton 1897 

I?.  Berridge 2049 

Tralee  and  Dingle  By,  /?<?...  2268 
Transvaal  Exploring  Co,  Re  .  .  891 
Trappes  v.  Meredith      ....     66,  868 

Travers  r.  Mason 1891 

Travis,  Re 2105 

I'.  Illingworth 389,481 

V.  Utley 572 

Treacher  v.  Treacher 2237 

Treadwell  v.  L.  &  S.  W.  Ry  .    .    .      895 


Pag« 
Treadwin  v.  G.  E.  Ry  .    .    .    1061, 1480 

Treasure,  7?e 124,2a37 

Treasury  Solr  v,  Lewis      ....      568 

Trebec  r.  Keith 1328 

Tredegar  Iron  Co  v.  S.  S.  Calliope     2232 

Tredwell,  Ae 468,586 

Tree  v.  Bowkett 149 

Treglia  v.  Smith's  Timber  Co    .    .        76 

Trego  V.  Hunt 827 

Treharne  0.  Layton 1074 

Trehearne,  Re 1676 

Treherne,  Ex  p..  Re  Saunders    .    .    1565 

Treloar  v.  Bipge 2139, 2256 

Tremoille  v.  Christie  .  .  .  .  56, 1189 
Trench,  /?«,  Ex  p.  Brandon  .    .    .     1705 

Trenchard,  JRe 961 

Trent  v.  Hanning 972 

Trent  Na?.  v.  Wood 28,  29 

Trent-Stoughton  v.  Barbados  Water 

Co 456 

Trcsham  v.  Lamb 1181 

Tress  v.  Savage 2197 

Treswallen  v.  Penhules     ....    1156 

Trethewy  v.  Helyar 17;i8 

Trevalion  v.  Anderton 1456 

Trevelyan  v.  Charter 361 

Trevor  v.  Hutchins 1750 

V,  Trevdf 2005 

V.  Whitworth 1623 

Trew  u.  Ry  Insrce 16 

Triggs  V.  Lester 869 

Trimble  v.  Hill    ....  509,  796,  1961 

Trimmer  v.  Walsh 353 

Trindade  v.  Levy 73 

Trinder  v.  Thames  &  Mersey  Insrce    721 

V.  Trinder 1861 

Tritton  r.  Bankart 956,  957 

Troitzsch  v,  Rees 1962 

TroUope    v.    London    Bg   Trades 

Federation 213 

Trott  V.  Buchanan 1738 

V.  Vernon 1531 

Trotter,  Re 1726 

V.Harris 711 

V.  Maclean 861 

V.  Trevor 858 

V.  Walker 1884 

V.  Watson 2129 

Troup  V.  East  India  Co  ...  .  818 
Troutbeck  v.  Boughey  .    .    .     1677, 1716 

Trowell  v.  Shenton 1289 

Trueman  v.  Hurst 20 

Trulock  v.  Roby 24 

Truman  v.  Kerslake 1389 

V.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry 1299 

Truro,  ife 1619 

Truscott  V,  Diamond  Rock  Co   921, 1254, 

1676, 1721,  2026 

Trye  v.  Gloucester    .......      636 

Tryon  v.  Nat.  Prov.  Inst 203 

Tubb  p.  Good 1388 

Tubbs  V.  Wynne 1378, 1379 

Tuck  V.  Priester 2134 

—  V.  Southern  Counties  Deposit 

Bank 2101,2102 

Tucker,  Re 468,  922,  1956 

V.  Good,  Re  Bonner  ....    1810 

v.  Linger 1201 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cxxxv 


Todball  r.  Medlicott 1070 

Tuff  p.  Warmau 1260 

Tuite  V,  Bermingham 607 

Tulk  i;.  Moxhay 1774 

TuIIifl  V.  Jackson 201 

TuUock  p.  Dann 23 

Tullj  P.Terry 1634 

Tummons  p.  Ogle 608 

Tunbridge  r.  Se^enoaks  ....      680 

Tunbridge  Wells  p.  Baird  025, 1611. 1049, 

1951,  2147,  2181 

p.  Bisahopp 028 

Tunnel  Mining  Co, /ee 188 

Tunnicliffe  p.  Birkdale      ....      181 

p.  Tedd 867 

Tupper,  Re 1670 

c.  Foulkes 408 

Turcan,  ite 244,680 

Turabull,i2e    .    .     184,1028,1515,2088 

p.  Appleton 1488 

V.  Hull  Underwriters     ...    1127 

p.  LambtonCo 80,034 

Turnell  p.  Sanderson 112 

Turner.  J^xD 473 

,  Re 7,  1081,  1673,  1910 

.  Re,  Arnold  v.  Blades    .      604, 2040 

p.  Barlow 1228 

u.  Bridgett 1783 

F.  Buck 390 

V.  Cuzson 1678 

r.  Evans 266 

r.  Goldsmith      .      56,  614,  918, 1901 

V.  Gossot 628,  629 

r.  Goulden 1891 

r.  G.  W.  Ry 1760 

r.  Green 1886 

r.  Hancock 416 

V.  Jones 1007 

V.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  By      ...    1866 

V.  Marriott 2263 

V.  Maule 2120 

—  r.  Mersey  Docks 43 

V,  Moor 1346 

V.  Mucklow 1920 

V.  Mullineax 488,  484 

r.  Ogden 296 

p.  Robinson 1618 

p.  Sawdon 614 

p.  Stallibras ....  892,  760,  2072 

p.  Whittaker 137 

V.  Wright 2217 

Turner  and  Skelton, /?«    ....      Ill 

Turney,  Re 1462 

p.  DodweU 1436 

Turquand,  £r  />.,  Re  Parker        789, 2088 

p.  Vanderplank 891 

Tnrton  p.  Lambarde 1276 

V.  Turton 2082 

Tnssaad  p.  London  Co.  Co.    .    .    .    1892 

p.  Tussaud 2082 

Tustian  p.  Roper 2164 

TuthiU  V,  Rogers 35 

Tuton  p.  Sanoner 809 

Tutton  p.  Darke 462 

Tweed,  i?xi> 1686 

Tweedale,i<e 1 

Tweedsdale,  The 1982 

Twickenham  p.  Munton     .    .      908,1178 


Page 

Twigg, /?« 1004,1267,2038 

Twining  p.  Morrice 409 

p.  Powell 648 

Twisden  p.  Twisden 1004 

Two  Solicitors,  Re 1868 

Twomey,  Re 1491 

Twycross  v.  Grant    ....     1047, 1577 

Twyford  Abbey, /fe 1593 

Twyne'sCase.    .    .    201,760,816,1349, 

1621 

Tylecote  p.  Morton 2152 

Tyler,  JRe 1402 

— ^  p.  Kingliam 1536 

p.  London  &  India  Docks  .    .    1455 

p.  Yates 008 

Tyne  Boiler  Works  Co  p.  Long- 

benton 148 

Tyne  Keelmen  v.  Davison     .    .    .    1247 

Tynemouth  p.  A-G 1418 

Tynte,£:ar;> 1027 

Tynwald,The 81,278 

Tyrconnell  p.  Ancaster     ....      822 
Tyrone  p.  Waterford    .     924, 1582,  1965 

Tyrrell  p.  Clark 676 

Tyrringham's  Case 2109 

Tyser  p.  Shipowners'  Syndicate    .    2008 
Tyson  p.  Smith 1617 


U. 

Uohtrbd'b  Cabb 741 

Uhde  P.  Walters 161 

Ulster  Bank  r.  Synnott    .    .    1138, 1450 

Ultzen  p.  Nicols 978 

Ulverstone  &  Lancaster  Ry  p.  Inl. 

Rev 1939 

Umbers  p.  Jaggard 629 

Umbilo,  The 840 

Umfreville  p.  London  Co.  Co.    .    .      454 

Umphelby  p.  McLean 569 

Undaunted,  The 1260 

Underbill  p.  Roden 468 

Underwood  p.  Barker 1746 

p.  Secy  of  State 1551 

Union  Bank  of  Hull.  Re  ...  .  1292 
Union  Bank  of  London  v.  Lenanton    221. 

1867 
Union  Bank  of  Manchester,  Ex  p,, 

y?«  Jackson 309 

Union  Mar  Insrce  t;.  Borwick      835,  1460 
Union  S.  S.  Co  p.  Melbourne  Har- 
bour Commrs 1464 

United  Alkali  Co  p.  Simpson  .  .  1772 
United  Horse  Shoe  Co  v.  Stewart .  968 
United  Land  Co  p.  Tottenham  .  .  669 
United  Merthyr  Co,  /2e  .  .  .  .  34 
United  Patriots'  Socy  and  Holt.  Re  651 
United  Realization  Co  p.  Inl.  Rev.      1819 

United  Service,  The 1260 

United  States  v.  Athens  Armory  .  1822 
—  p.  James  Morrison,  The     .    .      330 

P.Johns 270 

p.  Morris 2148 

P.  Pelly 1546,2211 

p.  Royall 1801 

p.  Smith 1482 


CXXXVl 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pag« 
United  State*  v.  William  Pope,  The  3:50 
United  Telephone  Co  v.  Harrison  .    1243 

o.  Tasker 76 

Universal  Life  Asiirce  v.  Bishop    .    1679 
Universal  Stock  Exchange  v.  Stra- 

Chan 430,609,798 

Unsworth  v.  Speakman     ....    1869 

Unwin  v.  Eykyn 33 

V.  Hanson 1125 

r.  McMullen 632 

V.  Wolseley 1826 

Upmann  v.  Forester      ....  817,  979 

Uppertnn  v.  Nicholson 771 

V.  Kidley 1482 

Upton  V.  Bassett 1021 

V.  Brown 2269 

V.  Hardman 629,  1966 

V.  Townend 663 

Urmston  Grange  S.  8.  Co.  Re  .    .      274 
Urquhart  V.  Butterfield     .    .      183,1283 

Usher  v.  Martin 1310 

UsilU.  Hales 1910 

Uthwatt  r.  Elkins 177 

Uttermare.  i?« 1668 

Uxbridge,  &c,  Ry. /2e    .    .    .      800,1363 
Uzielli  V.  Boston  Mar  Insrce  .      686, 1971 


V. 

Vachell  v.  Roberts 1716 

Vaisey  v.  Reynolds  702.  930,  1216,  1667 
Vale  V,  Moorjfate  Street  Co  .    .    .        89 

Valente  v.  Gihbs 2204 

Valentine  v.  Fitzsinions    ....    2048 

V.  Penny 2109 

Valentini  v.  Cannli 2197 

Vallancey  t\  Fletcher   ....    96,  214 

ValMc  V,  Dumergue 1289 

Valpy  V.  Sanders 2209 

Valpyft  Chaplin,  £:*  p.     .    .    1326,1864 

Van  V,  Barnett 1371 

i;.  Corpe 2169 

Van  Baggen  v.  Baines  .    .     .      607,  1073 

Van  Cutsem,  Re 370 

Van  Duzer,  Re 696,  697,  698 

Van  Eeghen  v.  Jones 631 

Van  Gelder  v.  Sowerby  Bridjre  Socy  1690 
Van  Grutten  v.  Foxwell    .  137,  869, 1079, 

1469 

Van  Toll  y.  S.  E.  Ry 1742 

Vanaston  v,  Mackarly 1637 

Vanderlinden,  j^xp.,  i?e  Pogose     .      762 

Vanderplank  r.  King 1741 

Vanderspar  v.  Duncan  .     .     .     1066, 1189 

Vane  r.  Barnard 2217 

t;.  Vane 202,360,861 

Vansittart,  Exp.,  Re  Brown      319,  1844, 

2198 

Vardon,  Re 80 

Varley,i2e 33,1714 

V.  Coppard    ....   129,  760,  1086 

u.  Whipp 513 

Varlo  V,  Faden 22, 471,  477 

Vamey  v.  Hickman 509 

Vaughan,  Re 313 

V,  Booth 665 


Vaughan  v.  Campbell 1667 

V,  Taff  Vale  Ry 1800 

V.  Vanderstegen 2202 

V.  Watt 2047 

V,  Weldon 278 

Vaughton  v.  Brine 663 

Vautin,  Re 766, 1897 

Vaux  r.  Henderson 1270 

Vavasour,  Re 1469 

Veal  p.  Veal 668 

Veale,  i?e 79.668,1969 

Veaxey  r.  Chattle 1797 

Velocity,  The 424 

Venables  v.  Baring 1261 

Venes  v.  Marriott 1833 

Venezuela  Ry  v.  Kisch      ....      161 

Venner  v.  McDonnell 1964 

Venning  v.  Leckie 1699 

Vera  Cruz,  The 466 

Verdin  i;.  Wray 69 

Verdun   v.  Les  Scenrs   de   Notre 

Dame 1763 

Verner  r.  General  &  Commercial 

Trust 256,1672 

Vemey,  Re 922,  946, 1688 

Vernon's  Case 1870 

Vernon  t;.  Hallam 828 

V.  St.  James,  Westminster   466, 2147 

V.  Vernon 1681 

1;.  Wright 742 

Verreries  de  TEtoUe  Socy     .    .     58,  248 

Vesey  v.  Mantell       69 

Vesta,  The 1872 

Vevers  v.  Mains 1733 

Vick  17.  Sueter 643 

Vickers  v  Hand 94 

V.  Overend 2166 

i\  Scott 899 

V.  Siddell    512,  920, 1236. 1270. 1919 

Vickery  v.  Evans 841 

v.  G.  E.  Ry 15 

r.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry 819 

Victoria  Steamboats,  Re   ...    ,    1018 
Victorian  Ry  v.  Coultas    ....        16 

Viditz  r.  OHagan 1840 

Vigar  V.  Dudman 2066 

Vlgnier,  Re 697 

Village  Belle,  The    ....      316,1942 

ViUars,  ^xp 1782 

Vince,  Re 679,  1673, 1662 

Vincent  v.  Going 1661 

V.  Newcombe 68 

17.  Sodor  &  Man,  Bp  .     .    .    .     1619 

17.  Spicer 1923, 2202 

Vine  V.  Leeds 406 

V.  Raleigh 22, 29,  2024 

Vines  v.  Arnold 8,  276 

t;.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry 820 

Viney  v,  Norwich  Union  Insrce    112,  629, 

1286 
Vining,  Rf,  Ex  p.  Homann    .     .    .    1616 

Vinter  v.  Hind 1821, 1822 

Virginia  &  Maryland  Steam  Nav. 

Coi7.  U.  S 1837 

Vivar,  The 2117, 2268 

Vivian,  i?e 1364 

V.  Jegon 1072 

V.  Mersey  Docks 2276 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cxxxvu 


Viriano.  Moat 451 

V.  Mortlock 1788 

Visetelley  r.  Mudie's  Library    .    .    1619 

Vizod  P.  Londen 1026 

Voinet  p.  Barrett 2199 

Votsey,  Exp.,  Re  Knight  ....      284 

Voller  V,  Carter 306 

Von  BrockdorfE  v,  Malcolm  .      180, 1524 

Vorley  v.  Richardson 184 

Vortigem,  The 1809 

Towles  V.  Colmer 1386 

Voyseyp.Noble 1777,2060 

Vulcan.  The 716,2027 

Vynior's  Case 1901 

Vyse  V.  Brown  ....  473, 684, 1080 
y.  V.  Bread  Co  v.  Stnbbs  ...  774 
Vyvyan  17.  Arthur 663 


W. 

Wadi>bll  p.  Woolfe     .    1007, 1729, 2171 

WadililoTe,  Re 1287 

Waddington  v.  London      ....      679 

Waddy  v.  Newton 27 

Wade  V.  Broughton 380 

f.Cox 1682 

Wadham  tr.  PostronsterOen.      .    .    1622 

Wadiing  v.  OHphant 1471 

Wadmorev.  Toller 771   ' 

Wadsworth,  Re 989,  1686 

p.  Smith 1959 

Wftggett  V.  Armytage 681 

Wagstaff  V.  Wagstaff 1295 

Waikato  v.  New  Zealand  Shipping 

Co 492,1378 

Wain  p.  Warlters 61 

Wainman  p.  Rosse 767 

Wainwright, -^x» 416 

p.  Blan<i  .    .• 746 

p.  Clement 2201 

Wait  p.  Baker 106 

Waite,/fe 1291 

p.  Combes 1216 

p.  Littlewood 1999 

p.  Morland   .    .  20,  68,  216»  684,  685 

Wake  p.  Hall 1128.1206 

Wakefield  p.  Buccleach    .    .    1899, 1992 

p.  Lee 782 

p.  Mafifet       1433 

p.  Mander 103,782 

p.  SUte.  The         664 

Wakley  p.  Cooke 1002 

p.  Healey 48 

Wala  Wynaad  Mining  Co,  Re     867,  1868 
Walcot  p.  Botfleld     .     .   1223,  1731,  1732 

Walcott  p.  Bloomfleld 186 

Waldegrave,  /2e   .......    1787 

Walden,  i2e, -ffjr  p.  Odell   ....    1677 

Waldron  p.  Boulter  ....      137, 1014 

Wale  p.  Inl.  Rev 2089 

p.  Westminster  Palace  Hotel 

Co 2121 

Wales  p.  Thomas      ....    1411,1674 
Walesby  p.  Gouldstone     ....    1371 

Waley,  Re 750 

Walford  p.  Hackney 1888 

Walhampton,  Re 2107 


Walker's  Case 1669 

Walker,  Kx  p.      .    .    488,  941,  992,  1014 

,  Exp,,  Re  Graves      .  68, 1479,  1962 

f  Ex  p.f  Re  Hny^ood  .    ...    1665 

,  Re  304,  1288.  1616,  1681,  1676, 1990 

,  i2c,  £;x/?.  Gillibrand     .    .    .    1860 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  mckoW     ....    1291 

p.  Baildon 227 

—  p.  Beauchamp 1604 

p.  Bradford  Bank 810 

p.  Brisley 87,  89 

p.  Camden 1082 

p.  Constable 1891 

p.  Crystal  Palace  Gas  Co  .    .      328 

p.  Evans 1498 

p.  Gammage,  Re  Natt   ...      808 

-^  p.  Guarantee  Assn     .    .    .    .    1010 

p.  Hicks 1913 

p.  Hobbs 866 

p  Horner 1808 

V.  Hunter 1222 

p.  Lambeth  W.  W.  Co  .    .  170,  664 

p.  Lilleshall  Co 16 

'^—'  If,  London 1744 

p.  Lond.  &  Prov.  Insrce     .  280,  948 

p.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry      ...    1914 

p.  Main 1432 

p.  Mottram 828 

p.  Nussey 694 

p.  Payne 1489 

p.  Petchell 63 

p.  Remmett 1087 

p.  Richardson    ....    1464, 1995 

V,  Uostron 2117 

p.  Shore 841 

p.  Stretton 1489 

p.  Uilelli 1958, 2214 

p.  Walker 1026, 1666 

p.  Wilsher 817,  2260 

Walker  &  Brown, /?e 1690 

Wall,  Re 439 

,  Re,  Pomeroy  p.  Will  way    517, 1877 

V.  Byrne 868,  1918 

p.  Eyre 62 

-^  p.  London  &  Northern  Assets 

Corp 77.  863 

p.  Taylor 573,  674,  1726 

p.  WaU 484 

Wallace,  ^x;> 1668 

P.Allan 1029 

p.  A-G 1122, 1123 

p.  Bayldon 1064 

V.  Gibson 281 

Wftllasey  p.  Gracey 1664 

Waller,  Re 1211 

p.  Andrews     1407, 1410, 1436, 1801. 

2013 

p.  Snow 862 

Wallerstein  v,  Herbert      ....      149 

Wallinger,  Re 806 

Wallingford  p.  Mutual  Socy  ...    1129 

Wallington  p.  Hoskins 679 

Wallis, /2« 81.1979 

,  Re,  Et  p.  SaWy    .    .    .      286,1163 

p.  Hands 1995 

-^—  p.  Jackson 1495 

p.  Lomns 2087 

p.  Lond.  &  S,  W.  Ry  .    .    .    .    2069 


CXXXVIU 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Pag« 

Wallis  v.  Robinson 1494 

V.  Smith    626,  1104, 1106, 1106, 1733 

Wallis  aiid  Barnard,  Re    ....    2110 

Walls  i;.  Atcheson 1996 

Wallsend  v.  Murphy 1890 

Walmsley  v.  Matthews     ....    1020 

».  Milne 1469 

V.  Rice 996 

Walpole  V.  Boughton 923 

Walrund  v.  Pollard 266 

Walsall  Case 881,1162 

Walsall  V.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry    .    .    1360 

Walsby  p.  Aniej 1214,2062 

Walsh,  12e 1291 

V.  Grier 2169 

V.  Johnston 1012, 1013 

t;.  Lincoln  Bp 1276 

V.  Lonsdale 181,  2197 

17.  Queen,  The 128 

V  Secretary  of  State  for  India    281, 

1697 

V.  Trevanion     ....      808, 1839 

1;.  Walley 207,2206 

V.  Whiteley 492 

Walshaw  v.  Brighouse 786 

Walter,  Exp 1888 

V.Drew 1831 

».  Everard 1249,1638 

i;.  Howe 204, 1466 

».  Lanei 149,204,368 

u.  Meakin 1082 

V.  Rumbal 187 

V.  Selfe 1299 

V.  Smith 749 

u.  Steinkopfl     ....      817,1411 

Walters  p.  Green 186 

V.  Morgan 1886 

P.Webb 1642 

Walthamstow  p.  Henwood    .    .    .      243 

p.  SuineB 660 

Walton,  i;«» 487 

,Iie 862,864 

p.  Edge 1696,  2266 

V.  Lavater 2148 

V.  Mascall 887 

p.  Ma»kell 887 

p.  Walford 1103 

Walton  on  the  Hill  p.  Jones  .  .  .  1068 
Wnncke  c.  Wingren  .  416,  1871,  2267 
Wandsworth  p.  United  Telephone 

Co 2181 

Wanklyn  v.  Woollett 1866 

Wansbeck  Ry,  /?e 1649 

Wanstead  p.  Hill  .    .    .    1297,  1299, 1366 

Want  p.  Canipain 1661 

p.  StalUbrass 1331 

Wanzer, /2fi 1830 

Warbrick  p.  Varley 292 

Warburton  p.  Heyworth   ....      678 

p.  Huddersfleld  Industrial  Socy    1066 

Ward,  f?«     .    10,130,836,946,1207,1760 

p.  Byrne 738 

p.  Const 854 

p.  Duncombe 1292 

p.  Evre 600.  1981 

p.  Folkestone  W.  W.  Co    1366,  1697 


Ward  p.  Gray 218 

p.  Grey     .    .    1076,1077,1084,1876 

p.  Hobbs 704 

p.  I^wson 827,  2161 

p.  Lumley 262 

—  p.  Monaghan 1 105 

p.  Pilley 1676 

p.  Portsmouth 1695 

r.  Turner 812 

p.  Ward 4, 614 

p.  Weir 358 

Ward  and  Corballis,  Re    ...    .    2099 

Warde  p.  Stuart 2231 

Warden  p.  Tye 1972 

Warden  St.  Paul's  p.  The  Dean  .  837 
Wardle  p.  Brocklehurst     .    .      109,2223 

Wardroper  p.  Cutfield 468 

p.  Richardson 1026 

Ware,i2«     .    .    .    1724,1781,1823,2183 

p.  Egmont 840 

P.L.B.  &S.  Ry 1986 

Waring  p.  Lee 1263 

p.  Scotland 1072 

Warkworth.  The 920.  1246 

Warlow  p.  Harrison  ....    2261,  2262 

Warman  p.  Seaman 101 1 

Warminster  &  Wilts  Co.  Co.,  Re  .    1137 

Warn  p.  Bickford 32 

Wame  p.  Seebohm 408 

Wameford  p.  Thompson  ....  178:^ 
Warner  p.  Brighton  Aquarium  Co       020 

P.Jacob 2123 

p  Moir 1732 

p.  Willington    ....    1289, 1882 

Warren,  £:x ».,/{« Hollnnd    .    .    .    1864 

,Re.    .183,301,434,766,1011,1014 

p.  Murray     .    .    .     2b6,  1083,  2024 

p.  Mustard     606,  781.  896,  925, 1878 

p.  Peabody    .    .    .     838,  1189,  1668 

p.  Phillips 738 

p.  Kichardson    .    .    .    ?      784, 1693 

Warrender  p.  Warrender  ....  1166 
Warrick  p.  Queen's  College  .      970, 1062 

Warrington  v.  Furbor 1699 

P.Leake '  .      640 

p.  Warrington 1023 

Warrington   W.  W.  Co  p.  Long- 

shaw 87 

Warter  p.  Warter     ....    1166, 1681 

Warton  r.  Robinson 1774 

Warwick  v.  Graham 1681 

p  Scott 407 

Warwick  &  Birmingham   Can.  p. 

Birmingham  Can.  767, 1198, 2063, 2070 
Warwick  &  Napton  Can.,  Re     .    .      342 

Wash,/?e 1911 

Washer  p.  Elliott 366 

Washington  p.  Young 1183 

Wnshoe  p.  Ferguson 1492 

Wass,  Re 681 

Wassell  p.  Wassell 616 

Wasteneys  v.  Wasteneys  ....  682 
Watchorn  p.  Langford      ....    1104 

Waterer  p.  Waterer 1009 

Waterfall  p.  Penistone 1469 

Waterford  p.  Barton 1626 


1  At  pp.  149,  204,  this  case  is  erroneously  printed  as  Walker  r.  Lane. 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


CXXXIX 


Page 
Waterford  Ry  v.  G.  W.  Ry    ...     1728 

V.  Kearney 010,  1254 

r.  Pidcock 1863 

Waterhouse,  Re 1879 

F.Gilbert 714 

r.  Keen 1349,  1628 

Waterloo  Bridge  Co  v.  Cull  .    1409, 1410 
Wateriow  p.  Sharp   ....    1113, 1297 

Waterman  v,  Ayers 697 

Waterpark  p.  Fennell   .     .    .    1232,2190 

Waters.  Exp 942 

,  He 400 

p.  Monarch  Insrce     .    937,  038,  994 

p.  Thanet 6 

Watkins,  i2e 1068 

,Re,Exp,'ErtinB 407 

p.  Barnard 478,  1477 

P.Frederick 638,971 

p.  Lea 770, 1063 

— ^  p.  Morgan 095 

P.Nash 499 

p.  Scottish  Imperial  Insrce     .    1734 

Watkinson  p.  Wrexham  Ry  .    .    .      684 

Watney  p.  Ewart 1107 

p.  Musgrave 1678 

Watson's  Case 2049 

Watson,  £:x;> 763 

,  Re  .    192,  193,  662,  1074,  1470,  2259 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Oram 1973 

p.  Arundel 94,604,899 

P.Atkins 776,1816 

p.  Birch 1027 

p.  Cotton 2212 

P.Denton 1907 

p.  Gray 1421 

p.  Hayes 2236 

p.  Holliday 469,1106 

p.  Leamington  College  ...        84 

r.  M'Cann 2192 

p.  McLean 2278 

p.  ^iartin 988 

p.  Petts 1627 

p.  Rodwell 1910 

—  r.  Royal  Insrce 1627 

p.  Sandie 666,  746 

p.  Spratley 826 

p.  Strickland 1148 

—  p.  Young 386 

Wattnough  v.  Holgate 1334 

Watts, /?«    ....    940,996,998,2129 

p.  Ainswortli 2207 

p.  Jefferyes 301 

p.  Kelson      .    .    .    1262,  1768,  2132 

p.  Porter 648 

p.  Shuttleworth 1858 

Wangh  p.  Middleton 1297 

Wauton  p.  Coppard    587, 1299, 1800, 1:^1 
Waverley  Typewriter  Co,  /2e    .    .      786 

Way  p.  Bassett 142 

Wayman, /2« 1670 

Wear  Commra  p.  Adamson   .    .     91, 240 

Weare,i2e 1207 

Wearing  p.  Wearing 1715 

Weatherley  p.  Calder 264 

Weaver  V.  Cardiff 170 

P.Floyd 121 

Webb,i2e 404 

p.  Bird 595^1363 


Page 

Webbp.  Byng 1111 

p.  Earle 446,  660 

p.  Fagotti      ....     231.892,978 

p.  Fairmaner 1223 

p.  Hearing 861 

p.  Herring 1968 

p.  Jonas 1228,  1661 

p.  Knight 813 

— —  p.  Manders 245 

p.  Oldfleld 295 

p.  Shaw 428 

p.  Stenton 472,  473 

p.  Whiffln 1427,  2122 

p.  Wools 1630 

Webber,  Re   354, 585,  646, 946, 1277, 1842 

p.  Lee 997,  1094 

p.  Richards 875 

Weblin  p.  Ballard 492 

Webster. /?«     .    .    .    70.651,1846,1860 

—  p.  Appleton 911 

p.  Ashton-under-Lyne    .    .    .  32,  38 

P.Bond 2262 

— ^  V.  Donaldson 841 

p.  Power 961 

p.  Seekamp 1261 

p.  Southey 205 

p  Webster 472 

Weddell  p.  Mundy 52, 1206 

Wedderbum.  Re 270,  1815 

p.  AthoU 1265 

Wedgwood  p.  Denton 852 

Wedgwood  Coal  Co,  /?«...    .    1209 

Weed  p.  Ward 19,1638 

Weeding,  Re 1861 

Weeds  p.  Bristow 1263 

Weekes. /?« 1632 

Weeks  p.  Birch 1559,  1620 

p.  Kent 786 

Wega,  The 839 

Wegener  p.  Smith     ....      866,1435 

Weguelin  p.  Cellier 856 

r.  Wayall 1834 

p.  Wyntt 1834 

Weigall  p.  Brome 1658 

Wei kersheim's  Case 1693 

Weir  p.  Aberdeen 1809 

p.  Girvin 46 

p.  Union  Co 323,  2236 

Weir  Commrs  p.  Adamson    .    .    .      456 

Welby  p.  Still 483, 1476 

Welch,  Re 1324 

Weld  p.  S.  W.  Ry 676 

Weldon  p.  Bradshaw 1076 

P.Dicks 1619 

p.  Gounod 2277 

p.  Maples 1910 

Welford  p.  Beazeley 1289 

Weller  p.  Collins 1314 

p.  Stone 1296 

Welles  p.  Middleton 2125 

Wellesley  p.  Wellesley      ....    2218 

p.  Withers 539,1702 

Wells,  Re     ....  895,  946, 1142, 1841 

p.  Attenborough 2191 

p.  Brook 1910 

p.  Chelmsford 1390 

p.  Greenhill 93 

r.  Hopwood 1944 


cxl 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Wells  v.Ody 1145 

r.  Porter 1014 

I?.  Stanforth 1862 

17.  WelU 1268.  1204 

Welsbach  Co  u.  Kew  Incandescent 

Co 2166 

Welsford  ».  Todd 1621 

Welstead, /?e 2173 

Welsted  v.  Swansea  Bank     ...      470 

Welton  V.  Saffery 1878 

Wendon  v.  London  Co.  Co.    .    .  227,  686 

Wenham,  i?e 176 

Wenlock  t;.  River  Dee  Co     ...      980 

Wenman  v.  Ash 1619 

V.Lyon 1166 

Wenmoth,  Re 810, 320 

Wennail  v.  Adney 1226 

Wensley, /2e 1910 

Wentworth  v.  Clay 885 

».  Mathieu 1178 

Werborgh  v.  Hutchinson  ....    1880 

Werle  v.  Colquhoun 265 

Wesley.  The 2088 

West,  Re      .  24, 688,  989, 1486, 1747.  2147 

17.  Dobb 1307,2278 

r.  Errissey 708 

V.  Francis 408 

V.  I^wday 1068 

r.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .    .    .    2128 

r.  Miller 031,  1678 

V.  Moore 702 

p.  Orr 1969 

V.  Potts 621 

V.  Primate  of  Ireland     .    .    .    1846 

V.  Ray 2278 

1'.  Shuttleworth 1989 

f.  Skip 812 

t;.  Turrier,  Re  Kelly  ....      138 

West  of  England  &  South  Wales 

District  Bank,  Re 2094 

West  Derby  v,  Atcham     ....      807 

p.  Metrop  Assrce  ....  617,916 

West  Friesland,  The 1251 

West  Ham  v.  E.  London  W.  W.  Co    2217 

V.  Grant 966 

17.  G.  E,  Ry 688 

17.  lies 1629 

r.  Ovens  ....    1816,1818,2172 

V.  St.  Matthew,  Bethnal  Green     474, 

1736 
West  Hartlepool  v.  Robinson  .  .  660 
West  India,  &c,   Telegraph  Co  v. 

Home  &  Col.  Mar  Insrco  .  .  .  1465 
W^est  Lancashire  Ry,  /?«...  .  2122 
West  London  Commercial  Bank  v. 

Kitson 741 

West  London  Ry  v.  Bernard      .    .      287 

17.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry    .    .     .      605 

West  London  Sy nd.  v.  Inl.  Rev.  634, 1588, 

1781 
West  Middlesex  W.  W.  Co  t7.  Cole- 
man      87,  664 

t;.  Snwerkrop 825 

West  Norfolk  Manure  Co  v.  Arch- 
dale     747 

West  Riding,  Exp 779 

17.  Holmflrth      ....      279.1177 

West  Riding  Bg  Socy,  Re  948, 1090, 1186 


Page 
West  Riding  Jus.  r.  The  Qaeen  281, 1 1 37, 

2111 
West  Surrey  Water  Coi7  Chertaey  1989, 

2224 

Westacott  v.  Sevan 1686 

17.  Stewart 1897 

Westcar  p.  Westcar 681 

Westcott  V.  Hodges       471 

Western  v.  Bailey 873 

».  M'Dermot 226 

Western  Bank  of  Scotland  v.  Addle  1 744 
Western  Counties  Bakeries  Co,  Re  1325 
Western  Suburban,  &c,  Bg  Socy 

17.  Martin 266, 661 

Western  Wagon  Co  t7.  West.    .    .      180 

Westerton  v.  Liddell 1868 

Westfaling  t7.  Westfaling  869, 1058,2028 
Westmhister  v.  Bedford    ....    1629 

Westmore  t7.  Paine 425, 427 

Westmoreland  Slate  Co  v.  Feilden      160 

Westoll  17.  Carter 1075 

Weston  17.  Arnold 1421 

17.  Barton 98 

Westport  Co  t7.  McPhail  ....  1168 
Westropp    V.  Commrs  of   Public 

Works 1287 

V.  Elligott 62,  1427 

Westrup  V.  Gt.  Yarmouth  Co  .  .  2074 
Wetherell  v.  Wetherell  ....  995 
Wetherhead  v.  Armitage  ....  874 
Whaite  v.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry  .  .  .  .  1400 
Whaley    Bridge    Printing   Co   v. 

Green 1677 

Whalley  v.  Tompson 109 

Wharlton  v.  Kirkwood  ....  912 
Wharton  17.  Barker  ....    1279,2043 

17.  Masterman 22 

Whateley  17.  Spooner  .  .  .  1216.2285 
Whatley  i7.  Hollowsy  ...    1805, 1778 

Wheat  17.  Brown 673 

Wheatley  i'.  Brymbo  Coal  Co   .    .    2265 

V.  Silkstone  Co 723 

Wheaton  t7.  Maple    .    .    .      8,595^1363 

Wheeldon  v.  Burrows 1262 

Wheeler,  Re 1826 

17.  Addams 2043 

V.  Humphreys  ....      891, 1793 

17.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works     .    .    1578 

17.  Smith 1683 

17.  Tootel 1087 

Wheeler  and  De  Rochow,  Re      940, 1283 
Wheeler  and  Wilson  Co  t7.  Shake- 
spear    55 

Wheelwright  t7.  Walker    .    .    2069,  2108 

Whelan,& 68 

17.  Fisher 1005 

17.  Palmer 499 

Whetstone  v.  Dewis 1687 

Whicker  17.  Hume    .    .261,526,666,600 

Whickham  v.  Ashe 774 

Whiley  v.  Wiley 640 

Whinney,  Ex  p.,  Re  Sanders     .    .      716 

Whistler  17.  Paslowe 2268 

Whiston,  Re 706 

Whitaker, /fs  .    .    .    .    1741,1814,1828 

17.  Derby       1265,1347 

17.  Wisbey 462 

Whitby  17.  Mitchell 1520 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cxli 


Page 

Whitchot  t?.  Fox       2208 

Wliitcliureh,  Exp,    438,  1254,  1347,  1976 

White'8Ca»e 928 

White.  £:x» 668,1671 

,  iSTxp., /?«Nevia 496 

,  He     197, 2ua,  636,  1077, 1216, 1690, 

1704, 1788 

,/^^  Ax  ©.Mason 68 

17.  Baker. 606,2000 

V.  Barber 1623 

9.  Barrack 482 

V,  Beazley 2091 

V.  Binstead 2008 

r.  Birch 1812,1386 

r.  Bowron 1868 

V.  Brigga 1631, 1682 

p.  By  water 120, 1244 

9.  Carmarthen  Ry     .    .    .    .    1112 

r.  Carter 122 

V,  Cliitty 66, 168,  164 

V.  CoUina 869, 860 

17.  Cuddon 1413 

V.  Feast 203,  688,  2244 

17.  Fulham 1272 

V.  Furness 1892 

V.  Gerocli 1618, 1864 

V.  Granada  S.  S.  Co  .    .    .    .    1094 

t*.  G.  W.  Ry 1666 

r.  Headland's  Co  .    .    .      660, 1684 

V.  Higlit 1074 

V.  Hill 1074 

V.  Hunt 1470 

V.Lake 1076 

r.  Morley 1439 

17.  Norwood  Burial  Bd  .    .    .    1860 

V,  Nicholson 1296 

17.  Parker 1469 

17.  Repton 86 

17.  Southend  Hotel  Co    .     183, 1922, 

2073 

V.  Steel 1186 

17.  TurnbuU 693 

r.  Tyndall 2042 

r.  White 444 

17.  Winchester  S.  S.  Co  .    .    .    1657 

17.  YeoWl 673 

Wliite's  Charities, /?e 386 

Wiiiteaway  ».  Godard 764 

Whitechurch  v.  Cavanagh    .     .    .      286 

Whitehead  v.  Clifford 1996 

17.  Parks 1946 

17.  Sevenoaks 681 

t7.  Whitehead 660,  676 

Whitehouse,  Re 891 

17.  Fellowes 277 

17.  Wolverhampton  Ry       .    .      781 

Whitehurst  9.  Fincher 2148 

Whitehiw  9.  Whitelaw      ....    1011 

Whiteley,  Exp 64 

9.  Armitage 121 

9.  Barley      ....      72,167,999 

t7.  Chappell 632,1476 

Whitfield  9.  Brand 1618 

9.  Lahgdale 700, 1226 

Whitham  9.  Whitham 1417 

Whithorn  ».  Thomas 1736 

Whitley,  /ie     .    .    .     .    1880, 1882, 1883 
V.  Challis 829 


Page 

Whitley  9.  Gough 1996 

Whitlock  9.  Horton 430 

Whitmore  9.  Green 661 

9.  Wenlock       228 

Whitotable  Free  Fishers  v,  Elliott      1241 

Whittaker, /?e 1829 

9.  Lowe 938 

Whittemore  9.  Whittemore  ...  638 
Whittington  v.  Seale-Uayne  .  .  979 
Whittle  9.  Frankland   .    .    .      614,2176 

Whittome  9.  Lamb 1311 

Whitlon,  Ex  p.,  Re  Greaves  ...      479 

Whitty  9.  Dillon 2066 

Whiiwell,/26 820 

9.  Harrison 1248, 1609 

Whit  wham  9.  Westminster  Brymbo 

Co 2226 

Whitwood  Co  9.  Hardman  .  .  .  2237 
Whitworth  9.  Crockett      ....    1699 

9.  Gaugain 648 

9.  Humphries 1069 

Whymper  9.  Harney  ....  418,  944 
Whyte  9.  Tyndall  ....  1024,2042 
Whytehead  9.  Bolton,  Re  Bowman  1999 
Wickenden  9.  Webster  .  237, 1664,  1616 
Wickens,  Ax;j.    .    .    .     1144,1668,1670 

9.  Steel 138 

Wicker  9.  Norris 2143 

Wickham  9.  Hawker  767. 902, 1671, 1780, 

1836 

9.  Lee 276, 1468 

r.  Pliillips 693 

V,  Walker 966 

V.  Wickham 91,  2247 

Wicks,  £x  p.   .    . 946 

Wicksteed  r.  Biggs 323 

Widdow,  Re 1543 

Wiedemann  v.  Walpole  .  .  .  .  1170 
Wieler  9.  Schilizzi  ....  248,  2009 
Wigan  9.  Strange    .   161,  627, 1899,  1927 

Wigens  v.  Cook 1688 

Wight's  Mortgage  Trust,  Re     .    .      402 

Wigmore  v.  Wigmore 1779 

Wigram  9.  Buckley      ...      648, 1107 

9.  Joyce 406 

Wilberforce  9.  Hearfield  ....  1794 
Wilbraham  9.  Livesey      .    .    2164,  2169 

Wilby  9.  Elston 1281 

Wilce  17.  Wilce 67,  662 

Wilcock,  Re .      984 

Wilcox  9.  Redhead  1057.  2157,2168,2169 
Wilcoxon,  Re,  Ex  p.  Griffith     .    .    2190 

Wild's  Case 806 

Wild  9.  Southwood 891,  661 

9.  Waygood      .     .     372,  1260,  22G9 

Wilday  9.  Barnett 806 

Wildbore  9.  Gregory 1288 

Wilde  9.  Sheridan 276 

9.  Holtzmeyer 68, 1512 

Wilder,  Re 63 

Wildes  9.  Russell 1208 

Wilding  V.  Sanderson 1336 

Wiley  9.  Chanteperdrix  ....  186 
Wilhelm  Tell,  The   ....     1787,1807 

Wilkes  9.  Ellis 148,  222 

9.  Saunion    ..;....    1034 

Wilkins,  Exp 738 

9.  Day 1808 


cxlii 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


PftgB 

Wilkins  V.  Jodrell     .  628,  789, 1 141, 1142 

V.  Roebuck 806 

Wilkinson,  i?e 805,2081 

,  Re,  Ex  p.  Stubbins  ....      434 

V.  Adam 303, 1253 

V.  Anglo-Californian  Co     .    .    1863 

w.  Beal 355 

V.  Bewicke 972 

r.  Calvert 1891 

».  Candlish 1803 

».  Collyer     .    .    .     127,2011,2014 

V,  Downton 15 

V.  Gaston 778 

r.  Hall 2025 

V.  Hyde 2073 

V.  Jobems 820 

V.  Jolinson 252 

i;.JouKhin 1986,2*240 

r.  Lindgren 1704 

V.  Malin 1703 

».  Peel 586 

1;.  Rogers     .    .     .      401,1555,1873 

c;.  Smart 190 

V.  Verity 277 

V,  Wilkinson     ....     516,  1782 

Wilks, //« 1847 

V.  Bannister      ....      429, 1810 

—  V.  Groom 322 

V.  Wood 1107 

Willan  V.  Lancaster 2044 

Willans  v.  Avers 1690 

Willcock  V.  TerreU 473 

Willes  V.  Douglas 187 

r.  Greenhiil       1860 

Willesden  and  Mid.  Ry,  Re  ,    ,    .      683 
WiUesden  and  Wright,  Re    ,    .    .      550 

Willesford  v.  Watson 2074 

Willett  V.  Boote 7 

Willetts  V.  Watt 492,  2226 

William  &  John,  The 1981 

William  Beckford,  The    .....    1787 
William  Lushington,  The      .    .    .    1099 

William  Money,  The 1099 

Williames,  Re 1041 

Williams' Case 810 

WUliams,  Axp 755,1816 

,  Ex  »..  Re  Sari 2102 

,  Re    9,  90.  481.  681.  806. 1383,  1530, 

1531,  1751.  1841,  1910,  2118 

,  Re,  Williams  v.  Acton  .     526, 1738 

17.  Adams 203 

V.  African  S.  S.  Co    .    .    .    .    2173 

V.  Ashton 1278 

V  Bayley 683 

V,  Beaumont 8l« 

V.  Bosanquet 2022 

p.  Brisco 1958 

r.  Burgess    ....  54,  1317.  2257 

».  Burrell 502,587 

r.  Cart  Wright 1254 

V.  Davis 679 

V,  Deggan 245 

P.Ellis 261 

V.  Evans 576 

V.  Germaine 681 

V.  Glenton 2246 

p.  Golding    .    .    .    1366.1367,2094 

V,  Goose 1527 


Pkge 

Williams  v.  Harding 394 

V.  Hathaway 1597 

V.  Holmes 1616 

V.  Hughes 871 

r.  Jarrett 461 

P.Jenkins 2024 

V.  Jones 411 

p.  Kershaw 83 

p.  Lake 61, 1289 

p.  Lear 2010 

p.  Lloyd 29 

p.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry     .    .    .     1647 

p.  Long 1768 

r.  McDonald     ....      201,2092 

p.  Magyer 2230 

V.  Mason 1883 

p.  Mercier 685,  630 

P.Nash 461 

p.  North  China  Insrce    .    .    .      773 

p.  Nunn 1663 

p.  Owen 1296 

p.  Papworth  .    .  101,  998. 1141,  1142 

p.  Phillips     ....    100,  178.  867 

p.  Pinckney 18.644 

p.  Pott 2279 

p.  Powning 1272 

P.Raggett 861,1669 

V.  Salisbury  6p 2050 

P.  Smith 1604 

p.  Stem 488,  490 

V,  Swansea  Canal  Nav.      1865, 1969 

P.Thomas 2119.2260 

p.  Trench 62.  600 

p.  Wallasey 218 

V.  Wandsworth  Bd  of  Works      212, 

782,1388 

p.  Waid 817 

p.  Waters 1901 

p.  Wilcox      .    .    .     877.  1088,  2229 

p.  Williams    247.  810.  478,  514.  694, 

1011,  1215,  1216,  1532, 1813 

P.Wright 44 

p.  Wynne 936 

Williams  &  Parry,  Re 1882 

Williams  and  Stepney, /7e    .    1959,2061 

Williamson  p.  Allison 1801 

p.  Hine 1163 

p.  Moore 1263 

p.  Norris  ....    1046,1466,1824 

p.  N.  Staffordshire  Ry    .    .    .    1912 

p.  Tiemey 693 

p.  Williamson  ....    1102, 2160 

Willingale  p.  Maitland 970 

Willis,  Re 193 

,  Re,  Exp,  Kennedy  ....      148 

p.  Beauchamp 778 

p.  Curtois     .    .      74,  206.  898,  1474 

p.  Howe 361, 1669 

p.Plaskett 1215 

P.Poole 866 

p.  Thorp 290,  485,  1865 

p.  Watney 807, 2282 

p.  Wells 661 

Willmott,  i26 678,1433 

p.  Barber 1980 

Willock  p.  Noble 709,710 

Willoughby  p.  Horridge    ....      848 
p.  Middleton 644 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


cxliii 


Page 
Willoughby  ».  Willoughby    ...    1258 

Willows  ».  Ball 1217 

Willox  r.  Rhodes 842 

WilU  V.  Luff 1446 

V,  WilU 137, 142,  2042 

Willson  V.  Carey 2196 

r.  Lore     ....    1104,1106.1445 

Wilmer  v.  McNamara 1672 

Wilmot,J5:x».,yee  Thompson    .433.434 

,Re,    , 307.1012 

0.  Alton  .    .    .     300.471,478,1683 

Wilmott  9.  Freehold  House  Co  776 

Wilson.  Exp 162 

.  Re      80,  360, 1068,  1461,  1881,  2200 

P.Abbott 2284 

».  AlUree  ........    2016 

p.  Atkinson 2269 

p.  Barnes 86 

p.  Beddard 1881 

p.  Brett 889 

p.  Buchanan 1243 

p.  Burne 663 

p.  Bury 390 

p.  Dickson 84,  2174 

p.  Duguid 1701 

p.  Eden 896,1063 

p.  Fendall 2060 

p.  Ford 1260 

p.  Glasgow  Tramways  Co     .   1168. 

2269 

p.  Glossop 2240 

p.  Greaves 1896 

P.Halifax 669,1629 

p.  Hatton 1088 

p.  Hood    ....     428. 1686, 2031 

p.  Kingston-npon-HuU    .    .    .      466 

p.  Knubley   .    .    .    .471.477.1915 

p.  Kynock    .....    1621,1728 

p.  Lloyd 1295 

p.  Loveland 1688 

p.  M'Mains 1909 

p.  Mount 1241 

p.  Moy  Fisheries  Co  ...    .        28 

p.  NeUon 1608 

p.  Newberry     ....    1300.1601 

p.  Nightingale  ....    1291, 1836 

p.  Parker 1627 

p.  RasUll 642 

p.  Roberts 893 

p.  Robertson 916 

p.  St  Giles,  Camberwell    .    .    1272 

p.  Salford 1161 

P.  Smith 486,2186 

p.  Sunderland 970 

r.  Thomas 1470 

p.  Turner 1141 

p.  Wallanl 880 

p.  West  Hartlepool  Ry  .    .    .    1178 

p.  Willes 2109 

p.  Xantho.  The     .     460, 1468, 1464 

p.  Zulueta 1060 

Wilson  and  Eastern  Counties  Nav. 

Co 396,  687. 1969 

Wilson  and  Stephens,  Re  .    ,    .    ,    2246 

Wilson-Stewart,  Re lo3 

Wilton  p.  Colvin  ...  628,  1618, 1860 
Wilts  Bank  p.  Hammond  ....  818 
WUuhear  p.  CottreU     .    .    701,  733,  784 


Page 

Wiltshire,  7?e 1296.2103 

P.Baker 1873 

p.  Sidford 1421,1422 

p.  Willett 1878 

Wimbish  p.  Tailbois 431 

Wimbledon  p.  Croydon     ....    1847 

p.  Underwood    ....      666,1409 

Wimbledon  Common  Cons.  p.  Dixon  2062. 

2224 
Winch  p.  Thames  Conservators     .    2076 

p.  Winchester 1226 

Winchilsea.  i?« 1787 

p.  Beckley 1171 

Winder,  Exp 1890,1616 

,  Re  . 1420 

Windle  p.  Barker 2046 

Windover  p.  Smith 1869 

Windsor  Ry. /?« 2247 

Windus  p.  Windus  ....  1076,1737 
Winehouse  p.  Winehouse, /2e  Maggi  1741, 

1814 
Winestead.  The    ....  830,  648,  2099 

Wing  p.  Angrave 1644 

p.  Earle 27 

Wingate  p.  Foster 139.140 

Wingfleld,  Exp 1619. 1784 

p.  Winfffleld      ....      863,1849 

Wingrore,  Re 1881 

p.  Wingrove 2126 

Winn  p.  Bull 1967,1968 

p.  Mossman 209 

Winnipeg  p.  Barrett  .  .  .  1627, 1668 
Winnipeg  Street  Hy  p.  Winnipeg 

Electric  Street  Ry 1961 

Winsford   Local   Bd   p.  Cheshire 

Lines  Committee       688 

Winslow.i?tf 206 

p.  Tighe 1070 

Winsmore  p.  Greenbank  ....  1666 
Winspear  p.  Accident  Insrce     .    .      280 

Winston,  The 1112 

Winstone.ife 1644 

Winter.  Ax  » 2103 

,  Re  .    .     ,    .    .     ,    1236,  1684, 2162 

p.  Loreday 602 

p.  Miles 1771 

Winterbottom, /?e 1663 

p.  Lees 1698 

Wintle.  ife 1431,1646,2286 

Wirrall  p.  Newell 681 

Wisconsin  p.  Pelican  Insrce  .    .    .    1444 

Wise,/?* 1141 

p.  Birkenshaw 1179 

Wiseman  p.  Cotton 70 

p.  Vandeputt 1942 

Withall,i?« 369 

Witham  p.  Vane 1871 

p.  Witham 760 

Witherby  p.  Rackham  .  .  .  1469, 1470 
Withemsea  Brickworks,  /?«...      476 

Withers  p.  Withers 871 

Withington  r.  Herring      ....    1211 

P.Manchester  ....    1298,1300 

p.  Withington 940 

Withy  p.  Mangles    .    .    1083,1277,1280 

Witt  p.  Amiss 668 

P.Banner 1007,1917 

—  p.  Corcoran '542 


cxliv 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Page 
Witted  9.  Galbroith  .  .  .  1254,1581 
Wiz  V.  Rutton     ...     292,  138S,  2012 

Wolff  V.  HurncaBtle 379 

1;.  Koppel 91 

Wolley  V.  Jeokins 631 

Wolmerliausen  v,  O'Connor  .  .  .  882 
Wolmershaiuen  v.  GuUick  .  .  .  1090 
WoUUnton  v.  Nordiwicb  ....    1735 

Wolstenholme, /2e 1291 

Wolton  V.  Gavin 1358, 1858 

Wolverhampton  v.  BiUton    .      858, 2220 

V,  Salop  Co.  Co 680 

Wolverhampton  Tramways  Co  v, 

G.  W.  Ry 1766 

Wolveridge  u.  Steward  ....  1957 
Wolverton  v.  AG.  ...  66, 1273,  1966 
Wonibwell  v.  fielasyse  ....  1358 
Wood,i?e    .      554,684,1240,1462,1860, 

2045 

p.  Beard 1214 

V.  Boosey 149, 1590 

17.  Bowron 1004,2051 

p.  Burgess 979,992 

r.  Chart 2090 

V.  Cooper 85,  226 

V.  Copper  Miners'  Co    .      818, 20«2 

u.  Cox 818, 1532 

V.  Davis 1214, 1706 

f.  Dixie 201 

i;.  Dorrall 2226 

V.Douglas 1622 

V.  Durham 1170 

r.  Hunt 1425 

r.  Lake 2115 

1;.  Lambert 2059 

1;.  Leadbitter 1094 

».  London  Co.  Co.     1949,  1951,  2086 

I'.  McCarthy 1789 

u.  Middleton     ....      200,1603 

V,  Norton 171 

V.  Odessa  W.  W.  Co      ...    1396 

V,  Penoyre 2234, 2283 

V,  Riley 1426 

r.  liowcliffe 1839 

17.  Silcock 1957 

V.  Smith 1561 

V,  Veal 877 

V,  Walsh  ....    1720,  1797,  2026 

17.  Waud 22.1 

17.  Wheater 16b7 

17.  White 387 

17.  Widnes 1976 

17.  Wood 1217,2160 

Wood's  Co.  /?e 202 

Woodall,J&rp 716,1309 

,  lU 434 

Woodard  v,  Billericay 1392 

V.  Dowsing 1344 

Woodcock  V.  Gibson 83 

W^oodfall, /2e 1910 

Woodgate, /?« 2166 

U.Godfrey 136 

Woodhall,  Re 437,  439 

Woodham, /?« 662 

17.  Atlantic  Transport  Co   .    .      562 

17.  London  Co.  Co 5^53 

Woodhouse  t7.  Etheridge  ....  776 
— t^r.Herrick 1011,1412 


P*8» 

Woodhouse  V.  Jenkins  .     .     .      480, 1259 

P.Murray 403,404 

t7.  Walker    562. 7 1 1, 104 1, 1913, 2280 

p.  Woods . 1854 

Woodhouselee  v.  Dairy  mple     .    .      303 

Woodley  V.  Mitchell 1454 

Woodroofev  Creed 1063 

Woods  V.  De  Mattoa 483 

p.  Townley 1111 

p.  Woods 694 

Woods  and  Lewis,  i2e  .    .    .      489,2245 

Woodstock  p.  bhiilito 1845 

p.  Shipton-on-Stour    ....      957 

Woodtborp  p.  Spencer 881 

Woodward  p.  Ball 97 

p.  Dowse 2251 

p.  L.  &  N.  W.  Ry 1397 

Woodworth  p.  Sugden 627 

Woodyer  p.  Hadden 877 

Woolcomb  r.  Woolcomb   ....      821 

Woolcott  p.  Peggie 2144 

Wooldridge.  £x;7 551 

Wooler  p.  Knott 60 

Woolf  p.  Hamilton 797,909 

Woolford's  Trustee  p.  Levy  .    1333, 2008 
Woollam  p.  Kenworthy     ....      644 

Woollett  p.  Harris 2146 

WoqUey  p.  Broad 1590 

p.  Kay 166,  999,  1324 

Woolmore  p.  Burrows  328. 855, 1248, 1952 

Woolwich  p.  Gardiner 1442 

p.  Robertson 1803 

Worcester,  Bp,  Case 1163 

Worcestersliire  Co.  Co.  p.  Worcester      181 

Wordsworth  p.  Harley 28 

p.  Wood 1998 

Worley  p.  St.  Mary  AbbotU  .     280, 1268, 

1269 

Wormald.  Re 65.  92 

p.  Muzeen 1377 

Worsley.  Rt 7 

p.  Worsley 1844 

Worthington  p.  Gimson     ....      109 

p.  Hulton 1176 

Worts  p.  Cubitt 1242 

Wragg,  /?«....  182,  351,  1209,  1374 
Wray  p.  Egremont   ....    1133, 1836 

p.  Vesper 2190 

Wreck  Recovery  Co.  /?e  .    .    .    .    1254 

Wren  p.  Pocock 398 

r.  Wield 2080 

Wrench  p.  Murray 980 

Wrexham  p.  Hardcastle    ....    1881 

Wrexham,  &c,  Ry,  /?« 2267 

Wrey,  Re,  Stuart  p.  Wrey     .    .    .    2234 

Wride  p.  Dyer 618,  1298 

Wright.  Re       ....     605, 1297, 1675 

,  Ad,  ^x/).  Arnold 391 

p.  Atk}  ns     694,  695,  897,  1287, 1580 

p.  Bagnall 817 

p.  Bull 650 

p.  Burroughes 748 

p.  Clements 2030 

p.  Davies 1887 

V.  Frant 1849 

r.  Horton 1854 

r.  Ingle    ....      894, 1C56,  1888 

p.  Kemp 1348 


TABLE   OF  CASES. 


cxlv 


Page 

Wright  V.  Marsom 1848 

r.  Monarch  Bg  Socjr .    ...      551 

p.  New  Zealand  Shipping  Co  2G0, 768 

c.  Pearson 272 

P.Rattray 2075 

i^.Reed 1441 

r.  Shelton 2272 

p.  Smith 2249 

r.  Tracey 1086,2024 

V,  Vernon 742 

r.Wakeford 147 

r.  Wallaaey 591 

r.  Wilkin 364,  673 

r.  Williams 2222 

r.  Woodgate 1558 

Wright  to  Marshall. /?e     ....    2025 

Wright  &  Co, /2c 554 

Wnghtson  p.  Calvert 1211 

Wroteslev  p.  Adams      671,  700,  701,  845, 

1309,  1905,  2032 

Wrottghton  v.  Turtle    .    .     .      494, 1897 

Wyat  Wild's  Case 847 

Wyattp.  Gems 2016 

V.  Mackenzie 1928 

Wybttrd  v.  Tuck 845 

Wykham  p.  Wykham 1253 

Wylde,  Re 1023 

r.  Radford 1816 

Wylie,  i?« 710,1138 

Wyllie  p.  Harrison 450 

Wylson  p.  Dunn 1058 

Wyman  p.  Paterson      ....  66,1674 

Wynch,  Exp.  .         1012 

,  He 859 

Wyndham,  &p 162 

p.  Chetwynd 482 

p.  Way 2096 

Wynne  p.  Fletcher 2168 

p.  Ronaldson 463 

p.  Tempest 967,1678 

p.  Wynne 614 

Wythes,  fle 2024 


X. 

Xbnos  p.  Wickham  . 


Y. 


498, 1886 


Tabbicom  p.  King 107 

Yale  P.  The  King 1863 

YandelI,/2« 1904 

Yarborough  p.  Bank  of  England    .  619 

Yardley  p.  Jones 1784 

Yarmouth  v.  France     .    1049,  1498,  2269 

Yarrow,  Re,  Collins  v.  Weymouth  .  193 

Yites,^*/) 619 


PAge 
Yates,  2?«     .    .    .    631,1469,186.3.2197 

,  Re,  Batcheldor  p.  Yates  95, 136, 1817, 

1829 

p.  Chorlton 1311, 1316 

p.  Evans 1677 

V.  Higgins 665 

p.  Pym 1548 

p.  The  Queen    ....    1563,1592 

Ydun,The 1605 

Yeadon  Case 676 

Yeadon  W.  W.  Co  and  Rinns,  Re  .    2268 
Yeatman  v,  Yeatman    .    .    274,  514,  515 

Yelland  p.  Winter 1148 

Yellowly  r.  Gower 2260 

Yelverton  v.  Yelverton     ....      566 

Yerbury,  Re 2122 

Yewens  v.  Noakes 1834 

York,  Re 2038 

York  (Dean  of).  Re 438,  440 

Yorke  v.  Grenaugh        843 

Yorkshire  Insrce  p.  Clayton  .    .  553,  660, 
893,  896,  2028 
Yorkshire  Ry  Wagon  Co  p.  Maclure      649 
Yorkshire  &  N.  Mid.   Ry  p.  The 

Queen S90,  898,  1178,  1854 

Youghal 254 

Young,  Exp 824 

,  Re       ...    1416, 1650,  1862,  2086 

V.  Billiter 2198 

V.  Cook 816,  1887 

p.  Cuthbertson 877 

p.  Da  vies 1329 

V.  Douglas 178 

»p.  Gattbridge     ....    1868,1488 

p.  Higgon 141, 1294 

V.  Jones 418 

p.  Robertoon 2188 

p.  Rosenthal      ....     1964,  2166 

p.  Royal  Leamington  Spa    965, 1856, 

1857 

V.  S.  African  Co    ...    .  862,  487 

p.  Soutliwnrk,  &c,  Water  Co  .      452 

p.  Turner 1074 

Young  Manufacturing  Co,  Re  .  .  967 
Young's  Trustees  p.  Janes  .  .  .  1279 
Young  and  Harston,  Re  488,  2243,  2244 
Ystalyfera  Iron  Co  v.  Neath  Ry  .  1975 
Ytftradgunlkis  Commn,  Re  .  ,  .  212 
Ystradyfodwg  p.  Newport  Assess- 
ment Committee 1848 


Z. 

Zadok,  The 1211 

Zalinoff  v.  Hammond 1985 

Zambaco  v.  Cassavetti 107 

Zanzibar,  The 840 

Zeta,  The 2275 

Zetland  p.  Ld  Advocate    .    .  80, 511,  649 


TABLE   OF   STATUTES. 


Page 

Magna  Charta,  a  6 1636 

c.  14 179 

9  Hen.  3,  c.  9 60 

20  Hen.  3,  c  2  (Stattites  o/Mertou) .    .  67 

C.4 108,1976 

40Heo.  3 463 

61  Hen.  8,  Stat  4 171 

52  Hen.  8,  c.  8 1688 

{.ihitvte      c23 701 

ofMoHhridyt)     «.  2  .     .     .     .  562.  711,  1913 

3Edw.  I,c4 1467,2-275 

c.  9 900 

c  34 692 

4  Edw.  1,  c  1 417 

6Edw.  l,c.  5 562 

c.  13 647 

7  Edw.  1        1231 

13  Edw.  1 314 

c  1 2231 

c.  34,8t.  1 2261 

C.47 2223 

Stat.  5 222 

Sut.3 1190 

18  Edw.  1,  c.  1       1639, 1965 

21  Edw.  1     •. 1405 

25  Edw.  1,  c.  1 1625 

{Carta  de.    c.  3 1625 

Foresia)      c.  7 '  .  1802 

WEdw.  l,c.  1 27 

17Edw.  2,c.  10 2219 

llEJw.  3,c,  6 1018 

25  Edw.  3,  Sut  5,  c.  2 2093 

Sut.  6 333 

28E<lw.  3,c.  11 900 

45  Edw.  3,  c.  3 2003 

48Edw.  3.2,  8 741 

31  Edw.  3,  Sut  1,  c.  11 778 

83  Edw.  8.  88 772 

1  Rich.  2,  c  4 1188 

C.15 837 

2  Rich.  2,  c.  3 626 

"Rich.  2,  c  6 690 

13  Rich.  2,  c.  19 726 

15  Rich.  2,  c  0 619 

URich.  2,c.  1       760 

C.9 726 

1  Hen.  4,(5.  7 1649 

c.  10 135 

2  Hen.  4.  c.  15 872,  878 

4  Hen.  4,  c  12 619,  2186 

2  Hen.  6.  c.  8 851 

9Hen.  6.C.4 1018 

I  Hen.  6.  c  3 401 

4  Hen.  6,  c.  3 1018 

8  Hen.  6,  c  7    .    .    .    .    293,767,851,1044 

c  12 1018 


8  Hen.  0,  c.  16  . 
10  Hen.  6,  c.  2  . 
14Hen.  6,  12  . 
18  Hen.  6,  c.  19 
31  Hen.  6,  c.  7  . 
1  Rich.  3  .  . 
0.11  . 

13  liich.  3,  c.  19 

I  Hen.  7,0.6  . 
8  Hen.  7,  o.  10  . 
10  Hen.  7,  0.  4  . 

0.22 

II  Hen.  7,0.  12 

0.20 
1  Hen.  8,  0.  6  . 
7  Hen.  8,  o.  26  . 

14  &  15  Hen.  8.  c.  1 

21  Hen.  8,0.  11 

22  Hen.  8,  c.  5  . 

0.18 

23  Hen.  8,  o.  3  . 
{StatuU      0.  5  .    248, 
ofSeweri) 

0.  14   . 
o.  15,  B.  2 

25  Hen.  8,  0.11 

0.20 
0.21 
c.  22 

26  Hen.  8, 0.3  . 

0.14 

27  Hen.  8.  o.  10 
{Statute  of 
Uses) 


217, 


.969, 


0.11   . 

0.16   . 

0.22   . 
28Hen.8,o.  7  .  . 

0. 11,  8.  3 

0.15 
81  Hen.  8.  o.  12,  s.  16 
32  Hen.  8,  0.9,  b.  2 

0.14  . 

0.  28,  8.  2 

O.30   . 

0.84   . 

0.87   . 

0.38   . 

0.  40,  8.  8 

0.42   . 
88  Hen.  8,  o.  6  .  . 

0.8  .  . 

o.  9,  8.  14 

0.12   . 

0.39  . 


Page 

.  1018 

.  1044 

.   772 

.  1236 

.  1747 

.  2160 

.   799 

.   783 

.   876 

661 

.  1626 

.  1626 

.   762 

.  1025 

.  1652 

.   628 

.  2065 

.  1744 

970, 1600 

118,  849 

.  1649 

641,642,668,814.844, 

1848 

1969 

341 

2242 

84 

1913 

814, 1088, 1675 

84,723 

.  1977 

1295.  1925, 1988.  2104. 

2160,  2152 

1025 

1870 

327 

166 

2065 

814,1088,1075 

.  2169 

.   876 

.   837 

.  1646 

152,  298 

2;i 

.  1018 

.   130 

502,707 

.   814 

.  1479 

.  1993 

1488,2178 

873 

768 

1771 

1863 


cxlviii 


TABLE   OF  STATUTEa 


Page 

34  Hen.  8,  c.  6 863 

84  &  36  Hen.  8,  c.  3 2010 

c  6 971 

c.  8 97,  1992 

37  Hen.  8.  c.  23 1018 

1  £dw.  6,  c.  1 600 

8.8 274,1066 

c.  12,  s.  10 888, 1777 

C.14       1989 

2&3£dw.6,c.  1,8.  1   ....    1341,2130 

8.7 680 

c.  13 921,1448 

c82 1018 

C.33 888 

8&4£dw.6,c.7 2242 

6Edw.6,  c.  14 968,1696 

6&6£dw.  6,0.4 214 

8.2 1896 

c6 2066 

0.16 1323 

7Edw.6,o.  7 2010 

26  8  Mary.  0.9 1488 

4  &  6  Philip  &  Mary,  0.  8 1963 

lEliz.c.  1 1991 

0.2 2180 

c.  11 2231 

c.  17,8.  3 1192 

6Eli2.o.  4 1026.2196 

8.31 118,119 

8.41 2195 

0.9 1087 

c.  16      373 

0.  18       1126 

8  Eliz.  o.  4,  8.  2 1217 

13  Eliz.  c.  6  .    .    201,  486,  816,  825,  982,  991. 

2171,  2198 

8.1 760.824,1621 

8  6 1624 

0.7,8.2 1174 

0.8 136,2166 

0.  10 23 

8.  3 890,  2194 

0.12.8.2 49 

C.20 170,2197 

8.  1 2196 

14  EUz.  0.  5.  8.  6 1708.2169 

c.  14 889,  890 

18  Eliz.  0.  14 1018 

0.17 2036 

23  Eliz 406 

27  Eliz.  0.  4  .     201,  202,  648.  816,  2029,  2171 

8.  2 1621,2196 

c.  18 900 

8.6 970 

29  Eliz.  c.  4.  8.  1 1089 

31Eliz.  o.  6 1652 

0.6 413 

0.7 417.977 

36  Eliz.  0.  2 731 

43  Eliz.  c.  2  .     .   1203,  1247.  1374,  1786, 1916 
{Poor  Relief  8.  1     .    .     969,  1862,  1866. 1963 

Act,  1601)      8.4 282.656 

8.  7 307,  703,  1232 

c.  4  .    .     296,  1658,  1798,  1839,  1877 

c.  13 196 

0.  14     .    .• 2010 

1  James  1.  c.  1       1068 


IJaniesl,  0.  11 1544 

0.  12 373 

c.  16,  8.  1 2083 

8,3 1174 

8.6 402 

0.  19 799 

0.21 222,778 

0.27 1625 

SJameal,  O.10 651,652 

c  12 1192,  1804 

4Jame8],c.  11 664 

21  James  1.  c.  2 928 

{Statute of    0.3    ...    .      724,1159,1221. 
Monopolies)  1663 

c4 1448,1646 

c.  13 1018 

{Limitation    c.  16  .      23,  268.  277,  1761.  2260 

Act,  1623)  8.8    80,208,277.892.1189. 

1190,  2100,  2264 

8.7 641 

0.17 135 

0.19,8.9 1836 

0.  28, 8.  7 1791 

8  Chas.  1.  0.  1 262. 1477 

lOChas.  1.0.  14 1941 

16Cha8.1,c.  14 1869,1870 

12Cha8.  2,0.  11 688,1306 

8.16 468 

0.  13 135 

c.  24    766.1831,2031,2088,2250 

8.7 760 

8.8 432 

13  &  14  Cbaa.  2,  0.  4       ....    2116,2130 

0.12     .   68,389,1176,  1274, 

2029 

14Cha8.2,o.4 206 

0,9 280 

c  12,  8. 18 1175 

o.  14 268 

15  Clias.  2,  o.  9 1923 

0.  17,  8.  16 851 

0.19 2200 

16  Chas.  2,  c,  4 401 

0.8 1018 

17  Chaa.  2,  c.  17,  8.  8 786 

19Cha8.2, 0.6 1544 

22  Chas.  2,  0.  1 401 

22  &  23  Chas.  2,  o.  1 430 

0. 10    666,  1004,  1042,  1278, 

1933 

8.  6    ....     47,  333 

.    .    1278 


{Statute  o/ 
Distribution) 


29  Chas.  2,  c. 
{Statute  of 
Frauds) 


0.22. 
0.25. 


8.6 

,7 


.    .     1278 

.    .      749 

837, 1772 

.      12,  764,  826, 1803, 1880. 

1933,  2197 

8. 3    .    .    .     940,  1994, 2115 

8.  4    61,  IK).  91,  224, 996, 1 154. 

1288,  1417,  1463,  2282 

8.6 820 

8.  7    .     870,  1164, 1419,  2104 

8.8 2029,2104 

8.  16 2066 

8.  171      12,61,166,594,826, 

1154,  1288,  1417,  1881 

8. 19 1303 


1  This  section  repld  s.  4,  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  and  by  the  Sch  to  that  Act  it  is  styled  s.  16. 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


cxlix 


Page 

29aiat.2.c.  3.8.  22 84.1161 

{Snnday     c.  7  .    U86,  1050,  1360. 1444,  1666, 
Ob$€rvanct  198:^,  2269,  2272 

Ad,  1677)         B  1     ...    1266,  1863,  2078 

C.9 873 

31Chas.  2.  c.  2 846 

{Habeas  Corpus  B.  Q 1789 

Act,  1679)  8.9 437 

I  Jm.  2.  c  17,  8  7 1042 

c.  18 815 

c.  22 1968 

1  Win-  &  Mary.  c.  18      .         .    .      401. 2069 

c.  21,  8.  6 1208 

Se88.2,c.  2    ....      192 

2  Wm.  &  Maiy,  Sess.  1,  c  6,  s.  1    1781, 1782 

8.  2     187,  1291, 

1337.  1383, 

1781 

8. 4    .    .    1448 

3&4Wm.  (JbMary.c.  11   .    .    .      806,1836 

8.6    .    1609,1616 

8.  7     .    .    .    2137 

8. 8     .    .  104,967 

c  14  .    .    .     477.  1916 

4  &  6  Wm.  &  Mary,  c.  16 1228 

c.  28,  8.  10  .    .    .      966 

5  &  6  Wm.  &  Mary,  c.  11,  s.  8    .    .    .      861 
3&4  Wm  8.  c.  4 1626 

6  &  7  Wm.  8,  c.  4,  8.  I 97 

7  &  8  Wm.  3,  c.  26, 8.  7  .    .    1906, 1928.  2197 

c.  34.  8.  4 2a3 

8&9Wm.  3,c.  11,8.  8      .      204,1101,1175 
c.  20, 8.  60     ....    ^      222 

c  30,  8.  4 2282 

8.  6 806 

9  4  10  Wm.  3,  c.  16 414 

8.2      ...      866,2127 

c.  32 811 

c.  44,  8.  69       ....      264 

10  411  Wm.  3,c  23      ....    1567,2211 

C.24 1804 

11  &  12  Wm.  3,  c.  7,  8.  9 1766 

12413  Wm.  8,  c.  2 1346 

2  4  3  Anne,  c.  4 402 

c.  11 723 

3  4  4  Anne,  c.  9 69 

4  4  5  Anne,  c.  14,  8.  3 641 

c.  16  .    .    .    .      189, 1018, 1803 

8  20 432 

8.  27 1680 

5  Anne,  c.  8 837 

c.  14,  8.  4      ...      887,  1840.  2148 
c.24 723 

5  4  6  Anne,  c.  18 402 

6  Anne,  c  2,  8.  4 649 

ell 2182 

c.  16 222,  799 

c.  27 723 

c.  36 402 

8.80 836 

8.84 836 

7  Anne,       c.  12 666 

{Middlesex  c.  20 402,2277 

Reqittry  Act,       t.  17 403,  409 

1708)  8.  18 1028 


8  Anne,  c.  18.  8.  1 476,  2008 

( hmdioid  ^  Tenant 

Act,  1709)       8.  7 686 

c.  19 149 

9  Anne,  c.  8,  8.  1 1664 

(Gaming  Act,    c  14,i  8.  1   .     .     .      797,2196 
1710)  8.  2 1890 

c.  20 1018 

10  Anne,  c.  2 401,  2069 

12  Anne,  Stat.  2,  c  12,  8.  2     ....    1276 

c.  16 136 

13  Anne,  c.  13,  8. 1 1006 

1  Geo.  1,  Stat.  2,  c.  18,  8.  17    ...    .      489 

3  Geo.  1,  c.  16,  8.  3 1089 

6  Geo.  1,  c.  18 1018 

6  Geo.  1,  c  18 222,  224 

9  Geo.  1,  c.  7,  8.  6 1396 

c.  19,  8  4  ...  .  637,  746,  1840 
c.  22  .  .  196,  269,  271,  462,  1381 
c.  29 749 

11  Geo.  1,  c  26 1768 

12  Geo.  1,  c  29 1492 

2  Geo.  2,  c.  22,  8.  18 1286,  1889 

c.24 418 

C.25 486 

4  Geo.  2,  c.  28,  8.  1     .    .    .      670,  2026,  2248 

8.  2    ...    .  242,  768.  1067 

».  6 1713 

c.  82 1868,  1381 

6  Geo.  2.  c.  30.  8.  28 1236 

7  Geo.  2,  c.  8 167,  1021,  1614 

c.  21 1322 

8  Geo.  2.  c.  6 402 

8.86 836 

c.  13  .    .    408.  623,  881, 1240,  1590 

c.24, 8.4 1839 

9Geo.  2,c.  6 373 

c.  36 996,1231 

{Charitable      8.  1  .     .     184,1464,1616,1765 

Uses  Act,         8.2 786,2171 

1795)  8.8 2196 

lOGeo.  2,  c.  28 627 

c.  31,  8.  5 2104 

llGeo.  2,c.  12 919 

(Distress   c.  19 578,  1669 

far  Rent  8.3 1443 

Act,  17S7)         8.  8 1363 

8.9 1363 

8.  10 1813 

8  13 1069 

8   14  ...     .    642,  867,  870 

8.  18 670 

8.  19 786 

12Geo.2,c.  13,8.  9 426 

c.29,  8.  6 1853 

14Geo.2,c.l 271 

15  Geo.  2,  c  18,  8. 12 604 

c.34 271 

17  Geo.  2,  c.  38,  8.4    .    .    .      806,1275,1888 

8.11 1966 

18  Geo.  2,  c.  15 1993 

c,  20 954 

19  Geo.  2,  c.  37,  8.  1 786, 2268 

20  Geo.  2,  c.  19,  8.  1 1366 

c.  42,8.  3 628 


I  In  the  Statutes  8t  I^rge  by  Pickering,  in  Cbittv's  Statntefi,  and  irenerally,  thi»  Act  was  printed  as 
c.  14,  but  in  the  Revised  Edition  of  the  Statutes  and  in  the  Short  Titles  Act.  1896,  the  number  is  19. 


cl 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


20  Geo.  2,  c.  60  .  . 
24Geo.  2,c.  28  .  . 
{Calendar  {New  Stt/lr) 
Act,  1750)  s.  6  . 

C.25     .    . 

C.40     .    . 


C.44 
25  Geo.  2,  c.  29 
{Disor-  c.  36 
aerly  Houses 
Act,  1761) 


8.12  1017, 


8.2  . 

8.4  . 

8.6  . 

26  Geo.  2,  c.  14.  8, 1  . 

c.  33   .  . 

27  Geo.  2,  c.  20,  8.  2  . 

28  Geo.  2.  c.  19 

80  Geo.  2,  c.  24.  8.  1  . 

3lGeo.  2,0.11,8.  1  . 

32  Geo.  2,  c.  28   .  . 

8.1  . 

5  Geo.  8,  c.  14  .  .  . 

6  Geo.  8,  c.  26,  8.  4  . 

C.63  .  .  . 

7  Geo.  8,  c.  38  .  .  . 

9  Geo.  8,  c.  10  .  .  . 

c.  29  .  .  . 

10  Geo.  8.  c.  51  .  . 

11  Geo.  3,  c.  29 

12  Geo.  3,  c.  20  .  . 

c.  61,  8.  11 
8.  18 

13  Geo.  3,  c.  21 

c.  78,  8.1  . 
8.  16 
8.62 

c.  82,  8.  3  . 

14  Geo.  8,  o.  48,  8.  1  . 

C.68   .  . 
(F/resPre-c.78,8.  41 
vention  Melrop    8.  83 
Act,  1774)  8.  86 

c.  96,  8.  97 
16  Geo.  8,  c.  32   .  . 

16  &  16  Geo.  8.  c.  21  . 

17  Geo.  8,  c.  20   .  . 

8.3  . 

8.8  . 

c.  60,  8,  8  . 

c.  58  .  .  . 

c.  56,  8.  10  . 

c.  57  .  .  . 
19  Geo.  8,  c.  44 
21  Geo.  8,  c.  49  .  . 
{Sunday  Ob-  8.  1  . 
servance  Act,  8.  2  . 
1780)  8.3  . 

21  &  22  Geo.  3,  c.  48  . 

22  Geo.  3,  c.  45,  8.  1  . 

c.  77 

c.  82   .  . 

24  Geo.  8,0.11   .  . 

c.  47,  8. 15 

25  Geo.  3,  c.  2  .  .  . 

c.  51 

26  Geo.  3,  c.  88,  8.  8  . 

c.  60,  8.  17 
c.86,8.  2  . 


Page 
.  .  .  2211 
72,  801,  1197 

1052 
.  2282 
,  2060 
1839, 16B4, 1928 
1327,  2058 

582,780 
.  1608 
645,  1608 
.  545 
.  406 
.  1855 
.  851 
.  1334 
.  1603 
.  1217 
.  967 
.  1126 

262,  376 
.  216 
.  1866 
.  1795 

408,  881 

42,  1302 

622 

.  1221 

.  1964 

.  1397 

.  1040 

.  1040 

66 

.  1852 

.  1941 

.  1864 

.   890 

994 

.  1044 

.   921 


16 
1947,  2222 
.   417 
.  2286 
1441,  1821 
,  1317 
706,  836,  1440 
.  2195 
812 
,  1488 
408 
,  1599 
626,  1610,  1569,  1988 
546,  1041,  1068 
259,  546, 1041,  1068 
44 
2286 


104 


,  1361, 


1614,  2120 
602 
284 
254 
1385 
842 
1521 
899 
2195.  2197 
.  721,793 


26  Geo.  8,  c.  107  .  . 

27  Geo.  8,  c.  28,  8.  5  . 
28Geo.  3,c.  86.  .  . 

c.  55,  8.  4  . 
31  Geo.  8,  0.51,  8.  2  . 
82  Geo.  8,  c.  28,  8. 1  . 

0.60 

c.63 
38Geo.8,  c.  5  .  .  . 

C.18.  .  . 
84  Geo.  8,  c.  20.  b.  27  . 

c.  26,  8. 16  . 

c.  61  .  .  . 

35  Geo.  8,  c.  68.  8.  2  . 

c.  78,  8. 195 
C.77.  .  . 
c.  101,  8.  2 

36  Geo.  3,  c.  52,  8.  6  . 
( Legacy  Duty  8.  7  . 
Act,  1796)  8.8  . 

8.12 
8.18 

8.22 
8.4     . 


38  Geo.  3,  c.  5, 
{TMnd  Tax 
Act,  1797) 


17 
25 


.     .      651 
.     .    1925 
.    .      293 
.    .      467 
.     .     1804 
.       114 
.      761 
.    1694 
.     .    1126 
.     1425 
.    2165 
16 
.    1256 
.     1919 
.    2008 
.      827 
.      669 
485 
.      806 
90 
.      175 
.      807 
.    1689 
854,  871,  1055,  1058, 
2029,  2070 
1433,  2156 
.  889,890 
.    .      890 
138,  1887 
.    .     1887 
.    .     1126 
2131.  2132 
21,  29.  2042 
477,  1511 
.    .      749 
1041, 1110,  2083 
.     1885 
.      888 
468 
.     1068 
.     1128 
452,  610 
.     1177 
217,  637 
.     1383 


C.60.    . 
C.87.    . 
39  &  40  Geo.  8.  c.  36 
0.50 
C.67 
(Accumidaticns  c.  98 
Act,  1800)  8.  2 

c.  99.  8.  17 
C.104 

41  Geo.  3.  c.  23.  8.  4  . 

0.63      .    . 
c  75,8.  7  . 

42  Geo.  3,0.116    .    . 

c.  119,8.2 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  58  .  . 
{Bridges  c.  69,  8.  2  . 
Act,  1803)  8.  5  . 

c.  99.  8.  24 

c.  108 814 

c.  161,  8.  27 170 

44  Geo.  3,  c.  98 1521 

46  Geo.  3,  c  28,  8.  4 1919 

46  Geo.  8,  c.  43,  8.  4 103 

47  Geo.  3.  c.  15 1929 

48Geo.  8,0.47 028 

(House       C.55     122,143.178,297.691,848, 
Tax  Act,  ISOS)  890.  895,  1314,  1943 

c.  75,  8.  1 1803 

0.98 20J»1 

c.  civ,  8.  83 OIH 

c.  138,  8.  2 202 

c.  149 548,  653 

49  Geo.  3,  c.  68,  8.  5 275 

c.  108,  8.  1 818 

c.  126,  8.  3 1323 

60Geo.  3,  c.  41 854 

8.  5 1608 

8.6 854.2084 

8.7 1377 

8.23      ....    1145,1736 
52  Geo.  8.  c.  16 622 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


cli 


Page 

52  Geo.  S,  c.  89.  8.  2 330 

c.  101 03. 1769 

C.180 269,604,622 

cl84 672 

c.  146 1604.1770 

c.  160    .    .    .  627.  882,  1609.  2223 

c.  155 401.1693 

a  196,  8. 101 1102 

53  Geo.  3.  c.  72 1326 

c  127 1794 

8,7 203 

8.12 684 

c.  141 1220. 1441 

c,  156,8,93 472 

c  159 100 

8.  1 2174 

54  Geo.  8.  c.  42 622 

c.  56     ....      517,1718.1803 

c.  84,8. 1 1852 

C.91 1852 

C.93, 8. 89 632 

c.  96,  8.  1 119 

c.  146 1769 

c.  146 1769 

c.  156,  8.  5 1456 

c.  159,  8.  11 1772 

8.14 1509 

c.  161 1406 

c  170,  8.  12 1068 

c.  173,  8. 12 1211 

55  Geo.  8,  c.  68,  8.  2 1941 

c  137.  8.  6  .  .  1386,  1594,  2150 
{Stamp  c.  184  .  17,  171,  474,  1007.  1897, 
Act,  1815)  1722 

8.2 645 

8.37 42,1515 

Sch 2065 

c,192 1995 

c.  194,  8.  14 74 

[Apcikecariet         8.  20    .    .     .    97, 651,  1527 

Act,  1815)  8.  21    ...     .    1627. 1628 

c.  xxT,  8.  3    ...    .    1423, 1610 

66Gea3,c.  50 1624 

c.  98 781 

c.  139 302 

8. 9     ,    .      538,1491,1630 

8.  11    ...     .     1610,2194 

c.  W 1175 

57  Geo  8,  c.  19,  8.  38 228 

c.  29,  8.  59 1772 

c.  93,  Sch 1387 

c.  99 2079 

c.  xxix  ....    1197,1411,2016 

8.  65 329 

c.  Ix 222 

58  Geo.  3,  c.  45,  8.  69 210 

8.70 1721 

C.69 1955 

8.  1 1914 

5aGeo.3»al2 1965 

8. 1 102 

8.  17      .      88,  177.  870,  1868 
8.  26      ....  6,  307,  708 

C.46 170,2206 

c.  50 554,  867 

a  184.  8.  39 2146 

80  Geo.  3  &  1  Geo.  4,  c.  8 1819 

1  Geo.  4.  c.  87,  8.  1    .    .    .    1294,  2032, 2284 


Page 

1  Geo  4,  c.  119,  8.  7 1863 

8.46 1886 

c.  liii 1247 

8  Geo.  4,  c.  39 1016,1970,2214 

c.46 647 

c.  66,  8.  16 1726 

c.  71 271,1365 

i  Church   C.72,  8.  20 1408 
"igActJSS^)    8.84 599 

c.  126.  8.  32     .  824,  816,  916, 1756, 
{Turnpike  Roads  2163 

Act,18S£)  8.41 649 

8.97 945 

8.98 945 

8.  112  ...    .      789, 1431 

8.  121 1864 

8.  132 1100 

4  Geo.  4,  c.  34 121 

8.8 7,120,1366 

c.  60,  8.  41 1128 

c.  76 861 

(Marriage  8,  16 1727, 1863 

Act,  1823)         8.  20 1913 

8.  22 1047 

c.  95,  8.  57 2152 

8.  65 200 

8.  75 1131 

c.  XXX 1927 

civ,  8.  35 1604 

6  Geo.  4,  c.  86.  8.  1 811 

c.  74,  8.  2 27 

8.9 2071 

c.88 774.2169 

(Vaqrancy         8.3     .     .906,955.2240,2246 

Act,  18U)         8.  4     292.  479,  757,  758,  1870. 

1466,  1483,  1484.  1768, 

1774,  2184,  2240 

8.5 951 

8.6 768 

8.9 1488 

8.11 758 

8.14 806,1970 

8.48 651 

c.  84 2091 

c.  87 5 

c.  118       1894 

8.2 1894 

8.9 1482 

6  Geo.  4,  c.  16 386 

8.3 1666 

8.6 1015 

8.  49 104 

8.  50 1236 

8.  72 1618 

8.  82 202 

8.  108 370 

c.  60,  8. 2    .    : 1032 

8.  10 1914 

8.46 2119 

c.  57 1313 

8.  2    .     .  211,554,1714,2237 

c.69 2093 

c.  80,8.  101 1921 

c.  81 1748 

8.11 1648 

c.  94, 8.2 1006 

c.  108, 8. 45 2141 

8.  56 1322 


clii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


Page 

6Geo.  4,c.l20,8.40 1064 

c,  126, 8.  59 14U 

s.  70 291 

8.72 2210 

c.  129 1308 

8.8 1214,2061 

c.  clxx,  Sell 1364 

7  Geo.  4,  c.  46 1610. 1862, 1868 

0.57.8.31 1188 

{Country  Banket $'  Act,  18£6) 

8.32 2201 

(Crimhml  c.  64, 8.  20 1032 

Law  Act,  1826)  8.  28 000 

7  &  8  Geo.  4,  c  27   ....  196,  900,  1442 

c.  28,  8.  6 184 

C.29 1442 

8.  8  ...  .  1187,  1667 

8.  lo 2211 

8.2'.) 172 

8.38 89 

8. 42  .  .  .  1863,  1669 

8.48 799 

8.44 1194 

8.67 1744 

8.76 2132 

c.  80 1442 

8.  2 1381 

8.  3 1»27 

8.4 1182 

8.  17   ...  1926,  1946 

8.40 1862 

c.  81,  8.  2 604 

c.  61 672 

c.  68,  8.  1 2286 

clxxy 1246.2222 

8.37      ...    1364.2285 
8.67 1364 

8  Geo.  4,  c.  xxix 1862 

9  Geo.  4,  c.  14 1883,  2031 

{Statute  of  Frauds  8.  1 23.  1389 

Amendment  Act,      8.  6' 1666 

1828)  8.  0 6,  2146 

8.  7 826 

c.  17 1776 

8.  2 48,  2146 

c.  22,  8.  36 1419 

c.  2:^,  8.  7 326 

c.  81 480,  1442 

8.2 2098 

8.  11   .     .    .    1118,1873,2274 
8.  12   .     .     .    1118,  1878,2274 

8.  14 648 

8.20 2007 

8.22 1047 

8.27 867 

c.  40,8.  30 1326 

8.41 264 

c.  60 212.  1443 

{Ale-        c.  61 66,2187 

house  Act,  8.  1 209,  643 

1828)  8. 4  .  .  .  1709.  1914, 2088 

8.6 1914 

8.0 1036 

8.  10 896 

8.  14  .  930, 1096, 1278, 1709. 
2089,  2286 

8.  27 28,  1709 

8.28 1709 


Pi«e 
9  Geo.  4,  c.  61  8.  29   .   1095, 1348, 1709,  1727 

Sch  C 64 

c.  69 795 

c.  69,  8.  I 626 

{Night  8.9 1322 

Poaching  8.  12 1281 

Act,  1828)         8.  13 796 

c.  77,  8.  6 1878 

c.  86 1755 

c.  cxiii 1789 

10Geo.4,c.44,8. 4 1197 

Sch 1197 

11  Geo.  4  &  1  Wm.  4,  c.  21  ....  1020 
c.  22  746,  1177,  1458 
cc.  86, 46, 47,  and 

60    .    .     .     1978 

c  40     ...     2,  1925 

c.  46     .    .    .    .     1978 

C.47    .    .    .     .     1978 

{Beerhouse  Act,  c.  64    .     66.  223,  1748 

18S0)  8.81      1607,1617 

8.  32     .  173,  313, 

462,  895,  1404, 

1444 

{In/ants*  Property         c.  65     .     .     .     .      1978 

Act,  18S0)  8. 9  749 

8.  12     .     .       629 

c.  66, 8  10   .    .     1362 

(Carriers*  Act,  c.  68    .     .     .623,1397 

1830)  8.  1  .  790.  814, 
1050,  1126,  1400, 
1818, 1886,  2060, 

2099,  2278 

8.2    .    .     1400 

8.6    .    .     1911 

8. 8    .    .     1833 

c.  70  .    .    1192,  18C»2 

1  &  2  Wm.  4,  c.  18 1813 

8.  1 2282 

c.  22 1498 

8. 4.    .    .    .      846,1177 

8.35 1961 

1  &  2  Wm,  4,  c.  32 796,  796 

{Game  Act,  1831)    8.2 795 

8.  3  ...    .      622,  2148 

8.  4 795 

8.  8 1731 

8.  18 1748 

8.23 2148 

8.30     ...      626,1807 
{Truck  Act,    c  37     .     .    121,240,446,2100 

1831)  8.  9 14.38 

8.23    61,394,1171,1184. 

2029 

{Church  Bg    c.  38,  8.  14 289 

Act,  1831)  8.  16 780 

(SpeciW  Con-  c.  41,  8.  1 1911 

stables' Act,  1831)     8.9 1911 

8.  19 1629 

c.  44     ...     218,  2062,  2286 

c.  65 1921 

c.  60 881,1403 

c.  66,  8.  17 1821 

c.  Ixxvi.  88.  64,  57      .    .      245 

2&3  Wm.4,  c.  16,  8.  2 1486 

c.  89,  8.  4 408 

{Rep,  People   c.  46     89,  208,  896.  1823.  1411, 
Act,  1832)  1691,  1776,  2076 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


cliii 


Page 
2  &  3  Wm.  4,c.  46,  s.  18  179,  201, 1811, 1328, 

1578,  2028 

8.10 1044 

s.  20 1044 

8  25 2047 

8.26  32,179,1811,1323, 

1578 

8.27  96,228,322,420,589, 

1363, 1887, 1736, 
2047,  2212 

8.28 1967 

8.80 2027 

8.81 232 

8.32 1735 

8.  86     ....  72,  1409 

8.68 384 

8.71 252 

c.  58 :    1978 

c.  64,  8.26 1011 

C.65 1768,1776 

[PreteriptioH  c.  71     .     624,  1540,  2031,  2060 

Act.ISSi)  8.  1.    .     .    .     1002,1761 

8.  2     8,  36,  241.  375.  595. 

939,  1002,  1368. 1758, 

2221 

8.3    8.13,36,81.228.375. 

695,  939,  1002,  1.363, 

2046 

8.  4    26, 1002,  1003,  1275, 

1905 

8.  5  .    .     872,  1757.  1758 

8.  8  ...    .    1466, 1764 

c.  88 420.1776 

c.  100 1212,2081 

c.  Uv,  8.  10 1367 

c.  cv,  8.22 1005 

8.80 1005 

3&4Wm  4.C.  16 1131 

{Dramatic  Copy-       8.  1 H'J 

right  Act,  1833)         8.  2  .     94,  627,  939,  1318. 

1411,  1728 

c.  19.8.  81 1728 

c.  22, 8.  24 2025 

8.47 2182 

{Real  Prop-    c.  27      .    873,  1056,  1456,  1520, 

frty  Limitation  1711. 1712, 1979, 2062 

Ad,  1833)  8.  1  .   102, 292,  359,  387, 

1464.  1711,  2058 

8.2  .  638,722,1464,1684, 

1711 

8.3  .  641,549,646,646. 

722,  750,  792,  985. 
1711 

8.4  ...  .   750,1711 

8.5 1711 

8.6 278 

8.7  .  .  286.1711.2024 

8. 8  ...  .  1070.1711 

8. 9  ...  .  1711,2279 

8. 10 1514 

8.  11 887 

8.  14 24 

8.  15 1711 

8.  16 189 

8.  20  .  .  045,  1620,  1758 

s.  24 319 

8.  25 286.  674 

8  26  .  .  .202,  360,  1669 


3&4Wm.  4,0.27,8.28 
8.86 
8.40 


8.42 


Page 
....  24,1228 

1668 

23,  292, 1027,  1077, 
1541 
.  24,241,292.655, 
.  1876,  14.34,  1551, 
1684, 1979 

c.  37 706 

{Civil  Pro-      c.  42 1406 

eedun  Act,  1833)      8.  2 976 

8.3  .  24,59,268,277,459, 
1444 

8.  6 23,  1420 

8.  8 1734 

8.  18 2206 

8.23 1192 

8.  28      284,  446,  500.  988, 
1981 

8.29 2100 

73 104 

74 165,361 

8.1    35,169.290,643,646, 

954,  997,  2026 

8.  15 491 


c. 
{Fines  and  c. 
Recoveries  Act, 
1833) 


c76 
0.77 
0.86 
0.  90 


8.17       . 

8.22     . 

88.  23-33 

8.  34 
88*.  36-37 

8.40 

8.41 

8.47 
8.77 

8.91 


.83 


c.  97,  8.  20 
0. 99  .  . 
0.  104  .  . 
c.  105,  8.  2 

8.3 
8.4 
8.9 

0.  106    .    . 

8.1 
8.2 
8.3 

4&6Wm.  4,0. 22     .    . 
{Apportionment         8.  2  . 


{Dower  AcJ, 
1833) 


{Inheritance 
Act,  1833) 


Act,  1834) 


{Poor  Law 
Amendment 
Act,  1834) 


0.  30    .     . 

0.  89     .     . 

0.47     .    . 

o.  62,  8.  27 

c.  76,  8.  19 
8.32 
8.88 
8.46 

8  48 

8.51 

8.56 
8.58 
8.68 


.     .     1026 

1892, 1551, 

1598 

.    .     1693 

169, 1593 

.    1593 

186,  649 

136 

.      649 

649,  648,  997 

.    1111 

282 


.      788 
1884 
1056, 1364,  1687, 
2052 


...  647 
477,  098,  1769 
.  671, 1620 
...  671 
...  671 
...  997 
.  .  512,868 
1066,1063,1624 
.    .    .    1622 


.  .  1523 
.  733,986 
.  .  283 
.  .  786 
.  .  1852 
.  .  1591 
.    .     1096 

781, 1587 
.  .  420 
843, 1826, 1326, 
1397 
.  .  1897 
.  .  1970 
.  .  1409 
.    .    1409 

282,  1616 


cliv 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


Page 

4  &  6  Wm. 

4,c.76,i.77    .     813,1363,1886, 

1694 

8. 79    .    . 

.      666,  1826 

8.97    .    . 

.    1626,2247 

8  99    .    . 

.    .    .    1319 

8.109   148,807,843,1861, 

1384, 1389, 1397, 

1403, 1506, 1607, 

1643,2181,2186, 

2266 

(Beerhouse 

c.86,8.2.    .     . 

.    .    .      818 

Act,  1834) 

8.  19     .     . 

.    1748 

c.  90    .    .    .    . 

.      706 

8.  1.     .     . 

.      614 

5  &  6  Wm. 

4,  c.  6,  8.  64     .    . 

.      162 

cc.  16, 17  .    .    . 

.    1978 

C.   18,  8.  1       .      . 

.      616 

c.  20.  8.  13  .    . 

.      476 

c.  41    .    .    .    . 

.      798 

8.1 

.      909 

c.  43,  8.  1 

.    1911 

{Highway 

c.C0,8.4      .    . 

.      810 

AdUsSS) 

8.6 

'.    '.  7 

39,  878 

8.6       .     . 

.      970 

8.7 

.      267 

8.  18     .     . 

1186 

8.24    .    . 

.      280 

8.27    .    . 

2164 

8.44    .     . 

1820 

8.46    ..    . 

1996 

8.56   71,104 

7,1068,1281 

8.66    .     . 

1126,  1392 

8.67    .    . 

.    .      671 

8.  70    .    . 

.    .      636 

8.72    ..    . 

739. 1307 

8.  78  261,  67 

6,  1426,  2246 

8. 84    .    .6 

39.  878.  1941 

8.  86  618,  87 

3,  1101,  2188 

8.88    ..    . 

.   69,1101 

8.89    ..    . 

.    .     1248 

8.90    ..    . 

.    .    1318 

8.96    ..    . 

1692,2007 

8.98    ..    . 

.    .     1636 

8.  103  .     . 

.    .    1818 

8. 106  .    .     . 

.     69,621 

8.  109  .    .     . 

.    .      346 

c.  64 

1181, 1446 

8.2.      .      . 

.     .     1676 

c.  62 

.    .      480 

C.63 

.   830,412 

c.  69    .    .     .    . 

.     .      416 

(Municipal 

c.  76    .    .    208,4 

10,  772,  1776 

Corporation) 

8.2.     ..     . 

.    .      460 

8.9.     .      . 

72,  420,  2186 

8.  16     .     .     . 

.    .    1970 

8.18      ..     . 

.    .     1852 

8.  28     891,  /] 

^,  632,  999. 
1696 

8.32    ..    . 

1240, 1366 

8.34    ..     . 

.    .    2248 

8. 30     .    .     . 

942 

8. 48     .    .    . 

1970 

8.62     ..    . 

,     , 

980 

8. 63     .    .    . 

686 

8.  64     .     .    . 

,    , 

1766 

8.  68     .    .     . 

1206 

8.92     ..    . 

'22s.  1262 

8.96     82,  ir 

1,162 

7, 1710 

1^ 

6  &  6  Wm.  4,  c  76,  8. 117  ..    .    1091, 1692 

8.  142 1866 

c.  83,  8.1 1.308 

8.4 1591 

8.7 J428 

6&7  Win.4,  c.  13 1736 

c.  32, 8.1       1671 

8.6 632 

(Bread  Act,     c  87, 8.  4       .     .  244.  773,  2164 
18S6}  8. 7       ....  267,  742 

8  8 1047 

c.  64, 8.  26 1511) 

c.  66 746 

C.69 1929 

(Tithe  Act,      c.  71 1776,2003 

1836)  8. 12     .   1060, 1404,  2060, 

2061 

8.  42 352 

8.  46    .    .  212,  879,  1758 

8.  G4 1794 

8.  76 670 

8.  80    .    .    .    1438.2166 

8.  82 1975 

c  76, 8.  63    ...    .   134.  326 
c  76,  Sch  A     .    .    .    .     1274 

c.  77,  8.18 341 

c.  79,  8.64    .    .  411.623,1144 

c  86 1776,1918 

C.86 1696,1776 

c.  87 611 

(Parochial       c.  96 89 

Assessments  8.  1  .     87,  88,  1263,  1644, 

Act,  1836)  1712 

8.2 1863 

8.6 1914 

c.  99 706 

c.  106,  8.  44  .    .  493,  866,  1204 

cll4 654 

(Enclosure       c.  116 2273 

Act,  1836)  8.22 81 

8.66  .   179,1391,1403 

c.  120,  8.  22 1357 

c.  cviii,  8.  108  ...  .  1854 

1  Vict  c.  9.  8.  8 882 

c.  10,  8.  1 2079 

c.  19 104,  832 

c.  23, 8  16 179 

(  Wills  c.  26  .  739,  742,  871,  972, 1012,  1068, 

Act,  1837)  1066, 1061, 1 166. 1218, 1237, 

1806,  1373,  1412, 1461. 1683, 

1716,  1769, 1788,  1860.  1968 

8.  1  .  .  .  .  1469,1658,2260 

8.  3 1918, 1996 

8.6 1913 

8. 9  ...  .  1640,1880.2250 

8.  10 2260,  2278 

8. 11  .  .  .  84,  92,  1161,  1808. 

1899 

8. 16  ...  .   180,  1077,  1726 

8. 20.  .  .  .   619,2017,2227 

8.  21 08,  1000 

8.22 370 

8.  24  .  396,  694.  780,  946, 1216. 
1218,  1296,  2036 

8.26 1061,1742 

8.  26 1063,  1658 

8.  27  .  94, 395, 524, 676, 805, 806, 
946,  1626,  1682 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


civ 


Page 

1  Vict  c.  26,  8.  28  .      198.  895,  665,  706,  897, 

1706,  1789,  1764,  2020 

S.20 895,529,630 

8.32 1061 

8.  83  .  355, 524, 1061, 1466, 1859, 
1997 

c,  28 819 

c.33,8.2 402 

(Pott    c  86  .    .    .    .     614, 1396,  1521, 1522 

Offin  {Of-      8.  47  .  188, 220. 836, 401, 570, 596. 

fences)  Act,  673.  746,  746,  763,  977. 

1SS7)  1087,  1135,  1144,  1327, 

1395.  1444,  1466,  1621. 

1522.  1867,  1869,  1888. 

1889,2131,2172,2180 

c.  41, 8.87.    .    .    .    1069,1865,2096 

c.  48,  8,8 184 

c.  67,  8.3 1036 

c.  72 1921 

c  78 864 

c  78,  8.  24 1176, 1698 

8.  «1 1319 

8.38 371 

8.44 1207 

c.  85,8.  2 1501 

8.6 619 

8.6 279 

c.  89 1381 

1  &  2  Vict.  c.  20,  8.  22 835 

a88,8. 2 1768 

c.  48,  8.  29    ...    .      617,1374 

8.61 666 

[Poor  Re-    c.  66,  8.  48    .    .      730, 1328,  1683 

lief  ilr)  Act,         8.61 1607 

18S8)  8.71 1316 

8.80 1654 

8. 114 1361 

8.  118 343 

8.  12i  .  807,910,1036,1316, 
1712 

c.  59.  8.  16 206 

c.  67.  8.  10    ...     .      832, 1552 

c.  74 1711 

8.7      .    56,910,1059,1538 

c.  79.  8.  1 370.  888 

C.94 1061,1682 

c.  98.8. 19 1648 

{Plurali-      c.  106,  8.  29 2079 

ti^t  Act,  8.  32 440 

18S8)  8.  68 2283 

8  108 1440 

8.114 440 

8.124      ....  180,271 
88.126,127,128    .     .    1430 

c.  109 2061 

8.  54 359 

{Judgments  c.UO,s.  3 1192 

Art,18S8)  8.9 675 

8.  12  801, 1097, 1217, 1815, 

1818 

8.13    50,60,291,498.548, 

998,1027,1280.1664, 

1566.  1817 

8.  14  .  661,  938,  994,  1608, 

1939 

88.14-16      ....      294 

8.  15 1970 

8.18  1027,1218,1351,1773 


1  &  2  Vict.  c. 


c. 
2  &  8  Vict.  c. 

c 
c. 
c 
c. 
c 
c. 

(Metrop       c. 

Police  Act, 

18S9) 


c. 
c. 

0. 

c. 

c. 
{Metrop  c. 
Police  Covrts 
Act,  1839) 


c. 

3  &  4  Vict.  c. 
c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 
(Beerhouse  c. 
Act,  1840) 

c. 
c. 


110,8.19 
8.86 
8.37 
8.53 
8.92 
8.93 

8.119 

117.  8.  4 
11    .    . 

8.7 
17.  8.  1 

24.  8.  18 
29  .  . 
87.  8.  1 

41.  8.  3 

42,  8.  63 
47,  8.  2 

8.46 
8.64 
8.60 
8.63 
8.66 

49,8.21 

50.  8.  10 

54    .    . 

61,  8.  74 

65    .    . 

71  .  . 
8.24 
8.29 
8.40 
8.64 

74, 8.  4  . 

84, 8.  1  . 

18    .    . 

24    .    . 

8.2 

36,  8.  61 

42.  8.  28 
64,8.8 
60,  8.  19 

61,8.1 
8.2 
6.15 

66.  8.  6 
77     .    . 
8.26 


163,  J 


(Church 
Discipline 
Act,  1840) 


148.! 
J,  436. 


768,1 


639, 


(Ry  Regn. 
Act,  1840) 

(Mm. 
Corp.  (Ir) 
Act,  1840) 


c.  78.8.  12    , 
c.  82,  8.  1 
C.84     .    . 
c.  86    .    . 
c.  86,  8  2 

8.3 
8.9 
8.10 

8.20  . 
8.23    . 

C.88     .    . 
c.  96,  8.  16 

8.71 

c.  97,  8.  13    . 

8.21  . 

c.  106  .    .    . 

c.  108,  8.  30  , 
8.64 
8.72 


22^ 


Page 
291 
1793 
786 
1267 
471 
656 
1126 
1854 
1641,  1978 
643 
119 
1252 
203, 1015 
1817 
,  476,  644 
316,  440 
.  1197 
.  2020 
.  1125 
.  1308 
.  2188 
863,  2188 
180 
.  843 
.  2009 
.  871 
.  1769 
.  1185 
224,  853 
.  292 
290,822 
.  1726 
.  561 
.  1176 
1749,  2068 
.  1028 
.  2243 
251,  833 
.  242 
.  421 
.  699 
1403,  1660,  2077 
1858 
1488 
1251 
2251 
833,  1108.  1932. 
2107,  2192 
....  251 
.  294.938,904 
....  1135 
....  506 
.  195,  533.  1534 
.  .  .  .  1177 
....  1979 
....  1979 
....  1979 
....  440 
....  995 
....  2249 
248,  1009. 1144, 
1621,  2131 
....  1645 
.  .  1645,1647 
....  1481 
....  1874 
....  1825 
....      942 


clvi 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


3&4  Victc.  108,  8.  93  . 

s.  216 

c.  110  ..    . 

c.  113,8.5    . 

8.67  . 

8.  9.) . 

8.  1    .    .    . 

20  .    .    . 

21  .    .    . 


4  Vict.  c.  14, 

4  &  6  Vict.  c. 

c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 

5  Vict.  c.  6,  8. 

6  &  6  Vict.  c. 

c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 

(Income        c. 
Tax  Act, 


35 


c. 
( Copjfright  c. 
Act,  1842) 


.  .  .  2077 
200,222.2107 
.  .  .  1219 
...  289 
.  .  .  1464 
...  255 
.  .  .  2079 
...  786 
...      166 

22 184 

SO,  8.  15 328 

85,8.90 885 

39,8.29  .  .  1057,1659,2062 

51 945 

6 1942 

12,8.50 220,380 

16 644 

24  .  .  .  843,  561, 1308,  1602 

26 1921 

27,  8.1 1637 

8.  16  ...  .   180.  1465 
.   48,  484,  949,  1609.  2192 

8.  41 56,  685 

8.44 56,685 

8.  00  .  89,  889,  1569.  1672, 

1013 

8. 61  .  .  294.1108,1902 

8.  73  ...  .  483.2156 

8.  100   .  89,  257, 264, 591, 

614.  746,  794.  1519. 

1572.  1609,  1627,  1679, 

1839,  1965,  2079 

2286 

.  .  483,  980,  2156 

618 

688,  614, 1463.  1609 

623 

149 

92 

8.  4 45,  1006 

8. 6 540 

44,  8.  1 1006 

45  .  149.858,410,1108,1131, 
1411.1864,2009,2199 
8.  2   .  184.  204,  219,  298. 
408,  409,  573,  1476,  1830 


39 


8.  102 
8.  108 
8.183 
8.146 
8.192 
8.22  . 


8.8 
8.13 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
8.  19 
8.20 
8  24 
8.26 
49,  8.  2 
64,8.7 
65  8.  21 
79,  8.  23 
82,  8.  38 
84,  8.  17 


97 


8.  169  802, 

,8.4 

8.14 


725 

725,  1690,  1619 
...  58 
.  .  .  1319 
.  .  .  1619 
.  916,  1047 
.  1456,1880 
.  .  .  1466 
279, 1618,  1725 
.  1690,  1619 
.  786,  1319 
...  387 
.  .  .  1176 
.  1646,  1647 
...  242 
.  .  .  1626 
...  288 
.  48M779 
1065,1690,1765 
1329 
1749.  1896,  2068 
1605,2096 


5  &  6  Vict.  c.  97. 8.  2 
c.  98.8.  18 


{Fisheries 
(h)  Act, 


c.  W,  8.  14 
c.  100,  8.  2 

8.7 


967,  2006 
.  .  1911 
.  .  56 
.  .  1269 
279 


c.  106,  8.4 1804 


8.  114 
c  106,  8.  81 


tnry  Voters 
Registration 
Act,  1843) 


8.20 1192 

8.27 28 

8.40 104C 

8.  laS 1275 

8.  113    .  1265,  1690,  1765, 

2219 

729.  1846 

.   180,896 

c.  109;  8.  26 1384 

c.  111,8.  2 1320 

c.  116 937 

c.  122,8.23 1969 

6  Vict,  c.  18 1489 

{Parliamen-    8.4 16-32 

8.  6 260,  1852 

8.  13 1862 

8.23 1616 

8.41 1885 

8.42 1856 

8. 47 1862,  1885 

8.  48 1862,  1885 

......       669 

2077 

33 

941 

652 

673 

243.581,683,  1355 

314,326,1384.1408. 

1763.  2077 

...       996 

661. 1798,  2199 

1443,  1489 

699 

597,  698 


.65 

8.56  . 

8.74  . 

8.75  . 

8.76  . 
8.98  . 

8.100  . 

8.101  , 

c.  xxxiii 
0  &  7  Vict.  c.  36,  8.  1 

C.37    .  . 


( Theatres 
Act,  1843) 


{Soficitors 
Act,  1843) 


8.  15 
c.  38.  8.  17 
c.  40, 8.  35 
c.  44,8.  18 
c.  56,8.  38 
c.  66  .  . 
c  66  .  . 
c.  68  .  . 

8.11 
8.  16 

8.18 

8.23 

8.26 

c.  73  .  . 

8.1 

8.25 
8  26 
8.82 
8.86 
8.87 


8.38 
8.39 
8.41 
c.  74,  8.  62 
c.  76  .  . 
c.  79,  8.  18 
c.  83,  8.  1 
c.  85  .  . 


1039. 


1160,1172 
343 
302,  848.  661 
.  1859 
.  2214 
484.2041 
879,  1484,  1485 
879 
.  2041 
627,  1927 
.  2011 
180,  lOBl 
.  1173 
.  1268 
.  1138 
489,  1806,  1858 
.  .  .  423,440 
190,276.587,1178. 
1358, 1883, 1910,  1969 
.  1091,  1969 
.  .  .  1420 
.  1436.  1009 
.  .  115,320 
187,  1482.  2268 
.  .220,221 
...  1065 
.  .   606.1421 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clvii 


Page 

6  &  7  Vict.  c.  86,  B.  2     .   370.  846.  888.  1107, 
{London  Bach-  1424,  16U0.  2222 

Nev  Carriageg         s.  8 488 

Act,  1843)  1.22 488 

8.33 1484 

{UhdAa,    C.06 251 

IW)  8.2 785.840 

8.5 1150 

8.8 244 

7  &  8  Vict  c.  12 149 

[IniemaCL  Cop^^    8.  19 725 

ri^  Act,  I8U)     ••  20    .  110.  205.  1352.  1551 

c.  15.  8.  22 15 

8.73 66.015 

c.  18,  8.  3 1085 

c.  19 424 

8.8 158 

8.9 1027 

C.22 1929 

8.14    .   169.406.528,1162. 
2211 

C.24,  8.  4 1696 

c.  81,  8.  36    .    .    .    .      418.  1085 

c  32,  8.  12 281 

8.  28 162.  168 

c.  33 995.  1914 

C.45 1131 

c.49,8.8 836 

8.  10    ...    .      336,  1087 

C.62 1864 

c.  65.  8.44 1519 

c.  81,  8.  65 824 

c.  84.  8.  2      .    74.  868.  1421.  1925 

8.79 2247 

(Rg  Regn.  c.  85,  88.  0.  10 300 

Act,I8U)  8. 25    ...    .    1424.1645 

c.  87.  8.  10    .    .    .    272.  880.  888 

c90 1978 

c.  91,  8.  114  .    .    1036.2070.2111 

c.  94 1443 

8.7      ....      825.2086 

{Execution  c.  96 1131 

Act,ISU)  s.  6 473 

8.78 1027 

{Poor  Law  c.  101 1096,  1708 

Amendt.  8.32 487 

Act,  1844)  8. 39    ...    .      713.  1088 

8.56 292 

8.  74    ...    .      326,  1096 

c.  105 401 

c.  106.  8. 156 .  421,  896. 1135,  1406. 
1478 

c.  110 1863 

8.2    ...    .     1022.1626 
8.  8    .  130.  585, 1085.  1860 

8.45 1854 

8. 66.    .    .    .     1175,1858 

c.  Ill,  8.  1 341 

c.  112.  8.  9 516 

8.16 981 

c.  113.8.  13 1176 

8.49 663 

8A9Vict.clO    ....     756,1478,1683 

{Comp,         c.  16 1054 

C.C.Act,  8.  2    ...    .    1909,2121 

1845)  8.8    586,1086,1070.1812. 

1863, 1988 
8.8 1961 


Page 

8  &  9  Vict.  c.  16, 

98.  14,  15, 

16  .  .  .  208S 

88.  18. 19 

....  2088 

8  40.  . 

....  1975 

88.  61-64 

....  1938 

8.70.  . 

....    92 

8.  71  .   . 

....  192J 

8.89.  . 

....   271 

8.97.  . 

....  1178 

8.  185  . 

....  1550 

(Comp.         c.  r 

536.  1036,  1061. 

a  c.  {Scot) 

1070, 

1126,  1863,  1909, 

Act,  1845) 

2121 

(Lands        c.  18 
C.  a  Act, 

.105,112.270,355.375.459, 

472.  1054,  1164,  1890, 

1845) 

1391, 

1420,  1562, 1604. 
1988,  2121 

8.2  .  . 

1578,  1909,  2120. 
2121.  2270 

8.3  162.828,711,860,997, 

1086. 1070.  1890. 

1645.  1865,  2029 

8.6  .  . 

....  2005 

8.  9  .  . 

.  .  .  1969 

8.16.  . 

.   676.  1631 

8.17.   . 

.  .  .  1975 

8.18.   . 

997,  2095.  2181 

8.22.  . 

856. 1351 

8.25.  . 

.  .  .  1959 

8.84.  . 

.  .   676.1322 

8.38.  . 

.  ...  1547 

8.49.  . 

.  .  .  2047 

8.  51  .  . 

.  1822.  1547 

8.68.  450.  712.  973.  976. 

1028,  1242, 1781. 

2005 

8.69.  . 

.  9.  1054.  1843 

8.70.  . 

.  .  .  1717 

8.76.  . 

.  .  .  1890 

8.79.  . 

.  .  .  1515 

8.80.  . 

49,  950,  2006 

8.81.   . 

.  .  .  2181 

8.82.  . 

...   416 

8.84.  . 

...   870 

8.85.  . 

.   870,2006 

8.88.  . 

.  .  .  2246 

8.89.  . 

.  .  .  2248 

8.  92  .  228.  892.  894.  1159. 

1363,  1411,  1496 

8.93.  . 

....  2075 

8.94.  . 

....  1969 

8.96.  . 

....   621 

8.100   . 

....  2181 

8.121   . 

....  2284 

8.124  . 

....  1330 

8.  120  . 

....   786 

8.127  . 

10,  39,  40,  547, 
1627,  1985 

8.128  . 

39.40.230.281, 
547,  1985, 2075 

8.  132  . 

....   835 

8.  183  . 

494,  1058.  1578. 

1628,  1714,  2006, 

2271 

{Lands        c.  19 

162,  1080 

.1054,1070,1126, 

C.  a  {Scot) 

1390. 

1645.  1909.  2120. 

Act,  1845) 

2121.  2270 

{Ry  C.  C,    c.  20 

457,  1054, 1882, 1685, 1909, 

Act,  1845} 

2121 

clviii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


8  &  9  Vict  c.  20,  s.  3 


326,  822, 1035, 1036, 
1070.  1384, 1890,  I860, 


1988, 

B.6  . 
8.7  . 
8.  11. 

8.  l:i . 

8.14. 
B.  15. 
8.  16. 
8.31  . 

8.32. 
8.85. 
8.46. 
88.  46-62 
8.47. 
8.48. 

8.51. 

8.53. 
8.54. 
8.55. 
8.57. 
8.68  . 


1996,2069,2111 

456 

1498 

2075 

18 


88.  95,  97 
8.103 
8.  138 
8.140 
8.  145 
c.  26. 8.  10   . 
c.  29, 8.  2 
c.  31, 8.  12   . 
{Rif,C,C.  C.33,  ... 
{Scot)  Act,  8.  8 

1845) 

8.39 


523 

456, 1255, 1798 

...   731 

1766 

731 

217,1254,2111 

.  .   441 

1315,2111 

.  .  2111 

.  .  2240 

.  .   678 

1390, 1444 

.  .  1761 

.  .  1861 

17,272,1315,1390, 

1849 

8.71 17 

8.76 045 

8.  77  .  .  075,  1202,  1256 
88.77-85  ....  1054 
8.  78  ...  .   518,  1202 

8.80 1970 

8.81 781 

8. 86.  .  .  .   348,2070 

8.87 2070 

8.89 848 

8.90.  .  704,1426,1789, 
2069,  2152 


2069,2148 

.  .   880 

.  .  1550 

.  .   459 

.  .  1445 

.  .  1765 

56,  461,  642 

.  .   435 

1909  2121 

1036,  1054,  1070, '1126. 

2069 

1766 


88.42-^1 1766 

8.70 2070 

c.  35, 8.  10  .  .  486,  1056,  1288 

c.  37.  8.  32 163,332 

c.38,8. 22 163,332 

c.  42,  88.  5,6 348 

C.62 1776 

c.63,8.6  .  .  .   421,1035,1391 
c.  69   ....   480,  1500, 1779 

c.  76,  8.  4 812 

c.77,8.  9  .  .  .  .  56,  1U50,  2270 

c.  83, 8.  1 1050, 1891 

c.  86. 8.  127 338 

c.  87,  8.  46 362 

c.  100, 8.  46 1853 

8.72 766 

8.114.   137,209,326,422, 
1180,  1430 

(/?ea/Pr».  c  106,8.  2 835 

perty  Act,  1845)     8.  3  .  .  1702,1994,2197 


....   811,835 
.  .   486,957,1505 

1545 

1180 

....      828.1027 
.     185,849,798,1188 

2134 

349 

'.    !    !  1*96,*  796,  2251 

90,430,609,796,797. 

798,008,1961 

....   348,  1197 

422 

.  .   146,1066,1794 

cll3 224 

C.118 1839 

8.62 1329 

8.68 1467 

8.167  134,311,945,1114. 
1157,  1798 
.  .  .  1056.  1419 
137,  209.  326,  422. 
1035,1430 
...  1027 
...   167 


8&9yictc.l06,8.4 

8.5 
8.6 

c.  107  .    . 

c.  108,  8.  25 
( Gaming  c.  109  .  . 
Act,  1845)  8. 1 

8.2 
8.17 
8.  18 

8.24 
c.  111,8.24 
c.  112 


c.  124,8.5 
c  126,8.84 


c.  127.8.  24 
9  &  10  Vict  c.  2. 8. 28 
c.  3,  8.87 


.    .    1590,1804 

c.  4,8.44 480,714 

c.  56      ....    343,454,623 

c.62 506 

c.  66,  8. 1   .    .  1429,  1553,  1851, 
1899,  2032 

8.4 1877 

c.  74,  8.  2   .    .     818,  1035,  2185 

c.75,8.  3 846 

c.  84,8.  10 789 

c.  87, 8.  2  .  326,  344, 1036,  2076. 
2077 

c98 251.507 

8. 5    ...    .     306,  1402 

{County  c.  95,8.  24 940 

CourU)  8.25 1024 

8.57 1565 

8.58 1639 

8.60 263,275 

8.65 1077 

8.98 2141 

8.118 2245 

8.128 263 

8.  142  ...  .  56.  147 
a  96, 8.  17  .  .  .  .  843,  1085 
c.  101,  8.  49    .    .    .     426,  1000 

c.  107,  8.  19 333 

c.  110,  8.  8 826 

8.88 2077 

c.  111,8.22    ...      134,  1060 
10  &  11  Vict.  c.  14.    .    .    .1095,1909,2120. 


i  Markets  and 
''airs  Clauses 
Act,  1847) 


{ Gasworks 
Clauses  Act, 
1847) 


2121 

8.3.  208,272,333,576, 

1035, 1036, 1055, 

1070.  1988 

8.  13  .  59,  592,  678,  1442, 

1540, 1873 

15.  .1801,1909,2120,2121 

8.  3  .  .  801.  1035, 1036, 

1055,  1949,  1988 

8.7 228 

8.  10 1281 

8.14 731 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clix 


P«ge 

10  &  11  Vict  c  16 1909.2121 

{Commrs.  Clauses    8.8     826,1035,1086.1988 


Act,  1847) 

{ IF.  w,  a 

Act,  1847) 


(Harbours, 
4y.  Clauses 
Ad,  1847) 


8.  60   ....  339,  344 

c.  17 895 

8.2  1056.1909,2120,2121 

8.  3  344, 1035, 1036,  1054. 

1046,  1950.  1988. 

2223.2224 

8.6.    .     976,1946,2006 

8.18 1203 

88.18-27  ....  1054 
8.25  . 
8.81  . 
8.35  . 
8.38  . 
8.40  . 
8.68  . 
8.74  . 
8.98  . 
c  27,  8.  2  . 


(7otm« 

Imprvt.  Clauses 

Ad,  1847) 

8.53 
8.87 
8.126 
8.  167 
c.  38, 8.  20 


103 
.  .  .  1492 
.  1482,1625 
.  .  .  1726 
...   721 
.  .  .  2030 
...   856 
.  .  .  1791 
850. 1540,  2120 
8.  3  883,  822, 1035.  1055, 
1168, 1392.  1651. 
1988,  2180 
8.56  ...  1398,1708 

8.74 456 

c.  32,  8.  66  180,802,1070,1391, 
1435 

a  33,  8.  4 1036 

c.  84  .  1271, 1686.  1909,  2075 

8.  3  272, 1035, 1086. 1389, 

1950,1988 

.  .  1373 

1778,2029 


c.  48,  8.  11 
a  48,  8.  22 

c.  49.  8.  12 
a  50.  8. 14 
c.  61,  8.  2 
C.05 


2029 
56,  818,  ia35. 


10:36, 1467, 1492, 1590, 1765 


1683 
.  298,546 
.  .  546 
.  435,476 
1654,  2185 

1909 


8.  8  288, 1035,  1036. 1988 

c.84,8.8      .    .    .      880,1086 

c.  85,  8.  20     .     243,  1087,  1646 

[Taum  Police  c  89     .    576,  1330,  1648,  1909 

Clauses  Act,  8.3      .    272,1085.1086, 

1S47)  1950, 1988 

8.32 1594 

8.83 1390 

8.35 1485 

8.37     ....  262,846 

8.38 846 

88.40-52    .    .    .   262.846 

8.  45     .    .  262.  879. 1498 

8.54     ....  262,846 

8.58     ....  262,846 

88. 60-67    .    .    .  262, 846 

C.96 418 

c.  109, 8. 15  .  .  ,  .  807 
c.  113.  8.  17  1492,  1590,  1765 
c.  lxxi,8.40      ....      263 

11&12  Victc.  1.8.  21 422 

c.  2,8. 11 1293 

c.  12,8.  3 209;5 

c.  21,  8.  92 426 

c.  28,  8. 18      11, 134,  481, 1492 


11  &  12  Vict  c.  29 


(Indictable 
Offences  Act, 
1848) 


(Sum.  Jur. 
Act,  1848) 


(P.  H,  Act, 
1848) 


796 

8.7 62 

30 796,1281 

31.8.9 1825 

86 1776 

8.  52  .    .    485.  625.  863 

42 1018,2213 

8.2 189 

8  9 1176 

8.17 908 

8.  19 1840 

8.20 1394 


C.43 


8.22 
8.25 
8.29 

8.1 


8.5 

8.8 

8.9 

8.10 

8.11 

8.25 

8.31 

44  .    . 

8.8 

45,8.8 

8.78 
46  .  . 
48,8.1 
49.8.1 
68,8.2 
657.571, 

8.46 

8.64 

8.69 

8.72 

8.74 

8.85 

8.88 

8.89 

8.115 

8.135 
8.144 
8.150 
78  .    . 


....      345 

845 

....    1135 

856,  1018,  1982 

966,  1351,  1370. 

1963,2163,2175 

.    .      419 

.    .      966 

.    .      966 

.    .      967 

114, 1870 

.    .      920 

.    .      209 

666, 1018, 1691 

.    .      569 

249,881,435^1186 

.    .    1176 

.    .    .      159 

644, 1070,  1071 

1368,2253 

112,199,410,411. 

"    1035,1036,1893 

.    .    1255 

1273,  1297, 1364 

878,2012 

.    .      175 

.    .     1490 

1854,1856,1857 

.    .    1640 

.    .    1176 


12  &  13  Vict. 


(Quarter 
Sessions 
Act,  1849) 


91  .     . 
94.8.46 
110     . 
112      . 

8.3 

8.50 
8.147 
123. 8.  22 
clxiii.  8.  61 
8.169 
8.262 
18  ...    . 
26  .    . 

8.2 

8.3.8.8 
36.8.6 
45  .  . 

8.  5 

8.7 
8.11 


.  .  .  1980 
...  456 
...  978 
.  .  .  442 
...  231 
...  231 
288,  426,  837 
...  231 
.  .  .  1197 
...  848 
.  1000,1536 
112. 10:35. 1036 
1035,1036 
.  .  1248 
.  .  1871 
.  .  1124 
.  .  1478 
008.  1211. 1769 
.  .  202,625 
.  .  .  2181 
...  167 
...  159 
.  .  .  1418 
.  .  .  1028 
...  1350 


clx 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


12  &  13  Vict 


49,  8.  7 
50.8.10 
66,8.0 
68  .  . 
74  .  . 
77,8.54 
87,8.3 
91, 8.  89 


Page 
1070,  1391 
.  .  556 
1087, 1144 
.  .  1166 
.  .  418 
.  312,644 


315,  880,  1036, 
1988 

( Crueltif  to         c.  92, 8.  2  419.  444,  446,  1488 
AnimaU  Act,  a.  3   53, 159, 1039, 1488 

1849)  8.  5  ....  651,  919 

8.9 1490 

8.29  84,380,897,1035, 
1883 

c.  93,8.  15 326 

c.  94,8.  10  ...  .  232,410 

c95 1769 

c.  97, 8.  183  815,  1036.  142:^, 
1988,  2077 
c.  100.8.32  ....  1060 
c.  108,8. 16  .  .  2007,2172 
c.  106  706, 1070, 1071,  1707, 
2118 

{BankrgAct,     c.  106 2101 

1849)  8.65  ....   825 

.  .  1566 

471, 1826 

.  .    90 

.  .  1097 

797, 1939 

391 

1560,2002 

.  .  1207 

.  .  2002 

.  .    90 

.  .   753 

c.  107,8.  118  ...  .   435 

c.  109, 8.  50  .  288,  426,  837 

13  &  14  Vict.  c.  1,  8.  3 167 

C.5,  8.  55 1853 

c.  17 1769 

c.  18,  8.  51  .  .  .   287, 1683 
c.  21 223 


( Trustee  Act, 
1860) 


106  .  . 
8.65 
8.67 

8.113 

8.  175 
8.  184 
8.201 
8.204 

8.211 

S.224 

8.225 

8.276 

SchH 

107,8.  118 

109, 8.  50 

1,  8.  3   . 

5,8.55  . 

17  .  .  . 

18,  8.  51  . 

21  .  .  . 

8.4  420,421,1054,1223, 
1224, 1805 
~'*  8. 2  .  .  .   144, 1482 

1477 

95 

8. 2  ...  .  272,388 

2110 

86 1776 

8.  58  .  .  326,  493,  1630 

48,  8.  80 422 

52,8.76 656 

57  .  .  .   813,  1578,  1812 

60 855 

8.  2  130,  386,  404.  526. 

1130,  1465.  1613, 1821, 

1939,  2104,  2142 

8.3 2181 

8.  10 1821 

8.  20 1465 

8.  23  ...  .  10, 1902 

8.  24 1902 

8. 25  .  .  .  U76, 1902 

8.  30 2115 

B.  82 962 


28 
29 
33, 
35 


13  &  14  Vict.  c.  60,  8.  37 
8.43 
c.  61,  8.  1 

8.12 
8.13 
8.14 

c.  68,  8.  24 
(Rep  People  c.  C9  .  . 
(Ir)  Act,  1860)  8.  14 

8.117 


0.72 


c, 
(Fisheries  c 
(Ir)  Ad,  1860) 


8.64 

8.3,8  38 
88,  8.  1 


8.40 
C.92.  8.  11 
c.  93,  8.  2 
c.  100,  8.  9 
c.  102,  8.  69 
c.  105,  8.  9 
c.  115,  8.  49 
14  &  16  Vict.  c.  18,  8.  6 


....  1^ 
....  1172 
....  1077 
....  2178 
....  1176 
....  1855 
.  167,  314,  2076 
....  1905 
.  .  179,1578 
134,167,209,314, 
S26,  380,  421, 1607. 
1965,  2076,  2077 

1769 

87,136,836.  1056, 
2003,2250 
.  .  .  1645,1862 
828,  647,  726,  728, 
729,  732,  783.  1027, 
1265, 1391, 1590, 1766, 
1786^1846,2100,2180, 
2219 
.  .  .  1376 
84,  380,  1383 
.  2131 
66 


c.  14  .  . 
c.  16.  8.  19 
c.  19,  8.  11 

8.13 

c.  24.  8. 1 
c.  25    .    . 

8.1 

c.  28,  8.  2 
c.  84,  8.  3 
C.36   .    . 

8.1 
8.2 

c.  38,  8.  4 

c.  57.  8. 162 
c.  61,  8.  44 
c.  68,  8.  21 
c.  72,  8.  1 
c.  73,  8.  1 

c.  78,  8.  46 
6.48 
c.  81,  8.  1 
c.  86.  8.  12 
c.90,8  18 

0.92 


0.98, 


701. 
209, 
198,  313, 


184, 


(Evidence 
Act,  1851) 


.     1036 

799, 1092 

.     1036 

118 

320 

878, 1036 

.     1280 

.    1280 

.     1404 

.      612 

1056. 1683 

923,  1489 

923, 1036 

89,  1314 

691 

297.890 

380,916 

326. 1419 

272,  888 

.     1183 

.      195 

180,  195,  699,  1636, 

1819 

799 

.'    '329,1035 

...      759 

...      833 

790,823,1086. 

1041 

...      264 

8.25    422,790,888.1036, 

1478,  1766,  1950 

8.  24    ...    .  99,  1276 

8.  44  356.  799,  823,  1036. 

1041.  1327.  1351,  1982 

0.97,8.29  195.200,811,313, 

633,  1404.  2061 

0.99 224,286 

8.4 986 

8.  7   ....  29,  1081 

8.13 1561 

8.14  .   206,1600,1604 
8.19 218 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxi 


U  &  15  Vict  c.  100,  8.  23     ....    2068 

( Criminal  Procedure    b.  24      ....      743 

Act,lS51)  8.80     .  710,059, 1&86 

c.  102.  8.2  .    .    .    1867,2181 

c.  104.  8.  11        598, 1070, 1086 

(Poor  Law       c  105,  8.  8 682 

Amendt,  Act,  1851)      8.10 1825 

c.  zcir,  8.  2 1205 

c  CY,  8.  22 318 

15  &  16  Vict.  c.  24 1780, 2250 

8.1     ...      739,1344 

C.80 418 

a  32 418,1184 

a  44,  8.  8 2131 

[Copfhoid        c.  51, 8.1 651 

Act,  1852)  8.16 684 

c.  54,  8. 10 1 

(TrusteB  c.  55 855 

Ad,  1852)  8.1 94 

8.2 2246 

c.  57,  8.4 40 

( Valuation        c.  63,  88. 15, 16     .    .    .    1612 

(Ir)  Act,  1852)  8.84 807 

8.45167,826,1404.2076, 
2077,2094 

[Stm Zealand  Q.  "12,%.^ 1438 

Congtitution  Act,        s.  80 1278 

1852) 

{Com.  L.  Pro,  c,  76,  %.  2 1784 

Act,  1852)  8.3 269 

8.6 1734 

8.  16 1327 

8.18 278 

8.27 540 

8.40 1179 

8.49 743 

8.64 337 

8.79 465 

8.172.    .    .    1059,2022 

8.  173 1069 

8.  210  .    .  242,  786,  1067. 
2022 

8.222 667 

8.226 1987 

8.227.    .    31,189,1027 

[Comiy  Rates  c.  81,  8.  2 1652 

Act,  1852)  8.6 786 

8.7 1367 

8.34 1408 

8.51 421 

8.52 900 

C.84,  8.  29 1196 

c.  83,  8.  42 1446 

[Burial  Act,     c.  85,  8.  82 962 

1852)  8.44 1002 

8.52    .    313,1384,1402. 
1654,  2185 

8.53 1196 

c.  86,  8.  40 1417 

8.06 191 

16  &  17  Vict.  c.  27,  8. 1 .    .    .    .     842,  1872 

c.  80,8.  5 27 

c.83,8. 17   .    .*   .    .    .    1498 

{Income  Tax    c  84 949 

Act,  1853)  8. 2     .    .    .      264,  1737 

SchD    96.114.611, 

666,  670,  998, 1609, 

1787,2079,2267,2286 

TOL.L 


16  &  17  Vict  c.  84,  8.  40 

8.51 

8.64 


Page 

2286 


(Sucn  Dutif 
Act,  1853) 


...      990 
SchE  .    .    .    1009 

c.  41,  8.  8 360 

c.  60,8.  3       1465 

c.  51     80,  526,  813. 1533, 1661. 

1660 

8.    1622,1474,1686,2107 

8.  2        180,  610.  549,  629, 

1586, 1845,  1966 

8.8 649 


8.10 
8.16 
8.16 
8.17 
8.18 

8.20 

8.21 


.  .  .  2174 
66,  677, 1273 
...  295 
.  1220,2171 
...      666 


.  88, 180,  355,  389, 
2174 
.     .    .    .  88,1264 

1729 

1706 

.    .    .    .386,2066 

743 

.    .    .      284,1606 


8.22 

8.81 

8.38 

c.  59,  8.  10 

{Licensing       c.  67      .    . 

{Scot)  Act,  1855)     8.  17 

c.  70,  8.  2 'IVI6 

0.80, 8.50     .    .    .    1070.2023 

c.88 224 

c.  86,  8.2 221 

c.  89,  8.  6 286 

c  91  .  990 

cioS     .*    860,1*678,1909,2077, 

2094,  2120 

c.  94. 8.25     .    .    426,625,868 

c.  96,8.  9 269 

8.36     ...    .   146,198 

c.  97 1708 

8. 132   .  97, 137, 209,  326. 

422,  1480 

C.99    .    .    .    1444,2064,2091 

c.  107 2261 

8.857    134,147.288.338. 
843.  696, 1069.  2212 

c.  112 247,  846 

8.80  268,848,576,799, 

888, 1019, 1036,  1690, 

1927 

{Com,  L.  Pro.  c.  113.  8.  4  31, 189, 1027, 1419 


Amendt,  Act 

8.9 1734 

{Ir),  1853) 

8.108     ....     1876 

8.124      ....      640 

8.126     ....      640 

8.  135     ....    1217 

c.  117 1780 

{Betting  Act, 

c.  119 381,1488 

1853) 

8.  1     188,  237.  269,  347, 

660, 1089,  1842,  1486, 

1740,  2148 

8.  2     .    .  347,  349,  1486 

8.3    188,237.269,1324, 

1486, 1740.  2148,  2162 

8.11 768 

8.  18  ...    .  343, 1197 

c.  129,  8.  26 313 

c.  131.  8.  1     .    .  161,  343, 1510 

c.  184.  8.  6 1695 

8.7 288 

clxii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


16  &  17  Vict.  c. 
(Charitable      c. 
Trutts  Act, 
1853) 


17  A  18  Vict.  c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 
(Ryi- Canal    c. 
Traffic  Act, 
1864) 


c. 
c 

i  Corrupt         c. 
Radices  Pre- 
vention  Act, 
1854) 


Page 

136.8.21 20l»4 

187,8.17   .    .    .    1447,1563 

8.27 426 

8.41 1663 

8.62    .     .271,620.1866, 

1009,2200 

8.66    .    .  206,620,2107 

16,8.2 2109 

18,8.8 426 

19,8.3 425 

20,8.2 200 

81  .  .  .  259,1644,1647 
8.1  261,1646,1647,2084 
8.  2       18,  688,  2084,  2128 

8.6 U61 

8.7  976,1034,1126,1666, 

1884, 1911 

83,8.1  .  .  1197,1611,1616 

84,  8. 1 2097 

86 98,  1468 

8.2 364 

8.  7  .  .  193, 1314,  1468 
38, 8. 4  .  .  .  .  1039, 2148 
45,8.10  ....  247,846 
66  .  .   98,198,640,1469 

60 919 

8.3 666 

64,8.1 232 

79,  8,  1 201 

80,  8.  2 1695 

8.76  134,874,1206,1315, 

1566,  1695 

81,  8.  48  614,  830,  848, 1570, 

1605, 1734, 1798 

83,8.16 790 

89,8.11 1439 

8.  12  .  .  301,  897, 1768 

90  .....   813, 2166 

91  2173 
8.42  127,'686, 1056, 1136, 

1590,  2076 

94 813 

96 1929 

102 418,1041 

8.  2  ...  .   217, 1566 

8.  8 217 

8.  4 2095 


14 


2245 

8.38   168,263,814,609, 

1758,2203 

c.  103  134,  272,  657, 900, 1036, 

1006,1122,1316,1389, 

1638,  1554, 1643,  1644, 

1950,  2076,  2094 

8.22 1466 


(Merchant 
Shipping 
Act,  1854) 


c.  104 


8.25 


8.2  . 

8.19  . 
8.66  . 
8.58  . 
8.66  . 
8.70  . 
8.109 
8.  147 
8.167 
8.169 


.    .      690 

221. 1867, 

1246, 1426, 1610, 

866,2131,2276 

.    .    1681 

194, 1856 

1862,2090 

1080,  1856 

.    .    1080 

.    .    1806 

,  .  .  1393 
.    .      589 

,    .    .    1392 


17  &  18  Vict.  c.  104,  8. 171 
8.182 
B.189 
8.228 
8.233 
8.237 
8.242 
8.299 
8.303 
8.317 
•.318 
8.864 


367 


c.  112 


8.  870  (1) 

(2) 

o     <^> 
8.  379 

(1) 
(3) 
8.468 


8.460 
B  464 
8.603 
8.604 
8.614 
.525 


(Com.  L. Pro.  c. 
Act,  1864) 


8.83 
113   .    . 
120,  8.  2 
126    .    . 


8.8 

8.6 

8.11 

8.12 

8.17 

8.22 
8.  .S4 
8.46 
8.60 
8.60 

8.61 


18  &  19  Vict  c. 
c. 

c. 
c. 


16 


8.02 
8.64 
8.83 
8.99 


8.9 

82.  8.  2 
39,8.1 


c.  40,  8.  3 


{Infant  Settle- c. 
menis  Act,  1855) 
c. 
(Militia  Act,  c. 
1856) 


41      .     . 

43     .     . 

8.  1  , 

48      .    . 

67,  8.  4  . 
8.7  . 

68,  8.  41 
67      . 

69,  8.  2  , 

70,  8.  3  , 
86     .    . 


Fk«e 

485 

1787 

1784 

1837 

472 

33 

480 

2244 

1424 

1425 

1426,1498 

1423 

1481 

1481 

1124 

623 

1414,  2099 

1245,  1428 

.     .      880 

.  648,  2088 

177, 1336.  1787. 

1866,  2257 

1787,  1981 

.    .     1981 

.    .    2178 

.     .    2173 

.     .     1446 

684,  1418 

.    .     ia32 

.     .     1094 

1118,  2250 

.    .     1510 

.    .      112 

.    .         19 

.    .      875 

111,818,681,1976 

111 

375^  988, 1959 

.    .        49 

.    .    •    55 

.    .      857 

.    .     1325 

.    .      475 

471, 1029 

.    .      194 

.    .    1179 

.    .      634 

.    .        81 

.     .    1978 

.     .     1279 

1004,  1283 

1204.  1206 

631,  836, 1086, 1462, 

1846.  1968 

826.  344,  1181,  2076, 

2077 

1479 

1151 


886, 1845,  2145 
.  313 
209,  418 
.  208 
.  1467 
.  1038 
167, 1228,  1280 
198,  928 
.  1850 
467,  2077 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxiii 


Page 

18&19Vict.  c.  91,  S.21 758 

c.  104, 8.  1     .    .    .      808,  1084 

c.  108 66.  2266 

c.  Ill,  8.  1    .     .    .    1422,  2041 

8.8 868 

c.  119,  8.  8 2131 

8.  52 1425 

8.  95 837 

c.  120    .    609,1055,1123,1840 
8.6     ....    53,  1663 

8.21 397 

8.  54 1186 

8.  58 106 

8.67 2185 

8.  68 1848 

8.  78  .  1865,  1372,  2015 
8. 78  .    .     .    1431,  1949 

8.81 1976 

8.  85 106 

8.88  ..  .  456,2147 
8.  102  ....  283 
8.  105  .  754,  894, 1039, 
1273,  2012 
8.128  ....  1692 
8.  129  .  .  714,  1692 
8.143  ....  805 
8.161  ....  1015 
8.204   ....  1848 

8.206  ....  2248 

8.207  ....  259 
8.  250  .  447,  572, 1194, 

1338,  1884, 1388, 

1788,  1848, 1949 

SchA,  B  .  1124 

SchB  .  .  2075 

cl21 1388,1389 

8.2  209,418,928,1036, 
1855)  1388 

8  8 1301 

8.  12 245 

8.  22 820 

c.  122 1601 

8.3  113,168,441,1887, 
1421 

P.  6  .  .  .   614,  1627 

8.8 945 

8.  19 946 

8.26(2).  .  .  .  1874 

(5).  .  .  .  1874 

8. 51  .  .  .  1387,  1888 

88.  69-74  .  .  460,  1388 

B.  73 1887 

B.  82 230 

8.88(6).  .  .456,1649 
B.  85  .  .  .  .  40, 2138 
8.108  ....  1865 

Schl 2200 

8ch  2,  part  1  .  .   227 

c.  124,  8.  16 1828 

8.  18 1328 

8.  29  .  .  297, 1229, 1797 

8.  48 296 

c.  126,  8.  23 209 

(BwialAet,    c.  128,  s.  4 1179 

1SS5)  8  0 591 

8.  18  .  284, 1317,  1718 

19A20Victc.  16 1398,1920 

8.8 438 


{NuisanceM 
liemoiHil  Act 
for  England, 


{Mttrop  Bg 
Act,lS6S) 


19  &  20  Vict.  c. 
c. 
c.  50,  8. 1 

c. 
c. 


Page 

23,  8.  28 9 

26 163.441 

60,  G68,  052.  1891, 
2107,  2108 

54,  8. 3 747 

56,  8.  47  .    .  27.3,  481, 1126, 

1444,  1466,  1718 

c.  58,  8.  48  .   128,  1184, 1805, 

2077 

c.  60,  8. 1 1782 

8.6 281 

8.7 281 

63  ...  .  101,884,2094 
65,  8.  9   ...  1060,  1466 

68,  8.  2  199,  421,  884.  2094 

69.  8.  80 208 

77,  8.  1 1979 

79,  8.  4  .20, 168,  326,  485, 

476,  497.  644,  801, 1126, 

1233,  1415, 1586.  1814, 

1967,  2203 

82,  8.  12 1648 

83,  8.  2  ...  .  830,  343 
88,  8.  50  .  614, 1570,  1932. 

2169 


c. 

c. 
{Mer,  Law      c. 
Amendt.  Act, 
1856) 


{Bur.  Grounds  0, 
(/r)  Act,  1866) 
c. 


(New 
Pari$he8 
Act,  1866) 


92.  8. 2 1979 

96 224 

97,  8.  1 32 

8.3 663 

8.  5 966 

8.9     .    .    19,859,1190 
8.  12  .    .    .  189 

8. 13  ...    .  23,  2031 

98,  8.  2     .    .  209,418,2077 
88.  8,  35    ...    .      199 

99,  8.  2 137 

c.  102,  8.90 1262 

8.97 1734 

c.  10.3,  8.  8     .    .     160,  108,  351 

c.  104 196 

8.10 177 

8.  14 699 

8.33  195,200,681,1404. 
2062 

c.  107,8. 1 1498 

c.  108,  8.  26  .     960,  1371, 1682 
8.  36  ....     93,  936 


C.120 


8.50 


8.1 


20  Viet,  c  11,  8. 
c.  18,  8. 

c.  16,  8.  2  .     167,  422, 
c.  19 
20  &  21  Vict.  0. 
c. 
c. 
(Sum,  Jur.      c. 
Act,  1857) 


8  .  .  .  . 

35,8.8.  . 

40,8.8.  . 

43  .  .  . 

8.1.  . 

B.  2  .  463. 

B.3.  . 

8.6.  . 

8.12  . 
44,  8.  4 
47!  8*.  2  459, 

48,  8.  2  . 

50,  8.  2  . 
54.  8.  1 


1080. 1294 
629,  1466 
.  .  1966 
.  .   422 
.  .   180 
834.  1228, 1230 
.  1403 
.  1444 
969, 1406 
.  1326 
.  1983 
426, 1988 
722.1854.2091 
188,  621 
.   867 
.  1035 
.  1603 
1086,1068,2076 
303, 1035 
.  .  2108 
.  .  1612 


clxiv 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


Page 

20  &  21  Vict.  c.  54.  8.  4 216 

C.67 1151,1470 

s.  1      .    .  986,  998, 1133 

c.  68 2178 

c.  60,  8.  4  .    .  00, 163,  435,  799, 

801.  982, 1022. 1477, 

1492.1653,1695,1979. 

2131 

8.  00 2088 

8.232 1880 

8.  361 581 

c.  70,  8.  10 1654 

c.  71,8.8  198,567,896,1030, 
1061,  1130,  1135,  1184. 
1391, 1599.  1812,  1986 

c.  72,  8.  34 1769 

8.78    326,344,880,1056, 
1061 

c.  73,  8.  14 1489 

(Court of         c.  77 481 

Probate  Act,  8.  2      42,  849, 1173,  2250 

1857}  8.58 1639 

8.78 1910 

c.  78,  a.  15 70 

c  79.8.2      .    20.42.426.557, 

1173,1695,1988,2038, 

2250 

(Burial  Act,    c  81,  8.  5 1270 

18S7)  8.  12 233 

8.  23 238 

8.28 199 

8. 29    .    .    .      419,2077 

c.  83 251,1306 

(Matrimonial  c.  Sb 561,1165 

CatfseaAct,  8.  16     .     .     .      513,1031 

J857)  8.  17    .     .     .      513. 1175 

8.  21     .  26,  515,  684,  585, 

694,  1698,  1863 

8.23 7 

8.  25    .  26,  888,  585,  709, 

1031, 1585 

8. 26    .    .    .    .710,1031 

8.27 2240 

8.28    .    .   70,1741,1912 

8.  80    .    .    .  14,  835,  374 

8.81   367,613,615,1670, 

2139 

8.32  .   1331,1585,1686, 

1812 

8.33  .  .  .  1583,1819 
8. 36  .  .  .   302.1142 

8.45 1585 

8.  59 1819 

c.  cxlvii,  8.  179  ...    .    1757 

c.  clvii,  8.  8 1855 

8.  10      ....    2145 
8.  12      ...  263,  276 

21  &  22  Vict.  c.  27 248 

8.7 855 

c.  45.  8.  1 422 

c.  66,  8.  20 842 

(Landed  c.  72 2236 

Estates  Court  8.  1  .   644,  954,  955,  1027, 

(/r)  Act,  1858)  1055,  1070,  1071,  1391 

8.66 595 

8.  64 1891 

c.  78 1138 

c.  76,  8.  38     .    .  486,  987, 1056 


21  &  22  Vict.  c.  77,  8.  2  . 
c.  79,  8.  1  . 

8.3. 
8.5. 

c.  84,  8.  1 . 
c.  87,  8.  8  . 


Pi«e 
...  230 
...  441 
...  441 
...  163 
.  .  .  1050 
...       253 

(Medical  Act)  c.  90 804 

8.  29     .     .  962,  980,  1027 

8.31 1527 

8.32 1527 

8.40 2248 

8.49 1480 

8.50 1993 

8.51 1480 

c.  93 1041 

8.7       1418 

c.  95,  8. 18 138 

c.  96, 8.4       644 

(Loc  Gov         a  98 1893 

Ad,  1858)  8.2       410 

8.9 175 

8.12 1489 

8.84 1268 

8.50 1758 

8. 55     .    .    .    1057.1646 
c.  100,  8.  3   326, 561, 1695, 1929 

8.14 99 

0.  101,  8.  7 1563 

0.104,  8.  32  .    .    .      ^,1847 

€.105.  8.  8 435 

(Govt,  of        c.  106,  8. 1 ' 958 

India  Act,  1858) 

C.108,  8.  9 1593 

0.109,8.8     .    .    .      421.1204 

c.  cv,8.  25 119 

22  Vict.  0.26 317 

0.32 406 


c.  84 1214,1809 

22  &  28  Vict.  0.  17 251,2186 

c.  20,  8.  15 958 

0.21 647 

8.26 1526 

0.35 203,1780 

8.14 291 

8.  25    .  1029, 1228, 1230, 
1231 


(Law  of  Pro 
perty  Amendi 
Act,  1859) 


8.29 

317 

8.82 

596 

0. 86    .    . 

1824 

0.  37,  8.  6 

917 

8.8 

917 

0.  49,  8. 1 

474 

8.4 

.    .    340,474,580 

0.  52,  8. 1 

.      843,  1036,  1679 

0.  66,  8.  3 

2133 

0.  59,  8.  1 

1648 

(Matrimonial 

0.  61,  8.  4 

.    .    .      302,1142 

Causes  Act, 

8.5 

184.715,1401,1585, 

1859) 

1842,  1844,  2175 

8.7 

1041 

0.  68.  8.  5 

....  31,  1988 

0.  66,  8. 1 

1194 

0.  CTxxiii 

.     879,  2040,  2222 

8 

.54      .    .    .     1632 

B 

.66     .     1969,2206 

23  Vict.  0.  8 

978 

c.  11 

4.31 

23  &  24  Vict. 

0.  22,  8.  17 

2181 

TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxv 


&  21  Vict.  c.  22,  8.  21 

8.24 

c.  24    .    . 

c.  26,  8.  3 

0.27,8.3 

8.  4 

8.6 
8.21 

8.44 

c.  32,  8.  2 
c.  84  .  . 
c.  38   .    . 

8.6 
8.0 
8.10 

8.  13 
c.  46,  8.  0 
c.  66,  8. 1 

8.6 

c.  72,  8.  2 
c.  78,  8.  7 
c.  79,  8.  2 


Page 

192 

262,  822 


{Refre^ment 
aouxM  Act, 
I860) 


(Law  of  Pro- 
perty Amendt. 
Ad,  1860) 


{Excise  Act, 
1860) 


[CrotenDebtit  ^  c.  1 15 
JudgmenU  Act,  1860) 


c. 
(Metropolis  c. 
Gas  Act,  1860) 


(Com,  L,  Pro. 
Act,  1860) 

(Solicitors 
Act,  1860) 


....  1489 

....  1874 

...  1748 

626,  1618,  1691 

.  .   747,1921 

.  .  1607.2191 

.   96.  214,  661 

213. 1477,  1704 

.  .  .  1780 

.  .  .  1029 

.  .  .  1495 

....   270 

,  .   502,1541 

422, 1036,  1765 

1480 

1480 

....  180.958 

197 

427,688,1066.1185. 

2173 

.  .   426 

.  .   119 

.  .   342 

.  .   337 

.  .   796 

1327, 1986 

48.  816.  820,  440. 

1061, 1184,  1553, 

2077 

....  2094 

1035, 1070, 1891, 

1865 

....    1748 

....    1036 

...    94,883 

1780 

643 

1207 

849,  383.  656,  801, 

1115.  1134.  1194. 

1196, 1538,  1949 

1990 

8.  25  .    .    .    .  264,  349 

c.  126,8.  17 1417 

8.20 1658 

8.39 31 

c.  127 1118 

.  147.  050,  1695 

440. 1188,  1904 

202.428,615,988. 

1290,  1563,  1685 

...      658 

...      296 

.    .    .494 

.    .  672,722 

.    .  672,722 

...      209 

.    2130,2131 

.    .    .    1404 

282. 486. 1055 

385,1004,1171 

...      431 

.    .    .    1328 

.    .     56,329 


c.  88.  8.  1 
c.  84,  8.  14 
c.  86,  8.  12 
c.  88,  8.  1 
c.  90, 8.  6 
c.  02,  8.  2 
c.  105,  8.  4 


c.  107,  8.  47  . 
c  112,  8.  47  . 

c.  113,8.  7    . 

8.21. 

c.  114.  8. 1    . 


8.2 

116.  8.  0 
125,  8.  4 


8.6 


8.1 

8.  26 

8.28 


c  120,  8.1  . 

c.  184,  8.  8  . 

c.  136,  8.  8  . 

c.  139,  8.0  . 

8.7     . 

8.37. 
cl42.    .    . 

8.2  . 
c.  14.3.  8.2  . 
c.  144.  8.  7  . 
c.  145.  .  . 
c.  149,  88.  2-6 
c.  151,  8.7  . 
c.  152 1126,1391 


23  &  24  Vict  0. 
(Landed 
Property  (Ir) 
Ltiprovt,  Act, 
1860) 


(Landlord  ^     c. 
Tenant  Law 
Amendt.  Act, 
1860) 

24  &  26  Vict.  c. 
(Admiralty  c. 
Court  Act,  1861) 


153,  8.  4 

8.5 
8.7 
8.9 
8.11 

8.24 
8.25 
8.84 
8.35 
8.37 

154,  8.  1 


9 


Page 

....       326 

....      287 

....     1103 

....    1968 

....      922 

....    1103 

....      230 

....    2023 

....    1391 

922 

27,*  Oi  287,  326, 

1000,  1070, 1419, 

1461,  1712,  2023 

10 130 

104    ...    .        26 
957 


(Larcenff 
Act,  1861) 


10,  8.  2 
8.4 

8.5 
8.6 
8.7 
8.  10 

8.84 

11.8.4 

21,  8.  2 

26.  8.  3 

27.  8.  2 

41,  8.  1 
40  .  . 

42.  8.  3 
45,  8.  2 


.  .  .   278,1867 

1868 

1868 

.  .  214,  262. 1868 
454,  455.  456, 1868 
.  687,  1807,  1868 
.  .  1549 
.31, 1988 
.  .  1748 
...   411 


.  1056, 2227 

.  .  .  1659 

.  .  .  1124 

1126,  1465,  1578, 

2270 

c.  47.  8.  2  631, 850, 1108, 1481. 
1846.  1871 

8.  10 581 

c.  52,  8.  4 149 

c.  55,  8.  1 2181 

8.3 616 

c.  62 1802 

c.  68.  8.  I 147 

c.  69.  8.  2  .  326,  2086.  2107 
c.  75,  8.  4  ....  209,  380 

c.  82.  8.  13 614 

c.  88,  8.  2   .  128,  1590,  1909. 

2173 

c.  86,  8. 19  .  879,1126,1586 

c.  91,8.44 1404 

c.  94  .  .  .  .   13.  14,  1442 

c.  95 1442 

C.96 1442.2171 

8.  1  663.  674,  988.  1280, 
1584,2107,2172 

••2 1478 

8.8 215 

8.  18 209 

8.28 2135 

8. 24  .  .  .   720,2135 

B.  82 467 

8. 86  .  .  .  1363,1569 
8.44  .  .  .  1187,1667 

8.45 501 

8.  46  ....  22,  963 

8.47 22 

8,49  ...  .  22,1187 

8.60 1777 

8.61 233 

8. 68  .  .  .   590,1157 
8.66 2211 


clxvi 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


P«ge 
24  &  26  Vict.  c.  06,  s.  68  .  .  .  .  487,  916 

8.04 1497 

8.  68  .  616,  1886.  2094 

8.  76   66,  162,  299,  684, 

1207, 1361, 1818,  2172 

88.76-80  ....  1207 

8.  76  66,  162, 1207, 1778 

8.80 1612 

8.86 723 

8. 88  .  .  299.822,1308 

8.96 766 

8.  100  .     438, 1217, 1744 
8.  103  .    .  768,  912,  2218 

{MaliciouB     c.  97 118.  237, 1442 

Damage  Act,  8.  8  ...     .    1324,  1874 

1861)  8.6 228 

8.  11     .    .  603,  604.  1864 
8.  16     .    .    .      467.1182 

8.17  ...    1926,1946 

8  29 637 

8.36 1808 

8.41 2136 

8.60 2062 

8.61 2136 

8.  62     .     688, 1660,  2243 
8.68 1160 

(Forgery  c.  08 1442 

Act.iaei)  8.  16    .     .    .    1411,1626 

8.20 486 

8.22 191 

8.23   27,160,1676,2122, 
2218 

8.24 160 

8.84 1476 

8  88  986 

{Coinage  c.  09    '.    .     !    !    .*    1442.1617 

Offences  Act,  8.  1  .     406,  420,  446.  448. 

1861)  691, 812 

88.9-16     ....    2166 

88.20-23    ....    2166 

8.30 2166 

{Offences         c.  100 1442 

against  the  8.  6 959 

Person  Act,  ».  7 1209 

1861)                       88.11-16    ....      146 
8.16 2052 

8.18  146,614,1136,1873 

8.19 1118 

8. 20  .  .  .   965,2186 

8.27 2 

8.29 619 

8.42 274 

8.44  .  .  764,867,1192 
8.46  ..  .   274,1192 

8.47 Q66 

8.63  ...  .  6,1617 

8.64 6 

8.  66  .  1046,  1517.  2007 

8.66 764 

8. 67     .    .    .      190,1046 
8.  68    .6,  42,  279,  1298, 

1499 

8.69 1298 

8.  60    .    .  307,  466, 1811 

8.61 84 

8.68 261 

c.  104,  8.  19 168 

c.  107,  8.  1 23  ] 


Page 
24  &  26  Vict.  c.  109  ....  730,  782.  2148 
(5a/mofi  8.  4       464.  729.  730,  731. 

Fishery  Act,  977,  1786,  2064,  2287 

1861)  8.8 1365 

•.9 1785 

8.10 1365 

8.  11 781 

8.20 729 

8.27 1946 

8.81 984 

c.  110,8.  3 467 

c.  113,  8.  3 1085 

c.  114 1043 

8  2....      221,  1470 

c.  116.  8.  48 1366 

c.  117.8.4      .    .  66,1061,2289 

c.  121 2231 

c.  132,  8.  8 1402 

{Land           c.  183,  s.  8  .    .    .    .    1890,2222 
Drainage  Act,  8.  6 1846 

1861)  8.28 1060 

8.88     ..    .    1000,1643 

{Bankrg        c.  184 2281 

Act,  1861)  8.  153 1001 

8.  159 2180 

8.  192  ...    .  161,  983 

8.  198  ..    .      161.  1969 

8.  229  .    .    90.436,1477. 

2181 

8.230 1758 

(Dean  Forest  c.  zl,  s.  1 794 

Act,  1861) 

26  &  26  Vict  c.  7,  8. 1 058 

c.  20,  8. 1 745 

(Revenue         c  22.  s.  12 1460 

Act,  186^)  8.13 1810 

8.28     .         .      260,2275 

0.26,  8. 11 1570 

C.85 1233 

8.6 1914 

8.80 1186 

8.37     .280,380,866,979, 
1868,2085 

c.  87.  8. 1 1656 

C.88 1839,1923 

0.41,  8.1 411 

c.  42 1769 

0.43 1286,1798 

0.46, 8. 2 426 

0.63 2231 

8.  140  .     954.  1466. 1614 

0.64,8.1      .     198.1130.1184. 

1430,  1812, 1986 

c.  68,  8.  1 1408 

(Highvpag       0.61,8.2 421 

Act,  1862)  8.  3  .    .     .  667,  878, 1403 

8.32 1403 

8.43 1381 

(Mer,  Ship-     o.  68,  8.  3 180 

ping  Act  8.29 2244 

Amendt,  Act,  8.  83 1467 

1862)  8.41 1112 

8.61 426 

8.  64 69,  91 

(4)     .    .    .    .      920 
8.  66    .    1302.  1871,  2232 

8.67 687 

0.64,8.3      ....   380,466 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxvii 


25  &  26  Vict.  c.  66,  8. 1 
c.  67, 8.  48 


(Fine  Arts 
Copyright 
Act,  1862) 


8.1 


PugB 
...      209,  1478 

1614 

.  .  .  1308,2231 
149,  742.  816,  1479, 

1725 
1797 


(ComfL  Act, 
1862) 


8.2  ...  . 
8.  4  ...  . 
8.  6   409,  1234,  1466,  1726 

8.  11 2134 

c.85,8.4.  130,204,404,1233 

c  86 218 

a  87,8.  6  ....   938,2182 

c.  88,  8.1 1208 

C.89  .  76,201,241,364,476, 

686, 1022, 1187, 1332, 

1603, 1802, 1863, 1883, 

2231,  2262,  2268 

8.  3 990 


8.4. 

8.6  . 

8.10 
8.12 
8.16 
8.18 

8.20 
8.23 
8.26 
8.26 
8.27 
8.29 
8.32 
8.85 
8.38 


8.48 
8.49 
B.  51 


8.  on 
B.  74  . 

8.79  . 
(4) 
(5) 

B8.  7^128 

8.80  . 

8.81  . 

8.82  . 

8.86  . 

8.87  . 
8.90  . 
8.93  . 
B.95  . 


284, 235,  353,  379, 
763,  793 

1466 

2136 

266 

1915 

....  255,363 

248 

1185 

1693 

2282 

1153 

1940 

983 

55. 168*7,  i693,  1974 

.  896,  1427,  1541, 

1861,  2122 

(7)  .  .   289,1378 

.  983,  1854,  1916 

2282 

362,487,1789,1740, 
1920 
.  1492,  1668,  1977 
396,  1915 
.  1176 
.  2114 


1034 
2252 
1259 


396,484 

.  1562 

55 

.  1915 

274,  579 

309, 1254, 1563, 

1823 

8.115 1562 

8.129 1740 

88. 12&-146   .  .  .  2252 

8.  131  .  182, 1791, 1862, 

1932 

8.  183  .  .  .  1402, 2146 

8.  184 1915 

8.138 1083 

8.  141 579 

8.145 1535 

88.  147-152  .  .  .  2252 

8.153 549 

B.  158 1579 


Pag« 

25&26  Vict.c.  89,8. 159 435 

8.  160 435 

8.161  .70,353,652.1292, 
1823 

8.162 62 

8.163 1830 

8.165  .  .  .  1208,1325 
8. 180  ....  353,  381 

8.181 1022 

8. 199  .  379,  1022,  1185, 

1648,  2140 

Table  A  ....  1836 

Art.  10  .  955, 

2091 

Art.  27  .  1186 

Art.  35  .  1185 

Art.  48  .  2203 

c.  93, 8.  3  198, 1035, 1865, 1949 

c.97,8.2   246,326,729,1036, 

1590, 1765,  1785,  2178 

c.  101 1103 

8.3.  222,232,272,826, 
338,  557,  1056,  1407 

{Afetrop  c.  102 1055 

Man,  Act,  8.53 1949 

186£)  8.75    226.805,925,2168 

8.  77     102,  212.  754,  940, 

953,  1278,  1379, 1388, 

2012 

8.85    ..    .      389,1878 

8.96 2012 

8.  106 570 

8. 107 389 

8.  112  272,  326,  844,  573, 
1196,  1197, 1272. 1480, 
1551,  1949,  1996,  2221 

c.  103 846 

8.  14    .    .    .    1652,2172 

B.  15 838 

c.  110,8.  3 262 

c.  111,8. 1 137 

c.  114 795 

8. 1     ...      795,  1035 

26  &  27  Vict:  c.  10,  8.  2 189 

ell      ...    1126,1315,1695 
c.  23      .......    1273 

c.  24,  8.  2  .    .    .    220,  273,  425 
c.  26,  8.  3  .    .    1055,  1390,  2222 

C.27 838 

c.  28,  8.  2 708 

a  29 258 

8.  7 959 

(Revenue         c.  83,  s.  1 1748 

Act,  186S)  8. 20 1599 

c.  38,  8.  1 197 

c.  40,  8.  2 159,  615 

{Innkeeper^    c.  41,  8.  1     408,  674,  2243,  2244 

Liability  Act,  1863)  %.^ 978 

0.49,8.87     .    .     .    1204,1519 

c.  51,8.15 1425 

c.  57,  8.  2 958 

(Volunteer       c.  65,  8.  24 1152 

Act,  1863)  8.  26 1942 

8.  45 2203 

8.  49    .     102,  1099,  2202 

c.  70 1384,2191 

c.  71.  8.2 843 

c.  73,8.2 958 


clxviii 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


26  &  27  Vict. 


{Ry  C.Act, 


c.  73,s.  Ill  . 
c.  84,  8.1.  . 
c.  87,  8. 11  (2) 

8.  48    . 
c.  88,  8.  3 
8.66 


(Salmon 
Fishery  (Ir) 
Act,  186S) 


(Comp,  C. 
Act,  186S) 


27  &  28  Vict. 
(Revenue  (No. 
Act,  1S64) 


{Naval  Prize 
Act,  1864) 


Page 
.  .  1476 
.  .  386 
.  .  1268 
.  .  562 
.  .  567 
.    .      952 

c.  90 1221,1808 

c.  92,8.  3 2064 

8.5 2111 

8.6 2111 

8.  10 1031 

8.36 76 

c  94,  8.1 1403 

c.96,8.2 1032 

c.  97     ....  199,  815,  1136 

c.  108,  8.  80  .    .  199,  667,  1184, 

1695 

0.  112 2020 

8.  8  200,  261,  1085,  1086, 

1066,  1521,  1613,  1646, 

1951,  2019,  2265 

c.  114,  8.  9 1287 


8.19  . 

8.44  . 
c.  116,  8.  8  . 
c.  117,  8.  3  . 
c.  118,  8.  28  . 

8.30  . 

parts 
c.  119,8.3  . 
c.  120,  8.  37  . 
0.124,  8.  3  . 
0.125.  .  . 
c.  18,  8.  6  .    . 

1)        8.9.      . 
8.  15     . 

c.  22,  8.  20  . 
c.  24  .  .  . 
c.  25    .     .    . 


1024 

730 

258,  425,  831 

.    .     1368 

.    .      983 

.     .      482 

.    .      470 

.   848,493 

.     60,180 

.     67. 988 

1190,  1791 

.    .     1310 

.    .     1040 

.    .     1433 

184,  326,  1605 

875,  1827,  1868 

1560 


8.  2   822,  875,  1827.  1867, 

1868,  1870 

8  3 425 


8.52 1027 

c.  38,  8.  2  .    .    .    .     726,  1865 

a  86.  8.  15 1748 

c.  36,  8.  2 1660 

c.  87,8.  3 308 

c.  88.  8.  1  .    .  1055,  1103,  1391, 

1712 

0.89 2172 

8.  1 1292 

c.44 1593 

c.47,8.4 2054 

8.  10 2054 

Sch  A      ....    2054 

o.  53,  8.  2  .    .  29.  43,  326,  1027. 

1036,  1135,  1445 

c  54,  8.  4     113,  196,  812, 1032, 

1126 

c  55,  8.1 274 

c.  56,  8.  14 2076 

c.  67,8.2 1056 

c.64 887 

8.4 1691 

0.65 169,2231 

8.4 826 

c.67 795 

c.  77,  8.  17 842 


Page 

27  &  28  Vict.  c.  80 313 

c.  91      ...     466,  1144,  1517 

c  92,  8.  3 830 

0.94,  8.  2 1594 

c.97,8.  7 233 

0.98,8.1 197 

c.  99,  8.  3  .     168,  287.  326,  426, 
481,  493,  1419,  1492, 
1588,  1665 
c.  101.  8.  8    .    .    .      879,  1607 

8.  18 1597 

8.  21 1101 

8.  25 1131 

8.  48  .    .    .    .  878,  923 

8.  51 1878 

c.  112 847 

8.1 497 

8.  2     .     476, 1029, 1055 

0. 118,  8.  3    ...    .  246.  726 

0.114   .    922,954,1060.1662. 

1836,  2231 

115,8.2 1055 

1065 


{Highway 
Act,  1864) 


(Judgments 
Act,  1864) 


28  &  29  Vict. 

(Parliament- 
ary Costs  Act, 
1866) 


8.3 

c.  120,  8.  2 

0.  121,  8.  2 

0.  clxxviii,  88.  100,  101 

c.  18    .    . 

8.9 


(Ahtrop  Fire 
Brigaae  Act, 
1865) 


(BoviU'sAct)   0.86 


0.88 


8.1 
8.5 


1645, 1647 

1578, 1647 

2180 

506 

419 

0.27 1798 

8.2 1477 

8  3 1855 

8.5 1969 

8.9 1578 

8.  10 1554 

0.  36,  8.  17 2173 

0.42, 8.  2  .  .  556,557,2061 
0.48,8.2  .  .  .  855,1980 
o.  50,  8.  4  .  1036, 1478, 1695 
0.56,8.2  .  1135,1538,1566 
0.  60,  8.  1  ...  271, 1801 
8  2  1891 

0.  68,  8!  1  336, 1084, 1087, 1724 

0.64,8.2 1084 

0.72,8.2 1807 

0.78,8.2   .  .  .  1326,1807 
0.75,8.3  .  .  .   199.1849 

0.78 470,1229 

0.79 2191 

0.  82,  8.  2 312 

0.  85,  8.  1 J)64 

...   213 

579,  939, 1652 

.  1684,2083 

.  .  .  1683 

8.  2  285.  290.  954,  1027, 

1056,  1067, 1070, 1326, 

1891,  1688, 1845 

0.90,8.2   ...   990,1196 

8.82 1497 

8.83 1388 

0.  94  8.  1 1050 

c!  101,  8.  8  286,  470i  954,  955, 
1055,  1391,  1514, 1688 

0.  102,  8.  1 1489 

0.104 439,966 

8. 5  .  .  .  1027,1419 

8.6 1979 

0.  Ill,  8.  2  .  .  .  1724, 1807 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


clxix 


28  &  29  Vict. 

{Salmon 
fishery  Act, 
18S5) 


{Prison  Act, 
18S5) 


20&9OVict. 


{Sanitanf 
Ad,  1966) 


30  &  81  Vict. 

{British  N. 
America 
Act,  1967) 


Page 
€.121,8.8  .  .  .  1687,17(J5 

8.35 740 

8.86.  .  .   740,1768 

8.89 732 

c.  124,  8.8 1476 

c.  125,8.2  .  563,1035.1134, 
1168,2180 

c.  126 1563 

8.4  326,439,799,1552, 
2094 

8.5 1558 

8.6 1086 

8.9 1082 

8.10 850 

8.37.  .  .   119,1367 

c.  2,  8.  8  .  .  .  .84,  272,  273 

8.  4  .  .  .326,  557, 1115 

c.4,8. 16 1036 

c  17. 8.2 278 

c.  19 489 

c.  81,8. 1 1693 

c.  82,  8.  3 1281 

c.3p.  8.2  .  .  .  .802,383 
c.  87, 8.1   ...   156,2081 

c.39,8.2 1548 

c.  44,  8.  2   348,  344,  418,  592, 
1086 

c.47,8.4 1827 

c.  49,  8.  24 1590 

c69,8. 7 262 

c.  71,  8.  2  .  .  814,  874,  1206 

c.  75.  8.  1 638 

a  84,  8. 1   .  .  147,  950, 1695 

C.89 877,2039 

8.64 1973 

c.  90, 8. 10  .  .  .  1878,2013 

8.10 1301 

8.  57  .  .  200,  418,  2077 

c.97,8.3 1060 

c.  103,8. 1  .  .  .   855,1186 
c.  108,  8.  2  29,  470,  1645, 1648 

c.  109,  8.  86 1988 

8.87 208 

c.  118, 8.  18.  ;  ...  1402 

c.  117,8.  3  .  1035,1136,1153. 

1553 

c.  118,  8.  4    .  1086,  1036, 1134, 

1563 

8.7 285 

C.122    .    134,847,1115,1117, 

1157 

c  3,  8.  91    .  163, 164,  316,  659, 

1804 

8.92.    164,316,534,659 

8.  109 2106 

Sch  3  .    .    .    1606, 1766 

c.  6 851 

c.  15,8.  3     ....  581,666 

c.28.  8.  7 1919 

c.29 1076 

C.36 1776 

8.6.  .  .  .  1291,1343 
c.  87,  8.  2  198,  657,  900, 1502 
c.  88,  8.  1  ....  283,  411 
c.  44,  8.  2  .  56, 191, 1180,  1492, 
1979 
c.46,8.3.  .1027,1030,1206, 
1890 


30&81  Victc. 
(Sale  of  Land  c. 
by  Auction 
Act,  1967) 


{Real  Estates  c. 
Charges 
Act,  1967) 


( Vaccination  C. 
Act  0/1967) 


{Revenue 
Act,  1967) 


Page 
46,8.1.     .     .     .     .     .     1126 

48 1780.2261 

8.  3  ...     56,  148,  1619 

8.4 2261 

8. 5.  .  1056,1780,2261 

8.7 920 

62,8.11  .   830,1827,1986 

58,6.8 343 

56,8.3 343 

60 2282 

69 1118 

8.  1 477 

8.2.  .  1228,1659,2038 

70.8.3. 

80,  8.  2 . 

82,  8.  5 . 

8.  20 

84,  8.  16 

8.26 

8.29 

8.31 


c. 

c. 
(P.  H.  Scot-   c. 
land  Act,  1967) 
{Rep,  People  c. 
Act,  1967) 


1468 

2131 

199 

1184 

1409 

1670 

99, 1836, 1877,  2041 
90,8.1  816,  1495,1887,2079 
8.8 2078 

8.17 

94,  8.  2  . 
98.  8.  3 . 
101,  8.  8 
8.89 


102 


8.3 


(1 

(2) 

(3) 


8.4  . 
8.6   . 

8.6  . 
».  7  (1) 


{Ry  Comp. 
Act,  1967) 


8.26 

8.31 

8.46 
8.49 

8.61 

103,  8.  3 

107,  8.  1 

108,  8.  1 
111,  8.  2 


(7) 


49,1908,2092 
...   557 
724,  1435. 1812 
160, 198,  479 
.  .  .  1617 
208,  552,  690 
.  .   970 
1079, 1151 
.  .   589 
69 
1736,  1829 
.  .  2129 
.  .  1010 
.  .   358 
.  .  1967 
.  .   670 
.  .  1735 
.  .   217 
.  .   609 
.  851,  685 
119, 1160 
.  .  1185 
.  .   536 
119 


( Comp,  Act,    c. 
1967) 


114.8.2  273,426,1027,1116. 

1144,  1867 

118,8.1 1326 

119,8.3 466 

124.  8.  9 1694 

125, 8.  4 1560 

126.8.3  .  .  426.481,1862 
127,8.8  .  81.381,426,801, 

1029, 1645, 1&48.  1862 
8.4  ..  .   893.2267 

8.  12 1634 

8.  15 1586 

8.  28 872 

128.8.3  .  467,1812,1942 

130 800 

8.  3  68,  308,  799, 2263, 
2287 

181 2253 

8. 9  .  .  .   256,1689 

8.  18 486 

8. 15  .  .  .  .  863, 436 


clxx 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


PugB 

so  &  81  Vict.  c.  131,  B.  26  138, 390,  301,  867, 

027,089,041,1373, 

1788 

88.27-30   .  .  .   1862 

8.86.  .  .  1016,1476 

'8.38.  .891,1047,1290, 

1826,2208 

8.  40 867 

.182,8.1 686 

183,  8.  1 89 

134 861 

8.2 1196 

8.3  .  842,1184,1611, 
1U49 

8.  4 806 

8.0 40 

8.  16 829 

.  140,  8.  2 1812 

142,8.6  340,802,760,1026, 

1682,  2072 

8. 7  .  .  .  1371,  1689 


c.  . 

c. 
{Meirop  c. 

Streets  Act, 
1867) 


c. 

c. : 


81  &  32  Vict  c. 


8.10 
8.11 

8.36 
144  .  . 

8.7 

146,  8.  4 
4  .  .  . 

8.1  . 
8.  2  . 

5.  .  . 
12,  8.  2 . 
18,  8.  2 . 

20,  8.  10 

21,  8.  4 . 
22,8.  3. 
24  .  . 
25,  8.  3 . 
29,  8.  2  . 
32,  8.  4  . 
38,  8.  2  . 
34  .  . 

1.8.4. 


1367,  2072,  2102 
.  1714,2174 


.  .  .  1380 

136, 1608 

616,  849,  2271 

1396 

764,  i622,  2122 

.  .  .  1^2 

...   861 

.  .  .  1892 

.   801. 1648 

.  1466,  1956 

.  1086 

.  1478 

.   861 

.  1184 

386,337 

.  1324 

.   767 

.   337 

948 


{Partition 
Act,  1868) 


c. 
(Sea  Fish-  c. 
eries  Act,  1868) 


(Rep.  People  c. 
{Scot)  Act, 
1868) 

i  Rep,  People    c. 
{Ir)  Act,  1868) 

c. 
c. 
c. 


37,  8.  6  .   218,  801,  832,  1084, 

1560 

248, 1416, 1847 

...      180 

820, 1420 


40     .    . 

8.8 
8.4 

8.  0 

41,  8.  2    . 

42,  8.  2 
46,  8.  6 

8.   8 

8.  21 

8.  28 
46,  8.  3 

48,  8.  4     , 
8.  49 
8.  69 

49,  8.  4 
8.  26 

62,  8.  3 
64  .  . 
66    .    . 

8.2 

69,  8.  3 


791 

.      232, 1407 

.    .    .    1136 

848,  1804, 1806 

...    1806 

.    .    .    2276 

1804 

657,  1267,  1329 

.    .    .     1820 

...      217 

128, 1305,  1391, 

1538,  1601 

.    .    .    .    1829 

.    200,314,421, 

2076 

.    .      796 

.    .      662 

.    .    1478 

.    .    1478 

1086,  1163 


31  &  32  Vict.  c.  60,  8.  2    .    .    .    1036,  1812 

C.61 1166 

c.62 706 

c64,8.2.     ...    1693,2276 

0.68 2231 

8.2 116 

{Co,  Co.  Ad'  c.  71 1867 

miraltyJur,  8.3 43 

Act,  1868)  (2)    ....    2206 

(3)    .    .    .    .      458 

8.6 43 

8.9 1988 

8.10 273 

«.21(1)   ....    2180 
(2)  .    .    .  66,2180 

8.20 716 

8.81 482 

0,72 800 

c.  82,8.  4 1056 

0.83,8.2.    .    .    .      116,1931 
c.  84,  8.  2  .      426,  626,  712,  863 

0.86,  8.1 493 

8.  8 1503 

a  06,  8. 19 861 

c.  96,  8.1      811,814,874.1056, 
1126,  1167,1403,2176 

8.23 507 

0.07,8.4 187,083 

clOO 829 

8.2     ...      493,1630 

0. 101.  8.  3     .  41,  298,  404, 436, 

442.476,486.487,646.836. 

874.964.987,1030,1084, 

1288, 1477, 1648, 1624.  1814. 

1866.1068,1986,2176.2276 

c.  104.8.  8 661 

cl07 2218 

8.6     ....   866,380 

0.  108.8.2 232 

o.  109   ...    .    177,312,813 

B.6 891 

8.  10  .    .    .      699,1403 
(Tdegraph      c.  110,  8.  8     .    .94, 1066,  2121 

Act,  1868)  8.7 180 

8.8 86 

c.  112,  8.  80 2077 

8.  40 209 

0.114,8.2 1686 

{Larceny         c  116 1776 

Act,  1868)  8.1     ....   182,408 

(Public  0.118,8.2 1798 

SchooUAct,  8.3    ..     .      667.1269 

1868)  8.4 213 

8.  13 1496 

{Regn.of         0.119 1766 

RaSwaysAct,  8. 2    .    .    .     1646.1647 

1868)  8.41  .    .     .      397.1639 

{Pharmacy      c.  121. 8.  1     .     .     .     1040, 1464 

Act,  1868)  8.2 1499 

8.8 801 

8.  15  .  1464, 1500, 1824 

8. 16 1600 

8. 17  .    .    .    1184,1824 
Sch  A    .    .    .    .    1409 

C.122 861,1286 

8.33 416 

8.37 2246 

0.124,8.6 1921 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


clxxi 


31  A  32  Vict.  c. 
(PaHiamtntarjf 
ilectioHi 
Act,  1868) 


126,  s.  3 


c.  180 


B.4      . 

8.6(4) 

B.  8 
8.0 
8.11(11) 

8.40 
8.68 


Page 

208,  264,  413,  600> 

1107.  1689, 1773 


S2  &  83  Vict.  c. 
c. 
{RtvtnueAtt,  o. 
1869) 


1008 
.  1882 
089 
.  989 
.  1911- 
.  483 
206, 1681 
.    2072 


[Win^and 
Beerhouse 
Act,  1869) 


C.27 


(Poor  Rate     c. 
Asseument  and 
Collection  Act, 
1869)     • 


{Irish  Chwch  c 
Act,  1869) 


{Co  Co. 
Adm,  Jur. 
A  mend t.  Act, 
1869) 


8. '2 

8.8 1637 

10,8.2.    .    .    .      837.1084 

11,8.2 220.888 

14 800,888 

8.4 410 

8.11      ...      601,1627 

8.12 1040 

8.  18 268 

8.19(3)    .    .     1147,1148 

(5)  .    .    .    .     1148 

(6)  281,  261,  1002. 

2079,  2176 
(8)  .  .  .  .  888 
(12)  ...  888 
(l.S)  ...  116 
(16)      ...      116 

17,  8. 1 2242 

19 1980 

8.2.    ..    .      414,1628 

906 

8.2 178,818 

8.  7  .     .    .  174,  618, 1890 

8. 8.    .    .    .    682,1709, 

1710 

8.  10     .    .     .      930,1709 

28,8.4.    .    .    .      830,2076 

38.8.2 168 

40.8.1 1179 

8.2.    ..    .    1644,1983 

41 1664 

8.2 1068 

8.8.    ..    .    1091,1668 

8.4 1091 

8.6 1664 

8.  16 .  .    .    .      282, 1380 

8.  19 1001 

8.  20     .  1196, 1384. 1300, 
1607, 2186 

42 813 

8.20 1666 

8.32 2061 

8.34 1060 

8.  72      180.  271,  311,  446. 

609.  814,  1082,  1070. 

1687 

43,8.3 1812 

46 879 

47,  8.  1 880 

8.3 1014 

40 1116 

61 43,1867 

8. 2.    .    .    .      821.1869 
8.8(3)     ....      468 

8.4 468 

66,8.1 72,661 

8.6 909 

8.9 661 


32  &  88  Vict. 
{Endowed 
Schools  Act, 
1869) 


c.  66 


4. 
6. 
6. 
7. 
11 
19 

29 


{Debtors 
Act,  1869) 


67,8, 
62 


3. 


(3) 
(4) 


Page 
.    .  667,764 
...      620 
600,  601,  602 
...      619 
846,  667,  880 
.    .  680,629 
606,  760,  760,  986, 
1704 
601.602 
686,2184 
.      872 
.      680 
1807 


( Valuation 
{Metropolis) 
Act,  1869) 


c.  63,  8.  23 

C.67     .    . 
8.4. 


(Evidence  c. 
Further  Amendt, 
Act,  1869) 

{ Contagious     c. 

Diseases 

{Animals)  Act, 

1869) 

{ Bankrif  c. 

Act,  1869) 


148,  884.  662,  920, 1208 

4 1437 

(2)  .  .  .  .  1082 
(8)  480,  712.  1616 
(4)  .  .  1326,1904 
6  (la)  .  .  .  1.S40 
(2)    .    .      866,1182 

6 144 

11(13)      ...      482 

14)      ...    1366 

16)      ...    1366 

18(1)   .    .    .  483,476 

(2)  .    .    .    .      434 

(3)  .  .  .  .  98 
24-28  ....  2214 
27 2198 

...      349 
829, 871,  1668 
87,  839,  871,  1196, 
138-i.  1664,  1996, 
2131,2186^2282 

8.6 2172 

8.32 69 

8.42     ..    .    1178,1862 

0.46 1683 

8.47 76 

8.76 1256 

68 606 

8.2 1170 

8.8 1668 

8.4» 1027 

70,8.6.    .    84,272,273,383 

8.7 208 

8.76 1046 

8.89 2166 

71     889,384.868.981.1446. 
1662,  1816,  1080 

6 179,408 

7 1670 


12 
18 
16 
17 
23 
81 


1816 

1664 

.      290,  1818.  1814 

2181 

.    .     487.488,880 
392, 690,  942.  1106 

1402 

1237 

.    .    .      214,1076 

1788 

762 

274 

.    1782,  1783,  1816 

046 

1622 

1,  819, 1484, 1973 


clxxii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


82&38  Victc.71,8  94 


( Telegraph 
Act,  1869) 


c.  78,  8.  S 

•.23 
8.24 

c.  74.  8.  6  . 

c.  79,  8.  0  . 

c.  83,  8.  4  . 

c.  87,  8.  2  . 

c.  89,  8.  8  . 

c.  91,  8.  8  . 

c.  94,  8.  14 

c.  99,  8.  2  . 
8.  18 

c.  100,  8.  10 

c.  102,  8.  2 

8.16 

8.46 


Sch  1 


Page 

161 

2088 


1193,  2018.  2019. 
2091,  2121 
.  .  1622 
.  .  1622 
834,1066 
.  .  1600 
.  .  1446 
1184.  1666 
,  .  326 
.  426.426 
.  288,311 
302.  ir36 
.  .  381 
.  .  670 
.  .  108 
206,1989 
1282, 1688. 


661 


{Metrop  c. 

Pubiic  Carriage 
Act,  1869) 


83  &  84  Vict.  c. 
c. 
c. 


103,  8.  8  . 

104,  8.  6  . 
107,8.2  . 
111.8  14  . 
112,8.2  . 
113.8.2  . 
116   ..  . 

8.4  . 

8.7  . 
8    9(1) 

6.13  . 

3.8.6    .  . 
7.  8.  103 
9,8.3   . 


c. 
{NcUuratiza-  c. 
tion  Act,  1870) 

c. 

c. 


c. 

( Attorney  b'      c. 
and  Solicitors' 
Act,  1870) 


c. 
(Apportion-  c. 
inent  Act,  1870) 


221.  462.  746 
616.  2131.  2218 
347 
1480,  2020 
692.  1820 
.    .    1281 
.    .      247 
846, 1927 
.    .    1498 
789 
i036,  ia36 
.    .      968 


{Landlord        < 
and  Tenant 
(/r)  Act,  1870) 


302,  381.  834.  844, 

1027.  2062 

8. 4  .  .  .  116,668,1293 

8.  84 1274 

10 1929 

14,8.2 60 

8.  17  .  .  636,  833, 1326 

20.  8.  4 1813 

23,8.1.  .  .  .   760,1381 

8.6 760 

8.6 406 

.  .  .  1600 

28 827 

8.8 147,326 

8.  4 688,  988 

8.8 428 

8.9 688 

8.10 428 

8.  17 827 

8.20 147 

c,29 906 

8.3 2003 

8.14 406 

30 473,1833 

34,  8.  3  .  .  .  .   404,  1662 

36 21 

8.2.  .  '678,1466.1716 
8.6.  90,660,1603.1712. 
2084 
8.  7  ...  .  676.  2236 
86.8.11  ....  84,  272 
8.  12  .  .  .   383, 1648 

46, 8  16 2077 

8.26 1108 

8.68 62 


P»ee 

83  &  34  Vict.  c.  46.  8.  69 1086 

8.  70  .  922.  1060,  1070. 
1419.  1846,  2023 

8.71 884 

c.  49.  8. 1  .  .  .  .   426,  1027 

{Extradition    c.  62 1241 

Act,  1870)  8.3 1604 

8.8 103 

8.10 747 

8.19 1810 

8.  26     22.  220,  406.  678. 

788, 888,  laSO,  1036, 

1136,  2213 

c.  66,  8.  9 964 

c.67,8.2 844 

8. 7.    .    .    .      447,2179 

c.  68,8. 21 1476 

c.  61.  8.  2     287,  436,  718,  1603, 
1604 

8.14 1604 

8. 21     .    .    .      436,2114 

c.  66.8.  2 1274 

c.  70,8.2   667,1116,1766,1767 

(National        c.  71 1940 

Debt,  1870]  8.  8  .    20,  379,  426,  1724. 

1939, 1941,  2218 

8.62 088 

c.  72.  8.  8 302 

(EUmentary    c.  76     ...      600.  1401,  1664 
Education  8.3   610,  984,  1163.  1196. 

Act,  1870)  1401, 1407. 1798, 2016, 

2186 

8.84 362 

8.36 1708 

8.74 1670 

8.91 406 

Sch  2.  parti  .  .   436 
Sch  8.  R.  7  .  .  .  1326 

c.  76 6 

(Junes  c.  77,8.  6.    .    .    .    1032,1384 

Act,  1870)  8.6 1913 

8.9 1082 

Sch 1032 

( Tramways      c.  78 «  .    2086 

Act,  1870)  8.  8  667. 1036, 1116, 1117. 

1766 

8.  18 368 

8.  83    ...    .  897,  631 

8.42 1678 

8.43 2087 

8.46 1439 

8.61 1319 

8.64 735 

8.62 1979 

c79, 8. 2.    .    .    .    1622,2095 

i  Foreign          c.  90,  8.  4 624 
inlistment                 8.  8 1199 

Act,  1870)  (8)      ....    2210 

(4)       ....     1244 

8.  30     229,  425.  638.  747. 

883.  1168.  1199,  1244, 

1867.  1868.2181 

c.  91     195,  812,  683, 1206, 1534 

c.  92,8.2 128 

(M,W.P.      0.93, 8. 7.    .    .    .    1086,1827 

^cf,  1670)  8.  8 1716 

8.10 183 

8.14 306 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxiii 


Page 

33  &  84  Vict.  c.  97 583,1844 

(Stamp  Act,  s.  2  .     .    1165,  1928,  1929 

1870)  8.  19 1360 

8  49(1)    ....    1676 

8.64 682 

8.69 1628 

8.70 1088 

8.73 2066 

8.96 1071 

8.105 17 

Sch 986 

c.  98,  8.  2  .    .    .    .    1928, 1920 

c.  99,  8.  8 2236 

c.  104  820. 869, 436, 1698, 1797, 
2124 

c.  109,8.6 2192 

8.7 326 

c.  110,  8.  4  .  .  195,324,1694 
c.  112,  8.2     ....  699,814 

84  &  36  Vict.  c.  3,  8.  4 1696 

c.  4,  8.2(1) 1016 

c.  11,8.2 617 

c.  12,  8.  2 1892 

c.  18,  8.  8 610 

(BankBoli-    c.  17     ....    162,288,464, 
daut  Act,  1871)  1129 

c.  18 1628 

c.  22,  8.  2  .     70,  404.  561,  1056, 

1083, 1279, 1419, 1465, 1695, 

1904, 1989,  2088,  2142 

c.  26,  8.  2  .    .    .    .      334,  1323 

c.28 1627 

c.  81 2082 

8.7 1623 

8.23 1208 

c.  82.  8.  1  (3)  ....  1214 
c.  36,  8.  2  .  .  .  .  1447,  1609 
c.  40, 8.1.    .    .    .      370,2203 

{Gasworks       c.  41 1801 

Clauses  Ad,  8.  4  .    .     426,  1538,  1988 

1871)  8.11     ...    1315,1390 

8.36 1258 

8.39 1815 

c.42,8.6 494 

c  43,  8.  8  .   118,  179,  838,  1776, 
1996 

8.29 1868 

c.  44,  8.  2  .    .    .  179, 195,  1480 

8.8 89 

8.  11 89 

C.45 972 

c.  47.  8.2 1186 

C.56 398,878 

8.2 398 

c.61,8.6 1407 

0.  65,  8.  3 .    .      167,  1027,  1866 

c66 1664 

c.  70 199,  1116 

8.2 1606 

c.  78,8.  2.    .    .    .    1645,1647 

8.  16 1135 

c79 1120 

c.84,8.  8 644 

c.85,8.2 155,794 

c.  86    .    116,  1099, 1199,  1698, 
1786 

c.  87 986 

8.2.    ..    .      302,1602 


Page 

34  &  86  Vict.  c.  88,  8.  2 661 

c.  92,  8.  1 2023 

c.  93.  8.  17 2219 

{Pedlars  c.  96 1095 

Act,  1871)  8.  3  .    .    .    .    1442,  1502 

8.6 1096 

8.22 802 

c.  97,  8.  11     ....  115,459 

c.  98,  8.  4 1402 

c.  100,  8.  2 198 

c.  105,  8.  2    .    .  422,  860, 1867 

8.3 1478 

c.  107,  8.  3 1563 

C.108, 8. 8    .    .    .      270.2181 

8.  7    .    .    .      906,1768 

(Loc  Gov        c.  109,  8.  3    .     830, 1909,  2076 

{lr)Act,  1871)  8.  12  ...    .     59, 161 

c.  111,8.3 173 

(Prevention  of  c.  112,  8.  10 849 

Crimes  Act,  8.11 849 

1871)  8.  15 1484 

8.  20  802,  487,  969, 1319, 

1502 

(htetrop  c.  118,  8.  3  657, 731, 1196, 1197, 

Water  Act,  1388, 1389,  1588.  1900, 

1871)  2220, 2222 

8.  24 1419 

8.  34 1497 

0.114, 8.1 834 

86  &  86  Vict.  c.  8,  8. 104 411 

c.8,8.2  .  .  .  196,255,467 

c.  16 1406 

c.  19,  8.  2  .  149,  883,  1168,  2180 

c.  20,  8. 13 888 

a  28,  8.  3   .833,  1035, 1680. 

2064 

0.24, 8. 14  .  .  .  1602,2107 

c.  27,  8.  3 1325 

(Ballot  c.  33,  8.  1   ....  252,  884 

Act,  1872)  8.7   ...   942,1575 

8.  16  .  .  .  1665,2203 

8.  16 437 

8.  17 826 

8.18 287 

8.20  .  1477,1762,2203 

8.22 1181 

8.23 1181 

8.  29  ...  .    1234 

Sch  1  .'  5i5.  326,  419,  428, 

657,618.1387,1506, 

1698,  2077 

c.  85,  8. 1  .  200,  271,  811,  2130 

c.  38 1196 

8.1 1032 

8.  14 487 

c.  41,  8.  7 1295 

c.  42,  8.1 1617 

c.  44,  8.  3  .  426,  561,  832, 1219, 

1814 

c.  50  .  .  .  1712,2023,2265 

c.61,8.2 1769 

8.4 1027 

c.57,8.4 474 

8.10 1027 

c.  68,  8.  4  .  .  116, 1027, 1813, 
2083 

8.21 822 

8.56 1742 


clxxiv 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


86  &  86  Vict.  c.  58,  8.  02 1565 

c.  60,  s.  2     254,  255,  609.  1693. 
1762.  2208 

8.3 1476 

8.28    209,423,609,1823, 

1837, 1693,  2077 

c.  62, 8.1      199,233.984,1401, 

1408,  1405,  1407, 1613, 

2016 

c.  64,8.  18    .    .    .    .    115,459 

c.  65 52 

8.  3  .    .    282,  1082,  1733, 

1889 

8.4.    .    .    .      412,1179 

c.  68,  8.  14 1036 

8.15    .      696,1086,1234 

8.16 1812 

c.  70,  8.  2 1066 

c.  74,8.  2 126 

8.8 480 

(Coal  Mines    c.  76 1411 

Regn.  Act,  b.  17     .      486, 1205,  2229 

187S)  8.  18 615 

8.46 1707 

8.51 1674 

8.61 626 

8. 72     ...    .    66,303 

8.78    146,147,287,1135. 

1208 

(MetaUiferous  c.  77 2120 

Mines  Regn,  8  13    .     999,  1467, 1814 

Act,  187^)  8. 28    .    .    .      269,2268 

8.36 983 

8.41   66,1204,1315,1391, 
1492, 1860 

8.42 287 

c.  78 2242 

{P.H.Act,     c.  79,  8.  40 1468 

187^)  8.48 1103 

8. 60     .    .    848,667,843 

c.  91 1075 

8.1 830 

8.2 1081 

c.  92,  8.  13 1387 

8.  14     .     380, 1884,  2186 

{Pawnbrok-      c.  98 1911 

ers  Act,  1872)  8.  5  .     .     880.  1036,  1172, 

1431,  1496,  1874 

8.  6  ...    .     649,  1431 

8.  10 1431 

8.  18 749 

8.34 1674 

8.56     .     625,1384,1445 

C.94 1971 

(Licensing  8.  8  .  64,  868.  1847,  1466, 

Act,  1872)  1748,  1782,  1824 

8.  6 1336 

8. 12  .  .  651,  759,  1096 
8.  13  577,1823,1972,2009 
8.14  ...   126,1972 

8.15 1972 

8.  16  ...  1046,  1972 

8.  17  .  .  .   797,1972 

(1)  .  .  .  .    94 

8.25 758 

8.29 1913 

8.30 469 

8.87 1096 


ftv 

86&86yictc.  94, 8.40     .    .    .      174,2088 

8.42  174,1096,1183,1886 

8. 60     ...    1095,  1706 

8.62(2)    ....      427 

8.72(4)    ....    2042 

(9)    ....     2237 

8.78 2258 

8.  74      209,  326,  421,  567, 

1005,  1095,  1096.  1097, 

1270,  1392,  1602,  1709, 

1748,  2076,  2088,  2136 

8.  77  386,  880. 1006.  1095, 

1097.  1862,  1892,  1538, 

1693, 1748, 1914, 1986,  2136 

8.81 1921 

8.83 1538 

Sch2 1709 

86  A  37  Vict  c  9 62 

C.12 2009 

8.2 448 

c  17,  8.  2 596 

c.  19,8.  1  .    .    .    .       71.1114 

c21,8.2 1323 

c.22,8.2 149,420 

c.30,8.6 167 

c.38,8.6 209 

a  36,  8.  8 422 

C.S7,  8.  8 1392 

c.  88,8. 3.    .    .    .      188,1768 

c.  41,  8.  2 1329 

c.  44 881,2213 

U?e^.  of 
Act^S) 

c  48 1646,  1647 

8.  8  251, 1186, 1483, 1645, 

1647,  1909,  1988,  2084 

8.8 1728 

8.  11     .     757,  1672,  2053, 

2070,  2163 

8.14  206,983,1242,1467, 

1920,  1931 

8.  16 1672 

8.17 1162 

8.  19 1639 

8.28 642 

c.49.8.6 718 

c.61,8.2.    .    .    .      834,1826 

c.  52,8.7 423,426 

c.57,8.7.    .    .    90,832.1103 

c.68,8.  12     .    .    .    .   116,469 

c.69,8.2.    667,747,2096,2180 

C.60 678 

c.  63,  8. 1  .    .     624.  1064,  1695 

(Jud.  Act, 

c.  66     ....     439,480,481 

1873) 

8.  19  479, 1028, 1850,  1958 

8.24 1760 

(3)     1292.1367.2060 

(6)  .    .    1446.  1933 

(7)  .    .    1446,  1581 

8.26     ..    .     1760,2197 

2)     .     .     .     .      674 

3)     ....    2217 

(4)     .     .     .    .     1191 

5)     .     .     .   132,  631 

(6)     8,  130,  810,  673 

7)  .    .    .    .      641 

8)  1001,1083,1154 

(9)     .    .    .    .     2176 

8.89 1741 

8.46 964 

TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxv 


PftSe 
30  &  87  Vict  c.  06, 8.  47  487,438,480,1028, 

1682 

8.  49   .  71,  416,  417,  642. 

1026 

8.60 717 

8.  C2 00 

8.66  ...  080,1688 
8.  67   .  .  20,  1342,  1676 

8.68 1827 

8.83 1828 

8.87 147 

8.80 1661 

8.  100  .  80, 273,  426,  442, 

408,  667,  1028, 1172, 

1361,  1417, 1447, 1477, 

1401, 1406,  1778,  1979 

8.118 71 

c.67,8.4   .  60,286,803,616 

c.  68,  J.  8 1284 

c69     ...      147,1477,1004 

(Si/moo  c.  71 2007 

Fitkert  8.4   86,328,730,732,836, 

Act,  187S)  084, 1816, 1376, 1380, 

1763, 1768, 1964 

8.16 1490 

8.18 1866 

8.22 2007 

c.  77,  8.  43  .  .  102,  339,  2203 

c.  78,  8.  4 668 

c.  81.  8.  7 667 

c.  82,  8.  8 1446 

C.86, 8. 16 1467 

c.  86,  8.  27  .  .  849.  848,  2131 

c.  87,  8.  7  .  .  .  606,  760,  980 

c  88,  8.  2  .  221,  426,  426, 667, 

747.  1893, 1894,  2090,  2180 

37  &  38  Vict  c.  9,   8.0 718 

{Betting  Act,  c.  16.  8.  3 188 

1874)  ••4      ...      666,1208 

C.16 1643 

c.  21,  8.  3 286 

c.27,8.2 837 

C.37 1701,1822 

c.  40,8.4 1909 

{BgSoc^         C.42 661 

Ad,  1S74)  8.  4 426 

8.  6 2033 

8.  0  .  .  771, 1087,  1228 
8.16  79,1113,1678,2069 
8. 82     .    .    .      988,2262 

8  30 960 

8.41 1229 

8.42 1933 

8.48     ...    1678,2168 

c  48, 8.  3 1366 

8.  7  .     121,  898,  616,  2206 

[Ucamng       c.  49,  8.  9 1040 

Act,  1874)  8.  10     .    1122,  1970,  2092 

8.  16 1691 

8.17 467 

8.  22  920, 1096, 1690, 1866 

8.26 1408 

8.  80     ...    1842,  1666 

8.  32     .  1197, 1270. 1310, 

1607,  2076 

{M.  W.P.     c.  60,8.  2 1902 

Act,  1874)  B.  6 1962 

c.  64 1786 


Page 
87  ft  88  Vict  c.  64,8.  3.    .    .    .    1204,1910 

{Rating  Act,  s.  4 1494 

XS74)  8.  0 1847 

8.  7     681,  720,  1070,  1204 

8.  8  ...    .    1916,  1917 

8.16   127,839,1117,2173 

{Real  Pro-      c.  67      ...    1066,1620,1711 

pertg  LimUa-  s.  1  .    .    .    .      722,  1711 

tian  Act,  1874)         0.2 1068 

8.  3 189 

8.7 24,1228 

8.  8  .    .24,  94.  292,  1027, 

1077. 1182,  1541, 1661 

8. 10     .    .    .      674,1813 

8.12 189 

c.69,8. 3.    .    .    .      411,2068 

c.  60,8.2 1066 

(Infants  c  62 693 

Rdie/Act,  8.1.    .      893,2197,2198 

1874)  8.2 1666 

c.  67,  8.  12  .  820, 1043,  1898 
c.  08.  s.  12  96, 1138, 1173, 1904 

c.  69,8.9 1979 

8.87  826,1096,1097,1270, 

1810.1693,2076,2287 

c.  77,8.  14   118,196,311,623 

{V.i-P.Act,   C.78 1066 

2874)  8.1 1783 

8.2.  .  .  64.3,684,2177 

8.6 165 

8.7 2004 

8.9  864,10.39,2170,2177 

c.  80, 8.1.  .  .380,855,1180 

c.  82,  8.  9  372,  842,  874, 1388, 

1403,  1557,  2168 

c.84,8.  6 1400 

(PuUie  a  86     ....  206,  440.  1617 

Worship  Regn,  8.  6  .      168,  195,  200,  283, 

Act,  1874)  811,  683,  952,  1404, 1406 

8.8 1177 

8.9  814,1123,1177,1343, 
1855 

8.13 972 

c.  87,  8.9 343 

a88,  8.  42 1808 

8.48    349,843,800,1816, 
1607, 1702,  2181 

c.  89,  8.  67 377 

c.92,8.6 1812 

c.  98,  88.  2,8     ....      658 

c.  94.8.8.    271,404,486,644, 

712,  874,  964,  987, 1055, 

1814, 1986 

c.  96 2041 

88&89Vict  c.  11.  8.2 1080 

cl3 162,1129 

{Explosives      c.  17 460 

Ad,  1876)  8.8 672 

8.14 667 

8.20 607 

8.07 1116 

8.70 1117 

8.107  .    .    .      302,1602 

8.108  199,251,262,568, 
067,680,850,977,1184, 

1815, 1539,  1648, 1778, 

1791,  1867,  1942.  2061, 

2054,  2212,  2232 


clxxvi 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


Page 

38  &  39  Vict  c.  17,  8. 109    146.208,287,302, 

427,493,1186,1168, 

1208,  2114 

8.116  .    .    .    1116,1791 

B.  118 1117 

8.  120  .    .    .      802, 1602 

c  18,  8.6 1806 

{Post  Office     c.  22 1396 

Act,  1876)  8.10 1896 

8. 11  .  .  .   667.1896 
8.  12  .  977,  1396,  2131 

c.  25 1942 

c.  86,8.  19 997 

8.20  .  .  696^677,1127, 
1762 
326, 1124 
.  1866 
Sch  .  .  1891 
.   842 
699,  814 
.  1467 
.   879 
426,1066 
.  1760 
149 
206.410 
c.  66   227.  438,  963, 976, 1319, 
1889,  1687, 1721, 1768,  1792, 
1847, 1848,  1849, 1990, 1996, 
2013 
8.  4  .  343,  448,  667,  671, 
672,848,894,1066,1116, 
1196.  1271,  1388, 1390, 
1422. 1637, 1667, 1644, 
1791. 1792, 1893, 1948, 
1996,  2131,  2220,  2223 


8.81 

(Municipal      c.  40,  8.  1  . 
EUctioM  Act,  1876)  Forms 

c.  41,  8.  6  . 

c.  42,  8.  8  . 

C.46     .    . 

8.9. 

c.  49,  8.  80 

c.  60,  8.  6  . 

c.  61,  8.  8  . 

c.  68,  8.  2  . 
(P,n,Act, 
1876) 


8.6.   . 

668,  1776, 1791 

8.12   . 

....  2181 

8.18   . 

667, 1386, 1848. 

2181 

8.  16  . 

1266, 1996,  2062 

8.17   . 

.  .  .  261, 713 

8.21   . 

....   328 

8.  22  . 

....  1637 

8.82  . 

....  1847 

8  36  . 

....  1976 

8.86  . 

.  99,  1974, 1976 

8.39  . 

....  2147 

8.41   . 

....   672 

8.42  . 

.  321,  894.  1692 

8.  47  (1) 

....  1801 

8.62  . 

381,  2220,  2223, 

2224 

8.64  . 

.  .  1266,1989 

8.67  . 

....   397 

8.62  . 

....   789 

88.  76-89 

....   360 

8.91   . 

1302,  1621, 1626 

(4) 

....  1301 

8.94  . 

.  245,  321,  1964 

8.96  . 

688,  1254,  2012 

8. 106  . 

....  1266 

8.  107  . 

....  1663 

8.  112 1298 

8.  114 1801 

8.  116  .     673,  1488, 1821 

8.117   .    177.1046,1617. 

1821 


38  4b  89  Vict  c  66,  8. 118  . 
8.  124  . 

8.  126  (2) 


8.161 

8.162 
8.166 
8.166 
8.157 


169 
166 


P»ge 

.  .  1308 

.  .  1581 

.  .   928 

8.  188  '. '  .  .  .  .  1837 

8.149  .  .  .  1948,2181 

8.  160  39. 103.  650,  670, 

782.878,929,956,1379, 

1557, 1741, 1793, 1849, 

1951 

963 

.  .  .   736,1430 

2008 

218 

.  227,  1271,  1492, 

1948 

(2)   .  .  .  1268 

1268 

1758 

8. 173 267 

8.  174  .   666,  966, 1866. 
1895 

8.  175 2186 

8.  176 2136 

8.  180  .  .  112,676,1866 
8.  189  ...  .  72,  1996 
8.193  .  106,362,406,996 

8.201 496 

8.209 1400 

8.211  .  .  .  1176,1409 

(15)  .  1057,1163, 

1339,  1646 

(2).  ...  1311 

8.229  .  .  896,804,1912 

8. 280  .  .•  .  .  .  1912 

8.247(7)   ...   909 

8.251 1982 

8.253 69 

8.256 
8.257 


8.261 
8.264 
8.266 
8.267 
8.268 
8.269 
8.271 
8.299 
8.306 
8.308 
8.310 
8.382 
8.848 
Schl 


....  1974 
290,  966,  1291, 
1379,  1687 
666,1982 
.  278,670 
.  .  1886 
.  .   243 
479, 1974 
479, 1981 
.  .  2211 
.  .   980 
.  .  1974 
466,  666,  786 
418,2184 
.  .   976 
.  .  1759 
.  .   237 
166,868,362,686, 


6 1791 

C.67,  8.  8 1007 

8.80 1464 

c.  69,  8.  4   .  .  .  1409,1682 

(Fnendly        c.  60,  8.  4   .  77,  883,  420,  423, 

Soc.  Act,  1876)  801,  961, 1208, 1773 

8.8   ...   777,1916 

8.  16  .  863, 12a3.  1615, 

1634,  1668,  2094 

8.  16 2256 

8.22  ...  .  479,661 
8.28 1898 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES, 


clxxvii 


S8&39Victc.60,8. 80     .    .    .     888,1808 

c.  61,  8.  8  .     485,  625,  868,  922, 

1055, 1126 

c  62,  8.  2  .    .    .  273,  826,  964, 

1185, 1741 

(Sale  of  Food  c.^ 789 

and  Drugs  8.  2  .    .    .  577,  788, 1085 

Aci,  1S75)  8.  6  .  120,  576,  789,  1047, 

1200, 1243, 1464, 

1685, 1824 

88.  6-9 1782 

8.8.  ..    .    1047,1535 

8. 9 .  .  10,  76,  540,  1046, 

1200,1892 
8.14  120,755,1535,1790 

8.17 1002 

8.21 1975 

8.25    ..    .    1824,2278 

8.26 1563 

8.27  ...  603,1047 
8.83  208,403,067,1208 
8.34     ...    1502,2004 

c66 1853 

c.  67,  8.  2  .    .      557,  1096,  1131 

c.  69,  8.  2  .     119.  258,  380,  577, 

1035, 1099, 1284,  1458 

c.  70 308,1035 

c74,8. 2 199 

{Jud.Act,       c.  77 2258 

mS)  8.  10     .    .    .   1741,1814 

8.  12 1001 

8.  19 1028 

c.  82 1285 

[Local  Loom  c  83 470 

Act,  1875)  8.84     .    664,1115,1117, 

1651,  1815 

c.  84,  8.  3 252 

8.  4 425 

c.  86,  8.  7  .    .    .  186,  788, 1004 

8.  14 1234 

8.15 1150 

8.16 1807 

8.  18 1234 

8.21 1234 

(Land  C.87     ...     405,1058,2088 

Transfer  8.4.   425,426,807,1695, 

Act,  1S75)  1968 

8.  8 1520 

-  8.29 1057 

8.48 165 

8. 129 2004 

a  80,  8.  51  404, 1228, 1652, 1815 
(EmfJMtrt      cOO     .    .    .    616,1049,2269 

and  Workmen  8.  8 551 

Aa,m6)  8.4 551 

8.10  893,1878,2116,2268 

8.11 578 

8.13 2268 

8.14    356,423,427,1492, 
1991 

8.15 428 

c.01,8.5 2050 

8.6 248 

8. 10     .    .    .     564,1914 

c.92,8.4 9 

c  96,  8.  2  .  343,  397, 1747,  2181 

39&40yictc.  11,  8.2.    .    .426,814,2018 

a  16,  8.  5 1148 

TOL.  I. 


89  &  40  Vict.  c. 
( Partition  c. 
Act,  1876) 


16,8. 

17     . 

8. 

18,8. 

8. 

22,8. 

26,8.' 
27,8. 
29,8. 
36,8. 

B. 


(Industrial 
and  Prov. 
Societies  Act, 
1876) 


(Commons 
Act,  1876) 


37 
41 

43,8. 
45,8. 

8. 
8. 

48,8. 
49,8. 

50,8. 

51,8. 

56,8. 

8. 

57,8. 
58  . 
59,8. 

8. 

61,8. 

8. 

8. 

62,8! 


8 947 

....    1416,  1847 

2 31,1029 

1 2095 

7 42 

6 420 

16 2082 

4 1268 

2 1115 

1 2242 

142 330 

284  147,288,672,799, 
917,1035,1168.1327. 
1328,  2212 

928 

1776 

1 815 

3  43,77,420,423,427, 
801, 1208, 1695 

12 1066 

17 


20 
87 
6  . 


3. 
25 
34 
85 
36 
44 
7  . 


(Rivers 
Pollution 
Prevention 
Act,  1876) 


(Elementartf    c. 
Education 
Act,  1876) 


(Mer.  c 

Shipping  Act, 
1876) 


40  A  41  Vict.  c. 
c. 


8. 

65,8. 
67  . 
70,8. 

8. 

75,8. 

8. 
8 

8. 

8. 
8. 

76,8. 
77,8. 
79,8. 

8. 

8. 
8. 

80,8! 
8. 

8. 

8. 

8. 

8. 
81,8. 

8. 
2,  8. 
11,8. 


2  . 

20 
10 
11 
32 
47 
48 
5  . 
10 
28 
28 
41 
42 
8  . 
12 
2. 
3. 


425 
1027 

3.  .90,.%6,888,609, 
1056,  1654. 1863,  2094 
...   153 
...   84 
.  .  .  1178 
847,  557,  2219 
.   283, 2254 
.  1682,2185 
...  1350 
639,  875,  1988 
1403,  1735,  2032 
307,  2239,  2240 
.  .  1430 
.  .  1430 
.  .  1404 
.  .  1294 
.  .   884 
.  422,834 
.  .  1971 
81,  56,  717 
.  .  1865 
.  .  1631 
.  279,691 
1177,  1310 
1505,  1701,  1905, 
1946 

21  423.875,1491,1791 

22  199,  423,  875,  1491, 
1791 

.  .  .  1181 
.  .  .  1812 
.  .  .  1410 
.  1670,2261 
.  .  .  1408 
...  798 
...  286 
.  .  .  1809 
355,  455,  1667 
.  .  .  1868 
...  71 
...  423 
.  428, 1135 
.  .  16.^301 
.  .  .  1287 
...  860 
.  1027,1651 


clxxviii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


40  &  41  Vict  c.  15,  8.  3 1798 

a  16,  8.  8  .    .    .    .     377,  2064 

8.4 1180 

{Settled  C.18 696 

Estates  8.  2  .     .    1841, 1966,  2006 

Act,  1S77)  8.  4  ...    .    1203,  1341 

8.17 1791 

8.38 673 

8.46 2250 

(PHscnAct,    c.  21,8.4.    .    .    .      844,1140 
1S77]  8.  18     .    .    .    1568,  1560 

8.36 1553 

8.41 440 

8.  56 780 

8.57  288,344,1140,1558 

8.58 1756 

8.60 1552 

8.61 1558 

c.22,8.3 426 

{Solicitors       c.  25,  8.  4    715,  950, 1002,  1586, 
Act,  1877)  1908 

8.17 147 

8.23 26 

{Comp.Act,    c.  28,8.  8 256,667 

1S77)  8.5 256 

c.  28,  8.  3  426,  441,  705,  1086, 
1865 
c.  31,  8.  10  .  1116,2220,2224 
C.88  ...  386,1414,2046 
C.34     .   1053,1099,1118,1230 

c.  85 1196 

c.  89 56 

c.  41,  8.  7 442,  837 

c.  42,  8.4 2007 

8.  18    .    .    .  984 

c.  45,8.6.    !     360,161*5,2095 

c.  46,  8.  1 2254 

{S.  Africa       c.  47 1908 

Act,  1877)  8.3 125 

8.61 125 

c.48,8.  2   50,334,614,830,831, 

848,1828,1670.1798,2138 

c.  49,  8.  3    405,  834,  1184,  1355, 

1552. 1553, 1586, 1812,2094 

8.32 1553 

c.63»8.30 1502 

8.43 1553 

8. 70  .    .    .      283,  1553 

8.71  816,440,833,1172, 
1355^  1552, 1553»  2172 

c.  54 1654 

C.55 1682 

c.  66 423 

8.  7       209,  287,  326,  426, 

884,  1695 

8.  81     ...    .   89, 1476 

(Jud.Act        c.  57,  8.  3  81,278,426,442.493, 

(Ir),1877)  667,  875.  1029,  1172, 

1351, 1417, 1447,  1477, 

1491,  1495, 1773,  1979 

8.  53     .      818, 1561, 1909 

c.  59,8. 26     .    .    .      837,1941 

(Canal  Boats  c.  GO 241,1740 

Act,  1877)  8.14     .     261,1168,1391, 

1401,  1510, 1791 

c.  62,  8.  3 1683 

c.  66 1115 

c.  ccxxzT 2006 


Page 

41  &  42  Vict.  c.  8 1786 

0.8,   8.  13 1117 

8.  27     .     426, 1056,  1823 

0.12,8.6 1182 

0.14 1516 

8.1 430 

o.  16,  8.  12 2227 

8.  13  659,895,1110,1671, 
1834,  1902,  207» 

(Factory         c.  16 1160 

and  Workshop  8.  6 460 

Act,  1878)  8.9 1788 

8.28 146 

8.51 2085 

8.82 280 

8.93 1870 

88.  06,  106, 106  .  286,  326, 

423,  427,  493,  966,  967, 

1681 

Soh4   169,197,604,1686, 

1870 

(Matrimonial  o.  19,  8.  2 1418 

Causes  Act,  8.8 1685 

1878)  8.4 686 

0.24,8.1.    .    .    .      884,1812 

{Parliament'    o.  26 1480 

aru  and  Municipal    8. 4  .    .    .    .      232,  1407 

Registration  Act,       8.6.    690,896,970,1120, 

1878)  1122 

8.6.     ..    .    1829,1967 

8.  7 1466 

8. 28     .    .    .      042,  1210 
0.29,8.2.    .    .    .      198,1224 

(BUUof         0.81 613,1616 

bale  Act,  8.4  98,186,150,198,471, 

1878)  808,1095,1166,1864, 

1468,  1469,  1676, 1760, 

1817,  1867, 2180 

8.  6  .  .  .686,  733,  2080 

8.6.    .  148,150,198,487 

8.  7 1829 

8.8  1296,2102,2104,2196 

8.10  147,1007,2088,2102 
(3)     .  364,  491,  2104 

{Metrop  0.32 1601 

Man.  Act,  8.4 283 

1878)  8. 6 667 

8.14 1890 

0.33 2064 

8.2.    .      804,1117,1184 

aS9,  8.  6 1766 

8.6 1766 

8.  7  ...    .      740,  2007 
8.  9 1786 

8. 11  .    .  271,  776,  1802 

0.40,8.2 1553 

0.43,8.1.     .      657,1404,1695 
0.48,8.8.    .    .     619,020,830 

{Weiahts         0.49 1183 

and  Measures  8.  10 2281 

Act,  1878)  8. 11     286,  789,  788,  943, 

1198,  1768 

8. 12  .    .  27,  1768, 1769 

8.13 1524 

8.14    462,578,833,1941, 

2071 

8.16    234,287,794,1440, 

1481,  1636 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxix 


41  &  42  Vict.  c.  49,  8.  16 294 

8.  19  .  .  .  1183, 2078 

8.24 1929 

8.25 2133 

8.48  ..  .  1517,2183 
8. 60  .  .  .  1116,1117 
8. 70  .  .  .   882,  1928 

8.71 1717 

8.  74  94,  498,  625, 1492, 
1908 

8.85 2094 

c.  51,  8.  8  198,217,283,280,326, 

883,342,567,878,1066, 

1404, 1117,  1591,  1664. 

1909, 1932, 1996,  2070, 

2107,  2111 

{P.H,Ire-     a  52 l606 

iand  Act,  1878)       8.2  287,658,573,894,930, 

1056, 1889,  1538,  1643, 

1791,  1792,  1848,  1893, 

1948,  2220,  2228 

8.41 760 

8.46 594 

8.74 1617 

8,  107  ...  .  22,  1302 

8.  152 1837 

8.249 1982 

c.  58,  8.  10 326 

c58,8.9.  .  .  .  878,1767 
c.68,8. 6.  .   326,1115,1652 

(Bigkoprirg      c.68,8. 5 1443 

Act,  1878)  8.10 1408 

8. 14  .  .  .   598,1404 

c.  73,  8.  7  746, 1032, 1320, 1867, 

2085,  2131 

(CantagioHs      c.  74 281 

DiweoMcs  (Ani-  8.  5  .     .    .    .  84, 259, 272 

maUjAct,  8.7 208 

1878)  8.84 2177 

8. 74     .    .    .      493,1492 

8.76 2181 

(T^iegraph      c.  76,  8.  2    29,56,75,1613,1951, 
Act,  1878)  2020,  2121 

8.  12  .  .  .  1293, 2120 
(Highways  c  77,  8.  13  281,  421,  422,  1136, 
and  Locomotives  1148 

(Amcndt.)  Ad,  8.15     ...    1136,1137 

1878)  8.20 804 

8.23     ..    .      679,2072 

8.27 457 

8.  32     ....  63,  2148 

8.  38     422,  557,  658,  878, 

879,  1119, 1196,  1478, 

1791 

42  &  43  Vict,  a  6  ...    .     657, 1115, 1117 

(BaiJxrs'         c.  11 1081 

Books  Evidence         8.  9 168 

Ad,  1879)  8.  10     .    .    .     425,  1027 

c.  18.  8.  1 888 

c.  19 961 

8.8  845,1066,1751,1982 
c.  21,  8.  9 330 

8.27 1329 

C.22 1611 

8.  7 932 

8.  9 147 

c.  26.  8.  2  .  199,  343,  546, 1391 
c.  30,  8.  2 1535 


42  &  43  Vict.  c.  SO,  8. 

8. 


{Army  Disci-  c.  \ 
pline  and  Regn. 
Act,  1879) 


8. 

8,8. 

88. 

8. 


(Petmeum       c 
Act,  1879) 
(Sum.  Jur,      c. 
Act,  1879) 


84 
88.8. 

41,8. 

45,  8. 
47,8. 


Page 
8  .  .  .  600,  936,  1790 
6  214,  812,  1636,  1773, 
2235 

10 1457 

59 315 

61,64  .  .  .  .   151 

181  115,  151, 189.  337, 

839,  880,  411,  423, 

426,  833 

460 

2 696 

1  .  887,  842,  1645, 1648 
6  .  .  .  860, 831, 958 
2 1478 


c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 

c. 
c. 

c. 

43  Vict.  c.  19,  8. 
48  &  44  Vict  c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 


49,  8.  4 1287 

8.  6 315,  318 

8.  9 647 

8.12 377 

8.16 2098 

8.  17  ....  935,  986 
8.19  ...  1427,2108 

8.30 2 

8.31   .  1,64,427,1361, 

1418,  2285 

8.83  .  59,425,427,468, 

521 

8.35 818 

8.49  .  44,803,720,791, 
842, 1117,  1427,  1465, 
1980,  2287 
427, 1309 
.  .  1982 
98,  193,  1469 
686,  2080 
,  .   419 


.50 
.51 

.4  . 
.5  . 


8, 

60,8' 

8. 

58,  8.  2  . 
54,  8.  18 
57  .  . 
58,  8.  7  . 
59  .  . 
68,  8.  5  . 
64,  8.  2  . 

8.9  . 

74,  8.  2  . 

76,  8.  5  . 

8  6  . 
78,  8.  3  . 

8.28 
7.  .  . 
4,8.3  . 
7,8.2  . 
8  .  .  . 
9,8.1  . 

11,8.2  . 

18,  8.  82 


.  1196 
.  1606 
.  705 
462 
.  1302 
.  326 
.  426 
320,843 
.  2122 


667 
.  1771 
425,  1342 
20,  644, 1030 
849 
.  1011 
.  2063 
614,  2133 
1808 


8.88  843,896,1316,1607, 
1702 

c.  17 1129 

c.  19   .  127, 198,  326,  833,  343, 

561,  688,  841,  949, 1156, 

1404, 1752,  1996,  2010 

(InLRev.        c.  20 173 

Act,  1880)  8.2  216,333,1151,1327, 

1977 

8.  11 658 

8.33 2041 

8.40  173,313,2003,2253 
8.47 668 


clxxx 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


{Ground 
Game  Act, 
1880) 


44  &  45  Vict 


Page 

48  &  44  Vict  c.  24,  b.  8       218,  221,  883,  452; 

{SpinU  Act,  553,  658,  707,  746,  1085, 

1880)  1095,  1194,  1129,  1827, 

1491,  1538, 1570, 1921, 

1936, 1977,  2212 

3. 104 1748 

8.  106 1825 

8.  107 1825 

e.  26 1166 

c.33,8. 5 1522 

c.  85 2242 

e.36,8. 5      .    .    .    1795,2107 

c.  41 1359 

8.6 811 

{Employer^     c.  42     .    .  16,  1049, 1498, 1933 
Liability  Act,  8.  1 .     .      492, 1260,  2270 

1880)  (1)  .  .  373,2226 
<2)  ....  1986 
(8)      ....      872 

(4)  .    .    1306,1778 

(5)  291, 1119, 1645, 

2085 

».  8 598 

».  7      ...      492,1290 
8.8   016,1158,1966,2269 

c.  47 002,  1815 

8. 8.    .    .    .      569,2197 

».  5 2184 

8.6 1315 

8.8 840 

c.  4,  8.  1 1540 

c.  5.  8.  6 78, 115 

c.  9,  8.  4 57 

c.11,8.9 171 

c.  12,  8.  3 658 

8.24 1884 

8.32 80 

8.38     .    .812,998,1426, 
1474,  2199,  2200.  2201 

c.  14,  8.  6 422,  878 

c.  18,  8.  4  .  .  .  .  1115, 1478 
0.20,8  3.  .  .  .  1066,1678 

8.8 1622 

c.  22,  8.  13 592 

c.  24,8.8.  .  .  .  1565,1983 

c.  84,8.  1  .  199,283,411,1196, 

1341, 1388, 1838,  2185 

c.  37,  8.  27 1791 

8.29  67,288,1298,1391, 
1791 

c.  40,8.2 217 

(Conv.i-         C.41  ...  431,1815,2118 
L.P.Act,  8.2 1584 

1881)  (ii)  ....  1054 
(iii)  .  .  .948,1514 
(iv)  .  .  1156,1230 
(v)  ....  404 
(vi)  1097,  1228,  1229 
(vii)  .  .  .  954,965 
(viii)  ....  1622 
(ix)  .  719,  720,  1712 
(x)  ...  229,230 
(xi)  ....  1205 
(xii)  ....  2260 
(xiii)  ....  987 
(xiv)  ....  1814 
(XV)  ....   164 

8.3(1)       ....    1078 


Page 

44  4b  45  Vict  c. 

41,8.8(4)     ....     1436 

(6)     .      10, 480, 664, 

967.983 

8.6     110,895,808,1157, 

2226 

».7    181,  963, 1230,  147S, 

1628,  2063,  2108,  2159 

8.10 1070 

8.18 1073 

8,14    .     785,1071,1086, 

1292, 1665,  1703,  1721, 

1920,  2155,  2157 

(2)     .    .    .  31,  1664 

(3)     .    .2,182,1070 
(6)     .    .      120,1107 

B.  15    .     682, 1097,  1231 

B.  16 983 

8.  17 371) 

B.18     95,187,1818,2167 

8.19 95 

8.20 2160 

8.21     ..    .      182,1626 

8  24     .    .    .      282,  1679 

8.  30    182,  394,  864,  1220, 

1228,  1288,  1475,  1669, 

1818,  2069 

B.81   889,395,1068,1283, 

1998,  2278 

8.34 404 

8.39 183 

8.41 1841 

8.42     .    1162,1580,2160 

B.43    395,938,948,1142 

B8.  46,  47,  48  .    .     .     1525 

.8.49 835 

8.61     ...    .  706,861 

8.  63    ....  84,  1989 

8.64 1677 

B.65     .    .    .    1677,1976 

8.56     .    .    2,1677,1904 

8.58 183 

8.63 644 

8.65     .    624,1220,1662, 

2129 

8.66    ..    .    1580,2160 

8.67 1886 

8.71 602 

(Soliciiors        C. 
Bern.  Act,  1881) 

44,8. 1  .  827,950,1596,1903 

8,2 405 

8. 8 688,  939 

{Land  Law     c. 

49 922,  952 

(/r)  Act,  1881) 

8, 5.    .    .    .     795,2149 

8.8 1541 

8.21 886 

8.  57      199.  606,  644,  792, 

884, 1060, 1855,  1541, 

1713,  2021,  2023 

8.58    502,884,886,1427. 

2021,  2076,  2077 

8.60 101 

c 

51,8.2 2242 

c. 

64 832 

{Regn.  of  the 
Forces  Act, 
1881) 
(Armu  Act, 
1881) 


c.  66,  8.  6  . 

c.  67,  8.  2  . 
8.43 
8.40 

c  58,  8.  24 
8.45 


.  1461 
.  1199 
.  1698 
170,411 
.  633 
.  1198 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxxi 


Pkge 

41  &  45  Vict  c.  58,8.46 1982 

8.60 816 

88.62,66  ....   151 

.  88.64,65  ...  .  1611 

8.80  .  624,1687,1853 

8.94 1036 

8.  122 1327 

8.  141 1447 

8. 143 615 

8.  156 769 

8.  163 832 

8.  176  .  .35,  1899,  2086 

8.  179 1161 

8.  180 968 

8. 189 lasi 

8.190  116,161,189,337, 

339,  880,  411,  423,  426, 

621,745,888,958,1198, 

1199, 1208,  1284,  1326, 

1602.  1693,  1730, 1899, 

1931, 1988, 1991,  2203 

a  60,  8. 1  .  .  1274.  1810, 1325, 

1490, 1591,  1695 

8.3 1592 

&  61,  8.  1 1983 

8.8 1275 

&62,8. 2.  .  .  .  1695,2186 
8.  17  .  .  .  1633,2186 

c.64,8.  3 283 

c.  65, 8. 1    681,  836,  1086,  1605, 
1844 

c.67,8.  6 262,854 

c.  68,  8.  14 1639 

C.69 784 

8. 5.    ....    .     1544 

8.39  380,609,1134,1320, 

1988 

46  &  46  Vict,  c  2,  8.  2    ....    1396,1728 

c.  9,8. 4    .    .    .    .      832,1660 

c.  10,8. 11     ....   115,459 

{.Vrfrop  c.  14,  8.  8 2085 

Man,  Ad,  1882)       8.  13     .     .    .     1954,2149 

c.  18,  8.  2 285 

c.  20,  8.4 1611 

c.  22,  8.  8 200,  828 

8.4 200,664 

c.  24,  8. 1 66 

(PrereMfioR      c.  25,  8.  6 165 

ofCnme(Ir)  8.7 1004 

Ad,  1882)  8.20 657 

8.34 437 

8.36  67.78,115,144,147, 

345,  984,  1027 

c.  27,  8. 10    ...    .  878,  879 

c81,8.2.      31,493,964,1029, 

1465, 1492, 1695 

c.  34     .......    .      643 

a  87,  8.  18     ...     .  212,  219 

{.?.  L.  Ad,      c.  88  431, 447, 1841, 1688, 1816, 

m2)  1842 

8. 2.  .  .  .   843,1843 

(1)  29,646,948,051, 

1842, 1848, 1966 

(2)  .  .  .  .  646 
(8)  .  .  646,1841 
(6)  .182,1518,2024 

(6)  .  .  .  .   629 

(7)  .  .  .  .   187 


Page 

45  &  46  Vict.  c.  38,  8.  2  (8)  . 

.  2069,2108 

(9)  . 

...   267 

(10)  . 

229,230,948. 

051, 1066, 1167. 

1204, 1205,  1437, 

1614,  1712.  1814, 

1936,  2124,  2260 

S.3.  .  . 

.  1680, 216^ 

8.4.  .  . 

.  1680,2161 

8.6.   .   . 

...   964 

8.6.  95, 

417, 1580,  2161 

8.  7.  •  . 

.  .  .  1051 

8.8.  .  . 

,  .  878,637 

8.9,  .  . 

...   487 

8.  10   .   . 

...   720 

8.  11   .   . 

...   913 

8.  15   .   . 

.   696, 1157 

8.  17   .   , 

.  .  .  1229 

8.  18   .   . 

.  ,  95,267 

8.20(2)  . 

.  ,  .   998 

<3)  . 

...   451 

8.21.  . 

.   964,2234 

% 

.  .  .  1064 

416,666,943 

8.  22  .  . 

.  .  .  1345 

8.25  .  . 

922,  954,  1720 

(6)  , 

...   945 

(10) 

.  .  121,702 

(11) 

.  .  226,  701 

(18) 
(20) 

...   922 

...   922 

8.S0  .  . 

...   922 

8.32  .  . 

257.  1843 

8.33  .  267,1091,1218, 

1345, 1860 

8.86  .  . 

.  1692,1791 

8.87  .  , 

.  .  866,  961 

8. 45  .  . 

.  .  .  1904 

(8)  . 

...   819 

8. 46  .  . 

...   416 

8.60  .  . 

.   130, 1843 

8.51   . 

961, 1312, 1473, 
1732,  2026 

8.53  .  . 

.  .  .   993 

8.54  .  . 

...   819 

8. 66  .  . 

...   371 

8. 68  .  . 

.  .  .  2024 

(1)  . 

...  1406 

88.58-6:3  '. 

...   670 
.  .  .  2024 

8. 59  .  . 

.  .  .  1841 

6.63  .  . 

.   229, 2024 

(Conv.  Acty 

c  39,  8. 1  (4)  . 

.  1584, 1622 

1882) 

8. 3  124, 

338, 1290,  1375 

8.5.  .  . 

...   553 

8.8.   .   . 

.  1625,1579 

8.9.   .   . 

.  1526,1579 

8.10   .   . 

.  .  528.666 

8.11   .   . 

.  .  .  1662 

8.12   .   . 

.  .  .  1231 

C.  40,  88.  1,  2   . 

.  .  .  1286 

{BiilsofS. 

C.43  220,513,1 

336, 1095, 1143, 

Act,  1882) 

1937 

8.3.  .  . 

.   193, 1818 

8.4.  .  . 

.  1007,1917 

8.5.  .  . 

.  .  .  2102 

8.  6  224, 1 

488,1493,1965. 
2161 

clxxxii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTEa 


Pkge 
45  &  46  Vict.  c.  43,  s.  7  (2)      ....      172 

(4)  ....    1670 

(5)  ....    1668 

8.8.  .   1296,1306,2102, 

2196 

8.0.  38.401,025,1384, 

1674,  2106,  2197 

8.  10 1418 

8.  14  .  .  .   556, 1400 
8.17  354,460,470,1015 

C.47 1601 

c.  48,  8.28  .  115,1151,1199, 
1382 

{Militia  Act,    c.  49,  8.  10 530 

1882)  8.  51     .    .    .    1151.1199 

8.62  422,403,1055,1884, 

1492,  1903 

8.53 1652 

8.57 1781 

(3fim.  Corp,    c.  50     .     208,  1862, 1891,  2127 

Act,  1882)  8.  7      209.  232,  411, 1085, 

1234, 1384, 1407, 

2107 

8.8 1181 

8.9.  ..    .      282,1638 
8.  11  (2)  ...    .      632 

(8)  .    .    .    .    1683 

8.12     ....   166,552 

0)  090,1824,1696 

(2>  ....  1071 

8.17 2077 

8.  22  (3)  ....  1441 

8  23 1438 

8.30 2211 

8. 36  .  .  .   756,1880 

8.39 552 

8.  41  166,  536,  552, 1568 
8.47  ...  1175,1698 

8.51 1638 

8.53 1752 

8.60(3)   .    .    .    .    1380 
(4)    .    .    .    .    1469 

8.63 1151 

8.77      200,217,254,266, 

600,1407,1476,2208 

1.88(1)   ...    .      254 

(2)  .    .      368,1752 

8.  106 106 

8. 109 106 

8.  110  82,  111,  1527,  1710 

8.111 2668 

8.  140 1852 

8.  148 1600 

8.  150 1827 

8. 163 1683 

68.165-168     .    .    .    1683 

8.201 772 

8.224 1568 

8.  241 351 

8.  246  ...    .  209,  880 

8ch3,part2    .    .    1288 

Sch5»part2    .    .    1501 

c.  51     ....  162,  446, 1795 

C.52,  8.  8 878,879 

C.56     .      609,708,1115,1117. 

1612, 1888,  1950,  2019, 

2120,  2121,  2270 

c57,8.  5 805 


Page 

45&46Victc.  50,8. 1.    .    .    426,602,830 

{BilUof         c.Ol 191,1287 

Exchange  8.  2     1 1.  31,  168,  171,  498, 

Act,  1882)  882, 960, 1015, 2173>  2277 

8.  3 191 

8.  4 977 

8. 7  (8)     ....      712 

8.8 1261 

8.9 1981 

8   10    .     .    .      142.1334 

8.11 521 

8.13 301 

8.14 464 

(4)  .    .    .    .    1223 

8.15 927 

8.  16 2208 

8.  17 11 

8.18 11 

8.10    11,365,1114,1413 

8.21 498 

8.23 1888 

8.25  ..    .    1450,1883 

8.26  .      742,1450,1883 

8.27 2171 

8.28 17 

8.  29  ....  203,  888 
8.30 883 

(2)  .  .   882,  1594 

8. 81  .  .  .  1262,2089 

8. 32  (1)  .  .  .  .   019 

88.82-37  .  .   619,1262 

8.34 1913 

8.35 1747 

8.36 1383 

8.38 882 

S.43 645 

8.46 2208 

8.47 545 

8.48 545 

8.49 545 

8. 50  .  .  .  546,2208 

8.51  .   1294,1593,2208 

8.54 11 

8. 55(1)    .    .    .    .      574 

(2)    .    .    .  619,  fiUSO 

8.57  .   171,1106,1334 

8. 58  .  .  .  2005,2011) 

8.59 1438 

8.61 031 

8.62  .  1173,1717,2208 

8.63 1169 

8.  64  ....  08,  1169 

8. 65  .  .  11,  887,  1593 

8.66  ...  .  11,887 

8.67  ...  .  11,887 
8.  68  .  887.  1438,  1503 

8.73 301 

8.76 441 

8.77 441 

8.78 441 

8.80 1287 

8.81 1287 

8.  82  .  1287, 1436,  1678 

8. 83  .  .  .   451,  1576 

8.84 498 

8.85(2)  ...  .   005 

8.86 1834 

8.88  ..  .  1145,2030 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxxiii 


45  &  46  Vict,  c  61, 8.  89 


8 
8. 

c.  62, 8. 
c65, 8. 
c.  70,  8. 

c.  72, 8. 

8. 
8. 

c.  73,  8. 

8. 

8 

C.74     . 

8. 

8. 


(Post  Office 
(PareeU) 
Act,  1882) 

(M.  W.  P. 

Act,  1882) 


c76     . 


46  &  47  Vict. 


(i/iCJi.  Corp, 
Act,  1883) 


(Cheap 

TraituAct, 

1883) 


8.2 


8. 
8. 
8. 

8. 
8. 
8. 

8. 
8. 

8. 
8. 
8. 

c.  76,  8. 
c.  80,  8. 

c.  3,    8. 

C.4  .  . 
c,  7.  . 
c9.  . 
c.  18,  8. 


Page 

.  17,  464,  498,  521, 

646.  888,  977.  1261, 

1262, 1334,  1438,  1460, 

1676,  1883, 1981,  2090, 

2171 

90 819 

91 1888 

92     ....  288,463 
7  .    .    .    .    1600, 1656 

2 1553 

2 1323 

3 472 

11 163 

26 718 

2 1138 

9 1391 

11     ...    .  82,1845 

1136 

3  1882 

17    220,746,977,1440, 

1648 

895.  447,  476,  541,  664, 

lO'A  1400,  1745,  1828 

1.    266,629.709,1257, 

1371.  1826,  1829 

694,709,1585,1660, 

1828 

....  1874 

....   475 

21,  26,  386,  709 

.   183 

.  .  1827 


8  . 

4 

5. 

11 

12 

18 

15 

19  174,  47 


21 
23 
24 
3. 
1  . 
9. 


27 


C.22, 


C.25 
c.  80 
C.31 
c.  33. 
c.  84, 


8.11 

8.28 


174 

.  1020 

,  1000,  1386. 

1844 

306.  1282 

.  1082 

393,1585 

.   220 

.  2107 

147,672,708,1036, 

1478, 1681 

.  .  .  1234,1605 

*.  !  i661, 2180 
.  .  .   845,1828 

1805 

.  .  .  729,1805 

1558 

.  .  .   837,1862 


c.3d, 
c.  36, 


C.37. 
&39 
C.42. 
C.43, 


8.8.  .  .  .   344,2076 
8.  3  .  .  1665,  2269,  2270 

8.6 1501 

8.  8  699, 1501, 1502, 1648 

8.12 308 

8.  5 297,  598 

8.  7 2184 

8.  10 297 

8.  11 297 

8.  53     .    .  620.  830,  1196 
8.2      .    1791,1792,1990 

619 

8.  18     .    .    .      834,  1812 

8.  4 2268 

8.26     ..    .      167,2086 


Page 

46  &  47  Vict  c.  45,  8.  3 446 

c.  47,  8,  2  .    .     586. 1560, 1898 
C.49  248,1029,1038,1769,2110 

(Corrupt  c.  51, 8.1 2095 

and  Illegal  8.  2 .    .     .    .     1921,2127 

Practices  Pre-  8.  8 217,  413 

vention  Act,  88.  7-12      ....      909 

1883)  8.8 869 

8.9 1566 

88.  18-21    ....      909 
8. 16     .    .  164,331,1162 

8.18 190 

8.28 369 

8.  33     .     413,  1752,  2091 

8.88 879 

8.40 463 

8.63 253 

8.  64      147.  346.  415,  609, 

959.  1030, 1217,  1327, 

1437, 1471,  1505,  1609, 

1693 

8.68  168,959,1181,1208. 

1284, 1827, 1478,  1637, 

1903 

Schl 326 

Sch  8 217 

(Bankrif         c.  52  844.716,1328,1851.1477 

Act,  1883)  8.  4  .  .  476,  716,  1309 

(la)  .  403,  433.  808. 

1583 

(16)  ....   764 

(U)  .  6,7,507,991 

1040,  1705 

(Iff)   2,4:^,434,662, 

715,  926, 1809 

(U)       .  1291,2001 

8.5 80 

8.  6  .  .  .  471.  667, 1477 
(la)  ....  471 
(16)  ....  284 
(Ic)  ....  174 
(Id)      .   501,1855 

8.7 1978 

8. 9   ...   434,  1813 

8.10 1564 

8.  16 1930 

8.  17  .  .  .   368,  1724 
8.18 2107 

(1)  .  .  .  .  478 
(6)  .  .  .  .  248 
(8)  .  .  .  .  478 
(11)  ....   976 

8.20  ..  .  1853,1855 

8.21  ..  .   913,1850 

8.22 1469 

8.24 368 

(2)  .  .  .  .   808 

(3)  ....  1662 

(4)  ....   489 
8.25 7 

8. 27  .  .  .  1562.2107 

8. 28  ...  .  867,808 

(2)  .•  .  .  .  50 
(3)214,286,289,668, 

1651,  1671,  2128,  2183 

8.30 214 

8.31 433 

8.32  ..  .  368,1010 


cIxxxIt 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


P»ge 

Page 

46  &  47  Vict  c. 

52,8.82(2)    ....    1209 

46  4b  47  Vict. 

c. 

62,  Sell  2,  B.  20  .    .  600, 988 

88.38,34  ....        41 

c. 

64, 

8.  11     .     .     .     1435,1461 

8. 86    .    .    .      669.1764 

c. 

65 

8.2      ...    1160,1240 

8.  37     .    .  469,  476,  1679 

8.8 1263 

(1)    .    .    .    .    1106 

c. 

66 

8.11 1670 

(6)    .    .    .  690,942 

{PaUnis, 

c. 

57 

,8.8 2081 

(8)     ....    1090 

Designs  and 

8.  6  .    .     612,  1235,  1919 

8.38    .    .    .    1286,1679 

Trade  Marks 

8.  11(1)    ...    .        96 

8.39 1679 

Act,  1883) 

8.18(1)    .    .    .  412,640 
(10)      .     1447,  166;l 

8.40   174,326,468,1402, 

1680,1838 

8.  19 640 

8.42    .    .     21,840,1362 

8.23 131 

8. 43    .    .    .      163,  1700 

8.  25    .    .    .      676,  1429 

8.44     236.309,471,478. 

8.26(4)   .    .    .    .      76i 

626,  926,  981,  936,  1618, 

8  2J)  (6)   ....     1668 

1619,  1683 

8.  81     .    .    .     1028. 1962 

8.46     290,434,478,661. 

8.32    813,580,968,1083, 

662,  1816 

1373, 1591,  2061,  2261 

(2)    .    .    1676,1822 

8.  46    .    1006. 1428,  1429 

8.46    ..    .     1782,1816 

8.47 1269 

(1)    .    .      661,1883 

8. 68    .    .    .     1819,1690 

(2)    .    .      476,1864 

8.69 1690 

(3)    .    .    .    .    -819 

8.60    .    .  410.617.1869 

8.47  478,818,1683,1622, 

8.61 1590 

8.  64     214,  664,  556,  696. 

(1)    .319,2171.2198 

698,718,866,2081,2264 

(2)    .    .    .646.1217 

15.67 6&t 

(3)    .    .    .    .     2088 

8.70 829 

8.48    .1,434,1364,2188 

8,72(2)   ....      248 

(2)     .    .      819,1434 

8.73 248 

8.49 391 

8.74(1)  .    .    .     37,851 

(2)     .    .    .    .      161 

8.81 1194 

8.68  986,946,1447,1781 

8.87    .    .   131,242,1590 

8.64 403 

8.  90    ....    67,  1974 

8.66 1683 

8.92 641 

(1)    .    .     .    .    1389 
(6)    .    .    .    .      993 

8. 108 2081 

8.  105    .    .    .  1428, 1694 

8.67 1459 

8.117    .     220.860,1065, 

8.72     .    666,1662,1739. 

1084 

1868 

c. 

60 

,8.8 1791 

8.78 1670 

8.  21     .    .      63. 199,  568 

8.82 1991 

(Agricultural 
Holdings  (En 

c. 

61 

.     922, 1065,  1089,  1458. 

8.  96    .    .  886,  876, 1738 

7- 

2022 

8.102.    .     114,489.716 

land)  Act,  1883) 

8.5.     ..    .     688.1666 

8. 103 1029 

8.7 IbM 

8.104.    .     68.439,1860 

8.38 242 

8. 106  .    .  943, 1662, 1863 

8.46    ....     60,689 

8.  115 176 

8.49 655 

8.121 408 

8.52 1 

8.126  .    426,1362,1477, 

8.64    ....     62,884 

1974 

8.57 2022 

(4)   .    .     .    .    1177 

8.61   423.622.1883.1060, 

(5)   .     .    .     .      478 
(7)   .     .    .    .    2088 

1109,1161,2022.2284 

Sch 922 

(10)      ...      886 

{Agricultural 

C. 

62 

......      922,1458 

8.143 762 

Holdings  (Scot) 

8.35 884 

8. 146 1816 

Act,  1883) 

8.  42     .  9,  622.  884. 1060. 

8. 146 1816 

1070.  2022 

8.162 2107 

Sch 922 

8. 168     61, 161.  289,  290. 

47  &  48  Vict 

C. 

11 

8.6 776 

426.  471,  801,  807,  822, 

c. 

12 

,  8.  2 371,  060 

1116, 1688, 1739, 1813. 

C. 

16 

,8.6 41 

1864,1866,2107 

B.  6 41, 1361 

8.  169 1446 

{S.  L.  Act, 

C. 

18 

,8.4 257 

Sch  1,  R.  10       941,  2173 

1884) 

8.7 229,d024 

2 1679 

8.8 447 

2,  R.  12     .    .    1897 

c. 

19 

,  8.  9  .    .    .  803.  842,  2287 

1  At  this  page  the  Act  is  en 

roneoasly  printec 

I  as  of  1882. 

TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxxv 


47  &  48  Vict.  c. 
c. 
c. 
c. 


(BgSoey 
Art,  1884) 
(Sum.  Jur. 
Act,  1884) 


{Yorkshire 
HiqiMtriet 
Act,  1884) 


Page 

22,8.6 1286 

28,8.9 1467 

80 826,  987 

31,8.18    220,337,968,1130, 
1662, 1762, 1826 
%    .    .    .      419 
....      160 
068 


.  34,  8.  2  . 
.  37,  8.  4  . 
.  38,  8.  3 . 


c. 

c.  41,  8.  2 266,  661 


{Jud,  Act, 
1884) 


43,  8.  6  . 

8.7. 
8.8. 

47,  8.  6 . 
64 

8 


3. 


(Xfatrimonial  c 
Cauaes  Ad, 
1884) 


....   427 
....   427 

2 

1032 

.  .  403,  836,  2004 
136,  166,  403,  422, 
624.  667,  1228,  1861, 
1660,  1696, 1766,  1988, 
2260 

8.7 1098 

8.14 34 

66,  8  7  ...  1447, 1900 

68,8.2 1611 

8.  4   ....  802,  1602 

69,  8.  9 668 

61,8.8  .  .   112,166,360 
8.  16  ...  .  816,4:^9 

62,8.7 1404 

8.8 1806 

63 1008 

8.  2  .  .  696, 1030,  2106 

6.3  ..  .   1662,1661 

64,8.16  137,416,1130,1140, 

1662,  1663, 1986 

616 


c. 


klectians  (C. 
^  I.  Practices) 
Ad,  1884) 


8.  2  .  . 

8.  8  .  . 

8.  6  .  . 

70,8.2  .  . 

88.4-8  . 

88.  9-18 . 

8.14   . 

8.  28  (6) 
8.86  2( 
8.36   . 


.  ...  1466 
.  ...  1686 
.  .  .  .  1744 
.  .  2096,2127 
.  ...  909 
.  ...  909 
....  190 
.  .  1,413,663 
9,  282,  411, 1284 
1284 


c71, 


C.72 


Sell  8,  part  1     .    .      413 

8.  4 684,  689 

8.  6 2208 

226,283,624,1888,2116 


[Post  Office 
{Protection) 
Act,  1884) 


76,  8.  9  . 

76,  8.  7  . 

8.11 

8.  19 
8.20 


C.77 


241 

.  .  712,1066 
.  .  2018,2019 
....  1622 
969,1208,1396, 
1621 
1606 


48&49yicta3 420,969,1363 

[Rep.  People  ' 

Act,  1884) 


8.8 
8.4 
8.6  . 
8.7 


1886 

1923 

322. 1313.  1814 

209,  421,  692,  899, 

1120 

■    8. 8 1724 

8  9  ...    .         •    1391 

8*.  ll'  823,'87*1, 1024, 1067, 

1384, 1713 

0,    8. 3  .    .     .    .      232, 1284 

10. 8. 2  .    .    .    .    1234, 1407 


48  &  49  Vict  c.  16,  8. 19 
( Registration 
Act,  1886) 


{Redistribu- 
tion of  Seats 
Act,  1886) 


Page 

422,  1314, 1394, 

1407,  1408 

Sch  2,  Form  A .  .  1286 

c.  17,  8.  32 168 

Form  84  ....  1236 

c.  18,  8.  2 805 

c.  22 1115 

c.  23 208 

g  9 1044 

8. 23*  422,667, 1234, 1404, 
1407, 1606, 1837 
1407 
1407 


( Customs  fc 
Inl.  Rev.  Act, 
1886) 


8.24 
8.83 

c.  25,  8.  2   . 

c36,  8.  3  . 

8.7   . 

c.  39,  8.  9  . 
c.  41,  8.  17 
C.46      .    . 

8.2  . 

8.4  . 
c.  49,  8. 12 
c.  60,  8.  27 
C.61      .    . 

8.4  . 

8.8(2) 

8.11 


(8) 
(6) 
6) 


12 
21 


(Criminal 
IMW  Amendt, 
Act,  1886) 


{Housing  of 
the  Woiiing 
Classes  Act, 
1886) 


c.  64,  8. 16 
c.  60,  8. 1 . 

c.  69,8.2 

8.3. 
8.4. 
8.6. 
8.11 
8.18 
8.16 
C.  71,  8.  1  . 

c.  72,  8.  1  . 

8.2. 

8.9. 

8.  ir 

8.12 
8.13 

c.  73,  8. 10 
8.26 

c,  76  .  . 
8.29 


.     968, 1812 

.    .    1613 

.    .      427 

.    .      668 

199,836,860,1116 

.    .    1183 

.    .    1409 

.    .     1409 

1168,2180 

.    .      206 

.    .      178 

...      173 

...      632 

.    .    1800 


(2)  106,971,1083,1166 


296,  699, 1083 
.      236, 2078 
.      200, 2200 
20,  200,  2130 
.    .    .    1016 
...    1490 
887,  418,  442.  833, 
1619 
.      413 
413, 1667 
.      418 
841 
91,  966 


c.  77,  8.  23 
c.  78,  8. 1  . 

8.11 

49  &  60  Vict.  c.  2,  8  1  . 
c  11,  8.  7  . 
c.  16,  8.  2  . 
c.  22,  8.6(7) 

8.7   . 

c.  23,  8.  8  . 
c.  26,  8. 17 


.    .    1208 

.    .    1781 

.    .  198,  667 

.    .    1122 

.    .      461 

.    .    2267 

.  366, 1087 

.   418,668 

.    .     1712 

842,  2022 

.    .      877 

246,  877,  680, 1066, 

2039 

.    .  63,1846 

602,830.1126 

.    .  609,611 

...      776 

.      816, 1197 

...      128 

.    .    .    1060 

.    1197.1602 

.    1881,2107 

800,  906,  986,  1096. 

1180 

27 1804,2088 

8.9 426 


clxxxvi 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


Fago 

40  &  60  Vict  c.  20 022,1468 

8. 34     .    .    418,440,884 

c.  82,  t.  9 109,  246 

(Tnternational  c, 'SS 1660 

CopftrightAct,  8.  6  ...    .    1660,  1761 

1886)  8. 11  160, 206, 1 108. 1462, 

1668,  2006 
(Riot  {Dam-  c.  38,  8.  2(1)  .  .  1607,1763 
age$)  Act,  1886)       s.  0 .    .    ,     .      807,1602 

c.  41,  8.1 2263 

c.  42.8.2 1027 

(Medical         c.  48 1480 

A<A,  1886)  8. 3 .    .    .    .    .    .    1184 

8.17 1680 

8.26 2064 

8.27  633,1117,1184,1412 
c.  60,  8.  3      .     803, 1070,  2023 

c.  62,  8.1 616,616 

c.  63.8. 17     ...    .   109,333 

c.  64 679,2062 

8.4 1662 

8.14     .    1060,2060,2061 

c.  67,  8,  I 1988 

c.69,8.4 63 

8.6 886 

60  &  61  Vict  c.  6,  8.  3 2263 

c.  6,8.  6 1619 

c9 1786 

8.  2      301,  380, 1676, 1693 
ell,  8.0 
c.  12,  8.  2 
c.  13, 8.  2 

8.8 

c.  16,  8.  4 
C.16 


(Criminal 
Law  ^  Pro- 
cedure (Ir)  Act, 
1887) 


c.  10,  8.  4  . 

c.  20,  8.  2  . 

8.  6. 

8.7. 
8.11 
8.19 

c.  22.  8.  4  . 
c.  28,  8.  8  . 
C.26     .    . 

8.4. 


1812 
....   106,467 

016 

.    .    .    1447,1468 

730 

718,  719, 1461,  2033 

1636 

....  218 
....  437 
....  186 
....  1736 
.147,1006,2276 
....  1094 
....  2033 
922 
7*1.418,622,800, 


c  27,  8.  2 

8.3 

(Merchandize  c.  28     . 


Marks  Act, 
1887) 


(Margarine 
Act,  1887) 


(Land  Law     c, 
(Ir)  Act,  1887) 


884,1060,1106,2023, 
2284 

8.6 441 

.    .    .    1162 

...      272 

.    .    .    2081 

970,  902, 1046 

8.3     692,693,822,1160, 

1240, 1690,  2080 

8.6.    .     430,1040,2080 

B.21     .    .    .      427,1036 

C.29, 8. 3.    .    .    .      240,1161 

8.6  678,1896,1899,1636, 

1749 

8.  12 1668 

8.13 1116 

064 

8.*l'.    '.    !    '.    1688,1714 

226.233,668,1341.1776. 

1838,  2147 

33,8.3 1086 

8.4 2090 

8.7 566 


c.  SO 
c.  32 


60  4b  61  Vict  c.  88,  8.  8  .    .    .    .      884,1712 

8.0 62 

8.84  573,606,954,1029. 
1057,1060,2061,2276 

c.34,8.2 1406 

-   8.7 1406 

a  85,  8.  1 .  326,  842,  4S7,  557, 
678, 875,  060,  1601, 1566 

C.37 1655 

c.38,8.2.  .  .  .   285,1914 

8.8 1096 

c.  42,  8.  2  .  198.  233,  302.  346, 
000,1004,1136,  1234,1404 

C.48 lOSO 

8.  2  414, 1086,  1280, 1206, 

1628,  1605.  1865, 2206 

C.46  ...  1438,1930,2100 

c.48, 8.  14 1403 

8.17      71,668,1055,1791 

c.49,8.  4 1328 

c.64,8.  6 220 

(Sheriffs  Act,  ebb,  8.  S 900 

1887)  8.14 143 

8.20 1327 

8.20    ..    .    1310,2008 

8.38 2276 

(Deeds  of       c.  57 1160 

Arrangement  8. 4 487 

Act,  1887)  8.5 2106 

8.  10    .    .  428,808,1586, 
1778 


[Coal  Mines 
liegn.  Act, 
1887) 


c.  68 


1881,2120 
.  85, 1205 
.  .  1187 
.  .  1729 
.  .  1526 
1672 


8.12(1)  . 

8. 49,  U.  12 

K.22 

R.88 

8.50  .  . 

8.  76  56,  218,  813,  1204. 

1891, 1402.  1860,  2263 

8.  76   146,  147,  287,  423, 

073, 1135,  1606,  1683 

8.77  147,287,423,1135 

c.62,8.5 1101 

c.64,8. 12 2018 


(Coroners 
Act,  1887) 


C.65 
c.  66,  8.  2  . 
c.  67,  8.  12 
c.  68,  8.  1 . 
c.  70,  8.  6  . 
c.  71,  8.  22 

8.41 

8.42 


1678,1766,2086 
....  1208 
.  .  817,1604 
.  .  106,1404 
....  876 
688,  1184,  1606 
.  .  1115,1117 
762, 1285 


(Copyhold 
Act,  1887) 

51  &  62  Vict. 

( Customs  and 
Ini.  Rev.  Alt, 
1888) 


c.  72, 8.2.    .    .    .      667,1115 


c.  73,  8.  11 
8.  45 
8.40 

c.  2.  8.  26  . 

c.  6,  8.  2    . 

c.  8,8.  4    . 

8.17. 


914 

864, 1238,  1659 
.  .  .  .  44 
.  .  .  .  1091 
.  .  .  .  1812 
.    .    .  262,846 


c.  10  .  . 
all,  8.  8. 
c.  12,  8.  4  . 
c.  18,  8.  1  . 
c.  15,  s.  4  . 
c.  17  .  . 

8.4. 


.  826,558,1196 
.  .  1186,1828 
.  .  1960,2020 
.  .  131,1086 
....  1461 

1285 

....   574 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


clxxxvii 


51  &  62  Vict 
{Glebe  Landt 
Act,  1888) 
(Law  of  Dis- 
tress AmendL 
Act,  1888) 

Rg  ir  Canal 
Traffic  Act^ 
1888) 


^, 


{Loc  Girt) 
Ad,  1888) 


c.  19 961 

c.  20,  s.  12      179, 196, 343,  814, 
1480 

c.21,8.  4 178 

8.7 1,168 

c.  23     .    .    .   \    .    .    .    1688 

C.26 1647 

B.7 1116 

8.9 960 

8.10 1189 

8.26 2063 

8.27  .  1178,1698,1789 
8.  36  .  1646, 1647, 1648 
8.37  .  .  261,757,1647 
8.42    ....  261,364 

8.46 1116 

8.46 261 

8.  66  377,  419,  850.  886. 

1189,  1666, 1988.  2033, 

2088,  2128 

C.29 220,1066 

c31,8.4.  .  1646,1648,2084 
c.  32,  8.  11  .  879,1812,1971 
c.88,8.2.  .  .  .   864,1036 

8.8 1146 

c.  86,  8.  9  .  .  487, 1134, 1320, 

1611 

c.39,8.6  199,678,1067,1891 

c.  41  ....  419,  422.  1627 

8.2 1161 

8.3.  .  .  43,422,1137 

8.11(1)  .  .   804,1767 

2  .  .  .  .   86 

(4)  .  .  .  .  1766 

(6)  .  .  .  .  2182 

8. 16  ....  .  1439 

8.21 1660 

8.24 779 

8.29 479 

8.81 422 

8.84 1137 

8.36 1637 

(5)  .  .  .  .  1837 
8.40  ..  .  1123,1406 

8.43 960 

B.46 48 

8.64 422 

8.62 41 

8.68    .     804.1911,1912 

8.69 268 

8.74 1411 

8.78  •     ,160,826,1186, 

1186 

8.86     ..    .      261,1984 

8.86(6)    ....      421 

8.92 1814 

8.99     ..    .    1661.2277 

8.  100     48,  416.  416,  421, 

462.  667,  661,  688,  627, 

667.670.878,1090,1128, 

1187,1196,1323,1326, 

Has.  1407.  1408,  1447, 

1526.  1685, 1637, 1776, 

2147 

8. 104 2282 

8.118(18)  ...  424 
8.121 1560 


61  &  62  Vict  c.  42      .    .  296,996,996,1231 

{Mortmain                8. 4  .  .    786,1765,2196 

wui  CharitabU          8.  6  .  .    610, 1608, 1610, 

Uses  Act,  1888)  1798 

8. 10  .    .    .      136,2260 

8.13 296 

(Cfmnty  c.  48 428 

CmuU  Act,  8. 27 941 

1888)  8.48 1172 

8.50 1207 

8.53 31 

8.64 ai 

8.  66     160,  411,  418,  761, 

870, 1468, 1689, 

2063 

8.67     ....    44,818 

8.58 1077 

8.69 88 

8.  60     .    .  418,  696,  2068 

8.65  340,399,960,1871. 

1487, 1689 

8.66  81,730,1367,2192 

8.72 1 

8.74   263,276,689,1177, 

1411 
8.81     ..    .    3,276,659 

8.84 1661 

8.88 641 

8.90 641 

8.98 641 

8. 101 81 

8. 118  .    .    .    .103,660 

8.116     71,392,418,642, 

760,  957, 1086,  2072 

8.  118 2016 

8.119 631 

8.120   96,138,1002,1172, 

1865 

8.  138  .    .    .    1080,  1294 

8.  147 173 

8.163 1878 

8. 166 1782 

8.167 714 

8. 162  ..    .     440,  2246 

8. 166 1661 

8.167 440 

8. 180 1566 

8.  186    31, 168,  423, 1027, 

1060,1172,1851,1417, 

1639,  1695,  1752, 

2094 

c.  44,  8.  8   420,  667,  1116,  1117. 

1352 

c.  47,8. 3.    .    .    .      666,1234 

{Patents,         a  50,  s.  1 1428 

Designs  and  s.  10     214,  664,  641,  698, 

Trade  Afarks  713.  866,  969, 1240. 

Act,  1888)  2081,  2264 

8.17 1616 

8.  18 786 

8.20 1194 

8,27 26 

c.  61.  8.  4     29,  487, 1029,  1057, 
1623 

Part  IV 290 

c.  62 1792 

8.3.    228,606,926,1878 
c.63,8.2.    .    .    199,667,880 


clxxxviii 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


51  &  62  Vict.  c.  51, 8.  6 
{Sea  Fisk- 
eriea  Regn. 
Act,  1888) 

{Trmtee 
Ad,  1888) 


iLavo  of 
Abel  Amendt. 
Act,  1888) 


52  &  58  Vict.  c. 
(Customt  and 
inl.  Rev,  Act, 
1889) 


8.8. 

c.  10     .    . 
c.  11,  8.  7  . 

8.0. 

c.  12,  8  7  . 
{Town  Police  c.  14,8.8. 
ClauMes  Act,  1889)   8.4. 

c.  17     .    . 
{Weights         0.21,8.1(1) 
and  Mecuurea  8.21(1) 

Act,  1889)  8.  22    . 

8.20   . 

8.35  . 


.  .  .  1059 

8.  10 670 

8.  14   200,  877,  421,  729, 

850,  1786,  1808, 1804, 

2180 

c.  59 1661 

8.1 2106 

8.6.  .215.940,085,993 
8.8  215,402,1218,1515, 
1986,  2106 

8.9 1662 

c.60,8.3 1767 

8. 5.  .  .  .   877,1560 
c.  62,  8.  1  325,  477, 1534,  1833 

c.  64,  8.  1 1274 

8. 4 .  .  .  .  1603,  1608 

438 

.  .  119,  950, 1695 
....  1207 

658 

1966 

184,  m,  627,  812, 

1426,  1474,  2201, 

2202,  2237 

8,8.7 1219 


8.8. 

c.  65,  8.  4  . 

8.13 

7,  8.  3 . 

8.6. 
8.11 


115,  879 
848 


c27 


Sch 


C.29, 
C.30, 


8.2. 
8.8. 
8.6. 
8.2. 

8.  1  . 

8.  12 


1036,1116 
.  .  799 
.  .  1330 
262.  576,  846 
.  1124 
.  2079 
.  1240 
412, 1335 
.  1723 
088,  1116, 1183, 
2176,  2229 
.  .  .  .  1240 
.  .  .  .  659 
.  ...  1389 
.  .  1814,1460 
.  .  .  .  1117 
.  ...  1425 
.  .  .  .  199 
63 


c.  82 2106,2175 

8.  9 2106 

c.  40.  8.  16 421 

8.  17  .  1002,  1401, 1797, 
1798,  2018 

c.42,8.2 218 

8.28 2003 

c.  44,  8.  17  345,  427,  626, 1036. 
1401,  2266 

c.  45 685 

.  34,563.822,1188 

.  10()6.  1188,  1496, 

1959 

563 

212,  240,  876,  548, 

1465 

c.  46,  8.  1  .    .     587, 1099,  1897 

c.  48,  8.  19 826 

{Arb.Aci,       C.49 112,530 

1889)  8.  1 1010 

8.2 895 


{Revenue 
Act,  1889) 


{Factors 
Act,  1889) 


8.1. 
8.2. 

8.8. 
8.9. 

46,  8.  1  . 
48,  8.  19 


{  &  53  Vict.  c.  40,  8.  4  . 

8.5. 
8.9. 
8.12 
8.13 
8.14 


8.15 
8.19 

8.24 
8.25 


550,  1935, 1976 

1,  102,  112, 1174 

....      112 

....      155 

....     1638 

19.112,166,274. 

876,  1576.  1688 

.     274,  375.  635 

....     1028 

....      652 

....     1959 

8.27  111,1027,1773,1959 

Sch  1 250 

c.  50,  8.  18 258 

8.21 1560 

88.77-82    ....      557 

8.  108 1551 

8.105    128.232,233,415, 

588. 667.  877,  1090, 

1891, 1404.  1447.  1525. 

1585, 1651,  1654 

c.52,8.7 147 

8.8.352,1211,1824,1891 

C.55 1353 

8.  3  .    .  51,  334,  831.  1606 
c.56,8.9.    .    .    .      843,2131 

C.60 1634 

c.  62,  8.  4 121,  418 

{lnterp.Act,    c.  63 228.421 

1889)  '     


{Loc  Gov 
{Scot)  Act, 
1889) 


B.  1  .  700,  802,  1167,  M65, 

1889 

•.2.  .  . 

.   395.  1463 

s.  3  .  61,  1064. 1224. 1805 

S.4.  .  . 

.  .  .   420 

1.6.  .  . 

.  .  .  1402 

■.0.  .  . 

.  .  .   428 

1.7.  .  . 

.   420,  1865 

(2)  . 

.  .  .   288 

.  .  .  2095 

(31  . 

.  .  .  1812 

(4)  . 

.  .  .   48 

(6)  . 

.  .  .  1560 

(6)  . 

.  .   600 

(V)  . 

.  .  1802 

(8)  . 

.  .  .   199 

(9)  . 

.  .  .  1126 

(10). 

.  .   302 

(11). 
(12). 

.  .  .  1523 

.   344,  2264 

(13). 

99,  844.  2270 

(14). 

.  297,343 

(16). 

.  .   698 

(16). 

.  .  1688 

(17). 

.  .  1241 

(18). 

.  .   162 

19). 

.  .  162.  950 

(20). 

.  .   331 

■■"S:. 

.  .  1991 

.  .   425 

i3)  . 

.  .   875 

i4)  . 

.  134,425 

ib)   . 

.  .   135 

(6)  .  . 

.  .  1982 

(7)  .  . 

.  .  1982 

8)  .  . 

.  .  1982 

i9)  .  . 

.  .  1982 

(10). 
(11). 

.  .  1982 

.  30, 427 

TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


clxxxix 


Page 

52  &  58  Vict 

c.  6S»  8.  18  (12) 

.  .  .  1478 

(13), 

.  1478 

(14), 

1687 

8.14   . 

1773 

8.16(1) 

1234 

w 

1234 

!!i 

'iOO 

209 

8.16(1)  . 

!  *  100,848 

(2) 
(3 

.  1507,2131 

.  .  109,843 

(4) 

.  1607,2131 

•.  17  (1) 

.  .  .  .  1407 

W 

.  ...  1407 

(3) 

.  .  .  1116 

8.  18  (1) 

...   220 

(2) 

...   220 

(3) 

.  .  .  .   837 

(4) 

...   210 

(6) 

...   219 

(6) 
7)  , 

...   882 

...   336 

8.  19  . 

.  .  .  .  1468 

8.20  . 

.  .  1561,2277 

8.21   . 

...   480 

8.22  . 

...   718 

8.23  . 

...  1061 

8.24  . 

.  ...  1000 

8.26  . 

.  ...  1366 

8.26  . 

243, 1355,  1825. 
1836 

8.27  . 

345 
8,1865 

8.28  .  . 

'70iB,  i20 

8.20  . 

423 

442 

658 

0,  1425 

8.80  . 

8. 84  .  . 

8.86(1)  . 

.'  .84 

(2) 

...  1426 

8.88  . 

.805,686,  1722, 
2120 

(2  ft) 

...   670 

(2  c) 

.  .  .  1758 

8.39  . 

.  .  .  .    20 

c.  64  .  .  . 

1606 
109 

8.8.   . 

\    '    . 

c.  66.  8.  11  . 

;  .  .  1100 

c.69,8.7.  . 

.  48,  1600,  1600 

8.  8.  . 

...  1234 

c  72,  8.  6  .  . 

963 
L  1315. 

8.16   . 

'.  '.  112^ 

1610 

8.17   . 

.  .  190,623 

8.  18   . 

109,326,657 

c.  73.8.  4.  . 

.  .  .  1387 

c.  76  .  .  .  1 

116,  1158,  2017, 
2018 

63  &  54  Vict. 

c  6.  .  .  . 

213, 1031,  2107 

{Lunacy  Act, 

8.14   . 

.  .  .1785 

1890) 

8.20  . 

.  ...  1704 

8.28  . 

...  1858 

8.40  . 

.  ...  1183 

8.40  , 

.  .  .  .  1177 

8.  116  . 

.  .  1068, 1180. 
1152 

8.  120  . 

.  .  .  .  1781 

8.  134  . 

.  .  1177,2184 

8.  283  . 

.  .  .  1140 

8.287  . 

,  , 

1140 

Page 
53  &  54  Vict  c.  5,  8.  841  137,  326,  886, 404, 
422,557,661,843,890, 
980,  086,  1035,  1056, 
1070,1180,1134,1153, 
118J,  1228,  1279, 1361, 
1430,  1435, 1585, 1603, 
1702, 1930,  2088, 2105, 
2131,  2102,  2266 

c.  6,  B.  2 1812 

{Customs and  c.  8,   8.  6 658 

InL  Rev,  8.  26 563 

Act,  1890)        c.  9,  8.  5 78 

c.  13,8.4 843 

c.  15 1115,1841 

c.  16.  8. 1 1507 

(/»/.  Eev.        c.  21,  8.  1 343 

Regn.Acty  8. 37    ...    .   843,344 

1890)  8.38 1281 

8.  39    .  20,  883,  342,  493, 

822,  875,  977,  1492. 

1680 

c.24,8.4.    .    .    .     487,1116 

c.25,8.  2 1056 

c.  27   99,  886, 1029, 1032,  1114, 
1724 

C.20 1004 

8.6.    ..    .    1267,2038 
c.  84,  8.  2  .    .    .    .     454,  1184 

c.  35,  8.  2 200,  564 

c.  37,  8.  16  .  .  210,  745,  1032 

{Partnership    c.  89 1415 

Act,  1890)  8.  2  .  213, 579, 1416. 1662, 

1862 

-8.3.  218.398,1416,1652, 

1684 

8.0 1806 

8.14 882 

8.23(2)  ....  1727 

8.27 587 

8.81 1727 

8.45 237 

c.  40  .  685, 1097, 1839,  2177 

(Jud.Act,       C.44 720 

1890)  8.1 2097 

8.5 673 

{Police  Act,     c.  45 1482 

1890)  8.4 107 

8.25    ...    .   64,1627 
8.33    .     .    .      802,1502 

8.34 2094 

C.47 1166 

c.  48,  8.  3  .    .    .    .     418,  1605 

C.52 2086 

c.  53 193 

c.  54.8.  1 213 

8.4.    ..    .      735,1480 

c.  55,  8.  2  .     217,  254,  411,  413, 

609, 1407, 1476,  1755, 

2095,  2127 

c.  56.  8. 3  .    .     231, 1259,  1742 

c.  57 922 

{P,B,Act,     C.59 1606 

1890)  8.  11     125,  454,  558,  578, 

806,1116,1380,1537, 

1775,1702,1848.1048. 

1096,  2147 

8.12  326,802,1097,1914 

8.19  572,573,1010,1654 


cxc 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


Page 

63  &  64  Vict.  c.  69,  s.  S6  .  .  .  1486, 1400 

s.  51  802,  326, 1096, 1097, 
1602, 1000,  1616 

C.60 2017 

8.6.     232,283,843,1117 

{Comp,  Me7n,  c.  Q2 1187 

of  Assn.  Act,  s.  1  (6)     .  401,  006, 1186, 

1890)  1626 

•.8 487 

(Comp.  C.63 2252,2263 

Winding-up  s.  1 622 

Act,  1890)  6. 3.    .    .    .      426,1662 

8.4.    ..    .    1328,1696 

8.6 1177 

8.7 636,927 

8.8.    .    .    768,791,008 

8.10    .   1208,1217,1326, 

2097 

8.12 1791 

8.15(3)    ....    2124 

8.26 1328 

8.  32    .    .  807,  854,  1326 

Sch  1,  R.  8  .    .041,2173 

{Directors        c.  64     .    .277,670,1444,1578, 

Liability  Act,  1S90)  2144 

(AfftropAfan.  c.  66,  8.  2 418 

Ad,  1890)  8.3.    .    .    .    1256,1388 

c.  67,  8.80   232,302,380.1184, 

1601, 1602,  2004 

c.  68,  8  1 1664 

8. 10     ...    .  421,667 

(5.  L.  Act,      c.  69,  8.  4  .    .    .  130,  606,  1848 

1890)  8.18    37,922,1087,1167, 

1676, 1714, 1841 

8.  16     ....  101,  928 

8.16 2108 

88.  16. 17    ...    .    2069 

8.  18 2207 

(Housing  of    c.  70     ...    1122,2072,2268 

Working  Classes       8.  2 1302 

Act,  1890)  8. 22 1762 

8.  29    .    .  828,  692, 1890, 

1960 

8. 63    .    .    .      417,1122 

8.74    .    .   187,188.2267 

8.92  .    .657.1116,1117 

8.93  397,422,658,1056, 

1791, 1988 

8.96 1988 

8.96    397,427,664,1184, 

1228,  1466.  1791 

8.98    ..    .    1802,1637 

Sch  2 687 

(Bankry  Act,  c.  71,  8.  1      816,  434,  463,  1309 
1890)  8.  3  .    .     107,  1797,  1817 

8.6 1797 

8.7 7 

8.  8      .60,  214,  867,  373, 

1742.  1914,2001,2128 

8.  11     164.  476,  478.  662, 

1833,  1477,  1864,  2116 

8.15 1662 

8.23 851 

64  &  56  Vict.  c.  1,   8.13    .      199,1507,1653 

c.2.    8.  18 1648 

c.  8,    8.3 8,1402 

8. 6.    .    .    .    1402,1466 
c.  4,   8.  3 2017 


FMe 

54  &  66  Vict  c.  8,   8.  1.    .     655,1378,2062 

(Tithe  Act,  6.2 2061 

1891)  8.6.  ..  .   333,1662 

8.9.  .  1391,2060,2061 

8.10 670 

ell 1736 

c.  16,  8. 1 115 

c.  17,8.  2 198 

c.  19.8.8 633 

c.21 1795 

c.  22, 8.  14  .  .  .   657,2147 

c.  29,  8.  12 644 

c  80.  8.  1 .  .  .  .  1064, 1288 

c.  31,  8.  9  117, 1136, 1168. 1827, 

1868,1962 

c.  32.  8.  7  .  .  .  232,  878, 1866 

c.83,8.  2 71 

c.84,8.4.  .  204,1115.1661. 
1939,  1941 

c.  36 193 

c.  37,  8. 13 96 

c.  38,  8.  27  628.  589,  661,  761. 

987.  1036,  1168, 1928.  1929 

(Stamp  Act,    c.  39  62.  683,  666,  1699.  1703, 

1891)  1712,  1722,  1894 

8.  9 987 

8.18 1860 

.8.28 1928 

8.  29  ....  162, 163 

8.80 682 

8.82 191 

8.88 1576 

8.38 162 

8.43 1528 

8.44 987 

8.49 298 

8.62 393 

8.54  ....  404,482 

8.67 2066 

8.  69  404,  634.  926,  1088, 
1118, 1183,  1588 

8.69 499 

8.76 1071 

8.  82  .  746, 1016,  1164. 

1322,  1817 

8.  86  .  .  79,  684,  1228 

8.88 17 

8.91 1602 

8.92 1603 

8. 98  ...  .  16,1503 

8.  101 1677 

8. 108 1940 

8.111 2213 

8. 113 1282 

8.122  .  .6(51,987,  1163. 

1165,  1108.  1217.  1928, 

1929.  1936,  1939 

Schl  .  986,987,1166, 

1456, 1029.  1707.  1718. 

1819.  1844,  1903.  1964 

c.  40,8.38 1633 

8.  62  .  .  218,  421.  1389, 

1653,  1791 

c.  43,  8.  2   ...   354.  1115 

8.4   ....  377,860 

c.  44,  8.2 2106 

c.  45,8.6 644 

c.  46, 8.  12  .  .  .  1896,1694 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


CXCl 


5i  &  55  Vict.  c. 
{Purduueof 
Land  (It) 
Att,  1891) 


{Elementary     c. 
Edmcation 
Act^  1891)      c. 


a 

c. 

(Mortmain      c. 

and  Charitable 

Usee  Act,  1891) 


(P.  U.  Lon-     c. 
dxM  Act,  1891) 


55  &  56  Vict.  c. 


48,0.26 1060 

8.42     .89,135,190,879, 
422,1027,1116,1117, 
1816, 1507, 1623,  1653, 
1895 
51    .    .    .    1281,1892,2238 

56,  B.  5 1614 

8. 10    .    .    .      153,1798 

57     706,  784,  836,  884, 1086, 

1693, 1988 

61 1158 

62,8.3 718 

63,8.6 87.8 

04 402 

8.6 1028 

65,8.28    ..    .    1513,1821 

66     .  288,  826,  842,  404,  416, 

549,  573,  667,  1029, 

1072,  1683 

8.77 791 

8.88 771 

8.89 863 

8.  95  706,  771,  807,  954, 
1027. 1055, 1057, 1070, 
1475, 1514,  1693, 1694, 
1695,  1757,  1842,  1845, 
1933,  2025,  2061.  2108, 
2140,  2250 

69,8.5 2054 

72 909,1929 

78 995,  1231 

8.3 996 

8.4 186 

8.0 592 

74 1166 

8.  11     .    .    .      219,1206 
75,  8  6      ...      460, 2018 

8.7 244 

76     .    .    .     581,1339,1606 

8.2 1302 

(1ft)    ....      578 

(le)    .  894,978,1538 

88.2-18      ....    1802 

8.4.    ..    .      245,1180 

8.11 1351 

88.19-22    .     .    1298,1322 

8. 38     .    .    .      927,2270 

8.  41  (2)   ...    .      321 

8.  47      177,  673.  789,  759, 

1092, 1821 

8.49 452 

8.83 1887 

8.96 2118 

8.99 1791 

8. 112 1763 

'8.  116 2246 

8. 117 1982 

8. 128  .     56.3,  1365, 1392 

8. 185 670 

8. 141  125,  159,  227,  272, 
814,  421,  454,  461,  890, 
894,  1048,  1124,  1168, 
1196, 1389,  1538, 1644, 
1693, 1792,  1898, 1908, 
1948,  2180 

Ixxviii 1892 

4,  8.  7    .    .    .  959,  963, 1982 


55  &  56  Vict.  c. 


(Conv.  4r 
L.  P.  Act, 
1892) 


(Clergy  Die- 
cipline  Act, 
1892) 


c.  82,  8.  2  . 


{Burgh Police  c. 
(Scot)  Act, 
1892) 


(Private 
Street  Works 
Act,  1892) 


{Telegraph 
Act,  1892) 


(Shop  Hours   c. 
Act,  1892) 


Page 
6,8.6    .    .    .219,426,1087, 

1560 

8,8.5 1036 

9 797,  798,  935 

11.8.2.  .    .    .      186,1115 
13 1721 

8.  2  .      1071,  1086,  1107, 

1665, 1703 

8.8.  .   719,2140,2157 

8.4 1071 

8.5 1071 

14 1117,1596 

17.8.3.  .  .  .   481,1865 

18,8.1 762 

19 1942,2041 

23,  8.  24  77, 147,  382,  1328. 

1695 

27,  8.  1 .  .  .  860,  435, 1353 

8.8.  ..  .   875.1435 

8. 4.  .  .  .  14.35,2086 

31,  8.  I 1895 

8.20  .  68,421,422,609, 
1056 
8.  21   421, 422,  525,  596 

!,  8.  2 1225 

8.8 74,753 

8. 12  113,  288,  325,  918, 

1029,  1030,  1186, 1590 

.39,8.9 162 

40.8.4.  .  .  .  1609,1984 
42 167,1401 

8.  18 303 

43,8.28  ..  .  .  1056,1199 

8.  25   199,  209,  419,  421, 

427 

47,8.3 272 

50,  8.  6  .  .  .  .  1162,  1895, 

1786 

58,  8.  27  348,  558,  718,  719, 

1384,  2203 

54,  8.  16  71, 421,  557,  1056, 

1115 

55,  8.  4  .  199,  222,  227,  232, 

262,  272,  302,  326,  333, 

426,  806,  896,  900.  964,^ 

1056.  1114,1126.11.34. 

1815, 1391, 1502, 1508, 

1554,  1557, 1865,  1950, 

2094 

8.120   ....  1315 

8.381   ....  1950 

57 103 

8.  5  557,  558,  573, 1389, 

1480, 1538,  1848,  1949. 

1996.  2147 

8.7 989 

8. 8 .  .  .  .  .  .  1178 

8.10 782 

8.18 290 

8.25 570 

58 22,1339 

59 2287 

8.9  381,558.1124,1692, 
1767,  1791,  2287 

62.8.3 1874 

8.9 1874 

8.10 566 


I  At  this  page  the  Act  is  erroneously  printed  as  the  P.  H.  Scotland  Act,  1892. 


cxcu 


TABLE  OF  STATUTE& 


Page 

55  &  M  Vict 

.C.63     .    .    .   1116.1158.2018 

c.  64,  8.1.    . 

...      980 

•.6.    . 

.      427, 1029 

c.65,s.7.    .    . 

.    2021,2028 

1. 12    .    . 

.      199.1143 

66  &  57  Vict 

c.2.8.3    .    .    . 

.    .    .    1596 

c.4,t.4    .    . 

...      633 

c.  5  .    .    .    . 

.    .    .    1698 

•.29.    .    ] 

L328, 1589, 1724 

c.  6 

.    .    .    1575 

c.8 

.    .    .    1115 

cl3,B.7.    .    . 

...      558 

c.  15,  8.  8  .    .    . 

...      427 

c.  17,8.9.    .    ] 

L285, 1923, 2180 

C.21     .    .    404 

,  548,  816,  1621 

c.23,8.5.    .    . 

...      633 

c.  26     .    .    .    . 

667,1553 
>6. 427.  1116, 

c.  32,  8.  2  .    . 

1( 

1802 

c.  38     .... 

.    .    .    2268 

c.36,8.  3.     . 

...      566 

c.  38,  8.  5.    . 

.  29,  1135,  2086 

{Industrial 
and  Providen 

c.  89,  8.  8  .    .    . 

.    .    .    1694 

t              8.4.      .      . 

...      961 

Societies  Act, 

8.27    . 

.    .    .    1179 

189S) 

8.44     . 

...      874 

8.  79     .  77. 134,  345,  801, 

1325,  1465.  1584.  1694. 

1696.  1778 

c.  42.  8.  15     191 

r,  466.  610,  670, 

1140. 1784. 1798 

c.44.8.2.    . 

...      379 

c.48,8.3.    .    . 

...      427 

c52,8.2.    . 

.    .    .     1805 

(Trustee  Act, 

C.53     .    150,1008,1152,1815, 

1893) 

2106 

8.  1.     . 

1661,2106,2175 

8.5(1)       . 

.    .    .    1662 

(2) 

.    .    1228 

(3) 

.    .      470 

8! 

.    .    1011 
470. 1228 

8.8.      . 

.    .    1996 

8.9.      . 

.    .    .     1581 

8.10      . 

.  1063,  1283, 
1475 

0) 

1998,  2278 

(4) 

.    .      389 

(6) 

.    .      395 

8.12     .     . 

2104.  2184 

(4) 

.  4a3.404 

8.16      . 

.    .      165 

8.17      . 

.    1674.2035 

8.23    . 

.    .    .     1525 

8.26    . 

.    .    2246 

88.  26-41 

.    .    .    2184 

8.81      . 

.    .    .    2115 

8.85    . 

.    .     1902 

8.45    . 

215,  986,  993 

8.50     16 
986.1 

5.  404,  386,  526. 
228,  1280, 1481, 

1513, 1 

586,  1757.  1814, 
L939, 2080,  2104 

c.  55.  8.  11     . 

.    ...    1326 

c.  56,  8.  I  .    . 

.    ...    1160 

8   8.     . 

.    .    .  272,981 

8.9.      . 

.    .    .    .      419 

c.57,8.  2.    . 

.    .    .      108 

P>8« 

66  4  67  Vict.  c.  61 1605 

(PubUc  Authorities     8.1    81,387,1028,1465, 
Protection  Act,  1628,  1629 

1893)  8.2 1563 

(A/.  W.P,     c.  63 1028. 1827 

Act,  1893)  8.2   781,985,1844,1446, 

1661 
8.8.    ..    .      710,1133 

c  64.  8.  7 162 

c.66.8.4 1773 

(Shop  Hours   c.  67  ....  209,  419,  421, 
Act,  1893)  22B1 

c.68,  8. 17 670 

8.26  397,964,1114,1116. 

1117 

c.69,8. 6.  .  .  .   832,1796 

c.  70,8.  2 1812 

(SaUof  c.  71 826 

Goods  Ad,  8.2 1250 

1893)  8.4.  .  12,37,604,826. 

1288, 1417,  1681,  1881. 

1933 

8.10(1)  ...  .   641 

(2)  .  .  .  .  1222 

8.13 513 

8.14 120 

8.15 1790 

8.18 1784 

8.25(1)  ....   409 

(2)  ....   876 

(3)  .  .  .  .  1189 

8.26 1866 

8.35 12 

8.38(1)  .  .  .  .  2139 

(2)  .  .  .  .  1824 
88.44-46  .  .   982,1942 

8.66 1664 

8.58    148.189.1731.2262 

8.  62       31,  158.  240.  498, 

1097,  1492,  1685, 

1782 

(1)  .    398,499,663, 

703,  822.  1683, 
1828,  1919,  2215 

(2)  .    .    .    .      819 
.       (3)   .    .    .    .      982 

(4)  .  .  .  .  497 
(LocGov  a  78  .  697,1388,1406,1654 
Act,  1894)                ••  1 1775 

8.2 1408 

8.8 1849 

8.  6  ...    .     818,  2268 

8.7 2186 

8.9 71 

8.10 1060 

8.11 670 

8.  17 663 

8.21 421 

8.25    ..    .      878,1091 

8.44 1408 

8.68 41 

8.70 622 

8.75      184.812.421.697, 

609,  610.  1114, 1403, 

1408,  1539,  1653,  2107, 

2185 

8.84 102 

c.  Izzxi 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


CXClll 


57  &  68  Vict  c.  2,  s.  5 
c.  11,  8.  3 
c.  12,  8.  2 
c.  16.  8.  I 


Page 


{Jud.  Act, 
'1S94) 


{Finance 
Act,  1894) 


c.  24 


C.28 
c.  30 


...    1136 

068, 1646,  1812 

.    .  99,1001 

(1).    .    .    1074,1098 

(4) 1626 

(6) 1466 

2242 

c.  26 1708,  1864 

c.  27,  8.  19    .    .     802,  846,  976 

8.21 498 

.    .    .     427,1796,2667 

477 

8.1 1426 

8.2 1426 

(1).    .    180,184,286, 

993,1842 

8.3.    .      202,1221,1622 

8.6 646 

.     366, 1842 
...    1962 

.  6 646 

8.  7  .    .  1168, 1221,  1651, 
1662 

(7) 286 

8.  9  ...    .      124,  1422 

8.13 468 

8. 14    .    .    124,293,484, 

674 

8  19    ....    .      646 

s!  21  (l)    '649, 1474, 1842 

(6)  .    .    .    .      947 

8.  22    .63,  843,  366,  478, 

668,  668,  963,  977,  1426, 

1684, 1724,  1842, 1843, 

2250 

8.23    663,964,977,1474. 

1660, 1679,  1842,  2107 

...      478 

199,  668,  2203 


(2). 
(8). 


(Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to 
Children  Act, 
1894) 


8.24 
c.  88,  8.  12 

c.  40,  8.  7  . 

c.  41,  8.  16 
8.28 
8.26 


1866 

413,  1008 

269,  1401 

.    1960 

88.26,26,27  302,346,427, 

498,626,1036,1116, 

1168, 1208,  1478, 1490 

8  26  .....  2266 


200 
...  1636 
.  .  .  1316 
476,  482,  1781 
404,  436,  874, 1066, 


Sch 
c.  42,  8. 1  . 

8.2. 

c.  44,  8.  8  . 

8.18 


c.46,8.4 1198 

iCopykcld        c.  46, 8.  84 886 

Act,  1894)  8.  94    .  44,  698,  621,  874, 

1066, 1126,  1167, 1712, 

1936,  2022,  2176 

[BgSocy         c.47,8.8 2263 

Act,  1894)  8.12 1129 

8.  14 1678 

8.  16    .    .    .      832,  1795 

c.  61 808 

c.68,8.4.    .    1124,1607,1791 
{Ry^Canid    c.  64, 8. 1 .    .     .     .      962,1672 

Traffic  Act,  1894)     8.4 1879 

c.  66 

roi*i. 


Page 

67  &  58  Vict.  c.  67 881 

(Diseases  of  8.39 1526 

Animals  Act,  8.  69     .  84,  269, 272,  544, 

1894)  657,  787,  746, 988, 1035, 

1109,  1361,  1852,  1501. 

1602, 1648,  2001,  2186 

8.60 1501 

8.69 983 

8.71     ..    .    1266,2131 

{Loc  Gov         c.  68 1406,  2268 

(Scot)  Act,  1894)       8.26 1060 

8.64  282,233,598,1061, 
1234,  1404, 1812,  2077 

C.69,  8.  60 1502 

{Mer.Ship-    'c.  60    .    221,1392,1426,1481, 
ping  Act,  1894)  2232 

8.  1 221 

8.2 1681 

8.8 231 

8.4.  ..  .  1696,2132 
88.6-13   ....  1693 

8.  13 1510 

8.  24 1856 

8.  27  .  .  .  1362, 2090 

8.  31 1856 

8.  67 180 

B.  86  .  .  .  1368, 1908, 
2071 

•  8.  00 231 

8.  Ill 1867 

8.  116 1774 

8.  132 486 

8.  140 45 

8.  141  ..  .  1247, 1795 

8.  148 1706 

8.  156 1787 

8.  162 539 

8.  166 1734 

8.  167  ..  .  637, 1099. 
1897 

8.  186 886 

8.  191 1424 

8.  207  .  :  .  .  .  1837 

8.  214 1116 

8.  232 2206 

8.  260 1806 

8.  261 1806 

8.  267  .  .  .  1424, 1426 

8.  268  .  .  479,  613, 1932, 

1936 

8.  270 337 

8.  281 1498 

8.  820 1428 

8.  341 1423 

8.  342 1428 

8.  870  ..  .  729, 1810, 
2204 

8.  419 2244 

8.  422 1467 

88.436-446  .  .  .  1113 

8.  436 328 

8.  437 78 

8.  488 769 

8.  443 769 

8.  446 460 

8.  461 2264 

8.  456  .  •  .  833, 1868 
8.  458 1809 


CXCIV 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


67  &  58  ^ct.  c.  60,  8.  459 2141 

s.  460 1667 

■.487 428 

s.  492  .  .  633, 822, 1892, 

1723,  1871,  2212,  2232 

s.  502  ....  34,  2173 

8.  503  84, 285,  554, 1368, 

2174 

8.  604 1446 

8.  510  ..  .  1786, 2275 

8.  532 2180 

8.  588 467 

8.  544  .  .  .  1412, 1786, 
2257 

8.  545 1786 

8.  546  .  .  .  1336,  1787, 

1866 

8.  547  .  .  .  1787, 1981, 

1982 

8.  549 1081 

8.  552 1787 

8.  573 1481 

8.  586 1633 

8.  591 1481 

8.  594 1481 

8.  603 1481 

8.  605 1481 

8.  606  .  .  .  1481, 2210 

8.  6ia  .  423, 1027,  1134, 

1135 

8.  618  .  628, 1124, 1414, 

2099 

8.  622  .  .  .   321, 1481 

8.  625  .  .  216,  231,  330, 

1245, 1424, 1481,  2083 

8.  634 1101 

8.688.  .  .  .584,1418 
8.  742  .  .  281,  302,  836, 
842,  343,  377,  882,  425, 
604,745,850,886,1080, 
1100,  1101,  1168, 1240, 
1481, 1509,  1723,  1788, 
1807,  1866,  1986,  2054, 
2099,  2180,  2206 

(London  Bg  c.  ccxiii 227,  1865 

Act,18H)  8.5  39,40,113,168,216. 

225,2:^,288,445,565, 

591,  677,  722. 769,  760, 

843,846,857,969,1088, 

1268,  1387,  1419, 1420, 

1422, 1539,  1601,  1767, 

1925,  1948,  1949,  2212, 

2226 

8.7 2085 

8.8 840 

8.9 533 

8.  10 340 

8.  13  ...  .  744, 971 

8.  14 744 

8.  17 441 

8.  22 1068 

8.  39 666 

8.  41  ...  .  626, 888 
8.  43  .  .  .   623, 1492 

8.  59 1422 

8.  64 1267 

8.  73  .  .  .  1576, 1874 
8.  74  .  .  .   104,  1411 


P>8« 

67  &  68  Vict.  c.  ccxiii,  8.  76 1422 

8.  77  .    .    .     381,  1122 

8.  78 1964 

88.  82-84 ....    1954 

8.  86 2086 

8.  88 1649 

.  .  1387,2138 
....  1965 
....  1892 
....  1966 
....  1964 
....  1627 
....  2184 
....  391 
....  26 
....  805 
.  .  558,1096 
....  2210 
.199,1507,1063 
....  2287 
....      232 

c.  13,  8.  2 R4 

c.  19,  8.  2 379 

8.  17 326 

c.  21,  8.  7  .    .    .    .      633,  1806 

c.  25 1228,1571 

{Friendly        c.  26,  8.  10  (1)   ....      661 
Soc,  Act,  1896) 

c.  27 922 

8.  1 2284 


8.90 
8.  102 
8.  126 

8.136 
8.  146 
8.201 
8.202 
8.212 
8.215 
Fart  3 
13 
Sell  1. 
58  &  69  Vict  c.  2,  8. 14    . 

C.5.    .    .    . 

c.  6,  8.  3 .    . 


8  6 1163 

c.  82, 8.1.  .  421,1116,1862. 

1939 

c.  34,  8.  I 1823 

c.  36,  8.  7  .  .  961,  1666,  1866 

C.87 686 

8. 23  .  .  .   662,  1796 

8.27 2151 

(Sum.  Jur. 

c.  89,  8.  4  .  382.  444,  615, 1269. 

Act,  1896) 

1468, 1593,  1869,  2246 

8.5.  .    1693,1666 

8.7 774 

c.  40,  8.  1 692 

c.  42,  8.28 729 

c.  czzz,  8. 36     ....    2080 

69  &  60  Vict.  c.  8,  8.  2 1100 

ell 2268 

c.  12 610 

c.  16, 8.  9  .  68,  418,  1168, 1316. 
1661, 1668,  2172,  2282 

c.  28,  8.  10 801 

c.26 776,1219 

8.8.    ..    .      777,1329 

8.86 2107 

8.66 1283 

8.68 561 

8.87 2260 

8.102   43,423,427,1055, 

1208 

8. 106     77,  213,  345,  801, 

1066.1186,1326,  1466. 

1684, 1694, 1696, 1608 

c.26, 8.1 961 

8.  17 
C.27     .    . 

8.3. 

c.  28,  8.  6  . 

8.15 


(Friendly 
Soc.  Act, 
1896) 


{Finance 
Act,  1896) 


318 

247 

2068 

1684 


TABLE  OF   STATUTES. 


cxcv 


50  4  00  Vict  c.  28,  8.  19    .    .    478,  646,  674 

8.24 478 

8.  86    .    .  80, 1068,  2140 

C.81 2268 

C.34, 8. 12 1646 

{Judicial         C.86 1031 

TrusUeAct,  8.1 2106 

1S96)  8.  3      .    .  600, 887,  1876, 

1673,  2106 

c.  36 1100 

c.  37,  8.1 63 

c44 2100 

88.1-8      ....      485 

C.46 1930 

8.4 1205 

{LandLmo     c.  47 022 

{Ir)Act,  8.5 62,602 

1895)  8.6 62 

8.22 99 

8.81 1988 

8.40 62 

8.47 763 

8.48    .    .592,884,1027, 

1081,1060,1070,1103. 
1467,  2023 

(Light  Rail'     C.  48 1100,1646 

wag$Act,  8.21 347 

1896)  8.26 29 

8.28 1862 

c.  49,  8. 1      .     624,  1064, 1288 

c.  60,  88.  12, 13  .    ...      688 

8. 19     349,  618,  614,  843, 

1021, 1826,  1833,  2131 

c51 2186 

c.63,8.8.    .    .    .      371,1116 

(P.  JJ. /«-     a  54 1606 

tandAei,  8.8.    .    .    .      371,1116 

1896)  8.18 1184 

8.28 826 

8.31 930 

8. 84    .    .    .    1606,2076 
8.35 1606 

c.  66 2242 

60&61  Victc.6.    .    .    .    1117,1808,2201 

c.  16.  8.  1 1798 

c  19     ....  825,  736.  1634 

c.  20,  8.  7 1866 

c.22,8.6 1168 

c.24,8.6 1880 

c.25,8.8 801 

c.27,8.9 801 

c.  28,  8.1 1308 

C.29 1882 

c.81 1115 

c.  34.  8.  1 1284 

{Workmen's    c.  87        16,662,594,616,2231 
Comp.  Act,  8.  1 164 

1897)  (1)   .    .    .    .    16,1376 
(2)    .    .    .    .530.1881 

8.2 317 

8.4 82 

8.7.    ..    .     662,2269 

(1)2,381,623,868,933, 

1132.  1720,  1796 

(2)   607,616.628.686, 

1204,  1636.  1646. 

1870,  2120 

Schl  .     154,1413,1756 


60  &  61  Vict.  c.  38 
IP,  H.Scot- 
land Actf 
18S7) 


8. 

8. 
88. 
8. 
8. 
8. 
8. 
8. 
8. 

c.  43.  8. 

c.  48 
c.  61 
c.  52 
c.  5.3,  8. 
c  66,8. 


P>8« 

1600 

1.  8  126. 150. 198.  2:i3, 
272.326.350.464.461, 
479,481.657,686,894, 
1041,1043.  1056.1186, 
1184.  1316. 1389, 1404, 
1688,  1792.  1812.  1867, 
1893, 1948,  2186 

4 936 

12 1115 

16-81  ....  1802 

126 1617 

145(16)  ...    29 


163 
179 
192  , 
198  . 
8   . 


10 
6. 


c.  57,  8.  16 


(Land 
Trannfer 
Act,  18S7) 


c.  59 
c.  62 
C.06 


8. 
8 
8. 
8. 
8 
8. 

8. 

c.  66,  8. 

61  &  62  Vict.  c.  10,  8. 
(Ftnance  Act,  8. 

c.  14.  8. 
c.  16.  8. 
c.  17,  8. 

8. 
C.  21,  8. 

c.  25.  s. 
(Comp.  Act,  c.  26  . 
1898) 

c.  28,  8. 
(Loamotives  c.  29,  8. 
Act,  1898)  8. 

c.  30,  8. 

(Criminal  c  36,  8. 
£vid.  Act,  1898)  8. 
(Loc  Gov  c.  37  . 
(/r)  Act,  8. 

1898)  8. 

8. 
8. 
8. 

8. 
8. 
8. 


.  1982 
....  1837 
....  1114 
....  1606 
.  419,  667,  1478 
....  1982 
.  .  1117,  1816 
...  302,  460 
.  372.440.441 
883.  1116,  1197. 
2220 
1082,  1116,  1117, 
1490 
....  2119,2141 

2201 

406. 1067. 1068, 1520, 
1660,  2041,  2088 
1  .  .  .  .  1466, 1669 
1842,  2026,  2108 
.  1067 
.  1645 
49 
.   179 
.   406 


6. 
8. 
11 
12 
16 
20(2) 

(11) 
24 
14 
4. 
6. 
14 


4 

8. 

4. 


.  .   421 

1066, 1476 

.  .   667 

.  .   838 

.  404,  482 

.  .  1848 

.  .  1867 

261, 1116 

288,  716,  950, 1002. 

1636 

147 

.  .  198, 199, 1404 

801 

.  ...  891,941 


6 1060 

12 680 

17  .  68,  287,  419,  421, 
1119,2207 

3 1798 

1.  .  .  .   841,1926 

6 69 

421 

18 1161 

22  ...  .  421,667 

54 1929 

66 668 

61 1382 

66 807 

66 218 

71 718 


CXCVI 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES. 


P»«e 

P««e 

61  &  62  Vict 

.  c.  87,  8.  74 

167 

62  &  68  Yicl 

t.c.23,8. 19    . 

.    .    .    .        80 

8.98 

1116 

c.  30,  8.  15    . 

.    .      847 

8.104 

2211 

c.  32,  8. 14    . 

.    .    1798 

8.109 

160,  168, 199,  842, 

C.35     ... 

.    .      061 

880,  688,  667,  1027. 

c  38,  8.  8  .    . 

.    .      658 

106C 

^  1115, 1116,  1130, 

c.  39.  8.1.    . 

.    .      406 

ll3fi 

,  1139, 1181,  1328, 

0.44,8.1.    . 

. 

.    1895 

1447 

,  1525,  1542,  1617, 
1658^2076 

8.10  .     1 

8.11  . 

1893. 

1601, 1736 
.    .    1394 

8.  115  . 

....      423 

c.46,B.  7.    . 

.    .      923 

c.  39     .    , 

1768 

c  47,  8.  18    . 
0.50,8.29    . 

.  56,  1361 

{Prison  Act, 

C.  41,  8.  11 

1663 

.      150 

1898) 

8.12 

1224 

8.80    . 

688, 1625, 1627, 

8.14 

....    1658 

1663,  2018 

C.42     .    . 

1008,1116,2105 

{SaU  of 
Food  and 

0.51,8.1.      . 

...      917 

c.  44,  8.  8  . 

2089 

8.26    . 

300, 1116,  1161. 

8.7. 

886 

Drugs  Ad,  1899) 

8. 26     .    . 

1699 

(Revenue 

c.  46,  8. 1 . 

712 

...      789 

Act,  1898) 

8.14 

1326 

63  &  64  Vict 

.0.   4,8.4.    . 

...      592 

c.  48,  8.1.    . 

....    2089 

(Finance 

0.     7,8.11      . 

.    .    .     1426 

8.18 

.    .  179,588,1260 

Act,  1900) 

c.  49,  8.  2 . 

....    1670 

0.    8,8.  1.     . 

.    .    .    2203 

c.  50,  8. 10 

.    .  1607,  1653, 

(Common' 

c.  12     ... 

...      352 

1924 

wealth  of  Aus 
tralia  Cousin. 

8.  6  .      . 

.    .     .    1081 

c.  67,  8. 1 . 

1683 

Act) 

8.11 

.    284,285,600 

0.20,8.4.    .    , 

.      697. 2176 

8.12 

.    .      600,1605 

{ Workmen*s 

0.22,8.1.    .    . 

...        64 

c.  58,  8. 1  . 

1694 

Comp.  Ac/, 

0.26,8.6.    .    . 

, 

720 

c.  60     .    . 

961 

1900) 

a  26    ...    . 

.    1067 

8.27 

.    .     670,1168 

0.27,  8. 16     . 

.    1646 

62  &  63  Vict 

c.    7,8.6. 

....    1197 

0.28     .    .    . 

,    , 

.      061 

{Finance 

c.   9,  8.  2  . 

.    .     495,2253 

0.29,8.8.    .    . 

, 

.    1408 

Act,  1899) 

8.4. 

.    .    1862,1910 

0.32,8.2.    . 

562, 1391 

8.6.     . 

....    1164 

0.83     ..    . 

, 

84,666 

8.8. 

.    .    1114,1116 

0.84.8.6.    .    . 

,    , 

.     1224 

C.  11,  8.  2  . 

.    .     888.  1562 

(Comp,  Act, 
1900) 

0.48,8.1.    . 

.    8631 

(London  Goo 

c.  14     .    . 

1123, 1197,  2268 

8.3.     . 

.     1632 

Act,  1899) 

8.24 

609 

8.4.     . 

,    , 

.    2208 

8.80 

....      667 

8.  7 .     13^ 

5.890 

867,939. 

8.84  4 

3,  688, 1090.  1114, 
1526,  1686,  1663 

8.8.     .     . 

Ml,  1 

1016,  1874 
.    1491 

c.  17.8.2.    . 

.  179,646,2061 

88.  9-U      . 

,        , 

.    1602 

{Electric 
Liahting 
{Clauses)  Act 

c.  19,  8.  1 . 

....    1909 

8.  10     .     . 

.      891, 2208 

Sell,  8.  1  . 

113,  383,  421,  454, 

8.  14      .      . 

198,  854,  470 

609. 

556,  609,  621.  807, 

8. 83    .    . 

.    .    .    1374 

1899) 

976, 

1136,  1492.  1626, 

0.49, 88. 17-42   . 

, 

.    2211 

1646 

,  1837, 1913,  2020, 
2033,2086 

8.78     . 
8.  Ill  . 

• 

.    2077 
.    2211 

Sch,  8.  8  .    . 

....     1050 

0.60     .    .    . 

8.3.     . 

• 

62 

Sch,  8. 18 

.    .  609,  801,  2220 

.    1067 

c.  22,  8.  8  . 

....      691 

0.51,8.6.    . 

.    1210 

c.  28,  8.  6  . 

....    2039 

0.56,  8.  2.    . 

.    1618 

8.7. 

....    2089 

0.68,8.8.    . 

, 

.    1781 

8.8. 

....    2039 

0.69     ... 

.    2268 

8.9. 

....    2039 

0.68.8.8.    . 

.    1070 

1  At  this  p«ge  the  Act  is  erroneously  printed  as  Comp.  Act,  1890. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS.  &c. 


Note :  the  nse  of  Small  Capitals  tkroughoat  the  book,  suggests  a  reference  to  the  Word 
or  Phrase  bo  printed. 

Where  Dales  are  given  in  the  last  column  of  this  Table,  thai  indiccUes  that  the  item  against 
which  ii  appears  is  a  SerieSf  or  Volume,  of  Reports  of  Cases,  and  these  Dates  also  indicate 
theperiod  covered  by  such  Reports, 


A. 

Abdrsviatioks.  Explaxatioxs.  Period. 

Abbott Abbott  (afterwards  Ld  Tenterden,  C.  J.)  on 

Merchant  Ships  and  Seamen,  13th  ed. 

Abb. Abbott's  United  States  Circuit  Court  ReporU. 

Addams A  ddams*  Ecclesiastical  Reports 1822-1826 

Add.  C Addison  on  Contracts,  9th  ed. 

Add.  T Addison  on  Torts,  7th  ed. 

Admon Administration. 

Ads,  or  Admors     ....    Administrators. 

A.&E Adolphus  and  Ellis 1834-1841 

Affd Affirmed. 

AU. AUbama  Reports. 

AL&N Aloock  and  Napier 1831-1838 

Aleyn Aleyn 1646-1649 

Alien Allen's  Massachusetts  Reports. 

Amb Ambler 1737-1788 

And Anderson 1558-1603 

Ann.  Co.  Co.  Pr Annual  County  Court  Practice. 

Ann.  Pr.  ......    .    Annual  Practice ;  the  reference  is  usually  to 

the  Order  and  Rule  of  Court,  and  is  ap- 
plicable to  any  Edition. 

Anstr. Anstruther 1792-1796 

App.  Ca.   .......    Law  Reports,  Appeal  Cases 1875-1890 

JVote,  in  snd  since  1891  these  Reports  are  cited  hj  the  year,  e,g, 
1891,  A.  C. 

Appnrts Appurtenances. 

Arb  Act,  1889 Arbitration  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V.  c.  49. 

Arch.  Bank Archbold  on  Bankruptcy,  11th  ed. 

Arch.  Cr. Archbold's  Pleading  and  Evidence  in  Criminal 

Cases,  22nd  ed. 

Arch.P.1.. Archbold's  Poor  Law,  15th  ed. 

Arnold Arnold 1888-1889 


cxcviii       TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 

Abbbsyiations.  Explanations.  Pkkiod. 

Am Arnonld  on  Marine  Insurance,  7th  ed. 

Art Article. 

Asp Aspinall  1871,  and  in 

progress 

Assn Association,  cliiefly  in  names  of  cases. 

Assrce Assurance,  diieflj  in  names  of  cases. 

Atk Atkyns 1786-1766 

A-G Attorney-General, — in  names  (tf< 


B. 

Bac.  Ab Bacon's  Abridgment. 

Bail  C.  C Bail  Court  Cases  (sometimes  called  Lowndes 

&  Maxwell) 1862-1864 

Baldwin Baldwin  on  Bankruptcy,  8th  ed. 

Ball&Beatty Ball  and  Beatty 1807-1814 

Bankry Bankruptcy. 

Bankry  Act,  1849  ....    Bankrupt  Law  Consolidation  Act,  1849,  12  & 

18  V.  c.  106. 
„    1861    ....    Bankruptcy  Act,  1861, 24  &  26  V.  c.  184. 
„        „    1869   ....    Bankruptcy  Act,  1869,  82  &  33  V.  c.  71. 
„    1888    ....    Bankruptcy  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V.  c.  52. 
„    1890    ....    Bankruptcy  Act,  1890,  68  &  54  V.  c.  71. 
„        „    (Ir),  1872    .    .    Bankruptcy  (Ireland)  Amendment  Act,  1872, 
85  &  86  V.  c.  58. 

Barb.  (N.  Y.) Barbour's  New  York  Supreme  Court  Reports. 

Barnardiston  Ch.  Ca.     .    .    Barnardiston's  Chancery  Cases 1740-1741 

Barnes Barnes' Notes  of  Cases 1732-1760 

B.  &  Ad Barnewall  and  Adolphus 1880-1884 

B.  &  Aid Barnewall  and  Alderson 1817-1822 

B.  &  C Barnewall  and  Cressweli 1822-1880 

B.  &  Aust Barron  and  Austin       1842 

Baxter Baxter's  Tennessee  Reports 

Beatty Beatty 1814-1880 

Bea Beavan 1838-1866 

Bell  C.  C BeU,  Crown  Cases 186a-1860 

Benedict Benedict's  United  States  District  Court  Re- 
ports. 

Be^j Benjamin  on  Sales  of  Personal  Property, 

8rd  ed. 

B.  &S Best  &  Smith 1861-1870 

Beven Beven  on  Negligence  in  Law,  being  2nd  ed. 

of  Beyen's  Principles  of  the  Law  of  Neg- 


Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882      .    .  Bills  of  Exchange  Act,  1882, 45  &  46  V.  c.  61. 

BillsofS.  Act,  1854  .    .    .  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1854, 17  &  18  V.  c.  36. 

,.    1878  ...  BiUs  of  Sale  Act,  1878»  41  &  42  V.  c.  81. 

„  „    1882  .    .    .  Bills  of  Sale  Act  (1878)  Amendment  Act, 

1882,  46  &  46  V.  c.  48. 

Bing Bingham 1822-1884 

Bing.  N.C Bingham,  New  Cases 1834-1840 

Blackb Blackburn  on  Sales,  2nd  ed. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c.        cxcix 

AbBUKVIATIONS.  EXPLAXATIOKS.  Pk&IOD. 

Bl.  Com BUckstone's  Commentaries,  the  paging  being 

that  of  tlie  6th  ed« ;  the  edition  chiefly 
used  being  the  12th  by  Christian,  wherein 
Blackstone's  last  paging  is  preserved  in  the 
margin. 

Bl.  H Blackstone,  Henry 178d-1700 

Bl.  W Blackstone,  William 174^-1780 

BUgh Bligh's  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  House  of 

Lords 1819-1821 

BUgh^N.S. Bligh.  New  Series 1827-1887 

Bd Board. 

B.  &P. Bosanquet  and  Paller 1796-1804 

B.  &P.  N.  R Bosanquet  and  Fuller,  New  ReporU     .    .    .    1804-1807 

Bolt Bott 1768-1827 

Brod.  &  B Broderip  and  Bingham 181&-1822 

B.  &  F Brodrick  and  Fremantle 1840-1866 

Bra  C.  C Brown's  Chancery  Cases 1778-1794 

Brown  P.  C Brown's  Parliamentary  Cases 1702-1800 

Brownl.  &  Gold Brownlow  and  Goldesborough 166&-1626 

Brown.  &  Lush Browning  and  Lushington 1868-1866 

B.  &Macn Browne   and    Macnamara;    but   generally 

herein  cited  as  By  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  .    .    1881,  &i.  p. 

BuckL Buckley  on  the  Companies  Acts,  7th  ed. 

Bg Buildmg. 

Bg  Socy  Act,  1836      .    .    .    Building  Societies  Act,  1836, 6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  32. 

,,1874.    .    .    .    BuildingSocieties  Act,  1874,  37&88  V.C.42. 

„   1884  ....    Building  Societies  Act,  1884,  47  &  48  V.  c.  41. 

„        „  1894  ....    Building  Societies  Act,  1894,  67  &  68  V.  c.  47. 

Bnlst Bulstrode 1608-1649 

Bunb Bunbury 1713-1742 

Burr. Burrow  1756-1772 

Burr.  S.  C Burrow's  Settlement  Cases 1732-1776 

Byles Byles  on  Bills  of  Exchange  and  Promissory 

Notes,  16th  ed. 


C. 


Cab.  &  El Cabab^  and  Ellis 

Cald. Caldecott's  Settlement  Cases 

Cal California  Reports. 

Callis The  Reading  of  Robert  CalUs  on  the  Statute 

of  Sewers,  23  H.  8,  c.  6,  delivered  by 
him  at  Gray's  Inn,  August,  162Z 

Camp. Campbell 

Carp. Carpmael's  Patent  Cases 

C.  &  K. Carrington  and  Kirwan 

C.  &  M Carrington  and  Marshman 

C.  &  P. Carrington  and  Payne 

Carter Carter 

Carth. Carthew 

Carver Carver  on  Carriage  of  Goods  by  Sea,  3rd  ed. 

Ca.  t  Hard Cases,  temp.  Hardwicke 


1882-1886 
1776-1786 


1807-1816 
1602-1842 
1848-1863 
1841-1842 
1823-1841 
1664-1676 
1688-1701 

178a-1787 


cc  TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 

Abbreviatiokb.  Ezplanatioks.  Pebiod. 

Ca.  t.  Talb Cases  in  Equity,  temp.  Talbot 173^-1737 

Ch.  Ca Cases  in  Cliancerjr 1060-1093 

Cliallis Challis  on  Real  Property,  2nd  ed. 

Chalmers Chalmers  on  Bills  of  Exchange,  6th  ed. 

Ch.  D Law  Reports,  Chancery  Dirision       ....  1875-1890 

Nott^  in  and  aipce  1891  theae  Reports  are  cited  by  the  year  and 
Toluine,  e.^;  1891, 1  Ch. 

Ch.  Rep Reports  in  Chancery 1625-1710 

Ch Law  ReporU,  Chancery  Appeals     ....    1805-1875 

Chaney  (Mich.)     ....    Chaney's  Michigan  Reports. 

Ch Chapter. 

[vol.  !.,  1819, 

Chitty Chitty -!  vol.  ii ,  1770- 

[    1822 

Chitty  Eq.  Ind Chitty^s  Equity  Index,  4th  ed. 

CI.  &F Clark  and  Finnelly 1831-1840 

Co.  Litt Coke  upon  Littleton,  the  edition  here  used 

being  the  18th  by  Hargrave  &  Butler. 

Coll Collyer 1844-1846 

Col Colorado  Reports. 

Colt,  Reg.  Ca Coltman,  Registration  Cases 1879-1885 

Com.  Ca Commercial  Cases 1895,&i.p. 

Commrs Commissioners,  —  chiefly  in  names  of  cases. 

C.  B Common  Bench  Reporto 1845-1856 

C.  B.  N.  S Common  Bench  Reports,  New  Series    .    .    .    1850-1805 

Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1852  .    .    Common   Law  Procedure  Act,  1852,  15  & 

16  V.  c.  76. 
„  „    1854.    .    Common  Law  Procedure  Act,  1854,  17  & 

18  V.  c.  125. 
„  „    1800.    .    Common  Law  Procedure  Act,  1800,  23  & 

24  V.  c.  126. 

Com.  L.  R Common  Law  Reports 1854-1855 

C.  P.  D Law  Reports,  Common  Pleas  Division  .    .    .     1875*1880 

Co Company. 

Comp  Act,  1862    ....    Companies  Act,  1862,  25  &  26  V.  c.  89. 
„    1867    ....    Companies  Act,  1867,  80  &  31  V.  c.  181. 
„        „    1877    ....    Companies  Act,  1877,  40  &  41  V.  c.  26. 
„    1879    ....    Companies  Act,  1879,  42  &  48  V.  c.  70. 
„        „    1880    ....    Companies  Act,  1880,  43  V.  c.  19. 
„        „    1898    ....    Companies  Act,  1898,  01  &  62  V.  c.  20. 
„        „    1900    ....    Companies  Act,  1900,  03  &  04  V.  c.  48. 
Comp  Mem  of  Assn  Act,  1890  Companies   (Memorandum   of   Association) 

Act,  1890,  58  &  54  V.c.  02. 
Comp  Winding-up  Act,  1890  Companies   (Winding-up)   Act,  1890,  53  & 

54  V.  c.  88. 
Comp  C.  C.  Act,  1845    .    .    Companies  Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  1845, 

8  V.  c.  16. 
Comp  C.  Act,  1868    .    .    .    Companies  Clauses  Act,  1863,  20  &  27  V. 

c.  118. 

Com Comyn 1696-1740 

Com.  Dig Corny n's  Digest. 

Con.  &  L Connor  and  Lawson 1841-1848 

Conv  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881 .    .    Conveyancing  and  Law  of  Property  Act, 

1881,  44  &  45  V.  c.  41. 


TABLE  OF  ABBEEVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 


cci 


Abbbbviatioks. 
Coot  Act,  1882 
Conr  &  L.  P.  Act,  18 


Explanations. 

.    Conveyancing  Act,  1882,  46  &  46  V.  c.  39. 

,    Conveyancing  and  Law  of  Property  Act, 
1892,  66  &  56  y.  c.  13. 

Cooper  C.  P Cooper,  Charles  Purton 

Cooper  t.  Brongliam  .    .    .    Cooper,  Charles  Purton,  temp.  Brougham    . 

Cooper  t  Cott Cooper,  Charles  Purton,  temp.  Cuttenham 

Cooper  G Cooper,  George 

Coote Coote  on  Mortgages,  5th  ed. 

Corp Corporation. 

Co.  Co County  Court,  or  (especially  in  names  of 

cases)  County  Council. 
Co.  Co.  Act,  1888  ....    County  Courts  Act,  1888,  61  &  52  V.  c.  48. 

Co.  Co.  B County  Court  Bules,  1889. 

Cowel Cowel's  Interpreter  by  Tho.  Manley,  1672. 

Cowen Cowen's  New  York  Beports. 

Cowp Cowper 

Cox  Ch Cox's  Chancery  Cases 

Cox  C.  C Cox's  Criminal  Cases 

Cr.  &Ph Craig  and  Phillip 

Cranch Cranch's    United    States    Supreme    Court 

Beports. 

Cr.  &  Dix Crawford  and  Dix 

Cr.  &  Dix  Ab.  Ca.     .    .    .    Crawford  and  Dix,  Abridged  Notes  of  Cases 

Cr. Creditor. 

Crim.  Et.  Act,  1898  .    .    .    Criminal  Eyidence  Act,  1898,  61  &  62  V. 

c  36. 

f^  y       I  Croke,   temp.   Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and    I 

^.cl: : : : : :  :l  c--^-  • I 

Cr.  &  J Crompton  and  Jervis 

Cr.  &  M. Crompton  and  Meeson 

Cr.  M.  &  B Crompton,  Meeson,  and  Boscoe 

Cm.  Dig Cruise's  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  England  re- 
specting Beal  Property,  4th  ed. 

Cmmingham Cunningham's  K.  B.  Cases,  Srd  ed 

Curt. Curteis 

Cush Cushing's  Massachusetts  Beports. 

Cp Compare. 


Period. 


1887-1838 

1833-1834 

1846-1848 

1815,  with 
a  few  earlier 
casea  in  and 
from  1792. 


1774-1778 
1745-1797 
1848,  &i.  p. 
1840-1841 


1839-1846 
1837-1888 


1581-1641 

1830-1832 
1832-1834 
1834-1835 


1784-1735 

1884-1844 


Daly Daly's  New  York  Common  Pleas  Beports. 

Dan.  Ch.  Pr Daniell's  Ciiancery  Practice,  7th  ed. 

Dart Dart  on  Vendors  and  Purchasers,  6th  ed. 

D.  &  M Davison  and  Merivale 

Deacon Deacon 

Dea.  &  C Deacon  and  Chitty 

D.  &  Sw Deane  and  Swabey 

Dears Dearsley,  Crown  Cases 

Dears.  &  B Dearsley  and  Bell 

Debtors  Act,  1860     .     .    .  Debtors  Act,  1809,  82  &  33  V.  c.  62. 

Deft Defendant. 


1848-1844 
1835-1840 
1832-1835 
1855-1857 
1852-1856 
1856-1858 


ccii  TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 

Abbreviations.                                        Ezflanatioks.  Pskiod. 

Def Definition. 

D.  G DeGex 1844-1848 

D.  6.  F.  &  J De  Gex,  Fisher,  and  Jones 1850-1862 

D.  G.  &  J De  Gez  and  Jones 1856-1860 

D.  G.  J.  &  S De  Gex,  Jones,  and  Smith 1862-1865 

D.  G.  M.  &  G De  Gex,  Macnaghten,  and  Gordon   ....  1851-1857 

D.  G.  &  S De  Gex  and  Smale 1846-1852 

Den Denison 1844-1852 

Dick Dickens 1550-1702 

Dillon Dillon's  United  States  Circuit  Court  ReporU. 

Distd Distinguished. 

Doug. Douglas 1778-1785 

Dow Dow 1812-1818 

Dow  &  CI Dow  and  Clark 1827-1831 

Dowl Dowling,  Practice  Cases 1830-1841 

Dowl.  N.  S Dowling,  Practice  Cases,  New  Series    .    .    .  1841-1843 

Dowl.  &  L Dowling  and  Lowndes 184^-1840 

D.  &  R Dowling  and  Rjiand 1822-1827 

Drew Drewry 1852-1850 

Dr.  &Sm Drewry  and  Smale 1850-1865 

Dru Drury,  temp.  Sugden 1843-1844 

Dr.  &Wal Drury  and  Walsh 1837-1841 

Dr.  &  War Drury  and  Warren 1841-1843 

Durnford  &  East  .    .    .    .  F.  T.  R. 

Dwar Dwarris  on  Statutes,  2nd  ed. 

Dyer,  or  Dy Dyer 1613-1682 


East East 1800-1812 

East  P.  C East's  Pleas  of  the  Crown. 

Eden Eden 1767-1766 

E.  &6 Ellis  and  Blackburn 1852-1858 

E.  B.  &  E Ellis,  Blackburn,  and  Ellis 1858 

£.  &E ■   .    .  Ellis  and  Ellis 1858-1861 

Elph Elphinstone,  Norton,  and  Clark  on  the  Inter- 
pretation of  Deeds. 

Encyc Encyclopaedia  of  the  Laws  of  England. 

Eq.  Ca.  Ab Equity  Cases  Abridged,  5th  ed. 

Eq.  Rep    . Equity  Reports 185.3-1856 

Esp Espinasse 1703-1810 

Espy Especially. 

Ex Exchequer  Reports 1847-1856 

Ex.  D Law  Reports,  Excliequer  DiTision    ....    1876-1880 

Exon Execution. 

Exs,  or  Exors Executors. 


Far  well Farwell  on  Powers,  2nd  ed. 

Fawcett Fawcett  on  Landlord  and  Tenant,  2nd  ed. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &o.  cciii 

Abbreviatiosib.  Ezplamatioms.  Period. 

Fearne  Ck>nt.  Rem.  .  .  .  Fearne  on  Contingent  Remainders  and  Ex- 
ecutory Deviaes,  9th  ed.,  by  Charles 
Butler. 

Fed.  Rep Federal  Reporter. 

Finch Finch,  Heneage 1678-1680 

Fisher Fisher  on  Mortgages,  6ih  ed. 

F.  N.  B Fitz-Herbert,  Natura  Brevium. 

Florida Florida  Reports. 

Fon.  B.  C Fonblanque,  Bankruptcy  Cases 1840-1862 

Fort Fortescue 1696-1788 

Forrest     .......  Forrest's  Exchequer  Reports 1800-1801 

Foster Foster's  Crown  Law  Cases 1708-1760 

F.  &  F. Foster  and  Finlason 1866-1867 

Fox  &  Smith Fox  and  Smith 1822-1824 

Friendly  Soc.  Act,  1868     .  Friendly  Societies  Act,  1858,  21  &  22  V.  c.  101. 

„     1875     .  Friendly  Societies  Act,  1876, 86  &  89  V.  c.  60. 

„     1806     .  Friendly  Societies  Act,  1895, 68  &  69  V.c.  26. 

„     1896     .  Friendly  Societies  Act,  1896, 60  &  60  V.  c.  26. 

Fiy Fry  on  Specific  Performance  of  Contracts, 

Srded. 


Gale Gale  on  Easements,  7th  ed. 

G.  &  D. Gale  and  Davison 1841-1848 

Gallison Gallison's  United  States  Circuit  Court  Reports. 

Georgia Georgia  Reports. 

Giff. Giffard 1867-1866 

Gilb.  Eq.  Rep Gilbert's  Equity  Reports     .......    1706-1727 

Godb Godbolt 1676-1642 

Ooddard Goddard  on  Easements,  6th  ed. 

Godefroi Godefroi  on  Trusts  and  Trustees,  2iid  ed. 

Goodere Goodeve  on  Real  Property,  4th  ed. 

Gould. Gouldsborough 1686-1602 

Gow Gow 1818-1820 

Gray Gray's  Massachusetts  Reports. 

G.  N.  Ry Great  Northern  Railway. 

G.  W.  Ry Great  Western  Railway. 


H. 

Hagg.  Adm Haggard,  Admiralty  Cases 1822-1838 

Hagg.  Con Haggard,  Consistory  Cases 1789-1802 

Hagg.  Ecc Haggard,  Ecclesiastical  Cases 1827-1883 

Hale  P.  C Hale's  Pleas  of  the  Crown. 

H&Tw Hall  and  TwelU 1849-1860 

Hamilton Hamilton  on  Company  Law,  2nd  ed. 

Hard. Hardres 1666-1660 

Hare Hare 1841-1858 

H.&R Harrison  and  Rutherford 1865-1866 


cciv  TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &a 

Abbbbviatiohs.  ExFLAKATioirs.  Pbriod. 

Hawk Hawkins  on  the  Constractioo  of  Wills. 

Hawk.  P.  C Hawkins*  Pleas  of  the  Crown. 

Hayes Hayes 1880-1882 

H.  &M. Hemming  and  BCiiler 1882-1865 

H.  Bl Henry  Blackstone 1788-1796 

Heredtts Hereditaments. 

Hetley HeUey 1627-1631 

HIU HiU's  New  York  Reports. 

Hob Hobart      1603-1626 

Hodges Hodges 1835-1837 

Hogan Hogan 1816-1834 

Holt Holt 1688-1710 

Holt  N.  P Holt»  Nisi  Prios  Cases 1815-1817 

Hop.  &  Colt Hopwood  and  Coltman 1868-1878 

H.&P Hopwood  and  PhUbrick 1863-1867 

H.  L Honse  of  Lords. 

H.L.Ca. House  of  Lords  Cases 1847-1866 

Hudson Hudson  on  Building  Contracts,  2nd  ed. 

Hud.  &Bro Hudson  and  Brooke 1827-1831 

Hump Humphrey's  Tennessee  Reports. 

H.  &C Hnrlstone  and  Coltman  .    .    .    t^.    .    .    .    1802-1866 

H.  &  N. Hurlstone  and  Norman 1866-1862 

Hn Herein,  or  hereon. 


L 

ni Illinois  Reports. 

Inl.  Rer Inland  Revenue,  —  chiefly  in  names  of  cases 

or  statutes. 

Inst Coke's  Institutes. 

Insroe Insurance,  —  chiefly  in  names  of  cases. 

Interp Interpretation. 

Interp  Act,  1889    ....    Interpretation  Act,  1880,  62  &  63  V.  c.  63, 

g^ven  in  exteruo  in  the  Appendix. 

Iowa Iowa  Reports. 

Ir Ireland. 

Ir.  L.  R Irish  Law  Reporto 1888-1860 

Ir.  Eq.  Rep. Irish  Equity  Reports       1838-1860 

Ir.  Cora.  Law  Rep.    .    .    .    Irish  Common  Law  Reports 1860-1866 

Ir.  Ch.  Rep Irish  Chancery  Reports      1850-1866 

Ir.  Rep.  C.  L Irish  Reports,  Common  Law 1867-1877 

Ir.  Rep.  £q Irish  ReporU,  Equity 1867-1877 

L.  R.  Ir Law  Reports,  Ireland 1878-1893 

Note,  In  and  alnoe  18M  theM  Reporto  are  cited  by  the  year, 
e.g.  1894,  1  I.  R. ;  ainoe  1877,  and  atill,  the  odd-nnmbered 
Tolmne  reports  Equity  cases  and  the  eTen-nnmbered  volnme 
CoBunon  Law  oases 


Jac Jacob 1821-1822 

Jac.  &W Jacob  and  Walker 1819-1821 


TABLE  OF  ABBEEVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c.  ccv 

Abbrkyiations.  Explanations.  Period. 

Jacob Jacob's  Law  Dictionary  '*  enlarged  and  im- 

prored  "  by  Tomlins  and  brought  by  him 
**  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  our  late  vener- 
ated Sovereign  George  the  Third,"  3rd 
quarto  ed.  Sometimea  this  book  is  cited 
as  Tomlins,  or  Tomlins'  Law  Diet 

Jarm Jarman  on  Wills,  4th  ed. 

Jebb&B Jebb  and  Bourke 1841-1842 

Jebb&Sy Jebb  and  Symes 1838-1841 

Johns Johnson 1858-1860 

J.  &H. Johnson  and  Hemming 1850-1862 

John.  N.  T. Johnson's  New  York  Reports. 

Johns.  Cas. Johnson's  New  York  Cases. 

Johnson Johnson's  Maryland  Reports. 

Jo.T Jones,  T 1667-1684 

Jo.  W Jones,  William 1620-1640 

Jones  &  Carey Jones  and  Carey 1888-1830 

J.  &LaT Jones  and  La  Touche 1844-1846 

Jdgmt Judgment 

Jud.  Act,  1873 Supreme  Court  of   Judicature  Act,  1878, 

86  &  87  V.  c.  66. 

„      „    1875 Supreme   Court  of  Judicature   Act,  1875, 

88  &  39  V.  c.  77. 

„      „    1881 Supreme   Court  of  Judicature  Act,  1881, 

44  &  45  V.  c.  68. 

„      „    1884 Supreme    Court   of  Judicature  Act,  1884, 

47&48V.C.  61. 

„      „    1800 Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  Act,  1800, 

58  &  54  y.  c.  44. 

„      „    1894 Supreme  Court   of   Judicature  Act,  1804, 

57  &  58  V.  c.  16. 
„      M    (Ir)  1877   .    .    .    Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  (Ireland)  Act, 

1877,40&41  V.  C.57. 
„      „      „     1887  .    .    .    Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  (Ireland)  Act, 
1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  6. 
Jud.  T.  Act,  1806  .    .    .    .    JudicialTrusteesAct,  1896^59&60y.c.  85. 

Jur. Jurist 1837-1854 

Jur.  N.  S Jurist,  New  Series 1854-1866 

J.  P Justice  of  the  Peace 1887,&i.p. 

Juta Juta's  Cape  Colony  Reports. 


Kay Kay 1858-1854 

K.&J Kay  and  Johnson 1854-1858 

Keble Keble 1661-1679 

Keen Keen 1836-1888 

KeUwey Keilwey,  ed.  of  1688 1496-1578 

Kelynge  W Kelynge,  WUliam 1730-1784 

Keyes Keyes'  New  York  Court  of  Appeal  Reports. 

Knapp  P.  C Knapp's  Privy  Council  Cases 1829-1836 


CCVl 


TABLE  OF  ABBKEVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 


L. 

Abbbbviatioiis.  ExFLA-HATioirs.  Pbbiod. 

Lane.  &  Y.  Ry Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Railway. 

Lauds  C.  C.  Act,  1845    .    .    Lands  Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  1846, 8  V. 

C.18. 
Lands  C.  C.  (Scot)  Act,  1846  Lands  Clauses  Consolidation  (Scotland)  Act, 

1846,  8  V.  c.  19. 

Latch Latch 1624-1627 

L.  J.  0.  S.  Ch Law  Jonmal,  Old  Series,  Chancery      .    .    .    1822-1831 

L.J.  0.  S.  K.B „  „  King's  Bench    .    .    182^1831 

L.  J.  O.  S.  C.  P.    .    .    .    .  „  „  Common  Pleas .    .    1822-1831 

L.J.  O.  S.  Ex „  „  Exchequer    .    .    .    1830-1831 

L.  J.  O.  S.  M.  C „  ,»  Magistrates'  Cases     1826-1831 

L.  J.  Bank „        New  Series,  Bankruptcy       .     1882, &i. p.® 

L.  J.  Ch „  „  Chancery     .    .    .1831,&Lp. 

L.  J.  E.  B.,  or  Q.  B.  .    .    .  „  „  King's,  or  Queen's, 

Bench  (in  and 
from  1876, 
Queen's,  or 
King's,  Bench 
Dirision).    .    .  1831,  &i.  p. 

L.  J.  C.  P „  „  Common  Pleas  (in 

and  from  1876  to 
1880,  Common 
Pleas  DlTision).    1881-1880 

L.  J.  Ex „  „  Exchequer  (in  and 

from  1876  to 
1880,  Exchequer 
DiTision)  .    .    .    1831-1880 

L.J.M.  C „  „  Magistrates' Cases     1831-1896 

L.  J.  P.  C „  „  Privy  Council  .    .  1866,  &i.  p. 

L.  J.  P.  &  M Law  Journal,  New  Series,  Probate  and  Matri-  ( 1858-1859 

monial    .    .    .        (1866-1875 

L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A „  „        Probate,  Matrimonial, 

and  Admiralty      .    1860-1865 

L.  J.  Adm „  „        Admiralty        .    .    .    186^1875 

L.  J.  Ecc ..  „        Ecclesiastical       .    .    1866-1875 

L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A „  „       Probate,  Divorce,  and 

Admiralty  .    .    .     1876,&i.p. 

Law  Jour Law  Journal  Newspaper. 

L.  J.  N.  C Law  Journal  Notes  of  Cases. 

L.  Q.  Rev Law  Quarterly  Review. 

L.  R.  A.  &  E Law  Reports,  Admiralty  and  Ecclesiastical  .    1866-1875 

L.  R.  C.  C.  R „  Crown  Cases  Reserved  .    .    .    1866-1875 


0  Tke  N'ew  Series  of  the  Law  Joumalf  having  the  longest  continuity  qfanysenes  of  reports^ 
the  endeavour  has  been  to  refer  thereto  qud  every  case  herein  cited  and  there  reported  lohich 
has  been  decided  in  or  since  1831;  as  much  as  practicable  the  contemporaneous  reports  have 
been  re/erred  to^  but  where  that  is  not  done  the  addition  of  1831  to  ihe  number  of  the  volume 
of  the  Law  Journal  wUl  approximately  give  the  A.D,  of  the  case,  so  that,  if  reported  in  any 
other  series  ofreports^  it  will  be  readily  found  there. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c.        ccvii 


Abbretiatioxs.  Explanations.                     > 

L.  R.  C.  P Law  Reports,  Common  Fleas 

L.  R.  Eq „           Equity 

L.  R.  Ex. „          Exchequer 

L.  R.  H.  It. „          House  of  Lord«,  English  and 

Irish  Appeals 

L.  R.  Ind.  App ,,           Indian  Appeals 

L.  R.  Sc.  &  D.  App.  ...  „           Scotch  and  Dtrorce  Appeals  . 

L.  R,  P.  0 „           Privy  Council 

L.  R.  P.  &  D „           Probate  and  DiYorce      .    .    . 

L.  R.  Q.  B ,1           Queen's  Bench 

Vf,  App.  Ca. :   Ch.  D. :  Ch. :  C.  P.  D. :  Ex.  D. :  P.  D. :  Q.  B.  D. 

L.  R.  Ir Law  Reports,  Ireland 

L.  T.  0.  8 Law  Times  ReporU,  Old  Series 

L.  T. „               „         New  Series      .... 

Lew  Times Law  Times  Newspaper. 

Lea Lea's  Tennessee  Reports. 

Leach Leach,  Crown  Cases 

Leake  . Leake  on  Contracts,  3rd  ed. 

Lee  EfOC Lee,  Ecclesiastical  Casei 

L  &  C Leigh  and  Care 

Leon Leonard 

Ler Levinz 

Lewin Lewin  on  Trusts,  10th  ed. 

Lewin  C.  C Lewin,  Crown  Cases 

Lindley  Comp Lindley  on  Companies,  6th  ed. 

Lindley  P Lindley  on  Partnership,  6tli  ed. 

Litt Littleton's  Tenures,  the  version  used  being 

that  in  the  edition  of  Co.  Litt  here  used. 

Litt  Rep Littleton 

L.  &  G.  t  Plunk Lloyd  and  Goold,  temp.  Plnnkett     .... 


L.&G.  tSug.       .    .    . 
Loc  Gov  Act,  1858    .    . 

„        »      1888    .    . 

..        „      1894    .    . 

„      (Ir)  Act,  1871  . 

18»8  . 
„      (Scot)  Act,  1889 


1894 


Loc  Gov  Bd      .    . 

Loflfk 

LB.&S.Ry  .  . 
L.  C.  &  D.  Ry  .  . 
Lind.&N.  \V.  Ry 
Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry 
London  Bg  Act,  1891 


London  Co.  Co.     .    . 
London  Gov  Act,  1899 


Lloyd  and  Goold,  temp.  Sugden 

Local  Government  Act,  1858, 21  &  22  V.  c.  98. 
Local  Government  Act,  1888, 51  &  52  V.  c.  41. 
Local  Government  Act,  1894, 56  &  57  V.  c  73. 
Local  Government  (Ireland)  Act,  1871,  31  & 

35  V.  c.  109. 
Local  Government  (Ireland)  Act,  1898,  61  & 

62  V.  c.  87. 
Local  Government  (Scotland)  Act,  1889, 52  & 

53  V.  c.  50. 
Local  Government  (Scotland)  Act,  1894,  57  & 

58  V.  c.  58. 
Local  Government  Board. 

Loflfk 

London  Brighton  &  South  Coast  Railway. 
London  Chatham  &  Djver  Railway. 
London  &  North  Western  Railway. 
London  &  South  Western  Railway. 
London  Building    Act,    1894,    57   &  58  V. 

c.  ccxiii 
London  County  Council. 
London  Government  Act,  1899,  62  &  63  V. 

c.  14. 


Peuioi). 
1865-1875 
1865-1875 
1865-1875 

1866-1875 
1878,  &i.p 
1866-1875 
1865-1875 
1865-1875 
1865-1875 

1878-1893 
1843-1859 
1859,&i.p. 


1730-1814 

1752-1758 
1861-1865 
1540-1615 
1660-1697 

1822-1833 


1626-1632 

1833-1889 

1835 


1772-1774 


ccviii        TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,   SIGNS,  &c. 

Abbreviations.  Explvxations.  Period. 

Long.  &  Town Longfield  and  Townsend 1841-1842 

LowDdes  &  Maxwell ...  See  Bail  C.  C. 

L.  M.  &  P Lowndes,  Maxwell,  and  Pollock 1860-1851 

Lush Lashington 1860-1862 

Latw .    Lntwjche,  Ke^tratlon  Cases 1843-1853 

Lutw.  E Lutwyche,  Edward 1688-1704 


M. 

McL McLean's  United  States  Circait  Conrt  Re- 
ports. 

Mac.  &  G Macnaghten  and  Gordon 1849-1852 

Macq Macqueen,  Scotch  Appeals 1851-1865 

MacS MacSwinney  on  Mines  Quarries  and  Minerals, 

Ist  ed. 

Mad Maddock 1816-1822 

Maine Maine  Reports. 

Manchester  S.  &  L.  Rj  .    .    Manchester  Sheffield  &  Lincolnshire  Railway. 

M.  &G Manning  and  Granger 1840-1844 

M.  &  R Manning  and  Ryland 1827-1830 

Manson Manson's  Bankruptcy  and  Winding-up  Cases  1894,  &i.  p. 

Man  wood Man  wood's  Forest  Laws. 

Mar.  Ca Maritime  Cases  by  Crockford  and  Cox     .    .    1860-1871 

M.  W.  P.  Act,  1870    .    .    .    Married  Women's  Property  Act,  1870,  33  & 

84  V.  c.  93. 
„  „     1874    .    .    .    Married    Women's    Property    Act     (1870) 

Amendment  Act,  1874,  87  &  38  V.  c.  50. 
„     1882    .    .    .    Married  Women's  Property  Act,  1882, 45  & 

46  V.  c.  75. 
„     1893    .    .    .    Married  Women's  Property  Act,  1893,  56  & 

57  V.  c.  63. 

Marsh Marshall 1813-1816 

Mass Massachusetts  Reports. 

Maude  &  P Maude  and  Pollock  on  Merchant  Shipping, 

4th  ed. 

M.  &S Maule  and  Selwyn 1813-1817 

Maxwell Max\yell  on  the  Interpretation  of  Statutes, 

2nd  ed. 

M'Cle M'CleUnd 1824 

M'Cle.  &  Y M'Cleland  and  Younge 1824-1825 

M.  &  W Meeson  and  Welsby 1886-1847 

Mem Memorandum. 

Mer  Law  Amend.  Act,  1856   Mercantile  Law  Amendment  Act,  1856,  19  & 

IX)  V.  c.  97. 
Mer  Shipping  Act,  1854     .    Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1854,  17  &  18  V. 

c.  104.. 
„    1862    .    Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1862, 25  &  26  V.  c.  68. 
„    1876    .    Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1876,  89  &  40  V.  c.  80. 
„    1889    .    Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1889, 52  &  53  V.c.  46. 


TABLE  OF  ABBEEVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &o.  ccix 

Abbbxviatiokb.  Extlanatioxs.  Period. 

Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894    .    Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894, 57  &  68  V.  c.  00. 

Mep Meriyale 1815-1817 

Met Metcalfe's  Maasachutetts  Reports. 

Metrop  Bg  Act,  1855     .    .    MetropoIiUn  Building  Act,  1855, 18  &  19  V. 

C.122. 
Metrop  Man.  Act,  1855  .    .    Metropolis  Management  Act,  1855,  18  &  19 

V.  c.  120. 
„  „     1858 .    .    Metropolis  Management  Amendment   Act, 

1858,21  &22V.C  104. 
,,  „     1862 .    .    Metropolis  Management  Amendment  Act, 

1862,25&26  V.C.102. 
„  „     1878 .    .    Metropolis  Management  and  Building  Acts 

Amendment  Act,  1878,  41  &  42  V.  c.  32. 
„  „     1882 .    .    Metropolis  Management  and  Building  Acts 

Amendment  Act,  1882,  45  &  46  V.  c.  14. 
„  „     1890 .    .    Metropolis    Management  Amendment  Act, 

1890,  53  &  54  V.  c.  66. 

Metrop  Ry Metropolitan  Railway. 

Mid.  Ry Midland  Railway. 

Mid.  G.  W.  Ry Midland  Great  Western  Railway  of  Ireland 

Minn Minnesota  Reports. 

Miss Mississippi  Reports. 

Mo Missouri  Reports. 

Mod Modem 1669-1732 

MoU Molloy 1827-1828 

Mont. Montagu 1829-1882 

Mont.  &  Ayr Montagu  and  Ayrton 1833-1838 

Mont&B MonUgu  and  Bligh 1832-1833 

Mont.  &  Cbitt Montagu  and  Chitty 1838-1840 

Mont.  D.  &D MonUga,  Deacon,  and  De  Gex 1840-1841 

Mont.  &  M'A Montagu  and  Macarthur 1820-1830 

Moody Moody's  Crown  Cases 1824-1844 

Moo.  &M. Moody  and  Malkin 1820-1830 

Moo.  &  R Moody  and  Robinson       1830-1844 

Moore Moore,  Francis 1512-1021 

Moore  C  P Moore,  J.  B.,  Common  Pleas  and  Exchequer 

Chamber  Cases 1817-1827 

Moore  Ind.  App Moore,  Indian  Appeals 1880-1872 

Moore  P.  C Moore,  Privy  Council  Appeals 1836-1862 

Moore  P.  C.  N.  S Moore,  Privy  Council  Appeals,  New  Series  .    1862-1873 

Moore  &  P Moore  and  Payne 1827-1881 

Moore  &  S Moore  and  Scott 1831-1834 

Morr Morrell,  Bankruptcy  Cases      1884-1893 

Mtge Mortgage. 

Mtgee       Mortgagee. 

Mtgor       Mortgagor. 

Moseley Moseley 1726-1730 

Mun  Corp  Act,  1882  .    .    .    Municipal  Corporations  Act,  1882, 45  &  46  V. 

C.50. 
„  „    1883  .     .    .    Municipal  Corporations  Act,  1883, 46  &  47  V. 

c.  18. 

My.  &  C Mylne  and  Craig 1835-1841 

Hy.  &K.     * Mylne  and  Keen 1832-1835 

TOL.  I.  n 


ccx  TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 


ABBBEYIATIOarS.  EZFLAHATIORS.  PSKXOD. 

N.  &  M Nerille  and  Manning 183^1836 

N.  &P Neville  and  Perry 1836-1888 

N.  Hamp New  Hampehire  Reports. 

N.  R New  Reports 1862-1866 

N.  Y New  York  Reports. 

N.  Z.  L New  Zealand  Law  Reports. 

Newb Newberry's  United  States  Admiralty  Reports. 

Nolan Nolan  on  the  Poor  Laws. 

N.  B.  Ry North  British  Railway. 

N.  E.  Ry North  Eastern  Railway. 

Notes  of  Ca Notes  of  Cases 1841-1860 

Noy Noy  .    .* 1660-1649 

11 Note. 


Obs Observation,  or  Observations. 

Odgers Odgers  on  Libel  and  Slander,  8rd  ed. 

Ohio Ohio  Reports. 

O^io  St Ohio  Sute  Reports. 

0*M.  &H O'MaUey  and  Hardcastle 1869,  &i.p. 

Ord Order. 

Orl.  Bridg Orlando  Bridgman 1660-1667 

Owen Owen 1666-1616 


Palm Palmer       1619-1629 

Palmer  Co.  Prec Palmer's   Company  Precedents,  Vol.  1,  7th 

ed. ;  Vol.  2,  8th  ed. ;  Vol.  8,  8th  ed. 

Par Paragraph. 

Park Park  on  Marine  Insurance,  8th  ed. 

Parker Parker 1743-1767 

Pat.  Ca Patent  Cases,  by  Cutler 1884,&i.p. 

Paterson Paterson's  Scotch  Appeals 1861-1873 

Peake Peake 1790-1812 

Peake  Add.  Ca Peake,  Additional  Cases 1796-1812 

P.  Wms Peere  Williams 1696-1736 

Penn.  St Pennsylvania  State  Reports. 

P.  &  D Perry  and  Davison 1838-1841 

Phil.  Ecc Phillimore 1809-1821 

Phil.  Ecc.  Law       ....  Philllmore's  Ecclesiastical  Law,  2nd  ed. 

Phill Phillips 1841-1849 

Pickering Pickering^s  Massachusetts  Reports. 

Pit Plaintiff. 

Piatt Piatt  on  Leases. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c.  ccxi 

Abbreviations.  Explanatio2cs.  Period. 

Piatt  Coy Piatt  on  Covenants. 

Plowd. Plowden 1660-1680 

PoU Pollexfen 1660-1686 

Pop Popham 1692-1027 

Pr.  Ch Precedents  in  Chancery,  Finch 1680-1722 

Price Price 1814-1824 

P.  D Law  Reports,  Probate  Divorce  and  Admi- 
ralty Division 1876-1890 

Note,  in  and  dnoe  1891  theae  Beporta  are  cited  by  the  year,  e.  g. 
1891,  P. 
P.  H.  Act,  1848      ....    Public  Health  Act,  1848, 11  &  12  V.  c.  63. 

„      „    1872 Public  Health  Act,  1872,  36  &  86  V.  c.  79. 

„       „    1876 Public  Health  Act,  1876,  88  &  39  V.  c.  66. 

„    1890 Public  Health  Acts  Amendment  Act,  1890, 

68  &  64  V.  c.  69. 
„       Ireland  Act,  1878    .    Public  Health  (Ireland)  Act,  1878,  41  &  42 
V.  c.  62. 
„     1896    .    Public  Health  (Ireland)  Act,  1896,  69  &  60 
V.  c.  64. 
„       London  Act,  1891    .    PubUc  Health  (London)  Act,  1891,  64  &  66 

V.  c.  76. 
„       ScoUand  Act,  1867    .    Public  Health  (Scotland)  Act,  1867,  30  &  81 
V.  c.  101. 
„     1807    .    Public  Health  (Scotland)  Act,  1897,  60  &  61 
V.  c.  38. 


Q. 

QoJk "As  regards,"  "in  relation  to,"  "for  the 

purpose  of,*'  or  "  within  the  meaning  of." 

Q.  B Queen's  Bench  Reports 1841-1862 

Q.  B.  D Law  Reports,  Queen's  Bench  Division     .    .    1876-1890 

Notey  in  and  since  1891  theae  Beporta  are  cited  by  the  year  and 
volume,  e.g.  1891, 1  Q.  B. 


R. 

Ry Railway,  —  chiefly  in  names  of  cases,  and 

then  signifying  Railway  Company. 
Ry&Canal  TrafBc  Act,  1864    Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1864, 17  &  18 

V.  c.  31. 
„  „  1888    Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Act.  1888,  61  &  62 

V.  C.26. 
„  „  1804    Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1894,  67  &  68 

V.  c.  64. 

Ry  Ca.,  or  Rail.  Ca.  .    .    .    Railway  and  Canal  Cases 1835-1864 

Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.     .    .    Railway  and  Canal  Traffic  Cases :  C/j,  B.  & 

Macn 1856,&i.p. 

Ry  C.  C.  Act,  1846    .    .    .    Railway  Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  1846, 

8  V.  c.  20. 


ccxii         TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &a 

Abbreviatioks.  Ezplanatiomb.  Pebiod. 

Ry  C.  C.  (Scot)  Act,  1846  .    Railway  Clauses  Consolidation    (Scotland) 

Act,  1846.  8  V.  c.  33. 
Rj  C.  Act,  1863     ....    Railway  Clauses  Act,  1863,  26  &  27  V.  c.  92. 
Ry  Comp.  Act,  1867  .    .    .    Railway  Companies  Act,  1867,  30  &  81  V. 

c.  127. 

Raym.  T T.  Raymond 1660-1684 

Raym.  Ld Lord  Raymond 1694-1732 

Redman Redman  on  Landlord  &  Tenant,  5th  ed. 

Reed Reed  on  Bills  of  Sale,  11th  ed. 

Regn Regulation. 

Repld Replaced  by,  —  t.  e.  a  statute  or  section  re- 
placed by  the  one  following  this  abbreyia- 

tion. 

Rep Coke's  Reports 1672-1617 

Rep  People  Act,  1832     .    .    Representation  of  the  People  Act,  1832, 2  &  8 

W.  4,  c.  45. 
„  „    1867     .    .    Representation  of  the  People  Act,  1867,  30 

&,  81  V.  c.  102. 
„  „    1884     .    .    Representation  of  the  People  Act,  1884,  48  & 

49  V.  c.  8. 
„  (Ir)  Act,  1882      Representation  of  the  People  (Ireland)  Act, 

1832,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  88. 
,,  „         1850      Representation  of  the  People  (Ireland)  Act, 

1850,  18  &  14  V.  c.  69. 
„  „         1868      Representation  of  the  People  (Ireland)  Act, 

1868,  81  &  32  v.  c.  49. 
„  (Scot)  Act,  1832  RepresenUtion  of  the  People  (Scotland)  Act, 

1832,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  65. 
„  „  1868  Representation  of  the  People  (Scotland)  Act, 

1868,31&32V.  c.  48. 

Rettic The  same  as  Sessions  Cases,  Scotch,  4th  Series. 

Revd RcTersed. 

Rice Rice's  South  Carolina  Reports. 

Rob.  Ecc Robertson,  Ecclesiastical  Cases 1844-1853 

Robt.  N.  Y Roberteon's  New  York  Superior  Court  Re- 
ports. 

Rob.  C Robinson,  Christopher 1798-1808 

Rob.  W Robinson,  William 1838-1850 

Robson Robson  on  Bankruptcy,  7th  ed. 

Rogers Rogers  on  Elections,  Vol.  1, 16th  ed. ;  Vols. 

2  and  3,  17th  ed. 

RoUe Rolle 1614-1625 

Rol.  Ab Rolle's  Abridgment. 

Rop Roper  nn  Legacies,  4th  ed. 

Rose.  Cr Roscoc's  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evidence  in 

Criminal  Cases,  12th  ed. 
Rose.  N.  P Roscoe's  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evidence  at 

Nisi  Prius,  17lh  ed. 

Rose '   .    .    .    Rose 1810-1816 

R Rule,  or  Rules. 

R.  S.  C Rules  of  the  Supreme  Court,  1883. 

Russ Russell 1823-1829 

Russ.  Cr Russell    on     Crimes    and    Misdemeanours, 

6th  ed. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c.  ccxiii 

ABBRKVIATIOV8.                                                          EXTLAVATIOMS.  PERIOD. 

Rum.  &  My Riusell  and  Mylne 1829-1838 

Russ.  &  Ry Russell  and  Ryaa 1800-1823 

Ry.  &M00 Ryan  and  Moody 1823-1826 


Salk Salkeld 1680-1712 

S,  C. Same  Case. 

Saund. Saunders  ( F.  Wms.  Saund.) 1666-1672 

SaTile Sayile 1680-1694 

Sayer Sayer 1761-1766 

Sch Schedule. 

Sch.&Lef Schoales  and  Lefroy 1802-1807 

Scot Scotland. 

So. Scott 1834-1840 

Sc.  N.  R Scott,  New  Reports 1840-1846 

Sc.  L.R. Scottish  Law  Reporter 1866,  &i.  p. 

ScrnttoQ Scrntton  on  Charter-parties    and  Bills    of 

Lading,  4th  ed. 

Selwyn  N.  P. Selwyn's  Nisi  Prius,  12th  ed. 

Sess.  Ca.  4th  Ser Sessions  Cases,  Scotch,  4th  Series    ....    1874-1898 

Seton Seton  on  Decrees,  6th  ed. 

S.L.  Act,  1882 Settled  Land  Act,  1882,  46  &  46  v.  c.  38. 

„      „     1884      ....  Settled  Land  Act,  1884,  47  &  48  V.  c.  18. 

„      „     1887 Settled  Land  Acta  (Amendment)  Act,  1887, 

60  &  61  V.  c.  30. 

„      „     1890 Setded  Land  Act,  1890,  68  &  64  V.  c.  69. 

Show Shower 1678-1694 

Sid. Siderfln 1667-1670 

Sim Simons 1826-1862 

Sim.  N.  S Simons,  New  Series 1860-1862 

Sim.  &  St Simons  and  Stuart 1822-1826 

Skinner Skinner 1681-1697 

Sm.  &  G Smale  and  Qiffard 1862-1868 

Sm.  L.C Smith's  Leading  Cases,  9th  ed. 

Smythe Smythe 1839-1840 

Sneed Sneed's  Tennessee  Reports. 

Socy Society,  —  chiefly  in  names  of  cases. 

Solr Solicitor. 

Solrs  Act,  1843      ....  Solicitors  Act,  1843,  6  &  7  V.  c.  78. 

„    1860 Solicitors  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V.  •.  127. 

„    1870      ....  Attorneys  and  Solicitors  Act,  1870,  38  &  84 
V.  c.  28. 

Solrs  Rem  Act,  1881  .    .    .  Solicitors  Remuneration  Act,  1881,  44  &  46 

V.  c.  44. 

Solrs  Rem  Ord      ....  General  Order  made  under  Solicitors   Re- 
muneration Act,  1881. 

8l  J Solicitors'  Journal. 

S.  S.  Ry South  Eastern  Railway. 

&  W.  Ry South  Wales  Railway. 

Spelm Spelman's  Glossarium  Archaiologicnm. 

Spinki Spinks,  Ecclesiastical  and  Admiralty   .    .    .    1863-1866 


ccxiv        TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &c. 

ABBRKVIATI0K8.  ExPLAKATIOSS.  PSBIOD. 

Stat Statute. 

Stat.  Def. Statutory  definition,  or  definitions :  this  ab- 

breYiation    generally  indicates    that    the 

word  or  phrase  under  consideration  hito 

received  interpretation  by  the  section  cited 

or  stated. 

SUrlcie Starkie 1816-1828 

Steph.  Cr. Stephen's  Digest  ofthe  Criminal  Law,  Srded. 

Stone .'   .    Stone's  Justices'  Manual. 

Story Story  on  Equitable  Jurisprudence. 

Stra. Strange 1716-1748 

Sty.,  or  Style Style 1046-1666 

Sucn  Dy  Act,  1863    .    .    .    SnccAslon  Duty  Act,  1868, 16  &  17  V.  c.  61. 

Sug.  Pow Sugden  on  Powers,  8th  ed. 

Sug.  Prop. Sugden  on  the  Law  of  Property  as  adminis- 
tered by  the  House  of  Lords. 

Sug.  V.  &  P Sugden  on  Vendors  and  Purchasers,  14th  ed. 

Sum  Jur  Act,  1848    .    .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  Act,  1848,  U  &  12 

V.  c.  43. 
„  „    1867     .    .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  Act,   1867,  20  &  21 

V.  c.  43. 
„         .,    1879     .    .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  Act,  1879,  42  &  48 

V.  c.  49. 
„  „    1881    .    .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  (Process)  Act,  1881, 

44  &  46  v.  c.  24. 
„  „    1884     .    .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  Act,  1884,  47  &   48 

V.  c.  48. 
„         „    1896     .    .    .    Summary    Jurisdiction    (Married  Women) 

Ac^  1896,  68  &  69  V.  c.  89. 
„         ,.    1899     .    .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  Act,  1899,  62  &  63 

V.C.22. 
"       (Ir)  Act,  1861  .    .    Summary  Jurisdiction  (Ireland)  Act,  1861, 

14  &  16  V.  c.  92. 

Sumner  ] Sumner's  United  States  Circuit  Court  Reports. 

Swabey Swabey 1866-1869 

Sw.  &  Tr.     , Swabey  &  Tristram 1868-1866 

Swanst Swanston 1818-1819 

Sthc But  that  case. 

Stklc But  that  last,  or  latter,  case. 

Sv But  see,  or  See  however,  or  But  consider,  or 

Compare. 

Svh But  see  hereon. 

Svth But  see  thereon. 

Svthc But  see  that,  or  as  to  that  or  this,  case,  or 

those  cares. 
Svthlc But  see  the,  or  as  to  the,  last  or  latter  case. 


Taunt Taunton 1807-1819 

Tax  Cases Cases  on    Customs    and  Inland    Revenue 

Acts 1876,&lp. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &o.         ccxv 

Abbbbtiatioms.  ExPLABAnoHB.  Pbriod. 

T.  &  M. Temple  and  Mews,  Criminal  Cases  ....    1848-1851 

T.  R Term  Reports,  same  as  Dnmford  and  East  .    1785-1800 

Termes  de  la  Ley      •    .    .    Termes  de  la  Ley,  —  tlie  edition  used  being 

that  published  in  London  and  "  printed  bj 
Jo.  Beale  &  Ric.  Heame  for  the  benefit 
of  all  that  are  studious  in  the  Common 
Laws  of  this  Realme,  1641";  "a  book  of 
great  antiquity  and  accuracy  "  (per  Bayley, 
J.,  6  B.  &  C.  229).  If  the  word  is  not 
found  in  the  edition  mentioned,  then  refer 
to  that  of  1721. 

Texas Texas  Reports. 

Theobald Theobald  on  Wills,  5th  ed. 

Times  Rep Times  Law  Reports 1884,  &i.  p. 

Tomlins F.Jacob. 

Touch The  Touch-Stone,  commonly  cited  as  Shep. 

Touch. 

Tudor  Char.  Trusto  .    .    .    Tudor  on  Charitable  Trusto,  drd  ed. 

Tudor's  L.  C.  M.  L.  .    .    .    Tudor's  Leading  Cases  on  Mercantile  Law, 

Srded. 

Tudor's  L.  C.  R.  P.   .    .    .    Tudor's   Leading  Cases  in  Real  Property, 

4th  ed. 

T.  &R Turner  and  Russell 1822-1825 

Tyr Tyrwhitt 1880-1836 

Tyr.  &Q Tyrwhitt  and  Granger 183&-1836 

Th Thereon. 

The      ........    That  case,  or  those  cases. 

Tkle That  last,  or  hitter,  case. 


U. 

U.  S United  States  Supreme  Court  Reports. 

U.S.  Dig United  States  Digest 


Vaisey Vaicey  on  Settlements. 

Vaugh. Vaughan 1665-1674 

V.  &P. Vendor  and  Purchaser. 

y.  &  P.  Act,  1874  .    .    .    .  Vendor  and  Purchaser  Act,  1874,  87  &  88  y. 

c.  78. 

yentr. yentris 1668-1684 

yem yemon 1681-1719 

Vem.&S yernon  and  Scriren 178^1788 

yes Vesey,  junior 1754-1817 

yes.  sen.  ,    ^ Vesey,  senior 1746-1755 

y.ftB. Vesey  and  Beames 1812-1814 

Vin.  Ab Viner's  Abridgment. 

V. See. 

Va See  also. 


ccxvi        TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &a 

Abbrkviationb.  EzpLANATioirs.  Period. 

Vf See  further. 

Vh See  hereon. 

Vih See  thereon. 

Vihc See  that,  or  aa  to  that  or  this,  case  or  those 

cases. 

Vthlc See  the,  or  as  to  the,  last  or  latter  case. 


W. 


Wallace,  or  Wall.      .    .    . 

W.  W 

W.  W.  C.  Act,  1847  ..    . 

Watson  Eq 

Webster 

W.N 

W.  R 

Wend 

Wheaton 

White  &  Tudor     .    .    .    . 

Wight.      ........ 

Wilberforce 

Willes 

W.  Bl 

Wms.  Bank 

Wms.  Exs. 

Wms.  P.  P 

Wms.  R.  P 

Wms.  &  Bruce 

Wms.  Saund 

Wils.  Ch 

Wils.  Ex 

Wils.  KB 

Wilson  &  Shaw     .... 

Winch 

Wis 

W.  &  D 

Wood 

Wood 

Woodf 

Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897 

„       1000 


Wallace's   United    States    Supreme   Court 

Reports. 
Water  Works,  —  chiefly  in  names  of  cases. 
Water  Works  Clauses  Act,  1847, 10  &  11  V. 

c.  17. 
Watson's  Practical  Compendium  of  Equity, 

2nded. 

Webster,  Patent  Cases 1601-1855 

Weekly  Notes 1866,  &i.  p. 

Weekly  Reporter 1852,  &  i.  p. 

Wendell's  New  York  Reports. 

Wheaton's   United  States   Supreme  Court 

Reports. 
White  &  Tudor's  Leading  Cases  in  Equity, 

7th  ed. 

Wightwick 1810-1811 

Wilberforce  on  Statute  Law. 

Willes 1787-1758 

William  Blackstone 1746-1780 

Williams  on  Bankruptcy,  7th  ed. 

Williams  on  Executors  and  Administrators, 

9th  ed. 
Williams  on  Personal  Property. 
Williams  on  Real  Property. 
Williams  and  Bruce's  Admiralty  Practice, 

2nd  ed. 
Saunders'  Reports,  with  notes  by  Williams, 

6th  ed 1666-1672 

Wilson's  Chancery  Reports 1818-1819 

Wilson's  Exchequer  Reports 1805-1817 

Wilson's  King's  Bench  Reports 1742-1774 

Wilson  and  Shaw's  Scotch  Appeals      .    .    .    1825-1834 

Winch 1621-1626 

Wisconsin  Reports. 

Wolferstan  and  Dew's  Election  Cases  .    .    .    1856-1868 

Wood  on  Mercantile  Agreements. 

Wood,  Tithe  Cases 1660-1798 

Woodfall  on  Landlord  and  Tenant,  16th  ed. 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1897,  60  & 

61  V,  c.  87. 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1900,  68  & 

64  V.  c.  22. 


TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  &o.       ccxvii 


Abbrkviatioms.  Explaxatioks. 

Whe Which  case,  or  ca^es. 

Wkcv Which  case  see. 

Wkevf Which  case  see  further. 

Whl Which  last  or  latter. 

Whle Which  last  or  latter  case. 

Whlcv Which  last  or  latter  case  see. 

IVhv Which  see. 

IVhpa Which  see  also. 

Whvf Which  see  farther. 

Whvh Which  see  hereon. 


Pbriod. 


Tate  Lee Yate  Lee,  on  Bankruptcy,  2nd  ed. 

T.  B Tear  Books  of  Reports  of  Cases  .    .    . 

Telr. TelTerton 

Tounge    Tounge      

T.  &  C.  Ch Tounge  and  Collier,  Chancery  Cases   . 

T.  &  C.  Ex. Tounge  and  Collier,  Exchequer  Cases  . 

T  &  J. Tounge  and  Jervis 


1307-1587 
1602-1613 
1880-1882 
1841-1843 
1884-1842 
1826-1880 


INTRODUCTORY    CHAPTER 


ON   THE 


CONSTRUCTION   OF  DOCUMENTS. 


The  documents  whereby  conclusions  or  directions  are  recorded 
are  various  in  kind,  and  the  rules  for  their  interpretation  must 
somewhat  vary. 

But  underlying  the  special  rules  for  construing  the  different 
classes  of  documents,  there  are  two  fundamental  rules. 

I.   lEberg  Bocument  miwt  6e  reafi  in  its  true  Itflijt 

Bearing  that  Rule  in  mind  we  get  the  full  and  proper  meaning  of 
the  doctrine  enunciated  by  Lord  Wensleydale  in  Qrey  v.  Peanon^ 
that;  — 

II.  ''Sn  construing  fflHills,  anti,  intieeti,  Statutes  anti  all 
9Rritten  lEnstruments,  tije  grammatical  antr  ortiinarg 
sense  of  tlje  toortrs  is  to  lie  atiijeretr  to,  unless  tijat 
tooulti  leati  to  absurliitg,  or  some  repugnance  or  incon- 
sistencg  toitli  tije  rest  of  tije  instrument ;  in  toljirij  case 
tije  grammatical  antr  ortntnarg  sense  of  tfie  biortis  mag 
6e  moKifietJ  so  as  to  aboiti  tfjat  absurliitg,  repugnancg, 
or  inconsistencg,  but  no  furtijer/' 

In  repeating  this  latter  canon  in  Ahhott  v.  Middleton^^  Lord 
Wensleydale  said,  —  "This rule  was  in  substance  laid  down  by  Mr. 
Justice  Burton  in  WarhurUm  v.  Loveland?    It  had  previously  been 

1  26  L.  J.  Ch.  481 ;  6  H.  L.  Ca.  106. 

«  28  L.  J.  Ch.  114 ;  7  H.  L.  Ca.  114, 116. 

>  1  Hud.  &  Bro.  648. 


ccxx  INTRODUCTORY  CHAPTER  ON   THE 

described  by  Lord  EUenborough  in  Doe  v.  Je%%ep^  as  *  a  rule  of 
common  sense  as  strong  as  can  be.'  It  had  been  stated  (by  Lord 
Cranworth  when  Chancellor)  as  *  a  Cardinal  Rule/  from  which,  if 
we  departed,  we  should  launch  into  a  sea  of  diflSiculties  not  easy 
to  fathom;^  and  as  the  tfolDm  HuU  when  applied  to  Acts  of 
Parliament,  by  Chief  Justice  Jervis,  in  Mattiaon  v.  Rart^  and  by 
Mr.  Justice  Maule  as  ^  the  most  general  of  rules,  a  general  rule  of 
great  utility,'  in  Qether  v.  Capper.^^  ^ 

But  a  little  reflection  will  sliow  that  this  Golden  Rule  cannot  be 
properly  applied  until  the  document  under  discussion  has  been  put 
in  its  true  light.  How  otherwise  can  the  "  Ordinary  Sense  "  of  the 
words  employed  be  rightly  determined  ?  A  word  ordinarily  employed 
in  one  sense  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  may  have  quite  another 
ordinary  sense  now.  So  that  in  construing  statutes  regard  must 
be  had  to  the  time  of  their  enactment,^  and  old  deeds  and  other 
instruments  must  be  construed  as  they  would  have  been  at  their 
date.^  So  of  a  Will,  the  circumstances  which  the  testator  would, 
or  ought  to,  consider  when  making  it,  must  be  borne  in  mind.^^  So 
in  construing  a  Mercantile  Documeut  before  you  can  begin  to  read 
it  in  its  ordinary  sense,  you  have  to  know  somewhat  of  the  trade  to 
which  it  relates,  and  it  is  often  required  to  know  the  sense  in  which 
the  phrases  employed  are  used  in  that  trade.  That  is  to  say,  you 
must  put  the  document  in  its  true  mercantile  light.  So  again  a 
word  sometimes  has  a  legal  meaning,  different  from  its  popular 
meaning ;  and  then  the  circumstances  at  the  inception  of  the  docu- 
ment have  to  be  attended  to  in  order  that  it  may  be  seen  whether 
the  word  in  question  is  a  phrase  of  art,  and  so  to  receive  its  ordinary 
legal  meaning,  or  whether  it  has  been  used  as  the  language  of  com- 
mon life,  and,  therefore,  to  receive  its  ordinary  popular  meaning. 
In  such  a  case  either  meaning  would  be  the  ordinary  meaning ;  and 
what  would  have,  in  the  first  instance,  to  be  determined  would 
be, —  which  ordinary  meaning  ought  to  be  adopted?    That  could 

«  12  East,  203. 

•  Gundry  v.  Pinniger,  1  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  602  ;  21  L.  J.  Ch.  405. 
«  23  L.  J.  C.  P.  108;  14  C.  B.  386. 

»  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  71 ;  15  C.  B.  706 :  Va,  Rhodes  v.  Bhodes,  51  L.  J.  P.  C.  63;  7  App. 
Cal.  92 :  and  per  Halsbury,  C.  Leader  v.  Duffy,  58  L.  J.  P.  C.  16;  13  App.  Ca.  301. 

8  Vih,  Ward  v.  Folkestone  W.  W,  Co,  24  Q.  B.  D.  384.  Historical  works  may  be 
used  to  elucidate  ancient  statutes  ( Bead  ▼.  Lincoln,  Bp.,  1892,  A.  C.  644 ;  62  L.  J.  P.  G.  1). 

9  Sutherland  v.  Heathcote,  1892,  1  Gh.  475;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  248. 

M  Per  Ld  Blackburn,  Bowen  t.  Lewis,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  67;  9  App.  Ga.  913. 


CONSTRUCTION   OF  DOCUMENTS.  ccxxi 

only  be  done  by,  first  of  all,  putting  the  document  in  its  true  light, 
—  by  considering  the  circumstances  out  of  which  the  document 
arose. 

Written  documents  cannot  dispense  with  extrinsic  illumina- 
tion. Indeed  many  documents  need  the  aid  of  parol  evidence.^^ 
And  though  the  general  rule  of  law  prevents  the  admissibility  of 
extrinsic  evidence  to  vary  a  written  document;  yet  it  is  con- 
ceived that  that  rule  (to  which  there  are  many  exceptions)  only 
shuts  out  evidence  of  extrinsic  facts  directly  and  specially  relating 
to  the  document  in  question,  and  never  prohibits  the  consideration 
of  the  circumstances  that  are  general  to  the  class  of  documents  of 
which  that  in  question  is  one  or  out  of  which  the  document  itself 
sprang.  In  other  words,  there  is  no  rule  of  law  which  prevents 
any  document  being  read,  as  it  ought  to  be  read,  in  its  true  light. 
"  The  law  is  not  so  unreasonable  as  to  deny  to  the  reader  of  any 
instrument  the  same  light  which  the  writer  enjoyed."  ^ 

The  law  indeed  interposes  to  determine  what  extrinsic  circum- 
stances may  be  employed  by  the  light  of  which  particular  classes  of 
documents  may  be  read.  Hereon  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  works 
which  will  be  found  enumerated  at  the  close  of  this  chapter. 

It  is,  however,  safe  to  say  that  it  is  better  (where  possible)  to 
gather  the  circumstances  out  of  which  the  document  under  consider- 
ation arose  from  the  document  itself.  This  can  mostly  be  done  by 
considering  its  recitals  and^general  structure  ;  whilst  the  meaning 
of  individual  phrases  is  sometimes  shown  by  the  document  itself 
furnishing  a  dictionary,^'  and  more  frequently,  even  if  not  generally, 
such  meaning  is  shown  by  the  context,  on  the  principle  that  words, 
like  men,  are  known  by  the  company  they  keep  (Nbacitur  a  aociis)^  — 
in  truth  ''  every  possible  expression  a  man  can  use  may  be  explained 
away  by  the  context."  ^* 

It  may  possibly  be  objected  that  the  first  canon  here  proposed 

u  V.  Obs  of  Jeisel,  M.  R.,  Shardhw  ▼.  CotteriU,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  866;  20  Ch.  D.  S8. 

u  Wigram  on  Extrinsic  Eridence,  4  ed.,  86,  Example  6  to  Proposition  6,  cited  by 
Lindley.  L.  J.,  Dathwoodv.  Magniac,  1891,  3  Ch.  865;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  817:  "I  must,  to 
construe  this  Will,  sit  down  in  the  testatrix's  chair  and  know  all  she  knew  ";  per 
Kekewich,  J.,  Re  Plant,  48  S.  J.  63:  "  Some  extrinsic  evidence  is  necessary  for  the 
explanation  of  erery  Will";  per  Coleridge,  J.,  Doe  v.  Bottom,  4  A.  &  E.  82:  Vf, 
Leigh  V.  Leigh,  15  Ves.  laS,  104 :  Re  Hodgson,  1898,  2  Ch.  545 ;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  591 :  Plant 
T.  Bourne,  cited  Mt,  at  end. 

w  Per  Ld  Cairns,  Hill  ▼.  Cro(^,  cited  Child,  p.  303. 

"  Per  Wood,  V.  C,  Holmes  v.  Prescott,  33  L.  J.  Ch.  271. 


ccxxii  INTEODUCTOKY  CHAPTER  ON   THE 

is  only  a  part  of  that  so  firmly  laid  down  by  Lord  Wensleydale. 
But  though  the  two  canons  are  intimately  associated,  yet  the 
first  is  quite  distinct  from  the  second.  The  first  is  the  intimate 
preface  of  the  second.  By  applying  the  first  a  knowledge  is 
obtained  about  a  document;  the  second  then  guides  to  its  true 
interpretation.  As  to  this  second  canon  of  construction,  those 
who  say  a  document  is  not  to  be  read  literally  must  show  some 
reason  why.^^  Not  so  very  long  ago  one  used  to  hear  something 
about  the  Equity  of  a  Statute,^^  about  Strict  and  Lenient  Con- 
struction,^^  and  about  construing  private  documents  on  their  Broad 
Principle.  But  though  narrow  technicalities  are  not  now  favoured 
by  the  Courts,  yet  it  is  perhaps  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  prin- 
ciple laid  down  in  Orey  v.  Pearson  is  universally  applied  so  as  to 
hold  all  documents  to  mean  what  they  say,  —  the  question  now 
being,  What  does  the  document  say?  If  it  speaks  plainly,  that 
plain  meaning  is  to  be  followed;  if  it  speaks  ambiguously,  or 
doubtfully,  the  meaning  of  what  it  says  must  be  ascertained  in  a 
natural  and  grammatical  manner,  and  by  such  aids  as  the  law 
allows  ;  if  it  speaks  so  as  to  lead  to  absurdity,  repugnancy,  or  incon- 
sistency, that  absurd  repugnant  or  inconsistent  conclusion  is  rejected 
because  it  could  not  have  been  meant.^®  In  every  case,  therefore, 
what  has  to  be  sought  is.  What  does  the  document  say?  —  e.g.,  a 
case  must  be  within  the  words  of  a  statute ;  it  is  not  enough  to  say 
that  it  is  within  the  mischief  intended  tp  be  prevented.^  And  so  of 
private  documents.  Thus,  for  example,  in  an  assignment  to  cred- 
itors an  ultimate  trust  for  the  debtor  can  only  arise  by  express  pro- 

w  Per  Jeaael,  M.R.,  Sutton  v.  Sutton,  62  L.  J.  Ch.386;  22  Ch.  D.  516:  per  Knight 
Bruce,  V.  C,  Parker  v.  Marchant,  1  Y.  &  C.  N.  R.  800,  adopted  by  Eelier,  M.  R.,  Anderson 
V.  Anderson,  1895, 1  Q.  B.  758  :   17i,  Re  TredweU,  1891.  2  Ch.  640 ;  60  L.  J.  Cli.  667. 

^  This  is  sometimes  sought  to  be  reTived  under  the  new  name  of  Legislation  by 
Construction ;  V.  per  Williams,  J.,  Re  English  Scottish  and  Australian  Bank,  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
828. 

17  "I  cannot  concur  in  the  contention  that  because  these  Acts  (the  adulteration 
Acts)  impose  penalties,  therefore  their  construction  should  necessarily  be  strict. 
I  think  that  neither  greater  nor  less  strictness  should  be  applied  to  those  than  to 
any  other  statutes " ;  per  Day,  J.,  Newhy  ▼.  Sims,  68  L.  J.  M.  C.  229 :  "  A  liberal 
interpretation  means  no  more  than  that  the  document  should  receive  its  true  construc- 
tion according  to  its  language,  object,  and  intent " ;  per  Russell,  C.  J.,  Be  Arton,  66 
L.  J.  M.  C.  54 :  Vf,  per  Halsbury,  C,  TennaM  v.  Smith,  1892,  A.  C.  154 ;  61  L.  J.  P.  C. 
18:  per  Russell,  C.  J.,  A-G.  v.  Carlton  Bank,  cited  Receipt,  p.  1677 :  London  Co.  Co, 
V.  Aylesbury  Dairy  Co,  cited  Forecourt. 

M  Per  Parke,  B.,  Miller  v.  Salomons,  21  L.  J.  Ex.  191 ;  7  Ex.  546. 

M  Scott  V.  Leyg,  2  Ex.  D.  89;  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  267 :  Vf,  per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  and  Mar- 
tin, B.,  Nicholson  v.  Fields,  81  L.  J.  Ex.  288;  7  H.  &  N.  810. 


CONSTRUCTION   OF  DOCUMENTS.  ccxxiii 

yision,  and  it  is  not  enough  to  say  that  the  debtor  ought  to  have 
what  surplus  remains  after  his  debts  have  been  paid  in  full.® 

Sweeping  general  words  often  present  a  difficulty.  Their  wide 
terms  induce  the  doubt  as  to  whether  they  were  employed  in  their 
absolutely  literal  sense,  and  whether  so  to  construe  them  would  not 
conduct  to  absurdity.  In  such  cases  it  has  been  said,  ^^  One  of  the 
safest  guides  to  the  construction  of  sweeping  general  words,  which 
it  is  difficult  to  apply  in  their  full  literal  sense,  is  to  examine  other 
words  of  like  import  in  the  same  instrument,  and  to  see  what  limi- 
tations must  be  imposed  on  them.  If  it  is  found  that  a  number  of 
such  expressions  have  to  be  subjected  to  limitations  or  qualifica- 
tions, and  that  such  limitations  or  qualifications  are  of  the  same 
nature,  that  forms  a  strong  argument  for  subjecting  the  expression 
in  dispute  to  a  like  limitation  or  qualification."  ^  So,  wide  words 
may  be  controlled  to  a  reasonable  particularity  and  compass,  by 
the  recitals  and  other  antecedent  matter,^^  or  by  the  main  purpose 
of  the  document.^ 

But,  probably,  it  is  not  possible  to  formulate  any  rule  that  would 
guide  safely  to  the  conclusion  that  the  literal  meaning  of  any  given 
phrase  is  to  be  set  aside  on  the  ground  of  its  leading  to  absurdity, 
repugnancy,  or  inconsistency ;  and  still  less  as  to  what  should  be 
the  reading  in  lieu  of  that  so  set  aside.  Each  case  of  that  kind, 
unless  covered  by  authority,  would  have  to  take  care  for  itself, 
subject  to  this  one  general  principle,  which  would  probably  be  of 
universal  acceptation,  that  the  argument  of  convenience  ought  not 
to  prevail  except  as  a  last  resource.^ 

To  say,  as  even  eminent  judges  have  said,  that  documents  are  to 
be  construed  by  the  light  of  Common  Sense  does  not  seem  to  render 
verbal  problems  more  easy  of  solution.  Common  Sense,  as  here 
applied,  is  a  term  of  the  pumpkin  order.  It  is  round,  smooth,  and 
fair  to  view — but  hollow.  It  was  Common  Sense  which  proved  to 
the  wise  men  of  antiquity  that  there  could  be  no  antipodes ;  for  how 
could  people  walk  with  their  heads  downwards  like  flies  from  a 
ceiling  ?  * 

»  Smith  V.  Cooke,  1891,  A.  C.  297;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  607. 
M  Blackwood  ▼.  The  Queen,  52  L.  J.  P.  C.  14 ;  8  App.  Ca.  94. 

«  Arlington  ▼.  Merrtcke,  2  Wms.  Saund.  411 :  Esdaile  ▼.  La  Nauxe,  1  Y.  &  C.  394; 
4  L.  J.  Ex.  Eq.  46 :  Danbif  ▼.  Coutts,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  577;  29  Ch.  D.  500. 
2B  Glifnn  Y.  Margelson,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  466. 

M  Per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Spencer  v.  Metrop  Bd  of  Works,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  255 ;  22  Ch.  D.  167. 
»  ly,  per  Ld  Macnaghten,  Keighley  v.  Durant,  1901,  A.  C.  246;  70  L.  J.  K.  B.  665. 


ccxxiv  INTRODUCTORY  CHAPTER  ON  THE 

It  is,  perhaps,  more  to  the  purpose  to  say  that  "  Popular  language 
should  be  expounded  popularly.""  But  before  that  rule  can  be 
brought  into  operation  it  must  be  ascertained  whetlier  the  words  in 
question  are  popular  ones  or  not.  To  this  end  the  first  canon  here 
stated  may,  possibly,  be  useful.  Thus,  Acts  of  Parliament,  as 
proceeding  from  a  popular  assembly,  frequently ,^7  and  Mercantile 
Contracts,  as  employing  the  language  of  the  market,  generally,  will 
be  interpreted  in  a  popular  sense  and  in  accordance  with  the  trade 
usage  applicable  to  the  particular  contract ;  ^  whilst  Deeds,  Wills 
professionally  prepared,  and  such-like  solemn  and  formal  docu- 
ments, are  usually  couched  in  the  language  of  conveyancers,  and 
the  "  Ordinary  Sense "  of  such  language  would  be  its  technical 
meaning. 

But  irrespective  of  the  distinction  between  technical  and  popular 
meanings,  a  word  may  have  different  meanings,  and  then  we  get 
this  Rule,  — "  Where  we  find  a  term  which  is  used  in  more  than 
one  sense,  which  has  a  primary,  secondary,  and  tertiary,  meaning 
the  rule  of  construction  is  this  —  The  law  has  settled  which  of  its 
several  meanings  is  the  primary  one,  and  then  you  require  a  con- 
text to  give  it  one  of  its  other  meanings."  ^  To  say  that  the  law 
"  has  "  settled  the  primary  meaning  of  words  is  only  true  in  a  very 
limited  measure  indeed.  The  primary  legal  meaning  of  a  word  can 
never  be  absolutely  predicated  until  the  authorities  on  that  word 
are  duly  considered ;  and  then  not  always.  When,  however,  such 
primary  meaning  is  known  (and  it  is  hoped  that  this  Dictionary 
may  to  some  degree  help  in  that  knowledge),  then  the  rule  as  stated 
in  Pigg  v.  Clarke  guides  to  the  "  Ordinary  Sense  "  of  a  word  having 
more  than  one  meaning.  But  when  the  primary  legal  meaning  has 
not  been  settled  by  decision,  then  it  is  necessary  to  remember  that 
the  legal  primary  meaning  would  not,  necessarily,  be  the  primary 
etymological  meaning,  but  would  be  collected  from  the  ordinary 
import  of  the  word  as  used  in  ordinary  conversation.*^ 

In  the  uncertainty  arising  from  the  different  meanings  of  words 


»  Per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  Aggn  r.  Nicholson,  26  L.  J.  Ex.  860;  1  H.  &  N.  166. 

"  Stradling  v.  Morgan,  Plowd.  205  a,  cited  by  Halsburj,  C,  BeUCox  v.  Hakes,  60 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  04;  16  App.  Ca.  518,  and  bj  Bowen,  L.  J.,  Re  Standard  Manufacturing  Co, 
60  L.  J.  Ch.  800 ;  1891, 1  Ch.  646. 

«  V.  per  Esher,  M.R.,  on  Charter-Parties,  Nottebohm  v.  Richter,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  34. 

»  Per  Jesiel,  M.R.,  Pigg  v.  Clarke,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  860 ;  8  Ch.  D.  674. 

»  Be  Terry,  19  Bea.  580:  Elph.  48. 


CONSTRUCTION   OF  DOCUMENTS.  ccxxv 

there  is  some  help  frequently  to  be  derived  from  the  rule  that,  — 
When  it  can  be  seen  that  a  word  is  clearly  used  in  a  particular 
sense  in  one  part  of  a  document,  that  will,  generally,  be  its  mean- 
ing throughout  the  document.^i  But  even  this  rule  is  not  of 
universal  application ;  for  the  same  word  may  be  used  in  different 
senses  in  different  parts  of  the  same  document.^ 

One  other  general  rule  may  be  added,  viz.,  —  Such  a  construction 
of  doubtful  words  and  phrases  should  be  adopted  as  will  give  a 
reasonable  meaning  to  every  word  and  phrase  in  the  documeut. 

The  time  in  relation  to  which  a  document  is  to  be  construed  is 
the  time  when  it  comes  into  life.    That  is  to  say :  — 

An  Act  of  Parliament^  when  it  comes  into  operation  (s.  36, 
Interp  Act,  1889) :  . 

A  Contract,  its  date : 

A  Deed,  its  delivery :  ^ 

A  Will  "  shall  be  construed,  with  reference  to  the  Real  Estate 
and  Personal  Estate  comprised  in  it,  to  speak  and  take  effect 
as  if  it  had  been  executed  immediately  before  the  death  of 
the  testator,  unless  a  contrary  intention  shall  appear  by  the 
Will."  8* 

There  remains  to  bear  in  mind,  in  concluding  these  remarks  on 
the  fundamental  canons  of  construction,  and  also  in  the  use  of  the 
Dictionary,  that  cases  on  construction  help  the  Court  in  determin- 
ing the  true  meaning  of  words  and  phrases ;  but  they  lay  down  no 
absolute  rule  which  prevents  the  Court  of  Construction  arriving  at 

n  Courtauld  v.  Legh,  38  L.  J.  £z.  49;  L.  R.  4  Ex.  130 :  Fertnoy*8  Case,  5  H.  L.  Ca. 
745:  Blackwood  v.  The  Queen,  ante:  2  Jarm.  842:  Foster  v.  Wybrants,  Ir.  Rep. 
11  £q.  40. 

*  Courtatdd  ▼.  Legh,  snp :  Carter  v.  BentaU,  cited  Issuk,  p.  1011 :  Doe  d.  Angell  v. 
AngeU,  15  L.  J.  Q.  B.  193;  9  Q.  B.  328,  cited  Rent,  p.  1712  :  Gill  ▼.  Barrett,  29  Bea. 
872 :  £L  r.  Alien,  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R  371.  373,  374 ;  41  L.  J.  M.  C.  99, 100 :  per  Bowen,  L.  J. 
Cooke  T.  New  River  Co,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  389;  38  Ch.  D.  56 ;  58  L.  T.  830 ;  affd  14  App.  Ca. 
69a 

«•  Co.  litt  85  b :  Clayton's  Case,  5  Rep.  1 :  Touch.  72 :  Elpb.  119. 

•*  8.  24, 1  V.  c  26,  on  whv  Contrart  Intbwtiow.  Probably,  a  Will,  qua  its  legal 
operation  is,  generally,  to  be  read  according  to  the  law  existing  at  its  date ;  V.  Jones  ▼. 
Ogle,  8  Ch.  195 ;  42  L.  J.  Ch.  334 :  Re  March,  27  Cli.  D.  166 ;  54  L.  J.  Ch.  148 :  Sv,  on 
the  contrary,  Haduck  r.  Pedley,  L.  R.  19  Eq.  271 ;  44  L.  J.  Ch.  143,  followed  in  Con- 
stable T.  Constable,  11  Ch.  D.  681 ;  48  L.  J.  Ch.  621 :  Vf,  Lawrence  v.  Lawrence,  2G 
Ch.  D.  795;  53  L.  J.  Ch.  982:  Re  Bridger,  1894, 1  Ch.  297 ;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  186.  Vh,  87 
8.  J.  42. 

VOL.  I.  0 


CCXXVl 


INTEODUCTOEY  CHAPTEE  ON  THE 


its  own  conclusion  in  the  absence  of  decision  upon  the  same  instru- 
ment, or  on  the  same  word  or  phrase.^ 

The  Rules  of  Construction  of  the  several  classes  of  documents 
will  be  found  fully  treated  and  illustrated  in  the  following 
works :  — 


Sitte  of  l^arltament* 


Dwarris  on  Statutes. 

Maxwell  on  the  Interpretation  of  Statutes. 

Wilberforce  on  Statute  Law. 

Broom's  Maxims,  Ch.  1,  sect.  2. 

Bacon's  Maxims,  Eeg.  10,  16, 19. 

Barrington  on  Statutes. 


ConcracC0« 


Addison  on  Contracts,  Book  I.,  Ch.  2. 

Chitty  on  Contracts,  Ch.  5. 

Leake  on  Contracts,  Part  1,  Ch.  4,  sects. 

2  and  3. 
Anson  on  Contracts,  Part  4. 
Pollock  on  Contracts,  7th  ed.,  Ch.  6. 
2  Smith's  Leading  Case8,i^o«v.  Tranmarr. 
Broom's  Maxims,  Ch.  8. 
Lindley  on  Partnership,  Book  3,  Ch.  9. 
1  Maude  &  Pollock  on  Shipping,  Ch.  6. 
Abbott  on  Shipping,  p.  307  et  seq. 
MacLachlan  on  Shipping. 
Scrutton  on  Charter-Parties  and  Bills  of 

Lading. 
Carver  on  Carriage  of  Goods  by  Sea. 
Wood  on  Mercantile  Agreements. 


£DeeO0* 


Elphinstone  Norton  and  Clark  on  the 
Eules  for  the  Interpretation  of  Deeds; 
with  a  Glossary. 

Piatt  on  Covenants. 

Piatt  on  Leases,  Part  6. 

Hamilton  on  Covenants. 

Broom's  Maxims,  Ch.  8. 

Co.  Litt.  36  a. 

Bacon's  Maxims,  Beg.  21. 

The  Touch-Stone,  Ch.  5. 


«6  Per  Jessel,  M.R.,  Athill  v.  AthiU,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  126 ;  16  Ch.  D.  223,  224 


CONSTRUCTION   OF  DOCUMENTS. 


ccxxvu 


Wiillg* 


Hawkins  on  the  Construction  of  Wills. 
Jarman  on  Wills,  passim^  but  especially 

Ch.  51. 
Williams  on  Executors,  Part  3,  Book  3, 

Ch.  2. 
Theobald  on  Wills. 
Wigram  on  Extrinsic  Evidence. 
Tudor's  Leading  Cases  on  Real  Property. 
Tudor  on  Charitable  Trusts,  Ch.  5. 
Gilbert  on  Wills. 


9t0cellaneou0  Writings* 


Broom's  Maxims,  Ch.  8. 

Bacon's  Maxims,  Reg.  3,  4,  8,  10,  13,  16, 
19,  20,  23. 

Real's  Cardinal  Rules  of  Legal  Interpre- 
tation. 


THE 


JUDICIAL   DICTIONARY. 


A.  —  "A"  is  sometimes  read  as  "the";  e,g.  an  act  done  "with  a 
yiew  ^  of  giving  a  creditor  a  fraudulent  preference  (Bankry  Act,  1869, 
8.  92;  and  now  s.  48,  Bankry  Act,  1883),  means  with  the  view,  —  the  real, 
effectual,  substantial,  dominant  view  of  giving  a  preference  {Ex  p.  Hill, 
Me  Bird,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  903 ;  23  Ch.  D.  695:  Exp.  Taylor,  18  Q.  B.  D. 
295:  Vh.  Be  Mills,  58  L.  T.  871;  4  Times  Rep.  284:  He  Tweedale, 
1892,  2  Q.  B.  216;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  505;  66  L.  T.  233:  Hew's  Trustee  v. 
Hunting,  and  Sharp  v.  Jackson,  cited  View:  Re  Clay,  3  Manson,  31, 
Vthe,  Re  Eaton,  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  491 ;  1897, 2  Q.  B.  16;  SvthU^  Re  Laurie, 
46  W.  R.  491;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  431).     V.  Motive. 

So  "  an  Attorney  acting  geuerally  in  the  action  "  may  appear  for  a 
party  in  a  County  Court,  s.  10,  15  &  16  V.  c.  54,  means  the  attorney 
(Bookham  v.  Fotter,  37  L.  J.  C.  P.  276;  L.  R.  3  C.  P.  490;  16  W.  R. 
806 ;  18  L.  T.  479) ;  and  a  like  interpretation  was  given  to  the  like  phrase 
in  s.  72,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888  (R.  v.  Snagge,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  440 ;  63  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  689;  70  L.  T.  874;  42  W.  R.  603).    Cp.  Ex  p.  Pratt,  cited  An. 

"  A  **  may  sometimes  be  read  as  "  some,"  e,g.  in  an  Order  under  s.  28 
(5),  47  &  48  V.  c.  70,  directing  a  prosecution  for  "  a  "  Corrupt  Practice 
(R,  V.  Rileyy  cited  Cobrupt  Practice).  But  more  frequently  "  a  "  is 
the  equivalent  of  "  any  " ;  and  therefore  where  by  s.  52,  Agricultural 
Holdings  (England)  Act,  1883  (46  &  47  V.  c.  61  extended  to  distresses 
generally,  s.  7,  51  &  52  V.  c.  21),  bailiffs  for  levying  a  distress  on  an 
agricultural  holding  are  to  be  appointed  in  writing  "  by  the  judge  of  a 
County  Court,"  that  does  not  mean  "  of  the  County  Court  in  the  district 
of  which  the  holding  is,"  but  means  "  of  any  County  Court  "  ;  so  that  a 
bailiff  appointed  by  any  County  Court  judge  may  levy  an  agricultural 
distress  anywhere  (Re  Sanders,  Ex  p.  Sergeant,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  331). 
So,  Recognizances  on  an  appeal  to  Quarter  Sessions,  "  before  a  Court  of 
Summary  Jurisdiction,"  s.  31  (3),  42  &  43  V.  c.  49,  may  be  before  any 
such  Court  (R.  v.  Durham  Jus.,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  801 ;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  189 ; 
72  L.  T.  465;  43  W.  R.  423;  59  J.  P.  264).  So,  "Notice  to  appoint 
an  Arbitrator,"  s.  5,  Arb.  Act,  1889,  does  not  require  that  an  Arbitrator 
be  named  in  the  Notice  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Re  Eyre  and  Leicester,  cited 
Appoint,  at  end).    So,  semble,  "  a  Solr  "  producing  a  deed  is  thereby 

1 


ABANDON 


authorized  to  receive  its  consideration,  s.  56,  Con  v.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881, 
means  anij  Solr  {King  v.  Smith,  1900,  2  Ch.  425  ;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  598  ;  82 
L.  T.  815,  commenting  on  Dai/  v.  Woolwich  Bg.  Socy,^  68  L.  J.  Ch.  280 ; 
40  Ch.  D.  491;  60  L.  T.  752;  37  W.  R.  461). 

But  "  on,  or  in,  or  about  a  Eailway,  Factory,"  &c,  s.  7  (1),  Work- 
men's Comp.  Act,  1897,  does  not  mean  "  any  "  Ry,  &c,  but  means  the 
Ry  &c  of  the  Employer  of  the  Workman  {Francis  v.  Turner,  1900, 1  Q.  B. 
478;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  182 ;  81  L.  T.  770;  48  W.  R.  228;  64  J.  P.  53). 

It  is  difficult  to  read  "  a  "  as  "  all  "  :  —  the  phrase  **  a  Lessee  includes 
an  Original  or  Derivative  Under-lessee,"  s.  14  (3),  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act, 
1881,  does  not  include  all  Under-lessees,  e,g,  it  does  not  include  an 
Under-lessee  of  part  of  the  demised  property  {Burt  v.  Gray,  1891, 
2  Q.  B.  98;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  664;  65  L.  T.  229 ;  39  W.  R.  429). 

A  grant  of  "  a  "  Right  of  Sporting  on  land,  gives  only  a  concurrent 
right ;  but  "  the  "  right  would  give  it  exclusively  {Grafiam  v.  Ewart, 
25  L.  J.  Ex.  47 ;  26  lb.  97;  nom.  Eioart  v.  Graham,  29  lb.  88;  7  H.  L. 
Ca.  331 ;  Vthc  Devonshire  v.  0'  Connor^  cited  Freehold  :  Vf,  Suther* 
land  V.  HeathcotCy  cited  Liberty  op  Working).  V.  Fishery:  Exclu- 
sive Right:  Hunting. 

So  a  clergyman  may  be  "a"  Minister  of  a  Church,  without  being 
**  the  "  minister.      V,  Minister. 

"  A  Share  " ;  V.  Be  Fickus,  cited  Share. 

A  License  to  fish  "  with  a  Rod  and  Line,"  does  not  justify  the  use 
of  more  than  one  Rod  and  Line  {Comhridge  v.  Harrison,  72  L.  T.  692; 
64  L.  J.  M.  C.  175  ;  59  J.  P.  198).  By  a  covenant  not  to  erect  any 
building  "  except  a  private  dwelling-house,"  not  merely  the  class  of 
building  is  defined  in  the  exception  but  only  one  of  that  class  is  permitted 
thereby  (per  Denman,  J.,  Smith  v.  Standing,  32  S.  J.  734).  Vf,  Kim^ 
her  V.  Admans,  and  Bogers  v.  Hosegood,  cited  House. 

So,  the  provision  for  issuing  a  Bankry  Notice  against  a  Debtor,  "  if  a 
Creditor  has  obtained  a  Final  Judgment  against  him, "  s.  4  (1  g),  Bankry 
Act,  1883,  means  one  jdgmt,  and  two  or  more  jdgmts  cannot  be  included 
in  any  one  Notice  {Be  Low,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  147;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  265 ;  63 
L.T.  694;  39  W.  R.  181). 

The  provision  in  s.  1,  Exors  Act,  1830, 11  G.  4  «&j  1  W.  4,  c.  40,  that  an 
exor  is  to  be  deemed  "  a  Trustee  "  for  the  Next-of-kin,  quk  an  undisposed 
of  residue  of  personalty,  does  not  make  him  an  "  Express  Trustee  "  {Be 
Lacy,  1899,  2  Ch.  149;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  488;  80  L.  T.  706;  47  W.  R.  664). 
Vh.  s.  30,  Sum.  Jur.  Act,  1879,  as  doubted  and  expounded  by  s.  8,  Sum. 
Jur.  Act,  1884 

r.  An  :  Every  :  One  :  The. 

ABANDON.  —  "Abandon  or  expose  "  a  child  under  two  years  of 
age,  s.  27,  24  &  26  V.  c.  100;  —  These  words  "  include  a  wilful  omission 
to  take  charge  of  the  child  on  the  part  of  a  person  legally  bound  to  do  so^ 


ABANDON  8         ABANDONMENT 

and  any  mode  of  dealing  with  it  calculated  to  leave  it  exposed  to  risk 
without  protection  "  (Steph.  Cr.  196,  citing  R.  v.  White,  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  E. 
311;  40  L.  J.  M.  C.  134:  R.  v.  Falkingham,  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  222;  39 
L.  J.  M.  C.  47).      Vf.  Arch.  Cr.  839,  840 :  Eosc.  Cr.  348. 

A  creditor  does  not  "  abandon  the  excess  "  of  his  claim,  s.  81,  Co.  Co. 
Act,  1888,  by  merely  suing  for  part  of  his  demand  (  Vines  v.  Arnold^ 
8C.  B.  632;  19  L.  J.  C.  P.  98). 

Abandoned  Lands ;   V.  Superfluous  Land,  at  end. 

Abandon  Salvage;    V.  Salvage. 

ABANDONMENT.  —  In  a  policy  of  Marine  Insurance,  Abandon- 
ment is  of  the  essence  of  a  claim  for  constructive  total  loss. 

"The  word  'abandon'  is  one  in  ordinary  and  common  use,  and  in  its 
natural  sense  well  understood;  but  there  is  not  a  word  in  the  English 
language  used  in  a  more  highly  artificial  and  technical  sense  than  the 
word  'abandon';  in  reference  to  constructive  total  loss,  it  is  defined  to 
be  a  cession  or  transfer  of  the  ship  from  the  owner  to  the  under- writer, 
and  of  all  his  property  and  interest  in  it,  with  all  the  claims  that  may 
arise  from  its  ownership,  and  all  the  profits  that  may  arise  from  it,  in- 
cluding the  freight  then  being  earned  "  (per  Martin,  B.,  Rankin  v. 
Fotfer,  42  L,  J.  C.  P.  200;  L.  R.  6  H.  L.  139 :  Vh.  Park,  ch.  9).  In 
a  Notice  of  Abandonment  it  is  not  necessary  to  use  the  word"  abandon  "  ; 
an  equivalent  expression  suffices  (Curriev,  Bombay  Insrce,  L.  R.  3  P.  C. 
78,  79).     Vf,  8  Encyc.  192-195. 

What  is  an  Abandonment  of  a  Wreck,  so  as  to  avoid  liability  respect- 
ing it;  V.  The  Snark,  1899,  P.  74 ;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  22;  80  L.  T. 
25;  47  W.  R.  398,  and  cases  there  cited;  affd.  1900, P.  105;  69  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  41;  82  L.  T.  42;  48  W.  R.  279.     V.  Owner,  towards  end. 

"  The  surrender  of  a  Child  to  an  adopted  parent  as  an  act  of  prudence 
or  necessity  under  the  pressure  of  present  inability  to  maintain  it,  and 
if  done  in  the  interests  of  the  Child,  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  Abandon- 
ment or  Desertion,  or  even  as  unmindfulness  of  parental  duty,"  within 
8.  3,  Custody  of  Children  Act,  1891,  54  V.  c.  3  (per  Fitz-Gibbon,  L.  J., 
Re  O'Hara,  1900,  2  I.  R.  244). 

An  Abandonment  of  Possession,  by  a  Sheriff  in  an  Execution,  or  by  a 
Bailiff  in  a  Distress,  is  always  one  of  fact,  to  be  determined  on  the  facts 
and  circumstances  of  each  case  {Bagshawes  v.  Deacon,  1898,  2  Q.  B. 
173;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  658;  78  L.  T.  776;  46  W.  R.  618:  whc  reviewed, 
amongst  other  authorities,  Swan  v.  Falmouth,  6  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B.  374; 
8  B.  &  G.  456 :  Ackland  v.  Faynter,  8  Price,  95,  and  Eldridge  v.  Stacey, 
15  C.  B.  N.  S.  468;  33  L.  J.  C.  P.  31 ;  9  L.  T.  291 ;  12  W.  R.  51.  Vf. 
Lumsden  y.  Burnett,  1898,  2  Q.  B.  177;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  661;  78  L.  T. 
778;  46  W.  R.  664:  Bannister  v.  Hyde,  and  Jones  v.  Beimstein^  cited 
Possession). 

As  to  Waiver,  or  Abandonment,  of  a  Ri3Ht,  "  it  is  necessary  to  under^ 


ABANDONMENT        4  ABATE 

stand  precisely  what  is  the  qualification  which  has  heen  introduced  by 
the  case  of  Freeman  v.  Cooke  (18  L.  J.  Ex.  114:  2  Ex.  654)  into  the 
doctrine  of  law  as  it  was  laid  down  by  Ld.  Denman  in  Pickard  v.  Sears 
(6  A.  &  E.  469-474),  —  *  The  rule  of  law  is  clear,  that  where  one  by  his 
words  or  conduct  wilfully  causes  another  to  believe  the  existence  of  a 
certain  state  of  things,  and  induces  him  to  act  on  that  belief  so  as  to 
alter  his  own  previous  position,  the  former  is  concluded  from  averring 
against  the  latter  a  different  state  of  things  as  existing  at  the  same 
time.*  In  Freeman  v.  Cooke^  Parke,  B.,  in  delivering  the  jdgmt  of 
the  Court  of  Exchequer,  qualified  that  proposition  by  saying,  —  *  In  most 
cases  the  doctrine  in  Pickard  v.  Sears  is  not  to  be  applied,  unless  the 
representation  is  such  as  to  amount  to  the  CoirrRACT,  or  License,  of  the 
party  making  it.'  So  that,  I  apprehend,  where  there  is  a  Vested  Right 
or  Interest  in  any  party,  the  principle  of  law,  as  now  firmly  established, 
is  that  he  cannot  waive  or  abandon  that  right  except  by  acts  which 
are  equivalent  to  an  Agreement  or  to  a  License  "  (per  Chelmsford,  C, 
Clarke  v.  RaH,  6  H.  L.  Ca.  655,  656 ;  27  L.  J.  Ch.  618,  619) .  V.  Palmer 
V.  Moore,  1900,  A.  C.  293;  69  L.  J.  P.  C.  64;  82  L.  T.  166,  in  who,  on 
that  principle,  it  was  held  that  there  had  been  an  Abandonment  of  a  Share 
in  a  Lease.  CJp. "  Discontinuance  of  Possession,"  sub  Discoxtixuaxce  : 
Dispossession. 

To  constitute  Abandonment  of  a  Trade-Mark  an  intention  to  abandon 
must  be  shown:  mere  evidence  of  non-user  is  insufficient  {^Mouson  v. 
Boehm,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  932;  26  Ch.  D.  398).     V.  Commencement. 

Abandonment  of  an  Undertaking,  e.g,  a  Ry ;  V,  Re  Hull,  Bamsley,  & 
W.  Riding  Ri/y  37  S.  J.  477:  Re  Manchester ,  &c.  Trams  Co,  62  L.  J. 
Ch.  752:  Commencement.  . 

Abandonment  of  a  Way  is  not  shown  by  mere  non-user  {Ward  v. 
Ward,  7  Ex.  839;  21  L.  J.  Ex.  334:  Cook  v.  Bath,  L.  R.  6  Eq.  177: 
James  v.  Stevenson,  1833,  A.  C.  162;  62  L.  J.  P.  C.  51 ;  68  L.  T.  539); 
so,  of  a  Right  to  Light  (Newson  v.  Pender,  27  Ch.  D.  43:  Smith  v. 
Baxter,  cited  Interruption). 

Cp.  Relinquish. 

ABATE.  —  *'  *  Abate  '  is  both  an  English  and  French  word,  and  sig- 
nifieth,  in  his  proper  sense,  to  diminish  or  take  away,  as  here  (s.475,  Litt.) 
by  his  entrie  he  diminisheth  and  taketh  away  the  freehold  in  law  descended 
to  the  heire  :  and  so  it  is  said,  to  abate  an  account,  signifying  subtraction 
or  withdrawing,  &c,  and  to  abate  the  courage  of  a  man.  In  another 
sense  it  signifieth  to  prostrate,  beat  downe,  or  overthrow,  as  to  abate 
castles,  houses,  and  the  like,  and  to  abate  a  writ;  and  hereof  commeth  a 
word  of  art,  abatamentum,  which  is  an  entrie  by  interposition."  "  A 
Disseisin,  is  a  wrongful  putting  out  of  him  that  is  actually  seised  of  a 
freehold.  An  Abatement  is  when  a  man  died  seised  of  an  estate  of  in- 
heritance, and  betweene  the  death  and  the  entry  of  the  heire,  an  estranger 


ABATE  6  ABLE 

doth  interpose   bimselfe  and  abate."    (Co.  Litt.  277  a;    Vf.  lb.  134  b). 
Vh.  Cowel :  3  Bla.  Com.  167. 

ABATEMENT.—  V.  Abate:  Deductions.     Vh.  1  Encyc.  15-20. 

ABDICATE. — "^Abdication,'  is  a  disinheriting,  or  rather  a  vol- 
untary act  of  renouncing,  disowning,  &c.  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

ABDUCTION.  —  V.  Steph.  Cr.  191-194,  stating  24  &  25  V.  c.  100, 
as.  53,  54,  as  explained  by  the  authorities  there  cited.  Vf,  Arch.  Cr. 
854:  Rose.  Cr.  232-238:  1  Encyc.  21:   Vf.  Knowingly. 

Earl  of  ABERDEEN'S  ACT.  —  The  Entail  Provisions  Act,  1824, 

5  G.  4,  c.  87. 

ABET.  —  V.  Aid  ob  Abet. 

«  Abettor  ";    V.  Termes  de  la  Ley:  1  Encyc.  23,  24 

ABEYANCE.  —  ***In  abeiance';  That  is,  in  expectation,  of  the 
French  word  bayer^  to  expect.  For  when  a  parson  dieth,  wee  say  that 
the  freehold  is  in  abeyance,  because  a  successor  is  in  expectation  to  take 
it  "  (Co.  Litt.  342  b).  "  So,  it  is  a  maxim  in  law,  That  of  every  land 
there  is  Fee  Simple  in  some  man,  or  else  it  lies  in  abeyance  "  (Cowel). 
Vf  Termes  de  la  Ley :  1  Encyc.  25. 

ABI DE.  —  '<  Abide  the  Event '' ;   V.  Event  :  Kesult. 
Deposit  "  to  abide  the  event "  of  a  Wager ;   V.  Deposit  :  Coveb. 

ABILITY.  —  In  the  sense  of  being  able  to  pay,  as  used  in  9  G.  4,  c.  14, 
8.  6;  V.  Lyde  v.  Barnard,  1 M.  &  W.  101 ;  5  L.  J.  Ex.  117;  1  Sm.  L.  C. 
195-197.  Accordingly,  a  Certification  of  Shares  is  not  a  representation 
of  the  "Credit,"  or  "Ability"  of  the  intended  Transferor,  within  the 
section  {Bishop  v.  Balkis  Co.,  cited  Cebtification). 

Vf.  Legal  Disability. 

ABJURATION.  —  Is  a  voluntary  Banishment,  "a  renouncing  by 
oath,  OP  forswearing  of  the  realm"  (Cowel:  Termes  de  la  Ley):  but, 
semble,  it  cannot  be  partial,  it  is  "  a  deportation  far  ever  into  a  forreine 
land"  (Co.  Litt.  133a):  it  is  "a  civil  death,"  like  to  one  pbofbssed  in 
kelfgion  (lb.).    Vh.  Newsome  v.  Bowyer^  3  P.  Wms.  38:  1  Encyc.  26. 

Cp.  Kelegation  :  Tbanspobtation. 

ABLE. — A  gift  of  residue  to  an  infant  "if  he  shall  be  ahle  to  dis- 
charge the  executors  "  is  good,  because,  by  action  in  Ch.  D.  he  is  "  able  " 
to  discharge  the  executors  {Ledward  v.  Haasells^  2^  L.  J.  Ch.  311 ;  2  K. 

6  J.  370). 

An  acknowledgment  to  pay  "  when  able  "  or  "  as  soon  as  I  can,"  throws 
the  onus  of  proving  the  debtor's  ability  to  pay  on  the  creditor  {Davies  v. 
Smith,  4  Esp.  36 :  Besford  v.  Saunders,  2  Bl.  H.  116:  Tanner  v.  Smart, 
6  B.  &  C.  603:  Philips  v.  Philips,  3  Hare,  281,  299:  Smith  v.  Thome^ 


ABLE  6  ABSCOND 

18  Q.  B.  139;  21  L.J.  Q.  B.  199:  Meyerlwffy.  FroeJdkh,  4  C.  P.  D.  63; 
48  L.  J.  C.  P.  43);  and  the  Statute  of  Limitations,  on  such  an  acknow- 
ledgment, runs  from  the  time  when,  in  fact,  the  debtor  is  able,  whether 
that  state  of  things  be  known  to  the  creditor  or  not  (  Waters  v.  Thanety 
2  Q.  B.  757:  Hammond  v.  SmUh,  33  Bea.  452). 

"  Able,  Practical  Surveyor,  or  Valuer  ";    V,  Survkyor. 

"  Chargeable "  is  not  the  equivalent  of  Poor  Person  "  not  able  to 
work,"  in  s.  26,  59  G.  3,  c.  12  (Ke  Morten,  5  Q.  B.  691). 

ABODE "Abode,"  "Place  of  Abode";     F.  Place:   Va.  Usual 

Place  of  Abode:  Last. 

ABORTION.— Procuring  Abortion,  s.  58,  24  &  26  V.  c.  100;  Fh. 
Administer  :  Cause  to  be  taken  :  Noxious :  Poison.  Vf,  Arch.  Cr. 
793:  Rose.  Cr.  239:  1  Encyc.  29,  30. 

ABORTIVE.  —  An  "Abortive  Trial  "  is  when  the  case  has  gone  off 
without  a  verdict,  without  the  fault,  contrivance,  or  management  of  the 
parties;  but  not  when  there  has  been  a  verdict,  though  that  has  been 
set  aside  {Croker  v.  Orpen,  Jebb  &  B.  43). 

ABOUT.—  F.  Botime  v.  Seymour,  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  202;  16  C.  B. 
337:  Alcock  v.  Leeuw,  1  Cab.  &  El.  98.  Va.  More  or  Less:  Say: 
Thereabouts. 

Vf.  In  or  about. 

In  a  Charter-Party,  the  phrase  "  now  sailed,  or  about  to  sail^"  im- 
ports, in  its  latter  clause,  that  the  ship  is  just  ready  to  sail  (per  Esher, 
M.  K,  Bentsen  v.  Taylor,  1893, 2  Q.  B.  274 ;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  15;  69  L.  T. 
487;  42  W.  R.  8).     Vf.  Now. 

"  About  to  suspend  payment " ;  F.  Suspend  :  Notice. 

ABOVE.  —  "  At  the  above  date  ";    V.  Attest. 

ABROAD.  —  A  Trustee  resident  in  Normandy,  though  he  has  at- 
tended in  England  most  of  the  meetings  of  trustees  and  is  still  willing 
to  act,  is  "  abroad,"  quk  vacating  his  trust  and  a  power  to  appoint  new 
trustees  {Re  Stamford,  1896,  1  Ch.  288;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  134).  In  each 
case  it  is  a  question  of  fact;  Vh.  Re  Moravian  Socy,,  26  Bea.  101; 
6  W.  R.  851 ;    O'ReUly  v.  Alderson,  8  Hare,  101. 

"  Resident  abroad  " ;    Fl  Reside,  at  end. 

ABSCOND. — An  Absconding  Debtor,  is,  semble,  an  Insolvent 
Debtor  who  "  departs  for  distant  countries  before  the  necessary  pro- 
ceedings can  bo  taken  to  make  him  a  bankrupt  "  (Preamble  to  33  &  34 
V.  c.  76).  That  statute  was  repealed  by  the  Bankry  Act,  1883,  by  s.  4 
(1  cT)  of  which  the  phrase  for  **  absconding  "  seems  to  be,  a  Debtor  who, 
with  intent  to  defeat,  or  delay,  his  Crs,  "  departs  out  of  England,  or,  being 
out  of  England,  remains  out  of  England."     Vf.  Absent  ;  Depart. 


ABSCOND  7  ABSENT 

Bankrupt  "  has  absconded,  or  is  about  to  abscond  "  (s.  7,  Bankry  Act, 
1890,  amending  s.  25,  Bankry  Act,  1883),  are  words  ''without  limita- 
tion as  to  time,  and  mean,  has  absconded  before,  or  is  about  to  abscond 
after,  the  Notice  or  Petition  "  (per  Smith,  L.  J.,  E.  v.  Northallei'ton 
Co,  Co,  Judge,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  26 ;  47  W.  R.  68;  affd.  in  H.  L.,  68  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  896;  1899,  A.  C.  439;   80  L.  T.  814). 

Absconding  Deft;  V.  Jopling  v.  Stuart^  4  Ves.  619:  Graver  v. 
Temjjle,  9  Sim.  623;  8  L.  J.  Ch.  213:  Hele  v.  Ogle,  2  Hare,  623: 
Hamilton  v.  Hamilton^  Ir.  Bep.  6  Eq.  48. 

ABSENCE.  — Judicial  Separation  obtained  in  the  "  Absence  "  of  the 
respondent,  s.  23,  20  &  21  V.  c.  86,  means,  his  or  her  non-appearance  in 
the  suit  (PhiUips  v.  Phillips,  L.  E.  1  P.  t&  D.  169;  36  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
70;  14  L.  T.  604:  14  W.  R.  902). 

ABSENT.  —  "  Absent  "  does  not  connote  that  the  person  referred  to 
was  ever  previously  present;  its  ordinary  sense  is,  to  describe  a  person  or 
persons  as  not  being  in  a  particular  place  at  the  time  referred  to  {Ash' 
bury  y.  EllU,  1893,  A.  C.  339;  62  L.  J.  P.  C.  107;  69  L.  T.  169). 
Cp,  Return. 

S.  4  (1<^  Bankry  Act,  1883:  — "The  result  of  the  cases  is  that  a 
man's  intentionally  keeping  away  from  any  place,  where  he  would  in  the 
ordinary  course  of  things  be,  is  absenting  himself,  though  it  is  not  an  act 
of  Bankry  unless  it  be  with  intent  to  defeat  or  delay  his  creditors  "  (Yate 
Lee,  citing  Exp.  Meyer,  Re  Stephany,  41  L.  J.  Bank.  33:  L.  R.  7  Ch. 
188)  ;  but  the  absenting  need  not  be  "  from  a  particular  place  by  physical 
bodily  absence  "  (per  Williams,  J.,  Re  Alderson,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  183 ;  64 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  190).  Vf.  Re  Worsley,  W.  N.  (1900),  269 :  Yate  Lee,  47-60 : 
Wms.  Bank.  20:  Robson,  137:  Baldwin,  84.    V.  Depart.    Cp.  Abscond. 

To  "  absent  himself  "  from  his  service  within  s.  3,  4  G.  4,  c.  34  (re- 
pealed), meant  absent  himself  without  lawful  excuse  {Re  Turner,  9  Q.  B. 
80;  16  L.  J.  M.  C.  140:  Re  Geswood,  23  L.  J.  M.  C.  36;  2  E.  &  B. 
952),  and  knowing  he  had  no  such  excuse  {Rider  y.  Wood,  29  L.  J. 
M.  C.  1).  Vf,  Willett  V.  Boote,  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  6;  6  H.  &  K.  26:  Ash- 
more  v.  HoHon^  29  L.  J.  M.  C.  13. 

Generally,  a  Workman  who  refuses  to  avail  himself  of  the  convenient 
access  to  his  work  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  required  by  his  Em- 
ployer, ''  absents  "  himself  from  his  work,  and  gives  his  employer  a  claim 
for  damages  for  breach  of  contract  {Press  v.  Bowes,  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  145; 
affd.  nom.  Bowes  v.  Press,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  202;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  166;  70 
L.  T.  116;  42  W.  R.  340;  68  J.  P.  280);  so,  if  the  workman  is  late  at 
his  work  {Tomlinson  v.  Ashworth,  60  J.  P.  166). 

A  Disqualification  of  a  Member  of  a  Board  who  "  absents  "  himself  for 
a  stated  period,  is  not  saved  by  his  merely  casually  looking  in  at  a 
meeting  of  the  directors  or  other  governing  body  and  taking  no  part 


ABSENT  8     ABS.  ASSIGNMENT 

therein;  but  if  the  Minutes  record  his  presence  at  a  meeting,  and  adds, 
he  **  remained  neutral,"  he  could  not  have  been  "  absent "  {Riehardson 
V.  Methley  School  Bd.,  62  L.  J.  Ch.  943;  1893, 3  Ch.  510 ;  69  L.  T.  308; 
42  W.  R.  27). 

ABSOLUTE. —  V.  Absolute  Assignment:  Absolute  Damage: 
Absolute  Owner:  Discretion:  Disposal:  Full  and  Absolute. 

ABSOLUTE  AND  INDEFEASIBLE.  — As  used  in  88.2,  3,  Pre- 
scription  Act,  1832;  V,  per  Lindlej,  L.  J.,  Wheaton  v.  Maple,  cited 
Easement. 

ABSOLUTE  ASSIGNMENT. —  An  "Absolute  Assignment" 
which  (after  "  Express  Notice  in  writing  **  to  the  debtor)  entitles  an 
assignee  to  sue  in  his  own  name  for  a  chose  in  action  under  s.  25  (6), 
Jud.  Act,  1873,  need  not,  necessarily,  be  an  assignment  equivalent  to  a 
sale  out-and-out;  it  may  be  only  an  Equitable  Assignment,  and  of  only 
a  part  of  the  debt  or  fund  {Durham  v.  Robertson^  inl:  Sv,  Bence  t. 
Sheai^an,  47  W.  R.  360;  1898,  2  Ch.  582;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  513;  78  L.  T. 
804:  fFhlCy  as  to  Notice,  V,  Payment:  the  Notice  must,  if  it  gives 
date,  give  it  accurately,  Stanley  v.  English  Fibres^  Lim,  68  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  839). 

An  assignment  by  way  of  mortgage  is  ''  absolute  "  if  in  terms  it  is  so; 
and  though  such  an  assignment  is  for  the  purpose  of  securing  payment 
of  a  debt,  yet  it  is  not  "  by  way  of  charge  only,"  for  a  "  Charge  "  is  a 
mere  appropriation  of  a  particular  fund  to  a  particular  debt  (Burlinson 
V.  Hally  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  222;  12  Q.  B.  D.  347).  But  the  assignment 
must  purport  to  be  absolute ;  it  will  not  suffice  if  it  purport  to  be  by  way 
of  charge  only  (Durham  v.  Robertson,  1898, 1  Q.  B.  765;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
484;  78  L.  T.  438).  It  has  been  said,  that  if  a  mortgage  assignment, 
absolute  in  its  terms,  contains  a  proviso  for  reconveyance,  it  is  not  "  ab- 
solute **  within  the  section  (Nat.  Frov,  Bank  v.  Harle^  50  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
437;  6  Q.  B.  D.  626).  But  can  this  latter  distinction  bo  maintained  ? 
Semble,  not  (Tancred  v.  Delagoa  Bay  By,  23  Q.  B.  D.  239;  58  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  459;  38  W.  R.  15;  61  L.  T.  229;  5  Times  Rep.  587;  and  Vthle, 
per  Smith,  L.  J.,  Mercantile  Bank  v.  Evans,  inf.). 

An  Assignment  to  a  Debt  Collector  by  the  Crs  of  a  person  of  their 
respective  debts  against  such  person,  in  trust  for  collection  and  rateably 
distributing  what  may  be  collected,  is  **  Absolute,"  within  the  pro- 
vision, if  it  is  so  in  terms  (Comfort  v.  Betts,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  737;  60 
L.  J.  Q.^B.  656;  64  L.  T.  685;  39  W.  R.  595);  but,  "I  hereby  assign 
the  whole  of  my  rights  under  Agreement  A  as  security  for  (a  sum  stated), 
aud  appoint  you  my  attorney  to  exercise  such  rights  either  in  my  name 
or  your  own,"  is  not  an  "Absolute  Assignment  "  (Mercantile  Bank  of 
London  v.  Evansy  1899,  2  Q.  B.  613 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  921 ;  81  L.  T.  376). 

An  authority  from  A.  to  B.,  to  pay  C.  so  much  periodically  "  until 


ABS.  ASSIGNMENT   9   ABSLY.  ENTITLED 

further  order,"  is  an  "  Absolute  Assignment  "  (Kntll  v.  Prowse^  33  W.  R. 
163);  but  a  cheque  is  not  (Schroeder  v.  Central  Bank^  24  W.  R.  710; 
34  L.  T.  735  :   V.  Chabqe). 

ABSOLUTE  DAMAGE. —  As  to  the  phrase,  in  a  Marine  Insur- 
ance, "  Absolute  Damage  caused  by  the  Perils  insured  against "  ;  F". 
Forwood  V.  North  Wales  Mut.  Mar.  Insrce^  9  Q.  B.  D.  732 ;  49  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  243,  593. 

ABSOLUTE  OWNER.  —  A  Power  to  Trustees  to  sell  or  lease  and 
manage  "  as  if  Absolute  Owners  '*;  held,  to  enable  them  to  sell  the  real 
and  leasehold  property  in  consideration  in  whole,  or  in  part,  of  a  Fee 
Farm  Bent,  or  to  grant  Leases  thereof  for  999  years,  or  any  less  term, 
in  consideration,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  Rent-Charges  or  Ground  Rents 
{Re  Jackson,  44  S.  J.  573). 

Qui  Agricultural  Holdings  (Scotland)  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V.  c.  62, 
"  *  Absolute  Owner,'  means  the  owner  or  person  capable  of  disposing, 
by  Disposition  or  otherwise,  of  the  Fee  Simple,  or  Dominium  Utile  of 
the  whole  interest,  of  or  in  land,  although  the  land,  or  his  interest 
therein,  is  burdened,  charged,  or  incumbered  "  (s.  42) ;  a  similar  defini- 
tion was  provided  for  England  by  s.  4,  38  &  39  Y.  c.  92  (repealed). 

ABSOLUTELY.  —  "If  any  independent  meaning  can  be  given  to 
'absolutely,'  it  must  be  'unconditionally'"  (per  Rigby,  L.  J.,  Re 
Pickworth,  cited  Either). 

As  to  the  value  of  this  word  (added  to  a  Testamentary  Gift)  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  a  Precatory  Trust,  V.  Re  Sanson,  12  Times 
Rep.  142:  Re  Williams,  1897,  2  Ch.  12;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  485;  76  L.  T. 
600;  45  W.  R.  519:  —  or  to  prevent  an  execution  of  a  Special  Power, 
V.  Re  Sharland,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  747;  1899,  2  Ch.  536;  81  L.  T.  384: 
Sv,  to  the  contrary,  Re  MUner,  1899,  1  Ch.  563;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  255;  80 
L.  T.  151;  47  W.^R.  369. 

As  to  whether  "  Absolutely,"  in  a  Use  in  a  Deed,  will  operate  in  lieu 
of  Words  of  Limitation,  so  as  to  give  a  Fee  Simple,  V,  Lysaght  v. 
M'Grath,  11  L.  R.  Ir.  142. 

ABSOLUTELY  ENTITLED.  —  Trustees  for  sale,  having  now 
power  to  give  a  complete  discharge  for  the  purchase  money,  are  parties 
or  persons  "absolutely  entitled"  within  s.  69,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845, 
and  s.  23,  19  &  20  V,  c.  23  {Re  Gooch,  3  Ch.  D.  742:  Re  Hohson, 
47  L.  J.  Ch.  310;  7  Ch.  D.  708:  Re  Thomas,  W.  N.  (82)  7;  30  W.  R. 
244:  but  Re  Hohson  was  doubted  in  Re  Smith,  40  Ch.  D.  386;  58  L.  J. 
Ch.  108,  yet  followed  in  Re  Morgan,  1900,  2  Ch.  474;  69  L.  J.  Ch. 
735;  AS  W.  R.  670),  even  though  the  power  of  sale  has  not  become 
exercisable  {Re  Evans,  14  Ch.  D.  511:  Re  St.  Luke^s,  Middlesex^ 
W.  N.  (80)  58)  ;  and  so  (when  acting  jointly  with  a  Tenant  for  Life) 
are  Trustees  who  hold  upon  trust  for  sale  on  request  of  the  Tenant  for 


ABSLY.  ENTITLED      10         ABSTRACTION 

Life  {Re  Ward,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  231;  28  Ch.  D.  719).  But  a  Tenant  for 
Life,  though  unimpeachable  for  Waste,  is  not  within  the  phrase  {Re 
Eohhison,  1891,  3  Ch.  129;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  776;  (j^  L.  T.  244;  39  W.  R. 
632).  Vh.  Exp.  Haberdashers'  Co,  31  S.  J.  126;  55  L.  T.  758:  Re 
Curwen,  W.  N.  (80)  83. 

A  Tenant  for  Life  is  not  a  person  "  absolutely  entitled  "  within  s.  23, 
Trustee  Act,  1850,  13  &  14  V.  c.  60,  except  for  the  purpose  of  an  appli- 
cation limited  to  the  income  only;  nor  is  one  of  two  or  more  trustees 
(Mackenzie  v.  Mackenzie,  21  L.  J.  Ch.  385 ;  5  D.  G.  &  S.  338;  16  Jur. 
723).  But  persons  duly  appointed  new  trustees  are  so  "absolutely 
entitled"  (Re  Russell,  20  L.  J.  Ch.  196;  1  Sim.  N.  S.  404:  Re  Baxter, 
2  Sm.  &  G.  App.  V. :  Re  Ellis,  24  Bea.  426 :  Lewin,  813,  814). 

ABSOLUTELY  SELL.  —  A  conveyance,  made  by  a  Eailway  Co 
selling  Superfluous  Land,  provided  that  the  purchase-money  should 
not  be  payable  until  two  years  after  the  statutory  period  for  such  a  sale: 
held,  that  whether  the  company  did  "  absolutely  sell  and  dispose  of  "  the 
land,  within  s.  127,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  was  too  doubtful  for  the  title 
to  be  forced  on  a  subsequent  purchaser  (Re  Thackioray  and  Young,  58 
L.  J.  Ch.  72;  40  Ch.  D.  34;  59  L.  T.  815,  on  consideration  of  judicial 
dicta  m.Lond,  &  S.  W.  Ry  v.  Gomm,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  530;  20  Ch.  D.  562: 
Vf,  Ray  V.  Walker,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  88;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  718). 

ABSOLUTION.—  V.  Confession. 

ABSTRACT.  —  An  "Abstract  of  Title,"  within  the  meaning  of  a 
Condition  of  Sale  restrictive  of  requirements,  means  a  perfect  abstract,  — 
t.6.  perfect  so  far  as  the  vendor  ought  to  make  it,  and  that  condition  will 
(in  the  absence  of  patent  and  substantial  errors  or  omissions)  be  gen- 
erally fulfilled  if  the  vendor  honestly  makes  the  abstract  as  perfect  as 
he  can,  having  regard  to  the  materials  within  his  control  (Dart,  321). 
Copies  of  plans  on  abstracted  deeds,  —  at  any  rate  when  the  plans  are 
of  the  essence  of  the  description,  —  should  be  delivered  with  he  Ab- 
stract to  make  it  "perfect"  (Dart,  345:  V.  30  S.  J.  796).  Sv.  Blackr 
hum  V.  Smith  (18  L.  J.  Ex.  187 ;  2  Ex.  783),  in  which  Parke,  B.,  in 
delivering  the  judgment  of  the  court  said,  —  "  We  are  not  aware  that  a 
map  or  plan  is  ever  deemed  to  be  necessary  as  a  part  of  an  Abstract." 
Vf,  Delivery. 

"Abstract,"  as  used  in  s.  3  (6),  Conv,  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  is  to  be 
distinguished  from  "  Abstract  of  Title  "  (Re  Johnson,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  889; 
30  Ch.  D.  42). 

ABSTRACTION.  —  "  As  to  what  constitutes  an  Abstraction,"  —  of 
part  of  an  Article  of  Food,  within  s.  9,  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  1875, 
—  "I  feel  considerable  difficulty  in  realizing,  if,  — dealing  with  a  com- 
modity of  this  kind  (Milk)  in  the  usual  and  ordinary  way,  and  not 


ABSTRACTION    11    ACCEPTANCE 

omitting  to  observe  anj  reasonable  or  customary  method  of  equalizing 
the  distribution  of  the  fatty  particles  of  the  milk,  —  it  so  happened  that 
a  portion  of  the  milk  sold  in  the  evening  contained  a  percentage  less  than 
that  sold  earlier,  that  that  is  an  *  Abstraction  '  under  the  first  or  latter 
part  of  the  section  "  (per  Russell,  C.  J.,  Spiers  &  Pond  v.  Bennett^  1896, 
2  Q.  B.  65;  6o  L.  J.  M.  C.  144;  74  L.  T.  697;  44  W.  K  510 ;  60  J.  P. 
437).     V.  Disclose  :  Skimmed  Milk. 

ABUSE. — "I  am  not  aware  that  the  word  'abuse,'  applied  to  a 
Woman,  is  ever  used  except  with  reference  to  sexual  intercourse.  Cer- 
tainly, in  more  than  one  Act  of  Parliament,  the  word  *  abuse '  has  had 
that  meaning  applied  to  it,  and,  in  my  opinion,  it  always  imports  some 
offence  of  that  nature  "  (per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  Re  Thompson,  6  H.  &  N. 
200;  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  24;  3  L.  T.  409;  9  W.  K.  203),  but,  in  the  same 
case,  Bramwell,  B.,  differed,  and  said, ''  To  my  mind,  the  word  '  abused  ' 
conveys  no  definite  meaning;  it  is  not  a  Word  of  Art;  in  popular  lan- 
guage, it  means,  calling  names  —  abusing  by  words  ":  from  which  latter 
view  Chaunell,  B.,  dissented,  whilst  Wilde,  B.,  was  "  not  prepared  "  to 
agree  with  Pollock,  C.  B. 

Words  of  mere  abuse  are  not  Slander. 

V,  Gbueltt  to  Animals. 

ABUT.  —  Where  two  or  more  properties,  with  entrances  from  two  or 
more  streets,  are  occupied  for  one  purpose,  they  are  one  entity,  qu^  an 
Improvement  Area,  and  "  abut "  on  all  the  streets  (  The  Oxford  v.  Zon- 
don  Co.  Co.,  1898,  2  Ch.  491;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  655;  79  L.  T.  22). 

If  a  Conveyance  of  Land,  either  in  terms  or  by  a  plan,  describes  the 
parcels  as  "  abutting  "  on  a  Road  or  Street,  an  implied  Right  of  Way  is 
granted  and  the  grantor  is  estopped  from  saying  that  the  land  on  which 
the  property  abuts  is  not  a  Road  or  Street  {Roberts  v.  Karr,  1  Taunt. 
495:  Espley  v.  Wilkes^  L.  R.  7  Ex.  298;  26  L.  T.  918:  Fuimess  Ry  v. 
Cumberland  Bg.  Socy,  52  L.  T.  144 :  Roe  v.  Siddons,  22  Q.  B.  D.  228; 
60  L.  T.  345;  37  W.  R.  228). 

V.  Adjoin  :  Bounding  :  Fronting  :  Forming. 

&C.  —  V.  Et  Cetera. 

ACCELERATION.—  F.  Extinction. 

As  to  Acceleration  of  Estates,  Benefits,  and  Powers ;  F.  Theobald,  693, 
694. 

ACCEPTANCE.  —  "  *  Acceptance,*  is  a  taking  in  good  part,  and  as 
it  were  an  agreeing  unto,  some  act  done  before,  —  which  might  have  bin 
undone  and  avoyded  (if  such  acceptance  had  not  bin)  by  him  or  them  that 
so  accepted  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

For  definition  and  requisites  of,  and  liabilities  on,  "  Acceptance  "  of  a 
Bill  of  Exchange,  F.ss.  2,  17,  18,  19^  and  54,  Bills  of  Exchange  Act, 


ACCEPTANCE         12  ACCEPTED 

1882;  Vth.  Meyer  v.  Decrotx,  1891,  A.  C.  520;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  205,  cited 
Favour  :  Edwards  v.  Walters,  cited  Mature  :  "  Acceptance  for  Honour, 
supra  protest,"  ss.  65,  66,  67,  lb. :  Local  Acceptance. 

As  to  duty  of  Acceptor,  V,  Scholfield  v.  Lo7idesborough,  1896,  A.  C. 
614;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  593;  75  L.  T.  254;  45  W.  R.  124. 

Acceptance  made ;   V.  Made. 

F7^.  Chalmers,  3,  8,  40  et  seq. :  Byles,  255-278. 

As  to  the  difference  between  "  Acceptance  "  and  "  Receipt  "  of  Goods 
under  the  Statute  of  Frauds,  repld  s.  4,  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893;  V.  Blackb. 
30,  citing  Boulter  v.  Amott,  1  Cr.  &  M.  333 :  Va.  Taylor  v.  Smithy  61 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  331;  67  L.  T.  39;  40  W.  R.  486.  Vf,,  as  to  "  Acceptance," 
under  s.  4  (1,  3),  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  Howe  v.  Palmer,  3  B.  &  Aid. 
321:  Hanson  v.  Armitage,  5  Ih.  557:  Edan  v.  Dudfield,  1  Q.  B.  302: 
Castle  V.  Sworder,  6  H.  &  N.  833 ;  29  L.  J.  Ex.  235;  30  lb.  310:  Marvin 
V.  Wallace,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  369:  Gardiner  v.  Grout,  29  L.  T.  0.  S.  110: 
HaH  V.  Bush,  27  L.  J.  Q.  B.  271;  E.  B.  &  E.  494 :  Nicholson  v.  Bower, 
28  L.  J.  Q.  B.  97 :  Holmes  v.  Hoskins,  9  Ex.  753 :  Ourrie  v.  Anderson,  29 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  87 :  Ctisack  v.  Robinson,  30  L.  J.  Q.  B.  261 ;  1  B.  &  S.  299 ; 
Smith  V.  Hudson,  34  L.  J.  Q.  B.  145:  Farrer  v.  Kirkby,  4  Times  Rep. 
543:  Abbott  y.  Wolsey,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  97;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  587;  72  L.  T. 
581;  43  W.  R.  513:  Accepted:  Delivery. 

As  to  what  is  an  Acceptance  of  Goods,  generally,  V,  Add.  C.  517: 
Perkins  v.  Bell,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  193;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  91;  67  L.  T.  792. 

Acceptance  of  Offer;  V.  Leake,  16-27:  Subject  to. 

Acceptance  of  Shares  in  a  Co;  V,  B:tg  Lead  Mining  Co.  v.  Montague, 
30  L.  J.  C.  P.  380;  10  C.  B.  K.  S.  481:  Be  London  &  Northern  Bank, 
cited  By  Post. 

ACCEPTED.  —  Goods  sold  are  "  accepted  "  by  the  buyer,  within 
s.  17,  Stat,  of  Frauds,  repld  s.  4,  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  when  they,  or 
a  part  of  them,  have  been,  actually  or  constructively,  received  by  him 
under  such  circumstances  as  import  a  recognition  of  the  contract,  or,  as  it 
is  now  expressed  by  subs.  3  of  the  latter  section,  "  there  is  an  Acceptance 
of  Goods  when  the  buyer  does  any  act  in  relation  to  the  goods  which 
recognizes  a  pre-existing  contract  of  sale,  — whether  there  be  an  accept- 
ance in  performance  of  the  contract  or  not  "  :  Vf  s.  35.  Acceptance  of 
goods  sold  in  order  to  examine  their  quality,  is  none  the  less  an  acceptance 
within  the  section  {Page  v.  Morgaii,  54  L.J.  Q.  B.434;  15  Q.  B.  D.228; 
33  W.  li.  793 :  Kibble  v.  Gough,  38  L.  T.  204 :  Svthlc,  Taylor  v.  Smith, 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  331;  67  L.  T.  39;  40  W.  R.  486).  As  to  constructive 
acceptance,  V.  Add.  C.  921 :  Acceptance. 

Guarantee  of  all  Bills  of  Ex.  "  accepted  "  by  A.,  construed  by  Pollock, 
C.  B.,  and  Martin,  B.  (diss.  Bramwell,  B.),  as  referring  to  future  Bills 
{Broom  v.  Batchelor,  25  L.  J.  Ex.  299  ;  1  H.  &  N.  255).     V.  Given. 

"  Accepted  Office  "  —  e,g.  of  Town  Councillor  —  has  a  colloquial,  as 


ACCEPTED  13  ACCESSORY 

well  as  a  technical  meaBing  ;  and  whether  a  person  has  "  accepted  "  is  a 
conclusion  to  be  collected  from  all  the  circumstances  (B.  v.  Slatter,  9  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  115;  11  A.  &  E.  607;  3  P.  &  D.  263).     Cjp.  Appointed. 

ACCEPTOR.  — Of  a  Bill  of  Exchange  ;  V.  Acceptance:  Renun- 
ciation. 

ACCESS.  —  "In  my  judgment,  the  word  'Access'  as  used  in  s.  3, 
Prescription  Act,  1832,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  71  —  '  access  and  use  of  Light ' 
—  does  not  refer  to  the  access  through  the  orifice,  through  the  aperture, 
through  the  window,  but  to  the  freedom  of  passage  over  the  servient  ten- 
ement, and  I  think  some  confusion  has  arisen  from  supposing  that  the 
access  referred  to  there,  is  the  access  through  the  window  of  the  dominant 
tenement.  Undoubtedly  the  two  are  closely  connected  togethery  because 
the  right  acquired  under  this  section  of  the  statute  by  the  dominant 
tenement  is  governed  and  measured  by  the  access  to  the  dominant  tene- 
ment, and  therefore  the  aperture  which  lets  the  light  into  the  dominant 
tenement  defines  in  a  manner  familiar  to  us  all  the  area  which  must  be 
kept  free  over  the  servient  tenement.  The  two  things  are  closely  con- 
nected together;  the  one  is  the  measure  of  the  other;  but  they  are  not 
the  same  thing"  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Scott  v.  Fapcy  55  L.  J.  Ch.  432;  31 
Ch.  D.  554;  54  L.  T.  399;  34  W.  R.  465.  Vf.  Greenwood  v.  Homsey, 
55  L.  J.  Ch.  917;  33  Ch.  D.  471;  55  L.  T.  135;  35  W.  R.  163:  Cooper 
V.  Straker,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  29;  40  Ch.  D.  20). 

V.  Actually  Enjoyed. 

"  Access  "  to  Children,  in  a  Deed  of  Separation,  does  not  include  Cus- 
tody (Evershed  v.  Evershed,  30  W.  R.  732;  46  L.  T.  690);  nor  does  a 
covenant  to  give  "  Access  "  bind  the  covenantor  to  keep  the  children  in  a 
place  where  the  covenantee  can  conveniently  have  access  to  them  {Hunt 
V.  Hunt,  28  Ch.  D.  606;  54  L.  J.  Ch.  289). 

ACCESSORY.  —  "  An  Accessory  Before  the  Fact  is  one  who  directly 
or  indirectly  counsels,  procures,  or  commands  any  person  to  commit  any 
felony  or  piracy  whiclkis  committed  in  consequence  of  such  counselling, 
procuring,  or  commandment.  Knowledge  that  a  person  intends  to  com- 
mit a  crime,  and  conduct  connected  with  and  influenced  by  such  knowl- 
edge, is  not  enough  to  make  the  person  who  possesses  such  knowledge, 
or  so  conducts  himself,  an  accessory  before  the  fact  to  any  such  crime, 
unless  he  does  something  to  encourage  its  commission  actively  "  (Steph. 
Cr.  32:   Vf.  B,  Art.  40-44).     Vf.  Arch.  Cr.  15-20:  24  &  25  V.  c.  94. 

"  Every  one  is  an  Accessory  After  the  Fact  to  felony  who,  knowing  a 
•  felony  to  have  been  committed  by  another,  receives,  comforts,  or  assists 
him,  in  order  to  enable  him  to  escape  from  punishment;  or  rescues  him 
from  an  arrest  for  the  felony;  or  having  him  in  custody  for  the  felony, 
intentionally  and  voluntarily  suffers  him  to  escape ;  or  opposes  his  appre- 
hension:—  Provided  that  a  married  woman  who  receives,  comforts^  or 


ACCESSORY  14  ACCIDENT 

relieves  her  husband  knowing  him  to  have  committed  a  felony,  does  not 
thereby  become  an  accessory  after  the  fact "  (Steph.  Cr.  35).  Vf.  Arch. 
Cr.  1227 :  Rose.  Cr.  157-164 :  Terraes  de  la  Ley :  Cowel :  1  Encyc.  58-60  : 
24  &  2h  V.  c.  94. 

F.  Accomplice. 

"Accessory  to  or  Conniving  at"  Adultery,  s.  30,  20  &  21  V.  c.  ?>^\ 
F.  Connivance. 

"  Accessories  "  to  Guns;  held,  not  to  include  duplicates  of  their  parts, 
which,  accordingly,  had  to  be  paid  for  as  "  guns  "  (^Armstrong  &  Co  v. 
Motchkiss  Coj  13  Times  Rep.  188). 

ACCIDENT.  —  "An  effect  is  said  to  be  accidental  when  the  act  by 
which  it  is  caused  is  not  done  with  the  intention  of  causing  it,  and  when 
its  occurrence  as  a  consequence  of  such  act  is  not  so  probable  that  a  person 
of  ordinary  prudence  ought,  under  the  circumstances  in  which  it  is  done, 
to  take  reasonable  precautions  against  it "  (Steph.  Cr.  143). 

"  The  idea  of  something  fortuitous  and  unexpected  is  involved  in  both 
words,  'Peril '  or  *  Accident '  "  (per  Halsbury,  C,  Hamilton  v.  Pandorfy 
57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  27;  12  App.  Ca.  524;  57  L.  T.  726;  36  W.  R.  369). 
"  Suppose  a  man  were  to  go  blind-fold  along  the  street  and  to  run  against 
something,  —  Could  any  one  say,  he  met  with  an  Accident  ?  He  would 
do  an  act  that  would  be  very  likely  to  lead  to  a  mischief.  It  is  different 
with  the  person  who  might  suffer  by  such  act ;  he  might  fairly  say  that 
he  met  with  an  Accident, — a  Peril  which  is  liable  to  every  man  who 
goes  out  in  the  road  and  meets  with  negligent  people  "  (per  Bramwell,  B. 
Lloyd  V.  Gen.  Iron  Screw  Collier  Co,  cited  Perils  of  the  Sea). 

"  The  word  *  Accident '  may  be  used  in  either  of  two  ways.  An  Acci- 
dent may  be  spoken  of  (1)  as  occurring  to  a  person,  —  or  (2)  as  occurring 
to  a  train,  or  vehicle,  or  bridge.  In  the  latter  case,  though  several  per- 
sons were  injured  who  were  in  the  train,  or  vehicle,  or  on  the  bridge,  it 
would  be  an  Accident  to  the  train,  or  vehicle,  or  bridge.  There  might, 
however,  be  said  to  be  several  Accidents  to  the  several  persons  injured  " 
(per  Bo  wen,  L.  J.,  South  Staffordshire  Tramways  Co  v.  Sickness  & 
Accident  Assrce,  cited  One  Accident). 

Cp,  Misfortune  :  Adventure,  at  end. 

An  Exception  in  a  Charter-Party  against  "  Riots,  Strikes,  or  any  other 
Accident  "  does  not  include  a  snow-storm.  "  An  accident  is  not  an  ordi- 
nary occurrence,  but  something  which  happens  out  of  the  ordinary  course 
of  things.  A  snow-storm,  however,  is  one  of  the  ordinary  operations  of 
nature,  and  may  be  described  rather  as  an  Incident  than  an  Accident "  (per 
Willes,  J.,  Fenvnck  v.  Schmalz,  37  L.  J.  C.  P.  80;  L.  R.  3  C.  P.  313: 
Vf.  1  Maude  &  P.  357:  Laurie  v.  Douglas,  15  M.  &  W.  746). 

"Accidents,"  or  "Dangers,"  "Of  the  Sea,"  are  synonymous  with 
"  Perils  of  the  Sea."  ( V.  Dangers  :  Perils  of  the  Sea.)  Cp.  Act  of 
God. 


ACCIDENT  16  ACCIDENT 

"Accidents  to  Railways  and  to  Mines  or  Piers,"  in  an  Exception  to 
a  Charter-Party ;  held,  to  include  accidents  preventing  the  cargo  from 
being  brought  to  the  place  of  shipment,  as  well  as  those  preventing  the 
shipment  (Furness  v.  Forwood,  2  Com.  Ca.  223;  13  Times  Rep.  500). 
Cj).  Detention  by  Ice. 

Delay  through  "  Accidents  to  Railway  "  in  such  an  Exception ;  V.  Re 
Richardson  and  Samuel^  cited  Control. 

Death  by  drowning  {Trew  v.  Ry  Insrce,  30  L.  J.  Ex.  317;  6  H.  &  N. 
839),  even  if  the  insured  were  drowned  in  shallow  water  whilst  in  a  state 
•of  insensibility  (Reynolds  v.  Accidental  Insrce,  22  L.  T.  820),  is  an 
**  Accident "  within  a  Policy  against  accidents.  So  of  a  Fright  {Pugh 
V.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  248;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  521;  74  L.  T.  724), 
though  injuries  from  fright  may  be  too  remote  in  an  action  for  Negli- 
gence (Victorian  Ry  v.  Coultas,  57  L.  J.  P.  C.  69;  13  App.  Ca.  222; 
68  L.  T.  390;  Sthc  not  followed  in  Dulieu  v.  White,  1901,  2  K.  B. 
669:  Vf.  Sneesby  v.  Lancashire  &  Y.  Ry,  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1;  1  Q.  B.  D. 
42;  33  L.  T.  372;  24  W.  R.  99:  Wilkinson  v.  Downton,  1897,  2  Q.  B. 
67  ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  493;  76  L.  T.  493;  45  W.  R.  525).  But  Sun-stroke 
is  not  an  Accident  within  a  Policy  (Sinclair  v.  Maritime  Assrce^  30 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  77;  3  E.  &  E.  478).  V,  Secondary:  Caused  by:  One 
accident. 

"  Accident,"  s.  22,  Factories  Act,  7  V.  c.  15 ;  V.  Lakeman  v.  Stephen- 
son, 37  L.  J.  M.  C.  57;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  192;  9  B.  &  S.  54.  "  Accident,'' 
8. 15,  Peak  Forest  Canal  Act,  34  G.  3,  c.  26 ;  V,  Evans  v.  Manchester^ 
S.  &  L.  Ry,  3  Times  Rep.  691. 

There  is  no  "  Accident,"  —  nothing  "fortuitous  and  unexpected,"  — 
within  8.  1  (1),  Workmen's  Comp.  Act,  1897,  if  injury  or  death  ensues 
from  the  rupturing  of  a  blood-vessel  through  internal  weakness  (Ilensey 
y.  White,  1900, 1 Q.  B.  481;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  188;  81  L.  T.  767;  48  W.  R. 
257;  63  J.  P.  804:  but  Cp,  TimminsY.  Leeds  Forge  Co,  inf.),  or  from 
a  strain  caused  by  unusual  exertion  (Roper  v.  Greenwood,  83  L.  T.  471), 
or  from  something  poisonous  getting  into  a  hlistered  hnger  (Walker  v, 
LiUeshall  Co,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  481;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  192;  81  L.  T.  769; 
48  W.  R.  257 ;  64  J.  P.  85) ;  but  if  an  unexpected  occurrence  itself  causes 
damage,  it  is  none  the  less  an  "  Accident "  because  the  resultant  damage 
is  increased  by  a  bodily  weakness  (Lloyd  v.  Sugg,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  481 ; 
69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  190;  81  L.  T.  768;  48  W.  R.  257);  and,  semble,  if  work 
be  rendered  harder  by  something  unforeseen  supervening,  e.g.  a  frost, 
and  the  workman,  continuing  his  work,  gets  ruptured  through  the  work 
being  harder,  that  is  an  "Accident  "  (Timmins  v.  Leeds  Forge  Co,  83 
L.  T.  120). 

As  of  general  acceptation  there  can  be  no  Accident  "  in  the  discharge 
of  Duties  "  if  the  injury  arises  through  disobedience  of  lawful  orders 
( Vickery  v.  Q.  E.  Ry,  79  L.  T.  121).  Vf.  "  In  the  course  of  his  employ- 
ment," sub  Employment. 


ACCIDENT  16      ACCOMMODATION 

Stoppage  of  an  Apprentice's  Wages  when  a  stand-still  is  caused  through 
"  Accident  ";  V.  Tubn-Out. 

"  Policy  of  Insurance  against  Accident,"  qu4  the  Penny  Duty  by  Stamp 
Act,  1891,  "means,  a  Policy  of  Insrce  for  any  payment  agreed  to  be 
made  ujpon  the  death  of  any  person,  only  from  Accident  or  Violence  or 
otherwise  than  from  a  Natural  Cause,  or  as  compensation  for  Personal 
Injury ;  and  includes  any  Notice  or  Advertisement,  in  a  newspaper  or 
other  publication,  which  purports  to  insure  "  such  payment  (s.  98).  That 
definition  does  not  include  an  Insrce  to  an  Employer  against  his  liability 
under  the  Employers'  Liability  Act,  1880,  or  the  Workmen's  Comp.  Act, 
1897,  because  that  liability  itself  lies  at  the  very  root  of  the  matter,  —  it 
springs  out  of  the  workman's  employment,  and  that  employment  is  the 
Condition  "  upon  "  which  the  liability  of  the  insurer  depends;  therefore, 
a  Policy  of  such  an  Insrce  must  be  stamped  as  a  Deed,  if  under  seal,  or, 
if  not,  as  an  Agreement  (Lancashire  Insrce  v.  InL  Rev.,  1899,  1  Q.  B. 
353;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  143;  79  L.  T.  731;  47  W.  R.  396;  63  J.  P.  21). 

On  Accident  Insurance,  generally,  V.  1  Encyc.  61. 

V.  Inapvebtence :  Inevitable:  Fatal:  Poison. 

ACCIDENTAL. —  V.  External  in  the  case  there  cited  (Hamlyn 
V.  Crown  Insrce)  Esher,  M.  R.,  defined  "  Accidental  "  as  an  "  unex- 
pected result,"  whilst  Lopes,  L.  J.,  said,  the  word  meant  "  something 
unforeseen  and  unexpected  and  casual." 

Omission,  to  file  Contract,  "  Accidental  or  due  to  Inadvertence  " ; 
V,  Inadvertence. 

"Accidental  Slip,  or  Omission,"  in  Matters  of  Practice;  V.  Ready. 
Furcell,  Ir.  Rep.  9  Eq.  591:  ffatton  v.  Harris,  29  L.  R.  Ir.  303. 

ACCIDENTALLY.— By  s.  86,  14  G.  3,  c.  78,  a  person  in  whose 
premises  a  fire  "  accidentally/  begins  "  is  exonerated  from  liability  to  his 
neighbour  for  damage  occasioned  by  such  fire :  —  "  Accidentally  "  there 
is  not  used  in  contradistinction  to  "  wilfully,"  but  means,  "  a  fire  pro- 
duced by  mere  chance,  or  incapable  of  being  traced  to  any  cause  ";  and 
does  not  mean  a  fire  arising  from  negligence  (Filliter  v.  Fhippard,  17 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  89;  11  Q.  B.  347:  Vh.  Add.  T.  341,  and  cases  there  cited). 
As  to  the  common  law  responsibility  for  damage  caused  by  fires,  see  Add. 
T.  339,  and  obs,  at  commencement  of  Lord  Lyndhurst's  judgment  in 
Canterbunj  v.  The  Queen,  12  L.  J.  Eq.  281;  1  Phill.  318. 

"  Carelessly,  or  Accidentally, "  break  a  Street  Lamp ;    V,  Carelessly. 

ACCLIMATIZE.  — Machines  are  "  acclimatized  "  when,  after  having 
been  set  up  in  the  rough,  they  are  worked  for  a  little  time  to  be  smoothed 
and  put  into  gear,  so  as  to  be  made  true  and  work  smoothly  (^Armitage  v. 
Haigh,  9  Times  Rep.  287). 

ACCOMMODATION.  —  "  An  <  Accommodation  Bill '  has  been  de- 
fined to  be  a  Bill  on  which  the  Drawer  has  no  right  to  sue  the  Acceptor  " 


ACCOMMODATION      17  ACCORD 

(per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  Kitif/  v.  Fhillips,  13  L.  J.  Ex.  332;  12  M.  &  W.  705), 
because  it  is  given  by  the  Acceptor  for  the  Drawer's  accommodation. 

''  An  Accommodation  Party  to  a  Bill  is  a  person  who  has  signed  a 
Bill,  as  Drawer,  Acceptor,  or  Indorser,  without  receiving  Value  therefor, 
and  for  the  purpose  of  lending  his  name  to  some  other  person. 

"  (2)  An  Accommodation  Party  is  liable  on  the  Bill  to  a  Holder  for 
Value,  and  it  is  immaterial  whether,  when  such  Holder  took  the  bill,  he 
knew  such  party  to  be  an  Accommodation  Party  or  not  "  (s.  28,  Bills  of 
Ex.  Act,  1882) :  and  so  of  an  Accommodation  Party  to  a  Note  (s.  89,  lb.). 

*^  Works  for  the  Accommodation  of  Lands  adjoining  the  By, "  s.  68, 
By.  G.  G.  Act,  1845,  do  not,  semble,  comprise  matters  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  land,  e.g.  Drains  (/?.  v.  Fisher,  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  12;  3  B.  &  S. 
19J  ;  7  L.  T.  325).  Observe,  that  the  Accommodation  is  to  be  for  the  use 
of  "  lands  adjoining  the  By,"  not  for  outside  lands  (Ehondda,  &c.  Ry  v. 
Talhotj  1897,  2  Ch.  131;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  570;  76  L.  T.  694);  and  it  must 
be  for  the  use  of  such  adjoining  lands  in  the  condition  and  circumstances 
thereof  when  the  By  was  made  (R.  v.  Brown,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  322 ;  L.  B. 
2  Q.  B.  630;  16  L.  T.  827 ;  15  W.  B.  988:  Rhondda  Ry  v.  Talbot,  sup.) : 
regard  must  be  had  to  that  rule  in  determining  what  Accommodation 
Works  are   "Insufficient,"  within  s.  71,  lb.  (Rhondda  Ry  v.  Talbot). 

V.  WOEKS. 

V.  Pkopeb  Lodging. 

ACCOMPANY.  —  Things  "accompanying,"  or  "to  accompany," 
each  other,  should,  as  nearly  as  possible,  be  simultaneous.  Therefore, 
an  Agreement,  referring  to,  and  confirming,  a  previous  Deposit  of  Deeds, 
is  not  "  accompanied  with  "  the  deposit,  so  as  to  be  liable  to  Duty  as  a 
Mortgage,  within  Sch.  tit.  "  Mortgage,"  55  G.  3,  c.  184  :  s.  105,  Stamp 
Act,  1870 :  8.  88,  Stamp  Act,  1891  (^Fyle  v.  Fartridye,  15  L.  J.  Ex.' 129; 
15  M.  &  W.  20).    Cp.  At. 

ACCOMPLICE.  —  V.  Accessory. 

As  to  evidence  of  an  Accomplice;  V.  Kuss.  Cr.^Bk.  5,  Ch.  5,  s.  6:  Kosc. 
Cr.  113-118:  Arch.  Cr.  360;  1  Encyc.  68. 

ACCOMPLISH.  —  "*One  of  these  Bills  of  Lading  being  accom- 
plished, the  others  shall  stand  void ' ;  —  which  I  understand  to  mean, 
that  if  upon  one  of  them  the  shipowner  act^  in  Good  Faith  he  will  have 
*  accomplished  '  his  contract,  will  have  fulfilled  it  and  will  not  be  liable 
or  answerable  upon  any  of  the  others  "  (per  Ld  Cairns,  Glyn  v.  B.  &  W. 
India  Dock  Co,  7  App.  Ca.  599;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  146;  47  L.  T.  301;  31 
W.  E.  201). 

ACCORD.  —  An  Accord,  or  an  Accord  and  Satisfaction,  "is  an 
Agreement  betweene  two  at  the  least  to  satisfie  an  ofEence  that  the  one 
hath  made  to  the  other,  when  a  man  hath  done  a  trespasse,  or  such  like, 


ACCORD  18  ACCOUNT 

unto  another  for  the  which  hee  hath  agreed  with  him  to  satisfie  and  con- 
tent him  with  some  recompence,  which,  if  it  be  executed  and  performed, 
then,  because  that  this  recompence  is  a  full  Satisfaction  for  the  offence, 
it  shall  be  a  good  barre  in  the  law,  if  the  other,  after  the  Accord  per- 
formed, should  sue  againe  any  action  for  the  same  trespasse  "  (Termes  de 
la  Ley),  ''  and,  generally,  in  all  actions,  where  Damages  only  are  to  be 
recovered,  Arbitrament,  or  Accord  with  Satisfaction,  is  a  good  Plea " 
(Blake's  Case,  6  Rep.  44). 

Vh.  Add.  C.  1232:   Add.  T.  46:    Rose.  N.  P.  653:    Leake,  755: 

1  Encyc.  69-71,     Cp.  Concord:  Gree. 

ACCORDANCE. —  V,  In  accobdance  with,  the  form:  In  ac- 
cordance WITH  THE  JUDGMENT. 

ACCORDING.  —  Discharge  of  Cargo  " according  to  the  Custom  "  of 
the  Port ;  V.  The  Nifa,  1892,  P.  411;  62  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  12:  Vf. 
Customary. 

A  conveyance  by  A.  "  according  to  his  Estate  and  Interesty^  may  be 
narrowed  by  the  context  to  less  than  the  whole  of  A.'s  Estate  and  In- 
terest (  Williams  v.  Pinckney^  cited  Estate). 
.    "According  to  the  Rate   Book'*)    V.  Palmar  v.   Balrotheryy  1895, 

2  I.  R.  b%^. 

"According  to  their  Respective  Powers^*'  s.  2,  Ry  &  Canal  TraflBc 
Act,  1854,  does  not  refer  to  Powers  restricted  by  any  private  agreements 
with  individuals  (Rishton  v.  Lane*  &  Y.  Ry,  8  Ry.  &  Can.  Traffic 
Ca.  74). 

"  According  to  the  Statute  ";    V,  Frost  v.  Willium^,  7  A.  &  E.  773. 

"  According  to  the  /Stocks  ";    V,  Per  Stirpes. 
'    "  According  to  the  Terms  ";    V,  Terms. 

ACCORDINQLY.  —  Agreeably;  conformably;  or  in  that  capacity 
{Lindley  v.  Girdler,  13  L.  J.  Q.  B.  53). 

"  Accordingly,"  s.  13,  Ry.  C.  C-  Act,  1845,  means  not  only  that  the 
Ry,  to  be  carried  on  an  arch,  shall  be  in  the  place  described  {Little  v. 
NewpoH  Ry,  12  C.  B.  752,761 ;  22  L.  J.  C.  P.  39),  but  also  that  it  shall 
be  according  to  the  Plans  and  Sections  {A.-G,  v.  Tewkesbury  Ry,  32 
L.  J.  Ch.  482). 

ACCOUNT.  —  "  By  the  Common  Law  an  Action  of  Account  for  the 
rents  and  profits  may  be  maintained  by  the  Heir,  after  he  has  at- 
tained the  age  of  14  years,  against  the  Guardian  in  Socage;  so,  at 
the  Common  Law,  Account  will  lie  against  the  Bailiff  or  Receiver,  and 
(in  favour  of  trade  and  commerce)  by  one  Merchant  against  another " 
(Selwyn,  K  P.,  tit.  "Account,"  quoted  by  Tindal,  C.  J.,  Cottam  v. 
Partridge,  cited  Merchant).  "The  limited  notion  I  attach  to  the 
Action  of  Account,  is,  that  it  lies  only  where  there  has  been  a  privity 


ACCOUNT  19  ACCOUNT 

between  the  parties;  not  to  the  case  of  ordinary  dealing  between  one 
tradesman  and  another  "  (per  Tindal,  C.  J.,  lb,). 

"  An  Action  for  an  Account  is  not  a  series  of  actions  for  damages  for 
breach  of  contmct  on  which  you  get  separate  jdgmts.  The  Account  is 
taken  and  you  get  j<lgrat  for  the  balance  "  (per  Lindley,  M.  R.,  Man- 
ners V.  Pearson,  67  L.  J.  Ch.  306;  1898,  1  Ch.  681;  78  L.  T.  432;  46 
W.  R.  498).     Vf,  Merchant's  Accounts. 

"  Suits  for  such  Accounts  as  concern  the  trade  of  merchandize  between 
merchant  and  merchant/'  s.  9,  Mer.  Law  Amend.  Act,  1856,  means. 
Suits  in  Courts  of  Equity  (per  Stirling,  J.,  Re  Friend,  1897,  2  Ch.  421; 
66  L.  J.  Ch.  737;  78  L.  T.  222;  46  W.  R.  139,  referring  hereon  to  Knox 
V.  Gye,  42  L.  J.  Ch.  234;  L.  R.  5  H.  L.  656). 

*  I  hereby  guarantee  A.'8  account  with  you,  to  the  amount  of  £100," 
**  is  an  undertaking  merely  to  be  answerable  for  some  existing  account  " 
(per  Tindal,  C.  J.,  Allnutt  v.  Ashenden,  5  M.  &  G.  397;  12  L.  J.  C.  P. 
124),  although  the  existing  account  is  considerably  under  £100:  the 
guarantee  was  accordingly  held  void  because  based  on  a  past  considera- 
tion. At  the  end  of  the  report  in  M.  &  G.  the  reporter  adds  this  note,  — 
**  Had  mercantile  witnesses  been  examined  at  the  trial,  it  is  probable 
that  they  would  have  concurred  in  stating  that  the  word  *  account '  in  this 
guarantee  would  be  understood,  in  the  commercial  world,  as  equivalent 
to  the  word  'dealings.'  "    Vf.  Continuing  Guarantee. 

"  Wholly  or  in  part  matters  of  Mere  Account, "  s.  3,  Com.  L.  Pro. 
Act,  1854;  —  The  meaning  of  the  power  of  ordering  a  Compulsory  Arbi- 
tration under  these  words  is,  "  that  where  the  matter  in  dispute  consists, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  of  matters  of  Mere  Account,  the  compulsory 
reference  may  be  either  of  the  whole,  or  of  part  only,  of  the  matter  in 
dispute,  as  the  Court  or  Judge  may  think  fit  "  (per  Jervis,  C.  J.,  deliver- 
ing jdgmt  of  the  Court  in  Browne  v.  Emerson,  25  L.  J.  C.  P.  105,  106; 
17  C.  B.  361).  In  Clow  v.  Harper  (47  L.  J.  Ex.  393;  3  Ex.  D.  198), 
Cockbum,  C.  J.,  said  that  "  when  the  matter  in  dispute  involves  mere 
matter  of  account,  then  it  is  competent  to  the  Court  to  send  the  whole 
matter  for  the  decision  of  the  arbitrator.  But  when  it  is  only  in  part  a 
matter  of  account,  and  quoad  the  rest  a  matter  of  fact  or  law,  the  latter 
part  is  not  a  proper  subject  of  the  Order,  but  the  Order  must  be  limited 
to  the  questions  of  account."  Brett,  L.  J.,  concurred  in  that  opinion; 
Bramwell,  L.  J.,  doubted.  But  the  section  cited  is  now  replaced  by 
s.  14  (c),  Arb.  Act,  1889,  which  omits  the  word  "mere,"  and,  under  it, 
the  Court  can  compulsorily  refer  an  action  when  part  of  the  dispute  is 
substantially  a  matter  of  account  {Hurlbatt  v.  Bamett,  1893,  1  Q.  B. 
77;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1;  67  L.  T.  818;  41  W.  R.  33,  displacing  Weed 
v.  Ward,  cited  Question).      Vf,  Ann,  Pr. 

An  action  for  Dilapidations,  or  for  breach  of  covenant  to  Repair  "  is 
one  of  Mere  Account "  where  only  the  quantum  is  in  dispute  (Cummins 
V.  Birkett,  27  L.  J.  Ex.  216;  3  II.  &  N.  156:  AngeU  v.  Felgate,  31  L.  J. 


ACCOUNT  20  ACCRUE 

Ex.  41;  7  H.  &  N.  396);  secus  if  the  liability  is  disputed  (Claw  t. 
Hai*per,  sup.). 

Vh,f  as  to  reluctance  to  limit  the  Judge's  discretion  in  making  the  Order, 
Sheard  v.  Learoyd^  2  Times  Rep.  632:  Knight  v.  Coales^  19  Q.  B.  D. 
296;  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  486;  35  W.  R.  679:  HurWaU  v.  Bamett,  sup. 

"  Accounts,  &c,  which  circumstances  may  require  ";   F.  Require. 

An  Account  Stated  is,  ''an  agreement  by  both  parties  that  all  the 
articles  are  true  "  (per  Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Trueman  v.  Hursty  1  T.  R.  42). 
Vh,  Rose.  N.  P.  619. 

V,  Accounts:  Books  op  Account :  On  the  Account :  Mekchant*s 
Accounts  :  Mutual  Accounts  :  Debt,  Claim  ob  Demand. 

ACCOUNTABLE.—  V.  Not  liable. 

"  Accountable  Officer,"  quk  Part  2,  Customs  and  Inl.  Rer.  Act,  1885, 
48&49  V.  c.  61;   F.  s.  12. 

"  Accountable  Receipt " ;   V»  Receipt. 

» 

ACCOUNTANT.  —  A  person  who  carried  on  business  as  Agent  to 
an  Accountant,  and  was  employed  as  accountant  by  other  persons,  was 
held  to  be  properly  described  as  "Accountant,"  for  the  purposes  of 
the  Bills  of  Sale  Acts  {Briggs  v.  Boss,  87  L.  J.  Q.  B.  101;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B. 
2Q%)\  but  a  clerk  in  the  Accountant's  Office  of  a  Railway,  who  occasion- 
ally works  for  other  people  after  office  hours,  is  not  properly  described  as 
"  Accountant  "  (Larchin  v.  North  Western  Deposit  Bank,  44  L.  J.  Ex. 
71;  L.  R.  10  Ex.  64).  In  the  latter  case,  Mellor,  J.,  said,  "  I  think  in 
Briggs  v.  Boss  we  went  to  the  extreme  limit." 

F.  Government  Accountant  :  Public  Accountant. 

Stat.  Def.,  Scot.  19  &  20  V.  c.  79,  s.  4 :  — Accountant  of  the  Court  of 
Session,  43  &  44  V.  c.  4,  s.  3. 

ACCOUNTANT  GENERAI Stat.  Def.,  33  &  34  V.  c.  71,  s.  3; 

53&54  V.c21,  8.  39.— Jr.  20&21  V.c.  79,8.2. 

ACCOU  NTS.  —  As  used  in  the  power  of  reference  given  by  s.  67,  Jud. 
Act,  1873,  "  Accounts  "  is  widely  interpreted,  so  as  to  include  questions 
requiring  scientific  investigation  (Rowcliffe  v.  Leighy  3  Ch.  D.  292:  Fo. 
Boch  V.  Boor,  43  L.  T.  425;  49  L.  J.  Q.  B.  665). 

V.  Account  :  Keep  Accounts. 

ACCRETION.—  r.  Increase:  1  Encyc.  81. 

ACCRUE. — ''Rent  accrues  when  it  becomes  due,  and  at  no  other 
time.  If,  however,  there  be  no  demise,  and  an  action  be  brought  merely 
for  Use  and  Occupation,  then  the  compensation  due  for  such  Actual  Oc- 
cupation 'acorues,'  like  Interest,  de  die  in  diem"  (per  Patteson,  J., 
Slack  V.  Sharpe^  8  A.  &  E.  373).     But  when  a  tenant  becomes  bankrupt 


ACCRUE  21       ACCUMULATION 

during  the  currency  of  a  quarter,  or  other  period,  the  current  rent  is 
apportionable  under  the  Apportionment  Act,  1870,  and  the  proportionate 
part  up  to  the  bankrj  is  "  Bent  accrued  ducj  prior  to  the  date  of  adju- 
dication," for  which  the  landlord,  after  the  expiry  of  such  quarter  or 
other  period,  may  distrain  under  s.  42  (1),  Bankry  Act,  1883  (Re  BoweUj 
1895,  1  Q.  B.  844;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  454;  72  L.  T.  472;  43  W.  B.  447). 
Cp.  Re  Lueasy  cited  Due. 

A  Title  "  accrues  "  when  the  instrument  creating  it,  or  the  fact  con- 
stituting it,  first  becomes  operative ;  therefore  s.  5,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882, 
applies  only  to  property  of  a  married  woman  her  original  title  to  which 
accrued  after  the  commencement  of  the  Act,  and  it  does  not  embrace 
property  in  Bemainder  at  the  time  of,  but  which  comes  into  possession 
after,  the  commencement  of  the  Act  (Beid  v.  Reid,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  294; 
31  Ch.  D.  402;  34  W.  B.  332 :  Vf.  Re  Parsons,  cited  Contingent:  Re 
Beaupre,  21  L.  B.  Ir.  397).     Cp,  Acquibe. 

Covenants  to  settle  property  which  may  "  accrue " ;  V.  Haare  v. 
Hornby,  2  Y.  &  C.  Ch.  121;  12  L.  J.  Ch.  151:  Maclurean  r.  Lane, 
7  W.  B.  136;  5  Jur.  N.  S.  56.  In  Hoare  v,  Hornby,  Knight-Bruce, 
v.  C,  said,  *'  *  Accrue  '  must  be  intended  as  meaning  that  which  might 
come  by  a  fresh  and  new  Title."     Cp.  Entitled. 

A  cause  of  action  for  a  Tort  **  accrues  "  when  it  becomes  effective,  i.e. 
when  the  resulting  damage  manifests  itself.     V.  Cause  of  Action. 

"  Accruing  Debt " ;    V.  Debt. 

'*  Accruing  Dividend,"  in  a  Public  Co,  is  a  dividend  in  process  of 
being  earned,  but  not  yet  declared;  and  a  testamentary  declaration  that 
a  bequeathed  Share  in  a  Co  "  shall  carry  the  dividend  accruing  thereon  " 
at  the  testator's  death,  passes  to  the  legatee  the  dividend  declared  thereon 
after  his  death  for  the  period  then  current ;  and  the  legatee  takes  it  with- 
out apportionment,  because  by  those  words  it  is  "expressly  stipu- 
lated "  that  there  shall  be  no  apportionment  {Re  Lysaght,  1898,  1  Ch. 
115;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  ^5\  77  L.  T.  637). 

Commission,  "  on  all  moneys  accruing  from  Engagements,^*  is  only 
payable  on  what  is  actually  earned,  and  not  on  what  ought  to  have  been 
earned  {Didcott  v.  Friesner^  11  Times  Bep.  187). 

"  Bights  accrued  "  ;  F.  Bights. 

"  Accruing  Share  and  Interest  ";  V.  Greenwood  v.  Sutdiffe,  23  L.  J. 
C.  P.  98 ;  14  C.  B.  226.     Vf.  Share. 

"  Arising  or  Accruing  ";   V.  Arising:  by  Cesser;   V.  Cesser. 

V.  First  Accrued  :  Cp.  Arise. 

ACCUMULATION.  — Bequest  of  a  sum  to  be  invested,  ^'and  all 
Bonuses  and  Accumulations  thereof  " ;   V.  Re  Oram,  16  L.  T.  376. 

"  It  cannot,  perhaps,  be  considered  as  quite  settled  whether  an  Accumu- 
lation which  arises,  not  by  the  direction  of  the  settlor,  but  by  operation 
of  law,  is  within  the  Thkllusson  Act,"  39  &  40  G.  3,  c.  98  (Watson, 


ACCUMULATION  22    ACCUSTOMED  RENT 

Eq.  5,  whv  for  consideration  of  cases  thereon).  The  word  "  accumu- 
late "  is  not  necessary ;  a  direction  to  "  invest, "  or  the  like,  for  a  period 
prohibited  is  within  the  Act  {Matthews  y,  Kebley  37  L.  J.  Ch.  8,  657; 
L.  R.  4  Eq.  467;  3  Ch.  691 :  Re  Mason,  1891, 3  Ch.  467;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  25 : 
Sv,  Re  Fope,  45  S.  J.  45;  70  L.  J.  Ch.  26).  As  to  the  exception  from 
the  Act,  of  a  provision  for  Debts,  F.  Varlo  v.  Faden,  cited  Debts  :  —  As 
to  a  similar  exception  of  Portions,  V,  Portion:  —  qu^  Eepairs  and 
Improvements,  V.  Vine  v.  Raleigh,  1891,  2  Ch.  13;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  675; 

63  L.  T.  573:  Re  Mason,  sup. 

Vf,  hereon  generally,  Watson,  Eq.  4,  Tit.  "  Accumulations  " :  1  Encyc. 
82:  Accumulations  Act,  1892,  56  &  56  V.  c.  58,  on  whv  Re  Danson^ 
cited  Land. 

The  legislation  hereon  applies  to  a  Charity,  as  well  as  to  an  indi- 
vidual ( WliaHon  v.  MastermaUj  1895,  A.  C.  186 ;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  369 ; 
72  L.  T.  431 ;  43  W.  R.  449). 

In  the  phrase  "  Accumulation,  or  Deposit,  which  is  a  Kuisance, 
or  injurious  to  health,"  s.  107,  P.  H.  (Ir.)  Act,  1878,  "  Accumulation  " 
and  "Deposit"  are  used  in  their  natural  sense: — "'Accumulation' 
implies  some  gradual  accretion,  a  heaping  up  of  matter  increasing  from 
day  to  day;  and  'Deposit'  means  something  that  is  put  down  in  some 
place  and  left  there.  Both  these  words  involve  the  idea  of  a  certain 
degree  of  permanency,  and  cannot  be  held  to  touch  the  case  of  loading 
and  unloading  manure  from  the  Company's  waggons  at  a  Ry  Station,  for 
the  purpose  of  its  delivery  to  farmers  who  come  to  take  it "  {G.  N.  Ry 
V.  Lurgan,  1897,  2  I.  K  351). 

ACCUSATION "Accusation,"  s.  49,  24  &  25  V.  c.  96,  means 

allegation  of  misconduct ;  but  in  s.  46  it  is  confined  to  an  allegation 
charging  crime  as  therein  specified  {R.  v.  Tomlinson^  1895,  1  Q.  B.  706; 

64  L.  J.  M.  C.  97;  72  L.  T.  155;  43  W.  K.  544;  18  Cox  C.  C.  75). 
V.  Accuse  :  Menace  :  Infamous  Crime. 

ACCUSE.  —  To  "accuse,  or  threaten  to  accuse"  of  a  Crime,  s.  47. 
24  &  25  V.  c.  96,  is  not  restricted  to  the  narrow  meaning  of  accuse  by 
course  of  law,  but  means,  to  allege,  or  threaten  to  allege,  before  any 
third  person  (per  Patteson,  J.,  R,  v.  Robinson,  2  Moo.  &  R.  16),  whether 
the  prosecutor  be  really  guilty  of  the  crime  or  not,  if  the  object  be  ex- 
tortion {R.  V.  Gardner,  1  C.  &  P.  479).  Vf.  R,  v.  Redman,  L.  R.  1  C.  C. 
R.  12;  35  L.  J.  M.  C.  89 ;  14  L.  T.  303 ;  14  W.  R.  56:   Accusation. 

ACCUSED   PERSON.  —  Stat.  Del,  33  &  34  V.  c.  52,  s.  26. 

ACCUSTOMABLY.—  V.  Usually. 

ACCUSTOMED  RENT.  — "Old  and  Accustomed  Rent";  F. 
Mount  jot/ s  Oase^  5  Rep.  3  b. 

"  Accustomed  Rent " ;  V,  Doe  d.  Douglas  v.  Lock,  4  L.  J.  Q.  B.  113 ; 
2  A.  &  E.  705 ;  4  N.  &  M.  807. 


ACCUSTOMED  RENT    23    ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

"  Ancient  and  Accustomed  Rent  " ;  V.  Doe  d.  Biddulph  v.  Hole^ 
20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  57 ;  15  Q.  B.  848. 

"Yearly  Ferm  or  Rent  .  .  .  accustomablj  yielden  or  paid,"  s.  2, 
32  H.  8,  c.  28;  13  Eliz.  c.  10;    V.  Doe  d.  Tennyson  v.   Yarborough, 

7  Moore  C.  P.  258;  1  Bing.  24. 

Vh.  Sug.  Pow.  793 :  Farwell,  625. 
V,  Ancient  Rent. 

ACKNOWLEDGE.  — "I  acknowledge  A.  B.  to  be  my  heir-at- 
law  " ;  held  to  pass  the  testator's  lands  in  fee  (Parker  v.  Nickson, 
32  L.  J.  Ch.  397;  1  D.  G.  J.  &  S.  177).  In  giving  judgment  in  that  case 
Westbury,  C,  said,  —  "  Nothing  is  better  settled  in  our  law  than  that 
the  words  *  I  make  A.  B.  my  heir,'  or  *  I  declare  A.  B.  to  be  my  heir,' 
or  even  the  words  *  A.  B.  is  my  heir,'  amount  to  a  devise  to  A.  B.  in  fee 
of  all  the  inheritable  lands  of  the  testator  " ;  for  as  "  Jerman,  J.,  said 
(Taylerv.  Web^  Styles,  301,  319),  'the  word  Heir  implies  two  things: 
first,  that  he  shall  have  the  lands ;  secondly,  that  he  shall  have  them  in 
fee  simple.'  "  So  of  a  nomination  of  an  heir  by  such  expressions  as  ''  I 
appoint  "  or  "  I  nominate  *'  (Spark  v.  Pumell^  Hob.  75).  So  where  a 
testator  constituted  his  dearly-beloved  wife  sole  executrix  and  "  Heiress 
of  all  his  lands  and  real  and  personal  estate/'  to  sell  same  at  pleasure 
and  to  pay  debts  and  legacies,  she  was  held  entitled  to  retain  the  surplus 
proceeds  after  payment  of  debts  and  legacies,  and  that  there  was  no 
resulting  trust  in  favour  of  the  heir  as  regards  such  surplus  (Rogers  v. 
Rogers,  3  P.  Wms.  193,  stated  1  Jarm.  570).     V.  Sole  Heir. 

F.  Acknowledgment. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.  — An  Acknowledgment,  in  writing,  of  a 
Debt,  s.  1,  9  G.  4,  c.  14,  and  s.  13,  Mer.  Law  Amend.  Act,  1856,  so  as  to 
take  such  debt  out  of  the  Limitation  Act,  1623,  21  Jac.  1,  c.  16,  must, 
—  (1)  admit  that  the  debt  is  due,  and  (2)  promise,  or  justify  the  infer- 
ence of  a  promise,  of  payment  unconditionally,  or  (if  conditionally)  it 
must  be  shown  that  the  condition  has  been  accomplished :  —  For  the  cases 
laying  down  and  illustrating  this  interp^  V.  Rose.  N.  P.  676  et  seq.: 
Add.  C.  1259  et  seq. :  45  S.  J.  443-445.  An  Acknowledgment  by  one  of 
several  Exors  suffices  (Re  Macdonald,  1897,  2  Ch.  181  ;  66  L.  J.  Ch. 
630  ;  76  L.  T.  713;  45  W.  R.  628,  distinguishing  Tullockv.  Dunn^Hy. 
&  Moo.  416,  and  Scholey  v.  Walton,  13  L.  J.  Ex.  122 ;  12  M.  &  W.  510 : 
Va.  Asthury  v.  Astbury,  inf.).      Vf.  Attended  to:  Only. 

An  Acknowledgment  of  a  Deed,  or  Specialty,  by  writing  or  part 
payment  or  part  satisfaction,  s.  5,  Civil  Procedure  Act,  1833,  3  &  4  W.  4, 
c.  42,  will  suffice  if  it  contains  a  clear  admission  of  the  Specialty  Debt 
(Add.  C.  1258 :  Vf.  Moodie  v.  Bannister,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  881 ;  4  Drew.  432 : 
Howcutt  V.  Bonser,  18  L.  J.  Ex.  262;  3  Ex.  499 :  Forsyth  v.  Bristowe, 

8  Ex.  721 ;  22  L.  J.  Ex.  255).  ^ 

Qu^  8. 40,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1833)  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27,  repld 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT    24    ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

8.  8,  37  &  38  V.  c.  67 ;  V.  Chinneri/  v.  Hvans,  11  H.  L.  Ca.  115;  4  N.  R. 
620 :  Toft  V.  Stephensouy  21  L.  J.  Ch.  129 ;  1  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  28 ;  7  Hare, 
1:  St.  John  v.  Boughton,  7  L.  J.  Ch.  208;  9  Sim.  219:  Barrett  v. 
Birmmgham,  4  Ir.  Eq.  637 :  Blair  v.  Nugent^  3  J.  &  La  T.  668 :  Mil- 
lington  v.  Thompson^  3  Ir.  Ch.  Rep.  236 :  Hill  v.  StaweU,  2  Ir.  L.  R. 
302,  on  whlcVf  Barrett  v.  Birmingham,  sup.,  Morrogh  v.  Power,  6  Ir. 
L.  R.  494,  and  Hannan  v.  Power,  8  lb.  606.     Vf,  Payment. 

Qu^  Rent  (not  reserved  by  a  formal  Lease,  as  to  whv  s.  3,  3  &  4  W.  4, 
c.  42),  and  Interest  on  money  Charged  upon  land,  or  Interest  on 
Legacy,  s.  42,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27;  V.  Holland  v.  Clark,  1  Y.  &  C.  Ch.  151 : 
Jortin  V.  S,  E.  By,  6  D.  G.  M.  &  6.  291 :  Holding  v.  Lane,  1  D.  G.  J.  & 
S.  122  ;  32  L.  J.  Ch.  219:  Astbury  v.  Astbury,  1898,  2  Ch.  Ill;  67  L.  J. 
Ch.  471;  46  W.  R.  636;  78  L.  T.  494:  Be  West,  3  L.  R.  Ir.  77:  Gren- 
fell  V.  Girdlestone,  2  Y.  &  C.  Ex.  662;  7  L.  J.  Ex.  Eq.  42 :  Be  Fitz- 
maurice,  15  Ir.  Ch.  Rep.  445.      Vf.  Payable. 

Acknowledgment  of  Title,  s.  14,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1833; 
V.  Curzon  v.  Edmonds,  6  M.  &  W.  295 :  Dublin  Socy  v.  Bichards,  1  Dr. 
&  War.  258 :  Dublin  Corp  v.  Judge,  11  Ir.  L.  R.  8  :  Spencer  v.  Beckett, 
4  Q.  B.  601 :  Fursdon  v.  Clogg,  10  M.  &  W.  672 :  Jayne  v.  Hughes,  10 
Ex.  430;  24  L.  J.  Ex.  115:  Ley  v.  Peter,  3  H.  &  K  101;  27  L.  J.  Ex. 
239 :  Goode  v.  Job,  1  E.  &  E.  6 ;  28  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1 :  Phillipson  v.  Gihbo^i, 
6  Ch.  434;  40  L.  J.  Ch.  406;  24  L.  T.  602 ;  19  W.  R.  661. 

Qu^  Mtgee  in  Possession,  s.  28,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1833, 
repld  s.  7,  37  &  38  V.  c.  67 ;  V.  TnUoek  v.  Boby,  12  Sim.  402 :  Stans- 
field  V.  Hobson,  3  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  620;  22  L.  J.  Ch.  657:  Thompson 
V.  Bowyer,  11  W.  R.  975;  2  N.  R.  504:  Batchelor  v.  Middleton, 
6  Hare,  75. 

Note.  The  cases  in  tbe  last  four  preceding  pars  may  be  referred  to  as 
regards  each. 

V.  Payment. 

Vh.  Darby  &  Bosanqnet  on  Stat,  of  Limitations,  2nd  Ed.  266  et  seq. 

At  p.  108,  1  Jarm.,  the  following  rules  are  deduced  from  the  cases, 
there  cited,  as  to  what  is  an  Acknowledgment  by  a  testator  of  the  signa- 
ture to  his  Will :  — 

"  (a)  The  signature  to  be  acknowledged  may  be  made  by  the  testator, 
or  by  another  for  him. 

"  (b)  A  testator,  whether  speechless  or  not,  may  acknowledge  his  sig- 
nature by  gestures. 

"  (c)  There  is  no  sufficient  acknowledgment,  unless  the  witnesses  either 
saw,  or  might  have  seen,  the  signature,  not  even  though  the  testator  should 
expressly  declare  that  the  paper  to  be  attested  by  them  is  his  Will." 

Note:  This  proposition  cited  and  approved  by  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Blake y. 
Blake,  51  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  36 ;  7  P.  D.  102 ;  which  case  upholds  Dr. 
Lushington's  ruling  hereon  in  Hudson  v.  Parker,  1  Robert.  14;  but 
overrules  that  of  Sir  Cresswell  Cresswell  in  Gwillim  v.  Owillim,  3  Sw.  & 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT    25  ACQUIRE 

Tr.  200,  and  of  Ld.  Penzance  in  Beckett  v.  Howe^  L.  R.  2  P.  &  D.  1 ; 
39  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  1. 

"  (d)  When  the  witnesses  either  saw  or  might  have  seen  the  signature, 
an  express  acknowledgment  of  the  signature  itself  is  not  necessary,  a  mere 
statement  that  the  paper  is  his  Will,  or  a  direction  to  them  to  put  their 
names  under  his,  or  even  a  request  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  person  in 
his  presence,  to  sign  the  paper  is  sufficient."  Vh.  Daintree  v.  Fasulo, 
57  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  76;  13  P.  D.  102;  58  L.  T.  661. 

"  (e)  When  the  signature  is  seen  or  expressly  acknowledged,  it  is  not 
material  that  the  witnesses  are  not  told  that  the  instrument  is  a  Will,  or 
are  deceived  into  thinking  that  it  is  a  deed. 

''  (f)  It  is  sufficient,  on  a  re-execution,  merely  to  acknowledge  the 
signature  made  on  a  former  execution." 

ACOLYTE.  —  "  The  Acolyte  is  he  who  bears  the  lighted  candle 
whilst  the  Gospel  is  in  reading,  or  whilst  the  Priest  consecrates  the  Host  " 
(Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  89). 

ACQUIESCENCE.  —  This  word  does  not  mean  simply  an  active 
intelligent  consent,  but  will  be  implied  if  a  person  is  content  not  to  oppose 
irregular  acts  which  he  knows  are  being  done  (per  Cairns,  C,  Evans  v. 
Smallcombe,  37  L.  J.  Ch.  793;  L.  R.  3  H.  L.  249), 

"  If  a  person  having  a  right,  and  seeing  another  person  about  to  com- 
mit, or  in  the  course  of  committing,  an  act  infringing  upon  that  right, 
stands  by  in  such  a  manner  as  really  to  induce  the  person  committing  the 
act,  and  who  might  otherwise  have  abstained  from  it,  to  believe  that  he 
assents  to  its  being  committed,  he  cannot  afterwards  be  heard  to  complain 
of  the  act*  This,  as  Ld  Gottenham  said  in  Leeds  v.  Amherst  (2  Phill. 
117;  16  L.  J.  Ch.  6 ;  10  Jur.  956),  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  term  'Ac- 
quiescence,' and  in  that  sense  may  be  defined  as  quiescence  under  such 
circumstances  as  that  assent  may  be  reasonably  inferred  from  it,  and  is 
no  more  than  an  instance  of  the  law  of  estoppel  by  words  or  conduct  " 
(per  Thesiger,  L.  J.,  De  Bussche  v.  Alt^  8  Ch.  D.  314 ;  47  L.  J.  Ch.  389 ; 
38  L.  T.  370).  But  "  *  Acquiescence '  imports  full  knowledge "  (per 
Tumpr,  L.  J.,  Life  Assn.  of  Scotland  v.  Siddcd,  3  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  58,  74). 
Vf.  Redgrave  v.  Hurd,  20  Ch.  D.  1 ;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  113;  45  L.  T.  485; 
30  W.  R.  251:  Buckl.  501-508.     Vf  Staitding  by. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  bring  an  action  in  order  to  show  that  a  person 
has  not  "  submitted  to  or  acquiesced  in  "  an  intebruption  of  an  Ease- 
ment within  s.  4,  Prescription  Act,  1832,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  71;  "Acqui- 
escence "  under  that  section  is  a  question  of  fact  (Bennison  v.  Cartwrighty 
33  L.  J.  Q.  B.  137;  6  B.  &  S.  1:  Qlover  v.  Coleman,  L.  B.  10  C.  P. 
108;  44  L.  J.  C.  P.  66). 
Vh.  1  Encyc.  90-96. 

ACQUIRE.  —  Moneys  of  a  deserted  wife,  not  reduced  into  posses- 
sion by  her  husband  before  desertion,  and  payable  after  desertion,  are 


ACQUIRE  26  ACQUITTAL 

"acquired"  by  the  wife  after  the  desertion  within  a  21,  20  &  21  V. 
c.  85  (Nicholson  v.  Drury  Building  Co,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  192;  7  Ch.  D.  48: 
Vf.  Cooke  V.  Fvller^  26  Bea.  99) ;  but  rents  of  the  wife's  leaseholds  re- 
ceived after  her  desertion  bj  an  agent  appointed  by  her  before  the  mar- 
riage, are  not  within  the  word  (JKingsman  v.  Kingsman^  50  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
81;  6  Q.  B.  D.  122;  29  W.  R.  207;  44  L.  T.  124;  45  J.  P.  357), 

Property  which  a  wife,  after  a  judicial  separation,  "  may  acquire^  or 
which  may  come  to  or  devolve  upon  her,"  s.  25,  20  &  21  V.  c.  85;  V.  Re 
Imole,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  177;  35  Bea.  92;  L.  R.  1  Eq.  470:  Re  Coward  and 
Adamsy  L.  R.  20  Eq.  179;  44  L.  J.  Ch.  384;  Waitev.  Morland,  38  Ch. 
D.  135;  59  L.  T.  185;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  655;  36  W.  R.  484:  ITUIy.  Cooper, 
1893,  2  Q.  B.  85;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  423;  41  W.  R.  600;  69  L.  T.  216 : 
Re  Hughes,  1898,  1  Ch.  529;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  279;  46  W.  R.  502;  78  L.  T. 
432. 

V.  CoMK  to:  Conquest.     Cp.  Accrue:  Devolve, 

Damages  awarded  to  a  Wife,  in  an  action  brought  in  the  joint  names 
of  herself  and  husband,  is  Money  or  Property  "  acquired  "  by  her,  within 
s.  5  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882  (Beasley  v.  Roney,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  509;  60  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  408;  m  L.  T.  153;  39  W.  R.  415;  55  J.  P.  mOT). 

After-acquired  Property,  Settlement  of ;   F.  Entitled. 

"  Acquire  Qualification  "  ;   F.  Qualification. 

Saving  of  Right,  &c,  "acquired,  accrued,  or  incurred,"  s.  215 
(2),  London  Bg.  Act,  1894;   F.  R.  v.  Cluer,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  36. 

A  "  Right  acquired,"  which  is  saved  by  s.  27,  Patents,  &c.  Act,  1888, 
"  means  some  specific  Right  which,  in  one  way  or  another,  has  been  ac- 
quired by  an  individual,  and  which  some  persons  have  got  and  others 
have  not  got,  —  e,g,  every  one  has  a  right  to  wear  spectacles,  but  he 
does  not  'acquire  a  Right'  to  wear  them  by  the  fact  that  he  does  wear 
them  "  (per  Channell,  J.,  Starey  v.  Graham,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  411) ;  there- 
fore, a  man  who,  prior  to  the  Act,  had  been  accustomed  to  call  himself  a 
"  Patent  Agent"  did  not  thereby  "acquire"  any  Right  to  continue  that 
title  without  registration  under  the  Act  (S,  C,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  406;  68 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  257;  80  L.  T.  185). 

"  Right  acquired,"  s.  104,  23  &  24  V.  c,  154;  V.  Foley  v.  Gallagher, 
2  L.  R.  Ir.  389. 

The  right  of  a  Solicitor  (who  has  neglected  to  renew  his  Certificate)  to 
apply  for  a  fresh  one,  is  not  a  "Right  acquired  or  accrued,"  within 
proviso  (B),  s.  23,  40  &  41  V.  c.  25  (Re  Chaffers,  15  Q.  B.  D.  467). 

ACQUISITION    OF   GAIN F.  Gain. 

ACQUITTAL.  —  **  *  To  acquite  him  * :  acquite  is  compounded  of  ad, 
and  the  old  verbe  quietare,  and  signifieth  in  law  to  discharge,  or  keepe  in 
quiet,  and  to  see  that  the  tenant  be  safely  kept  from  any  entries,  or  other 
molestation  for  any  manner  of  service  issuing  out  of  the  land  to  any  lord 
that  is  above  the  mesne.     And  hereof  commeth  Acquitall,  and  quietus 


ACQUITTAL  27  ACRE 

est,  (that  is)  that  he  is  discharged;  and  he  that  is  discharged  of  a  felony, 
&c,  by  judgment,  is  said  to  be  acquitted  of  the  felony,  dcquietatus  de 
felonid  ;  and  if  he  be  drawne  in  question  againe,  he  may  plead  auterfoits 
acquite  "  (Co.  Litt.  100  a). 

"  The  word  *  Acquittal '  is  verbum  equivocum,  and  may  in  ordinary 
language  be  used  to  express  either  the  verdict  of  a  jury,  or  the  formal 
judgment  of  the  Court,  that  the  prisoner  go  thereof  without  day  "  (per 
Tindal,  C.  J.,  Burgess  v.  Boetefeur,  13  L.  J.  M.  C.  126;  7  M.  &  G.  481: 
Vf.  Cowel,  Acquitall),     Cp,  Convicted. 

"  Acquitted  on  the  Indictment,^*  in  a  Recognizance  under  s.  5,  16  & 
17  V.  c.  30,  means,  acquitted  on  every  Count,  and  if  the  deft  is  acquitted 
on  some  of  the  Counts  but  Convicted  on  one,  he  is  not  entitled  to  the 
Costs  provided  by  the  section  {R.  v.  Batjard,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  181 ;  67  L.  T. 
313;  40  W.  R.  525;  m  J.  P.  650). 

ACQUITTANCE.  —  "  *  Acquittance  '  is  a  discharge  in  writing  of  a 
summe  of  money,  or  other  duty  which  ought  to  be  payed  or  done  "  (Termes 
de  la  Ley),      Vf.  Cowel. 

A  "  Clearance  "  Certificate  from  one  branch  of  a  Friendly  Society  to 
another,  is  not  an  "  Acquittance  "  within  s.  23,  24  &  25  V.  c.  98  {R.  v. 
French,  39  L.  J.  M.  C.  58;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  217). 

Acquittance  or  Receipt ;    F.  R,  v.  West,  cited  Receipt. 

ACQUITTED.—  V.  Acquittal. 

ACRE.  —  The  statute  De  Mensurandis  Terris,  34  Edw.  1,  c.  1,  defined 
an  Acre  as  10  perches  in  length  and  16  in  breadth,  and  so  on,  or,  as  ex- 
pressed in  Termes  de  la  Ley,  "  *  Acre '  containeth  in  length  40  perches 
and  in  breadth  4  perches,"  but  it  adds^  there  were  "  divers  Customes  of 
severall  countries  "  varying  this  admeasurement.      Vf,  Co.  Litt.  5  b. 

''  ^y  the  grant  of  an  Acre  of  land,  doth  pass  so  much  as  is  an  acre 
by  measure  in  that  country,  by  the  ordinary  account  and  measure  of 
the  country"  (Touch.  95).  But  in  Wing  v.  Earle  (Cro.  Eliz.  267) 
Gawdy,  J.,  said,  "  If  one  sells  land  and  is  obliged  that  it  containeth  20 
acres,  this  shall  be  according  to  the  Law  and  not  according  to  the  Cus- 
tome  of  the  country."  Semble,  in  cases  of  question  it  was  for  the  jury 
to  say  which  acre  was  meant  ( Waddy  v.  Newton^  8  Mod.  275).  But 
5  G.  4,  c.  74,  s.  2,  provided,  "  that  the  Acre  of  land  shall  contain  4840 
Square  Yards, "  —  an  enactment  replaced  and  re-enacted  by  s.  12,  Weights 
and  Measures  Act,  1878,  and  which,  apart  from  a  context,  is  of  general 
application,  whether  "  Acre  "  is  used  in  a  Contract,  Will,  or  other  In- 
strument {O'Donnell  v.  O'Donnell,  13  L.  R.  Ir.  226). 

Qui  Landlord  and  Tenant  Law  Amendment  Act,  Ir.  1860,  "  *  Acre/ 
shall  mean,  Statute  Acre  "  (s.  1). 

Vf.  Elph.  658:  Portman  v.  Mill,  2  Russ.  570. 


ACROSS  28  ACT  OF  COD 

ACROSS.  —  V.  S.  E.  Rij  v.  European^  &c.  Telegraph  Co,  9  Ex. 
363;  23  L.  J.  Ex.  113. 

Nets  "  stretched  across  "  a  River,  s.  27,  Fisheries  (Ir.)  Act,  1842,  6  & 
6  V.  c.  106 ;   V.  Wilson  v.  Mot/  Fisheries  Co,  19  L.  R.  Ir.  270. 

V.  Through. 

ACROSS   COUNTRY V.  Evans  y.  Fratt,  11  L.  J.  C.  P.  87; 

3  M.  &  Q.  759. 

ACT.  —  Continuing  a  thing  in  its  former  condition,  is  not  an  act  done 
{WordswoHh  v.  Harley^  1  B.  &  Ad.  391).     Sv.  Done. 

An  Order  to  pay  costs,  is  not  an  Order  "  to  do  an  a^it,"  within  R.  6, 
Ord.  41,  R.  S.  C.  {Re  Deakin,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  478;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  797; 
83  L.  T.  39). 

"  Act,  or  Operation  of  Law  ";   F.  Surrender. 

"  Appear,  act,  or  behave  *'  ;    V.  Keeper. 

"Act"  which  recognizes  Contract;    V,  Recogntze. 

Appeal  "against  any  act  of  any  Justice,"  s.  27,  Alehouse  Act,  1828; 
V.  comparison  between  "  Act "  and  "  Order,"  per  Ld  Herschell, 
Boulter  v.  Kent  Jus*,  cited  Court  op  Suiimary  Jurisdiction. 

"  Act  as  a  Broker  " ;   F.  Broker. 

"Act  as  a  Solr";  V.  Re  Simmons,  16  Q.  B.  D.  348:  Solicitor: 
Practise. 

Will  "  act  exclusively  for  "  A.;  F.  Mutual  Reserve  Assn.  v.  New  York 
Insrce,  cited  Whole. 

"  Called  on  to  act ";   F.  Called. 

F.  By  Whose  :  Purposes  :  Acts  :  Immoral. 

ACT  JUSTLY.—  F.  Precatory  Trust. 

ACT  OF  BANKRUPTCY.  —  F.  Wms.  Bank.,  2  et  seq:  Baldwin, 
65  et  seq:  Yate  Lee,  11  et  seq:  Bankruptcy. 

ACT  OF  GOD.  —  "  Act  of  God  "  means  not  a  mere  misfortune,  but 
something  overwhelming  (per  Martin,  B.,  Oakley  y.  Portsmouth  Steam 
Packet  Co,  25  L.  J.  Ex.  101;  11  Ex.  623),  such  as  storms,  lightning, 
and  tempests,  which  could  not  happen  by  the  intervention  of  man  (For" 
ward  V.  Pittard,  1  T.  R.  33),  and  loss  from  which  could  not  have  been 
prevented,  or  avoided,  by  any  reasonable  amount  of  foresight,  pains,  or 
care  (Nugent  v.  Smith,  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  697,  708;  1  C.  P.  D.  441,  444). 
Therefore,  damage  from  an  escape  of  water  from  a  frost-burs  ted  pipe, 
the  bursting  being  caused  by  negligently  leaving  the  boiler  filled  with 
cold  water  in  frosty  weather,  is  not  an  Act  of  God  (Siordet  v.  IfalL 
1  Moore  &  P.  561;  4  Bing.  607). 

"  By  the  *  Act  of  God,*  is  meant  a  natural,  not  merely  an  inevitable. 
Accident "  (per  Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Trent  Nav,  v.  Wood,  cited  in  Forward 


ACT  OF  COD  29  ACTED 

T.  Fittardy  1  T.  R.  28.  In  the  report  of  Trent  Nav.  v.  Woody  in  4  Doug. 
290,  Lord  Mansfield's  words  are,  "  The  *  Act  of  God '  is  natural  neces- 
sity, as  wind  and  storms,  which  arise  from  natural  causes,  and  is  distinct 
from  inevitahle  accident " ;  but  in  3  Esp.  131,  the  words  are,  "  The  *  Act 
of  God '  is  a  natural  necessity  and  inevitably  such,  e.g.  winds,  storms, 
&c"). 

"In  the  older,  simpler,  days  I  have  myself  never  had  any  doubt  but 
that  this  phrase  does  not  mean  Act  of  Grod  in  the  Biblical  sense  of  the 
term,  under  which  everything  almost  is  said  to  be  the  Act  of  God;  but 
that,  in  a  mercantile  sense,  it  means  an  extraordinary  circumstance  which 
could  not  be  foreseen,  and  which  could  not  be  guarded  against"  (per 
Esher,  M.  R.,  Fandorfy.  Hamilton^  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  548;  17  Q.  B.  D. 
675).—  Vf.  Nichols  V.  Marsland,  46  L.  J.  Ex.  174;  L.  R.  10  Ex.  255; 
2  Ex.  D.  1:  Nitro-phosphate  Co  v.  L,  &  S.  Katharine's  Dock  Co^ 
9  Ch.  D.  503;  1  Maude  &  P.  350:  Benj.  551:  Carver,  8-12:  H.  v.  Ussex 
Commrs  of  Sewers,  14  Q.  B.  D.  561;  11  App.  Ca.  449, 

By  s.  727,  New  York  Civil  Code,  an  "Act  of  God"  is  defined  as 
"irresistible  super-human  cause." 

Permanent  Illness  is  an  "  Act  of  God,"  excusing  the  performance  of  a 
Contract  for  Personal  Services  (Boast  v.  Firth^  38  L.  J.  C.  P.  1;  L.  R. 
4  C.  P.  1:  Vf.  Leake,  607);  sectts,  of  a  Contract  to  Marry  {Hall  v. 
Wright,  29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  43;  E.  B.  &  E.  746,  765). 

If  a  Bailment,  e.g.  a  horse,  dies  or  falls  sick,  "  sans  ascune  default 
ou  negligence "  of  the  bailee,  it  is  an  "  Act  of  God "  and  excuses 
him  ( Williafns  v.  Lloyd,  Jo,  W.  179).     Sv.  Beatson  v.  Schank,  cited 

IXABILITY. 

Cp.  Accident:  Chance:  Inevitable  Accident. 

ACT   OF   PARLIAMENT.  — K.  Local  Act  of  Parliament. 

"Act  of  Parliament,"  s.  2  (1),  S.  L.  Act,  1882,  is  not  confined  to 
Private  Acts  but  includes  General  Acts,  e.g.  the  Accumulations  Act^ 
1800  (  Vine  v.  RaUigh,  1896,  1  Ch.  37). 

"  Co  incorporated  bj  Act  of  Parliament " ;    V.  Company. 

"  Instrument,  not  being  an  Act  of  Parliament " ;  V.  Deed  op 
Settlement. 

Stat.  Def.  —  29  &  3a  V.  c.  108,  s.  2;  41  &  42  V.  c.  76,  s.  2;  51  &  52 
V.  c.  51,  s.  4;  Interp.  Act,  1889,  s.  39;  56  &  57  V.  c.  38,  s.  5;  59  & 
60  V.  c.  48,  s.  2b.  — Scot.  21  &  28  V.  c.  53,  s.  2;  60  (&  61  V.  c.  38, 
s.  145  (15). 

ACT  OF  STATE.  —  A  Foreign  Patent  is  an  "  Act  of  State,"  within 
8.  7,  14  &  15  V.  c.  99  (Be  Betts,  1  Moore,  P.  C.  N.  S.  49). 

ACT  OR  DEFAULT.— "Wrongful  Act  or  Default";  T.  Default. 

ACT   OR   PRACTISE.  — r.  Practise. 

ACTED. — V,  Innocently  acted. 


ACTING  80  ACTION 

ACTING.  —  "The  person  acting  in  the  Administration,"  s.  32,  44 
V.  c.  12,  does  not  mean  the  person  who  has  acted  by  taking  Probate  but, 
means  the  person  who  is  really  acting  at  the  time  when  the  question  of 
further  Duty  arises,  and,  therefore,  an  Exor  who  has  fully  administered 
is  not  liable  under  the  section  {A.-G.  v.  Smith,  1893, 1  Q.  B.  239;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  288;  68  L.  T.  6;  41  W.  R.  245). 

Justices  "acting  unpkr  the  Summary  Jurisdiction  Acts,"  s.  13  (11), 
Interp.  Act,  1889,  means,  Justices  exercising  summary  jurisdiction 
(per  Ld  Davey,  BotUter  v.  Kent  Jus.,  cited  Coukt  of  Summary 
Jurisdiction). 

Acting  in  the  Ordinary  Course  of  business;  V,  Mercantile  Agent. 

ACTING    TRUSTEE.  — An   "acting"    Trustee   is   one   who   has 

taken  upon  himself  to  perform  some  of  the  trusts ;  the  phrase  does  not . 
include  one  who,  in  limine,  has  refused  to  act  {^Sharp  y.  Sharp,  2  B. 
&  Aid.  405,  stated   Lewin,  776:    Vf.  Lewin,   278.      Cp.  Continuing 
Trustee. 

A  person  who,  pursuant  to  a  Power,  appoints  a  New  Trustee  but  has 
not  otherwise  acted  in  the  Trust,  is  an  "  Acting  Trustee  "  {Re  Cunningham 
andFrayling,  1891,  2  Ch.  567;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  591;  64  L.  T.  558;  39 
W.  R.  469). 

Cp.  Barb  Trustee. 

ACTION.  —  This  is  a  generic  term,  and  means  a  litigation  in  a  civil 
court  for  the  recovery  of  individual  right  or  redress  of  individual  wrong, 
inclusive,  in  its  proper  legal  sense,  of  suits  by  the  Crown  (Bradlaugh  v. 
Clarke,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  505;  8  App.  Ca.  354;  48  L.  T.  681:  Va.  jdgmt 
of  Brett,  M.  R.,  in  A.-G.  v.  Bradlaugh,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  214;  14  Q.  B.  D. 
667;  52  L.  T.  589;  33  W.  R.  673).  ''Action,  n'est  auter  chose  que 
loyall  demande  de  son  droit"  (Co.  Litt.  285  a).  Even  before  the  Jud. 
Acts,  "  Action  "  included  a  Suit  in  Equity  {Pennell  v.  Smith,  5  D.  G. 
M.  &  G.  187).  As  used  in  s.  3,  Limitation  Act,  1623,  it  includes  a  Set- 
off {Remington  v.  Stevens,  2  Stra.  1271).     Cp.  Decree. 

For  the  purpose  of  the  Jud.  Acts,  "  Action  "  means  "  a  Civil  Proceed- 
ing commenced  by  Writ  or  in  such  other  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
Rules  of  Court;  and  shall  not  include  a  Criminal  Proceeding  by  the 
Crown  "  (s.  100,  Jud.  Act,  1873).  An  Originating  Summons  is  within 
this  definition  {Re  Fawsitt,  Galland  v.  Burton,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  1131;  30 
Ch.  D.  231;  34  W.  R.  26,  158:  Re  Vardon,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  259;  31  Ch. 
D.  275;  53  L.  T.  895;  34  W.  R.  185);  but  as  used  in  the  Third-Party 
procedure,  R.  48,  Ord.  16,  R.  S.  C,  "action"  does  not  include  an 
Originating  Summons  {Re  Wilson,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  101;  45  Ch.  D.  266; 
63  L.  T.  100;  39  W.  R.  58):  Vf,  Writ  of  Summons.  An  Interpleader 
Issue  is  not  such  an  Action  {Hamlyn  v.  Betteley,  6  Q.  B.  D.  63;  60 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  1;  29  W.  R.  275;  43  L.  T.  790),  nor  are  Garnishee  proceed- 
ings {Ma^on  V.  Wirral,  4  Q.  B.  D.  459),  nor  proceedings  on  a  Petition 


ACTION  81       ACTON  BURNEL 

(Re  Wallis,  23  L.  R.  Ir.  7 :  So.  Suit)  ;  nor  is  a  Company  Summons  an 
Action  (  F.  Trial);  nor  a  Summons  under  s.  14  (2),  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act, 
1881  (Locky.  Fearce,  1893,  2  Ch.  271;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  582;  68  L.  T.  569; 
41  W.  R.  369). 

A  Counter- Claim  is  not  an  "Action,"  within  s.  66,  Co.  Co.  Act, 
1888,  not  even  when  (the  original  action  being  at  an  end)  it  happens  to 
be  the  sole  matter  in  issue;  and,  therefore,  it  cannot  be  remitted  for  trial 
under  that  section  (Delobbel-Fltpo  v.  Varti/,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  663;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  398). 

Admiralty  Causes  are  not  included  in  "  Actions,"  as  that  word  is  used 
in  8,  101,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888  (Tlie  Tijnwald,  1895,  P.  142;  64  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  1;  71  L.  T.  731;  43  W.  R.  509:  The  Theodora,  1897,  P.  279; 
66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  50;  76  L.  T.  627). 

*'  Action,"  in  ss.  53,  54,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  does  not  include  a  Motion 
by  a  Trustee  in  Bankry  to  recover  property  of  the  bankrupt  (Re  Lock, 
63  L.  T.  320;  39  W.  R.  15). 

**  Action  "  is  used  in  s.  1,  Public  Authorities  Protection  Act,  1893, 
in  its  wide  generality  (Uarrop  v.  Ossett,  and  Fielden  v.  Morley,  cited 
Pursuance). 

F.  Cause:  Suit:  Writ  op  Summons. 

An  action  in  rem,  apart  from  statutory  definition,  is  not  generally 
included  in  the  word  "Action,"  e.g.  in  a  provision  requiring  notice 
before  action  (The  Longford,  58  L,  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  33;  14  P.  D.  34). 

Action  on  the  Case;   V.  Case. 

Action  on  Contract;   V.  Contract. 

"  Action  founded  on  Contract  or  Tort " ;  V.  Founded  on  :  Contract  : 
Tort. 

Extra  costs  for  "  conducting  Actions  or  Suits  " ;    V,  Conducting. 

Cp.  Cause  of  Action.  V.  Maintain:  Personal  Action:  Real 
Action:  Popular  Action. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  — 15  &  16  V.  c.  76,  s.  227;  17  &  18  V.  c.  125,  s.  99; 
22  &  23  V.  c.  63,  s.  5;  23  &  24  V.  c.  126,  s.  39;  24  V.  c.  11,  s.  4;  30  & 
31 V.  c.  127,  s.  3;  39  &  40  V.  c.  17,  s.  2;  45  &  46  V.  c.  31,  s.  2,  c.  61, 
s.  2 ;  51  &  52  V.  c.  43,  s.  186;  56  &  57  V.  c.  71,  s.  62.  —  Scot.  39  &  40 
V.  c.  70,  s.  3.  — /r.  16  &  17  V.  c.  113,  s.  4;  40  &  41  V.  c.  57,  s.  3; 
(Action  or  Suit),  11  &  12  V.  c.  28,  s.  18. 

ACTIONS.  —  "  Where  one  releases  to  another  all  *  Actions,'  not  only 
JVctions  depending,  but  also  causes  of  actions  are  released"  (Altham's 
Case,  8  Rep.  153  a,  153  b) ;  "  but  within  a  submission  of  all  actions  to 
arbitrament,  causes  of  action  are  not  contained  "  (Co.  Litt.  285  a).   V.  Suit. 

ACTIVE.  —  F.  On  Active  Service. 

ACTON    BURNEI The  statute   of  Acton    Bumel   "is  a  stat 

made  13  Edw.  1,  ordaining  the  Statute-Merchant;  and  was  so  called 


ACTON  BURNEL   82      ACTUAL 

because  it  was  made  at  Acton  Burnel,  a  Castle  in  Shropshire^  anciently 
belonging  to  the  family  of  Burnel "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

ACTS.  —  "  The  covenant  (i.e.  for  Quiet  Enjoyment)  is  that  the  lessee 
should  hold  the  premises  without  any  lawful  eviction,  interruption,  &c, 
by  or  from  the  lessor,  or  by  or  through  her  *  Acts,  Means,  Right,  Title, 
Forfeiture,  Privity  or  Procurement.'  Now  the  word  *  Acts,'  means  some- 
thing done  by  the  person  against  whose  acts  the  covenant  is  made;  and 
the  word  < Means'  has  a  similar  meaning,  something  proceeding  from 
the  person  covenanting."  (Per  cur.,  Spencer  y,  Marriott,  1  B.  &  C.  459; 
2  D.  &  R.  665.  Vf.  Dennett  v.  Atherton,  L.  R.  7  Q.  B.  316;  41  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  165;  20  W.  R.  442:  Stevenson  v.  Fowell,  1  Bulstr.  182:  Dart, 
884:  Sug.  V.  &  P.  602:  Elph.  487,  488:  2  Piatt,  310). 

But  "  *  Means  and  Procurement '  have  a  large  extent  "  (Palm.  340) : 
and  where  a  husband  procured  a  conveyance  to  himself,  remainder  to 
his  wife,  the  wife  was  held  as  claiming  by  "  means  "  of  her  husband^ 
"  although  she  claims  by  title  derived  from  another  "  (Butler  v.  Swin^ 
nerton,  Palm.  339;  2  Rol.  Rep.  286;  Cro.  Jac.  657). 

All  ^^  Reasonable  Acts,"  in  a  covenant  for  Further  Assurance,  means 
such  as  the  law  requires;  but  do  not  include  an  unnecessary  act  (per 
Wood,  B.,  Warn  v.  Bickford,  9  Price  51.  V.  Pudsey  v.  Newsam^  Yel v.  44  : 
Dart,  887:  Sug.  V.  &  P.  613),  or  one  that  is  impracticable  (Elph.  493). 

ACTUAL. — The  word  "actual"  does  not,  usually,  advance  the 
meaning.  Speaking  generally  a  thing  is  not  more  itself  because  it  is 
spoken  of  as  "  actual,"  nor  is  an  act  more  done  or  enjoined  because  it  is 
said,  or  required,  to  be  "  actually "  done.  *  Thus  the  phrase  "  Actual 
Seizure**  in  s.  1,  Mer.  Law  Amend.  Act,  1856,  means  no  more  than 
"  Seizure  "  {Gladstone  v.  Padwick,  40  L.  J.  Ex.  154;  L.  R.  6  Ex.  203). 
V.  Seizure. 

But  where  a  word  has  a  constructive  legal  meaning  not  completely 
corresponding  to  the  fact  it  indicates,  then  the  addition  of  "  actual  "  will 
intensify  that  word,  so  that  it  will  not  be  fully  satisfied  by  such  legal 
meaning  (F.  R,  v.  St,  Nicholas^  Rochester^  cited  Occupation).  Thus 
where,  as  in  s.  26,  Rep.  People  Act,  1832,  a  freeholder,  &c,  must,  in 
order  to  qualify  for  his  vote,  have  been  **  in  the  actual  Possession  "  or 
receipt  of  the  rents  and  profits  of  his  tenement  for  six  months  before  the 
last  day  of  July,  that  means  a  possession  in  fact  as  distinguished  from 
merely  a  possession  in  law;  and  therefore  the  owner  of  a  Rent-charge  is 
not  in  such  possession  or  receipt  until  he  has  had  "  the  manual  receipt 
of  the  rent  itself,  or  some  part  of  it,  or  something  in  lieu  of  it  "  (per 
Tindal,  C.  J.,  Murraij  v.  Thomileij,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  155 ;  2  C.  B.  217 ; 
the  decision  in  which  was  followed  in  Hayden  v.  Tiverton,  16  L.  J.  C.  P. 
88;  4  C.  B.  1,  and  Webster  v.  Ashton-under-Lyne  ;  Orme*s  Case,  42  L.  J. 
C.  P.  38;  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  281.    Va.  Anelay  v.  Lewisy  17  C.  B.  316,  on  the 


ACTUAL  33      ACTUAL  ARRIVAL 

like  phrase  in  s.  74,  6  &  7  V.  c.  18).  But  where  a  conveyance  of  a  Rent- 
charge  is  framed  so  as  to  operate  under  the  Statute  of  Uses,  27  H.  8,  c.  10, 
then  for  the  purposes  of  the  Rep.  People  Act,  the  Rent-charge  is  in 
"  actual  possession  "  of  the  grantee  from  the  date  of  the  conveyance, 
because  a  long  course  of  authority  and  practice  has  established  that  the 
"  possession  "  into  which  Uses  are  converted  by  that  Statute  is  equiva- 
lent to  "  actual  possession  "  (ffeelis  v.  Blain,  34  L.  J.  C.  P.  88 ;  18  C.  B. 
N.  S.  90 :  Webster  v.  Askton-under-Lj/ne  ;  Hadfield's  Casey  42  L.  J.  C.  P. 
146 ;  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  306). 

But  from  the  doubting  way  in  which  the  Court  (especially  Bovill, 
C.  J.)  followed  in  Hadfield's  Case,  the  authority  of  Heelis  v.  Blain^  it 
may  be  questioned  whether  a  ruling  similar  to  that  in  the  two  last-named 
cases  would  be  adopted  for  the  interpretation  of  any  Act  except  the  one 
then  under  consideration.     F.  Possession:  Occupation. 

Where  two  or  more  are  in  possession,  the  '*  Actual  Possession  "  is  that 
of  the  one  who  has  the  title  (Litt.  s.  701 :  per  Maule,  J.,  Jones  v.  Chap^ 
man,  18  L.  J.  Ex.  460 ;  2  Ex.  821 :  Ramsay  v.  Margrett^  1894,  2  Q.  B. 
18 ;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  513 ;  70  L.  T.  788). 

Actual  or  Physical  Possession  of  Goods,  e,g,  for  a  Pledge,  does  not 
require  that  the  goods  be  grasped  by  the  hand ;  the  idea  is  satisfied  if 
the  goods  are  so  placed  that  the  possessor,  or  his  agent,  has  the  dominion 
and  control  over  the  goods  so  as  to  be  able  to  prevent  any  one  else  from 
removing  or  interfering  with  them  (per  Halsbury,  C,  Charlesworth  v. 
Mills,  1892,  A.  C.  231 ;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  830). 

Heirloom  to  the  person  for  the  time  being  "  in  the  actual  Enjoyment 
and  Possession  "  of  an  estate ;  V.  Hogg  v.  Jones,  32  L.  J.  Ch.  361 ; 
32  Bea.  45.     Vf.  Actual  Freehold. 

"  Entitled  to  the  Actual  Possession  " ;  V.  Re  Varley,  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
652;  68L.  T.  665. 

"  Actual,  forcible,  and  violent  entry  "  ;    V.  Violent. 

ACTUAL  ANNUAL  INCOME.  — A  testator  bequeathed  all  his 
real  and  personal  estate  to  trustees  Upon  Trust  for  his  wife  with  direc- 
tions to  sell  and  convert  the  same  into  money,  and  declared  that  his  real 
estate,  directed  to  be  sold,  should,  in  Equity,  be  considered  as  converted 
into  personalty  as  from  the  time  of  his  decease,  and  that  the  ''  Actual 
Annual  Income  "  for  the  time  being  of  his  unconverted  real  and  personal 
estate  should  be  considered  income  for  the  purposes  of  his  Will,  and  be 
applied  accordingly;  held,  that  the  widow  was  entitled  to  the  actual 
dividends  becoming  due  after  the  testator's  death  in  the  case  of  all  the 
securities,  except  such  as  in  their  nature  bore  interest  de  die  in  diem 
{Unwin  v.  Eykyn,  W.  N.  (66)  268). 

ACTUAL   ARRIVAI "Actual  Arrival   in   Dock,"  s.  237,  Mer. 

Shipping  Act,  1854;   F.  Attwood  v.  Case,  45  L.  J.  M.  C.  20;  1  Q.  B.D. 
134.     Vf.  Arrive. 


ACTUAL  BDLY.  HARM  34  ACTUAL  MIL.  SER. 

ACTUAL   BODILY   HARM.  — F.  Inflict. 

ACTUAL  CAPTURE.—  V.  Banda  &  Khncee  Booty y  cited  Co- 
operation. 

ACTUAL  COSTS  AND    EXPENSES When  an  Order,  for  an 

account  on  the  wrongful  taking  of  Minerals,  directs  allowance  to  be  made 
for  "  Actual  Costs  and  Expenses  "  or  "  Disbursements,"  profit  or  trade 
allowances  will  not  be  included  {Re  United  Merthyr  Co,  L.  R.  15  Eq.  46 : 
r.  MaoS.  638). 

ACTUAL   CUSTODY "  Actual  Custody  "  of  Documents  of  Title 

to  Goods,  8.  1  (2),  Factors  Act,  1889;  V,  Cahn  v.  Focketts  Co,  cited 
Consent. 

ACTUAL   DELIVERY.—  V.  Delivered  in  execution. 

ACTUAL   ENJOYMENT.  —  V.  Actually  enjoyed. 

ACTUAL   ENTRY.—  V.  Actual:  Violent. 

ACTUAL  FAULT.  —  The  protection  given  to  an  Owner  of  a  Ship  by 
88.  502,  503,  Mer.  Shipping  Act,  1894,  where  the  occurrences  therein  men- 
tioned happen  "  without  his  Actual  Fault,  or  Privity,"  connotes  his  own 
Eault,  &c,  as  distinguished  from  that  of  a  Co-Owner|  even  though  he  be 
the  Master  {T?ie  Obey,  L.  R.  1  A.  &  E.  102:  The  Spirit  of  the  Ocean,  12 
L.  T.  239:  Wilsonr.  Dickson,  2  B.  &  Aid.  2  :  Vthlc  on  what  is  "  Fault," 
and  The  Obey  on  "  Privity  "). 

ACTUAL  FRAUD.  —  In  Battison  v.  Bobson  (1896,  2  Ch.  403;  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  695;  nom.  Re  Hohaon,  44  W.  R.  615),  Stirling,  J.,  had  under 
consideration  "  Actual  Fraud  "  as  used  in  s.  14,  Yorkshire  Registries 
Act,  1884,  and  said,  —  "I  understand  that  term  to  mean.  Fraud  in  the 
ordinary,  popular,  acceptation  of  the  terra,  and  not  what  has  sometimes 
been  called  *  Legal  Fraud, 'or  *  Constructive '  Fraud,  or  'Fraud  in  the 
eye  of  a  Court  of  Law  or  Equity.*  "  But  in  view  of  Peek  v.  Derry  (cited 
Legal  Fraud),  it  is  difficult  to  see  the  distinction  between  "  Fraud  " 
and  "  Legal,  or  Constructive  Fraud."     Vf.  Fraud. 

ACTUAL  FREEHOLD.  —  In  limitations  relating  to  Heirlooms, 
the  person  entitled  to  the  "  Actual  Freehold  "  of  an  estate,  is  the  person 
in  possession,  or  in  the  receipt  of  the  rents  and  profits  (Scarsdalc  v. 
Ciirzon,  29  L.  J.  Ch.  249;  1  J.  &  H.  40);  so,  if  the  phrase  be  "  Actual 
Possession  "  (Re  Angerstein,  1895,  2  Ch.  883;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  57 ;  73  L.  T. 
500;  44  W.  R.  152).  But  if  the  phrase  be,  entitled  "In  Possession," 
then  the  Heirlooms  vest  absolutely  in  the  first  Tenant  in  Tail  at  birth, 
whether  he  comes  into  possession  or  not  {lb,).      V,  Actual. 

ACTUAL  MILITARY  SERVICE.  — The  privilege  of  making  Nun- 
cupative Wills  given  to  "  any  Soldier  being  in  actual  military  service  *' 
(Stat,  of  Frauds,  s.  22;  Wills  Act,  1837,  s.  11)  is  limited,  by  the  words 


ACTUAL  MIL.  SER.     85    ACTUALLY  ARRIVED 

italicised,  "  to  those  who  are  on  an  expedition:  And  consequently  that 
the  Will  of  a  soldier  made  while  he  was  quartered  in  barracks,  either  at 
home  {Drummond  v.  Parish,  3  Curt.  622  ;  7  Jur.  538  :  Vthc,  Ee  Hiscox^ 
inf.)  or  in  the  Colonies  (  White  v,  Repton,  3  Curt.  818 :  Sv,  Ee  Fhipps, 

2  Curt.  368:  Ee  Johnson,  2  Curt.  341 :  Ee  Pery,  2  L.  T.  0.  S.  335),  is 
not  privileged.  The  same  was  heltl  of  the  Will  of  a  soldier  made  at  Ban- 
galore, whilst  in  command  of  the  Mysore  Division  of  the  army  there 
stationed,  and  who  died  whilst  on  a  tour  of  inspection  of  the  troops  under 
his  command  (Ee  Bill,  1  Rob.  276)  '* :  Wms.  Exs.  104.  So  of  a  sergeant 
with  his  regiment  at  Malta,  under  orders  for  the  West  Indies  (EeNorris, 

3  Notes  of  Ecc.  Cases,  197:    Va.  Bowles  v.  Jackson,  1  Spinks,  294). 
But  a  soldier  passing  from  one  regiment  to  another,  —  both  regiments 

being  in  active  service  against  the  enemy  (Herbert  v.  Herbert,  D.  &  Sw. 
10;  4  W.  R.  182), — or  joining  a  regiment  with  the  view  of  marching 
against  the  enemy  (Ee  Thome,  34  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  131;  4  Sw.  &  Tr. 
36;  11  Jur.  N.  S.  569:  Ee  Hiscock,  17  Times  Rep.  110 ;  1901,  P.  78 ;  70 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  22;  84  L.  T.  61),  is  within  the  privilege.  So  is  one 
who  has  received  a  mortal  wound  on  the  battle-field  (Ee  Farquhar, 

4  Notes  of  Ecc.  Cases,  651 :    Ee  Churchill^  lb.  47 :    Ee  Prendergast, 

5  lb.  92). 

Vf.  Testament,  last  par. 

Qui  Army  Act,  1881,  Yeomanry  and  Volunteers,  when  "  on  Actual 
Military  Service,"  are  Soldiers  (subss.  7,  8,  s.  176) :  Vh.  Marks  v.  Froglei/y 
cited  Soldier.     Vf.  Training. 

F.  Military  Service:  On  Active  Service. 

ACTUAL   OCCUPIER.— r.  Occupier. 

ACTUAL  POSSESSION.—  V,  Actual:  Actual  Freehold: 
Possession. 

ACTUAL   SEIZIN.  —  V.  Tuthill  v.  Eogers,  IJ.  &  La  T.  36 ;  6  Ir. 
Eq.  Rep.  429,  on  whcv  Ee  Maxwell,  cited  In  Charge.     V,  Seized. 
ACTUAL   SEIZURE.— F.  Actual:  Seizure. 

ACTUAL  TENANT    IN   TAII Quk  Fines  and  Recoveries  Act, 

1833,  "  'Actual  Tenant  in  Tail,'  shall  mean  exclusively,  the  Tenant  of 
an  Estate  Tail  which  shall  not  have  been  barred  ;  and  such  Tenant  shall 
be  deemed  an  Actual  Tenant  in  Tail  although  the  Estate  Tail  may  have 
been  divested  or  turned  to  a  right  "  (s.  1). 

ACTUAL  TOTAL   LOSS F.  Total  Loss. 

ACTUAL   VALUE.  — r.  Value,  towards  end. 

ACTUAL   WEIGHT "  Actual  Weight  gotten,"  s.  12  (1),  60  &  51 

V.  c.  68;  V.  Brace  v.  Abercam  Co,  cited  Mineral  Gotten. 

ACTUALLY  ARRIVED.  —  V.  Actual  Arrival. 


ACT'LY  CHARGEABLE  36      ACT'LY  RECEIVED 

ACTUALLY   CHARQEABLE.  —  r.  Chargeable. 
ACTUALLY   DELIVERED V.  Delivered  in  Execution. 

ACTUALLY  ENJOYED.  —The  words  "  actually  enjoyed,"  for  20 
years,  in  s.  3,  Prescription  Act,  1832,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  71,  are  satisfied 
where  a  house  exists  with  ordinary  windows  through  which  Light  and 
Air  have  in  fact  passed,  although  there  has  been  no  occupation  in  the  sense 
of  personal  occupation  {Courtauld  v.  Legh^  38  L.  J.  Ex.  45;  L.  E. 
4  Ex.  126:  Collia  v.  Laugher,  1894,  3  Ch.  659;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  851). 
''  Enjoying  the  use  cannot  mean  shall  have  continuoiisly  used.  If  that 
had  been  the  intention  of  the  statute  some  such  word  as  '  continuously  ' 
would  be  found  in  this  section.  I  take  '  enjoyed '  to  mean,  <  having  had 
the  amenity  or  advantage  of  using '  the  access  of  light.  That  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  'having  had  the  use,'  the  intention  being  that  the  owner 
of  a  house  may  acquire  the  right  to  have  the  access  of  light  over  adjoin- 
ing land  to  an  opening  which  he  has  used  in  such  manner  as  suited  his 
convenience  for  the  passage  of  light  during  20  years"  (per  Kay,  J., 
Cooper  V.  Straker,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  29;  40  Ch.  D.  21 ;  cited  and  applied  by 
Stirling,  J.,  Smith  v.  Baxter,  cited  Inteubuption).  A  similar  rule 
applies  as  to  what  is  an  Actual  Enjoyment  of  a  Right  of  Way,  &c, 
under  s.  2  {Rollins  v.  Vemey,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  430;  13  Q.  B.  D.  304: 
Smith  V.  Baxter,  sup.).  But  the  enjoyment  must  be  "  as  of  Right  " ; 
and  the  right  to  a  Right  of  Way  under  s.  2  may  be  defeated  by  evidence 
even  of  a  parol  license,  if  the  enjoyment  has  been  for  20  years ;  but  if  it 
has  been  for  40  years  then  it  will  be  absolute  unless  "  enjoyed  by  some 
Consent  or  Agreement,  expressly  given  or  made  for  that  purpose  by 
Deed  or  Writing"  (s.  2;  vth  Gardner  v.  Hodgson* s  Co,  1900,  1  Ch. 
592;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  368;  82  L.  T.  455;  48  W.  R.  469;  revd.  on  the 
inference  from  the  facta,  1901,  2  Ch.  198).      V,  Access:  Interruption. 

Note :  —  The  Crown  is  not  named  in,  and  therefore  is  not  bound  by, 
s.  3  {Perry  v.  Eames,  cited  Easement). 

ACTUALLY  OCCUPIED.— T.  R.  v.  St.  Nicholas,  Rochester, 
cited  Occupation  :   Va,  Actual. 

ACTUALLY  PAID.  — As  to  the  meaning  of  the  phrase  "Rent 
actually  paid,"  in  an  Act  authorising  rating  assessments;  V,  Bristol 
W,  W.  Co,  V.  Uren,  54  L.  J.  M.  C.  97;  15  Q.  B.  D.  637. 

"  Valuable  Consideration  actually  paid  " ;    K.  Valuable. 

ACTUALLY   PENDING V.  Pending. 

ACTUALLY   PRODUCINQ   INCOME V.  Re  Huhhuck,  U^^, 

1  Ch.  754;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  271. 

ACTUALLY  RECEIVED.  — Gift  over  on  death  "without  having 
actually  received"  legacy;    V.  Martin  v.  Martin,  L.  R.  2  Eq.  404;  35 


ACTLY  RECEIVED     37  ADDRESS 

L  J.  Ch.  679:  Johnson  v.  Crook,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  777;  12  Ch.  D.  639: 
Bitbb  V.  Padwick,  49  L.  J.  Ch.  178;  13  Ch.  D.  519. 

"  Actually  receive  "  Goods,  s.  4,  Sale  of  Goocb  Act,  1893;  V.  Accept- 
ance. 

V.  Receivable:  Ebcbived. 

ADAPT.  —  "  Adapted  to  be  inhabited  " ;    V.  Inhabited. 
"  Constructed  or  adapted  " ;    V.  Constructed. 

ADDITION.  —  "  'Addition,'  signifieth  a  Title  given  to  a  man  be- 
sides his  Christian  and  Sir-name,  shewing  bis  Estate,  Degree,  Mystery, 
Trade,  Place  of  Dwelling,  &c."  (Cowel:    Vf.  Termes  de  la  Ley). 

Qu^  Registration  of  Assurances  (Ir)  Act,  1850,  13  &  14  V.  c.  72, 
**  the  word  *  Addition,'  —  where  the  addition  of  any  person  whose  name 
is  required  by  this  Act  to  be  entered  in  any  Index  to  be  kept  at  the  said 
Register  Office  is  hereby  directed  to  be  entered  with  such  name,  —  shall 
mean  the  description  as  to  Residence,  Title,  Rank,  Profession,  or  Occu- 
pation "  (s.  64). 

A  legacy  "in  addition  to,"  or  "substitution  for,"  or  "instead  of," 
another,  will  prima  facie  be  taken  on  the  same  conditions,  out  of  the 
same  funds,  and  with  the  same  privileges  as  that  other  (1  Jarm.  185),  —  a 
meaning,  however,  which  may  be  varied  by  a  context  (lb.  n.;  2  lb.  603). 
Vf.  Thomas  v.  Nurse,  W.  N.  (68)  181:  Ee  Benyon,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  1165: 
Lee  V.  Pain,  4  Hare,  218.    Cp,  One  Man:  V.  Lieu  and  Substitution. 

A  legacy^  to  A.,  "  in  addition  to  the  sums  owing  to  him,"  may,  on  the 
facts,  be  a  gift,  not  only  of  the  legacy  itself  but  also  of  sums  not  legally 
due  to  him,  e.g.  a  sum  named  in  an  I.  0.  U.  to  him  that  was  given 
without  consideration  {Re  Roioe,  1898, 1  Ch.  153;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  87;  77 
L.  T.  475). 

An  "Addition  to  an  existing  Building,"  within  an  Act  requiring 
Notice  of  it  to  a  Local  Authority,  is  a  matter  to  be  determined  on  the 
whole  of  the  circumstances :  —  to  substitute  a  brick-built  bedroom  for  a 
conservatory,  may  well  be  an  "  Addition  "  to  a  house,  although  it  occupy 
no  greater  space  than  the  conservatory  did  {Meadows  v.  Taylor,  59  L.  J. 
M.  C.  99;  24  Q.  B.  D.  717;  62  L.  T.  658;  54  J.  P.  757). 

Putting  into  a  house  heating-apparatus  so  as  to  make  the  house  more 
lettable,  is  not  an  "  Addition  to,  or  Alteration  in  buildings,*^  within 
8.  13  (ii),  S.  L.  Act,  1890;  sccus,  of  altering  main  entrance  and  provid- 
ing an  entirely  new  roof  {Re  Gaskell^  1894,  1  Ch.  485;  63  L.  J.  Ch. 
243;  70  L.  T.  554;  42  W.  R.,219).     V.  Let:  Cp.  Rebuilding. 

"Addition  "  to  a  Trade-Mark,  s.  74  (1),  46  &  47  V.  c.  57;  V.  Re 
Smokeless  Powder  Co.,  1892,  1  Ch.  590;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  391 :  Re  Clement, 
1900,  1  Ch.  114;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  52;  81  L.  T.  400;  48  W.  R.  67. 

ADDRESS.  —  "  Name  and  Address  " ;    V.  Name. 
"  The  Address  of  the  pit,"  in  an  Indorsement  of  a  Writ  R.  I.  Ord.  4, 
E.  S.  C,  mus^  be  his  ordinary  Residence,  as  distinguished  from  his 


ADDRESS  88  ADJACENT 

Place  of  Business  {Stoy  v.  ReeSy  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  310;  24  Q.  B.  D.  748; 
63  L.  T.  49;  38  W.  K  683). 

But  the  "  Address  "  of  a  Witness  to  a  Bill  of  Sale,  as  prescribed  in 
the  form  given  in  s.  9,  Bills  of  S.  Act,  1882,  means  the  same  as  ''  Resi- 
dence "  in  the  earlier  Acts;  therefore,  where  a  Bank  Clerk  gave  his 
Address  as  at  the  Bank  where  he  was  employed,  that  sufficed  (Shnmons 
V.  Woodward,  1892,  A.  C.  100;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  252;  66  L.  T.  534;  40 
W.  R.  641).  —  Note,  .  The  Address  and  Description  of  each  witness 
must  be  on  the  Bill  of  S.  itself  (Blankenstein  v.  Robertson,  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  315;  24  Q.  B.  D.  543:  Parsons  v.  Brand,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  189; 
25  Q.  B.  D.  110;  62  L.  T.  479;  38  W.  R.  388);  but  if  a  witness  signs  two 
attestations,  one  of  which  gives  the  A  &  D  and  the  other  does  not, 
tlie  former  may  be  looked  at  to  see  that  the  same  person  has  signed  both, 
and  if  that  can  be  seen  on  the  face  of  the  document  the  omission  to  put 
the  A  &  D  to  the  second  attestation  is  not  material  {Bird  v.  Davey^ 
1891,  1  Q.  B.  29;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  8). 

Cjp,  "  Place  of  Abode,"  sub  Place. 

A  Club  Address,  generally,  is  insufficient  [Re  Stoydan,  1895,  2  Q.  B. 
534;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  47;  11  Times  Rep.  589). 

As  to  what  is  a  breach  of  a  stipulation  that  "  no  Artiste  shall  address 
the  Audience";    V.  Cobom  v.  Palace  Theatre,  11  Times  Rep.  227. 

ADEMPTION.  —  Where  there  is  a  Specific  legacy,  and -the  subject- 
matter  does  not  remain  in  specie,  or  does  not  remain  the  property  of  the 
testator  at  his  death,  the  legacy  is  said  to  be  Adeemed;  t.6.  the  subject- 
matter  being  gone  from  the  testator's  estate,  the  gift  also  is  gone:  so, 
there  is  an  Ademption  when  the  purpose  for  which  the  specific  legacy 
was  given  has  been  otherwise  provided  for  by  the  testator. 

It  has  been  said,  in  America,  that  "  Ademption  "  is  synonymous  with 
"Satisfaction,"  when  applied  to  Specific  legacies  {Clark  v.  Jetton, 
5  Sneed,  234). 

Vh,  Wms.  Exs.  1183  et  seq:  Theobald,  122,  139-145,  675-684: 
1  Encyc.  119-121. 

ADEQUATE.  —  "  Adequate  and  Sufficient  Load  " :  K  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry 
V.  Gidlow,  45  L.  J.  Ex.  625;  L.  R.  7  H.  L.  517. 

"  Adequate  Ventilation  " ;  F.  Knowles  v.  Dickinson,  29  L.  J.  M.  C. 
135;  2E.  &E.  705. 

ADHERING  TO  THE  QUEEN'S  ENEMIES.  —  "Every  one 
commits  High  Treason  who,  either  in  the  Realm  or  without  it,  actively 
assists  a  public  enemy  at  war  with  the  Queen.  Rebels  may  be  public 
enemies  within  the  meaning  of  this  definition  "  (Steph.  Cr.  42).  Vf,  Arch. 
Cr.  883-899.     V.  Queen's  Enemies. 

ADJACENT.  —  "  Adjacent  or  Neighbouring  Lands  ";  V,  Birming- 
ham V.  Allen,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  673;  6  Ch.  D.  284:  Darley  Main  Co 
V.  Mitchell,  11  App.  Ca.  142:  Adjoining  Property:  Neighbouring. 


ADJACENT  89    ADJOINING  OCCUP'R 

"  Adjacent "  Mixes,  even  in  the  wide  region  of  South  Africa,  does  not 
include  a  Mine  4  miles  distant  {Kimherley  IV.  W,  Co  v.  Be  Beers  Mines, 
1897,  A.  C.  515;  66  L.  J.  P.  C.  108j  77  L.  T.  117. 

"Adjacent  to"  a  Mine;  V.  Tumhull  v.  Lambton  Co,  cited  In  ob 
About. 

Adjacent  and  Subjacent  support  to  land ;    F.  Kosc.  N.  P.  798-802. 

ADJOIN  :  ADJOINING.  — This  word,  in  a  penal  statute,  means 
**  absolutely  contiguous,  without  anything  between"  (per  Parke,  J., 
Ji,  T.  Hodgesj  Moo.  &  M.  343),.  and  it  >vas  there  held  that  ground, 
separated  from  a  house  by  a  narrow  walk  and  a  paling  with  a  gate  in  it, 
was  not  "adjoining"  the  house  within  s.  38,  7  &  8  G.  4,  c.  29. 
Adopting  that  def  Cozens-Haidy,  J.,  held,  that  a  Lessor's  covenant 
not  to  allow  a  specified  trade  to  be  carried  on  in  the  "  adjoining " 
premises,  was  confined  to  the  two  houses  immediately  contiguous  on 
either  side  of  the  demised  premises  (  Vale  v.  Moorgate  Street  Co,  80 
L.  T.  487).  But  a  purchaser's  covenant  that  he  would  not,  "in  the 
erection  of  buildings  adjoining  "  his  vendor's  other  property,  permit  any 
over-looking  Lights,  was  held  broken  by  such  lights  being  in  houses 
whose  gardens  did  not  touch  but  reached  to  within  6  yards  of  that  other 
property  {Ind,  Coojye  &  Co  v.  Hamhlin,  81  L.  T.  779;  48  W.  R.  238; 
W.  N.  (1900)  270). 

A  covenant  by  a  Lessor  (or,  semble,  a  Vendor)  as  to  User  of  "  adjoin- 
ing "  premises,  primd  facie^  only  binds  adjoining  premises  belonging  to 
him  at  the  time  of  the  contract  (Buckell  v.  King,  40  S.  J.  50).  It  is 
suggested  that  a  wider  covenant  should,  in  terms,  embrace  premises 
"now  or  hereafter"  belonging  to  the  covenantor;  or,  better  still,  drop 
"  adjoining "  and  make  the  covenant  extend  to  all  property  "  now  or 
hereafter  "  belonging  to  the  covenantor  within  the  defined  distance. 

Not  so  strict  as  in  R.  v.  Hodges  (sup.)  is  the  meaning  of  "  adjoining  " 
and  "  adjoin  "  in  ss.  127,  128,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845  {Lond.  &  S.  TV. 
RyY,  Blackmore,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  713;  L.  R.  4  H.  L.  610;  and  V.  obs 
of  Manisty,  J.,  Hohbs  v.  Mid.  Rg,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  324:  Moody  v.  Corbett, 
35  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161;  7  B.  &  S.  544;  L.  R.  1  Q.  B.  510);  nor  in  s.  150, 
P.  H.  Act,  1875  (  V.  Fronting).  So,  a  plot  of  ground,  separated  from 
a  church-yard  by  a  highway,  is  "  ground  adjoining  "  the  church-yard, 
within  s.  1,  30  &  31  V.  c.  133  {Re  Bateman  and  Parker,  1899,  1  Ch.  599; 
68  L.  J.  Ch.  330;  80  L.  T.  469 ;  47  W.  R.  516). 

As  to  the  meaning  of  a  Devise  of  a  house  "  with  the  piece  of  land 
thereto  adjoining  "  ;  V.  Josh  v.  Josh,  28  L.  J.  C.  P.  100 ;  5  C.  B.  N.  S. 
454,  stated,  1  Jarm.  784. 

V.  Adjacent:  Contiguous:  Abut:  Fronting:  Annex. 

ADJOINING    LAND.—  V.  Occupier. 

ADJOINING  OCCUPIER.  — Qui  London  Eg  Act,  1894,  "Adjoin- 
ing  Occupier,"  "  means  the  Occupier,  or  one  of  the  occupiers,  of  land, 


ADJOINING  OCCUP'R    40  ADJOURN 

biiildlDgs,  storeys,  or  rooms  adjoining  those  of  the  Building  Owneb  " 
(s.  5,  subs.  32). 

ADJOINING  OWNER.  — The  owner  of  land,  which  land  is  sepa- 
rated from  surplus  lands  of  a  Railway  by  only  a  private  road  over  which 
such  owner  has  a  right  of  way,  is  an  Adjoining  Owner  within  s.  128, 
Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845  {CoverUrij  v.  L.  B.  &  S.  Ry,  37  L.  J.  Ch.  90; 
L.  R.  5  Eq.  104;  16  W.  R.  267),  and  a  person  may  be  an  "  Adjoining 
Owner  "  within  the  section,  although  he  purchased  such  adjoining  landB 
from  the  Company  itself  against  which  he  claims  pre-emption  {Lond,  & 
S.  W.  Ry  V.  Blackmore,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  713 ;  L.  R  4  H.  L.  610).  Cp, 
Adjoin. 

"  *  The  Adjoining  Owner  '  is  prima  facie  the  person  to  whom  the  soil 
belongs :  e.g.  the  lord  of  the  manor  as  opposed  to  the  persons  entitled  to 
a  right  of  herbage  (Hooper  v.  Bourne,  3  Q.  B.  D.  258;  5  App.  Ca.  1 ;  47 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  437 ;  37  L.  T.  594 ;  42  lb.  97;  26  W.  R.  295;  28  lb.  493), 
and  in  connection  with  the  expression  *  Adjoining  Owner'  it  must  be 
clearly  understood  that  there  is  a  plain  obvious  distinction  between  the 
person  in  whom,  under  s.  127,  the  superfluous  lands  are,  in  default  of 
sale,  to  vest,  and  the  persons  to  whom  the  option  of  purchase  is  to  be 
given  under  s.  128  (Eobbs  v.  Mid,  Ry,  20  Ch.  D.  418;  51  L.  J.  Ch.  320; 
46  L.  T.  270;  30  W.  R.  516)  "  :  Dart,  861. 

Qu^  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "  *  Adjoining  Owner,'  means  the  Owner, 
or  one  of  the  owners,  of  land,  buildings,  storeys,  or  rooms  adjoining  those 
of  the  Building  Owner  "  (s.  5,  subs.  32)  :  Vh.  List  v.  Tharpe,  cited 
Owner.  That  section  is  larger  and  more  precise  than  s.  85,  Metrop.  Bg 
Act,  1855  (which  it  replaces),  under  which  an  Owner  of  only  an  Equitable 
Interest  could  be  an  Adjoining  Owner  (Cowen  v.  Phillips,  11  W.  R. 
706;  8  L.  T.  622;  33  Bea.  18) ;  so,  of  a  Tenant  in  Possession  of  a  part 
only  of  a  house,  if  his  interest  was  greater  than  from  tear  to  tear 
{Fillingham  v.  Wood,  1891,  1  Ch.  51 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  232;  64  L.  T.  46; 
39  W.  R.  282). 

V,  Fronting :  Occupier:  Owner. 

ADJOINING  PROPERTY.  —  As  to  this  phrase  in  a  covenant  giv- 
ing protection  from  annoyance;  V,  Harrison  v.  Good,  40  L.  J.  Ch.  295; 
L.  R.  11  Eq.  338 :  Annoyance  :  Neighbouring. 

"  Adjoining  or  Neighbouring  "  Colliery  ;    V,  Neighbouring. 

V,  Adjacent:  Adjoin. 

ADJOURN. — "The  word  'adjourn  '  must  be  construed  with  refer- 
ence to  the  object  of  the  context,  and  with  reference  to  the  object  of  the 
enquiry.  What  might,  in  certain  Acts  of  Parliament,  require  a  technical 
interpretation  where  adjournments  are  well  understood,  e.g.  relating  to 
Courts  of  Justice,  does  not  apply  to  enquiries  of  this  nature  (under  s.  4, 
Election  Commissioners  Act,  1852,  15  &  16  V.  c.  57).  Enquiries  of  this 
nature  cannot  be  performed  without  holding  meetings  from  time  to  time ; 


ADJOURN  41     ADMEASUREMENT 

and  when  the  power  of  holding  those  meetings  is  given,  'adjourn'  must 
be  taken  as  used  in  the  popular  sense  of  deferring  or  postponing  the 
enquiry  to  a  future  day  "  (per  Mellor,  J.,  FUzgerald^s  Case^  L.  R.  5  Q.  B. 
10). 

Vf.  1  Encyc.  129-133. 

ADJUDGED.  —  V.  Sum  Adjudged. 

Qua  Bankry  Frauds  &  Disabilities  (Scot.)  Act,  1884,  47  &  48  V.  c.  16, 
**  Adjudged  Bankrupt  "  includes  "  a  person  whose  estate  has  been  seques- 
trated, or  with  respect  to  whom  a  Decree  of  cessio  bonorum  has  been  pro- 
nounced by  a  competent  court  in  Scotland  "  (s.  5) ;  and  by  s.  6,  lb.,  that 
def  applies,  in  Scotland,  to  ss.  33,  34,  Bankry  Act,  1883. 

AOJUDGER.  — Stat.  Def.,  Scot,,  V.  31  &  32  V.  c.  101,  s.  3. 

ADJUDICATION.—  V.  Order  of  Adjudication. 

ADJUST.  —  "  'Adjustment,'  is  a  word  in  common  use.  It  is  com- 
monly applied  to  the  settlement  among  various  parties  of  their  several 
shares  in  respect  of  claims,  liabilities,  or  payments  relating  to  a  general 
AVERAGE  claim.  That  is  not  its  only  application ;  it  is  a  word  which  is 
applied  to  other  matters  in  the  same  manner  in  which  it  is  commonly 
applied  in  Marine  Insrce.  When  there  are  matters  which  require  re- 
arranging, regulating,  or  equalizing,  so  as  to  restore  the  true  balance, 
the  process  of  so  re-arranging,  setting  right,  regulating,  or  equalizing 
may  be  described  as  *  adjusting  * "  (per  Bruce,  J.,  He  Buckinghamshire 
Co.  Co.  and  Hertfordshire  Co.  Co.,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  423) ;  therefore,  the 
loss  by  one  County  and  the  gain  by  another  of  an  Area  which  contributes 
towards,  without  in  itself  augmenting,  the  County's  expenditure  upon 
bridges  and  main-roads,  is  a  matter  for  "  Adjustment  "  under  s.  62,  Loc. 
Gov.  Act,  1888  (S.  C.  1899, 1  Q.  B.  615;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  417 ;  80  L.  T.  85 ; 
63  J.  P.  356) ;  so,  where  a  portion  of  a  Township  is  detached  from  one 
Poor  Law  Union  and  included  in  another,  that  is  a  matter  for  "  Adjust- 
ment "  under  s.  68,  Loc.  Gov.  Act,  1894  {Re  Rochdale  and  Haslingden^ 
1899,  1  Q.  B.  540;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  531;  80  L.  T.  146;  47  W.  R.  322). 

There  is  no  Difference  as  to  "adjustment  of  Loss,"  within  a  Fire 
Policy,  when  the  only  question  is  as  to  whether  the  policy  has  been  vio- 
lated by  a  breach  of  one  of  its  conditions  (O'Connor  v.  Norwich  Union 
Insrce,  ISU,  2  1.  R.  723). 

Cp.  Direct. 

ADMEASUREMENT.  — A  Condition  of  Sale  that  provides  that 
"  the  Admeasurements  are  presumed  to  be  correct,"  and  negativing  allow- 
ance for  errors,  does  not  imply  that  there  has  been  an  actual  admeasure- 
ment prior  to  sale,  and  the  Condition  means,  —  if  the  quantity  stated  is 
incorrect  neither  party  is  to  have  any  claim  (  Cordingleyv,  Cheesehroughj 
31  L.  J.  Ch.  617;  3  Giff.  496).     V.  Error:   Cp.  Estimated. 

V.  Measurement. 


ADMINISTER  42       ADMINISTRATION 

ADMINISTER.  —  To  " administer "  a  Poison  or  a  Drug,  embraces 
every  mode  of  giving  it,  or  causing  it  to  be  taken  {La  Beau  v.  People^ 
34  N.  Y.  233). 

A  person  who  supplies  a  woman  with  a  drug,  for  her  to  take  and  which 
she  takes  in  his  absence,  "  administers  "  it,  within  s.  58,  24  &  25  V. 
c.  100  {E.  V.  Wilson,  26  L.  J.  M.  C.  18;  Dears.  &  B.  127:  followed  in 
R,  V.  FarroWy  Dears.  &  B.  164).  "  If  I  call  in  a  physician  and  he  writes 
his  prescription,  and  I  take  the  medicines,  is  that  not  an  administering 
by  him  ?  "  (per  Park,  J.,  R.  v.  Harleij,  4  C.  &  P.  369).  Vf.  Arch.  Cr. 
793 :  Eosc.  Cr.  239.      F.  Cause  to  be  taken. 

"  Administer  Poison  or  other  Destructive  Thing  "  ;  V,  Poison. 

A  Conspiracy  to  administer,  is  none  the  less  a  crime  because,  —  the 
woman  being  in  fact  not  pregnant,  —  the  administration  of  the  drug 
would  not  be  a  crime  if  committed  by  the  woman  alone  (/?.  v.  White- 
church,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  77  J  24  Q.  B.  D.  420 ;  62  L.  T.  124 ;  38  W.  R. 
336;  54  J.  P.  472). 

A  woman  who  administers  to  herself  an  innocent  thing  but  thinking 
it  capable  of  procuring  Abortion,  is  guilty  of  the  Attempt  to  commit 
the  crime ;  though  another  person  who  incites  her  to  take  it,  but  who 
knows  it  is  innocent,  is  not  guilty  of  inciting  her  to  such  an  Attempt 
(R.  V.  Brown,  63  J.  P.  790). 

To  "  administer  '*  a  deceased*s  estate,  as  that  phrase  is  used  in  an 
Administration  Bond,  includes  the  duty  of  keeping  the  estate  intact 
after  it  has  been  collected  and  got  in,  until  it  is  duly  administered ;  and 
the  words  "  well  and  truly  administer  "  are  not  cut  down  by  the  words 
following  the  scilicet,  for  such  words  are  only  an  illustration  of  what  a 
due  Administration  is  (Dobbs  v.  Brain,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  207  ;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
749 ;  67  L.  T.  371  ;  41  W.  E.  7;  67  J.  P.  22:  Vf.  Canterbury/,  Archbp. 
V.  Robertson,  3  L.  J.  Ex.  101;  1  Cr.  &  M.  690). 

"Take  possession  of  and  administer  Personal  Estate,"  s.  37,  Stamp 
Act,  1815;    F.  A,-G,  v.  New  York  Breweries  Co,  cited  Possession. 

ADMINISTRATION. —  V.  Administer:  Order  of  Adjudica- 
tion. 

"  Administration  of  Justice  "  :  —  English  "  Laws  and  Statutes  "  which 
are  to  be  "  applied  in  the  Administration  of  Justice,"  in  a  Colony,  are 
not  confined  to  those  having  relation  to  Procedure,  and  "  certainly  in- 
clude a  limitation  of  the  time  within  which  Actions  can  be  brought," 
e,g,  the  Nullum  Tempus  Act,  9  G.  3,  c.  16  (A.-G.  New  South  Wales  v. 
Love,  1898,  A.  C.  679 ;  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  84 ;  78  L.  T.  601 ;  47  W.  K.  81). 
V.  Bankruptcy  and  Insolvency. 

"  Management  and  Administration  "  ;    V.  Management. 

"  Person  acting  in  the  Administration  "  ;   V,  Acting. 

Stat.  Def.  (qua  a  deceased's  estate),  20  &  21  V.  c.  77,  s.  2 ;  20  &  21 
V.  c.  79,  s.  2 ;    39  &  40  V.  c.  18,  s.  7. 


ADMINISTRATION       43  ADMISSION 

As  applied  to  Scotland,  "  Administration  "  means  "  Confirmation,"  qui 
Industrial  and  Provident  Societies  Act,  1876,  39  &  40  V.  c.  45  (s.  3),  and 
qua  Friendly  Societies  Act,  1896  (s.  102). 

AD  MINI  STRATI  VE.  —  "  Administrative  Business  of  Justices, " 
s.  3,  Loc.  Gov.  Act,  1888  ;  V.  Royal  Aquarium  v.  Parkinson^  1892, 
1  Q.  B.  431 ;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  409 ;  66  L.  T.  513 ;  40  W.  R.  450  ;  6Q  J.  P. 
404:  Re  Local  Government  Act,  1888,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  33;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
27 ;  65  L.  T.  614  ;  bQ  J.  P.  279.  Qui  s.  46  of  the  Act,  "  *  Administra- 
tive Business '  means  such  business  as  is  by  this  Act  transferred  from 
Quarter  Sessions  or  Justices,  or  any  Committee  thereof,  to  County 
Councils." 

Qui  same  Act,  "  '  Administrative  County,^  means  the  area  for  which 
a  County  Council  is  elected  in  pursuance  of  this  Act;  but  does  not  (ex- 
cept where  expressly  mentioned)  include  a  County  Borough  "  (s.  100). 

"  Administrative  County  of  London  " ;  V,  London. 

"  Administrative  Vestry  ";  V.  London  Gov.  Act,  1899,  s.  34. 

ADMINISTRATORS —  V.  Executors. 
Administrators  of  Police;  V.  27  &  28  V.  c.  63,  s.  2. 
Administrators  of  a  Prison  ;  F.  23  &  24  V.  c.  105,  s.  4. 

ADMIRALTY.—  V.  s.  12  (4),  Interp.  Act,  1889. 

ADMIRALTY  CAUSE.  — An  action  against  a  Pilot  for  Collision- 
damage  caused  by  a  vessel  under  his  charge,  is  not  an  "  Admiralty 
Cause  "  within  ss.  3,  5,  31  &  32  V.  c.  71,  and  32  &  33  V.  c.  51  (^Flower 
V.  Bradley,  44  L.  J.  Ex.  1 ;  23  W.  R.  74,  whv,  for  prior  authorities : 
Scovell  V.  Beoan,  b&  L.  J.  Q.  B.  604;  19  Q.  B.  D.  428:  R.  v.  City  of 
London  CouH,  1892, 1  Q.  B.  273;  40  W.  R.  215 ;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  337, 
vtlilc^  for  a  vast  array  of  learning  hereon).  So,  of  an  action  against  a 
Dock  Go  for  damage  occasioned  by  the  state  of  the  dock  {Turner  v. 
Mersey  Docks,  1892,  P.  285;  61  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  100 ;  40  W.  R.  535). 
Vf.  The  Ruby,  cited  Seaman:  R.  v.  Essex  Co.  Co.,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  423 ; 
13  Q.  B.  D.  142:  Ship:  Damage  by  Collision. 

ADMISSION.  —  **' Admission  &  institution.*  In  proprietie  of 
speech,  admission  is,  when  the  bishop  upon  examination  admitteth  him 
(i.e,  a  Clerk)  to  be  able  and  saith  Admitto  te  habilem.  Institution  is, 
when  the  bishop  saith  Tnstituo  te  rectorem  talis  ecclesice  cum  curd  ani- 
maruvi,  &  accipe  euram  tuam  &  meam.  But  sometimes  in  a  more  large 
sense  admissus  doth  include  institutus  also:  cujus  prcesentatus  sit  ad~ 
missus,  (i.e.)  institutus**  (Co.  Litt.  344  a).  Vh.  London  v.  Derry, 
Smythe,  517,  518:  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  350.     Cp.  Collation. 

"Upon  Admission,"  9  G;  4,  c.  17,  s.  2;  V.  R.  v.  Humphrey,  cited 
Upon. 

"  Admissions  of  fact,"  "  on  the  Pleadings  or  otherwise  "  ;  V.  Otheh- 

WISE. 


ADMISSION  44        ADULTERATION 

py.  as  to  Admissions  of  fact,  1  Encyc.  147-152. 
Admission  of  Solicitors ;    V.  Cordery  on  Solrs,  3rd  Ed.  25. 

ADMIT.  — r.  Liability. 
"  Admit  the  truth  "  ;    V.  Truth. 

"  Admit  or  enrol "  ;  V.  Copyhold  Act,  1887,  60  &  51 V.  c.  73,  s.  49 ;  57 
&  58  V.  c.  46,  8.  94. 

ADMITTED.  — "Admitted"  a  Member  of  the  Court  of  a  City 
Company  is  equivalent  to  being  **  elected  "  (/?.  v.  Saddlers  Co,  32  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  337 ;  10  H.  L.  Ca.  404). 

Persons  are  not  "  admitted "  to  a  Sunday  Entertainment  by  pay- 
ment, s.  3,  21  G.  3,  c.  49,  if  they  go  in  free,  but  who,  when  they  are  in, 
can  only  get  reserved  seats  by  payment  ( Williams  v.  Wright^  41  S.  J. 
671). 

"  Admitted  or  Proved  "  ;  V.  Prove. 

V.  Full  interest  admitted. 

ADMITTED  SET-OFF "An  Admitted  Set-Off,"  s.  57,  Co.  Co. 

Act,  1888,  does  not  require  any  previous  assent  by  the  deft ;  the  phrase 
is  satisfied  if  the  Set-Off  be  admitted  by  the  pit  in  his  writ  or  summons 
{Lovejoy  v.  Cole,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  861 ;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  120 ;  43  W.  R.  48; 
71  L.  T,  374,  approving  Percival  v.  Pedley,  18  Q.  B.  D.  635,  and 
disapproving  Hubbard  v.  Goodley,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  285 ;  26"  Q.  B.  D. 
156). 

V,  Otherwise:  Eeduced  by  payment. 

ADMIXTURE V.  Declare. 

ADOPT.  —  "  Act  adopting  the  transaction  "  ;  V,  Sale  on  Trial. 

To  "adopt"  the  receipt  of  stolen  goods  does  not  make  the  adopter 
a  Receiver,  for  he  may  have  merely  acquiesced  without  taking  any  active 
part  in  the  receipt   (/?.  v.  Bring,  30  L.  T.  0.   S.  158 ;  7  Cox  C.  C. 

382). 

ADULT. — Qui  Sum.  Jur.  Act,  1879, "  The  expression  *  Adult,'  means 
a  person  who,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Court  before  whom  he  is  brought,  is 
of  the  age  of  16  years,  or  upwards  "  (s.  49). 

Cp*  Statute  Adult:  Full  Age:  Majority. 

ADULTERATION.  —  "  <  Adulteration  '  means  the  infusion  of  some 
foreign  substance  "  (per  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  Francis  v.  Maas,  47  L.  J.  M.  C. 
84;  3Q.  B.  D.  341).    T.  Dye. 

An  article  of  food  is  "  adulterated  "  when  any  substance,  other  than 
that  which  the  article  purports  to  be,  is  mixed  with,  or  added  to,  or 
placed  upon  it,  either  to  increase  the  bulk  or  weight  or  apparent  size  of 
the  article,  or  to  give  it  a  deceptive  appearance  (Fitzpatrick  v.  Kelly, 
42  L.  J.  M.  C.  132  ;  L.  R.  8  Q.  B.  337 :  Roberts  y,  Egerton,  43  L.  J.  M.  C. 
135 ;  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  494).     But  "  milk  from  which  the  cream  had  been 


ADULTERATION       45  ADVANCE 

extracted  would,  probably,  not  fall  within  the  designation  of  *  not  pure  '  " 
(Maxwell,  400,  401). 

V,  As  Unadulterated  :  Article  demanded  :  Prejudice  op  Pur- 
chaser: Dilute:  1  Encjc.  153-156. 

ADULTERER.—  V.  Alleged. 

ADULTERY.  — Is  "  the  offence  of  Incontinence  by  married  persons  " 
(1  Encyc  156).     Q?.  Fornication. 

ADVANCE.  —  A  power  to  "advance"  money,  e.g,  in  a  Go's  Mem. 
of  Association,  does  not  exclusively  mean  to  lend:  "  'advancing'  and 
Mending'  may  each  have  a  different  signification.  Money  may  be 
'advanced '  without  being  *lent.'  The  relation  of  Borrower  and  Lender 
does  not  exist  in  a  great  variety  of  the  transactions  which  are  here  dis- 
tinctly authorized  "  (per  Bacon,  V.  C,  London  Financial  Assn,  v.  Kelk^ 
53  L.  J.  Ch.  1037 ;  26  Ch.  D.  136). 

In  an  Advance  Note^  "  advance  "  does  not  mean  an  advance  in  money 
only;  an  advance  in  money  and  goods  suffices  {M^Kune  v.  Joynson^ 
5  C.  B.  N.  S.  218;  28  L.  J.  C.  P.  133:   Va.  s.  4,  5  &  6  V.  c.  39). 

For  restrictions  on  Advance  Notes  to  Seamen,  V,  s.  140,  Mer.  Ship- 
ping Act,  1894,  but  that  section  is  confined  to  Seamen  in  the  United 
Kingdom  {Ritchie  v.  LarseUy  1899,  1  Q.  B.  727;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  335;  80 
L.  T.  259:  Rowlands  v.  Miller,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  338;  1899,  1  Q.  B.  735; 
SOL.  T.  290;  47  W.  R.  687). 

"  In  consideration  of  your  being  in  Advance  to  A."  {Haxgh  v.  Brooks, 
10  A.  &  E.  309),  or  "having  this  day  advanced"  to  A.  (Goldshede  v. 
Swan,  1  Ex.  154),  in  an  Indemnity,  may  be  explained  by  parol  not  to 
refer  to  a  past  consideration.  So,  "the  terms  'advanced  or  to  be  ad- 
vanced,' in  a  certain  state  of  facts,  might  fairly  admit  of  the  construc- 
tion that  they  apply  to  future,  as  well  as  to  past,  advances  "  (per  Wilde, 
C.  J.,  Bell  V.  Welch,  19  L.  J.  C.  P.  189).  Vf.  Grahame  v.  Grahame, 
19  L.  R.  Ir.  249:  Hibernian  Bank  v.  GilbeH,  23  lb.  321.  Cp.  Given: 
Having,  at  end:  Secure. 

Advance  Freight  is  payable  at  the  stipulated  time,  and  the  loss  of 
the  Ship  is  immaterial  {Oriental  S.  S.  Co  v.  Tylor,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  518; 
63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  128;  69  L.  T.  577;  42  W.  R.  89);  but  if  the  Advance 
Freight  is  so  payable  "  if  required,"  then  the  demand  for  it  comes  too 
late  after  the  ship  is  lost  (Smith  v.  Pi/man,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  742;  60  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  621;  64  L.  T.  436;  89  W.  R.  466). 

If  Freight  is  pa^'able  "Monthly  in  advance,"  the  charterer  is  bound 
to  pay  the  full  monthly  payment  at  the  beginning  of  each  month,  —  an 
obligation  which  applies  even  to  a  time  when  it  is  probable  that  the  hire 
will  not  continue  for  a  whole  month  {Tonnelier  v.  Smith,  77  L.  T.  277; 
2  Com.  Ca.  258;  13  Times  Rep.  560,  diss.  Smith,  L.  J.). 

Vf.  qui  Advance  Freight,  Allison  v.  Bristol  Mar.  Insrce,  1  App.  Ca. 


ADVANCE  46        ADVANCEMENT 

209:    Weir  v.  Girvin,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  45;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  168;  81  L.  T. 
687;  48  W.  E.  179;  5  Com.  Ca.  40. 

A  reBeryation  of  Rent  by  periodical  payments,  "  and  always,  if  re- 
quired, in  advance/'  means  that  the  rent  is  payable  in  advance  at  the 
commencement  of  each  period,  but  only  so  on  reasonable  notice  being 
given  by  the  lessor,  —  what  is  such  notice  being  a  question  of  fact,  but 
it  may  be  immediate  when  the  goods  on  the  premises  are  in  peril  {Lojir 
don  &  Westminster  Loan  Co  v.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ef/,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  49; 
62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  370;  69  L.  T.  320;  41  W.  R.  670). 

Distress,  as  against  the  Liquidator  of  a  Company,  cannot  be  made  for 
rent  in  advance  under  a  provision  that  it  should  be  "  always  due  and 
payable  in  advance,  if  required  "  (Shackell  v.  ChorltoTi,  1895,  1  Ch. 
378;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  353;  72  L.  T.  188 ;  43  W.  K  394). 

Annuity  "  in  advance,"  not  apportionable;  K  Periodical. 

Abatement  from  Portions  if  A.  should  "  advance  or  pay  "  any  sum  to 
Beneficiaries,  will  not  apply  to  a  benefit  given  by  A.'s  Will  ( Cooper  v. 
Cooper,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  158;  8  Ch.  813). 
V,  Advancement. 

ADVANCED.  —  In  a  devise  containing  a  direction  that  ''any 
moneys  which  might  have  been  advanced  to  my  children,  or  any  of  them, 
or  to  my  sons-in-law  in  my  life,  and  also  any  sums  of  money  which  might 
be  owing  from  them,  or  any  of  them  to  me  at  my  death,"  it  was  held 
that  the  word  "  advanced  "  was  not  used  by  the  testator  in  a  technical 
sense,  and  that  money  lent  by  the  testator  to  one  of  his  sons-in-law, 
though  by  reason  of  his  bankruptcy  it  was  not  owing  to  the  testator  at 
his  death,  must  be  brought  into  hotchpot  {Asthury  v.  Beasley,  W.  N. 
(69),  96).  V.  Advancement  :  Unadvaxced. 
V,  Advance. 

ADVANCEMENT.  —  A  Power  to  apply  money  for  a  person's 
"  Advancement "  in  the  world,  "  is  to  be  read  as  a  word  appropriate 
to  an  early  period  of  life  "  (per  Kennedy,  J.^Molt/neux  v.  Fletcher,  1898, 
1  Q.  B.  648;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  392,  citing  Ee  Kershaw,  inf.).  It  is,  fre- 
quently, a  payment  to  persons  before  they  become  absolutely  entitled  to, 
but  who  are  presumably  entitled  to,  or  have  a  vested  or  contingent  in- 
terest in,  an  estate  or  legacy  ( F.  per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Abram  v.  Aldridge, 
55  L.  T.  556). 

In  such  a  Power  the  words  "  Advancement,"  "  Preferment,"  or  "  Estab- 
lishment in  the  World,"  seem  very  nearly  synonymous  (Luard  v.  Pease, 
22  L.  J.  Ch.  1069:  Lotother  y,  Bentinch,  L.  E.  19  Eq.  166;  44  L.  J. 
Ch.  197;  32  L.  T.  156);  but  if  such  phrases  be  followed  by  "otherwise 
for  the  Benefit  "  of  the  person  or  class,  then  you  get  "  the  largest  terms 
of  all, "  —  terms  not  to  be  cut  down  by  the  Ejtisdem  generis  canon  (per 
Jessel,  M.  R.,  Lowther  v.  Bentinck,  sup. :  Va,  Ee  Brittlebank,  30  W.  R. 
99:  Ee  Kershaw,  L.  R.  6  Eq.  322;  37  L.  J.  Ch.  751). 


ADVANCEMENT        47        ADVANCEMENT 

Such  a  Power,  if  confined  to  "  Advancement,  Preferment,  or  Estab- 
lishment in  the  World/'  does  not  authorize  a  payment  to  a  Tenant  fbr 
Life  after  he  has  been  married  many  years  and  has  become  poor  (Luard 
V.  Feassy  sup.:  Sv.  Talbot  v.  Marshfield,  3  Ch.  622;  37  L.  J.  Ch.  52), 
or  to  provide  for  debts  {Lov;ther  v.  Benttnck,  sup. :  Talbot  v.  Marshfield, 
sup.),  or  to  set  up  a  husband  in  business  {Talbot  v.  Marshfield). 

But  it  does  authorize  a  payment  to  enable  a  married  woman  to  carry  on 
business  separately  from  her  husband  {Talbot  v.  Marshfield,  sup.:  Vf. 
Simpson  v.  Brown,  13  W.  E.  312;  11  L.  T.  593:  Re  Brittlebank,  sup.), 
or  to  provide  a  marriage  portion  {Lloyd  v.  Cocker,  27  Bea.  645;  24  L.  J. 
Ch.  84),  or  marriage  outfit  {Pride  v.  Fooks,  2  Bea.  430;  9  L.  J.  Ch.  234), 
or  passage  money  for  children  and  their  parents  who,  on  account  of  the 
children's  ill  health,  have  to  go  abroad  {Re  Long,  38  L.  J.  Ch.  125;  19 
L.  T.  672;  17  W.  R.  218),  or  even,  in  exceptional  cases,  for  maintenance 
{Roper- Curzon  v.  Roper-Curzon,  L.  R.  11  Eq.  452;  19  W.  R.  519;  24 
L.  T.  406:  Re  Breed,  1  Ch.  D.  226;  45  L.  J.  Ch.  191).  Vf.  Re  Gosset, 
19  Bea.  529:  Vaizey,  1049-1056. 

Under  the  Statute  op  Distribution.  —  By  the  Statute  of  Distri- 
bution,  22  &  23  Car.  2,  c.  10,  s.  5,  a  child  "  advanced  by  the  intestate 
in  his  lifetime  by  portion,"  has  to  bring  the  amount  of  the  advance- 
ment into  hotchpot,  if  claiming  to  participate  in  the  distribution  of  the 
intestate's  personal  estate.  This  provision  only  applies  to  the  estates 
of  intest&te  fathers  {Holt  v.  Frederick,  2  P.  Wms.  357)  ;  and  generally 
speaking  it  relates  to  gifts  to  children  early  in  life  (per  Jessel,  M.  R., 
Taylor  v.  Taylor,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  720;  L.  R.  20  Eq.  155) ;  and  it  means 
that  "  Wherever  a  sum  is  paid  for  a  particular  purpose,  which  is  thought 
good  and  right  by  the  father,  and  which  the  child  desires,  if  it  be  money 
which  is  drawn  out  in  considerable  amount,  and  not  a  small  sum  {  V.  Wms. 
Ezs.  1369),  it  must  be  treated  as  an  advance.  The  payment  of  the  money 
is  the  important  thing,  the  Court  does  not  look  to  the  application  "  (per 
Wood,  V.  C,  Boyd  v.  Boyd,  L.  R.  4  Eq.  305;  36  L.  J.  Ch.  877).  In 
that  case  it  was  accordingly  held  that  a  sum  given  by  a  father  for  the 
payment  of  his  son's  debts  was  an  Advancement,  —  a  decision  followed  by 
Pearson,  J.,  in  Re  Blockley  (54  L.  J.  Ch.  722;  29Ch.D.  250;  33  W.  R. 
777),  wherein  he  refused  to  follow  the  opposite  view  of  Jessel,  M.  R.,  in 
Taylor  v.  Taylor  (sup.). 

Though  it  seems  that  apprenticing  a  child  is  not  such  an  Advancement 
(note  to  Fusey  v.  Desbouvrie,  3  P.  Wms.  317);  yet  beyond  doubt  articling 
a  young  man  to  a  solicitor  is  {Boyav,  Boyd,  sup.).  So  the  payment  of 
a  son's  entrance  fees  to  an  Inn  of  Court  is  an  Advancement  within  the 
statute;  but  not  so  the  dues  of  the  Inn,  or  the  son's  fee  on  entering  the 
chambers  of  a  Special  Pleader  {Taylor  v.  Taylor,  sup.). 

Voluntary  periodical  allowances  which  may  or  may  not  vary  are  not 
Advancements  {Taylor  v.  Taylor,  sup.);  but  a  fixed  and  agreed  annuity 
is,  — viz.f  its  value  at  the  date  of  the  grant  (Wms.  Exs.  1374). 


ADVANCEMENT        48  ADVERSE 

A  Settlement,  whether  voluntary,  or  for  a  good  consideration  (as  that  of 
marriage),  is  an  Advancement  within  the  statute  {Edwards  v.  Freeman^ 
2  P.  Wms.  440:  PAincy  v.  Phiney,  2  Vern.  638). 

Vf>  and  as  to  when  Advancement  presumed,  Wms.  Exs.  1369-1377. 

V.  Benefit. 

AD  VANTAGE. —  F.  Undue  Preference:  Divest. 

Qui  Public  Bodies  Corrupt  Practices  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V.  c.  69, 
"  *  Advantage '  includes,  any  office,  or  dignity,  and  any  forbearance  to 
demand  any  money  or  money's  worth  or  valuable  thing, —  and  includes 
any  aid,  vote,  consent,  or  influence,  or  pretended  aid,  vote,  consent,  or 
influence,  —  and  also  includes  any  promise  or  procurement  of,  or  agree- 
ment or  endeavour  to  procure,  or  the  holding-out  of  any  expectation  of, 
any  gift,  loan,  fee,  reward,  or  advantage  as  before  defined  "  (s.  7). 

ADVANTAGEOUSLY.—  T.  Conveniently:  Efficiently. 

ADVANTAGES. —"Commodities,  Emoluments,  Profits  and  Advan- 
tages ...  all  of  which  four  words  are  of  one  sense  and  nature,  implying 
things   gainful "   {London  v.  Southwell^  Hob.  304).      Vf.  Emolument. 

"  Advantages  "  of  Shares  and  Interest  in  a  Co ;  V,  Share. 

ADVENTURE.  — "* Adventure*  (in  questions  relating  to  Marine 
Insurance)  means,  either  one  of  the  perils  insured  against,  as  in  the 
clause  in  a  policy  commencing  *  Touching  the  adventures  and  perils ';  or 
the  liability  or  risk  undertaken  by  the  insurers,  as  in  the  clause  in  a 
policy  commencing  *  Beginning  the  adventure  upon  the  said  goods  and 
merchandizes ' ;  or  the  speculation  or  undertaking  to  protect  which  the 
assured  effected  the  insurance  (Fenwick  v.  Robinson^  3  C.  &  P.  324; 
Jenkins  v.  Power ^  6  M.  &  S.  289) ;  or  a  subject  of  insurance  which  has 
been  exposed  to  the  risks  insured  against  {Inglis  v.  Stocky  10  App.  Ca. 
269;  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  582)  ":  Wood,  348. 
V.  Hereafter  valued  and  declared. 

"  Trade,  Adventure,  or  Concern,"  Income  Tax  Act,  1842;  V,  Trade. 

"  *  Aventure,'  but  more  properly  *  Adventure,*  is  a  Mischance  causing 
the  death  of  a  man,  without  Felony;  as  when  he  is  suddenly  drowned  or 
burnt,  falling  into  the  water  or  fire,  or  kill'd  by  any  disease  or  jnis- 
chance;  Britton,  cap.  7,  where  you  may  see  how  it  differs  from  Misad- 
venture "  (Cowel).     Cp,  Accident. 

ADVENTURER.  — To  impute  tfiat  a  person  is  an  "Adventurer,"  if 
supported  by  a  proved  innuendo,  is  Libel  (  Wakley  v.  Healey^  18  L.  J.  C.  P. 
241;  7C.  B.  591). 

ADVERSE.  —"  Adverse  claims  ";   V.  Opposing. 

An  "  Adverse  Interest  "  in  land,  entitling  its  claimant  to  priority 
over  an  unregistered  Conveyance,  s.  38,  Ceylon  Land  Eegistration  Ordi- 
nance, viii,  of  1863,  includes  an  Interest  created  by  a  Mortgage  Bond 


ADVERSE  49  ADVOWSON 

{Gauder  v.  I>a8sefiaikef  1897,  A.  C.  547;  66  L.  J.  P.  C.  103;  77  L.  T. 
321). 

"  Adverse  Litigation,'*  a.  80,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845;  V.  Re  Clergy  Or- 
phan,  Corp.^  1894,  3  Ch.  145;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  66;  71  L.  T.  450;  43  W.  R. 
150:  Haynea  v.  Barton,  L.  R.  1  Eq.  422;  35  L.  J.  Ch.  233;  13  L.  T. 
787  ;  14  W.  li.  257:  Henniker  v.  Chafy,  28  Bea.  621:  Be  Longworth, 
1  K.  &  J.  1;  23  L.  J.  Ch.  104;  22  L.  T.  0.  S.  197;  2  W.  R  124:  Askew 
▼.  WoodJiead,  14  Ch.  D.  27, 36;  49  L.  J.  Ch.  320;  42  L.  T.  567;  28  W.  R. 
874;  44  J.  P.  670:  Re  Bareham,  17  Ch.  D.  329;  29  W.  R.  526:  Re 
Fenton,  Armitage  v.  Askham,  3  W.  R.  331;  1  Jur.  N.  S.  227:  Lond.  & 
S.  W.  Ry  Y.  Bridger,  4  N.  R.  261 ;  12  W.  R.  948;  10  L.  T.  689;  10 
Jur.  N.  S.  650 :  Re  Catling,  34  S.  J.  364:  Dart,  809, 1263:  Dan.  Ch.  Pr. 
1850. 

''  Adverse  Possession  "  designates  a  possession  in  opposition  to  the 
true  title  and  real  owner;  and  implies  that  it  commenced  in  wrong  and 
is  maintained  against  right  {Alexander  y.  Polk^  39  Miss.  755). 

As  to  what  acts  constitute  "  Adverse  Possession  " ;  Vf.  MacS.  624- 
626,  632:  1  Encyc.  160. 

**  A  Title  to  Registered  Land  adverse  to,  or  in  derogation  of,  the  title 
of  the  Registered  Proprietor,  shall  not  be  acquired  by  any  length  of  Pos- 
session''  (s.  12y  Land  Transfer  Act,  1897;  Sv.  the  provisoes  to  the 
section). 

An  "Adverse  Witness,*'  within  s.  22,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854,  is  one 
who,  in  the  opinion  of  the  presiding  judge,  is  hostile  {Greenougli  v. 
JScdes,  28  L.  J.  C.  P.  160;  6  C.  B.  N.  S.  786;  7  W.  R.  341.  Va.  Martin 
V.  Travellers'  Insrce,  1  F.  &  F.  606:  Found  v.  Wilson,  4  F.  &  F.  301; 
Rice  V.  Howard,  16  Q.  B.  D.  681;  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  311;  34  W.  R.  532). 
Vf.  Price  v.  Manning,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  649. 

"  Adversely  to  any  Charity";   V.  Tudor,  Char.  Trusts,  474,  482. 

ADVERTISEMENT.—  V.  Public  Notice. 

"  Circulars,  Advertisement,  or  otherwise  " :    V.  Circulars. 

Picture,  Print,  Ac,  carried  or  distributed  "  by  Way  of  Advertisement," 
8.  9,  Metropolitan  Streets  Act,  1867,  30  &  31  V.  c.  134,  means  that  the 
thing  itself  must  be  an  Advertisement;  the  distribution  of  the  Contents 
Bill  of  a  Newspaper,  to  gain  notoriety  for  the  newspaper,  is  not  within 
the  phrase  (Gage  v.  Brealey,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  457;  46  W.  R.  415). 

F.  FOBKION. 

ADVISE.  —  V.  Precatory  Trust. 

ADVISEDLY.  —  "Advisedly,"  13  Eliz.  c.  12,  s.  2,  means  not  inten- 
tionally, or  avowedly,  but  deliberately  {Heath  v.  Burder,  1  B.  &  F.  212; 
10  W.  R.  673;  6  L.  T.  662). 

ADVOWSON  :  ADVOCATION. —"The  right  of  Presentation 
or  Collation  to  a  church  "   (Elph.  65%,  citing  Co.  Litt.  119  b.     Vf 


ADVOWSON  50  AFFECTED 

Co.  Litt.  17  b,  on  whv  A-G.  y.  Ewelme  Hosp,  17  Bea.  383:  Spelm.: 
1  Burn's  Ecc.  Law,  Advowson:  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Phil.  Ecc.  Law, 
260:  1  Encjc.  173-179).     V,  Negligengk:  Donative:  Livino. 

A  Royal  Grant  of  the  "  Advowson  "of  A.,  does  not  convey  a  present 
Avoidance  (Dyer,  300,  cited  R,  v.  Dover ,  4  L.  J.  Ex.  98). 

"  Advowsons  "  and  "  Rectories,"  in  s.  13,  1  &  2  V.  c.  110,  only  em- 
brace Advowsons  in  lay  hands  {Hawkins  v.  Gathercole,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  332 ; 

6  D,  G.  M.  &  G.  1;  1  Sim.  N.  S.  63;  1  Drew.  12). 

An  Advowson  may  be  "  in  "  a  place  {Crompton  v.  Jarratt^  and  Re 
Hodgson,  cited  In), 

A  gift  for  the  purchase  of  Advowsons  and  Presentations,  is  a  good 
Charity;  but  to  be  so  the  Will  must  declare  the  Trusts  on  which  they 
are  to  be  held  when  purchased  {Hunter  v.  A  -(?.,  cited  Or). 

Stat.  Def.-19&20V.c.  60,  8.  1;  26  &  27  V.  c.  120,  s.  37;  40&41 
V.  c.  48,  s.  2. 

AFFAI RS.  —  "  Affairs  of  the  Church  " ;    V,  Church. 

"  Civil  Affairs  " ;   V.  Management. 

The  ^  Conduct  and  Affairs "  of  a  bankrupt  which,  under  s.  28 
(2),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  repld,  s.  8  (2),  Baukry  Act,  1890,  have  to  be 
considered  on  his  application  for  Discharge,  cover  a  wide  area  of 
matters,  especially  under  the  word  ''affairs/'  which  embraces  even  such 
things  as  the  expectation  that  the  bankrupt  will,  probably,  soon  be  a 
substantial  beneficiary  "  under  the  Will  of  his  father,  or  uncle,  or  some 
other  wealthy  relative  "  {Re  Barker^  cited  Conduct). 

AFFECT/— "Shall  not  affect"  any  estate,  &c  (proviso  to  s.  2,  33 
V.  c.  14,  Naturalization  Act,  1870),  —  "  /.c.  —  Shall  not  validate  or  in- 
validate "  (1  Jarm.  41,  citing  Sharp  v.  St,  Sauveur,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  576; 

7  Ch.  343.  Vf,  2  Jarm.  651,  where  it  is  said  "prima  facie  *  Affect '  is 
neutral.")      V.  Interfere. 

"  Affect  or  deteriorate  "  water;    V,  Filthy  Water. 

A  covenant  in  a  lease  of  a  Public-house  that  the  lessee  will  do  nothing 
that  can  or  may  "  affect,  lessen,  or  make  void "  the  License,  is  not 
broken  by  a  Conviction  which  might  have  been,  but  was  not,  indorsed 
on  the  license  {Wooler  v.  Knott,  1  Ex.  D.  265;  45  L.  J.  Ex.  884; 
34  L.  T.  362;  24  W.  R.  1004).  But  a  covenant  not  to  do  or  suffer 
anything  whereby  the  License  "  may  be  forfeited,  or  the  Renewal 
thereof  withheld,"  is  broken  by  two  indorsed  convictions,  although  the 
License  has  not  actually  been  forfeited,  —  "  may,"  in  such  a  connection, 
is  not  to  be  read  as  "  shall  "  {Harmann  v.  Powell,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  628; 
65  L.  T.  266).     Cp,  Danger:  Imperil. 

'K  Affected:  Affecting:  Directly  Affect:  Impeached. 

AFFECTED. —  V,  Dikectly  Affect:  Injuriously  Affected: 
Prejudicially. 

"  *  Affected, '  is,  like  *  adjusted,  *  not  a  Word  of  Art  but,  a  word  of 


AFFECTED  61  AFFILIATION 

ordinary  Euglish.  It  is  capable  of  a  very  large  meaning,  and  was,  I 
think,  purposely  used  for  that  reason  "in  s.  62,  Loc.  Gov.  Act,  1888, 
which  gives  Authorities  "  afEected  "  by  the  Act  power  to  make  Adjusting 
Agreements  (per  Wills,  J.,  Re  Buckinghamshire  Co,  Co.  and  Hertford- 
shire  Co,  Co,,  cited  Adjust,  and  V.  same  jdgmt  for  obs  as  to  how  an 
Authority  may  be  "  affected  "  by  the  Act). 

Under  8  G.  2,  c.  6,  s.  1,  a  Benefice  is  not  "  affected  "  by  a  Seques- 
tration, because  the  jdgmt  does  not  bind  the  lands  (Cottle  v.  Warrington, 
6h.&,  Ad.  452). 

The  License  of  a  Public-house  is  not  "  indorsed,  or  otherwise 
affected,"  within  a  V.  &  P.  contract  if  it  be  not  indorsed  in  fact  and 
nothing  has  happened  rendering  it  liable  to  be  indorsed,  though  the 
Justices  may,  on  some  other  ground,  refuse  an  interim  protection  and 
transfer  {Tadcaster  Co  v.  Wilson,  1897,  1  Ch.  705;  m  L.  J.  Ch.  402; 
76  L.  T.  459;  45  W.  R.  428;  61  J.  P.  360).      V.  Affect. 

AFFECTING. — "Any  act,  &c,  affecting  land  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion," R.  1  (ft),  Ord.  11,  R.  S.  C,  means  something  physically,  and  not 
merely  incidentally,  affecting  land  {Casey  v.  Amott,  46  L.  J.  G.  P.  3; 
2  C.  P.  D.  24;  35  L.  T.  424;  25  W.  R.  46);  Slander  of  Title  does  not 
so  "  affect "  (lb.),  nor  an  action  for  Rent  (Agnew  v.  Usher,  54  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  371;  14  Q.  B.  D.  78;  51  L.  T.  576;  33  W.  R.  126;;  but  an  action 
on  the  Custom  of  the  Country  {Kaye  v.  Sutherland,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  68; 
20  Q.  B.  D.  147;  58  L.  T.  66;  36  W.  R.  508),  or  to  recover  Possession, 
or  damages  for  breach  of  covenant  to  Repair  (Tassell  v.  Hallen,  1892, 
1  Q.  B.  321;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  159;  40  W.  R,  221;  66  L.  T.  196),  does 
"affect"  the  land. 

"  A  Tax  which  affects  everybody  who  occupies  and  enjoys  a  given 
property,  in  respect  of  that  property,  may  be  justly  said  to  *  affect '  the 
j»roperty  "  (per  Kindersley,  V.  C,  Lovatv.  Leeds,  2  Dr.  &  Sm.  72;  31 
L.  J.  Ch.  503) ;  and  it  was  there  held  that  Income  Tax  was  included 
in  a  direction  to  trustees  to  pay  all  Taxes  "  affecting  "  the  heredits 
devised  for  life.      Vf,  Deductions  :  Debt,  at  end. 

Document  "  affecting  the  proprietorship  of  a  Patent " ;    V.  He  Ca^ey, 
cited  Assignment. 
V.  Incumbrances. 

AFFIDAVIT.— V.  Oath. 
.     Stat.  Def.  — 46  &  47  V.  c.  52,  s.  168;  Interp.  Act,  1889,  s.  3. 

AFFILIATION.— Qu^  Universities  (Scot)  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V. 
c.  55,  "  '  Afl&liation  '  .  .  .  means  such  a  connexion  between  an  existing 
University  and  a  College  as  shall  be  entered  into  by  their  mutual  consent, 
under  conditions  approved  by  the  Commissioners,  or,  after  the  deter- 
mination of  their  powers,  by  the  Universities  Committee  "  (s.  3). 

An  Order  of  Affiliation,  is  a  Justices'  Order  adjudging  a  man  to  be 
the  putative  father  of  a  bastard  child,   and  ordering  him  to  pay  not 


AFFILIATION  52  AFORESAID 

exceeding  5s.  per  week  towards  its  maintenance  and  education,  but  not 
longer  than  till  the  child  attains  16;  Vh.  35  &  36  V.  c.  65;  36  V.  c.  9. 

AFFIXED. —  V.  Window:  Fixed  and  Fastened:  Fixtures. 

AFFLICTED.  —  To  be  "afflicted"  with,  ^.^z.  gout,  connotes  having 
the  malady  in  a  sensible  and  appreciable  form  (Fatvkes  v.  Manchester 
Insrce,  3  F.  &  F.  440).  Vf.  Geaah  v.  Ingali^  14  M.  &  W.  95.  Cp.  Sub- 
ject TO,  at  end. 

AFFOREST.  -^  "  <  Affo^st,'  is  to  turn  ground  into  Fobest  "  (Termes 
de  la  Lej'). 

AFFRAY.  —  "An  Affray  is  the  fighting  of  two  or  more  persons  in  a 
public  place  to  the  terror  of  Her  Majesty's  subjects"  (Steph.  Cr.  48), 
Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  1052.     "  If  the  fighting  be  in  private,  it  is  not  an  Affray, 
but  an  Assault"  (Rose.  Cr.  241).      Vf.  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Jacob. 

AFFREIGHTMENT.  —  "  'Affreightment,'  is  a  contract  by  which  a 
Shipowner  undertakes  to  carry  goods  in  his  ship  for  reward.  The  person 
for  whom  the  goods  are  carried  is  called  the  Freightery  and  the  sura 
which  he  pays  for  their  carriage  is  called  the  Freight  "  (1  Encyc.  184, 
whv  to  192).      Vh.  Carver,  614,  763:  Abbott,  Index,  Affreightment. 

AFLOAT,  —  V.  Always  Afloat. 

AFORE.  —  "  Afore  Execution  had  " ;    V.  ExEcuTioif. 

AFORESAID.  —  When  this  word  is  used  as  an  adjective  it  can 
hardly  create  much  difficulty.  The  man,  or  premises,  "aforesaid," 
can  mean  nothing  else  than  the  man  or  premises  which  has  been 
before  indicated  {R.  v.  Albert,  5  Q.  B.  37;  12  L.  J.  M.  C.  117), 
and,  like  "Said,"  has,  generally,  reference  to  the  last  antecedent. 
Vf  inf. 

But  when  used,  —  e.g.  in  Wills,  —  adverbially,  as  in  the  expressions  "  as 
aforesaid,"  "in  manneb  aforesaid,"  —  phrases  of  equal  import  with  "as 
before,"  "  in  like  manner,"  "  on  the  same  terms  and  conditions,"  and  such 
like,  — then  difficulty  may  very  easily  arise.  Generally  speaking,  such 
referential  expressions  indicate  the  manner  in,  or  conditions  on  which, 
not  the  persons  by  whom,  benefits  are  to  be  taken.  Thus  where  a  Will, 
having  contemplated  the  possibility  of  the  death  of  testator's  daughter 
under  21  without  leaving  a  husband,  gave  certain  directions  "  in  case  of 
the  death  of  his  daughter  under  age  as  aforesaid^^^  that  meant,  under 
age  and  not  leaving  a  husband  (  Weddell  v.  Mundg,  6  Ves.  341).  So,  a 
successive  gift  "  in  manner  aforesaid,"  following  a  prior  gift  for  life,  is 
also  a  gift  for  life  (Doe  d.  Woodall  v.  Woodall,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  28;  3  C.  B. 
349).  So  if  there  were  a  gift  to  a  class  living  at  testator's  death  as 
tenants  in  common^  and  that  was  followed  by  a  gift  to  another  class  "  iii 
the  same  manner,"  that  would  rather  indicate  that  such  other  class  would 


AFORESAID  53  AFORESAID 

take  as  tenants  iu  common,  than  that  its  memhers  were  to  he  ascertained 
bj  the  fact  of  being  alive  at  the  testator's  death  (1  Jarm.  746,  n.): 
secuSy  if  the  words  were  **  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner " 
{Swift  V.  Swifi,  32  L.  J.  Ch.  479).  So,  where  a  Will  contained  a  legacy 
to  "brothers  and  sisters  now  living/'  with  a  direction  against  lapse  by 
their  deaths  in  testator's  lifetime,  and  was  followed  by  a  Codicil  which 
contained  another  legacy  to  **  my  brothers  and  sisters  in  like  manner  as 
I  have  directed  by  my  Will " ;  held,  that  "  in  like  manner "  referred  to 
the  mode  in  which  the  Codicil  class  was  to  take,  bat  that  such  class 
was  not  the  same  as  that  in  the  Will,  and,  therefore,  that  the  direction 
against  lapse  did  not  apply  to  the  Codicil  class  (Be  Wilder,  27  Bea.  418)- 
So,  in  a  "  general  survivorship  clause,  the  words  '  in  manner  aforesaid,' 
or  similar  terms,  will  have  the  effect  of  subjecting  all  the  accrued  shares 
to  the  same  terms,  restrictions,  and  limitations  over,  as  the  original 
shares"  (2  Jarm.  717,  citing  Milsom  v.  Awdry,  5  Ves.  465:  Giles  y. 
Melsom,  L.  R.  5  C.  P.  614;  L.  R.  6  C.  P.  632;  L.  R.  6  H.  L-  24;  42 
L.  J.  C.  P.  122;  nom.  Melsom  v.  Giles,  40  L.  J.  C.  P.  233;  39  lb.  325). 
Py.  Bessant  v.  Nolle,  26  L.  J.  Ch.  236:  Surtees  v.  Hopkinson,  36  L.  J. 
Ch.  305  ;  L.  R.  4  Eq.  98:  Like. 

Sometimes  "as  aforesaid"  means  **such"  {Walker  v.  Petchell,  14 
L.  J.  C.  P.  211;  IC.  B.  652). 

Covenant  in  a  Lease  to  do  works  "  in  manner  aforesaid  " ;  Fl  Beer  v. 
Santer,  10  C.  B.  N.  S.  435. 

In  a  gift  to  testator's  "aforesaid  nephews  and  nieces,"  none  having 
been  mentioned,  **  aforesaid  "  was  rejected,  and  all  the  nephews  and 
nieces  were  held  to  be  included  {Campbell  v.  Bouskell,  27  Bea.  325, 
cited  1  Jarm.  370). 

"  Damage  done  by  foresaid  operations  " ;  F.  Dixon  v.  White,  8  App. 
Ca.  833.' 

To  assist  in  baiting  Animals  "  as  aforesaid,"  s.  3,  12  &  13  V.  c.  92, 
refers  back  to  all  the  conditions  mentioned  in  the  preceding  part  of  the 
section,  and  therefore  only  created  the  offence  of  assisting  when  the  bait- 
ing is  in  a  place  kept  for  the  purpose  {Clarke  v.  Hague,  29  L.  J.  M.  C. 
105 ;  2  E.  &  K  281).     F.  Place. 

"  As  aforesaid,"  s.  6,  Metrop.  Man.  Act,  1855;  F.  -B.  v.  Soulier,  cited 
Bated  or  Assessed. 

It  has  been  said  that"  the  *  aforesaid '  will,  in  an  Indictment  (if  not  in 
a  Civil  Action),  refer  to  the  last  Count "  (per  Bliss,  arg.  Ryalls  v.  The 
Queen,  11  Q.  B.  791,  citing  R.  v.  Richards,  1  Moo.  &  R.  177:  R.  v. 
Rhodes,  Raym.  Ld.  886:  Sutton  v.  Fenn,  3  Wils.  339:  Ross  v.  Morris, 
Cro.  Eliz.  436:  Childe  v.  Towers,  lb.  311:  Campbell  v.  The  Queen,  11 
Q.  B.  799). 

"Aforesaid,"  naturally  refers  to  its  immediate  antecedent  (per  Den- 
man,  C.  J.,  Peake  v.  Screech,  7  Q.  B.  610). 
Vh.  10  Rep.  138, 107;  8  lb.  47. 


AFORESAID  64  AFTERNOON 

For  distinction  between  "  in  forma  prtBdictd"  and  "  in  eddemformik  "/ 
V.  Co.  Litt.  20  b. 

AFT.— F.  Wind  aft. 

AFTER.  —  Where  an  act  has  to  be  done  within  so  many  days 
"after"  a  given  event,  the  day  of  such  event  is  not  to  be  reckoned, 
and  the  party  to  do  the  act  has  the  whole  of  the  last  day  of  the  pre- 
scribed time  in  which  to  do  it  (Williams  v.  Burgess^  10  L.  J.  Q.  B.  10; 
12  A.  &  E.  635:  Robinson  v.  Waddington,  18  L.  J.  Q.  B.  250);  and 
if  a  time  "  after  "  an  event  has  to  expire  before  something  else  is  done, 
that  means  clear  time  {Blunt  v.  Heslop,  7  L.  J.  Q.  B.  216;  8  A.  &  E. 
577). 

F;  At:  Before:  From:  Of:  On:  Upon:  Passing:  Thereafter: 
Time, 

A  Devise  "  after,"  or  "  from  and  after,"  a  previous  interest  is  not,  b3'' 
such  words,  postponed  in  vesting  (1  Jarm.  806,  816). 

"  It  was  at  one  period  doubted  whether  a  devise  to  a  person  '  after ' 
Payment  of  Debts  was  not  contingent  until  the  debts  were  paid;  but  it 
is  now  well  established  that  such  a  devise  confers  an  immediately  Vested 
Interest, —  the  words  of  apparent  postponement  being  considered  only  as 
creating  a  Charge  "  (1  Jarm.  820:    Vf.  2  lb.  585,  587,  600). 

Devise  to  A.,  "and  after"  him  to  B.;  V,  Donn  v.  Penny,  19  Ves. 
645. 

As  to  effect  of  testamentary  gift  "  after  "  death  ;  V.  2  Jarm.  517,  522 : 
On  :  Before  or  After. 

"  After  default'.";  V.  Default. 

After  Determination  of  Partnership;  F.  Daw  v.  Herring,  cited  Dur- 
ing, at  end. 

Kecognizance  or  Deposit  for  Costs  of  Appeal  to  Quarter  Sessions,  s.  31 
(3),  42  &  43  V.  c.  49,  "  after  "  the  Notice,  means  after,  for  the  Justices 
cannot  fix  the  amount  till  they  see  the  Grounds  of  the  appeal;  there- 
fore, an  appeal  is  not  in  order  when  Justices  have  allowed  a  deposit 
before  notice  of  appeal  given  (/?.  v.  Anglesey  Jus,,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  29;  61 
L.  J.  M.  C.  143 ;  67  L.  T.  322;  56  J.  P.  552). 

"  After  the  fact  committed  ";    F.  Fact. 

After-acquired  Property, — in  a  Covenant  to  Settle;  F.  Entitled: 
Acquire:  Agreed  and  declared:  Already. 

AFTERNOON. — "The  usual  hours  of  the  Morning  and  Afternoon 
Divine  Service,"  in  the  form  of  an  Alehouse  License  given  in  Sch.  C, 
Alehouse  Act,  1828,  refers  to  those  hours  as  commonly  understood,  and, 
qui  Afternoon,  they  mean  from  3  p.  m.  to  about  5  p.  M.,  and  are  not  ex- 
tended by  a  usual  Evening  Service  in  the  Parish  Church  (R.  v.  Knapp, 
2  E.  &  B.  447;  22  L.  J.  M.  C.  139);  In  the  Erie,  J.,  said,  "  '  Afternoon  ' 
has  two  senses.    It  may  mean  the  whole  time  from  Noon  to  Midnight; 


AFTERNOON  55  ACENT 

or,  it  may  mean  the  earlier  part  of  that  time,   as  distinguished  from 
the  Evening." 

AFTERWARDS.—  V.  Chalmers  v.  North,  28  Bea.  175:  but  that 
case  disapproved  Druitt  v.  Seaward,  31  Ch.  D.  234. 
V.  Thebeafter  to  be  born. 

AQAINST.  —  In  a  devise  on  marrying  with  consent  followed  by  a 
gift  over  on  marrying  "  against  "  consent,  the  latter  word  was  construed 
as  "without,"  to  effect  the  alternative  {Long  v.  EickettSy  2  Sim.  &  St. 
179.    Vf.   Creagh  v.  Wilson,  2  Vern.  573). 

To  assert  anything  "  against "  another  has,  probably,  a  prima  facie 
meaning  of  a  contradiction  of  him;  but  the  context  or  circumstances 
may  show  that  it  connotes  a  criminatory  charge  (Hughes  v.  Bees,  7  L.  J. 
Ex.  268;  4  M.  &  W.  204).     Cp.  Accuse. 

"  Party  decided  against,"  s.  34,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854;  F.  Abbott  v. 
Fearfj,  6  H.  &  N.  113;  29  L.  J.  Ex.  475.     Vf,  Party. 

A  Proceeding  "  against "  a  Co,  s.  87,  Comp.  Act,  1862,  includes  an 
application  under  s.  36,  lb.  (Re  Onward  Bg  Socy,  1891,  2  Q.  B.  463 ; 
60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  752;  Q5  L.  T.  516;  40  W.  R  26). 

F.  Brought  against  :  Pursuance. 

AQE. —  V.  Full  Age:  Discretion,  at  end. 
Age  of  Nurture;   F.  Nurture. 

AGED.— F.  Sick. 

AGENCY  TERMS.  —F.  Client:  Usual  Agency  Terms:  1  Encyc 
199. 

AGENT.  —  "  No  word  is  more  commonly  and  constantly  abused  than 
•agent'"  (per  Ld  Herschell,  Kennedy  v.  De  Trafford,  66  L.  J.  Cb. 
417;  1897,  A.  C.  180).  Sevfible,  it  is  sometimes  used  as  meaning,  one 
who  has  no  Principal,  but  who,  on  his  own  account,  offers  for  sale  some 
particular  article  having  a  special  name  ( Wheeler  &  Wilson  v.  Shake- 
spear,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  36). 

Where  the  witness  to  a  Claim  for  the  Lodger  Franchise  described 
himself  therein  as  "  Agent,"  he  being  in  fact  a  registration  agent,  and 
the  Eevising  Barrister  amended  accordingly,  although  holding  the  origi- 
nal description  sufficient;  held,  that  the  description  of  "Agent"  was 
sufficient  (Campbell  v.  Chambers,  22  L.  R.  Ir.  460). 

"  Agent,"  in  an  Order  for  Inspection  of  Documents ;  V.  Draper  v. 
Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry,  30  L.  J.  Ch.  236;  3  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  23:  Bon- 
nardet  v.  Taylor,  30  L.  J.  Ch.  523;  1  J.  &  H.  383;  9  W.  R.  452; 
3  L.  T.  884:  Gibney  v.  Clayton,  27  L.  R.  Ir.  75. 

The  Managing  Director  of  a  Colliery  Co,  is  its  "  Agent,"  qui  Coal 
Mines  Regn  Act,  1887,  as  defined  by  s.  75  XStokes  v.  Checkland,  68 
L.  T.  457;  57  J.  P.  232;  17  Cox  C.  C.  631).    V.  Inspector. 

"  Other  Agent, "  s.  75,  Larceny  Act,  1861,  is  to  be  read  ejusdem 


AGENT  66       ACT  AND  PATIENT 

generis  with  the  immediately  preceding  words,  ''Banker,  Merchant, 
Broker,  Attorney,"  and  only  inclades  an  Agent  whose  husiness  or  pro- 
fession it  is  to  receive  money,  securities,  or  chattels  for  safe  custody,  or 
other  special  purpose  (B,  v.  PoHugaU  16  Q.  B.  D.  487 ;  55  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
567;  34  W.  R.  42;  50  J.  P.  501:  R.  v.  Kane,  17  Times  E«p.  181). 
Note :  that  this  section  and  s.  76  are  replaced  hy  1  Edw.  7,  c.  10. 

House  Agent's  authority;    V.  Procure. 

A  clause  exonerating  a  Trustee  from  the  acts  of  an  Agent,  only  applies 
to  acts  within  the  legitimate  scope  of  the  Agency  (  W'gman  v.  Patersan^ 
cited  Beasokablt  Kecessary). 

"Agent,"  ss.  41,  44,  Income  Tax  Act,  1842;  V.  Grainger  v.  Gough, 
1895,  1  Q.  B.  71;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  193;  71  L.  T.  802;  43  W.  E.  184:  Sv. 
S.  a  in  H.  L.,  1896,  A.  C.  325 ;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  410;  74  L.  T.  435;  44 
W.  R.  561. 

Agent  to  make  payment  so  as  to  avoid  Statute  of  Limitations;  Fl 
Payment. 

"Agent  in  England,"  s.  21  (2),  Co.  Co.  Admiralty  Jurisdiction  Act, 
1868,  means.  Agent  qu^  the  particular  Vessel  to  which  the  cause  relates 
(The  City  of  Agra,  cited  Vessel). 

Agent  of  Necessity;   F.  Necessity. 

OtherStat.Def.  — l&2V.c.74,s.7;  6  & 6  V.  c. 99,  s.  14;  7&8V. 
c.  15,  s.  73;  8  &  9  V.  c.  29,  s.  2,  c.  77,  s.  9;  9  &  10  V.  c.  95,  s.  142; 
10  &  11  V.  c.  38,  s.  20;  13  &  14  V.  c.  100,  s.  9;  18  &  19  V.  c.  108,  s.  17; 
23&24V.C.  151,s.  7;  24  &  25  V.  c.  117,  s.  4;  30  &  31  V.  c.  48,  s.  3; 
35  &  36  V.  c.  76,  s.  72,  c.  77,  s.  41;  36  &  37  V.  c.  67,  s.  4.  —  Scot.  39 
&  40  V.  c.  70,  s.  3;  62  &  63  V.  c.  47,  s.  18.  —  Jr.  30  &  31  V.  c.  44,  s-  2; 
45  &  46  V.  c  24,  s.  1. 

"  Agents  ";   F.  41  &  42  V.  c.  76.  s.  2. 

"  Agents  of  the  Candidates  ";  V,  35  &  36  V.  c.  33,  Ist  Sch. 

V,  Mercantile  Aoent  :  Del  Credere  :  Sole  Agent  :  Banker  : 
Partner:  Own  Consent:  Signature. 

Note,  As  to  implying  an  obligation  on  a  Principal  to  supply  his 
Agent  with  the  things  necessary  for  fulfilling  the  duties  of  the  Agency; 
V.  Turner  v.  Goldsmith,  1891, 1  Q.  B.  544;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  247;  64  L.  T. 
301;  39  W.  E.  547:   Vf.  Sole  Agent. 

AGENT  INTRUSTED.  —  "  Agent  Intrusted"  with  goods  or  docu- 
ments of  title,  within  the  Factors  Act,  1877;  F.  MonkY.  Whittenhury, 
2  B.  &  Ad.  484:  Baines  v.  Swainson,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  281;  4  B.  &  S.  270: 
Heyman  v.  Flewker,  32  L.  J.  C.  P.  132;  13  C.  B.  N.  S.  519:  Cole  v. 
NoHh  Western  Bank,  44  L.  J.  C.  P.  233;  L.  R.  10  C.  P.  354:  Tremoille 
V.  Christie,  69  L.  T.  838:  Seton,  4th  Ed.  1097, 1098.—  Vf.  Intrusted: 
Factor:  Mercantile  Agent. 

AGENT  AND  PATIENT.  — "Agent  and  Patient,  is,  when  a  man 
is  the  doer  of  a  thing  and  the  party  to  whom  it  is  done;  as,  where  a 


ACT  AND  PATIENT       67  AGGRIEVED 

woman  endoweth  herselfe  of  the  fairest  possession  of  her  husband ;  also, 
if  a  man  bee  indebted  to  another,  and  afterward  he  maketh  the  party  to 
whom  he  is  so  indebted  his  exor,  and  djeth,  the  exor  may  retain  so 
much  of  the  goods  of  the  dead  in  his  hands  as  his  owne  debt  amounteth 
unto,  and  by  this  Retainer  hee  is  the  Agent  and  the  Patient,  —  that  is  to 
say,  the  party  to  whom  the  debt  is  due  and  the  party  that  payeth  the 
same  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

AGER.  — **  An  acre,  a  hide:  Spelm.  Seebohm  says  (Eng.  Yill.  Com. 
167),  that  ager,  agellus,  or  agellulus,  was  the  word  used  by  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal writers  in  the  charters  for  the  land  belonging  to  a  'ham'"  (Elph. 
559). 

AGGRAVATED.  — ''Aggravated  assatdt'* ;  V.  Holden  v.  King,  46 
L.  J.  Ex.  76:  R.  v.  Sparrow,  8  Cox  C  C.  393;  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  43;  3  L.T. 
446:  1  Encyc.  201. 

''  Aggravated  offence  of  Drunkenness ";  V,  Army  Discipline  and 
Begn  (Annual)  Act,  1881,  s.  4  (3). 

As  to  what  amounts  to  "  Aggravated  Misconduct "  on  the  part  of  a 
husband,  disentitling  him  to  participate  in  a  fund  to  which  his  wife  has 
an  Equity  to  a  Settlement;  V.  Beid  v.  Eeid,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  756;  33 
Ch.  D.  220;  55  L.  T.  153;  34  W.  R.  715. 

Quk  Prevention  of  Crime  (Ir)  Act,  1882,  46  &  46  V.  c.  25,  "  'Aggra- 
vated Act  of  Violence  against  the  person,'  means,  an  assault  which 
either  causes  actual  bodily  harm,  or  grievous  bodily  harm,  or  is  com- 
mitted with  intent  to  cause  grievous  bodily  harm  "  (s.  35). 

AG  G  REG  ATE.  —  "  Corporation  Aggregate  " ;   F.  Corporatioit. 

AGGRIEVE V.  Injure. 

AGGRIEVED.  — A  person  who  has  consented  to  a  thing  cannot  be 
"aggrieved"  by  it  (Harrop  v.  Bayley,  25  L.  J.  M.  C.  107;  6  E.  &  B. 
218:  but  Cp.  Exp,  Poulton,  inf.). 

As  to  meaning  of  **  person  aggrieved  "  within  R.  33,  Trade  Marks 
Eulesy  Feb.  1883;  V.  Re  Ralph,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  188;  25  Ch.  D.  194:  Re 
Palmer,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  673;  24  Ch.  D.  504.  It  means  there  a  person 
'injured  or  damaged  in  a  legal  sense;  but  a  person  carrying  on  business 
out  of  England  is  not  necessarily  excluded  ( Re  Riviere,  53  L.  J.  Ch. 
455,  578;  26  Ch.  D.  48).  So,  in  s.  90,  Patents,  &c  Act,  1883,  a 
"  person  aggrieved  "  by  the  registration  of  a  Trade-Mark,  is  one  who 
would  be  prevented  by  its  registration  from  doing  that  which  he  other- 
wise lawfully  could  do,  e.g.  one  in  the  same  trade,  whether  he  intends 
to  compete  qui*  the  particular  article  or  not  {Re  Trade  Mark,  Normal, 
35  Ch.  D.  231 :  Re  Gianaclis,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  782:  Re  Apollinaris  Co, 
1891,  2  Ch.  186;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  625;  65  L.  T.  6;  8  Pat.  Ca.  137:  Re 
European  Blair  Camera  Co,  75  L.  T.  63 :  Powell  v.  Birmingham 
Vinegar  Co,  1894,  A.  C.  8;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  152:  Re  Talbot,  63  L.  J.  Ch. 


AGGRIEVED  58  AGGRIEVED 

264:  Re   Verreries  de  VEtoile  Socy,  1894,   2  Ch.  26;  63  L.  J.  Ch. 
381). 

As  to  a  similar  expression  in  s.  14,  Copyright  Act,  1842,  6  &  6  V.  c.  45 ; 
V.  Ex  p.  Hutchings  and  Bomer,  48  L.  J.  Q.  B.  605 ;  4  Q.  B.  D.  483: 
Chappell  V.  Furdaij,  13  L.  J.  Ex.  7;  12  M.  &  W.  303:  Exp.  Walker, 
Re  Graves,  39  L.  J.  Q.  B.  31 ;  10  B.  &  S.  680 ;  L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  715.  In 
Ex p,  Poulton  (53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  320)  it  was  held  that  a  person  who  him* 
self  has  made  a  wrongful  entry,  is  entitled  under  the  section  just  cited 
to  apply  for  its  rectification  as  one  "  aggrieved  "  thereby. 

For  the  purposes  of  an  Appeal  under  the  Intoxicating  Liqiior  Laws,  a 
person  "  aggrieved  "  must  be  one  who  is  "  immediately  aggrieved  " ;  and 
a  rival  innkeeper  is  not  such  a  person  by  reason  of  a  new  license  being 
granted  within  a  short  distance  of  his  premises  {R,  v.  Middlesex,  3  B.  & 
Ad.  938 :  that  decision  is  inapplicable  in  Ireland,  per  Gibson,  J.,  R,  v. 
Armagh  Jus,,  1897,  2  I.  R.  75)  :  secus,  probably,  of  a  person  who  (at  the 
same  sessions  ?)  has  been  refused  a  license  (per  Littledale,  J.,  R,  v. 
Middlesex,  sup.,  cited  R,  v.  Deane,  2  Q.  B.  100).  A  mortgagee  is  a  per- 
son "  aggrieved  "  by  a  refusal  of  a  renewal  license  to  his  mortgagor,  espe- 
cially when  he  is  the  irrevocable  attorney  of  the  mortgagor  to  keep  alive 
the  license  (Garrett  v.  Marylebone,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  81;  12  Q.  B.  D.  620; 
32  W.  R.  646 ;  48  J.  P.  358)  ;  but  an  owner  is  not  a  person  "  aggrieved  " 
by  the  indorsement  of  his  tenant's  license  (-R.  v.  Andover,  55  L.  J.  M.  C 
143;  16  Q.  B.  D.  711;  55  L.  T.  23;  34  W.  R.  456;  50  J.  P.  549). 

For  the  purpose  of  an  Appeal  in  Bankruptcy  (s.  104  (2),  Bankry  Act, 
1883),  a  Trustee  of  a  Deed  of  Arrangement  may  be  a  "  person  aggrieved  " 
by  a  Receiving  Order  (Re  Batten,  Exp.  Milne,  5S  L.  J.  Q.  B.  333).  A 
Creditor  is  a  "  person  aggrieved  "  by  an  Order  of  Discharge,  or  Scheme 
of  Arrangement  {Re  Payne,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  625;  18  Q.  B.  D.  154;  35 
W.  R.  89:  Re  Langtry,  70  L.  T.  736;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  570;  42  W.  R. 
496),  even  before  the  proof  of  his  debt  is  completed  {Re  Langtry).  So 
the  Official  Receiver,  or  the  Board  of  Trade,  may  be  a  "  person  aggrieved  " 
{Re  Reed  &  Co,  19  Q.  B.  D.  174;  m  L.  J.  Q.  B.  447;  56  L.  T.  876; 
35  W.  R.  660:  Re  Lamb,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  805;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  71;  71 
L.  T.  312:  Re  Stainton,  19  Q.  B.  D.  182;  57  L.  T.  202 ;  35  W.  R.  667. 
Va.  Re  Sidehotham,  49  L.  J.  Bank.  41 ;  14  Ch.  D.  458) ;  so  is  a  Bill  of 
Sale  holder  when  his  document  is  the  alleged  act  of  bankry  {Re  Ellis, 
45  L.  J.  Bank.  64,  159;  2  Ch.  D.  229,  797),  or  a  third  person  whos^ 
title  to  property  is  affected  by  the  adjudication  {Ex  p,  Learoyd,  Re 
Foulds,  48  L.  J.  Bank.  17;  10  Ch.  D.  3:  Is  Re  Whelan,  48  L.  J. 
Bank.  43,  an  authority  under  the  present  Bankry  Act  ?)  But  a  com- 
peting petitioning  creditor  cannot  well  be  "  aggrieved  "  by  an  adjudica- 
tion, even  though  it  be  effected  by  collusion  with  the  debtor  {Re  White, 
Exp.  Mason,  49  L.  J.  Bank.  56;  14  Ch.  D.  71). 

Persons  "  aggrieved  "  by  a  Pauper  Settlement  Order,  s.  2,  13  &  14 
Car.  2,  c.  12,  include  the  pauper  as  well  as  the  parish  {R.  v.   Hartfield, 


AGGRIEVED  59  AGGRIEVED 

Carth.  222 J  2  Bott.  940)  ;  but  not  mere  ratepayers  (^.  v.  Colheck,  12  A. 

6  E.  161 ;  9  L.  J.  M.  C.  61 :  R.  v.  Bishop  Wearmouth,  5  B.  &  Ad.  942), 
unless  there  be  no  officers  of  their  parish  (/?.  v.  Westmoreland,  12  L.  J. 
M.  C.  113;  1  Bowl.  &  L.  178). 

A  person  "  aggrieved  "  by  diverting  or  stopping  a  Highwayj  s.  88, 
5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  50,  does  not  include  one  who  only  uses  the  road  as  one  of 
the  general  public;  to  bring  a  person  within  this  phrase  he  must  be 
living  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Highway,  and  in  the  habit  of  using 
it  {R.  V.  Taunton,  St.  Mary,  3  M.  &  S.  465 :  R.  v.  Incledon,  1  lb.  268 : 
R.  V.  Williamson,  7  T.  R.  32 :  R.  v.  Townsend,  5  B.  &  Aid.  420 :  Vf. 
Glen  on  Highways,  2nd  ed.  436).  A  Prosecutor  whose  Complaint  is 
dismissed,  cannot  be  a  person  "  aggrieved,''  within  s.  105  of  that  Act 
{R,  V,  London  Jus.^  cited  Determination). 

"  Person  aggrieved  "  by  a  Disallowance  or  Sur-Charge  of  an  Auditor, 
8.  12,  Loc.  Gov.  (Ir)  Act,  1871,  34  &  35  V.  c.  109;  V.  R.  v.  Drurj/,  1894, 
2  I.  R.  489. 

As  to  who  is  "  a  party  aggrieved,"  within  s.  253,  P.  II,  Act,  1875,  by 
fabricating  voting  papers :  V.  Verdin  v.  Wray,  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  170 ; 

2  Q.  B.  D.  608 ;  41  J.  P.  484.  The  Clerk  to  a  Local  Board,  who,  fear- 
ing dismissal,  resigns,  is  not,  within  that  section,  "  a  party  aggrieved  " 
by  a  disqualified  person  acting  on  the  Board  {Rochfort  v.  Atherley, 
1  Ex.  D.  511).  The  servant  of  a  Market  Association  is  a  "party  ag- 
grieved "  within  that  section,  qui  penalties  prescribed  in  s.  13,  Markets 
and  Fairs  Clauses  Act,  1847  {Ross  v.  Taylerson,  62  J.  P.  181). 

A  "  person  aggrieved,"  within  s.  33,  Sum,  Jur,  Act,  1879,  does  not 
include  one  who  is  merely  the  owner  of  the  soil  on  which  the  alleged 
offence,  c.^.  an  Obstruction  of  a  Street,  has  been  committed  by  some 
one  else  {Drapers^  Co  v.  Haddon,  9  Times  Rep.  36). 

The  London  Co,  Co.  are  not  entitled  to  "  feel  aggrieved,"  by  a  Parish 
Valuation  of  particular  heredits,  within  s.  32,  Valuation  Metrop,  Act, 
1869,  32  &  33  V.  c.  67  {London  Co.  Co.  v.  St.  George^ s  Assessment  Com- 
mittee, 1894,  A.  C.  600;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  48 ;  71  L.  T.  409).  A  person 
who  has  objected  to  a  Rateable  value  only,  cannot  under  this  section  be 
"  aggrieved  "  by  the  Assessment  Committee  not  entertaining  an  objec- 
tion qui  Gross  Value  (/?.  v.  London  Jus.,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  433 ;  %Q  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  262;  45  W.  R.  247;  61  J.  P.  228). 

"  Whether  the  near  relations  of  a  person  whose  body  has  been  disin- 
terred for  dissection,  are  *  parties  aggrieved '  is  doubtful  "  (Dwar.  689, 
690,  citing  R.  v.  Toole,  1  M.  &  R.  728). 

As  regards  a  Qui  Tam  action  ;  F.  Boyce  v.  Higgins,  23  L.  J.  C.  P. 
5 :  14  C.  B.  1 :  Hollis  v.  Marshall,  27  L.  J.  Ex.  235  ;  2  H.  &  N.  755 : 
R.  V.  Blanshard,  30  J.  P.  280:  Robinson  v.  Carry,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  561 ; 

7  Q.  B.  D.  465. 

Penalties,  &c,  to  "party  grieved,"  s.  3,  Civil  Procedure  Act,  1833, 

3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  42 ;  V.  Penalty. 


ACCRIEVED  60  AGREED 

Vh.  51  J.  P.  705.     Cp.  Person  interested. 

A  person  claiming  to  be  "aggrieved,"  s.  105,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  mast 
show  that  the  nuisance  was  operative  on  the  day  aUeged  (Hilton  v.  Hop* 
wood,  44  S.  J.  90). 

AGIST.  —  "  'Agist/  signifieth  in  our  Common  Law,  to  take  in  and 
feed  the  Cattel  of  Strangers  in  the  Ring's  Forest,  and  to  gather  the 
money  due  for  the  same  to  the  King's  use,  Charta  de  Foresta,  9  H.  3, 
c.  9.  The  officers  that  do  this  are  called  Ar/istors,  in  English,  Guest- 
takers,  Cromp.  Jur.  fol.  146.  This  word  '  agist '  is  also  used  for  the 
taking  in  of  other  men's  Cattel  into  any  ground  at  a  certain  rate  per  week  " 
(Cowel).  In  that  secondary  sense  (omitting  that  the  payment  has  to  he 
"  per  week")  the  word  is  now  generally  used  (R.  v.  Croft,  3  B.  &  Aid. 
177).  It  is  paraphrased  in  s.  45,  Agricultural  Holdings  (England) 
Act,  1883,  which  (without  using  the  word)  describes  an  Agistment  as, 
"  Where  lite  stock  belonging  to  another  person  has  been  taken  in  by 
the  Tenant  of  a  Holding  to  be  fed  at  a  fair  price  agreed  to  be  paid 
for  such  feeding  by  the  owner  of  such  stock  to  the  tenant." 

The  conditional  exemption  from  Distress  given  by  that  section,  does 
not  apply  to  an  Agreement  from  the  tenant  giving  to  another  person 
"  the  exclusive  right  to  feed  the  grass  on  the  land  for  4  weeks  "  ;  for,  in 
that  case,  the  tenant  does  not  "  take  in  "  the  cattle,  and  he  certainly  does 
not  take  them  in  "  to  be  fed,"  —  the  consideration  he  receives  being  in  the 
nature  of  rent  for  use  and  occupation  (Masters  v.  Green,  20  Q.  B.  D. 
807;  36  W.  E.  691 ;  59  L.  T.  476). 

Note.     Cowel 's  def  is  taken  from  Termes  de  la  Ley,  where  it  is  said 
that  '*  the  feed  or  herbage  of  the  cattell  is  called  Agistment.'' 
Vh.  1  Encyc.  204,  205. 

AGREE.  — "  Covenant,  grant,  and  agree  "  ;  V.  Covenant. 
V.  Agreement. 

AG  REEABLY.  —  '*  Agreeably  to  my  wishes  " ;  V,  Precatory  Trust. 

AGREED.  —  In  an  Agreement  the  phrase  "  it  is  agreed,"  ''  makes  the 
words  of  the  agreement  those  of  both  parties  "  (per  Parke,  B.,  Emmens 
V.  Elderton^  13  C.  B.  531 ;  4  H.  L.  Ca.  667). 

"  Agreed  to  buy  "  ;    V.  Buy. 

"  Agreed  Costs,"  as  to  when  this  phrase  amounts  to  an  Agreement 
IN  WRITING  between  Solr  and  Client,  F.  Re  Frape,  1893,  2  Ch.  284; 
62  L.  J.  Ch.  473 :  and  when  not,  V.  Re  Baylis,  1896,  2  Ch.  107 ;  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  612 ;  74  L.  T.  506. 

''  'As  if  the  debtor  had  agreed  to  charge,'  s.  13,  Jdgmts  Act,  1838, 
is  only  a  method  of  expressing  that  the  Charging  Order  is  to  affect  the 
debtor's  beneficial  interest  in  the  properties  charged,  —  but  nothing  more 
(Scott  V.  Hastings,  4  K.  &  J.  633).  The  words  define  the  extent  and  pri- 
ority of  the  Charge,  but  have  no  reference  to  the  capacity  of  the  Jdgmt 
Debtor  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Re  Leavesley,  cited  Disposing  Power). 


AGREED  AND  DECL'D   61  AGREEMENT 

AGREED  AND  DECLARED.  — ''  The  rule  is  that  where  you  have 
such  words  as  '  It  is  herehy  agreed  and  declared  hetween  and  hy  the 
parties  to  these  presents,'  that  some  one  will  do  an  act  or  make  a  pay- 
ment, —  and  that  some  one  is  a  party  to  the  deed,  —  it  is  a  covenant  by 
him  with  the  others,  not  a  covenant  by  all  of  them.  Anything  more 
absurd  than  to  hold  it  a  covenant  by  all  of  them  could  not  be  imagined. 
Suppose  you  had  these  words ;  'Provided  always  it  is  hereby  agreed  and 
declared  between  and  by  the  parties  to  these  presents  that  the  said  A.  B. 
shall  pay  <£5000  to  the  said  C.  D.  on  the  6th  of  January  next/  it  would 
be  absurd  to  say  that  this  amounts  to  a  covenant  by  C.  D.,  the  recipient 
of  the  money,  that  A.  B.  shall  pay  him,  as  well  as  a  covenant  by  A.  B. 
that  he  will  pay  him.  If,  therefore,  we  find  that  no  act  is  to  be  done 
except  by  one  of  the  parties,  these  words  only  amount  to  a  covenant  by 
that  one  party  with  the  others  "  (per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Dawes  v.  Tredwell, 
18  Ch.  D.  369;  cited  and  applied  by  Kay,  J.,  in  Be  De  Bos,  55  L.  J.  Ch. 
73 ;  31  Ch.  D.  81,  and  in  who  it  was  held,  on  the  construction  of  the 
deed,  that,  the  wife  being  an  executing  party,  her  after-acquired  separate 
estate  was  bound,  although  the  direct  covenant  to  settle  same  was  only 
entered  into  by  the  husband.  Vf.  Elph.  426,  502 :  Bamsden  v.  Smithy 
23  L.  J.  Ch.  757;  2  Drew.  298:  Butcher  v.  Butcher,  14  Bea.  222:  Be 
irjSstampes,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  1117;  32  W.  R.  978;  51  L.  T.  502:  thle 
was  also  decided  by  Kay,  J.,  and  in  his  jdgmt  he  reviews  the  previous 
authorities).  In  Be  Haden  (1898,  2  Ch.  220;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  428),  car- 
ried the  construction  a  little  farther,  for  there  the  wife's  after-acquired 
property  was  bound  by  her  Marriage  Settlement,  to  which  she  was  an 
executing  party,  although  the  only  words  to  bind  it  was  a  covenant  by 
her  (intended)  husband  that  it  "  shall  be  settled,"  not  saying  by  whom. 

AGREEMENT.  —  ^  Aggreamentum  is  a  word  compounded  of  two 
words,  —  viz.,  of  aggregatio  and  mentium^  so  that  aggreamentum  est 
aggregatio  mentium  in  re  aliqua  facta  vel  facienda.  And  so  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  two  words,  and  by  the  short  pronunciation  of  them,  they 
are  made  one  word,  viz.,  aggreamentum^  which  is  ho  other  than  an  union, 
collection,  copulation,  and  conjunction  of  two  or  more  minds  in  any- 
thing done  or  to  be  done  "  (Beniger  v.  Fogossa,  Plowd.  11  a,  Va.  Com. 
Dig.  "  Agreement " :  per  Ellenborough,  C.  J.,  Wain  v.  Warlters,  5  East, 
16;  2  Sm.  L.  C.  266:  per  Kekewich,  J.,  Foster  v.  Wheeler,  57  L.  J.  Ch, 
151;  36  Ch.  D.  698).  In  Wain  v.  WarUers,  it  was  held  that  "  Agree- 
ment," in  the  Statute  of  Frauds,  meant  the  whole  agreement,  including 
the  consideration  for  it:  Va.  obs  of  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  Williams  v.  Lake 
(29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1).  But  "  the  Agreement  or  Contract "  justifying  a 
stoppage  out  of  wages  under  the  Truck  Act,  1831,  s.  23,  need  not  specify 
the  amounts  to  be  deducted  (Cuttsv.  ^arrf, cited  Contract  to  Supply). 

As  to  the  distinction  between  "  Agreement "  in  s.  4,  Stat,  of  Frauds, 
and  "  Bargain  "  in  s.  17  lb.;    V.  Benj.  193,  194.      Va.  Bargain. 


AGREEMENT  62        AGRICULTURAL 

"  Agreemeut "  contrasted  with  "  Conveyance  " ;  V.  InL  Rev.  v.  Angus, 
23  Q.  B.  D.  579.     Vh.  Assubaxce:  Conveyance. 

The  "  Agreement "  prescribed  by  s.  162,  Comp.  Act,  1862,  must  be 
between  the  Dissentient  Shareholder  and  the  Liquidator,  or  the  Co  {De 
Rosaz  V.  Anglo-Italian  Bank,  38  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161;  L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  462); 
the  Articles  of  Assn  do  not  constitute  such  an  agreement,  as  they  are 
only  a  contract  between  Shareholders,  inter  se  (JEley  v.  Positive  Assrce, 
45  L.  Q.  B.  58, 451;  1  Ex.  D.  20,  88  :  Browne  v.  La  Trinidad,  57  L.  J. 
Ch.  292;  37  Ch.  D.  1:  Baring- Gould  v.  Sharpington  Sj/nd.,  cited 
Called). 

Qui  Stamp  Act,  1891;   F.  Evidence  of  a  Contract:  Relating. 

r.  Buy:  Contract:  Covenant. 

"  Agreement  to  the  contrary,"  s.  58,  Landlprd  and  Tenant  (Ir)  Act, 
1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  46,  means  an  Express  agreement  (Shearman  v. 
Kelli/,  Ir.  Rep.  10  C.  L.  326;  2  L.  R.  Ir.  415). 

Agreement  to  pay  Interest;    F.  Williams  v.  Trench,  cited  Demand. 

Agreement  for  Lease;   V.  Lease. 

"  Agreement  for  Sale  " ;   V.  Sale. 

Stat.  Def.  — 11  &  12  V.  c.  29,  s.  l.  —  Ir.  23  &  24  V.  c.  154,  s.  1. 

"Agreement  in  Writing";  quk  Solr's  Costs;  "Contract  in  Writing"; 
"  Consent  or  Agreement " ;   F.  In  Writing. 

AQRICULTURAI An  "Agricultural"  Holding,  s.  54,  Agri- 
cultural Holdings  (England)  Act,  1883,  "  I  take  it  refers  only  to  land 
cultivated  for  profit  in  some  way  and  not  to  natural  grass  land";  a 
"  Pastoral "  holding  refers  to  grass  land  (per  Stephen,  Co.  Co.  J.,  Morley 
V.  Jones,  32  S.  J.  630.  Vf.  per  Ld  Fitzgerald,  Westropp  v.  Elligott, 
9  App.  Ca.  815;  52  L.  T.  153;  14  L.  R.  Ir.  319).  But  a  holding 
may  be  "wholly  agricultural"  or  "wholly  pastoral,"  within  the  sec- 
tion, though  it  include  a  house,  if  such  house  be  merely  auxiliary  to 
the  land  with  which  it  is  held  ;  secus,  where  such  house  is  independent 
of  the  land,  and,  a  fortiori,  if  the  house  be  the  chief  part  of  the  holding 
(Morley  V.  Jones,  sup.:  Vf.  Tillage:  Pasture).  Cp.  Servant  in 
Husbandry.      Vh.  Agricultural  Holdings  Act,  1900. 

Holding  "not  substantially  either  Agricultural  or  Pastoral  in  its 
character,  or  partly  agricultural  and  partly  pastoral,"  s.  5  (la,  2),  Land 
Law  (Ir)  Act,  1896,  59  &  60  V.  c.  47 ;  V.  Re  Ryan  and  O'Brien,  1900, 
2  I.  B.  539 :  and  as  to  the  similar  phrase  in  s.  40  (1  g),  same  Act ; 
V.  Re  Harrison,  1900,  1 1.  E.  139. 

"  Agricultural,"  s.  9,  Land  Law  (Ir)  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  33, 
means  "  agricultural  or  pastoral,  or  partly  agricultural  and  partly  pas- 
toral "  (s.  6,  59  &  60  V.  c.  47);  on  wh  def.  V.  Doyne  v.  Campbell,  Ir. 
Rep.  9  C.  L.  95:  Boyle  v.  Foster,  30  L.  R.  Ir.  623:  Bradley  y.  Johnston, 
lb.  632:  Wall  v.  Eyre,  32  lb.  475 :  Allen  v.  Grogan,  lb.  179. 

"  Used  as  an  Ordinary  Agricultural  Farm,"  s.  9,  Land  Law  (Ir)  Act, 


AGRICULTURAL        68         AGRICULTURE 

1887;    V,  Macnamara  y*  Macnamara,  32  L.  R.  Ir,  1:  Daly  v,  Wright, 
lb.  9. 

F.  Full  Agrtgultubal  Rent. 

Qui  Agricultural  Rates  Act,  1896,  69  &  60  V.  c.  16,  "  '  Agricultural 
Land,'  means  any  Land  used  as  arable,  meadow,  or  pasture  ground 
only.  Cottage  Gardens  exceeding  ^  of  an  acre,  Market  Gardens,  Nur- 
sery Grounds,  Orchards,  or  Allotments;  —  but  does  not  include  laud 
occupied  together  with  a  house  as  a  Park,  Gardens  (other  than  as 
aforesaid),  Pleasure  Grounds,  or  any  land  kept  or  preserved  mainly  or 
exclusively  for  purposes  of  Sport,  or  Recreation,  or  land  used  as  a  Race- 
Course  "  (s.  9).  "  Agricultural  Laud,"  is  in  that  Act  contrasted  with 
"  Buildings,"  and  therefore  the  exemption  of  one  half  of  the  Rates 
given  by  the  Act  applies  only  to  land  without  any  Buildings  whatso- 
ever upon  it  (Smith  v.  Richmond,  cited  Market  Garden). 

Quk  Finance  Act,  1894,  "'Agricultural  Propertt,'  means,  Agri- 
cultural Land,  Pasture,  and  Wood  Land;  and  also  includes  such  Cot- 
tages, Farm  Buildings,  Farm-houses,  and  Mansion-houses  (together  with 
the  lands  occupied  therewith)  as  are  of  a  character  appropriate  to  the 
property  "  (subs.  1  g,  s.  22). 

"  Agricultural  Lauds  and  Heritages  in  Scotland  "  ;  Stat.  Def.  59  &  60 
V.  c.  37,  s.  1. 

"  Agricultural  Gang  ";  Stat.  Def.  30  &  31  V.  c.  130,  s.  3. 

Qui  Labourers  (Ir)  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V.  c.  60,  "  '  Agricultural 
Labourer,'  means  a  person  who  habitually  works  for  hirr  in  Agricul- 
tural Work,  upon  the  land  of  some  other  person,  and  whose  principal 
means  of  living  is  such  hire  ;  and  includes  a  Herdsman.  The  term  does 
not  include  any  person  who  is  not  paid  for  his  labour  by  Wages  "  (s.  21) ; 
by  s.  23,  48  &  49  V.  c.  77,  that  def  was  narrowed  aud  qualified,  but  this 
was  repealed  by  s.  4,  49  &  50  V.  c.  69,  which  also  provided  that,  "  *  Agri- 
cultural Labourer  '  in  the  said  Acts  and  in  this  Act  shall  mean,  a  man  or 
woman  who  does  Agricultural  Work  for  hire,  at  any  season  of  the  year, 
on  the  land  of  some  other  person  or  persons ;  and  shall  include  Hand- 
loom  Weavers  and  Fishermen  doing  agricultural  work  as  aforesaid,  aud 
shall  also  include  Herdsmen." 

"  Workmen  in  Agriculture  ";    V.  Agriculture. 

"Agricultural  Locomotive";  Stat.  Def.  61  &  62  V.  c.  29,  s.  17  (1). 

A  steam  engine  let  and  used  for  hauling  straw  and  manure  for  farm- 
ing operations,  and  no  other  purpose,  is  within  s.  32,  Highway  Act,  1878, 
as  being  a  "  Locomotive  used  solely  for  Agricultural  Purposes  "  (Ellis 
V.  Bulse,  23  Q.  B.  D.  24). 

AGRICULTURE.  — In  the  Board  of  Agriculture  Act,  1889,  52  & 
53V.  c.  30,  "'Agriculture,'  includes  'Horticulture'"  (s.  12):  in  the 
Small  Holdings  Act,  1892,  55  &  56  V.  c.  31,  "  'Agriculture'  and  'Culti- 
vation,' shall  iuclude  Horticulture,  and  the  use  of  laud  for  any  purpose  of 


AGRICULTURE         64  ALDERMAN 

husbandry,  inclusive  of  the  keeping  or  breeding  of  Live  Stock,  Poultry, 
or  Bees,  and  the  growth  of  Fruit,  Vegetables,  and  the  like  "  (s.  20).  Va, 
quh  Workmen  in  "  Agriculture, "  Workmen's  Comp.  Act,  1900,  63  &  64 
V.  c.  22,  8. 1  (3). 

AID—  V.  In  Aid. 

AID  OR  ABET. — '^To  constitute  an  aider  or  abettor,  some  active 
steps  must  be  taken,  by  word  or  action,  with  intent  to  instigate  the 
principal  or  principals.  Encouragement  does  not,  of  necessity^  amount 
to  aiding  and  abetting.  It  may  be  intentional  or  unintentional.  A  man 
may  unwittingly  encourage  another  in  fact  by  his  presence,  by  mis- 
interpreted words  or  gestures,  or  by  his  silence  or  non-interference ;  — 
or  he  may  encourage  intentionally  by  expressions,  gestures,  or  actions, 
intended  to  signify  approval.  In  the  latter  case  he  aids  and  abets;  in 
the  former  he  does  not.'  It  is  no  criminal  offence  to  stand  by  a  mere 
passive  spectator  of  a  crime,  even  of  a  murder.  Kon-interference  to 
prevent  a  crime  is  not  itself  a  crime.  But  the  fact  that  a  person  was 
voluntarily  and  purposely  present  witnessing  the  commission  of  a  crime, 
and  offered  no  opposition  to  it,  though  he  might  reasonably  be  expected 
to  prevent  it,  and  had  the  power  so  to  do  or  at  least  to  express  his  dissent, 
might,  under  some  circumstances,  afford  cogent  evidence  upon  which  a 
jury  would  be  justified  in  finding  that  he  wilfully  encouraged,  and  so 
aided  and  abetted.  But  it  would  be  purely  a  question  for  the  jury 
whether  he  did  so  or  not"  (per  Hawkins,  J.,  R,  v.  Coney^  51  L.  J.  M.  C. 
78).  In  accordance  with  those  principles  the  majority  of  the  Court  held, 
in  the  case  cited,  that  the  mere  voluntary  presence  of  persons  at  a  prize- 
fight does  not  make  them  guilty  of  aiding  or  abetting  an  assault  (51  L.  J. 
M.  C.  66;  8  Q.  B.  D.  534).  Vh.  Ex  p.  Whiteley,  39  J.  P.  70;  E.  v. 
.Cheshire  Jus.,  40  J.  P.  148:  Barratt  v.  Burden,  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  33. 

Aiding  and  abetting  breach  of  s.  3,  Licensing  Act,  1872 ;  V,  Owen  y. 
Langford,  55  J.  P.  484. 

To  aid  or  abet  a  Breach  of  an  Injunction  is  Contempt  op  Court 
(Seaward  v.  Paterson,  1897,  1  Ch.  545 ;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  267 ;  76  L.  T.  215 ; 
45  W.  R.  610).     V,  S.  C,  cited  Club. 

Cp,  Counsel  or  Procure. 

AIDED "Aided"  Police  Force,  s.  26  (1),  53  &  54  V.  c.  45;   V. 

R.  V.  W.  Riding  Co.  Co.,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  805 ;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  95,  145 ; 
72  L.  T.  520 ;  43  W.  R.  386 ;  59  J.  P.  340;  11  Times  Rep.  311. 

AIM.  —  "  With  the  aim  of  "  ;   V.  View. 

AIR   SPACE.— r.  Ventilation. 

AIT.  —  V.  Hath. 

ALDERMAN. —  F.  Outgoing  Alderman:  Senior. 


ALE  65  ALIENATION 

ALE. —  F.  Bebr:  Spirituous  Liquors. 

ALEHOUSE.  —  An  "Alehouse"  is  a  place  (licensed  under  the  Ale- 
house Act,  1828,  and  the  Acts  amending  the  same)  where  excisable 
liquors  are  sold,  by  retail,  to  be  consumed  on  the  premises.  The  word 
is,  probably,  synonymous  with  "  Public-house "  and  "  Tavern,"  which 
latter  words  were  employed  in  the  covenants  under  discussion  in  London 
and  Suburban  Land  Co  v.  Field  (60  L.  J.  Ch.  549;  16  Ch.  D.  645; 
44  L.  T.  444)  and  Bolt  v.  Collyer  (50  L.  J.  Ch.  311 ;  16  Ch.  D. 
718 ;  44  L.  T.  214 ;  29  W.  R.  502). 

A  covenant  in  a  Lease  prohibiting  the  user  of  the  premises  "  as  a 
Public-house  or  Alehouse,"  will  comprise  a  Beer-house  (1  W.  4,  c.  64, 
8.  31). 

V.  Public-house  :  Beer-housb  :  Inn. 

ALIEN. -r" To  Alien";  F.  Alienation:  Assign:  Charge  or 
Incumber. 

An  Alien,  is  one  who  "  is  born  out  of  the  ligeance  of  our  soveraigne 
lord  the  King  "  (Litt.  s.  198 ;  Vth.  Co.  Litt.  128  b,  129  a).  Vh.  Calvin's 
Case,  7  Rep.  1 :  Collingwood  v.  Pace^  1  Ventr.  422 :  Doe  d.  Thomas  v. 
Acktam,  2  B.  &  C.  779 :  Isaacson  v.  Durant,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  331;  17  Q.  B.  D. 
54 ;  54  L.  T.  684;  34  W.  R.  547 :  1  Encyc.  216,  217. 

"  Aliens,"  s.  3,  13  G.  3,  c.  21,  is  to  be  read  as  in  the  Genitive  Case, 
and  not  as  a  separate  word  (Barrow  v.  Wadkin^  24  Bea.  327). 

A  Co  domiciled  in  an  Alien  State  at  War  with  us,  is  an  Alien  Enemy, 
though  the  majority  of  its  shareholders  are  subjects  of  the  British  Crown 
(per  Mathew,  J.,  Driefontein  Mines  v.  Janson,  cited  War,  following 
Socyfor  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  v.  Wheeler ^  2  Gallison,  105). 

ALIENATION.  — "  'Alienation,*  is  as  much  to  say,  as  to  make  a 
thing  another  mans ;  or  to  alter  or  put  the  possession  of  lands,  or  other 
things,  from  one  man  to  another  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

To  "  alienate,"  or  "  anticipate,"  property,  within  a  Clause  of  For- 
feiture on  Alienation,  does  not  mean  the  doing  something  which  will 
accomplish  an  actual  alienation,  for  that  is  prevented  by  the  thing 
working  a  Forfeiture ;  but  it  means,  the  doing  that  the  purport  and 
intent  of  which  is  Alienation,  and  which  would  effect  that  object  but  for 
the  Forfeiture  (Bamett  v.  Blake,  2  Dr.  &  Sm.  124;  nom.  Blake  v. 
Bametty  31  L.  J.  Ch.  901).  But  if  the  person  be  not  sui  juris,  —  e.g.  a 
Married  Woman  restrained  from  alienation,  —  then  the  execution  of  a 
Deed  of  Alienation  works  no  Forfeiture,  because  the  person  has  no  dis- 
posing power  over  the  property  at  all  (Be  Wormald,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  404 ; 
43  Ch.  D.  630 ;  38  W.  R.  425 ;  62  L.  T.  423). 

A  clause  of  Forfeiture  on  "  Alienation  "  "  will  extend  only  to  a  dis- 
position by  the  Act  of  the  Party,  and  not  to  a  transfer  by  Operation  of 
Law;  unless  it  can  be  collected  from  the  context  that  the  term  was  in- 

6 


ALIENATION  66  ALIKE 

tended  bj  the  settlor  to  have  so  wide  a  signification  "  (Lewin,  109,  citing 
Dommett  v.  Bedford,  6  T.  R.  684:  Cooper  v.  WyaU,  5  Mad.  482:  Ex  p. 
Eyston^  47  L.  J.  Bank.  62;  7  Ch.D.145:  Vf.  Assignment).  Therefore 
bankruptcy  at  the  suit  of  creditors  is  not  such  an  alienation  {Lear  v. 
Leggett,  2  Sim.  479,  and  other  cases  cited,  Lewin,  109)  ;  secus,  if  the 
bankruptcy,  or  other  cessio  bonorum,  be  on  the  petition  of  the  benefi- 
ciary (Be  Amherst,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  222;  L.  R.  13  Eq.  464:  Sv.  Ex  p. 
Dawes,  Be  Moon,  17  Q.  B.  D.  275:  Vf  Lewin,  111:  2  Jarm.  33,  34). 
A  mere  Declaration  of  Insolvency  is  not  an  alienation  or  attempt  at 
alienation  (Graham  v.  Lee,  26  L.  J.  Ch.  395;  23  Bea.  388),  nor  is 
Seizure  under  a  Judicial  Process  (R.  v.  Robinson^  Wight.  386). 

A  general  alienation  tn /w^wro, — e.g.  a  covenant  to  settle,  —  will 
not  embrace  an  Interest  which  would  be  forfeited  thereby  (Re  CrawsKay, 
1891,  3  Ch.  176 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  583 ;  39  W.  R.  682). 

As  to  a  Warrant  of  Attorney,  or  Marriage,  being  an  alienation ;  Fl 
Lewin,  109. 

Until  the  forfeiture  has  become  actually  operative,  —  e.g.  by  income 
becoming  due  after  its  occurrence,  —  it  may  be  avoided  by  the  annul- 
ment of  its  cause  (White  v.  Chitty,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  343 ;  L.  R.  1  Eq.  372: 
Lloyd  V.  Lloyd,  L.  R.  2  Eq.  722 :  Ancona  v.  Waddell,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  115  ; 
10  Ch.  D.  157 :  Re  Pamham,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  80 :  Vf  Bankruptcy)  ; 
secus,  when  it  has  become  actually  operative  (Robertson  v.  Richardson, 
30  Ch.  D.  623 ;  55  L.  J.  Ch.  275 :  Re  Pamham,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  292 ;  L.  R. 
13  Eq.  413:  Trappes  v.  Meredith,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  237;  7  Ch.  248:  Re 
Metcalfe,  1891,  3  Ch.  1 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  647:  Re  Loftus-Otway,  1895, 
2  Ch.  235 ;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  529 ;  43  W.  R.  501).  A  forfeiture  is  not 
avoided  because  the  fact  creating  it  occurred  before  the  defeasible  interest 
was  created  (Manning  v.  Chambers,  16  L.  J.  Ch.  245  ;  1  D.  G.  &  S.  282. 
V.  Shall). 

FA.  Co.  Litt.  118  b.  Fl  Anticipation  :  Assign  :  Dispone  :  Trans- 
fer: Permit:  Suffer:  Would:  Restraint  on  Alienation:  For- 
feiture :  Legal  Disability  :  Godefroi,  ch.  42. 

"  By  Alienation,  or  by  any  title  not  conferring  a  New  Succession," 
8.  15,  16  &  17  V.  c.  51,  —  there,  "  Alienation  "  is  at  large,  and  stands 
unqualified  by  the  words  "  not  conferring  a  New  Succession  "  (per  Lds 
Herschell  and  Macnaghten,  Wolverton  v.  A-G.,  cited  New  Succession, 
dissenting  from  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Re  Cooper  and  Allen,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  133 ; 
4  Ch.  D.  802). 

ALIKE. — A  testamentary  gift  to  two  or  more  "alike,"  or  "to  be 
enjoyed  alike,"  is  synonymous  with  its  being  given  Equally,  and  creates 
a  tenancy  in  common  (per  Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Loveacres  v.  Blight,  Cowp. 
357.  Vf  Thorowgood  v.  Collins,  Cro.  Car.  75 :  Page  v.  Page,  2  P.  Wms. 
489,  cited  2  Jarm.  258.  In  Thorowgood  v.  Collins,  the  words  to  be  con- 
strued were  "  part  and  part-like  ").    V.  Share  axd  Share  Alike. 


ALIMONY  6T  ALL 

ALI MON  Y.  —  "  *  Alimony,  *  signifies  that  allowance  which  a  married 
woman  sues  for  on  separation  from  her  husband  "  (Cowel). 

As  to  construction  and  force  of  Covenants  in  a  Separation  Deed,  qu^ 
Alimony ;  V.  Gandy  v.  Gandy,  51  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  41 ;  7  P.  D.  77, 168 ; 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  1154;  30  Ch.  D.  57:  Bishop  v.  Bishop,  1897,  P.  138; 
66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  69;  76  L.  T.  409;  45  W.  R.  567:  Judkins  v. 
Judkins,  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  76. 

Alimony  qua  Divorce  ;  V,  Dixon  on  Divorce,  ch.  8 :  1  Encyc.  218-221. 

ALIVE.  —  Bom  alive ;  V.  Born,  at  end. 
V.  If  alive:  Living. 

ALKALI  WORK.  —  Stat.  Def .,  26  &  27  V.  c.  124,  s.  3 ;  44  &  45  V. 
c  37,  8.  29. 

ALL.  — "  Qui  omne  dicit,  nihil  excludit "/  therefore,  omnes  viduce, 
Statute  of  Mkrton,  c.  2,  included  all  kinds  of  Dower,  though  there  were 
five  (2  Inst.  81). 

"  All "  is  equivalent  to  "  each  and  every  "  ( V.  jdgmt  of  Ld  Fitz- 
gerald, Burnett  v.  G.  N.  of  Scotland  By,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  539)  ;  but  by 
a  context,  it  may  mean  "  any  "  (1  Jarm.  504). 

And  "  All  "  will  sometimes  mean  "  any  of  them  "  {Jarman  v.  Vye, 
35  L.  J.  Ch.  821;  L.  R.  2  Eq.  784). 

A  testamentary  gift  of  "  All,"  without  more  ;  held,  indefinite  and  void 
{Bowman  v.  Milbanke,  1  Lev.  130;  Sid.  191;  Raym.  T.  97;  cited  and 
commented  on,  1  Jarm.  357,  358) ;  "  however,  such  a  decision  as  that 
cannot  be  considered  an  authority  now  "  (per  Malins,  V.  C,  Smyth  v. 
Smyth,  8  Ch.  D.  567). 

"  The  words  'All  his  Estate'  will  pass  everything  a  man  has  "  (per 
Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Hogan  v.  Jackson,  1  Cowp.  306).  So  of  the  words 
**  All  I  am  worth  "  (ffuxstep  v.  Brooman,  1  Bro.  C.  C.  437,  cited  and  com- 
mented on,  1  Jarm.  738,  739),  or  "  All  I  have  "  (per  Bayley,  J.,  Doe  v. 
Morgan,  6  B.  &  C.  518;  9  D.  &  R.  633). 

"  But  if  the  word  *  All '  is  coupled  with  the  word  *  Personal,*  or  a  local 
description,  there,  the  gift  will  pass  only  personalty,  or  the  specific  estate 
particularly  described  "  (per  Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Hogan  v.  Jackson,  sup.). 
Thus  "  All  my  Effects  "  will  not  pass  realty  {Henderson  v.  Farbridge, 
IRuss.  479;  cited.l  Jarm.  742:  Vf.  Effects).  Qy.  will  such  words 
as  "  All  that  I  possess  "  or  "  all  that  I  am  or  may  die  possessed  of"  pass 
Realty?  Cp.  Noel  v.  Hoy,  6  Mad.  38 :  Thomas  v.  Phelps,  4  Rusa.  348 : 
Wilce  V.  Wdce,  6  Moore  &  P.  682  ;  7  Bing.  664 ;  9  L.  J.  0.  S.  C.  P.  197 : 
Evans  v.  Jones,  46  L.  J.  Ex.  280 :  Day  v.  Daveron,  12  Sim.  200 ;  10  L.  J. 
Ch.  349,  and  Davenport  v.  Coltman,  11  L.  J.  Ch.  262 ;  12  Sim.  588 ; 
9  M.  &  W.  481 :  with  Monk  v.  Mawdsley,  1  Sim.  286 :  and  Cook  v. 
Jaggard,  35  L.  J.  Ex.  76;  L.  R.  1  Ex.  125;  and  V.  these  cases  stated 


ALL  68  ALL 

1  Jarm.  730,  731,  739-742:   Vf.  Wilde  v.  HoltzmeyeVy  cited  Possessed 

OF. 

Wliere  a  testator  made  a  specific  devise  of  part  of  his  realty  and,  by  a 
subsequent  part  of  the  same  Will,  made  another  devise  of  "  all  his  real 
and  personal  estate  "  ;  —  held,  that  "  all  "  meant  "  all  the  Residue  " 
{Doe  d.  Snape  v.  Nevell,  17  L.  J.  Q.  B.  119  ;  11  Q.  B.  466).  So  the  gen- 
erality of  a  devise  of  "  all  my  Lands  "  may  be  restricted  by  the  context 
{Re  PoHal  and  Lamb,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  1012  ;  30  Ch.  D.  60).  But  in  Kinrj 
v.  George  (4  Ch.  D.  435;  5  lb.  627  ;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  670)  a  bequest  of 
"  All  that  I  have  power  over,  namely,  plate,  linen,"  &c  was  an  uu- 
limited  residuary  gift,  and  not  restricted  to  the  classes  of  goods  enumer- 
ated ;  so,  a  bequest  of  "  All  my  Money,  £40,  in  the  Exeter  Land  Socy," 
passed  all  the  property  the  testatrix  had  in  the  Socy  {Lane  v.  IFay, 
W.  N.  (71)  117 ;  19  W.  R.  842).  Va.  Sidgreaves  v.  Brewer,  49  L.  J. 
Ch.  514;  15Ch.  D.594. 

"  All  Property  not  specifically  hereinbefore  mentioned  "  ;  V,  Archhold 
Y*  Austin-Gourlaj/,  5  L.  R.  Ir.  214. 

"  All  Rent  and  Arrears  of  Rent "  ;    V.  Rent,  towards  end. 

"  All  the  Rest ";   F.  Rest. 

As  to  the  eflBcacy  of  "  All  the  Rest "  to  pass  lapsed  legacies ;  F.  Re 
Fringle,  17  Ch.  D.  819 ;  50  L.  J.  Ch.  689.     F.  Rest. 

When  "  all  "  is  found  in  conjunction  with  specified  property,  —  e.g. 
"all  my  property  in  the  Funds,"  —  the  bequest  is  specific  {Hayes  v. 
Hayes,  5  L.  J.  Ch.  243 ;  1  Keen,  97 :  Vincent  v.  Newcombe,  Younge, 
699)  ;  so,  of  the  phrase  "  all  my  Shares  and  Stock "  {Bothamley  v. 
Sherson,  cited  Specific). 

F  Estate  and  Interest. 

"  All  my  Property,  Leasehold  and  Freehold  " ;  held,  to  pass  all  the 
Personalty,  as  well  as  all  the  Realty  {Re  Roberts,  Kiff  v.  Roberts,  bo 
L.  J.  Ch.  628;  54  L.  T.386;  34  W.  R.  626;  affd.  55  L.  T.  498;  35 
W.  R.  176).  "  All  my  Property,  Brewery,  &c  "  ;  F.  Waite  v.  Morland, 
cited  Brewery.     Vf,  Property  :  My. 

"  All  my  Just  Debts  "  ;   F  Debts. 

"  The  question  must  always  be  one  of  intention,  but  the  rule  is,  — 
that  the  presumption  is  against  an  intention  to  charge  lands  spe- 
cifically devised,  and  that  a  mere  Charge  *  on  all  my  lands,'  is  not 
sufficient  to  rebut  that  presumption  "  (per  Ld  Cranworth,  Gonron  v. 
Conron,  7  H.  L.  Ca.  168,  cited  by  Ld  Herschell,  Bank  of  Ireland  v. 
McCarthy,  1898,  A.  C.  181 ;  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  13 ;  77  L.  T.  777,  his  lordship 
adding  that  the  rule  is  founded  on  Spofig  v.  Spong,  3  Bligh,  K  S.  84 ; 
1  Dow  &  CI.  365). 

"  All  my  Land  at  S.  "  ;    F.  My. 

"  All  my  Moneys  "  ;    F.  Money. 

As  to  effect  of  Revocation  of  "  All  Wills,  &c  *' ;  F.  Re  Kingdon,  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  598 ;  32  Ch.  D.  604 :  Revoke. 


ALL  69       ALL  AND  EVERY 

Ajs  to  the  once  held  invalidity  on  account  of  vagueness  tbrougl)  the 
unqualified  use  of  "  All,"  especially  in  an  Assignment  of  future  things; 
V.  Bddlng  v.  Bead,  34  L.  J.  Ex.  212 ;  3  H.  &  C.  955;  11  Jur.  K  S. 
547 :  but  that  case  is  overruled  by  Tailby  v.  Official  Receiver ^  58  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  75 ;  13  App.  Ca.  623.  Va.  Re  Clarke,  66  L.  J.  Ch.  981 ;  36  Ch.  D. 
348 :  Re  Kdcey,  1899,  2  Ch.  530 ;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  742 ;  81  L.  T.  354 ; 
48  W.  R.  69:  Vagub:  Future. 

A  Power  of  Attorney  to  receive  "  all "  Debts,  does  not  authorize  the 
endorsement  of  Negotiable  Securities  {Hogg  v.  Snaith,  1  Taunt.  349: 
Jf array  v.  East  India  Co^  5  B.  &  Aid.  204),  not  even  if  there  is  added 
power  "  to  transact  all  Business "  (Ifay  v.  Goldsmidty  referred  to  in 
Hogg  V.  Snaith,  sup.). 

"  All  other  Conditions  as  per  Charter-Party  "  ;   F.  Other. 

An  Agreement  by  one  of  several  defts  to  pay  the  Costs  of  "  all  the 
defts,"  means,  "  of  all  or  any  of  the  defts  "  (  Vesey  v.  Mantell,  11  L.  J. 
Ex.  99;  9  M.  &  W.  323). 

"  All  Notes,"  3  &  4  Anne,  c.  9;   V.  Milne  v.  Graham,  1  B.  &  C.  192. 

"  All  Powers  **  enabling  ;    V.  Enabling. 

"  All  Proceedings  "  in  R.  1,  Ord.  65,  R.  S.  C,  means  all  proceedings 
in  respect  of  which  there  is  an  existing  jurisdiction  as  to  Costs  {Be 
Mills,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  60). 

The  genendity  of  "  all  Criminal  Proceedings,  "  s.  6,  Crim.  Ev.  Act, 
1898,  over-rides  special  provisions  of  prior  Acts,  and  applies  all  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Act  to  every  kind  of  criminal  trial  {Chamock  v.  Mer- 
chant,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  474  ;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  221 ;  S2  L.  T.  89;  48  W.  R. 
334;  64  J.  P.  183). 

"  All  Purposes  " ;  F.  Purposes. 

"  All  Rates  made  for  the  relief  of  the  Poor, "  which  are  to  be  paid  to 
qualify  for  the  parliamentary  franchise,  s.  3  (3),  30  &  31  V.  c.  102, 
means  only  those  made  since  the  5th  January  of  the  year  preceding  the 
qualifying  year  {Cull  v.  Austin,  Austin  y.  Cull,  41  L.  J.  C.  P.  153  ;  L.  B. 
7  C.  P.  227). 

An  Agreement  to  pay  "  all  Damages,"  qui  Ships,  overrides  the  limits 
of  damages  prescribed  by  s.  54,  25  &  26  V.  c.  63  {The  Satanita,  1895, 
P.  248 ;  64  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  96 ;  72  L.  T.  316;  43  W.  R.  498  ;  affd.  in 
H.  L.  1897,  A.  C.  59 ;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  1 ;  75  L.  T.  337). 

A  stipulation  to  accept  a  cargo  on  receipt  of  "  all  the  Shipping  Docu- 
ments,'* will  be  satisfied  by  production  of  three,  of  the  five,  parts  of  the 
Bill  of  Lading,  if  the  sellers  are  unable  to  supply  more  {Cederberg  v. 
Borries\  2  Times  Rep.  201). 

F".  Engagement  :  Interest  :  Money  :  Real  and  Personal  Es- 
tate: Ways:  Whole. 

ALL  AND  EVERY.  —  For  an  illustration  of  effect  of  this  phrase, 
V.  Re  Sibley,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  387  ;  5  Ch.  D.  494 ;  Sv.  that  decision,  as  based 


ALL  AND  EVERY       70  ALLODIAL 

on  this  phrase,  criticised  by  Kay,  J.,  in  Re  Webster^  52  L.  J.  Ch.  768  ; 
23  Ch.  D.  737. 

A  bequest  to  A.  and  after  lier  decease  to  **  all  and  every  her  child  and 
children,  and  his,  her  and  their  exs,  ads  and  assigns,  for  his,  her  and 
their  own  absolute  use  and  benefit "  ;  held,  to  create  a  joint  tenancy  in  the 
children  {Morgan  v.  Britten^  L.  R.  13  Eq.  28  ;  41  L.  J.  Ch.  70 :  Billing 
V.  Billingj  11  Times  Rep.  502 ;  nom.  Binning  v.  Binning,  W.  N.  (95) 
116). 

A  Power  to  appoint  to  "  all  and  every  "  of  a  Class,  means,  that  each 
member  must  have  a  share  {Kemp  v.  Kemp^  5  Ves.  857,  858).  Va. 
Among:  Such. 

ALL   FAULTS F.  Faults. 

ALL   I   AM   WORTH V.  Wobth:  All. 

ALL  INTENTS  AND  PURPOSES.  — An  act  disgavelling  lands 
to  "  all  intents  and  purposes,"  and  declaring  that  they  should  be  "  de- 
scendible as  lands  at  Common  Law,''  was  held  only  to  disgavel  qua 
descent  (  Wiseman  v.  Cotton,  1  Lev.  80). 

Vh.  Railton  v.  Woody  cited  Distbess. 

V.  Void. 

ALL   MATTERS   IN    DIFFERENCE.— F.  Cause:  Consent. 

ALL  THE   ESTATE.— r.  Estate,  towards  end. 

ALL  THE   REST.— F.  Rest:  All. 

ALL  TIMES. —  F.  At  all  Times:  At  all  Times  of  Tidb. 

ALLEGE.  —  "Alleged  adulterer,''  s.  28,  Matrimonial  Causes  Act, 
1857;  R.  4,  Divorce  Rules,  1865,  —  means  only  the  person  alleged  by  the 
husband  to  be  an  adulterer  with  his  wife;  not  a  person  against  whom 
that  allegation  has  been  made  (even  though  by  the  wife)  on  evidence 
which  the  husband  may  reasonably  regard  as  insufficient  {Saunders  v. 
Saunders,  1897,  P.  89;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  57;  76  L.  T.  330;  45  W.  R. 
683,  overruling  Jones  v.  Jones,  1896,  P.  165;  (j5  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  101). 

"  Alleging  himself  a  Candidate  ";    F.  Candidate. 

"  Alleged  Coxtributory  ";  Stat.  Def.,  20  &  21  V.  c.  78,  s.  15. 

"  Alleged  Lunatic  ";  Stat.  Def.,  34  &  35  V.  c.  22,  s.  2. 

F.  As  alleged  :  Supposed. 

ALLEGIANCE.  — "  'Allegiance'  is  such  natural  or  legal  obedience 
which  every  Subject  owes  to  his  Prince  "  (Termei  de  la  Ley). 

ALLODIAL.  — Allodial,  or  "Allodian,"  Lands,  "are  free  lands 
which  pay  no  Fines  or  Services"  (Cowel).  Vf,  Jacob:  2  Bl.  Com. 
47,  GO :  1  Encyc.  225 :  Alodium. 


ALLOT  n  ALLOW 

ALLOT.—  '  Set  out,  allot,  and  award "j    V.  Set  Out. 

ALLOTMENT.  —  "  Allotments  from  time  to  time  held  by  the  Trus- 
tees "  in  a  Land  Socy  ;  V.  Hill  v.  Crank,  68  L.  T.  551;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
145. 

"  Allotment,"  qui  Inclosure;  V.  It.  v.  Pitt,  6  B.  &  Ad.  565:  Doe  d. 
Harris  v.  Saunder,  5  A.  &  E.  664. 

For  the  legislation  as  to  Allotments,  V.  1  Encyc.  226-231. 

Stat.  Def .  —  50  &  51  V.  c.  26,  s.  4,  c.  48,  s.  17 ;  54  &  55  V.  c.  33,  s.  2 ; 
56  &  57  V.  c.  73,  s.  9  (16).  —  Scot.  55  &  56  V.  c.  54,  s.  16. 

"  Allotment  Trustees  ";   V.  36  &  37  V.  c.  19,  s.  1. 

V.  Gabbbn:  Holding:  On  Allotment. 

ALLOW.  —  To  "allow"  a  thing  to  be  done  or  omitted,  there  must 
bo  some  direct,  or  indirect,  sanction  of  it ;  —  unlike  the  mere  responsi- 
bility of  an  Innkeeper  if  ^e  "  suffer  "  things  contrary  to  the  Licensing 
Acts,  an  innocent  Owner  of  a  Ship  does  not  "  allow  '*  her  "  to  be  so  loaded 
as  to  submerge  in  salt  water  the  centre  of  the  disc,"  s.  28,  39  &  40 
Y.  c.  80,  by  the  mere  fact  that  the  Master  knew  of  such  overloading, 
even  though  the  Master  was  appointed  by  the  Owner  {Massey  v.  Mor- 
riss,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  412;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  185;  70  L.  T.  873;  6S  J.  P. 
673).  So,  a  Surveyor  does  not  "allow"  an  obstruction  on  a  Highway 
"  to  remain  there,"  s.  56,  Highway  Act,  1835,  when  he  has  no  knowledge 
of  it,  or,  at  any  rate,  when  he  has  no  means  of  knowing  it  {Hardcastle  v. 
Hielby,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  709;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  101 ;  66  L.  T.  343;  56  J.  P. 
549).  Vf.  per  Cockbum,  C.  J.,  Hipkins  v.  Birmingham  Gas  Co,  6  H. 
&  N.  253.    Cp,  Permit  :  Suffer  :  Obstruct. 

The  power  to  "  allow  Costs,"  s.  116  (2),  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  "  means  not 
onl}'  that  the  Court  may  give  Costs,  but  may  also  say  on  what  Scale  they 
are  to  be  "  (per  Field,  J.,  Bazett  v.  Morgan,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  44;  24  Q.  B.  D. 
48 ;  61  L.  T.  434 ;  38  W.  R  108,  applying  Neaves  v.  Spooner,  36 
W.  R.  257;  58  L.  T.  164);  and  such  an  Order  is  unappealable,  unless 
with  leave,  because  it  is  in  the  "  dlscretion  "  of  the  Court  under  s.  49, 
Jud.  Act,  1873  {Bazett  v.  Morgan). 

The  provision  in  s.  118  of  that  Act,  which  prohibits  a  Solr  from 
recovering  from  his  Client  Costs  in  a  Co.  Co.  action  "  unless  they  shall 
have  been  allowed  on  taxation,^*  does  not  apply  where  no  application  to 
tax  has  been  made  (Cubisonr.  Mayo,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  246;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
267;  44  W.  R.  473;  74  L.  T.  ijo:  Vf.  Boydell  v.  Millar,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
251;   64  L.  T.  299 ;  39  W.  R.  335). 

Where  an  Officer  of  a  Local  Authority  is  to  be  "allowed,"  "not 
exceeding  "  a  stated  time  for  a  vacation,  that  does  not,  necessarily,  mean 
that  he  is  "  entitled  to  "  that  much  time  for  holiday  (Henry  v.  Antrim, 
1900,  2  I.  R.  547). 

"  First  allow  my  lawful   Debts  to  be  paid,"  in  a  Will  disposing  of 


ALLOW  72  ALMS 

Realty  and  Personalty,  creates  a  Charge  of  the  debts  on  the  Realtor 
{Elliott  V.  Montgomery^  Ir.  Rep.  5  Eq.  214). 

ALLOWANCE.  —  A  mere  "Allowance,"  agreed  to  by  a  Lessor  by  a 
memorandum  on  the  lease,  does  not  operate  as  a  reduction  of  the  rent 
reserved,  but  only  as  an  independent  agreement  (Davies  v.  Stacey,  9  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  393 ;  12  A.  &  E.  606 ;  4  P.  &  D.  157). 

ALLOWANCES "  Allowances,"  s.  189,  P.  H.  Act,  1875 ;  F.  Bur- 
gess y.  Clark,  14  Q.  B.  D.  735:  Edwards  v.  Salmon,  58  L.  J.  Q-  B. 
571;  23  Q.  B.  D.  531;  38  W.  R.  166:  Whiteleyy.  Barley,  57  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  643;  21  Q.  B.  D.  164 ;  36  W.  R.  823;  52  J.  P.  695:  B.  v.  Barns- 
gate,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  352;  23  Q.  B.  D.  66. 

V.  Just  Allowances. 

ALLOWING V.  Being. 

« 

ALLOWS V.  So  FAR  AS. 

"Where  the  Context  allows";  F.  Birmingham  Breweries  v.  Jam&- 
son,  cited  Spirituous  Liquors. 

ALLUVION.  —  V.  Imperceptible:  Increase:  1  Encyc.  231. 

ALMANAC.  —  The  Almanac  of  which  the  Court  has  to  take  notice 
for  determining  on  which  Day  of  the  Week  a  given  day  of  the  month 
falls  {R.  V.  Dyer,  6  Mod.  41),  or,  when  a  Feast,  or  Sunday,  happens 
{Harvey  v.  Broad,  lb.  159,  160,  196),  is  that  which  is  annexed  to  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  {Brough  v.  Perkins^  lb.  80,  81).  Vf^  Calen- 
dar (New  Style)  Act,  1750,  24  G.  2,  c.  23:  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  781: 
Michaelmas. 

ALMOIN.— F.  AuMONE. 

ALMS.  —  The  disqualification  to  be  enrolled  as  a  Burgess  of  an  In- 
corporated Borough  arising  from  the  receipt  of  "  parochial  relief  or  other 
Alms  "  (5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  76,  s.  9,  and  now  by  32  &  33  V.  c.  55,  s.  1),  applies 
only  to  such  alms  as  are  parochial  (JS.  v.  Lichfield,  11  L.  J.  Q.  B.  122; 
2  Q.  B.  693  ;  2  G.  &  D.  10).  But  as  regards  the  Parliamentary  franchise, 
the  disqualification  arises  from  the  receipt  of  ''  parochial  relief  or  other 
alms,  which  by  law  of  parliament  now  disqualify  from  voting  ^^  (Rep. 
People  Act,  1832,  s.  36)  ;  and  that  amplification  differentiates  the  parlia- 
mentary from  the  municipal  disqualification,  and  alms  which  will  dis- 
qualify for  the  parliamentary  franchise  are  not  confined  to  those  that  are 
parochial :  but  any  alms  of  a  precarious  tenure  to  persons  so  indigent  that 
they  are  dependent  on  the  charity,  will  work  the  latter  disqualification 
(Smith  V.  Hall,  33  L.  J.  C.  P.  59;  15  C.  B.  K  S.  485;  12  W.  R.  172: 
Harrison  v.  Carter,  46  L.  J.  C.  P.  57;  2  C.  P.  D.  26;  25  W.  R.  182: 
Baker  v.  Monmouth,  34  W.  R.  64 ;  53  L.  T.  668 :  Dix  v.  Kent,  63  L.  T. 


ALMS  78  ALONGSIDE 

641;  7  Times  Rep.  46:  Edwards  v.  Lloyd,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  121 ;  20  Q.  B. 
D.  302 ;  58  L.  T.  409 ;  52  J.  P.  519 :  Cowen  v.  Kingstovrupon-Hull,  1897, 

1  Q.  B.  273;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  185;  75  L.  T.  593 ;  45  W.  R.  413.  Smith  v. 
Hall  and  Cowen  v.  Kingston,  were  cases  in  each  of  which  the  charity 
was  held  not  disqualifying  Alms).  Vf.  Rogers,  196-200:  Paboghial 
Relief. 

Cp.  Charity  :  Divine  Service. 

ALMSHOUSE V.  Hospital:  1  Encyc  233. 

ALNETUM.  — "  A  wood  of  elders  "  (Touch.  95:   Va.  Co.  Litt.  4  b). 

ALODIUM.  —  "In  Domesday,  alodium  (in  a  large  sense)  signifieth 
a  free  manner,  and  alodiarii  or  alodaril,  lords  of  the  same ;  and  lanno- 
munni  there  signifie  lords  of  a  manner,  having  socam  et  sa^^am  de  tenent- 
ibus  et  hominibus  suis"  (Co.  Lit.  5  a).  "The  old  translation  of  the 
Saxon  laws,  useth  this  word  for  Bocland  "  (Cowel).    F.  Allodial. 

ALONE.  —  "  Alone,  or  together  with,"  in  Kame  and  Arms  clause; 
V.  Name. 

ALONG.  —  V.  Through. 

ALONQ  WITH.— "Along  with  any  other  Persons,"  R.  11,  Ord. 
21,  R.  S.  C;  r.  Dear  v.  Sworder,  4  Ch.  D.  482;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  100:  Vf. 
Ann.  Pr. 

"  Along  with  other  Sums  "  construed  "in  addition  to,"  not  as  "  in- 
cluding" {PUkington  v.  Myers,  8  L.  T.  720). 

ALONGSIDE.  — Cargo  "shall  be  Brought  Alongside"  for  ship- 
ment, in  a  Charter-party,  means  that  the  charterer  is  to  bring  the  cargo 
as  near  to  the  ship  as  practicable,  and  it  is  for  the  jury  to  say  whether 
that  has  been  done  {Ifolman  v.  Da^snieres,  2  Times  Rep.  480,  607). 
Vh,  Fletcher  v.  Gillesjrie,  3  Bing.  635 :  Trindade  v.  Levy,  2  F.  &  F.  441 : 
Stephens  v.  Wintringham,  3  Com.  Ca.  169 :  Isis  S.  S.  Co  v.  Bahr,  1899, 

2  Q.  B.  364;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  930;  affd.  in  H.  L.  1900,  A.  C.  34<0;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  660;  5  Com.  Ca.  277:  At:  Cargo:  Sv.  Carver,  283. 

Consignee  to  take  Cargo  "from  alongside  Ship,"  means,  a  joint 
operation  between  the  Owners  and  Consignee,  and,  if  either  be  unready, 
the  other  is  not  called  on  to  begin ;  but  this  provision  in  a  Charter- 
party  does  not  exclude  a  custom  in  the  Wood  Trade  in  the  Port  of 
London  which  imposes  on  the  ship  Owner  the  obligation  to  discharge  a 
cargo  of  Long  Lengths  of  Timber  into  lighters  {Aktieselkah-Helios  v. 
Ekman,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  83;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  539;  76  L.  T.  537;  2  Com. 
Ca.  163).  But  cargo  (of  Timber)  "  to  be  taken  from  alongside  the 
Steamer,  at  Charterer's  Risk  and  Expense,  any  custom  of  the  Port  to 
the  contrary  notwithstanding,"  excludes  that  custom,  and  the  shipowners 


ALONGSIDE  74  ALSO 

perform  their  duty  when  they  (according  to  the  general  meaning  of  "  along- 
side ")  deliver  the  cargo  over  the  ship's  rail  (Brenda  S.  S,  Co  v.  Green, 
1900,  1  Q.  B.  518;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  445;  82  L.  T.  66;  48  W.  R.  321; 
5  Com.  Ca.  195). 

V,  Fbee  Alongside. 

ALREADY.— "Already,"  — e.^.  "already  in  Practice,"  s.  14,  55 
G.  3,  c.  194,  —  does  not  mean  at  some  time  previously  hut,  means  at 
the  time  stated  and  immediately  preceding  thereto  (Apothecaries  Co  v. 
Eobijy  5  B.  &  Aid,  949). 

A  Second  Series  of  a  Go's  Debentures  made  subject  to  the  "  Deben- 
tures already  issued,  or  such  of  them  as  are  now  outstanding,"  will  be 
postponed  to  the  whole  of  the  First  Series,  whenever  issued,  that  are  for 
the  time  being  "  outstanding,"  —  i.e.  not  paid  o£E  (Lister  v.  Lister^  62 
L.  J.  Ch.  bij^',  68  L.  T.  826;  41  W.  R  330). 

A  Covenant  by  husband  and  wife  to  settle  all  the  wife's  after-acquired 
property  "  not  being  already  settled  for  her  Separate  Use,"  does  not  bind 
property  subsequently  bequeathed  to  her  for  her  separate  use  (Coventry 
V.  Coventry,  32  Bea.  612).  Vf.  Kane  v.  Kane,  cited  Settled:  Va, 
Settle. 

"Already  defined  ^^  \  V.  Shanghai  Corp,  v.  McMurray,  cited  Ex- 
tension. 

"  Will,  already  made  ";    F.  Will. 

"  Already  built ";  Stat.  Del,  7  &  8  V.  c.  84,  s.  2. 

ALSO.  — "  Also,"  or  "  And  Also,"  may  be  (1)  the  beginniug  of  an 
entirely  independent  sentence,  or  (2)  a  copulative  carrying  on  the  sense 
of  the  immediately  preceding  words  into  those  immediately  succeeding. 
If  the  latter,  the  conditions  of  the  preceding  words  would  be  read  into 
those  succeeding.  Thus,  "  I  give  Blackacre  to  C.  and  his  heirs,  and  also 
Whiteacre,"  gave  C.  the  fee  in  Whiteacre  (per  Levinz,  J.,  1  Jarm.  497,  n.  .• 
Vf,  Hopewell  v.  Ackland,  1  Salk.  239:  Willis  v.  Ourtois,  1  Bea.  189; 
8  L.  J.  Ch.  105).  Of  course  no  such  construction  obtains  when  "  Also  " 
is  the  commencement  of  an  independent  sentence  (Doe  d.  Ellam  v. 
Westley,  4  B.  &  C.  667;  7  D.  &  R.  112:  on  whv  Wms.  Exs.,  8th  Ed., 
1087:  IJarm.  497). 

Words  importing  a  tenancy  in  common  in  one  bequest  will  not  be 
extended  by  implication  to  another  bequest  which  is  merely  connected 
with  the  former  by  "  also  "  (2  Jarm.  256,  citing  Cookson  v.  Bingham^ 
17  Bea.  262;  23  L.  J.  Ch.  127). 

A  general  description  of  property  introduced  by  "  And  also  "  or  the 
like,  and  following  a  particular  description,  will  usually  receive  an  ejus- 
dem  generis  interpretation  (El ph.  173  et  seq). 

"  Also,"  s.  8,  Clergy  Discipline  Act,  1892,  means  that  the  Bishop  may 
depose  the  offending  Clergyman  "  in  addition  to  "  the  original  sentence 


ALSO  75  ALTERATION 

(per  Esher,  M.  R.,  R.  v.   Durham,  Bp.,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  414;  m  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  826j  77  L.  T.  190;  46  W.  R.  36). 
F.  Likewise. 

ALTAR.  —  F.  Faulkner  Y.  Litchfield,  1  Rob.  Ecc.  213-230,  243-255: 
Communion  Table. 

ALTARAQIUM.  — "Properly,  that  which  is  offered  on  the  altar, 
and  the  profit  which  arises  to  the  priest  by  reason  of  the  altar ;  Spelm. 
It  is  sometimes  said  to  include  all  vicarial  or  small  tithes ;  but  this  con- 
struction will  not  be  adopted  unless  the  word  occurs  in  an  old  endowment, 
aod  is  supported  by  usage;  Franklin  v.  St.  Cross,  Bunb.  79  "  (Elph.  560). 

ALTER.  —  The  power  to  "  alter ^  modify ,  or  extend  "  a  pit's  claim  by 
his  Statement  of  Claim,  R.  4,  Ord.  20,  R.  S.  C,  does  not  authorize  a 
totally  different  case  from  that  set  up  by  the  Writ  (Ker  v.  Williams,  30 
S.  J.  238  :  Cave  v.  Crew,  41 W.  R.  359 ;'  62  L.  J.  Ch.  530;  68  L.  T.  254), 
or  t])e  joining  of  a  cause  of  action  not  mentioned  in  the  writ  ( United 
Telephone  Co  v.  Tasker,  59  L.  T.  852).      Vf.  Delivered  :  Ann.  Pr. 

ALTERATION.  —  F.  Addition:  Apparent:  Cleanse:  Material 
Alteration. 

Probably,  an  Alteration  in  Premises,  which  will  discharge  an  Insurer, 
means,  generally,  a  permanent  alteration  or  user,  and  not  something 
merely  casual  and  temporary  (Dohson  v.  Sotheby,  Moo.  &  M.  90 :  Shaiv 
V.  Rohberds,  6  A.  &  E.  83:  Pirn  v.  Reid,  6  Sc.  N.  R.  982;  6  M.  &  G.  1 : 
Barrett  v.  Jermy,  3  Ex.  545.  Sv.  Glen  v.  Lewis,  22  L.  J.  Ex.  228; 
8  Ex.  617 :  Stokes  v.  Cox,  2^  L.  J.  Ex.  113 ;  1  H.  &  N.  533).  Vh.  Add.  C. 
732,  733. 

Alteration  of  Status;   F  Status. 

The  Alteration  in  Value  of  a  heredit,  — justifying  its  insertion  in  a 
Metropolitan  Provisional  List  because  such  Value  has  been  "  increased  by 
the  Addition  to  the  heredit,  or  erection  thereon,  of  any  building,  or  is  from 
any  cause  increased  or  reduced  in  value,"  s.  47,  Valuation  (Metropolis) 
Act,  1869,  —  is  not  confined  to  a  Structural  alteration  of  the  heredit, 
but  yet  "  any  Cause,"  though  a  wide  phrase,  is  coloured  by  the  words  with 
which  it  is  in  association,  and  the  Alteration  must  be  one  arising  from  a 
definable  Cause  directly  affecting  the  heredit,  and  not  from  general  eco- 
nomic change,  or  from  appreciation  of  the  particular  class  of  property  to 
which  the  heredit  belongs  (Cambenvell  v.  Mils,  1900,  A.  C.  510 ;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  828 ;  83  L.  T.  201). 

Qua  Telegraph  Act,  1878. 41  &  42  V.  c.  76,  "  *  Alteration,'  *  Alter,'  and 
*  Altering,'  in  respect  of  a  Telegraphic  Line,  include  the  substitution  of 
any  new  line,  or  portion  of  a  line,  either  in  the  same  place  or  in  some 
other  place ;  also  any  removal  of,  or  other  dealing  with,  any  telegraphic 
line,  or  any  part  of  such  line  "  (s.  2). 


ALTERED  76        AMALGAMATION 

ALTERED.  —  "  Altered  state  "  of  Food,  s.  9,  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs 
Act,  1875  ;   V.  Spiers  &  Pond  v.  Bennett,  cited  Absteaction. 
F.  Materially  Altered. 

ALTOGETHER.  —  Sale  "altogether  out  of  Court,"  R.  1  a,  Ord.  51, 
R.  S.  C. ;  V.  Cumberland  Union  Bank  v.  Maryport  Co,  1892, 1  Ch.  92  ; 
61  L.  J.  Ch.  335 ;  66  L.  T.  103. 

"  Wound  up  altogether,"  s.  161,  Companies  Act,  1862 ;  V.  Be  Hafad 
Hotel  Co,  W.  N.  (Q»),  86. 

ALWAYS  AFLOAT. — "So  near  thereto  as  she  may  safelit 
GET  at  all  times  of  tide,  and  always  afloat,^*  in  a  Charter-Party  :  V, 
Dahl  V.  Nelson,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  411 ;  6  App.  Ca.  38 :  Horsley  v.  Price^ 
52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  603;  11  Q.  B.  D.  244:  Caffarini  v.  Walker,  Ir.  Rep. 
9  C.  L.  431 ;  10  lb.  250 :  Nielsen  v.  Wait,  14  Q.  B.  D.  516:  Carlton 
S.  S.  Co  V.  Castle  Co,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  485;  1898,  A.  C.  486;  66  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  819;  67  lb.  795;  47  W.  R.  65:  Treglia  v.  Smith's  Timber  Co, 
1  Com.  Ca.  360 ;  12  Times  Rep.  363.  In  The  Curfew  (1891,  P.  131 ; 
60  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  53;  64  L.  T.  330;  39  W.  R.  367)  evidence  waa 
•  admitted  to  explain  "  Always  afloat."      Vf.  Carver,  506. 

AM.  —  In  a  devise,  "  such  an  expression  as,  '  all  the  lands  of  which  I 
am  seized  in  A.,'  must  be  read  as  if  written  just  before  the  testator's 
death:  Doe  v.  Walker,  13  L.  J.  Ex.  153 ;  12  M.  &  W.  591  "  (per  Kay, 
J.,  Be  Portal  to  LaTnb,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  1163).  The  decision  in  thlc  was 
reversed  (54  L.  J.  Ch.  1012;  30  Ch.  D.  50),  without,  however,  affecting 
the  proposition  above  cited.      Vf,  1  Jarm.  333,  334:  Now. 

AMALGAMATE.  —A  power  to  a  Co  to  "amalgamate"  with  any 
other  Co,  does  not  enable  the  directors  to  compel  a  shareholder  to  be- 
come a  member  of  any  such  other  Co  (Be  Empire  Assrce,  L.  R.  4  Eq. 
341 ;  36  L.  J.  Ch.  663 ;  15  W.  R.  889).  FA.  1  Palm.  Co.  Prec.  1155- 
1161 :    Vf,  next  word. 

AMALGAMATION.  —  "Amalgamation"  of  Ry  Companies,  qui 
Part  5,  Ry  C.  Act,  1863,  is  (by  s.  36)  "  where  two  or  more  Ry  Compa- 
nies, respectively  incorporated  either  by  or  after  the  passing  of  this  Act, 
are  amalgamated  by  a  Special  Act  hereafter  passed  and  incorporating 
this  Part  of  this  Act." 

Quk  Companies  incorporated  under  Comp.  Act,  1862,  "Amalgama- 
tion," siguifles  the  transfer  of  all  or  some  part  of  the  Assets  and  Lia- 
bilities of  one,  or  more  than  one,  existing  Co  to  another  existing  Co, — 
or  of  two  or  more  existing  Cos  to  a  new  Co,  —  of  which  transferee  Co 
all  the  members  of  the  transferor  Co  or  Cos  become,  or  have  the  right 
of  becoming.  Members ;  and,  generally,  such  Amalgamation  is  accom- 
plished by  a  Voluntary  Winding-up  of  the  transferor  Co  or  Cos  (1  Palm. 
Co.  Prec.  1155,  adopted  in  Hooper  v.  Western  Counties  &  S,  W,  Telephone 


AMALGAMATION        77         AMERCIAMENT 

Coy  41  W.  E.  84,  wherein  "  Amalgamation  "  was  contrasted  with  "  Re- 
coxsTRUCTioN  ").  To  a  somewhat  similar  effect  is  Wall  v.  London  & 
Northern  Assets  Corp  (1898,  2  Ch.  469 ;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  596 ;  79  L.  T.  249), 
in  whcj  however,  Lindley,  L.  J.,  said,  —  "  There  is  no  very  precise  meaning 
to  be  given  to  *  amalgamate.'  When  *  amalgamating '  a  Co  with  another 
Co  or  persons  or  firms  is  spoken  of,  I  am  not  prepared  to  put  a  sharp 
definition  upon  it.  I  have  no  doubt  that  it  includes  the  case  put  by  Ld 
Hatherley  in  Higgs^  Case  (2  H.  &  M.  657),  and  more  recently  by  Ld 
Davey  in  New  Zealand  &  Gold  Extraction  Co  v.  Peacock  (cited  Under- 
taking). I  do  not  think  it,  necessarily,  involves  the  formation  of  a 
new  Co  to  carry  on  the  business  of  an  old  Co,  though  I  have  no  doubt 
it  includes  that.  I  do  not  see  how  a  Co,  as  a  business  transaction,  can 
practically  'amalgamate '  with  persons  or  companies  carrying  on  business 
unless  the  Co  does,  in  some  way  or  other,  sell  its  assets  as  a  whole." 

AMBASSADOR.  — Qud.  Foreign  Marriage  Act,  1892,65  &  56  V. 
c.  23,  "  'Ambassador,'  includes  a  Minister  and  a  Charg^  d' Affaires"  (s.  24). 

AMBIDEXTER.  —  It  is  Slander,  without  special  damage,  to  say  of  a 
Solrthat  he  is  an  "Ambidexter,"  for  that  imputes  that  he  takes  a  fee 
from  both  sides  and  betrays  his  client's  secrets  (Annison  y.  Blofield, 
Carter,  214 ;  1  Rol.  Ab.  56). 

AMBIGUITY.  — r.  Patent  Ambiguity. 

AMELIORATING   WASTE.—  V.  Waste. 

AMENDMENT.—  F.  Cleanse. 

"  Amendment  of  Rule  "  ;  Stat.  Def.,  38  &  39  V.  c.  60,  s.  4;  39  &  40 
V.  c.  45,  s.  3;    56  &  57  V.  c.  39,  s.  79 ;    59  &  60  V.  c.  25,  s.  106. 

AMERCIAMENT. —  "  Amerciament, -^TTiemameTi^wm," — in  Termes 
de  la  Ley  and  old  Charters  written  "  Amercement,"  —  "  signifieth  the 
pecuniary  punishment  of  an  Offender  against  the  King,  or  other  Lord, 
in  his  Court,  that  is  found  to  be  in  misericordia,i\\^t  is,  to  have  offended, 
and  to  stand  at  the  Mercy  of  the  King,  or  Lord  "  (Cowel).  Cowel  further 
says  that  "  there  seems  to  be  a  difference  between  Amerciaments  and 
Fines,"  obviouslj'  basing  that  difference  on  the  following  passage  in 
Termes  de  la  Ley,  —  "  And  there  is  a  difference  between  Amerciaments 
and  Fines  (Kitchen,  214),  for  Fines  are  punishments  certaine  which 
grow  expressly  from  some  statute,  and  Amerciaments  are  such  which  are 
arbitrarily  imposed  by  the  Affeerors,  the  which  Master  Kitchen  seeraeth 
to  confirme  (fol.  78)  in  these  words,  *  The  Amerciament  is  affeered  by 
Equals.*  Also  it  appeareth  (Coke,  Lib.  8,  fol.  39)  that  a  Fine  is  alwayes 
imposed  and  assessed  by  the  Court,  but  Amerciament,  which  is  called  in 
Latin  misericordia,  is  assessed  by  the  Country."  The  statement  that 
Fines  are  " punishments  certaine"  semble,  does  not  accord  with  what 
was  held  to  be  a  Fine  in  Re  Nottingham  Corp,,  inf.     Cp,  Kansom. 

Amerciament  "  explained  and  distinguished  from  a  Fine ;  Beecher'a 


AMERCIAMENT         78  AMMUNITION 

Case,S  Rep.  58  a:  Godfrey's  Case,  11  Rep.  42  a;  Co.  Litt.  126  b, 
et  seq :  Spelm.  gives  au  explanation  differing  from  that  of  Coke.  The 
reason  why  an  unsuccessful  defendant  was  said  in  old  time  '  to  be 
in  mercy,  &c/  was  that  he  was  liable  to  be  amerced  for  not  having 
obeyed  the  King's  writ  immediately  '*  (Elph.  560,  whv  for  further  refer- 
ences). So,  of  an  unsuccessful  pit,  for  making  a  false  claim  (Select  Civil 
Pleas,  Selden  Soc.  77). 

"  There  is  a  manifest  diversity  between  a  Ran^ome  and  an  Amercia- 
ment ;  for  ransome  is  ever  when  the  law  inflicteth  a  corporal  punishment 
by  imprisonment  (and  so  is  also  a  Fine)  ;  but  otherwise  it  is  of  an 
amerciament  "  (Co.  Litt.  127  a). 

For  examples  of  Amerciaments,    F.  Bote:   Frankpledge:  Were: 

WiTE. 

A  Charter  granting  "  Amercements,"  does  not  include  money  payable 
on  Estreated  Rbcogntzances  {Re  Nottingham  Corp.,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  502; 
66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  883;  77  L.  T.  210 ;  61  J.  P.  725)  :   V.  Bail. 

"'Amercement  Royal^  is  when  a  Sheriffe,  Coroner,  or  such  like 
Officer  of  the  King,  is  amerced  by  the  Justices  for  his  abuse  in  the 
Office  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

AMIABLES  COMPOSITEURS.  —  "  What  is  the  force  and  mean- 
ing  of  that  expression,  *  Amiables  Compositeurs,'  by  Canadian  law  ? 
We  find  it  in  the  1346th  Article  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure :  *  Arbi- 
trators must  hear  the  parties,  and  their  respective  proofs,  or  establish 
default  against  them,  and  decide  according  to  the  rules  of  law,  unless  they 
lire  dispensed  from  so  doing  by  the  terms  of  the  submission,  or  unless  they 
have  been  appointed  as  Amiables  Compositeurs.'  That  is  to  say,  if 
they  are  Amiables  Compositeurs,  they  are  to  be  exempt  at  all  events  from 
the  strictness  of  the  obligations  expressed  in  the  previous  words.  Their 
lordships  would,  no  doubt,  hesitate  much  before  they  held  that  to  entitle 
arbitrators  named  as  Amiables  Compositeurs  to  disregard  all  law,  and  to 
be  arbitrary  in  their  dealings  with  the  parties  ;  but  the  distinction  must 
have  some  reasonable  effect  given  to  it,  and  the  least  effect  which  can 
reasonably  be  given  to  the  words  is,  that  they  dispense  with  the  strict 
observance  of  those  rules  of  law  the  non-observance  of  which,  as  applied 
to  awards,  results  in  no  more  than  irregularity "  (per  Ld  Selborne, 
Rolland  v.  Cassidy,  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  100 ;  13  App.  Ca.  770). 

AMIDSHIPS.  — By  (and  qui)  s.  437,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894, 
"  *  Amidships,'  means  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  Load  Water-line, 
as  measured  from  the  fore  side  of  the  stem  to  the  aft  side  of  the  stern- 
poSt,"  —  a  def  adopted  from  s.  5,  53  &  54  V.  c.  9. 

AMMUNITION.— The  "Ammunition"  for  a  gun,  "includes  the 
whole  charge  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Ainnstrong  Co  v.  Hotchkiss  Co,  13 
Times  Rep.  188). 

Stat.  Def.  —44  &  45  V.  c.  5,  s.  6 ;    45  &  46  V.  c.  25,  s.  36. 


AMNESTY  79  AMUSEMENT 

AMNESTY V.  Pardon. 

AMONG.  —  A  testamentary  gift  to  two  or  more  "among,"  or 
"  amongst,"  them  creates  a  tenancy  in  common  (2  Jarm.  257 :  Hawk. 
112).     V.  Between. 

A  gift  "  amongst  the  Children  of  A.,"  prima  facie^  means  all  his  chil- 
dren {Pigott  V.  Wilder^  26  Bea.  93).  So,  generally  speaking,  a  Power 
to  appoint  "  amongst "  a  Class,  means  that  each  member  must  have  a 
share  {Stolworthy  v.  Sancroft^  33  L.  J.  Ch.  708);  so, "  *  to  and  amongst ' 
have  a  strict  technical  sense,  and  where  those  words  are  used,  each  child 
must  have  some  share  assigned  to  him  "  (per  Bayley,  J.,  Doe  d.  WUlmett 
V.  Alehin,  2  B.  &  Aid.  125) :  but  "  to  and  amongst  "  a  Class,  "  in  such 
parts  shares  and  proportions  "  as  the  Donee  of  the  Power  shall  think 
proper,  gives  a  power  of  selection  (Spring  v.  Biles^  1  T.  R.  435,  n. :  Be 
Veahy  46  L.  J.  Ch.  799 ;  6  Ch.  D.  623).     Cp.  All  and  every. 

AMORTIZATION.  —  Is  to  grant  lands  in  Mortmain  (Cowel : 
Jacob). 

AMOUNT.  —  "  Rated  to  the  amount  of  " ;   V.  Rate. 

Covenant  to  settle  a  sum  or  property  "  not  amounting  to";    V.  Less. 

"  Amount  realized  " ;    V.  Re  Christiey  cited  Realized. 

"  Amount  recovered  "  ;    V.  Recover. 

"  Amount  secured,"  s.  15  (2),  Bg  Socy  Act,  1874,  is  not  confined  to 
principal  money ;  but  includes  all  moneys  secured,  whether  for  Principal, 
Interest,  Fines,  or  otherwise,  and  also  all  Instalments  secured  though 
not  presently  payable  (per  Chitty,  J.,  Re  Neath  Bg  Socy,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  3 ; 
43  Ch.  D.  158;  6  Times  Rep.  13). 

Amount  "  secured  "  by  a  Mortgage,  qu^  Stamp  Act,  may  not  be  the 
same  as  a  like  amount  "  secured  "  by  a  Marketable  Security :  e,g.  a  Co's 
Debenture  for  the  sum'  advanced  plus  a  premium,  secures,  qu4  the  ad  val. 
stamp,  the  premium  as  well  as  the  sum  advanced  if  it  is  a  fixed  obliga- 
tion, as  distinct  from  a  mere  option  to  the  Co  to  pay  off  plus  the  pre- 
mium ;  whereas,  if  it  were  a  mtge,  the  ad  val.  duty  would,  probably,  be 
only  assessable  on  the  sum  advanced,  —  V,  s.  86,  Stamp  Act,  1891  {Rotv- 
ell  V.  InL  Rev.,  cited  Marketable  Security).  But  even,  qui  a  Debent- 
ure, if  there  be  only  an  option  to  pay  oR  at  a  premium,  the  "  amount 
secured,"  on  which  ad  val.  duty  is  payable,  does  not  include  the  premium, 
because  the  obligor  need  never  exercise  his  option  {Knight* s  Deep  v. 
Inl,  Rev.,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  217;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B,  66;  81  L.  T.  625;  48 
W.  R.  198). 

AMPLE. —  "As  Full  and  Ample  a  manner";    V.  Full. 

AM  P  L Y.  —  "  Amply  secured  " ;   V.  Secured. 

AMUSEMENT.—  V.  Entertainment. 


AN  80    ANCHORAGE  TOLL 

AN.  —  "  An  "  is  sometimes  read  in  the  most  absolute  sense  as  meaning 
"  AXY,  — wliatsoever."  "  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  expression,  *a»  Act 
of  Bankruptcy/  s.  5,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  includes  everything  which  by 
legislative  enactment  is  made  to  be  an  act  of  bankruptcy,  whether  by  this 
Act  itself  or  by  some  other  Act  passed  before  it  came  into  operation  " 
(per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  JEx  p.  Pratt ^  63  L.  J.  Ch.  614).  Cp.  B.  v.  Snagge^ 
cited  A. 

ANANIAS.  —  To  write  of  a  Person  that  he  is  an  "Ananias"  could 
hardly  be  other  than  libellous ;  secusy  of  a  Newspaper,  for  it  may  be 
libellous,  or,  on  the  contrary,  may  import  no  more  than  the  innocent 
publication  of  false  news  {AvAtralian  Newspaper  Co  v.  Bennetty  1894, 
A.  C.  284;  63  L.  J.  P.  C.  105;  70  L.  T.  697;  68  J.  P.  604). 

ANCESTOR.  —  **  Ancestor  is  derived  of  the  Latine  word  anteees* 
sor,  and  in  law  there  is  a  difference  between  antecessor  &nd  prcedecessor. 
For  antecessor  is  applied  to  a  natural  person;  but  prcedecessor  is  applied 
to  a  body  politique  or  corporate  "  (Co.  Litt.  78  b). 

"  The  word  *  Ancestor '  does  not  mean,  either  etymologically  or  techni- 
cally, a  lineal  ancestor  only;  in  illustration  of  which  proposition  I  may 
refer  to  a  passage  in  Com.  Dig.,  Vol.  I.,  6th  Ed.,  706,  as  to  the  English 
writ  of  *Mort  d'Ancestor';  which  (it  is  said)  *  does  not  lie  upon  the 
death  of  any  Ancestor,  except  a  father,  mother,  brother,  sister,  uncle, 
aunt,  nephew,  or  niece ;  for  upon  the  death  of  another  Ancestor,  an  aiely 
hesaiel,  or  cosinage  lies ' "  (per  Selborne,  C,  Zetland  v.  Ld  Advocate^ 
3  App.  Ca.  620).  And  per  Ld  Hatherley  (76.)  the  word  "Ancestor," 
as  used  in  the  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853  {V,  Succession),  is  properly  assign- 
able to  the  person  who  really  preceded  in  the  estate,  although  that  person 
may  not  be  the  progenitor  of  the  Successor. 

ANCESTRAL.  —  "Ancestral  Property,"  does  not,  necessarily,  mean 
property  which  has  been  a  long  time  in  a  family;  it  rather  means,  prop- 
erty derived  from  the  proprietor's  father,  and,  at  least,  immovable  prop- 
erty {Gossain  v.  Oossatn,  8  W.  R.  196,  198). 

ANCHOR.  — Qu^  Anchors  and  Chain  Cables  Act,  1899,  62  &  63 
V.  c.  23,  "  'Anchor,*  and  'Chain  Cable,'  include  any  shackle  attached 
to,  or  intended  to  be  used  in  connexion  with,  the  anchor  or  chain  cable" 
(s.  19). 

V.  At  Anchor. 

ANCHORAQE  TOLL.  — An  Anchorage  Toll  is  a  Toll  for  every 
anchor —  (and  sometimes  in  respect  of  a  vessel  having  no  anchor),  —  cast 
in  a  Port,  or  on  anchorage  ground  proved,  or  legally  presumed,  to  have 
once  formed  part  of  a  Port  (Foreman  v.  Free  Fishers  of  Whitstable,  38 
L.  J.  C.  P.  346 ;  L.  R.  4  H.  L.  266 ;  explaining  Gann  v.  Free  Fishers  of 


ANCHORAGE  TOLL    81       ANCIENT  LIGHT 

WhUstahU,  35  L.  J,  C-  P.  29;  11  H.  L.  Ca.  192).     Vf.  Hale,  De  Porti- 
bus  Maris,  Ch.  6. 
V.  Toll. 

ANCHORITE V.  Recluse. 

ANCIENT  DEMESNE.  —  "  Those  lands  which  were  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Edward  the  Confessor  are  called  Ancient  Demesne,  .  .  .  and 
the  Tenants  which  hold  any  of  those  lands  are  called.  Tenants  in 
Ancient  Demesne  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley,  Demaines),  Cowel's  def  is 
fuller;  he  says,  "  'Ancient  Demeasife,'  or  *Demayn/  is  a  certain  Ten- 
ure whereby  all  the  Mannors  belonging  to  the  Crown  in  the  dayes  of 
Saint  Edward,  or  William  the  Conqueror,  were  held.  The  numbers  and 
names  of  which  Mannors,  as  of  all  others  belonging  to  common  persons, 
are  written  in  Doomsday.  And  those  which  by  that  Book  appear  to 
have  at  that  time  belonged  to  the  Crown  and  are  contained  under  the 
title  Terra  Regis^  are  called  Ancient  Demesne."  Vf.  Demesne:  Soche- 
MANs:  Tallage:  Elph.  560:  Jacob:  1  Encyc.  252. 

ANCIENT  DOCUMENT.  — It  is,  probably,  impossible  to  define 
what  is  an  "Ancient  Document"  to  which  the  doctrine  of  Contemn 
poranea  Expositio  may  be  applied.  Semble,  it  should  be,  at  least,  "  one 
or  two  Centuries  "  old  (  V,  per  Ld  Watson,  Clyde  Ndv,  v.  Laird,  8  App. 
Ca.  673);  one  45  years  old  is  much  too  young  (Hastings  v.  N.  E,  Ry^ 
1899,  1  Ch.  656;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  315;  80  L.  T.  217;  affd  nom.  K  E.  Ry 
V.  Hastings,  1900,  A.C.  260;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  616;  82  L.  T.  429).  A  stat- 
ute  of  1858  is  not  "ancient"  {Clyde  Nav.  v.  Laird,  sup.):  Vf,  Doe 
d.  Kinglake  v.  Beviss,  18  L.  J.  C  P.  128 ;  7  C.  B.  456,  and  cases  there 
cited.     As  to  the  doctrine  itself,  V,  Elph.  Ch.  5. 

ANCIENT   INCLOSURE Qui  Inclosure  Act,  1836,  6  &  7  W.  4, 

c.  15,  "  Ancient  Inclosures,"  means,  "  lands  which  shall  have  been  in- 
closed from  the  Open  Fields,  or  any  of  them,  for  more  than  20  years  next 
preceding  the  date  of  the  Agreement  for  Inclosure  "  (s.  22).  F".  Old 
Inclosube. 

ANCIENT  LIGHT.  —  An  Ancient  Light  is  a  defined  aperture  in  a 
Building,  through  which  (as  of  Right,  and  not  by  '*  Consent  or  Agree- 
ment by  Deed  or  Writing,"  V.  Is  Writing)  there  has  been  Actually 
ENJOYED  an  Access  and  use  of  light  "  for  the  full  period  of  20  years, 
without  Interruption"  (s.  3,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  71).  Vh.  Gale,  Part  3, 
ch.  2 :  Goddard  on  Easements,  5th  Ed.,  49-57.  At  p.  51  of  latter  book, 
it  is  pointed  out  **  that  the  phrase  *  Ancient  Window '  is  to  be  found 
nowhere." 

As  to  construction  of  a  Covenant  to  rebuild  so  as  to  preserve  Ancient 
Lights,  V  Low  V.  Innes,  cited  Rebuild. 

6 


ANCIENT  MEADOW    82  AND 

ANCIENT    MEADOW,— Meadow   not    broken   up   for   20  years 

{Murph^j  V.  Daly,  13  Ir.  Cli.  Rep.  239):  "Ancient  Pasture "  is 
synonymous  {Palmer  v.  M  Cormicky  25  L.  R.  Ir.  110).  Note.  Break- 
ing-up  Ancient  Meadow  or  Pasture  is,  'prima  fade.  Waste  (Simmons  v- 
NoHon,  7  Bing.  640:  Sv.  St.  Alban's  v.  Skipwith,  8  Bea.  354 ;  14  L.  J. 
Ch.  247).     V.  Meadows. 

ANCIENT   MONUMENT.  — Stat.  Def.,  45  &  46  V.  c.  73,  s.  11. 
V.  Maintain:  Monument. 

ANCIENT  RENT.  — Where  a  Power  of  Leasing  "is  in  the  form 
(which,  however,  is  now  uncommon),  that  the  *  Ancient  Rents '  shall  be 
reserved,  this  would  seem  to  mean,  the  rent  reserved  under  the  latest 
lease  (if  any)  granted  before  the  creation  of  the  power.  But  subsequent 
leases  may  be  looked  at;  and  the  question,  where  the  leases  vary,  is  one 
of  fact  for  the  jury  "  (Watson,  Eq.  869,  870,  citing  Doe  d.  Douglas  v.  LocJc^ 
2  A.  &  E.  705;  4  L.  J.  K.  B.  113 ;  4  N.  &  M.  807:  Doe  d.  Egremont  v- 
Stephens,  6  Q.  B.  208  :  Doe  d.  Biddulph  v.  Hole,  15  Q.  B.  848;  20  L.  JT. 
Q.  B.  57).  But  in  thlc  it  was  held  that  if  the  ancient  custom  is  uniform, 
and  the  single  lease  varying  therefrom  is  granted  just  before  the  creation 
of  the  Power,  such  exceptional  lease  cannot  be  taken  as  evidence  of  the 
custom. 

On  the  construction  of  "  Ancient,"  "  Accustomed,"  or  "  Usual  "  rent, 
V.  Sug.  Pow.  790:  Farwell,  494:  1  Piatt,  414-423. 

The  phrase  generally  employed  now  is  Best  Rent,  whv. 

ANCIENT  ROYALTY.  —  "  Ancient  and  extended  Royalties  ";  Stat. 
Def.,  24  <&  25  V.  c.  27,  s.  2. 

ANCIENT  USAGE.  —"  Warranted  by  Ancient  Usage,"  s.  95, 5  &6 
W.  4,  c.  76,  repld  s.  110,  Mun.  Corp.  Act,  1882  ;  V.  A.-G.  v.  Yarmouth, 
21  Bea,  625;  3  W.  R.  309;  25  L.  T.  0.  S.  5.    Vf.  Practice  :  Renewal. 

ANCIENT   WINDOW.  —  V.  Ancient  Light. 

ANCILLARY.  —  A  work  is  "ancillary  or  Incidental  "  to  a  Trade 
or  Business  when  it  is  not  necessary  thereto  or  a  primary  part  thereof, 
e.g.  the  business  of  a  Ry  Co  is  primarily  that  of  Carriage  of  passen- 
gers or  goods,  and  it  is  not  responsible  (as  an  "  Undertaker,  "  within 
Workmen's  Comp.  Act,  1897)  for  a  Contractor  it  employs  to  build,  repair, 
and  paint  its  Stations,  because  such  work  (within  s.  4)  is  "  merely  ancil- 
lary, or  incidental  to,  and  is  no  part  of,"  its  business  {Pearce  v.  Lond.  & 
S.  W.  Ry,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  100;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  683;  82  L.  T.  487;  48 
W.  R.  599).     V.  Railway:  Incidental  or  Conducive. 

AND.  — "  And  "  has  generally  a  cumulative  sense,  requiring  the  ful- 
filment of  all  the  conditions  that  it  joins  together,  and  herein  it  is  the 
antithesis  of  Or.     Sometimes,  however,  even  in  such  a  connection,  it  is, 


AND  83  AND 

bj  force  of  a  context,  read  as  "  Or."  Thus  where  a  lessee  underlet,  with 
a  proviso,  on  breach  of  covenant,  enabling  him  and  his  lessor  to  re-enter; 
held,  that  he  or  his  lessor  might  re-enter  on  breach  {Doe  d.  Bedford  v. 
White,  4  Bing.  276).  So,  a  power  to  apply  corpus  of  trust  money  for 
the  "  Benefit  and  Advancement  "  of  a  Tenant  for  Life,  "  and  "  may  be 
read  "  or  "  (Re  Brittlehank,  30  W.  R.  99).  On  the  other  hand,  s.  17,  59 
G.  3,  c.  12,  makes  "  Churchwardens  and  Overseers  "  a  quasi  Corporation 
for  holding  and  dealing  with  property  Belonging  to  a  Parish ;  that 
means  that,  in  order  to  create  such  a  corp  officers  of  both  descriptions 
must  be  appointed,  and,  until  that  is  done,  nothing  vests  (  Woodcock  v. 
Gibson,  4  B.  &  C.  462).     Vf.  Ob  read  as  And,  and  vice  versa, 

"And"  may  be  relative  as  well  as  copulative  (Dwar.  681). 

Where  there  is  a  string  of  adjectives  between  the  last  two  of  which 
there  is  the  conjunction  "and,"  each  adjective  is,  generally  speaking, 
independent  of  its  fellows.  Thus  a  bequest  for  "  Benevolent,  Charitable, 
and  Religious  "  purposes,  means  that  it  may  be  applied  in  either  of  those 
ways,  and,  as  some  are  too  indefinite,  the  bequest  is  bad  ( Williams  v. 
Kershaw,  5  CI.  &  F.  Ill,  n.).  But  sometimes  the  first  adjective  (espe- 
cially when  there  are  only  two)  is  the  controlling  word  of  the  enumera- 
tion which  is  merely  qualified  by  that  which  follows.  Thus  in  Re  Sutton 
(54  L.  J.  Ch.  613 ;  28  Ch.  D.  464;  33  W.  R.  619),  Pearson,  J.,  held  that 
a  bequest  for  "  Charitable  and  Deserving  "  objects  was  good,  because  such 
a  collocation  only  contemplated  one  class  of  objects,  —  "  the  word  *  Char- 
itable '  governs  the  whole  sentence."  In  that  case  the  learned  judge 
gave  the  following  illustration,  — "Instead  of  giving  to  young  persons 
*  under  21 '  you  might  add  the  words  *  and  unmarried, '  and  those  words 
would  undoubtedly  restrict  the  meaning  of  the  former  words."  Vf.  Re 
Scoweroft,  1898,  2  Ch.  638;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  697:  Charitable  Purpose: 
Or. 

"And,"  sometimes  gives  a  distinct  sense  to  the  word  it  precedes 
{Michell  V.  Michell,  cited  Effects). 

As  to  the  construction  and  apportionment  where  charitable  and  other 
ascertained  objects  are  coupled  in  a  bequest,  V,  1  Jarm.  217,  218. 
Crafton  v.  Frith,  20  L.  J.  Ch.  198. 

V.  Executors. 

AND  read  a8  BUT.  — For  an  instance  of  this,  F.  jdgmt  Coleridge, 
C.  J.,  R.  v.  Barclay,  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  48 ;  8  Q.  B.  D.  486. 

AND  read  as  OR F.  Or. 

AND  and 

.  —  Where  statements  or  stipulations  are  coupled  by  " "  they 

OR  or 

are  "  to  be  read,  either  disjunctively,  or  conjunctively  "  (per  Cairns,  C, 

Stanton  v.  Richardson,  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  82),  e,g,  "The  contract  on  the 

face  of  the  Charter-Par ty  was  that  the  parties  were  to  *  load  a  full  and 


AND  84  ANNOYANCE 

and 
complete  Cargo  of  sugar,  molasses,  — -  other  lawful  produce';  so  that, 

according  to  the  contract,  the  parties  were  either  to  load  '  a  full  and  com- 
plete cargo  of  sugar  and  molasses  and  other  lawful  produce/ — or,  'a 
full  cargo  of  sugar  and  molasses,  or  a  full  cargo  of  other  lawful  produce, ' 

leaving  it  open  in  every  way  by  reason  of  the  words  « '  being  intro- 
duced into  the  Charter-Party  "  (per  Alderson,  B.,  Cuthberty,  Cumminf^^ 
24  L.  J.  Ex.  198  ;  affd  lb.  310;  11  Ex.  405).  Vf.  Fumess  v.  Tennant, 
8  Times  Rep.  336. 

AND  ALSO.  —  r.  Also. 

ANIMAL.  — A  Domestic  Fowl  is  an  "  Animal,"  within  s.  61,  24  &  25 
V.  c.  100  (R.  V.  Brown,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  47 ;  24  Q.  B.  D.  357 ;  61  L.  T. 
594 ;  38  W.  R.  95 ;  54  J.  P;  408).     V.  Domestic  Animal. 

Stat.  Def.  — 12  &  13  V.  c.  92,  s.  29 ;  29  &  30  V.  c.  2,  s.  3  ;  32  &  33 
V.  C.70,  s.  6;  41&42V.C.  74,  8.  5;  57  &  58  V.  c.  57,  s.  59 ;  63  &  64 
V.  c.  33,  8.  l.  —  Scot.  13  &  14  V.  c.92,8.  11;  58  &  59V.  c.  13,  s.  2.— 
Jr.  33  &  34  V.  c.  36,  s.  11;     39  &  40  V.  c.  51,  s.  2. 

"  Xoisy  Animal  " ;   V.  Noisy. 

AN  NATS.  —  "  *  Annats  or  Annates' ;  the  First  Fruits  of  an  ecclesi- 
astical Benefice;  V.  25  H.  8,  c.  20;  26  H.  8,  c.  3:  12  Rep.  45:  Spelm." 
(Elph.  660).     Va.  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  1355, 

ANNEX.  —  ''Annexed  to  the  Freehold,"  connotes  fastening;  mere 
juxtaposition  to,  or  the  lying  of  a  thing  on,  the  freehold,  does  not 
amount  to  annexation  (Merritt  v.  Juddy  14  Cal.  64).     Cp.  Adjoin. 

Deed  "  as  an  Annex  "  to  a  previous  Deed ;  V.  s.  53,  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act, 
1881.     Cp.  Supplemental. 

Schedule  "annexed"  to  a  Will;  V,  Watson  v.  Arundel^  Ir.  Rep. 
10  Eq.  299;  11  lb.  53. 

ANNOY.— r.  Injure. 

ANNOYANCE.  —  A  covenant  against  doing  anything  which  may  be 
a  "  Nuisance  or  Annoyance  "  to  a  neighbourhood,  is  broken  by  a  Sana- 
torium for  the  rece[)tion  of  six  boys  affected  with  infectious  disease 
{Watson  V.  Leamington  College,  25  S.  J.  30).  In  that  case,  Jessel, 
M.  B.,  said  it  might  perhaps  be  difficult  to  appreciate  the  difference 
between  "  Nuisance  "  and  "  Annoyance,"  but  as  both  words  were  used, 
"annoyance,"  evidently,  meant  something  less  than  "nuisance.^  And 
in  Tod-Heatley  v.  Benhani  (58  L.  J.  Ch.  83;  40  Ch.  D.  80),  it  was  held 
that  "  Annoyance"  has,  in  this  connection,  a  wider  meaning  than  "  Nui- 
sance," though  it  was  there  doubted  whether  it  was  not  too  much  to 
say  that  no  "  Nuisance  "  would  be  within  such  a  covenant,  unless  it 
amounts  to  an  indictable  nuisance.     F.  Nuisance:  Offensive. 


ANNOYANCE  85  ANNOYANCE 

In  Bramwell  v.  Laey  (48  L.  J.  Ch.  339;  10  Ch.  D.  691),  the  words 
were  "  Annoyance,  Damage,  Injury,  Prejudice,  or  Inconvenience " ; 
whilst  in  Tod-Heatley  y,  Benham  (sup)  they  were  "Annoyance,  Nui- 
sance, Grievance,  or  Damage  " ;  and  in  the  first  of  those  cases  an  out- 
patient Branch  of  a  Hospital  for  throat  and  chest  diseases  was  held  to  he 
an  ^Annoyance,  Inconvenience,  and  Injury";  whilst  in  the  latter,  a 
Hospital  for  throat,  nose,  ear,  skin,  and  eye  diseases,  and  diseases  of 
the  rectum,  was  held  an  "Annoyance  or  Grievance,"  those  two  words 
being,  apparently,  bracketed  as  synonymous. 

"  I  think  an  act  which  is  an  interference  with  the  pleasurable  enjoy- 
ment, in  reason,  of  a  house  is  an  *  Annoyance  or  Grievance.'  It  is  not 
necessary,  in  order  to  bring  the  case  within  the  words,  that  the  plainti£E 
should  show  that  any  particular  man  may  object  to  it ;  but  we  must  be 
satisfied  by  argument  and  by  evidence,  that  reasonable  people,  having 
regard  to  the  ordinary  use  of  a  house  for  pleasurable  enjoyment,  would 
be  annoyed  or  aggrieved  by  what  is  being  done  there.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary, hi  order  to  show  that  there  has  been  reasonable  ground  for  annoy- 
ance or  grievance,  to  show  that,  in  fact,  there  is  danger  or  risk  of 
infection.  A  reasonable  apprehension  of  nuisance  from  acts  done  by  the 
defendant  will  produce  such  interference  with  the  pleasurable  and  reason- 
able enjoyment  of  the  adjoining  houses  as  to  come  within  the  words 
•  Annoyance  and  Grievance ' "  (per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Tod-Heathy  v.  Ben- 
ham,  sup).  "The  expression  *  Annoyance'  is  wider  than  *  Nuisance'; 
and  a  thing  that  reasonably  troubles  the  mind  and  pleasure,  —  not  of  a 
fanciful  person  or  of  a  skilled  person  who  knows  the  truth,  but,  —  of 
the  ordinary  sensible  English  inhabitant  of  a  house,  seems  to  me  to  be 
an  *  Annoyance,'  although  it  may  not  appear  to  amount  to  physical 
detriment  to  comfort "  (per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  /ft.),  —  e.ff.  a  high  trellis- 
work  fence  which  substantially  interferes  with  one's  access  of  light 
(  Wood  V.  Cooper,  1894,  3  Ch.  671 ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  845;  71  L.  T.  222;  43 
AV.  R.  201).  Intermittent  pranks  by  the  boys  of  a  private  school  (espe- 
cially when  efforts  are  made  to  repress  them)  do  not  constitute  "  Annoy- 
ance or  Disturbance**  (Everett  v.  Beminyton,  Times,  24th  May,  1892; 
67  L.  T.  80:  S.  C.  cited  Assigns).  But  "Annoyance"  (within  a 
Residential  covenant)  may  be  caused  by  singing,  or  piano,  lessons  in 
an  adjoining  house  (Byre  v.  Landij  Times,  Ist  June,  1895),  and  much 
more  by  bad  practice  (  Wilson  v.  Barnes,  lb.).     V.  Disagreeable. 

In  Our  Boys  Clothing  Co  v.  Holbom  Viaduct  Co  (40  S.  J.  661), 
Homer,  J.,  held  that  a  big,  ugly,  obtrusive,  and  vulgar  advertisement, 
announcing  "  An  Eccentric  and  Startling  Stock-taking  Sale,"  was  not 
a  breach  by  a  Lessee  (even  as  against  his  Lessor)  of  his  covenant  not 
to  do  "  anything  which  might  cause  Annoyance,  or  Inconvenience  to  the 
lessors,  or  their  other  tenants,  or  to  their  neighbours." 

An  "  Annoyance,"  &c  caused  by  a  business,  is  none  the  less  within 
a  covenant,  because  the  business  is  such  as  would  not  be  prohibited  by 


ANNOYANCE  86       ANNUAL  VALUE 

accompanying  words  levelled  against  certain  specified  businesses  {Tod- 
Heatley  v.  Benham,  sup).  Alexander  v.  Wolsey  (Times,  4th  Feb- 
1891),  was  a  case  of  that  kind,  wherein  Romer,  J.,  held  that  the  trade  of 
a  Fishmonger,  as  carried  on  by  deft,  was  "  Annoyance  and  Damage, " 
within  lessee's  covenant  against  "  Annoyance,  Damage,  or  Disturbance." 

Vf.  hereon  Davis  v.  Cavey,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  143  ;  40  Ch.  D.  601. 

A  finding  by  the  Court  of  Session  that  burning  refuse  "  would  cause 
Material  Discomfort,  and  Annoyance,"  is  one  of  fact,  and  not  of  law, 
within  s.  40,  6  G.  4,  c.  120  {Fleming  v.  Hislop,  11  App.  Ca.  686). 

Annoyance  to  Inhabitants;    F.  Inhabitants,  at  end. 

"  Annoyance  or  Obstruction  in  any  Thoroughfare '' ;  V.  0b8TBUCTIO2^- 

V,  Molest. 

ANNUAL   BALANCE   SHEET.— F.  Last, 

ANNUAL  CLOSE  SEASON.  — Stat.  Del,  Salmon  Fishery  Act, 
1873,  36  &  37  V.  c.  71,  s.  4,  whva  for  "  Weekly  Close  Season."  F. 
Close  Season. 

ANNUAL  EMOLUMENT. —  Compensation  for  loss  of  office  cal- 
culated on  two-thirds  of  "Annual  Emolument,"  s.  8  (7),  31  &  32  V. 
c.  110 ;   F.  R.  V.  Post  master- Gen.,  cited  Emolument. 

ANNUAL    GENERAL    LICENSING    MEETING.  — F.   R.  y. 

Anglesey  Jus,,  cited  Before. 

ANNUAL   INCOME.—  F.  Actual  Annual  Income. 

ANNUAL   LICENSE    FEE.  —  F.  Pastoral  Lease. 

ANNUAL   NET  VALUE.  —  F.  Annual  Value:  Net. 

ANNUAL   PAY F  Pay. 

ANNUAL  PAYMENT-  — "Annual  Payment  towards  the  costs  of 
Maintenance  and  Repair,"  s.  11  (2),  Loc.  Gov.  Act,  1888,  means,  a 
payment  to  be  made  annually  in  respect  of  the  expenditure  of  the  par- 
ticular year ;  not  a  fixed  sum  ascertained  by  the  average  expenditure  of 
a  series  of  years  {Sandgate  v.  Kent  Co.  Co.,  79  L.  T.  425). 

ANNUAL  PROCEEDS.  — "Rents,  Dividends,  and  Annual  Pro- 
ceeds," held,  on  the  context,  equivalent  to  "  Annual  Rents,  Dividends, 
and  Proceeds  ''  (Re  Green,  40  Ch.  D.  610). 

ANNUAL   PROFITS.— F.  Profits. 

ANNUAL  RACK-RENT.—  F.  Rack-rent. 

ANNUAL  RENT.  —  F.  Smith  v.  Birmingham,  52  L.  J.  M.  C.  81 ; 
11  Q.  B.  D.  195 :  Annual  Value.     Va.  Rental. 

ANNUAL  VALU E.  —  "  Value  means  Net  value  "  (per  Ld  Bramwell, 
Dobbs  V.  Grand  June,  W,  W.  Co,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  52).     And  on  the  au- 


ANNUAL  VALUE   87   ANNUAL  VALUE 

thority  of  the  same  noble  and  learned  lord  in  the  same  case,  and  on  that 
of  Re  Elwes  (28  L.  J.  Ex.  46;  3  H.  &  N.  719),  it  may  be  laid  down  that 
the  general  prlmtt  facie  meaning  of  "  Annual  Value  "  of  property  is 
that  provided  for  "  Net  Annual  Value  "  by  s.  1,  Parochial  Assessments 
Act,  1836  (6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  96,  the  history  of  which  is  traced  by  Grantham, 
J".,  Walker  v.  Brishy^  inf.)  viz.  —  "  The  rent  at  which  the  same  might 
reasonably  be  expected  to  let  from  year  to  year,  free  of  all  usual  tenants' 
rates  and  taxes,  and  tithe  commutation  rent-charge  (if  any),  and  deduct- 
ing therefrom  the  probable  average  annual  cost  of  the  Kepairs,  Insurance, 
and  other  Expenses  (if  any)  Necessary  to  maintain  them  in  a  state 
to  comnvand  such  rent "  ;  and  to  that  def  it  may  now  be  added  that 
in  estimating  such  lettable  value  regard  is  to  be  had  to  the  worth  of 
the  premises  as  used  for  the  purposes  for  which,  or  in  the  manner  in 
which,  they  are,  for  the  time  being,  occupied  {West  Middlesex  W.  W. 
Co  V.  Coleman,  64  I/.  J.  M.  C.  70 ;  14  Q.  B.  D.  629:  Grand  Junction 
W.  W.  Co  V.  Daviesj  1897,  2  Q.  B.  209 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  633 ;  76  L.  T. 
833 ;  45  W.  R.  687 ;  61  J.  P.  484 :  Bradford  v.  WhUe,  1898,  2  Q.  B. 
630 ;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  643.  As  to  what  "  expenses  "  may  be  deducted, 
V.  R.  V.  Oainsboroughy  41  L.  J.  M.  C.  1 ;  L.  R.  7  Q.  B.  64 :  B.  v.  Smith, 
55  L.  J.  M.  C.  49;  64  L.  T.  431 ;  60  J.  P.  215:  Stevens  v.  Bishop,  19 
Q.  B.  D.  442;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  454;  67  L.  T.  482;  36  W.  R.  839).  Cp. 
"  Net  Rent,"  sub  Net. 

Qui  the  valuation  of  property  in  the  Metropolis  the  principle  of  the 
above  def  has  been  adopted,  but  the  phrase  is  altered  to  "  Rateable 
Value"  the  precise  def  of  which  is,  —  "The  term  *  Rateable  Value,' 
means  the  Gross  Value,  after  deducting  therefrom  the  probable  annual 
average  cost  of  the  Repairs,  Insurance,  and  other  Expenses  "  necessary 
to  maintain  the  heredit  in  a  state  to  command  the  annual  rent  which  a 
tenant  might  reasonably  be  expected  to  pay  (s.  4,  32  &  33  V.  c.  67). 
V,  Arch.  P.  L.,  Part  6 :  Boyle  &  Davies,  Principles  of  Rating. 
The  principle  above  stated  is  that  which  the  Metropolitan  Waterworks 
Companies  must  adopt  in  making  their  charges  on  "  Annual  Value" 
(Dobbs  V.  Gratid  June.  W.  W.  Co,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  60;  9  App.  Ca.  49; 
49  L.  T.  641;  32  W.  R.  432).  But  such  a  phrase  may  be  enlarged  by  a 
context,  e.g.  "  gross"  {Bristol  W.  W.  Co  v.  Uren,  64  L.  J.*  M.  C.  102; 
15  Q.  B.  D.  637);  or  "rack-rent"  {Stevens  v.  Barnet  Water  Co, 
67  L.  J.  M.  C.  82;  36  W.  R.  924).     Vf  Rent. 

So,  too,  where  a  Waterworks  Co  are  empowered  to  charge  "on  the 
annual  value  at  which  the  premises  are  assessed  to  the  Poor- Rate,"  that 
means  the  annual  rateable  value  (  Warrington  W.  W.  Co  v.  Longshaw, 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  498;  9  Q.  B.  D.  145). 

Note,  "  Where  an  Act  gives  power  to  a  Co  to  impose  a  Toll  or  Rate 
upon  the  Public  and  it  is  left  ambiguous  which  of  two  Tolls  they  have 
a  right  to  impose,  the  Court  must  decide  in  favor  of  that  which  is  the 
least  onerous  or  burdensome  to  the  public  "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  South 


ANNUAL  VALUE   88   ANNUAL  VALUE 

Staffordshire  W.  W.  Co  v.  Barrow,  61  J,  P.  662,   citing  Stourbi^id^e 
Canal  Co  v.  Wheelet/,  2  B.  &  Ad.  792). 

In  cases  of  Small  Tenements  let  at  weekly  rents,  —  tbe  landlord  doing 
the  repairs  and  paying  the  rates  and  taxes,  —  the  proper  way  of  assess- 
ing the  "  annual  value  "  or  "  annual  rent "  on  which  the  Water-Bate  is 
to  be  charged,  is  to  multiply  the  weekly  rent  by  52,  and  deduct  from  the 
gross  amount  so  ascertained  a  fair  allowance  for  the  average  of  empty 
houses  and  also  the  actual  amount  paid  for  poor  and  borough  rates  (Smith 
V.  Birmingham,  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  81;  11  Q.  B.  D.  196);  and  as  to  mode  of 
assessing  annual  value  of  such  tenements  for  the  Poor-Bate;  V.  Smith 
V.  Birminghamj  ^  I^  J.  M.  C.  33,  161 ;  22  Q.  B.  D.  211. 

As  to  Tnode  of  calculating  Annual  Value  of  the  buildings  of  a  School 
Board;  V.  R.  v.  TVest  Bromwich  School  Bd.,  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  153;  13 
Q.  B.  D.  929 :  E.  v.  Lofidon  School  Bd.,  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  169 ;  17  Q.  B.  D. 
738 ;  65  L.  T.  384 ;  34  W.  B.  583 ;  50  J.  P.  419  r  and  as  to  Exemption 
where  the  owners  and  occupiers  are  prohibited  from  selling  or  leasing,  — 
e.g.  Owen's  College,  Manchester ;  V,  Owen's  College  v.  Chorlton-upon^ 
Medlock,  66  L.  J.  M.  C.  29 ;  18  Q.  B.  D.  403 ;  56  L.  T.  373;  35  W.  B. 
236 ;  51  J.  P.  356 :  Sv.  Burton^n- Trent  v.  Egginton,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  1 ; 
24  Q.  B.  D.  197:  V.  Beneficial.  —  As  to  mode  of  calculating,  qu^ 
Docks  and  Harbours,  F.  Mersey  Docks  v.  Birkenhead,  1900,  1  Q.  B. 
143;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  260;  81  L.  T.  798;  48  W.  B.  259;  64  J.  P.  36.— 
Qui  Mines^  V,  Brown  v.  Eotherham,  83  L.  T.  193.  —  Quk  Plantations, 
V.  Plantation.  —  Quk  Fublic-hotises,  V.  Dodds  v.  South  Shields,  1895, 
2Q.  B.133;  64  L.  J. Q.  B. 508 ;  72  L.  T.  645;  43  W.  B.  532;  69  J.  P. 
462 :  Cartioright  v.  Sculcoates,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  667 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  455 ; 
80  L.  T.  450 ;  aflfd  in  H.  L.,  1900,  A.  C.  150 ;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  403 ;  82 
L.  T.  157;  48  W.  B.  394;  64  J.  P.  229.  — Qui  Water- Works,  V.  Liv- 
erpool V.  Llanftjllin,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  14;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  762;  80  L.  T. 
667;  63J.  P.  452. 

In  a  case  under  ss.  21,  22  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853,  Watson,  B.,  in  de- 
livering the  judgment  of  the  Conrt  of  Exchequer,  said,  —  "  The  words 
*  annual  value  of  the  land '  are  not  Words  of  Art ;  but  mean,  in  com- 
mon parlance,  a  rack-rent,  or  the  value  of  the  gross  produce  of  the  land, 
minus  all  payments,  expenses,  interest,  labour,  and  charges  on  the  land 
or  on  the  tenant "  {Re  Elwes,  28  L.  J.  Ex.  47). 

So  also  the  "  Value  "  "  By  the  Year  "  of  lands,  &c,  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  County  Courts  jurisdiction  in  Ejectment  (Co.  Co.  Act,  1888, 
8.  59),  is  the  market  value  of  the  property,  — the  convenient  mode  for 
ascertaining  which  is  prescribed  by  s.  1,  Parochial  Assessments  Act, 
1836  {Elston  v.  Rose,  L.  B.  4  Q.  B.  4;  38  L.  J.  Q.  B.  6:  V.  Bent  Pat- 
able)  :  but  the  premises  to  be  valued  are  those  actually  in  dispute,  — 
e.g,  if  there  be  a  dispute  over  a  party-wall,  it  is  the  wall,  and  not  the 
premises  of  which  it  irf  part,  that  has  to  be  valued  {Stolworthy  v. 
Powell,  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.   228;    Svthc  per  Bussell,   C.  J.,  Bassano  v. 


ANNUAL  VALUE       89  ANNUITY 

Bradley,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  646;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  479;  74  L.  T.  653;  44 
AV.  R.  676). 

Bule  1,  s.  60,  Income  Tax  Act,  1842,  provides  that  for  the  purposes  of 
that  Act  the  "  Annual  Value  "  of  lands,  &c,  shall  be  the  Rack-rent  ; 
bat  the  subsequent  Rules  of  the  Act  would  seem  to  bring  this  definition 
nearly  identical  with  that  in  the  Parochial  Assessments  Act,  1836 :  Vf. 
Jie  Elwes,  sup :  Coltness  Co  v.  Black,  6  App.  Ca.  316;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
626;  29  W.  R.  717;  45  L.  T.  146. 

The  Land  Tax  "  Annual  Value  "  is  to  be  ascrt-tained  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  Income  Tax  Annual  Value  (s.  35,  59  &  60  V.  c.  28). 

But  the  def  of  "Annual  Value"  provided  by  the  Parochial  Assess- 
ments Act  is  not  applicable  to  the  Inhabited  House  Duty  payable  under 
the  House  Tax  Act,  1861,  14  &  16  V.  c.  36;  in  that  Act  the  phrase 
means,  the  full  and  just  yearly  rent  which  the  premises  would  ordinarily 
command,  and  without  making  any  deduction  therefrom  {Walker  v. 
Bnsley,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  735;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  875 ;  83  L.  T.  347 ;  49  W.  R. 
23;  64  J.  P.  709). 

The  meaning  of  "  Annual  Value  "  of  a  resigned  Benefice,  as  used  in 
8.  8,  Incumbents'  Resignation  Act,  1871  (34  &  35  V.  c.  44:  Vh.  s.  11), 
is  its  Net  Annual  Value  at  the  time  it  is  resigned ;  and  the  pension 
based  on  such  value  is  not  subject  to  diminution  because  the  value  of  the 
Benefice  afterwards  declines  {Robinson  v.  Dand^  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  685). 

"  Clear  Yearly  Value,"  Rep.  People  Act,  1832 ;   V.  Clear. 

«  Net  Annual  Value  " ;    V.  Net. 

F.  Full  Annual  Value. 

Stat.  Def.  — /r.  40  &  41  V.  c.  56,  s.  31;  "  Annual  Value  of  the  Hold- 
ing,"M&65V.  c.  48,  S.42. 

ANNUALLY.  —  "Profits  and  Gains   received  annually,"  6th  case, 
Sch.  D.,  B.  100,  Income  Tax  Act,   1842, — i.e.  for  the  current  year; 
F.  El/hope  Co  v.  Foyer,  7  Q.  B.  D.  485 ;  45  L.  T.  404. 
F  Yearly  :  Per  Annum. 

ANNUITY.  —  "  An  annuity  is  a  yearly  payment  of  a  certaine  summe 
of  money  granted  to  another  in  fee,  for  life,  or  yeares,  charging  the 
person  of  the  grantor  onely  "  (Co.  Litt.  144  b  :   Vf.  Wms.  Exs.  718). 

The  gift  of  an  "  Annuity  "  generally  means  an  annual  sum  during  the 
life  of  the  annuitant  {Ee  Taber,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  721),  "  and  nothing  more  " 
(per  Fry,  J.,  Blis^ht  v.  Ilartnoll,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  163;  19  Ch.  D.  294;  affd 
52  L.  J.  Ch.  672;  23  Ch.  D.  218 :  Vf.  Be  Foster,  23  L.  R.  Ir.  269 :  Ee 
Morgan,  1893,  3  Ch.  222;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  789)  ;  but  where  there  is  a  direc- 
tion to  purchase  an  annuity,  or  a  dedication  of  a  fund  out  of  which  it  is 
to  be  purchased,  or  where  the  annuity  is  dealt  with  as  being  in  existence 
and  operative  beyond  the  life  of  the  first  annuitant  and  no  other  period 
can  be  fixed  for  such  further  duration  short  of  making  it  perpetual,  the 


ANNUITY  90  ANOTHER 

annuity  will  be  in  perpetuity,  —  t.e.  it  is  a  bequest  of  such  a  sum  as  will 
produce  the  income  intended  for  the  legatee,  who  may  (notwithstanding 
a  direction  to  the  contrary)  elect  to  take  that  sum  or  have  the  annuity; 
and,  in  the  event  of  his  death  before  the  annuity  is  purchased,  the  sum 
which  would  have  been  needed  for  its  purchase  will  go  to  his  representa- 
tives (Wms.  Exs.  1061  and  cases  there  cited:  Stokes  v.  Heron^  2  Dr. 
&  War.  89;  12  CI.  &  F.  161 :  Boss  v.  BqreVy  31  L.  J.  Ch.  709;  2  J.  &  H. 
469;  Bent  v.  Cullen,  40  L.  J.  Ch.  250;  6  Ch.  235,  not  followed  in  Be 
Morgan,  sup:  Stokes  y.  Cheek,  29  L.  J.  Ch.  922;  28  Bea.  620:  Blight 
v.  Hartnoll,  sup:  Hicks  v.  Boss,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  677;  L.  R.  14  Eq.  141 : 
British  Funds).  That  sum  is  such  a  sum  as,  at  the  price  of  the  day 
(excluding  brokerage),  would  purchase  sufficient  2J  per  cent  Consols  to 
produce  the  Annuity  {Hicks  v.  Boss,  1891,  3  Ch.  499 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  853 ; 
65L.  T.  200;  40  W.  R.  172). 

As  to  the  right  of  an  Annuitant  to  have  the  Capitalized  Value  of  his 
Life  Annuity,  instead  of  the  annuity;  F".  Be  Mabhett,  1891, 1  Ch.  707; 
60  L.  J.  Ch.  279;  67  L.  T.  447 ;  39  W.  R.  537,  and  cases  there  cited. 

As  to  an  Annuity  (charged  on  a  Remainder)  running  during  a  Life 
Tenancy;  V.  Be  Williams,  64  L.  J.  Ch.  349;  72  L.  T.  324 ;  43  W.  R. 
375,  following  Jackson  v.  Hamilton^  9  Ir.  Eq.  Rep.  430;  3  J.  &  La  T. 
702,  and  distinguishing  Be  Eywater,  18  Ch.  D.  17. 

As  to  when  charged  on  Corpus ;  V.  Be  Mason,  8  Ch.  D.  411;  47  L.  J. 
Ch.  660. 

"  Annuity,"  s.  8,  Legacy  Duty  Act,  1796,  36  G.  3,  c.  62;  V.  Crow  v. 
Bohinson,  31  L.  J.  Ch.  516. 

r.  Legacy:  Pecuniary  Legacy:  Government  Annuities:  Per- 
petual Annuity  :  Purchase  Annuity  :  Savings. 

"  Annuity,"  8. 175,  Bankry  Act,  1849;  F.  Parker  v.  Ince,  4  H.  &  N. 
53;  28L.  J.  Ex.  189. 

"Annuities  or  Periodical  Sums,"  "Annuity,"  or  Sum  payahle  "at 
stated  periods  " ;   F.  Periodical. 

Stat.  Def.  —  33  &  34  V.  c.  35,  s.  5;  36  &  37  V.  c.  57,  s.  7.  —  Scot.  39 
&  40  V.  c.  49,  s,  3. 

FA.  1  Encyc.  258-262;  10  lb.  34. 

ANNUI F.  Null. 

"  Annulling "  a  Bankry  generally  includes  "  superseding "  (Bankry 
Act,  1849,  8.  276;  Bankry  Act,  1861,  s.  229;  20  &  21  V.  c.  60,  s.  4). 

ANNUM F.  Per  Annum. 

ANOTHER.  —  A  promise  "To  answer  for  Another,"  s.  4,  Statute  of 
Frauds,  means  that  the  promise  is  to  be  made  to  the  original  Creditor 
{Eastwood  V.  Kenyon,  9  L.  J.  Q.  B.  409;  11  A.  &  E.  438;  3  P.  &  D. 
276:  Beadery.  Kingham,  32  L.J.  C.  P.  108;  13  C.  B.  N.  S.  344:  Cripps 
V.  Hartnoll,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  381;  4  B.  &  S.  414),  by  a  person  having 
no  interest  in  the  transaction.     Accordingly,  under  this  latter  branch 


ANOTHER  91         ANSWERABLE 

of  the  def,  the  obligation  on  a  Del  Crederu  commission,  is  not  such  a 
promise  (Couturier  v.  Hasfie^  8  Ex.  40,  adopting  Wolff  v.  Koppely 
5  Hill  N.  Y.  Rep.  458:  Wickham  v.  Wickham,  2  K.  &  J.  478),  nor  is 
an  Agreement  the  office  of  which  is  to  regulate  the  terms  of  the  promis- 
or's employment  (Sutton  v.  Grej/y  1894,  1  Q.  B.  285;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  633; 
69  L.  T.  673;  42  W.  R.  195),  or  which  relates  to  property  in  which  he 
is  interested  (Fitzgerald  v.  Dressier,  7  C.  B.  N.  S.  374;  29  L.  J.  C.  P. 
113),  or  which,  as  distinguished  from  a  Guarantee,  creates  an  original 
Indemnity  by  the  promisor  (Ee  Hoyle,  cited  Note:  Guild  v.  Conrad, 
1894,  2  Q.  B.  885;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  721;  71  L.  T.  140;  42  W.  R.  642). 
V.  Debt  Default  or  Miscarriage  :  I  will  see  you  paid. 

A  Male  Person  procuring  any  Male  Person  to  commit  with  himself 
gross  indecency,  has  procured  it  "  with  Another  Male  Person,"  within 
8. 11,  48  &  49  V.  c.  69;  for  this  phrase  is  not  equivalent  to  "  with  An- 
other Male  Person  other  than  himself"  (B.  v.  Jones,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  4;  65 
L.  J.  M.  C.  28;  44  W.  R.  110;  73  L.  T.  584;  60  J.  P.  89:  Vf.  Anon., 
cited  Procure).     Cp.  Appoint, 

ANSWER.  —  A  certificate  of  indemnity  to  which  a  witness  is  entitled 
who  shall  "answer"  questions,  means  that  he  shall  "truly  answer" 
(R.  V.  Hulme,  39  L.  J.  Q.  B.  149;  L.  R.  5  Q.  B.  377).  In  that  case 
Lush,  J.,  said,  "Wherever  the  legislature  speaks  of  *  answering'  ques- 
tions, it  means  that  which  is  intended  by  the  words  *true  answer,'  — 
•answer'  in  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  ordinarily  and  popularly 
used." 

"  A  Party  who  obtains  an  Order  for  time  *to  answer'  (nothing  further 
being  specified),  is  at  liberty  to  plead,  whether  the  matter  of  the  plea  be 
the  disability  of  the  pit,  or  any  other  head  of  defence  "  (per  Cotten- 
ham,  C,  Hunter  v.  Nockolds,  2  Phill.  543;  17  L.  J.  Ch.  253). 

"  *  Presently  answer,^  held,  in  Plowden,  only  presently  become  debtor, 
not  presently  pay  "  (Dwar.  690). 

"  Promise  to  answer  for  Another,"  s.  4,  Stat,  of  Frauds ;    V,  Another. 

ANSWERABLE F.  Indemnify. 

"  Answerable  "  is  an  equivalent  for  "  Liable  "  (per  Ld  Gordon,  Wear 
Commrs  v.  Adamson,  2  App.  Ca.  775). 

"  Answerable,  in  damages,^*  s.  54,  Mer.  Shipping  Act,  1862 ;  F.  Stoom- 
vart  Ma/itschappy  Nederland  v.  P.  &  0.  Nav.  Co,  7  App.  Ca.  795 ;  52 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  1,  over-ruling  Chapman  v.  Royal  Netherlands  Co,  48 
L.  J.  Ch.  449 ;  4  P.  D.  167.  The  first  of  these  cases  decides  that  in  a 
Collision  where  both  ships  are  in  fault,  only  one  of  them  is  really 
"answerable,"  or,  to  use  the  other  phrase,  "  liable  "  in  damages,  viz.,  the 
one  who  sustains  the  lesser  damage,  "  such  damages  representing  the 
moiety  of  the  difference  of  the  aggregate  loss  beyond  the  point  at  which 
the  one  loss  balances  the  other  " ;  there  is  but  one  compulsory  payment. 
Therefore,  the  owner  of  the  ship  which  suffers  the  greater  loss,  cannot 


ANSWERABLE         92  ANY 

recover  on  a  Protection  Policy  assuring  him  against  what  he  may  "  he- 
come  liable  to  pay  "  in  respect  of  a  Collision,  because  he  does  not  become 
liable  to  pay  anything  (London  S,  S.  Owners  Jnsrce  v.  Grampian  S.  5. 
Co,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  549;  24  Q.  B.  D.  663;  62  L.  T.  784;  38  W.  R.  651). 

ANTECEDENT.— "Antecedent  Debt,"  s.  3,  5  &  6  V.  c.  39;  V. 
Macnee  v.  Gorst,  16  W.  R.  1197. 

ANTICIPATE.  —  Where  there  is  a  gift  for  life  to  a  married  woman, 
subject  to  a  Restraint  on  Alienation,  and  on  her  **  anticipating  "  the 
same,  then  over ;  the  gift  over  will  not  take  effect  on  her  executing  dur- 
ing coverture  what  professes  to  be  a  mtge  of  her  life  estate,  because  she 
has  no  power  to  mtge;  "anticipating"  will  not  be  construed  "attempt- 
ing to  anticipate  "  {Be  Wormald,  cited  Alienation). 

ANTICIPATION.  —  A  restraint  on  "Anticipation"  is  equivalent 
to  a  restraint  on  Alienation  {Re  Currej/,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  906;  32  Ch.  D. 
361 :  Be  Grey,  5fj  L.  J.  Ch.  207). 

As  to  Restraint  on  Anticipation  by  a  married  woman ;  V.  Godefroi, 
585  et  seq :  —  As  to  what  words  will  create  such  Restraint ;  V,  Re- 
straint ON  Alienation  :  —  As  to  removing  such  Restraint ;  V. 
Benefit. 

There  is  an  Anticipation  of  an  Invention,  if  there  has  been  (1)  Prior 
Publication  ;  or  (2)  Prior  Use  of  it:  Vh,  Edmunds  on  Patents,  ch.  4, 
8.  3:  Frost  on  Patents,  ch.  3:  as  to  Prior  Use,  Vf,  Heath  y.  Smith, 
3  E.  &  B.  256;  23  L.  J.  Q.  B.  166 :  Harwood  v.  G.  N.  By,  11  H.  L. 
Ca.  654. 

ANTIENT.  —  V.  Ancient. 

ANTIQUITY.—  F.  Law  Library. 

ANY.  —  "Any,"  is  not  confined  to  a  plural  sense  {Eaton  v.  Lyon, 
3  Ves.  694), 

"  Any"  is  a  word  which  excludes  limitation  or  qualification  (per  Fry, 
L.  J.,  Duck  V.  Bates,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  344 ;  12  Q.  B.  D.  79) ;  "  as  wide  as 
possible"  (per  Chitty,  J.,  Beckett  v.  Sutton^  51  L.  J.  Ch.  433).  A  re- 
markable instance  of  this  wide  generality  is  furnished  in  Be  Farquhar 
(4  Notes  of  Ecc.  Cases,  651,  652,  cited  Wms.  Exs.  106),  wherein  the  words 
"any  Soldier,'*  &c,  in  s.  11,  Wills  Act,  1837,  were  construed  as  includ- 
ing minors,  so  that  soldiers  and  seamen,  within  that  section,  can  make 
Nuncupative  Wills  though  under  age.  So,  a  power  in  a  Lease,  en- 
abling the  Lessor  to  resume  "possession  of  any  Portion  of  the  premises 
demised,"  enables  him  to  resume  all  {Liddy  v.  Kennedy,  L.  R.  5  H.  L. 
134).  So,  a  Notice  of  an  Extraordinary  Meeting,  under  s.  70,  Comp. 
C.  C.  Act,  1845,  "  to  remove  any  of  the  present  Directors,"  justifies  a 
Resolution  to  remove  them  all  {Isle  of  Wight  By  v.  Tahourdin,  25  Ch. 


ANY  93  ANY 

D.  332;  53  L.  J.  Ch.  359;  60  L.  T.  132;  32  W.  R.  297).  Vf.  An  :  Popu- 
LAB  Action. 

So,  "  under  a  Devise  to  three  persons  as  tenants  in  common  in  tail,  and 
in  default  of  such  issue  'of  any  ofthtm^  over;  Cross  Remainders  were 
implied,  and  *any,'  in  effect,  read  *all'"  (Watson,  Eq.  1410,  citing 
Powell  V.  Howell,  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  664 ;  37  L.  J.  Q.  B.  294 ;  9  B.  &  S.  704 : 
r.  Holmes  v.  Meynell,  Raym.  T.  452). 

But  its  generality  may  be  restricted  by  the  subject  matter  or  the  con- 
text. Thus,  "  Any  Action,"  s.  36,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1856,  meant  any  Co.  Co. 
Action  (Re  Copp,  6  Q.  B.  D.  607 ;  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  233).  So,  under  R. 
295,  Bankry  R.  1870,  "any  Creditor"  might  oppose  registration  of 
resolutions;  but  that  meant  "any  creditor  who  had  previously  proved 
his  debt"  {Ex  p.  Barfster,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  124;  24  Ch.  D.  477:  Cp.  Wells 
V.  Greenhill,  5  B.  &  Aid.  869).  So,  "  any  other  Person,"  in  R.  32,  Ord. 
42,  R.  S.  C,  means,  by  the  context,  any  Officer  of  a  judgment-debtor  Cor- 
poration {Irwell  V.  Eden,  18  Q.  B.  D.  588 ;  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  446 ;  b^  L.  T. 
620 ;  36  W.  R.  511)  ;  and  by  a  context  "  any  person  "  may  mean  any 
eligible  person  {Tobacco  Pipe  Makers  t.  Woodrojgj'e,  7  B.  &  C.  838:  Vf. 
Metrop.  Bd.  Works  v.  Loud.  &  AT.  W.  Ry,  49  L.  J.  Ch.  355;  14  Ch.  D, 
521).  So,  under  Romilly's  Act,  52  G.  3,  c.  101,  "  any  two  or  more  Per- 
sons "  to  present  a  petition,  means  persons  having  an  interest  {Re  Bed^ 
ford  Charity,  2  Swanst.  518).     Vf  R.  v.  Comptroller  of  Patents,  inf. 

So,  in  Weston  v.  Barton  (6  Taunt.  673)  a  Bond  for  all  advances  made 
by  Bankers  (named,  and  so  described)  "  or  any  or  either  of  them, "  was 
controlled  by  the  context  as  not  securing  advances  by  the  survivors  after 
the  death  of  one  of  them. 

But  the  words  "any  Person,"  s.  13  (3),  Debtors'  Act,  1869,  is  not 
restricted  to  cases  of  bankruptcy,  and  applies  to  any  person  whether 
bankrupt  or  not  (R.  v.  Rowlands,  51  L.  J.  M.  C.  51 ;  8  Q.  B.  D.  530). 
Va.  Ex  p.  Harper,  Re  Taitj  52  L.  J.  Ch.  117,  and  Ex  p,  Norris,  Re 
Sadler,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  93;  17  Q.  B.  D.  728;  35  W.  R.  19,  as  to  the 
phrase,  "  at  any  Time  "  in  the  Bankry  Act. 

As  to  the  phrase  "any  Party,"  R.  S.  C;  V.  Shaw  v.  Smith,  56 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  174 ;  18  Q.  B.  D.  193 ;  56  L.  T.  40 ;  35  W.  R.  188,  explain- 
ing  Brown  v.  Watkins,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  126 ;  16  Q.  B.  D.  125. 

A  local  Harbour  Act  which  imposed  a  penalty  on.  "  any  person  "  who 
placed  articles  "  on  any  quay,  wharf,  or  landing  place,  within  10  feet  of 
the  quay  head,  or  on  any  space  of  ground  immediately  adjoining  the  said 
haven,  within  10  feet  from  high- water  mark,"  so  as  to  obstruct  the  free 
passage,  was  held  inapplicable  to  private  property  over  which  there  was 
no  public  right  of  way  (Harrod  v.  WorshijJ,  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  165 ;  1  B.  & 
S.  381). 

"  Any  Carriage  "  ;   F.  Carriage,  at  end. 

"  Any  Cause  "  ;    V.  Alteration. 

The  usual  clause  in  conditions  of  Sale  giving  interest,  if  from  "  any 


ANY  94  ANY 

Cause  whatever  *'  the  purchase  be  delayed,  may,  semble,  be  modified  by 
the  Court,  and  does  not  include  the  vendor's  own  avoidable  default  (JTer- 
shaw  V.  Kershaw,  L.  K  9  Eq.  56 ;  21  L.  T.  661 ;  18  W,  R.  477 : 
Monckton  to  Oilzean,  64  L.  J.  Ch.  257 ;  27  Ch.  D.  555 ;  51  L.  T.  320  ; 
32  W.  K.  973 :  De  Visine  v.  De  Visme,  1  Mac.  &  G.  336,  on  whlcv  per 
Romilly,  M.  R.,  Vickers  v.  Handy  26  Bea.  633,  citing  Sherwin  v. 
Shakspear,  5  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  517 :  Sv.  Dart,  143,  144,  719-723 :  Vf.  Re 
Gold  and  Norton^  W.  N.  {%o)  6;  62  L.  T.  321;  33  W.  K  333:  Sthlc 
not  followed  in  Re  Riley  to  Streatfield^  34  Ch.  D.  386).  The  stringency 
of  such  a  clause  is  increased  by  an  exception  of  "  other  than  the  Wilful 
Default  of  the  Vendor"  (Dart.  723). 

"  Any  other  Cause  whatever " ;  F.  Sun  Insrce  t.  Ifartj  58  L.  J. 
P.  C.  69. 

"Any  Company"',  Stat.  Def.,  31  &  32  V.  c.  110,  s.  3. 

"  Any  CouH  of  Record  ";  Stat.  Def.,  41  &  42  V.  c.  49,  s.  74. 

"  Any  Damage  '*;    V.  Full  Compensation. 

"Any  Decree  or  Order,"  s.  1,  15  &  16V.  c.  55;  V,  Beckett  v. 
Sutton,  19  Ch.  D.  646 ;  46  L.  T.  481 ;  51  L.  J.  Ch.  432. 

"  In  any  Direction  "  ;    F.  Direction. 

"  Any  Estate,  or  Interest,"  includes  an  Equitable  Estate  (per  Best,  J., 
R.  V.  Geddington,  2  B.  &  C.  135). 

"  Any  Bird  of  Game  ";   V.  Game,  Animals, 

"Any  Gaming^**  s.  17  (1),  35  &  36  V.  c.  94,  prohibits  a  licensed 
person  from  allowing  even  lawful  games  on  his  premises,  if  played  for 
money  or  money's  worth  {Foot  v.  Baker ,  6  Sc.  N.  R.  306 ;  6  M.  &  G. 
335;  11  J.  P.  444:  Dan  ford  v.  Taylor,  33  J.  P.  277:  Luff  v.  Leaper, 
36  J.  P.  64:  R.  Y.Ashton,  22  L.  J.  M.  C.  1 ;  1  E.  &  B.  286:  Bew  v. 
Harston,  47  L.  J.  M.  C.  121 ;  3  Q.  B.  D.  454 ;  26  VV.  R.  915 ;  42  J.  P. 
808 :  Dyson  v.  Mason,  58  L.  J.  M.  C.  hh ;  22  Q.  B.  D.  351). 

"  Any  of  the  Inhabitants  "  ;    V.  Inhabitants. 

"  Any  Land"  s.  8,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1874,  includes  only 
land  within  the  jurisdiction  (Suttony.  Sutton,  W.  N.  (83)  88;  V,  S.  C, 
cited  Charged  upon,  for  "  any  Sum  secured  by  mortgage  "). 

"  Any  Lawful  Purpose  " ;    V.  Lawful  Purpose. 

"In  any  Manner  he  may  think  proper,"  s.  27,  Wills  Act,  1837;  V, 
General  Power. 

"In  any  Manner  vest ";  V.  Re  De  Ros,  31  Ch.  D.  81;  56  L,  J.  Ch. 
73;  53  L.  T.  524;  34  W.  R.  36. 

"  Any  Misdemeanour  ";    V,  Misdemeanour. 

"  On  any  Money  received  ";    V.  Fisher  v.  Drewitt,  W.  N.  (78)  151. 

"  Any  Officer  ";    V.  Officer:  Stat.  Def.,  23  &  24  V.  c.  114,  s.  1. 

"  Any  One  accident  " ;    V,  One  Accident. 

The  penalty  for  an  unauthorized  representation  of  "  Skuy  Part  "  of  a 
Dramatic  Piece,  s.  2,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  15,  is  not  incurred  unless  a  mate- 
rial and  substantial  part  of  it  be  given  (Blanche  v.  Braham,  7  L.  J. 


ANY  95  ANY 

C.  p.  25;  4  Bing.  N.  C.  17:  CJiatterton  v.  Cave,  47  L.  J.  C.  P.  545; 
3  App.  Ca.  483). 

A  Power  of  Sale  of  "  any  Part "  of  an  Estate  would,  probably, 
authorize  the  sale  of  the  whole  of  it  {Rendlesham  v.  MeuXy  14  Sim. 
249:  Cooke  v.  Farrand,  7  Taunt.  122);  and  a  Power  to  Appoint,  or  a 
Bequest  of,  "  any  Part  "  of  a  testator's  estate,  enables  the  donee  to  take 
or  appoint  it  all  (1  Jarm.  361,  362,  citing  Cooke  v.  Farrand,  sup:  Arthur 
V.  Mackinnon,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  534 ;  11  Ch.  D.  385 :  Vf.  Appropriate).  But 
the  power  to  sell  "  any  Part "  of  mortgaged  property,  s.  19  (1),  Conv.  & 
L.  P.  Act,  1881,  means,  "  a  separable  part  of  the  mortgaged  property 
in  the  state  in  which  it  was  subjected  to  the  mtge  "  (per  Bowen,  L.  J.,/?e 
Yates,  Batcheldor  v.  Yates,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  705) ;  and  the  power  does  not 
enable  a  mtgee  to  break  up,  or  dismantle,  the  property,  —  e.g.  by  selling 
fixtures  separately  from  the  building  to  which  they  are  affixed  {S.  C,  57 
L.  J.  Ch.  697;  38  Ch.  D.  112;  59  L.  T.  47;  36  W.  R.  563 :  Re  Brooke, 
1894,  2  Ch.  600;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  21);  yet  it  does  enable  him  to  sell  "  any 
part  '*  so  as  to  carry  with  it  all  legal  incidents  ordinarily  accompanying 
a  grant,  e.g.  Rights  of  Way,  or  Light  (^Bom  v.  Turner^  1900,  2  Ch.  211; 
69  L.  T.  Ch.  593;  83  L.  T.  148 ;  48  W.  R.  697). 

A  Power  to  Lease  "  any  Part  "  of  Land,  given  by  Deed  or  Will,  does 
not  authorize  a  Lease  of  the  land,  or  any  part  of  it,  with  a  reservation  of 
Sporting  Rights  or  Minerals,  — "  Part,"  in  such  a  connection,  means, 
the  whole  of  so  much  of  the  land  as  is  divided  from  the  rest  vertically, 
and  not  horizontally  {Dayrell  v.  Hoare,  9  L.  J.  Q.  B.  299;  12  A.  &E. 
356);  because,  in  a  private  and  limited  Power  of  that  kind,  its  donee 
cannot,  whilst  exercising  it  qu^  one  ''  part "  of  the  property,  impose  a 
burden  on  another  part  (per  Rigby,  L.  J.,  Re  Gladstone,  69  L.  J.  Ch. 
457) .  But,  in  any  view,  Dayrell  v.  Hoare,  is  no  authority  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  large  general  Powers  of  Leasing  given  by  s.  6,  S.  L.  Act, 
1882,  or  those  given  by  s.  18,  Conv.  and  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  each  of  which 
sets  of  Powers  is  over  "  Land,"  in  the  wide  meaning  of  that  word 
which  those  Acts  provide  (and  which  includes  "  Incorporeal  Heredits  "); 
accordingly,  a  Tenant  for  Life  has  power,  under  the  first  of  those  sec- 
tions, to  grant  a  Building  Lease  of  Settled  Land  with  a  reservation  of 
Mines  and  Minerals  {Re  Gladstone,  1900,  2  Ch.  101;  82  L.  T.  515;  69 
L.  J.  Ch.  455;  48  W.  R.  531,  over- ruling  Re  Nevill  and  Newell,  1900, 
1  Ch.  90:  Vf.  Re  Rutland,  69  L.  J.  Ch.  603:  s.  17,  S.  L.  Act,  1882); 
and  a  Mtgor  in  Possession  has  power,  under  s.  18,  Conv.  and  L.  P.  Act, 
1881,  to  grant  an  Occupation  Lease  of  a  House  and  its  Furniture,  together 
with  Sporting  Rights  over  the  land  comprised  in  the  mtge,  especially  if 
those  Rights  had  been  severed  from  the  land  before  the  mtge  {Browne 
V.  Peto,  cited  Occupation  Lease). 

As  to  effect  of  "  any  Part"  in  a  stipulation  against  sub-letting;  V. 
Assign:  Underlease. 

"  Any  Part ''  of  a  Borough,  within  7  miles  of  which  a  man  must 


ANY  96  ANY 

reside  as  a  condition  of  the  Parliamentary  Franchise,  s.  27,  Kep. 
People  Act,  1832,  means,  the  nearest  part  {Oldham  Case,  1  O'M.  & 
H.  158). 

Costs  of  an  Uncertificated  Solr  are  not  "  recoverable  in  any  Action, 
Suit,  or  Matter,  by  any  Person,"  s.  12,  37  &  38  V.  c.  68;    V,  Maintain. 

Deposit  in  hands  of  "any  Person,"  s.  18,  Gaming  Act,  1845;  V.  per 
Kay,  L.  J.,  Strachan  v.  Universal  Stock  Exchange  (No.  2)^^  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  181 :  Deposit. 

"  Any  Person,"  riotous,  &c,  in  a  Churchyard,  or  Burial  Ground,  s.  2, 
23  &  24  V.  c.  32,  includes  a  Clergyman  ( Vallancey  v.  Fletcher,  1897, 
1  Q.  B.  265;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  297;  76  L.  T.  201;  46  W.  R.  367;  61  J.  P. 
183). 

"Any  Person,"  s.  11  (1),  Patents,  &c.  Act,  1883,  means,  any  person 
having  an  interest  in  the  particular  Patent  {R.  v.  Comptroller  of  Patents, 
1899,  1  Q.  B.  909;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  568;  80  L.  T.  777).  Vf,  Re  Bedfo^^ 
Charity^  sup:  Aggrieved. 

"Any  other  Person,"  a.  13,  54  &  55  V.  c.  37;  V.  Pollock  v.  Moses, 
63  L.  J.  M.  C.  116;  70  L.  T.  378;  58  J.  P.  527. 

"Any  Person  not  named  as  Deft,"  R.  26,  Ord.  12,  R.  S.  C;  V. 
Landlord. 

Profits  accruing  to  "  Any  Person  .  .  .  from  any  kind  of  Property 
whatever,"  s.  2,  Sch.  D.,  Income  Tax  Act,  1853,  16  &  17  V.  c.  34;  V. 
Colquhoun  v.  Brooks,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  439;  21  Q.  B.  D.  52;  59  L.  T.  661; 
36  W.  R.  657;  a£Ed  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  53;  14  App.  Ca.  493 ;  61  L.  T.  518; 
38  W.  R.  289. 

"Any  Place'' \   V,  Ply:  Place. 

"  Any  Port  " ;   V.  Liberty  to  call. 

"Any  Power,'*  &c,  997,  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  Lower  Canada; 
F.  Casgrain  v.  Atlantic  &  N.  W.  Ey,  1895,  A.  C.  282;  64  L.  J. 
P.  C.  88. 

"  Any  other  Purpose  ";   V.  Re  Norris,  W.  N.  (83)  35,  65. 

Judge  to  make  Note  of  "any  Question  of  Law,"  s.  120,  Co.  Co.  Act, 
1888,  means  of  each  Question  (R.  v.  JTerr,  70  L.  T.  695). 

"  Any  Settlement  ";   F.  Settlement. 

"Any  Ship";    F.  Ship. 

"At  any  Stage  of  the  Proceedings,"  R.  11,  Ord.  16,  R.  S.  C;  F. 
Stage. 

"  Any  Time  " ;   F.  At  any  time. 

"  Any  Trade  or  Business  ";    F.  Trade. 

"Any  Trust";    F.  Trust. 

"  In  any  JVay")   F  Mills  v.  Dunham,  cited  Customer. 

"  Any  Woman  he  may  marry  " ;    F.  Woman. 

Vf  Harrison  v.  Cornwall  Minerals  Ry,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  98;  18  Ch.  D. 
334:  Fletcher  v.  Hudson,  49  L.  J.  Ex.  793 ;  5  Ex.  D.  287;  45  J.  P.  5. 
F.  One:  Proceeding. 


ANYTHING  97         APOTHECARY 

ANYTHING.  —"  If  anything  remaining '';   V.  Dispose  of. 
APART. —  V,  LrviNO  Apart:  Separate:  Neglect:  Set  Apart. 
APOLOGY.  —  V.  Full  Apology. 

APOTHECARY. — "An  Apothecary  is  a  person  who  professes  to 
judge  of  internal  disease  by  its  symptoms,  and  applies  himself  to  cure 
that  disease  by  medicines "  (per  Cresswell,  J.,  Apothecaries  Co  v. 
Lotinga,  2  Moo.  &  R.  499)  ;  "  a  Chymist  may  prepare  and  vend,  but 
not  prescribe  or  administer,  medicine "  (per  Best,  G.  J.,  Allison  v. 
Haydon^  4  Bing.  621;  Vf,j  on  this  distinction,  Apothecaries  Co  v. 
Greenouffhf  inf.). 

A  person  advising  patients,  and  compounding  and  selling  his  own 
medicines,  but  not  making  up  physicians'  prescriptions,  is  acting  as  an 
"  Apothecary  "  within  s.  20,  65  G.  3,  c.  194  (Apothecaries  Co  v.  Allen, 
4  B.  &  Ad.  626;  1  N.  &  M.  413:  lb.  v.  Greenough,  1  Q.  B.  799;  11 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  156 ;  1  G.  &  D.  378)  ;  so,  of  a  Chemist  who  habitually  advises 
the  medicines  he  sells  {lb,  v.  Nottingham,  34  L.  T.  76).  But  acting  as  a 
Surgeon  or  Accoucheur,  is  not  practising  as  an  Apothecary,  nor  is  the 
supplying  of  medicines  gratis  {Woodward  v.  Ball,  6  C.  &  P.  677).  Vf. 
Apothecaries  Co  v.  Warburton,  3  B.  &  Aid.  43,  44,  where  it  is  stated 
that  the  "  most  important  part  of  the  duty  of  an  Apothecary  is  to  make 
up  the  prescriptions  of  physicians." 

A  person  acts  as  an  Apothecary  within  s.  20,  if  he  selects  and  sup- 
plies medicines  for  the  purpose  of  individual  cure,  even  though  he  may 
also  be  an  Herbalist,  and,  as  such,  protected  by  34  &  36  H.  8,  c.  8  {Apothe- 
caries Co  v.  Welch,  Times,  21st  March,  1890). 

An  "  Apothecary,"  within  the  late  Bankry  def  of  "  Trader,"  included 
a  man  (e.g.  Palmer,  the  Eugeley  murderer)  who  carried  on  the  business 
of  Surgeon  and  Apothecary,  and  made  up  medicines  for  his  patients,  but 
did  not  make  them  up  from  other  persons'  prescriptions,  or  sell  drugs  to 
the  public  {Ex  p.  Crabb,  Re  Palmer,  25  L.  J.  Bank.  46;  8  D.  G.  M. 
&  G.  277). 

A  bequest  to  "  the  Surgeon  and  Resident  Apothecary  "  of  the  S.  Dis- 
pensary "  or  any  who  may  hold  the  like  situations  ";  held,  to  include  the 
two  Surgeons  to  the  Dispensary  and  also  the  Dispenser,  there  being  no 
Besident  Apothecary  {Ellis  v.  Bartrum,  25  Bea.  109). 

Stat.  Def.— 16  &  17  V.  c.  97,  s.  132. 

Note.  James  I.  incorporated  the  Apothecaries  of  London  (6  &  7 
W.  3,  c.  4,  s.  1)  ;  and  it  has  been  contended  that  that  statute  was  the 
first  recognition  of  the  right  of  Apothecaries  to  attend  patients,  as  well 
as  to  make  up  and  sell  medicines,  though  Hose  v.  College  of  Physicians 
(6  Brown,  P.  C.  663)  is  sometimes  cited  as  having  first  established 
such  right  (1  Q.  B.  806,  n). 

r.  Practice:  Surgeon:  Chemist:  1  Encyc.  267. 

7 


APPAREL  98  APPEAL 

APPAREL.  —  V.  Tackle  :  Weabing  Apparel:  Paraphebnalia. 

APPARENT.  —  By  s.  64,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882,  an  alteration  in  a 
Bill  which  is  not  "  apparent  "  will  not  affect  a  Holder  in  due  course. 
"  By  the  word  *  apparent '  I  do  not  think  it  is  meant  that  the  holder  only 
should  not  have  had  the  means  of  detecting  the  alteration.  If  the  party 
sought  to  he  hound  can  at  once  discern  hy  some  incongruity  on  the  face 
of  the  (Bill  or)  Note  and  point  out  to  the  holder  that  it  is  not  what  it 
was  —  that  ia  to  say,  that  it  has  been  materially  and  fraudulently 
altered — I  think  the  alteration  is  an  'apparent'  one,  even  if  it  is 
not  an  obvious  one  to  all  mankind"  (per  Denman,  J.,  Leeds  Bank  v. 
Walker,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  694;  11  Q.  B.  D.  84:  Vf.  Scholfield  v.  Londes- 
borough,  cited  Acceptance). 

F.  Obvious:  Apparent  Possession. 

"  Apparent,"  s.  21,  Wills  Act,  1837,  means,  apparent  on  the  face  of 
the  instrument  in  the  condition  in  which  it  is  left  by  the  testator  (Re 
Horsford,  44  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  9 ;  L.  R.  3  P.  &  D.  211)  ;  but,  though  no 
physical  interference  with  the  document  is  allowable,  yet  it  may  be 
examined  with  magnifying  glasses  and  held  up  to  the  light  and  the 
alteration  may  be  framed  with  an  opaque  substance  so  as  to  exclude 
superfluous  light;  and  if  an  expert,  after  such  an  examination,  can 
decipher  the  original  words  and  can  satisfy  the  Court  thereof,  then  they 
remain  "apparent,"  within  the  section  {Ffin^ihY.  Cowie,  1894, P.  191; 
63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  113 ;  70  L.  T.  695). 

V.  Heir  Apparent. 

APPARENT  EASEMENT.  — Apparent  Easements  are  "not  only 
those  which  must  necessarily  be  seen,  but  those  which  may  be  seen  and 
known  on  a  careful  inspection  by  a  person  ordinarily  conversant  with  the 
subject  "  (Gale,  21,  139,  adopted,  Pyer  v.  Carter,  2Q  L.  J.  Ex.  261 ;  1  H. 
&  N.  922). 

F.  Necessary. 

APPARENT  POSSESSION.  — Qu^  Bill  of  Sale;  Stat.  Def.,  41 
&  42  V.  c.  31,  s.  4 ;  (Ir.)  42  &  43  V.  c.  60,  s.  4,  taken  from  17  &  18 
V.  cc.  36,  b6,     V.  Possession. 

APPARITOR-  — "  Apparitors,"  are  officers  appointed  to  execute  the 
proper  Orders  and  Decrees  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law, 
951,  952). 

APPEAL.  —  The  right  of  Appeal  is  only  by  statute.  It  is  not  in 
itself  a  necessary  part  of  the  procedure  in  an  action,  but  "  is  the  right  of 
entering  a  Superior  Court  and  invoking  its  aid  and  interposition  to  re- 
dress the  error  of  the  Court  below.  It  seems  absurd  to  denominate  this 
paramount  right,  part  of  the  practice  of  the  inferior  tribunal"  (per 
Westbury,  C,    A-O.  v.  Sillem,  33  L.  J.  Ex.  209  ;  10  H.  L.  Ca.  704). 


APPEAL  99  APPEARANCE 

F.  Pbacticb  :  As  to  the  various  Appeals,  V.  1  Encyc.  269-283. 

A  motiou  before  a  Judge  in  Court  to  discharge  or  vary  an  Order  made 
by  him  in  Chambers  is,  not  an  Appeal  but,  a  Re-Hearing  (per  Cotton, 
L.  J.,  Ee  Giles,  43  Ch.  D.  395;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  226;  62  L.  T.  375;  38 
W.  K  273 :  Boake  v.  Stevenson^  1895,  1  Ch.  358;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  261;  71 
L.  T.  722;  43  W.  R.  189).  So,  an  Application  to  the  Court  of  Appeal 
to  discharge  or  vary  an  Order,  made  by  one  of  its  members  under  s.  52, 
Jud.  Act,  1873,  is  not  an  Appeal  within  s.  1,  Jud.  Act,  1894  (Boi/d  v. 
Bischoffscheim,  1896,  1  Ch.  1;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  148)  ;  but  an  application  to 
vary  the  Findings  of  an  Official  Referee,  is  such  an  Appeal  {Daglish  v. 
BaHon,  81  L.  T.  551 ;  48  W.  R.  50 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1044). 

"Notice  of  Appeal,"  Sch.  C.  s.  14,  Petty  Sessions  Clerk  (Ir)  Act, 
1858,  21  &  22  V.  c.  100,  does  not  include  the  Notice  to  be  given  by  the 
Appellant  under  s.  24,  14  &  15  V.  c.  93  {R.  v.  Cork  Jus.,  30  L.  R.  Ir. 
679). 

Stat.  Def.  —53  &  54  V.  c.  27,  s.  15.  —  Ir.  59  &  60  V.  c.  47,  s.  22. 

"Appeale  of  felonie  "  (Litt.  s.  500);  — "  A2Jpellum  signifieth  accii- 
satio,  an  accusation,  and  therefore  to  appeale  a  man  is  as  much  as  to 
accuse  him ;  and  in  ancient  bookes  he  that  doth  appeale  is  called  accusa- 
tory and  is  peculiarly  in  legall  signification  applyed  to  appeales  of  three 
sorts," — Le.  (1)  Wrong  to  Ancestor;  (2)  Wrong  to  Husband;  (3) 
Wrong  to  self,  "  The  word  appellum  is  derived  of  appeller^  to  call,  be- 
cause appellans  vocat  reum  in  judicium^  he  calleth  the  defendant  to 
judgment,  and  the  plaintife  is  called  the  appellant "  (Co.  Litt.  287  b). 

APPEAL  COURT.  —  V.  s.  13  (2),  Interp.  Act,  1889. 

APPEAR. — A  Condition  of  a  Legacy,  that  legatee  "personally 
appear  before  exors "  and  prove  identity,  is  performed  by  delivering 
such  proof  to  two  of  the  exors  and  to  the  agent  of  the  third  (Tanner  v. 
Tebbutt,  12  L,  J.  Ch.  216). 

"  Appear,  act,  or  behave  " ;    V.  Keeper. 

A  statutory  power  enabling  a  Body  to  "  appear  "  by,  e.g.  their  Clerk, 
does  not  entitle  it  to  be  heard  in  that  way  (R.  v.  London  Jus.,  1896, 
1  Q.  B.  659;  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  120;  74  L.  T.  623;  44  W.  R.  485;  60 
J.  P.  420). 

A  state  of  things,  "  made  to  appear  " ;  F.  Stanley  v.  Fielden,  5  B. 
&  Aid.  431,  433,  437.  Semble,  the  phrase  is  nearly,  if  not  quite, 
synonymous  with  "proved." 

But  where  the  phrase  is,  — e.g.  s.  36,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  —  if  a  state  of 
things  shall  "  appear  "  to  a  Local  Authority,  "  that  is  obviously  for  the 
purpose  of  making  the  Local  Authority  the  judge,"  —  i.e.  it  is  their 
opinion,  and  not  the  actual  fact,  which  is  predicated  (per  Channell,  J., 
Robinson  v.  Sunderland,  cited  Sufficient  Cause). 

APPEARANCE.  — The  actual  "  Appearance  "  of  the  parent  is  not  a 
condition  precedent  to  making  an  order  for  Vaccination  under  s.  31,  30 


APPEARANCE         100  APPLICABLE 

&  31  V.  c.  84  (R.  V.  Cinque  Forts  Jus.,  66  L.  J.  M.  C.  167;  17  Q.  B.  D. 
191 :  Dutton  v.  Atkins,  40  L.  J.  M.  C.  167 ;  L.  R.  6  Q.  B.  373)  ;  and  a 
similar  rule  was  laid  down  as  regards  the  power,  under  an  old  Act,  to 
discharge  an  Indenture  of  Apprenticeship  "  on  the  Master's  appearance  " 
{Ditton's  Case,  2  Salk.  489). 

APPENDAGES  AND  APPURTENANCES.  — An  assignment  of 

"  all  the  Appendages  and  Appurtenances  "  of  a  Ship,  includes  her  chrono- 
meter (1  Maude  &  P.  63,  citing  Langton  v.  Horton,  11  L.  J.  Ch.  299). 

*•  The  case  upon  the  ship  Dundee  (1  Hagg.  Adm.  121),  upon  which  we 
have  a  judgment  hy  Ld  Stowell  and  by  Ld  Tenterden,  has  only  gone  to 
the  extent  of  establishing  that,  under  63  G.  3,  c.  169,  in  the  expression 
'  Ship  and  her  appurtenances,'  the  word  ^Appurtenances '  must  be  con- 
strued to  extend  to  anything  belonging  to  the  owners  which  is  on  board 
a  ship  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  object  of  the  voyage  and  adventure 
on  which  she  is  engaged  ;  but  the  Cargo  itself  is  the  object  and  purpose 
of  the  adventure,  and  not  something  provided  as  a  means  for  the  attain- 
ment of  the  object "  (per  Langdale,  M.  R.,  Langton  v.  Horton,  11  L.  J. 
Ch.  238 ;  6  Bea.  9) ;  and  it  was  accordingly  there  held  that  a  cargo  of 
oil,  though  acquired  by  a  whaler  during  her  adventure,  was  not  included 
in  an  assignment  of  her  "  Appurtenances."     V.  Appubtexances,  at  end. 

APPENDANT-  — "  Appendant,  is  any  inheritance  belonging  to  an- 
other that  is  superior  or  more  worthy.  In  law  it  is  called  pertinens, 
quasi  invicem  tenens,  holding  one  another;  a  word  indifferent  both  to 
things  appendant,  and  things  appurtenant.  The  quality  and  nature  of 
the  things  do  make  the  difference.  Appendants  are  ever  by  prescrip- 
tion ;  but  appurtenants  may  be  created  in  some  cases  at  this  day  "  (Co. 
Litt.  121b).     F.  Appurtenances  :  Incorporeal  Heredit. 

Common  Appendant ;    V,  Common.     Cp.  In  Gross,  sub  Gross. 

Vh,  1  Encyc.  284. 

APPERTAINING.  —  The  primary  sense  of  "Appertaining"  is 
much  the  same  as  Appurtenances,  whv, 

"  There  is,  however,  a  difference  between  the  devise  of  a  house  and 
the  appurtSj  and  of  a  house  tcith  the  lands  appertaining  thereto.  It  is 
clear  that  by  the  latter  expression  some  lands  are  intended,  and  therefore 
the  primary  sense  of  the  word  *  appertaining  *  is  excluded"  (1  Jarm. 
782,  and  cases  there  cited). 

Vf.  Williams  V.  Phillips,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  102;  8  Q.  B.  D.  437: 
Townsend  v.  Champemown,  1  Y.  &  J.  638 :  Belonging. 

APPLICABLE.  —  British  laws  prescribed  for  a  Colony  "  In  so  far  as 
applicable  "  ;    V.  Jex  v.  McKinney,  68  L.  J.  P.  C.  67. 

Adoption  by  a  Special  Act  of  a  General  Act,  "  so  far  as  applicable  to, 
and  not  inconsistent  with,  the  provisions  "  of  the  Special  Act ;  F.  22.  v. 
G.  W.  By,  1  E.  &  B.  263  j  22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  66 :  Cp.  Expressly  varied. 


APPLICATION  101  APPOINT 

APPLICATION-  — "Application,"  in  R.  15,  Ord.  58,  E.  S.  C, 
includes  the  hearing  of  the  action  as  well  as  an  interlocutory  proceeding 
(International  Financial  Socy  y,  Moscow  Ga>s  Co^  47  L.  J,  Ch.  258; 
7  Ch.  D.  241 ;  37  L.  T.  736  ;  36  W.  R.  272).     Vf.  Refusal. 

Notice  of  Motion  to  set  aside  an  Award,  is  a  commencement  of  an 
**  Application  "  under  R.  14,  Ord.  64,  R.  S.  C.  {Re  Gallop  afid  Central 
Queensland  Meat  Co,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  460 ;  25  Q.  B.  D.  230 ;  62  L.  T. 
834;  38W.R.  621). 

"  Application,"  s.  60,  Land  Law  (Ir)  Act,  1881 ;  V.  Chains  v. 
kelson,  12  L.  R.  Ir.  272. 

"  Special  Application  "  ;    V.  Special. 

V,  Universal  Application. 

APPLIED. —  V.  Productive  Capital. 

"  Capital  Money  to  be  applied,"  s.  15,  S.  L.  Act,  1890 ;  K  Re  Bristol^ 
cited  Capital  Money. 

Money  "  to  be  applied  "  for  Maintenance  ;  V.  Williams  v.  Papworth^ 
cited  Maintenance. 

**  Appropriated  and  applied  "  ;   V.  Appropriated. 

APPLOT.— Quk  Grand  Jury  (Ir)  Act,  1856,  19  &  20  V.  c.  63, 
**  *  Applot '  and  *  Applotment,'  shall  include  *  Assess'  and  'Assess- 
ment '  "  (s.  19). 

APPLY- — Though  a  discretionary  Trust  "to  Pat  to"  A.  income 
which  has  been  forfeited  by  his  bankruptcy,  is  bad  (as  being  in  deroga- 
tion of  the  bankruptcy),  yet  such  a  Trust  "  to  apply  "  the  income  for 
A.'s  **  Benefit  during  the  remainder  of  his  life  "  is  good,  and  the  trustees 
may  spend  the  whole,  or  any  part,  of  the  income  in  A.'s  Maintenance, 
in  the  widest  and  most  general  sense  of  that  word  {Re  Bullock,  Good  v. 
Lickorishy  60  L.  J.  Ch.  341 ;  64  L.  T.  736 ;  39  W.  R.  472). 

"  Before  he  applies  " ;    V.  Before. 

"  Applies  "  a  Trade  Description  to  Goods ;   F.  Trade  Description. 

APPOINT.  —  A  power  "to  appoint"  to  such  persons  as  the  donee 
may  think  fit  enables  him  to  appoint  to  himself  or  wife  (Sug.  Pow.  25). 

So,  under  a  power  "  to  appoint  "  an  Executor  to  a  Will,  the  donee  may 
appoint  himself  {Re  Ryder,  31  li.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  215;  2  Sw.  &  T. 
127)  :  but,  semble,  a  person  nominated  to  appoint  a  New  Trustee  cannot 
appoint  himself  {Re  Skeats,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  656;  42  Ch.  D.  522:  Re 
Newen^  1894,  2  Ch.  297 ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  763 ;  43  W.  K.  58),  but  in  those 
cases  the  decision  proceeded  also  on  the  ground  that  the  power  was  given 
to  appoint  "  any  other  person."     CJp.  Another. 

"  Appoint,"  in  a  general  bequest,  may  be  sufficient  to  execute  a  Special 
Power  of  Appointment  {Pidgely  v.  Pidgely,  1  Coll.  255 :  Sv.  Re  Rich- 
ardson, 17  L.  R.  Ir.  436). 

V.  General  Power  :  Power  :  Expressly  Kefer  ;  Limit. 


APPOINT  102  APPORTION 

Where  there  is  a  Single  Arbitrator,  "  Notice  to  appoint  an  arbi- 
trator," 8.  6,  Arb.  Act,  1889,  means,  Notice  to  concur  in  appointing  (per 
Esher,  M.  R.,  Re  Eyre  and  Leicester,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  136 ;  61  L,  J.  Q.  B. 
438  ;  65  L.  T.  733 ;  40  W.  R.  203). 

F.  Acknowledge. 

APPOl  NTED.  —  When  a  statute  declares  that  a  Class  of  persons  shall 
exercise  a  certain  function,  —  e.g,  shall  be  Improvement  Commrs,  — 
each  member  of  that  class  is  '*  appointed "  to  exercise  the  function 
{Nicholson  v.  Fields^  31  L.  J,  Ex.  233 ;  7  H.  &  N.  810). 

The  regular  employment  of  a  person  in  a  particular  function,  is  equiva- 
lent to  his  being  "  appointed  "  to  it,  unless  some  special  mode  of  appoint- 
ment is  prescribed  {Frost  v.  Bolland,  5  B.  &  G.  611).  F.  Treasurbk  : 
B.  V.  Slatter,  cited  Accepted. 

"Appointed  Day  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Loc  Gov  Act,  1894,  s.  84  (4). 

APPOINTEE.  — "Appointee,"  s.  1,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act, 
1833 ;  V.  Re  Devon,  1896,  2  Ch.  662 ;  65  L.  J.  Oh.  810 ;  75  L.  T.  178  ; 
45  W.  R.  25. 

APPOINTMENT.  — A  Power  to  appoint  "by  Will  or  Appoint- 
ment,*' to  be  signed  and  sealed  in  the  presence  of  oue  or  more  witnesses, 
may  be  exercised  by  Deed  (Sug.  Pow.  211). 

A  Clause  of  Cesser,  if  no  "  Appointment"  of  a  specified  fund  is  made, 
means,  if  no  part  of  the  fund  is  appointed  (Amott  v.  Tyrrell,  21  Bea.49). 

As  to  execution  of  Power  of  Appointment;  V.  General  Power: 
Special. 

V.  Appoint:  Appointed. 

The  "  appointment  "  by  a  Justice  of  a  Select  Vestryman,  s.  1,  59  G.  3, 
c.  12,  was  merely  a  ministerial  authentication  of  the  latter's  nomination 
and  election  (/?.  v.  Adams,  2  A.  &  E.  413). 

Qu^  Volunteer  Act,  1863,  26  &  27  V.  c.  65.  "  '  Appointments,'  includes 
Accoutrements  and  Equipments  of  every  kind,  other  than  Clothing  " 
(s.  49) ;  — a  def  adopted  for  the  Naval  Artillery  Volunteer  Act,  1873, 
36  &  37  V.  c.  77  (s.  43). 

APPORTION-  — "Apportion  signifieth  a  division  or  partition  of  a 
rent,  common,  &c,  or  a  making  of  it  into  parts"  (Co.  Litt,  147  h). 
"This  definition  seems  incomplete.  'Apportionment,'  frequently  de- 
notes, not  division  but,  distribution  ;  and,  in  its  ordinary  technical  sense, 
the  distribution  of  one  subject  in  proportion  to  another  previously  dis- 
tributed "  (1  Swanst.  338,  n).     Cp.  Divide. 

"  To  apportion,"  —  e,(/.  expenses,  —  does  not,  per  se,  mean  equally  to 
divide ;  and,  therefore,  the  apportionment  of  expenses  of  street-paving, 
s.  77,  Metrop  Man  Act,  1862,  need  not  be  made  on  any  uniform 
principle,  but  is  in  the  discretion  of  the  Council,  and  can  only  be 
challenged  for  mala  fides  {Stotesbury  v.  St,  Giles,  Camberwell,  57  L.  J. 


APPORTION  103       APPREHENSION 

M.  C.  114;  69  L.  T.  473;  53  J.  P.  5.  Vh.  B.  v.  Marsham,  1892, 1  Q.  B. 
371;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  62:  Derbi/  v.  Grudgings,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  496; 
63  L.  J.  M.  C.  170;  43  W.  R.  74:  Metrop.  District  Ry  v.  Fulham, 
1895,  2  Q.  B.  443;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  29;  73  L.  T.  330;  44  W.  R.  63;  69 
J.  P.  679:  Clacton  v.  Young,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  395;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  124; 
71  L.  T.  877;  43  W.  R.  219;  59  J.  P.  681,  whlc  distinguished  Wake- 
Jield  V.  Mander^  6  C.  P.  D.  248.  Cp.  Sheffield  v.  Anderson^  cited  Un- 
BE  A  SON  able).  So,  when  it  is  said  that  County  Couit  costs  "  shall  he 
paid  hy  or  apportioned  hetween  the  parties  "  as  the  judge  shall  think 
just^  8.  113»  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  ohviously  no  equal  division  is  meant. 
Vf.  Incurred. 

As  to  disputing  Apportionment  under  s.  150,  P.  H.  Act,  1875  or, 
where  adopted,  55  «&  56  V,  c,  57;    V.  Dispute. 

Note.  An  Apportionment  under  Metrop  Man  Acts,  or  P.  H.  Acts, 
does  not,  necessarily,  preclude  the  Local  Authority  from  re-considering 
it  and  making  another  apportionment  (Bishop  v.  Wandsworth,  69  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  632;  82  L.  T.  766;  64  J.  P.  630). 

Final  apportionment;    V,  Stock  v.  Meakin,  cited  Outgoing. 

Apportionment  Acts;  V.  Due:  Fixed  Period:  Periodical:  Divi- 
dend: 1  Encyc.  286-288. 

APPRAISEMENT- — An  Appraisement,  or  Valuation,  is  in  the 
nature  of  an  Award  (Pei'kins  v.  Potts,  2  Chitty,  399) ;  but  in  some  respects 
differs  therefrom  (Leeds  v.  Burrows,  12  East,  1 :    Vf,  Arbitration). 

Commission  of  Appraisement,  in  an  Admiralty  Action;  V.  Wms.  & 
Bruce,  Part  2,  ch.  1,  s.  8. 

APPRAISER.  —  Qui  Stamp  Acts,  an  "Appraiser  is  a  person  who 
shall  value  or  appraise  any  estate  or  property,  real  or  personal,  or  any 
interest  in  possession  or  reversion,  remainder  or  contingency,  in  any 
estate  or  property,  real  or  personal,  —  or  any  goods,  merchandize,  or 
effects  of  whatsoever  kind  or  description  the  same  may  he, — for  or  in 
expectation  of  any  Hire,  Gain,  Fee,  or  Reward,  or  Valuable  Considera- 
tion to  be  therefor  paid  him  "  (s.  4,  46  G.  3,  c.  43). 

V.  Sworn  Appraiser. 

APPRECIATE.  —  F.  Inappreciable. 

APPRECIATION.—  F.  Bishop  v.  Smyrna  Ry,  cited  Profits. 

APPREHENDED "Apprehended  Injury,"  s.  25,  W.  W.  C.  Act, 

1847;    F.  per  Halsbury,  C.,  Holliday  v.  Wakefield,  cited  Land. 

APPREHENSION.—"  Apprehension,"  s.  8,  Extradition  Act,  1870, 
33  &  34  V.  c.  62,  includes  detention  (R.  v.  Weil^  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  74; 
9  Q.  B.  D.  701 ;  47  L.  T.  630 ;  31  W.  R.  60;  15  Cox,  C.  C.  189). 

"  Reasonable  Apprehension  " ;  F.  Impossible. 


APPRENTICE         104        APPROPRIATE 


APPRENTICE.  —  "  In  legal  acceptation,  an  Apprentice  is  a  person 
bound  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  learning  his  Tbade,  or  Callijto  • 
the  contract  being  of  that  nature  that  the  master  teaches  and  the  other 
serves  the  master  with  the  intention  of  learning  "  (per  Cockburn,  C.  J., 
Clapham  v.  St.  Fancras,  29  L.  J.  M.  C.  143,  144;  nom.  St.  Pancra^  v. 
Claphaniy  2  E.  &  E.  742),  whc  decided  that  an  Articled  Clerk  to  a  Solr 
(then  called  an  Attorney),  was  an  "  Apprentice  "  entitled  to  gain  a  Poor 
Law  Settlement  under  s.  8,  3  W.  &  M.  c.  11.     But  in  Ex  p.  Frideaiuc 
(7  L.  J.  Ch.  202;  3  My.  &  C.  327)  Cottenham,  C,  held  that  such  an 
Articled  Clerk  was  not  an  "  Apprentice,"  within  s.  49,  6  6.  4,  c.  16, 
which  discharged  an  Apprentice  from  his  Indentures  on  his  master  be- 
coming bankrupt;  but  at  that  time  a  Solr  (or  Attorney),  as  such,  could 
not  become  a  bankrupt. 

Again,  in  R.  v.  Doncaster  (7  B.  &  C.  630),  the  question  was  whether  an 
Articled  Clerk  to  an  Attorney  had  been  an  Apprentice  to  a  TradCj  so  as 
to  be  entitled  to  the  Freedom  of  the  Borough  of  Doncaster;  held,  he  was 
not ;  Tenterden,  C.  J.,  saying,  —  "A  person  who  serves  an  attorney  under 
Articles  of  Clerkship  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  an  '  Apprentice '  within 
the  popular  meaning  of  that  term.  Here,  however,  the  right  is  con- 
fined to  such  persons  as  have  served  an  apprenticeship  to  a  Trade.  An 
attorney  exercises  a  Profession,  and  not  a  Trade." 

If  the  definition  of  Cockburn,  C.  J.  (sup),  is  to  be  accepted  as  ex- 
act, the  word  "  Calling  "  must  have  a  wide  meaning,  for  it  has  been  held 
that  a  Girl,  who  bound  herself  to  a  Man  to  learn  housewifery  business^ 
and  such  other  business  as  her  master  should  have  to  do  (there  being  no 
Art  or  Trade  for  her  to  learn),  was  an  Apprentice  (/?.  v.  St.  Fetrox^ 
Burr.  S.  C.  248). 

r.  1  Encyc.  289-294:  Seaman. 

Qua  1  V.  c.  19,  amending  Slavery  Abolition  Act,  1833,  3  &  4  W.  4, 
c.  73,  "  Apprentice  "  and  "  Apprenticed  Labourer, "  mean  "  such  persons 
as,  having  been  formerly  held  in  slavery,  are  now  apprentices  "  subject 
to  the  Act  of  1833,  or  any  Order  in  Council,  Ordinance,  or  Act  of  As- 
sembly thereunder  (s.  29,  1  V.  c.  19). 

APPROACH. —  V.  Immediate  Approach:  Bridge. 
"  Approaching  Ship  " ;    V.  The  Franconia,  cited  Overtaking  Ship. 
"  Means  of  Approach,"  s.  74  (2),  London  Bg  Act,  1894;    V.  Carritt  v. 
Godson^  cited  Part. 

APPROBATION T.  Consent. 

APPROPRIATE.  —  A  power  in  a  Will  enabling  a  person  to  "  Appro- 
priate "  or  "  Select,"  for  his  own  use,  such  parts  of  testator's  property  as 
he  may  desire,  has  been  held  to  intimate  a  confidence  that  a  reasonable 
selection,  and  not  the  whole,  will  be  taken ;  and  though  the  exact  extent 


APPROPRIATE        105       APPROPRIATION 

to  which  the  donee  may  go  in  benefiting  himself  could  not,  in  the  natnre 
of  things,  be  laid  down  beforehand,  jet,  possibly,  the  Court  would  find  a 
mode  of  restraining  any  palpably  unreasonable  exercise  of  the  power 
{Kennedy  v.  Kennedy^  10  Hare,  438 :  Vf,  Davis  v.  Davis,  1  H.  &  M.  256: 
Heid  y.  Reid^  30  Bea.  388).  But  where  the  power  extends  over  only  a 
small  class  of  property, — e,g,  testator's  plate, — and  the  donee  be  his 
widow,  she  may  take  the  whole  of  it  {Arthur  v.  Mackinnon^  48  L.  J.  Ch. 
534;  11  Ch.  D.  386;  27  W.  R.  704).  And  even  where  there  were  no 
such  circumstances,  but  the  gift  empowered  the  donee  "  to  choose  every- 
thing he  might  desire  "  from  the  Furniture,  except  some  specified  arti- 
cles; the  Court  of  Appeal  (hereon  affg  Korth,  J.)  held  that  he  might 
take  all,  or  as  much  as  he  liked,  other  than  the  excepted  articles  {Re 
Sharland,  74  L.  T.  664).  So,  a  gift  of  (say)  Wines  to  A.,  but  with  a 
direction  that  B.  may  "  consume  "  as  much  of  them  as  he  "  cares  to  do  " 
during  his  life,  enables  B.  to  consume  the  whole  of  them;  but,  on  his 
death,  the  unconsuroed  part  will  go  to  A.,  not  indeed  by  way  of  succession 
but,  as  an  independent  gift  which  then  becomes  ascertained  {Re  Colyer, 
55  L.  T.  344;  W.  N.  (86)  169 :  V.  Coxsumablk).  Vf.  Appropriation  : 
Pabt:  Such:  Liddyv,  Kennedy,  cited  Any:  1  Jarm.  362. 

An  executed  Parliamentary  Power  to  "Appropriate  and  tise"  the 
Subsoil  of  a  Public  Boadway  for  a  Ry  Tunnel,  creates  an  Hbredit, 
not  a  mere  Easement  {Metrop.  Ry  v.  Fowler,  1893,  A.  C.  416;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  663;  69  L.  T.  390;  42  W.  R.  270;  67  J.  P.  766).  Under  such  a 
power,  subsoil  under  private  land  cannot  be  appropriated  and  used  until 
the  Compulsory  Purchase  Provisions  of  the  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  have 
been  complied  with  {Farmer  v.  Waterloo  &  City  Ry,  1895,  1  Ch.  627; 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  338;  72  L.  T.  226;  43  W.  R.  363). 

"  How  can  you  *  appropriate '  Under-ground  Water?"  (per  Smith,  L.  J., 
Bradford  v.  Fickles,  64  L.  J.  Ch.  103,  affd  in  H.  L.  1896,  A.  C.  587 ;  64 
L.  J.  Ch.  769). 

r.  Take  and  appropriate. 

APPROPRIATED.  —  In  a  general  testamentary  gift  of  all  property 
of  whatever  description  that  testator  might  die  possessed  of,  to  be  "  ap- 
propriated "  as  donee  might  think  fit,  Leach,  V.  C,  thought  a  criticism 
founded  upon  the  words  "  possessed  of  "  and  "  appropriated  "  too  nice  to 
exclude  Realty  {Noel  v.  Hoy,  5  Mad.  38;  stated  1  Jarm.  730). 

Property  "  appropriated  and  applied,"  s.  11  (2),  Customs  and  Inl.  Rev. 
Act,  1885,  must  be  actually  applied,  as  well  as  appropriated,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  Exemption  thereunder  (/n/.  Rev.  v.  Scott ^  cited  Manner: 
Vf.  Re  Royal  Coll.  Surgeons,  cited  Science). 
V.  Legally  appropriated. 

APPROPRIATION.  — "The  word  'Appropriation'  maybe  under- 
stood  in  different  senses.     It  may  mean  a  selection  on  the  part  of  the 


APPROPRIATION       106  APPROVAL 

vendor,  where  he  has  a  right  to  choose  the  article  which  he  has  to  supply 
in  performance  of  the  contract;  and  the  contract  will  show  when  the 
word  is  used  in  that  sense.  Or^  the  word  may  mean  that  both  parties 
have  agreed  that  certain  articles  shall  be  delivered  in  pursuance  of  the 
contract,  and  yet  the  property  may  not  pass  in  either  case.  <  Appropria- 
tion '  may  also  be  used  in  another  sense,  viz.,  where  both  parties  agree 
iipon  the  specific  article  in  which  the  property  is  to  pass,  and  nothings 
remains  to  be  done  in  order  to  pass  it "  (per  Parke,  B.,  Wait  v.  Baker^ 
2  Ex.  8,  9;  17  L.  J.  Ex.  310,  311). 

Appropriation  of  Goods  j  F.  Blackb.  128,  n,  citing  Laidler  v.  Burlinson, 
2  M.  &  W.  602;  6  L.  J.  Ex.  160;  Atkinson  v.  Bell,  8  B.  &  C.  277: 
Anderson  v.  Morice^  L.  R.  10  C.  P.  68,  609;  1  App.  Ca.  713;  44  L.  J. 
C.  P.  10,  341;  46  lb.  11:  Calcutta  v.  De  Mattos,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
322;  33  lb.  214.  Vf,  Colonial  Insrce  v.  Adelaide  Insrce^  12  App. 
Ca.  128. 

Appropriation  of  Payments  ;  "  Where  the  purchaser  owes  more  than 
one  debt  to  the  vendor,  and  makes  a  payment,  it  is  his  right  to  apply 
(or  in  technical  language  '  appropriate  ')  the  payment  to  whichever  debt 
he  pleases"  (Benj.  726).  Vh.  Clayton's  Case,  1  Mer.  608:  Re  Friend^ 
1897,  2  Ch.  421 ;  m  L.  J.  Ch.  737 ;  77  L.  T.  60;  46  W.  R.  139,  and  cases 
there  cited. 

"  *  Appropriation ' ;  the  annexing  of  an  Ecclesiastical  Beneficb  to 
the  proper  and  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual  corporation  or  college " 
(Elph.  561;  whv),  Vf.  per  Crampton,  J.,  Shaw  v.  Woods^  6  Ir.  Com. 
Law  Rep.  165:  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Cowel:  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  219,  220: 
Endowment. 

"  Special  Application  or  Appropriation";   F.  Special. 
F.  Appropriate:  Profits. 

APPROVAL.  —  A  thing  done  with  the  "Approval"  of  A.,  means 
that,  and  only  that,  which  he  has,  with  full  knowledge^  approved;  and, 
therefore,  where  the  Treasury,  under  ss.  108,  109,  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882, 
had  approved  a  conveyance  of  Corporation  Property  which  (in  fact,  but 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  Treasury)  had  been  sold  as  part  of, a 
Building  Scheme;  held,  that  the  Treasury  had  not  given  "  Approval "  to 
the  implied  Vendor's  Conditions,  arising  from  such  Scheme,  and  that, 
accordingly,  the  Grantee  was  not  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  such  Con- 
ditions (Davis  V.  Leicester,  1894,  2  Ch.  208;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  440). 

Sale  on  Approval;    F.  Sale  on  Trial. 

Acts  of  Vestry  Committee  needing  "  Approval  "  of  the  Vestry,  s.  68, 
Metrop  Man  Act,  1855,  —  e.g.  Notice  under  s.  85,  —  do  not  need 
previovs  approval  5  if  Vestry  Ratify,  that  suffices  {Firth  v.  Staines, 
1897,  2  Q.  B.  70;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  510;  76  L.  T.  496;  45  W.  R.  675;  61 
J.  P.  452).     Op.  Sanction. 

F.  Subject  to. 


APPROVE  107    APPROVED  SERVICE 

APPROVE-  — A  Statutory  Direction  that  the  Court  is  to  "refuse  to 
approve,"  —  e.g,  a  Scheme  of  arrangement,  s.  3  (9),  Banliry  Act,  1890, 
unless  7«.  6«f.  in  the  B,  is  secured,  —  does  not  mean  that  the  Court  is 
bound  to  approve  if  the  Condition  is  complied  with,  it  only  means  that 
such  compliance  is  a  sine  qua  non  to  the  matter  being  considered  (^d 
Butt,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  467;  61  L.  J,  Q.  B.  591  j  m  L.  T.  553). 

F.  Appboval:  Sanction. 

APPROVED-  —  When  one  of  the  parties  to  a  bargain  writes 
"approved"  at  the  end  of  the  draft  of  the  agreement  and  adds  his 
signature,  he  thereby  makes  the  draft  a  binding  contract,  and  does  not 
merely  express  approval  of  its  form  after  the  manner  of  conveyancers 
(Brogden  v.  MetTop,  JRyy  2  App.  Ca.  666). 

APPROVED  AGREEMENT.  — A  sale  "subject  to  an  Approved 
Agreement";  held,  not  a  concluded  transaction  (per  Brett,  J.,  Harman 
V.  HomeT,  32  S.  J.  762 :  Sv,  per  Wright,  J.,  Chipperjield  v.  CarteT : 
both  cited  Subject  to). 

APPROVED    BILI "I  think  the  phrase  'Approved  Bill' could 

only  mean  a  Bill  to  which  no  reasonable  objection  could  be  made,  and 
which  ought  to  be  approved "  (per*  Ellenborough,  0.  J.,  Hodgson  v. 
Davies,  2  Camp.  531:   F.  Benj.  721).     V.  Prove. 

"  Approved  Bankers'  Bill  ";   V.  Smith  v.  MerceT,  L.  R.  3  Ex.  51. 

APPROVED  PLAN.  —  An  "  Approved  Plan,"  by  a  Local  Authority, 
means,  one  which  the  Authority  has  lawfully  approved,  and  not  merely 
one  it  has  actually  approved  if  such  approval  was  in  contravention  of  the 
General  Law  or  its  own  Bye  Laws  (Yal)bicom  v.  King,  1899,  1  Q.  B. 
444;  Q^  L.  J.  Q.  B.  560;  80  L.  T.  159;  47  W.  R.  318;  63  J.  P.  149: 
Re  Mcintosh  and  FontgpTidd  ImpTovement  Co,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  164). 

APPROVED  SECURITIES.  — "A  power  to  lend  on  'Approved 
Securities,*  though  it  will  justify  an  investment  on  an  ordinary  Mort- 
gage, might  not  be  held  to  extend  to  Railway  Securities  (Re  Slrnson, 
1  J.  &  H.  89).  And  where  trustees  are  empowered  to  lend  'on  such 
securities  as  they  may  appTove,^  they  are  still  bound  to  make  en- 
quiries, and  exercise  a  sound  discretion  whether  the  securities  are  of 
sufficient  value;  and  if  in  such  a  case  the  trustees  lend  on  any  irregular 
securities,  the  onus  lies  on  the  trustees  to  show  the  sufficiency  of  the 
security  (Stretton  v.  Ashmall,  3  Drew.  9;  24  L.  J.  Ch.  277:  Va  Zam- 
haco  V.  Ca^savetti,  L.  R.  11  Eq.  439 :  New  London  &  Brazilian  Bank  v. 
Brocklebank,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  711;  21  Ch.  D.  302)."     (Lewin,  330). 

V.  Sbcubity. 

APPROVED  SERVICE.— Stat.  Def.,  Police  Act,  1890,  53  &  54 
V.  c.  45,  s.  4  (1). 


APPROVEMENT       108     APPURTENANCES 

APPROVEMENT.  —  An  Approvement  of  a  Common  is  an  enclosure 
(  V.  20  H.  3,  c.  4)  by  a  Lord  of  part  of  the  Waste,  or  Waste  Grouni>, 
of  his  Manor,  "leaving  neverthelesse  sufficient  Common,  with  egresso 
and  regresse  for  the  Commoners  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vh  Wms.  on 
Eights  of  Common,  103  et  aeq :  Elph.  661 :  Sufficient  Pasture. 

A  Custom  for  the  Lord,  with  consent  of  the  Homaqe,  to  enclose,  with- 
out leaving  Sufficient  Pasture,  is  good  (Ramsay  v.  Cruddas,  1893, 
1  Q.  B.  228;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  269;  68  L.  T.  364;  67  J.  P.  406). 

Note,  The  consent  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  is  now  necessary  to 
the  validity  of  an  Enclosure^  or  Approvement,  of  any  part  of  a  Common 
(pQ  &  67  V.  c.  67,  s.  2). 

APPROVER.  — " 'Approver,'  or  'Appellor/  is  he  who  hath  com- 
mitted some  Felony  which  he  confesseth,  and  now  appeal eth  or  ap- 
proveth;  that  is  to  say,  accuseth  others  which  were  coadjutors  or  helpers 
with  him  in  doing  the  same  or  other  Felonies,  which  thing  he  will 
approve  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).      Fjf  Cowel:  Jacob:  Informer. 

"The  'Kings  Approvers,'  are  those  that  have  the  letting  of  the 
Kings  Demeanes  in  small  Manners  for  the  Kings  greater  advantage  " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley). 

APPURTENANCES.  — "By  the  grant  of  a  messuage,  or  a  mes- 
suage with  the  appurtenances^  doth  pass  no  more  than  the  dwelling- 
house,  barn,  dovehouse,  and  buildings  adjoining,  orchard,  garden,  and 
curtilage,  i,e.  a  little  garden,  yard,  field,  or  piece  of  void  ground,  lying 
near  aud  Belonging  to  the  messuage,  and  houses  adjoining  to  the  dwell- 
inghouse,  and  the  close  upon  which  the  dwellinghouse  is  built,  at  the 
most.  And  so  much  also  may  pass  by  the  grant  of  a  house.  So  that 
the  quantity  of  an  acre  of  ground,  or  thereabouts,  in  orchard,  garden, 
and  out-let,  may  pass  by  either  of  these  names,  but  more  than  this  will 
not  pass  by  the  grant  that  is  made  in  either  of  these  words,  albeit  more 
have  been  occupied  with  it,  and  albeit  more  be  intended  to  be  passed  by 
the  grant.  And  therefore  if  there  be  a  messuage  or  dwellinghouse,  and 
divers  acres  of  land  thereunto  belonging,  called  altogether  by  the  name 
of  Hedges,  and  a  grant  is  made  by  these  words  of.  All  that  messuage 
with  the  appurtenances  commonly  called  by  the  name  Hedges;  by  this 
grant  nothing  shall  pass  but  the  messuage,  garden,  and  curtilage,  and 
yet  if  a  manor,  or  farm,  be  commonly  called  by  the  name  of  a  messuage, 
there  by  the  grant  of  a  messuage  the  whole  manor,  or  farm,  may  pass  " 
(Touch.  94).  In  this  latter  case  it  is  not  the  word  "  appurts  "  that  has 
to  be  construed,  but  rather  the  extent  and  meaning  of  the  name  of  the 
messuage  (  V,  Lister  v.  Plckford^  inf). 

The  Touchstone,  after  the  extract  given  above,  goes  on  to  say,  "  and 
by  the  grant  of  a  messuage,  or  house,  and  all  lands  thereunto  appertain- 
infff  will  pass  all  the  land  usually  occupied  Therewith."  This,  however, 
is  incorrect.  A  thing  may  be  "  Used  and  Enjoyed  "  or  "  Occupied  "  with 


APPURTENANCES  109  APPURTENANCES 

soraething  else,  without  "belonging  or  appertaining"  thereto j  and  if 
these  latter  words,  or  "  with  the  appurts, "  only  were  used  they  would 
only  cover  such  things  as  are  appurtenant  to  and  form  part  of  the  prop- 
erty which  is  the  principal  subject  of  the  instrument  (^Buck  v.  Nurton, 
1  B.  &  P.  63:  Barlow  v.  Rliodes,  2  L.  J.  Ex.  91;  1  Cr.  &  M.  439; 
3  Tyr.  280  :  WarcUe  v.  Brocklehurat^  29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  145 :  Maitland  v. 
Mackinnon^  32  L.  J.  Ex.  49:  Bolton  v.  Bolton^  and  Feck  v.  London 
School  Bd.^  cited  Ways).  Secua,  where  the  words  are  "used,"  "en- 
joyed," or  "  occupied  "  {James  v.  Plant,  6  L.  J.  Ex.  260 ;  4  A.  &  E.  749 ; 
6  N.  &  M.  282 :  Vthc  followed  and  distd  Worthington  v.  Gimson,  29 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  116).  Thus,  where  there  are  two  tenements  in  one  owner- 
ship, there  can  be  no  Easement  over  the  one  which  is  "  appurtenant  "  to 
the  other ;  and  even  if  these  tenements  were  formerly  in  different  owner- 
ships, and,  whilst  in  such  different  ownerships,  the  one  had  acquired  an 
easement  against  the  other,  yet,  if  they  become  united  in  ownership,  all 
subordinate  rights  and  easements  are  extinguished;  and  if  the  owner  of 
both  devises  the  tenement  which  formerly  had  the  easement,  with  its 
**  appurtenances,"  the  easement  does  not  pass,  though  its  use  has  con- 
tinued,—  for  the  Right  to  it  was  extinguished  by  the  unity  of  owner- 
ship, and  the  word  "  appurtenances  "  is  insufficient  to  create  or  renew 
the  right  (  Whalley  v.  Tompson,  IB.  &  P.  371)  ;  secuSf  had  the  devise 
been,  "with  the  easement  now  used"  (per  Eyre,  C.  J.,  lb.). 

But  the  word  "  appurtenant "  may  be  used  in  a  secondary  sense  as 
equivalent  to  such  a  phrase  as  "  usually  enjoyed  with  "  (Elph.  188 :  Bay- 
ley  V.  G.  W.  Ry,  26  Ch.  D.  434;  51  L.  T.  337.  Vth,  and  generally 
hereon.  Dart,  609,  610).     V.  Right. 

Contract  to  sell  land  "  with  the  appurts  " ;    F.  Ways. 

In  Lister  v.  Pickford  (34  L.  J.  Ch.  582 ;  34  Bea.  576),  Romilly,  M.  R., 
said,  —  "  It  is  settled  by  the  earliest  authority,  and  acted  upon  and  con- 
firmed without  contradiction  down  to  the  latest,  that  Zane^  cannot  he 
appurtenant  to  Land  :  and  that  the  word  *  Appurtenances  '  includes  in- 
corporeal hereditaments,  such  as  rights  of  way,  of  common,  of  piscary, 
and  the  like  ;  but  does  not  include  land  to  be  added  to  that  which  was 
granted  "  :  F%,  Hill  v.  Grange,  Plowd.  170 :  Buck  v.  Nurton,  sup:  per 
Willes,  J.,  Simpson  v.  Dendy,  8  C.  B.  N.  S.  468. 

But  though  Lister  v.  Pickford,  and  Evans  v.  Angell  (26  Bea.  202), 
were  especially  pressed  on  Kay,  J.,  in  Cutkhert  v.  Robinson  (51  L.  J. 
Ch.  238),  he  there,  after  briefly  reviewing  the  authorities,  said,  —  "  The 
law  seems  to  be  clearly  this:  Neither  in  a  Deed  nor  in  a  Will  does  the 
word  *  Appurtenances '  include  land,  if  the  principal  subject  of  gift  is 
land  or  a  messuage.  But  if,  from  the  circumstances  at  the  date  of  the 
Will  and  the  whole  context,  it  is  clear  that  land  is  intended  to  pass  as 
appurtenant,  the  word  *  Appurtenant '  is  flexible  enough  to  carry  it." 
Va  Gary,  24,  per  Bromley,  C. :  and  in  the  early  case  of  Hill  v.  Orange 
(sup)  it  was  held  that  "appertaining,"  as  there  used,  had  a  wider  mean- 


APPURTENANCES  110  APPURTENANCES 

ing  than  its  strict  signification,  and  was  used,  as  it  is  commonly  used,  in 
the  sense  of  "  occupied  with,"  or  "  lying  to."  Vfj  Boocher  v.  Samfordf 
Cro.  Eliz.  113 :  Ongley  v.  Chambers,  inf. 

So,  a  gift  of  "  my  freehold  messuage  or  Mansion-house,  with  the  offices, 
garden,  lawn  and  Appurtenances  thereto,  now  in  my  occupation,"  was 
held,  by  force  of  the  word  "  Appurtenances,"  to  pass  meadows  without 
which  the  house  would  be  no  better  than  a  suburban  villa  {Leach  v. 
Leach,  W.  N.  (78)  79:  FjT,  Ee  Otley  and  Ilkley,  cited  Now).  But  it 
may,  probably,  be  affirmed  that  the  burden  of  proof  lies  on  those  who  con- 
tend for  this  enlarged  meaning  (1  Jarra.  781,  782 :  Evans  v.  Angell,  sup), 
and  for  an  example  in  which  the  enlarged  meaning  was  not  given,  V, 
Smith  V.  Midgway,  L.  R.  1  Ex.  46. 

A  Pew  in  the  Aisle  of  a  church,  may  be  prescribed  for  as  "  Appurtenant  '* 
to  a  house  not  situate  in  the  Parish  {Davis  v.  Witts,  Forrest  14). 

It  is  sometimes  said  that  the  phrase  "  with  the  appurtenances, "  adds 
but  little,  if  anything,  to  the  meaning,  as  the  principal  carries  the  acces- 
sory (Touch.  89;  Vth,  Elph.  186-189).  Still  some  weight  will  frequently 
be  attachable  to  the  phrase  ;  and  "  it  is  construed  more  strictly  in  a  Deed 
than  in  a  Will  "  (Elph.  189,  citing  Ongley  v.  Chambers,  8  Moore  C.  P. 
665 :  1  Bing.  483).  In  a  Conveyance  executed  since  the  Conv.  and  L.  P. 
Act,  1881,  the  phrase  could  scarcely  add  anything  to  the  wide  General 
Words  which,  by  s.  6  of  that  Act,  are  implied ;  on  the  contrary,  it  would 
rather  narrow  those  words  (  F.  Ways).  In  a  Lease  it  is  flexible  {Dobbyn 
V.  Somers,  13  L.  R.  Ir.  592). 

In  a  Testamentary  Gift  of  an  Indigo  Factory  in  India,  "  with  the 
zemindaries,  villages,  and  lands  therewith  held  and  used,  and  the  Ap- 
purts  " ;  held,  that  the  Outstandings  of  the  factory  business  did  not  pass, 
although  they  were  part  of  the  concern  and  without  the  arrangements 
respecting  them  the  business  could  not  have  been  carried  on  {Finch  v. 
Finch,  35  L.  T.  235). 

Vf,  as  to  the  meaning  of  "  Appurtenances,"  Woodf.  149,  150:  2 Piatt, 
33:  PheyseyY.  Vicary,  16  M.  &  W.  484:  Ackroyd  v.  Smith,  19  L.  J. 
C.  P.  315:  Thomas  y.  Owen,  bl  L.  J.  Q.  B.  198;  20  Q.  B.  D.  225;  58 
L.  T.  162;  36  W.  R.  440;  52  J.  P.  516:  Eoe  v.  Siddons,  22  Q.  B.  D. 
224:  Smith  v.  Martin,  2  Saund.  400  a,  on  whlcv  notes  in  Wms.  Saund. 

F.  Appebtaining :  Appendages:  Appendant. 

"  Appurtenances  "  of  a  Ship,  "  as  used  in  a  Bill  of  Sale,  passes  every- 
thing belonging  to  the  ship  which  is  necessary  for  her  as  a  ship;  in  any 
other  Contract  of  Sale  it  would  have  the  same  meaning  with  the  addition 
that  if  a  ship  be  sold  as  of  a  particular  Class,  or  as  engaged  in  or  suitable 
for  a  particular  Employment,  everything  belonging  to  her  which  is  neces- 
sary for  a  ship  of  that  class  or  for  that  employment  passes  to  the  pur- 
chaser "  (Abbott  27,  Fjf  cases  there  cited). 

**  Appurtenances  "  of  a  Ship  must  be  such  things  as  are  appropriated  to 
her  exclusively  \  and  do  not  include  such  things  as  she  uses  indiscrimi- 


APPURTENANCES     ill        ARBITRATION 

nately  with  other  ships  {Ee  Salmon  &  Woods,  Exp.  Gould,  2  Morr.  137 j 
Vthc^  also  cited  Ship). 

APPURTENANT V.  Appendant. 

Common  Appurtenant;   F.  Common. 

APT.  —  "  Apt  and  Fit  to  execute  "  an  Office;   V.  Fit. 

AQUA.— r.  Watebs. 
Aquatiles;   V.  Fowl. 

ARABANT.  —  "  Are  they  that  held  by  Tenure  of  Ploughing  or  Tilling 
ground  "  (Cowel). 

ARABLE.  —  V.  Land  :  Mountain. 

In  a  Deed,  "  *  arable  '  does  not  only  mean  land  actually  ploughed  up  or 
iu  tillage,  but  also  land  capable  or  fit  to  be  so  "  (per  Chatterton,  V.  C. 
Palmer  v.  M'Cormick,  25  L.  R.  Ir.  119). 

ARBITRARILY.—  V.  Unreasonably. 

ARBITRARY.  —  "  Arbitrary  Fine,"  s.  ^5,  5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  76,  repld, 
8.  110,  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882;   V.  A.-O.  v.  Yarmouth,  21  Bea.  632. 
Arbitrary  Fine  on  Copyholds ;    V.  Scriven,  6  Ed.  155. 

ARBITRATION.  —  "  An  arbitration  is  a  reference  to  the  decision  of 
one  or  more  persons,  either  with  or  without  an  umpire,  of  a  particular 
matter  in  difference  between  the  parties  "  (per  Romilly,  M.  K,  Collins 
V.  Collins,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  186;  26  Bea.  309:  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Arbitre- 
ment).  Accordingly  if  parties  sell  and  buy,  and  leave  the  price  or  com- 
pensation for  errors  to  be  fixed  by  Valuation,  any  question  that  may 
arise  respecting  such  valuation  is  not  such  a  difference  as  will  make  the 
case  one  of  "Arbitration  "  within  ss.  11,  12,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854,  or 
8.  27,  Arb  Act,  1889  (Collins  y.  Collins,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  184;  26  Bea.  306: 
Boss  V.  Helsham,  36  L.  J.  Ex.  20;  L.  R.  2  Ex.  72:  Re  Bawdy,  54  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  574;  15  Q.  B.  D.  426 :  but  though  in  Boss  v.  Helsham  the  Court 
rejected  the  award  of  an  arbitrator  on  a  question  of  compensation  under 
Conditions  of  Sale,  Jessel,  M.  K.,  gave  effect  to  such  an  award  in  Be 
Turner  &  Skelton,  49  L.  J.  Ch.  114;  13  Ch.  D.  130).  The  object  of  the 
valuation  in  such  a  case  is  to  prevent  differences  and  is  a  mere  Appbaise- 
MSNT  valuation.  "  If,"  however,  "  two  persons  enter  into  an  agreement 
for  the  sale  of  property,  and  try  to  settle  the  terms,  but  cannot  agree,  and 
after  dispute  and  discussion  respecting  the  price,  say,  we  will  refer  the 
question  of  price  to  A.  B.,  he  shall  settle  it,  and  they  agree  that  the 
matter  shall  be  referred  to  his  arbitration,  that  would  appear  to  be  <  Ar- 
bitration '  in  the  proper  sense  of  the  term  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act " 
(per  Bomilly,  M.  R.,  Collins  v.  Collins,  sup).  And  so,  if  there  be  a 
distinct  agreement  providing  for  the  appointment  of  an  umpire  to  deter* 


I 


ARBITRATION         112        ARBITRATION 

mine  differences  between  valuers,  that  would  be  an  "  Arbitration  "  (Re 
Hopper,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  97;  L.  E.  2  Q.  B.  367:  Ee  Dawdy,  sup);  but 
the  differences  must  be  such  as  involve  the  consideration  of  Evidence, 
and  which  differences  must  be  determined  judicially;  for  if  all  that  has 
to  be  done  is  to  fix  a  price  by  the  exercise  of  personal  knowledge  and 
skill,  then  that  is  a  Valuation,  not  an  Arbitration,  and  it  is  not  made  an 
Arbitration  by  reason  merely  of  an  umpire  being  provided  for  and  ap- 
pointed to  adjust  the  price  as  between  the  valuers  {Re  Hammond  and 
Waterton,  62  L.  T.  808;  explaining  Re  Hopper^  and  reconciling  it  with 
Re  Carus' Wilson  and  Greene,  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  530;  18  Q.  B.  D.  7;  55 
L.  T.  846;  35  W.  R.  43).     V.  Valuation. 

A  reference  of  possible  disputes  to  a  Foreign  Court  is  an  agreement  for 
"  Arbitration  '*  within  the  sections  cited  {Law  v.  Garrett,  8  Ch.  D.  2Q), 

The  sections  cited  from  the  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act  were  repealed,  and 
similar  but  wider  provisions  made,  by  the  Arb  Act,  1889:  Vth,  Dis- 
pute: Every. 

A  Clause  to  arbitrate  disputes  will  not  prevent  an  Action  for  a  com- 
pleted  Cause  of  Action  ;  secas,  if  arbitration  is  a  Condition  Precedent 
to  liability  (Add.  C.  77 :   Viney  v.  Norwich  Insrce,  cited  Entitled). 

A  clause  for  arbitration,  in  Partnership  Articles,  does  not  include  a 
question  of  Dissolution  {Joplin  v.  Fostlethwaite,  61  L.  T.  629:  Tumell 
V.  Sanderson,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  703). 

An  arbitration  under  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845  {Re  Dare  Valley  Ry, 
and  Rhodes  v.  Airedale  Co,  cited  Consent),  or  under  s.  180,  P.  H.  Act, 
1875  (Knowles  v.  Bolton,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  253;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  481;  82  L.  T. 
229;  48  W.  R.  433),  is  subject  to  the  power  of  the  Court  to  enlarge  the 
time  for  the  Award  given  by  s.  9,  Arb  Act,  1889. 

Whilst  the  cases  cited  show  the  distinction  between  an  Arbitration 
and  a  Valuation,  we  get  under  the  Arb  Act,  1889,  a  decision  showing  the 
difference  between  an  Arbitration  and  a  Trial  :  thus,  the  reference  of  an 
action  "  to  be  tried  "  by  an  Official  Referee  under  s.  14,  Arb  Act,  1889, 
is  a  reference  for  Trial,  and  is  not  a  "  Compulsory  Reference  to  Arbitra- 
tion," within  s.  8,  Jud.  Act,  1884  {Munday  v.  NoHon,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  403; 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  456;  66  L.  T.  173;  40  W.  R.  355). 

So,  when  a  whole  cause  is  referred  to  a  Special  Referee  under  Ord.  36, 
R.  S.  C,  that  is  a  Trial  {Patten  v.  West  of  England  Iron  Co,  1894, 
2  Q.  B.  159;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  757;  70  L.  T.  908;  42  W.  R.  522). 

An  Agreement  that  disputes  shall  be  referred  to  "  Arbitration,"  with- 
out prescribing  the  number  of  arbitrators,  is  a  submission  to  a  Single 
Arbitrator,  qu&  s.  5,  Arb  Act,  1889  {Re  Eyre  and  Leicester,  cited 
Umpire). 

V.  Award:  Submission:  Equivalent. 

In  interp  clauses,  "Arbitrator"  generally  includes  an  Umpire,  and 
"  Arbitrators  "  a  single  Arbitrator,  e.g.  11  &  12  V.  c.  63,  s.  2;  lb.  c.  112, 
8. 147. 


ARCHBISHOP         118  AREA 

ARCHBISHOP. -^  An  Archbishop  is  a  Metropolitan  Bishop,  and 
resembles  the  Primus  in  the  Scotch  Church  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  20).  He  has 
the  general  Overseership  of  the  Bishops  and  Clergy  of  his  Province 
(1  Bl.  Com.  380). 

Stat.  Dei  —  37  &  38  V.  c.  77,  s.  14.  —Jr  (Archbishop  of  Armagh; 
Archbishop  of  Dublin)  27  &  28  Y.  c.  54,  s.  4. 

ARCHDEACON.  —  An  Archdeacon  holds  a  Dignity  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law, 
128)  in  the  Church  of  England,  working  next  to  a  Bishop.  He  is  usu- 
ally appointed  by  a  Bishop  by  Collation;  but  an  Archdeaconry  may  be 
in  the  gift  of  a  Layman,  who  presents  his  nominee  to  the  Bishop  who 
gives  that  nominee  Admission  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  198).  Quare  impedit 
lies  for  an  Archdeaconry  (Smalwood  v.  Coventry  Bp,^  Cro.  Eliz.  141,  207). 
An  Archdeacon's  function  is  to  assist  the  Bishop  in  his  Overseership. 
''In  general,  the  Archdeacon's  jurisdiction  is  founded  on  Immemorial 
Custom,  in  subordination  to  the  Bishop's ;  and  he  is  to  be  regulated  as  to 
his  Dignity,  Office,  and  Power  according  to  the  law,  usage,  and  custom 
of  his  own  Church  and  Diocese  "  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  200).  Vh  Phil.  Ecc 
Law,  Part  2,  ch.  5,  wh  contains  a  statement  of  the  Modern  Statutes 
affecting  this  Dignity.     Cp,  Rural  Dean. 

Stat.  Def.  —  (Archdeacon)  34  &  35  V.  c.  43,  s.  3;  (Archdeaconry)  55  & 
56  V.  c.  32,  s.  12. 

ARE.  —  "  Now  are  " ;   V.  Now. 

**  Are,"  will  sometimes  be  read  in  a  future  sense  (Re  BaylisSj  17  Sim. 
178).     ^Is. 

AREA.  —  Qui  London  Bg  Act,  1894, "  « Area,'  applied  to  a  Building, 
means  the  Superficies  of  a  horizontal  section  thereof  made  at  the  point  of 
its  greatest  surface,  inclusive  of  the  External  Walls  and  of  such  por- 
tions of  the  Party  Walls  as  belong  to  the  building  "  (subs.  22,  s.  5; 
adopting  the  def  in  Metrop  Bg  Act,  1855,  s.  3,  except  its  concluding 
words,  *^  but  excluding  any  attached  building  the  height  of  which  does 
not  exceed  the  height  of  the  ground-story  "). 

Qui  Electric  Lighting  (Clauses)  Act,  1899,  62  &  63  V.  c  19,  "  '  Area  of 
Supply y*  means,  the  Area  within  which  the  Undertakers  are,  for  the  time 
being,  authorized  to  supply  Energy  under  the  Special  Order  "  (Sch  s.  1). 

**  Area  of  User  "  of  a  Street,  by  a  Public  Authority,  is  the  surface,  — 
and  also  the  soil  beneath  aud  the  space  over  to  such  a  depth  and  height 
as  is  reasonably  necessary  to  enable  such  authority  to  execute  and  per- 
form its  duties  (FareJiam  v.  Smithy  and  other  cases,  cited  Vest). 

"  Betterment  area  " ;   V.  Trade  Interest. 

"  Bridge  area  " ;   V,  Bridge. 

"  Exchange  Area  "  ;   V.  Exchange, 

"  Improvement  area  " ;   V.  Abut. 

F.  Leasehold  area:  Lighthouse:  Local  area:  Highway. 

"  Special  areas  "  ;   V.  Special. 

8 


ARCENTUM  DEI       114  ARISING 

ARQENTUM    DEI.  —  Is  "  God's  Money,  —  i.6.   money   given    in 
Earnest  upon  the  making  of  any  bargain  "  (Cowel). 

ARISE.  —  F.  Br  whose  act. 

The  "  Matter  of  Complaint,"  s.  11,  Sum  Jur  Act,  1848,  arises  when 
the  thing  complained  of  is  complete,  as  distinguished  from  mere  matters 
of  delimination  or  procedure ;  e.g.  the  time  from  which  the  infringement 
of  a  BuiLDiNO  Line  is  to  be  reckoned,  is  the  day  when  the  bg  is  erected 
above  the  ground  so  that  the  bg  projects  be^rond  that  Line,  and  not  from 
the  date  of  the  Superintending  Architect's  Certificate,  although  the  Line 
must  be  delimitated  by  such  Certificate  and  without  it  proceedings  must 
fail  (London  Co.  Co.  v.  Cross,  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  160;  66  L.  T.  731,  recon- 
ciling Pdddington  v.  Snow,  45  L.  T.  475,  with  Spackman  v.  Plumsteady 
cited  General  Line  of  Building).  So,  of  the  erection  of  an  Encroach- 
ment (Banking  v.  Forbes,  34  J.  P.  486),  or  of  a  Party  Wall  contrary  to 
a  Bye  Law  (Marshall  v.  Smith,  42  L.  J.  M.  C.  108;  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  416; 
28  L.  T.  538). 

But  when  a  Demand  has  to  be  made  (Labalnumdiere  v.  Addison,  28 
L.  J.  M.  C.  25 ;  1  E.  &  E.  41 ;  23  J.  P.  261 :  Grece  v.  Huivt,  46  L.  J.  M.  C. 
203;  2  Q.  B.  D.  389;  41  J.  P.  261),  or  a  Time  has  to  expire  (Jacomb  v. 
Dodgson,  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  113;  3  B.  &  S.  461;  27  J.  P.  68:  Mayer  v. 
Harding^  L.  R.  2  Q.  B.  410 ;  9  B.  &  S.  27,  n.  a ;  17  L.  T.  140 ;  32  J.  P.  421), 
before  the  thing  complained  of  is  complete,  the  time  runs  from  the  demand, 
or  the  expiry  of  the  time.     Vf  Morant  v.  Taylor,  cited  Otherwise. 

Of  course,  where  the  Offence  is  a  continuing  one,  —  e.g.  a  Smoke 
Nuisance  (Higgins  v.  Northvnch,  22  L.  T.  752),  or  unlawfully  detaining 
a  Rate  Book  (Mayer  y.  Harding,  sup),  the  Matter  of  Complaint  also  con- 
tinues, and  s.  11  does  not  apply.     F/*  Continuing  Offence. 

As  to  what  is  a  Special  Limitation  of  s.  11,  V.  Morris  v.  Duncan,  cited 
Bkcoveb. 

Cp.  Accrue. 

ARISING.  — "Arising/rom";   F.  Caused  by. 

"Traffic  arising  and  terminating  on  the  Ry,"  in  a  Ry  Act;  held, 
"  Traffic  that  does  not  pass  over  any  other  Ry  "  (Distington  Iron  Co  v. 
Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry,  6  Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  111). 

Loss  "  Arising  off  their  Lines  " ;   V.  Kent  v.  Mid.  Ry,  L.  R.  10  Q.  B.  1. 

"  Arising  out  of  the  Bankruptcy,"  s.  102,  Bankry  Act,  1883;  V.  Re 
Eawke,  Exp.  Scott,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  302;  16  Q.  B.  D.  503;  54  L.  T.  54; 
34  W.  R.  167. 

"  Arising  out  of  the  Employment  " ;   V.  Employment. 

Profits  "  arising  or  accruing  "  in  the  United  Kingdom,  s.  2,  Sch  D., 
Income  Tax  Act,  1853,  mean  Profits  coming  to  the  person's  hands  or 
received  by  him  in  the  United  Kingdom  (Colquhoun  v.  Brooks,  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  53;  14  App.  Ca.  493;  61  L.  T.  518;  38  W.  R.  289;  54  J.  P.  277: 


ARISING  115  ARMY 

Vthc,  London  Bank  of  Mexico  v.  Apt?iorpe,  and  San  Faulo  Ey  v. 
Carter,  cited  Carry  On).     Cp.  Derive,  last  par. 

"  Question  arising";    V.  Question. 

Exception  in  an  Accidental  Insurance  of  Death  from  causes  "  arising 
wit  kin  the  system  of  the  insured  "  ;  V.  Smith  v.  Accident  Insrce,  L.  R. 
6  Ex.  302;  39  L.  J.  Ex.  211 :  Fitton  v.  Accidental  Death  Insrce,  34  L.  J. 
C.  P.  28;  17  C.  B.  N.  S.  122. 

ARM.  —  "  Armed  with  an  Offensive  Weapon  ";   V.  Offensive. 
**  Arm  of  the  Sea  " ;   V.  Creek. 
V.  Arms  :  Loaded  Arm. 

ARMAMENT.  — Quk  Kaval  Defence  Act,  1889,  52  &  63  V.  c.  8, 

**  *  Armament,'  includes  Beserves  as  well  as  Outfit"  (s.  8). 

ARMIGER.—  V.  Esquire. 

ARMORIAL  BEARINGS.— Qud.  Revenue  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  Y. 
c  14,  and  hy  s.  19  (13)  thereof,  — "  *  Armorial  Bearings,'  means  and 
includes,  any  Armorial  Bearing,  Crest,  or  Ensign,  hy  whatever  name  the 
same  shall  be  called,  and  whether  such  Armorial  Bearing,  Crest,  or  En- 
sign shall  be  registered  in  the  College  of  Arms  or  not";  but  a  Public 
Stage  or  Hackney  Carriage  is  exempt  (subs.  15). 

ARMS.—  F.  Arm:  Force. 

"  Armour  and  Arms  " ;    V.  Jacob. 

Name  and  Arms  Clause;   V,  Name. 

Qu^  Peace  Preservation  (Ir)  Act,  1881,  44  &  45  V.  c.  5.  "  •  Arms,' 
includes  any  Cannon,  Gun,  Revolver,  Pistol,  and  any  description  of  Fire 
Arms ;  also  any  Sword,  Cutlass,  Pike,  and  Bayonet ;  also  any  part  of  any 
Arms  as  so  defined  "  (s.  6),  —  a  def  in  great  part  taken  from  s.  4,  33  &  34 
V.  c.  9,  and  adopted  for  Prevention  of  Crime  (Ir)  Act,  1882,  46  &  46  V. 
c  25  (s.  35).     O?.  6  &  7  V.  c.  74,  s.  62. 

Qiih  Military  Manoeuvres  Act,  1882,  45  &  46  V.  c.  10,  "  *  Arms,  Muni- 
tions of  War,  and  Stores,'  includes,  all  matters  and  things  required  for 
the  use  of  the  Forces  to  whom  this  Act  applies,  or  any  part  thereof,  and 
all  Animals  and  Conveyances  used  for  the  conveyance  of  such  matters  or 
things;  also  all  Animals  used  for  the  food  of  the  Forces,  or  any  part 
thereof  "  (s.  11),  adopted  from  34  &  35  V.  c.  97,  s.  11;  35  &  36  V.  c.  64, 
8.13;  36&37  V.  c.  58,  s.  12. 

ARMY.  —  "  Army  Chaplain  ";  Stat.  Def.,  31  &  32  V.  c.  83,  s.  2. 

"  Army  Reserve  Force  ";  Stat.  Def.,  34  &  35  V.  c.  86,  s.  19;  42  & 
43  V.  c.  33,  s.  181;  44  &  45  V.  c.  58,  s.  190  (10);  45  &  46  V.  c.  48, 
8.28. 

"Army  School";  Stat.  Def.,  54  c&  55  V.  c.  16,  s.  1. 


AROSE  116  ARRAY 

AROSE.  —  V.  Abisk. 

AROUND.  — '' An  agreement  to  furnish  granite  for  a  mason  to  set 
by  delivering  it  '  on  and  around  the  site '  of  the  building,  is  not  per- 
formed by  delivering  it  at  a  corner  of  the  site:  McOowan  v.  United 
States,  21  Ct.  of  CI.  476;  U.  S.  Dig.  125"  (1  Hudson,  138). 

ARPEN S.  —  "  *  Arpens, '  or  *  Arpen/  —  an  Acbb  "  (Cowel). 

ARRAIGN.  — ''  ^  Arraine/  is  to  put  a  thing  in  order,  or  in  his  place; 
as  a  Prisoner  is  said  to  be  arraigned  when  he  is  indicted  and  put  to  his 
trial  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  ^*  No  man  is  said  to  be  arraigned,  but  merely 
at  the  suit  of  the  King,  upon  an  enditement  found  against  him,  or  other 
record  wherewith  he  is  charged.  And  there  the  Arraignment  of  the 
prisoner  is  to  take  order  that  he  appeare,  and,  for  the  certainty  of  the 
person,  to  hold  up  his  hand,  and  to  plead  a  sufficient  plea  to  the  endite- 
ment or  other  record,  whereupon  they  which  follow  for  the  King  may 
orderly  proceed  "  (Co.  Litt.  263  a).  Holding  up  the  hand  is  now  dis- 
pensed with:   FA  1  Encyc.  327. 

ARRANGE.—  V.  Negotiate. 
**  Arrange  Loans  " ;   F.  Loan. 

ARRANGEMENT.  —  "  The  term  '  Arrangement '  is  a  very  wide  and 
indefinite  one  "  (per  Parke,  B.,  Manning  v.  Eastern  Counties  Ev,  13 
L.  J.  Ex.  265;  12  M.  &  W.  237);  in  whc  it  was  held  that  a  verdict 
of  a  jury,  on  a  claim  for  compensation  against  a  Ky  Co  and  receipt 
of  compensation  under  such  verdict,  was  an  "  Arrangement  with  "  the 
Co. 

"Arrangement,"  identical  with  Agreement  in  writing  {Cave  v.  Hast- 
ingsy  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  575;  7  Q.  B.  D.  125).      F.  Balance. 

"The  natural  meaning  of  *  Arrangement'  is,  setting  in  order  ";  but  it 
comprehends  Composition  with  Crs  (per  Jervis,  C.  J.,  Tetley  v.  Taylor, 
1  E.  &  B.  640). 

A  testamentary  power  enabling  Trustees  to  wind-up  testator's  affairs 
"  and  in  so  doing  to  make  any  Sales  and  Arrangements  they  shall  judge 
expedient,"  authorizes  them  to  give  a  mortgage  on  the  realty  {Re  Jones, 
Dutton  V.  Brookfield,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  31 ;  38  W.  R.  90;  61  L.  T.  661). 

"  Arrangement  for  using,  &c,  Steam  Vessels  ";    V.  Using. 

V,  Composition  :  Compromise  :  Scheme  :  Family  Arrangement  : 
Deed. 

Stat.  Def.  —  31  &  32  V.  c.  68,  s.  2.-'Ir  (Arranging  Debtor)  35  &  36 
V.  c.  58,  s.  4. 

ARRAY.  —  "  And  herein  you  shall  understand,  that  the  jurors'  names 
are  ranked  in  the  pannel  one  under  another;  which  order  or  ranking  the 
jurie  is  called  the  Array,  and  the  verba,  to  array  the  jurie;  and  so  we  say 
in  common  speech,  battaile  array  for  the  order  of  the  battaile  "  (Co.  Litt. 
156  a).     Vf  Termes  de  la  Ley. 


ARREARS  117  ARRIVE 

ARREARS.  —  The  bequest  of  "  Arrears  "  of  a  Debt,  will  only  pass  the 
interest  in  arrear,  and  not  the  principal  (Wms.  Exs.  1064,  citing  Hawr 
ilton  V.  Llaydj  2  Ves.  416). 

Bequest  of  "  Arrears  "  of  Rents,  will  not  pass  rents  which,  at  the  death, 
are  in  the  hands  of  testator's  Agent  (per  Smith,  L.  J.,  Me  Cleveland^ 
1894,  1  Ch.  172;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  119). 

*•  Arrears  of  Rent  and  Interest "  j  V.  ffele  v.  Gilbert,  2  Ves.  430. 

ARREST.  — **  'Arrest,'  is  when  one  is  taken  and  restrained  from  his 
liberty  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).      Vh  1  Encyc.  328-^31. 

**  Arrest  of  GoodSj"  in  a  Marine  Policy,  "  is  a  taking  with  the  intention 
of  restoring  them  at  one  time  or  another  "  (per  Brett,  J.,  Rodocanachi 
V.  miioH,  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  659;  42  L.  J.  C.  P.  264:  Vhl  Maude  &P.  488) ; 
and  is  equivalent  to  Seizure  (Johneton  v.  Hogg,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  343). 

Arrest  of  Ship, ''  is  the  method  of  enforcing  the  Admiralty  process  in 
rem,  whether  that  process  be  founded  on  a  Maritime  Lien,  or  a  Claim 
against  the  Ship  "  (1  Encyc.  331).     FjT  Wms.  &  Bruce,  Part  2,  ch.  1. 

Vessel  "  Under  Arrest";  V.  The  Normandy,  18  W.  R.  903:  The 
NoHhumbria,  lb.  356;  L.  R.  8  A.  &  E.  24;  39  L.  J.  A.  &  E.  24;  21 
L.  T.  683. 

V,  Restraints  of  Kings. 

An  Arrest  of  a  Person,  by  a  duly  authorized  Officer,  is  accomplished 
if  the  Officer  lawfully  touch  him;  the  power  of  effecting  actual  Capture 
is  not  essential  (Sandon  v.  Jervis,  6  W.  R.  690;  31  L.  T.  0.  S.  235). 

"  To  move  or  plead  in  Arrest  of  Judgment,  is  to  shew  cause  why  jdgmt 
should  be  stayed,  though  there  be  a  verdict  in  the  case  "  (Cowel). 

"Arresting  Authority";  Stat.  Del,  Mail  Ships  Act,  1891,  54  &  55 
V.  c.  31,  s.  9. 

ARRIVE.  —  Condition  of  Legacy,  that  legatee  "arrive  "  at  a  place; 
V,  Burgess  v.  Robinson,  cited  Return. 

"  It  appears  on  a  review  of  the  result  of  the  decisions  on  Controls  of 
Sales  *  to  arrive ' : 

"  1st.  Where  the  language  is  that  goods  are  sold  '  on  arrival '  per  ship 
A,  or  ex  ship  A,  or  to  arrive  per  ship  A,  or  ex  ship  A  (for  these  two  ex- 
pressions mean  precisely  the  same  thing)  it  imports  a  double  Condition 
Precedent,  viz.,  that  the  ship  named  shall  arrive,  and  that  the  goods  sold 
shall  be  on  board  on  her  arrival. 

"  2nd.  Where  the  language  asserts  the  goods  to  be  on  board  of  the  ves- 
sel named,  as  '1170  bales  now  on  passage,  and  expected  to  arrive  per 
ship  A,'  or  other  terms  of  like  import,  there  is  a  Warranty  that  the  goods 
are  on  board,  and  a  single  Condition  Precedent,  to  wit  the  arrival  of  the 
vessel.     F.  Expbcted  to  arrive. 

"  3rd.  The  Condition  Precedent  that  the  goods  shall  arrive  by  the  vessel 
will  not  be  fulfilled  by  the  arrival  of  goods  answering  the  description  of 
those  sold,  but  not  consigned  to  the  vendor,  and  with  which  he  did  not 


ARRIVE  118  ART 


affect  to  deal;  hut,  sembie,  the  condition  will  be  fulfilled  if  the  goods 
which  arrive  are  the  same  that  the  vendor  intended  to  sell,  in  the  expec- 
tation, which  turns  out  to  be  unfounded,  that  they  would  be  consigned 
to  him."  (Benj.  566,  567,  citing  ^^e^ll  v.  Whitwarth,  18  C.  B.  IS".  S- 
435;  34  L.  J.  C.  P.  155). 

"  When  goods  are  to  be  sold  on  a  Condition  to  take  effect  at  some 
future  time,  I  agree  in  thinking  that  it  is  more  rational  to  construe  the 
words  *  to  arrive  '  in  the  light  of  a  Condition  than  as  amounting  to  a  War- 
ranty "  (per  Alderson,  B.,  Johnson  v.  Macdonald,  9  M.  &  W.  606 ;  12 
L.  J.  Ex.  99). 

A  Ship  is  an  "  Arrived  Ship,  "  and  "  Ready  '*  to  discharge,  so  that  Lay 
Days  begin  to  run ;  —  (1)  Where  the  Place  named  for  Discharge  is  a 
Port,  —  when  she  is  at  the  usual  place  of  discharge  in  the  Port  (Brere^ 
ton  V.  Chapman,  7  Bing.  559:  Kell  v.  Anderson,  12  L.  J.  Ex.  101;  10 
M.  &  W.  498) :  —  (2)  Where  the  Place  of  Discharge  is  a  Dock,  —  when 
she  is  anywhere  in  that  Dock  (Monsen  v.  Macfarlane,  1895,  2  Q.  B. 
562;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  57;  73  L.  T.  548) :  —  (3)  Where  she  is  to  discharge 
from  a  named  Berth,  or  a  Berth  is  to  be  named  by  the  Charterers 
e.g.  "  as  ordered  " ;  Vh  Order,  towards  end),  —  when  she  reaches  such 
Berth  {Tapscott  v.  Balfour,  42  L.  J.  C.  P.  16;  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  46: 
Dahl  V.  Nelson,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  411 ;  6  App.  Ca.  38;  44  L.  T.  381 ;  29 
W.  R.  543:  Tharsis  Co  v.  Morel  Co,  1891,  2  Q.  B.  647;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
11;  40  W.  R.  58:  Sanders  v.  Jenkins,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  93 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
40;  2  Com.  Ca.  12;  13  Times  Rep.  24).  Vf  Abbott,  278  et  seq: 
Convoy:  Liverpool. 

"  On  arrival  "  and  "  to  arrive  "  mean  the  same  thing  (per  Parke,  B., 
Johnson  v.  Macdonald,  9  M.  &  W.  601;  12  L.  J.  Ex.  99). 

"  After  Arrival  " ;  V.  Lindsay  v.  Janson,  28  L.  J.  Ex.  315;  4  H.  &  X. 
699:  Lidgett  v.  Secretan,  L.  R.  5  C.  P.  190;  39  L.  J.  C.  P.  196;  L.  R. 
6  C.  P.  616;  40  L.  J.  C.  P.  257. 

Vf  Blackb.  230,  239:  Benj.  560:  Montgomery  v.  Middleton,  13  Tr. 
C.  L.  Rep.  173:  Non- Arrival:  Actual  Arrival. 

ARSENIC.  —  Quk  Arsenic  Act,  1851,  14  &  15  V.  c.  13,  "  Arsenic  " 
includes  "  Arsenious  Acid  and  the  Arsenites,  Arsenic  Acid  and  the  Arseni- 
ates,  and  all  other  colourless,  poisonous,  preparations  of  Arsenic  "  (s.  6). 

ARSON.  —  For  a  statement  of  the  Stat.  Def.  of  Arson  in  24  &  25  V. 
c.  97,  V.  Steph.  Cr.  Zl%etseq,  FjTArch.  Cr.  616:  Rose.  Cr.  248-259: 
1  Encyc.  332-^4. 

V,  Set  Fire  :  Incendiarism. 

ART. — An  "Art,  Mystery,  or  Manual  OcctTPATiON,"  which,  by 
8.  31,  5  Eliz.  c.  4,  could  not  be  "used  or  exercised"  without  a  prior 
apprenticeship,  comprised  the  Trade  of  a  Brewer ;  for  though  a  Brewer 
was  not  a  Handicraftsman,  within  22  H.  8,  c.  13,  yet  "  *  Art,  or  Mys- 


ART  119  ARTICLE 

tery,'  is  more  general  than  *  Handicraft,'  for  that  is  restrained  to  Manu- 
factures/' and  the  intent  of  5  Eliz.  was  ''  that  none  should  take  upon  him 
any  Art,  Mystery,  or  Manual  Occupation  but  such  in  which  he  had  skill 
and  knowledge;  and  it  is  very  necessary  that  Brewers  should  have  skill 
and  knowledge  in  brewing  good  and  wholesome  beer,  for  that  doth  much 
conduce  to  men's  health  "  (jCUy  of  London  Case,  8  Rep.  129, 130).  But 
he  who  baked  or  brewed  &cfor  his  own  use,  did  not  require  apprentice- 
ship, "because  every  housewife  brews  for  her  private  use"  (lb.).  An 
unapprenticed  Sleeping  Partner  in  a  Brewery  conducted  by  his  appren- 
ticed partner,  was  not  within  the  Act,  because  the  trade  was  not  "  Exer- 
cised "  by  him  {Rnynard  v.  Chase,  1  Burr.  2,  —  a  decision  always 
adhered  to,  V.  n.  to  B.  v.  Kilderhy^  1  Wms.  Saund.  312).  The  work  of 
a  Tailor  was  an  "  Art  "  within  the  Act  {Ipswich  Tailors  Case,  11  Rep. 
53);  secus,  that  of  a  Hemp-Dresser  (JR.  v.  Fredland,  Cro.  Car.  499). 
Note*  By  s.  1,  54  6.  3,  c.  96,  s.  31,  5  Eliz.  c.  4,  was  repealed  as  from 
Ist  May,  1815.     V.  Trade  :  Science  :  Use. 

ARTICLE. — A  horse  is  an  "Article"  within  s.  25,  Llandaff  and 
Canton  District  Markets  Act,  1858,  21  &  22  V.  c.  cv.  (Llandaff  Market 
Co  V.  Lyndon,  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  105 ;  8  C.  B.  K  S.  515). 

Stock  in  the  funds,  held  not  included  in  a  bequest  of  "every  other 
Article  belonging  to  me  both  in  and  out  of  my  house  and  which  may  not 
be  herein  mentioned"  (Collier  v.  Squire,  3  Russ.  467). 

"  Any  other  Article  or  Thing,"  in  s.  37,  Prison  Act,  1866,  is  not  to 
be  read  ejusdem  generis  with  the  preceding  enumeration,  but  means  any 
other  Article  or  Thing  of  any  other  kind,  sort,  or  description  whatsoever, 
e,g.  a  crowbar  (B.  v.  Payne,  35  L.  J.  M.  C.  170;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  27). 

SemJble,  a  ship  is  not  an  "  Article ''  within  the  def  in  s.  3  (7),  30  &  31 
V.  c.  103,  by  which  "  Manufacturing  Process  "  is  defined  to  mean  any 
Manual  Labour  exercised  by  way  of  trade,  or  for  purposes  of  gain,  in 
or  incidental  to  the  waking  of  any  Article,  or  part  of  an  article,  or  in  or 
incidental  to  the  altering,  repairing,  ornamenting,  finishing,  or  otherwise 
adapting  for  sale  any  Article  (Palmer  Shipbuilding  Co  v.  Chaytor,  38 
L.  J.  M.  C.  63;  10  B.  &  S.  177;  L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  209). 

Article  of  Food;  V.  Article  Demanded:  Food.  Stat.  Def.,  (Article 
of  Food,  or  Drink)  23  &  24  V.  c.  84,  s.  14. 

"  Article  of  Manufacture  " ;  V.  Heywood  v.  Potter,  22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  133; 
1  E.  &  B.  439:  Gillespie  v.  Cheney,  inf.     Stat.  Def.,  2  &  3  V.  c.  17, 

8.1. 

"Article  of  Sculpture"-,  Stat.  Def.,  7  &  8  V.  c.  12,  s.  20. 
"  Articles  " ;  V.  Covenant. 

"  Articles  of  Clerkship  ";  Stat.  Def.,  51  &  52  V.  c.  65,  s.  4. 
"  Articles  of  War  ";  Stat.  Def.,  30  &  31 V.  c.  Ill,  s.  2;     38  &  39  V. 
c.  69,  s.  2. 
"Articles,  Matters,  and  Things/'  in  a  Lease,  "indicate  Moveable 


ARTICLE  120  ARTIFICER 

Chattels  "  (per  Erie,  C.  J-,  Garton  v.   Gregaryy  31  L.  J.  Q.  B.  302; 
3  B.  &  S.  90). 

"  Specified  Article,  under  its  Patent  or  other  Trade  Name,"  proviso  to 
8. 14  (1),  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "  does  not  apply  to  raw  commodities, 
or  materials,  but  to  Manufactured  Articles  "  (per  Russell,  C.  J.,  Gillespie 
V.  Chmey,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  59;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  652;  1  Com.  Ca.  373). 

ARTICLE  DEMANDED. —"The  'Article  demanded/ —  s.  6, 
Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  1876,  38  &  39  V.  c.  63,  —  must  be  held  to 
be,  the  Article  meant  by  an  ordinary  purchaser  to  be  obtained,  —  not  in 
any  scientific  definition  "  (^Morton  v.  Green,  4  Couper's  Justiciary  Rep. 
469:  White  v.  Bywater,  19  Q.  B.  D.  582;  61  J.  P.  821;  3  Times  Eep, 
631).  But  the  section  is  not  limited  in  its  application  to  adulterated 
articles  (Knight  v.  Bowers,  14  Q.  B.  D.  846;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  108). 

Vh.  Coffee  Case,  Higgins  v.  Hally  60  J.  P.  788:  Milk  Case,  Lane  v. 
Collinsy  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  76;  14  Q.  B.  D.  193;  33  W.  E.  366;  49  J.  P. 
88;  62  L.  T.  267:  Mustard  Case,  Harder  v.  Grainger,  44  J.  P.  188: 
Tincture  of  Opium  Case,  White  v.  Bywater,  sup. 

Note.  The  **  Article  "  to  be  divided,  under  s.  14  of  the  Act  cited, 
must  be  the  very  one  purchased;  the  piirchaser  cannot  mix  up  several 
lots  and  divide  the  aggregate,  even  though  the  lots  be  in  small  bottles 
of  apparently  identical  stuff  (Mason  r.  Cowdary,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  419; 
69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  667;  82  L.  T.  402;  49  W.  R.  28:  64  J.  P.  662). 
V,  Sample. 

F.  Natueb:  Prejudice  of  Purchaser. 

ARTIFICER.  —  "  An  '  Artificer '  is  a  skilled  workman  "  (per  Brett, 
L.  J.,  Morgan  v.  Lond.  Gen,  Omnibus  Co,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  362;  13  Q.  B.  D. 
832) :  one  who  makes  something,  as  distinguished  from  one  who  only 
does  something,  e,g,  a  Hairdresser  is  not  an  artificer,  because  he  only 
does  something  (Palmer  v.  Snow,  cited  Trade).  V.  Handicraftsman  : 
Labourer:  Mechanic:  Workman:  Merchant. 

A  designer  of  patterns  for  a  calico-printer  was  held  an  "  Artificer " 
within  the  repealed  statute,  4  G.  4,  c.  34,  s.  3  (^aj  p.  Ormerodj  13  L.  J. 
M.  C.  73;  1  Dowl.  &  L.  825).  In  that  case  Williams,  J.  (as  reported 
in  Dowl.  &  L.),  said,  —  "I  cannot  conceive  that  the  word  *  Artificer  *  only 
applies  to  persons  engaged  in  such  occupations  as  require  merely  Manual 
LABOUR.  The  party  who  makes  this  application  to  the  court,  himself 
states  that  he  is  a  '  pattern  designer,'  a  person  in  fact  who  makes  the 
drawing  of  the  pattern,  which  is  then  engraved  on  the  printing  rollers, 
and,  subsequently,  transferred  in  colours  to  the  fabric  itself.  He  is  there- 
fore the  party  who  sets  all  in  motion.  He  contributes  in  the  most  mate- 
rial degree  to  the  printing  of  calico,  and  may  therefore,  I  think,  be 
properly  included  under  the  term  *  Artificer.*  "  As  reported  in  the  Law 
Journal,  Williams,  J.,  commenced  these  observations  thus :  —  "I cannot 
conceive  that  the  term  'Artificer,'  used  in  the  statute,  is  confined  to  those 


ARTIFICER  121       ARUNDINETUM 

instances  only  in  which  great  Manual  Labour  is  required."  But  whether 
"  merely,"  or  "  great,"  were  the  word  used  by  that  learned  judge,  there  can 
be  little  doubt  that  the  personal  exercise  of  some  manual  labour,  and  that 
of  a  skilled  kind,  is  essential  to  the  term  "  Artificer."  And  under  the 
statute  last  cited,  a  Journeyman  Tailor  {Exp,  Gordon^  25  L.  J.  M.  G. 
12)  was  an  "Artificer."  Nor  would  an  "Artificer  or  Handicraftsman  " 
be  less  so,  under  that  statute,  because  at  liberty  to  employ  other  work* 
men  under  him  {Lawrence  v.  Toddy  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  238;  14  C.  B.  N.  S. 
554:   Whiieley  v.  Armitage,  13  W.  E.  144). 

But  though  Erie,  J.,  said  (in  Lawrence  v.  Todd,  sup),  that  the  Truck 
Act,  1831,  was  in  part  materid  with  4  G.  4,  c.  34,  and  though,  of  course, 
the  kind  of  work  which  would  make  a  man  an  "  Artificer  "  would  be  the 
same  for  the  purposes  of  each  Act,  yet  —  (notwithstanding  such  cases  as 
that  of  the  Butty  colliers,  Bowers  v.  Lovekin,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  371 ;  6  E. 
&  B.  584;  4  W.  R.  600;  27  L.  T.  0.  S.  168;  or  of  the  Collier  having 
liberty  to  employ  others  under  him.  Weaver  y.  Floydy  21  L.  J.  Q.  B.  151), 
—  the  principle  of  Latmrence  y.  Todd  is  not,  generally,  applicable  to  the 
Truck  Act,  and  an  **  Artificer,"  labourer,  or  other  person  within  that  Act 
must  be  one  who  contracts  for  his  own  labour  exclusively,  as  distinguished 
from  one  who  contracts  to  supply  the  result  of  the  labour  of  others,  or  of 
himself  and  others  {Ingram  v.  Bat-nes,  26  L.  J.  Q.  B.  82,  319;  7  E.  &  B. 
132;  5  W.  R.  232,  726;  29  L.  T.  0.  8.  297;  21  J.  P.  822:  Sleeman  v. 
Barrett,  33  L.  J.  Ex.  153;  2  H.  &  C.  934;  12  W.  R.  411 ;  9  L.  T.  834; 
28  J.  P.  232;  establishing  Biley  v.  Warden,  18  L.  J.  Ex.  120;  2  Ex. 
59;  10  L.  T.  0.  S.  420,  and  Sherman  v.  Sanders,  22  L.  J.  C.  P.  86;  13 
C.  B.  166;  1  W.  R.  152;  20  L.  T.  0.  S.  247:  Vh,  Chawner  v.  Cum- 
mings,  15  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161;  8  Q.  B.  311);  but  if  the  contract  does  not 
contemplate  the  sub-employment  of  others,  but  enables  the  employer 
whenever  he  chooses  to  require  the  employee  to  devote  his  own  labour  to 
the  work,  such  an  employee  may  be  an  "  Artificer  "  within  the  Truck 
Act  though  he  may  have  the  opportunity  {e.g.  by  taking  the  work  home) 
of  being  assisted  in  his  work  by  others  (PUlar  v.  Llynvi  Co,  38  L.  J. 
C.  P.  294;  L.  R.  4  C.  P.  752;  17  W.  R.  1123;  20  L.  T.  923). 

**  All  Workmen,  Labourers,  and  other  persons,  in  any  manner  engaged 
in  the  performance  of  any  Employment,  or  Operation,  of  what  nature 
soever,  in  or  about  the  Hosiery  Manufacture,  shall  be,  and  be  deemed, 
« Artificers,'  "  within  the  Hosiery  Manufacture  (Wages)  Act,  1874,  37  & 
38  V.  c.  48  (8.  7). 

ARTIFICIAL.  — "Artificial  raising  of  temperature";  Stat.  Def.,  52 
ft  53  V.  c.  62,  8.  4 

ARTIZAN.  —  Is,  probably,  a  synonym  for  Artiftceh. 
An  Estate  Agent  is  not  an  "  Artizan,"  within  s.  2b  (10),  8.  L.  Act, 
1882  (per  Lopes,  L.  J.,  Re  Gerard,  1893,  3  Ch.  252  ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  23). 

ARUNDINETUM.  — "Where  reeds  grow"  (Co.  Litt.  4  b). 


AS  122     AS  CROW  FLIES 

AS-  —  r.  As  AND  WHEN :  When. 

This  word  is  sometimes  used  as  an  exempli  gratia  (  F".  1  Jarm.  753,  n), 
or,  as  Ld  Coke  phrases  it,  as  "  similitudinarj  "  (Co.  Litt.  43  b) ;  but 
sometimes  it  is  to  be  understood  positively   (lb.  17  b). 

But  frequently  "  as  "  means,  as  if  something  was  that  which  it  is  not, 
e.  g.  a  Hall  or  Office  shall  be  subject  to  House  Duty  "  as, "  —  i.e.  as  if  it 
were, — an  Inhabited  House,  Sch  B.  R.  6,  House  Tax  Act,  1808 
(Styles  V.  Middle  Temple^  cited  Hall). 

AS  A  TRADER.  —  Notwithstanding  what  Bacon,  V.  C,  is  reported 
to  have  said  in  The  Colonial  Bank  v.  Whinney  (51  L.  T.  354),  this 
phrase  is  not  identical  with  "  in  the  course  of  his  trade  or  business  "  {Re 
Jenkinsony  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  602). 

V.  In  his  Trade  ob  Business. 

AS  AFORESAID.— r.  Afobesaid. 

AS  ALLEGED. — A  pleading  denying  terms  of  agreement  ''as 
alleged "  is  evasive  (Thorp  v.  Moldsworth,  3  Ch.  D.  637 ;  45  L.  J. 
Ch.  406). 

AS  AND  WHEN.  — Gift  to  or  for  Children,  to  be  paid  "as  and 
when  "  attaining  21;  —  "the  words  *as  and  when  '  are  ambiguous,  and 
are  not  to  be  treated,  as  indeed  grammatically  they  could  not  be  treated, 
as  equivalent  to  a  gift  to  such  of  the  children  as  should  attain  the  age 
of  21  years,  in  which  case  the  attaioment  of  that  age  would  be  made  a 
Condition  Precedent  to  the  acquisition  of  the  right  to  the  legacy  "  (per 
Eomilly,  M.  E.,  Fearman  v.  Fearman,  33  Bea.  396).  But  if  there  be 
no  direct  gift  to  the  Children,  then  "  as  and  when,"  or  "  when  and  as," 
will,  generally,  connote  a  Condition  Precedent  ( Gardiner  v.  Slater,  25 
Bea.  509). 

"  '  When  and  as  '  means  '  as  soon  as, ' "  quk  time  for  executing  a  Power 
(per  Monroe,  J.,  Be  Creagh,  25  L.  R.  Ir.  142). 

AS   BEFORE.  — F.  Aforesaid. 

AS  COUNSEL  SHALL  ADVISE.— A  covenant  for  Further 
Assurance  "  as  Counsel  shall  advise, "  refers  to  the  Counsel  of  the  cove- 
nantee (Higginhottom^ 8  Case^  5  Rep.  19),  but  not  the  covenantee  him- 
self "  although  he  be  learned  in  the  law  "  (RoseweVs  Case,  lb.) :  Vf 
Elph.  493,  494 

"  A  Direction  to  Settle  <  as  Counsel  shall  advise,'  affords  a  strong  indi- 
cation that  the  trusts  are  executory  "  (Elph.  633,  citing  White  r.  Carter, 
2  Amb.  670;  2  Eden,  366:  Vh  obs  by  Sugden,  C,  Rochfort  v.  Fitz- 
maurice,  2  Dr.  &  War.  21,  quoted  Elph.  534). 

AS   CROW   FLIES.— r.  Distance. 


AS  CUSTOMARY       123         AS  OFTEN  AS 

AS   CUSTOMARY.— r.  Customary. 

AS  DESCRIBED.  —  V.  Noseworthy  v.  Buckland,  43 L.  J.  C.  P.  27; 
L.  R.  9  C.  P.  233:  Hinks  v.  Safety  Lighting  Co,  4  Ch.  D.  607. 

Invention  "  as  herein  described  " ;  F.  Thomas  v.  Welch,  L.  R.  1  C.  P. 
192. 

AS  DEVISED V.  Cooch  v.  Walden,  46  L.  J.  Cb.  639. 

AS  FAR  AS. —  F.  So  fab  as:  Applicable:  Possible. 

AS  FAST  AS.  —  F.  Customary. 

AS  FOLLOWS.—  F.  Re  Hunt  and  Pennington,  57  L.  T.  874. 

AS  HELD.  —  Agreement  to  sell  property  "  as  I  bold  tlie  same  ";  F. 
Spratt  V.  Jeffertj,  10  B.  &  C.  249. 

AS  IF.  —  "  As  if  this  Act  bad  not  been  made  " ;  F.  Notwithstanding. 

"  As  if  be  bad  agreed  ";    F.  Agreed. 

"  As  if  be  was  naturally  dead  " ;    F.  Dead. 

"  As  if  sbe  were  a  Feme  Sole  ";    F.  Feme. 

AS  IN  OTHER  CASES.  —  R.  31,  Ord.  16,  R.  S.  C. ;  Vh  Ann.  Pr. 

AS  IT  STAN  DS.  —  A  contract  to  take,  e,g.  a  Cargo,  "  as  it  stands  " 
(tbougb  it  specify  a  quantity),  means  tbat  tbe  cargo  is  "  to  be  taken  by 
tbe  purchaser  for  better  for  worse,  for  less  or  for  more  "  (per  Campbell, 
C.  J.,  Covas  V.  Bingham,  23  L.  J.  Q.  B.  29;  2  E.  &  B.  836;  Vth  Benj. 
565). 

AS  LONG   AS.  —  F.  QuAMDiu. 

AS  MAY   BE   PAID.— F.  Paid:  Pay. 

AS  NEAR  AS.—  F.  So  far  as. 

AS  NEAR  THERETO.  —  F.  Near  thereto  as  she  may  safely 

GET. 

AS   NEARLY  AS   POSSIBLE.— F.  Nearly  as  possible. 

AS   OCCUPIED.—  F.  Occupation. 

AS   OF.  —  "In,  or  as  of  "  a  Term;  e.g.  in  a  Warrant  of  Attorney 
to  sign  judgment;   F.  Aleock  v.  Sutcliffe,  16  L.  J.  Q.  B.  129. 
"As  of  Fee";   F.  Elpb.  572,  n. 
"  As  of  Rigbt ";   F.  Right. 

AS  OFTEN  AS.  —  As  to  tbe  value  of  this  phrase  in  a  covenant  for 
renewal  of  a  Lease,  and  as  to  its  inefficiency  to  give  the  right  to  a  per- 
petual renewal ;    F.  Swinburne  v.  Milbum,  cited  Renewal. 


AS  ORDERED         124  AS  THE  LAW 

AS  ORDERED.  —  Deliver  cargo  "  as  ordered  "5  F.  TapncoU  v.  Bal^ 
fouvy  Dahl  V.  Nelson,  and  Tharsis  Co  v.  Morell  Co,  cited  Arrite  r 
Dobell  V.  Green,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  526;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  454;  82  L.  T.  314; 
5  Com.  Ca.  161.      Ff  Order,  towards  end. 

AS  PER  CHARTER-PARTY.  —  F.  Smidtv.  Tiden,  cited  Freight, 
at  end. 

AS  REQUIRED.  — <' It  was  held  no  defence  to  an  action  by  the 
buyer  for  non-delivery  *as  Eequired,'  that  he  had  not  requested  delivery 
within  a  reasonable  time  "  (Benj.  691,  citing  cTbne^  v.  Gibbons,  8  Ex.  920; 
22L.  J.  Ex.  347). 

AS  SECRETARY.  —  F  Secretary. 

AS  SOLICITOR.  — An  Undertaking  in  this  form,  — "We,  as  so- 
licitors to  A,  undertake  to  pay"  &c,  binds  the  signatory  personally;  for 
many  persons  will  deal  with  Solrs  who  will  not  deal  with  the  Client,  and 
besides  Solrs  have  no  power,  as  Solrs,  to  pledge  the  credit  of  their  Clients, 
and  the  term  **  as  Solrs  "  is  merely  descriptive  of  the  character  they  fill 
(Burrell  v.  Jones,  3  B.  &  Aid.  47). 

AS  SOON  AS. —  F.  As  and  when:  Able:  Immediately:  Pos- 
sible: When. 

AS  SUCH.  —  Notice  of  a  prejudicial  instrument,  &c,  to  counsel, 
solicitor  or  agent  "as  such,"  s.  3,  Conv.  Act,  1882,  means  notice  to 
counsel,  &c,  in  and  during  the  transaction  sought  to  be  affected  (^Be 
Cousins,  cited  Comb  to). 

Leaseholds,  though  specifically  bequeathed,  "  pass  to  the  Exor,  ds  such, " 
ss.  9  (1),  14  (1),  Finance  Act,  1894;  and,  therefore.  Estate  Duty  thereon  is 
payable  out  of  Residue,  and  not  by  the  Specific  Legatees  (Be  Culverhouse, 
1896,  2  Ch.  251;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  484;  74  L.  T.  347;  45  W.  R.  10).  An 
Appointed  Fund,  though  it  does  not  pass  to  the  Exor  "as  such,"  will 
escape  the  Duty  as  a  "  Testamentary  Expense  "  if  the  Exor  is  directed 
to  pay  such  expenses  {Be  Treasure,  cited  Testamentary  Expenses). 

F  By  Virtue  :  Ecclesiastical  Charity. 

AS   TENANT.  —  F  Tenant. 

AS  THE  CASE  REQUIRES-— F.  per  Esher,  M.R.,  ^aw/irfaenf/Z 
V.  American  Tobacco  Co,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  347;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  280;  71  L.  T. 
864;  43  W.  R.  261:  Produced. 

Vf  In  Case. 

AS  THE  CROW  FLIES.  —  F.  Distance. 

AS  THE   LAW   DIRECTS.— F  JFVeZrfen  v.  i<«Airor^A,  cited  Re- 

LATIONS. 


AS  THE  QUEEN       125  ASSART 

AS  THE  QUEEN  DIRECTS.  — Qu^  South  Africa  Act,  1877,  40 
&  41  V.  c.  47,  **  ^  As  the  Queen  may  direct ' ;  means,  as  Her  Majesty  may 
direct  by  any  Order  in  Council  issued  in  pursuance  of  s.  3  of  this  Act, 
but  not  otherwise  *'  (s.  61)  • 

AS  THEY  SHALL  THINK  FIT.— F.  If  they  shall  think  fit. 

AS  TO.  —  "  As  to  "  does  not  necessarily  mark  the  commencement  of 
an  independent  sentence  (Gordon  v.  Gordon^  L.  R.  6  H.  L.  254). 

AS  UNADULTERATED.  —  The  offence  of  selling  Food  or  Drink 
"  as  unadulterated, ''  s.  2,  35  &  36  Y.  c.  74,  does  not  need  an  express  rep- 
resentation for  its  completion ;  to  supply  on  sale  an  article,  e,g.  Butter, 
which  ought  to  be  unadulterated,  is  to  sell  it  ''as  unadulterated"  {Fitz^ 
Patrick  v.  Kelly,  42  L.  J.  M.  C.  132;  L.  R.  8  Q.  B.  337). 

ASCERTAINED. —  This  word  has  two  meanings,  (1)  "known," 
(2)  "made  certain"  {Sidebottom  v.  Sidebottom,  L.  R.  2  P.  &  D.  365; 
41  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  23).  In  that  case,  as  used  in  a  Residuary  Clause, 
it  was  construed  "  made  certain." 

Where  money  to  be  paid,  or  service  to  be  rendered,  has  "  to  be  ascer- 
tained "  in  a  certain  way,  "  the  words  *  to  be  ascertained '  are  very  strong 
words,  and  they  look  very  like  a  Condition  Precedent  "  (per  Crompton,  J., 
Braunstein  v.  Accidental  Insrce^  31  L.  J.  Q.  B.  24). 

V,  Cannot. 

ASHES. —  V.  Dust:  Rubbish:  Refuse. 

ASHPIT. —  Qui  the  Public  Health  Acte  for  England,  "Ashpit," 
"  hicludes  any  aslitub,  or  other  receptacle  for  the  deposit  of  ashes,  faecal 
matter,  or  refuse  "  (s.  11  (1),  53  &  54  V.  c.  59) ;  qui  P.  H.  (London)  Act, 
1891,  it  "  means  any  ashpit,  dustbin,  ashtub,  or  other  receptacle  for  the 
deposit  of  ashes  or  refuse  matter"  (s.  141);  qui  the  P.  H.  (Scotland) 
Act,  1897,  it  "  means  any  receptacle  for  the  deposit  of  ashes  or  refuse 
matter  "  (s.  3). 

ASPORTATION. — An  Asportation  is  a  carrying  away;  and  is, 
generally,  spoken  of  the  carrying  away  of  goods  feloniously  taken 
(4  Bl.  Com.  231).     Vf  Take  and  caeby  away. 

ASS.  —  F.  Beetle-headed  :  Fool. 

ASSART.  —  "  Grubbing  woods  in  a  man's  own  lands  in. a  Forest,  so 
as  to  make  the  same  arable  "  (Elph.  561,  whv). 

When  Termes  de  la  Ley  was  written  this  was  a  sad  business,  for  there 
we  read,  — "  This  Assart  of  the  Forest,  is  the  greatest  Offence  or  Tres- 
passe  of  all  others  that  can  be  done  in  the  Forest  to  Vert  or  Venison, 
containing  in  it  Waste,  or  more."     Cp  Disboscatio. 


ASSAULT  126  ASSEMBLE 

ASSAULT.  —  "An  Assault  is  (a)  an  attempt  unlawfully  to  apply 
any  the  least  actual  force  to  the  person  of  another  directly  or  indirectly; 
(b)  the  act  of  using  a  gesture  towards  another,  giving  him  reasonable 
grounds  to  believe  that  the  person  using  that  gesture  meant  to  apply 
such  actual  force  to  his  person  as  aforesaid;  (c)  the  act  of  depriving 
another  of  his  liberty :  in  either  case,  without  the  consent  of  the  person 
assaulted,  or  with  such  consent  if  it  is  obtained  by  fraud  "  (Steph.  Cr. 
177:  Cp  Smite).  But  free  consent  will  not  always  relieve  a  case  of 
being  a  criminal  assault,  for  the  combatants  at  a  Prize  Fight,  and  all 
persons  aiding  or  abetting  therein,  are  guilty  of  an  indictable  Assault 
{R.  V.  Coney,  51  L.  J.  M.  C.  66;  8  Q.  B.  D.  534 ;  whcu  for  a  very  full 
citation  of  authorities). 

"  A  Battery  is  an  assault  whereby  any  the  least  actual  force  is  actually 
applied  to  the  person  of  another,  or  to  the  dress  worn  by  him,  directly  or 
indirectly. 

"  Provided  that  such  Acts  as  are  reasonably  necessary  for  the  common 
intercourse  of  life,  are  not  Assaults  or  Batteries,  if  they  are  done  for  the 
purpose  of  such  intercourse  only  and  with  no  greater  force  than  the  occa- 
sion requires.    F.  Discipline. 

"  No  mere  words  can  in  any  case  amount  to  an  Assault "  (Steph.  Cr. 
177 :  Meade's  and  Belt's  Case,  1  Lewin  C.  C.  184). 

FjT  Arch.  Cr.  796,  800:  Rose.  Cr.  260,  264:  Indecent. 

The  above  definitions  are  applicable  to  Civil  Assaults  and  Batteries, 
except  that  no  Civil  Action  can  be  maintained  if  the  pit  consented. 
Vh  Rose.  N.  P.  899. 

"  Assault  occasioning  Actual  Bodily  Harm  " ;    F.  Inflict. 

Vf  Cowel:  1  Encyc.  342.  "Battery,"  2  Encyc.  35,  36:  Termes  de 
la  Ley. 

ASSEMBLE.  —  The  offence  of  knowingly  suffering  prostitutes  or  per- 
sons of  bad  character  "  to  assemble  and  meet  together,"  or  "  to  assemble," 
or  "  to  meet  together,"  in  an  Inn  or  Beerhouse,  means  allowing  them  to 
be  there  as  prostitutes  or  in  their  other  evil  character;  but  does  not 
include  a  case  of  allowing  them  to  be  there  merely  to  get  refreshments 
and  for  no  longer  time  than  reasonably  necessary  for  such  refreshments 
to  be  consumed  (Greig  v.  Bendeno,  27  L.  J.  M.  C.  294;  E.  B.  &  E.  133; 
22  J.  P.  816:  Belasco  v.  Hannanf,  31  L.  J.  M.  C.  225;  3  B.  &  S.  13; 
6  L.  T.  577:  Vf.  Parker  v.  Green,  6  L.  T.  46:  Marshall  v.  Fox,  24 
L.  T.  751).     Cp.  s.  14,  35  &  36  V.  c.  94. 

The  deft  stood  in  a  street  talking  to  another  man,  and  whilst  so  talk- 
ing received  a  number  of  packages  from  several  persons  ;  he  then  entered 
a  house,  the  other  following,  to  whom  he  transferred  something.  Both 
then  came  out  of  the  house,  and  the  other  went  away,  but  the  deft 
remained  in  the  street  and  received  more  packages  from  more  persons. 
Deft  was  then  arrested  and  on  him  were  found  several  packages  contain- 


ASSEMBLE  127  ASSESSOR 

ing  money  and  a  local  newspaper  containing  the  programme  of  local 
Baces,  and  a  number  of  slips  of  paper  on  which  were  written  the  names 
of  horses  running  that  day;  held,  that  this  infringed  a  Bye  Law  which 
provided  that,  "  a  person  shall  not  together  with  any  other  person  or  per- 
sons, assemble  in  any  Street  or  Public  Place  for  the  purpose  of  Betting  " 
(Godwin  V.  Walker,  40  S.  J.  481;  12  Times  Rep.  367).  V.  Gaming. 
Cp  Harboub. 

ASSEMBLED.  —  A  power  to  do  anything  by  a  majority  of  persons 
*'  assembled, "  must  be  exercised  by  a  majority  of  those  actually  present, 
whether  all  vote  or  not  (E.  v.  Christchurch,  7  E.  &  B.  409 ;  27  L.  J. 
M.  C.  23).     V.  Meeting. 

ASSEMBLEMENT.  —  Crown  Rents  in  Jersey  "  by  Assemblement," 
or  "  par  Assemblage  ";  F.  A-G.  Jersey  v.  Le  Moignan,  1892,  A.  C.  402; 
61  L.  J.  P.  C.  63;  66  L.  T.  803. 

ASSEMBLY.  —  An  ''Assembly"  of  persons  would  seem  to  mean 
three  or  more;  V.  Unlawful  Assembly:  Cp  Multitude:  Godwin 
▼.  Walker,  cited  Assemble. 

ASSERT.  —  "  Assert  against " ;  V.  Against. 

ASSESSABLE  VALUE.— F.  Rateable  Value:  Annual  Value. 

ASSESSED.  —  As  used  in  a  Covenant  to  pay  Rates  &c,  **  '  assessed/ 
means,  *  reckoned  on  the  value  ' "  (per  Rigby,  L.  J.,  Floyd  v.  Lyons,  66 
L.  J.  Ch.  353;  1897,  1  Ch.  633;  76  L.  T.  261;  45  W.  R.  435),  and, 
accordingly,  it  was  there  held,  that  a  special  Water  Rate  for  trade  pur- 
poses, e,g,  a  supply  of  water  to  a  Restaurant,  was  not  a  Water  Rate 
**  Imposed,  or  assessed  "  upon  the  premises,  within  a  Lessor's  covenant. 

Fl  Ghabged  :  Rated  ob  Assessed. 

ASSESSMENT.  —  "Assessments,"  in  the  collocation  in  a  lessee's 
covenant  to  pay  "  Taxes,  Rates,  and  Assessments,"  means.  Assessments 
of  a  nature  similar  to  that  of  Taxes  and  Rates,  and  does  not  comprise  an 
exceptional  burden  imposed  by  a  local  authority  and  ordinarily  to  be  borne 
by  the  landlord  (Tidswell  v.  Whitworth,  36  L.  J.  C.  P.  103;  L.  R. 
2  C.  P.  326:  Hartley  v.  Hudson,  48  L.  J.  Q,  B.  751;  4  C.  P.  D.  367: 
Allum  V.  Diekhison,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  190;  9  Q.  B.  D.  632:  Wilkinson  v. 
Collyer,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  278;  13  Q.  B.  D.  1:  Baylis  v.  Jiggins,  cited 
Taxes),  nor  does  it  comprise  Tithe  Rent  Charge  (Jeffrey  v.  Neale,  40 
L.  J.  C.  P.  191;  L.  R.  6  C.  P.  240). 

V.  Taxes:  Outgoing:  Imposition:  Rated  ob  Assessed:  Scot. 

"Assessment  Committelb  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Rating  Act,  1874,  37  &  38  V. 
c.  54,  s.  15. 

ASSESSOR.  — Stat.  Def.,  Taxes  Management  Act,  1880,43  &  44 
V.  c.  19,  s.  5.  —  Scot.,  Lands  Valuation  (Scot)  Act,  1854,  17  &  18  V. 


ASSESSOR  128  ASSIGN 

c.  91,  8.  42;  Burgh  Voters  Registration  (Scot)  Act,  1856,  19  &  20  V. 
c.  68,  8.  48;  County  Voters  Registration  (Scot)  Act,  1861,  24  &  25  V. 
c.  83,  8.  2;  Rep.  People  (Scot)  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  48,  a.  59;  33  & 
34  V.  c.  92,  s.  2;  Sporting  Lands  Rating  (Scot)  Act,  1886,  49  &  50 
V.  c.  15,  s.  2;     Loc  Gov  (Scot)  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V.  c.  50,  b.  105. 

ASSETS.  —  "  Assets  in  the  hands  of  the  executor  or  administrator, 
that  is,  —  *  sufficient, '  from  the  French  assez^  to  make  him  chargeable  to 
a  creditor,  and  a  legatee  or  party  in  distribution,  so  far  as  such  property 
extends"  (Wms.  Exs.  1517;  and  as  to  Assets  generally,  V,  lb.  Pt.  4, 
Bk.  1,  ch.  1:  1  Encyc.  349-352). 

"  Assets  "  of  a  Partnership,  "  is  a  compendious  expression  for  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  several  items  of  property  belonging  to  the  partnership  "  (per 
Stirling,  J.,  Jennings  v.  Jennings,  1898,  1  Ch.  378;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  190; 
77  L.  T.  786;  46  W.  R.  344);  therefore,  an  agreement  between  partners 
that  one  shall  have  the  partnership  ''Assets,''  will  generally  include  the 
Goodwill  {lb.),     Cp  Withdraw. 

"  Assets, "  R.  176,  Stock  Exchange  Rules,  means  the  whole  of  the  De- 
faulter's property;  and  when  the  Rule  comes  into  operation,  there  is  a 
cessio  bonorum  and  assignment  of  all  the  Defaulter's  property  to  the  Offi- 
cial Assignees  of  the  Stock  Exchange  {Tomkins  v.  Saffery,  4^1  L.  J.  Bank. 
11;  3  App.  Ca.  213:  Richardson  v.  Stormonty  1900,  1  Q.  B.  701;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  369;  82  L.  T.  316;  48  W.  R.  451). 

"Property,  Assets,  and  Revenues,"  of  a  Co;   V.  Revenues. 

"  Assets,"  are  something  in  a  Liquidation  ;  it  is  incorrect  to  speak  of 
the  Property  of  a  solvent  person  or  Co  as  "  Assets  "  (per  Chitty,  J.,  Re 
Bully  Bamsley  &  W.  Riding  Rg,  37  S.  J.  477).     Sv  Undebtaking. 

"  Surplus  Assets  ";    V.  Surplus. 

"  Undistributed  Assets  " ;    V.  Undistributed. 

"  Assets,"  s.  9,  Dividend  Duty  Act,  1890  (Queendland) ;  V.  Walsh  v. 
The  Queen,  1894,  A.  C.  144;  63  L.  J.  P.  C.  52. 

V.  Effects. 

ASSIGN.  —  As  to  when  this  word  is  effectual  to  revive  a  merged 
term;    V,  Elph.  45. 

"  A  covenant  not  to  assign  or  otherwise  part  with  the  premises,  or  any 
part  thereof,  for  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  term,  is  broken  by  a  sub- 
lease (Doe  d.  Holland  v.  Worsley,  1  Camp.  20 :  Cole,  Ejec.  435) ;  but  a 
covenant  *  not  to  assign,  transfer,  set  over,  or  otherwise  do  or  put  away 
the  lease  or  premises '  is  not  {Crusoe  d.  Blencowe  v.  Bughyy  2  Bl.  W.  766; 
3  Wils.  234:  Kinnersley  v.  Orpe^  1  Doug.  56:  Church  v.  Brown,  15 
Yes.  258).  A  covenant  against  sub-letting  wiU  restrain  an  Assignment 
(Greenaway  v.  Adams,  12  Ves.  395:  Svthc,  Re  Doyle  and  O^Hara, 
1899, 1 1.  R..  113)  ";  Woodf.  699.    V.  Set. 

In  Crusoe  d.  Blencowe  v.  Bughy  (sup)  the  Court  said  "  'Assign,  Trans- 
fer, and  set  over,'  are  mere  words  of  assignment.     '  Otherwise  do,  or  put 


ASSIGN  129  ASSIGN 

away/  signifies  any  other  mode  of  getting  rid  of  the  premises  entirely  "; 
and,  therefore^  an  Underlease  was  not  prohibited.  But  an  Underlease 
(as  well  as  an  Assignment)  is  prohibited  by  a  covenant  not  to  "  Let,  set, 
or  assign  over  "  the  premises  or  any  part  thereof  (Eoe  v.  Harrison,  2  T.  R. 
425;  1  Doug.  67*,  n). 

V,  Underlease  :  Put  away. 

SembUy  a  covenant  not  to  **  Assign  **  is  not  broken  by  a  License  to  use 
the  premises  for  a  temporary  purpose,  —  6.^.  a  Travelling  Show  {Mashiter 
V,  Smith,  3  Times  Rep.  673). 

"  A  covenant  ^  not  to  alien,  sell,  assign,  transfer,  set  over,  or  otherwise 
part  with  the  lease  or  premises '  was  ruled,  before  the  Jud.  Act,  not  to  be 
broken  by  a  Deposit  of  the  Lease  as  a  security  for  a  loan  {Doe  d.  Fitt  v. 
Ifogg,  1  C.  &  P.  160;  4  D.  &  R.  226;  cited  and  approved  in  Greenslade 
V.  Tapscott,  3  L.  J.  Ex.  328;  1  Cr.  M.  &  R.  69;  4  Tyr.  666);  but  the 
effect  of  s.  24  of  that  Act  would  seem  to  be  to  alter  the  law  in  this  re- 
spect ";  (Woodf.  13  Ed.  660).  ^S'^'.  As  to  this  iuference  Va  M^Kay  v. 
M^Nally  (cited  Mobtoaoe,  at  end),  wJic  was  decided  since  the  Jud.  Act. 

And  it  now  seems  clear  that,  qu^  a  clause  of  Forfeiture,  the  section 
referred  to  does  not  convert  a  non-legal  assignment  into  a  legal  one,  and 
that  the  meaning  of  a  covenant  not  to  assign  a  Lease  "  is  not  to  execute 
2^  Legal  Assignment,"  which  a  Declaration  of  Trust  is  not  {Gentle  v. 
Faulkner,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  267;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  777;  82  L.  T.  708,  V.  espy 
jdgmt  of  Smith,  L.  J.,  who  pointed  out  that  the  covenant  in  the  **  does 
not  relate  to  the  parting  with  the  possession  of  the  demised  premises  "). 
Cp  Matthews  v.  Usher,  cited  Assigns  :  Fe  Hughes,  cited  Conveyance. 

A  covenant  by  Joint  Lessees,  not  to  assign,  is  broken  if  one  assigns; 
for  the  covenant  "  means  that  neither  of  them  shall  assign  "  (per  Willes, 
J.,  Varley  v.  Coppard,  L.  R.  7  C.  P.  605).     Vh  Lessees:  Forfeiture. 

A  covenant,  or  condition,  not  to  assign,  is  not  broken  by  giving  a 
Warrant  of  Attorney  {Doe  d.  Mitchinson  v.  Carter,  8  T.  R.  67),  unless 
it  be  expressly  given  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  judgment  creditor 
to  take  the  term  in  execution  (/^.,  8  T.  R.  300;  Vth  Croft  v.  Lumley, 
6  H.  L.  Ca.  739) ;  nor  is  it  broken  by  a  seizure  under  a  judicial  process 
{R,  V.  Robinson,  Wight.  386),  or  by  passing  to  a  trustee  under  a  bankry 
{V,  Alienation). 

Not  "  to  grant  away,  assign,  or  let,  charge,  or  dispose  of  " ;  F.  Croft  v. 
Lurnley,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  73,  223;  27  lb.  321;  6  H.  L.  Ca.  672. 

Not  "  to  assign,  demise,  or  otherwise  part  with  " ;  F.  Dahj  v.  Edwardes, 
83  L.  T.  648;  16  Times  Rep.  288.     Cp  Suffer:  Permit.     FjT  Assign. 

For  an  exposition  of  the  object  of  the  covenant  against  Assignment  of 
a  Lease,  and  the  Damages  recoverable  for  its  breach ;  F.  per  Hawkins, 
J.,  Lepla  V.  Rog&rs,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  31;  68  L.  T.  684. 

S.  14  (6),  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  which  provides  that  the  section 
shall  not  extend  "  to  a  covenant  against  the  Assigning,  Underletting, 
Parting  with  the  Possession,  or  Disposing  of  the  land  leased,"  does  not 

0 


ASSIGN  130  ASSIGNMENT 

comprise  an  AssigDmeiit  for  the  Benefit  of  Grs  excepting  leaseholds  but 
declaring  a  trust  of  them ;  and  if  such  an  Assignment  &c  be  the  For- 
feiture relied  on,  Notice  must  be  given  under  the  section  (Gentle  v. 
Faulkner,  sup). 

An  Assign  is  synonymous  with  Assignee;   V.  Assigns. 

V.  Negotiate  :  Unbeasonably. 

ASSIGNATION.  — Quk  Transmission  of  Moveable  Property  (Scot) 
Act,  1862,  25  &  26  V.  c.  85,  "  Assignation,"  includes,  "  Translations  and 
Eetrocessions,  and  Probative  Extracts  thereof  "  (s.  4). 

ASSIGNED.  —  "  Legally  assigned  ";    V.  Legally. 

ASSIGNEE.  — ''  Wlien  a  statute  speaks  of  an  '  Assignee,'  it  is  to  be 
intended  of  such  complete  Assignee  as  has  all  the  ceremonies  and  inci- 
dents requisite  by  the  law  to  such  character;  not  taking  away  any  form 
or  circumstance  which  the  law  requires.  Therefore,  Assignee  by  Fine 
shall  not,  under  32  H.  8,  c.  34,  take  advantage  of  a  Condition  without 
attornment "  (Dwar.  683,  citing  Mallory's  Cdse^  5  Rep.  112).  Fjf,  on 
the  first  sentence  of  this  par,  13  &  14  V.  c.  60,  s.  2. 

The  word  "Assignee,"  in  the  phi*ase  "executor,  administrator,  or 
assignee,"  s.  37,  Solrs  Act,  1843,  is  not  confined  to  a  person  resembling 
a  personal  representative  of  a  deceased  person;  but  is  equivalent  to  an 
"  Assign  "  (Ingle  v.  McCutchan,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  311 ;  12  Q.  B.  D.  518: 
Fenley  v,  Anstruther,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  367.  Vf  Ee  Ward,  28  Ch.  D.  719). 
Cp  "  Assignee  "  as  used  in  s.  25  (6),  Jud.  Act,  1873. 

"  Assignee  for  value,"  s.  50  (3),  S.  L.  Act,  1882,  s.  4  (1),  S.  L.  Act, 
1890;   V.  Ee  Aileshury,  62  L.  J.  Ch.  1012;  69  L.  T.  493;  42  W.  R.  45. 

V.  Assigns. 

ASSIGNING.—  V.  Being. 

ASSIGNMENT. —  V,  Assign:  Transfer:  Underlease:  Chose 
IN  ACTION :  Place  Out. 

A  written  direction  to  trustees  of  a  Will  by  a  beneficiary  thereunder 
to  pay  to  a  third  person  money  due  to  the  beneficiary,  is  an  "  Assign- 
ment "  of  the  money  within  s.  25  (6),  Jud.  Act,  1873  (Harding  v.  Hard* 
ing,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  462;  17  Q.  B.  D.  442;  34  W.  K  775.  Va  Brice  v. 
Bannister,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  722;  3  Q.  B.  D.  569). 

Note,  As  to  Brice  v.  Bannister,  V,  Western  Wagon  Co  v.  West,  1892, 
1  Ch.  271;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  244;  66  L.  T.  402;  40  W.  R.  182,  and  Durham 
V.  Robertson,  cited  Absolute  Assignment. 

"  Conveyance  or  Assignment " ;  F".  Conveyance. 

"  Assignment,"  s.  10,  Landlord  and  Tenant  Law  Amendment  Act 
(Ir)  1860,  23  &  24  V.  c.  154,  does  not  include  a  transmission  by  Opera- 


ASSIGNMENT  131  ASSIGNS 

lion  of  Law,  e.g.  a  Conveyance  by  a  Sheriff  {Kenelly  v.  Enright,  8  L.  R. 
Ir.  33),  or  a  Deed  of  Partition  by  joint  tenants  {Foley  v.  Gallagher, 
2  L.  R.  Ir.  35,  389).     Cp  Alibnatioit:  Assigns. 

"Assignment  for  Benefit  of  Crs  "  is,  generally,  not  a  Bill  of  Sale; 
V.  Hadley  v.  Beedon,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  646;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  240;  72  L.  T. 
493;  43  W.  R.  218. 

The  proper  mode  of  assigning  a  Patent  is  by  Deed;  and,  semble,  an 
**  Assignment "  of  the  legal  proprietorship  of  a  Patent,  to  be  registered 
under  s.  87,  Patents  &c  Act,  1883,  i^ust  be  by  Deed;  but  an  "  Assign- 
ment .  .  .  affecting  the  proprietorship,''  s.  23,  may  be  an  Equitable 
Assignment,  which  may  be  registered  under  R.  65,  68,  Patent  Rules, 
1883  (Ee  Casey,  1892,  1  Ch.  104;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  61;  66  L.  T.  93;  40 
W.  R.  180). 

Qui  Land  Law  (Ir)  Act,  1888,  51  &  52  V.  c.  13,  "  « Assignment '  shall 
include  an  Equitable  Assignment "  (s.  1). 

ASSIGNS.  — "  Assignee  cometh  of  the  verb  assigno.  And  note  there 
by  assignes  in  deed,  and  assignes  in  law :  whereof  see  more  in  the  Chapter 
of  Warrantie,  Sect.  733  "  (Co.  Litt.  8b:  Vf  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Assignee), 
V,  Assign:  Assignee. 

"  '  Assign,' does  not  mean  '  Heir';  it  means  a  person  substituted  for 
another  by  an  act  of  some  kind  or  other  "  (per  Parke,  B.,  Doe  d»  Lewis  v. 
Lewis,  9  M.  &  W.  664).  An  Heir  takes  vi  legis ;  but  every  one  who 
takes  by  an  act,  —  e,g,  a  Deed  or  Will,  —  of  a  prior  owner  is  his  Assign 
(Wms.  R.  P.  58).  An  Exor  of  a  Lessee  is,  however,  not  his  "  Assign  " 
of  the  Term  until  Entry  (Rendall  v.  Andreoe,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  630). 

"  Assigns  "  in  a  Lease,  means  voluntary  assigns,  and  does  not  com- 
prise assigns  by  Operation  of  Law,  —  e.g.  a  Trustee  in  Bankry,  or  persons 
claiming  under  him  {Doe  d.  Goodbehere  v.  Bevan,  3  M.  &  S.  353:  Va 
Bailey  v.  De  Crespigny,  inf :  Assignment). 

An  Appointee  is  not  an  Assign  {Skeeles  v.  Shearly,  8  Sim.  157),  nor, 
generally,  is  an  Under-Tenant  {Bryant  v.  Hancock^  1898,  1  Q.  B.  716; 
67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  507;  affd  in  H.  L.  1899,  A.  C.  442 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  889)  ; 
but  an  Under-Lessee  who  is  in  Possession  with  notice  of  a  covenant,  is 
bound  by  a  covenant  in  the  head-lease  {Hall  v.  Ewin,  cited  Run  with 
the  Land  :  John  v.  Holmes^  1900,  1  Ch.  188:  69  L.  J.  Ch.  149  ;  81  L.  T. 
771;  48  W.R,  236). 

A  Licensee  may  justify  as  an  Assign  {Mitcalfe  v.  Westaway^  inf). 

The  meaning,  indeed,  of  a  Lessee^s  Assigns,  is,  ''  the  person  entitled 
to  the  Term,  as  between  him  and  the  Lessor,  and  bound  by,  and  entitled 
to  the  benefit  of,  the  covenants  entered  into  by  the  Lessee  and  Lessor, 
respectively,  which  Run  with  the  land  demised"  (per  Romer,  J., 
Friary  v.  Singleton,  1899,  1  Ch.  86 ;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  13;  69  L.  T.  465 ;  47 
W.  R.  93 ;  affd,  though  conclusion  on  the  facts  dissented  from,  1899, 
2  Ch.  261;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  622 ;  81  L.  T.  101).    In  this  connection,  WaUh 


ASSIGNS  182  ASSIGNS 

V.  Lonsdale  (52  L.  J.  Ch.  2 ;  21  Ch.  D.  9 ;  46  L.  T.  858 ;  31  W.  R.  109) 
has  no  bearing ;  for  a  Lessor  has  no  right,  even  in  Equity,  to  sae  an 
Equitable  Lessee  on  the  Lessee's  covenants,  nor  vice  versa  {Friary  v. 
Singleton,  sup,  citing  Moore  v.  Greg,  18  L.  J.  Ch.  15;  2  D.  G.  &  S. 
304 :  Cox  V.  Bishop,  26  L.  J.  Ch.  389 ;  8  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  815).  Accord- 
ingly,  a  merely  equitable  transferee  of  a  lease  cannot  insist  on  an 
Option  to  purchase  the  freehold  which  the  lease  gives  to  the  lessee  his 
exs,  ads,  or  "  assigns  ''  {Friary  v.  Singleton,  sup) ;  but  a  lessee  holding 
only  under  an  Agreement  for  a  Lease,  is  bound,  by  the  terms  of  such 
agreement,  to  the  person  whom  he  has  acknowledged  as  his  landlord 
thereunder,  e,g,  to  purchase  his  goods  from  "  the  Successors  in  Business  ** 
of  the  person  from  whom  he  took  the  agreement  {Manchester  Brewery 
Co  V.  Coombs,  82  L.  T.  347,  cited  Spirituous  Liquor). 

A  Lessor's  "  Assigns,"  qu^  s.  14  (3),  Couv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  "  means 
Legal  Assigns,  as  Assignment  was  held  in  Gentle  v.  Faulkner  (cited 
Assign)  to  mean  Legal  Assignment "  (per  Smith,  L.  J.,  Matthews  v. 
Usher,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  535;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  856;  83  L.  T.  353;  49  W.  R. 
40) ;  and,  notwithstanding  subs.  5,  s.  25,  Jud.  Act,  1873,  a  Mtgor,  or 
other  owner  of  the  Equity  of  Redemption,  is  not  entitled,  as  an  "  As- 
sign "  of  the  Lessor,  to  give  the  Notice  required  by  the  firstly  mentioned 
section  {S.  C). 

"  Wheae  a  discretionary  legal  power  is  expressly  limited  to  *  A.  and  his 
assigns,^  the  grantee  or  devisee  of  A.,  and  even  a  claimant  under  him  by 
Operation  of  Law  (as  an  heir  or  executor),  may  exercise  the  power  {How 
V.  Whitfield,  1  Vent.  338,  339;  1  Freem.  476) ;.  but  in  a  trust,  if  an  estate 
be  vested  in  a  trustee  upon  trust  that  he,  his  heirs,  exors,  admors,  or 
assigns,  shall  sell,  &c,  the  introduction  of  the  word  'assigns'  will  not 
authorize  the  trustee  to  assign  the  estate  to  a  stranger,  nor,  if  the 
assignment  be  made,  will  a  stranger  be  capable  of  exercising  the  power '' 
(Lewin,  717). 

Where  a  trust  for  sale,  or  otherwise  involving  discretion,  is  limited  to 
a  person,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  such  trust  may  be  executed  by  a  devisee 
of  the  trustee  {Titley  v.  Wolstenholme,  13  L.  J.  Ch.  410;  7  Bea.  425: 
Hall  V.  May,  26  L.  J.  Ch.  791;  3  K.  &  J.  585;  30  L.  T.  0.  S.  64:  Vf 
1  Jarm.  711:  Lewin,  248).  But  now,  since  31st  Dec,  1881,  V,  s.  30, 
Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  on  whv  Heirs  and  Assigns. 

Note,  As  to  omission  of  "  assigns  "  in  a  trust  or  power  of  sale,  F- 
Re  Osborne  and  Rowlett,  13  Ch.  D.  774,  on  tolicvy  Cooke  v.  Crawford, 
and  Re  Morton  and  Hallett,  inf,  and  Re  Ingleby,  &e  Co,  13  L.  R.  Ir.  326. 

As  to  value  of  "  Assigns  "  in  a  Mortgage  power  of  sale;  V,  Saloway  v. 
Strawbridge,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  393;  1  K.  &  J.  371. 

Apart  from  the  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  s.  21  (4),  a  Mtge  power  of 
sale  is  not  exerciseable  by  an  Assign  if  not  so  expressed  {Re  Rumney  and 
Smith,  1897, 2  Ch.  351;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  482,  641 ;  76  L.  T.  800;  45  W.  R. 
678;  following  Bradford  v.  Belfield,  2  Sim.  264,  and  distinguishing 


ASSIGNS  1S8  ASSIGNS 

Cooke  V.  Crawford^  11  L.  J.  Ch.  406;  13  Sim.  91:  Vthlc,  Re  MoHon  and 
HalUUj  16  Ch.  D.  143;  49  L.  J.  Ch.  559). 

Setnble,  —  where  in  a  Will  "  assigns  "  is  suhjoined  to  "  exors  and 
admors,"  the  phrase  is  always  one  of  limitation,  and  does  not  designate 
next  of  kin  (2  Jarm.  115:  Legal  Representatives);  and  when  the 
word  "assigns  "  is  used  in  association  with  "  exors  and  admors,"  it  will 
not  make  an  interest  assignahle  which  otherwise  is  not  trausferahle 
(Gathercole  r.  Smith,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  671:  17  Ch.  D.  1;  29  W.  R. 
434). 

Covenants  relating  to  land  of  inheritance  and  made  since  31st  Dec, 
1881,  extend  to  heirs  and  assigns  though  not  named  (s.  58,  Cony.  & 
L.  P.  Act,  1881). 

So,  sometimes  a  contract  relating  to  Leaseholds,  —  e.g.  to  reduce  rent 
of  a  public-house,  if  the  liquors  therein  consumed  are  bought  of  the 
lessor,  —  will  run  with  the  term  though  the  lessee's  **  assigns  "  be  not 
named  {White  v.  Southend  Hotel  Co,  cited  Spirituous  Liquor). 

A  covenant  incurring  liability  for  one's  "  Assigns  "  will  not  comprise  a 
compulsory  assign,  — e.g.  a  Railway  Company  taking  under  compulsory 
powers  (Baili/  v.  De  Crespigny,  38  L.  J.  Q.  B.  98 ;  10  B.  &  S.  1 ;  L.  R. 
4  Q.  B.  180).     Va  Doe  d,  Goodbehere  v.  Bevan,  sup. 

A  limitation  to  A.  "  and  his  assigns  "  for  life,  "  until  he  make  or  at- 
tempt to  make  assignment,  or  charge,  or  incumber,"  is  not  sufficient  to 
render  nugatory  the  clause  of  forfeiture  {Craven  v.  Brady,  4  Ch.  296  ; 
38  L.  J.  Ch.  345 ;  17  W.  R.  505:  Re  Kelly,  West  v.  Twnier,  33  S.  J. 
234). 

"In  preparing  Covenants  which  are  intended  to  Run  with  the  land, 
the  'Assigns'  should  always  be  mentioned,  for  though  some  covenants 
will  bind  them  although  not  mentioned,  and  others  will  not  bind  them 
although  mentioned,  yet  there  is  a  middle  class,  in  which  assignees  are 
bound  if  mentioned,  but  not  otherwise ;  and  it  is  prudent  to  provide  for 
the  possibility  of  a  covenant  being  held  to  belong  to  this  class  "  (Woodf. 
172:  V.  Spirituous  Liquor).  And  where  the  owner  conveys  part  of 
a  Building  Estate,  reserving  power  to  waive  Restrictive  Covenants,  the 
words  of  such  reservation  should  be  to  him  ''his  heirs  or  assigns  ";  and 
''  assigns,"  in  that  connection,  means  the  owner  for  the  time  being  of  the 
unsold  portion  of  the  estate  (Everett  v.  Remington,  1892,  3  Ch.  148; 
61  L.  J.  Ch.  574;  67  L.  T.  80). 

F.  Heirs  and  Assigns:  Hunting. 

"Assigns  "  in  a  Bill  of  Lading  refers  to  the  Bill  itself,  not  to  the 
goods  {Glyn  v.  E.  &  W.  India  Dock  Co,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  62;  52  lb.  156; 
6  Q.  B.  D.  475;  7  App.  Ca.  610);  and,  semble^  if  no  such  word  as,  to  the 
Consignee's  "  Order, "  or  to  the  Consignee  "or  his  Assigns,"  be  used, 
the  Bill  of  Lading  is  not  Negotiable  {Lickbai*rotv  v.  Mason,  5  T.  R. 
685:  Henderson  v.  Comptoir  D  JSscompte,  42  L.  J.  P.  C.  62;  L.  R.  5  P.  C. 
259,  260). 


ASSIGNS  134  ASSIZE 

Vf  Mitcalfe  v.  Westaway,  34  L.  J.  C.  P.  113;  17  C.  B.  N.  S.  658 
(that  "  assigns  '*  may  include  "  licensees  ") :  Saloway  v.  Strawbrid//e,  23 
L.  J.  Ch.  121;  7  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  594:  Greenaway  v.  HaH,  23  L.  J. 
C.  P.  115;  14  C.  B.  340:  Taite  v.  Gosling,  11  Ch.  D.  273;  48  L.  J.  Ch. 
397  (that  "assigns"  held  to  include  lessee  of  covenantee):  SvthUx, 
Bryant  v.   Hancock^  sup. 

Quk  Copyright  Act,  1842,  5  &  6  V.  c.  45, "  *  Assigns  *  shall  be  construed 
to  mean  and  include  every  person  in  whom  the  interest  of  an  Author  in 
Copyright  shall  be  vested,  —  whether  derived  from  such  author  before  or 
after  the  publication  of  any  book,  and  whether  acquired  by  sale,  gift,  be- 
quest, or  by  operation  of  law,  or  otherwise  "  (s.  2). 

ASSIST.—  V.  Unshippinq. 

"  Liberty  to  assist  " ;    V.  Liberty  to  tow. 

"  Assist  "  in  erection  or  use  of  Competing  Works ;    V.  Erect. 

ASSISTANT.  — "Assistant  Barrister";  Stat.  Def.,  Jr.  6  &  7  W.  4, 
c.  75,  s.  63;  7  W.  4  <&  1  V.  c.  43,  s.  8 ;  9  &  10  V.  c.  Ill,  s.  22; 
11  &  12  V.  c.  28,  s.  18;  13  &  14  V.  c.  69,  s.  117;  14  &  15  V.  c.  57, 
8.  162;  16  &  17  V.  c.  107,  s.  357;  17  &  18  V.  c.  103,  s.  1 ;  27  &  28 
V.  c.  22,  8.  20. 

"Assistant  Commissioner";  Stat.  Def.,  8  &  9  V.  c.  118,  s.  167;  29 
&,  30  V.  c.  122,  s.  3. 

"  Assistant  Registrar  ";  Stat.  Def.,  56  &  57  V.  c.  39,  s.  79.  —  Scot.  17 
&  18  V.  c.  80,  s.  76. 

"Assistant  Teacher  in  State  Schools,"  as  used  in  the  Colony  of  Vic- 
toria;   V.  Main  v.  Stark,  59  L.  J.  P.  C.  68 ;  15  App.  Ca.  385. 

Where  power  is  given  to  a  Corp,  or  other  Body,  to  appoint  "  Clerks, 
Treasurers,  Collectors,  and  such  other  Officers  or  Assistants  "  as  it  may 
think  fit,  that  does  not  enable  it  to  make  a  substantive  appointment  of 
e,g,  an  Assistant  Treasurer;  in  such  a  collocation  "Officers"  and 
"  Assistants  "  are  synonymous  (JEIawkings  v.  Newman,  8  L.  J.  Ex.  82 ; 
4  M.  &  W.  633). 

ASS  IS  US. —  Terra  Assisa  was  land  rented  or  farmed  out  "for  cer- 
tain assessed  rent  in  money  or  provisions.  Terra  Assisa  was  commonly 
opposed  to  Terra  Dominica  (V.  Demesne);  this  last  being  held  in 
domain,  and  occupied  by  the  lord,  —  the  other  let  out  to  inferior  tenants  " 
(Jacob). 

ASSIZE.  —  "Assisa  properly  commeth  of  the  Latin  word  assideo^ 
which  is  to  associate  or  set  together;  so  as  properly  assise  is  an  associa- 
tion or  sitting  together  "  (Co.  Litt.  153  b). 

"  Court  of  Assize  ";    F.  s.  13  (4),  luterp  Act,  1889. 

"  Rent  of  Assize  " ;    V.  Quit  Rent. 


ASSIZES  135  ASSURANCE 

ASSIZES.  —  V.  8.  13  (5),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

Qui  Purchase  of  Land  (Ir)  Acts,  "  *  Assizes  *  includes  a  Presenting 
Term  "  (54  &  55  V.  c.  48,  s.  42). 

For  an  account  of  the  ancient  remedial  "Assizes,"  V*  Pollock  & 
Maitland's  Hist,  of  Eng.  Law. 

ASSOCIATE.  —  A  forfeiture  of  a  wife's  Annuity,  if  she  shall 
"  associate,  continue  to  keep  company  with,  or  cohabit^  or  criminally 
correspond  with  "  F.,  is  worked  if  F.  calls  at  her  house  and  leaves  his 
card  like  any  other  visitor,  and  still  more  if  he  is  sometimes  admitted ; 
the  meaning  of  such  a  Condition  is''  that  there  should  be  no  communi- 
cation whatever  between  the  parties"  (per  Mansfield,  C.  J.),  "the  re- 
ceiving a  man's  visits,  whenever  he  chuses  to  call,  is  'associating 
with '  him "  (per   Cur.  Dormer  v.  Knighty  1  Taunt.  417,  418). 

Cp  Cohabitation. 

ASSOCIATION V.  Company. 

"  Association,"  for  purposes  of  Booty,  must  be  military ;  political 
Association  is  not  within  the  phrase  {Banda  and  Kirwee  Booty,  cited 
Co-Operation).     Cp  Joint  Captors. 

Qnk  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  (Ir)  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  20, 
"  '  Association,'  includes  any  Combination  of  Persons,  whether  the  same 
be  known  by  any  distinctive  name  or  not  "  (s.  7). 

ASSOIL. — "  *  Assoile,'  comes  either  from  the  Latine,  ahsolvere,  or 
from  the  French,  absouldrey  and  signifies  to  deliver  or  discharge  a  man 
of  an  Excommunication,  and  so  it  is  used  by  Staunford  in  his  Pleas  of 
the  Crowne,  2nd  Bk,  18  ch.  71b"  (Termes  de  la  Ley),  or  to  deliver 
from  one's  Sins,  as  used  in  1  H.  4,  c.  10,  which  enacted,  that  nothing 
should  be  adjudged  Treason  but  what  was  so  ordained  by  the  statute  of 
"  King  Edward  the  Third,  whom  God  ossoiL'* 

ASSUMPSIT. — "'Assumpsit,'  is  a  voluntary  promise  made  by 
word,  by  which  a  man  assumeth  and  taketh  upon  him  to  performe,  or 
pay,  anything  to  another  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

The  old  "  Action  of  Assumpsit,  is  an  action  of  trespass  on  the  Case, 
whereby  a  compensation  in  damages,  may  be  recovered  for  an  injury 
sustained  by  the  non-performance  of  a  parol  agreement  "  (Selwyn,  N.  P. 
42,  whv).     Cp  Covenant. 

Vh  Jacob:  1  Encyc.  364. 

ASSURANCE.  —  "  An  Assurance  is  something  which  operates  as  a 
transfer  of  Property  "  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Ee  Ray,  65  L.  J.  Ch.  320 ;  1896, 
1  Ch.  468).  In  the  old  Statutes  against  Usury  (13  Eliz.  c.  8,  s.  3 ; 
21  Jac.  1,  c.  17 ;  12  Car.  2,  c.  13 ;  12  Anne,  St.  2,  c.  16),  "  Assurance," 
in  the  phrase  *'  all  Bonds,  Contracts,  and  Assurances  "  for  payment  of 


ASSURANCE    186  ASSURANCE  MEM'R 

money  lent  upon  Usury^  meant  an  Assurance  of  Land^  ''  as  is  the  proper 
legal  signification  of  it "  (per  Hardwicke,  C.  J.,  Bush  v.  GaweVj  Ca,  t. 
Hard.  237).      Vf  Rodger  v.  Harrison,  cited  Conveyance. 

"  Assurance,"  ss.  40,  41,  Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1S33,  3  &  4  W.  4, 
c.  74, ''  does  not  mean  that  which  constitutes  a  complete  Disposition  of 
property,"  — "  the  deed  might  be  either  the  whole  assurance,  or  the  evi- 
dence only  of  the  assurance  "  (per  Bomilly,  M.  R.,  lie  London  Dock  Act^ 
20  Bea.  497,  498 ;  affd  7  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  627). 

Where,  in  any  given  set  of  circumstances,  the  only  thing  which  vali- 
dates a  Contract  for  the  Sale  of  Goods  is  an  entry  in  the  auctioneer's 
book,  such  entry  is  an  "  Assurance"  of  the  goods  within  s.  4,  Bills  of  Sale 
Act,  1878  {Re  Roberts,  Evans  v.  Roberts,  36  Ch.  D.  196 ;  56  L.  J.  Ch. 
952  ;  57  L.T.  79;  35  W.  R.  684 ;  51  J.  P.  757 ;  3  Times  Rep.  678)  ;  but 
a  mere  receipt,  or  other  recording  document,  not  intended  to  contain  and 
not  containing  the  contract  between  the  parties,  is  not  such  an  Assurance 
{Newlove  v.  Shrewsbury,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  476 ;  21  Q.  B.  D.  41 ;  36  W.  R. 
835:  Grigg  v.  National  Guardian  Co,  1891,  3  Ch.  206;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  11 : 
London  and  Yorkshire  Bank  v.  White,  11  Times  Rep.  570:  Woodgate 
V.  Godfrey,  L.  R.  4  Ex.  59,  5  lb.  24 :  Charlesworth  v.  Mills,  1892,  A.  C. 
231;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  830 ;  66  L.  T.  690 ;  41  W.  R.  129;  56  J.  P.  628: 
Ramsay  v.  MargreU,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  18;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  613;  70  L.  T. 
788.  F.  Receipt).  A  mortgage  of  Freeholds  having  Trade  Fixtures 
thereto  annexed  which  pass  by  such  mortgage,  is  not  an  **  Assurance  "  of 
the  Fixtures  within  that  section  {Re  Yates,  Batcheldorv.  Yates,  57  L.  J. 
Ch.  697;  38  Ch.  D.  112 ;  59  L.  T.  47;  36  W.  R.  563:  Re  Brooke,  1894, 
2  Ch.  600 ;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  21 ;  71  L.  T.  398.  Su  Climpson  v.  Coles,  cited 
License). 

Vf.  Cobum  V.  Collins,  35  Ch.  D.  373;  56  L.  J.  Ch.  504;  56  L.  T. 
431;  35  W.  R.  610,  where  an  Agreement  for  sale  of  business  effects  by 
trustees,  reserving  a  lien  for  the  purchase  money,  was  held  an  "  Assur- 
ance "  by  the  purchaser  requiring  registration;  VtTie  distinguished  from 
a  Hire-Purchase  Agreement  in  McEntire  v.  Crossley,  1895,  A.  C.  457; 
64  L.  J.  P.  C.  129 ;  72  L.  T.  731. 
V.  Conveyance. 

"  Upon  any  Representation  or  Assurance  " ;  V.  Upon. 

Stat.  Def.  —  47  &  48  V.  c.  54,  s.  3;  51  &  52  V.  c.  42,  s.  10;  54  & 
55  V.  c.  73,  8,  4;    65  &  56  V.  c.  11,  s.  2.  —  Ir.  13  &  14  V.  c.  72,  a.  64. 

ASSURANCE   COMPANY.  —  A  Friendly  Society  is  not  an  "As- 
su  ranee  Co  "  {Coppinger  v.  Gubbins,  3  J.  &  La  T.  397). 
Stat.  Def.  —  7  &  8  V.  c.  110,  s.  3;     30  &  31  V.  c.  144,  s.  7. 
K  Insubance  Company. 

ASSURANCE  MEMBER.  —  V.  Re  Albion  Life  Assrce,  18  Ch.  D. 
639. 


ASSURED  137  AT 

ASSURED  :  HAVE  FULL  ASSURANCE.  —  F.  Precatory 
Trust. 

If  in  executing  a  Power  of  Appointment,  the  appointor  adds  that  the 
appointee  "  will,  I  am  assured  **  do  something  outside  the  limits  of  the 
Power,  that  does  not,  necessarily,  mean  that  there  has  been  a  bargain 
for  that  outside  thing  between  appointor  and  appointee,  so  as  to  void 
the  appointment;  the  phrase  may  only  mean,  "  I  feel  certain  he  will  do 
it"  (He  Crawshay,  69  L.  J.  Ch.  396;  43  Ch.  D.  616). 

"Assured,"  in  a  Marine  Policy;  V.  Gt,  Britain  Steamship  Assn  v. 
Wyllie,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  614. 

ASTRARIUS.  —  "  Hceres  astrariusy  so  called  of  a^tre,  an  harth  of  a 
house ;  because  the  auncestor  by  conveyance  hath  set  his  heire  apparent, 
and  his  family,  in  a  house  and  living  in  his  life-time  "  (Co.  Litt.  8  b). 

ASYLUM.  —  "  'Asylum,'  according  to  its  original  derivation  and  in 
its  widest  meaning,  simply  signifies  a  Refuge,  —  a  place  of  retreat  and 
security.  In  its  English  acceptation,  the  word  is  most  commonly  used 
to  denote  an  Establishment  for  the  detention  and  cure  of  persons  suf- 
fering from  Mental  Disease,  —  and  also  a  place  for  the  reception  and 
up-bringing  of  destitute  Orphans.  The  fact  that  some  of  its  inmates 
are  to  be  Orphans,  will  not  impart  to  the  Institution  generally  the  char- 
acter of  an  Orphan  Asylum  "  (per  Ld  Watson,  Dilworth  v.  Commrs  of 
Stampsy  1899,  A.  C.  107,  108;  68  L.  J.  P.  C.  4,  6). 

Criminal  seeking  an  "  Asylum,  **  s.  1,  6  &  7  V.  c.  76,  means,  going  to  a 
place  where  the  matter  may  not  be  tried  (per  Crompton,  J.,  Re  Tivnan, 
6  B.  &  S.  683). 

Stat.  Def.  —  8  &  9  V.  c.  100,  s.  114,  c.  126,  s.  84;  16  &  17  V.  c.  97, 
s.  132;  26  &  26  V.  c.  Ill,  s.  1;  47  &  48  V.  c.  64,  s.  16 ;  63  &  64 
V.  c.  6,  s.  341.  —  Ir.  19  &  20  V.  c.  99,  s.  2;     31  &  32  V.  c.  97,  s.  4.     . 

AT.  —  Where  there  is  a  bequest  to  several  in  common  for  life  with  a 
gift  over  "  at,"  or  "  after,"  or  "  from,"  or  "  from  and  after,"  their  decease 
to  their  children  or  other  issue,  —  the  gift  over  is  to  be  read  distribu- 
tively  and  as  a  gift  of  the  share  of  each  to  his  children  or  other  issue 
Respectively  {Arrow  v.  Mellish,  1  D.  G.  &  S.  356:  Willes  v.  Douglas^ 
10  Bea.  47 :  WilU  v.  WiUsy  44  L.  J.  Ch.  682 ;  L.  R.  20  Eq.  342 :  Turner 
V.  Whlttaker,  23  Bea.  196:  Abrei/  v.  Newman^  22  L.  J.  Ch.  627;  16  Bea. 
431 :  Alt  V.  Gregory,  8  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  221 :  Waldron  v.  Boulter,  22  Bea. 
284:  Be  Hutchinson,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  924;  21  Ch.  D.  811;  Vthlc,  per  Ld 
Davey,  Van  Grutten  v.  Foxwell,  %^  L.  J.  Q.  B.  769).  Vf  as  to  effect  of 
testamentary  gift  "  at "  death,  2  Jarm.  617,  624 :  Death  :  On. 

A  legacy  given  "  at,"  "  on,"  or  "  upon,"  a  particular  age  or  time,  con- 
fers a  contingent  interest,  such  word,  in  such  a  context,  being  equivalent 
to  "if"  the  event  shall  happen  {Parker  v.  Hodgson,  30  L.  J.  Ch.  690; 
1  Dr.  &  Sm.  668 :  Wms.  Exs.  1093:  Watson  Eq.  1218). 


AT  188  AT 

Power  to  be  executed  "  at "  Marriage ;  V.  Re  Creagh,  cited  Previously. 

The  38  G.  3,  c.  87,  s.  1,  as  extended  by  21  &  22  V.  c.  96,  s.  18,  gives 
power  to  the  Probate  Court  in  cases  where  the  exor  or  admor  to  whom 
probate  or  administration  has  been  granted  is  out  of  the  jurisdiction  "  at 
the  Expiration  of  twelve  months  "  from  testator's  death,  to  grant  special 
administration  to  a  creditor,  legatee,  or  next  of  kin;  *'  At,"  there,  means 
"at  or  after"  {Re  Ruddy,  41  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  63;  L.  R.  2  P.  &  M.  330: 
Re  Colcloughy  19  L.  B.  Ir.  235);  and  a  like  interpretation  applies  to 
such  a  phrase  as  "  at  an  interval  "  of  a  given  period  {Re  Railway  Sleepers 
Co,  64  L.  J.  CL  720;  29  Ch.  D.  204 :  Vh  Re  Miller's  Dale  Co,  31  Ch.  D. 
211). 

So,  in  a  Charter-Party,  "  a  Statement  shall  be  furnished  to  the  Mer- 
chants a^  the  Expiration  of  this  Charter,"  means,  within  a  reasonable 
time  after  {Beard  v.  Rhodes,  28  L.  T.  168). 

Where,  under  Rules  of  Court,  an  application  to  deprive  a  plaintiff  of 
costs  had  to  be  made  "  at  "  the  Trial,  it  was  held  in  time  when  made  an 
hour  after  the  trial  was  over  {Kynaston  v.  Ma^kindery  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  76) ; 
but  an  amendment  which  may  be  made  "  at "  the  Trial  means  {semble) 
before  verdict  {Wickens  v.  Steel,  26  L.  J.  C.  P.  241;  2  C.  B.  N.  S. 
488). 

A  request  to  a  Co.  Co.  Judge  to  take  a  Note  of  a  Question  of  Law,  has 
to  be  made  "  at  the  Trial,"  s.  120,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  —  Le,  during,  or  at 
the  end  of,  the  trial ;  and  a  request  made  an  hour  and  a  half  after  the 
trial  is  too  late  {Fierpolnt  v.  CaHwright,  6  C.  P.  D.  139;  28  W.  R. 
683).  Such  request  is  a  Condition  Precedent  to  an  Appeal  {McChrah  v. 
CaHwright,  ^  L.  J.  Q.  B.  331;  23  Q.  B.  D.  3;  60  L.  T.  637;  37  W.  R. 
619:  Cook  V.  Gordon,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  446). 

Under  s.  3,  20  &  21  V.  c.  43,  Recognizances  are  entered  into  "  at  the 
time  of  the  application  "  for  a  Case,  if  entered  into  within  the  3  days 
given  for  applying  {Chapman  v.  Robinson,  28  L.  J.  M.  C.  30;  1 E.  &  E. 
26). 

Under  s.  26,  Comp  Act,  1867,  repld  s.  7,  Comp  Act,  1900,  a  contract 
for  paid-up  shares  simultaneously  issued  would  have  been  registered 
"  at  "  the  Issue  of  the  shares,  if  registered  as  soon  as  practically  possible 
after  the  completion  of  the  transaction  {Re  Tunnel  Mining  Co,  bQ  L.  J. 
Ch.  1049;  36  Ch.  D.  679;  3  Times  Rep.  684:  Re  Anglo- Colonial  Syndi- 
cate, 66  L.  T.  847.  Cp  Accompany)  .  But  a  lengthened  omission  to 
register  might  be  rectified  on  terms  {Re  Darlington  Forge  Co,  6^  L.  J. 
Ch.  730;  34  Ch.  D.  622:  Re  Preservation  Syndicate,  1896,  2  Ch.  768; 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  723;  73  L.  T.  341). 

As  to  a  requirement  that  a  deposit  is  to  be  paid  "  at  or  before  "  entering 
an  Appeal;  V.  Ex  p.  Rosenthal,  Re  Dickinson,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  736;  20 
Ch.  D.  316:  Ex  p.  Ltixon,  Re  Pidsley,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  928;  20  Ch.  D.  701. 

A  statement  that  the  consideration  of  a  Bill  of  Sale  was  paid  "  at  or 
before  "  its  execution  (though  such  a  phrase  is  somewhat  elastic)  is  not 


AT  139        AT  ALL  TIMES 

true  if  not  paid  till  7  days  afterwards  {Exp.  Rolph,  W.  K  (81)  136). 
Vf  Truly  set  forth. 

In  Lloyd  v.  Gregory  (Cro.  Car.  502)  a  reversionary  lease  to  commence 
"  at "  a  stated  Feast  Day,  was  construed  as  ^^  from  "  such  day. 

V.  After  :  From  :  On  :  Upon. 

When  "  at"  is  used  as  denoting  a  Place,  it  refers  to  some  fixed  and 
definite  place;  e.g.,  therefore,  a  Marine  Policy  on  pumps  whilst  engaged 
"  at  the  wreck  "  of  a  vessel,  will  not  cover  the  loss  of  the  pumps  when 
"  on  **  the  vessel  after  she  has  been  got  away  from  the  scene  of  her  wreck, 
and  is  moving  about  from  place  to  place  in  an  endeavour  to  get  her  into 
port  (Difiori  v.  Adams,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  437:  Vf  Wingate  v.  Foster,  47 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  625;  3  Q.  B.  D.  582).  "  At  as  above  "  in  such  a  Policy;  K 
Joyce  V.  Eealm  Mar  Insrce,  41  L.  J.  Q.  B.  356;  L.  R.  7  Q.  B.  580. 

To  unload  "  at  "  a  stated  Wharf,  in  a  Charter-Party,  connotes  Along- 
side {Bastifele  v.  Lloyd,  cited  Near  thereto  as  she  may  safely 
get). 

When  "  at  "  is  used  in  a  Will  or  Deed  as  descriptive  of  the  situation 
or  locality  of  property,  its  meaning  is  synonymous  with  In.  But  in  such 
a  phrase  as  "  at  or  within,"  the  word  "  at  "  is  rather  used  in  the  sense  of 
"  near  to,"  or  "  adjacent  to  "  (Jfomer  v.  Homer,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  635 ;  8  Ch.  D. 
758,  cited  1  Jarm.  796:  Sv,  Doe  d.  Browne  v.  Ch'eening,  3  M.  &  S.  171: 
Evans  v.  Angell,  26  Bea.  202). 

"  My  Property  at  R.'s  Bank  " ;   V.  Re  Prater,  cited  My. 

"  All  my  Land  at  S.";   F.  Re  Portal  and  Lamb,  cited  My. 

An  Advowson  cannot  properly  be  said  to  be  "  at "  a  place;  and,  primd 
facie,  a  devise  of  hereditaments  "  at "  a  place  will  not  pass  an  Advowson 
(Crompton  v.  Jarratt,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  1109;  30  Ch.  D.  298).  Cp  In,  whva 
as  to  Debts. 

"At,  in,  or  near";   V,  1  Jarm.  794:  At  or  near. 

AT  A   FAIR  VALUATION.— F.  Fair  Valuation. 

AT  ALL  TIMES.  —  A  covenant  in  a  Mining  Lease  to  work  the 
Mine  "at  all  Times,"  is  frequently  incapable  of  literal  performance 
{Abinger  v.  Ashton,  L.  R.  17  Eq.  358 :  Vth,  Strelley  v.  Pearson,  15  Ch.  D. 
113). 

AT  ALL  TIMES  OF  TIDE.— Where  a  Charter-party  provides 
for  delivery  of  the  cargo  at  a  Port  or  as  near  thereto  as  the  vessel  may 
safely  get  "  at  all  times  of  tide,"  even  though  it  be  added  "  always  afloat," 
the  phrase  "  at  all  times  of  tide  "  is  in  relief  of  the  ship-owner,  so  that  when 
the  vessel  is  as  near  to  the  port  as  she  can  safely  get,  though  from  the 
state  of  the  tide  it  is  not  near  enough  to  unload,  the  Lay  Days  will 
begin  to  run,  as  the  voyage  will  then  be  terminated  {Horsley  v.  Price, 
52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  603;  11  Q.  B.  D.  244).     The  insertion  of  this  phrase  in 


AT  ALL  TIMES        140       AT  DISCRETION 

a  Charter*Party  will  accordingly  materially  qualify  the  usual  phrase  of, 
as  Near  thkreto  as  she  may  safely  get. 

AT  ANCHOR.  —  Semble,  a  Vessel  held  by  her  anchor  is  not  Under- 
way, even  though  that  be  in  the  course  of  her  being  towed;  and  being 
so  held  she  need  only  exhibit  her  Anchor  Light  {The  £oma7ice,  83 
L.  T.  488). 

AT  AND  FROM.  —  The  risk  on  a  Marine  Policy  begins  at,  and  as 
soon  as  the  ship  is  within,  the  port  when  the  words  are  "  At  and  From  " 
(Palmer  v.  Marshall,  8  Bing.  79,  317:  Haughton  v.  Empire  Mar  Insrce, 
35  L.J.  Ex.  117;  L.R.I  Ex.  206;  4H.&C.44:  Foley  ^.  Tinned  Insrce, 
L.  R.  5  C.  P.  165:  Vf,  The  Coper nicus,  1896,  P.  237;  65  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
108;  74  L.  T.  757);  but  at  the  commencement  of  the  voyage,  when  only 
"From"  is  used  {Small  v.  Gibson,  20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  152;  16  Q.  B.  156). 
Vhy  Colonial  Insrce  v.  Adelaide  Insrce  (12  App.  Ca.  128;  56  L.  J.  P.  C. 
19;  56  L.  T.  173;  35  W.  R.  636)  in  which  a  proposal  "at  and  from," 
was  accepted  "from"  a  port;  and  in  which,  on  the  construction  of  the 
Letter  of  Acceptance,  it  was  held  that  parties  were  ad  idem  and  the 
proposal  accepted. 

Vf,  Wingate  v.  Foster,  3  Q.  B.  D.  582;  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  625:  Hydames 
Co  V.  Indemnity  Assrce,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  600;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  353;  72  L.  T. 
103:  8  Encyc.  173-177. 

As  to  meaning  when  this  phrase  relates  to  Time,  V.  From  :  On. 

AT  ANY   ONE   TIME.  — T.  One  Time. 

AT  ANY  TIME.  —  A  Power  to  do  a  thing,  e,g,  to  Revoke  Uses, 
"at  any  time,"  is  not  confined  to  one  execution;  the  words  are  equiva- 
lent to  "  From  time  to  time,  as  often  as  the  Donee  of  the  Power  shall 
think  good  "  {Digges'  Case,  1  Rep.  173). 

In  2kMining  Lease,  aPower  to  surrender  "  at  any  Time,"  on  giving  a  speci- 
fied notice,  is  literally  construed  as  meaning  "  at  any  time  of  any  year  of  the 
tenancy  " ;  and  does  not  mean  that  the  notice  is  to  expire  at  the  end  of  any 
year  (Bridges  v.  Potts,  33  L.  J.  C.  P.  338 ;  17  C.  B.  N.  S.  314).     F.  Any. 

Power  to  Amend  "  at  any  time,"  must  have  some  limitation  put  on  it, 
but  it  has  a  wide  meaning  {Ex  p.  Norris,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  93  ;  17  Q.  B.  D. 
728 :  Re  Newton,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  403;  6,5  L.  J.  Q.  B.  686). 

Qu4  an  agreement  in  Restraint  op  Trade,  "  at  any  time  "  prima 
fa>cie  connotes  the  stipulator's  life  {Hastings  v.  Whitley,  2  Ex.  611). 

"  At  any  time  previously  " ;   V,  Previously. 

V.  One  Time. 

AT  DISCRETION.  — Where  an  Officer  is  removable  "at  the  Dis- 
cretion "  of  the  persons  or  body  appointing  him,  that  justifies  an  ap- 
pointment "  during  the  Pleasure  "  of  the  Appointors,  — "  at  Discretion  " 
and  "  during  Pleasure,"  connoting  the  same  thing  {Delea  v,  Cork,  19 
W.  R.  471).    Cp  Convenience. 


AT  HIS  DEATH         141  AT  OR  NEAR 

AT  HIS  DEATH.  — "At  his  death,"  read  "from  and  after  his 
death  "  {Thelwall  v.  Finney,  W.  N.  (68)  313). 

AT   HIS  WILL   OR    PLEASURE.— T.  At  Discretion:   Con- 

VENIENCR. 

AT  HOME. — As  to  when  property  is  said  to  he  "  at  home,"  and  the 
effect  thereof;  V.  Lewin,  720  :  Watson  Eq.  112. 

AT    INTEREST. —  V.  Money  out  at  interest. 

AT    LARQE.  — "  Inhabitants  at  Large  " ;   F.  Repairable. 
"  Verdict  at  Large  ";  V.  Litt.  ss.  367,  368  :  Co.  Litt.  228  a. 

AT   LAW.—  F.  Right  in  Equity:  By  Law. 

AT  LEAST.  —  Where  time  is  to  be  computed  as  so  many  days  "  at 
least,"  that  means  clear  days  {R,  v.  Salop,  7  L.  J.  M.  C.  56;  8  A.  &  E. 
173:  Mitchell  v.  Forster,  9  Dowl.  P.  C.  527;  12  A.  &  E.  472;  9  L.  J. 
M.  C.  95:  Young  v.  Higgon,  9  L.  J.  M.  C.  29;  6  M.  &  W.  49:  Norton 
V.  Salisbury,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  9;  4  C.  B.  32:  Freeman  v.  Read,  cited 
Calendar  Month:  Robinson  v.  Robinson,  30  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  189: 
Howes  V.  Turner,  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  550;  1  C.  P.  D.  670 :  Mercantile  Trust 
V.  International  Co,  1893,  1  Ch.  484,  n,  489:  Cp  R.  v.  St.  Mary, 
Warwick,  cited  Year).  But  in  Re  Ry  Sleepers  Co  (54  L.  J.  Ch.  722; 
29  Ch.  D.  204),  Chitty,  J.,  said,  "  I  do  not  see  any  distinction  between 
*  14  days  '  and  *  at  least  14  days.*  " 

Note,  In  this  computation,  a  Notice  in  a  Newspaper  appears  on  the 
Day  of  its  Date,  though  the  newspaper  may  be  partially  published  previ- 
ously {R,  V.  Aberdare  Canal  Co,  19  L.  J.  Q.  B.  261;  14  Q.  B.  853). 

F.Clear:  Interval:  Within. 

As  to  value  of  "  at  least  "  in  making  a  prayer  or  claim  alternative,  F. 
La  Banque  UHochelaga  v.  Murray,  cited  Null. 

AT   MATURITY.— F.  Mature. 

AT  MERCHANT'S   RISK.— F  Mechant's  Risk. 

AT  ONCE.  —  A  Commercial  Traveller  whose  duty  is  to  remit  the 
moneys  he  receives  "  at  once,"  should  remit  each  sum  received  "  by  the 
next  post"  (per  Huddleston,  B.,  R.  v.  Rogers,  41  L.  J.  M.  C.  14; 
3  Q.  B.  D.  33). 

AT   ONE  TIME.  — F  One  Time. 

AT  OR  NEAR. — Anchor  Light  to  be  carried  "at  or  near  the 
Stem,"  Art.  11,  Regns  fop  the  Prevention  of  Collisions  at  Sea;  F.  The 
Gannet,  1899,  P.  230;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  99;  1900,  A.  C.  234;  69 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  49. 


AT  OR  WITHIN        142      AT  THEIR  DEATH 

AT  OR  WITHIN V.  At,  towards  end. 

AT  OWNER'S  RISK.— r.  Owner's  Risk. 

AT  SEA. — "  In  a  policy,  of  marine  insurance  where  the  vessel  was 
described  as  '  At  Sea '  it  was  held  by  the  Supreme  Colony  of  Victoria 
that  the  condition  was  complied  with,  as  she  had  then  left  port,  although 
she  was  in  a  navigable  river  which  had  at  its  mouth  a  bar  difficult  to 
cross"  (Wood,  241,  citing  Fisher  v.  Adelaide  Insrce,  2  Victorian 
Rep.  90). 

"  Mariner  at  Sea  " ;  V,  Mabinkb. 

AT  SHIP'S  RISK.~F.  Ship's  Risk. 

AT  SIGHT.  — "A  Note  payable  at  Sight,  by  the  terms  of  the  con- 
tract, must  be  shown  before  action  brought :  that  was  the  case  of 
Holmes  V.  Kerrison,  2  Taunt.  323  "  (per  Parke,  B.,  Nortmi  v.  Ellam^ 
6  L.  J.  Ex.  121;  2  M.  &  W.  461).  But  F.  s.  10,  Bills  of  Ei.  Act,  1882. 
Fa,  On  Demand. 

"  Sight "  and  "  Date  "  of  a  Bill  or  Note  are  not  synonymous,  — 
'*  Sight  "  connotes  when  the  document  is  presented  (^Sturdy  v.  Henderson^ 
4B.  &Ald.  592). 

As  to  what  is  a  "  Sight "  ;  F.  Way  v.  Bassett,  15  L.  J.  Ch.  1 ; 
6  Hare,  55. 

AT  THE  END.— F.  End. 

AT  THE  EXPIRATION.— F.  At:  Expibation. 

AT  THE  KINO'S  PLEASURE.  — When  a  punishment  is  to  be 
imposed  "at  the  King's  pleasure,"  this  is  to  be  done  in  his  Courts  and 
by  his  Justices  (1  Hale,  375:  Dwar.  675:  Maxwell,  427). 

AT  THE  KINO'S  WILL.— F  Felony. 

AT  THE  LEAST.— F  At  least. 

AT  THE  PLEASURE. —F  Pleasure:  At  Discretion. 

AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME.  — "The  business  at  the  Present  Time 
returns  a  net  profit  of  17%  on  the  capital  employed";  F  Glacier  v. 
Bolls,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  331. 

F.  Capital  employed. 

AT  THE  RATE  OF.  — F  Rate:  Per  Annum:  Year. 

AT  THE  TIME  OF F.  Brown  v.  WUkinson,  16  L.  J.  Ex.  34; 

15  M.  &  W.  391. 

AT  THE  TRIAL.— F.  At. 

AT  THEIR  DEATH. — Bequest  to  two  or  more,  and  "at  their 
death"  to  their  children,  read  "at  their  respective  deaths"  {Wills  v. 
WUU,  L.  R.  20  Eq.  342;  44  L.  J.  Ch.  582). 


AT  VARIANCE  143        ATTACHMENT 

AT  VARIANCE V.  Vabiaxce. 

AT  WAR.  — F.  War. 

AT  WILL.— F.  Tenant  at  Will. 

ATTACH.  —  "  *  Attach,'  is  a  taking  or  apprehending  by  Command 
or  Writ "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

As  to  the  Writ  of  Attachment,  F  Ord.  44,  R.  S.  C.  and  notes  theredn 
in  Ann.  Pr. 

ATTACHED.  —  This  word  does  not  always  mean  physically  fastened ; 
it  may  also  mean,  superincumbent  upon.  Thus  in  citing  from  the  jdgnit 
of  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  Laing  v.  Bishopswearmouth  (47  L.  J.  M.  C.  41; 
3  Q.  B.  D.  299),  that  whatever  is  "  attached "  to  premises  has  to  be 
estimated  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  its  rating  value,  Esher,  M.  K., 
said :  — 

*'  Now  does  the  word  '  attached  '  there,  mean  attached  by  some  physical 
fastening  such  as  screws  or  bolts  ?  If  it  does,  a  thing  weighing  tons, 
which  cannot  be  and  never  was  intended  to  be  lifted,  would  not  be  taken 
into  account  if  not  fastened  to  some  part  of  the  building  ;  whereas  if  it 
were  fastened  it  would.  That,  as  it  seems  to  my  mind,  would  be  a 
monstrous  consequence.  I  do  not  think  the  word  '  attached  '  does  there 
mean  '  physically  fastened,'  so  as  to  determine  whether  the  thing  is  to  be 
taken  into  account  or  not "  {Tyne  Boiler  Works  Co  r.  Longbenton,  66 
L.  J.  M.  C.  12).  It  was  held  in  that  case  that  heavy  machinery  kept 
in  situ  by  its  own  weight  had  to  be  taken  into  account  in  assessing  the 
rateable  value  of  the  premises. 

Shop  or  Warehouse  "  attached  "  to  a  Dwellinghouse,  R.  3,  Sch  B., 
House  Tax  Act,  1808,  does  not  mean,  mere  contact  of  some  part  of  the 
two  structures,  but  means  attached  for  use  with  the  Dwellinghouse  (per 
Ld  Brampton,  Grant  v.  Langston,  cited  House). 

^  Expenses  attaching  to  the  Meeting  "  ;   V,  Meeting. 

ATTACHES.  —  "When  the  liability  of  the  underwriter  commences 
under  the  contract,* the  technical  mode  of  expressing  this  is  by  saying 
that  '  the  policy  attaches, '  or  *  the  risk  begins  to  run  '  from  that  time  " 
(Arn.  2). 

ATTACHMENT.  —  F.  Attach. 

Quk  "  Execution  or  Attachment,"  2  &  3  V.  c.  29,  — "Does  not  'At- 
tachment *  virtually  include  a  Distress  ?  It  is  a  holding  of  the  goods 
Id  Pledge  "  (per  Tindal,  C.  J.,  Laeklngton  v.  EUiottj  7  M.  &  G.  541). 

ATTACHMENT  FOR  DEBT.  — A  committal  under  Debtors* 
Act,  1869,  for  non-payment  of  a  Judgment  debt,  being  punitive, 
though  it  may  be  got  rid  of  by  payment,  is  not  an  "  Attachment  for 
Debt"  within  a.  14,  Sheriff's  Act,  1887,  60  &  61  V.  c.  ^  {Mitchell  v. 


ATTACHMENT        144  ATTEMPT 

SimpsoTiy  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  355;  26  Q.  B.  D.  183).  That  section  is  » 
re-enactment  of  s.  1,  32  G.  3,  c.  28,  under  which  "Attachment"  only 
applied  to  persons  arrested  on  Mesne  process  (Evans  v.  Atkins,  4  T.  B. 
555).  Arrest  upon  Mesne  process  "  in  any  action  "  is  abolished  (s.  6, 
32  &  33  y.  c.  62)  ;  but  the  same  section  enacts  "  in  substance  a  new  form 
of  Mesne  process  "  (  V.  note  by  Fry,  L.  J.,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  359),  to  which, 
probably,  "  Attachment  for  Debt  "  applies;  and  "  I  think  it  is  applicable 
to  Crown  Debts  and,  at  all  events,  to  writs  ne  exeat  regno  "  (per  Lopes, 
L.  J.,  Mitchell  V.  Simpson^  sup). 
V.  Imprtsonment. 

ATTACHMENT   OF   DEBT.—  V.  Debt. 

ATTACHMENT   OF   PLEAS   OF  THE   CROWN.— Fl  cTeuri- 

son  V.  Dyson,  9  M.  &  W.  640;  11  L.  J.  Ex.  401;  2  M.  &  R.  377. 

ATTACK.  —  There  is  a  clear  difference  between  an  "  Attack  "  on  and 
an  "  Engagement "  with  Pirates  (s.  2,  Piracy  Act,  1850,  13  &  14  V.  c. 
26).  ''  I  take  an  Attack  to  be,  the  use  of,  or  the  attempt  to  use.  Force  or 
Violence.  It  is  not  necessary  to  constitute  an  Attack  that  there  should 
be  any  resistance  or  any  actual  combat  or  any  blood  spilt.  <  Engage- 
ment '  is  a  different  word,  and  seems,  necessarily,  to  imply  that  there 
was  something  of  a  combat  or  fight "  (per  Dr.  Lushington,  The  Magellan 
Pirates,  1  Spink,  87;  18  Jur.  20).  Held  in  the,  that  an  Intimidation 
by  a  demonstration  of  force,  was  an  "  Attack  "  within  the  section  cited. 

Qu^  Prevention  of  Crime  (Ir)  Act,  1882,  45  &  46  V.  c.  25,  "  'Attack 
on  a  Dwelling Hous E '  means,  any  crime,  cognisable  by  law,  involving 
the  breaking  into,  firing  at,  or  otherwise  assaulting  or  injuring,  a  dwell- 
inghouse  "  (s.  35). 

ATTAIN.  — A  limitation  to  those  "  who  attain,"  or  "  such  as  attain" 
a  particular  age,  or  marry,  creates  a  Condition  Precedent  {Dnffield  v. 
Dvffield,  3  Bligh,  N.  S.  260) ;  but,  in  some  cases  the  estate  would  vest 
at  once,  subject  to  be  divested  on  the  event  not  happening  {Muskett  v. 
Eaton,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  22;  1  Ch.  D.  435)  ;  V.  the  cases  cited  Watson  Eq. 
1219.     Vf  When. 

Devise  to  T.  for  life,  remainder  to  his  second  son,  "  on  his  attaining 
21,  but  in  default  of  there  being  a  second  son  "  then  over,  does  not  give, 
to  a  second  son  dying  under  21,  an  estate  in  fee  with  an  executory  devise 
over,  but  only  a  remainder  contingent  on  his  attaining  21  (Alexander  v. 
Alexander,  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  150;  16  C.  B.  59). 

ATTAINDER.  —  "Is  when  a  man  hath  committed  Felony,  or 
Treason,  and  judgment  is  passed  upon  him "  (Cowel).  Vf  Termes  de 
la  Ley :  1  Encyc.  402. 

ATTEMPT.  —  A  mere  offer  to  give  security  on  property  if  it  can  be 
effectually  done,  is  not  an  "  attempt "  to  Anticipate  or  incumber  the 


ATTEMPT  146  ATTEMPT 

property  within  a  clause  of  Forfeiture  {Graham  v.  Lee^  26  L,  J.  Ch. 
395;  23  Bea.  388;  29  L.  T.  0.  S.  46:  Re  Amherst,  L.  B.  13  Eq.  468); 
but  an  Alienation,  by  one  who  is  suijurisy  which  is  in  itself  void,  is  an 
"attempt "  to  alienate  {Re  FoH&r,  1892,  3  Ch.  481;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  688; 
41  W.  B.  38).  Within  such  a  clause  the  filing  by  the  beneficiary  of  a 
Petition  under  the  old  Insolvent  Debtors  Act,  was  an  "  attempt "  to  sell, 
or  dispose  of,  his  interest  {Martin  v.  Margham^  14  Sim.  230;  approved 
by  Turner,  L.  J.,  Roehford  v.  ffackman,  9  Hare,  475) ;  secus,  of  a  mere 
Declaration  of  Insolvency  {Graham  v.  Lee^  sup),  or  a  Seizure  under  a 
judicial  process  {R,  v.  Robinson,  cited  Alienation). 

Within  such  a  clause,  it  is  an  Attempt  "  to  intermeddle  or  interfere 
in  the  management "  of  the  estate,  to  bring  an  action  against  the  trus- 
tees relating  thereto  without  any  **  probabilis  causa  litigandi "  {Powell 
V.  Morgan,  2  Vem.  90),  e.g.  a  frivolous  action  for  a  Receiver  {Adams  v. 
Adam^,  1892, 1  Ch.  369;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  237;  66  L.  T.  98;  40  W.  R.  261)  ; 
so,  of  "  attempting  to  interfere  with  the  tenants,  annoying  them,  and  so 
on"  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  lb.), 

**  An  Attempt  to  commit  a  Crime  is  an  act  done  with  intent  to  com- 
mit that  crime,  and  forming  part  of  a  series  of  acts  which  would  con- 
stitute its  actual  commission  if  it  were  not  interrupted.  Sv^  R.  v. 
Ring,  inf. 

^  The  point  at  which  such  a  series  of  acts  begins  cannot  be  defined; 
but  depends  upon  the  circumstances  of  each  particular  case. 

"  An  act  done  with  Intent  to  commit  a  crime,  the  commission  of 
which  in  the  manner  proposed  was,  in  fact,  impossible,  is  not  an  at- 
tempt to  commit  that  crime. 

^  The  offence  of  attempting  to  commit  a  crime  may  be  committed  in 
cases  in  which  the  offender  voluntarily  desists  from  the  actual  commis- 
sion of  the  crime  itself  "  (Steph,  Cr.  37,  38 :  Fjf,  R.  v.  Cheeseman,  L.  &  C. 
140;  31L.  J.  M.  C.  89).  "-^ 

Attempt  to  procure  Abortion  ;  F.  Administer. 

"  Attempt  to  discharge  any  kind  of  Loaded  Arms,"  s.  18,  24  &  25  V. 
c.  100;  r.  Loaded  Arm.  Probably,  a  person  cannot  "attempt"  to 
discharge  a  Fire  Arm  which,  in  fact,  cannot  possibly  be  discharged  {R, 
V.  Lewis,  9  C.  &  P.  523;  Svthc^  R.  v.  Brown,  inf);  but  where  A.  (who 
had  previously  threatened  B.)  pointed  a  loaded  pistol  at  B.,  but,  before  he 
could  discharge  it,  his  hands  were  seized  and  the  pistol  taken  from  him, 
A.  was  guilty  of  the  "attempt"  {R.  v.  Duckworth,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  83; 
40  W.  R.  448;  66  L.  T.  302,  whc  overrules  R.  v.  St.  George,  9  C.  &  P. 
483). 

Attempts  to  Murder,  ss.  11  to  15,  24  &  25  V.  c.  100;  V.  R.  v.  Brown, 
10  Q.  B.  D.  381;  52  L.  J.  M.  C  49;  31  W.  R.  460;  48  L.  T.  270. 

There  may  be  an  Attempt  at  Theft  by  feloniously  trying  to  pick  an 

empty  pocket  {R.  v.  Ring,  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  116;  66  L.  T.  300;  56  J.  P. 

552). 

10 


ATTENDANCE        146  ATTEST 

ATTENDANCE.  -"Attendance"  (41  V.  c.  16,  a.  23)  means  "at- 
tendance of  a  child  at  a  morning  or  afternoon  meeting  of  a  school  during 
not  less  than  2  hours  of  instruction  in  secular  subjects  "  (Lond.  Oaz. 
31  Dec  1878). 

"Non-attendance  ";  V.  Absents. 

V,  In  Attendance. 

"Ordinary"  and  "Extraordinary"  Attendances  by  a  Solr;  F.  Re 
Mahon  and  Sayer,  1893, 1  Ch.  507;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  65,  448;  41 W.  R.  257. 

ATTENDANT.  —  "'Attendant,'  is  where  one  oweth  a  duty  or 
service  to  another,  or,  as  it  were,  dependeth  upon  another  "  (Termes  de 
la  Ley).     Cp  Dependant. 

Stat.,Def.  — 16  &  17  V.  c.  96,  s.  36. 

An  Attendant  Term  in  Land,  is  one  the  original  purpose  of  which  is 
satisfied  but' which  is  kept  alive  to  protect  the  inheritance  from  incum- 
brances; the  Assignment  of  such  a  Term  is  rendered  unnecessary  by  the 
Satisfied  Terms  Act,  1845,  jB  &  9  V.  c.  112.  Vh  Wms.  B.  P.  Part  4, 
ch.  1. 

ATTENDED  TO.  —  Replying  to  a  letter  requesting  payment  of  a 
debt,  the  debtor  wrote,  —  "I  will  see  that  it  is  attended  to  " ;  held,  a 
sufficient  Acknowledgment  to  take  the  debt  out  of  the  Limitation 
Act,   1623  (Bartley  v.  Leesj  Times,  19  Feb  1895).     Cp  I  will  see 

YOU  PAID. 

But  "your  Bill  shall  have  Attention,"  is  ambiguous  and  does  not 
amount  to  an  Acceptance  of  the  Bill  (jRees  v.  Warwick,  2  B.  &  Aid. 
113). 

ATTENDING F.  Going  to. 

Costs  "  attending  " ;  V.  Costs. 

"Attending  on  subpoena  before  a  Court  of  Kecord";  Stat.  Def.,  35 
&36V.C.  76,  s.  73;    38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  109;     50  &  51  V.  c. 58,  s. 76. 

ATTENTAT.  —  "An  Attentat,  in  the  language  of  the  Civil  and 
Canon  Laws,  is  anything  whatsoever  wrongfully  innovated  or  attempted 
in  the  suit  by  the  Judge  a  quo,  pending  an  Appeal "  (1  Addams,  22,  n). 

ATTENTION.  —  V.  Attended  to. 

ATTEST  :  ATTESTATION.  —  Where  an  Instrument  is  re- 
quired to  be  "  attested,"  the  meaning  is,  that  a  witness  shall  be  present 
at  its  execution  and  shall  testify  on  it  that  it  has  been  executed  by  the 
proper  person  (Freshfield  v.  Reed,  11  L.  J.  Ex.  193;  9  M.  &  W.  404). 

To  "  attest "  an  instrument  is  not  merely  to  subscribe  one's  name  to 
it  as  having  been  present  at  its  execution,  but  Includes  also,  essentially, 
the  presence,  in  fact,  at  its  execution  of  some  disinterested  person 
capable  of  giving  evidence  as  to  what  took  place  (^Roberts  v.  Phil- 
lips, 24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  171;  4  E.  &  B.  450:  Bryan  v.   White,  2  Bob. 


ATTEST      147  ATTORNEY  GENERAL 

Ecc.  315 :  Seal  v.  Claridge,  7  Q.  B.  D.  616;  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  316;  29  W.  R. 
698;  44  L.  T.  601 :  Sharp  v.  Birch,  61  L.  J.  Q,  B.  64;  8  Q.  B.  D.  Ill; 
30  W.  R.  428;  46  L.  T.  760:  Ford  v.  Kettle,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  658; 
9  Q.  B.  D.  139;  30  W.  R.  741;  46  L.  T.  667:  Sv,  as  to  the  two  latter 
cases,  Cooper  v.  ZeffeH,  32  W.  R.  402.  Ta,  Wright  v.  Wakeford, 
4  Taunt.  223:  Doe  d.  SpiUhury  v.  Burdett,  4  A.  &  E.  1 ;  9  A.  &  E.  936; 
1  P.  &  D.  670;  10  CI.  &  F.  340).  An  instrument  required  to  be  "  wit- 
nessed'* "at  the  above  date,"  can  only  be  witnessed  by  one  who  is 
an  actual  eye-witness  (Bodj/  v.  Ifalse,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  203;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
67;  66  L,  T.  499  j  40  W.  R.  206). 

"  'To  Attest '  is  to  bear  witness  to  a  fact.  Take  a  common  example  : 
a  notary  public  attests  a  Protest ;  he  bears  witness  not  to  the  statements 
in  that  protest,  but  to  the  fact  of  the  making  of  those  statements;  so,  I 
conceive,  the  witnesses  in  a  Will  bear  witness  to  all  that  the  statute 
requires  attesting  witnesses  to  attest,  namely  that  the  signature  was 
made  or  acknowledged  in  their  presence  "  (per  Dr.  Lushington,  Hudson 
V.  Parker,  1  Rob.  Ecc.  26:    Vfl  Jarm.  109). 

"  Attest  and  Subscribe  "  a  Will ;  V.  Griffiths  v.  Griffiths,  L.  R.  2  P.  & 
M.  300 :  Ee  Maddock,  3  lb.  169:  Eoberts  v.  Phillips,  sup. 

"  The  word  '  attestation '  is  there,  —  i.e.  in  s.  10,  Bills  of  Sale  Act, 
1878,  —  used  for  *  attestation  clause ' "  (per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Fx  p,  Bolland, 
62  L.  J.  Ch.  116;  21  Ch.  D.  643). 

V.    SUBSCBIBE  :    Cp  SiGNBD. 

ATTORNEY.  —  "  *  Attorney  *  is  an  ancient  English  word,  and  signi- 
fieth  one  that  is  set  in  the  turne,  stead,  or  place  of  another;  and  of  these 
some  be  private  (whereof  our  author  here  speaketh,  Litt.  s.  66),  and  some 
be  publike,  as  attorneys  at  law,  whose  warrant  from  his  master  is,  ponit 
loco  stw  talem  attomatum  suum,  which  setteth  in  his  turne  or  place 
such  a  man  to  be  his  attorney  "  (Co.  Litt.  61  b).  As  applied  to  this 
second  branch  of  the  definition,  the  title  of  "  Attorney  "  was  abolished 
by  the  Jud.  Act,  1873,  by  s.  87  of  which  "  Solicitors,  Attorneys,  or  Proc- 
tors" are  thenceforth  "to  be  called  Solicitors  of  the  Supreme  Court." 
Vf,  as  to  the  title  of  Solicitor  superseding  that  of  Proctor,  s.  20,  33  & 
34  V.  c.  28 ;  s.  17,  40  &  41  V.  c.  25. 

Attorney  "  expressly  named  "  ;  V.  Expressly  named. 

V,  Power  of  Attornet  :  Banker. 

Stat.  Def.  —  23  &  24  V.  c.  127,  s.  1 ;  33  &  34  V.  c.  28,  s.  3;  61  & 
62  V.  c.  17,  8.  69;  (Attorney  at  Law)  9  &  10  V.  c.  95,  s.  142.  — Jr.  24 
&26V.C.68,  s.  1;    29  &  30  V.  c.  84,  s.  1. 

ATTORNEY  QENERAI Stat.  Def.,  16  &  17  V.  c.  107,  s.  357 ; 

39  &  40  V.  c.  36,  8.  284;  42  &  43  Vict.  c.  22,  s.  9;  46  &  47  V.  c.  3, 
8.9,  c.  51,  s.  64;  62  &  63  V.  c.  52,  s.  7;  55  &  66  V.  c.  23,  s.  24.— 
Scot.  35  &  36  V.  c.  76,  s.  73;  50  &  51  V.  c.  68,  s.  76.  —  Ir,  36  &  37  V. 
c.  69,  s.  4 ;  46  &  46  V.  c.  25,  s.  35;  60  &  61  V.  c.  20,  s.  19,  c.  68,  s.  77. 


ATTORNMENT        148  AUDITOR 

ATTORNMENT.—"  '  Attornment '  signifies  the  Tenant's  acknowl- 
edgment of  a  new  Lord  "  (Cowel).  "  *  Attornment '  is  an  agreement  of 
the  tenant  to  the  grant  of  the  seigniorie,  or  of  a  rent,  or  of  the  donee  in 
tayle,  or  tenant  for  life  or  yeeres,  to  a  grant  of  a  reversion  or  remainder 
made  to  another  "  (Co.  Litt.  309  a:  Touch.  263 :  Vh,  Woodf.  278:  Bed- 
man,  13  :  1  Encjc.  409-413  :  Termes  de  la  Ley). 

An  Attornment  Clause  in  a  Mortgage,  is  an  "  Attornment  **  within  s.  6, 
Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1878,  and  is  a  Bill  of  Sale  {Re  WUlisy  Exp,  Kennedy, 
57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  634;  21  Q.  B.  D.  384 ;  36  W.  R.  793;  over-ruling  Hall 
V.  Comforty  18  Q.  B.  D.  11 ;  m  L.  J.  Q.  B.  185 :  V.  Green  v.  Marsh,  1892, 
2  Q.  B.  330;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  442 ;  66  L.  T.  480 :  Dbemkd).  But  though 
the  mtge  he  unregistered,  the  attornment  clause  is  good  for  the  purpose 
of  creating  the  relationship  of  Landlord  and  Tenant  {Mum ford  v.  Colliery 
2o  Q.  B.  D.  279;  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  652 ;  38  W.  R  716:  Vf  Kemp  v.  Les- 
ter,  1896, 2  Q.  B.  162 ;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  532  :  Sv  Scobi^i  v.  Collins,  1895, 
1  Q.  B.  375;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  10 ;  71  L.  T.  775). 

Vf,  Authority  or  License:  Kotice  to  Quit:  Expiration. 

ATTRITION.—  V.  Confession. 

AUCTION.— Quk  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "a  Sale  by  Auction  is 
complete  when  the  Auctioneer  announces  its  completion  by  the  fall  of  the 
hammer,  or  in  other  customary  manner.  Until  such  announcement  is 
made,  any  Bidder  may  retract  his  bid  "  (subs.  2,  s.  58)  :  V.  same  sec- 
tion for  general  rules  respecting  Auctions.  Vf,  Bidding:  Beserved 
Bidding:  Without  Eeservb:  Eetract. 

A  covenant  not  to  "  permit  any  sale  by  Public  Auction  "  to  take  place 
on  the  premises,  is  broken  by  the  covenantor  giving  a  Bill  of  Sale  which 
enables  the  grantee,  on  default,  to  sell  the  goods  on  the  premises  "  by 
private  contract  or  public  auction  "  (Toleman  v.  Porthury,  41  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
98;  L.  R.  7  Q.  B.  344;  26  L.  T.  292;  20  W.  R.  441). 

"  Public  Auction  Rooms  " ;  F.  Brown  v.  Arundell,  10  C.  B.  55,  56. 

AUCTIONEER Quk  Sale  of  Land  by  Auction  Act,  1867, 30  &  31 

V.  c.  48, "  *  Auctioneer '  shall  mean,  any  person  selling  by  Public  Auction 
any  Land,  whether  in  lots  or  otherwise  "  (s.  3). 

As  to  origin  of  this  word,  and  whether  an  Auctioneer  is  a  Broker; 
V.  mikes  V.  Mlis,  2  Bl.  H.  555. 

AUDITOR.  — Qu^  Poor  Law  Amendment  Act,  1834,  4  &  5  W.  4, 
c.  76,  "  *  Auditor'  shall  be  construed  to  mean  and  include  every  person 
(other  than  Justices  of  the  Peace,  acting  in  virtue  of  their  OflSce)  ap- 
pointed or  empowered  to  audit,  controul,  examine,  allow,  or  disallow  the 
accounts  of  any  Guardian,  Overseer,  or  Vestryman  relating  to  the  receipt 
or  expenditure  of  the  Poor  Bate  "  (s.  109). 


AUMONE  149  AUTHOR 

AUMONE. — "Tenure  by  Divine  sebvice,  as  distinguished  from 
Frankalmoigne;  Co.  Litt.  96  b,  97  a:  V.  2  Inst.  460:  Britton,  164: 
Cowel"  (Elpk561). 

AUSTRALIA. — Insurance  on  Goods  "at  and  from  London  to  any 
Ports  or  Places  in  Australia;  "  V.  Neale  v.  Bosey  3  Com.  Ca.  236. 

Qu4  the  Passengers  Australian  Colonies  Act,  24  &  25  V.  c.  52,  "  Aus- 
tralasia" signified  and.  included  "New  Zealand  and  Tasmania,  as  well 
as  Australia  proper  "  (s.  4). 

Qui  Kidnapping  Act,  1872,  36  &  36  V.  c  19,  "  '  Australasian  Colonies,' 
shall  mean  and  include  the  Colonies  of  New  South  Wales,  New  Zealand, 
Queensland,  South  Australia,  Tasmania,  Victoria,  and  Western  Aus- 
tralia "  (s.  2)  \  qui  38  &  39  Y.  c.  51,  the  phrase  means  and  includes 
Fiji  (s.  8). 

"  Australian  Colonies  ";  Stat.  Def.,  5  &  6  V.  c.  36,  s.  22.  Quk  Aus- 
tralian Colonies  Duties  Act,  1873,  36  &  37  V.  c.  22,  this  latter  phrase 
means,  "New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  South  Australia,  Queensland, 
Western  Australia,  and  Tasmania  "  (s.  2). 

"  The  Commonwealth  of  Australia  " ;    F.  Commonwealth. 

AUTHOR.  —  The  Adaptor  of  a  foreign  drama  who  introduces  into 
his  version  material  alterations,  is  an  "  Author  "  of  a  Dramatic  Piece, 
within  s.  1,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  15  {Tree  v.  Bowkett,  74  L.  T.  77;  12  Times 
Hep.  181).  But  a  person  who  employs  another  to  adapt  a  foreign  drama 
for  representation  in  England  and  who  merely  suggests  the  subject,  is 
not  the  "  Author  "  of  the  adaptation  within  the  section  {Shepherd  v. 
Conquesty  25  L.  J.  C.  P.  127;  17  C.  B.  427);  and  to  constitute  a  person 
a  joint  author  he  must  co-operate  in  the  production  of  the  drama  itself, 
and  merely  touching  it  up  so  as  to  make  it  more  attractive  on  the  stage 
does  not  constitute  a  joint  authorship  {Levy  v.  Butley,  40  L.  J.  C.  P. 
244;  L.  R.  6  C.  P.  623).  Vf,  Hatton  v.  Kean,  29  L.  J.  C.  P.  20; 
7  C.  B.  N.  S.  268:  Wallerstein  v.  Herbert,  16  L.  T.  453. 

"  Author  "  of  a  Book,  6  &  6  V.  c.  45,  includes  Alien  authors  {Low  v. 
BotUledge,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  114;  1  Ch.  42):  under  8  Anne,  c.  19,  this  was 
not  so  {Jefferys  v.  Boosey,  24  L.  J.  Ex.  81;  4  H.  L.  Ca.  815). 

Within  5  &  6  V.  c.  45,  the  Reporter  of  a  Speech  verbatim  is  the 
"  Author  "  of  the  report,  if  the  speaker  claims  no  rights  in  the  speech 
{Walker  v.  Lane,  1900,  A.  C.  539;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  699;  83  L.  T.  289;  49 
W.  R.  95;  16  Times  Rep.  27). 

Author  or  Composer  of  a  Musical  Composition,  7  V.  c.  12;  F.  Wood  v. 
Booseyy  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  223;  37  L.  J.  Q.  B.  84.     F/ Compose. 

Not  the  Proprietor  of  the  business,  as  such,  but  the  actual  Operator 
who  takes  (or  superintends  the  taking  of)  the  negative  is  the  "  Author  " 
of  a  Photograph  within  Fine  Arts  Copyright  Act,  1862,  s.  1  {Nottage  v. 
Jackson,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  760;  11  Q.  B.  D.  627).  To  use  the  language 
of  Bretty  M.  R.,  in  the  last  case,  the  superintending  operator  is  "  the 


AUTHOR  150  AUTHORIZE 

person  who  effectively  is,  as  uear  as  he  can  be,  the  cause  of  the  picture 
which  is  produced  "  :  Vf^  Kenrick  v.  Lawrence,  25  Q.  B.  D.  99;  38  W.  R. 
779:  Melville  v.  Mirror  of  Life  Co,  1895,  2  Ch.  531;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  41. 
Note.  —  A  photographic  portrait,  taken  at  a  customer's  cost,  cannot  be 
published  without  his  authority  {Pollard  v.  Photographio  Co,  58  L.  J. 
Ch.  251;  40  Ch.  D.  345:  Cp,  Ellis  v.  Ogden,  11  Times  Rep.  50).  Vf, 
Good:  For:  Person. 

Stat.  Def .  —  International  Copyright  Act,  188(J,  49  &  50  V.  c.  33,  s.  11. 

Quk  P.  H.  (Scot)  Act,  1897,  "  'Author  of  a  Nuisance,'  means  the 
person  through  whose  act  or  default,  the  Nuisance  is  caused,  exists,  or 
is  continued,  — whether  he  be  the  Owner  or  Occupier,  or  both  "  (s.  3); 
a  def  adopted  from  19  &  20  V.  c.  103,  s.  3 ;     30  &  31  V.  c.  101,  s.  3. 

AUTHORITY. — V.  By  Authority.  Cp,  Burgh:  Confirming: 
Conservancy  Authority  :  County  Authority  :  Direct  :  Harbour  : 
Highway:  Licensing:  Lighthouse:  Local  Authority  :  Metropol- 
itan :  Pilotage  :  Police  :  Prison  :  Public  Authority  :  Rating  :  Ri- 
parian: Road:  Rural:  Sanitary:  Savings:  Sewer:  Spend:  Urban. 

Stat.  Def.  —  61  &  52  V.  c.  41,  s.  78.  —  /r.  61  &  62  V.  c.  37,  s.  109  (1) ; 
62  &  63  V.  c.  60,  s.  29  (2). 

"  Authority  acting  under  the  Public  Libraries  Acts  "  ;  Stat.  Def.,  47  & 
48  V.  c.  37,  s.  4.     V.  Library. 

AUTHORITY  OR  LICENSE.  — An  Agreement  authorizing  a 
Brewer  to  distrain  for  goods  supplied  to  a  tied  house,  is  an  "  Authority 
or  License  to  take  possession  of  personal  chattels  as  Security  for  Debt," 
s.  4,  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1878,  and  requires  registration  (Pulbrook  v, 
Ashbij,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  376;  36  W.  R.  779);  "  Debt,"  in  that  connection, 
is  not  confined  to  a  debt  existing  at  the  time  of  the  Agreement  (lb.  and 
vtkc  approved  Stevens  v.  Marstoiiy  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  192;  39  W.  R.  129; 
64  L.  T.  274).  But,  semble,  the  ruling  in  those  cases  does  not  apply  to 
a  power  of  Distress  in  a  Lease  (and  certainly  not  in  a  Mining  Lease, 
s.  6)  enabling  the  lessor  to  distrain  elsewhere  than  on  the  demised 
premises  (Re  Roundwood  Colliery  Co,  1897,  1  Ch.  373;  66  L.,J.  Ch. 
186;  75  L.  T.  641;  45  W.  R.  324).     Cp  Attornment.     FjT  License. 

AUTHORITY  OR  REQUEST.  — "Warrant,  Order,  Authority, 
or  Request,"  ss.  23,  24,  24  &  26  V.  c.  98;  —  a  paper  merely  describing 
the  goods  ;  —  e.g.  "  One  quart  kettle,  James  Haywod,"  —  amounts  to  a 
"  Request "  (R.  v.  Pulbrook,  9  C.  &  P.  37) ;  a  Deposit  Receipt  of  a  Build- 
ing Society  may  be  a  "  Warrant,  Authority,  or  Request  "  (jR.  v.  Kay,  39 
L.  J.  M.  C.  118;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  257;  22  L.  T.  567). 

Vf  R.  V.  James,  8  C.  &  P.  292:  R.  v.  Taylor,  1  C.  &  K.  213. 

AUTHORIZE.  —  Where  a  Will  directs  a  fund  to  be  appropriated  to 
provide,  e.g.  an  Annuity,  from  such  Investments  as  are  "  hereby  author- 
ized," the  investments  are  confined  to  those  authorized  by  the  Will,  and 
recourse  cannot  be  had  to  the  powers  of  the  Trustee  Act,  1893  (Re  Oivth- 
waite,  1891;  3  Ch.  494;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  854;  65  L.  T.  144  ;  40  W.  R.38). 


AUTHORIZE  151  AVAILABLE 

"  Person  making  or  authorizing  "  an  Illegal  Payment,  s.  12,  Loc  Gov 
(Ir)  Act,  1871,  34  &  35  V.  c.  109;  V.  R.  v.  Calvert,  1898,  2  I.  R.  266. 
Cp  By  whose. 

"  Authorize  and  empower  ";    V.  Precatory  Trust. 

F.  Required. 

"  Authorized  Prison  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  42  &  43  V.  c.  33,  ss.  61,  64;  44  & 
45  V.  c.  68,  88.  62,  65. 

AUTRES   H^RITIERS F.  H^ritier. 

AUXILIARY.  —  F.  Collateral :  Incidental  or  Conducive. 

Qu^  Army  Act,  1881,  44  &  45  V.  c.  58,  "  < Auxiliary  Forces,'  means 
the  Militia,  the  Yeomanry,  and  the  Volunteers  "  (subs.  12,  s.  190),  —  a 
def  adopted  from  42  &  43  V.  c.  33,  s.  181.     F.  Military  Forces. 

AVAILABLE.  —  An  Act  of  Bankruptcy  "  available  against  him  (the 
bankrupt)  for  adjudication  "  (s.  94  (3),  Bankry  Act,  1869)  was  one  which 
might  have  been  acted  upon  by  anybody  at  the  date  of  the  Order  for  ad- 
judication {Hood  V.  Newhy,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  204;  21  Ch.  D.  605:  Re  Bedell, 
47  L.  J.  Bank.  19;  7  Ch.  D.  123).  "  Available"  is  used  in  a  similar 
connection  in  the  present  Bankry  Act,  1883,  s.  49  (2) ;  and  by  s.  168,  lb., 
"  *  Available  Act  of  Bankruptcy,'  means  any  act  of  bankruptcy  available 
for  a  Bankry  Petition  at  the  date  of  the  Presentation  of  the  Petition  on 
which  the  Receiving  Order  is  made." 

S.  198,  Bankry  Act,  1861,  prescribed  that  after  registration  of  an  Ar- 
rangement Deed,  under  s.  192,  no  process  should  be  "  available  "  against 
the  debtor;  held,  that  " available  "  meant  "put  in  force,"  —  e,g,  that 
caption,  not  detention,  was  meant  (per  Holroyd,  Commr.,  Re  Chaundy^ 
5  L.  T.  526),  but  that  case  was  cited  to  no  purpose  in  Maries  v.  Hall 
(36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  40 ;  7  B.  &  S.  839 ;  L.  R.  2  Q.  B.  31),  where  it  was  ruled 
that  this  phrase  meant,  "  shall  not  have,  and  shall  cease  to  have,  effect 
against  the  debtor."  VfEwaH  v.  Jones,  15  L.  J.  Ex.  18 ;  14  M.  &  W. 
774. 

Capital  "  lost "  or  "  unrepresented  by  Available  Assets  ";  F.  Capital. 

"  Available  Capital  of  the  Co,"  is  not  a  true,  but  is  a  deceptive,  de- 
scription of  capital  which  may  be  raised  under  Borrowing  Powers  (  Vene- 
zuela Ry  V.  Kischy  36  L.  J.  Ch.  849;  L.  R.  2  H.  L.  99). 

"  Profits  available  for  Dividend,"  in  a  Co's  Mem,  mean  those  which 
are  reasonably  applicable  for  dividend ;  and  where  the  Articles  adopt  Art. 
74,  Table  A,  or  have  an  equivalent  provision,  the  Directors  are  justified 
in  setting  aside  a  considerable  amount  to  Reserve,  even  though  that  course 
may  disappoint  the  holders  of  Founders'  Shares  who  are  entitled  to  divi- 
dend after  the  payment  of  a  prescribed  dividend  to  the  Ordinary  share- 
holders {Fisher  v.  Black  &  White  Co,  17  Times  Rep.  146 ;  1901,  1  Ch. 
174 ;  70  L.  J.  Ch.  175 ;  49  W.  R.  310). 

"  Available  Balance  in  Hand, "  within  rules  regulating  Withdrawal  of 


AVAILABLE  152  AVERAGE 

Deposits  in  a  Building  Socy,  means  not  only  '*  money  in  the  cofEers  ol 
the  Socy,  hut  also  money  which,  without  undue  loss  or  undue  delay,  they 
could  realize,  —  e.g.  Consols,  or  any  other  Security  capable  of  being 
readily  realized  "  (per  Lopes,  L.  J.,  Esher,  M.  R.,  concurring,  Brett  v. 
Monarch  Socy,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  367;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  237;  70  L.  T.  146; 
42  W.  R.  209;  58  J.  P.  367).     Cp  Pbovided  the  funds  permit. 

A  document  merely  put  into  a  witness'  hands  to  challenge  his  recollec- 
tion, is  not  thereby  made  ''  Available  " ;  and,  therefore,  an  unstamped 
Bill  of  Ex.,  or  Promissory  Note,  may  be  so  used,  although  s.  38  (1),  Stamp 
Act,  1891,  says  it  shall  not  be  "  available  for  any  purpose  whatever  " 
{Birchall  v.  Bullough,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  326;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  252;  74  L.  T. 
27;  44  W.  B.  300)  ;  but  it  cannot  be  used  as  evidence  of  the  receipt  of 
the  money  (Ashling  v.  Boon,  1891,  1  Ch.  568 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  306 ;  64  L.  T. 
193:  Oreen  v.  Davies,  3  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B.  185;  4  B.  &  C.  235).  Cp 
Evans  v.  Prothero,  cited  Evidence  of  a  Contract,  at  end. 

Average  available  width ;   V,  Width. 

AVENTURE.—  V.  Adventure. 

AVENUE.  —«  Avenue  to  a  house,"  5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  6,  s.  54;  V,  Earns- 
den  V.  Yeates,  50  L.  J.  M.C.  135;  6Q.B.  D.  583;  29  W.  R.  628;  44 L.  T. 
612. 

AVERA.  —  F.  Average,  at  end. 

AVERAGE.  —  Quk  Shipping  Business,  "the  doctrine  of  'Average,' 
is  derived  from  the  Maritime  Law  of  Rhodes''  (per Halsbury, C,  Ruaiton 
S.  S.  Co  V.  London  Assrce,  1900,  A.  C.  10;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  89).  "  The 
word  *  Average  '  is  from  the  Italian,  '  Averia,'  damage  '*  (1  Maude  &  P. 
491).  It  is  used  in  32  H.  8,  c.  14,  and  there,  and  generally,  it  means 
the  "Contribution  which  Merchants  and  others  pay  proportionably 
towards  their  losses  that  have  their  goods  cast  out  in  a  tempest  for  the 
saving  of  the  Ship,  or  of  the  Goods  or  Lives  of  them  that  are  therein  " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).     Vf  Park,  ch.  7. 

"  The  word  *  Average, '  far  from  being  a  Term  of  Art  —  (except  in  so 
far  as,  according  to  the  evidence,  usage  may  have  limited  its  meaning  to 
loss  or  damage  to  the  goods  themselves),  —  or  a  word  with  a  rigid  or 
unchanging  signification,  necessarily  including  expenses  in  the  defence 
or  safeguard  of  the  subject-matter  insured,  is  a  word  used  in  a  great 
variety  of  phrases,  as  applicable  to  different  subject-matters,  and  not  with 
any  fixed  or  settled  application  "  (per  Willes,  J.,  Kidston  v.  Empire  Mar 
Insrce,  35  L.  J.  C.  P.  256 ;  L.  R.  1  C.  P.  535). 

As  to  the  meaning  of  "  Average  "  in  the  Contract  of  Affreightment; 
r.  1  Maude  &  P.  426:  Carver,  Part  2,  ch.  12. 

As  to  the  meaning  of  "  Average  "  in  a  Marine  Insurance ;  V.  1  Maude 
&  P.  491:  Am.  6th  Ed.  919-926.  Maclachlan  on  Merchant  Shipping: 
Kidston  v.  Empire  Insrce,  sup. 


AVERAGE     153  AVERAGE  UN.  RATE 

"  Average  due  on  the  Salvage "  ;  V.  Broomfield  v.  Southern  Insrcey 
L.  R  5  Ex.  192 ;  39  L.  J.  Ex.  186. 

"Warranted  free  from  all  Average";  V,  Asfar  v.  Blundelly  cited 
Profit:  General  Insrce  of  Trieste  v.  Royal  Ex,  Assrce^  2  Com.  Ca.  144  : 
Warranted  freb  from  Average. 

An  exception  in  a  Marine  Time  Policy  thus,  —  "  *  free  from  average ' 
under  (say)  3  per  cent./'  means  that  the  losses  are  to  be  settled  at  the 
end  of  each  voyage,  —  and  not  that  the  losses  on  all  the  voyages  made 
by  the  ship  during  the  time  covered  by  the  Policy  are  to  be  added  to- 
gether, —  and  only  the  damage  exceeding  the  agreed  percentage  on  each 
distinct  voyage  is  recoverable  under  the  Policy  {Stewart  v.  Merchants^ 
Mar  Insrce^  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  81;  reversing  Stephen,  J.,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
387 ;  16  Q.  B.  D.  619,  and  commenting  on  Blackett  v.  Royal  Ex,  Assrce, 

1  L.  J.  Ex.  101 ;  2  Cr.  &  J.  244,  and  Donnell  v.  Columbian  Insrce^ 

2  Sumner,  366 :  Brooks  v.  Oriental  Insrce,  ^Pickering,  258). 

Vf  Marine  Insrce  v.  China  Transpacific  Co,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  100 ;  11 
App.  Ca.  573;  55  L.  T.  491;  35  W.  R.  169;  6  Asp.  68:  Price  v.  Al. 
Ships  Small  Damage  Insrce,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  459;  58  lb.  269 :  Rose. 
N.  P.  442:  Abbott,  Part  3,  ch.  8:  Lowndes,  21:  1  Encyc.  426-440: 
General  Average  :  Particular  Average  :  F.  P.  A. :  Primage  : 
Liberty  to  Average. 

"'Average,'  avera,  averice,  averii,  affri ;  —  beasts  of  burden,  oxen, 
farm  horses  :  Averagium,  the  work  done  by  them ;  particularly  where  it 
was  done  as  a  service  due  to  the  lord;  Spelm.  Gloss.  Avera:  1  Ellis, 
Introd.  Domesday,  263:  Seebohm,  Eng.  Yill.  Comm.  67,  297.  Averum 
means  revenue,  effects,  goods;  Spelm.:  Hale,  Domesday  of  St.  Paul's 
(Camd.  Soc.),  Introd.  Ixvi  "  (Elph.  561).  "  By  grant  de  omnibus 
averiis  suis.  Deer  shall  not  pass  "  (14  Yin.  Ab.  108,  citing  18  E.  4, 
14b).  Cowel  says,  "  'Avera'  is  found  in  Doomsday  Book,  and  signifies 
a  days-work  of  a  Ploughman,  that  is  eight  pence." 

AVERAGE  ATTENDANCE Qui  Elementary  Education  Act, 

1891,  54  &  55  V.  c.  56,  "  'Average  attendance,'  shall,  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Fee  Grant,  mean,  average  attendance  calculated  in  accordance 
with  the  Minutes  in  force  at  the  commencement  of  this  Act "  (s.  10). 

AVERAGE  QUALITY.—  V,  Fair  Average  Quality. 

AVERAGE  UNION  RATE.  —  S.  5,  Poor  Law  Rating  (Ir)  Act,  1876, 
39  &  40  V.  c.  50,  prescribes  that,  qui  that  section,  "  Average  Union 
Bate"  means  "the  Poundage  Kate  upon  the  several  heredits  rated  to 
the  relief  of  the  poor  in  such  Union  which  would  be  necessary  for  raising 
the  amount  then  required  to  defray  the  Indoor  Belief  expenses  charge- 
able against  the  several  Electoral  Divisions  constituting  such  Union, 
if  the  same,  instead  of  being  so  chargeable  as  aforesaid,  were  charged 
against  the  whole  Union." 


AV.  W'KLY  EARNINGS    154  AVOIDANCE 

AVERAGE  WEEKLY  EARNINGS.  — "Employment,"  through- 
out 8. 1,  Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897,  means,  "  Continuous  Employment," 
and,  therefore,  the  "  Average  Weekly  Earnings,  "  mentioned  in  the  Sch 
to  the  Act  have  to  be  calculated  on  the  basis  of  the  weekly  earnings  dur- 
ing the  one  period  of  continuous  employment  immediately  preceding  the 
injury  (Jones  v.  Ocean  Coal  Co,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  124;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  731; 
80  L.  T.  582 ;  47  W.  R.  484 :  Applebtj  v.  Horseley  Co,  1899,  2  Q.  B. 
621 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  892  ;  80  L.  T.  863;  47  W.  R.  614).  The  Court  of 
Appeal  unanimously  held  that  there  can  be  no  compensation  given  to  a 
workman  who  has  not  been  in  the  employment  at  least  two  weeks,  for  on 
less  than  that  no  weekly  "  average  "  can  be  struck  (Lysons  v.  Knowles^ 
1900,  1  Q.  B.  780;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  449;  82  L.  T.  189;  48  W.  R.  408: 
StuaH  V.  Nixon,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  96;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  698);  but  this  ruling 
was  unanimously  reversed  in  H.  L.,  their  lordships  holding  that  the  idea 
in  this  Act  of  the  word  "  Average  "  is  simply  to  direct  that  one  week  shall 
be  taken  with  another,  not  as  restrictive  of  the  right  of  compensation 
given  to  all  workmen  who  are  within  the  Act,  but  only  as  a  guide  with 
respect  to  Scale  and  Amount  (/*.,  17  Times  Rep.  166;  70  L.  J.  Q.  B.  170 ; 
1901,A.  C.  79;  84  L.  T.  65). 

In  order  to  ascertain  these  "Average  Weekly  Earnings  during  the 
previous  12  months  "  of  a  Workman,  the  total  actual  amount  earned  by 
him  during  that  time  should  be  added  together  and  divided  by  62  (Keast 
V.  Barrow  JTcematite  Co,  63  J.  P.  66;  16  Times  Rep.  141)  ;  — the  words 
"if  he  has  been  so  long  employed,"  in  Sch  1  (lb),  have  nothing  to  do 
with  employment  in  different  grades,  the  phrase  simply  meaning,  "  em- 
ployed by  the  same  employer  "  (Price  v.  Marsden,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  493 ; 
68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  307;  80  L.  T.  16  ;  47  W.  R.  274).  S.  2  of  the  same  Sch 
directs  that  in  fixing  the  weekly  payment  to  the  workman  "  regard  shall 
be  had  "  to  his  "  Average  Weekly  Earnings  "  before,  and  his  average 
wage-earning  power  after,  the  accident;  but  that  does  not,  as  a  matter  of 
law,  cut  down  the  limit  of  60  per  cent  of  his  Average  Weekly  Earnings 
on  the  basis  of  which  the  weekly  payment  is  to  be  awarded  under  s.  1 6 
{ElingwoHh  v.  Walmsley,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  142;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  619;  82 
L.  T.  647). 

V.  Disable  :  Earnings  :  Personal  Labour. 

AVERMENT:  AVER F!  Co.  Litt.  362 b :  Cowel:  Elph.  106,  n. 

AVOI D «  To  avoid  sale, "  s.  11  (2),  Bankry  Act,  1890 ;   V.  Under. 

V.  Void. 

AVOI DABLE.  —  Avoidable  Damages  ;    V,  Damage. 

AVOIDANCE.  —  "Is  when  a  Benefice  becomes  void  of  an  In- 
cumbent "  (Cowel).  Vh,  Phil.  Ec^.  Law,  Part  2,  ch.  12.  V.  Next 
Avoidance,     Cp,  Lapse. 


AVOIDANCE  155  AWAY 

Plea  of  Confession  and  Avoidance,  is  where  the  matter  alleged  is 
admitted,  bnt  some  other  thing  is  set  up  to  justify  or  excuse  it :  FA, 
1  Encyc.  441,  442. 

AVOUE.  —  An  Avoud,  in  Canada,  can  bind  his  Client  (until  d^saveu) 
by  any  Proceeding  in  the  Cause,  though  taken  without  his  client's 
authority,  or  even  in  defiance  of  his  prohibition  (^King  v.  Pinaoneault, 
L.  R.  6  P.  C.  246;  44  L.  J.  P.  C.  42;  32  L,  T.  174 ;  23  W.  R.  576, 
whva  as  to  Avocat).     A  Canadian  Avou^  is  the  equivalent  of  an  English 

SoiilCITOB. 

AVOWTERER.  —  "'Avowterer,*  is  an  adulterer  with  whom  a  mar- 
ried woman  continues  in  adultery  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

AWAITING.  — By  its  subs.  4,  "awaiting  his  Trial,"  in  s.  6,  Pre- 
vention of  Crime  (Ir)  Act,  1882,  "means,  Committed  for  Trial,  or 
charged  with  any  Indictable  Offence  by  Indictment  or  Inquisition." 

AWARD. —  "  Award  on  a  Submission,"  s.  12,  Arb  Act,  1889;  V. 
Arbitration  :  Submission. 

The  finding  of  an  OfiBcial  Referee  to  whom  an  action  has  been  sent  for 
Trial,  under  s.  14,  Arb  Act,  1889,  is  not  an  "  Award,  or  Certificate, " 
within  8.  8,  Jud.  Act,  1884  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Munday  v.  Norton^  cited 
Arbitration). 

"  Set  out,  allot,  and  award  ";    V.  Set  Out. 

Stat.  Def .  —  "  Award  of  Coal  Mines, "  "  Award  of  Iron  Mines,"  34  &  35 
V.  c.  85,  s.  2.    "  Award  of  the  Land  Commrs,"  47  &  48  V.  c.  54,  s.  3. 

V.  Final  Award. 

AWAY. —  V.  Lead  away:  Take  away. 


156 


BACCARAT -BAG 


BACCARAT.  —  "  Baccarat,  as  ordinarily  understood  in  England  in 
1894,  comprised  Baccarat  in  both  forms/'  t.e.  (1)  Baccarat  Chemin  de 
Fer,  and  (2)  Baccarat  Banque,  —  and  either  is  a  breach  of  an  agreement 
prohibiting  "  Baccarat  "  {Fairtlough  v.  Whitmore^  64  L.  J.  Ch.  386  j  72 
L.  T.  354;  43  W.  R.  421). 

BACK.  —  V.  See  Back. 

BACKBARE.  —  An  offender  against  the  Forest  Laws  taken  "  with 
the  Manner,"  e.g,  "  Back-Bare,"  was  "  where  a  man  hath  killed  a  Wild- 
Beast  in  the  Forest  and  is  found  carrying  him  away  "  (Manwood,  Hunt- 
ing). 

BACK  FREIGHT.—  V.  The  Cargo  ex  Argos,  L.  R.  6  P.  C.  134; 
42  L.  J.  Adm.  1.  Vth,  1  Maude  &  P.  364,  n  (c):  Gunnsstad  v.  Price, 
L.  R.  10  Ex.  65. 

BACK  STREET.—  V.  Shielv.  Sunderland,  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  215; 
6  H.  &  N.  796. 

BACKBERIND.  — ''  'Backberind  Theefe/  is  a  Theefe  that  is  taken 
with  the  Manner,  i.e,  having  that  found  upon  him  (being  followed  with 
the  Hue  and  Crte)  which  he  hath  stolen,  whether  it  be  monj',  linnen, 
woollen,  or  stuffe  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).     Vf,  Cowel. 

BACKWARDATION.  —  The  opposite  of  Continuation. 

BACKWARDS.  —  "  Forwards  and  Backwards  " ;    V.  Forwards. 

BAD.  —  "  When  you  say  a  Title  is  bad,  the  expression  is  ambiguous, 
and  must  be  contrasted  with  what  is  called  a  Good  Title.  I  understand 
a  Good  Title  to  be  one  which  an  unwilling  purchaser  can  be  compelled 
to  take.  Contrasted  with  that,  any  Title  which  an  unwilling  purchaser 
cannot  be  forced  to  take  is  a  Bad  one.  But  there  are  Bad  Titles  and  Bad 
Titles,  —  Bad  Titles  which  are  good  holding  titles,  although  they  may 
be  open  to  objections  which  are  not  serious,  are  bad  titles  in  a  Convey- 
ancer's point  of  view  but  good  in  a  Business  Man's  point  of  view.  I  do 
not  know  of  any  case  in  which  a  Court  of  Equity  has  decreed  Specific 
Performance  and  compelled  the  purchaser  to  pay  his  money  for  nothing 
at  all,  when  he  shows  the  Court  that  the  title  he  is  asked  to  have  forced 
on  him  is  bad,  in  that  sense  that  he  can  be  turned  out  of  possession 
to-morrow  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Scott  v.  Alvarez,  cited  Investigating). 

BAG.  —  Qui  Hop  (Prevention  of  Frauds)  Act,  1866,  29  &  30  V.  c.  37, 
a  "  Bag,"  or  "  Pocket,"  of  Hops,  includes  "  any  package  used  for  contain- 


BAG  157  BAIL 

iiig  hops,  or  in  which  hops  are  packed  and  sent  from  the  grower  or  pro- 
ducer to  any  Factob,  Merchant,  or  Brewer,  or  other  person,  either 
before  or  after  a  sale  thereof  "  (s.  1). 

BAGGAGE.  —  Baggage,  means  such  articles  of  Necessity,  or  Personal 
Convenience,  as  are  usually  carried  by  passengers  for  their  personal  use 
{Boman  v.  Maxwell,  9  Humph.  624)  and  is,  semble,  synonymous  with 
Personal  Luggage,  and,  in  the  United  States,  is  the  word  generally 
used  for  what  in  England  is  more  frequently  called  Personal  Luggage. 
"  By  *  Luggage  '  we  are  to  understand  such  articles  of  Necessity  or  Per- 
sonal Convenience  as  are  usually  carried  by  passengers  for  their  personal 
use;  and  not  merchandize  or  other  valuables,  although  carried  in  the 
trunks  of  passengers,  which  are  not  designed  for  any  such  use  but  for 
other  purposes,  such  as  sale  and  the  like  "  (Story  on  Bailments,  s.  499, 
whv  acutely  examined  by  E.  H.  Bennett  in  a  note  to  the  5th  Ed.,  wh 
note  is  appended  to  Fhelps  v.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry,  19  C.  B.  N.  S.  326- 
330,  where  and  at  p.  475  of  9th  Ed.  of  Story  the  American  decisions  on 
"  Baggage  "  will  be  found) . 

BAIL.  — ''  'Baile,'  is  when  a  man  is  taken  or  arrested  for  felony,  sus- 
picion of  felony,  indicted  of  felony,  or  any  such  case,  so  that  he  is  re- 
strained of  his  liberty.  And,  being  by  Law  baileable,  offereth  surety  to 
those  which  have  authority  to  baile  him,  which  Sureties  are  bound  for 
him  to  the  Kings  use  in  a  certaine  summe  of  money,  or  body  for  body, 
that  he  shall  appeare  before  the  Justices  of  Gaole-delivery  at  the  next 
Sessions,  &;c.  Then  upon  the  Bonds  of  these  Sureties,  as  is  aforesaid,  he 
is  bailed,  — that  is  to  say,  set  at  liberty  untill  the  day  appointed  for  his 
appearance. 

"  Master  Man  wood  (Part  1,  of  his  Forest  Law,  p.  167),  maketh  a  great 
difference  between  Baile  and  Mainprise,  in  these  words,  —  *  And  note, 
that  there  is  a  great  diversity  betweene  Baile  and  Mainprise,  for  hee  that 
is  mainprised  is  alwayes  said  to  be  at  large  and  to  goe  at  his  owne  liberty 
out  of  ward,  after  hee  is  put  to  Mainprise,  untill  the  day  of  his  appear- 
ance, by  reason  of  common  Summons,  or  otherwise.  But  it  is  not  so 
where  a  man  is  put  to  Bayle  by  foure  or  two  men,  ...  for  there  hee  is 
alwayes  accounted  by  the  law  to  bee  in  their  ward  and  custody  for  the 
time;  and  they  may,  if  they  will,  hold  him  in  ward  or  in  prison  till  that 
time,  or  otherwise  at  their  will :  so  that  he  that  is  bayled  shall  not  be 
said,  by  the  law,  to  be  at  large  or  at  his  owne  liberty  '  "  (Termes  de  la 
I^ey).      Vfy  2  Hale's  Pleas  of  the  Crown,  c.  15.     Cp,  Mainprize. 

The  foregoing  authorities  were  cited  by  Pollock,  B.,  in  Re  Nottingham 
Corp  (cited  Amerciament),  and  he  ruled  that  an  Estreated  Recogniz- 
ance, being  for  a  Certain  Sum  and  a  Debt  of  Record  to  the  Crown,  is 
not  an  "  Amerciament ";  but  that  that  word  is  "  clearly  applicable  \o  the 
case  of  Mainpernors  who  fail  to  produce  the  body  of  the  person  for  whom 
they  have  made  themselves  liable." 


BAIL  158  BAILMENT 

Note,  —  An  agreement  to  indemnify  one  who  "  bails  "  another  is  in- 
valid {Consolidated  Exploration  Co  v.  Musgrave^  1900,  1  Ch.  37 j  69 
L.  J.  Ch.  11). 

Vh,  1  Encyc.  443-447  j  and,  as  to  Admiralty  Bail,  lb.  447-449.  Cp^ 
Bailiff. 

Stat.  Def.  —32  &  33  V.  c.  38,  s.  2. 

BAILEE.  —  ''Bailee  **  is  the  receiver  of  a  Bailment.     Qu^  Sale  of 
Goods  Act,  1893,  "  *  Bailee/  in  Scotland,  includes  Custodier"  (s.  62). 
Larceny  by  Bailee;    V,  cases  Bailment,  3rd  par. 

BAILIFF.  —  "  *Baylife,'  is  an  OfiBcer  that  belongeth  to  a  Manor,  to 
order  the  husbandries  and  hath  authority  to  pay  Quit  Rents  issuing  out 
of  the  Manor,  fell  trees,  repair  houses,  make  pales,  hedges,  distrain 
beasts  doing  hurt  upon  the  ground,  and  divers  such  like.  This  Officer 
is  he  whom  the  ancient  Saxons  called  a  Reeve  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

"  *  To  the  haUife  (a  le  baily),'  s.  79,  Litt.  This  word  bailie,  as  some 
say,  commeth  of  the  French  word  haylife^  in  Latin,  hallivus  ;  but  in 
truth  baily  is  an  old  Sa^on  word,  and  signifieth  a  safe  keeper  or  pro- 
tector, and  haile  or  hallium  is  safe  keeping  or  protection :  and  thereupon 
we  say,  when  a  man  upon  surety  is  delivered  out  of  prison,  traditur  in 
balltum,  he  is  delivered  into  bayle,  that  is,  into  their  safe  keeping  or 
protection  from  prison :  and  the  sherife  that  hath  custodiam  comitatUs  is 
called  ballivus,  and  the  county  balliva  sua  "  (Co.  Litt.  61  b).  V.  Bail: 
Cowel:  Jacob.  ^ 

"  Bailiff  "  of  a  Court,  s.  8,  7  &  8  V.  c.  19,  means,  one  who  receives  his 
appointment  from  the  Judge  of  the  Court  {Tarrant  v.  Baker,  14  C.  B. 
199;  23  L.  J.  C.  P.  21). 

In  another  sense,  similar  to  its  primary  meaning,  **  Bailiff  "  means,  a 
person  having  the  care  of  property  and  accountable  for  the  uncertain 
profits  thereof  (Co.  Litt.  172  a:  Com.  Dig.  "  Accompt  "  A  3,  E  4). 

BailifE  to  Distrain  for  Rent  must  now  be  authorized  by  a  Certificate 
of  a  Co.  Co.  Judge  (s.  7,  51  &  52  V.  c.  21,  on  whv  Hogarth  v.  Jennings, 
1892,  1  Q.  B.  907;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  601).     Vf,  A. 

Vf,  1  Encyc.  450. 

Stat.  Def.  —Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  s.  186.  —  Ir.  27  &  28  V.  c.  99,  s.  3. 

BAILMENT.  —  "  *Bailement,'  is  a  Delivery  of  things,  whether  it 
be  of  Writings,  Goods,  or  Stuffe  to  another,  —  sometimes  to  be  delivered 
backe  to  the  baylor,  t.e.  to  him  that  so  delivered  it,  ^  sometimes  to  the 
use  of  the  baylee,  i.e.  of  him  to  whom  it  is  delivered;  and  sometimes 
also  it  is  delivered  to  a  third  person  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

"  When  one  person  delivers,  or  causes  to  be  delivered,  to  another  any 
moveable  thing  in  order  that  it  may  be  kept  for  the  person  making  the 
delivery,  or  that  it  may  be  used,  gratuitously  or  otherwise,  by  the  per- 


BAILMENT  159  BAKER 

son  to  whom  the  delivery  is  made,  or  that  it  may  be  kept  as  a  pledge  by 
the  person  to  whom  delivery  is  made,  or  that  it  may  be  carried,  or  that 
work  may  be  done  upon  it  by  the  person  to  whom  delivery  is  made  gra- 
tuitously or  not,  and  when  it  is  the  intention  of  the  parties  that  the  spe- 
cific thing  BO  delivered,  or  the  article  into  which  it  is  to  be  made  shall 
be  delivered  either  to  the  person  making  the  delivery  or  to  some  other 
person  appointed  by  him  to  receive  it,  the  person  making  the  delivery  is 
said  to  bail  the  thing  delivered;  the  act  of  delivery  is  called  a  Bailment; 
the  person  making  the  delivery  is  called  the  Bailor;  the  person  to  whom 
it  is  made  is  called  the  Bailee"  (Steph.  Cr.  215). 

The  term  "  Bailment,"  according  to  its  ordinary  legal  sense,  "  relates 
to  something  which  is  in  the  hands  of  a  person  who  is  to  return  it  in 
specie,"  e.g,,  quk  Larceny,  by  a  Bailee  (per  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  R,  v.  If  assail^ 
30  L.  J.  M.  C.  175;  L.  &  C.  58:  B,  v.  Ashwell,  16  Q.  B.  D.  190;  55  L.  J. 
M.  C.  65;  53  L.  T.  773;  34  W.  R.  297;  50  J.  P.  181.  So,  B,  v.  Flowers, 
16  Q.  B.  D.  643;  55  L.  J.  M.  C.  179;  54  L.  T.  647;  34  W.  R.  367;  50 
J.  P.  648:  B.  V.  De  Banks,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  132;  13  Q.  B.  D.  29:  B,  v. 
Holloway,  66  L.  J.  Q.  *B.  830;  77  L.  T.  247).  Vh,  Arch.  Cr.  418:  Rose. 
Cr.  560. 

As  to  the  distinction  between  a  Bailment  and  a  Sale ;  F.  South  Aus- 
tralian Insrce  v.  Bandell,  L.  R.  3  P.  C.  101. 

Vf,  Coggs  v.  Bernard,  1  Sm.  L.  C.  201:  Add.  C.  343-382:  1  Encyc. 
451-465. 

BAINES'  ACTS.  — The  Criminal  Procedure  Act,  1848,11  &  12 
V.  c.  46: 

The  Quarter  Sessions  Act,  1849,  12  &  13  V.  c.  45. 

BAITING.  —  Coursing  rabbits  with  dogs  in  an  inclosure  from  which 
they  cannot  escape,  is  not  "  Baiting  "  within  s.  3, 12  &  13  V.  c.  92  (Pitts 
r.  Millar,  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  96 ;  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  380 ;  38  J.  P.  615).  In  that 
case,  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  said,  "  The  word  has  usually  been  understood  to 
apply  to  the  case  of  an  animal  which  is  tied  to  a  stake  or  peg,  or  so  con- 
fined as  not  to  be  able  to  get  away." 

BAKEHOUSE Quk  Bakehouse  Regn  Act,  1863,  26  &  27  V.  c.  40, 

^  'Bakehouse/  shall  mean  any  place  in  which  are  baked  Bread,  Biscuits, 
or  Confectionery,  from  the  baking  or  selling  of  which  a  Profit  is  derived  " 
(s.  2)  ;  — a  def  adopted  in  Sch  4,  Part  2,  41  V.  c.  16,  and  in  s.  141,  P.  H. 
(London)  Act,  1891.  Vh,  1  Encyc.  465.  Va,  NoN  Textile  Factobies  : 
Retail  Bakehouse:  Undekgkouxd. 

BAKER.  —  A  Covenant  not  to  carry  on  the  business  of  a  "Baker  or 
Confectioner  "  on  specified  premises,  is  broken  by  selling  bread  or  con- 
fectionery there,  though  it  be  not  made  there  {Hodgson  v.  Cojypard,  30 
L.  J.  Ch.  20}  29  Bea.  4).     Cj),  Butcheb. 


BALANCE  160  BALE 

BALANCE.  — "Balance,"  K  17,  Ord.  21,  R.  S.  C;   Vth,  Ann.  Pr. 

"  Balance,"  in  a  letter,  held  to  couple  with  it  a  previous  receipt,  so  tha:t 
both  documents  constituted  a  sufficient  mem  within  the  Statute  of  Frauds 
(Studds  V.  Watsofij  28  Ck  D.  305).  For  a  similar  purpose,  "  Purchase  " 
was  held  to  mean  "  Agreement  to  Purchase  "  (Long  v.  Millar,  4  C.  P.  I>. 
450).     Vfy  Cave  v.  Hastings,  cited  Abbangement. 

Cp,  "  Property  purchased,"  sub  Pubchase. 

Where  a  Bill  of  Sale  prescribes  payment  by  stated  instalments  up 
to  a  certain  date,  and  '*  then  the  Balance  is  to  be  paid,"  that  latter  phrase 
accurately  describes  the  amount  that  would  be  due  at  the  end  of  the  period 
(per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Edwards  v.  Marston,  cited  Stipulated). 

An  acceptance  of  an  Order  to  pay  "  the  Balance  "  due  to  A.,  does  not 
preclude  the  acceptor  from  retaining  his  own  claim  on  the  Balance  {Ex 
p.  Garrard,  Be  Lewer,  5  Ch.  D.  61;  46  L.  J.  Bank.  70;  2b  W.  R.  364 ; 
36  L.  T.  42). 

"  Balance  of  Account  ";  K  Pope  v.  Banyard,  3  M.  &  W.  424 ;  7  L.  J. 
Ex.  182:  Townson  v.  Jackson,  13  M.  &  W.  374 ;  14  L.  J.  Ex.  57:  BeU 
ford  Union  v.  Pattison,  11  Ex.  623 ;  1  H.  &  N.  623 ;  26  L.  J.  Ex.  115 : 
and  as  to  the  same  phrase  in  s.  56,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  V,  Avards  v.  Bhodes, 
22  L.  J.  Ex.  106 ;  8  Ex.  312,  316 :  Ann.  Co.  Co.  Pr.,  Part  2,  ch.  1. 

"  Available  Balance  "  ;   F.  Available. 

"  Balance  in  Hand  "  ;   V.  In  hand. 

"Balance  Order";  V.  Be  Sanders,  1  Morr.  186:  Be  Tennant,S  lb. 
166 :  Westmoreland  Slate  Ca  v.  Feilden,  1891,  3  Ch.  16 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
680;  %ohlcTXk\e^  it  is  not  a  Judgment.  "A  Balance  Order,  is  merely 
an  Order  for  the  collection  of  Assets  "  (per  Lindley,  M,  R.,  Pritchett 
V.  English  &  Colonial  Syndicate,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  434).  Vf,  1  Encyc. 
468. 

"  Last  annual  Balance  Sheet " ;    V,  Last. 

Bequest  of  "  Balance,"  F.  Hill  v.  Mason,  2  Jac.  &  W.  248;  of  "  Small 
Balance,"  V.  Page  v.  Young,  L.  R.  19  Eq.  601;  23  W.  R.  479. 

As  to  effect  of  "  Balance  "  in  a  context  to  cut  down  a  testamentary 
gift  to  Personalty ;  F.  Coard  v.  Holdemesse,  20  Bea.  147.     Vh,  Remain. 

BALE. — "Bale,"  "is  an  ambiguous  word  which  may  mean  many 
things,  and  therefore  it  is  for  a  jury  to  say  what  it  means  in  a  Mercantile 
Contract"  (per  Cresswell,  J.,  Gorrissen  v.  Perrin,  21  L.  J.  C.  P.  32); 
and  in  that  case  the  jury  were  supported  in  finding  that  a  Bale  of  Gam- 
bier,  meant  a  compressed  package  weighing  about  2  cwt.  (27  L.  J.  C.  P. 
29;  2  C.  B.  N.  S.  681). 

"  In  the  Cotton  Trade  at  Alexandria,  Surat,  and  Calcutta,  —  a  Bale 
means,  a  compressed  bale  "  (Wood,  369,  citing  Taylor  v.  Briggs,  2  C.  & 
P.  525).  "  In  the  cotton  trade  at  Charlestown  a  *  Round  Bale  '  of  cotton 
means,  an  uncompressed  bale;  and  a  'Square  Bale'  a  compressed  one" 
(Wood,  372,  citing  Benson  v.  Schneider,  7  Taunt.  271). 


BALK  161  BANK 

BALK.  —  "The  unploughed  atrip  between  two  sdiones ;  Seebohm, 
Eng.  Vill.  Comm.  2,  20"  (Elph.  562,  whv). 

BALI r.  Public  Ball. 

BALLAST.  — Stat.  Def.,  Thames  Conservancy  Act,  1894,  a.  3. 

BALLASTAGE.  —  Ballastage  of  ahipa,  ia  "  a  Toll  for  liberty  to  take 
up  Ballaat  out  of  the  bottom  of  a  Port  "  (Hale,  De  Portibus  Maris,  eh,  6). 
"  Ballastage  Rates  ";  Stat.  Def.,  16  &  17  V.  c.  131,  s.  1. 

BALLET.  —  Ballets  are  of  two  kinds,  "  (1)  Ballets  divertissement, 
where  there  is  no  train  of  ideas  or  story,  but  only  an  agreeable  entertain- 
ment; and  (2)  Ballet  of  Action,  which  has  a  story,  and  which  may 
contain  all  the  emotions  of  Tragedy  or  Comedy  "  (per  Erie,  C.  J.,  Wigan 
Y,  Strange,  cited  Stage  Play). 

BALTIC.  —  In  a  Marine  Insurance  on  a  voyage  "  to  any  port  in  the 
Baltic,^*  evidence  is  admissible  to  prove  that  the  Gulf  of  Finland  is 
within  the  Baltic,  although  the  two  seas  are  treated  as  separate  and  dis- 
tinct by  geographers  {Uhde  v.  Walters,  3  Camp.  15). 

"  London  Baltic  printed  Rates  " ;  V.  Southampton  Colliery  Co  v. 
Clarke^  40  L.  J.  Ex.  8 ;   L.  R.  6  Ex.  53. 

"  Negligence  Clause,  as  per  Baltic  Bill  of  Lading  "  /  V.  Serraino  v. 
Campbell,  cited  Conditions  as  per  Charter-Party. 

BANISHMENT.  —  Banishment  and  Exilement  are  synonyms,  and 
import  a  compulsory  loss  of  one's  country ;  but  "  no  subject  can  be  ex- 
iled or  banished  his  country,  whereby  he  shall  perdere  patriam,  but  by 
authority  of  Parliament "  (Co.  Litt.  133  a :  Newsome  v.  Bowyer^  3  P. 
Wms.  38  2  Vf,  Cowel :  1  Encyc.  476,  5  lb.  239,  252-254).  Cp,  Abjura- 
tion. 

BANK.  —  "Bank"  of  a  Canal,  includes  its  towing-paths  {Mon.  By 
&  Can  Co  V.  Rill,  28  L.  J.  Ex.  283;  4  H.  &  N.  421). 

"  The  Bank  of  the  Sea,  is  the  utmost  border  of  dry  land  "  (Callis,  73, 
i.e.  it  begins  where  the  land  side  of  the  Shore  ceases) ;  "  and  is  of  the 
same  materials  with  the  grounds  wherein  and  whereon  it  standeth :  it  is 
sometimes  Natural  and  in  some  places  Artificial.  Katural,  as  mountains 
raised  higher  than  other  grounds  adjoining;  Artificial,  when  it  is  cast  by 
man's  hand"  (lb.).  A  Sea  Wall  differs  from  a  Bank,  in  that  it  is 
Artificial  only,  and  also  as  to  its  ownership,  for  "  the  ownership  and 
property  of  a  Wall  doth  appertain  to  him  who  is  bound  to  repair  the 
same,  though  his  ground  lie  not  next  thereto;  but  of  a  Bank,  the  property 
and  ownership  is  his  whose  grounds  adjoin  thereto"  (Callis,  74).  Vf, 
Fronting. 

"The  Bank,"  in  a  modern  Act,  is  generally,  by  the  Act's  interp 
clause,  defined  as,  the  Bank  of  England,  or  Bank  of  Ireland,  as  the 

11 


BANK  162  BANKER 

case  may  require ;  e.g.  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  s.  3 ;  8  &  9  V.  c.  19,  s.  3; 
45  &  46  V.  c.  51,  8.  13  (7)  ;  65  &  56  V.  c.  39,  s.  9;  National  Debt 
Redemption  Act,  1893,  56  &  57  V.  c.  64,  s.  7. 

Bequest  of  property  at  testator's  Bank  ;    V.  My. 

"  Bank,"  or  *'  Bench,"  as  used  in  the  phrases  King's  Bench,  Common 
Bench;    V.  Co.  Litt.  71b. 

V.  Local  Bank:  Sayings. 

BANK  CHARGES.  — This  phrase,  in  an  action  on  a  Bill  of  Ex.,  is 
equivalent  to  "  Expenses  of  Noting,  "  and  may  be  specially  endorsed  as 
a  Liquidated  Demand  {Dando  v.  Boden^  1893,  1  Q.  B.  318;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  339;  68  L.  T.  90 ;  41  W.  R.  285). 

BANK  HOLIDAYS.  — r.34&35V.c.  17;  38&39V.C.13. 

BANK  NOTE.  — Stat.  Def.,  Bank  Charter  Act,  1844,  7  &  8  V. 
c.  32,  s.  28 ;    Stamp  Act,  1891,  s.  29. 

"  The  Bank  Notes  Acts,  1826  to  1852  "  ;  "  The  Bank  Notes  (Scot) 
Acts,  1765  to  1854  " ;  "  The  Bank  Notes  (Ir)  Acts,  1825  to  1864  "  ;  V. 
Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

Part  of  a  Bank  Note  ;    V.  Pakt. 

BANK   OF   ENGLAND V.  s.  12  (18),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

"  The  Bank  of  England  Acts,  1694  to  1892  "  ;  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles 
Act,  1896. 

BANK   OF    IRELAND.  — r.  s.  12  (19),  Interp  Act,  1889. 
"The  Bank  of  Ireland  Acts,  1808  to  1892  ";    V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles 
Act,  1896. 

BANK  STOCK.  — Bequest  of;  V.Big^iall  y.  Rose,  24  L.  J.Ch.  27. 
In  Drake  y.  Martin  (23  Bea.  89;  26  L.  J.  Ch.  786)  a  bequest  of  "all 
My  Bank  Stock,"  was  held  to  pass  the  Consols  of  the  testator,  he  having 
nothing  else  that  would  answer  the  description:  Sv.  Beahan  y.  Beahauy 
Ir.  Rep.  3  Eq.  427.     V.  Funds:  Stock. 

BANKER.  — "  Banking  is  not  strictly  a  Trade  "  (per  Jessel,  M.  R., 
Smith  V.  Anderson,  15  Ch.  D.  259). 

A  "  Banker,"  within  the  late  Bankruptcy  definition  of  "Trader,"  in- 
cluded a  person  acting  as  a  Banker,  though  keeping  no  open  banking- 
house  nor  usual  bankers'  books  {Ex  p.  Wilson,  1  Atk.  218);  also  a 
member  of  a  Joint  Stock  Banking  Co  {Ex  p.  HaU,  3  Deacon,  405 :  Ex 
p,  Wyndham,  1  Mont.  D.  &  D.  146 :  8v,  Ex  p.  Brundrett,  2  Deacon, 
219) :  but  not  an  Army  or  Navy  Agent  (Ex  p.  Wilson,  sup :  Richardson 
Y.  Bradshaw,  1  Atk.  129). 

It  is  for  the  jury  to  say  whether  a  person  is  a  "  Banker,  Merchant, 
Broker,  Attorney,  or  other  Agent,"  within  ss.  75,  76,  Larceny  Act, 
1861  {R.  Y.  Bowerman,  cited  Security  fob  Money). 


BANKER  163         BANKRUPTCY 

Stat.  Def.  —  Bank  Charter  Act,  1844,  7  &  8  V.  c.  32,  8.  28;  19  &  20 
V.  c.  25,  8.  3;  21  &  22  V.  c.  79,  s.  5;  Crossed  Cheques  Act,  1876, 
39  &  40  V.  c.  81,  8.  3 ;  Bankers'  Books  Evidence  Act,  1879,  42  &  43 
V.  c.  11,  s.  9;  45  &  46  V.  c  61,  s.  2,  c.  72,  s.  11  (2) ;  Stamp  Act, 
1891,  s.  29.  — Bankers  (Ir)  Act,  1846,  8  &  9  V.  c.  37,  s.  32.  — Bank 
Notes  (Scot)  Act,  1846,  8  &  9  V.  c.  38,  s.  22. 

Vfy  as  to  meaning  of  "  Banker  "  and  his  business,  n.  6  M.  &  G.  671 : 
Be  Kennedy,  Ir.  Eep.  1  Eq.  425:  Copland  v.  Davies,  L.  R.  5  H.  L.  358: 
1  Encyc.  479-482:  Grant  on  Banking. 

Qui  Bankers'  Books  Evidence  Act,  1879,  "  *  Bankers'  Books, '  include 
Ledgers,  Day  Books,  Cash  Books,  Account  Books,  and  all  other  books 
used  in  the  ordinary  business  of  the  bank  "  (s.  9).     Cp,  Book. 

Money  &c  "  at  my  Bankers  " ;    V.  My. 

BANKING.  — The  British  North  America  Act,  1867,  s.  91,  gives 
to  the  Parliament  of  Canada  Exclusive  legislative  authority  over  matters 
relating  to  "  Banking  "  in  the  Dominion;  that  "  expression  is  wide  enough 
to  embrace  every  transaction  coming  within  the  legitimate  business  of 
a  banker," —  e.f^,  lending  money  on  security  of  goods  or  documents 
(Tennant  v.  Uniqn  Bank  of  Canada,  1894,  A.  C.  31;  63  L.  J.  P.  C. 
31 ;  69  L.  T.  774). 

BANKRUPT.  —  Qui  Bills  of  Exchange  Act,  1882,  "  '  Bankrupt,'  in- 
cludes any  person  whose  estate  is  vested  in  a  Trustee  or  Assignee  under 
the  law  for  the  time  being  in  force  relating  to  Bankruptcy  "  (s.  2)  —  a 
def  which,  probably,  is  of  general  acceptation.     Q?,  Insolvent. 

Qui  Trustee  Act,  1893,  "Bankrupt,"  in  Ireland,  includes  Insolvent 
(s.  50). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  — /r.  20  <&  21  V.  c.  60,  s.  4.  —  Scot.  2  &  3  V.  c.  41, 
8.3;    19&20  V.  c.  79,  s.  4. 

BANKRUPTCY.  —  "Bankruptcy,"  probablf,  means  the  commission 
of  an  Act  of  Bankruptcy  followed  by  an  adjudication  (Ex  p,  Attwater^ 
5  Ch.  D.  30:  Va,  Become);  but  qu^  the  Title  of  a  Trustee  in  Bankry, 
"Bankruptcy,"  or  even  "the  Time  of  the  Bankruptcy,"  means,  when 
the  Act  of  Bankry  was  committed  to  which  (T.  s.  43,  Bankry  Act,  1883) 
such  title  may  relate  back  (Exp.  Att water,  6  Ch.  D.  27;  46  L.  J.  Bank. 
41 ;  36  K  T.  917:  Ex  p.  Payne,  Be  Cross,  11  Ch.  D.  539;  40  L.  T. 
663;  27W.E.808). 

Vh,  Wms.  Bank :  Baldwin :  Robson. 

Bankry  Law;  V.  Crime. 

Bankry  Petition;  F.  Pbtitton. 

There  is  no  "bankruptcy,"  within  the  meaning  of  a  clause  of  For- 
feiture, if  it  be  annulled  before  income  is  payable  (White  y.  Chitty, 
36  L.  J.  Ch.  343;   L.  R.  1  Eq.  372:    Lloyd  v.  Lloyd,  L.  R.  2  Eq.  722: 


BANKRUPTCY         164  BANNER 

Robins  V.  Rose^  43  L.  J.  Ch.  334.  Sv^  Samuel  v.  Samuel^  12  Ch.  J>. 
152,  in  whc  White  v.  Chitty  was  questioned:  Va,  SmaUcombe  v.  Olivi^r^ 
13  L.  J.  Ex.  305 ;  13  M.  &  W.  77).  So,  a  Colonial  Bankry,  of  a  persoti 
domiciled  in  England,  does  not  work  such  forfeiture  [Re  BlvthTruzriy  3i> 
L.  J.  Ch.  255;  L.  R.  2  Eq.  23:  Be  Hayward,  1897, 1  Ch.  906;  ^S  I*.  J. 
Ch.  392 ;  76  L.  T.  383;  46  W.  R.  439). 

V.  Alienation  :  Death  :  Sufficient  Cause. 

Forfeiture  of  a  Lease,  if  ''the  Lessee  his  exs  ads  or  assigns  shall 
hecome  hankrupt,"  connotes  that  a  rightful  assign  takes  the  same  estate 
as  the  Lessee,  and  that  the  bankry  referred  to  is  (before  assignment) 
that  of  the  Lessee  his  exs  or  ads,  and  (after  assignment)  that  of  the 
assign,  —  in  other  words  the  bankry  is  that  of  the  person  for  the  time 
being  legally  entitled  to  the  term  {Smith  v.  Gronow^  1891,  2  Q.  B. 
394,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  776;  65  L,  T.  117;  40  W.  R,  46).  V.  Becomk: 
Liquidation. 

Stat.  Def.  —  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  s.  2  (xv);  Mer  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  s.  742 ;     Friendly  Societies  Act,  1896,  s.  36  (2). 

"The  Bankry  Acts,  1883  to  1890";  "The  Bankry  (Scot)  Acts,  1856 
to  1881 ";   V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

BANKRUPTCY    AND     INSOLVENCY.— The    British    North 
America  Act,  1867,  s.  91,  gives  to  the  Parliament  of  Canada  Exclusive 
legislative  authority  over  matters  relating  to  "  Bankruptcy  and  Insol- 
vency "  in  the  Dominion;  that,  by  a  necessary  implication,  includes 
power  to  interfere  with  "  Property  and  Civil  Rights,"  and  the  "  Admin- 
istration of  Justice  "  (matters  reserved  to  the  Provincial  Legislatures  by 
s.  92),  so  far  as  such  matters  may  be  affected  by  a  General  Law  relating 
to  Bankry  and  Insolvency  {Gushing  v.  Dupuy^  49  L.  J.  P.  C.  63;  6  App. 
Ca.  409).    But  a  Provincial  Law  affecting  assignments  and  property  of 
Insolvents,  is  valid  because  falling  within  "  Property  and  Civil  Rights," 
and  "not  within  'Bankry  and  Insolvency/  in  the  sense  in  which  those 
words  are  used  in  s.  91  '*  {A-G,  Canada  y.  A-G,  Ontario,  cited  Exclu- 
sive, stating  A'G.  Canada  y.  A-G.  Ontario,  1894,  A.  C.  189;  63  L.  J. 
P.  C.  59). 

BANNER.  —  The  primary  meaning  of  "Banner,"  is,  probably,  a 
small  flag  bearing  a  device  or  symbol,  and  intended  to  be  carried 
(Termes  de  la  Ley,  Banneret),  or  to  be  waved  or  carried  {Martin  v. 
Mackonochie,  L.  R.  2  P.  C.  387).  But  canvas,  parti-coloured  or  bear- 
ing party  words,  fixed  and  stretched  across  a  street,  is  a"  Banner,"  within 
s.  16  (1),  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  Prevention  Act,  1883  {Stepney, 
Times,  22  Dec  1892;  4  O'M.  &  H.  179.  Vf,  Pontefract,  lb.  200) ;  yet  it 
is  not  illegal,  within  that  section,  for  a  Parliamentary  Candidate  to  accept 
the  gratuitous  loan  or  gift  of  such  a  Banner  {Kennington,  4  CM.  &  H. 
93).     V.  Mark. 


BANNS  165  BARGAIN 

BANNS.  — "  'Bans/  signifies  a  proclamation,  or  any  Publike  Notice, 
that  is  given  of  anything  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 
*'  Banns  of  Marriage  "  j  F.  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  580:  2  Encyc.  1-3. 

BAN  NUM.  —  '*  *  Bannum,'  or  '  Banleuga, '  the  utmost  bounds  of  Man- 
ner or  Town  "  (Cowel). 

BANQUE.— r.  Baccarat. 

BAPTIZED.  — F.  Unbaftized. 

BAR.  —  "  *  Barred  *  is  a  word  common  as  well  to  the  English  as  to  the 
Prench,  of  which  cometh  the  nowne,  a  Bar,  barra.  It  signiiieth  legally 
a  destruction  for  ever,  or  taking  away  for  a  time  of  the  action  of  him  that 
right  hath  "  (Co.  Litt.  372  a).    Vfy  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Barre :  2  Encyc.  8. 

K  Babbistxb. 

BARBED  WIRE Qu^  Barbed  Wire  Act,  1893,  56  &  57  V.c.  32, 

**  'Barbed  Wire,'  means,  any  wire  with  spikes  or  jagged  projections" 
(s.  2). 

BARCARI A F.  Bkbcaria. 

BARE  TRUSTEE A  "  Bare  Trustee  "  is  a  Trustee  who  has  no 

duty  to  perform,  and  who,  on  request,  would  be  compellable  to  convey  or 
transfer  to  his  cestui  que  trust  (Christie  v.  Ooinffton,  1  Ch.  D.  279:  Re 
Cunningham  and  Frayling,  60  L.  J.  Ch.591;  1891,  2  Ch.  567;  64  L.  T. 
558;  39W.  R.469). 

Qui  Pines  and  Kecoveries  Act,  1833,  a  husband  is  not  a  *'  Bare 
Trustee"  of  lands  settled  to  the  Separate  Use  of  his  wife  (Keer  y. 
Brown,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  477;  Johns.  152-154). 

After  a  judgment  for  sale  in  au  action,  a  married  woman  trustee,  bene- 
ficially interested,  is  a  "Bare  Trustee,"  within  s.  6,  V.  &  P.  Act,  1874, 
and  can  convey  real  estate  without  Acknowledgment  (^Be  Docwra,  54 
L.  J.  Ch.  1121;  29  Ch.  D.  693).  An  unpaid  Vendor,  or  any  other  per- 
son  having  a  beneficial  interest,  is  not  a  "  Bare  Trustee  "  within  g.  48, 
Land  Transfer  Act,  1875  {Morgan  v.  Swansea,  9Ch.  D.  582;  27  W.  R. 
283 :  Svthc,  Re  Cunningham  and  Frayllngy  sup). 

An  unpaid  Vendor  of  Realty  "  is  something  between  a  Naked,  or  Bare, 
Trustee  {i,e,  a  person  without  beneficial  interest)  and  a  Mortgagee  "  (per 
Jessel,  M.  R.,  Lysaght  v.  Edwards^  45  L.  J.  Ch.  559) . 

"  Bare  Trustee,"  s.  16,  Trustee  Act,  1893,  means,  "  a  Trustee  without 
any  beneficial  interest "  (per  North,  J.,  London  and  County  Bank  v. 
Goddard,  cited  Trust). 

F.  Acting  Trustee. 

BARGAIN.  —  "  A  'Bargain '  is  only  another  name  for  a  *  Contract ' " 
(per  Hawkins,  J.,  in  delivering  jdgmt  of  the  court  in  Crossman  v.  The 


BARGAIN  166   BARGAIN, CONTRACT 

QueeUf  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  245);  and,  as  used  in  s.  17,  Statute  of  Frauds,  "  Ba.r— 
gain,"  means  the  terms  on  which  the  parties  contract  (Kenworthy    ^'- 
Scliofield,  2  B.  &  C.  947:  Archer  v.  Baynes,  20  L.  J.  Ex.  54;  6  Ex.  Q25  z 
Goodman  v.  Griffiths^  26  L.  J.  Ex.  145).     V.  Agreement. 

As  to  this  word  in  Sch  2,  R.  64,  P.  H.  Act,  1876;  V.  Fletcher  v.  Hudsori^ 
51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  48;  7  Q.  B.  D.  611:  The  sale  of  a  shilling's  worth  of  sta- 
tionery would  be  within  the  meaning  of  the  word  (per  Bramwell,  B. , 
Lewis  V.  Carry  46  L.  J.  Ex.  314;   1  Ex.  D.  484).      Sv,  Babgaik  ok 
Contract. 

V.  Time  Bargain. 

BARG Al  N  AN  D  SALE.  —  "  Bargain  and  Sale,  is  when  a  recompense 
is  given  by  both  the  parties  to  the  bargaine:  as  if  one  bargain  and  sell 
his  land  to  another  for  money,  here  the  land  is  a  recompense  to  him  for 
the  money,  and  the  money  is  a  recompense  to  the  other  for  the  land  " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).     Vf,  Jacob:  2  Eucyc.  16. 

"A  *  Bargain  and  Sale'  was  an  expression  of  very  definite  meaning 
in  use  in  the  old  forms  of  pleading;  it  stands  for  what  is  sometimes 
called  an  '  Executed  Contract, '  that  is,  one  where  the  property  has  passed  " 
(Blackb.  124:  Va,  Benj.  1). 

"Bargain  and  Sale,"  27  H.  8,  c.  16,  originated  the  disused  form  of 
conveyance  of  freeholds  by  Lease  and  Release :  —  Vh,  4  V.  c.  21 :  Watkins 
on  Conveyancing,  Bargain  and  Sale :  Wms.  R.  P.  151. 

BARGAIN  OR  CONTRACT.  — "Bargain,"  and  "Contract," 
are  convertible  terms.  Therefore,  the  "  Bargain  or  Contract "  an  interest 
in  which  disqualifies  and  penalizes  a  Member  of  a  Local  Board  (s.  193, 
P.  H.  Act,  1875 ;  R.  64,  Sch  2,  lb.)  semble,  means  no  more  than  the 
"  Contract  "  an  interest  in  which  disqualifies  and  penalizes  a  Municipal 
Councillor  (ss.  12,  41,  45  &  46  V.  c.  50). 

It  has  been  said,  in  this  connection,  that  if  "a  shilling's  worth  of 
stationery  "  were  bought  by  a  Mun.  Corp  of  one  of  its  members,  "  there 
would  be  a  '  Contract '  between  the  Corp  and  that  Member "  (per 
Bramwell,  B.,  Lewis  v.  Carr,  46  L.  J.  Ex.  315 ;  1  Ex.  D.  484)  ;  but  it 
may  be  gathered  from  Nicholson  v.  Fields  (31  L.  J.  Ex.  233 ;  7  H.  &  X. 
810),  that  a  mere  casual,  over-the-counter,  dealing  would  not  be  such  a 
"  Contract.'*  Vf,  per  Bramwell,  B.,  Woolleij  v.  jfiTay,  25  L.  J.  Ex.  351 ; 
1  H.  &  N.  307.  In  Nicholson  v.  Fields^  however,  it  was  held  that  an 
invoice  addressed  to  a  Local  Bd  by,  and  receipted  by,  one  of  its  Mem- 
bers, charging  for  goods  supplied  at  four  different  times,  was  evidence  of 
a  "  Contract  "  between  that  Member  and  the  Board,  although  the  items 
were  of  trifling  amount.     Vf,  Fletcher  v.  Hudson,  cited  Bargain. 

Letting  Booms  to  a  Local  Authority  by  one  of  its  officers  is  a  "  Bar- 
gain or  Contract,"  within  s.  193,  P.  H.  Act,  1875  {Burgess  v.  Clarky 
14  Q.  B.  D.  735)  ;  secus,  of  a  Sale  of  Land  to  improve  a  Street  (  Woolley 
V.  Kaj/j  sui-)). 


BARGAIN.  CONTRACT  167  BARRATRY 

Supplying  materials  to  a  Corporation  Contractor,  is  not  being  inter- 
ested in  the  contract  (Le  Feuvre  v.  Lankester,  23  L.  J.  Q.  B.  254; 
3  £.  &  B.  530). 

Vf,  Melliss  V.  Shirley,  16  Q.  B.  D.  446;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  143:  WhUeley 
V.  Barley^  cited  Allowances.  * 

F.  CoNTBACT :  Concerned  in  :  Interested  in. 

BARGE.  — r.  Ship:  Vessel:  Wherry. 

BARLEY.  —  In  the  Corn  Trade  "  fine  "  barley  is  different  from,  and 
superior  to,  "  good "  barley  {Hutchinson  v.  Bowker^  6  M.  &  W.  535 ; 
9  L.  J.  Ex.  24). 

"Seed  Barley";  "Chevalier  Seed  Barley";  V.  CaHer  y.  Crick, 
28  L.  J.  Ex.  238 ;  4  H.  &  N.  412. 

BARN .  —  V.  Outhouse. 

BARNARD'S  ACT.  —  7  G.  2,  c.  8. 

BARON.  —  In  the  old  phrase  "Baron  and  Feme,"  "Baron"  means 
Husband.     Vf,  Feme. 
Court  Baron;   F.  Court. 

BARON  I A — V.  Elph.  562. 

BARONIAL.  —  "  In  the  Irish  Education  Act,  1892,  *  Baronial  Coun- 
cil'  shall  mean  Rural  District  Council  "  (61  &  62  V.  c.  37,  s.  74). 

Qujl  the  County  Works  (Ir)  Act,  1846,  9  &  10  V.  c.  2,  "  *  Baronial 
Sessions  *  shall,  in  the  case  of  a  County  of  a  City  or  County  of  a  Town, 
mean  and  include  such  Extraordinary  Presentment  Sessions  "  therefor, 
"  or  the  adjournment  thereof,  hereby  provided  "  (s.  23). 

BARONY "  Barony  "  ;   V.  Cowel. 

In  Ireland,  the  word  means  a  district :  Stat.  Def.,  12  &  13  V.  c.  36, 
8.  6;  13  &  14  V.  c.  1,  s.  3,  c.  68,  s.  24,  c.  69,  s.  117;  15  &  16  V. 
c.  63,  s.  45 ;  18  &  19  V.  c.  69,  s.  2 ;  20  &  21  V.  c.  16,  s.  2 ;  34  &  35 
V.  c.  65,  s.  3  ;    36  «&  37  V.  c.  30,  s.  6 ;    46  &  47  V.  c.  43,  s.  25. 

BARRATRY.  — "The  word  *  Barratry'  is  derived  from  the  Italian 
barratrarcy  to  cheat.  Any  illegal,  fraudulent,  or  knavish  conduct  of  the 
master  or  mariners  of  a  ship  by  which  the  freighters  or  owners  are 
injured,  is,  by  our  law,  Barratry.  ...  In  order  to  constitute  Barratry, 
the  act  must,  generally,  be  done  fraudulently  and  with  a  criminal  intent ; 
and  it  is  not  sufficient  that  it  is  merely  against  the  interest  of  the  owner" 
(1  Maude  &  P.  146:  Vf,  Taylor  v.  Liverpool  &  Gt.  Wn.  Steam  Co,  cited 
Insurance).  Negligence  in  steering,  though  in  breach  of  a  statutory 
rule,  is  not  Barratry  (Grill  v.  General  Iron  Screw  Collier  Co,  35  L.  J. 
C.  P.  321;  37  lb.  205;  L.  R.  1  C.  P.  600;  3  lb.  476:  Cp,  Wilful  De- 
fault)  :  but  wilful  illegal  trading  involving  condemnation  of  the  ship 
is  Barratry,  though,  if  successful,  the  trading  would  have  been  profitable 


BARRATRY  168  BASE 

to  the  owner  (ffavelock  v.  Handily  3  T.  R.  277 :  Earle  v,  Rowcrofi^^ 
8  East,  126:  Goldschmidt  v.  Whitmorey  3  Taunt.  508) ;  and  so  is  tho 
carrying  of  prohibited  persons  if  involving  forfeiture  of  the  ship  {Aus^ 
tralasian  Insree  v.  Jacksofiy  33  L.  T.  286), 

There  maj  be  Barratry  by  one  Go-Owner  as  against  another  (Jones  v. 
Nicholson,  23  L.  J.  Ex.  330 ;  10  Ex.  28),  or  by  a  Mtgor  as  against  his 
Mtgee  (Small  v.  United  Kingdom  Insree,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  311;  66  L.  J, 
Q.  B.  736). 

Vf,  1  Maude  &  P.  146  :  Abbott,  185:  Arn.  838:  2  Encyc.  23  et  seq. 

BARREL. — A  Barrel  of  Beer,  ''according  to  the  custom  of  the 
Brewing  Trade,  is  a  vessel  holding  36  gallons  "  (per  Pollock,  B.,  Budd 
V.  Lucas,  cited  Tbade  Descbiption).     Vf,  Cowel. 

BARRETOR.  —  "  * Barrettors*  A  barretor  is  a  common  moover  and 
exciter,  or  maintainer  of  suits,  quarrels,  or  parts,  either  in  courts,  or 
elsewhere  in  the  countrey  "  (Co.  Litt.  368  a).     Vf,  Jacob. 

"  '  Barretor '  is  derived  of  this  word  (parret)  which  signifieth  not  only 
a  wrangling  suit,  but  also  such  brawles  and  quarrels  in  the  countrey  as 
are  aforesaid  "  (Co.  Litt.  368  b :  Sv,  Cowel  for  other  derivations). 

BARRISTER.  — Qu^  Indian  High  Courts  Act,  1861,  24  &  25  V. 
c.  104,  "  '  Barrister,'  shall  be  deemed  to  include.  Barristers  of  England 
or  Ireland,  or  Members  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  in  Scotland " 
(s.  19) ;  qui  Public  Worship  Eegn  Act,  1874,  37  &  38  V,  c.  ^b,  the 
word  includes  Advocate,  in  the  Isle  of  Man  (s.  6) ,  and  means  Advocate 
in  Scotland,  qui  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  Prevention  Act,  1883 
(s.  68). 

"  Prosecuting  Barrister  " ;    V,  Prosecuting. 

"  Revising  Barrister  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  17  &  18  V.  c.  102,  s.  38.  — /r.  48 
&  49  V.  c.  17,  s.  32;    61  &  62  V.  c  37,  a.  109  (1). 

BARTER.  —  "  This  word  is  used  by  us  for  the  exchange  of  wares  for 
wares  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley  :  Cowel) . 

BASE.  — Qua  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "  'Base,'  applied  to  a  Wall, 
means,  the  under-side  of  the  course  immediately  above  the  footings,  if 
any,  or,  in  the  case  of  a  Wall  carried  by  a  Bressummeb,  above  such 
Bressummer  "  (subs.  10,  s.  5)  :  V*  s.  3,  Metrop  Bg  Act,  1855.  Cp, 
Foundation. 

A  Base  Fee,  "  is  a  Tenure  in  Fee  at  the  Will  of  the  Lord,  distin- 
guished from  Socage  free  tenure ;  but  Ld  Coke  says  that  a  Base  Fee,  or 
qualified  fee,  is  what  may  be  defeated  by  limitation,  or  on  entry  &c ; 
Co.  Litt.  1,  18  "  (Jacob).  Thus,  e.g.,  a  Disentailing  Deed  without  the 
consent  of  the  Protector  of  the  Settlement  (where  there  is  one), 
gives  only  a  Base  Fee ;  because  the  Fee  thereby  created,  though  good 


BASE  169  BATH 

against  the  Issue  of  the  Tenant  in  Tail,  is  not  good  against  the  Eeniain- 
ders  and  Reversion  (s.  34,  Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1833).  Vf^  Good- 
eve,  68,  70,  81:  2  Encyc.  28.  For  a  list  of  Base  Fees,  T.  Challis  on 
Real  Property,  2nd  Ed.,  297  et  seq. 

Qui  Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1833,  "  *  Base  Fee,'  shall  mean  exclu- 
sively, that  Estate  in  Fee  Simple  into  which  an  Estate  Tail  is  converted 
where  the  Issue  in  Tail  are  harred,  but  persons  claiming  Estates  by  way 
of  Remainder,  or  otherwise,  are  not  barred  "  (s.  1). 

Vh,  Me  Drummand  and  Davies,  cited  Pboperty. 

"  £<i8sa  tenurdj  or  Base  Tenure^  was  a  holding  by  villenage,  or  other 
customary  service,  opposed  to  Alta  tenura,  the  higher  tenure  in  capite  or 
by  military  service  &c  "  (Jacob).     Vf,  Cowel,  Base  Estate. 

Qui  Gold  and  Silver  Wares  Act,  1844,  7  &  8  V.  c.  22,  "  *  Base  Metal  * 
shall  mean,  any  metal  whatsoever,  other  than  Gold  or  Silver  of  the 
respective  standards  required  by  law"  (s.  14). 

BASEMENT   STOREY F.  Storey. 

BASS'  ACT.  — The  Clerks  of  the  Peace  Removal  Act,  1864,  27  & 
28  V.  c  66. 

BASTARD.  —  A  "  Bastard  "  is  a  person  "  that  be  borne  out  of  Jaw- 
full  marriage  '*  (Go.  Litt.  244  a:  Vf,  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Cowel:  Jacob: 
2  Bl.  Com.  247).  And  the  husband  of  a  woman  being  "  within  the 
foure  seas"  (lb.),  is  not  now  conclusive  to  legitimatize  her  offspring; 
proof,  positive  or  presumptive,  of  non-access  may  be  given  (Fendrell  v. 
Pendrelly  2  Stra.  926:  B.  v.  Luff,  8  East,  204:  Goodright  d.  Tompson 
V.  Saul,  4  T.  R.  366:  Morris  v.  Davies,  6  CI.  &  F.  163:  Hawes  v.  Ihae- 
ger,  23  Ch.  D.  173;  b2  L.  J.  Ch.  449 :  Aylesford  Peerage,  11  App.  Ca.  1), 
even  though  there  has  been  opportunity  of  access  {Cope  v.  Cope,  1  Moo. 
&  R.  269:  R,  v.  Mansfield,  1  Q.  B.  450,  452;  10  L.  J.  M.  C.  97;  1  G. 
&  D.  7 :  Bosville  v.  A,'G.,  12  P.  D.  177 :  Bumahy  v.  BaUlie,  58  L.  J.  Ch. 
842).  But  where  husband  and  wife  are  living  together,  the  presumption 
of  the  legitimacy  of  the  wife's  offspring  is  so  strong,  that  it  can  only  be 
rebutted  by  evidence  absolutely  irresistible  (Head  v.  Head,  1  Sim.  &  St. 
152;  T.  &  R.  138:  Banbury  Peerage,  1  Sim.  &  St.  163:  Morris  v.  2>a- 
vies,  sup :  Legge  v.  Edmonds^  25  L.  J.  Ch.  125). 

If  the  husband  was  under  the  age  of  procreation  (Co.  Litt.  243  a),  or 
if  his  habit  of  body  was  such  as  to  make  his  begetting  children  an  impos- 
sibility (Lomax  v.  Holmdefi,  2  Stra.  940),  the  children  of  the  wife  would 
be  bastardized. 

Vh,  2  Encyc.  30-33:  and,  qui  Slander,  Odgers,  149,  150.  Va, 
Affiliation. 

BATH.  —  In  the  frequent  clause  in  the  Acts  of  Water  Works  Cos 
excepting  (inter  alia)  "  Baths  "  from  being  a  Domestic  Purpose,  an  ordi- 


BATH  170  BEADSMAN 

nary  moveable  bath  is  not  within  such  exception  (  Weaver  v.  Cardiff,  48 
L.  T.  906  :  Bingham  v.  Sheffield  W,  W,  Co,  cited  in  Walker  v.  Lam- 
beth W.  W.  Co,  63  L.  J.  Ch.  876).  And  if  the  clause  excepts  "  Baths, 
Wash-houses,  or  Public  Purposes,"  then  "  Baths  "  (read  with  its  con- 
text) means  Public  Baths,  and  even  the  ordinary  fixed  household  bath 
remains  a  Domestic  Purpose  (Weaver  v.  Cardiff,  sup);  secus,  if  the 
phrase  is,  "  Baths,  Horses,  Cattle,  or  for  washing  carriages,  or  for  any 
Trade  or  Business  whatsoever  "  ( Walker  v.  Lambeth  W.  W.  Co,  63 
L.  J.  Ch.  874;  71  L.  T.  75;  68  J.  P  736). 

"The  Baths  and  Wash-houses  Acts,  1846  to  1882";  V.  Sch  2,  Short 
Titles  Act,  1896. 

BATTALION.— Quk  Regn  of  the  Forces  Act,  1881,  44  &  45  V. 
c.  57,  "  Battalion,"  in  its  application  to  Cavalry,  Artillery,  or  Engineers, 
means,  "  Hegiment,  Brigade,  or  other  Body  into  which  Her  Majesty  may 
have  been  pleased  to  divide  such  Cavalry,  Artillery,  or  Engineers " 
(subs.  2,  s.  49). 

BATTERY.—  r.  Assault:  Beat. 

BATTLE.  —  Trial  by  Battle;  V.  2  Encyc.  37:  Termes  de  la  Le^^ 
Battaile:  Jacob,  BaMel:  3  Bl.  Com.  341,  342.  Abolished  by  69  G.  3, 
c.  46. 

BAWDY  HOUSE.—  V.  Brothel. 

BAY.  —  V,  Estuary. 

BAY  WINDOW.— F.  Building. 

BE.  —  To  "be"  at  a  place,  is  wider  than  to  "Reside,"  e.g.  in  the 
requirement,  s.  27,  43  G.  3,  c.  161,  to  make  a  Return  for  Assessed  Taxes 
where  the  person  **  shall  reside,  or  be,**  which  latter  clearly  includes  his 
place  of  business  {A-G.  v.  McLean,  1  H.  &  C.  750;  32  L.  J.  Ex. 
101;  11  W.  R.  292;  8  L.  T.  113).     V.  Being. 

BEACHING.  —  Beaching  of  Fishing  Boats  in  winter;  V»  per  Ld 
O'Hagan,  Aiton  v.  Stephen,  1  App.  Ca.  462. 

BEACON.  —  V.  Buoy. 

BEADLE.  — "  «Bedeir  is  derived  of  the  French  word  Beadeau, 
which  signifies  a  messenger  of  the  court,  or  under  baylife,  in  Latine, 
Bedellus  "  (Co.  Litt.  234  b).     Vf,  Termes  de  la  Ley :  2  Encyc.  38. 

BEADSMAN.  —  "  *  Beadsmen,'  according  to  the  definitions  given  by 
the  authors  to  whom  we  have  been  referred,  seem  to  have  been  in  antient 
times,  persons  who  devoted  themselves  to  Prayer,  — not  merely  on  their 
own  account,  but  for  the  benefit  also  of  others  *'  (per  Cockburn,  C.  J., 
Faulkner  v.  Boddington,  cited  Office). 


BEAM  TRAWL        171  BEASTS 

BEAM    TRAWI Stat.  Def.,  44  &  45  V.  c.  11,  s.  9. 

BEAR.  —The  use  of  "  Bear  "  in  collocation  with  "  Pay,"  —  e.g.  in  a 
tenant's  covenant  to  '*  bear  and  pay  "  taxes,  rates,  duties,  &c  —  has  "  the 
effect  of  more  distinctly  developing  its  very  comprehensive  character " 
(per  Baggallay,  L.  J.,  Budd  v.  Marshall,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  29).     V.  Taxes. 

Semble,  there  is  a  difference  between  a  gift  to  descendants  who  **  bear  " 
a  particular  Name,  and  a  gift  to  Descendants  "of"  such  Name  {Ee 
jRoberts,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  265;  S.  C.  on  App.  19  Ch,  D.  620). 

BEARER.  —  The  "  Bearer,"  of  a  Bill  or  Note,  "  means  the  person  in 
possession  of  a  Bill  or  Note  which  is  payable  to  Bearer "  (s.  2,  Bills  of 
Ex.  Act,  1882).  Vth,  Good  v.  Walker,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  736:  Day  v. 
Longhurst,  62  L.  J.  Ch.  334;  68  L.  T.  17;  41  W.  R.  283. 

A  Debenture  payable  "  to  Bearer  "  is,  in  effect,  a  Promissory  Note,  and 
jmsses  from  hand  to  hand  free  from  any  equities  which  might  have 
attached  to  it  as  between  the  Company  and  the  original  holder  {Re  Mar- 
seUles  Imperial  Land  Co,  40  L.  J.  Ch.  93;  L.  R.  11  Eq.  478). 

Note  to  "Bearer  on  Demand";  V.  Cheetham  v.  Butler,  5  B.  &  Ad. 
837. 

F.  Negotiable. 

BEARING.  —"Bearing  Even  Date"  (Sch  55  G.  3,  c.  184,  Bond), 
"  ties  down  the  operation  of  that  clause  of  the  Sch  to  the  date  written 
on  the  Instrument "  (per  Tenterden,  C.  J.,  Wood  v.  Norton,  9  B.  &  C. 
887). 

When  a  Bill  of  Ex.  or  Promissory  Note  expressly  made  interest  pay- 
able, but  without  defining  the  date  from  which  interest  was  to  run,  —  e,g. 
by  simply  saying  "bearing  Interest,"  — it  carried  interest  from  its 
date,  and  not  merely  from  its  maturity  {Kennerly  v.  Nash,  1  Starkie, 
452) ;  and  is  not  this  still  so  notwithstanding  s.  57,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act, 
1882  ?    Sv,  Byles,  440. 

BEAST   GATE.  —  V.  Cattle  Gate. 

BEASTS.  — "  The  Beasts  of  Parque  or  Chase,  properly  extend  to  the 
Bucke,  the  Doe,  the  Foxe,  the  Marten,  the  Eoe;  but,  in  a  common  and 
legall  sense,  to  all  the  Beasts  of  the  Forrest"  (Co.  Litt.  233  a).  V. 
Park:  Chase. 

"  Beasts  of  Forrests  be  properly  Hart,  Hinde,  Bucke,  Hare,  Boar,  and 
Wolfe;  but  legally  all  wild  beasts  of  veuery  "  (lb.).     V.  Forest. 

Beasts  of  the  Warren  are  "  Hares,  Conies,  and  Roes  "  (lb.).  V,  War- 
ren.    Fowls  of  the  Warren ;   F.  Fowl. 

Vf,  As  to  all  the  above,  Barrington*s  Ca^e,  8  Rep.  138. 

Beasts  of  the  Plough  ;    V.  Co.  Litt.  47  a,  b:  Woodf.  483. 

"Beasts  that  gain  his  land,"  51  H.  3,  stat.  4,  does  not  include  cart 


BEASTS  172  BED 

Colts  and  young  Steers,  unbroken  to  harness  or  the  plough  (Keen  y, 
Friest,  4  H.  &  N.  236;  28  L.  J.  Ex.  157). 
F.  Horse:  Cattle, 

BEAT.  — A  mere  technical  Battery  (F,  Assault),  is  not  a  "Beat- 
ing," within  8.  29,  7  &  8  6.  4,  c.  29;  — "unlawfully  beat,"  as  there 
used,  connotes  a  "beating"  in  the  popular  sense  of  that  word,  which 
pulling  a  mau  to  the  ground  and  holding  him  there  is  not  (per 
Maule,  J.,  JR.  y.  Hale^  2  C.  &  E.  326). 

BECOME.  — A  person**  becomes  bankrupt,"  qu^  the  Bankry  Laws, 
when  he  commits  the  Act  of  bankruptcy  on  which  his  adjudication  is 
founded  ;  not  only  at  Adjudication  (Fawcett  v.  Feamet  6  Q.  B.  20 :  Exp, 
Harris^  44  L.  J.  Bank.  31;  L.  R.  19  Eq.  253).     Vcu^  BANKRUPTcr. 

"Become  a  Bankrupt,"  s.  7  (2),  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1882;  F.  Ex  p, 
AUawj  Re  Munday,  14  Q.  B.  D.  43 ;  33  W.  R.  231. 

A  Go's  Articles  disqualifying  a  Director  "  if  he  become  bankrupt,"  does 
not  prevent  the  election  of  one  who  is  already  an  undischarged  bankrupt 
{Dawson  v.  African  &c  Co,  1898,  1  Ch.  6;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  47;  77  L.  T. 
392;  46W.  R.  132). 

"  Become  Insolvent  ";   F.  Hereafter  :  Insolvent. 

Forfeiture  if  demised  premises  shall  "  become  vested  "  in  another ; 
F.  Vested. 

"  Becoming  after  the  passing  of  this  Act  an  Urban  Sanitary  Author- 
ity ";   F  Kennedy  v.  Great  Southern  &  W.  By,  30  L.  R.  Ir.  686. 

F  Entitled:  Eldest. 

BED.  —  "I  will  cite  a  passage  from  the  jdgmt  in  an  American  case 
{State  of  Alahama  v.  State  of  Georgia^  64  U.  S.  506),  for  it  exactly  con- 
veys what  I  understand  to  be  the  meaning  of  '  Bed  of  a  River,  '  —  '  The 
Bed  of  the  River  is  that  portion  of  its  soil  which  is  alternately  covered 
and  left  bare,  as  there  may  be  an  increase  or  diminution  in  the  supply  of 
water,  and  which  is  adequate  to  contain  it  at  its  average  and  mean  stage 
during  the  entire  year,  without  reference  to  the  extraordinary  freshets 
of  the  Winter  or  Spring  or  the  extreme  droughts  of  the  Summer  or 
Autumn.*  This,  when  applied  to  a  Tidal  River,  means,  without  refer- 
ence to  Extraordinary  Tides  at  any  time  of  the  year  "  (per  Smith,  L.  J., 
Thames  Conservators  v.  Smeed,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  338 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  716 ;  77 
L.  T.  325;  45  W.  R.  691 ;  61  J.  P.  612).  In  accordance  with  that  def, 
and  on  the  authority  of  Goolden  v.  Thames  Conservators  (1891,  in  H.  L., 
but  not  reported),  it  was  held,  in  Thames  Conservators  v.  Smeed,  that 
"Bed  of  the  Thames,"  s.  87,  Thames  Conservancy  Act,  1894,  includes 
the  Foreshore  between  High  and  Low  Water-Mark  at  Ordinary  Tides, 
although  the  soil  belongs  to  private  owners.  Vf,  Several  Fishery,  n  : 
2  Encj-c.  44-47. 

F.  Iron. 


BEDDING  173  BEER-HOUSE 

BEDDING.  — "All  must  agree,  I  think,  that  'Bedding'  is  used 
more  often  than  not  as  describing  something  which  does  not  include  a 
Bedstead"  (per  Channell,  J.,  Davis  v.  Harris^  1900,  1  Q.  B.  729;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  232;  81  L.  T.  780;  43  W.  R  445;  64  J.  P.  136);  but  in 
the  exception  from  Execution,  s.  147,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  "  Bedding " 
means,  whatever  the  Exon  Debtor  "  has  for  the  purposes  of  sleeping  ac- 
commodation,"—  e.ff,  a  Mattress  laid  on  the  floor,  or  a  Bedstead  {S,  C). 
Note,  The  exception  in  that  section  applies  to  a  Distress  for  Rent  (s.  4, 
51  &  62  V.  c.  21). 

BEEN.— r.  Have  Been. 

BEER.  —  Summer's  Botanic  Beer,  manufactured  from  fermented 
sugar  and  water,  and  flavoured  with  herbs,  is  ''  Beer  "  within  the  meaning 
of  the  Customs  and  Inl.  Rev.  Act,  1885;  and  to  retail  it  necessitates 
the  holding  of  an  Excise  license  {Howorth  v.  MinnSy  56  L.  T.  316;  51 
J.  P.  181).  The  effect  of  such  a  ruling  would  seem  to  be  that  no  kind 
of ''  Beer  "  containing  over  2  %  of  Proof  Spirit  can  be  sold  without  a 
license  ;   Vf^  inf. 

Qu4  Beerhouse  Act,  1830  ( V.  s.  32),  and  Wine  and  Beerhouse  Act, 
1869  (  V.  8.  2),  "  Beer,"  includes  Ale  and  Porter. 

Qui  Inl.  Rev.  Act,  1880,  "  *  Beer,*  includes  Ale,  Porter,  Spruce  Beer, 
and  Black  Beer,  and  any  other  description  of  Beer  "  (s.  2),  —  a  def  ex- 
tended to  include  '^  any  Liquor  which  is  made  or  sold  as  a  description  of 
Beer,  or  as  a  Substitute  for  beer,  and  which,  on  analysis  of  a  sample 
thereof  at  any  time,  shall  be  found  to  contain  more  than  2  %  of  Proof 
Spirit "  (subs.  1,  s.  4,  48  &  49  Y.  c.  51)  ;  and,  by  subs.  2  of  the  last  sec- 
tion, the  meaning  of  *'  Beer,"  as  amplified  by  subs.  1,  is  applied  to  all 
Acts  ''  relating  to  Excise  Licenses  for  the  sale  of  Beer,  unless  there  is 
something  in  the  subject  or  context  inconsistent  therewith." 

Qu4  Part  3,  Inl.  Rev.  Act,  1880,  "  '  Beer,'  includes  Cideb  "  (s.  40). 

Stat.  Def.  —  Ir.  s.  3,  34  &  35  V.  c.  111. 

F.  ExcisEABLE  Liquor:  Intoxicating  Liquor:  Spirits:  Spirit- 
uous Liquor:  Wine. 

BEER-HOUSE.  — "  Beer-house  "  means  a  place  where  beer  is  sold  to 
be  consumed  on  the  premises ;  but  a  "  Beer-shop  "  means  a  place  where 
Beer  is  sold  by  retail,  and  it  is  immaterial  whether  it  is  to  be  consumed 
on  the  premises  or  not  {London  and  Suburban  Land  Co  y.  Field,  50 
L.  J.  Ch.  549;  16  Ch.  D.  645;  44  L.  T.  444:  Custance  v.  Wilkinson,  95 
Law  Times,  157:  Holt  v.  Collyery  50  L.  J.  Ch.  311;  16  Ch.  D.  718  ;  44 
L.  T.  214;  29  W.  R.  502:  St.  Alban's  v.  BaUersby,  47  L.  J."Q.  B.  571; 
3  Q.  B.  D.  359;  26  W.  R.  679;  38  L.  T.  685:  NicoU  v.  Fenning,  51 
L.  J.  Ch.  166 ;  19  Ch.  D.  258  ;  30  W.  R.  95 ;  45  L.  T.  738).  Therefore 
a  covenant  against  a  "  Beer-iSAop  "  will  prohibit  a  "  Beer-^ou«e  " :  not 


BEER-HOUSE         174  BEFORE  THE  PEOPLE 

80,  vice  versd  {Land.  &  N.  W.  Eij  v.  GameU,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  25  ;  L.  R. 
9  Eq.  26;  21  L.  T.  352;  18  W.  R.  246:  Holt  v.  CoUyer,  sup).  Vfy 
Devonshire  v.  Simmons  (39  S.  J.  60),  where  the  point  was  raised,  but 
not  decided,  as  to  whether  the  sale  of  beer  in  a  Private  Hotel  to  Guests 
only,  would  make  the  place  a  Beer-Shop. 

V.  Ale-Housb:  Public-Housb :  Inn:  Shop. 

BEER-SHOP.—  V.  Beeb-House. 

BEETLE-HEADED.  —  It  is  not  Slander,  per  se,  to  say  of  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  that  '^  he  is  a  Fool,  an  Ass,  and  a  Beetle-headed  Justice  " 
{BUI  Y.  Neal,  1  Lev.  52).  Indeed,  evil-speaking  of  Justices  may  go  a 
long  way ;  V,  Hollis  v.  Briscow,  Cro.  Jac.  58 :  E,  v.  Farre,  1  Keble, 
629 :  —  "  Blood  Sucker  "  seems  almost  a  verbal  amenity  (  F.  Blood). 

.  BEFORE.  — "Within  3  months  before"  the  Petition,  s.  6  (1  c), 
Bankry  Act,  1883;  V.  JEx  p.  Forster,  SBW.U.  4^56,  56  L.  T.  573:  Fx 
p.  Townend,  40  W.  R.  47;  64  L.  T.  743. 

"  Before,"  s.  40  (b),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  means  "  Next  before  "  {Be 
Smith,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  288;  17  Q.  B.  D.  4;  54  L.  T.  307;  34  W.  R.  535). 

The  21  days  notice  to  be  given  by  Applicant  for  a  License  "  before  he 
applies,"  — s.  7,  32  &  33  V.c.  27;  s.  40,  35  &  36  V.  c.  94,  — is  not, 
necessarily,  computed  from  the  first  day  of  the  Annual  General  Licens- 
ing Meeting,  but  from  the  day  on  which  the  Application  is  to  be  taken 
{B,  V.  W.  Riding  Jus,,  39  L.  J.  M.  C.  17;  L.  R.  5  Q.  B.  33:  R.  v.Pow- 
nail,  1893, 2  Q.  B.  158 ;  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  174  ;  57  J.  P.  424) .  Cp,  s.  42  (2), 
35  &  36  V.  c.  94,  on  whv  R.  v.  Anglesey  Jus,,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  850;  61 
L.J.  M.  C.  149;  56  J.  P.  440. 

"  Devolve  before  "  ;   V,  Devolve. 

F.  Aforesaid:  After:  Act:  Not  before:  On  or  before:  Within. 

BEFORE  MARRIAGE.  — Debts  contracted  by  a  Married  Woman 
"before  Marriage, "  — s.  19,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882,  Va.  s.  13  — "do  not 
mean  'before  she  was  ever  married,*  but  mean,  before  the  marriage 
existing  at  the  time  when  the  provisions  of  the  sections  have  to  be  ap- 
plied" (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Jay  v.  Robinson,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  367;  25 
Q.  B.  D.  467;   63  L.  T.  174;   38  W.  R.  550). 

BEFORE  OR  AFTER.  — "Dying  before  or  after";  V.  Kendall  y. 
BuH,  W.  N.  (73)  151. 

F.  Thereafter  to  be  born. 

BEFORE  PAYABLE.  —  Gift  over  "before  payable";  F.  Chitty, 
Eq.  Ind.  7412:  "  before  becoming  entitled  " ;   V.  lb.  7415. 

BEFORE  THE  PEOPLE.  —  "  Their  Lordships  are  of  opinion  that 
the  words  *  Before  the  People '  (Rubric  preceding  Prayer  of  (3onsecra- 


BEFORE  THE  PEOPLE  175  BEHIND 

tion  in  Communion  Office)  coupled  with  the  direction  as  to  the  manual 
acts,  are  meant  to  be  equivalent  to  '  In  the  Sight  of  the  People.'  They 
have  no  doubt  that  the  Rubric  requires  the  manual  acts  to  be  so  done 
that,  in  a  reasonable  and  practical  sense,  the  communicants,  especially 
if  they  are  conveniently  placed  for  receiving  the  Holy  Sacrament,  as  is 
pre-supposed  in  the  Office,  may  be  witnesses  of,  i.e,  may  see  them. 
What  is  ordered  to  be  done  '  Before  the  People,'  when  it  is  the  subject 
of  the  sense,  not  of  hearing,  but  of  sight,  cannot  be  done  '  Before '  them 
unless  those  of  them  who  are  properly  placed  for  that  purpose  can  see  it. 
It  was  contended  that  'Before  the  People,'  meant  nothing  more  than 
'  In  the  Church,'  to  guard  against  an  anterior  and  secret  consecration  of 
the  elements.  But  if  the  words  *  Before  the  People '  were  absent,  the 
manual  acts,  and  the  rest  of  the  Service,  could  not  be  performed  else- 
where than  in  the  Church  and  in  that  sense  coram  populo,  nor  could  the 
sacrament  be  distributed  except  in  the  place  and  at  the  time  of  its  con- 
secration ;  this  argument  would,  therefore,  reduce  to  silence  the  words 
•  Before  the  People,'  which  are  an  emphatic  part  of  the  declaration  of 
the  purpose  for  which  the  preparatory  acts  are  to  be  done.  That  decla- 
ration applies  not  to  the  Service  as  a  whole,  nor  to  the  consecration  of 
the  elements  as  a  whole,  but  to  the  manual  acts  separately  and  specifi- 
cally "  (per  Cairns,  C,  delivering  jdgmt  of  P.  C.  Ridsdale  v.  Clifton^  46 
L.J.  P.O.  61;  2P.  D.  276). 

BEQ.  —  F.  PsECATOBY  Trust. 

BEGIN.  —  "  Begin  to  Demolish  "  ;   V.  Demolish. 

Person  entitled  to  a  Legacy  in  succession  who  shall  "  begin  to  Enjoy 
the  Benefit  thereof,"  s.  12,  Legacy  Duty  Act,  1796,  36  G.  3,  c.  62;  F. 
Kenlis  V.  Hodgson,  1895,  2  Ch.  458;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  585;  72  L.  T.  866, 
distinguishing  Re  Hay  garth,  22  Ch.  D.  545;  52  L.  J.  Ch.  416. 

"  Begin  to  Form  a  New  Street " ;   F.  New  Street. 

"  Begin  to  Keep  House  " ;   F.  Keep  House. 

Where  proper  Notices  and  Plans  had  been  given  and  lodged  under 
s.  72,  P.  H.  Act,  1848,  it  was  a  "Matter  or  Thing  begun  or  made,^* 
within  8.  9,  21  &  22  Y.  c.  98,  although  little  or  nothing  had  been  done 
towards  the  actual  work  (Felkin  v.  Berridge,  15  C.  B.  N.  S.  257:  Vf, 
Heston  &  Isleworth  v.  Grout,  cited  Done).    Cp,  Commencement. 

BEGOTTEN.  —  F.  Co.  Litt.  20  b:  Born:  To  be  Born. 

BEHALF. —  F.  In  that  behalf:  On  behalf:  For. 

BEHAVE.  —  "  Appear,  act,  or  behave  " ;   F.  Keeper. 

BEHAVIOUR.—  F  Good  Behaviour. 

BEHIND.  —  As  to  the  phrase  "  Leaving  no  Issue  behind  him  "  ;  F. 
2  Jarm.  609. 


BEING  176  BELIEF 

BEINQ.  — ''  Being,"  as  used  in  a  sense  similar  to  that  of  the  ablati^^ 
absolute,  has  sometimes  been  translated  as,  "  having  been  " ;  but  it  prep- 
erly  denotes  a  State  or  Condition  existent  at  the  time  when  the  conclusion 
of  law  or  fact  has  to  be  ascertained. 

Thus  the  phrase,  **  being  a  Trader y"  in  the  Bankrj  Act,  1869,  meant, 
'*  carrying  on  trade  at  the  time  when  the  act  in  question  is  committed  " 
(per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Exp.  Mc George,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  910;  20  Ch.  D.  697: 
Sv,  Carry  on,  towards  end).  Therefore  a  trader  who  had  absolutely 
ceased  trading  was  not  liable  to  the  consequences  of  a  Trader-Debtor's 
Summons  under  s.  6  (b)  of  that  Act  {JS^  p.  SchomJberg,  10  Ch.  172 ;  23 
W.  R.  204),  nor  to  be  adjudicated  bankrupt  for  departing  from  his 
dwelling  under  subs.  3,  s.  6  (^Ex  p.  McGeorge,  sup)  ;  but  if  he  had  the 
intention  to  resume  trading  he  was  still  a  trader  (Ex  p.  Salaman,  21 
Ch.  D.  394;  47  L.  T.  495;  31  W.  R.  282). 

But  "  any  two  or  more  persons  being  Partners  "  (who  may  proceed,  or 
be  proceeded  against,  in  the  partnership  name,  s.  115,  Bankry  Act,  1883), 
does  not  connote  that  they  must  be  partners  at  the  time  of  the  proceed- 
ings, but  rather  means,  persons  "  who  have  had  the  relationship  of  part- 
ners for  the  purpose  of  the  liability  which  is  sought  to  be  enforced  "  (per 
Alverstone,  M.  R.,  Be  Wenhanij  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  807;  1900,  2  Q.  B.  698; 
83  L.  T.  94). 

"  Being  in  England  " ;  V,  Living. 

"  Being  in  advance  "  ;  F.  Advance. 

F.  Be:  Entering  or  Being:  Time  Being:  Is:  Present  Tense. 

Machinery,  &c,  "  standing  or  being  " ;   F.  Erected. 

"  Being,"  may  create  a  Covenant,  —  e,g.  in  a  lessee's  covenant  to  repair 
premises,  ''the  same  being  first  put  in  repair  by  the  lessor,"  these  latter 
words  create  a  covenant  by  the  lessor  {Cannock  v.  Jones,  3  Ex.  233;  5  lb. 
713;  18  L.  J.  Ex.  204)  ;  and  so,  probably,  in  such  a  covenant,  do  the 
words  "  being  allowed  sufficient  rough  timber  "  {Martyn  v.  Clue^  22  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  147 ;  18  Q.  B.  661 :  Fa,  Mucklestone  v.  Thomas,  Willes,  146), 
but  in  the  way  Martyn  v.  Clue  was  presented,  it  was  only  necessary  to 
regard  the  phrase  as  creating  a  Condition  Precedent,  on  which  latter 
point  FjT,  Neale  v.  Ratcliffe,  20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  130;  15  Q.  B.  916:  Coward 
V.  Gregory,  36  L.  J.  C.  P.  1;  L.  R.  2  C.  P.  153, 172.  So,  in  such  a 
covenant,  lessor  "  Finding,  Allowing  and  Assigning  timber  sufficient " 
was  held  to  create  a  Condition  Precedent  {Thomas  v.  Cadwallader, 
Willes,  496)  ;  but  "  Having  or  Taking  "  Bote,  was  held  only  to  amount 
to  a  license  to  the  lessee  {Bristol  v.  Jones,  28  L.  J.  Q.  B.  201 ;  1  E.  &  E. 
484).     F.  Finding. 

"  Being,"  may  be  used  in  the  sense  of  a  direct  Averment  (per  Campbell, 
C.  J.,  E.  V.  Waverton,  17  Q.  B.  565,  568). 

"  Lawfully  being  " ;   F.  Lawfully. 

BELIEF.  —  "  Best  of  his  Belief  " ;   F.  Best  Belief  :  Bona  Fidk. 
"  In  the  Full  Belief  ";   F.  Precatory  Trust. 


BELLIGERENT         177  BELONGING 

BELLIGERENT V.  2  Encyc.  62-56. 

BELLOWS.  —  V.  Mechanical  Means. 

BELONG.  —  An  under-bailiff  sending  unwholesome  meat  to  market, 
is  not  a  "  person  to  whom  the  same  belongs,"  within  s.  117,  P.  H.  Act, 
1876  (Newton  v.  Monkeom,  68  L.  T.  231;  4  Times  Rep.  205) ;  but,  seinble, 
the  phrase  includes  a  Factob  (BiUing  v.  PrMle,  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  180;  46 
W.  R.  187;  61  J.  P.  86,  — a  case  on  s.  47  (2),  P.  H.  (London)  Act,  1891, 
which  subs.  Wills,  J.,  said  was  "  an  enlarged  edition  "  of  s.  117,  P.  H. 
Act,  1876). 

BELONGING.  —  Property  "  belonging  "  to  a  person,  has  two  general 
meanings,  —  (1)  Ownership ;  (2)  the  Absolute  Right  of  User :  "  A  Road 
may  be  said,  with  perfect  propriety,  to  belong  to  a  man  who  has  the  right 
to  use  it  as  of  Right,  although  the  soil  does  not  belong  to  him  "  (per 
Martin,  B.,  ±-0.  v.  Oxford  &c  Ry,  31  L.  J.  Ex.  227;  7  H.  &  N.  840). 

By  the  Poor  Relief  Act,  1819,  69  G.  3,  c.  12,  s.  17,  Churchwardens 
and  Overseers  are  to  hold,  as  a  Body  Corporate,  all  buildings  &c  "  be- 
longing "  to  the  Pabish  ;  —  That  phrase  is  to  be  taken  in  its  popular 
sense  {Doe  v.  Terry,  6  L.  J.  M.  C.  27 ;  4  A.  &  E.  274 ;  6  N.  &  M.  666)  ; 
but  it  applies  only  *'  where  the  rents  are  applicable  solely  to  Parochial 
Purposes  which  are  under  the  control  of  the  Parish  Officers  "  (per  Parke, 
B.,  UthwaU  V.  Elkinsy  13  M.  &  W.  777 ;  14  L.  J.  Ex.  131).  In  Doe  v. 
Hiley  (10  B.  &  C.  886),  it  was  held,  that  the  phrase  comprised  property 
the  profits  of  which  were  to  be  applied  to  Church  Repair,  because  that 
was  in  aid  of  the  Church  Rate  {the  followed  in  Alderman  y.  Neate, 
8  L.  J.  Ex.  89 ;  4  M.  &  W.  704 ;  but  questioned  in  Allison  v.  Stark, 
8  L.  J.  M.  C.  13;  9  A.  &  E.  255,  and  Gouldsworth  v.  Knights,  12  L.  J. 
Ex.  282  ;  11  M.  &  W.  343).  Since  the  Compulsory  Church  Rate  Aboli- 
tion  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  109,  it  may,  probably,  be  said  that  property 
the  profits  of  which  are  to  be  applied  in  Church  Repair  is  not  within  the 
phrase,  for  such  repair  can  hardly  now  be  regarded  as  a  Parochial  Pur- 
pose. Property,  though  applicable  to  general  parochial  purposes,  is  not 
within  the  phrase  if  the  Legal  Estate  therein  be  vested  in  known  existing 
Trustees  (St.  Nicliolas,  Deptford  v.  Sketchley,  17  L.  J.  M.  C.  17 ;  8  Q.  B. 
394;  over-ruling  iJwmiaZZ  V.  Munt,  16  L.  J.  Q.  B.  180;  8  Q.  B.  382). 
Vf,  Tudor  Char.  Trusts,  240-243. 

Churchyard  "  belonging  to  "  a  District  Church,  s.  10,  19  &  20  V. 
c.  104 ;  V.  Champneys  v.  Arrowsmith,  36  L.  J.  C.  P.  266 ;  16  W.  R.  1011; 
16  L.  T.  689. 

V.  Outlet. 

Salvage  for  saving  the  lives  of  '* persons  belonging  to"  a  Ship,  s.  468 
(2),  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1864,  comprises  passengers  as  well  as  the  crew 
(The  FusUier,  34  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  26;  3  Moore  P.  C.  K  S.  61).  In 
that  case  Dr.  Lushington  said,  "  I  think  that  nothing  is  more  common 

12 


BELONCINC  178         BELONGINGS 

than  to  say  of  passengers  by  a  ship,  that  they  are  passengers  '  belonging  ' 
to  the  ship,  and  would  be  included  under  the  expression  *  persons.' '' 

As  to  the  phrase  "  Belonging  or  appertaining  "  ;  V.  Williams  v.  Fhil- 
lips,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  102;  8  Q.  B.  D.  437.  These  "  are  not  Words  of  Art  " 
(per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  Maitland  v.  Mackinno7i,  32  L.  J.  Ex.  49;  1 H.  &  C. 
607).  Vfy  as  to  their  interpretation,  and  as  to  the  phrase  "  Thereunto 
Belongingy"  Maitland  v.  Mackiimon,  sup:  Bodenhum  v.  PritcJiard, 
cited  Enjoyed:  Doe  d.  Gore  v.  Langton,  2  B.  &  Ad.  680:  1  Jarm.  782: 
2  Piatt,  34:  KingsmUl  v.  Millard,  11  Ex.  313:  Common  :  Mill.  "  The 
words  *  thereto  belonging '  may,  perhaps,  primd  facie,  be  considered  to 
mean  something  held  under  the  same  title  as  and  occupied  with  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  the  devise  to  which  they  are  annexed  "  (Watson  Eq.  1322). 

"If  a  man  grant  his  Saddle  with  all  things  '  thereunto  belonging,'  — 
stirrups,  girths,  and  the  like  do  pass.  So,  if  a  man  grant  his  Yiol,  the 
strings  and  bow  will  pass  "  (Bac.  Ab.  Chrant,  I,  4,  citing  Pri4ie  v.  Brahani, 
Yaugh.  109).  So,  a  grant  of  Looms  "  and  other  Effects  and  Things  be- 
longing thereto,"  will  pass  healds,  reeds,  weft,  and  waste  cans  {Cort  v. 
Sagar,  27  L.  J.  Ex.  378 ;  3  H.  &  N.  370).  But  a  lease  of  a  "  House  and 
Premises  with  the  gardens,  pleasure-grounds,  coach-house,  and  stabling 
thereto  belonging,"  will  not  pass  an  adjoining  meadow  {Minton  v.  Geiger, 

28  L.  T.  449). 

Bequest  of  "  Effects  belonging  to  the  Business,"  includes  the  Fixtures 
(Finder  v.  Finder,  18  W.  R.  309). 

Money  or  Property  "  belonging  to  "  a  Friendly  Socy ;  V,  per  Esher, 
M.  R,  Re  Miller,  cited  Possession  :  Preference. 

Premises  "  belonging  to  and  Occupied  with  "  a  Dwellinghouse,  Sch 
B,  R.  2,  House  Tax  Act,  1808,  48  G.  3,  c.  55,  means,  those  premises 
which  are  adjuncts  to  the  Dwghouse  and  are  used  therewith  for  a  common 
purpose,  —  e.g,  the  Stables  of  an  Inn,  though  such  stables  are  separated 
from  the  Inn  and  are  let  to  the  innkeeper  by  separate  landlords  and  at 
separate  rents  ( Young  v.  DougUis,  17  Sc.  L.  R.  119 :  Smith  v.  Fetrie, 

29  lb.  342 :  Fhillips  v.  Lord  Advocate,  36  lb.  336:  Swain  v.  Fleming, 
81  L.  T.  202),  so.  Hunt  Kennels  are  adjuncts  to  the  Dwghouse  of  Hunt 
Servants  (Cheape  v.  Kinnwnt,  16  Sess.  Ca.,  4th  Ser.,  144),  so,  are  Horse 
Trainer's  Stables  to  the  Head  Lad's  house  (Lambton  v.  Ke7T,  1895, 
2  Q.  B.  233;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  749;  43  W.  R.  541) ;  but  the  Chapel,  Class- 
Room,  Gymnasium,  Racket  Courts,  and  other  buildings  necessary  for  the 
purposes  of  a  Public  School,  e,g,  Clifton  College,  are  not  adjuncts  to  the 
Head  Master's  house  (Clifton  Coll.  v.  Tompson,  1896, 1  Q.  B..  432;  65 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  231;  74  L.  T.  168;  44  W.  R.  410;  60  J.  P.  599). 

F.  Appertaining :  Appurtenances:  Mill:  Purposes- 

BELONGINGS.  —  A  testator,  at  his  death,  owned  and  occupied  a 
country  house  called  Torfrey  ;  by  his  Will  he  said,  —  "I  give  to  T.  G.  M. 
(my  grandson)  Torfrey  and  all  the  Belongings  thereto  ";  held,  by  North, 


BELONGINGS  179  BENEFICE 

J.,  that  the  gift  comprised  Torfrey  as  it  stood  at  the  testator's  death, 
iiicludiog  the  furniture,  pictures,  and  household  effects  therein,  its 
gardens,  green-houses,  conservatories,  stahles,  coach-houses,  outhouses, 
aud  farm  buildings,  and  about  27  acres  of  laud  and  orchard,  together 
with  the  horses,  carriages,  agricultural  and  other  implements,  and  all  the 
live  aud  dead  stock  in  and  about  the  premises  (Be  Gundrt/,  28th  July, 
1898). 

BELOVED  Wl  FE.  —  "  A  bequest  by  a  husband  to  his  *  beloved  wife/ 
not  mentioning  her  by  name,  applies  exclusively  to  the  individual  who 
answers  the  description  at  the  date  of  the  Will,  and  is  not  to  be  extended 
to  an  after-taken  wife  "  ( Wms.  Exs.  960,  citing  Garratt  v.  Niblock,  1  Russ. 
&  My.  629).  In  the  note,  however,  it  is  added,  "  this  point  cannot  arise 
since  the  new  Wills  Act;  for  the  second  marriage  would  revoke  the  Will. 
But  a  similar  question  may  occur  in  respect  of  a  bequest  by  a  testator  to 
the  wife  of  another  person :  V.  Boreham  v.  Bu/nall,  8  Hare,  131 ;  19  L.  J. 
Ch.  461 :  Be  Lyne,  L.  R.  8  Eq.  ^5,  38  L.  J.  Ch.  471."  Vf,  Be  Mor- 
risson,  W.  N.  (88)  212. 

A  bequest  to  "my  dearly  beloved,"  of  all  testator's  property,  even 
though  coupled  with  an  appointment  of  "  her  "  as  sole  executrix,  was  held 
uncertain  and  did  not  give  the  property  to  the  wife  (^Sullivan  r.  Sullivan, 
4  Ir.  Rep.  Eq.  457). 

V.  Wife. 

BENEFICE.  —  This  word  occurs  in  cap.  14,  Magna  Carta.  It  is  "a 
large  word,  and  is  taken  for  any  Ecclesiasticall  Promotion  or  Spirituall 
Living  whatsoever"  (2  Inst.  29:  Vf,  3  lb.  155:  Elph.  562).  As  to 
what  is  a  "Benefice  with  Cure,"  within  13  Eliz.  c.  20;  F.  M'Bean  v. 
Deiine,  30  Ch.  D.  520;  55  L.  J.  Ch.  19;  33  W.  R.  924;  1  Times  Rep. 
624:  Shaw  v.  Woods^  5  Ir.  Cora.  Law  Rep.  156. 

It  seems  doubtful  whether  a  Wesleyan  minister  holds  a  "  Benefice," 
within  s.  14,  Rep.  People  (Ir)  Act,  1850,  13  &  14  V.  c.  69  {Foster  v. 
Mulhally  10  Ir.  Com.  Law  Rep.  532) ;  but  the  negative  seems  clear,  qu4 
Rep.  People  Act,  1832,  for  though  s.  18  (like  the  Act  for  Ireland) 
speaks  simply  of  "  Benefice,  "  yet  s.  26  amplifies  this  to  "  Benefice  in  a 
Church." 

Qui  Ecclesiastical  Dilapidations  Act,  1871,  34  &  35  V.  c.  43,  "  *  Bene- 
fice '  shall  comprehend  all  Rectories  with  Cure  of  Souls,  Vicarages,  Per- 
petual Curacies,  Donatives,  Endowed  Public  Chapels,  and  Parochial 
Chapelries,  and  Chapelries  or  Districts  belonging  or  reputed  to  belong, 
or  annexed  or  reputed  to  be  annexed,  to  any  Church  or  Chapel  "  (s.  3),  — 
a  def  substantially  followed  in  34  &  35  V.  c.  44,  s.  2 ;  61  &  52  V.  c.  20, 
8. 12;  60  &  61  V.  c.  ^5,  s.  15  (4)  ;  61  &  62  V.  c.  48,  s.  13  (1);  62  &  63 
V.  c.  17,  s.  2  (1  h). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  — 6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  115,  s.  56;     1  &  2  V.  c.  23,  s.  16, 


BENEFICE  180  BENEFICIAL 

c.  106,  8. 124;  2  &  3  V.  c.  49,  8.  21 ;  5  &  6  V.  c.  27,  s.  15,  c.  lOS, 
8.  31;  20  &  21  V.  c.  13,  s.  6 ;  26  &  27  V.  c.  120,  a.  37.  — Jr.  10  &  1 1. 
V.  c.  32,  8.  66;  14  &  15  V.  c.  73,  a.  1;  23  &  24  V.  c.  72,  s.  2;  32 
&  33  V.  c.  42,  8.  72. 

BENEFICIAL.  —  "  Beneficial  '*  and  "  Profitable  "  are  not  convertible 
terms  (Dwar.  683). 

To  determine  whether  a  Sale  of  Lands  is  "  more  beneficial  for  the 
parties  interested"  than  a  Division,  s.  3,  Partition  Act,  1868,  regard 
must  be  had  to  what  in  a  monetary  (and  unsentimental)  sense  will 
be  most  profitable  to  the  parties  generally  {Drinkwdter  v.  Ratcliffe^ 
L.  R.  20  Eq.  633;  44  L.  J.  Ch.  607:  Fleming  v.  Crouch,  W.  N.  (84) 
111). 

A  testamentary  appointment  of  all  property  over  which  the  testator 
has  "  any  beneficial  Disposing  Power'*  is  not  confined  to  a  Power  exer- 
cisable for  the  benefit  of  the  testator  or  his  estate  (per  Pearson,  J.,  Von 
Brockdorffy.  Malcolm,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  121 ;  30  Ch.  D.  172 ;  63  L.  T.  263; 
33  W.  R.  934)  j  but  the  contrary  was  held  by  Fry,  J.,  in  Ames  v.  Cado- 
gan  (48  I^  J.  Ch.  762;  12  Ch.  D.  868).     FA,  Theobald,  223. 

The  "Beneficial  Enjoyment**  of  property  by  a  Successor,  s.  21,  Sucn 
Dy  Act,  1863,  "  means  no  more  than  in  his  own  right,  and  for  his  own 
benefit,  not  as  a  trustee  for  another  "  (per  Ld  Wensleydale,  -4.-G.  v. 
Sefton,  34  L.  J.  Ex.  104.  F.  Beneficially  Entitled).  So,  also, 
" beneficial  Interest"  s.  2,  same  Act,  means  " a  beneficial  enjoyment  in 
contradistinction  to  holding  as  trustee  "  (per  Ld  Chelmsford,  lb,  106). 

A  direction  in  a  Will  that  a  Solicitor  Trustee  shall  have  his  prc^t 
Costs,  is  a  "  beneficial  Gift  or  Interest"  within  s.  15,  Wills  Act,  1837 
(Be  Barber,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  373;  31  Ch.  D.  666;  64  L.  T.  375;  34  W.  R. 
396:  Be  Pooley,  40  Ch.  D.  1). 

"  Beneficial  Interest  **  qixk  Part  2,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894  ;  F.  s.  67, 
replacing  s.  3,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1862;  Vth,  1  Maude  &  P.  55,  56: 
BaUhijany  v.  Bouch,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  421. 

"  Beneficial  Interest  **  in  a  Telegraph,  s.  7,  31  &  32  V.  c.  110 ;  F.  R, 
V.  Coleridge,  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  649. 

"  Beneficial  Interest, "  s.  2  (1  d).  Finance  Act,  1894 ;  F.  A,-  G.  v.  Dobree, 
cited  Purchase. 

There  must  be  a  "  Beneficial  Occupation  "  of  a  tenement  to  make  the 
occupier  assessable  to  Poor  Rate  under  the  Statute  of  Elizabeth.  The 
word  "  beneficial "  in  that  connection  is  not  the  same  as  "  profitable  "  to 
the  person  or  corporation  rated  (  F.  per  Denman,  C.  J.,  R.  v.  Vange, 
3  Q.  B.  254,  255,  and  the  cases  hereon  collected,  3  Chitt.  Stat.,  3rd  Ed., 
Poor,  1019  et  seq).  The  border-line  of  these  cases  was  set  by  Gambier 
V.  Lydford  (23  L.  J.  M.  C.  69 ;  3  E.  &  B.  346;  confirmed  by  MaHin  v. 
West  Derby,  11  Q.  B.  D.  145 ;  52  L.  J.  M.  C.  66 :  Vf,  Mersey  Docks  v. 
Llanelian,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  49;  14  Q.  B.  D.  770:  Dewsbury  W.  Works 


BENEFICIAL  181  BENEFICIAL 

Bd  Y.Fenistone,  66  L.  J.  M.  C.  121 ;  60  J.  P.  644 ;  17  Q.  B.  D.  384 ;  64 
L.  T.  692;  34  W.  B.  622,  and  cases  there  cited).  As  a  general  rule, 
wbeie  a  tenement  is  capable  of  beneficial  occupation  it  is  rateable,  unless 
occupied  by  the  Grown  or  its  servants  for  Crown  purposes.  (Mersey 
Docks  V.  Cameron,  alias,  Jones  v.  Mersey  Docks,  11  H.  L.  Ca.443;  36 
L.  J.  M.  C.  1;  13  W.  E.  1069).  Note :  As  to  what  are  Crown  Purposes, 
r.  Coojnber  v.  Berks  Jus.,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  239;  9  App.  Ca.  61:  Mid^ 
dlesex  Co.  Co.  v.  St.  George's,  Hanover  Sq.,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  64;  66  L.  J. 
•  Q.  B,  101:  Worcestershire  Co.  Co.  v.  Worcester,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  480;  66 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  323;  76  L.  T.  138;  45  W.  R.  309;  61  J.  P.  244:  Leicester 
Co,  Co.  v.  Leicester  Assessment  Committee^  cited  Policb:  St.  Marga- 
ret's Y.  Hdskins,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  474;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  840;  81  L.  T.  390; 
47  W.  R.  649;  63  J.  P.  726. 

A  Reformatory  School  is  rateable  (^Tunnidiffe  v.  Birkdale,  h^  L.  J. 
M.  C.  109;  20  Q.  B.  D.  460;  36  W.  R.  360;  62  J.  P.  452;  overruling 
Sheppard  v.  Bradford,  33  L.  J,  M.  C.  182;  16  C.  B,  N.  S.  369;  12 
W.  R.  867),  80,  is  an  Industrial  School  (Durham  Co.  Co.  v.  Chester-le- 
Street,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  330 ;  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  9),  so,  are  School  Board  prem- 
ises {E.  V.  West  Bromwich,  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  163;  13  Q.  B.  D.  929:  E.  v. 
London  School  Bd,  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  169;  17  Q.  B.  D.  738;  66  L.  T.  384; 
34  W.  R  683;  60  J.  P.  419),  and  so  is  a  Sewage  Farm  worked  by  a 
Local  Authority  (obliged  to  sewer)  and  worked  by  them  at  an  inevitable 
loss  (Burton^nrTrent  r.  Egginton,  69  L.  J.  M.  C.  1;  24  Q.  B.  D.  197; 
62  L.  T.  412;  38  W.  R.  181;  64  J.  P.  453:  London  Co.  Co.  v.  ErUh, 
1893,  A.  C.  662;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  9;  42  W.  R.  330;  69  L.  T.  725 ;  67 
J.  P.  821 :  Va,  Metrop  Bd  of  Works  v.  West  Ham,  40  L.  J.  M.  C.  30 ; 
L.  R.  6  Q.  B.  193),  even  though  the  tenement  cannot  be  sold  or  let  (Lon- 
don Co.  Co.  V.  Erith,  sup;  over-ruling  OwerCs  College  v.  ChorUon- 
uponrMedlock,  m  L.  J.  M.  C.  29 ;  18  Q.  B.  D.  403  ;  66  L.  T.  373 ;  36 
W.  R.  236  ;  61  J.  P.  356 :  Vf,  HuU  Dock  Co  v.  Seulcoates  Union,  1895, 
A.  C.  136 ;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  49) :  —  Secus,  if  the  tenement,  —  e.g.  a  Public 
Park,  —  is  one  which  the  Local  Authority  is  not  bound  to  acquire,  and 
which  is  maintained  at  a  loss,  and  which  (as  a  matter  of  law)  cannot  be  a 
beneficial  occupation  (London  Co.  Co.  v.  Lambeth,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  25 ;  66 
L.  J.  M.  C.  148;  74  L.  T.  605;  44  VV.  R.  621;  60  J.  P.  470;  in  H.  L. 
nom.  Lambeth  v.  London  Co.  Co.,  1897,  A.  C.  626;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  806; 
76  L.  T.  795;  46  W.  R.  79;  61  J.  P.  680,  adopting  Hare  v.  Putney,  50 
L.  J.  M.  C.  81;  7  Q.  B.  D.  223).  Qui  property  of  a  Co  in  a  Winding- 
up;  V.  Re  National  Arms  Co,  64  L.  J.  Ch.  673;  28  Ch.  D.  474:  Be 
•  Blazer  Co,  1895,  1  Ch.  402;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  161. 

F.  Exclusive  Occupation :  Lease:  New  Occupier:   Sewee. 

"Beneficial  Owner  "  ;    V.  Be  Roulston,  21  L.  R.  Ir.  603. 

An  Assignment  "as  Beneficial  Owner,"  does  not  by  the  covenants 
thereby  implied  (s.  7,  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881),  enlarge  the  subject- 
matter  from  a  defeasible  into  an  indefeasible  interest  (^Re  Greenwood^ 


BENEFICIAL  182        BENEFICIALLY 

40  W.  R.  357;    66  L-  T.  101).      Vfy   As  to  those  implied  covenants, 
David  Y.  Sabiuy  cited  Titlk. 

A  Bill  of  Sale  from  the  grantor  "  as  Beneficial  Owner,"  is  void, 
because  that  phrase  does  imply  those  covenants  {Ee  Barber,  Exp.  Stan^ 
fordf  cited  In  accordance  with  the  form). 

"  Beneficial  Owner,"  s.  1,  Larceny  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  116,  "  is 
not  a  Term  of  Art.  It  is  a  popular  expression,  and  ought  to  receive  a 
liberal  construction  "  (per  Wills,  J.,  E.  v.  Neat,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  121)  ; 
therefore,  one  who  has  the  control  of  money,  or  the  power  of  appropriat- 
ing it  to  the  purposes  of  enjoyment  and  amusement  in  which  he  only 
participates  to  a  small  degree,  is  such  a  "  Beneficial  Owner  "  (iSL  C.  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  118 ;  81  L.  T.  682 ;  64  J.  P.  39). 

"  Beneficial  Power  "  ;    V.  "  Beneficial  Disposing  Power,"  sup. 

"Beneficial  WindingAtp''  of  a  Co,  s.  131,  Comp  Act,  1862;  V.  Hire 
Purchase  Co  v.  Richens,  20  Q.  B.  D.  387;  ^  L.  T.  460 ;  36  W.  R.  365 ; 
4  Times  Rep.  184.    "  Just  and  Beneficial  "  application  in  a  Winding-up  j 

F.  JUvST. 

BENEFICIALLY  ENTITLED.  — •*  Beneficially  entitled  to  posses- 
sion," 8.  2  (5),  S.  L.  Act,  1882,  "  does  not  mean  entitled  and  deriving  a 
benefit  from  possession,  but  beneficially  entitled  in  the  sense  of  being 
entitled  for  one's  own  benefit,  if  there  is  any  benefit  to  be  derived  from 
the  estate,  and  not  simply  as  trustee  for  others  "  (per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Re 
Jones,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  811 ;  2^  Ch.  D.  736).  Vf,  Re  Clltheroe,  31  Ch.  D. 
135:  Re  Atkinson,  lb.  577:  Re  Strangways,  34  Ch.  D.  423.  A  Tenant 
for  Life  is  "beneficially  entitled  to  possession,"  although  his  actual  en- 
joyment is  intercepted  by  a  Trust  for  accumulation  to  raise  a  fund  to 
pay  debts  and  legacies  {Annesley  v.  Woodhotise,  1898,  1  I.  R.  69). 

Property  to  which,  quk  a  Succksston,  a  person  becomes  "beneficially 
entitled  .  .  .  Upon  the  death  "  of  another,  means,  property  to  which  he 
so  becomes  entitled  by  reason  only  of  such  death ;  therefore,  a  gratuitous 
Assignee  of  a  Life  Policy,  who  has  for  years  kept  up  the  Policy  out  of 
his  own  moneys,  does  not  become  entitled  to  the  policy  moneys  "  upon  " 
the  death  of  the  insured,  for  he  gets  such  moneys  by  reason,  among  other 
things,  of  his  own  payments  (Lord  Advocate  v.  Fleming,  1897,  A.  C. 
145;  66  L.  J.  P.  C.  41;    76  L.  T.  125;  45  W.  R.  674). 

F.  Beneficiary:  Entitled. 

BENEFICIALLY  INTERESTED.  — "A  person  having  a  contin- 
gent interest  in  real  estate  (Re  Sheppard,  4  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  423;  9  Jur. 
N.  S.  59)  is  a  person  'Beneficially  Interested  '  within  s.  37,  Trustee 
Act,  1850;  and  so  is  a  creditor  who  has  obtained  a  decree  for  the  admin- 
istration and  sale  of  real  estate  (Re  Wragg,  1  D.  G.  J.  &  S.  356) ;  and 
also,  it  seems,  a  purchaser  under  a  decree  who  has  paid  his  purchase 
money  into  Court  (Ayles  v.  Cox,  17  Bea.  584).     The  committee  of  lunatic 


BENEFICIALLY        183  BENEFIT 

cestui  que  trusts  is  not  a  person  '  Beneficially  Interested '  within  this 
section  {Re  Bourke,  2  D.  G.  J.  &  S.  426)  " :  Dan.  Ch.  Pr.  1787. 

BENEFICIARY.  —  A  Beneficiary  is  "one  who  is  Beneficially 
ENTITLED  to,  or  interested  in,  property;  i.e.  entitled  to  it  for  his  own 
benefit,  and  not  merely  as  Trustee,  or  Exor,  holding  it  for  others.  The 
word  is  nearly  equivaftnt  to  'Cestui  que  trust,'  which,  on  account  of 
its  cumbersomeness  and  inexpressiveness,  *  Beneficiary  *  has  begun  to 
supersede  in  modern  law  "  (2  Encyc.  oS). 

BENEFIT.  —  A  Power  to  Trustees  to  make  advances  for  a  person's 
"  Benefit,"  enables  them  to  make  advances  to  set  up  in  business  that  per- 
son's husband  (Be  Kershaw,  37  L.  J.  Ch.  751 ;  L.  R.  6  Eq.  322);  or  to 
pay  the  person's  debts  {Lowther  v.  BentiJick,  4A  L.  J.  Ch.  197 ;  L.  R.  19 
Eq.  167 :  Be  Stanger,  cited  Whole  :  Sv,  Be  Price,  34  Ch.  D.  603).  Vf, 
Be  Hargreavesy  W.  N.  (85)  174.  "  Benefit  "  is  much  wider  than  "  Ad- 
vanckment  "  ;    V.  M^Mahon  v.  Gaussen,  1896,  1  I.  R.  147. 

But  a  discretionary  trust  to  apply  income  forfeited  by  bankruptcy,  for 
the  "  benefit  "  of  the  bankrupt  beneficiary,  would  seem  to  be  confined  to 
allowing  it  to  be  spent  on  his  Maintenance,  in  the  widest  and  most 
general  sense  of  that  word  (Be  Bullock,  Good  v.  Lickorish,  cited  Apply). 
The  "  benefit  "  of  a  Married  Woman,  justifying  the  Court  in  remov- 
ing a  Restraint  on  Anticipation  under  s.  39,  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881, 
is  not  confined  to  her  pecuniary  benefit  {Be  Pollard,  1896,  2  Ch.  552; 
65  L.  J.  Ch.  796;  75  L.  T.  116;  45  W.  R.  18);  it  means,  such  benefit  as 
the  Court  (on  each  particular  application,  Be  Warren,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  928) 
shall  cautiously  consider  to  be  for  her  own  advantage,  having  regard  to 
all  the  circumstances  of  her  case  (-Re  Currey,  b^  L.  J.  Ch.  389 :  Be  Little, 
68  lb.  233;  40  Ch.  D.  418;  37  W.  R.  289:  Be  Badcliffe,  1892,  1  Ch. 
227 ;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  186;  66  L.  T.  363 ;  40  W.  R.  323 :  Be  Somes,  40  S.  J. 
210:  Be  WHson^Steivart,  75  L.  T.  381:  Be  Pollard,  sup:  Paget  v. 
Paget,  67  L.  J.  Ch.  1,  266  :  1898, 1  Ch.  470).  Sometimes  a  wife's  pro- 
perty may  be  so  affected  by  marital  rights  that  it  may  be  for  her  "  bene- 
fit "  to  remove  restraint,  so  that  her  husband's  creditors  may  be  settled 
with  {Be  Stewart,  41  S.  J.  80).  Note.  A  wife's  claim  to  Indemnity 
from  her  husband  qah  the  Order,  will  be  prejudiced  unless  it  be  ex- 
pressly given  by  the  Order  {Paget  v.  Paget,  sup). 

"  Benefit  of  Children  ";  F.  Be  Pocock,  6  Ch.  445 :  Scotney  v.  Lomer, 
29  Ch.  D.  535  ;  31  lb.  380:  Urquhart  v.  Butterfield,  36  Ch.  D.  55; 
37  lb.  358. 

A  bequest  "for  the  Benefit  of  Wife  and  her  Children,"  semble,  means 
to  the  Wife  for  life,  with  remainder  to  her  children  ;  in  any  case,  the 
children,  inter  se,  take  as  Joint  tenants  {Armstrong  v.  Armstrong,  38 
L.  J.  Ch.463;  L.  R.  7  Eq.  518). 

A  Policy  under  s.  10,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1870,  repld  s.  11,  M.  W.  P.  Act, 


BENEFIT  184  BENEFIT  OF  SUR'SHIf=* 

1882,  "for  the  Benefit  of  the  assured's  Wife  and  Children,"  gives  tlie 
policy  moneys  to  the  Wife  and  Children  as  Joint  Tenants  (Me  Seyton^  S6 
L.  J.  Ch.  775;  34  Ch.  D.  511 :  Re  Davits,  1892,  1  Ch.  90;  61  L.  J. 
Ch.  650  \  66  L.  T.  104).  Vh,  Be  Tumbull,  1897,  2  Ch.  415;  66  L.  JT- 
Ch.  719. 

"Benefit,"  s.  5,  22  &  23  V.  c.  61;    V.  Thomson  v.  ThomsoUy  cite<i 
Parent. 

"  Benefit  by  cesser  of  interest"  ;    V.  Cesser. 

Where  the  "  Benefit  "  of  a  Business  is  given  up,  —  e,ff.  under  Partner- 
ship Articles,  —  the  person  giving  it  up  will  be  restrained  from  solicit- 
ing and  obtaining  the  custom  of  the  business  to  the  detriment  of  the 
person  taking  the  business  (Burrows  v.  Foster,  cited  Clark  v.  Leaeh^ 
32  Bea.  23;  32  L.  J.  Ch.  293).      Vf,  Goodwill. 

Assignment  of  Copyright  with  all  "  Property  and  Benefit  " ;  V,  JSxp^ 
Hutchins  and  Eomer,  4  Q.  B.  D.  90,  483;   48  L.  J.  Q.  B.  505. 

Deed  for  "  the  Benefit  of  Creditors  generally  " ;   F.  Generally. 

"  Benefit  "  to  Donor  "  by  Contract  or  otherwise,"  s.  11  (1),  52  &  53  V. 
c.  7;  r.  A^G.  V.  Worrally  1895,  1  Q.  B.  99;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  141;  71 
L.  T.  807. 

"  Benefit, "  s.  2  (1  ft).  Finance  Act,  1894,  is  not  to  be  cut  down  to 
"Benefit  in  Income"  (per Williams,  J.,  A-G.y.  Wood,  1897,  2  Q.  B. 
102  ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  522;  76  L.  T.  654;  45  W.  R.  663). 

"  Benefit "  of  an  Ecclesiastical  Charity,  s.  75,  Loc  Gov  Act,  1894,  in- 
cludes temporal,  as  well  as  spiritual  or  religious,  benefit  (per  Chitty, 
L.  J.,  Be  Boss  and  Be  Ferry  Almshouses,  cited  Ecclesiastical 
Charity). 

"  Benefit  of  the  Grantor, "  Mortmain  Act,  9  G.  2,  c.  36,  s.  1,  "  means, 
something  given  collusively,  and  making  the  deed  inconsistent  with 
that  which  it  professes  to  be  "  (per  Patteson,  J.,  Doe  d.  Graham  v. 
HawkiJis,  cited  Beyoke). 

BENEFIT  OF  CLERGY.— "Benefit  of  Clergy,"  was  a  privilege 
which  a  Clergyman,  or  one  who  could  "  read  as  a  Cierke  in  such  a  booke 
and  place  as  the  Judge  "  should  appoint,  had  to  "  pray  hisClergie  "  when 
arraigned  for  Felony,  and  thereupon  "  to  bee  delivered  to  the  Ordinary 
to  purge  himself e  of  the  same  offence  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  The  privi- 
lege was  abolished  (except  as  to  Peers)  by  7  &  8  G.  4,  c.  28,  s.  6;  and, 
as  to  Peers,  by  4  &  6  V.  c.  22.      Vh,  Jacob,  Clergy :  2  Encyc.  69-61. 

BENEFIT  OF  SURVIVORSHIP. —"There  is  a  difference  be- 
tween a  gift  over  of  the  shares  of  any  prior  legatees  to  the  survivors,  and 
a  gift  to  several  *  with  Benefit  of  Survivorship.'  The  latter  expression 
ifl  very  general,  and  may  without  impropriety  be  held  to  pervade  the 
whole  fund,  so  as  to  carry  accrued  as  well  as  original  shares  "  (2  Jann. 
714,  citing  Be  Crawhall,  8  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  480:  Sv,  Vorley  v.  Bichard- 
son,  lb.  126 ;  26  L.  J.  Ch.  336). 


BENEFIT  OF  SUR'SHIP  185  BERCARIA 

As  to  this  phrase  giving  a  Vested  Interest;  V.  Comeck  v.  Wadman, 
L.  B.  7  Eq,  80,  wlierein  Donald  v.  Bryce,  16  Bea.  681,  was  doubted: 
Voy  Daniel  y.  Gosset,  19  Bea.  478 :  Re  Stnalinff,  W.  N.  (77)  236:  Wiley 
▼.  Chanteperdrixj  1894, 1 1^  R.  209. 

BENERTH.  —  **  Benerth  signifieth  the  service  of  the  plough  and 
cart "  (Co.  Litt.  86  a).  "  Ben-erth  was  precarious  tillage  service  with 
horse  and  cart  :  gavel-erth  was  tillage  service  certain  :  hen-rip  is  a 
precarious  service  of  reaping:  gavel-rip  was  the  same  service  only  cer- 
tain "  (Elton,  Ten.  Kent,  34).      Fa,  Spelm.  :  Cowel :  Precarijb. 

BENEVOLENCE:  BENEVOLENT.  — A  bequest  for  objects  of 
"  Benevolence  and  Liberality  "  (Morice  v.  Durham^  Bp.,  9  Ves.  399;  10 
lb.  622),  or  for  "  Benevolent  Purposes  "  (James  v.  Allen,  3  Mer.  17:  jRe 
Jarmauy  47  L.  J.  Ch.  676;  8  Ch.  D.  684)  is  not  good :  &,  Re  Lloyd, 
cited  Beligiotjs. 

r.  Charity:  Philanthropic. 

"  I  think  there  is  some  fund  for  providing  oysters  at  one  of  the  Inns 
of  Court  for  the  Benchers.  This,  however  benevolent,  would  hardly  be 
caUed  charitable  "  (per  Ld  Bramwell,  Income  Tax  Commrs  v.  Femsel, 
cited  Charitable  Purpose). 

"  Benevolent  Asylum  "  ;  V,  Dilworth  v.  Commr  of  Stamps,  cited 
Asylum. 

"  Benevolent  Society"  ;   V,  Friendly  Society. 

BENEWORK.— r.  Precarijb. 

BEN-RIP.—  F.  Benerth. 

Ld  Qeo.  BENTINCK'S  ACT.  — The  Gaming  Act,  1845,  8  &  9 
V.  c  109. 

BEQUEATH V.  Devise. 

BEQUEATHED.— The  word  "Bequeathed"  (though  perhaps  not 
in  itself  a  technical  word)  is  primarily  applicable  only  to  property  pass- 
ing under  a  testamentary  disposition  (^Re  Armstrong,  49  L.  J.  Ch.  53; 
42  L.  T.  823)  ;  and  would,  ordinarily,  connote  Personal  Property;  but, 
on  a  context,  it  may  easily  include  B«alty  (Fl  Devise). 

"Specifically  bequeathed,"  may  be  construed,  "bequeathed  expressly 
and  not  by  reference  "  (Jackson  v.  Hosie,  27  L.  R.  Ir.  450). 

BERCARIA.  —  ^  Berquarium  or  hercaria^  commeth  of  here,  an  old 
Saxon  word,  used  at  this  day  for  barkes  and  rindes  of  trees,  and  signi- 
fieth a  tan-house,  or  a  heath-house,  where  barkes  or  rindes  of  trees  are 
laid  to  tan  withal :  and  berquarii  are  mentioned  in  Domesday.  It  sig- 
nifieth also,  and  more  legally,  a  sheep-cote,  of  the  French  word  bergerie  " 
(Co.  Litt.  6  b).     Vf,  Cowel,  Barcaria :  Touch.  96. 


BEREWICA     186  BEST  ENDEAVOURS 

BEREWICA.  —  "  Berewica,  or  berewit,  in  Domesday,  signifietb  a 
towne  "  (Co.  Litt.  116  a).  But  it  ia  also  said  to  mean  "  a  manor,  or 
rather  a  detached  member  of  a  manor,  a  town,  a  hamlet,  a  sub-manor,  a 
corn  farm  "  (Elph.  563,  citing  Spelm. :  Cowel,  Berwica :  1  Ellis,  Introd. 
Domesday,  240). 

BERMONEY   BOAT.—  F.  Net. 

BERTH.  —  V.  Off. 

As  to  the  effect  of  a  Berth-Note,  F.  Rotherfield  8,  8.  Co  v.  Tweedy, 
2  Com.  Ca.  84. 

BESEECH.  —  F.  Precatory  Trust. 

BESET.  —  "  Picketing  "  workmen  is,  obviously,  to  "  Watch  or  Beset " 
them,  within  s.  7  (4),  Conspiracy  and  Protection  of  Property  Act,  1875, 
38  &  39  V.  c.  86;  but  the  section  provides  that  "  attending  at  or  near  the 
house  or  place  where  a  person  resides,  or  works,  or  carries  on  business, 
or  happens  to  be,  or  the  approach  to  such  house  or  place.  In  order  vierely 
to  obtain  or  communicate  informationy  shall  not  be  deemed  a  'Watching 
or  Besetting,'  within  the  meaning  of  this  section."  That  proviso  does 
not  legalise  picketing  to  induce  men  not  to  work  for,  or  others  not  to  deal 
with,  the  person  picketed,  —  conduct  which  may  be  restrained  by  In- 
junction {Lyons  v.  Wilkitis,  1896,  1  Ch.  811;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  601;  45  W.  E. 
19;  74  L.  T.  358:  8.  C.  Ko.  2,  cited  Malice:  Chamock  v.  Courts  1899, 
2  Ch.  35;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  550 ;  80  L.  T.  564 ;  47  W.  R.  633 ;  63  J.  P.  456 : 
Walters  v.  Green,  1899,  2  Ch.  696;  68.  L.  J.  Ch.  730;  81  L.  T.  151 ;  48 
W.  R.  23 ;  63  J.  P.  742).  Those  cases  show  that  "  House,  or  other 
Place,"  in  the  section,  includes  "  Any  "  place  where  the  workman  hap- 
pens to  be  ;  and  that  the  "  watching  or  besetting  "  need  not  be  for  any 
lengthened  time.  FA,  Farmer  v.  Wllsonj  82  L.  T.  bfd^\  69  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
496;  64  J.  P.  486. 

C/?,  Intimidate  :  Molest. 

BESIDES.  —  When  provisions  are  made  for  children  "besides  "  an 
eldest  son,  no  children  take  unless  there  be  a  son  ;  sectis,  if  the  phrase  is 
"other  than  "  {WalcoU  v.  Bloomfield,  4  Dr.  <&  War.  235;  6  Ir.  Eq. 
Rep.  227:  Vthc^  8impson  v.  Frew,  5  Ir.  Ch.  517.  On  both  cases  F.  Be 
Flemyng,  15  L.  R.  Ir.  369,  370). 

BEST  BELIEF.  —  A  person  who  swears  to  the  "  Best  of  his  Belief, " 
"  imports  that  he  is  entitled  to  entertain  the  belief  he  expresses  "  (per 
Pollock,  C.  B.,  Roe  v.  Bradshatv,  L.  R.  1  Ex.  108 ;  36  L.  J.  Ex.  71).  Q?, 
"  Information  and  Belief,"  sub  Information. 

BEST   ENDEAVOURS.- F.  Utmost. 


BEST  LUMBER        187  BEST  RENT 

BEST  LUMBER.  —<'  A  Contract  to  erect  a  building  of  « the  Best 
Lumber';  construed  to  mean  the  best  lumber  of  which  bgs  were  ordinarily 
constructed  at  that  place :  Mclntire  v.  Barnes,  4  Col.  285  "  (Hudson,  138). 

BEST  OIL.  —  A  contract  for  "  Best  Oil  "  may  be  explained,  by  oral 
evidence,  to  mean  that  the  contract  will  be  satisfied  if  the  oil  delivered 
contain  a  substantial  portion  of  "  best  "  oil  {LttccLs  v.  Bristow,  21  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  364  J  E.  B.  &  E.  907). 

BEST  PRICE. —The  "Best  Price  "that  can  be  gotten  for  goods 
distrained,  2  W.  &  M.  c.  5,  s.  2,  is  prima  facie  evidenced  if  the  goods  are 
sold  at  their  appraised  value  (  Walter  v.  Jtumbal,  1  Raym.  Ld.  55) ;  but 
that  presumption  may  be  rebutted  by  evidence  (Cook  v.  Corbett,  24  W.  R. 
181 :  Foynter  v.  Bucklei/,  5  C.  &  P.  612).  Restrictive  conditions,  e.f;, 
that  the  purchaser  must  consume  hay,  or  unthreshed  corn,  on  the  prem- 
ises, cannot  be  imposed  (Hawkins  v.  Walrond,  cited  Purchaser). 

Best  Price  to  be  obtained  by  Mtgee,  when  selling;    V.  Coote,  276. 

As  regards  "  Best  Price  "  of  Settled  Land,  when  sold  for  dwellings  of 
the  Working  Classes  ;    V.  s.  74  (1  a),  53  &  54  V.  c.  70. 

V.  Fair  Price  :  Price. 

BEST  RENT.  — The  "  Best  Rent "  means  the  most  Rack-rent  that 
can  reasonably  be  gotten  for  the  whole  term  of  the  lease  to  be  granted, 
having  regard  to  the  solvency  of  the  proposed  tenants  and  what  may 
fairly  be  considered  for  the  permanent  benefit  of  the  property ;  and  when 
a  Power  to  grant  a  lease  at  the  "  Best  Rent "  be  exercised  fairly  and 
honestly,  a  reasonable  latitude  will  be  allowed  to  the  donee  of  the  power, 
8o  that  when  he  has  to  choose  between  two  or  more  responsible  offers,  not 
widely  differing  in  amount,  he  is  not  bound  to  accept  the  highest  offer 
(1  Piatt,  483-489:  Woodf.  415,  416:  Harwell,  ch.  17:  Copinger  &  Munro, 
on  Rents,  152-154).  "  Unless  otherwise  authorised  by  the  Power,  a  uni- 
form rent  must  be  reserved  throughout  the  term  "  (Redman,  34,  citing 
Doe  d.  SuUon  v.  Harvey,  1  B.  &  C.  426). 

r.  s.  18  (6),  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881. 

The  Settled  Land  Act,  1882,  enabling  Tenants  for  Life  to  grant  Leases, 
provides  (s.  2,  subs.  7),  that  "  Every  Lease  shall  reserve  the  Best  Rent 
that  can  reasonabl}'  be  obtained,  regard  being  had  to  any  Fine  taken,  and 
to  any  money  laid  out  or  to  be  laid  out  for  the  benefit  of  the  settled  land, 
and  generally  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case."  The  value  of  a  contem- 
poraneously surrendered  Lease  may  be  taken  into  consideration  in  deter- 
mining such  "Best  Rent"  (Re  Rawlins,  Jj,  R.  1  Eq.  286);  but  not 
Buildings  already  erected  and  not  part  of  the  transaction  (Re  Chawner, 
cited  Consideration).  As  to  Inadequacy  of  the  rent  reserved,  V.  Suth- 
erland V.  Sutherland,  1893,  3  Ch.  169;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  954.  When  a  Tenant 
for  Life  takes  an  undisclosed  payment  for  granting  a  lease,  that  is  prima 
facie  proof  that  the  "  Best  Rent  "  has  not  been  obtained  (Chandler  v. 


BEST  RENT  188  BETWEEN 

BradUy,  1897, 1  Ch.  316 ;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  214 ;  75  L.  T.  681 ;  45  W.  R. 
296).     Vh,  Harold  v.  Dahj,  30  L.  R.  Ir.  697. 

As  regards  "  Best  Rent "  of  Settled  Land,  when  leased  for  dwellings 
of  the  Working  Classes,  V.  s.  74  (1  a),  53  &  54  V.  c.  70. 

V.  Ancient  Rent. 

BEST  TITLE.  —  "  The  provision  that  the  purchaser  is  to  accept  the 
*  Best  Title  '  that  the  vendor  can  give,  certainly  does  not  take  away  the 
purchaser's  right "  to  insist  on  having  the  deeds  handed  over  on  Comple- 
tion (per  Romer,  J.,  Re  Duthy  and  JessoUj  cited  Inform ation). 

BET.  —  Issuing  Coupons  in  connection  with  a  Sporting  Newspaper 
and  offering  prizes  for  naming  winners  of  races  on  such  coupons,  is  not 
inviting  a  "  Bet,  or  Wager,"  within  s.  3  (3),  37  V.  c.  15  (Caminada  v. 
Ifulton,  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  116;  64  L,  T.  672;  39  W.  R.  640 ;  55  J.  P. 727: 
Sv,  E.  V.  Stoddartj  83  L.  T.  638).  Vfy  Lottery:  Wager:  Gaming 
Contract. 

"  To  bet,"  "  Betting,"  ss.  1  and  3,  16  &  17  V.  c.  119,  does  not  include 
the  mere  payment  of  a  bet  that  has  been  made  and  lost  {Bradford  v. 
Dawson,  1897, 1  Q.  B.  307 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  191 ;  76  L.  T.  64;  46  W.  R. 
347;  61J.P.  134). 

Betting,  within  s.  3,  36  &  37  V.  c.  38,  must  be  at,  or  on,  a  "  Game,  or 
pretended  Game  op  Chance  "  {Ridgeway  v.  Famdale,  1892, 2  Q.  B.  309; 
61  L.  J.  M.  C.  199;  67  L.  T.  318;  41  W.  R.  128;  56  J.  P.  697). 

BETTERMENT.—  V.  Trade  Interest. 

BETTING  HOUSE.—  r.  Common  Betiino  House:  Common 
Gaming  House. 

BETWEEN.  —  A  testamentary  gift  to  two  or  more  "between,"  or 
"  between  or  atnongst  "  them,  creates  a  tenancy  in  common  {Lashbrook  v. 
Cock,  2  Mer.  70:  Wms.  Exs.  1327:  2  Jarm.  257  lA-G.v,  Fletcher,  L.  K 
13  Eq.  128;  41  L.  J.  Ch.  167);  and  so,  though  the  phrase  be  "jointly 
and  between  them  "  (Perkins  v.  Baynton,  1  Bro.  C.  C.  118 :  Richard' 
son  V.  Richardson^  14  Sim.  526).      V.  Among. 

It  is  submitted  that  where  a  Time  has  to  elapse,  or  a  Thing  is  to  be 
done,  "  between  "  two  Dates,  both  dates  are  excluded ;  herein  resembling 
Clear,  and  Interval.     Vh^  Aynew  v.  Fowler,  1  Ir.  Com.  Law  Rep.  462. 

So  "  between  "  two  Places  is  exclusive  of  both  (R,  v.  Fisher,  8  C.  &  P. 
613). 

Quk  Post  Office  (Offences)  Act,  1837,  1  V.  c.  36,  "  whenever  the  term 
'between '  is  used  in  reference  to  the  transmission  of  letters,  newspapers, 
parliamentary  proceedings,  or  other  things  between  one  place  and  an- 
other, it  shall  apply  equally  to  the  transmission  from  either  place  to  the 
other  "  (s.  47). 


BETWEEN  189  BIGAMY 

As  to  an   agreement  and   declaration  '*  between  <and   by  the  parties 
hereto  "  ;  K  Agkekd  and  Declabed. 
"  Plies  between  " ;   V.  Ply. 

BEYOND.  —  «  Beyond  their  Control  "  ;   V.  Conteol. 

BEYOND  SEAS.  —  By  the  Mer  Law  Amend.  Act,  1856, 19  &  20  V. 
c.  97,  8. 12,  no  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, nor  the  islands  of  Man,  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and  Sark,  or 
any  islands  adjacent  to  any  of  them  are  to  be  deemed  to  be  "  Beyond 
Seas"  within  the  meaning  of  the  Statute  of  Limitation,  4  &  5  Anne,  c.  16. 
(Prior  to  the  Act  of  1856,  Ireland  was  "  beyond  seas  "  qui  4  &  5  Anne, 
Lane  v.  Bennett,  1  M.  &  W.  70,  for  "  beyond  seas  "  had  been  held  "  out 
of  Great  Britain,"  King  v.  Walker,  1  Bl.  W.  286). 

The  def  in  19  &  20  V.  c.  97  was,  in  substance,  the  same  as  that  pro- 
vided for  the  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1862  (s.  227),  and  for  the  Com.  L.  Pro. 
Act  (Ir),  1853  (s.  4)  ;  and  afterwards  for  the  Army  Discipline  and  Regn 
Act,  1879  (s.  181),  and  Army  Act,  1881  (subs.  25,  s.  190).  Qu4  26 
V.c.  10,  "  no  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, "  is  "  beyond  seas  "  (s.  2). 

For  some  purposes,  the  words  "  Beyond  Seas  "  are  not  to  be  construed 
literally,  but  are  synonymous  with  "  out  of  the  realm  or  territories,"  so 
that  India  may  not  be  "  beyond  seas  "  (Add.  T.  68^  citing  Ruckmaboye 
V.  Lulloobhoy  Mottlchund,  8  Moore  P.  C.  4).     V,  Eealm. 

Goods  shipped  from  a  Foreign  Port  under  a  Through  Bill  of  Lading 
to  Liverpool,  landed  in  London  and  sent  thence  to  Liverpool  in  another 
ship,  are  Imported  into  Liverpool  "  from  parts  Beyond  Seas,"  within 
8.  234,  Mersey  Dock  Acts,  Consolidation  Act,  1858  (Mersey  Dock  v. 
Twigge,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  604 ;  3  Com.  Ca.  176).    Vf,  Trading. 

"  Offences  committed  on  Land  beyond  the  Seas,  for  which  an  Indict- 
ment may  legally  be  preferred  in  England  or  Wales,"  s.  2,  11  &  12  V. 
c.  42;   r.  R.  V.  Eyre,  37  L.  J.  M.  C.  159;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  487. 

Note,  "  Absence  beyond  seas,"  s.  16, 3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27,  does  not,  on  and 
since  1st  Jan  1879,  prevent  the  Statute  of  Limitations  from  running  qu^ 
Distress  or  Ejectment  (ss.  3  and  12,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1874). 

BIDDING. — A  Bidding  Prayer,  is  when  the  Minister  moves  the 
people  to  join  with  him  in  prayer  on  topics  which  he  mentions,  but  for 
which  he  provides  no  form  of  words.  For  the  Bidding  Prayer  in  the 
Church  of  England,  F.  55th  of  the  Canons  Ecclesiastical,  1603. 

Vendor's  right  of  bidding  at  an  Auction  of  Goods,  is  curtailed  by 
8.  58,  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893. 

BIGAMY.  —  "Every  one  commits  the  felony  called  Bigamy,  who, 
being  married,  marries  any  other  person  during  the  life  of  his  or  her  wife 
or  husband. 

"  The  expression  *  being  married  '  means,  legally  married.     The  word 


BIGAMY  190  BILL 

'  marries  '  means,  go  through  a  form  of  marriage  which  the  law  of  the 
place  where  such  form  is  used  recognizes  as  binding,  whether  the  parties 
are  by  that  law  competent  to  contract  marriage  or  not,  and  although,  hy 
their  fraud,  the  form  employed  may,  apart  from  the  Bigamy,  have  been 
insufficient  to  constitute  a  binding  marriage. 

''  Provided  that  this  definition  does  not  extend  (a)  to  a  second  marriage 
contracted  elsewhere  than  in  England  and  Ireland  by  any  other  than  a 
subject  of  Her  Majesty ;  nor  (b)  to  any  person  marrying  a  second  time, 
whose  husband  or  wife  has  been  continually  absent  from  such  person  for 
seven  years  then  last  past,  and  has  not  been  known  by  such  person  to  be 
living  within  that  time  (or  whose  husband  or  wife  is  reasonably  believed 
to  be  dead,  E.  v.  Tolson,  58  L.  J.  M.  C.97;  23  Q.  B.  D.  168;  60  L.  T. 
899) ;  nor  (c)  to  any  person  who  at  the  time  of  such  second  marriage  was 
divorced  from  the  bond  of  the  first  marriage,  nor  to  any  person  whose 
first  marriage  has  been  declared  void  by  the  sentence  of  any  Court  of 
competent  jurisdiction. 

"  A  Divorce  k  vinculo  matrimonii  pronounced  by  a  foreign  Court  be- 
tween persons  who  have  contracted  marriage  in  England  and  who  continue 
to  be  domiciled  in  England,  on  grounds  which  would  not  justify  such  a 
Divorce  in  England,  is  not  a  Divorce  within  the  meaning  of  this  clause  " 
(Steph.  Cr.  188,  189,  citing  24  &  25  V.  c.  100,  s.  57,  as  explained  by 
the  authorities  there  also  cited.  V.  espy  B.  v.  AlleUf  41  L.  J.  M.  C.  97; 
L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  367,  disapproving  B.  v.  Fanninff,  17  Ir.  Rep.  C.  L.  289; 
lOCoxC.  C.  411). 

Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  1110-1121 :  Rose.  Cr.  284-296:  2  Encyc.  73-78. 

« 

BILL.  —  "The  word  *  Bill'  is  one  of  the  most  general  that  can  be 
used  wherever  it  is  not  confined  by  other  terms,  e.g.  a  Bill  in  Parlia- 
ment, a  Bill  in  Chancery.  In  every  kind  of  business  the  word  *  Bill ' 
occurs  as  representing  any  Writing,  —  a  Bill  of  Lading,  a  Bill  of 
Parcels,  a  Play  Bill,  a  Bill  of  Fare,  a  Bill  of  Divorcement,  and  so  on  " 
(per  Maule,  arg.  Bank  of  England  v.  Anderson^  3  Bing.  N.  C.  601). 

A  Solr*s  Bill  of  Costs,  not  debiting  any  one  by  name  but  enclosed  in 
an  envelope  addressed  to  the  client,  is  a  good  "  Bill,"  within  s.  37,  6&7 
V.  c.  73  (Boberts  v.  Lucas,  11  Ex.  41;  24  L.  J.  Ex.  227:  Vf,  Champ  v. 
Stokes,  6  H.  i&  N.  683 ;  30  L.  J.  Ex.  242).  Whether  items  of  charge 
are  delivered  as  a  "  Bill,"  within  the  section,  is  a  question  of  fact  in  each 
particular  case  (Be  Bomer,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  286;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  610). 
Without  items,  there  can  be  no  proper  "Bill,"  even  though  the  Solr 
delivers  his  claim  as  for  an  agreed  gross  sum  (Fhilbf/  v.  ffazle,  29  L.  J. 
C.  P.  370;  8  C.  B.  N.  S.  647:  Wilkinson  v.  SmaH,  33  L.  T.  573; 
Vehc,  Blake  v.  Hummell,  51  L.  T.  430). 

"  Bill,  Placard,  or  Poster,"  s.  18,  46  &  47  V.  c.  51,  s.  14,  47  &  48 
V.  c.  70;  F.  Barstow  Case,  5  Times  Rep.  159:  Denbigh  and  Flint 
Case,  lb.  160:    Shrewsbury   Case,  lb.  160. 


BILL  OF  COMPLAINT  191    BILL  OF  EXCHANGE 

BILL  OF  COMPLAINT.  — Stat.  Def.,  15  &  16  V.  c.  86,  s.  66. 
—  Jr.  30  &  31  V.c.  44,  s.  2. 

BILL  OF  CREDIT.  —  "A  Letter  whereby  one  person  requests  an- 
otlier  to  advance  money  to  a  third  person  named  therein  for  a  certain 
amount,  and  promises  to  reimburse  the  person  making  the  advance.  It 
is  more  usually  termed  a  Letter  of  Credit "  (2  Encyc.  87).  Vf^  Letter 
of  Creditj  7  lb.  369:  Circular  Note,  3  lb.  34. 

BILL  OF  EXCHANGE.  — "A  Bill  of  Exchange  is  an  Uncon- 
ditional Order  in  Writing,  addressed  by  one  person  to  another,  signed 
by  the  person  giving  it,  requiring  the  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed  to 
pay,  On  demand,  or  at  a  fixed  or  Detebuinablb  future  time,  a  Sum 
CERTAIN  in  money  to,  or  to  the  order  of,  a  specified  person,  or  to  bearer  " 
(a.  3,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882).     That  section  further  provides  that, 

"  An  Order  to  pay  out  of  a  particular  fund  is  not  Unconditional  within 
the  meaning  of  this  section ;  but  an  unqualified  Order  to  pay,  coupled 
with  (a)  an  indication  of  a  particular  fund  out  of  which  the  drawee  is  to 
reimburse  himself  or  a  particular  account  to  be  debited  with  the  amount, 
or  (b)  a  statement  of  the  transaction  which  gives  rise  to  the  Bill,  is  un- 
conditional.''    And  further  that 

"  A  Bill  is  not  invalid  by  reason  — 

(a)  That  it  is  not  dated; 

(b)  That  it  does  not  specify  the  value  given,  or  that  any  value  has 

been  given  therefor ; 

(c)  That  it  does  not  specify  the  place  where  it  is  drawn,  or  the  place 

where  it  is  payable." 

Note.  The  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882,  is  a  Code  of  Law  relating  to  Nego- 
tiable Instruments,  and  is  to  be  construed  according  to  the  natural  mean- 
ing of  its  language,  uninfluenced  by  prior  decisions  except  upon  some 
special  ground,  e.g.  where  its  words  are  of  doubtful  import,  or  have 
acquired  a  technical  or  special  meaning  (per  Ld  Herschell,  Bank  of  Eng- 
land V.  Vagliano,  1891,  A.  C.  107;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  164:  per  Chitty,  J., 
Be  English  Bank  of  River  Plate,  1893,  2  Ch.  438 ;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  678 ; 
69  L.  T.  14 ;  41  W.  K  521).  A  similar  rule  was  applied  by  the  P.  C. 
to  the  construction  of  the  Civil  Code  of  Lower  Canada,  in  Robinson  v. 
Canadian  Pacific  Ry,  1892,  A.  C.  481 ;    61  L.  J.  P.  C.  79;  67  L.  T.  506. 

Fl  Approved  Bill :  Cheque:  Order,  at  end:  Part.  C]p,  Promis- 
sory Note. 

Vh,  Byles:  Chalmers  :  Rose  N.  P.  350  :  2  Encyc.  94-109. 

Qui  Stamp  Act,  1891,  s.  32:    V.  Remit. 

A  promise  to  deliver  up  a  Bill  of  Ex.,  means  the  whole  Set,  if  drawn 
in  Sets  {Kearney  v.  West  Granada  Co,l  H.&N.  412;  26  L.  J.  Ex.  15). 

A  document  otherwise  in  the  form  of  a  Bill  of  Exchange  but  having 
no  drawer's  name  to  it,  is  not  a  Bill  of  Exchange  within  s.  22,  24  &  25 
V.  c.  98  {R.  V.  Harpery  50  L.  J.  M.  C.  90;  7  Q.  B.  D.  78). 


BILL  OF  LADING       192        BILL  OF  SALE 

BILL  OF  LADING.  — <' A  Bill  of  Lading  is  the  written  evidence 
of  a  Contract  for  the  Carriage  and  Delivery  of  goods  sent  by  Sea  for 
certain  Freight.  The  contract,  in  legal  language,  is  a  contract  of 
Bailment  (2  Raym.  Ld.  912).  In  the  usual  form  of  the  contract,  the 
undertaking  is  to  deliver  to  the  Order,  or  Assigns,  of  the  Shipper.  By 
the  delivery  on  board,  the  Ship-master  acquires  a  special  property  to 
support  that  possession  which  he  holds  in  right  of  another,  and  to  en- 
able him  to  perform  his  undertaking.  The  general  property  remains 
with  the  Shipper  of  the  goods  until  he  has  disposed  of  it  by  some  act, 
sufficient  in  law,  to  transfer  property.  The  Indorsement  of  the  Bill  of 
Lading  is  simply  a  direction  of  the  delivery  of  the  goods '.'  (per  Lough- 
borough, C.  J.,  Lickbarrow  v.  Mason,  in  Error,  Mason  v.  LickbarroWy 
1  Bl.  H.  359).  A  Bill  of  Lading  is  for  a  separate  parcel  or  parcels  of 
goods;  a  Charteb-Pabty  is  a  contract  for  the  whole  ship  or  some  prin- 
cipal part  thereof.  Vh,  2  Encyc.  110-127:  Abbott,  Part  3,  ch.  2: 
Carver,  Part  1,  ch.  3,  5:  Scrutton  on  Charter-Parties  and  Bills  of 
Lading.     V,  Clean  Bill  of  Laj>ikq. 

Indorsement  of;   V.  Pass  :  The  :  Sans  Bbcoubs. 

Stat.  Def .  —  Customs  Tariff  Amendment  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V.  c.  22, 
s.  21. 

BILL   OF  QUANTITIES.—  V,  Quantity  Surveyor. 

BILL  OF  RIGHTS.  - 1  W.  &  M.  sess.  2,  c.  2,  —the  full  title  of 
which  is  "  An  Act  declaring  the  Rights  and  Liberties  of  the  Subject,  and 
Settling  the  Succession  to  the  Crown." 

Cpy  "  Petition  of  Right,"  sub  Petition.     V.  Settlement,  at  end. 

BILL  OF  SALE.  — A  Bill  of  Sale  is  an  Assignment  of  chattels, 
whereby  the  property  in  such  chattels  is  intended  to  pass,  but  without 
possession  of  them  being  given  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Johnson  v.  Diprose, 
1893,  1  Q.  B.  512;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  291;  68  L.  T.  486;  41  W.  R.  371). 

An  Agreement  for  sale  of  furniture  on  the  ordinary  Hire  and  Purchase 
System  is  not  a  Bill  of  Sale  by  the  vendee  {Ex  p,  Crawcour,  9  Ch.  D. 
419;  nom.  Be  RobertsoUj  47  L.  J.  Bank.  94:  Fjf,  Buy),  unless,  on  con- 
sideration of  all  the  facts,  it  can  be  seen  that  the  true  nature  of  the 
transaction  was  that  the  document  should  be  a  security  for  money  {Ma^ 
dell  V.  Thomas,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  230;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  227;  64  L.  T.  9;  39 
W.  R.  280:  Re  Watson,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  394;  25  Q.  B.  D.  27).  So,  a 
Building  Agreement,  which  provides  that  all  materials  brought  by  the 
builder  on  the  land  shall  become  the  property  of  the  freeholder,  is  not  a 
Bill  of  Sale  {Reeves  v.  Barlow,  12  Q.  B.  D.  436;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  192: 
Vf,  Right  in  Equity  :  Re  Hall,  Ex  p.  Close,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  43 ;  14 
Q.  B.  D.  386;  51  L.  T.  795;  33  W.  R.  228 :  Church  v.  Sage,  67  L.  T. 
800;  41  W.  R.  175:  Sv,  Climpson  v.  Coles,  cited  License);  nor  is  a 
Co's  Debenture  {Re  Standard  Manufacturing  Co,  1891,  1  Ch.  627; 


BILL  OF  SALE         193         BILL  OF  SALE 

60  L.  J.  Ch.  292  :  Richards  v.  Kidderminster,  1896,  2  Ch.  212;  65  L.  J. 
Ch.  502:  Vfy  Company:  Sv^  now,  s.  14,  Comp  Act,  1900);  nor  is  a 
"  Letter  of  Hypothecation  accompanying  a  deposit  of  goods  by  merchants 
or  factors,  or  Pawn-Tickets  given  by  pawnbrokers,  or  in  fact  any  case 
where  the  object  and  effect  of  the  transaction  are  immediately  to  trans- 
fer the  possession  from  the  grantor  to  the  grantee  "  (per  Cave,  J.,  Re 
Hally  Ex  p.  Close,  sup:  Fa,  Transfer:  Hilton  v.  Tucker^  57  L.  J. 
Ch.  973;  39  Ch.  D.  669 ;  69  L.  T.  172;  36  W.  K  762 :  Exp.  Hubbard, 
Re  Hardtvick,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  490;  17  Q.  B.  D.  690;  35  W.  R.  2).  Vf, 
Manchester  S.  &  L.  Ry  v.  North  Central  Wagon  Co,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  219 ; 
13  App.  Ca.  554 :  Grigg  v.  National  Guardian  Co,  1891,  3  Ch.  206 ; 

61  L.  J.  Ch.  11 :  Spencer  v.  Mid.  Ry,  11  Times  Rep.  542:  Redhead  v. 
Westwood,  59  L.  T.  293 :  Re  Yarrow,  Collins  v.  Weymouth,  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  18;  61  L.  T.  642;  38  W.  R.  175 :  —  And  as  to  when  a  document  is 
not  a  Bill  of  S.,  but  is  a  Pledge,  V.  Charlesworth  v.  Mills,  1892,  A.  C. 
231;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  830;  66  L.  T.  690;  41  W.  R.  129;  but  Cp,  Re 
Townsend,  Ex  p.  Parsons,  cited  License. 

The  def  of  a  Bill  of  Sale,  for  the  purposes  of  the  Bills  of  S.  Acts, 
1878  and  1882,  is  given  in  s.  4  of  the  Act  of  1878.  But  whilst  this 
def  has  been  adopted  for  the  Act  of  1882  by  a.  3  of  the  latter,  that  same 
section  provides  that  the  peculiar  provisions  of  the  Act  of  1882  shall  not 
apply  to  a  Bill  of  S.  not  given  *'  by  way  of  security  for  the  payment  of 
money." 

As  to  what  is  an  Assurance;  Authority  or  License;  License; 
Receipt  ;  Transfer  (including  Assignment) ;  Assignment  ;  Ordi- 
nary Course,  within  that  def,  or  Marriage  Settlement,  or  Vessel, 
within  its  exception :  V.  those  words  respectively.  But  it  should  always 
be  borne  in  mind  that  ^  the  Bills  of  S.  Acts  strike,  not  at  Transactions 
but,  at  Documents  "  (per  Kekewich,  J.,  Grigg  v.  National  Guardian  Co, 
sup,  and  per  Russell,  C.  J.,  London  &  Yorkshire  Bank  v.  White,  11 
Times  Rep.  570;  Sv,  per  North,  J.,  Jarvis  v.  Jarms,  63  L.  J.  Ch.  10); 
and  a  document,  not  apparently  a  Bill  of  S.,  may,  on  the  circumstances, 
be  treated  as  one  {Beckett  v.  Tower  Assets  Co,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  638 ;  60 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  493;  64  L.  T.  497;  39  W.  R.  438:  Re  Watson,  sup). 

Attornments  are  Bills  of  Sale,  s.  6,  Act,  1878;  Vth,  Re  Willis, 
67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  684;  21  Q.  B.  D.  384;  36  W.  R.  793:  Mumford  v. 
Collier,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  662;  25  Q.  B.  D.  279;  38  W.  R.  716 :  Scobie  v. 
Collins,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  376;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  10;  71  L.  T.  776.  Vf, 
Attornment. 

Letters  of  Hypothecation  of  imported  goods  are  exempted  from  the  Act 
of  1882  (64  &  66  v.  c.  36,  amending  63  &  64  V.  c.  53). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  — 17  &  18  V.  c.  36,  s.  l.  —  Ir.  17  &  18  V.  c.  6b, 
B.1',    42&43V.  c.  60,  s.  4;    46  &  47  V.  c.  7,  s.  3. 

Vh,  In  accordance  with  the  form:  Specific:  Separately:  Reed, 
43:  Rose.  N.  P.  1180:  2  Encyc.  127-147:  Defeasance:  Occupation. 

13 


BILL  OF  SALE        194  BINDING 

A  "  Bill  of  Sale  "  of  a  Ship,  b.  56, 17  &  18  V.  c.  104,  means  an  actual 
Transfer,  as  distinguished  from  an  Agreement  to  tT&usieT  {BcUthyany 
V.  Bouch,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  421). 

As  to  "  Bill  of  Sale  "  in  s.  11,  Trinidad  Ordinance,  No.  16,  1884;  V. 
Tennant  v.  Howatsofij  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  110 ;  13  App.  Ca.  489;  68  L.  T.  646. 

BILL  WITH  OPTION  OF  CASH.  —  F.  Cash  with  option 
OF  Bill. 

BILLA  VERA.— F.  True  Bill. 

BIND.  —  By  s.  62,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1864,  a  Garnishee  Order  nisi 
shall  "  hind  "  the  Debt  in  the  garnishee's  hands.  That  means,  "  that  the 
dehtor,  or  those  claiming  under  him,  shall  not  have  power  to  convey  or 
do  any  act  as  against  the  right  of  a  party  in  whose  favour  the  deht  is 
hound ;  and  we  construe  it  as  not  giving  any  property  in  the  deht  in  the 
nature  of  a  mortgage  or  lien,  hut  a  mere  right  to  have  the  security  en- 
forced "  (per  Campbell,  C.  J.,  in  delivering  the  jdgmt  of  the  Q.  B., 
Holmes  v.  TuttoUy  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  361 ;  6  E.  &  B.  67;  Vth,  Ex  p.  Jose- 
lyne,  4.1  L.  J.  Bank.  91;  8  Ch.  D.  327;  26  W.  R.  646;  38  L.  T.  661: 
Rylands  v.  Reardouj  8  L.  R.  Ir.  1). 

But  in  construing  an  obligation  whereby  a  Joint  Stock  Co  did  "  Bind  " 
themselves  and  their  undertaking,  James,  L.  J.,  said,  —  "  It  seems  to  me 
that  the  word  'Charge,'  that  the  word  'Bind,' and  the  word  'Oblige' 
(whatever  may  be  the  ordinary  use  by  conveyancers  of  one  or  the  other 
of  them),  in  point  of  English  language  and  of  legal  language,  mean  the 
same.  '  To  Bind '  means  *  to  Charge, '  and  *  to  Charge  '  means  '  to  Bind,' 
and  '  Oblige '  means  to  charge  or  bind.  All  these  words  are  in  my 
opinion  absolutely  synonymous  "  {Re  Florence  Land  Coy  48  L.  J.  Ch. 
145 ;  10  Ch.  D.  630:  Sv^  jdgmt  of  Jessel,  M.  R.,  in  the).  Yet  it  seems 
clear  that  "  to  Charge  "  property  is  to  create  a  Lien  on  it  (  F.  Charge)  ; 
whilst  in  Holmes  v.  Tutton  (sup)  that  was  held  to  be  a  quality  which 
did  not  inhere  in  the  word  ''Bind,"  at  least  in  the  section  there  being 
construed. 

F.  Bound. 

BIND  OVER.  —  Where  power  is  given  to  Justices  to  "bind  over," 
or  to  cause  a  person  to  do  a  certain  thing,  and  such  person  being  present, 
shall  refuse  to  be  bound  or  to  do  such  thing,  a  power  is  implied  to  com- 
mit to  prison  until  compliance  (Dwar.  672).  Vfy  R,  v.  Thinn^  12  Q.  B. 
1026;  18  L.  J.  M.  C.  41:  2  Encyc.  148.     Q?,  Recognizance. 

BINDING.^''  Made  Binding  " ;  F.  Required  :  Obligatory. 
"  Binding  and  Conclusive  ";   F.  Inconsistent. 
"  Valid  and  Binding  "  ;   F.  Valid. 


BIRD  195  BLACK 

BIRD.  — Bird  of  Game;   V.  Game,  Animals, 

Bird  of  Warren ;    V.  Fowl. 

F.  Domestic  Animal:  Wild  Bibd. 

BIRTH.  —**  The  Births  and  Deaths  Registration  Acts,  1836  to  1874  " ; 
"  The  Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages  (Scot)  Acts,  1854  to  1860  " ;  "  The 
Births  and  Deaths  Registration  (Ir)  Acts,  1863  to  1880  ";  —  F.  Sch  2, 
Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

BISHOP.  —  "A  Bishop,  is  a  minister  of  God  unto  whom,  with  per- 
manent continuance,  there  is  given  (not  only  power  of  administering  the 
Word  and  Sacraments  which  power  other  Preshyters  have,  hut  also)  a 
farther  power  to  Ordain  ecclesiastical  persons,  and  a  power  of  chieftjr  in 
Grovernment  over  presbyters,  as  well  as  laymen,  a  power  to  be  by  way  of 
jurisdiction,  —  a  Pastor  even  to  Pastors  themselves.  So  that  this  Office, 
as  he  is  a  Presbyter  or  Pastor,  consisteth  in  those  things  which  are  com- 
men  unto  him  with  other  pastors,  as  in  ministering  the  Word  and  Sacra- 
ments :  but  those  things  incident  unto  his  Office  which  do  properly  make 
him  a  Bishop,  cannot  be  common  unto  him  with  other  Pastors.  Now, 
even  as  Pastors,  so  likewise  Bishops,  being  principal  pastors,  are  either 
(1)  at  Large,  or  (2)  with  Restraint :  —  At  Large,  when  the  subject  of 
their  regiment  is  undefinite,  and  not  tied  to  any  certain  place  ;  Bishops 
with  Restraint,  are  they  whose  regiment  over  the  Church  is  contained 
with  some  definite,  local  compass,  beyond  which  compass  their  jurisdic- 
tion reacheth  not.  Such,  therefore,  we  alway  mean  when  we  speak  of 
that  regiment  by  Bishops,  —  which  we  hold  a  thing  most  lawful,  divine, 
and  holy  in  the  Church  of  Christ "  (Hooker,  Ecc.  Polity,  Bk.  vii,  cited 
Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  22,  23).  A  Bishop  may  reform  the  manners  of  his 
People  and  Clergy  by  Ecclesiastical  Censures ;  and  it  is  also  his  business 
*'  to  institute  and  direct  Induction  to  all  ecclesiastical  livings  in  his 
diocese"  (1  Bl.  Com.  382).  Vfy  Ordinary:  Natal  Bp,  v.  Gladstone, 
cited  Diocese  :  Merriman  v.  Williamsj  7  App.  Ca.  484;  51  L.  J. 
P.  C.  95. 

"  Bishop, "  in  a  modern  Act  is,  generally,  by  the  Act's  interp  clause, 
made  to  include  Archbishop,  e,g.  —  3  &  4  V.  c.  86,  s.  2  ;  14  &  15  V. 
c.  97,  s.  29 ;  19  &  20  V.  c.  104,  s.  33;  33  &  34  V.  c.  91,  s.  2 ;  34  & 
35  V.  c.  44,  8.  2;  35  &  36  V.  c.  8,  s.  2;  37  &  38  V.  c.  77,  s.  14, 
c.  86,  s.  6;  50  &  51  V.  c.  12,  s.  2,  c.  68,  s.  1;  51  &  52  V.  c.  20,  s.  12. 
^/r.  14  &  15  V.  c.  72,  s.  1,  c.  73,  s.  1;    27  &  28  V.  c.  54,  s.  4. 

"  Bishop  of  the  said  Church  "  ;  Stat.  Def.,  33  &  34  V.  c.  110,  s.  4. 

BITCH.  — In  an  Indictment  for  Bestiality,  "Bitch"  sufficiently 
denotes  a  female  Dog,  though  the  female  of  the  Fox,  the  Otter,  and  other 
animals  is  also  called  a  Bitch  {R,  v.  Allen,  1  C.  &  K.  495). 

BLACK:  BLACK-LEQ,  ftc.  —  It  was  said  by  counsel,  arg.,  in  Bar^ 
neU  v.  Allen  (27  L.  J.  Ex.  412j   3  H.  &  N.  376 ;  31  L.  T.  0.  S.  217), 


BLACK  196  BLANKS 

that  the  prefix  ^  Black  "  has  always  a  bad  meauing  in  such  terms  as 
"  Blackguard,"  "  Black-leg,"  "  Black-sheep."  Either  word  would  prob- 
ably be  Libel  if  written  ;  but  neither,  probably,  would,  per  se,  be  Slander. 

"  BltLck-leg  "  :  "  Black-^Ae^p."  —  In  BameU  v.  Allen  (sup)  the  Court 
was  equally  divided  as  to  whether  calling  a  man  a  "Black-Ze^,"  as 
meaning  a  disreputable  gambler,  was  actionable  Slander.  But  to  write 
of  a  person  that  he  is  a  "Black-leg,"  or  "Black-sheep,"  with  an  in- 
nuendo that  the  phrase  imputed  that  the  person  was  of  a  bad  character, 
would  be  Libel  {McGregor  v.  Gregory ^  12  L.  J.  Ex.  204;  11  M.  &  W. 
289;  2  Dowl.  P.  C.  769:  aBHen  v.  Clement,  16  L.  J.  Ex.  77;  16 
M.  &  W.  159) .  In  Bamett  v.  Allen,  Pollock,  C.  B.,  said  that  the  sense 
in  which  he  had  always  understood  "  Black-leg  "  was  "  a  professed  gam- 
bler, a  person  who  makes  a  business  of  bettiug  —  not  necessarily  dis- 
honest, though  disreputable."  Watson,  B.,  thought  the  word  had  no 
precise  signification;  but  Martin  and  Bramwell,  BB.,  thought  it  imputed 
the  indictable  offence  of  cheating  at  cards,  within  s.  17,  8  &  9  V.  c.  109. 

F.  Chbat:  Professed  Gambles. 

"  Black-leg  "  is  often  used  by  Trade  Unionists  to  signify  Non-Union- 
ist  workmen  who  do  not  conform  to  the  rules  of  their  Union.    FA,  Beset. 

BLACK  ACT.  —  9  G.  1,  c.  22,  repealed  by  one  of  PeeVs  Acts,  7  & 
8  G.  4,  c.  27 ;  "  commonly  called  the  Waltham  Black  Act,  occasioned  by 
the  devastations  committed  near  Waltham  in  Hampshire,  by  persons  in 
disguise  or  with  their  faces  blacked  "  (4  Bl.  Com.  246). 

BLACK  BEER.— F  Beer. 

BLACKMAII "  «Blackmaile,'  is  a  word  used  in  43  Eliz.  c.  13, 

and  it  signifies  a  certainty  of  money,  corn,  cattell,  or  other  consideration, 
given  by  the  poore  people  in  the  North  parts  of  England,  unto  men  of 
great  name  and  aliance  in  those  parts,  to  be  by  them  protected  from  such 
as  usually  robbe  and  steale  there  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  "  These  Robbers 
are  of  late  years  called  Moss-troopers"  (Cowel).  Vf,  2  Encyc.  164: 
Jacob. 

To  impute  ''  blackmailing  "  is  Libel,  needing  no  Innuendo  (Edsall  v. 
Brooks,  2  Robt.  N.  Y.  29;  3  lb.  284). 

Ld  BLANDFORD'S  ACT.  —  New  Parishes  Act,  1856, 19  &  20  V. 
c.  104. 

BLAN  KS.  —  As  to  Blanks,  in  Deeds ;   F.  Elph.  26 :  — 

In  Debentures  of  a  Co;  F.  Be  Queensland  Land  Co^  1894,  3  Ch.  181; 

63  L.  J.  Ch.  810 ;  71  L.  T.  115 ;  42  W.  E.  600:  — 

In  Transfers  of  Shares  &c;    F.  Elph.  28-30:    Hamilton,   199-201: 

France  v.  Clark,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  588;  26  Ch.  D.  257:  Colonial  Bank  v. 

Cady,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  131 ;  15  App.  Ca.  267 ;  63  L.  T.  27 ;  39  W.  B.  17 : 


BLANKS  197  BLOCKADE 

Fox  V.  Martin^  64  L.  J.  Ch.  473:  FowM  v.  Lond.  &  Frov.  Bank,  1893, 
2  Ch,  655;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  795:  — 

In  Wills ;  V.  1  Jarm.  18,  144,  441 :  Theobald,  33,  241,  271 :  Ee  Ear- 
risofiy  55  L.  J.  Ch.  799 ;  30  Ch.  D.  390:  IllingwoHh  v.  Cooke,  20  L.  J. 
Ch.  512 ;  9  Hare,  37 :  Greig  v.  MaHin\  7  W.  R.  315 :  GUI  v.  Bagshaw, 
35  L.  J.  Ch.  842 ;  L.  R.  2  Eq.  746:  Re  White,  1893,  2  Ch.  41;  62  L.  J. 
Ch.  342 ;  68  L.  T.  187 ;  41  W.  R.  683 :  Asten  v.  Asten,  1894,  3  Ch.  260 ; 
63  L.  J.  Ch.  834;  71  L.  T.  228:  Be  Macduff,  1896,  2  Ch.  451 ;  65  L.  J. 
Ch.  700;  74  L.  T.  706;  45  W.  R.  154. 

Fa,  Next. 

BLASPHEMY.  —  "Every  publication  is  said  to  be  blasphemous 
which  contains  matter  relating  to  God,  Jesus  Christ,  the  Bible,  or  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  intended  to  wound  the  feelings  of  mankind,  or 
to  excite  contempt  and  hatred  against  the  Church  by  law  established,  or 
to  promote  immorality. 

"  Publications  intended  in  good  faith  to  propagate  opinions  on  religious 
subjects,  which  the  person  who  publishes  them  regards  as  true,  are  not 
blasphemous  (within  the  meaning  of  this  definition)  merely  because  their 
publication  is  likely  to  wound  the  feelings  of  those  who  believe  such 
opinions  to  be  false,  or  because  their  general  adoption  might  tend  by 
lawful  means  to  alterations  in  the  constitution  of  the  Church  by  law 
established  "  (Steph.  Cr.  108,  109 ;  whv,  for  an  alternative  and  stricter 
definition,  which  as  there  pointed  out  would  probably  not  be  now  adopted : 
Vf,  Jacob). 

Vh,  Arch.  Cr.  970-972 :  Rose.  Cr.  595 :  Odgers,  ch.  17 :  Hebetic  : 
Heretico  Combubendo  :  Cp,  Chbistian  Religion. 

BLAST   FURNACE.—  V.  Non-Textile  Factobies. 

BLEACHING.  —  "  Bleaching  Works  ";  Stat.  Def.,  23  &  24  V.  c.  78, 
8.7;    26&27V.  c.  38,  s.  1;    27  &  28  V.  c.  98,  s.  1. 

"  Bleaching  and  Dyeing  Works  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  Sch  4,  Part  1,  41  V. 
c.  16 :  Vth,  Rogers  v.  Manchester  Backing  Co,  1898, 1  Q.  B.  344 ;  67  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  310.     Vf,  Non-Textile  Factobies. 

BLENCH F.  Feu. 

BLIND.  — Quk  56  &  57  V.  c.  42,  "  'Blind,'  means,  too  blind  to  be 
able  to  read  the  ordinary  school  books  used  by  children  "  (s.  15). 

BLOCKADE. — "A  Blockade  may  be  more  or  less  rigorous,  either, 
(1)  for  the  single  purpose  of  watching  the  military  operations  of  the 
enemy  and  prerenting  the  egress  of  their  fleet;  or  (2)  to  cut  off  all  access 
of  neutral  vessels  to  the  interdicted  place  :  the  latter  is  strictly  and  prop- 
erly a  Blockade ;  for  the  other  is,  in  truth,  no  Blockade  at  all  as  far  as 
neutrals  are  concerned. *'     The  right  to  impose  this  latter  is  ''  of  a  severe 


BLOCKADE  198  BOARD 

nature,  and  not  to  be  aggravated  by  mere  constraction.  ...  If  the  ships 
stationed  on  the  spot  to  keep  up  the  Blockade  will  not  use  their  force  for 
the  purpose,  it  is  impossible  for  a  Court  of  Justice  to  say  there  was  a 
Blockade  actually  existing  at  that  time  so  as  to  bind  a  neutral  vessel  " 
(per  Ld  Stowell,  TJie  Juffrow  Maria,  3  Rob.  C.  154,  156).  Vfy  The 
Frederick  Molkej  1  Rob.  C.  86,  and  The  Betsey,  lb.  93,  and  notes  on  the 
Tudor's  L.  C.  M.  L.  1011. 

Vh,  Deane,  Law  of  Blockade :  Macqueen:  Westlake:  Poison. 

As  to  effect  of  a  Blockade  on  a  Contract ;   V.  Abbott,  763-769. 

BLOOD.  — "If  a  man  devise  land  to  a  roan  et  sanguini  suo^  that  is 
a  Fee  Simple  ;  but  if  it  be  semini  sua,  it  is  an  Estate  Tail  "  (Co.  Lilt. 
9b:   Fjr,  1  Rol.  Ab.  834 :  s.  28,  Wills  Act,  1837). 

*'  <  Blood  Relations,'  cannot  embrace  a  larger  class  than  <  Relations.' 
No  doubt,  all  men  are  Blood  Relations  of  all  other  men,  if  they  are  de- 
scended from  a  Common  Ancestor,  however  remote ;  and  we  are  told  that 
the  nations  of  the  earth  are  made  of  '  One  Blood.'  But,  for  manifest 
convenience,  the  word  <  Relations,'  in  legal  import,  is  limited  to  Nearest 
of  Kin,  and  now  to  Next  op  Kin  under  the  statute  "  (per  Porter,  M.  R., 
Dunlop  V.  Greer,  1899, 1 1.  R.  335). 

"  Blood  Sucker  "  ;  It  is  not  Slander,  per  se,  to  say  of  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  "  he  is  a  Blood-Sucker,  and  sucketh  blood,"  —  "  for  it  cannot  be 
intended  what  blood  he  sucked  "  (Hilliard  v.  Constable,  Cro.  Eliz.  306). 
Cpy  Beetle-headed. 

F.  Halp-Blood  :  Name  :  In  Blood  :  Spitting  op  Blood. 

BLOODWIT.  —  V.  WiTE. 

BLOODY  HAND. —  " 'Bloody  hand,'  is  the  apprehension  of  a 
trespasser  in  the  Forest  against  Venison,  with  his  hands,  or  other  parts 
of  him,  bloudy,  although  he  be  not  chasing  or  hunting  "  (Termes  de  la 
Ley,  citing  Manwood,  c.  18,  s.  9,  fo.  133  b).  Cp,  "  Found  committing," 
sub  Found:  " Taken  with  the  Manner,"  sub  Manner. 

BOARD.  —  r.  Fire  on  Board  :  F.  0.  B. :  On  Board. 

"  The  Board  "  in  a  modern  Act,  is  generally  defined  by  the  Act's  in- 
terp  clause,  according  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  Act,  e.g,  —  14  &  15  V. 
c.  34,  8.  3;  16  &  17  V.  c.  96,  s.  36 ;  Public  Libraries  Act,  1855,  18  &  19 
V.  c.  70,  s.  3 ;  26  &  26  V.  c.  93,  s.  3;  32  &  33  V.  c.  102,  s.  2 ;  41  &  42 
V.  c.  29,  s.  2 ;  Taxes  Management  Act,  1880,  43  &  44  V.  c.  19,  s.  5; 
48  &  49  V.  c.  72,  s.  1  (4  e);  54  &  55  V.  c.  17,  s.  2,  — Scot.  19  &  20  V. 
c.  103,  s.  3 ;  20  &  21  V.  c.  71,  s.  3 ;  Lunacy^  (Scot)  Act,  1862,  25  &  26 
V.  c.  54,  s.  1 ;  Public  Libraries  Act  (Scot),  1867,  30  &  31  V.  c.  37,  s.  2, 
c.  101,  s.  3 ;  Roads  and  Bridges  (Scot)  Act,  1878,  41  &  42  V.  c.  51,  s.  3 ; 
Public  Libraries  Consolidation  (Sci^t)  Act,  1887,  50  &51  V.  c.  42,  s.  2; 
P.  H.  (Scot)  Act,  1897,  60  &  61  V.  c.  38,  s.  3 ;  Poor  Law  (Scot)  Act, 
1898,  61  &  62  V.  c.  21,  s.  9.  —  /r.  34  &  35  V.  c.  100,  s.  2. 


BOARD  199        BODILY  HARM 

«  Bd  of  Agriculture  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  52  &  53  V.  c.  30,  s.  1. 

"  Burial  Board  "  ;  Stat.  Def.,  19  &  20  V.  c.  98,  ss.  3,  35;  20  &  21  V. 
c.  81,  8.  28. 

"Bd  of  Control  for  Lunatic  Asylums,"  in  Ireland;  Stat.  Def.,  61  & 
62  V.  c.  37,  s.  109. 

Bd  of  Directors ;   F.  Director. 

"  Drainage  Bd  ";  Stat.  Def.,  51  &  52  V.  c.  39,  s.  6. 

" Bd  of  Education,^  in  Scotland;  Stat.  Def.,  35  &  36  V.  c.  62^  s.  1. 

"  Bd  of  Guardians  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Interp  Act,  1889,  s.  16  (1,  3). 

V.  Congested:  Harbour:  Highway. 

"  Local  Board  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  26  &  21 V.  c.  97,  8.2;  28  &  29  V.  c.  75,  s.  3. 

"  Local  Board  of  Health  "  ;  Stat.  Def.,  11  &  12  V.  c.  63,  s.  2. 

"  Local  Qovernment  Bd  "  ;  Established,  constituted,  and  defined  by  34 
&  35  V.  c.  70.  Stat.  Def.,  ScoU  49  &  50  V.  c.  32,  s.  9;  52  &  53  V. 
c.  72,8.17;  55&56V.C.  43,8.25;  61  &  62  V.  c.  21,  s.  9.  —  Jr.  39  & 
40  V.  c.  75,  8.22;  42  &  43  V.  c.  25,  s.  2;  48  &  49  V.  c.  41, s.  17 ;  51 
&  52  V.  c.  53,  s.  2;  52  &  53  V.  c.  64,  s.  3,  c.  72,  s.  18 ;  54  &  55  V. 
c.48,8.42;    57  &  58  V.  c.  38,  s.  12 ;    58  &  59  V.  c.  2,  s.  14. 

"  Metropolitan  Bd  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  44  &  45  V.  c.  34,  s.  1. 

'*  Bd  of  Superintendence  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  19  &  20  V.  c  68,  s.  2. 

"  Bd  of  Supervision,"  in  Scotland ;  Stat.  Def.,  26  &  27  V.  c.  108, 
8.  30;     38  &  39  V.  c.  74,  s.  2;     55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  s.  4. 

"  Bd  of  Trade  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Interp  Act,  1889,  s.  12  (8). 

"  Bd  of  Works,"  in  Ireland,  is  usually  defined  as  "  the  Commrs  of 
Public  Works  in  Ireland,"  e,g.  44  &  45  V.  c  49,  s.  57;  46  &  47  V.  c.  60, 
8.21;   54V.c.l,s.l3;   55  &  56  V.  c.  65,  s.  12 ;   58  &  59  V.  c.  2,  s.  14. 

Cpy  Commissioners. 

BOARDER.— 'A  Guest  is  a  Wajrfarer;  but  a  Sojourner  in  an  Inn, 
on  a  special  contract  to  stay  and  board,  is  a  Boarder  (Chamberlain  v. 
Masterson^  26  Ala.  377). 

BOAT.— "Boat"  includes  a  Steamboat  (Tisdell  v.  Combe,  7  L.  J. 
M.  C.48;  7A.  &E.  788). 

V.  Fishing  Boat:  House  Boat:  Craft:  Wherry:  Mine. 

A  contract  to  carry  a  **  Boat,"  may  be  explained,  by  a  practice,  to  mean 
a  Boat  from  wbich  its  deck,  if  it  have  one,  is  removed  (Haynes  v.  Halli- 
datj,  9  L.  J.  0.  S.  C.  P.  179;  7  Bing.  687). 

Stat.  Def.  —30  &  31  V.  c.  82,  s.  20 ;  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  108.  —  Scot. 
49  &  60  V.  c.  53,  8. 17. 

BOCLAND.  —  Land  held  by  Deed  or  Charter  (Jacob).  Vf,  Char- 
ter-land: Co.  Litt.  6  a,  68  a:  Spelm.:  1  Stubbs,  Goustit.  Hist.  ch.  6: 

1  Ellis,  Introd.  Domesday,  230  n. 

BODILY  HARM.  — r.  Grievous  Bodily  Harm:  Inflict:  Maim: 

2  Encyc.  204-20a 


BODILY  INJURY       200  BONA 

BODILY  INJURY.— F.  Involve. 

"  Other  Offence  involving  Bodily  Injury  to  a  Child  under  16,"  Sell, 
67  &  68  V.  c  41,  applies  only  when  the  injured  child  is  under  16  {R.  v. 
Roberts^  18  Cox  C.  C.  630). 

BODY.  — Heirs  of  the  Body;  V.  Heies:  Heirs  op  the  Bodti 
Tail. 

**  Body,"  as  indicating  a  governing  body;  Stat.  Def.,  26  &  27  V.  c.  112, 
8.  3:  so,  of  "Body  or  Person,"  14  &  16  V.  c.  97,  s.  29;  19  &  20  V.  c.  104, 
8.  33.     Vfy  Legislative  Assembly:  Legislative  Body. 

BODY  CORPORATE.  — "Every  Body  Politic,  or  Corporate,  and 
person  and  persons,"  s.  66,  4  G.  4,  c.  96 ;  held  to  include  Parishes  {R.  v. 
Barton,  9  L.  J.  M.  C.  23;  11  A.  &  E.  343;  3  P.  &  D.  190). 

The  entrance  fees  and  subscriptions  of  a  Social  Club  are  not  "  funds 
voluntarily  contributed  to  any  Body  Corporate  or  TJnincorporate  "  within 
48  &  49  V.  c.  61,  8. 11  (6) ;  and  the  Club  is,  therefore,  not  exempt  from 
the  duty  imposed  by  that  Act  {Re  New  University  Club,  18  Q.  B.  D. 
720 ;  66  L.  J.  Q,  B.  462 ;  56  L.  T.  909 ;  36  W.  K;  774). 

For  a  reading  of  "  Body  Corporate  "  in  an  Investment  Clause ;  F.  Wood 
V.  Middletonj  79  L.  T.  166. 

Stat.  Def.  —  Mun.  Corp.  Ir.  Act,  1840,  3  &  4  V.  c.  108,  s.  216. 

BODY  UNINCORPORATE.— Stat.  Def.,  Customs  and  Inl.  Rev. 
Act,  1886,  48  &  49  V.  c.  61,  s.  12. 

BOQ.  —  "  Bog  "  adjudged,  temp.  Car.  1,  to  be  a  well-known  term  in 
Ireland  {Mulearry  v.  Eyres,  Cro.  Car.  611).     Vf,  Turf  Moss. 

BOI LER.  —  "  Boiler  "  (ss.  3  and  4.  46  &  46  V.  c.  22  ;  Vth,  s.  2, 63  &  64 
y.  c.  36)  includes  the  boiler  proper  in  which  steam  is  generated,  and  also 
the  conveying  pipe  and  the  receiver,  Le,  the  whole  machine  in  which  the 
steam  is  held  until  liberated  for  some  other  purpose  {R.  v.  Boiler  Ex* 
plosions  Act  Commrs,  1891,  IQ.  B.  703;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  644;  64  L.  T. 
674;  39  W.  R.  440).     F.  Closed  Vessel:  Domestic. 

BOILLOURIE.—  F  Saliva:  Cowel,  BoUary. 

BOLT.  —  To  accuse  a  man  of  having  "  bolted,"  means,  semble,  to 
accuse  him  of  leaving  the  place  suddenly  with  the  intention  of  defraud- 
ing his  creditors  (G^Brien  v.  Bryant,  16  L.  J.  Ex.  77;  16  M.  &  W.  168). 

BONA.  —  "  'Bona  Notabilia*  is  where  a  man  dies  having  goods  to 
the  value  of  £5  in  divers  diocesses  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vh,  Wms. 
Exs.  237:  Commrs  of  Stamps  v.  Hope,  1891,  A.  C.  476 ;  60  L.  J.  P.  C. 
44;  65  L.  T.  268;  following  Blackwood  v.  Regina,  cited  Personal 
Estate. 

Bona  Feritura ;    F.  Perishable. 


BONA  201  BONA  FIDE 

Bona  Vacantia ;    V.  Vacant. 
Bona  Wamaia ;   V.  Waif. 

BONA  fide.  — The  equivalent  of  this  phrase  is  "honestly"  (per 
Bramwell,  L.  J.,  R.  v.  Holl,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  766  ;  7  Q.  B.  D.  676).  The 
correct  province  of  this  phrase  is,  therefore,  to  qualify  tilings  or  actions 
that  have  relation  to  the  mind  or  motive  of  the  individual ;  and  it  has 
no  meaning  when  joined  to  things  or  actions  common  to  all  mankind^ 
though  sometimes  it  is  thus  used  in  a  figurative,  hut  inaccurate,  sense. 
A  fact  completely  within  physical  apprehension  oan  neither  be  hond^  nor 
nuz/a,  fide :  a  mental  fact  may  be  either. 

Thus  the  phrase  "bonS  fide  Traveller''  in  s.  1,  17  &  18  V.  c.  79, 
it  is  submitted,  means  the  same  thing  as  "Traveller";  for,  as  Wil- 
liams, J.,  asked,  "  Can  a  man  be  said  to  be  a  mala  fide  traveller  ? 
The  question  is,  —  Was  he  a  traveller  ? "  {Atkinson^  v.  Sellers,  28 
L.  J.  M.  C.  13;  and  Vh,  Traveller).  Yet  in  Penn  v.  Alexander 
(1893,  1  Q.  B.  622,  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  66;  68  L.  T.  366  ;  67  J.  P.  118;  41 
W.  R.  392)  the  majority  of  a  Court  of  five  Judges  held,  that  if  a  person 
journeys  the  prescribed  distance  of  3  miles,  but  only  for  the  purpose 
of  getting  a  drink  during  prohibited  hours,  he  is  not  a  "  bou&  fide  " 
traveller;  but,  it  may  perhaps  be  asked,  if  the  journey  had  been  to  fetch 
a  bottle  of  medicine  would  it  not  have  been  "  bonH  fide  "  ?  and  what 
is  there  in  one  drink  more  than  another,  that  can  affect  the  quality  of 
the  journey  taken  to  procure  it  ?  Va^  Williams  y.  McDonald^  cited 
Tbayellbr.  But  Fenn  v.  Alexander  has  been  adopted  in  Ireland 
(Parker  v.  The  Queen,  1896,  2  I.  R.  404). 

So,  "  bond  fide  "  in  the  phrase,  "  the  actual  and  bona  fide  Occupation  " 
of  lands  or  tenements  in  s.  18,  Rep.  People  Act,  1832,  would  seem  sur- 
plusage, —  for  how  could  an  "  actual "  occupation  be  maid  fide  ? 

"  I  suppose  anybody  would  have  a  difficulty  in  defining  the  difference 
between  a  '  Parishioner  *  and  a  ^  bon^  fide  Parishioner.'  I  do  not  know 
what  difference  there  is  between  them  "  (per  Bramwell,  B.,  Etherington 
V.  Wilson,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  168;  1  Ch.  D.  160). 

Nor  can  there  be  a  mal&  fide  exercise  of  a  person's  Legal  Rights  in  his 
own  land  {Bradford  v.  Pickles,  1896,  A.  C.  687;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  769 ;  73  L.  T. 
363;  44  W.  R.  190;  60  J.  P.  3),  or  a  mala  fide  Co,  duly  registered  under 
the  Comp  Act,  1862  {Re  Salomon,  1897,  A.  C.  22 ;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  36;  76 
L.  T.  426  ;  46  W.  R.  193). 

But  there  may  be  a  Bon&  fide  Act,  Belief,  Intention,  Claim,  Objection, 
or  Mistake  ;  or  a  person's  Conduct  may  be  bon&  fide.  Each  of  these  is, 
so  to  speak,  a  mental  fact  having  its  origin  in  the  individual. 

As  to  a  Conveyance  being  bon&  fide  within  13  Eliz.  c.  6,  or  27  Eliz. 
c.  4,  or  the  corresponding  Irish  Statute  10  Car.  1,  sess.  2,  c.  3;  V,  Twyne^s 
Case,  3  Rep.  81 ;  1  Sm.  L.  C.  1 :  Wood  v.  Dixie,  7  Q.  B.  892 ;  9  Jur.  798 : 
DarvUl  v.  Terry,  30  L.  J.  Ex.  355 ;  6  H.  &  N.  807 :  Lynch  v.  Copinger, 
14  W.  R.  863:  Re  Moroney,  cited  Fraudulent  Assurance:  Good; 


BONA  FIDE  202  BONA  FIDE 

Valuable:  Purchase  for  value.  For  the  cases  on  "BonS  fide"  as 
ased  in  the  old  Bankrj  Acts,  and  on  **  Good  Faith  "  as  used  in  the  Act 
of  18G9,   V,  Yate  Lee,  436 :  May  on  Fraudulent  Conveyances. 

«  Bouft  fide  Charitable  Gift " ;  V.  Fulham  v.  Thanetj  7  Q.  B.  D.  539; 
50  L.  J.  M.  C.  42. 

BoD&  fide  Charter-Party]   V.  Newberry  v.  Colvin,  7  Bing.  206. 

Debt  "  bonft  fide  contracted,'*  s.  2,  48  G.  3,  c.  138,  is  one  not  coUu- 
sively  contracted  {Robinson  v.  Vale,  2  B.  &  C.  762). 

BonH  fide  Interest  in  a  Life  Policy ;  V.  Moore  v.  Woolsey,  cited  Sat- 
isfactory. 

Bona  fide  LeasCj  9.2,12  &  13  V.  c.  26  ;  V.  Moffett  v.  Gough,  1  L.  R. 
Lr.  331:  by  a  Tenant  for  Life,  V.  Sutherland  v.  Sutherland,  1893, 
3  Ch.  169;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  953;  69  L.  T.  186;  42  W.  R.  13. 

Bon&  fide  Payment  of  Calls  on  Directors'  Shares  ;  V.  Syke's  Case,  L.  E. 
13  Eq.  265 ;  Svthc,  Re  Wood's  Co,  62  L.  T.  760.  Cp,  Gibson  v.  Muskett, 
inf. 

"  Bona  fide  called  upon  to  pay  " ;   F.  Called. 

"  Bond,  fide  Residence  "  of  a  Selector  of  Laud,  within  s.  18  (New  South 
Wales)  Crown  Lands  Alienation  Act,  1861 ;  V.  Tooth  v.  Power^  1891, 
A.C.284;  60  L.  J.  P.  C.  39  ;  64  L.  T.  698. 

F.   Subscriber. 

As  to  the  bouS.  fide  Belief  that  a  first  wife  or  husband  is  dead  so  as  to 
excuse  from  Bigamy  ;  V.R,  v.  Tolson,  5S  L.  J.  M.  C.  97 ;  23  Q.  B.  D.  168 ; 
60  L.  T.  899  :  Steph.  Cr.  27,  n.  4.  —  Bonft  fide  belief  by  a  Constable  that 
an  Offence  has  been  committed ;  V,  Ballinger  v.  Ferris^  5  L.  J.  M.  C 
133 ;  1  M.  &  W.  628.  —  Bonft  fide  belief  in  statements  made  in  a  Co  Pro- 
spectus ;  r.  Derry  v.  Peek,  b^  L.  J.  Ch.  864;  14  App.  Ca.  337  ;  38  W.  R. 
33 ;  61  L.  T.  265 ;  5  Times  Rep.  625. 

^*  Payments  really  and  bonft  fide  made,"  s.  82,  6  G.  4,  c.  16,  mean 
payments  which  the  party  does  not  intend  to  reclaim  {Gibson  v.  Muskett, 
11  L.  J.  C  P.  225;  3  Sc.  N.  S.  419). 

A  "  bonft  fide  Purchaser,"  s.  26,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27  (and  as  it  should 
seem,  as  a  general  phrase),  means,  one  who  is  "  really  a  purchaser,  and 
not  merely  a  donee  taking  a  gift  under  the  form  of  a  purchase  "  (per 
James,  L.  J.,  Vane  v.  Vane^  42  L.J.  Ch.  299;  8  Ch.  383).  A  Judg- 
ment Creditor  is  not  a  purchaser  within  27  Eliz.  c  4  {Beavan  v.  Oxford^ 
cited  Disposixa  Power)  ;  nor  though  he  has  taken  out  a  garnishee 
summons  is  he  "  a  bonft  fide  purchaser  "  within  s.  28,  23  &  24  V.  c.  127 
{Dallow  V.  Garrold,  14  Q.  B.  D.  543;  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  76;  52  L.  T.  240; 
33  W.  R.  219). 

"Bonft  fide  Purchaser  for  Value,  without  Notice,"  s.  28,23  &  24  V. 
c.  127;  V.  Notice. 

"  Bonft  fide  Purchase,"  s.  3  (1),  Finance  Act,  1894;  V.A-G.  v.  Dobree, 
cited  Purchase. 

"  Bonft  fide  Rented  "  ;  V.  Rented. 


BONA  FIDE  203  BONA  FIDE 

Party  taking  beneficially  under  an  instrument  "  bonft  fide,"  and  t.r 
"  Valuable  Consideration,"  s.  11, 7  V.  No.  16  (New  South  Wales),  s.  18 ; 
22  V.  No.  1  (lb.) ;  V.  Sydney  By  A&sn  y.  Lyons^  1894,  A.  C.  260;  63 
L.  J.  P.  C.  108. 

The  phrase  **  honcL  fide "  is  employed  in  several  sections  of  Lord  St, 
Leonards'  Law  of  Property  Amendment  Act,  1859,  22  &  23  V.  c.  36. 

As  to  what  will  constitute  a  bonfi  fide  Claim  of  Riyht  so  as  to  oust  the 
jurisdiction  of  inferior  tribunals  ;  V,  Lovesey  v.  Stallard,  38  J.  P.  391 ; 
30  L.  T.  792 :  White  v.  Feast,  41  L.  J.  M.  C.  81 ;  L.  K.  7  Q.  B.  353 :  Cole 
V.  Miles,  57  L.  J.  M.  C.  133;  36  W.  R.  784:  Leicester  v.  Holland,  57 
L.  J.  M.  C.  76:  Thompson  v.  Ingham,  19  L.  J.  Q.  B.  189 ;  1  L.  M.  &  P. 
216:  E.  V.  Cridland,  27  L.  J.  M.  C.  28;  7  E.  &  B.  853:  Hudson  v. 
McRae,  33  L.  J.  M.  C.  65;  12  W.  R.  80:  WiUiams  v.  Adams,  31  L.  J. 
M.  C.  109 ;  2  B.  &  S.  312:  ScoU  v.  Baring,  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  200 ;  72  L.  T. 
495  ;  11  Times  Rep.  175.  There  can  be  no  such  Claim  in  mere  personal 
matters  (Carter  v.  Thomas,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  673;  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  104; 
69  L.  T.  436 ;  41 W.  R.  510 ;  57  J.  P.  438).     V.  Fair  and  Reasonable. 

As  to  what  is  a  bon§L  fide  Objection  to  Church  Bates,  within  s.  7, 53  G.  3, 
c.  127,  so  as  to  oust  justices'  jurisdiction  ;  V.  Pease  v.  Chaytor^  31  L.  J. 
M.  CI;  1  B.  &  S.  658:  B,  v.  Blackburn,  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  41:  and  as  to 
Quakers  under  s.  4,  7  &  8  W.  3,  c.  34,  Backhouse  v.  Bishopwearmouth, 
30  L.  J.  M.  C.  118. 

A  "  bona  fide  Mistake  "  under  R.  2,  Ord.  16,  R.  S.  C,  includes  a  mis- 
take of  law  as  well  as  of  fact  (Buckett  v.  Gover,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  407  ;  6  Ch.  D. 
82  ;  25  W.  R.  455:  Mason  v.  Harris,  11  Ch.  D.  106:  Tryon  v.  National 
Provident  Inst.,  16  Q.  B.  D.  678)  ;  but  it  must  be  a  genuine  mistake, 
and  not  an  erroneous  view  of  the  law  which  has  been  deliberately  adopted 
(Clowes  V.  HUliard,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  271 ;  4  Ch.  D.  413;  25  W.  R.  224). 
Vf,  Ann.  Pr. 

F.  Mistake. 

Execution  "bonft  fide  executed  and  levied,"  2  &  3  V.  c.  29,  s.  1, 
meant  "  bona  fides  of  the  creditor  who  caused  execution  to  issue  and  of 
the  sheriff  who  is  his  minister  "  (per  Abinger,  C.  B.,  Belcher  v.  Magnay, 
13  L.  J.  Ex.  52;  12  M.  &  W.  109:  Vf,  Hall  v.  Wallace,  10  L.  J.  Ex. 
133;  7  M.  &  W.  358). 

To  take  a  Negotiable  Instrument  "  bonS,  fide,"  means  "really  and 
truly  for  value  "  (per  Cresswell,  J.,  Raphael  v.  Bank  of  England,  17 
C.  B.  172). 

The  modern  phrase  for  a  bonft  fide  holder  for  value  of  a  Bill  or  Note 
without  notice  of  any  imperfection,  is  "  Holder  in  due  course  "  (s.  29, 
Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882)  ;  Va,  Holder  for  Value. 

As  to  a  bonft  fide  holder  for  value  of  Bonds,  &c ;  V.  London  &  County 
Bank  v.  London  &  River  Plate  Bank,  21  Q.  B.  D.  635 ;  57  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
601. 

V.  Good  Faith. 


BOND  204  BOOK 

BOND.  —  A  Bond  is  an  Obligation  by  Dkkd.  F%,  Jacob :  Add.  C. 
189:  Leake,  123. 

"  Bond,  Covenant,  or  Instrument " ;  F.  Ikstbukent  :  Periodical. 

"  Bond,"  8.  8,  8  &  9  W.  3,  c.  1 1  ;  F.  Gerard  v.  Clowes^  1892, 2  Q.  B.  11 ; 
61 L.  J.  Q.  B.  487 ;  67  L.  T.  204 :  Strickland  v.  WUliams,  1899, 1 Q.  B. 
382;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  241 ;  80  L.  T.  4. 

"Bond";  Stat.  Def.,  &o^.  26  &  26  V.  c.  86,8.4;  64&66V.  c.  34, 
s.  4. 

Gift  of  Bonds;  F.  Htidleston  v.  Gouldsbury,  10  Bea.  647:  Mercery, 
fiercer,  10  Ir.  Ch.  605:  KerUv.  Tapley,  11  Jur.  940:  Roberta  v.  Kuffin^ 
2  Atk.  112. 

"  Mtges  or  Bonds,"  in  an  Investment  Clause ;  F.  Mostoaoe  :  Db- 

BENTUBE. 

'^  Bonds  and  Specialties  ";  F.  Specialty. 

BONIS.  —  Trespass  de  bonis  asportatis;  F.  Tbovbr. 

BONUS.  —  In  Be  Eddystone  Mar  Insrce  (W.  N.  (94)  30)  Stirling, 
J.,  adopted  the  def  of  '*  Bonus  "  as  given  in  the  New  English  Dictionary, 
viz,  "  a  Boon,  or  Gift,  over  and  above  what  is  nominally  due  as  remu- 
neration to  the  receiver,  and  which  is,  therefore,  something  wholly  to 
the  good  " ;  and,  therefore,  that  a  Certificate  for  Shares  crossed  with  the 
word  "  Bonus,"  was  notice  to  a  Transferee  for  Value  that  they  had  been 
issued  gratis ;  and,  in  a  Liquidation,  he  must  be  settled  on  the  List  of 
Contributories. 

"  Bonus  in  money  ";  F.  Dividend. 

BOOK:  BOOKS.  — By  the  Copyright  Act,  1842,  s.  2,  a  "Book" 
is  to  be  construed  to  mean  "  every  volume,  part  or  division  of  a  volume, 
pamphlet,  Sheet  of  letteb-pkess,  sheet  of  music,  map,  chart  or  plan 
separately  published."  Semble,  this  includes  a  Newspaper  (F.  Cox  v. 
Land  and  Water  Jotimal  Co,  L.  R.  9  Eq.  324;  39  L.  J.  Ch.  152: 
Walter  v.  Howe,  17  Ch.  D.  708 :  Cate  v.  Devon  &  Exeter  Newspaper 
Coy  40  Ch.  D.  600:  Walker  v.  Lane^  cited  Author)  ;  Punch  is  such  a 
"  Book  "  (Bradbury  v.  HoUen^  42  L.  J.  Ex.  28;  L.  R.  8  Ex.  1) ;  so  is  a 
Periodical  {Henderson  v.  Maxwellj  4  Ch.  D.  163;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  69) 
if  actually  published  at  the  date  of  registration  (&  C,  6  Ch.  D.  892; 
46  L.  J.  Ch.  891).  A  Directory  is  a  "  Book  "  {Kelly  v.  Morris,  36  L.  J. 
Ch.  423 ;  L.  R.  1  Eq.  697) ;  so,  of  Trade  Lists  {Exchange  Telegraph  Co 
V.  Gregory,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  147;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  262:  Trade  Auxiliari/  Co 
V.  Middlesbortyugh  Assn,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  293;  40  Ch.  D.  426),  or  Time 
Tables  {Leslie  v.  Young,  1894,  A.  C.  336),  or  Law  Reports  {Butterworth 
V.  Robinson^  6  Ves.  709:  Siceet  v.  Maugham,  9  L.  J.  Ch.  323;  11  Sim. 
61:  Hodges  v.  Smith,  2  Ir.  Eq.  Rep.  266),  or  the  Head-Notes  of  Law 
Cases  {Sweet  v.  Benning,  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  175;  16  C.  B.  469),  or  Printed 
Music  {UAlmaine  v.  Boosey,  1  Y.  &  C.  Ex.  299).     Prints  of  all  kinds 


BOOK  205  BOOK 

(qy,  also  photographs)  published  together  in  a  volume,  form  a  "  book," 
whether  there  be  letter-press  or  not;  or  "there  may  be  such  things  as 
picture-books  for  those  who  cannot  read  letter-press  "  (per  Jessel,  M.  R., 
Maple  V.  Junior  Army  and  Navy  Stores^  62  L.  J.  Ch.  71 ;  21  Ch.  D.  369; 
31  W.  R.  70:  Vf,  Corny ns  v.  Hyde,  43  W.  R.  266;  72  L.  T.  250;  11 
Times  Rep.  167 :  but  cp^  Schove  v.  Schmincke,  inf) ;  and  prints  bound 
in  a  volume  are  none  the  less  a  **  book  "  entitled  to  copyright  because 
they  are  bound  up  with  letter-press  or  with  other  prints  not  so  entitled; 
and  so  also  of  bound  letter-press,  for  a  "  book  "  includes  every  part  of 
a  book  (Boyue  v.  Houlston,  5  D.  G.  &  S.  267;  21  L.  J.  Ch.  470,  whcv 
explained  in  Maple  v.  Junior  A,  &  N,  Stores,  sup) ;  and  so  also,  of  each 
one  of  a  series  of  literary  compositions,  if  clearly  distinguishable,  al- 
though in  one  volume  and  under  one  general  title  (Johnson  v.  Newnes, 
63  L.  J.  Ch.  786;  43  W.  R.  572).  Nor  is  a  "  book,"  whether  composed 
of  letter-press  or  prints  only,  or  of  both  combined,  less  within  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Copyright  Act  because  it  is  used  as  an  advertisement  dis- 
tributed gratis,  —  e,ff.  a  Trade  Catalogue,  whether  illustrated  or  not 
(ffotten  V.  Arthur,  1  H.  &  M.  603;  32  L.J.  Ch.  771 :  Grace  v.  Newman, 
L.  R.  19  Eq.  623;  44  L.  J.  Ch.  298;  Vthlc,  PeUy  v.  Taylor,  1897,  1  Ch. 
465;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  209;  75  L.  T.  546;  46  W.  R.  299:  MapU  v.  Junior 
A.  &  N,  Stores,  sup,  whlo  definitely  overrules  Cobbett  v.  Woodward, 
L.  R.  14  Eq.  407;  41  L.  J.  Ch.  656:  Vf,  Lamb  v.  Evans,  cited  Literasy: 
Collis  V.  Carter,  78  L.  T.  613).     V.  Periodical:  Volume. 

But  an  envelope  with  the  following  words  printed  on  the  outside,  — 
"  Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall.  Key  enclosed.  The  Christograph :  The 
Christian's  Puzzle.  Suitable  for  all  sects  and  denominations.  Every 
family  should  have  it.  Price,  with  key,  6d.,"  and  containing  inside  a 
piece  of  card-board  which,  when  held  up  to  the  light,  cast  a  shadow 
resembling  the  well-known  picture  "Ecce  Homo,"  and  a  slip  of  paper 
on  which  was  printed  an  extract  from  Longfellow,  was  held  not  to  be  a 
"  Book  "  within  the  Copyright  Act  (Cable  v.  Marks,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  107); 
nor  is  the  printed  face  of  a  Forecast  Barometer  such  a  "  book  "  (Davis  v. 
Committi,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  419;  52  L.  T.  539;  1  Times  Rep.  216);  nor  a 
Cricket  Scoring  Sheet  (Page  v.  Wisden,  20  L.  T.  435);  nor  an  illustrated 
Album  (Schove  v.  Schmincke,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  892 ;  33  Ch.  D.  546;  56  L.  T. 
212;  34  W.  R.  700).    V.  Chart. 

A  New  Edition  is  a  new  "  Book,"  if,  in  substance,  it  is  the  result  of 
new  labour,  as  distinguished  from  a  mere  reprint  (Bktck  v.  Murray, 
9Sess.  Ca.,  SrdSer.,  341:  Hedderwick  v.  Griffin,  S  Seas.  Ca.,  2nd  Ser., 
883:  Thomas  y.  Turner,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  66;  33  Ch.  D.  292;  55  L.  T.  534; 
35  W.  R.  177).     Vf,  Copinger  on  Copyright,  2  ed.,  102-106. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  1  &  2  V.  c.  69,  s.  16;  7  &  8  V.  c.  12,  s.  20 ;  38 
&  39  V.  c.  63,  8.  2. 

V,  Author:  First  Publication:  Copy. 

"Book  published  in  Numbers";  Stat.  Def.,  International  Copyright 
Act,  1886,  49  &  60  V.  c  33,  s.  11. 


BOOK  206     BOOK  OF  PUBLIC 

Bound  Manuscript  Notes  will  sometimes  (generally  ?)  pass  under  a 
Bequest  of  "Books  "  (Willis  v.  Curtois,  8  L.  J.  Ch.  105;  1  Bea.  189: 
Wms.  Exs.  1049, 1065). 

"  Books  of  the  Bank  ";  Stat.  Del,  32  &  33  V.  c.  102,  s.  16 ;  48  &  49 
V.  c.  50,  s.  27.    Cpy  "  Bankers'  Books,"  sub  Banker. 

To  BOOK.  — "  To  any  place  to  which  they  book, "  s.  14,  Regn  of  Rail- 
ways Act,  1873,  semblSf  means,  place  "  to  which  they  quote  a  Rate  " 
(Jones  V.  N.  E.Ry,  2  Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  208.  Vf,  Felsall  Co  v.  Lond. 
&  N.  W.  Ry,  7  lb.  11). 

BOOK  BINDINQ  WORKS.— F.  Nontextile  Factobies. 

BOOK  DEBTS.  —  Include  all  such  debts  as,  in  the  ordinary  course 
of  carrying  on  business,  would  be  entered  in  books,  although  not  actually 
entered  (Shipley  v.  Marshall,  32  L.  J.  C.  P.  258;  14  C.  B.  N.  S.  566: 
Va,  per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Offl.  Eec.Y.  Tailby,  56  L.J.  Q.  B.  33:  Be  Stevens^ 
W.  N.  (88)  110, 116). 

An  Assignment  of  *'  all  "  Book  Debts  **  due  and  owing  or  which,  dur- 
ing the  continuance  of  this  security,  may  become  due  and  owing  "  to  the 
grantor,  is  not  too  vague  to  include  future  debts  ( Tailby  v.  Official  Bee,, 
58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  75;  13  App.  Ca.  523;  60  L.  T.  162;  37  W.  R.  513, 
over-ruling  Beldingy.  Bead,  3  H.  &  C.  955;  34  L.  J.  Ex.  212;  11  Jur. 
N.  S.  547,  and  Tadman  v.  UEpineuil,  20  Ch.  D.  758). 

A  Bequest  of  "  Book  Debts,"  held  to  include  the  testator's  share  of 
trade  debts  of  a  Partnership  (  Toplis  v.  Vanderheyde,  9  L.  J.  Ex.  Eq.  27 ; 
4  Y.  &  C.  173).  Vf,  Terry  v.  Terry,  33  Bea.  232 ;  12  W.  R.  66 ;  9  L.  T. 
469.  On  a  Sale  of  "  Book  Debts,"  the  vendee  takes  them  subject  to  Set- 
offs (  Chick  V.  Blackmore,  23  L.  J.  Ch.  622 ;  2  Sm.  &  G.  274 ;  2  W.  R. 
488). 

BOOK  OF  ACCOUNTS.  — The  "Books  of  Accounts"  men- 
tioned in  R.  259,  Bankry  Rules,  1883,  repld  R.  349,  Bankry  Rules, 
1886,  mean  such  books  of  account  as  are  usual  in  the  bankrupt's  busi- 
ness, and  do  not  extend  to  "  letters,  cheques,  and  vouchers  from  which 
books  of  account  can  be  made  up  "  (per  Cave,  J.,  Be  Winslow,  55  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  238  ;  16  Q.  B.  D.  696;  54  L.  T.  306;  34  W.  R.  534 ;  3  Morr.  60). 

BOOK  OF  ANTIQUITY.— F.  Law  LiBBABT. 

BOOK  OF  COMMON  PRAYER.  — Qui  Public  Worship  Regu- 
lation  Act,  1874  (and,  probably,  as  of  general  acceptation),  the  ^  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,"  means  (V*  s.  6)  the  Book  annexed  to  14  Car.  2,  c.  4; 
Vf,  35  &  36  V.  c.  35,  s.  1. 

BOOK  OF   PUBLIC   NATURE — S.  14,  14  &  16  V.  c.  99;  V. 

Public  Book. 


BOOKING  UP         207  BORN 

BOOKINQ    UP r.  Walsh  v.  Walleyy  43  L.  J.  Q.  B.  102;  L.  R. 

9  Q.  B.  367. 

BOOKLAND.—  F.  Bocland. 

BOOKMAKER.—  V.  per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Powell  v.  Kempton  Park 
Co^  cited  Place.  The  business  of  a  Sporting  ''Bookmaker"  is  not  in 
itself  illegal  (Thwaites  y.  Coulthwaite^  1896,  1  Ch.  496;  65  L.  J.  Ch. 
238).     Vf,  Vocation. 

BOONS. — In  a  Power  to  Lease  reserving  accustomed  "Bents, 
Boons,  Heriots,  and  Services," — "Boons"  means  covenants  {Cardigan 
V.  Montague,  Sug.  Pow.  832,  918). 

BOONWORK.—  F.  Pbbcablb. 
BOOT.  —  F.  Bote. 

BOOTY.  —  "  Booty  consists  in  whatever  can  be  seized  npon  land  by 
a  Belligerent  Force  irrespectively  of  its  own  requirements,  and  simply 
because  the  object  seized  is  the  property  of  the  Enemy.  In  common  use 
the  word  is  applied  to  Arms  and  Munitions  in  possession  of  an  Enemy 
Porce,  which  are  confiscable  as  booty  although  they  may  be  private  prop- 
erty ;  but  rightly,  the  term  includes  also  all  property  which  is  suscep- 
tible of  appropriation"  (Hall's  International  Law,  4  ed.,  453.  Q>, 
Pkize.    Vhy  Banda  and  Kirwee  Booty,  cited  Co-opebation  :  In  Trust. 

BORDARM.  —  "In  Domesday  there  be  often  named  hordarii  seu 
borduannij  eoscea,  coscet,  cotucamij  cotariij  who  are  all  in  effect  bores  or 
husbandmen,  or  cottagers,  saving  that  hordarii,  which  commeth  of  the 
French  word  horde  for  a  cottage,  signifieth  there  bores  holding  a  little 
house,  with  some  laBd  of  husbandry  bigger  than  a  cottage ;  and  tioterelli 
are  meere  cottagers,  qui  eotagia  et  curtilagia  tenent"  (Co.  Litt.  5  b). 

F.  ViLLANI. 

Cp,  Cottage. 

BORDLANDS.  — "  'Bordlands,'  signifie  the  Demesnes,  which  lords 
keep  in  their  hands  for  the  maintenance  of  their  Bord  or  Table " 
(Cowel).    V/,  Elph.  563,  citing  Termes  de  la  Ley,  and  other  authorities. 

BORE. —  F.  BoBDAsii:  Search. 

BORN.  —  The  word  "  Born  "  or  "  Begotten,"  in  gifts  to  children  as  a 
class,  does  not  exclude  after-born  children  (2  Jarm.  183:  FjT,  Elph.  236: 
Lawfully  begotten). 

In  such  a  connection,  the  word  "  Bom  "  or  "  Living,"  is  synonymous 
with  procreated^  so  as  to  include  a  child  en  ventre  (2  Jarm.  185).  But 
the  fiction,  or  indulgence,  of  the  law  which  treats  a  child  en  ventre  as 
actually  born,  applies  only  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  a  child  to  take  a 


BORN  208  BOROUGH 

benefit  to  which  if  actually  bom  it  would  have  been  entitled ;  in  all 
other  cases  the  word  "  Born  "  must  have  its  natural  interpretation  (Bias- 
son  V.  Blasson,  34  L.  J.  Ch.  18  ;  2  D.  G.  J.  &  S.  665 :  Pearee  v.  Car- 
rington^  42  L.  J.  Ch.  516,  900;  8  Ch.  969:  it  seems  otherwise,  qu^ 
"  Living  ").  In  Blasson  v.  Blassony  the  words  were  "  born  and  living  " ; 
and  "  it  was  necessary  there  that  the  child  should  be  both  born  and  liv- 
ing "  (per  Chitty,  J.,  Be  Burrows,  cited  Living).     V.  Due  Time. 

Fjr,  "Born,"  *'To  be  bom,"  Watson,  Eq.  1381-3:  To  be  Boen: 
Tarbuck  v.  Tarbuck,  4  L.  J.  Ch.  129 :  Brookman  v.  Smith,  L.  R.  6  Ex. 
291;  7  lb.  271;  40  L.  J.  Ex.  161;  41  lb.  114. 

"  If  A.  shall  not  have  had  a  child,"  embraces  a  child  en  ventre  (Pearee 
v.  Carrington,  sup). 

Quk  MuBDEB,  for  a  child  to  be  "  bom  alive  "  the  whole  body  must  be 
brought  into  the  world  alive;  it  is  not  sufficient  that  the  child  re- 
spires in  the  progress  of  the  birth  (per  Littledale,  J.,  B.  v.  Povlton, 
5  C.  &  P.  330). 

BORNE.  —  "Borne  on  the  Books  of  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Ships  in 
Commission,"  s.  87,  29  &  30  V.  c.  109  ;  V.  Hearson  v.  Churchill^  1892, 
2  Q.  B.  144;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  569;  66  L.  T.  843 ;  40  W.  R.  615;  56 
J.  P.  820. 

BOROUQH.  —  In  very  early  days  "Borough"  meant  a  Castle,  or 
Fortified  Town  (2  Kemble,  Anglo-Saxons  in  England,  171,  328:  Ta, 
Burgh-bote,  sub  Bote);  then  it  got  to  mean  a  Town  returning  a  bur- 
gess or  burgesses  to  Parliament  (Co.  Litt.  115  b:  Cowel:  Jacob),  and 
therefore  it  was  said  "  Every  Borough  is  a  Town,  but  every  Town  is  not 
a  Borough  "  {Linne  Begis  Case,  10  Rep.  123  b).      Fjf,  2  Encyc.  213. 

In  modem  times  Boroughs  are,  broadly  speaking,  divided  into  (1)  Par- 
liamentary Boroughs,  i.e.  returning  Members  to  Parliament;  and  (2) 
Municipal  Boroughs,  i,e,  urban  communities  for  municipal  government, 
—  the  latter  being  subdivided  into  (a)  those  having  a  Commission  of 
the  Peace,  and  (b)  those  without  such  a  Commission.. 

For  a  list  of  Parliamentary  Boroughs,  V.  Rep  People  Act,  1832,  as 
amended  by  Rep  People  Act,  1867,  and  Redistribution  of  Seats  Act,  1885: 
For  Municipal  Boroughs  in  1835,  K  5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  76,  which,  with  much 
subsequent  municipal  legislation,  was  replaced  by  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882. 

"Borough,"  has  been  variously  expounded  by  interp  clauses:  The 
Stat.  Def .  connotes, 

Sometimes,  a  Parliamentary  Borough,  merely,  —  e.g.  31  &  32  V.  c.  125, 
88.  3,  58;  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  109,  c. 63,  s.  33: 

Sometimes,  a  Municipal  Borough,  merely,  —  e.g,  18  &  19  V.  c.  57, 
8.  7;  19&20  V.  c.  69,  s.  30: 

Sometimes,  a  Municipal  Borough,  or  a  Town  or  Place  having  a  sepa- 
rate Police  Establishment,  —  e.<7.  32  &  33  V.  c.  70,  s.  7;  41  &  42  V. 
c.  74,  s.  7 : 


BOROUGH  209  BOROUGH 

Sometimes,  a  Municipal  Borough  in  England;  any  Boyal  Burgh  or 
Parliamentary  Burgh  or  Town,  in  Scotland;  or,  Municipal  Corp,  in 
Ireland,  —  e,g.  23  &  24  V.  c.  139,  s.  37 ;  25  &  26  V.  c,  66,  a.  1 : 

Sometimes,  a  Borough  Town  and  City  Corporate,  having  a  Com- 
mission of  the  Peace,  — e.g.  16  &  17  V.  c.  97,  s.  132;  Vth^  Faversham 
V.  Thanet,  2  B.  &  8.  292: 

Sometimes,  any  Borough,  not  being  a  County  of  a  City  or  County  of 
a  Town  having  a  Commission  of  the  Peace,  e,g,  40  &  41  V.  c.  56,  s.  7 : 

Sometimes  a  City,  County  of  a  City  or  Town,  and  Town  Incorporate,  — 
e.g.  18  &  19  V.  c.  126,  s.  23;  36  &  37  V.  c.  33,  s.  5: 

Sometimes,  "  a  County  of  a  City,  County  of  a  Town,  City,  Munici- 
pal Borough,  Cinque  Ports  and  its  Liberties,  Town  Corporate,  or  other 
Place,  in  which  a  General  Annual  Licensing  Meeting  is  held  in  pur- 
suance of  the  Intoxicating  Liquors  (Licensing)  Act,  1828,  exclusive  of 
a  petty  sessional  division  of  a  county,"  — e.g.  35  &  36  V.  c.  94,  s«  74. 

Other  Stat.  Def .  —  45  &  46  V.  c.  50,  s.  77 ;  47  &  48  V.  c.  70,  s.  35.  — 
Jr.  13  &  14  V.  c.  69,  s.  117;  31  &  32  V.  c.  49,  s.  25,  c.  112,  s.  40 ;  40 
&  41  V.  c.  56,  s.  7. 

In  all  Acts  passed  after  31st  Dec  1889,  "Borough,"  "Parliamentary 
Borough,"  and  "Municipal  Borough"  having  the  meanings  prescribed 
by  8.  15,  Interp  Act,  1889. 

Cp,  Bu&oh:   Corfosate:  Countt  Bobough:  Distbict:   Metbo- 

POLITAN  BOBOUOHS. 

"  Borough,  or  Place,*^  s.  31,  11  &  12  V.  c.  43,  means  a  place  having  a 
Commission  of  the  Peace  {R.  v.  Dalej  22  L.  J.  M.  C.  44;  Dears.  37;  17 
J.  P.  68:  Winn  y. Mossman,  38  L.  J.  Ex.  200;  L.  R.  4  Ex.  292;  33 
J.  P.  743 :  Eeigate  v.  Hunt,  37  L.  J.  M.  C.  70 ;  32  J.  P.  342.  Q?, 
B.  V.  Yorkshire  Jus.,  cited  Place,  at  end).  So,  "  Town  Corporate,"  prob- 
ably, usually  connotes  a  place  having  a  Commission  of  the  Peace  (s.  4, 
24  &  25  V.  c  75;  s.  246,  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882);  but,  a  Borough  may 
be  a  "  Town  Corporate"  s.  1,  9  G.  4,  c.  61,  though  it  has  no  separate 
Commission  of  the  Peace  {Brown  v.  Nicholson,  5  C.  B.  N.  S.  468 ;  28 
L.  J.  M.  C.  49 ;   7  W.  R.  88 ;  32  L.  T.  O.  S.  160). 

"  Borough  Business  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  17  &  18  V.  c.  20,  s.  2. 

"  Borough  CivU  Court ";  Stat.  Del,  45  &  46  V.  c.  50,  s.  7. 

"Borough  Coundr^  Stat.  Def.,  51  &  52  V.  c.  54,  s.  14. 

"  Borough  Justices  "  ;   Stat.  Def.,  17  &  18  V.  c.  20,  s.  2. 

"Borough  Occupation  Franchise"]  Stat.  Def.,  48  &  49  V.  c.  3, 
8.  7  (7). 

"  Quarter  Sessions  Borough  "  ;    V,  Quabteb  Sessions. 

"  Borough  Rate,"  or  "  Borough  Fund  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  8  &  9  V.  c.  100, 
8. 114,  c  126,  s.  84 ;  14  &  15  V.  c.  28,  s.  2 ;  16  &  17  V.  c.  97,  s.  132 ;  18 
&  19  V.  c.  57,  s.  4,  c.  121,  s.  2.  —  Scot.  55  &  56  V.  c.  43,  s.  25 ;  56  &  57 
V.c.67,s.  3.  — 7r.l9&20V.c.98,s.2;  29  &  30  V.  c.  90,  s.  57 ;  35  & 
36  V.  c.  60,  8.  28. 

14 


BOROUGH  ENGLISH     210  BOTE 

BOROUQH  ENGLISH.  —  "  Some  Boroughs  have  such  a  Custome, 
that  if  a  man  have  issue  many  sonnes  and  dyeth,  the  Youngest  Son 
shall  inherit  all  the  tenements  which  were  his  father's  within  the  same 
Borough,  as  Heire  unto  his  father  by  force  of  the  Gu^tome  ;  the  which 
is  called  Borough  English  "  (Litt.  s.  165)  ;  and,  failing  sons,  some  Cus- 
toms give  the  land  to  the  Youngest  Brother  (Co.  Litt.  110:  Cowel). 
The  Custom  is  called  Borough  English,  '*  because  it  was  the  first  (as  some 
hold)  in  England "  (Co.  Litt  110  b :  Sv,  2  Encyc.  216,  217).  Vh, 
Wms.  R.  P.  107:  Goodeve,  3,  n. 

BORROW.  —  What  is  "  to  borrow  and  raise  upon  the  Credit  of  the 
Rates,"  s.  69,  58  G.  3,  c.  45;  V.  E.  v.  St.  Michael,  6  E.  &  B.  807 ;  25 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  379. 

A  power  "  to  borrow,  or  take  up  money  at  interest,"  gives  power  to 
raise  money  on  any  kind  of  security  for  its  repayment  at  a  future  date 
(Bank  of  England  v.  Anderson,  6  L.  J.  C.  P.  158 ;  3  Bing.  K  C.  589: 
Booth  V.  Bank  of  England,  7  CI.  &  F.  509;  6  Bing.  N.  C.  415). 

V.  Hereafter  BORBOw:  Loan. 

BOSCUS.—  F.  Wood. 

BOTE. — "Bote,"  or  **  'Boot,*  is  an  old  word,  and  signifieth  helpe, 
succour,  ayde,  or  advantage,  and  is  commonly  joined  with  another  word 
whose  signification  it  doth  augment  "  (Termesde  la  Ley);  it  is  synony- 
mous with  Estovers  (2  Bl.  Com.  35). 

"  House-Bote,  is  a  sufficient  allowance  of  wood  to  build  or  repair  the 
house,  or  to  burn  in  it,  which  latter  is  sometimes  called  Fire^Bote. 
FloughrBote  and  Cart-Bote,  are  wood  to  be  employed  in  making  and  re- 
pairing all  instruments  of  husbandry,  as  ploughs,  carts,  harrows,  rakes, 
forks,  &c.  Hay-Bote  or  Hedge-Bote  is  wood  for  repairing  hedges  or 
fences,  as  pales,  stiles,  and  gates  to  secure  epclosures  "  (Woodf.  737). 
"  Common  of  Estovers,  is  the  right  to  cut  wood  for  these  purposes  in 
another  man's  land"  (Elph.  564,  citing  Spelm.  Bota:  Estovarium: 
Wms.  on  Settlements,  230 ;  Wms.  on  Rights  of  Common,  jww«.). 

"  Bote  is  an  ancient  Saxon  word,  and  sometimes  signifieth  Ambrcia- 
KENT  or  Compensation,  as  Thefthote,  Manbote;  or  freedome  from  the 
same,  as  Brigbote,  Castlebote,  Burghbote  "  (Co.  Litt.  127  a)  :  The  follow- 
ing are  Amerciaments,  — 

Dolg-bote;  "  A  Recompense  made  for  a  scar  or  wound  "  (Cowel). 

Feud-bote;  "  A  Recompense  for  engaging  in  a  feud  or  faction,  and  the 
contingent  damages :  it  having  been  the  custome  of  ancient  times  for  all 
the  kindred'to  engage  in  the  kinsmans  quarrel  "  (Cowel). 

God-bote;  "  A  Fine,  or  Amerciament  for  crimes  and  offences  against 
God;  an  Ecclesiastical  or  Church  Fine  "  (Cowel). 

Had'bote;  "  A  Recompense  made  for  the  violation  of  Holy-Orders,  or 
violence  offer'd  to  persons  in  Holy  Orders  "  (Cowel). 


BOTE  211  BOUGHT 

Hloth-bote;  "  A  Mulct  set  on  him  who  is  in  a  Riot  "  (Jacob). 

Mag-botey  or  Moeg-hote;  "  A  Kecompense  for  the  slaying  or  murder  of 
ones  kinsman  "  (Cowel :    Vfy  Jacob). 

Matirbote;  "  A  Compensation  or  Kecompense  for  homicide ;  particularly 
due  to  the  lord  for  killing  his  man  or  vassal  "  (Jacob :   Vf^  Cowel). 

Theft-bote',  "  Is  when  a  roan  taketh  any  goods  of  a  theefe  to  favour 
and  maintaine  him,  and  not  when  a  man  taketh  his  owne  goods  that 
were  stollen  from  him"  (Termes  de  la  Ley:  jy,  Cowel:  Jacob).  V. 
Compound. 

The  following  are  Freedom s,  or  Quittances,  — 

Brig'bote,  or  Brug-bote^  or  Bridg-bote ;  "  Is  to  be  quit  of  giving  ayde 
to  the  repairing  of  Bridges  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Jacob  says^  it  was  a 
Contribution  for  this  purpose :  Fa,  Cowel,  Bruckrbote  :  but  Co.  Litt.,  sup, 
treats  it  as  a  Quittance. 

Burglirbote ;  "  Is  to  be  quit  of  giving  ayde  to  make  a  Borough,  Castle, 
Citie,  or  Walles  throwne  downe  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley)  :  Cowel  and  Jacob 
say,  it  was  a  Contribution  for  these  purposes:  but  Co.  Litt.,  sup,  treats 
it  as  a  Quittance. 

CasHe-hote ;    V,  preceding  par. 

Park-bote ;  "  Is  to  be  quit  of  enclosing  a  Park,  or  any  part  thereof  " 
(4  Inst.  308). 

BOTH.  —  "  Both,"  as  inaccurately  used  in  s.  2,  6  G.  4,  c.  67;   V.  E. 
v.  Tadcaster,  4  B.  &  Ad.  703;  2  L.  J.  M.  C.  63. 
"  Both  Eyes  "  ;   K  Sight. 
"Both  Sides";   F.  Nephew. 
V.  Either. 

BOTTOMRY   BILL.  —Form  of,  V.  Abbott,  1246. 

BOTTOMRY  BOND.  — A  Bottomry  Bond,  "is  a  contract  by 
which,  in  consideration  of  money  advanced  for  the  Necessaries  of  the 
Ship  to  enable  it  to  proceed  on  its  voyage,  the  keel  or  bottom  of  the  ship, 
pars  pro  toto,  is  made  liable  for  the  repayment  of  the  money  in  the  event 
of  the  safe  arrival  of  the  ship  at  its  destination  '*  (per  Ld  Stowell,  The 
Atlas,  2  Hagg.  Adm.  53).  "  A  contract  similar  to  this  upon  the  Cargo 
of  the  ship,  is  called  Respondentia,  but  it  is  of  rare  occurrence  "  (lb.  57). 
The  Master  has  no  authority  to  hypothecate  the  vessel  in  any  other  man- 
ner (Statnbank  v.  Fenning,  11  C.  B.  61;  20  L.  J.  C.  P.  226). 

Vh,  Park,  ch.  22 :  Abbott,  152-179,  882, 1245:  Carver,  Part  2,  ch.  10 : 
Add.  C.  760  etseq:  2  Encyc.  220-227. 

Cpf  Maritime  Lien,  sub  Lien. 

BOUGHT.  — Where  a  commission  is  payable  on  all  goods  "  bought," 
it  becomes  payable  on  all  orders  accepted,  even  though  the  person  ac- 
cepting is  ultimately  unable  to  deliver  the  goods  ordered  (Lockwood  v. 
Leuicky  8  C.  B.  N.  S.  603;  29  L.  J.  C.  P.  340).     Cp,  Sale. 


BOUGHT  212  BOUNDING 

Com  **  bought/'  or  '*  purchased,"  within  8.  27  of  the  Act  authorising^ 
the  importation  of  Foreign  Com  on  paying  duties  in  proportion  to  the 
price  of  British  Com  (Peel's  Sliding  Scale  Act,  9  6.  4^  c.  60),  means, 
com  "  bought  "  in  the  popular  sense  of  the  word,  irrespective  of  the 
contract  therefor  being  valid  in  law  as  being  in  compliance  with  the 
Statute  of  Frauds  or  otherwise;  because  the  object  of  the  Returns  of  Sales 
required  by  the  section  was  to  ascertain  the  average  price  of  British  com 
(E.  V.  Tawnrow,  1  B.  &  Ad.  465). 

Qnk  Corn  Returns  Act,  1882,  46  &  46  V.  c.  37,  "  'Bought,'  means  the 
agreement  to  buy ;  whether  made  by  sale-note  or  otherwise,  and  irrespec- 
tive of  actual  delivery  in  pursuance  thereof"  (s.  18).  Vf,  British  Corn. 

An  agreement  to  give  drafts  against  produce  ^bought  and  paid  for," 
means,  actually  bought  and  paid  for ;  — ''  to  be  "  cannot  be  read  into  the 
expression  (Chartered  Bank  of  India,  &c  v.  Mdcfayden,  64  L,  J.  Q.  B. 
367;  72  L.  T.  428;  43  W.  R.  397). 

"  Bought  or  agreed  to  buy,"  s.  9,  Factors  Act,  1889;   K  Buy. 

"  Bought  and  Sold  "  Notes ;  V.  Add.  C.  493 :  Leake,  226,  227 :  FUen^ 
den  V.  Levy,  3  F.  &  F.  477. 

BOUND.—  F.  Bind. 

"  To  be  bound  " ;   V.  Re  Frape,  cited  In  Writing. 

"  Bound  to  conform  " ;   F.  Conform. 

A  Treaty  provision  that  the  government  shall  **  not  be  bound  "  to  ex- 
tradite, implies  that  they  may  {Re  Oalwey,  1896, 1  Q.  B.  230;  66  L.  J. 
M.  C.  38 ;  73  L.  T.  756;  44  W.  R.  313 ;  60  J.  P.  87). 

"  Bound  to  relinquish  ";    V.  Relinquish. 

A  statement  (amounting  to  a  Warranty)  in  a  Charter-Party,  that  the 
ship  is  **  now  in  Finland  bound  to  London,^  means,  that  the  ship  is  in 
some  place  in  Finland  from  which  place  she  is  under  engagement  to  pro- 
ceed direct  to  London;  not  that  she  is  at  liberty  to  go  to  some  other 
place  in  Finland  so  long  as  she  comes  direct  from  Finland  to  London 
without  calling  at  a  port  in  any  other  country  {Engman  v.  Palgrave, 
4  Com.  Ca.  75). 

r.  Legally  bound.     Cp,  Concerned. 

BOUNDARY.  —  Place  having  a  known;  or  defined  Boundary;  Fl  R 
V.  Northowram^  &c,  cited  Place. 

"  Boundary  of  Any  Lands,"  s.  45,  Tijthe  Act,  1836,  did  not  enable 
Tithe  Commrs  to  settle  the  Boundary  of  Parishes  {Re  Ystradgunlais 
Commrsj  8  Q.  B.  32). 

BOUNDING.  —  "Bounding  or  abutting"  on  a  New  Street  within 
8.  77,  25  &  26  V.  c.  102  ;  V.  Williams  v.  Wandsworth,  63  L.  J.  M.  C. 
187 ;  13  Q.  B.  D.  211 :  Hackney  v.  G,  E.  Ry,  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  67 ;  62  lb. 
105;  8  App.  Ca.  687 :  L,  B.  &  S.  Ry  v.  St.  Giles,  48  L.  J.  M.  C.  184  j 
4  Ex.  D.  239. 


BOUNDING  213  BRANCH 

**  Bounding  or  abutting,  **  on  a  Street  where  footway  made,  s.  1,  53  & 
54  V.  c  54  ;  F.  Paddington  v.  NoHh  Metrop  Ry,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  633 ;  63 
L.  J.  Q,  B.  316;  58  J.  P.  419. 

V,  Forming:   Fbontiko:  Abut. 

BOUNDS.  — r.  Bannum. 

BOURNE.  —  V.  Stubqks  Boubxe's  Act. 

BOVATA  TERR>E.— r.  OxoANOB. 

BOVERI A.  —  "  An  Ox-house,  or  Ox-stall "  (Cowel). 

BOVILL'S  ACTS.— The  Petitions  of  Right  Act,  1860,  23  &  24 
r.  c  34: 

The  Lunacy  Begn  Act,  1862,  25  &  26  V.  c  86,  repealed  by  the  Lunacy 
Act,  1890: 

To  amend  law  of  Partnership,  28  &  29  Y.  c.  86,  replaced  by  ss.  2  (3), 
3,  Partnership  Act,  1890. 

BOW  WINDOW F.  Building. 

BOX.  —  F.  Hodgson  v.  Little^  cited  Fisheby. 

•*  Boxes,"  held  not  to  include  Rollers  in  a  Patent  Specification  {^Bar- 
her  V.  Grace^  1  Ex.  ^39;  17  L.  J.  Ex.  122). 

BOY.  —  V.  PuEB :  GiBL. 

Qui  Coal  Mines  Regn  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  58,  "  *Boy,'  means  a 
male  under  the  age  of  16  years  "  (s.  75). 

"Boys  on  the  Foundation,"  qui  Public  Schools  Act,  1868,  31  &  32 
V.  c.  118;   F.  S.4 

BOYCOTT.  —To  "  boycott "  a  person,  is  the  offence  defined  in  s.  2 
(1),  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure  (Ir)  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  20,  on 
whvy  Re  Heaphy^  22  L.  R.  Ir.  500.  To  declare  a  person  **  boycotted,"  or 
to  threaten  to  **  boycott  "  him,  is  to  excite,  an  Unlawful  Confedebacy 
against  him,  within  s.  3,  Tumultuous  Risings  (Ir)  Act,  1831,  1  &  2 
W.  4,  c.  44  {R.  V.  Barretty  18  L.  R.  Ir.  430)  ;  though,  possibly,  it  ought 
to  be  left  to  the  jury  to  say  whether  the  word,  as  used  in  the  case  under 
trial,  bears  such  meaning  (R,  v.  Coady^  10  lb.  205). 

To  allege  of  another  that  he  has  been  guilty  of  a  "  Boycott,"  is  Libel 
(Pink  V.  Federation  of  Trades  Unions,  67  L.  T.  258 :  Trollope  v.  Lon- 
don Bg  Trades  Federation,  72  L.  T.  342 ;  11  Times  Rep.  280). 

Cp,  Intimidate. 

BRANCH.— Branch  of  a  Fbibndly  Society;  Stat.  Def.,  Friendly 
Soc  Act,  1896,  8.  106. 

F.  FiBST  Heib  Male  :  Younoeb. 


BRAND      214  BREACH  OF  TRUST 

BRAND.  — "  Brand  "  (introduced  into  the  description  of  what  may  be 
a  Trade-Mark  by  s.  64,  46  &  47  V.  c.  67,  repld  s.  10,  51  &  52  V.  c.  50) 
does  not,  necessarily,  mean  something  burnt  into  an  article ;  and,  prob- 
ably, an  incorporation,  e.g.  by  a  wator-mark,  would  suffice  (Pirie  v.  Good- 
all,  1892,  1  Ch.  35 ;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  79;  65  L.  T.  640;  40  W.  R.  81);  but 
it  cannot  consist  of  mere  words  in  common  use  (&  C).     V.  Heading. 

BRANDY. — "Brandy,"  sold  simply  as  such,  must  not  be  reduced 
more  than  25  degrees  under  proof  (Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Act  Amend- 
ment Act,  1879,  42  &  43  Y.  c.  30,  s.  6).  Suj  Gin,  and  the  case  there 
cited. 

BRAWLING F:  s.  2,  23  &  24  V.  c.  32,  and  Vth,  Asher  v.  Calcraft^ 

56  L.  J.  M.  C.  57;  18  Q.  B.  D.  607;  56  L.  T.  490;  35  W.  R.  651;  51 
J.  P.  598  :    Vallancey  v.  Fletcher^  cited  Any. 

"  Chiding  and  Brawling  "  in  Church,  5  &  6  Edw.  6,  c.  4;  V.  Clinton 
Y.  Hatchardy  1  Addams,  96 :  Dawe  v.  Williamsy  2  lb.  138 :  Jenkins  v. 
Barrett,  1  Hagg.  Ecc.  18. 

BREACH    OF   CONDITION F.  Forfeiture. 

BREACH    OF   CONTRACT   OR   DUTY These  words,  in  s.  6, 

Admiralty  Court  Act,  1861,  24  V.  c.  10,  "  have  been  held  to  be  limited  to 
a  breach  of  contract  contained  in  a  Bill  of  Lading  (The  Fieve  Superlore, 
L.  R.  5  P.  C.  482 ;  43  L.  J.  Adm.  20),  and  they  do  not  give  jurisdiction 
in  respect  of  a  breach  of  Charter-Party  committed  before  the  goods  were 
put  on  board  {The  Dannebrog,  L.  R.  4  A.  &  E.  386 ;  44  L.  J.  Adm.  21)  " : 
1  Maude  &  P.  400. 

Action  "  founded  on  "  breach  of  contract ;   V,  Founded  on. 

BREACH  OF  COVENANT.  —F.  Goodhand  v.  Aijscough,  52  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  97;  lOQ.  B.  D.  71. 
V,  Particular  Breach. 

BREACH  OF  TRUST. —Liability  incurred  by  means  of  "Fraud 
or  Breach  of  Trust,"  s.  49,  Bankry  Act,  1869;  V.  Emma  Co  v.  Grant, 
50  L.  J.  Ch.  449;  17  Ch.  D.  122  :  Ramskill  v.  Edwards,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  81 ; 
31  Ch.  D.  100;  53  L.  T.  949;  34  W.  R.  96.  Note:  The  corresponding 
phrase  in  s.  30,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  and  in  s.  28  (3  h),  lb.  (the  latter  sec- 
tion repld  8.  8  (3  l),  Bankry  Act,  1890)  is  "  Fraud,  or  fraudulent  Breach 
of  Trust " :  Is  the  sense  altered  ?  Vh,  Re  Smith,  1893,  2  Ch.  1 ;  62 
L.  J.  Ch.  336;  68  L.  T.  337;  41  W.  R.  289;  57  J.  P.  516:  Ee  Farker, 
Ex  p.  Sheppard,  19  Q.  B.  D.  84. 

Costs  ordered  against  a  Trustee  in  an  action  relating  to  a  fraudulent 
breach  of  trust,  are  not  incurred  "  iy  means  of"  such  breach,  within 
s.  30  (1),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  though  consequential  upon  it  {Be  Greer, 


BREACH  OF  TRUST    216       BREAK  GROUND 

1895,  2  Ch.  217;  64  L,  J.  Ch.  620 ;  72  L.  T.  865;  43  W.  K.  547;  69 
J.  P.  441). 

Breach  of  Trust  quA  s.  8  (1),  Trustee  Act,  1888 ;  V.  Re  Swain,  1891, 
3  Ch.  233;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  20 ;  65  L.  T.  296:  Be  Bowden,  cited  Money. 

A  "  Breach  of  Trust "  which,  when  done  at  the  Instigation,  &c,  of  a 
Beneficiary,  gives  a  Trustee  a  claim  to  be  indemnified  under  s.  6,  Trustee 
Act,  1888  (repld  s.  45,  Trustee  Act,  1893),  must  be  "  some  act  or  omission 
which  is  itself  a  breach  of  trust,  and  not  some  act  or  omission  which 
only  becomes  a  breach  of  trust  by  reason  of  wani;  of  care  on  the  part  of 
the  trustees  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Be  Somerset,  1894, 1  Ch.  231;  63  L.  J. 
Ch.  41 :  Mara  v.  Broumey  1895,  2  Ch.  69 ;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  594;  72  L.  T. 
765,  revd  on  another  point,  1896,  1  Ch.  199 ;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  225 ;  73  L.  T. 
638).  Note.  As  to  mode  of  obtaining  this  indemnity,  V.  Be  Holt, 
1897,  2  Ch.  525;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  734;  76  L.  T.  776 ;  45  W.  R.  650:  — and 
as  to  recoupment  by  assenting  Beneficiary  independently  of  the  statute, 
V.  Baby  v.  Bidehalgh,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  528 ;  7  D.  Q.  M.  &  G.  104:  Sawyer 
V.  Sawyer,  54  L,  J.  Oh.  444;  28  Ch.  D.  595. 

As  to  Belief  or  Excusal  for  Breach  of  Trust ;   V.  Reasonably. 

"Fraud,  or  Fraudulent  Breach  of  Trust,"  in  1st  Exception  to  s.  8, 
Trustee  Act,  1888  (enabling  Trustees  to  plead  Statute  of  Limitations),  con- 
notes fraud  to  which  a  trustee  is  "  party  or  privy,"  ue,  one  in  which  "  he 
has  personally  in  some  way  participated  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Thome  v. 
Heard,  63  L.  J.  Ch.  360;  affd  64  lb.  652 ;  1895,  A.  C.  495).  Vf,  How 
y.  Winterton,  1896,  2  Ch.  626;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  832;  75  L.  T.  40 ;  46  W.  R. 
103. 

V.  Tbust:  Tbustee. 

BREAD.  — r.  French  Bread. 

BREAK.  —  A  burglarious  breaking  is  effected  by  breaking,  or  further 
breaking,  any  part  of  a  Dwellinq-house,  or  unloosing  or  forcing  any  cf 
its  fastenings;  or  by  feloniously  obtaining  admission  by  a  trick  or 
threat,  or  by  getting  down  the  chimney  (for  the  cases,  V,  Arch.  Cr.  600 ; 
Rose.  Cr.  314;  and  for  another  definition,  V.  Steph.  Gr.  248). 

BREAK  BULK.  —  To  "break  bulk  "  is  not  now  necessary  to  consti- 
tute Larceny  by  a  Bailee  (s.  3,  24  &  25  Y.  c.  96,  re-enacting  s.  4,  20  & 
21  y.  c.  54).  The  cases  were  very  numerous,  and  turned  on  nice  dis- 
tinctions, as  to  what  amounted  to  " breaking  bulk "  (V.  2  Russ.  Cr.  131, 
153,  320). 

BREAK  DOWN.  —  Break-down  of  Machinejy;  V.  Hogarth  v. 
Miller,  cited  Efficient. 

BREAK  GROUND.  — A  Ry  Co  "breaks  ground,"  within  an  agree- 
ment relating  to  the  construction  of  a  line  of  railway,  only  when  such 
construction  really  begins ;  not  when,  as  preparatory  to  such  construe- 


BREAK  GROUND      216  BRIBERY 

tion,  they  merely  remove  some  rails  to  take  the  angles  of  certain  lines 
^hich  they  will  have  to  cross  at  a  level  (Bristol  &  Exeter  By  v.  Som- 
erset &  Dorset  Ry^  2B.J  &.  Can  Traffic  Ca.  82). 

BREAK  OUT.  — " The  expression  'Breaks  out'  (in  the  offence  of 
Breaking  Prison)  means  an  actual  breaking  of  the  place  in  which  the 
party  is  confined,  whether  intentional  or  not  "  (Steph.  Cr.  102.  Vf,  Rose. 
Cr.  373,  392). 

"Break  Prison";  V.  Pbison:  Jacob,  Gaol  and  Gaoler:  10  Encyc. 
404. 

BREAKAGE. — F.  Leakage  and  Breakage. 

"  Breakage  during  removal,"  in  an  Exception  to  a  Plate-glass  Insrce ; 
F.  Marsden  v.  City  and  County  Assrce^  35  L.  J.  C.  P.  60;  L.  R. 
1  C.  P.  232. 

BRED.  —  As  to  where  Fish  are  "bred,  kept,  or  preserved,"  s.  1, 
6  G.  3,  c.  14 ;  F.  E.  v.  Carradice,  Ross.  &  Ry.'205. 

BRESSUMMER.— Qui  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  " 'Bressummer,' 
means  a  wooden  beam,  or  a  metallic  girder,  which  carries  a  wall  "  (subs. 
7,  s.  5).     F.  Foundation  :  Babe. 

BREST.  — "  Brest,  or  any  Port  in  Europe  north  and  east  of  Brest," 
s.  626,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894 ;  F.  Ths  Rutland^  and  The  Columbus, 
cited  Trading. 

BREWER.  — "Brewer,"  generally,  connotes  a  Brewer  of  Beer,  e.g. 
43  &  44  V.  c.  20,  s.  2.     Vf,  Art. 

BREWERY.  —  A  testamentary  option  to  purchase  at  fths  its  value, 
all  the  testator's  "  Property,  Brewery,  &c, "  held,  on  the  context  and  the 
circumstances,  that "  Brewery  "  included,  not  only  the  place  where  the 
brewing  was  done  and  the  business  carried  on  but  also,  the  business  con- 
nexion, including  the  Tied  Houses  (  Waite  v.  Morland,  14  W.  R.  746 ; 
14  L.  T.  649). 

BRIBERY. — "  'Bribery*  is  a  high  offence,  viz.,  when  any  man  in 
Judicial  place  or  any  great  Officer  takes  any  fee,  pension,  gift,  or  reward 
for  doing  his  Office,  save  from  the  King  onely  "  (Cowel) :  Vf,  4  Bl. 
Com.  139. 

As  between  Principal  and  Agent  —  "If  a  gift  be  made  to  a  Confi- 
dential Agent  with  the  view  of  inducing  the  agent  to  act  in  favour  of  the 
Donor  in  relation  to  transactions  between  the  Donor  and  the  agent's 
Principal,  and  that  gift  is  secret  as  between  the  Donor  and  the  Agent,  — 
i.e,  is  without  the  knowledge  and  consent  of  the  Principal, — then  the 
gift  is  a  Bribe  in  the  view  of  the  law.  Then  these  rules  apply,  —  (1) 
The  Court  will  not  enquire  into  the  Donor's  motive  in  giving  the  bribe, 


BRIBERY  217  BRIDGE 

nor  allow  evidence  to  be  gone  into  as  to  the  motive;  —  (2)  The  Court 
will  presume,  in  favour  of  the  Principal  and  as  against  the  Briber  and 
the  agent  bribed,  that  the  agent  was  influenced  by  the  bribe,  and  this 
presumption  is  irrebuttable  ;  —  (3)  If  the  Agent  be  a  coufidential  buyer 
of  goods  for  his  Principal  from  the  Briber,  the  Court  will  assume,  as 
against  the  Briber,  that  the  true  price  of  the  goods,  as  between  him  and  the 
Purchaser,  must  be  taken  to  be  less  than  the  price  paid  to  or  charged  by 
the  Briber  by,  at  any  rate^  the  amount  or  value  of  the  Bribe,  but  if  the 
Purchaser  alleges  loss  or  damage  beyond  this  he  must  prove  it "  (per 
Romer,  L.  J.,  Hovmden  v.  MUlhoffy  S3  L.  T.  43). 

For  the  def  of  Bribery  at  Parliamentary  Elections,  F.  Corrupt  Prac- 
tices Prevention  Act,  1854, 17  &  18  V.  c.  102,  ss.  2,  3;  Rep  People  Act, 
1867,  8.  49 ;  Rep  People  (Scot)  Act,  1868,  s.  49  ;  44  &  45  V.  c.  40,  s.  2 ; 
46  &  47  V.  c.  51,  8.  3,  and  Sch  3,  Part  3:  —  at  Municipal  Elections,  V. 
47&48V.C.  70,8.  2,  and  Sch  3,  Parti;  45  &  46  V.  c.  50,  s.  77;  53 
&  54  y.  c.  55,  8.  2.  Vhy  Leigh  &  Le  Marchant,  4  ed.,  3-25:  Mattinson 
&  Macaskie,  2  ed.,  4--39:  Rogers,  ch.  11.     Cp^  Corrupt  Practice. 

Vf,  Arch.  Or.  1187,  1193:  Rose.  Cr.  297-303:  2  Eucyc.  245-247. 

BRICK-BUILT.  — ''A  house  described  as  'brick-built,'  is  under- 
stood to  be  brick-built  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  words ;  not  composed 
externally  partly  of  brick  and  partly  of  timber,  and  lath  and  plaster" 
(Dart.  137,  155,  citing  Powell  v.  Doubbley  Sug.  V.  &  P.  29:  Arnold  v. 
Arnold,  14  Ch.  D.  270 ;  42  L.  T.  705;  28  W.  R.  635 :  English  v.  Mur^ 
ray,  49  L.  T.  35;  32  W.  R.  84). 

BRICKWORK.  —  V.  New  Brickwork. 

BRIDGE.  —  As  to  what  is  a  Bridge  and  whether  an  Arch,  or  a  num* 
ber  of  Arches,  constructed  over  stagnant  water  may  be  considered  a 
Bridge;   V.  R.  y.  Derbyshire,  11  L.  J.  M.  C.  51;  2  G.  &  D.  97. 

In  Nottingham  Co.  Co.  v.  Manchester  S.  &  L.  By  (71  L.  T.  430). 
"Bridge,"  held,  to  include  Approaches  of  the  length  of  180  feet  on 
either  side  of  the  bridge  in  question.  So,  qu4  Roads  and  Bridges  (Scot) 
Act,  1878,  41  &  42  V.  c.  51,  **  Bridge,"  includes  "  the  accesses  thereof  " ; 
but  not  any  bridge  which  a  person  is  bound  to  maintain  (s.  3). 

"Bridge  hereafter  to  be  erected  or  built j"  s.  5,  43  G.  3,  c  59;  K  R, 
T.  Lancashire,  cited  Erected. 

As  to  the  phrase^  "  Bridge  broken  in  a  Highway,"  Statute  of  Bridges,  22 
H.  8,  c.  5;  F.  R.  v.  Southampton,  No.  1,  55  L.  J.  M.  C.  158;  17  Q.  B.  D. 
424;  55  L.  T.  322;  35  W.  R.  10;  50  J.  P.  773:  Sv,  S.  C,  No.  2,  19 
Q.  B.  D.  590 ;  56  L.  J.  M.  C.  112;  57  L.  T.  261 :  and  as  to  "  Bridges  " 
in  Statute  of  Sewers,  F.  Callis,  85  et  seq. 

ABridge  may  be  a  "  Street  "  (Beaver  v.  Manchester,  26  L.  J.  Q.  B.  311 ) . 

"  Bridge,"  in  s.  46,  Ry  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  includes  the  roadway  over  a 
bridge  as  well  as  the  structure  of  the  bridge  itself,  and  therefore  the  cost 


BRIDGE  218    BRITISH  COMPNDS 

of  metalling  and  paving  such  roadway  is  payable  by  the  Kailwaj'  Com- 
pany (Bury  V.  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  By,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  280;  20 
Q.  B.  D.  485 ;  59  L.  T.  193;  36  W.  R.  491 ;  52  J.  P.  341 ;  affd  in  H.  L. 
nom.  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire  Ry  v.  Bury^  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  85;  14  App.  Ca. 
417;  61  L.  T.  417  ;  54  J.  P.  197). 

The  Mutiny  Act  exemption  of  soldiers  from  toll  on  crossing  ''  Bridges, " 
does  not  extend  to  a  steam  ferry  boat,  though  it  be  called  a  floating 
bridge  (  Ward  v.  Gray,  34  L.  J.  M.  C.  146 ;  6  B.  &  S.  345). 

Power  to  open  soil  of  Bridges  ;    F.  Open. 

"  Bridge  Tax,''  "  Bridge  Rate,"  "  Bridge  Area,''  qui  Loc  Gov  (Ir) 
Act,  1898,  61  &  62  V.  c.  37 ;   V.  s.  m  (9). 

"  The  Bridges  Acts,  1740  to  1815  " ;  "  The  Bridges  (Ir)  Acts,  1813  to 

1875  ";    V.  Sch.  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

r.  County  Bridge  :  Private  Bridge  :  Public  Bridge  :  Over. 

* 
Vh,  Woolrych  on  Ways,  ch.  8. 

BRIDLE-PATH.  — "A  Bridle-path,  or  Horse-way,  is  a  Way  along 
which  a  man  has  a  right  to  ride  or  lead  a  horse,  although  he  owns  no 
estate  or  interest  in  the  soil.  Such  right  may  he  either  public  or  private. 
And,  as  a  rider  must  occasionally  dismount,  a  Horse-way  includes  a  Foot- 
way "  (2  Encyc.  247,  248).     Cp,  Driftway  :  Footway. 

BRIQ-BOTE.  —  V.  Bote. 

BRINE.— r.  Mine. 

"  Brine  Pumper,"  quk  54  &  55  V.  c.  40,  "  means  a  person  or  company 
who  pumps  or  raises  brine  from  shafts,  wells,  springs,  or  mines"  (s.  52). 

BRING  FORWARD.  —  The  prohibition  against  "Bringing  For- 
ward  "  a  house  or  building  beyond  the  front  wall  of  the  building  on 
either  side  of  it,  s.  156,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  does  not  apply  to  a  new  house 
or  building  on  a  new  site  (  Williams  v.  Wallasey,  55  L.  J.  M.  C.  133; 
16  Q.  B.  D.  718 ;  34  W.  R.  517). 

BRINGING    UP.— Trust  for,  T.  Maintenance, 

BRITAIN.—  F.  Great  Britain. 

BRITISH  COIN.— "British  Coin,"  "British  Money"  ;  Stat.  Def., 
62  &  53  V.  c  42,  s.  2  (4). 

BRITISH  COLONY.  — "British  Colony";  Stat.  Def.,  14  &  15 
V.  c.  99,  s.  19. 

"British  Colony  and  Possession" ;  Stat.  Def.,  31  &  32  V.  c.  37,  s.  5. 

BRITISH  COMPOUNDS.  — Stat.  Def.,  Spirits  Act,  1880,  43  & 
44  V.  c.  24,  8.  3*     Cj>j  British  Wine. 


BRITISH  CONSULAR    219     BRITISH  ISLANDS 

BRITISH  CONSULAR  OFFICER.  — Quk  Foreign  Marriage  Act, 
1891,  54  &  55  V.  c.  74,  includes  "  a  Pro-Consul  and  an  Acting  Consular 
Agent "  (s.  11). 

BRITISH  CORN.  —  Quk  Com  Returns  Act,  1882,  46  &  46  V.  c.  37, 
"  *  British  Com,'  means  Wheat,  Barley,  and  Oats,  the  produce  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  the  Channel  Islands,  or  the  Isle  of  Man  "  (s.  18). 

BRITISH  ecu RT.  —  "  British  Court  in  a  Foreign  Country  " ;  Stat. 
Def.,  53  &  64  V.  c.  37,  s.  16 ;    65  &  56  V.  c.  6,  s.  6. 

BRITISH  CUSTOM.  —  "  Average,  if  any,  to  he  adjusted  accord- 
ing to  British  Custom,"  means,  that  only  such  Qeneral  Average  contribu- 
tion is  to  he  made  as  would  he  made  according  to  the  practice  of  British 
adjusters  (Stewart  v.  W.  India  &  Pacific  S.  S.  Co,  L.  R.  8  Q.  B.  88, 
362;  42  L.  J.  Q.  B.  191;  28  L.  T.  742;  21  W.R.  963).  For  the  rules 
regulating  such  practice,  V,  Abbott,  App.  1253. 

BRITISH  DOMINIONS.  — For  the  purposes  of  the  Copyright 
Act,  1842,  "  the  words  *  British  Dominions  *  shall  he  construed  to  mean 
and  include  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, the  islands  of  Jersey  and  Guernsey,  all  parts  of  the  East  and  West 
Indies,  and  all  the  Colonies,  Settlements  atid  Possessions  of  the  Crown 
which  now  are  or  hereafter  may  he  acquired  ''  (s.  2).  That  extends  to 
Canada  (Low  v.  Routledge,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  114;  1  Ch.  42). 

BRITISH  FUNDS "  British  Funds  "  is  a  synonym  for  "  Funds  " : 

—  and  a  direction  to  purchase  an  Annuity  in  "the  British  Funds," 
means,  not  that  a  British  Government  Annuity  is  to  he  purchased  for 
the  life  of  the  heneficiary  but,  that  British  Funds  are  to  he  purchased 
sufficient  to  pay  the  amount  annually,  and  therefore  the  Annuity  is  per- 
petual (Kerr  y.  Middlesex  Hosp.,  22  L.  J.  Ch.  356;  17  Jur.  49 ;  1 W.  E. 
93 ;  20  L.  T.  0.  S.  160). 

BRITISH  INDIA.  —  In  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  after  the  81st 
Dec.  1889,  "  'British  India '  shall  mean  all  territories  and  places  within 
Her  Majesty's  dominions  which  are  for  the  time  being  governed  by  Her 
Majesty  through  the  Governor-General  of  India,  or  through  any  Gov- 
ernor or  other  officer  subordinate  to  the  Governor-General  of  India" 
(s.  18  (4),  Interp  Act,  1889);  and, 

''  <  India'  shall  mean  British  India  together  with  any  territories  of 
any  native  prince  or  chief  under  the  suzerainty  of  Her  Majesty  exercised 
through  the  Gk)vernor-General  of  India,  or  through  any  Governor  or 
other  officer  suhordinate  to  the  Governor-General  of  India  "  (s.  18  (6),  lb.). 

BRITISH  ISLANDS.  —  In  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  after  31st 
Dec  1889,  "  <  British  Islands, '  shall  mean  the  United  Kingdom,  the 


BRITISH  ISLANDS     220    BRITISH  SETTLEMT 

Channel  Islands,  and  the  Isle  of  Man"  (s.  18  (1),  Interp  Act,  1889). 
In  Lloyd's  Signal  Stations  Act,  1888,  51  &  62  V.  c.  29,  the  phrase, 
"  means  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  Channel  Islands  "  (s.  19). 

Cp,  del  in  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882,  qui  Inland  Bills;  V.  Inlakd: 
«  British  Isles,"  6  &  6  V.  c.  12,  s.  66. 

BRITISH  LAW.  —  "  British  Law,"  or  "  Law  of  Great  Britain,"  in 
Treaties  and  Protocols ;  V,  Hall  on  the  Foreign  Jurisdiction  of  the 
British  Crown,  166,  n,  166. 

BRITISH    LETTER Qak  Post  Office  (Offences)  Act,  1837, 7  W.  4 

&  1  v.  c.  36,  '' '  British  Letter '  shall  mean  a  letter  transmitted  within 
the  United  Kingdom  "  (8.'47). 

BRITISH    NEWSPAPER Qui  Post  Office  (Offences)  Act,  1837, 

**  *  British  Newspapers,'  shall  mean  Newsfapbb  printed  and  puhlished  in 
the  United  Kingdom  "  (s.  47,  the  additional  words  as  to  Stamp  Duty 
not  now  being  operative) :  qn^  Post  Office  (Duties)  Act,  1840,  3  &  4  Y. 
c.  96,  the  phrase  means  "  newspapers  printed  and  published  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  also  newspapers  printed  in  the  Islands  of  Guernsey, 
Jersey,  Aldemey,  Sark,  or  Man  "  (s.  71). 

BRITISH  PORT.  — QiA  Sea  Fisheries  Act,  1843,  6  &  7  V.  c.  79, 
''  British  Port,"  means,  any  Port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  the  Channel 
Islands  (s.  18). 

BRITISH  POSSESSION.  — In  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  after 
31st  Dec.  1889,  "  '  British  Possession,'  shall  mean  any  part  of  Her 
Majesty's  dominions  exclusive  of  the  United  Kingdom ;  and  where  parts 
of  such  dominions  are  under  both  a  central  and  local  legislature,  all  parts 
under  the  central  legislature  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  definition,  be 
deemed  to  be  one  British  Possession  "  (s.  18  (2),  Interp  Act,  1889). 

Prior  Stat.  Def.  —  26  &  27  V.  c.  24,  s.  2;  32  &  33  V.  c.  11,  s.  2  ; 
33  &  34  V.  c.  52,  s.  26;  45  &  46  V.  c.  74,  s.  17,  c.  76,  s.  3 ;  46  &  47 
V.  c.  67,  s.  117,-    47  &  48  V.  c.  31,  s.  18. 

F.  British  Colony:  British  Settlement. 

BRITISH    POSTAGE.  —  Stat.  Def.,  7  W. 4  &  1  V.  c.  36,  s.  47. 

BRITISH  SEAMAN.  —  "  'British  Seaman,'  may  mean,  one  who, 
whatever  his  nationality,  is  serving  on  board  a  British  ship  "  (per  Black- 
burn, J.,  E.  V.  Anderson  J  L.  K.  1  C.  C.  R.  162).  Q?,  English  Mar- 
riage.    V.  Seaman. 

BRITISH  SETTLEMENT.  —  Qui  British  Settlements  Act,  1887, 
60  &  61V.  c.  54,  "  'British  Settlement,'  means,  any  British  Posses- 
sion which  has  not  been  acquired  by  cession  or  conquest,  and  is  not  for 


BRITISH  SETTLEMT   221  BROKER 

tbe  time  being  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Legislature  (constituted 
otherwise  than  by  virtue  of  this  Act,  or  of  any  Act  repealed  by  this  Act) 
of  any  British  Possession  "  (s.  6). 

BRITISH  SHIP.  — The  phrase  ''British"  Ships  or  Vessels,  has 
three  meanings :  — 

1.  All  ships  or  vessels,  properly  so  called,  according  to  our  Municipal 
liaw; 

2.  All  ships  or  vessels  under  the  British  Flag,  though  perhaps  not 
strictly  entitled  thereto,  because,  by  the  Law  of  Nations,  the  carrying 
the  British  Flag  stamps  on  them,  as  to  other  nations,  the  British  national 
character; 

3.  All  ships  or  vessels,  —  though  this  is  a  much  more  doubtful 
point,  —  under  neutral  flags,  but  owned  by  BsmsH  Subjects  (per 
I>r.  Lushington,  The  Leucade^  1  Jur.  N.  S.  553). 

"  British  Ship,"  qui  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894;   V.  s.  1. 

A  ship  built  in  England  for  a  foreign  owner  and  not  registered,  or 
intended  to  be  registered,  as  a  British  Ship,  is  not  a  British  Ship  within 
Mer  Shipping  Act,  1854,  repld  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894  {Union  Bank 
of  London  v.  Lenanton^  47  L.  J.  C.  P.  409;  3  C.  P.  D.  243). 

"  British  Vessel  ";  Stat.  Def.,  6  &  7  V.  c.  79,  s.  18. 

r.  Ship:  Bbcognizbd  Bbitish  Ship. 

BRITISH  SLAVE  COURT.  — Stat.  Def.,  Slave  Trade  Act,  1873, 
36  &  37  V.  c.  88,  s.  2. 

BRITISH    SPIRITS Stat.  Def.,  32  &  33  V.  c.  103,  s.  3;    43  & 

44  V.  c.  24,  8.  3.     Cpy  British  Wine. 

BRITISH  SUBJECT.  —"  British  Subject,"  s.  2,  24  &  26  V.  c.  114, 
includes  a  naturalized  British  subject  (Re  Galley  45  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
107;  1  P.  D.  438:   Vh,  Be  Keller,  61  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  39). 

Stat.  Def.  — Liberated  Africarfs  Act,  1853,  16  &  17  V.  c.  86,  s.  2. 

"  The  British  Subjects  Acts,  1708  to  1772  ";  V.  Sch.  2,  Short  Titles 
Act,  1896. 

Vhy  The  Report  to  Parliament,  of  the  Inter-Departmental  Committee 
on  the  Naturalization  Laws,  24th  July  1901  (Gd.  723). 

BRITISH  WINE.  — "British  Wine"  is  synonymous  with  "  Made 
Wine";  F.  Harris  v.  Jenns,  cited  Wine.  Cp,  British  Compounds: 
Bhitish  Spibits. 

BROAD.  —  r.  Mesh. 

BROCAGE.  —  "^  The  wages  or  hire  of  a  Broker  "  (Cowel). 

BROKER.  —  Brokers  "are  those  that  contrive,  make,  and  conclude 
bargains  and  contracts  between  merchants  and  tradesmen,  in  matters  of 


BROKER  222  BROTHEL 

money  and  merchandize,  for  which  they  have  a  fee  or  reward  "  (Jacob, 
cited  by  Best,  G.  J.,  Gibbons  v.  Eule,  4  Bing.  306:  this  def  is  derived 
from  1  Jac.  1,  c.  21,  cited  Fbiperbr:  FjT,  8  &  9  W.  3,  c.  20,  s.  60, 
vhere  the  def  is,  those  who  *^  make  or  drive"  bargains).  A  Broker  is 
not  put  into  possession  of  the  property  to  be  sold,  as  a  Factor  is  {Baring 
V.  Corrie^  cited  Factor).  Vf,  Statuta  Civitas  London,  13  Edw.  1, 
stat.  6 :  Termes  de  la  Ley :  Cowel :  2  Eucyc.  262-272 :  Evans,  on  Agency : 
Story,  on  Agency. 

As  to  meaning  of  "  Broker  "  in  6  Anne,  c,  16,  and  6  G.  1,  c.  18 ;  V.  Wilkes 
V.  Ellis,  2  Bl.  H.  566:  Clark  v.  Powell,  2  L.  J.  K.  B.  145;  4  B.  &  Ad. 
846:  SmUh  v.  Lindo,  27  L.  J.  C.  P.  196,  335;  4  C.  B.  N.  S.  395:  Mil- 
ford  V.  Hughes,  16  L.  J.  Ex.  40;  16  M.  &  W.  174.  In  the  last  case 
llolfe,  B.,  said  that  a  case  of  brokerage  ''  must  relate  to  goods  and  money, 
and  not  merely  to  personal  contracts  for  work  and  labour."  A  Stock- 
broker is  within  these  enactments  (Janssen  v.  Green,  4  Burr.  2103).  Cp, 
Jobber. 

Note.  —  As  to  what  is  "  acting  as  a  Broker,"  within  57  G.  3,  c.  Ix, 
V.  ScoU  V.  NoHh,  L.  E.  2  C.  P.  270 :  Scott  v.  Cousins,  L.  R.  4  C.  P.  177 ; 
38  L.  J.  C.  P.  156.  If  a  contracting  party  merely  adds  "  Broker,"  and 
not  *'  as  Broker,"  to  his  signature,  he  is  personally  bound  {Hutcheson  v. 
Eaton,  13  Q.  B.  D.  865;  51  L.  T.  846). 

"  Broker,"  as  used  in  the  late  Bankry  def  of  "  Trader,"  included  not 
only  barterers  of  merchandise,  but  also  assurance-brokers  (Ex  jp.  Stevens, 
4  Mad.  256),  Bill-brokers  {Ex  p.  Fhipps,  2  Dea.  487),  Pawn-brokers 
{Rawlinson  v.  Pearson,  5  B.  &  Aid.  124),  Ship-brokers  {Pott  v.  Turner, 
4  Moore  &  P.  551;  6  Bing.  702),  and  Stock-brokers  (Cullen,  on  Bankry, 
12,  Note  2,  48). 

"  Broker  "  is  a  sufficient  description  of  a  Ship-broker,  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Bills  of  Sale  Acts  {Gugen  v.  Sampson,  4  F.  &  F.  974) ;  though 
a  Ship-broker  is  not  within  the  Acts  regulating  Brokers  {Gibbons  v.  Rule, 
sup). 

Stat.  J)ei.—Scot.  25  &  26  V.  c.  101,  s.  3;     55  &  56  V.  c.  65,  s.  4. 

V.  Passage  Broker  :  Excambiator:  Banker. 

BROOD.  — F.  Fry. 

BROTHEL.  — "Brothel,"  "Bawdy-house,"  or  "Common  Bawdy- 
house,"  are  synonyms  {Singleto?i  v.  Ellison,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  607;  64 
L.  J.  M.  C.  123;  72  L.  T.  236 ;  43  W.  R.  426;  59  J.  P.  119). 

Nuisance,  or  no  Nuisance,  is  not  an  element  in  the  definition  of 
'  Brothel  "  {R.  v.  Holland  Jus.,  46  J.  P.  312). 

"  Brothel,"  or  "  Bawdy-house,"  is  "  a  Place  where  people  of  opposite  ' 
sexes  are  allowed  to  Eesort  for  prostitution  "  (per  Wills,  J.,  Singleton 
V.  Ellison,  sup). 

But  the  Occupier  of  the  place  has  the  entree  for  all  purposes,  and, 


BROTHEL     223  BROUGHAM'S  ACTS 

accordingly,  does  not  need  to  be  "  allowed  "  there  for  any  special  purpose  ; 
therefore,  a  place  occupied  by  a  woman,  who  permits  no  other  woman 
but  herself  to  be  there  for  sexual  purposes  but  who  herself  is  accus- 
tomed to  receive  men  for  such  purposes,  is  not  a  "  Brothel  "  within  s.  13, 
48  &  49  V.  c.  69  {Singleton  v.  Ellison^  sup).  The  ratio  decidendi  of 
the  seems  to  show  that  if,  instead  of  one,  there  are  two  or  more  women 
who  are  joint  occupiers  of  a  Place  where  they  (but  only  they)  respectively 
receive  men  for  sexual  intercourse,  such  place  would  not  be  a  Brothel. 
Vf,  Keep. 

A  Brothel  involves  the  idea  of  a  Place  of  Resort ;  therefore,  the  allow- 
ance of  an  isolated  act  of  prostitution,  even  by  strangers  to  the  occupancy, 
would  not  make  the  place  a  Brothel ;  but  the  one  proved  instance  may, 
itself,  prove  it  to  be,  not  solitary  but,  one  of  many  instances  {R,  v. 
Holland  Jus.y  sup). 

Cp,  "  Disorderly  House,"  sub  Disordbbly.     F.  Whore:  Eligible. 

Vhf  1  Encyc.  272  et  seq :  Jacob,  Bawdy-house. 

BROTHER:  SISTER.  — A  gift  to  "Brothers";  "  Sisters,"  —  in- 
eludes  the  Half-blood  ;  "  and  so  with  regard  to  every  other  degree  of  re- 
lationship "  (2  Jarm.  154).  "  I  think  that,  in  general,  when  a  man  speaks 
of  his  brothers  and  sisters  he  speaks  of  them,  not  with  reference  to  the 
definition  of  the  word  in  the  dictionary,  but  as  a  class  standing  in  the 
same  relation  to  one  or  both  of  his  parents  in  which  he  himself  stands. 
Though  the  half-blood  are  not  descended  from  both  the  same  parents, 
they  are,  —  as  it  is  said  in  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Demy  Sangue^  —  <  after  a 
sort,  brothers,'  *  brothers  by  the  father's  side,'  <  brothers  by  one  mother  '; 
and  however  others  might  describe  them  or  they  might  designate  them- 
selves, I  think  that,  if  required  to  give  a  precise  description  of  the 
nature  and  degree  of  the  relation  subsisting  between  them,  they,  in  ordi- 
nary parlance,  would  be  called  and  would  call  themselves,  Brothers  and 
Sisters  "  (per  Turner,  V.  C,  Grieves  v.  Rawley,  22  L.  J.  Ch.  625  ;  10  Hare, 
63).  But  this  construction  may  be  varied  by  a  context  {Be  Reed,  57  L.  J. 
Ch.  790;  36W.  K.  682). 

The  widower  of  a  sister  is  not  a  "  Brother, "  nor  is  the  widow  of  a 
brother  a''  Sister,"  there  being  no  blood  relationship  (Hussey  v.  Berke- 
ley,  2  Eden,  194). 

A  gift  to  ''  Brothers  and  Sisters,"  the  testator  knowing  himself  to  be 
illegitimate,  imports  his  putative  brothers  and  sisters  {Be  Cameron^  91 
Law  Times,  176  :  Eelations). 

V.  Nephew. 

Lord  BROUGHAM'S  ACTS.  —  The  Beerhouse  Act,  1830,  11 
a  4&1  W.4,  c.  64: 

For  shortening  language  of  Acts,  13  &  14  V.  c.  21,  repealed  and  re- 
placed by  Interp  Act,  1889; 


BROUGHAM'S  ACTS    224  BUILD 

The  Evidence  Acts,  1845,  8  &  9  V.  c.  113;  1861,  14  &  15  V.  c.  99; 
1853, 16  &  17  V.  c.  83: 

The  Marriage  (Scotland)  Act,  1856,  19  &  20  V.  c  96. 
Vf,  Brougham's  Acts  and  Bills,  by  Eardley  Wilmot. 

BROUGHT.  —  An  enactment  that  "  no  Action  shall  be  brought,"  e.  g. 
8.  4,  Statute  of  Frauds,  is  not  Ketrospbctivk  {Gillmore  v.  Shooter, 
2  Mod.  310)  ;  so,  of  "  brought  or  maintained  "  in  the  Gaming  Acts,  1845. 
1892  (Moon  v.  Burden,  2  Ex.  22 :  Knight  v.  Lee,  1893, 1 Q.  B.  41 ;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  28 ;  67  L.  T.  688 ;  41  W.  R.  125  j  57  J.  P.  117.     Vf,  MiaNTAiN). 

"  Properly  brought " ;  V.  Properly. 

BROUGHT  AGAINST.  -*-  There  is  no  Action  "  brought  against  "  a 
deft  against  whom  no  relief  is  sought;  and  who  might  more  properly 
have  been  made  a  pit ;  —  the  presence  of  such  a  deft  does  not  justify  an 
Order  for  service  out  of  the  Jurisdiction  under  R.  1  (g),  Ord.  11,  R.  S.  C. 
{Deutsche  National  Bank  v.  Paul,  1898, 1  Ch.  283;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  156 ;  78 
L.  T.  35;  46W.  R.243). 

F".  Pursuance. 

BROUGHT  ALONGSIDE.—  F.  Alongside. 

BROUGHT  BEFORE.  —  A  person  is  sufficiently  "  brought  before  " 
a  magistrate,  s.  24,  2  &  3  Y.  c.  71,  if  he  appear  in  answer  to  a  summons ; 
and  it  is  not  necessary  that  he  should  have  been  actually  arrested  and 
brought  in  custody  {Hadley  v.  Perks,  35  L.  J.  M.  C.  177 ;  L.  R.  1  Q.  B. 
444;  7  B.  &  S.  375).     Vf,  R.  v.  Willcox,  37  W.  R.  686. 

BROUGHT  INTO  QUESTION.— T.  jdgmt  of  Willes,  J., 
Cooper  r.  Hubbuck,  31  L.  J.  C.  P.  326;  12  C.  B.  N.  S.  456.  Vf, 
Question. 

BROUGHT  UPON.  — Fixtures,  &c,  "brought  upon"  any  land, 
&c,  s.  6  (2),  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1882,  means,  brought  upon  the  premises 
for  the  purpose  of  being  Used  there  {London  &  JEastem  Counties  Loan 
Co  V.  Creaky,  cited  Plant). 

BRUERA.  —  "A  man  grants  omnes  brueras  sua^]  the  soile  where 
heath  doth  growe  passeth.  It  is  derived  from  bruyer,  a  French  word  for 
heath ;  and  it  is  called  ros  in  the  British  tongue  "  (Go.  Litt.  4  b,  5a: 
V.  Touch.  95 :  Juncaria). 

South  Sea  BUBBLE  ACT.  —  6  G.  1,  c.  18. 

BUGGERY.  —  This  is  synonymous  with  Sodomy  (Jacob,  whv). 

BUILD.—  V.  Erect:  Put. 

A  contract  to  supply  stones  and  marie  and  burn  lime  for  the  "  build- 
ing "  of  houses,  does  not  include,  in  that  word,  the  plastering  and  tile- 


BUILD  225  BUILDING 

pointing  of  the  houses  (per  Cresswell,  J.,  Charlton  v.  Grtbson,  1  C.  &  K, 
541). 

Covenant  not  to  "  build  "  any  Dwelliughouse  ;   F.  DomvUe  v.  Colvile, 

cited  DWELLINGHOUSE. 

BUILDER.  —A  "  Builder,"  within  the  late  Bankrj  def  of  "  Trader," 
was  one  who  built  houses  for  sale,  whether  on  land  purchased  or  leased 
by  him  for  that  purpose,  or  who  built  for  other  persons  by  hire  or  con- 
tract (Ex  p.  NeirinckXy  4  L.  J.  Bank.  73 ;  2  Mont,  &  Ayr.  384).  But 
the  purchasing  land  with  unfinished  houses  thereon  and  employing  per- 
sons to  complete  the  houses,  was  not  trading  as  a  "  Builder"  (Ex p.  Ed- 
wards, 9  L.  J.  Bank.  11 ;  4  Jur.  153;  1  Mont.  D.  &  D.  3).  Vf,  Exp. 
StewaH,  18  L.  J.  Bank.  14 ;  13  Jur.  581 ;  3  Ex.  700;  3  D.  G.  &  S.  557 : 
Re  FowUr,  Fon.  B.  C.  201. 

Structure  "  erected  by  a  Builder  for  use  " ;   V,  Use. 

Qu^  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "  Builder,"  "  means  the  person  who  is  em- 
ployed to  build,  or  to  execute  work  on,  a  Building  or  Sthugture,  or 
(where  no  person  is  so  employed)  the  Owxeb  of  the  building  or  struc- 
ture "  (sube.  33,  8. 5). 

BUILDING.  — What  is  a  ^  Building  "  must  always  be  a  question  of 
degree,  and  circumstances :  its  ''  ordinary  and  usual  meaning  is,  a  block 
of  brick  or  stone  work,  covered  in  by  a  roof  "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Moir  v. 
Williams,  1892, 1  Q.  B.  264;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  33).    Vf,  Structure. 

"  The  masonry  on  the  sides  of  a  Canal  is  not  sufficient  to  constitute  it 
a  'building.'  A  London  street,  though  paved  and  faced  with  stone- 
work, would  yet  be  *land';  whilst  the  Holborn  Viaduct  would  be  a 
« Building ' "  (per  Blackburn,  J.,  E.  v.  Neath  Canal  Nav.,  40  L.  J.  M.  C. 
197). 

In  a  Covenant  to  Repair,  ''  the  repairing  or  re-instating  of  '  Buildings' 
would  include  a  Garden  Wall,  or  a  Wall  enclosing  or  defining  some  por- 
tion of  a  field  "  (per  James,  V.  C,  Bowes  v.  Law,  L.  R.  9  Eq.  641). 

But  in  a  Covenant  restricting  User,  ''  Building  "  does  not  include  a 
Boundary  Wall  of  reasonable  height  (Child  v.  Douglas,  Kay,  560 ;  5  D.  G. 
M.  &  G.  739:  Bowes  v.  Law,  L.  R.  9  Eq.  636;  39  J.  Ch.  483;  22 
L.  T.  267 ;  18  W.  R.  640)  :  —  In  Child  v.  Douglas,  Wood,  V.  C,  thought 
a  Boundary  wall  5  ft.  high,  projecting  at  right  angles  to  the  street  be- 
yond the  prescribed  Building  Line,  might  be  doubtful,  and  that  one  of  15 
ft.  was  too  high;  Si^thc on  appeal.  In  Bowes  v.  Law,  James,  V.  C, held 
that  a  Front  Boundary  Wall  alongside  the  road  8  ft.  6  in.  high,  was  not  a 
breach  of  a  covenant  that  "  no  Buildings  except  Dwellinghouses  "  should 
be  erected,  but  that  it  was  a  breach  of  that  covenant  to  erect  part  of 
that  wall  to  a  height  of  11  ft.,  against  which  was  to  be  a  glazed  lean-to 
roof  for  the  purpose  of  a  Vinery,     Vf,  Private  Dwbllinghouse. 

It  may,  probably,  be  said  that  "  Building,"  by  itself,  will  not  include  a 

16 


BUILDING  226  BUILDING 

Wall  (per  Parke,  B.,  E.  v.  Gregory^  5  B.  &  Ad.  555)  ;  and,  k  fortiori, 
when  in  such  a  collocation  as  "  House  or  Building  "  (Brown  y.  Holyhead, 
7  L.  T.  332).     Vf,  inf. 

A  Bay  or  Bow  Window  is  a  "  Building,"  and  its  Addition  to  a  house 
will  be  a  breach  of  a  covenant  not  to  erect  "  any  building  "in  advance  of 
the  house  {Western  v.  M'Dermot,  36  L.  J.  Ch.  76;  2  Ch.  72:  Manners 
V.  Johnson,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  404;  1  Ch.  D.  673:  Vthy  ChiUy  v.  Bray,  48 
L.  T.  860 :  Vf,  R.  v.  Gregory,  inf) ;  seciis,  of  a  projection  of  2  inches 
to  a  height  of  1  ft.  6  in.  in  the  front  basement  wall,  or  of  a  projection  of 
1  foot  in  a  brick  porch  {Child  y.  Douglas,  sup). 

So,  a  wooden  Advertisement  Hoabding  is  a  contravention  of  a  covenant 
not  to  erect  a  "  Building  or  Erection  "  on  the  premises  (per  Mathew,  J., 
Pocock  V.  Gilham,  1  Cab.  &  El.  104) ;  but  where  the  covenant  was  not 
prohibitive  and  rather  regulative  of  "  any  Building  "  to  be  erected,  and 
the  regulations  were  inapplicable  to  an  advertisement  hoarding,  it  was 
held  that  such  a  hoarding,  though  prejudicial,  was  not  prohibited  {Foster 
v.  Fraser,  1893,  3  Ch.  158;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  91;  69  L.  T.  136;  42  W.  R.  11; 
57  J.  P.  646:  Cp,  Lavy  v.  London  Co.  Co,^  inf).  A  Trellis- work 
Screen  has  been  held  a  "  Building  "  other  than  a  Stable  or  Coach-house, 
within  a  restrictive  covenant  (per  Bomer,  J.,  Wood  v.  Cooper,  1894, 
3Ch.  671;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  845). 

A  Wall  with  a  covered  way  on  the  inside  of  a  Church-yard  as  a  protec- 
tion from  the  weather,  is  not  such  a  "  Building  "  as  is  prohibited  on  a 
Disused  Burial  Ground,  by  the  Disused  Burial  Grounds  Act,  1884,  or 
the  Open  Spaces  Act,  1887  {St,  Botolph,  Vicar,  v.  Parishioners  of  Same, 
1900,  P.  69).    Fa,  sup. 

A  Wheel  of  a  Water-Mill  is  within  the  phrase  "  Messuages  and  Build- 
ings," as  used  in  a  Tenant's  covenant  to  repair  {Openshaw  v,  Evans,  50 
L.  T.  156). 

Where  a  statute  prohibits  a  "  Building,"  that  will,  generally,  include 
any  Addition  to  a  bg,  e.g.  a  prohibition  against  a  " building"  within  a 
stated  distance  from  a  road,  will  be  offended  by  an  open  shop  thrown  out 
from,  and  connected  by  a  roof  with,  a  house  outside  that  distance,  and  so 
of  a  portico  or  shelter  {R,  v.  Gregory,  5  B.  &  Ad.  ^b:  Cohurg  Hotel  v. 
London  Co.  Co.,  81  L.  T.  450;  63  J.  P.  805:  Cp,  Manners  v.  Johnson, 
sup). 

"  Possibly  a  « Silo '  may  be  called  a  'Building  '  within  the  meaning  of 
S.  L.  Act,  1882,  s.  25  (xi)"  (per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Re  Broadwater,  54  L.  J. 
Ch.  1105). 

A  "  Building,  Structure  or  Erection,"  s.  75,  25  &  26  V.  c.  102, 
must  be  one  on  a  space  theretofore  Vacant;  and  a  new  building,  &c, 
erected  on  the  site  of  an  old  one  recently  pulled  down,  is  not  within  the 
section  {Auckland  v.  Westminster,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  723;  7  Ch.  597:  Vf, 
Barlow  v.  St.  Mary  Abbotts,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  680;  11  App.  Ca.  257 ;  55  L.  T. 
221 ;  34  W.  R.  521 ;  60  J.  P.  691).     A  magisterial  finding  that  a  smaU 


BUILDING  227  BUILDING 

conservatory  over  a  projecting  shop-front  is  not  within  this  section  was 
not  over-ruled  {St.  Georgey  Hanover  Sq,,  v.  Sparrow^  33  L.  J.  M.  C.  118; 
16  C.  B.  N.  S.  209).  But  though  the  mere  raising  an  existing  Frontage 
Wall  is  not  within  the  section,  yet  it  is  otherwise  if  the  space  between 
the  top  of  such  raised  wall  and  the  house  it  encloses  is  roofed  over  (  Clark 
v.  St  Fancras,  34  J.  P.  181).  A  fence,  if  merely  a  reasonable  delimi- 
tation of  property,  is  not  within  the  section  ;  secus,  if  it  is  (or  is  made) 
more  than  that  and  has  the  character  of  a  building,  structure,  or  erection 
(miis  V.  Fhimstead,  68  L.  T.  291 ;  57  J.  P.  359 ;  41  W.  R.  496).  A 
mere  Wall,  is  not  a  building,  structure,  or  erection,  within  the  section 
(Wendon  v.  London  Co.  Co.,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  812;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  117;  70 
L.  T.  440;  42  W.  R.  370;  58  J.  P.  606);  but,  even  as  regards  a  Wall, 
it  is  a  question  of  degree,  and  if  it  be  used,  or  intended,  for  an  Adver- 
tisement-station, it  is  within  the  section  (Lavy  v.  London  Co.  Co., 
1895,  2  Q.  B.  577;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  262 ;  73  L.  T.  106;  43  W.  R.  677 ;  59 
J.  P.  630:   Cp^  Foster  Y,  Fraser,  sup,  and  Slaughter  y.  Sunderland,  inf). 

A  Conservatory  which  projects  from  a  dwellinghouse  is  not  a  "  Build- 
ing "  within  a  Bye-Law  under  the  P.  H.  Act,  1876  (Hibbert  v.  Acton, 
5  Times  Rep.  274).     Vh,  Adams  v.  Bromley,  36  J.  P.  743. 

**  Building,"  within  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  and  other  Acts  relating  to 
the  Metropolis ;  V.  Stevens  v.  Gourley,  29  L.  J.  C.  P.  1 ;  7  C.  B.  N.  S.  99 : 
Hall  V.  Smallpiece,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  97 :  London  Co.  Co.  v.  Fearce,  1892, 
2  Q.  B.  109;  06  L.  T.  685;  40  W.  R.  543;  66  J.  P.  790:  Coburg  Hotel 
v.  London  Co.  Co.,  sup:  Structure. 

The  Fee*  given  by  Part  1,  Sch  2,  Metrop  Bg  Act,  1855,  to  District  Sur- 
veyors for  "  Every  Building,"  means,  for  every  bg  covered  in  by  a  roof; 
therefore,  a  structure  consisting  of  (say)  14  separate  sets  of  chambers, 
having  a  common  staircase  and  covered  by  one  roof,  is  only  one  building 
(not  14),  and  the  Surveyor  is  only  entitled  to  fees  as  for  one  bg  onl}' 
{Moiry.  Williams,  1892, 1  Q.  B.  264;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  33;  66  L.  T.  215; 
40  W.  R.  69;  56  J.  P.  197).     Cp,  Distinct. 

"  Building,"  s.  157,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  means,  a  structure  roofed  in  and 
capable  of  affording  protection  or  shelter;  therefore,  mere  roofless  adver- 
tisement-hoardings which  surround  a  piece  of  land,  though  stayed  and 
tied  together,  are  not  a  "building"  within  this  section  (Slaughter  v. 
Sunderland,  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  91;  65  L.  T.  250;  55  J.  P.  519:  Cp.  Foster 
Y.  Fra^er,  and  Lavy  v.  London  Co.  Co.^  swp);  secus,  of  a  Pig-stye,  or 
Hen-house  {Walker  y.  Baildon,  37  S.  J.  217).  Vf,  Hibbert  v.  Acton, 
sup:  New  Building. 

QukP.  H.  (London)  Act,  1891,"  •Building,' and  'House,'  respectively, 
include  the  Curtilage  of  a  building  or  house,  and  include  a  building  or 
house  wholly  or  partly  erected  under  statutory  authority  "  (s.  141). 

Qa4  Burgh  Police  (Scot)  Act,  1892,  55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  "  'Building' 
shall  include  any  Structure  or  Erection  of  what  kind  and  nature  soever, 
and  every  part  thereof  " '(subs.  3,  s.  4). 


BUILDING  228  BUILDING 

A  wooden  structure  (let  into  the  ground  by  posts)  9  ft.  6  in.  long,  3  ft. 
deep,  and  7  ft.  high,  roofed,  glazed  in  front,  and  with  a  door  at  one  end, 
used  only  for  exhibiting  photographs,  but  with  no  public  approach ;  held, 
by  the  Justices  as  a  "  Building  "  within  s.  3,  P.  H.  (Building  in  Streets) 
Act,  1888,  51  &  52  V.  c.  52,  and,  per  Pollock,  B.,  they  were  right,  and, 
per  Hawkins,  J.,  that  it  was  a  question  of  fact  concluded  in  that  case  by 
the  Justices'  finding  {Leicester  v.  BrowHy  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  22;  67  L.  T.  686; 
41W.  R.78). 

Though  a  house  is  in  Separate  Flats,  all  of  it  that  is  under  the  one  roof 
is  a  **  Building,"  within  Kules  28,  29,  Dairies,  Cowsheds,  and  Milkshops 
Order,  1885  (London  Co.  Co.  v.  Edwards,  1898,  2  Q.  B.  75^  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
648;  78  L.  T.  558;  62  J.  P.  377). 

Sheds  for  protecting  Mine  Engines,  held,  within  a  Local  Act  authoris- 
ing a  Rate  on  all  "  Buildings  "  {Brown  v.  Granville,  10  Bing.  69). 

"  House,  Warehouse,  Counting  House,  Shop,  or  other  Building, "  to 
confer  the  franchise  under  s.  27,  Kep  People  Act,  1832,  includes,  in  its 
last  term,  only  buildings  of  a  permanent  character  used  for  residentiary 
or  commercial  purposes  (Pownall  v.  Dawson,  21  L.  J.  C.  P.  14;  11  C.  B. 
9)  ;  and  does  not  include  a  tool  shed  (Powell  v.  Boraston,  34  L.  J.  C.  P. 
73;  18  C.  B.  K  S.  175).  Sv,  Morrish  v.  Harris^  L.  R.  1  C.  P.  155.  Is 
a  Pig-stye  such  a  "  Building  "?  (Powell  y.  Farmer,  34  L.  J.  C.  P.  71; 
18  C.  B.  N.  S.  168).  A  Cow-house  may  be  (  Whitmore  v.  Wenlock,  13 
L.  J.  C.  P.  55;  5  M.  &  G.  9).     Vf,  Toms  v.  LuckeU,  cited  Lodger. 

"Dwelling-house,  Workshop,  or  other  Building,*'  s.  3,  Prescription 
Act,  1832,  2  &  3  W.  4,  c.  71,  means  quk  "  Building,"  one  analogous  to 
those  mentioned  (Harris  v.  De  Pinna,  33  Ch.  D.  238 ;  54  L.  T.  38),  e.g. 
a  Green-house  (Clifford  v.  Holt,  1899,  1  Ch.  698;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  332;  80 
L.  T.  48).  So,  "House,  Shop,  or  other  Building  whatever,"  s.  38,  57 
G.  3,  c.  19,  does  not  include  a  temporary  booth,  e.g.  Hustings  (Allen  v. 
Aj/re,  1  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B.  204). 

"  Sewer,  Drain,  Privy,  Cesspool,  Ashpit,  Building,**  in  a  Local  Act 
relating  to  public  health,  held  to  include  in  its  last  term  a  Dwelling- 
house  (Pearson  v.  Kingston,  35  L.  J.  M.  C.  36;  3  H.  &  C.  921). 

"  House  or  other  Bg,"  s.  92,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845;    V.  House. 

An  Arch  used  as  a  store-house  is  a  "  Building  "  within  s.  7,  Gas  Works 
Clauses  Act,  1847  (Thompson  v.  Sunderland  Gas  Co,  46  L.  J.  Ex.  710; 
2  Ex.  D.  429). 

An  unfinished  house  is  a  "  Building  "  within  s.  6,  24  &  25  V.  c.  97  (R. 
V.  Manning,  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  338;  41  L.  J.  M.  C.  11 ;  25  L.  T.  573). 

"  Corporate  Buildings,"  s.  92,  5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  76;  Semble,  a  Corpora- 
tion Pew  is  within  this  phrase  (E.  v.  Warwick,  15  L.  J.  Q.  B.  306; 
8  Q.  B.  926).     Vf,  Necessakilt. 

"Building,  Erection,  or  Thing,"  within  a  Local  Act  prohibition;  Fl 
Colbran  v.  Barnes,  11  C.  B.  N.  S.  246:  Thing. 

"  Building  of  the  Warehouse  Class  " ;  V,  Warehouse. 


BUILDING  229     BUILDING  LEASE 

A  Bye-Law  relating  to  the  construction  of  Cesspools  in  connection 
with  Buildings,  may  apply  as  well  to  old  as  to  new  bgs  (Simmons  v.  3fal' 
ling,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  433 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  5S5 ;  77  L.  T.  341 ;  45  W.  R.  603 ; 
61  J.  P.  602). 

"  Buildings,  Lands,  and  Heredits  ";   V.  Hereditament. 

^^  Bg,  &c,  vested  in,  and  in  the  occupation  of,  Her  Majesty  " ;  V.  Vested. 

F.  Addition  :  New  Building  :  Old  Building  :  Public  Building  : 
Stbuctube:  Dwellinghouse :  House:  Erect:  Erection:  Factory: 
Kebuilding:  Canal:  Property  other  than  land:  Market  Gar« 
den:  Height. 

Qui  Foreign  Enlistment  Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  90,  «  'Building/  in 
relation  to  a  Ship,  shall  include  the  doing  any  act  towards,  or  incidental 
to,  the  construction  of  a  ship  "  (s.  30). 

BUILDING  LAND.  —  ''  'Building  Land'  is  a  term  frequently  used 
for  land  capable  of  being  built  on  —  land  suitable  for  being  built  on  in 
the  judgment  of  those  who  come  to  that  conclusion  "  (per  Hatherley,  C, 
Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry  v.  Blackmore,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  716  ;  L.  R.  4  H.  L.  610). 
Vft  Dougherty  v.  Oatesy  cited  Freehold.     Cp,  Building  Purposes. 

F.  Broomfield  v.  Williams,  cited  Contrary  Intention. 

BUILDINQ  LEASE.  —  A  Building  Lease  as  distinguished  from  a 
Kepairing  Lease,  involves  the  idea  of  either  erecting  a  building  on 
vacant  land,  or  of  pulling  down  old  buildings  and  erecting  new  ones  on 
the  site  (London  v.  Nash,  3  Atk.  513,  514).  It  must  contain  a  covenant 
by  the  lessee  to  build  (Jones  v.  Vemey,  Willes,  169:  ReUallett,  52  L.  J. 
Ch.  804;  24  Ch.  D.  624).     Q?,  Occupation  Ijsase. 

For  the  purposes  of  the  Conv.  &,  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  a  Building  Lease  "  is 
a  Lease  for  Building  purposes,  or  purposes  connected  therewith,"  s.  2  (x). 
A  similar  definition  is  provided  for  the  S.  L.  Act,  1882;  V.  s.  2  (10,  iii). 
This  includes  a  Lease  whereby  the  lessee  covenants  to  spend  a  substantial 
sum  on  specified  repairs ;  but  if  the  leave  of  the  Court  be  required,  — 
e.g.  under  s.  63,  S.  L.  Act,  1882,  by  s.  7,  S.  L.  Act,  1884,  —  that  leave 
will  not  be  given  where  the  Court  thinks  the  repairs  are  of  such  a  kind 
that  the  Tenant  for  Life  ought  to  pay  for  them  (Re  Danielle  1894,  3  Ch. 
503;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  173;  71  L.  T.  563;  43  W.  R.  133). 

A  Building  Lease,  under  S.  L.  Act,  must  be  in  Good  faith  (Suther- 
land V.  Sutherland,  1893,  3  Ch.  169 ;  %2  L.  J.  Ch.  946 ;  69  L.  T.  186 ; 
42  W.  R.  12). 

In  determining  whether  a  Lease  is,  or  is  not,  a  Building  Lease,  within 
the  Solrs  Bem  Ord,  regard  must  be  had, —  (1)  to  the  circumstances  of 
the  contract;  (2)  the  subject-matter  of  the  demise;  and  (3)  the  nature 
and  extent  of  the  expenditure  to  be  made ;  e.g.  a  lease  to  a  Race  Com- 
mittee of  135  acres  with  a  cottage  thereon  for  99  years  at  a  Rack-rent, 
the  lessees  covenanting  to  spend  £1000  within  12  months  in  good  and 


BUILDING  LEASE      230  BUILT 

sufficient  improvements  of  a  substantial  and  permanent  character,  is  not; 
a  Building  Lease,  for  there  is  no  stipulation,  or  manifest  necessity,  that 
the  money  is  to  be  spent  in  building;  but  a  similar  lease  of  a  large  house 
with  about  1  acre  of  ground  attached,  the  house  being  much  out  of  repair, 
and  the  lessee  covenanting  to  spend  £300  on  similar  improvements,  is  sl 
Bg  Lease  (Ee  Hogan,  1894,  1  L  R.  503).  Vf,  Re  Hall  to  Sutton,  1900, 
1  I.  R.  137. 

Quk  Part  2,  23  &  24  V.  c.  153,  "  Building  Leases  "  includes  "  Repair- 
ing Leases  "  (s.  25) :   Va,  21  &  22  V.  c.  77,  s.  2. 

BUILDING  LINE.—  V.  Barlow  y.  St.  Mary  Abbotts,  11  App.  Ca. 
257;  55  L,  J.  Ch.  680;  55  L.  T.  221 ;  34  W.  R.  521 ;  50  J.  P.  691: 
Worley  V.  St.  Mary  Abbotts,  1892,  2  Ch.  404;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  601 :  Nevo^ 
haven  Loc,  Bd  v.  Newhaven  School  Bd,  30  Ch.  D.  350. 

V,  Genebal  Line  of  Buildings  :  Arise. 

BUILDING  OWNER.  — Qui  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "Building 
Owner,"  "means  such  one  of  the  Owners  of  adjoining  land  as  is  desir- 
ous of  huilding,  or  such  one  of  the  Owners  of  buildings,  storeys,  or  rooms, 
separated  from  one  another  by  a  party-wall  or  party-structure,  as  does,  or 
is  desirous  of  doing,  a  work  affecting  that  party-wall  or  party-structure  " 
(subs.  31,  s.  5), — this  def  is  an  amplification  of  s.  82,  18  &  19  V. 
c.  122. 

V.  Adjoining  Owner. 

BUILOINQ  PURPOSES.— The  phrase,  land  "used  for  Building 
Purposes,"  s.  128,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  does  not  mean  what  is  ordi- 
narily called  "  Building  land  "  ;  but  means  "  land  actually  used  for 
building  purposes,  not  land  contemplated  to  be  used  for  building  pur- 
poses, or  intended  to  be  used  for  building  purposes,  or  suitable  for  build- 
ing purposes  "  (per  Hatherley,  C,  Loud*  &  S.  W.  By  v.  Blacktnore,  39 
L.  J.  Ch.  717 ;  L.  R.  4  H.  L.  610:  Va,  Coventry  v.  L.  B,  &  S.  Ry,  37 
L.  J.  Ch.  90;  L.  R.  5  Eq.  104 ;  16  W-  R.  267:  Carington  v.  Wycombe 
Ry^  cited  Town). 

Qu4  Conv  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  "  *  Building  Purposes,'  include  the  erect- 
ing, and  the  improving  of,  and  the  adding  to,  and  the  repairing  of. 
Buildings  *'  (s.  2,  subs.  10) :  a  like  def  is  provided  for  the  S.  L.  Act, 
1882  (s.  2,  subs.  10,  iii).  Vh,  Re  Daniell,  cited  Building  Lease:  Re 
Ellesmere,  W.  N.  (98)  18. 

BUILDING    SOCIETY.  — "The  Building  Societies  Acts,  1874  to 
1894  " ;   r.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 
Vh,  Wurtzburg,  on  Building  Societies. 

BUILT.  —  "  Erected  or  built  "  ;   V.  Erected. 

A  Covenant,  in  a  Conveyance,  that  "  no  Hotel,  Tavern,  Public-house, 
Beer-house,  Shop,  or  other  bg,''  for  the  sale  of  intoxicants,  "shall  be 


BUILT  231  BURGAGE 

built "  upon  the  land  conveyed,  means  that  the  prohibited  businesses  **  shall 
not  be  "  on  the  land  ;«and,  therefore,  the  User  of  any  bg  on  the  land  for 
either  of  such  businesses  will  be  restrained,  though  such  user  was  not  in 
contemplation  when  the  bg  was  "  built  "  (  Webb  v.  FagoUi^  79  L.  T.  683). 

BUILT  UPON.  —As  to  this  phrase  as  used  in  s.  128,  Lands  G.  C. 
Act,  1845;  V.  jdgmt  of  Hatherley,  C,  Lond,  &  S.  W.  Ry  v.  Blackmorey 
39  L.  J.  Ch.  713 ;  L.  R.  4  H.  L.  610 :  CaHngton  v,  Wycombe  Ry,  cited 
Town. 

Vfy  Amell  V.  Regenfs  Canal  Coj  cited  Passage. 

BULK.  —  V.  Bbeak  Bulk  :  Left. 

BULLER'S  ACTS.  —  The  Poor  Law  Acts  of  1848, 11  &  12  V.  cc.  82, 
91,  and  110. 

BUNGLER.  —  To  say  of  an  Abttficeb  that  he  is  a  ''  Bungler  ''  in 
his  work,  is  Slander,  per  se  (Redman  v.  Fyne,  1  Mod.  19).  Cp^ 
Cobbler. 

BUOY.  — Quk  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "  *  Buoys  and  Beacons,'  in- 
eludes  all  other  marks  and  signs  of  the  Sea  "  (s.  742). 

BURDEN.  —  The  Exemption  from  Tolls  given  by  s.  19  (6),  32  &  33 
V.  c.  14,  for  vehicles  used  for  the  conveyance  "  of  any  Goods  or  Burden,'' 
does  not  extend  to  such  things  as  a  travelling  show.  Neither  does 
''Burden  "  include  persons.  **  I  cannot  think  that  if  a  tradesman  deals 
in  an  article,  and  sends  his  traveller  out  in  a  gig,  the  gig  would  be 
exempt  on  the  ground  that  the  traveller  could  be  said  to  be  a  Burden  " 
(per  Kelly,  C.  B.,  Speak  v.  Powell,  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  19 ;  L.  R.  9  Ex.  25). 

Upon  the  construction  of  the  Act  for  establishing  a  Ferry  across  tho 
Tyne,  "  Burthen  "  held  to  mean  capacity  for  carrying,  not  register  ad- 
measurement (North  Shields  Ferry  Co  v.  Barker,  2  Ex.  136).  And, 
ordinarily  speaking,  so  many  Tons  Burden  connotes  a  capacity  to  carry; 
but  in  the  legislation  relating  to  the  Registration  of  British  Vessels 
prior  to  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  and  in  that  Act  (V.  ss.  3,  90,  622, 
625)  "  'Tons  Burden  '  is  used  with  a  meaning  which  is  the  same  as  that 
of  a  Tonnage  of  a  Vessel  ascertained  in  the  manner  directed  by  the  Act 
for  the  time  being  in  force,  —  i.e.  the  Registered  Tonnage  "  (The  Brunei, 
1899,  P.  45;  1900,  P.  24;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  1 ;  69  lb.  8;  81  L.  T. 
500).     F/;  53  &  54  V.  c.  56,  s.  3. 

Qu^  Lessee's  Covenant  in  a  Lease  to  bear  Burdens,  it  has  been  said 
that  "  perhaps,  the  most  inclusive  word  is  *  Burdens ' "  (Redman,  300, 
citing  Sweet  y.  Sea ger  t^nd  Tidswell  x.  Whitworth,  for  u;Ai;  Taxes).  Sv, 
Outgoings:  Impositions. 

BURQAQE.  — "  *  Burgage,'  is  a  Tenure  proper  to  Cities,  Borow8,and 
Towns,  whereby  the  Burgers,  Citizens,  or  Townsmen  hold  their  lands  or 


BURGAGE  282  BURGH 

tenements  of  the  King,  or  other  lord,  for  a  certain  yearly  rent  "  (Cowel). 
FjT,  Co.  Litt.  108b-116a:  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Jac^b:  2  Encyc.  302. 

Note.  The  right  of  "  Burgage  Tenants  "  "  in  every  City  or  Town, 
being  a  County  of.  itself  "  to  vote  for  a  Member  of  Parliament,  was  re- 
tained by  8.  31,  Kep  People  Act,  1832,  on  whv  Bogers,  Part  1. 

"By Burgage  Tenure"  "  Held  Burgage  "5  Stat.  Def.,  Scot  23&  24  V. 
c.  143,  8.  2. 

BURQESS.—" BurcrensU,  is  a  man  of  trade  "  (Co.  Litt.  80a). — 
"  <  Burgesses,  Burgenses^'  are  properly  the  inhabitants  of  a  Borow  or 
Town,  driving  a  trade  there  "  (Cowel).     F/»  Jacob. 

'*  Burgess  "  is  sometimes  used  to  designate  a  Registered  Parliamentary 
Voter,  but  more  generally  a  Registered  Municipal  Voter:  F.  31  &  32  V. 
c.  41,  8.  2;  41  &  42  V.  c.  2^,  s.  4;  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882,  ss.  7,  9;  47  & 
48  V.  c.  70,  8.  35 ;  48  &  49  V.  c.  9,  s.  3.  When  applied  to  a  City  "  Bur- 
gess  "  has  been  made  to  include  "  Citizen  " :  K  3  &  4  V.  c.  108,  s.  215; 
12  &  13  V.  c.  94,  8. 10.     V.  Freeman. 

V-  Entitled  to  be  on  Burgess  List. 

BURQH,  — "Burgh"  in  Scotland  has  affinity  to  "Borough"  in 
England. 

"  Burghs,"  are  Parliamentary ;  — Koyal ;  —  Police. 

A  "  Parliamentary  Burgh  "  is,  probably,  generally  understood  as  a 
Town  returning,  or  contributing  to  return,  a  Member  to  Parliament  (31 
&  32  V.  c.  108,  8.  2 ;  55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  b.  4,  subs.  23) ;  but  in  other  Acts 
it  is  defined  as  "  a  Burgh  or  Town  to  which  Magistrates  and  Councils 
were  provided  by  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  77  "  (17  &  18  V.  c.  64,  s.  1 ;  25  &  26  V. 
c.  101,8.3). 

A  "  Royal  Burgh  "  is  a  Town  whose  Common  Council  and  Magistrates 
are  elected  under  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  76:  V.  25  &  26  V.  c.  101,  s.  3.  3  &  4 
W.  4,  c.  76,  divides  these  Burghs  into  two  classes,  t.e.  Sch  C.  Edinburgh, 
Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  Dundee,  Perth,  Dunferpiline,  Dumfries,  and  Inver- 
ness :  —  Sch  F.  Dornoch,  New  Galloway,  Culross,  Lochmaben,  Bervie, 
Wester  Anstruther,  Kilreny,  Kinghorn,  and  Kintore. 

A  "  Police  Burgh  "  is  a  Town  or  Populous  Place  whose  Municipal 
Government  is  constituted,  and  the  boundaries  whereof  are  fixed,  under 
the  General  Police  Acts  for  Scotland,  or  under  any  Local  Police  Act: 
FA,  55  &  56  V.  0.55,8.4(25);  58  &  59  V.  c.  6,  8.3;  52&53V.C.50, 
8.105;  53&54V.C.60,  8.6,  C.67,  8.  30;  54&55  V.  c.  32,  s.  7;  57  & 
58  V.  c.  58,  fe.  54. 

As  regards  Municipal  Government,  there  are  also  Burghs  of  Regality, 
and  Burghs  of  Barony. 

Whether  all,  or  only  some  or  one,  of  the  foregoing  are  included  in 
"  Burgh  "  as  used  in  any  one  of  the  many  Acts  relating  to  "  Burghs"  will 
be  ascertained  by  its  interp  clause :  •>—  e.g,  qu^  55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  its  s.  4  (4) 
provides  that  " '  Burgh '  when  used  alone  (unless  otherwise  expressed, 
or  inconsistent  with  the  context),  shall  include  Boyal  Burgh^  Parlia- 


BURCH  283  BURIAL 

mentary  Burgh,  Burgh  incorporated  by  Act  of  Parliament,  Burgh  of 
Regality,  Burgh  of  Barony,  and  any  Populous  Place  or  Police  Burgh 
administered  in  whole  or  in  part  under  any  General  or  Local  Police  Act " : 
—  But,  qu4  £2  &  £3  V.  c.  50,  its  s.  105  provides  that  "  '  Burgh  '  means, 
any  Royal,  or  Parliamentary,  Burgh." 

"Burgh  General  Assessment"-,  Stat.  Def.,  50  &  51  V.  c.  42,  s.  2. 

"  Burgh  Local  AutharUy  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  41  &  42  V.  c.  51,  s.  3. 

"  Burgh  School ";  Stat.  Def.,  24  &  26  V.  c.  107,  s.  1 ;  35  &  36  V. 
c.  62,  8. 1. 

"Burghal  Parish^'  "Burghal  Part  of  a  Parish";  Stat.  Def.,  57  & 
58  V.  c.  58,  8.  54. 

BURGH-BOTE V.  Bote. 

BU RGLARY.  —  "  Burglary  "  is  a  Term  of  Art  {Holford  v.  Bailey,  18 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  109;  13  Q.  B.  426:  R.  v.  Gray,  33  L.  J.  M.  C.  78 ;  L.  & 
C.  365),  and  means  the  breaking  and  entering  by  Night  of  the  Dwell- 
ing-house {Va^  Mansion)  of  another  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony 
therein  (3  Inst.  63 ;  4  Bl.  Com.  224) ;  "  or,  being  in  such  dwelling- 
house,  shall  commit  any  felony  therein,  and  shall  in  either  case  break 
out  of  the  said  dwelling-house  in  the  night  "  (24  &  25  V.  c.  96,  s.  51). 
Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  591-615;  Rose.  Cr.  313-336:  Termes  de  la  Ley:  2  Encyc. 
304-309:  Jacob:  Break:   Enteb. 

BURIAL.  — Qu^  P.  H.  (Scot)  Act,  1897,  "« Burial,'  includes  Crema- 
tion"  (s.  3).     V.  Chbistian  Burial:  Intbbmbnt. 

"  The  Burial  Acts,  1852  to  1885  " ;  "  The  Burial  (Ir)  Acts,  1824  to 
1868  " ;  "  The  Burial  Grounds  (Scot)  Acts,  1855  to  1886  " ;  V.  Sch  2, 
Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

"  Burial  Board  ";   V.  Board. 

"  Burial  Ground,"  s.  1,  Metropolitan  Open  Spaces  Act,  1881 ;  ss.  2,  4, 
Open  Spaces  Act,  1887 ;  Disused  Burial  Grounds  Act,  1884  ;  —  includes 
ground  in  which  no  interment  has  taken  place,  and  whether  consecrated 
or  not,  which  has  been  at  any  time  Set  apart  for  the  purposes  of  inter- 
ment; and  '^ IHstised  Burial  Ground,"  means,  such  a  Burial  Ground 
which  is  not  used  for  interments,  whether  or  not  it  is  closed  for  that 
purpose  by  an  Order  in  Council  or  is  otherwise  disused  (Re  Fonsford 
and  NexcpoH  School  Bd,  1894,  1  Ch.  454 ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  278;  70  L.  T. 
502;  42  W.  R.  358).     Q?,  Cemetery.     Vf,  Under. 

"Burial  Ground";  Other  Stat.  Def.,  27  &  28  V.  c.  97,  s.  7;  30  & 
31  V.  c  38,  s.  1;    37  &  38  V.  c.  85,  s.  6. 

"  New  Burial  Ground,"  s.  7, 16  &  17  V.  c.  134,  s.  12 ;  20  &  21  V.  c.  81, 
includes  an  addition  to  an  old  one  {R,  v.  Basingstoke^  41  S.  J.  30).  Vh, 
Provided. 

Burial  Ground  "  of  "  a  Parish  ;    V.  Of. 

"  Places  of  Burial,"  s.  23,  20  &  21  V.  c.  81,  "  are  those  which  may  be 


BURIAL  234  BUSINESS 

called  Public  Burial  Places,  and  have  that  permanent  impress  upon  them 
by  reason  of  their  having  been  devoted  (either  by  Consecration^  Trust 
Deed,  or  otherwise)  to  the  purpose  of  interment,  and  which  are  kept  and 
taken  care  of  as  such  "  (per  Lush,  J.,  Foster  v.  Dodd,  7  B.  &  S.  169). 

BURKE'S  ACT.  — The  Civil  List  and  Secret  Service  Money  Act, 
1782,  22  G.  3,  c.  82. 

BURN  :  BURNING.— The  singeing  of  the  cover  is  not  a ''burning" 
of  a  Will  so  as  to  Revoke  it ;  nor  is  a  fraudulent  burning  of  something 
else  instead  of  the  Will,  which  the  testator  has  directed  to  be  burnt,  a 
revocation  {Doe  d.  Reed  v.  HarriSf  6  A.  &  E.  209;  6  L.  J.  K.  B.  84; 
stated  1  Jarm.  131).  "  A  strong  intention  to  burn  is  not  a  burning. 
There  must  be,  at  all  events,  a  partial  burning  of  the  instrument  itself ; 
I  do  not  say  that  a  quantity  of  words  must  be  burnt ;  but  there  must  be 
a  burning  of  the  paper  on  which  the  Will  is  **  (per  Patteson,  J.,  lb.), 
Coleridge,  J.,  whilst  agreeing  that  a  total  destruction  was  not  necessary, 
added, —  "  but  there  should  be  such  a  burning  as  destroys  the  entirety  of 
the  Will,  for  in  such  a  case  the  Will  of  the  testator  no  longer  exists  as 
he  framed  it."  (  Vf^  Doe  d.  Perks  v.  Perks,  cited  Tear).  But,  semble,  a 
slight  singeing  of  the  Will  itself,  is  a  "  burning,"  if  the  Will  was  thrown 
on  the  fire  by  the  testator  with  intent  to  burn  it,  although  it  fell  o£E  the 
fire  and  was  saved  from  further  destruction  by  a  person  picking  it  up  and 
preserving  it  without  the  testator*s  knowledge  (Bibb  v.  Thomas,  2  Bl.  W. 
1043).     V.  Destkoy. 

So,  if  a  Marine  Policy  contains  a  warranty  against  Ayeraoe,  "  unless 
the  Ship  is  stranded,  sunk,  or  burnt,"  the  Ship  is  not  "  burnt "  if  she 
merely  receives  a  small  injury  by  fire,  e.ff.  damage  to  the  plating  of  the 
bunker  (The  Glenlivet,  1894,  P.  48;  63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  45;  69  L.  T. 
706;  42  W.  R.  97;  7  Asp.  395).     V.  Sink:  Stbandino. 

V.  Fire. 

QuA  Arson  ;  F.  Set  Fire. 

Burning  of  Heretics ;   V.  Heretico  Combubendo. 

BURST.  — Bursting;  T.  Flood. 
BURTHEN.  — r.  Burden. 

BUSHEI A  Bushel  is  8  Gallons  (s.  15,  41  &  42  V.  c.  49).    As 

to  Lime,  Fish,  Potatoes,  Fruit,  or  any  other  Goods  and  Things  which, 
prior  to  9th  Sept.  1835,  were  sold  by  Heaped  Measure;  V.  s.  16,  lb. 

"  '  Bushel,'  taken  by  itself  and  without  reference  to  any  Custom  or  par- 
ticular Agreement,  means  a  Statute  Bushel  "  {Hockin  v.  Cooke,  4  T.  R. 
314:  St.  Cross  Hosp,  v.  Howard  de  Walden,  6  lb.  338). 

BUSINESS.  —  Companies,  for  the  acquisition  of  gain,  of  more  than 
20  persons  for  "  carrying  on  any  other  business  "  (i.e.  other  than  Bank- 
ing) must  be  registered  (s.  4,  Comp  Act,  1862). 


BUSINESS  285  BUSINESS 

"  *  Business  '  has  a  more  extensive  meaning  than  the  word  '  Trade  *  " 
(per  Willes,  J.,  Harris  v.  Anieri/,  35  L.  J.  C.  P.  92  ;  L.  R.  1  C.  P.  148) : 
on  the  other  hand,  it  has  heen  said  that "  ordinarily  speaking,  Business 
is  synonymous  with  'Trade  '  "  (per  Chatterton,  V.  C,  Delanyv,  Delany^ 
15  L.  R.  Ir.  67). 

In  Smith  v.  Anderson  (50  L.  J.  Ch.  43;  15  Ch.  D.  258),  Jessel,  M.  R., 
after  citing  definitions  of  "  Business  "  from  several  dictionaries,  said, 
"  anything  which  occupies  the  time  and  attention  and  lahour  of  a  man, /or 
the  purpose  of  profit  (Sv,  inf),  is  business."  Further  on  he  remarks, — 
''  There  are  many  things  which  in  common  colloquial  English  would  not 
be  called  a  Business,  when  carried  on  by  a  single  person,  which  would 
be  so  called  when  carried  on  by  a  number  of  persons.  For  instance,  a 
man  who  is  the  owner  of  a  house  divided  into  several  floors  and  used  for 
commercial  purposes,  e.g.  offices,  would  not  be  said  to  carry  on  a  business 
because  he  let  the  offices  as  such.  But  suppose  a  Company  was  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  buying  a  building,  or  leasing  a  house,  to  be  divided 
into  offices  and  to  be  let  out,  —  should  not  we  say,  if  that  was  the  object 
of  the  Go,  that  the  Co  was  carrying  on  business  for  the  purpose  of  letting 
offices  ?  The  same  observation  may  be  made  as  regards  a  single  indi- 
vidual buying  or  selling  land,  with  this  addition,  that  he  may  make  it  a 
business,  and  then  it  is  a  question  of  continuity.  When  you  come  to 
an  Association  or  Company  formed  for  a  purpose,  you  would  say  at  once 
that  it  is  a  business,  because  there  you  have  that  from  which  you  would 
infer  continuity.  So  in  the  ordinary  case  of  investments,  a  man  who 
has  money  to  invest,  the  object  being  to  obtain  his  income,  invests  his 
money,  and  he  may  occasionally  sell  the  investments  and  buy  others,  but 
he  is  not  carrying  on  a  business."  The  decision,  of  which  the  obser- 
vations just  quoted  were  the  preface,  was  reversed  on  appeal ;  without, 
however,  as  it  would  seem,  affecting  the  value  of  those  observations  in 
regard  to  its  use  in  s.  4  of  the  Comp  Act.  Within  that  section  a 
mutual  Marine  Insurance  Association  is  a  **  Business "  (Ee  Padstow 
Assrcej  51  L.  J.  Ch.  344;  20  Ch.  D.  137) ;  so  is  Farming  though  it 
could  not  properly  be  called  a  trade  {Harris  v.  Amery^  sup)  :  and  so  is 
a  Mutual  Benefit  Society  the  object  of  which  is  to  lend  money  to  its 
members  only  {Shaw  v.  Benson,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  675 ;  11  Q.  B.  D.  563)  ; 
or  a  Land  Society  one  of  whose  objects  is  to  win  minerals  (Crowther 
V.  Thorley,  31  W.  R.^564 ;  32  lb.  330 ;  48  L.  T.  644  ;  50  lb.  43).  Such 
transactions,  however,  as  were  contemplated  by  the  Government  and 
Guaranteed  Permanent  Trust,  or  by  the  Submarine  Cables  Trust,  are  not 
a  **  Business  "  ;  the  Trustees  being  such,  in  deed  as  well  as  in  name,  and 
not  being  agents  with  power  to  enter  into  contracts  (Smith  v.  Anderson, 
sup ;  over-ruling  Sykes  v.  Beadon,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  522 ;  11  Ch.  D.  170). 
So,  a  Literary  Socy  is  not  such  a  Business  {Re  Bristol  Athenceum, 
cited  Joint  Stock  Company). 

But  though  the  contemplation  of  making  profit  was  stated  by  Jessel, 


BUSINESS  236  BUSINESS 

M.  B.,  in  Smith  y.  Andersofiy  to  be  an  ingredient  in  determining  whether 
a  sequence  of  things  done  would  form  a  **  Business, "  and  though  that 
idea  runs  through  the  other  cases  just  cited,  yet  that  portion  of  the  defi- 
nition would  seem  to  be  confined  to  cases  under  the  Comp  Act,  or  those 
of  a  like  kind.  It  is  indeed  clear  lanr  that  there  may  be  a  "  Business  " 
offending  against  a  prohibitory  covenant,  without  pecuniary  profit  being 
at  all  contemplated.  In  such  a  connection,  especially,  "  Business  "  is  a 
very  much  larger  word  than  "  Trade  '* :  and  the  word  "  Business  "  is  em- 
ployed in  order  to  include  occupations  which  would  not  strictly  come  within 
the  meaning  of  the  word  "  Trade,'*  —  the  larger  word  not  being  limited 
by  association  with  the  lesser  (per  Pearson,  J.,  Rolls  v.  MilleVy  53  L.  J. 
Ch.  101).  Therefore,  a  covenant  not  to  permit  the  carrying  on  of  any 
"  Trade  or  Business  "  is  broken  by  allowing  the  premises  to  be  used  as 
an  Out-Patient  Branch  of  a  Hospital  {Bramwell  v.  Laey^  48  L.  J.  Ch. 
339 ;  10  Ch.  D.  691 ;  40  L.  T.  361 ;  27  W.  R.  463 :  TodrHeatley  v.  Ben. 
ham,  40  Ch.  D.  80 ;  58  L.  J.  Ch.  83 ;  37  W.  R.  38)  ;  or  as  a  Home  for 
working  girXh. {Rolls  v.  Miller,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  99,  510,  682;  25  Ch.  D. 
206  ;  27  lb.  71).  And  the  Council  of  Law  Reporting  carry  on  (probably) 
a  Trade  and  certainly  a  Business  within  the  phrase  "  Trade  or  Business  " 
in  s.  11  (5),  Customs  &  Inl.  Rev.  Act,  1885,  48  &  49  V.  c.  51  {Re  Law 
RepoHing  Council^  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  90). 

On  the  other  hand  there  may  be  a  sequence  of  acts  from  which  profit 
is  anticipated  without  a  '*  Business  "  being  constituted.  Thus  where 
a  Barrister,  occupying  a  house  and  79  acres  of  land  as  a  private  resi- 
dence which  he  had  originally  taken  for  pleasure,  used  some  of  the  land 
for  breeding  cattle  and  horses  and  raising  vegetables,  fruits  and  flow- 
ers, which  he  sold,  and  he  also  occasionally  bought  and  sold  cattle  and 
horses;  it  was  held,  on  the  evidence,  that  he  did  not  carry  on  '^  Business  " 
within  s.  44,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  and  therefore  that  his  Trustee  was  not 
entitled  to  claim,  as  against  a  Bill  of  Sale  holder,  by  virtue  of  that  section 
{Re  Wallis,  Exp.  Sully,  14  Q.  B.  D.  950 ;  33  W.  R.  733 ;  52  L.  T.  625). 

Vfy  In  his  Trade  or  Business. 
^  But  again,  and  in  another  view,  there  may  be  a  "  Business  "  without 
any  sequence  of  acts,  for  "  if  an  isolated  transaction  which,  if  repeated, 
would  be  a  transaction  in  a  Business,  is  proved  to  have  been  undertaken 
with  the  intent  that  it  should  be  the  first  of  several  transactions  in  the 
carrying  on  a  business,  then  it  is  a  first  transaction  in  an  existing  Busi- 
ness ;  .  .  .  and  if  the  business  is  one  in  which  it  is  proper  to  keep  books, 
then  books  ought  to  be  kept  from  the  commencement  of  the  first  trans- 
action ";  and  their  Aon-keeping  is  a  ground  for  refusing  &c  a  Bankrupt's 
Order  of  Discharge,  within  s.  28  (3  a),  Bankry  Act,  1883  {Re  Griffin,  60 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  235 ;  39  W.  R.  156).     Vf,  Business  Transactions. 

A  Boys-School  (Doe  d.  Bish  v.  Keeling,  1  M.  &  S.  95 :  Vf,  Disagree- 
able), or  a  Girls-School  {Kemp  v.  Sober,  20  L.  J.  Ch.602;  1  Sim.  N.  S. 
517),  is  a  "Business  or  Calling,"  or  a  "Public  Trade  or  Business" 


BUSINESS  237  BUSINESS 

(  Wickenden  v.  Webster,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  264 ;  6  E.  &  B.  387;  27  L.  T. 
O.  S.  122)  within  a  restrictive  covenant.  So  is  a  Pay-Hospital  {Poftman 
V.  Bome  Hospitals  Assn,  27  Ch.  D.  81,  n;  60  L.  T.  599 :  Fa,  Bramwdl 
V.  Lacy  and  Rolls  v.  Miller,  sup).  It  is  questioned  whether  keeping  a 
Tjodging  House  is  a  "  Business  "  within  such  a  covenant  (Woodf.  706) ; 
but  surely  it  is  a  "  Business  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Holls  v.  Miller,  27 
Ch.  D.  88),  though  not  a  "  Trade." 

Qui  Partnership  Act,  1890,  "  '  Business/  includes  every  Trade,  Occu- 
pation, or  Pbofession  "  (s.  45). 

Note.  The  mere  description  in  a  Lease  of  the  demised  premises  being 
of  a  particular  Business  Character,  e.g,  an  Hotel,  does  not  create  an  im- 
plied covenant  for  carrying  on  that  business  {Grand  Canal  Co  v. 
M'Namee,  29  L.  E.  Ir.  131);  nor  does  a  covenant  that  no  other  than  a 
specified  business  shall  be  carried  on,  imply,  affirmatively,  that  such 
business  shall  be  carried   on    (Doe  v.  Guest,   15   M.   &  W.  160). 

V,  Trade:  Calling:  Ordinary  Calling:  Carry  on:  Profits: 
Transact  Business:  Solely:  Purposes. 

"  Business,**  the  conducting  of  which  is  punishable  under  16  &  17  V. 
c.  119,  ss.  1,  3,  does  not  mean  the  general,  or  any  part  of  the,  business  of 
a  place  in  which  betting  may  be  carried  on,  but  means,  "  the  Business  of 
a  Betting-house  Keeper  "  in  that  place  (per  Hawkins,  J.,  B.  v.  Cook,  13 
Q.  B.  D.  384  ;  51  L.  T.  21;  32  W.  R.  796 ;  48  J.  P.  694).  Vf,  Davis  v. 
Stephenson,  cited  Use. 

It  seems  that  a  Patentee  is  engaged  in  a  "  Business  "  within  R.  4, 
Trades  Marks  Rules,  Feb.  1883,  so  long  as  he  receives  royalties  under 
his  patent,  even  though  he  does  not  himself  manufacture  (Re  Ralphs 
63  L.  J.  Ch.  188 ;  26  Ch.  D.  194). 

Filling  up  vacancies  in  a  Local  Board  of  Health,  is"  Business  "  within 
Sch  1,  Part  1,  R.  2,  P.  H.  Act,  1876  (Newhaven  Loc.  Bd  v.  New- 
haven  School  Bd,  30  Ch.  D.  360). 

"  Business  in  any  Action,^*  &c,  in  R.  2,  Solrs  Rem  Ord,  does  not  in- 
clude conveyancing  business  (Re  Merchant  Taylors^  Co,  64  L.  J.  Ch. 
867;  30  Ch.  D.  28:  Vh,  Re  Atkinson,  24  L.  R.  Tr.  182).  "Business  " 
in  R.  6  of  the  Order  means,  any  part  of  the  business  which  would  be 
covered  by  the  Scale  Fee  (Re  Allen,  66  L.  J.  Ch.  487;  34  Ch.  D.  433 ; 
5Q  L.  T.  6;  36  W.  R.  218:  Hester  v.  Hester,  m  L.  J.  Ch.  247:  34 
Ch.  D.  607 ;  bb  L.  T.  862  ;  36  W.  R.  233 ;  61  J.  P.  438:  Re  Metcalf, 
57  L.  J.  Ch.  82;  67  L.  T.  926  ;  36  W.  R.  137).  V.  Business  Cox- 
ducted  with:  Undertaking. 

"  Business  of  the  Co  " ;  V.  Re  Foreign  &  Colonial  Government  Trust, 
cited  Conveniently. 

"  Business  of  any  Mine,''  s.  29,  24  &  26  V.  c.  97;   F.  Erection. 

V.  Out  of  the  Business. 

A  Bequest  of  a  "  Business,"  does  not  include  a  freehold  shop  in  which 
the  Business  is  carried  on  (Re  Benton^  30  W.  R.  702). 


BUSINESS  238      BUS.  PURPOSES 

So,  a  bequest,  by  a  Corn  and  Wool  Factor,  of  "  mj  said  Business,  and 
tbe  Goodwill  thereof,  with  the  premises  in  which  the  same  shall  be 
carried  on,"  was  held  not  to  pass  the  testator's  Capital  in  his  business, 
nor  his  Book-Debts  (which  were  regarded  as  part  of  Capital),  nor  his  Stock- 
in-Trade  ;  but  that  sacks,  horses,  and  drays,  "  forming,  as  it  were,  part  of 
the  implements  of  trade,"  did  pass  {Delany  v.  Delaiiy^  15  L.  R.  Ir.  55: 
as  to  Book  Debts,  Vf,  Re  Deller,  W.  N.  (88),  62).  Nor  does  a  bequest  of 
"Goodwill  and  Fixtures,"  pass  the  Stock-in-Tbade  {Re  Presley ^  92 
Law  Times,  391). 

Power  to  advance  to  set-up  in  business ;    V.  Set  up. 

Contract  not  to  do  "  Business  "  for  A.'s  clients;    V.  Client, 

"  Place  of  Business  ";   V.  Place. 

*'  Similar  Business  "  ;  F.  Similar. 

BUSINESS  CONNECTED  WITH. —  The  negotiations  {Re 
Field,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  661 ;  29  Ch.  D.  608  ;  33  W.  R.  553),  and  a  prelimi- 
nary agreement  {Re  Emanuel  and  Simnionds,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  710;  33 
Ch.  D.  40 ;  34  W.  R.  613),  are  "  Business  connected  with  "  a  Lease,  within 
Rule  2,  Solrs  Rem  Ord  and  as  such  comprised  within  the  work  for 
which  the  ad  vaL  remuneration  is  provided  by  the  Order  {Savery  v.  En- 
field,  1893,  A.  C.  218 ;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  674).  But  abortive  negotiations 
with  persons  other  than  the  actual  lessee  is  not  such  Business  {Re 
Martin,  41  Ch.  D.  381;  5  Times  Rep.  426).     FjT,  Lease. 

V.   BUSINESH. 

BUSINESS  DAYS. — "Non-business  Days"  for  the  purposes  of 
Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882,  mean  — 

"  (a)  Sunday,  Good  Friday,  Christmas  Day : 

(b)  A  Bank  Holiday,  under  the  Bank  Holidays  Act,  1871,  or  Acts 

amending  it: 

(c)  A  day  appointed  by  Royal   Proclamation  as  a  Public  Fast  or 

Thanksgiving  Day. 
Any  other  day  is  a  Business  Day  "  (s.  92,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882). 

BUSINESS  HOURS-  — If  a  thing  is  to  be  done  by  A.  "during 
Business  Hours,"  semble  that  means,  during  A.'s  business,  and  not 
during  the  business  hours  of  other  persons  (  V.  per  Smith,  L.  J.,  Re  Kent 
Coalfields  Syndicate,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  503). 

BUSINESS  PREMISES.— As  to  effect  of  a  description  in  Par- 
ticulars of  Sale  of  property  as  "  Business  Premises  " ;  V.  Re  Davis  and 
Cavey,  BS  L.  J.  Ch.  143;  40  Ch.  D.  601. 

BUSINESS  PURPOSES.  —  Semble,  a  remittance  to  a  clerk  to  be 
employed  for  "  Business  Purposes,"  is  not  misapplied  if  out  of  it  he  pays 
his  own  salary  (  Smith  v.  Thompson,  8  C.  B.  44;  18  L.  J.  C.  P.  314). 


BUS.  TRANSACTIONS  289  BUTT 

BUSINESS  .TRANSACTIONS.  — The  "usual  and  proper"  Books 
of  Account  sufficiently  disclosing  a  person's  "  Business  Transactions  and 
Financial  Position*'  the  omission  to  keep  which  is  a  Bankry  offence  (46 
&  47  V.  c.  52,  8.  28,  subs.  3,  a),  need  only  disclose  a  Bankrupt's  Trans- 
actions and  Position  "  in  the  business  carried  on  by  him/'  and  need  not 
disclose  matters  outside  such  business,  —  e,g.  a  building  speculation,  the 
Bankrupt  not  being  a  builder  {Re  Mutton,  19  Q.  B.  D.  102;  o6  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
395;  56  L.  T.  802;  35  W.  R.  561).      Vf,  Be  Griffin,  cited  Business. 

BUT.  —  "  Where  gifts  are  intended  to  be  cut  down,  the  words  cutting 
them  down  are  generally  introduced  by  some  stronger  word  than  *  But ' ; 
and  there  must,  therefore,  be  a  distinction  made  between  cases  where 
gifts  are  properly  cut  down  and  those  where  such  a  result  is  only  to  be 
inferred  from  imperfect  statements  of  the  event  on  which  the  testator  in- 
tended to  found  the  gift  over  "  (per  Ld  St.  Leonards,  Abbott  v.  Middleton, 
28  L.  J.  Ch.  113;  7  H.  L.  Ca.  68  ;  Sv,  jdgmt  of  Ld  Wensleydale  in  the). 

The  word  "  But "  following  a  covenant  "  suggests  a  qualification,"  but 
is  insufficient  to  create  an  independent  covenant  (per  Hall,  V.  C,  Sear  v. 
House  Property  Co,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  77 ;  16  Ch.  D.  387),  in  which  case  a 
lessee's  covenant  not  to  assign  without  lessoi'^s  consent,  was  held  to  be 
only  qualified  by  the  added  phrase  "  but  such  consent  not  to  be  Unrea- 
sonably withheld,"  and  that  such  phrase  did  not  amount  to  a  covenant 
by  the  lessor  on  which  a  breach  could  be  assigned;  Vf^  Brouffhton  v.  Con- 
way,  Moore,  58 ;  Dy.  240  a:  Gervis  v.  Peade,  Cro.  Eliz.  615;  Dy.  240  a: 
Elph.  469. 

"  But  on  the  contrary,"  may  render  an  allegation  specific  which  before 
was  general  and  uncertain  {Edge  v.  Pemberton,  12  M.  &  W.  189) ;  the 
phrase  '*  should  never  be  used  "  in  a  Pleading  statement  (per  Willes,  J., 
Carpenter  v.  Parker,  3  C.  B.  N.  S.  243:  Vh,  Harris  v.  Mantle,  3  T.  K. 
307). 

BUTCHER.  —  The  business  of  a"  Butcher  "*  is  carried  on,  within  the 
meaning  of  a  restrictive  covenant,  if  raw  meat  be  sold  on  the  premises 
though  the  animals  be  slaughtered  elsewhere  {Doe  d.  Gaskell  v.  Spry, 
1  B.  &  Aid.  617) ;  and  so  the  exposure  of  pork-meat  for  sale  is  carrying 
on  the  business  of  a  **  Pork-Butcher  "  {Doe  d.  Davis  v.  Elsam,  Moo.  & 
M.  189).  But  in  Cleaver  v.  Bacon  (4  Times  Rep.  27),  Kekewich,  J., 
cited  from  the  Imperial  Dictionary  the  definition  of  "  Butcher  "  as,  "  One 
who  slaughters  animals  for  market;  or  one  whose  occupation  is  to  kill 
animals  for  the  table  "  ;  and,  the  learned  judge  added,  "  One  who  simply 
sells  meat  does  not  seem  to  enter  into  that  definition  " ;  but  that  was  an 
obiter  dictum,  yet  still  the  case  involved  the  construction  of  a  restrictive 
covenant;  V.  Offensive:  Baker:  Cabby  on. 

BUTT.  —  "A  piece  of  land ;  e.g.  Register  of  Worcester  Priory,  fol. 
49  b  (Cam«  Soc.).    Where  a  selio  abruptly  meets  othersy  or  abuts  upon  a 


BUTT  240  BY 

boundary  at  right  angles,  it  is  sometimes  called  a  Butt;  Seebohm,  6  " 
(Elph.  564).     V.  Srlion. 

BUTTER.  — "Butter,"  quk  Margarine  Act,  1887,  means,  "the  sub- 
stance usually  known  as  Butter,  made, exclusively  from  Milk  or  Cream  or 
both,  with  or  without  Salt  or  other  Preservative,  and  with  or  without  the 
addition  of  Colouring  Matter  '*  (s.  3).     Vf^  Maroabinb. 

BUTTY  COLLIER-  — "Butty  Colliers  are  two  or  more  working 
colliers  who  join  together,  and  enter  into  an  agreement  with  a  mine  owner 
to  get  coal  or  iron-stone  from  the  mine  at  so  much  a  yard  or  so  much  a 
ton,  and  sometimes  at  so  much  a  day.  They  are  not  allowed  to  underlet 
the  work  or  leave  it ;  but  they  employ  other  workmen  under  them  ;  and 
they  are  responsible  for  their  wages.  They  usually  work  manually  them- 
selves ;  and  they  may  bind  themselves  to  the  mine  owner  to  do  so ;  V. 
Bowers  v.  Lovekin,  6  E.  &  B.  584 ;  26  L.  J.  Q.  B.  371 ;  4  W.  R.  600 ;  27 
L.  T.  0.  S.  168:  Sleeman  v.  Barrett,  2  H.  &  C.  934 ;  33  L.  J.  Ex.  163; 
12  W.  E.  411 ;  9  L.  T.  834  "  ;  MacS.  520,  n  4.  Bowers  v.  Lovekin  laid 
down  that  a  Butty  Collier  is  an  "  Artificer  "  within  the  Truck  Act,  1831 ; 
SfK  Abtifigeb:  —  "  We  cannot  take  judicial  notice  of  what  a  Butty-man 
is  ;  the  position  may  be  very  different  in  different  collieries  "  (per  Bigby , 
L.  J.,  Marrow  v.  Fiimby,  &c  Co,  cited  Employeb). 

BUY.  —  A  Hire-Purchase  agreement  is  not  an  agreement  to  "buy  " 
Goods  within  s.  9,  Factors  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V.  c.  45  (ffelbij  v.  Matthews^ 
1895,  A.  C.  471 ;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  465 ;  72  L.  T.  841 ;  43  W.  K  561)  ;  un- 
less  it  contains  an  obligation  whereby  the  hirer  is  hound  to  buy  {Lee  v. 
Bxitlery  1893,  2  Q.  B.  318;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  591 ;  69  L.  T.  370;  42  W.  E. 
88  :  Hull  Ropes  Co  v.  Adams,  73  L.  T.  446;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  114 ;  44  W.  R. 
108).  Vf,  Shenstone  v.  Hilton,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  452  ;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  584: 
McEntire  v.  Crossley,  1895,  A.  C.  457;  64  L.J.  P.  C.  129;  72  L.  T.  731. 

BUYER.  —  Quk  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "  'Buyer,'  means  a  person 
who  buys,  or  agrees  to  buy.  Goods  "  (s.  62). 

BY.  —  An  injury  or  damage  is  not  "  done  by  "  a  person  or  thing  if  he 
or  it  be  impelled  thereunto  by  ,the  Act  of  God  (  Weir  Commrs  v.  Adavp' 
son,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  193 ;  2  App.  Ca.  743). 

On  the  other  hand,  a  Commission  on  an  Auction  is  ** paid  by  the  Client, " 
R.  11,  Sch  1,  Part  1,  Solrs  Rem  Ord,  if  the  Purchaser  pays  a  fee  to  the 
Auctioneer  (  Cholditch  v.  Jones,  1896,  1  Ch.  42 ;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  83 ;  73  L.  T. 
528 ;  44  W.  R.  124).     Vf,  Conducting. 

A  Co  "  incorporated  by  Act  of  Parliament,"  means  one  which  "  by  '*  an 
Act  is  brought  into  existence,  and  does  not  include  a  Co  incorporated 
"  under  "  an  Act;  therefore,  a  Power  to  Invest  in  the  shares  &c  of  a  Co 
incorporated  ''  by  "  Act,  does  not  include  the  shares  &c  of  a  Co  registered 


BY  241         BY  DIRECTION 

under  the  Comp  Act,  1862  (Be  Smith,  1896,  2  Ch.  590;  65  L.  J.  Cb. 
761 ;  74  L.  T.  810:   Vf,  Elve  v.  Boyton,  cited  Company). 

The  difference  between  "  By  "  and  **  In  "  is  exemplified  in  Edmunds 
V.  Waugh  (35  L.  J.  Ch.  234;  L.  R.  1  Eq.  418;  14  W.  R.  257).  There 
the  question  arose  on  the  Real  l*roperty  Limitation  Act,  1833,  s.  42, 
which  prohibits  the  recovery  of  more  than  six  years'  arrears  of  rent  or 
interest  "  hy  any  Distress^  Action,  or  Suit/*  In  giving  judgment,  Kin- 
dersley,  V.  C,  pointed  out  that  the  word  was  "  by  "  not  "  in  " ;  and, 
accordingly,  it  was  held  that  though  a  mortgagee's  estate  is  being  admin- 
istered "  in  "  an  action,  yet  the  section  does  not  prevent  him  or  his  rep- 
resentatives from  retaining  more  than  6  years'  arrears  of  interest  out  of 
the  proceeds  in  their  hands  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  mortgaged  prop- 
erty  ( Vf,  Re  Marshfield,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  599 ;  34  Ch.  D.  721 ;  56  L.  T.  694 ; 
35W.  R.  491;  distinguishing  Mason  v.  Broadbentf  33  Bea.  296:  V. 
Rbcoyeb:  Chaboed  upon). 

"  By,  from,  or  under  "  ;   F.  Claiming  Undeb. 

As  to  difference  between  property  passing^  *'  By  "  as  contrasted  with 
"  Under,"  or  "  Under  or  By  Virtue  of  "  an  Instrument;  V,  A-Q,  v.  Chap- 
man, and  per  Williams,  J.,  A^G,  v.  Dodington,  cited  Under. 

Easement  "  enjoyed  by  "  some  Consent  In  wbitino,  s.  2,  2  &  3  W.  4, 
c.  71 ;  V.  Simpson  v.  Godmanchester,  1897,  A.  C.  696;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  843 ; 
65  lb.  154;  66  lb.  770. 

**  By  whose  order" ;  V.  Extbaobdinaby  Tbaffio. 

BY  AND   BETWEEN.—  V.  Agbekd  and  declabbd. 

BY  AUTHORITY.  —  A  Gazette  which  merely  purports  to  be 
printed  "  By  Authority,"  does  not  purport  to  be  printed  "  by  the  Queen's 
Printers,"  or  "  by  the  Queen's  Authority  "  (JK,  v.  Wallace,  14  W.  R.462). 

BY   DAY Qui  Canal  Boats  Acts,  1877,  and  1884,  "  '  By  Day,'  shall 

be  deemed  to  include  the  hours  between  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  and 
9  o'clock  at  night "  (s.  9,  47  &  48  V.  c.  76).     V.  Day. 

BY  BILL. — Payment  to  be  made  "By  Bill"  does  not  mean,  and 
parol  evidence  cannot  be  received  to  shew  it  to  mean,  ''  By  Approved 
Bill  "  (Hodgson  v.  Davies,  2  Camp.  530:  V.  Benj.  721).  V.  Afpboved 
Bill. 

BY  CONSENT.—  V.  Consent. 

BY  DEED   OR  WRITING.— F.  In  Wbitino. 

BY   DEFAULT.— r.  Default. 

BY  DIRECTION   OF  THE   EXECUTORS.— T.  Pbopbietob. 

16 


BY  FORCE         242  BY  LAW 

BY  FORCE.  — "By  force  of  the  statates  in  that  case  made  and  pro- 
vided/' in  an  Indictment,  is  surplusage  {A-G.  v.  Le  Revert^  9  L.  J.  Ex. 
163;  6M.  &W.405). 

"By  Force  or  Fraud";    T.  Fraud. 

BY   HIMSELF.— F.  Himself. 

BY  INHERITANCE.—  r.  Inheritance. 

BY  LAW.  —  This  phrase  means,  by  Implication  of  Law,  as  distin- 
guished from  Stipulation  by  Contract ;  and  therefore  on  a  contract  pro- 
viding a  specified  notice  to  quit,  s.  33,  Agricultural  Holdings  (England) 
Act,  1883  (prescribing  a  year's  in  lieu  of  a  half-year's  notice),  has 
no  application  {Barlow  v.  Teal,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  564 ;  15  Q.  B.  D.  501; 
1  Times  Rep.  491).  Fl  Legal  Notice:  Legal  Disability:  Six 
Months. 

So,  "  Debts  payable  by  law  out  of  Personal  Estate,"  s.  23,  5  &  6  V. 
c.  79,  means  such  debts  as,  in  themselves  and  in  their  own  nature  and 
character,  are  payable  out  of  personal  estate;  and  has  no  relation  to  any 
testamentary  provision  (Fercival  v.  The  QueeUy  33  L.  J.  Ex.  289; 
3  H.  &  C.  217). 

But,  semblCf  "  By  Law  "  has  no  such  meaning,  but  rather  a  contractual 
meaning,  as  used  in  s.  210,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1852,  which  relates  to 
proceedings  for  the  forfeiture  of  a  lease  when  a  half-year's  rent  is  in 
arrear  and  the  landlord  **  hath  Kight  by  law  to  re-enter  for  the  non-pay- 
ment thereof  " ;   that  phrase,  by  analogy  to  a  similar  one  in  s.  2,  4  G.  2, 

c.  28,  probably,  means,  "  a  right  to  re-enter  reserved  to  the  lessor  by  the 
lease  "  (  V.  per  Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Brewer  v.  Eaton^  3  Doug.  230 :    Doe 

d.  Dixon  v.  Roe^  7  C.  B.  134:  Doe  d.  Darke  v.  Bowditch,  8  Q.  B.  973; 
15  L.  J.  Q.  B.  266).  So,  by  s.  28,  3  &  4  V.  c.  42,  Interest  on  Debts  is 
"payable  in  all  cases  in  which  it  is  now  payable  by  Law,"  "  which  in- 
cludes Interest  payable  under  a  contract "  (per  Chitty,  J.|  Be  Reliance 
Bg  Socy,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  455). 

Cp,  Eight  in  Equity. 

Testamentary  gift  of  what  "  may  by  Law  be  given  for  Charitable  Pur- 
poses ";  r.  Re  Bridger,  1894,  1  Ch.  297;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  186 ;  70  L.  T. 
204;  42W.  R.179. 

"  Devolution  by  Law  " ;   F.  Devolution  :  Disposition. 

F.  Party  by  law  enabled  to  declare  such  trust. 

"By  Operation  of  Law";  F.  Devolution:  Surrender.  On  a 
Change  of  Name,  —  e.g.  by  a  Co,  or  by  a  Woman  on  her  marriage,  —  a 
registered  Proprietor  of  a  Trade-Mark  becomes  "entitled  by  Opera- 
tion of  Law  "  to  be  registered  in  the  new  name  under  s.  87,  Patents,  &c 
Act,  1883  {Re  New  Ormonde  Cycle  Co,  1896,  2  Ch.  520;  65  L.  J.  Ch. 
785;  75  L.  T.  50). 


BY  LAW  243       BY  PROMOTION 

"  Constituted  by  Law  " ;   V.  Constituted. 

"  Incapacitated  by  Law  ";   V.  Incapacitated. 

**  Prohibited  by  Law  " ;   V.  Pbohibitsd. 

Right  or  Privilege  "  by  Law  or  Practice  ";    V.  Practice^  at  end. 

V.  Bye-Law. 

BY  MEANS   OF.—  V.  Breach  of  Trust. 

BY  NIQHT —  V.  Night. 

BY  PAYMENT.  —  V.  Reduced  by  Payment. 

BY  POISON.—  r.  Poison. 

BY  POST.  —  Service  of  a  Notice  of  Objection  to  a  Parliamentary 
Vote  by  sending  it  "  by  Post  "  in  manner  prescribed  by  s.  100,  6  V.  c.  18, 
is  **  Sufficient "  proof  of  the  service  and  is  Conclusive  (Bishop  v.  Helps, 
2  C.  B.  45;  15  L.  J.  C.  P.  43).     Cp,  Sufficient  Evidence. 

Where  an  Act  passed  after  31st  Dec  1889,  "  authorizes  or  requires  any 
Document  to  be  served  *  By  Post'  (whether,  the  expression  'Serve,* 
'  Give/  or  <  Send,'  or  any  other  expression  is  used)  then,  unless  the  con- 
trary intention  appears,  the  service  shall  be  deemed  to  be  effected  by 
properly  addressing,  pre-paying,  and  posting  a  letter  containing  the 
Document,  and  (unless  the  contrary  is  proved)  to  have  been  effected  at 
the  time  at  which  the  letter  would  be  delivered  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
post "  (s.  26,  Interp  Act,  1889).    FA,  Ordinaby  Course:  Send:  Serve. 

Notices  under  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  may  be  served  "  by  Post,  by  a  pre- 
paid Letter  "  (s.  267)  ;  —  proof  of  posting  a  Notice  which  does  not  show 
it  was  by  a  prepaid  letter,  is  insufficient,  although  the  section,  further 
on,  says  that,  ''  in  proving  such  service  it  shall  be  sufficient  to  prove  that 
the  Notice,  Order,  or  other  Document  was  properly  addressed  and  put 
into  the  post  "  (WaUhamstow  v.  Henwoodj  1897,  1  Ch.  41;  66  L.  J.  Ch. 
31;  75  L.  T.  375;  45  W.  R.  124). 

"  It  is  settled  law  that  an  Offer  is  to  be  deemed  accepted  when  the 
Letter  of  acceptance  is  '  posted ' ;  the  reason  being  that  the  Post  Office 
IS  considered  the  common  agent  of  both  parties  "  (per  Cozens-Hardy,  J., 
^e  London  &  Northern  Bank,  69  L.  J.  Ch.  26 ;  citing  Re  Imperial 
Land  Go  of  MarseilleSj  41  L..  J.  Ch.  621;  7  Ch.  587);  but  handing  a 
letter  to  a  postman  for  him  to  post,  is  not  "  posting  "  it ;  and,  conse- 
quently, the  delivery  to  him  of  a  Letter  of  Acceptance  of  an  Application 
for  Shares  is  not  a  posting,  qu^  fixing  the  time  of  Acceptance  (^Re  Lon* 
don  &  Northern  Bank,  1900,  1  Ch.  220 ;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  24;  81  L.  T.  512). 

«  By  the  Post " ;  Stat.  Def.,  3  &  4  V.  c.  96,  s.  71 ;  10  &  11  V.  c.  85, 
8.20. 

BY  PROMOTION.-  V.  Promotion. 


BY  PURCHASE         244  BY  WEIGHT 

BY  PURCHASE.  —  As  to  the  effect  of  this  phrase  in  a  Limitation 
to  prevent  application  of  rule  against  Pebpetuities  ;  V.  Watson,  £a^. 
245,  246.     V.  Purchase. 

A  covenant  to  settle  such  future  property  as  may  be  acquired  "  by  pur- 
chase," will  include  a  subsequently  effected  Life  Policy  and  the  moneys 
payable  thereunder  (Ee  Turcan,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  101 ;  40  Ch.  D.  5). 

BY  REASON. — ''Costs  sustained  by  the  defendant  by  reason  oi" 
an  Indictment  or  Information  for  Libel,  s.  8,  6  &  7  V.  c.  96,  includes  the 
costs  of  unsuccessfully  showing  cause  against  the  Rule  nisi  for  filing  the 
Information  {R,  v.  Steel,  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  391 ;  1  Q.  B.  D.  485;  disapprov- 
ing R.  V.  Cavendish,  12  Ir.  L.  R.  230). 

V,  Contbact:  Coloub. 

BY  RETAII r.  Eetail. 

BY  SEX.— r.  Sbx. 

BY  THE  YEAR.  —  V.  Peb  Annum:  Valub. 

BY  THIS   MY  WILI F.  Hebein. 

BY  VIRTUE.  —A  Fire  Escape  built  pursuant  to  s.  7,  Factory  and 
Workshop  Act,  1891,  though  an  Imposition  or  Outqcinq  within  a 
lessee's  covenant,  is  an  expense  which  the  lessor  is  called  upon  to 
pay  "  by  virtue  of  an  Act  of  Parliament"  {Arding  v.  Economic  Printing 
Co,  79  L.  T,  622,  420). 

"  By  virtue  or  in  pursuance  of  "  ;  V,  Pubsuance:  Undbb. 

"  By  virtue  of  the  Statute  of  Distribution "  ;  Fl  Re  Sturge  and 
G.  W.  Ry,  19  Ch.  D.  444. 

Money  in  "  his  Possession  by  virtue  of  his  Office  '* ;  V.  Office  : 
Coloub. 

Occupation  "  by  virtue  of  Service  "  ;  V.  Skbye. 

V.  As  such:  Take  in  Execution:  Duties. 

BY   WAY   OF-  —  "  By  way  of -<4rfver^w6r»«n^  " ;  F.  Advebtisement. 
"  By  way  of  Gaming  *'\  F.  Gaming  Contbact. 
"  By  way  of  Jointure  ";  F.  Jointube. 

"  By  way  of  Mortgage  or  Equitable  Charge " ;  F.  Mobtoaqb  ob 
Charge. 

"  Duties  i  ncident  to  an  estate  conveyed  by  way  of  mtge  "  ;  F.  Tbust. 
"  By  way  of  Succession  " ;  F.  Settlement  :  Succession. 

BY  WEIGHT.  —To  sell  Bread  "  By  Weight,"  s.  4,  Bread  Act,  1836, 
6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  37,  the  Bread,  after  it  is  baked,  must  be  weighed ;  it  is 
not  enough  to  weigh  the  dough  before  baking  and  make  an  allowance  for 
loss  of  weight  in  the  oven  (Jones  v.  Huxtable,  36  L.  J.  M.  C.  122;  L.  R. 


BY  WEIGHT  245  BYE  LAW 

2  Q.  B.  460;  15  W.  R.900;  31  J.  P.  634;  8  B.  &  S.  433:  Hill  v.  Brown- 
ing,  L.  R.  5  Q.  B.  453;  22  L.  T.  584;  34  J.  P.  774) ;  but,  semhle,  if  a  fair 
sample  of  a  few  loaves  from  each  batch  are  weighed  after  the  batch  has 
been  baked,  and  as  a  test  of  the  weight  of  all  the  loaves  in  the  batch, 
that  would  suffice  (  Webb  v.  Manders,  12  S.  J.  1020).  The  point  is,  that 
in  some  fair  way  the  baked  Bread  must  be  weighed  shortly  before  sale. 
'*  I  do  not  say  that  it  is  strictly  the  duty  of  the  seller  to  weigh  a  loaf  at 
the  time  of  sale ;  but  unless  the  loaf  were  weighed  then,  or  shortly 
before,  that  would  be  evidence  of  a  sale  otherwise  than  '  By  Weight '  " 
(per  Blackburn,  J.,  J(mes  v.  ffuxtable,  sup). 

In  Williams  v.  Deggan  (31  J.  P.  807)  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  is  reported  to 
have  said  that  a  baker  ought  to  weigh  his  bread  in  the  presence  of  his 
customer;  and  so  he  ought,  and  he  runs  risk  if  he  do  not;  but  there 
would  seem  no  compulsion  that  he  must  {Jones  v.  Huxtahle^  sup  :  R,  v. 
Kennet,  L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  565;  33  J.  P.  824:  Mitton  v.  Troke,  20  L.  T.  563; 
33  J.  P.  821). 

It  is  no  answer  to  a  charge  of  not  selling  "  By  Weight,*'  that  the  buyer 
asked  for  a  loaf  of  a  specified  price  {London  Co,  Co,  v.  Read^  1900, 1 Q.  B. 
288;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  39;  81  L.  T.  452;  48  W.  R.  393;  63  J.  P.  775). 

V,  Fbknch  Bread. 

Selling  Coals  by  Weight,  1  &  2  W.  4,  c.  Ixxvi,  s.  57;  V.  Smith  v.  Wood, 
59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  5;  24  Q.  B.  D.  23  ;  approving  Meredith  v.  Holman,  16 
L.  J.  Ex.  126;  16  M.  &  W.  798,  whlc  was  on  s.  54. 

BY  WHOSE.  — "  Person  by  whose  Act,  Default,  Permission,  or  Suf- 
ferance, the  Nuisance  arises,"  s.  12,  18  &  19  V.  c.  121,  s.  94,  P.  H.  Act, 
1875,  8.  4,  P.  H.  (London)  Act,  1891 ;  V.  Brown  v.  Bussell,  37  L.  J.  M.  0. 
65;  9  B.  &  S.  1 ;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  251:  Bamett  v.  Laskey,  cited  Cleanse: 
Fordom  v.  Parsons,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  780;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  22;  71  L.  T.  428; 
68  J.  P.  765 :  R.  v.  Mead,  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  169;  59  J.  P.  160:  Permission. 

"  By  whose  Order  ";   V.  Exteaordinaby  Traffic. 

V.  Authorize. 

BY  WILL.— F.  Writing:  Purchase. 

BY  WRITINQ.—r.  Writing. 

BYE. — "Bye  signifieth  a  dwelling,  bye,  an  habitation,  and  byan  to 
dwell  "  (Co.  Litt.  5  b). 

BYE  LAW.  —  "Is  not  a  Bye  Law,  a  law  governing  the  Corporate 
Body,  and  which  they  are  authorized  to  make  ?  '*  (per  Alderson,  B., 
Hopkins  v.  Swansea,  8  L.  J.  Ex.  125;  4  M.  &  W.  621).  Vh  5  Rep.  63: 
Termes  de  la  Ley :  Cowel,  Bilawes :  James  v.  Tutney,  Cro.  Car.  497, 
498:  Collman  v.  Mills,  cited  Permit:  London  Assn  of  Shipowners  v. 
London  &  India  Docks,  1892,  3  Ch.242:  67  L.  T.  238:  Peace:  Requ- 


BYE  LAW  246  BYRES 

late:  New  Building:   Selwyn,  N.  P.  1187-1191:  Lumlej,  on  Bje 
Laws:  2  Encyc.  315^19. 

By  a  Stat.  Def.,  *'  Bye  Law ''  is  sometimes  made  to  include  Kule, 
Order,  or  Regulation,  e.g.  25  &  26  V.  c.  97,  s.  2 ;  27  &  28  V.  c.  113,  s.  3; 
48  &  49  V.  c.  76,  s.  29;     49  &  50  V.  c.  32,  s.  9. 

BYRES.—  r.  Cattle  Shed. 


247 


C.  F.  I.-C>€TERIS  PARIBUS 


C.  F.  I.  —  Cost,  Freight,  AND  Insurance  ;  whv. 
C.  O.  D.  —  Collect  on  Delivery,  or  Cash  on  Delivery. 

CAB.  — Qa4  Dublin  Amended  Carriage  Act,  1854,  17  &  18  V.  c.  45 
(V.  s.  10),  "  *  Cabriolet '  shall  include  every  carriage  known  as  Hansom's 
Patent  Safety  Cab;  and  every  carriage  constructed  with  four  wheels  used 
for  passengers  (except  a  Stage  Carriage,  or  a  carriage  drawn  or  im- 
pelled by  the  power  of  steam)  which  shall  be  used  for  the  purpose  of 
standing  or  plying  for  Hire  in  any  street  or  road,  or  other  place  within 
the  limits  of  "  the  Dublin  Carriage  Act,  1853.    F.  Ply.    Cp.  Carriage. 

Qua  London  Cab  Act,  1896, 59  &  60  V.  c.  27  (  V.  s.  3),  "  •  Cab '  shall 
mean  any  Hackney  Carriage,"  within  32  &  33  V.  c.  115. 

CABIN  OR  OTHER  ALLOWANCES.  — In  Best  y.  Saunders 
(Moo.  &  M.  268),  Lord  Tenterden  was  of  opinion  these  words  did  not 
apply  to  an  allowance  in  the  nature  of  Primage.  Vh  1  Maude  &  P. 
121, 122. 

CABIN    PASSENGER.  — r.  Steerage  Passenger. 

CABLISH.  —  '* Brushwood,  or,  more  properly,  windfalls;  Spelm. ; 
browsewood;  4  Inst.  308  "  (Elph.  564).     Vf  Cowel. 

CAD.  —  V.  Conductor. 

CADAVER.  —  A  dead  human  body,  —  the  word  being  said  to  be 
formed  of  the  first  syllables  of  the  words  caro  data  vermibus  (flesh  given 
to  the  worms),  —  "  The  burial  of  the  Cadaver  (that  is,  caro  data  vermibus) 
is  nuZlius  in  bonis j  and  belongs  to  ecclesiastical  cognizance  "  (3  Inst.  203, 
cited  by  Holroyd,  J.,  R.  v.  Coleridge^  2  B.  &  Aid.  809).  There  is  no  prop- 
erty in  a  Cadaver  (Williams  v.  Williams,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  385;  20  Ch.  D. 
659,  and  authorities  there  cited:  R.  v.  Friee,  cited  Christian  Burial). 

CETERIS  PARIBUS.  —  A  statutory  power  to  appoint  to  a  Living 
was  vested  in  trustees  who  were  to  appoint  a  fit  and  proper  person  duly 
qualified,  provided  that  in  such  appointment  such  person  should  be  pre- 
ferred, "  ceeteris  paribus,"  who  should  belong  to  a  certain  class;  — held, 
that  ''oBteris  paribus"  referred  to  the  being  fit  and  proper  and  duly 
qualified,  and  not  to  the  general  qualifications  of  a  clergyman  (A-G.  v. 
Fowis,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  218;  Kay,  186). 


CAIRNS'  ACTS  248    CALCUTTA  LINSEED 

CAIRNS'  ACTS.  — Chancery  Amendment  Act,  1858,  21  &  22  V. 
c.  27,  repealed  by  46  &  47  V.  c.  49 : 
Partition  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  40. 

CALAMITY.  —  V.  Unforesekn. 

CALCEY.  —  A  Galsey,  or  Gals  way,  or  Causey,  23  H.  8,  c.  5,  is  a 
Footpath,  and  ^  is  a  passage,  made  by  art  of  earth  gravel  stones  aud 
such  like,  on  or  over  some  High  or  Common  Way  leading  through  sur- 
rounding grounds,  for  the  safe  passage  of  the  King's  liege  people '' 
(Callis,  90).  Vh,  Chester  Mill  Case,  10  Rep.  137.  Cowel  gives  the 
word  as  "  Calcetum,"  or  "  Calceata,"  and  defines  that  word  as.  Causeway. 

CALCULATED  TO  BENEFIT.  —  Scheme  of  Arrangement  not 
"  Reasonable,"  or  "  calculated  to  benefit  the  general  body  of  Creditors," 
s.  18  (6),  Bankry  Act,  1883 ;  V.  Be  Aylmer,  19  Q.  B.  D.  33;  56  L.  J. 
Q.B.460;  56L.T.801;  35W  R.532;  20Q.B.D.258;  57  L.  J.  Q.  H. 
168;  36  W.  R.  231:  Be  Burr,  cited  Approve:  Be  Thurlow,  1895, 
1  Q.  B.  724;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  479;  72  L.  T.  642. 

CALCULATED  TO  DECEIVE.— Name  of  Co  so  nearly  resem- 
bling  that  of  an  already  registered  Co  "  as  to  be  calculated  to  deceive," 
s.  20,  Comp  Act,  1862 ;  V,  Manchester  Brewery  Co  v.  North  Cheshire  & 
Manchester  Brewery  Co,  1898,  1  Ch.  539 ;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  351 ;  78  L.  T. 
537 ;  46  W.  R.  515,  and  cases  there  cited. 

The  prohibition  in  s.  6,  Trade  Marks  Registration  Act,  1875,  38  &  39 
V.  c.  91,  against  registering,  in  connection  with  a  trade  mark,  words 
"  calculated  to  deceive,"  refers  to  deceptiveness  inherent  in  the  words 
themselves,  and  not  as  arising  from  similarity  to  words  comprised  in 
other  trade  marks  {Be  Horshurgh,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  237). 

As  to  the  same  phrase  in  Patents,  Designs  and  Trade  Marks  Act,  1883, 
ss.  72  (2),  73;  V.  Be  Speer,  W.  N.  (87)  8;  55  L.  T.  880:  Be  Australian 
Wine  Importers  and  Mason,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  380;  41  Ch.  D.  278:  Eno  v. 
Dunn,  15  App.  Ca.  252 ;  63  L.  T.  6 ;  39  W.  R.  161 :  Be  Smokeless 
Powder  Co,  1892,  1  Ch.  590;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  301;  66  L.  T.  407;  40  W.  R. 
507:  Be  Dexter,  1893,  2  Ch.  262;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  645 ;  68  L.  T.  793: 
Faine  v.  Daniell,  1893,  2  Ch.  567 ;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  732  ;  68  L.  T.  801 ;  42 
W.  R.  40 :  Be  Loftus,  1894, 1  Ch.  .193 ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  52 ;  69  L.  T.  690 ; 
42  W.  R.  251 :  Be  Verreries  de  VjSStoile  Soey,  1894,  2  Ch.  26 ;  63  L.  J.  Ch. 
381;  70  L.  T.  295;  42  W.  R.  420:  Be  Dewhnrst,  1896,  2  Ch.  137;  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  618;  74  L.  T.  388;  44  W.  R.  672:  Saxlehner  v.  Apollinaris 
Co,  1897,  1  Ch.  893 ;  6&  L.  J.  Ch.  533 ;  76  L.  T.  617. 

As  to  the  Evidence  of  what  is  "  calculated  to  deceive,"  qui  an  alleged 
Infringement  of  a  Trade-Mark  ;  V,  Baker  v.  Bawson,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  49 ; 
45  Ch.  D.  519. 

CALCUTTA  LINSEED.  —  V.  Wieler  v.  Schilizzi,  26  L.  J.  C.  P. 
id;  17C.  B.619. 


CALENDAR  249  CALL 

CALENDAR.—  T.  Almanack. 

CALENDAR  MONTH.  — "A  'Calendar  Month'  is  a  legal  and 
technical  term ;  and  in  computing  time  by  calendar  months,  the  time 
must  he  reckoned  hy  looking  at  the  calendar  and  not  by  counting  days  " 
(per  Brett,  L.  J.,  Migotti  v.  Colville,  48  L.  J.  C.  P.  695;  4  C.  P.  D.  233; 
27  W.  R  744;  43  J.  P.  620).  Therefore,  e.g,y  "one  calendar  montli's 
Imprisonment  is  to  he  calculated  from  the  day  of  imprisonment  to  the 
day  numerically  corresponding  to  that  day  in  the  following  month,  less 
one  "  (Ih.).  When  there  is  no  such  corresponding  day  in  the  last  month 
of  the  imprisonment,  the  prisoner's  term  will  he  up  on  the  last  day  of 
such  last  month.  Thus  a  prisoner  "sentenced  to  a  calendar  month's 
imprisonment  will  never  he  imprisoned  for  a  greater  numher  of  days  than 
there  are  in  the  month  in  which  he  was  sentenced"  (per  Cotton,  L.  J., 
Migotti  y.  Colville,  sup).  So,  as  regards  the  requirement  of  a  calendar 
month's  Notice  of  Action,  —  "in  considering  what  is  the  length  of  a 
Calendar  month,  it  is  sufficient,  when  the  months  are  hroken  whatever  he 
the  length  of  either,  to  go  from  one  day  in  one  month  to  the  correspond- 
ing day  in  the  other  "  (per  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  Freeman  v.  Eead,  11  W.  R. 
802;  32L.  J.  M.C.226;  8  L.  T.  468 ;  4  B.  &  S.  184). 

So,  of  a  Complaint,  which  has  to  be  made  "  Within  1  calendar  month 
after  "  its  cause;  and,  therefore,  where  in  such  a  case  the  alleged  Offence 
be  on  the  30th  May,  the  complaint  is  in  time  on  the  30th  June  (Radcliffe 
V.  Bartholomewy  1892, 1  Q.  B.  161 ;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  63;  65  L.  T.  677;  40 
W.  R.  63;  56  J.  P.  262).     ^Time. 

V.  Month  :  Six  Months. 

CALL.  —  A  "  Gall  "  on  a  Go's  Shares  is  used  in  two  senses,  —  (1)  the 
Application  to  the  Shareholders  to  pay;  (2)  the  Amount  to  be  paid  (per 
Parke,  B.,  Newri/,  &c  Ry  v.  Edmunds,  2  Ex.  121). 

A  Circular  to  Shareholders  informing  them  that  the  Directors  have 
resolved  on  making  a  "  Gall  **  of  Capital,  constitutes  a  Call  (per  Parke,  B., 
Shaw  V.  Rowley,  16  M.  &  W.  810),  for  "  Notice  of  a  thing  implies  that 
it  exists  "  (per  Coleridge,  J.,  jB.  v.  Londonderry ^  &c  Ry,  13  Q.  B. 
1003) ;  but  a  Call  is  made,  in  point  of  time,  when  the  Resolution  is 
passed,  and  not  when  the  Notice  is  given  (S.  C).  Va  Owing.  Vh 
Hamilton,  ch.  11. 

Instalments  by  which  a  Share  is  payable,  are  not  "  Calls  "  (per  Kelly, 
C.  B.,  Hubbersty  v.  Manchester  S.  &  L.  Ry,  8  B.  &  S.  421,  423). 

Probably,  it  is  of  general  acceptation  in  the  Winding-up  of  a  Co,  to 
define  a  "  Call  **  as,  "  a  demand  or  requisition  upon  Contributories  of  the 
Co,  made  or  to  be  made  for  a  Contributory  Payment  towards  the  funds 
or  assets  thereof,  or  for  or  towards  the  payment  or  discharge  of  any  of 
the  debts,  liabilities,  or  tosses  of  such  Co  "  (s.  3,  11  &  12  V.  c.  45). 

**  To  <  call  *  at  a  Port  is  a  well-known  se&term ;  it  means  to  call  for 


CALL  250  CALUMNIATOR 

the  purposes  of  basiness,  —  generally,  to  take  in  or  unload  Cargo,  or  to 
receive  orders.  It  must  mean  that  the  vessel  may  stop  at  the  Port  of 
Call  for  a  time,  or  else  the  liberty  to  call  would  be  idle ''  (per  Esher, 
M.  R.,  Leduc  v.  Wardj  cited  Liberty  to  Call). 

Toll  for  using  pier  or  landing-stage  *'  every  Time  of  Call/'  s.  165, 
Thames  Conservancy  Act,  1894,  will  not  (in  the  absence  of  contract) 
authorise  a  higher  charge  than  the  prescribed  toll  on  the  ground  of  the 
stay  being  longer  than  a  mere  ''  Call ''  would  require  {Queen  of  the  River 
8.  S.  Co  V.  Thames  Conservators,  47  W.  R.  686). 

CALL  UPON.  —  An  agreement  not  to  "call  upon,  or  directly  or 
indirectly  solicit  orders  from,"  a  person's  customers,  prohibits  only  busi- 
ness calls  in  the  way  of  the  trade  or  business  of  the  person  whose  cus- 
tomers are  referred  to  (Mills  v.  Dunham^  cited  Customer). 

Arbitrators  are  "  called  on  to  a>ct^"  Sch  1  (c),  Arb  Act,  1889,  when 
called  on  to  do  some  specific  thing  connected  with  the  arbitration,  e.g. 
if  they  receive  a  Notice  requiring  them  to  appoint  an  Umpire  (Baring- 
Gould  V.  Sharpington  Syndicate^  1899,  2  Ch.  91;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  434). 
Cpj  Baker  v.  Stephens^  cited  Enter. 

A  person  is  "  bond  fide  called  upon  to  pay  "  Rates,  s.  6, 6  &  7  V.  c.  18, 
if  his  name  is  inserted  as  the  rate-payer  in  the  Rate  Book  (Cook  v.  Luckett, 
2  C.  B.  168;  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  78). 

CALLED. — "My  estate  called  A."  is  a  general  description,  not 
confined  to  a  particular  locality,  and  therefore  extrinsic  evidence  may  be 
given  of  what  is  included  in  such  a  devise;  seeus^  if  there  were  a  descrip- 
tion of  lands  "  at  "  or  "  in  "  a  particular  locality  (Bicketts  v.  Turquand^ 
1  H.  L.  Ca.  472;  cited  1  Jarm.  427,  428).     V.  Of. 

CALLING.  —  Carrying  on  a  School  is  a  "  Calling,"  within  a  restric- 
tive covenant  (Doe  d.  Bish  v.  Keelingy  1  M.  &  S.  96 :  Kemp  v.  Sober ^ 
20  L.  J.  Ch.  602 ;  1  Sim.  K  S.  617)  ;  and  "  the  Profession  of  Teaching 
is  a  *  Calling,'  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  that  teaching  is  carried  on 
under  the  directions  of  a  Society  regarded  by  law  as  an  illegal  organiza- 
tion "  (per  Porter,  M.  R.,  Galwey  v.  Barden^  1899, 1  I.  R.  614),  in  whc 
it  was  held  that  a  Member  of  the  Order  of  Jesuits  who  was  a  teacher  in 
a  Jesuit  College,  was  entitled  to  a  legacy  conditioned  on  his  entering  a 
**  Profession,  Trade,  or  Calling,"  although  his  appointment  in  the  College 
involved  his  being  at  the  service  of  the  Socy,  and  though  there  was  no 
doubt  that  he  intended  to  dedicate  the  legacy  to  the  use  of  the  Socy. 
fy  Business. 

Q?  Apprentice :  Ordinary  Calling:  Vocation. 

CALSWAY V.  Calcey. 

CALUMNIATOR.— F.  Challenge. 


CAMPBELL'S  ACTS    251  CANCEL 

Lord  CAM  PBELL'S  ACTS.  —  Libel  Act,  1843,  6  &  7  V.  c.  96 : 
Fatal  Accidents  Act,  1846,  9  &  10  V.  c.  93: 
Obscene  Publications  Act,  1857,  20  &  21  V.  c  83: 
Vexatious  Indictments  Act,  1869,  22  &  23  V.  c.  17. 

CAN.  —  To  engage  to  do  anything  "  as  fast  as  it  can  "  be  done,  means 
no  more  than,  as  fast  as  Possible:   Vh  Customary. 

"Can  be,"  means,  "can  reasonably  be"  (per  Knight^Bruce,  L.  J., 
Whicker  v.  Hume,  21  L.  J.  Ch.  406;  1  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  506;  14  Bea.  509; 
adopted  by  P.  C.  in  Jex  v.  McKinney,  68  L.  J.  P.  C.  69;  14  App.  Ca.  77). 

Such  sum  as  "  can  be  procured  " ;  V.  Llewellyn  v.  Rutherford^  cited 
Goodwill. 

CAN   TRANSFER.  — r.  Left. 

CANADA.  —  The  re-union  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  became 
"  Canada  "  by  the  British  North  America  Act,  1840,  3  &  4  V.  c.  36,  by 
8.  61  of  which  it  was  enacted  that  "  the  words  '  Act  of  the  Legislature  of 
the  Province  of  Canada/  are  to  be  understood  to  mean,  <  Act  of  Her 
Majesty  her  heirs  or  successors  enacted  by  Her  Majesty  or  by  the  Goy- 
emor  on  behalf  of  Her  Majesty,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Legislative  Council  and  Assembly  of  the  Province  of  Canada.'"  In 
3  &  4  v.  c.  78  (F.  s.  12)  "  Province  of  Canada  "  was  defined,  "  Canada  as 
constituted  under  "  the  Act  of  1840. 

CANAL.  —  Semble^  The  Biver  Bourne,  at  Bournemouth,  is  canalized 
80  as  to  be  a  "  Canal,"  within  s.  17,  P.  H.  Act,  1876  (per  Lindley,  L.  J., 
Durrani  v.  Branksome,  cited  Filthy  Water). 

Qu^  Ry  and  Canal  TraflBc  Act,  1864,  "  <  Canal '  shall  include  any 
Navigation  whereon  Tolls  are  levied  by  authority  of  Parliament,  and 
also  the  Wharves  and  Landing  Places  of  and  belonging  to  such  Canal  or 
Navigation  and  used  for  the  purposes  of  Public  Traffic  "  (s.  1),  — a 
def  adopted  for  Regn  of  Railways  Act,  1873  (  V.  s.  3). 

Other  Stat  Def.  —  26  &  27  V.  c  112,  s.  3;  38  &  39  V.  c  17,  a.  108 ; 
40  &  41  V.  c.  60,  s.  14. 

Building  "  used  for  the  purposes  of  a  Canal ";   V.  Purposes. 

"  Land  used  only  as  a  Canal  "  ;  F.  Only  :  Railway. 

"  Canal  Boat ";  Stat  Def.,  40  &  41  V.  c.  60,  s.  14. 

"Canal  Company  ""^  Stat.  Def.,  Ry&  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1854,  s.  1 ; 
Regn  of  Railways  Act,  1873,  s.  3;  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  108;  Ry  & 
Canal  Traffic  Act,  1888,  ss.  37,  46;    61  &  62  V.  c.  16,  s.  8. 

"  Canal  /ntcr^f  ";  Stat  Dei,  Ry  &  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1888,  s.  42  (3). 

CANCEL.  —  To  "cancel"  a  document,  is  to  put  au  end  to  it  by 
drawing  lines  over  it,  or  over  its  signatures,  "  in  the  form  of  lattice- 
work, or  eancelli  ;  though  the  phrase  is  now  used,  figuratively,  for  any 


CANCEL  252  CANDIDATE 

manner  of  obliteration  or  defacing  it "  (2  Bl.  Com.  308,  309)  e.g.  by 
tearing  the  seals  off  a  Deed  (  Ward  v.  Lumley^  29  L.  J.  Ex.  322;  5  H. 
&  N.  87,  whv  as  to  utility  of  document  after  Cancellation).  Bnt  an  in- 
tention to  destroy  must  accompany  the  act  of  cancellation  {Eaper  v. 
Birkbeck,  15  East,  17 :  Wilkinson  v.  Johnson,  3  B.  &  C.  428 :  per 
Maule,  J.,  Bamberger  v.  Commercial  Credit,  15  C.  B.  693).  Vf  Touch, 
by  Preston,  70,  56,  n.     Cp  Burn. 

But  a  document  may  be  made  void  under  a  power  to  ''  cancel  "  without 
the  mannal  act  of  cancellation  {Bamberger  y.  Commercial  Credit,  15 
C.  B.  676;  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  115). 

In  a  Marine  Insrce,  or  Charter-Party,  "  Cancel,"  sometimes  means,  to 
become  void  :  —  thus  a  Mem  on  a  Charter-Party  provided  that  the  Char- 
ter should  be  "  cancelled  "  on  either  of  certain  events  happening,  and 
that  was  held  to  mean,  that  if  either  event  happened  the  Charter  should 
become  void  (Adamson  v.  Newcastle  S.  S.  Insrce,  48  L.  J.  Q.  B.  670 ; 
4  Q.  B.  D.  462).  But  where  a  Policy  on  Freight  provided  that  "  no 
claim  arising  from  the  cancelling  of  any  Charter"  should  be  allowed; 
held,  that  frustration  of  the  adventure  did  not  amount  to  cancellation 
(Re  Jamieson  and  Newcastle  S.  S.  Insrce,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  90 ;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  660;  72  L.  T.  648 ;  43  W.  K  530). 

Not  every  Tearing  of  a  Will  is  a  Cancellation  of  it  (per  Best,  J.,  Doe 
d.  Perkes  v.  Perkes,  cited  Tear). 

r.  To  BE  cancelled:  Destroy:  Revoke. 

CANDIDATE.  — "The  correct  sense  of  the  word  *  Candidate'  is,  a 
person  offering  himself  to  the  suffrages  of  the  people  "  (per  Ld  Ellen- 
borough,  Morris  v.  Burdett,  2  M.  &  S.  217).  But  on  this  the  question 
arises,  when  does  a  person  so  offer  himself  ?  This  question,  according  to 
the  purpose  for  which  it  is  asked,  will  vary  in  its  answer. 

A  person  who,  with  his  consent,  received  a  parliamentary  nomination, 
but  who  declined  to  go  to  the  poll,  was  not  a"  Candidate  "  liable  to  ex- 
penses of  polling  booths  &c,  within  s.  71,  Eep  People  Act,  1832  {Muntz 
V.  Sturge,  10  L.  J.  Ex.  234 ;  8  M.  &  W.  302).  But  a  candidate  cannot 
withdraw  from  nomination,  except  **  during  the  time  appointed  for  the 
election  "  (35  &  36  V.  c.  33,  s.  1),  — ue.  the  hours  for  nomination, — 
or  by  neglecting,  on  request,  to  find  security  for  the  returning  officer's 
expenses  within  one  hour  afterwards  (38  &  39  V.  c.  84,  s.  3).  How  far 
then  would  Muntz  v.  Sturge,  be  now  operative  in  case  no  request  for  se- 
curity be  made  within  the  time  prescribed  by  the  section  last  cited,  and 
yet  the  candidate,  before  the  expenses  of  the  polling  had  been  incurred, 
repudiated  his  candidature  and  consequent  liability  ?  Such  a  person 
would  not  be  a  "  Candidate  "  within  s.  71,  Rep  People  Act,  1832,  and 
on  the  other  hand  the  returning  officer  would  not  have  availed  himself  of 
8.  3,  38  &  39  v.  c.  84.  How  then  could  he  claim  for  services  repudiated 
before  rendered  ?    If  it  be  said  that  the  time  for  withdrawing  the  nomi- 


CANDIDATE  258  CANDIDATE 

nation  being  past,  the  nominee  remains  a  "  Candidate  "  in  spite  of  him- 
self, and  all  the  machinery  of  an  election  must  go  on,  and  that  that  would 
be  the  nominee's  fault ;  it  may  be  replied,  that  the  fault  is  equally  the 
returning  officer's  for  not  having  required  the  security,  which  request 
would  have  at' once  settled  the  matter.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  in 
the  case  supposed  the  returning  officer  would  be  without  remedy  (but  see 
a  contrary  opinion,  Cunningham  on  Elections,  66,  67). 

A  person  who,  with  his  consent,  received  a  parliamentary  nomination, 
but  declined  to  go  to  the  poll,  was  held  to  be  a  *'  Candidate  "  within 
17  &  18  V.  c.  102  (V.  8.  38),  and  the  21  &  22  V.  c.  87  (V.  s.  3) ;  and  as 
such  liable  to  the  fee  of  £10  to  the  election  auditor,  an  office  abolished 
by  26  &  27  V.  c.  29  (Edwards  v.  Whitehurst,  29  L.  J.  Ex.  329 ;  5  H.  A  N. 
131). 

But  the  most  important  aspect  in  which  the  question  can  be  put,  of 
when  and  how  a  person  becomes  a  Parliamentary  Candidate,  is  as  it 
affects  his  return  or  the  liability  of  himself  or  agents  for  Corrupt  Prac- 
tices. In  this  view,  the  Stat.  Def.  is  given  in  s.  63,  Corrupt  and  Illegal 
Practices  Prevention  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V.  c.  51,  as  follows:  — 

**  Candidate  at  an  Election,"  and  "  Candidate,"  mean  "  unless  the 
context  otherwise  requires,  (1)  any  person  elected  to  serve  in  parlia- 
ment at  such  election,  and  (2)  any  person  who  is  nominated  as  a  candi- 
date at  such  election,  or  is  declared  by  himself  or  by  others  to  be  a 
candidate  on  or  after  the  day  of  the  issue  of  the  writ  for  such  eleC' 
tioriy  or  after  the  dissolution  or  vacancy  in  consequence  of  which  such 
writ  has  been  issued. 

"  Provided  that  where  a  person  has  been  nominated  as  a  candidate  or 
declared  to  be  a  candidate,  by  others,  then,  — 

(a)  If  he  was  so  nominated  or  declared  without  his  consent,  nothing 

in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  to  impose  any  liability  on  such 
person,  unless  he  has  afterwards  given  his  assent  to  such  nomi- 
nation or  declaration,  or  has  been  elected ;  and 

(b)  If  he  was  so  nominated  or  declared,  either  without  his  consent  or 

in  his  absence,  and  he  takes  no  part  in  the  election,  he  may,  if 
he  thinks  fit,  make  the  Declaration  respecting  election  expenses 
contained  in  the  2nd  Part  of  the  2nd  Sch  to  this  Act,  and  the 
election  agent  shall,  so  far  as  circumstances  admit,  comply  with 
the  provisions  of  this  Act  with  respect  to  expenses  incurred  on 
account  of  or  in  respect  of  the  conduct  or  management  of  the 
election  in  like  manner  as  if  the  candidate  had  been  nominated 
or  declared  with  his  consent." 
This  definition  establishes  two  classes  of  candidates:  — 

1.  Successful: 

2.  Unsuccessful. 

1.  As  regards  successful  candidates,  a  person  **  elected'*  is  a  candidate, 
and  is  responsible  for  all  the  acts  of  himself  or  his  agents  for  the  time 


CANDIDATE  254  CANNOT 

being,  that  bear  upon  bis  election  (  Youghal,  21  L.  T.  306 ;  1  O'M.  &  H. 
291).  There  is  no  limitation  of  time.  A  successful  candidate  is  a  "  can- 
didate "  as  soon  as  be  begins  to  operate  with  a  view  to  his  election  ;  and 
thenceforward  all  the  liabilities,  disqualifications,  and  penalties  of  a 
"  candidate  "  attach  to  him  (Boston,  1874,  2  O'M.  &  H.  161,  was  a  memo- 
rable instance :  Vf,  Malcolm  v.  Ingram,  L.  R.  10  C.  P.  168 ;  44  L.  J.  C.  P. 
121). 

2.  As  regards  unsuccessful  candidates,  the  difference  is  indicated  above 
by  italics.  An  unsuccessful  candidate  would  not  be  a  "  candidate, "  pe- 
nally responsible,  except  for  acts  done  on  or  after  the  day  of  the  issuing 
of  the  writ  or  after  the  dissolution  or  vacancy. 

Other  Stat  Def .  —  31  &  32  V.  c.  125,  s.  3  ;  35  &  36  V.  c.  60,  s.  2 ;  45 
&46  V.  C.50,  8.  77.  — Scot.  53  &54  V.  c.  55,8.  2. 

A  person  disqualified  for  Election  and  therefore  disqualified  for  Nomi- 
nation, if  regularly  nominated  in  point  of  form  for  election  as  a  Munici- 
pal Councillor,  can  properly  '*  allege  himself  to  have  been  a  Candidate, " 
8.  88  (1),  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882,  and  is  entitled  to  petition  under  that 
section  (Harford  v.  Lynskey,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  852;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  599  j  80 
L.  T.  417 ;  47  W.  R.  653;  63  J.  P.  263). 

CANDLE.  — Qud.  the  Duties  imposed  by  24  G.  3,  c.  11  (repealed), 
**  Candles  "  did  not  include  small  Bush-lights  made  at  home  and  ''  only 
once  dipped  in,  or  once  drawn  through,  grease  or  kitchen  stuff,  and  not 
at  all  through  any  tallow,  melted  or  refined  "  (s.  5).  Vth^  A-G.  v.  Bar- 
relly  1  Y.  &  J.  495. 

The  goods  of  the  East  India  Co  had  to  be  "  sold  openly  and  publicly 
by  Inch  of  Candle  "  (s.  69,  9  &  10  W.  3,  c  44),  on  whv  Eagleton  v. 
East  India  Co,  3  B.  &  P.  63-66. 

CANISTER.—  V.  Case  ob  Canister. 

CANNEL r.lRON. 

Quk  Metropolis  Gas  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V.  c.  125,  "Cannel  Gas," 
means.  Gas  of  an  Illuminating  Power  ( V.  8.  25)  of  "  not  less  than  20 
candles  "  (s.  4). 

CANNOT.  —  "Cannot,"  includes  a  legal  inability,  as  well  as  a 
physical  impossibility  (The  Newbattle,  54  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  16;  10 
P.  D.  33). 

Where,  on  an  inquiry  before  Justices,  the  Settlement  of  an  Insane 
Person* "  cannot  be  ascertained,"  s.  41,  9  G.  4,  c.  40,  means,  "not  a 
permanent  and  perpetual  disability  to  ascertain  it  but,  only  a  disability 
to  decide  upon  it  at  the  time  "  (per  Coleridge,  J.,  B.  v.  Heyop,  8  Q.  B. 
560;  15  L.  J.  M.  C.  70). 

Substituted  Service  of  a  notice  if  the  person  to  be  served  "  cannot  be 
Found,"  s.  15  (2),  14  &  15  V.  c.  92,  means,  cannot  be  found  after  due 


CANNOT  255  CAPACITY 

diligence  has  been  used  to  effect  personal  service  {Blue  y.  Fullerton,  Ir. 
Rep.  10  C.  L.  233). 

CANON.  —  A  Canon  of  the  Church,  is  a  Member  of  a  Chapter  (2  Bl. 
Com.  383),  who  has  no  Cure  of  Souls  (Phil.  Ecc  Law,  140),  and  whose 
chief  duty  is  not  only  to  preach,  "  in  his  own  person,  so  often  as  he  is 
bound  by  law,  statute,  ordinance,  or  custom,  but  shall  likewise  preach  in 
other  churches  of  the  same  diocese  where  he  is  resident,  and  especially 
in  those  places,  whence  he  or  his  Church  receive  any  yearly  rents  or 
profits  "  (No.  43,  Canons  Ecc.  1604).  ^,  3  &  4  V.  c.  113,  s.  93 ;  35  &  36 
V.  c.  8,  8.  2. 

Minor  Canon ;   T.  3  &  4  V.  c.  113,  s.  93. 

Vh,  Randolph  v.  MUman,  38  L.  J.  C.  P.  81 ;  L.  R.  4  C.  P.  107. 

CANONRY.—  V.  Walrond  v.  Pollard,  3  Dy.  294  a:  Ecc.  Commrs 
V.  KUdare,  8  Ir.  Ch.  Rep.  100. 

CANTARIA.—  V.  Chauntby. 

CANVASSER. —-Qu4  Municipal  Elections,  a  "  Canvasser,"  "  means 
any  person  who  solicits,  or  persuades,  or  attempts  to  persuade,  any  person 
to  vote,  or  to  abstain  from  voting,  at  an  Election,  or  to  vote,  or  to  abstain 
from  voting,  for  any  Candidate  at  an  Election  "  (s.  2,  35  &  36  V.  c.  60; 
8.  77, 45  &  46  V.  c.  50). 

It  is  submitted  that  that  def  is  good  for  "  Canvasser  "  at  any  Election. 

CAPABLE.  —  "  Capable  of  being  covered  by  Insrce  " ;   V.  Insurance. 

"  Capable  of  taking  effect " ;   V,  Subsisting. 

**  Capable  forthwith  of  exercising  all  the  functions  of  an  Incorporated 
Co,"  s.  18,  Comp  Act,  1862;  —  "  Those  are  strong  words.  The  Co  at- 
tains maturity  on  its  birth  "  (per  Ld  Macnaghten,  Be  Salomon^  66  L.  J. 
Ch.  49;  1897,  A.  C.  22). 

A  child  under  7  is  not  capable  of  Crime;  between  7  and  14  there  is 
only  a  presumption  against  such  capability  (1  Bl.  Com.  464,  465) ;  but 
a  boy  under  14  cannot  be  guilty  of  Rape  (1  Hale,  P.  C.  630:  E.  v. 
Groomhridge,  7  C.  &  P.  583). 

F".  Incapable. 

CAPACITY.  —  Capacity  is  "  an  ability  or  fitnesse  to  receive :  In  law, 
it  sigpiifies  when  a  man  or  body  politick  is  able  to  give,  or  take,  lands  or 
other  things,  or  to  sue  actions  "  (Cowel).      P/Termes  dela  Ley. 

A  claim  arising  in  respect  of  moneys  improperly  received  and  re- 
tained by  a  Director  of  a  Building  Socy,  is  not  a  Dispute  **  in  his  Ca- 
pacity of  a  Member  of  the  Society  "  within  s.  2,  Bg  Societies  Act,  1884,  so 
that  it  ought  to  be  referred  to  arbitration  {Municipal  Permanent  Bg  Socy 
V.  Richards,  39  Ch.  D.  372 ;  58  L.  J.  Ch.  8 :  Cp.  Character)  ;  the  phrase 
refers  "  to  disputes  arising  out  of  the  social  contract  that  binds  the  mem- 


CAPACITY  256  CAPITAL 

bers  of  the  Socy  together"  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Western  Suburban^  &c  Socy 
V.  Martin,  cited  Dispute). 

CAPITA.  —  V.  Peb  Capita. 

CAPITAL.  —  The  "  Capital "  of  a  Joint-Stock  Co,  "  means,  the 
money  subscribed  pursuant  to  the  Mem  of  Assn,  or  what  is  represented 
by  that  money  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Vemerv.  Gen,  &  Commercial  Trust, 
1894,  2  Ch.  239;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  462). 

"  The  word  *  Capital '  for  the  purposes  of  a  Joint  Stock  Co,  may  have 
any  one  of  at  least  three  meanings,  viz. :  — 

*'  (1.)   Nominal  Capital :  —  the  amount  named  in  the  Memorandum  of 
Association,  say,  £100,000  in  10,000  shares  of  £10  each. 

*^  (2.)   Issued  Capital :  —  say  5,000  shares  of  £10  each,  part  of  the  above 
nominal  capital. 

"  (3.)   Paid-up  Capital :  —  say  £25,000,  being  £5  per  share  on  each  of 
the  above  5,000  shares. 

'*  In  which  one  of  these  meanings  it  is  used  in  the  Acts,  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  say:  probably  it  is  used  sometimes  in  one  and  sometimes  in 
another.  In  the  Dronfield  Co  (17  Ch.  D.  76,  86;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  387), 
Jessel,  M.  R.,  pointed  out  that  in  s.  12  of  the  Comp  Act,  1862,  and 
s.  9  of  the  Comp  Act,  1867,  it  must  mean  not  merely  '  Nominal  Capi- 
tal '  but  <  Issued  Capital '  or  <  Trading  Capital.'  By  s.  3  of  the  Comp 
Act,  1877,  the  word  as  used  in  the  Comp  Act,  1867,  is  to  '  include ' 
paid-up  capital;  and  looking  at  s.  6  of  the  Comp  Act,  1877,  it  must 
include  unissued  capital,  for  that  section  gives  power  to  reduce  capital 
by  cancelling  unissued  shares.  The  result,  therefore,  would  seem  to 
be  that  the  Acts  of  1867  and  1877  in  fact  cover  all  three  meanings " 
(Buckl.  583). 

"  Available  Capital  *';  V,  Available. 

Capital  "  losty^*  or  "  unrepresented  by  available  assets,"  s.  3,  Comp  Act, 
1877,  does  not  comprise  Capital  that  has  been  expended  in  preliminary 
expenses  (Re  Abstainers  Insrce  Co,  1891,  2  Ch.  124;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  510; 
64  L.  T.  256;  39  W.  R.  674).  Note:  — where  Capital  is  so  lost,  &c, 
the  Court  has  jurisdiction  to  sanction  any  scheme  for  Reduction  of 
Capital  (British  &  American  Corp  v.  Couper,  1894,  A.  C,  399;  63  L.  J. 
Ch.  425;  70  L.  T.  882;  42  W.  R.  652:  Jte  Floating  Dock  Co,  1895, 
1  Ch.  691;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  361;  43  W.  R.  344:  Be  National  DweUings 
Socy,  78  L.  T.  144). 
Outlay  out  of  Capital;  V,  Outlay. 

Capital  "  raised  "  or  "  issued  "  from  which  preliminary  expenses  to  b^ 
paid;  F.  NichoU  v.  Regent's  Canal  Co,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  641;  71  L.  T. 
249. 

Bequest  of  "  Capital  ";  V.  Enohin  v.  Wylie,  10  H.  L.  Ca.  Ij  31  L.  J. 
Ch.  402. 


CAPITAL  257  CAPITAL  MONEY 

Book  Debts  are  part  of  a  Tradesman's  Capital  {Delany  v.  Delani/, 
cited  BusTNBSS,  towards  end). 

V.  Income  :  Profits  :  Productive  Capitai.  :  Uncalled  Capital  : 
Nominal:  Loan. 

CAPITAL  EMPLOYED.  —  On  the  sale  of  a  business,  a  representa- 
tion as  to  the  "  Capital  employed  "  therein  by  the  vendor,  means,  "  the 
amount  in  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  which  he  has  invested  therein, 
and  which,  if  not  so  invested,  might  be  in  his  pocket,  or  otherwise  ex- 
pended on  his  account  "  (per  Kekewich,  J.,  Glasier  v.  Rolls^  58  L.  J.  Ch. 
330;  37  W.  R.  430;  60  L.  T.  591;  revd  on  a  ground  not  affecting  above 
def,  6  Times  Rep.  691;  62  L.  T.  133). 

"  Sum  employed  as  Capital  " ;  Sch  D.,  1st  Case,  R.  3,  Income  Tax 
Act,  1842;  V.  Reid^s  Brewery  Co  v.  Male,  cited  Profits:  Royal  Insrce 
V.  WaUon,  1897,  A.  C.  1;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1 :  75  L.  T.  334;  61  J.  P. 
404 :  —  qua  Cost-Book  Mines,  Morant  v.  Wheal  Grenville  Co,  71  L.  T. 
758 ;  11  Times  Rep.  67. 

V.    Ay  THE   PRESENT  TIME. 

CAPITAL   LOST.  —  V.  Capital. 

CAPITAL  MONEY.— The  def  of  "Capital  Money'*  in  s.  2  (9), 
S.  L.  Act,  1882,  should  be  transposed  thus,  —  "  Capital  Money  arising 
under  this  Act  and  receivable  for  the  trusts  and  purposes  of  the  Settle- 
ment, is,  in  this  Act  referred  to  as  Capital  Money  arising  under  this 
Act "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Marlborough  v,  Majoribanks,  32  Ch.  D.  5 ; 
65  L.  J.  Ch.  339 ;  34  W.  R.  377 ;  54  L.  T.  914).  The  phrase  means. 
Capital  Money  capable  of  being  applied, — i.e.  money  in  hand,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  probable  future  receipts  (Re  Bristol,  1893,  3  Ch.  161 ; 
62  L.  J.  Ch.  901;  69  L.  T.  304;  42  W.  R.  46,  and  cases  there  cited). 
Svy  Re  Norfolk,  cited  Improvement. 

Proceeds  from  sale  of  Heir-looms  (Marlborough  v.  Majoribanks,  sup), 
a  Fine  on  granting  a  Lease  (s.  4,  47  &  48  V.  c.  18),  Money  required  for 
Enfranchisement  or  for  Equality  of  Exchange  or  Partition  (s.  18,  S.  L. 
Act,  1882),  Money  in  Court,  or  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  Liable  to  be 
laid  out  in  purchase  of  lands  (ss.  32,  33,  lb. :  Re  Byron,  23  Ch.  D.  171 ; 
53  L.  J.  Ch.  152;  48  L.  T.  515 ;  31  W.  R.  517:  Ex  p.  Castle  Bythaw, 
1895,  1  Ch.  348;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  116;  43  W.  R.  156 :  Re  Mackenzie,  23 
Ch.  D.  759;  52  L.  J.  Ch.  726;  48  L.  T.  936:  Re  Tennant,  58  L.  J.  Ch. 
457:  Re  Mundy,  cited  Option:  Clarke  v.  Thornton,  35  Ch.  D.  314; 
56  L.  J.  Ch.  302;  35  W.  R.  603;  56  L.  T.  294:  Svthlc,  Burk^  r.  Gore, 
13L.  R.  Ir.  367)  are  "Capital  Money"  within  the  S.  L.  Act,  1882; 
but  accumulations  of  surplus  rents  are  not  (Re  Newcastle,  24  Ch.  D. 
129;  52  L.  J.  Ch.  645;  48  L.  T.  779;  31  W.  R.  782). 

Money  liable  to  be  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  Land  that  may  be  in- 
vested or  applied  as  "  Capital  Money,"  s.  33,  S.  L.  Act,  1882^  includes 

17 


CAPITAL  MONEY       258  CARCASE 

money  to  bo  laid  out  in  Freehold  Ground  Rents  having  a  prescribc'd 
relative  value  and  a  prescribed  term  (Re  ThomaSy  cited  Improvement). 

"  Capital  Money,"  qu^  s.  69,  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  is  defined  in  subs.  3 
of  that  section. 

Vh  Tudor,  Char.  Trusts,  280,  281. 

CAPITAL  NOT  CALLED  UP. —  Includes  unissued  Shares  (£'«^- 
lish  Channel  Steamship  Co  v.  Bolt,  17  Ch.  D.  715). 

CAPITAL  WORKS.  — Stat.  Def.,  Loc  Gov  (Scot)  Act,  1889,  52  & 
53  V.  c.  50,  s.  18  (7). 

CAPITE.  —  A  Tenant  in  Capite,  was  one  who  held  "  immediately  of 
the  King,  as  of  his  Crowne,  be  it  by  Knight's  Service  or  Socage ;  and  not  of 
any  Honor,  Castle,  or  Manor  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).     jyCowel:  Jacob. 

CAPTAIN.  — Qui  Militia  (Voluntary  Enlistment)  Act,  1875,  38  & 
39  V.  c.  69,  "  •  Captain,'  includes  any  other  Commanding  Officer  of  a 
company  "  (s.  2). 

"  Captain  or  Commanding  Officer  " ;   T.  26  &  27  V.  c.  116,  s.  3. 

CAPTIVES.  —  V.  Prisoner. 
CAPTORS.—  V.  Joint  Captors. 

CAPTURE.  —  Capture  is  "  a  Taking,  an  Arrest,  a  Seizure,  14  Car.  2, 
c.  14"  (Cowel). 

"Capture,"  in  a  Marine  Insurance,  and  generally,  means  a  hostile 
seizure  by  one  country  of  the  Ships  or  G^ods  of  the  subjects  of  another 
country  with  which  it  is  in  a  state  of  War,  with  intent  to  keep  or  to 
deprive  the  owner  of  the  thing  seized  (Park,  ch.  4:  Johnston  v.  Hogg,  52 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  343;  10  Q.  B.  D.  432,  and  dicta  there  cited).  In  Cory  v. 
Burr  (52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  659 :  8  App.  Ca.  393),  which  was  also  a  case  on  a 
Marine  Policy  and  contained  the  usual  warranty  against  "  Capture  and 
Seizure,"  Selborne,  C,  said,  —  "  I  am  disposed  to  agree  that  if  the  word 
*  Capture '  had  stood  alone  it  might  have  appeared  to  point  to  a  belligerent 
capture." 

Though  a  Ship  is  the  more  easily  captured  because  she  was  driven  by 
stress  of  weather  on  the  shore,  that  is  none  the  less  a  Capture  {Chreen  v. 
Elmslie,  Peake,  212) ;  seeus,  if  she  be  a  Total  loss  before  seizure,  for 
then  the  loss  is  already  a  Peril  of  the  Sea  {Hahn  v.  Corhett,  2  Bing. 
205).     Vf  Consequences. 

F.  Seizure:  Actual  Capture. 

CAPUT   PORTUS.  —  F.  Port. 

CARCASE. —Quk  Contagious  Diseases  (Animals)  Act,  1878,  41  & 
42  y.  c.  74;  '*  <  Carcase  '  means;  the  carcase  of  an  animal;  and  includes^ 


CARCASE  259  CARE-TAKER 

part  of  a  carcase,  and  the  meat,  bones,  hide,  skin,  hoofs,  horns,  offal,  or 
other  part  of  an  animal,  separately  or  otherwise,  or  any  portion  thereof  " 
(s.  5,  subs.  1,  vi),  —  a  def  which  (by  s.  69)  is  adopted  for  57  &  58  V.  c.  57. 

CARDS.  —  Qui  Revenue  Act,  1862, 25  &  26  V.  c.  22, "  Cards,"  means 
Playing  Cards  charged  with  Stamp  Duty  ;  and  "  Pack  of  Cards  "  means 
**  any  quantity  or  number  of  cards  not  exceeding  52  "  (s.  28). 

CARD  WELL'S   ACT.  —By  &  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1854. 

CARE:  CUSTODY. —"Whether  the  custody  be  domestic  or  not, 
if  a  person,  —  no  matter  who  he  is  or  in  what  relation  he  stands,  —  has 
the  care  and  custody  of  a  Lunatic,  and  during  the  course  of  that  care  or 
custody  abuses,  ill-treats,  or  wilfully  neglects  a  lunatic  he  is  within  " 
8.  9,  16  &  17  V.  c.  96,  and  liable  to  its  penalty  (per  Coleridge,  C.  J., 
Buchannan  v.  Hardij,  56  L.  J.  M.  C.  45  ;  18  Q.  B.  D.  486 ;  35  W.  R. 
453 ;  51  J.  P.  741).  In  that  case  it  was,  accordingly,  held  that  a  parent 
is  within  the  section ;  and  the  decision  in  R,  v.  Rundle  (24  L.  J.  M.  (L 
129 ;  1  Dears.  482),  that  a  husband  is  not,  was  adversely  criticised.  A 
brother  is  within  the  section  {R,  v.  Porter ^  33  L.  J.  M.  C.  126). 

**  Custody,  Charge,  or  Care  "  of  a  Child,  qui  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Children  Act,  1894,  57  &  58  V.  c.  41;  V.  s.  23  (3).  A  woman's  para- 
mour is  not  (as  a  cohabiting  husband  is)  ipso  facto  within  this  phrase, 
because  he  is  not  its  **  Paebnt  " ;  to  convict  him  it  must  be  shown  that, 
in  fact,  he  had  the  custody  of,  and  did  neglect,  her  child  (Ottley  v.  Fenn, 
109  Law  Times,  175,  176). 

"  Care  or  Management "  of  a  Place  kept  for  Betting,  ss.  1  and  3,  16 
&  17  V.  c.  119  ;   V.  R.  v.  Cook,  and  Davis  v.  Stephenson,  cited  Use. 

"  Care,  Government,  or  Management  "  of  a  House,  &c,  s.  2,  21  G.  3, 
c.  49 ;   V,  Keeper. 

Servants  having  "  the  Care  "  of  property,  s.  8,  Black  Act,  9  G.  1,  c.  22, 
8.  4,  52  G.  3,  c.  130 ;  F.  Nesham  v.  Armstrong,  1  B.  &  Aid.  146:  Somer- 
set V.  Mere,  4  B.  &  C.  167. 

CARELESSLY.  —  As  to  effect  of  a  jury's  finding  that  a  Privileged 
Communication  was  made  honestly,  but  "  carelessly  " ;  V,  Pittard  v. 
Oliver^  89  Law  Times,  119. 

"  Carelessly,  or  Accidentally  "  break  or  damage  a  Street  Lamp,  s.  207, 
Metrop  Man.  Act,  1855;  the  liability  under  this  section  may,  under  the 
word  "accidentally,"  be  incurred  though  the  damage  resulted  in  great 
measure  through  the  lamp  being  in  an  improper  and  unsafe  position 
(Burgess  v.  MorrU,  77  L.  T.  97 ;  61  J.  P^553). 

CARE-TAKER.  —  A  "  Care-taker  *'  is  one  whose  only  business  is  to 
guard  the  premises  against  injury ;  and  does  not  include  one  who  may 
create  danger  (Quin  v.  National  Assrce,  Jones  &  Carey,  330);  therefore, 
a  carpenter  having  charge  of  an  unfinished  house  in  which  he  also  carries 


CARE-TAKER  260  CARGO 

on  his  business  as  a  carpenter,  is  not  properly  described  as  a  '^  Care-taker  '' 
qui  a  Fire  Policy  {S.  C). 

CARQO.  — "  The  word  'Cargo,'  as  referred  to  a  Ship,  is  very  intelli- 
gible, and  must  mean  the  whole  Loading.  It  may  as  well  be  said  that 
the  word  *  Ship  '  is  uncertain,  one  being  much  bigger  than  another"  (per 
Cur.  Sargent  v.  Beed,  2  Stra.  1228) ;  "  Cargo,"  and,  generally, "  Freight/' 
are  terms  applicable  to  Goods  only  (Lewis  v.  Marahallj  13  L.  J.  C.  P. 
193;  7M.  &G.  729). 

"  Generally  speaking,  the  term  '  Cargo,'  unless  there  is  something  in 
the  context  to  give  it  a  different  signification,  means  the  entire  load  of 
the  ship  which  carries  it  "  (per  Mellish,  L.  J.,  Borrotoman  v.  Draytorij 
2  Ex.'D.  19;  46  L.  J.  Q.  B.  276:  for  such  a  context,  Fl  Caffin  v.  Aldridge, 
cited  Port).  So  when  a  contract  shews  that  the  buyer  of  a  "  Cargo  "  is 
to  have  complete  control  over  the  destination  of  the  vessel,  "  Cargo  " 
means  the  entire  ship-load  and  not  a  shipment,  and  the  buyer  of,  e.g. 
"  a  Cargo  of  from  2,500  to  3,000  Barrels  (seller's  option),"  may  reject  a 
tender  of  3,000  Barrels  on  the  ground  that  other  Barrels  had  been  shipped 
by  the  same  vessel  and  therefore  that  a  **  Cargo  "  was  not  tendered  (Bor- 
rotoman V.  Drdtftony  sup :  Vay  Kreuger  v.  Blancky  L.  R.  5  Ex.  179 ;  39 
L.  J.  Ex.  190:  Ffl  Maude  &  P.  313).  And,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
buyer  of  a  "  Cargo,"  the  quantity  being  mentioned,  is  bound  to  take  the 
Cargo,  whatever  its  quantity,  unless  the  contrary  is  very  plainly  shewn 
(Levi  V.  Berk,  2  Times  Rep.  898).     V.  More  or  Less. 

Where,  however,  the  question  is  on  a  Policy  of  Insurance,  "  Cargo  " 
does  not  necessarily  mean  the  whole  loading  (Houghton  v.  Crilbart,  7  C. 
&  P.  701:  Vthc  contrasted  with  Sargent  v.  Iteedy  sup,  in  jdgmt  of 
Cleasby,  B.,  Kreuger  v.  Blanch,  sup).  FA,  Anderson  v.  Morice,  1  App. 
Ca.  713;  46  L.  J.  C.  P.  11;  25  W.  R.  14 ;  35  L.  T.  566:  Colonial  Insrce 
V.  Adelaide  Insrce,  12  App.  Ca.  128;  56  L.  J.  P.  C.  19;  35  W.  R.  636; 
56  L.  T.  173. 

As  to  the  meaning  of  "  Full  and  Complete  Cargo  ";  V,  Southampton 
Steam  Co.  v.  Clarke,  L.  R.  4  Ex.  73;  6  lb.  53;  38  L.  J.  Ex.  54;  40  lb. 
8 :  Duckett  v.  Satterfield,  L.  R.  3  C.  P.  227 ;  37  L.  J.  C.  P.  144 :  Morris 
v.  Levison,  1  C.  P.  D.  155;  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  409;  34  L.  T.  576;  24  W.  R. 
517;  Vthlc,  Carnegie  \,  Conner,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  122;  24  Q.  B.  D.  45; 
61  L.  T.  691;  6  Asp.  447:  Miller  v.  Bomer,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  691;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  429;  82  L.  T.  258:  Vf,  Caffin  v.  Aldridge,  cited  Port: 
Heathfield  S,  S.  Co.  v.  Rodenacher,  2  Com.  Ca.  55.  And  as  to  the  effect 
of  custom  on  the  mode  of  loading  a  "  full  and  complete  cargo  "  of  Sugar; 
F.  Cuthhert  v.  Cumming,  10  Ex.  809;  11  lb.  405:  Vth  1  Maude  &  P. 
•  294.     V.  Wet. 

"  Cargo  to  be  brought  to  and  taken  from  Alongside  free  of  expense 
and  risk  to  the  ship  " ;  V.  1  Maude  &  P.  291,  citing  Wright  v.  New  Zeor 
land  Shipping  Co,  4  Ex.  D.  165. 


CARGO  261  CARRIAGE 

"  Cargo  is  to  be  discharged  with  all  despatch  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  Port " ;  V.  1  Maude  &  P.  292,  citing  Postlethwaite  v.  Free- 
laiid,  4  Ex.  D.  155;  5  App.  Ca.  599;  48  L.  J.  Ex.  353;  49  lb.  630: 
Custom  ART. 

"  Cargo  expected  to  arrive  " ;   V,  Expected  to  akbivb. 

Vh  Benj.  684,  688 :  Blackb.  217,  223. 

CARNAL  KNOWLEDGE.  — In  the  crime  of  Rape,  «« Carnal 
Knowledge,'  means  the  penetration  to  any  the  slightest  degree  of  the 
organ  known,  by  the  male  organ  of  generation  "  (Steph.  Gr.  186 :  s.  63, 
24  &  25  V.  c.  100).      Vf  Arch.  Cr.  862 ;   llosc.  Cr.  767. 

CARNO.  —  Is  an  Immunity  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

CARPENTER.  —  A  "  Carpenter,"  within  the  late  Bankry  definition 
of  *'  Trader,"  meant ''  a  person  who  purchases  timber  and  other  materials 
which  he  works  up  as  a  Carpenter,  and  not  a  person  who  merely  works  at 
the  trade"  (Arch.  Bankry,  11  ed.,  35,  citing  Chapman  v.  Lamphire^ 
3  Mod.  155;  1  Cooke,  B.  L.  49). 

CARRIAGE.  —  Speaking  generally  a  ''Carriage"  includes  anything 
on  which  men  or  goods  are  carried  :  therefore  a  Bicycle  is  a  "  Carriage  " 
within  8.  78,  Highway  Act,  1835,  although  bicycles  were  not  in  vogue 
when  the  Act  passed  {Taylor  v.  Goodwin,  4  Q.  B.  D.  228 ;  48  L.  J.  M.  C. 
104 ;  27  W.  R.  489;  43  J.  P.  653:  M'Kee  v.  M'Grath,  30  L.  R.  Ir.  41). 
"  A  carriage  need  not  be  necessarily  on  wheels;  for  instance,  it  may  be 
drawn  as  a  sledge,  so  as  to  facilitate  its  use  on  a  road  "  {Taylor  v.  Good- 
winy  sup) ;  and,  semble,  a  Wheel-barrow  is  not  a  Carriage  {Brunton  v. 
Hall,  1  Q,  B.  792;  10  L.  J.  Q.  B.  258;  1  G.  &  D.  207).  "Bicycles, 
Tricycles,  Velocipedes,  and  other  similar  Machines,"  are  now  expressly 
declared  to  be  "  Carriages  "  within  the  Highway  Acts  (s.  85,  Loc  Gov 
Act,  1888);  but  that  section  does  not  incorporate  s.  78,  Highway  Act, 
1835,  and  a  Constable  has  no  right,  without  warrant,  to  apprehend  a 
Bicyclist  travelling  at  night  without  a  lamp  {Hatton  v.  Treeby,  1897, 
2  Q.  B.  452;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  729 ;  77  L.  T.  309;  46  W.  R.  6;  61  J.  P.  586). 

But  where  a  private  Turnpike  Act  imposed  a  toll  "  for  every  Carriage 
of  whatever  description  and  for  whatever  purpose  which  shall  be  drawn 
or  impelled  or  set  or  kept  in  motion  by  steam  or  any  other  power  or 
agency  than  being  drawn  by  any  horse  or  beast " ;  it  was  held  that  a 
Bicycle  was  not  included,  and  that  those  words  applied  "only  to  car- 
riages of  a  heavy  description  which  both  wear  the  road  and  are  impelled 
by  some  mechanical  power  "  (  Williams  v.  Ellia,  5  Q.  B.  D.  175 ;  49  L.  J. 
M.  C.  47;  28  W.  R.  416;  44  J.  P.  394;  distinguishing  Taylor  v.  Good^ 
win,  sup) ;  but  Williams  v.  Ellis  is  not  of  general  application,  and  was 
cited  in  vain  in  Ellis  v.  Nott  Bower  (13  Times  Rep.  35)  ;    Va  Coach. 

Qu4  the  Revenue  Act^  1869, 32  &  33  Y.  c.  14,  and  by  s.  19  (6)  thereof, 


CARRIAGE  262  CARRY 

"  the  term  *  Carriage,'  means  and  includes,  any  Vehicle  drawn  by  a  horse 
or  mule,  or  horses  or  mules ;  —  except  a  Waggon,  Cart,  or  other  Vehicle , 
used  solely  for  the  conveyance  of  any  Goods  or  Burden,  in  the  course  of 
Trade  or  Husbandry,  and  whereon  the  Christian  Name  and  Surname 
and  Place  of  Abode  or  Place  of  Business  of  the  Owner,  or  the  Kame  or 
Style  and  Principal  or  onlj'  Place  of  Business  of  the  Co  or  Firm  owning^ 
the  same,  shall  be  visibly  and  legibly  painted  in  letters  of  not  less  than, 
one  inch  in  length."  That  def  is  substantially  adopted  in  s.  4  (3),  51 
&  52  V.  c.  8,  but  there  a  Hackney  Carriage  is  excepted,  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  def  is  enlarged  so  as  to  include  a  Carriage  propelled  by- 
steam,  electricity,  or  other  mechanical  power. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  108 ;  44  &  45  V.  c.  67,  s.  6.  — 
Scot  25  &  26  V.  c.  110,  s.  3 ;    55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  s.  4. 

"  Any  Carriage,"  in  the  latter  part  as  well  as  the  first  part  of  s.  45, 
Town  Police  Clauses  Act,  1847,  means,  a  Hackney  Carriage  (Jones  v. 
Short,  cited  Street).  In  ss.  37,  40  to  52,  54,  58,  and  60  to  67,  of  that 
Act,  "  Carriage  "  includes  an  Omnibus  (s.  4  (1),  52  &  53  V.  c.  14). 

F.  Vehicle:  Stage  Carriage:  Wheeled  Carriage:  Locomotive: 
Locomotive  Engine:  Cab:  Cart:  Coach:  Job. 

Carriage  Traffic ;  V.  Traffic. 

CARRIED.  —  "  Goods  carried  into  any  Port  in  England  or  Wales  in 
any  Ship,"  s.  6,  24  V.  c.  10;  V.  Daptieto  v.  Wyllie,  43  L.  J.  Adm.  20; 
L.  R.  6  P.  C.  482:  The  Fieve  SupeHore,  43  L.  J.  Adm.  20;  L.  R. 
5  P.  C.  482. 

The  transfer  to  the  Mersey  Docks  and  Harbour  Bd  of  the  Town  Dues 
on  all  goods  "  carried  or  conveyed  upon,  over,  or  along  any  part  of  the 
Upper  Mersey,"  is  to  be  read  in  its  literal  sense  and  applies  to  the  Dues 
on  goods  carried  over  any  part  of  the  river  in  the  ordinary  course  of  a 
voyage  (Mersey  Docks  &  Barbour  Bd  v.  Hunter,  80  L.  T.  96 ;  4  Com. 
Ca.  142). 

CARRIER.  —  A  "  Carrier,"  3  Car.  1,  c.  1,  means  a  Carrier  of  Goods 
(per  Counsel  in  Sandiman  v.  Breach,  7  B.  &  C.  97 :  Va,  Ex  p.  Middle^ 
ton,  3  B.  &  C.  164). 

Quh  Carriage  and  Deposit  of  Dangerous  Goods  Act,  1866,  29  &  30  V. 
c.  69,  and  by  s.  7  thereof,  "  Carrier,"  includes  "  all  persons  or  bodies  car- 
rying Goods  or  Passengers  for  Hire,  by  Land  or  Water  "  :  Q>  38  &  39 
V.  c.  17,  s.  108. 

"Carrier,  or  Fortoarder^* \  Stat.  Def.,  Customs  TariflE  Amendment 
l2t,  1860,  23  &  24  V.  c.  22,  s.  24. 

r.  Common  Carrier  :    Not  as  Common  Carriers. 

CARRY.  — "  To  carry  "  a  person,  includes  putting  him  m  a  position 
to  be  carried,  and  therefore  placing  a  debtor  on  a  coach  for  the  purpose 
of  conveying  him  to  prison,  was  a  "  carrying  "  within  s.  1,  32  G.  2,  c.  28 


CARRY  263  CARRY  ON 

(Dewhurst  v.  Pearson,  2  L.  J.  Ex.  143;  1  Cr.  &  M.  365;  3  Tyr.  242; 
IDowl.  664). 

"  Carry  to  sell,"  as  a  Hawker;   V.  R.  v.  McKnight,  10  B.  &  C.  734. 

CARRY  AWAY.  —  V.  Asportation  ;  Take  and  Carry  away. 

CARRY  ON.  — "  The  phrase  *  Carrying  on  '  implies  a  repetition  or 
series  of  acts  "  (per  Brett,  L.  J.,  Smith  v.  Anderson,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  52;  15 
Ch.  D.  247 ;  Vthc,  Be  Government's  Stock  Investment  Co,  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
479:  Vf,  Re  Siddall,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  682;  29  Ch.  D.  1:  Crowther  v. 
Thorley,  50  L.  T.  43;  32  W.  R.  350:  Re  Thomas,  14  Q.  B.  D.  379: 
England  v.  Webb,  1898,  A.  C.  758;  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  120;  79  L.  T.  131 : 
Re  Griffin,  cited  Business. 

A  Railroad  Company  "  carries  on  Business,"  ss.  60  and  128,  9  &  10  V. 
c.  95,  repld  s.  74,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  only  at  its  Principal  office  where 
the  directors  meet  and  the  general  business  of  the  Co  is  transacted 
{Minor  V.  Lond.  &  N.  W,  Ry,  26  L.  J.  C.  P.  39;  1  C.  B.  N.  S.  325: 
ShieU  F.  G.  N,  Ry,  30  L.  J.  Q.  B.  331 ;  9  W.  R.  739 :  Brown  v.  Lond, 
&  K  W,  Ry,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  318 ;  4  B.  &  S.  326:  Le  Tailleur  v.  S.  E. 
Ry,  3  C.  P.  D.  18:  Va  Dwell:  Reside).  So,  of  a  Pier  Co  {Aberyst- 
with  Pier  Co  v.  Cooper,  35  L.  J.  Q.  B.  44;  14  W.  R.  28;  13  L.  T. 
273).  But  a  Manufacturing  Co  "  dwells  and  carries  on  business  "  at  its 
place  of  manufacture  and  sale,  and  not  at  its  Registered  Ofiice  (Keynsham 
Lime  Co  v.  Baker,  33  L.  J.  Ex.  41 ;  2  H.  &  C.  729;  12  W.  R.  166; 
9  L.  T.  418:  Oldham  Co.  v.  Beald,  33  L.  J.  Ex.  236 ;  3  H.  &  C.  132). 
A  Building  Contractor  "  carries  on  business  "  where  his  general  place  of 
business  is,  and  not  at  the  locality  where  particular  contracts  are  being 
executed  (  Gorslett  v.  Harris,  29  L.  T.  0.  S.  75).  But  if  the  nature  of  a 
man's  business  be  such  that  he  must  be  personally  moving  about  within 
a  particular  district,  —  e.g,  an  Apothecary,  —  that  is  carrj^ng  on  busi- 
ness within  that  district  {Mitchell  v.  Render,  23  L.  J.  Q.  B.  273). 

To  "  carry  on  "  a  business,  means,  primarily,  to  carry  on  one's  own 
business  ;  therefore,  a  salaried  clerk  does  not  '*  carry  on  business ''  at  the 
office  of  his  employer  within  s.  12,  Mayor's  Court  Procedure  Act,  1857 
(Lewis  V.  Graham,  20  Q.  B.  D.  784 ;  22  lb.  1 ;  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  376;  58  lb. 
117 ;  36  W.  R.  574 ;  37  lb.  73 ;  59  L.  T.  35).  Vh,  Le  Tailleur  v.  S.  E. 
Ry  (sup)  :  Re  Sax,  cited  Cease. 

A  clerk  in  the  Admiralty  does  not  "  carry  on  business  "  at  his  office 
within  s.  40,  London  Small  Debts  Act,  10  &  11  V.  c.  Ixxi  (Buckley  v. 
Hann,  19  L.  J.  Ex.  151;  5  Ex.  43);  nor  does  a  Deputy  Sealer  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery  (Rolfe  v.  Learmouth,  19  L.  J.  Q.  B.  10 ;  14  Q.  B. 
196),  nor  a  clerk  in  the  Privy  Council  Office  (Sangster  v.  Cave,  19  L.  J. 
Ex.  313 ;  nom.  Sangster  v.  Kay,  5  Ex.  386),  nor  a  partner  in  a  mine  on 
the  Cost-Book  principle,  the  business  of  which  mine  is  wholly  conducted 
by  an  agent  (Mitchell  v.  Render,  sup),  qui  s.  128,  9  &  10  V.  c.  95 :  —  for 


CARRY  ON  264  CARRY  ON 

the  principle  in  these  cases  would  seem  to  be  that  neither  of  the  persons 
carried  on  "  business  "  at  all :  Va,  Glennie  v.  Delmar^  1  L.  M.  &  P.  402. 

But  as  a  place  where  a  Debtor'^  Summons  could  be  served  (R.  17, 
Bankry  Rules,  1870),  it  was  held  that  a  clerk  "  carrieil  on  business  "  at 
his  employer's  office  {Re  Bowie,  Exp.  Breull,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  384;  16  Ch.  D- 
484;  29W.  R.  299). 

Having  an  Agency  is  not  a  carrying  on  business  by  the  Principal 
(Corbete  v.  Gen.  Steam  Nav.  Co,  28  L.  J.  Ex.  214;  4  H.  &  N.  482: 
Baillie  v.  Goodwin,  33  Ch.  D.  605;  55  L.  J.  Ch.  849 ;  55  L.  T.  56 ;  34 
W.  R.  787:  Grant  v.  Anderson,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  108;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  107  ; 
66  L.  T.  79 ;  Cp,  Clarke  v.  Watkins,  inf) ;  secus,  of  a  Branch  business 
(  Weatherley  v.  Calder,  61  L.  T.  608). 

Qui  R.  S.  C,  —  e,g.  Ord.  9,  R.  8 ;  Ord.  48  a,  R.  1,  3,  —  a  Foreign  Co 
carries  on  business  in  England  if  it  has  a  place  of  business  there 
{Haggin  v.  Comptoir  cPEscompte,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  608;  23  Q.  B.  D.  519 ; 
37  W.  R.  703;  61  L.  T.  748;  La  Bourgogne,  1899,  P.  1;  68  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  9,  104;  79  L.  T.  331);  secus,  of  an  individual  or  private  firm 
{Russell  Y.  CambefoH,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  498;  23  Q.  B.  D.  526;  37  W.  R. 
701 ;  61  L.  T.  751 ;    Vthc,  Grant  v.  Anderson,  sup).     Fjf  Ann.  Pr. 

V.  Dwell. 

But  none  of  the  foregoing  cases  (except,  probably,  those  in  the  2nd 
par)  apply  when  the  question  is,  where  a  business  is  "carried  on"  so 
that  it  may  be  seen  where  the  Profits  are  earned  on  which  Income  Tax 
is  payable  under  5  &  6  V.  c.  35,  s.  100,  Case  1,  R.  2,  and  16  &  17  V. 
c.  34,  8.  2,  Sch  D.  {Enchsen  v.  Last,  51  L.  J.  Q. B.  86 ;  8  Q.  B.  D.  414). 
In  that  case  Jessel,  M.  R.,  said  in  his  jdgmt;  —  "  There  is  no  principle 
of  law  which  decides  what  *  carrying  on '  Trade  is  —  a  multitude  of  cir- 
cumstances make  up  what  is  called  '  carrying  on '  a  Trade ;  for  it  is  a 
compound  fact  made  up  of  a  variety  of  things.  Now  the  facts  of  this  case 
show  that  this  is  a  Co  with  stations  in  this  kingdom,  with  the  ends  of 
cables  in  this  kingdom,  and  these  cables  are  worked  from  here  by  the  staff 
of  the  Co.  There  is  an  office  in  London,  and  the  Co  takes  messages  and 
sends  them  to  foreign  parts.  There  is,  as  it  appears  to  me,  a  perfectly 
plain  case  of  *  carrying  on  *  trade  here.  A  Co  in  this  country  which 
regularly  undertakes  the  carrying  of  goods  abroad  for  money  as  part  of 
its  ordinary  business,  *  carries  on  '  trade  in  this  country,  even  though  the 
whole  of  tho  carriage  is  done  abroad.  The  mere  fact  that  the  Co  enters 
into  contracts  in  this  country  with  English  subjects  for  the  right  of  car- 
riage appears  to  me  to  be  the  same  thing  as  if  it  made  similar  contracts  for 
the  sale  of  goods.  Whether  the  contract  is  for  carriage  or  for  the  right 
to  transmit  messages,  makes  no  difference.  So  if  a  Railway  Company, 
with  a  station  at  Dover  and  another  at  Calais,  carries  passengers  from 
Dover  to  Calais  as  a  regular  practice,  that  would  be  a  trading  at  Dover." 

Indeed,  in  this  connection,  it  may  be  said  that,  where  the  Brain  Power 
is,  there  (and,  semble,  there  only)  a  Trade  or  Business  is  "  carried  on  ** 


CARRY  ON  265  CARRY  ON 

(San  Paulo  Ry  v.  Carter,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  580;  1896,  A.  C.  31;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  379;  65  lb.  161;  distinguishing  Colquhoun  v.  Brooks,  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  53;  14  App.  Ca.  493,  and  Bartholomay  Co  v.  Wyatt,  1893,  2  Q.  B. 
499;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  525,  and  following  London  Bank  of  Mexico  y. 
Apthorpey  1891,  2  Q.  B.  378;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  653:  Va,  Sully  v.  A-G., 
29  L  J.  Ex.  464;  5  11.  &  N.  711).  It  may,  probably,  be  said  that  Bar- 
tholomay  Co  v.  Wyatt  is  no  longer  an  authority,  for  Wright,  J.  (one  of 
the  judges  who  decided  it),  has  abandoned  it,  on  the  ground  that  its  ratio 
decidendi  was  destroyed  by  the  San  Paulo  decision  {Apthorpe  v.  Peter 
Schoenhofen  Co,  79  L.  T.  98).  Those  two  latter  cases,  and  St.  Louis 
Breweries  v.  Apthorpe  (79  L.  T.  551 ;  47  W.  R.  334 ;  63  J.  P.  135)  seem 
to  warrant  this  remarkable  development  of  the  San  Paulo  decision  that, 
—  even  where  all  the  practical  operations  of  a  business  are  carried  on 
abroad,  and  the  Undertaking  and  its  assets  are  legally  vested  in  a  Foreign 
Co,  yet,  if  nearly  all  the  shares  in  such  Co  are  held,  and  its  financial 
affairs  are  controlled,  by  an  English  Co  located  in  England,  the  business 
is ''  carried  on  "  in  England ;  and  Income  Tax  has  to  be  paid  on  the  whole 
of  its  Profits,  and  not  merely  on  so  much  of  such  profits  as  may  be  re- 
mitted to  England.  But  Cp,  Grainger  v.  Gough,  1896,  A.  G.  325;  65 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  410;  74  L.  T.  435;  44  W.  R.  561. 

Vf,  Tischler  v.  Apthorpe,  33  W.  R.  548 ;  52  L.  T.  814;  1  Times  Rep. 
344 :  Pomeroy  v.  Apthorpe,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  155 :  Werle  v.  Colquhoun, 
57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  326;  20  Q.  B.  D.  753.  V.  Elsewhekb;  Reside:  Re- 
ceived.    Cp*  Exercise:  Derive:  Arising. 

As  to  place  where  a  Business  is  carried  on,  qu4  Probate  Duty  in 
Australia;  V,  Beaver  v.  Victoria  Master  in  Eq.,  1895,  A.  C.  251;  72 
L.  T.  127;  64  L.  J.  P.  C.  126. 

A  Cape  of  Good  Hope  statute,  taxing  a  Co  whose  business  is  **  described 
as  to  be  carried  on  ix  this  Colony,"  does  not  apply  to  a  Co  whose  Regis- 
tered Office  is  in  England  and  whose  object  is  to  carry  on  business  "  in 
any  part  of  the  world,"  even  though  the  Co  has  an  Agency  in  the  Col- 
ony ;  for  "  to  say  that  a  business  is  to  be  in  a  place  named  is  one  thing; 
but  to  say  that  it  may  be  carried  on  anywhere  is  a  totally  different  thing  *' 
{Marshall  v.  Orpen,  1895,  A.  C.  606;  64  L.  J.  P.  C.  177;  72  L.  T.  783 ; 
approving  Colonial  Government  v.  British  S,  Africa  Co,  9  Juta,  280). 

The  exemption  in  s.  7  of  the  Victorian  Income  Tax  Act,  1895,  of 
Trusts,  &c,  "  not  carrying  any  Trade,  or  not  being  engaged  in  any 
Tra<le,  for  the  purposes  of  Gain,"  semble,  applies  only  to  such  Bodies  as 
are  localised  in  the  Colony  {England  v.  Webb,  1898,  A.  C.  758;  67  L.J. 
P.C.120;  79L.  T.  131). 

As  regards  Covenants  and  Agreements  in  Restraint  op  Trade,  the 
cases  run  a  little  fine. 

An  Agreement  by  A.  not  to  "  carry  on  "  a  Business  "  either  in  his  own 
name  or  for  his  own  benefit,  or  in  the  name  or  names,  or  for  the  benefit 
of  any  person^"  &c,  is  not  broken  by  A.  becoming  an  Agent  for  another 


CARRY  ON  266  CARRY  ON 

person  within  the  prescribed  district  {Clarke  v.  Watkins^  11  W.  R.  319: 
Allen  V.  Taylor,  39  L.  J.  Ch,  627;  19  W.  R.  556;  24  L.  T.  249;  Cpy 
Corhett  V.  Gen,  Steam  Nav,  Coy  sup).  If,  however,  the  agreement 
relates  to  a  Profession,  — e,t/,  a  Surgeon's,  — the  rule  would  be  different, 
for  the  word  "  Profession  "  is  much  more  emphatic  than  "  Business  "  : 
carrying  on  a  Trade,  implies  sharing  in  the  profit  or  loss,  but  a  person 
carries  on  a  Profession  when  only  acting  as  an  Assistant  to  another  (per 
Cotton,  L.  J.,  Palmer  v.  Mallett,  36  Ch.  D.  411;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  226; 
58  L.  T.  64;  36  W.  R.  460:  it  is  however  to  be  observed  that  in  the,  the 
words  were  shall  not  "  directly  or  indirectly,  and  either  alone  or  in  part- 
nership with,  or  a^  assistant  of,  any  person  .  .  .  carry  on  the  profes- 
sion," &c:  Vf,  Rawlinson  v.  Clarke,  14  L.  J.  Ex.  364;  14  M.  &  W. 
187). 

But  if  instead  of,  or  in  addition  to,  using  the  words  ".carry  on  "  the 
restriction  extends  to  "  engage  in  "  {Rolfe  v.  Rolfe,  15  Sim.  88 :  Vf 
Engage  In),  or  "  concerned  or  interested  in "  {Newling  v.  Dobell^ 
38  L.  J.  Ch.  Ill),  or  "  concerned  in  "  {Jones  v.  Harrison,  4  Ch.  D.  636), 
then,  though  only  relating  to  a  Business,  it  will  be  broken  by  the  agree- 
ing party  acting  for  another  within  the  prescribed  area,  either  as  Assist- 
ant or  Journeyman,  and  the  same  rule  would  obtain  if  the  words  of 
prohibition  are,  shall  not  "  carry  on  either  as  master  or  servant  "  {Proctor 
V.  Sargent,  10  L.  J.  C.  P.  34 ;  2  M.  &  G.  20  :  Benwell  v.  Inns,  26  L.  J. 
Ch.  663;  24  Bea.  307).     FjT Concerned  in:   Interested  in. 

Soliciting  and  supplying  customers,  or  attending  to  patients,  within 
the  defined  district,  even  without  having  any  place  of  residence  or 
business  therein,  is  "carrying  on  "  business  there  within  a  prohibiting 
agreement  {Turner  v.  Evans,  22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  412;  2  E.  &  B.  512; 
2D.  G.  M.  &  G.  740:  Brampton  v.  Beddoes,  13  C.  B.  N.  S.  538;  11 
W.  R.  268;  7  L.  T.  679:  Mitchell  v.  Render,  sup:  Vf,  Palmer  v. 
Mallett,  sup).     V,  Practise:  Solicit:  Set  up. 

"  Stuart  V.  Diplock  (cited  Ladies'  Outfitter)  seems  to  show  that  to 
carry  on  a  Part,  is  not  to  carry  on  the  business  "  (per  Channell,  J., 
Bailey  v.  Skinner,  42  S.  J.  780;  105  Law  Times,  473).    Cp  Butcher. 

Where  a  Co  is  in  Liquidation  and  its  business  is  being  carried  on 
thereunder  with  a  view  to  its  sale  as  a  going  concern,  that  is  not  a  "  car- 
rying on  "  the  business  by  the  Co,  within  a  contract  by  A.,  with  the  Co, 
that  no  similar  business  should  be  carried  on  by  A.  so  long  as  the  Co 
carried  on  such  a  business  {Shorthoi*n  Dairy  Co  v.  Hall,  31  S.  J. 
479).    Svthc,  Matthews  on  Restraint  of  Trade,  239. 

For  the  principles  on  which  Injunction  is  granted  for  Breach  of  Agree- 
ment not  to  carry  on  business,  and  which  involves  personal  conduct, 
V,  Robinson  v.  Heuer,  1898,  2  Ch.  451 ;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  644;  79  L.  T.  281; 
47  W.  R.  34. 

A  Married  Woman  who  ha^  traded,  is  still  "carrying  on  a  Trade," 
8.  1  (5),  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882,  so  long  as  any  of  her  Trade  Debts  remain 


CARRY  ON  267  CART 

undischarged,  because  till  then  her  trading  is  not  completed  (Re  Dag^ 
nail,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  407;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  666;  75  L.  T.  142;  45  W.  R.  79; 
applying  Ex  p,  Bamford,  cited  Using,  and  distinguishing  McGeorge 
and  Exp,  Schomberg, cited  Being:  Re  Dagnall  followed  in  Re  Worsley, 
17  Times  Rep.  122 ;  W.  N.  (1900)  269).  In  Re  Dagnall  (65  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
667),  Glenn,  arg.,  said,  but  without  citing  authority,  —  "Under  the 
P.  H.  Acts  and  the  Adulteration  Acts,  it  has  been  held,  upon  the 
words  'carrying  on'  a  Trade  occurring  in  those  Acts,  that  a  person 
cannot  escape  liability  to  the  penalties  thereby  imposed  by  ceasing 
to  trade." 

"  Ceases  "  to  carry  on  business ;  V,  Cease. 

V.  Business:  Practise. 

CARRY  OUT.  —  The  penalty  imposed  by  the  Bread  Act,  1836,  6  & 
7  W.  4,  c.  37,  s.  7,  if  any  seller  of  bread  shall  "  carrg  out  or  deliver  " 
bread  without  being  provided  with  scales  and  weights,  "  refers  only  to  a 
carrying  out  or  delivery  of  bread  by  a  person  who  is  therein  acting  as  a 
baker  or  seller  of  bread;  and  not  to  a  carrying  out  or  delivery  by  a  per- 
son who,  though  in  fact  a  baker  or  seller  of  bread,  is,  in  carrying  out  or 
delivering  the  bread,  acting  merely  from  friendliness  or  the  like,  and 
not  as  such  baker  or  seller  of  bread  "  (per  Field,  J.,  Daniel  v.  Whitfield, 
^  L.  J.  M.  C.  134  ;  15  Q.  B.  D.  408 ;  53  L.  T.  471 ;  33  W.  R.  905 ;  49 
J.  P.  694;  1  Times  Rep.  574). 

r.  For  Sale. 

• 

CARRY  OVER.  —  To  "  Carry  over  "  a  Stock  Exchange  transaction 
is  where  the  buyer,  not  wishing  to  pay  for  what  he  has  bought  on  the  day 
appointed,  gets  the  settlement  "  carried  ovejr,"  or  adjourned,  to  a  subse- 
quent settling-day;  Vh,  Sachs  v.  Speilman^  W.  N.  (89)  103;  5  Times 
Rep.  487 :  Bongiovanni  v.  La  Soeiete  Ginerale,  cited  Continuation,  of 
which  "  Carry  over  "  is  a  synonym  (Brodhurst's  Law  of  Stock  Exchange, 
16,  17). 

CARRYING  INTO  EXECUTION.  — An  agreement  compromis- 
ing an  action  lo  which  a  Local  Board  is  Party,  is  not  "  a  Contract  neces- 
sary for  carrying  the  Act  into  execution,**  within  s.  173,  P.  H.  Act,  1875 
{A'G.  V.  Gaskill,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  163;  22  Ch.  D.  537). 

Cp  Pursuance. 

CART-  — "  Waggon,  Cart,  or  other  such  carriage,"  s.  7,  Highway  Act, 
1835;  —  "I  think  that  this  is  a  description  of  vehicles  which  carry  heavy 
good^,  and  go  slowly  along  the  road.  It  cannot,  in  my  opinion,  extend 
lo  gigs,  dog-carts,  or  gentlemen's  carriages  "  (per  Lu^h,  J.,  Danby  v. 
Hunter,  49  L.  J.  M.  C.  16 ;  5  Q.  B.  D.  20;  44  J.  P.  283).  In  that  case 
it  was  held  that  a  light  spring  cart  used  by  the  maker  of  agricultural 
implements  for  taking  his  wares  to  market,  and  in  which  he  also  drove 


CART  268  CASE 

out  himself  and  family,  and  on  which  he  paid  tax  under  s.  18,  32  &  33 
V.  c.  14,  was  not  a  "  Cart  "  within  s.  7  of  the  Highway  Act. 

Quk  Markets  and  Fairs  Clauses  Act,  1847,  10  &  11  V.  c.  14,  and  by 
8.  3  thereof,  **  <  Cart,'  shall  include  Waggon,  and  also  any  Carriage  used 
wholly  or  chiefly  for  the  conveyance  of  goods." 

Other  SUt  Def.  —  Dublin  Carriage  Act,  1853,  16  &  17  V.  c.  112, 
s.  80. 

V.  Light  Cart  :  Taxed  Cast  :  Cabriags  :  YEaiCLE. 

CART-BOTE.  —  V.  Bote. 

CART  ROAD.  —  A.  conveyed  the  surface  of  lands  reseri'ing  a 
"  Waggon  or  Cart  Road,"  18  feet  wide,  to  be  at  all  times  kept  in  repair 
at  his  own  cost;  held,  that  this  reservation  did  not  authorize  A.  to  lay 
down  a  Railroad  or  Tramway  {Bidder  v.  JV.  Staffordshire  Ry,  4  Q.  B.  D. 
412). 

CARTRIDGE.  —  "  Cartridge  Works" ;  V,  Non-textile  Factories. 

CARUCATA.  —  "  Carueata  terrce^  a  ploughland,  may  containe  houses, 
mi  lies,  pasture,  medow,  wood,  &c  "  (Co.  Litt.  86  b ;  Va  lb.  5  a).  V. 
Carve:  Plow-land:  Hide:  Oxgangb:  Familia. 

CARVE.  —  A  Carve  of  land  is  synonymous  with  Carucata  (Cowel, 
Carueata :  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Carve  de  terre), 

CASE.  —  "Actions  upon  the  Case,"  s.  3,  Limitation  Act,  1623,  may, 
probably,  be  defined  as,  those  in  which  a  pit  sues  for  damages  for  any 
wrong  or  cause  of  complaint  to  which  the  old  action  of  Covenant  or 
Trespass  would  not  apply '(Stephen  on  Pleading,  ch.  1),  —  e,g.  As- 
sumpsit, Libel,  Slander  (specially  provided  for  by  the  section). 
Deceit,  &c. 

As  to  when  an  action  for  money  sought  to  be  recovered  under  a  Statute, 
is  an  Action  on  the  Case  within  the  Limitation  Act,  1623,  and  not  one 
on  a  Specialty  within  s.  3,  Civil  Procedure  Act,  1833;  V.  Salfoi'dY, 
Lancashire  Co.  Co.,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  676;  25  Q.  B.  D.  384. 

The  action  of  "  Trespass  on  the  Case  "  (abbreviated  to  "  Case  "),  "  origi- 
nated in  the  power  given  by  the  Statute  of  Westminster  2nd  to  the  Clerks 
of  the  Chancery  to  frame  new  writs  in  consimili  casu  with  writs  already 
known.  Under  this  power  they  constructed  many  writs  for  different 
injuries  which  were  considered  as  bearing  a  certain  analogy  to  a  Tres- 
pass. The  new  writs,  invented  for  the  cases  supposed  to  bear  such 
analogy,  received  accordingly  the  appellation  of  writs  of  Trespass  on  the 
Case,  as  being  founded  on  the  particular  circumstances  of  the  case  thus 
requiring  a  remedy,  and  to  distinguish  them  from  the  old  writ  of  Tres- 
pass; and  the  injuries  themselves,  which  are  the  subject  of  such  writs, 
were  not  called  trespasses^  but  had  the  general  names  of  torts,  wrongs,  or 


CASE  269  CASH 

grievances.  The  writs  of  Trespass  on  the  Case,  though  invented  thus 
pro  re  natA  in  various  forms  according  to  the  nature  of  the  different 
wrongs  which  respectively  called  them  forth,  began  nevertheless  to  be 
viewed  as  constituting  collectively  a  new,  individual,  for7n  of  action  ; 
and  this  new  genus  took  its  place  by  the  name  of  '  Trespass  on  the  Case ' 
among  the  more  ancient  actions  of  Debt,  Covenant,  Trespass,  &c.  Such 
being  the  nature  of  this  action,  it  comprises,  of  course,  manj'  different 
species.  There  is  one,  however,  of  more  frequent  use  than  any  other 
species  of  this  kind  of  action,  which  is  Trover  "  (Stephen  on  Pleading, 
ch.  1).   Actual  damage  was  a  necessary  ingredient  in  Trespass  on  the  Case. 

Note,  Forms  of  Action  are  now  discontinued  (s.  3,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act, 
1852);  but  most  of  their  names  survive  as  titles  of  branches  of  the  law, 
and  in  statutes  and  legal  phraseology  still  have  practical  meanings. 

Vf  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Casu  Consimili :  3  Bl.  Com.  51 :  1  Encyc.  109. 

*'  In  case  of  the  Death  " ,   V.  Die. 

V,  As  THE  Case  requires. 

CASE  OR  CANISTER.  —  A  linen  or  calico  Bag  is  not  ''  a  Case  or 
Canister  "  within  s.  23  (2  b)^  Metalliferous  Mines  Eegn  Act,  1872,  35 
&  36  V.  c.  77  (Foster  v.  Diphwys  Casson  Co,  56  L.  J  M.  C.  21;  18 
Q.  B.  D.  428 ;  51  J.  P.  470;  3  Times  Kep.  301).  «  We  should  be  vio- 
lating the  rules  of  construction  if  we  were  not  to  say  that  the  words 
<  Case  or  Canister '  explained  one  another  {Sv  Or),  and  that  '  Case ' 
meant  something  in  the  nature  of  a  'Canister,'  —  something  that  is 
solid,  substantial,  covered  over,  and  calculated  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
its  contents  and  to  resist  their  accidental  ignition.  The  whole  end  and 
object  of  the  Act  is  to  preserve  human  life,  and  in  placing  the  construc- 
tion we  do  upon  the  rule  in  question,  and  holding  that  *■  Case  '  must  be 
something  in  the  nature  of  a  *  Canister,'  we  are  construing  it  in  accord- 
ance with  its  manifest  intention  and  giving  effect  to  the  spirit  of  the 
Act"  (per  Coleridge,  C.  J.,  lb,),  "I  confess  it  never  occurred  to  me 
that  '  Case '  could  mean  a  Bag.  I  always  thought  until  the  quotation  of 
the  definition  in  Dr.  Johnson's  Dictionary,  that  'Case  '  meant  something 
solid;  but  according  to  that  definition  a  Net  might  be  a  *Case'"  (per 
Grove,  J.,  lb,), 

CASH.  —  This  is  a  stricter  term  than  "  Money."  In  Beales  v.  Cris" 
ford  (13  L.  J.  Ch.  26;  13  Sim.  592),  it  was  held  that  neither  a  Promis- 
sory Note  payable  to  order,  nor  Long  Annuities,  nor  Columbian  Bonds 
came  within  "Cash  or  monies  so  called"  (1  Jarm.  769,  n:  F/^Wms. 
Exs.  1052,  n).  Bank  of  England  Notes,  and  it  would  seem  other  Bank 
Notes,  would  pass  under  a  bequest  of  "  Cash  "  {Miller  v.  Race,  1  Burr. 
452 ;  1  Sm.  L.  C.  491 :  Soj  Francis  v.  Nash^  cited  Chose  in  Action). 

V,  Money  :  In  Cash. 

"  Net  Cash  ";   V.  Boden  v.  French,  cited  Net. 


CASH  AGAINST  BILL    270  CASUAL 

CASH  AGAINST  BILL  OF  LADING.— T.  Ogg  y.  Shuter, 
44  L.  J.  C.  P.  161 ;   L.  R.  10  C.  P.  159. 

CASH  UNDER  THE  CONTROL  OF  THE  COURT Tbese 

words,  occurring  in  s.  10,  Law  of  Property  Amendment  Act,  1860,  23  & 
24  V.  c.  38,  mean  cash  standing  in  the  name  of  the  Accountant-General 
in  any  cause  or  matter ;  and  therefore  include  moneys  paid  into  Court 
under  the  Lands  C.  G.  Act,  1845,  or  under  the  Settled  Estates  Acts 
(Exp.  St.  John  Baptist  College,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  268;  22  Ch.  D.  93 ;  over- 
ruling Be  Boydy  42  L.  J.  Ch.  506 ;  21  W.  R.  667,  and  Ex  p.  Rector  of 
Kirksmeaton,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  581 ;  20  Ch.  D.  203 :  Vf,  Re  Brown,  59  L.  J. 
Ch.  530;  38  W.  R.  529;  63  L.  T.  131);  or  money  paid  into  Court 
under  a  Private  Act  and  invested  in  Exchequer  Bills  (Jackson  v.  Tt/as, 
52  L.  J.  Ch.  830).  Vf,  Dan.  Ch.  Pr.  1514:  Re  WeddeHmrn,  47  L.  J. 
Ch.  743;  9  Ch.  D.  112 ;  whlc  not  followed  in  Re  Ovey,  cited  Securities  : 
R.  17,  Ord.  22,  R.  S.  C. 

CASH    WITH    OPTION    OF   BILI "« Cash  less  discount  at  a 

fixed  rate,  with  option  of  Bill,'  or  vice  versa,  *  Bill,  with  option  of  Cash 
less  discount ';  — in  the  former  case,  the  seller  can  sue  for  the  price  of 
goods  sold  and  delivered  immediately  on  the  buyer's  refusal  to  accept  at 
the  date  fixed.  In  the  latter,  the  seller  cannot  sue  for  the  price  of  the 
goods  sold  and  delivered  until  the  due  date  of  the  bill  drawn  by  him, 
even  although  the  buyer  has  refused  to  accept  it;  but  he  may  bring  a 
special  action  against  the  buyer  for  non-acceptance  of  the  bill  ''  (Benj. 
697,  citing  Anderson  v.  Carlisle  Horse  Clothing  Co,  21  L.  T.  760). 

CASTA.  —  Dum  casta  clause  ;   V.  Dum  :  Usuai* 

CASTAWAY.  —  Semble,  a  Vessel  "  castaway  "  is  one  lost  and  irre- 
coverable by  ordinary  means  (  United  States  v.  Johns,  1  Wash.  372). 
V,  Derelict;  Total  Loss. 

CASTLE.  —  "By  the  name  of  a  cattle  one  or  more  manors  may  be 
conveyed:  et  e  converso,  by  the  name  of  a  manor,  &c,  a  castle  may 
passe"  (Co.  Litt.  6  a).  "A  Castle  contains  land,  for  in  the  Castle  of 
Dover,  and  in  some  other  Castles,  there  are  4  or  5  acres  of  land,  and  land 
may  be  parcel  of  the  castle  "  (Hill  v.  Grange,  Plowd.  168).  "  But  by  a 
Castle  most  commonly  is  signified  no  more  but  the  house  or  building, 
and  the  parcel  of  ground  inclosed  wherein  it  doth  stand"  (Touch.  92: 
Vf,  2  Inst.  31 :  Mad.  Baron.  Anglic.  17).      V.  Manotis. 

Note:  —  "No  subject  can  build  a  Castle  or  house  of  strength  im- 
battled  "  without  license  from  the  Crown  (Co.  Litt.  5  a). 

CASTLE-BOTE.—  F.  Bote. 

CASUAI Quk  34  &  35  V.  c.  108,  and  by  s.  3  thereof,  "  *  Casual 

Fauper/  means,  any  destitute  Wayfaber  or  Wanderer,  applying  for,  or 


CASUAL  271  CATTLE 

receiving,  Relief";  and  "  'Casual  Ward,*  means,  any  ward  or  wards, 
building,  or  premises,  set  apart  or  provided  for  the  reception  and  relief 
of  destitute  wayfarers  and  wanderers." 

"  Casual  VcLcancy  "  on  the  Board,  as  used  in  the  Articles  of  a  Co,  "  is 
any  vacancy  in  the  office  of  Directors  arising  otherwise  than  by  retire- 
ment in  rotation  "  (per  Fry,  J.,  Munster  v.  Cammell  Coj  51  L.  J.  Ch.  731; 
21  Ch.  D.  183;  47  L.  T.  44 ;  30  W.  R.  812:  FjT,  Dawson  v.  African,  &c 
Coy  cited  Become).  Note :  —  In  the  marginal  note  to  s.  89,  Comp.  C.  C. 
Act,  1845,  the  phrase  is  "  Occasional  Vacancies." 

CASUALTY.— r.  Fire, 

'*  Casualties,"  are  payments  to  be  made  on  certain  successions  to  Realty 
in  Scotland:  Stat.  Def.,  37  &  38  V.  c.  94,  s.  3. 

CATALOGUE.—  r.  Inventory. 

CATCH.  —  It  is  good  evidence  that  a  person  has  been  "  catching  " 
fish,  s.  11,  41  &  42  V.  c.  39,  if  he  is  seen  fishing  and  any  of  that  river's 
fish  is  found  upon  him  {Swanwick  v.  Varnet/,  30  W.  R.  79;  45  L.  T.  716). 

CATHEDRAI "  Cathedral ";  Stat.  Def.,  35  &  36  V.  c.  35,  s.  1. 

V.  Chapter. 

"  Cathedral  Corporation  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Irish  Church  Act,  1869,  32  &  33 
V.  c.  42,s.  72. 

Quk  the  Pluralities  Act,  1838,  1  &  2  V.  c.  106,  "  Cathedral  Prefer- 
mentf"  unless  it  otherwise  appears  from  the  context,  comprehends  ''  every 
Deanery,  Archdeaconry,  Prebend,  Canonry,  office  of  Minor  Canon,  Priest 
Vicar,  or  Vicar  choral,  having  any  prebend  or  endowment  belonging 
thereto,  or  belonging  to  any  body  corporate  consisting  of  persons  holding 
any  such  office ;  and  also  every  Precentorship,  Treasurership,  Sub-dean- 
ery, Chancellorship  of  the  church,  and  other  Dignity  and  Office  in  any 
Cathedral  or  Collegiate  Church,  and  every  Mastership,  Wardenship,  and 
Fellowship  in  any  Collegiate  Church  "  (s.  124) :  Fa  32  &  33  V.  c.  42, 
8.  72. 

"  Cathedral "  or  "  Collegiate  "  School,  s.  62,  16  &  17  V.  c.  137 ;  V.  Re 
St.  John  Street  Chapel,  1893,  2Ch.  631';  62  L.  J.  Ch.  932:  Re  Stock- 
port  SchooU,  1898,  2  Ch.  687 ;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  41;  47  W.  R.  166. 

CATTLE.  —  Bulls,  Cows,  Oxen,  Steers,  Bullocks,  Heifers,  Calves, 
Sheep,  and  Lambs  are  "Cattle"  (Vh  14  G.  2,  c.  1;  15  G.  2,  c.  34). 
**  The  Legislature  by  the  last  Act  says  that  it  was  not  to  be  extended 
to  Horses,  Pigs,  or  Goats,  although  all  these  are  '  Cattle  '  (Fletcher  v. 
Sondes,  3  Bing.  581).  Yet  Horses  are  'Cattle  *  within  the  Black  Act, 
9  G.  1,  c.  22  {R.  V.  Fatij,  2  Bl.  W.  721) ;  and  Bulls  are  not  *  Cattle ' 
within  3  G.  4,  c.  71  (Exp.  Hill,  3  C.  &  P.  225)."     Dwar.  636. 

''Cattle/'  in  8.  1,  Dogs  Act,  1865,  28  &  29  V.  c.  60,  includes  horses 


CATTLE  272      CATTLE  INS.  SOC. 

(Wright  V.  Pearson,  38  L.  J.  Q.  B.  312 ;  L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  582;  33  J.  P. 
634),  and,  semhle,  pigs  {Child  v.  Heam^  L.  R.  9  Ex.  176;  43  L.  J.  Ex. 
100).  The  latter  case  shows  that  "  Cattle,"  as  used  in  s.  68,  8  V.  c.  20, 
includes  pigs  ;  and  so  of  "  Cattle"  in  the  Black  Act  (JR.  v.  Chappie,  Russ. 
&  Ry.  77).  Note.  —  The  liability  under  the  Dogs  Act,  is  none  the  less 
because  the  Cattle  or  Sheep  may  be  trespassing  (Grange  v.  Silcock,  77 
L.  T.  340;  61  J.  P.  709). 

Quk  Knackers  Act,  1844,  7  &  8  V.  c.  87,  "Cattle,"  includes,  "Bull, 
.  Ox,  Cow,  Steer,  Heifer,  Calf,  Ass,  Sheep,  Lamb,  Goat,  Pig,  or  any  other 
Domestic  Animal  "  (s.  10). 

Qak  Markets  and  Fairs  Clauses  Act,  1847,  10  &  11  V.  c.  14,  "  Cattle," 
includes,  "  Horse,  Ass,  Mule,  Ram,  Ewe,  Wether,  Lamb,  Goat,  Kid,  or 
Swine  "  (s.  3). 

Qui  Towns  Improvement  Clauses  Act,  1847,  10  &  11  V.  c.  34, 
"  Cattle  "  includes,  "  Horses,  Asses,  Mules,  Sheep,  Goats,  and  Swine  " 
(s.  3),  —  a  def  adopted  for  Town  Police  Clauses  Act,  1847,  10  &  11  V. 
c.89(F:  8.3). 

Quk  Metropolitan  Market  Act,  1851,  14  &  15  V.  c.  61,  "Cattle."  in- 
eludes,  "  Sheep,  Lambs,  and  Swine  "  (s.  44),  —  a  def  adopted  for  the 
M:etrop  Man  Acts  (s.  112,  25  &  2^  V.  c.  102) ;  but  qui  P.  H.  (London) 
Act,  1891,  the  def  is  "  Sheep,  Goats,  and  Swine  "  (s.  141). 

Quk  P.  H.  (Scotland)  Act,  1897,  "  *  Cattle,'  means,  Bulls,  Cows,  Oxen, 
Heifers,  and  Calves,  and  includes  Sheep,  Goats,  and  Swine  "  (s.  3). 

Qnk  Diseases  of  Animals  Act,  1894,  57  &  58  V.  c.  57,  "  'Cattle,' 
means,  Bulls,  Cows,  Oxen,  Heifers,  and  Calves  "  (s.  69)  :  FjT  29  &  30 
V.  c.  2,  s.  3;  32  &  33  V.  c.  70,  a.  6;  41  ife  42  V.  c.  74,  s.  5;  55  &  56  V. 
c.  47,  8.  3. 

Other  Stat.  Def.,  50  &  51  V.  c.  27,  s.  3;  56  &  57  V.  c.  56,  s.  8.  —  Scot. 
13  &  14  V.  c.  83,  8.  2 ;  2^  &  26  V.  c.  101,  s.  3;  55  &  ^  V.  c.  55,  s.  4 
—  Ir.  17  &  18  V.  c.  103,  s.  1;     33  &  34  V.  c.  3G,  s.  11. 

V.  Kx acker:  Slaughtubeb. 

CATTLE   DEALER.  — r.  Cattle  Salesman. 

CATTLE  GATE.  —  "  *  Cattlegate,'  also  called  'Beastgate.'  —  Some- 
times the  soil  is  vested  in  the  owners  as  tenants  in  common  in  fee ;  R, 
V.  Whixley,  1  T.  R.  137:  Va,  Mellington  v.  Ooodtitle,  And.  106,  and  on 
app.  nom.  Bennington  v.  Goodtitle,  2  Stra.  1084 ;  a  dictum  in  Barnes  v. 
Peterson,  2  Stra.  1063 :  R.  v.  Watson,  5  East,  480 ;  where  the  beasta 
were  turned  out  by  anch  burgesses  as  chose  to  do  so,  according  to  a  stint 
by  a  leet  jury.  Sometimes  it  is  a  mere  right  of  pasture,  the  soil  remain- 
ing in  the  lord  of  the  manor;  Lonsdale  v.  Rigg,  11  Ex.  654;  1  H.  &  N. 
923 ;  25  L.  J.  Ex.  73;  26  lb.  196  :  V.  Wms.,  on  Rights  of  Common,  81 
et  seq:  Hall,  on  Profits  k  Prendre,  23  et  seq  "  (Elph.  565). 

CATTLE   INSURANCE   SOCIETY.— F.  Fbiendlt  Society. 


CATTLE  PLAGUE   278       CAUSE 

CATTLE  PLAQUE.  — Qu^  the  Acts  relating  to  Diseases  of  Ani- 
mals,  "  Cattle  Plague,"  means  the  Rinderpest  (29  &  30  V.  c.  2,  s.  3;  32 
&  33  V.  c.  70,  8.  6). 

CATTLE  SALESMAN.  — A  Farmer  accustomed,  for  profit,  to  buy 
and  sell  more  sheep  than  necessary  to  stock  his  farm,  was  held  a  **  Cattle 
or  Sheep  Salesman"  within  the  late  Bankry  definition  of  "Trader" 
(Ex  p.  Newally  3  Deacon,  333).  So,  in  a  Bankry  Petition  a  Farmer  was 
held  to  be  sufficiently  described  as  a  "  Cattle  Dealer  "  (Ex  jp.  Kirkwoody 
Re  Mason,  11  Ch.  D,  724;  27  W.  R.  806;  40  L.  T.  566). 

CATTLE  SHED.  —  "  Cattle  Sheds,"  "  Cowhouses,"  and  "  Byres  " ; 
Stat.  Def.,  29  &  30  V.  c.  17,  s.  2. 

CAUSA  CAUSANS.  — Is  the  ''real  effective  cause  of  damage" 
(per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Pandorfv.  Hamilton,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  548).  Vh,  Sin- 
gleton V.  Williamson,  31  L.  J.  Ex.  139.     V,  To  Cause  :  Caused  by. 

V,  Causa  causans  contrasted  with  a  causa  sine  qua  non  by  Lindley, 
L.  J.,  Culleme  v.  London  &  Suburban  Bg  Socy,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  525;  25 
Q.  B,  D.  485;  39  W.  R.  88;  63  L.  T.  511. 

CAUSE.  — ''  Cause,"  "  is  not  a  technical  word  signifying  one  kind  or 
another,  it  is  causa  jurisdictionis,  any  suit,  action,  matter,  or  other 
similar  proceeding  competently  brought  before,  and  litigated  in,  a  Court " 
(per  Selborne,  C,  Be  Grreen,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  41 ;  nom.  Green  v.  Penzance, 
6  App.  Ca.  657);  so,  of  the  phrase  "  Ordinary  Civil  Cause,"  s.  10,  31  & 
32  V.  c  71  (The  Tynwald,  cited  Action). 

For  the  purposes  of  the  Jud.  Acts,  "  Cause,"  includes  "  any  Action, 
Suit,  or  other  Original  Proceeding  between  a  plaintiff  and  defendant  and 
any  Criminal  proceeding  by  the  Crown  "  (s.  100,  Jud.  Act,  1873;  s.  3, 
Jud.  Act  (Ir),  1877). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  24  &  25  V.  c.  10,  s.  2 ;  26  &  27  V.  c.  24,  s.  2.  — 
Ir.  30  &  31  V.  c.  114,  s.  2.  —  Scot.  19  &  20  V.  c.  m,  s.  47;  38  &  39  V. 
c.  62,  s.  2. 

V.  Action:  Q>.  Dkcree. 

A  Rule  Nisi  against  a  Police  Magistrate  to  hear  an  application  for  a 
Summons,  is  "  a  Cause  or  Matter  for  Trial  or  Hearing  "  within  Sch  52, 
Order  as  to  Supreme  Court  Fees,  1884,  and  therefore  the  fee  of  £2  is  pay- 
able on  entering  it  at  the  Crown  Office  {Ex  p,  Hasker,  54  L.  J.  M.  C.  94 ; 
14  Q.  B.  D.  82);  but  an  Appeal  from  Chambers  is  not  such  a  Cause  or 
Matter  (Exp.  Dudley,  33  VV.  R.  751). 

"  Cause  or  Matter,"  R.  1,  Ord.  31,  R.  S.  C. ;  V.  Ann.  Pr :  —  R.  15,  Ord. 
31,  V.  Re  Fenner  and  Lord,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  667 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  498 ;  76 
L.  T.  376 ;  45  W.  R.  486 :  —  R.  1-4,  Ord.  39,  K  Mathews  v.  Chwy,  53 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  439;  13  Q.  B.  D.  403  ;  50  L.  T.  776:  Mason  v.  Wirral, 
4  Q.  B.  D.  459. 

18 


CAUSE  274  CAUSE 

"  Cause  or  Matter  relating  to  Real  Estate,**  R.  1,  Ord.  61,  R.  S.  C.  ; 
V.  Stames  v.  Stainex,  30  S.  J.  502;  W.  N.  (86)  113:    Fy  Matter. 

A  Reference  by  Consent  Order,  not  only  of  the  subject-matter  of  an 
action  but  also,  of  "  all  Matters  in  Difference,"  is  not  a  reference  of  a 
*' Cause  or  Matter, "  within  s.  14  or  s.  15,  Arb  Act,  1S89  (Darlington 
Wagon  Co  v.  Harding,  cited  Equivalent). 

The  "  Cause  "  that  under  s.  83  (4),  Bankry  Act,  1869,  had  to  be 
"shown"  for  the  Removal  of  a  Trustee,  need  not  necessarily  have 
amounted  to  dishonesty ;  unfitness,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Court,  sufficed 
(Exp.  Newitt,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  245;  14  Q.  B.  D.  177;  1  Times  Rep.  98); 
but  sexual  immorality  is  not  '*  Due  cause  "  within  s.  93,  Comp  Act, 
1862  (Re  Urmston  Grange  S.  S.  Co,  17  Times  Rep.  553). 

"  Any  Cause  whatever  "  ;  F.  Any  :  Alteration. 

"Just  Cause";  V.  Just. 

"  Lawful!  Cawse  "  to  reject  from  the  Communion,  1  Edw.  6,  d,  s.  8 ; 
r.  Jenkins  v.  Cook,  45  L.  J.  P.  C.  1;  1  P.  D.  80. 

"Cause,"  "Reasonable  Cause,"  and  "Reasonable  Excuse,"  for 
Matrimonial  Desertion,  all  mean  the  same  thing  (per  Barnes,  J.,  Old- 
roi/d  V.  Oldroydj  65  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  115 ;  referring  to  Yeatman  v. 
Yeatman,  and  adopted  in  St/nge  v.  Synge,  both  cited  Desertion). 

V,  Reasonable  and  Probable  Cause:  Sufficient  Cause. 

The  "  Reasonable  or  Sufficient  Cause,"  s.  1,  27  &  28  V.  c.  b6,  for  re- 
quiring a  Street  Musician  to  move  on,  must  be  stated  to  him  (Shields  v. 
Howard,  1897, 1  Q.  B.  84 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  105 ;  45  W.  R.  138,  60  J.  P. 
727). 

"  Reasonable  Cause  "  is  synonymous  with  "  Just  Cause  "  (per  Hatherleyy 
C,  Osgood  V.  Nelson,  L.  R.  5  H.  L.  649;  41  L.  J   Q.  B.  337). 

"  For  the  Same  Cause;'  s.  45,  24  &  25  V.  c.  100  ;  "  The  word  '  Cause  ' 
may  undoubtedly  mean  'Act,'  but  it  is  ambiguous,  and  it  may  also,  ai.d 
perhaps  with  greater  propriety,  be  held  to  mean  *  Cause  for  the  Accusa- 
tion '  "  (per  Byles,  J.,  R.  v.  Morris,  36  L.  J.  M.C.  84  ;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R. 
90)  ;  and,  in  accordance  with  that  view,  it  was  there  held  that  a  previ- 
ous summary  conviction  for  an  Assault  under  s.  42,  was  not  for  the 
"  Same  Cause  "  as  a  subsequent  indictment  for  Manslaughter  arising 
from  the  same  assault.  So,  such  a  conviction  would  be  no  answer  to  a 
charge  of  Rape  (per  Hawkins,  J.,  JR.  v.  Miles,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  56;  24 
Q.  B.  D.  423) ;  but  it  would  be  an  answer  to  a  charge  of  Unlawfully 
and  Maliciously  Wounding  or  Inflicting  Grievous  Bodily  Harm  (S,  C), 
An  action  for  damages  for  an  assault  is  for  the  "Same  Cause," — i.e. 
Same  Offence,  — as  a  previous  conviction  for  the  same  assault  (Masper 
V.  Brown,  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  203;  1  C.  P.  D.  97 :  Holden  v.  King,  46  L.  J. 
Ex.  75). 

Notice  of  Action,  "  and  of  the  Cause  thereof  " ;    V»  Notice. 

F.  Cause  of  Action:  Criminal  Cause:  Good  Cause:  Lawfux« 
Cause  :  Show  Cause. 


CAUSE  275    CAUSE  OF  ACTION 

To  CAUSE.  — "  To  Cause  "  a  thing  to  be  done  is,  it  is  submitted, 
the  same  thing  as  to  be  its  Causa  Causans. 

**  Suppose  the  case  of  a  keeper  of  ready -furnished  lodgings  let  to  a 
lodger :  the  keeper  of  the  house  has  servants  whose  duty  it  is  to  attend 
upon  the  lodger;  the  lodger  gives  a  dinner  party ;  the  dinner  is  cooked 
by  the  cook  of  the  lodging-house  keeper,  his  servants  attend  at  the 
dinner ;  plates  and  the  necessary  furniture  of  the  table  are  provided  ;  — 
but  DO  one  could  say  that  the  lodging-house  keeper  either  gave  the 
dinner,  or  'caused'  it  to  be  given  "  (per  Blackburn,  J. ^  Lyon  v.  Knoivles^ 
32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  74). 

**  Cause  "  a  Wife  **  to  leave  and  live  separately  ";    V.  Neglect. 

V.  Inflict:  Caused  by:  Cause  or  Procure.  Cp.  Counsel  or 
Procure. 

To  cause  Sewage  Matter  to  fall  or  flow  into  a  Stream  ;    V,  Fall. 

A  mere  Shareholder  does  not  *'  cause  "  any  of  the  acts  or  omissions  of 
the  Co  or  its  Agents  {Macnee  v.  Persian  Investment  Corp,  cited  Foreign 
Lottery). 

"  Cause  to  be  imported  "  ;   V.  Importer. 

CAUSE   AND   EFFECT.  — F.  Effect. 

CAUSE  AND  MATTER. —  Stating  in  an  Appeal  Notice  its 
"  Cause  and  Matter,"  49  G.  3,  c.  68,  s.  5  ;  V.  B.  v.  Oxfordshire  Jus., 
1  B.  &  C.  279.      yj  Cause. 

CAUSE  AND   PROCURE.— F.  Cause  OR  Procure. 

CAUSE  OF  ACTION.— -A  "Cause  of  Action"  is  the  entire  set 
of  facts  that  gives  rise  to  an  enforceable  claim ;  the  phrase  comprisep 
every  fact  which,  if  traversed,  the  plaintiff  must  prove  in  order  to  obtain 
judgment  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Bead  v.  Browny  5S  L.  J.  Q.  B.  120  ;  22 
Q.  B.  D.  128). 

Therefore,  as  used  in  s.  60  of  the  Act  establishing  the  modern  County 
Courts  (9  &  10  V.  c.  95)  and  as  used  in  subsequent  Go.  Co.  Acts,  this 
phrase,  according  to  its  natural  construction,  meant,  and  means  the 
Whole  cause  of  action  ;  e,g,  the  order  or  other  contract  for,  as  well  as 
the  delivery  of,  the  goods,  in  a  claim  for  goods  sold  and  delivered ;  oi 
the  doing  of  the  work,  in  a  claim  for  work  done ;  or  the  doing  the  wrong, 
in  an  action  of  tort  (Borthwick  v.  Walton,  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  83;  15  C.  B. 
501 ;  24  L.  T.  0.  S.  271 :  Aris  v.  Orchard,  30  L.  J.  Ex.  21;  6  H.  &  N. 
160:  Newcombe  v.  De  Boos,  29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  4  ;  2  E.  &  E.  273).  Va,  Her- 
naman  v.  Smith,  24  L.  J.  Ex.  175;  10  Ex.659:  (qu4  Bill  of  Exchange) 
WilcU  V.  Sheridan,  16  Jur.  426  :  (qu4  Contract  with  Carrier)  Barnes  v. 
Marshall,  21  L.  J.  Q.  B.  388. 

In  an  action  by  Exors  or  Admors,  Probate  or  Letters  of  Administra- 
tion is  an  essential  part  of  the  "  Cause  of  Action  '*  (Fuller  v.  Mackai/,  22 


CAUSE  OF  ACTION     276     CAUSE  OF  ACTION 

L.  J.  Q.  B.  415;  2  £.  &  B.  573).    Vf^  Gary  v.  Stephenson  and  cognate 
cases  inf. 

A  pit  mast  not  "  Divide  any  Cause  of  Action  for  the  purpose  of  bring- 
ing two  or  more  actions  "  in  a  Go.  Co.  (s.  81,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888);  that 
means,  Cause  of  Oxe  Action ;  and  whilst  it  applies  to  separate  items  of 
a  continuous  and  entire  demand,  e.fjf.  an  ordinary  bill  of  a  tradesman 
(Grimbli/r.  Ackroydy  17  L.  J.  Ex.  157;  1  Ex.  479),  yet  it  does  not 
apply  to  distinctly  separate  claims  although  of  a  kind  which  might  be 
sued  for  in  one  action,  e.g.  a  claim  for  (1)  Groods  and  (2)  Money  lent 
{Brunskill  v.  Powell^  19  L.  J.  Ex.  362;  1  L.  M.  &  P.  550 :  Kimpton  r. 
Willei/,  9  C.  B.  719),  or  (1)  Rent  and  (2)  Double  Value  for  holding 
over  (Wickham  v.  Lee,  18  L.  J.  Q.  B.  21;  12  Q.  B.  521 :  Neafe  v.  Ellis, 
12  L.  J.  Q.  B.  329;  1  Dowl.  &  L.  163).  So,  of  damages  to  (1)  Goods 
and  (2)  the  Person,  though  occasioned  by  the  same  occurrence  (Bruns- 
den  V.  Humphrei/y  inf).  Note.  Suing  for  part  only  of  a  Cause  of  Ac- 
tion (if  unobjected  to)  does  not  bar  the  recovery  of  its  residue  (  Vines  r. 
Arnold,  19  L.  J.  C.  P.  98;  8  C.  B.  632;  Adkin  v.  FrUnd,  38  L.  T.393: 
Jones  V.  Jones,  22  W.  R.  677). 

Vf,  Ann.  Co.  Co.  Pr.  Part  2,  ch.  3,  s.  4. 

Therefore  "  Part  "  of  a  Cause  of  Action,  s.  74,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888, 
means  any  one  of  those  material  things  that  go  to  make  up  the  Cause  of 
Action. 

So,  "  Cause  of  Action  "  in  Mayor's  Court  Procedure  Act,  1857,  20  & 
21  V.  c.  clvii.,  means  the  whole  Cause  of  Action  {Cooke  v.  Gill,  L.  R. 
8  C.  P.  107:  Gold  v.  Turner,  10  lb.  149).  And  when  the  plaintiff  is 
an  assignee  from  the  original  creditor,  the  Assignment  to  him  is 
part  of  his  Cause  of  Action  ;  therefore,  where  a  debt  was  entirely  con- 
tracted outside  the  City  of  London,  but  an  assignment  of  it  to  the  plain- 
tiff had  been  made  in  the  City,  it  was  held  that  Part  of  the  Cause  of 
Action  arose  in  the  City,  and  that  (under  s.  12)  the  Mayor's  Court  had 
jurisdiction  (Bead  v.  Brown,  sup).  It  seems  a  little  difficult  to  recon- 
cile that  decision  with  a  previous  decision  under  the  same  section,  where 
it  was  held  that  the  whole  Cause  of  Action  on  a  writteu  agreement  under 
the  Statute  of  Frauds  arises  as  soon  as  the  defendant  has  signed  it 
{Alderton  v.  Archer,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  12 ;  14  Q.  B.  D.  1).  Vf,  Cowan  v. 
a  Connor,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  401;  20  Q.  B.  D.  640 ;  68  L.  T.  857;  36  W.  R. 
895 :  B.  V.  Ld  Mayor,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  329. 

So,  of  "  Cause  of  Action,"  s.  7,  Salford  Hundred  Court  of  Record  Act, 
1868  {Payne  v.  Hogg,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  43;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  579;  82  L.  T. 
684;  48  W.  R.417). 

But  "Cause   of   Action"   differs    materially   from   "Action";    the 
"Cause"  of  an  Action  is  that  which  forms  or   relates  to  its  basis,  a* 
distinct  from  matter  of  procedure  prior  to  Action  being  brought,  — e./; 
a  Solr  cannot  sue  his  client  for  his  Bill  of  Costs  until  one  month  after  its 
delivery  (s.  37,  Solrs  Act,  1843),  but  the  '*  Cause  "  of  such  an  action  is 


CAUSE  OF  ACTION     277    CAUSE  OF  ACTION 

the  work  done;  therefore,  the  Limitation  Act,  1623,  s.  3,  runs  from  the 
date  of  the  conclusion  of  the  work,  and  not  from  the  expiration  of  a 
mouth  after  the  delivery  of  the  Bill  {Cobum  v.  Colledge,  1897,  1  Q.  B. 
702 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  462;  76  L.  T.  608 ;  45  W.  R.  488).  But  it  requires 
some  thinking  entirely  to  reconcile  that  ruling  with  the  ruling  stated  in 
the  next  par. 

*'  Cause  of  Action,''  s.  3,  Limitation  Act,  1623  (and,  semble,  s.  3,  Civil 
Procedure  Act,  1833),  "means  the  time  at  which  the  deht  or  money 
might  have  heen  recovered  by  action  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Reeves  v. 
Butcher,  1891,  2  Q.  B.  609 ;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  619 ;  65  L.  T.  329 ;  39  W.  R. 
626;  following  Hemp  v.  Garland,  12  L.  J.  Q.  B.  134  ;  4  Q.  B.  619); 
therefore,  the  statute  begins  to  run  from  the  first  time  (where  there  are 
more  times  than  one)  at  which  the  action  might  have  been  brought. 
Thus  where  a  deft,  in  an  action  for  Conversion,  has  committed  two  acts 
each  of  which  would  sustain  the  action,  the  first,  and  not  the  second, 
act  must  be  regarded  (  Wilkinson  v.  Verity,  40  L.  J.  C.  P.  141 ;  L.  R. 
6  C.  P.  206).  But  where  goods  or  deeds  are  wrongfully  abstracted  and 
get  into  innocent  hands,  the  action  against  the  latter  does  not  accrue 
until  there  has  been  a  Conversion  by  him,  —  i,e.  a  demand  on  and  refusal 
by  him  {Spackman  v.  Foster,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  418;  11  Q.  B.  D.  99: 
Miller  V,  DeUy  1891,  1  Q.  B.  468;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  404;  63  L.  T.  693). 
Vf  Trover. 

And  so,  the  "  Cause  of  Action  "  for  an  Arbitrary  Fine  on  a  Copyhold 
Admittance  is  complete  on  the  Admittance  ;  not  when  the  Fine  is  assessed 
{Monckton  v.  Payne,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  603 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  951 ;  81  L.  T. 
204;  48  W.  R.  44). 

The  Cause  of  Action  under  the  Directors  Liability  Act,  1890,  arises 
when  the  pit's  shares  are  subscribed  for  {Thomson  v.  Clanmorris,  cited 
Penalty). 

A  **  Cause  of  Action  "  does  not  arise  out  of  a  Tort  causing  damage,  or 
out  of  a  tort  not  actionable  without  special  damage,  until  damage  done  ; 
and  accordingly,  the  Limitation  Act,  1623,  does  not  begin  to  run  for 
such  a  tort  until  damage  happens  ;  and  each  recurrence  of  a  distinctly 
new  damage  (as  distinguished  from  a  development  of  an  old  one.  Fetter 
V.  Beal,  1  Raym.  Ld.  339;  1  Salk.  11 :  Va,  Clarke  v.  Yorke,  52  L.  J.  Ch. 
32),  gives  rise  to  a  fresh  cause  of  action  (Bonomi  v.  Backhouse,  28  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  378 ;  34  lb.  181 ;  E.  B.  &  E.  622 ;  9  H.  L.  Ca.  603;  9  W.  R.  769  : 
Whitehouse  v.  Fellowes,  30  L.  J.  C.  P.  306 ;  10  C.  B.  N.  S.  765 ;  9  W.  R. 
666 :  Barley  Main  Colly  Co  v.  Mitchell,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  471 ;  bb  lb. 
629 ;  14  Q.  B.  D.  125 ;  11  App.  Ca.  127 ;  32  W.  R.  947:  from  whlc  it 
would  seem  that  Nicklin  v.  Williams,  10  Ex.  227,  is  now  of  but  little 
authority,  whilst  Lamlf  v.  Walker,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  451;  3  Q.  B.  D.  389, 
is  over-ruled.  Va  Add.  T.  39,  80);  yet  it  is  the  actual  doer  of  the 
damage-causing  Tort  who  is  liable,  —  e.y.  for  a  Subsidence  caused  by 
working  a  Mine,  the  action  is  against  him  who  did  that  working,  and 


CAUSE  OF  ACTION     278    CAUSE  OF  ACTION 

not  against  the  innocent  succeeding  owner  of  the  property  (Greenwtrll 
V.  Low  Beechhum  Co,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  165;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  643:  Hall  v. 
Norfolk,  1900,  2  Ch.  493;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  571;  82  L.  T.  836;  48  W.  R. 
565). 

Cp.  Market/  v.  Tolicorth,  cited  Continuance. 

Where  the  owner  of  a  vehicle  was  himself  injured  in  a  Collision,  lie 
was  held  not  estopped  from  bringing  an  action  for  his  Personal  Injuries, 
by  reason  of  having  recovered  judgment  from  the  same  defendant  for 
the  damage  the  collision  had  caused  to  the  Vehicle  (the  personal  inju- 
ries were  unknown  at  the  time  action  was  brought  for  the  damage  to 
the  vehicle)  ;*  for  each  class  of  injuries  and  damage,  in  such  a  case, 
forms,  with  its  common  cause,  a  "  Cause  of  Action  ^  {Brunsden  v. 
Humphrey,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  476;  14  Q.  B.  D.  141 ;  51  L.  T.  529;  32 
W.  R.  944). 

So,  following  and  explaining  the  Darley  Main  Case,  there  is  no  "ac- 
cruing "  of  a  Cause  of  Action,  within  s.  264,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  until 
damage  happens  {Crumble  v.  WalUend,  1891, 1  Q.  B.503;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
392).     r.  Accrue. 

Semble,  to  complete  a  Cause  of  Action  a  person  capable  of  suing  on  it 
must  be  in  existence;  and  if  such  cause  is  inchoate  at  the  death  of  the 
person  entitled  to  the  action  but  becomes  consummate  after  such  death, 
then  the  Cause  of  Action  is  complete  only  when  a  Legal  Representative 
of  such  person  is  constituted,  e.^,  the  time  under  the  Limitation  Act, 
on  a  Bill  of  Exchange  current  at  the  death  of  the  payee,  does  not  begin 
to  run  until  Probate  of  his  Will  or  Letters  of  Admon  be  granted  (Cary 
V,  Stephenson,  2  Salk.  421:  Murray  v.  East  India  Co,  5  B.  &  Aid- 21 4: 
Ferry  v.  Jenkins,  1  My.  &  C.  118:  Pratt  v.  Swaine,  8  B.  &  C.  285; 
2  M.  &  R.  350 :  Fuller  v.  Mackay,  sup :  per  Hatherley,  C,  Burdick  v. 
Garrick,  5  Ch.  241;  39  L.  J.  Ch.  372).  But,  observe,  that  by  s.  6,'3  & 
4  W.  4,  c.  27,  time  runs  against  an  Admor  from  the  death  of  the  de- 
ceased person  for  the  purposes  of  that  Act,  and  as  regards  the  chattels 
he  is  appointed  to  administer. 

The  power  of  issuing  a  writ  for  Service  out  of  the  Jurisdiction  when 
the  "  Cause  of  Action  "  arose  within  the  Jurisdiction  (s.  18,  Com.  L.  Pro. 
Act,  1852),  has  been  superseded  by  R.  1  (e),  Ord.  11,  R.  4,  Ord.  2,  R.  S.  C; 
but  it  may  be  useful,  as  a  matter  of  construction,  to  observe  that  after  a 
singular  conflict  of  decision  between  the  old  Common  Law  Courts,  the 
rule  laid  down  by  the  C.  P.  in  Jackson  v.  Spittle  (39  L.  J.  C.  P.  321; 
L.  R.  5  C.  P.  542 ;  18  W.  R.  1162)  was  ultimately  adopted,  —  viz.  that 
"Cause  of  Action,"  in  the  section,  did  not  mean  the  whole  cause  of 
action  but  meant,  "  the  act  on  the  part  of  the  deft  which  gave  the  pit 
his  cause  of  complaint"  (Vaughan  v.  Weldon,  44  L.  J.  C.  P.  64;  L.  R. 
10  C.  P.  47),  or,  in  other  words,  the  act  or  omission  constituting  the 
violation  of  duty  complained  of  (per  Fitzgerald,  J.,  Ma^ken  v.  Ellis,  Ir. 
Rep.  8  C.  L.  151). 


CAUSE  OF  APPEAL  279  CAUSE  TO  BE  TAKEN 

CAUSE   OF   APPEAL.  — r.  Decision. 

CAUSE  OF  COMPLAINT.— F.  «.  v.  Lancashire,  8  B.  &  C. 
693:  R.  V.  Devon,  1  M.  &  S.  411 :  E.  v.  Salop,  2  B.  &  Ad.  149. 

CAUSE  OR  MATTER. —  r.  Cau^e  :  Caitse  and  Matter: 
Matter. 

CAUSE  OR  PERMIT. —  A  proprietor  of  a  music-hall  who  engages 
a  singer,  but  does  not  control  what  songs  are  to  be  sung,  nevertheless 
**  causes  or  permits  "  the  singing  of  what  songs  are  sung,  within  s.  20, 
Copyright  Act,  1842  {Monaghan  v.  Taylor^  2  Times  Rep.  685:  Va, 
Marsh  V.  Conquest,  17  C.  B.  N.  S.  418;  33  L.  J.  C.  P.  319).  V. 
Permit. 

"  Causes  to  fall  or  flow,  or  knowingly  permits  to  fall  or  flow  or  to  be 
carried,  into  any  Stream,"  sewage  matter,  s.  3,  Rivers  Pollution  Preven- 
tion Act,  1876,  39  &  40  V.  c.  75;  V.  West  Riding  v.  Holmfirth,  1894, 
2  Q.  B.  842;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  485;  71  L.  T.  217.  Cp.  Wilfully 
Suffer. 

CAUSE  OR  PROCURE.  — The  words  in  a  covenant  "do  and 
execute,  or  cause  or  procure  to  be  done  or  executed,"  all  such  acts  as 
may  be  necessary  for  vesting  property  in  trustees,  "  only  mean  that  the 
covenantor  would  procure  persons  who  were  bound  to  obey  his  orders,  — 
e.<7.  trustees,  —  to  do  such  acts  as  were  necessary  "  (per  Kay,  J.,  Re  De 
Ros,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  75 ;  31  Ch.  D.  81;  53  L.  T.  524 ;  34  W.  R.  36). 

You  "  cause  or  procure  "  a  legal  consequence,  e,g.  an  Adjudication  in 
bankry,  if  that  consequence  follows  from  your  putting  the  law  in  motion, 
even  though,  on  the  evidence  produced,  the  consequence  could  not  have 
been  supported  {Farley  v.  Banks,  4  E.  &  B.  493:  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  244). 

V.  Counsel  or  Procure  :  Procure. 

CAUSE   OR   SUFFER.  — r.SuFFEF 

CAUSE   SHEWN.  — F.  Cause. 

CAUSE  TO  BE  APPLIED.— s.  7.  6  &  6  V.  c.  100;  V.  Mallet 
r.  Howitt,  W.  N.  (79)  107. 

CAUSE  TO   BE   IMPORTED.  — F.  Import^. 

CAUSE  TO  BE  TAKEN.  —  A  person  who  supplies  a  woman  with 
a  drug,  which  is  taken  and  intended  to  be  taken  by  her  in  the  absence 
of  the  person  supplying  it,  ''  causes  it  to  be  taken  "  within  s.  6,  1  V. 
c.  85,  repld  s.  58,  24  &  25  V.  c.  100  {R.  v.  WUson,  26  L.  J.  M.  C.  18; 
Dears.  &  B.  127;  followed  in  R.  v.  Farrow,  Dears.  &  B.  164). 

r.  Administer. 


CAUSED  BY.         280  CAUSEWAY 

CAUSED    BY.  —  Injure  non  remota  causa  sed  proxima  spectatztr. 
This  maxim  is  paraphrased  by  Lord  Bacon  thus,  — "  It  were  infinite 
for  the  ]aw^  to  judge  the  causes  of  causes,  and  their  impulsions  one  of 
another:   therefore  it  contenteth  itself  with  the  immediate  cause,  and 
judgeth  of  acts  by  that;  without  looking  to  any  further  degree"  (Bac. 
Max.  reg.  1:   Vf  Broom's  Maxima).     Accordingly,  a  Policy  against 
Accident  other  than  those  "  Caused  by  or  Arisintj  from  natural  disease 
or  weakness,  or  exhaustion  consequent  upon  disease, "  will  cover  death 
by  drowning,  though  the  insured's  fall  into  the  water  was  the  conse- 
quence of  an  epileptic  fit ;  for  the  cause  of  death  was  drowning,  —  the 
fit  was  at  most  merely  a  causa  sine  qua  non  {Winspear  v.  Accident 
Insrce,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  292;  6  Q.  B.  D.  42;  followed  in  Lawrence  v. 
Accident  Insrce,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  622;  7  Q.  B.  D.  216,  in  whc  the  words 
of  exception  were  "  Death  arising  from  fits,  or  any  disease  ").     So,  in 
a  case  on  a  similar  Policy,  Huddleston,  B.,  said,  **  <  Caused  by  Acci- 
dent,'—  that  is  to  say,  immediately  caused  by  accident"  (Re  Isitt  & 
Railway  Passengers^  Assrce,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  195;  22  Q.  B.  D.  504).     So, 
qu^  a  Marine  Policy,  an  injury  to  a  Ship  causes  her  loss  if,  before  that 
injury  can  be  repaired,  she  is  lost  by  reason  of  the  existence  of  that  in- 
jury (Reischer  v.  Berwick,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  648;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  753;  71 
L.  T.  238). 

So,  of  the  words,  "  Occasioned  by,"  or.  "  in  Consequence  of"  (Walker 
V.  London  &  Provincial  Insree,  22  L.  R.  Ir.  572),  or  damage  **  Beceired 
in,"  e,g.  a  Collision  (Reischer  v.  Borwicky  sup). 

A  killing  or  bodily  injury  ''  in  Consequence  of  "  want  of  fence  to  Ma- 
chinery, s.  82,  Factory  and  Workshop  Act,  1878,  is  none  the  less  such  a 
Consequence  because,  in  great  measure,  brought  about  by  the  negligence 
of  the  injured  person  (Blenkinsop  v.  Ogden^  1898,  1  Q.  B.  783;  67  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  537 ;  78  L.  T.  554;  46  W.  R.  542). 

Commission  to  be  paid  to  A.  if  sale  effected  '*  in  Consequence  of  Men- 
tion or  Publication"  by  him;    V.  Bayley  v.  Chadwick,  39  L.  T.  429. 

r.  To  Cause:  Causa  Causans:  Causing:  Done  by:  Occasioned: 
Arising.     Cp.  Effect. 

CAUSEWAY.  —  "Causeway"  seems  synonymous  with  Footpath 
(  V.  Calcey)  ;  but  in  s.  24,  Highway  Act,  1835,  provision  is  made  for 
"  Borse  Causeways  and  Foot  Causeways."  That  section  only  applies  to 
such  Causeways  as  are  by  the  side  of  Carriage  Ways,  and  imposes  no 
duty  on  the  Surveyor  to  fortify  the  mouth  or  entrance  of  a  Causeway 
from  violence  by  carts  or  carriages  (Ellis  v.  Woodbridge,  29  L.  J.  M.  C. 
183).  Probably,  it  will  be  correct  to  say  that  a  Causeway  is  a  Sideway, 
connoting  the  same  as  a  Footpath,  except  when  expressed  to  be  a  Horse 
causeway. 

"  Cause way^97iat7";  Stat.  Def.,  Beads  and  Bridges  (Scot)  Act,  1878, 
41  &  42  Y.  c.  51,  8.  3. 


CAUSING  281  CEASE 


CAUSING.  —  A  Railway  Company  carrying  animals  on  their  road 
to  a  place  within  a  district  prohibited  under  the  Contagions  Diseases 
(Animals)  Act,  1878,  with  knowledge  of  their  destination,  are  guilty  of 
"  causing  the  Movement  "  of  the  animals,  although  they  do  not  carry  the 
animals  further  than  a  point  butside  the  district,  and  do  no  act  within 
it  {Mid.  Ry  v.  Freeman^  63  L.  J,  M.  C.  79  j  12  Q.  B.  D.  629). 

V.  Caused  by. 

CAUTION.  —  Where  a  testator  directed  his  trustees  to  use  "  great 
caution  "  in  realizing  his  estate,  it  was  held  that  the  tenant  for  life  was 
entitled  to  the  income  until  conversion  {Scholefield  v.  Bedfem,  2  Dr.  & 
Sm.  173:  Va,  Mackie  v.  Mackie^  5  Hare,  70).  But  where  the  direction 
was  "  to  sail  my  ships  for  the  benefit  of  the  estate  until  they  can  be  satis- 
factorily sold,"  the  tenant  for  life  was  only  entitled  to  4  per  cent  on  the 
estimated  value  of  the  ships  at  the  testator's  death,  the  rest  of  their 
profits  being  carried  to  residue  {Brown  v.  Gellatly,  2  Ch.  751). 

F.  Recognizance. 

CAUTIONARY  OBLIGATION.  —  F.  ss.  6,  7,  Mercantile  Law 
Amendment  Act  (Scot),  1856,  19  &  20  V.  c.  60,  on  whu  Wallace  v.  Gib- 
souj  1895,  A.  C.  354. 

CEASE.  —  ''To  'cease,'  does  not,  necessarily,  import  an  act  of  free 
will.  The  East  India  Go  has  'ceased'  to  employ  a  military  force 
because  it  has  no  longer  any  necessity  for  its  employment"  (per  Ld 
Chelmsford,  fPaM  v.  Secretary  for  India,  10  H.  L.  Ca.  396;  32  L.  J. 
Ch.  598). 

"  Ceased  "  is  a  strictly  proper  word  to  apply  to  the  case  where  the 
entire  thing  has  "  ceased  to  be  "  —  e.g.  as  used  in  the  phrase  "  any  road 
which  has  .  .  •  ceased  to  be  a  Turnpike  Road  "  in  s.  13,  41  &  42  V. 
c.  77  (Lancashire  Jus.  v.  Rochdalcy  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  5 ;  8  App.  Ca.  494 
—  and  espy  jdgmt  of  Ld  Bramwell.  Vf,  West  Riding  Jus.  v.  The 
Queefi,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  41;  8  App.  Ca.  781:  Newton-in-Makerfield  v. 
Lancashire  Jus.,  54  L.  J.  M.  C.  1;  13  Q.  B.  D.  623;  Derby  Co.  Co.  v. 
Matlock^  1896,  A.  C.  315;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  419  ;  74  L.  T.  595;  60  J.  P. 
676).     V.  Main  Boad. 

"  Cease,  determine,  and  be  void  to  all  intents  and  purposes  " ;    V.  Void. 

Forfeiture  if  Income  "  cease  to  be  payable  "  to  donee;  V.  Re  Brewer, 
cited  Would. 

A  donee  ceases  "  to  Carry  on  "  a  Business,  qjak  a  gift  over,  if  he  con- 
verts the  business  into  a  Co,  even  though  he  be  its  Managing  Director 
and  practically  own  all  its  shares  {Re  Sax,  68  L.  T.  849;  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
688;  41  W.R.584). 

"  Cease  to  carry  on  the  business  of  a  Banker,"  s.  12,  Bank  Charter 
Act,  1844,  7  &  8  V.  c.  32 ;  V.  A-G.  v.  Birkbeck,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  378 ;  12 
Q.  B.  D.  605;  32  W.  R.  905;  51  L.  T.  199:  FrescoU  v.  Bank  of  Eng- 


CEASE  282  CELL 

land,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  351;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  332;  70  L.  T.  7:   CapUal  & 
Counties  Bank  v.  Same,  61  L.  T.  516. 

Where  a  Go's  Articles  provide  that  a  Director  shall  be  disqualified  if 
he  "  cease  to  Hold  "  a  stated  number  of  Shares,  that  "  coutemplates  the 
case  of  a  Qualification  once  possessed  and  subsequently  lost ;  but  not  the 
case  of  qualification  never  possessed"  (per  Cozens-Hardy,  J.,  Saltan  v. 
^''ew  Beeston  Co,  1899,  1  Ch.  775 ;  68  L.  J.  Cb.  370 ;  80  L.  T.  521 ;  47 
W.  R.  462)  ;  "  if  a  Director  is  named  in  the  Articles  and  never  had  a 
qualification,  he  cannot  be  said  to  *  cease'  to  hold  it  "  (per  Selborne,  C, 
Forbes'  Case,  8  Ch.  775). 

"Cease  to  Inhabit,"  in  a  Condition;  V.  Doe  d.  Shaw  v.  Steward, 
3  L.  J.  K.  B.  141;  1  A.  &  E.  300 ;  3  N.  &  M.  372. 

Qui  a  Poor  Law  Settlement,  s.  68,  4  &  5  W.  4,  c.  76,  a  person  "  ceased 
to  inhabit  "  when  his  inhabitancy  was  at  an  end,  whether  that  was 
by  his  own  voluntary  act  or  not  (/?.  v.  Whissendine,  11  L.  J.  M.  C.  42; 
2  Q.  B.  450). 

"  Charterer's  Liability  to  cease  " ;  —  The  Cesser  Clause  in  a  Char- 
ter-Party  (if  not  absolute)  is  to  be  construed  so  as  to  avoid  leaving  the 
Shipowner  without  remedy  for  a  breach  of  the  Charter  {Clink  v.  Jtad' 
ford,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  625;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  388;  64  L.  T.  491;  39  W.  R. 
355 :  Hansen  v.  Harrold,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  612 ;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  744 ;  70  L.  T. 
475:  Dunlop  v.  Balfour,  cited  Demurrage).  As  to  the  construction 
of  the  Clause,  generally,  V,  Carver,  s.  645  et  seq :  Abbott,  226  et  seq. 

A  Mtgor  "  ceases  to  Occupy,  "  s.  16,  Poor  Rate  Assessment  and  Collec- 
tion Act,  1869,  when  a  Receiver  appointed  by  the  Mtgee  enters,  even 
though  the  appointment  be  under  s.  24,  Conv.  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  and 
though  the  mtge  provides  that  the  Receiver  shall  be  deemed  the  Agent 
of  the  Mtgor  for  all  purposes  {Richards  v.  Kidderminster,  1896,  2  Ch. 
212 ;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  602 ;  74  L.  T.  483).  But  a  Co  in  Liquidation  does 
not  so  "  cease  to  occupy  "  on  the  appointment  of  a  Receiver  and  Manager 
by  an  Order  which  does  not  direct  the  Co  to  give  up  possession ;  and  on 
non-payment  of  the  rates  made  on  the  Co,  the  Co  will  be  the  "  Offender  " 
(s.  4,  43  Eliz.  c.  2),  whose  goods  may  be  distrained  notwithstanding  that 
there  may  be  an  equitable  charge  on  them  in  favour  of  Debentures  {Re 
Marriage  &  Co,  1896,  2  Ch.  663;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  839;  76  L.  T.  169;  45 
W.  R.  42).     Cp,  New  Occupier. 

Putative  father  ''  ceased  to  Reside  in  England  within  the  12  months 
next  after  the  birth,"  s.  3,  35  &  36  V.  c.  66;  V.  R.  v.  Evans,  1896, 
1  Q.  B.  228;  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  29;  44  W.  R.  271;. 60  J.  P.  39. 

K  Determine. 

CELEBRATE.  —  V,  Cope  v.  Barber,  cited  Divine  Service. 

CELL  :  CELLA.  — "  A  monastery  appertaining  to  a  larger;  Spelm." 
(Elph.  565). 


CELL  283       CERTAIN  RENT 

"  Cell  Accommodation  for  a  Prisoner  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  40  &  41  V.  c.  21, 
s.  57.  —  Scot.  40  &  41  V.  c.  53,  s.  70. 

CELLAR.  —  "  Cellar,"  s.  102,  Metrop  Man.  Act,  1855,  means,  an  un- 
derground structure  complete  in  itself,  arched  over  with  a  roof  inde- 
pendently of  the  pavement ;  a  foot-pavement  which  also  forms  the 
roof  of  such  a  structure  is  not  within  the  enactment  {Hamilton  v.  St, 
George,  Hanover  Sq.,  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  42 ;  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  41 ;  22  W.  R.  86; 
29  L.  T.  428). 

CEMETERY.  —  "  'Cemetery,'  both  in  its  original  meaning  and  as 
commonly  used,  is  quite  sufficient  to  comprehend  all  Christian  Burial 
grounds  "  (per  Campbell,  C.  J.,  E.  v.  Manchester,  5  £.  &  B.  707). 

Stat.  Def.  —  Cemeteries  Clauses  Act,  1847,  10  &  11  V.  c.  65,  s.  3. 

CENSURE. —  V.  Ecclesiastical  Censure. 

CENTRAL  AUTHORITY.— The  "Central  Authority  "  qui  44  & 
45  V.  c.  37,  is,  in  England,  the  Loc  Gov  Bd ;  in  Ireland,  the  Loc  Gov 
Bd  for  Ir.  ;  in  Scotland,  the  Secretary  for  Scotland  (s.  29) ;  —  qui  53  & 
54  V.  c.  60,  it  is,  in  England,  the  Loc  Gov  Bd;  in  Ireland,  the  Lord 
Lieutenant;  in  Scotland,  the  Secretary  for  Scotland  (s.  6). 

CENTRAL  CRIMINAL  COURT. --Established  and  the  "Cen- 
tral Criminal  Court  District  "  delimitated  by  Central  Criminal  Court 
Act,  1834,  4  &  5  W.  4,  c.  36  :  Vf,  39  &  40  V.  c.  57,  s.  6 ;  44  &  45  V. 
c.  64,  8.  3. 

CENTRE.  — "Centre  of  the  Roadway";  Stat.  Def.,  Metrop  Man. 
Act,  1878,  8.  4;     London  Bg  Act,  1894,  s.  5  (4). 

CEREMONIES.  — r.  Ornament:  Rite. 

CERTAIN.  — "Pre^^on  v.  Butcher  (1  Starkie,  3)  shows  that  'cer- 
tain '  means  '  Definite  '  "  (per  Jervis,  C.  J.,  Harris  v.  Phillips,  20  L.  J. 
C.  P.  121). 

"  Definite  and  Certain  Principal  Sum,"  "  Definite  and  Certain  Amount 
of  Stock  " ;   V.  Settlement. 

V.  Certain  Rent:  Certain  Time:  Sum  Certain  :  Year  Certain: 
Twelve-month. 

CERTAIN  RENT.  —  "  «  Certaine  rent'  A  tenant  holdeth  of  his 
lord  certaine  lands  in  socage,  to  paj  yearelj  a  paire  of  gilt  spurs  or  five 
shillings  in  money  at  the  feast  of  Easter.  In  this  case  the  rent  is  nn- 
certaine,  and  the  tenant  may  pay  which  of  them  he  will  at  the  said 
feast  "  (Co.  Litt.  90  b). 

A  Kent,  the  amount  of  which  may  fluctuate  according  to  the  happen- 
ing of  certain  events,  is  not  "  uncertain,"  but  is  distrainable  as  Bent, 


CERTAIN  RENT       284         CERTIFICATE 

even  in  case  of  bankruptcy  {Ex  p.  Voisey,  Re  Knight,  21  Ch.  D.  442; 
52  L.  J.  Ch.  121). 

CERTAIN   SUM.  — K.  Certaik:  Definite:  Sum  Certain. 

CERTAIN  TIME.  — The  "Certain  Time"  from  which  interest  on 
a  Sum  Certain  may  (without  Demand)  be  given  under  s.  28,  Civil 
Procedure  Act,  1833,  8  &  4  W.  4,  c.  42,  must  be  fixed  by,  or  definitely 
ascertainable  from,  the  written  instrument  itself,  —  without  reference  to 
any  future  contingent  event  the  time  of  which  the  instrument  does  not  fix 
{Juggomohun  Gkose  v.  Manickchund,  7  Moore,  Ind.  App.  263:  Merchant 
Shipping  Co  v.  Armitage,  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  99 ;  43  L.  J.  Q.  B.  24  ;  22  W.  R. 
11:  Harper  v.  Williams,  4  Q.  B.  219;  12  L.  J.  Q.  B.  227:  L.  C.  &  D. 
Eg  V.  S.  E,  Ry,  1893,  A.  C.  429  ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  93;  69  L.  T.  637;  58 
J.  P.  36 ;  in  whlc  Lindley,  L.  J.,  — 1892,  1  Ch.  141,  142 ;  61  L.  J.  Ch. 
300,  —  said  that  Buncombe  v.  Brighton  Club  Co,  44  L.  J.  Q.  B.  216  ; 
L.  R-  10  Q.  B.  371,  was  incorrectly  decided:  Svth  jdgmts  in  H.  L.,  sup). 
A  sum  payable  within  a  definite  time  after  a  person's  death,  is  payable 
at  a  "  Certain  Time,"  because  death  is  not  a  contingency  but  a  certainty 
{Re  Homer,  65  L.  J.  Ch.  694 ;  44  W.  R.  556  :  Knapp  v.  Bumaby, 
9  W.  R.  765). 

A  Petitioning  Cr's  Debt  in  bankry,  "  is  a  liquidated  sum  payable 
either  Immediately,  or  at  some  Certain  Future  Time,"  s.  6  (1  b),  Bankry 
Act,  1883  ;  Vth,  Re  Barr,  1896, 1  Q.  B.  616  ;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  504;  74  L.  T. 
555;  44  W.  R.  586. 

Vf,  Mackintosh  v.  G.  W,  Ry,  4  Gifif.  698:  Re  Blackburn  Bg  Socy, 
30  S.  J.  254 :  Instrument. 

CERTAINTY.  —  "Certainty  is  the  Mother  of  Repose,  and  Incer- 
tainty  is  the  Mother  of  Contention  "  (per  Pollard,  arg.,  Colthirst  v. 
Bejushin,  Plowd.  25). 

CERTIFICATE. — "A  'Certificate,*  ex  vi  termini,  imports  that  the 
party  certifying  knows  the  fact  that  he  certifies  "  (per  Kenyon,  C.  J., 
Farmer  v.  Legg,  7  T.  R.  191).     Cp.  Certification. 

Architect's  "  Certificate  "  ;  V.  Certify.  Note:  If  the  Certificate  be 
wrongfully  obtained  it  discharges  neither  the  Contractor  nor  his  Surety 
{Kingston  v.  Harding,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  494;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  55;  67  L.  T. 
539;  41  W.  R.  19):  FA,  Add.  C,  8  ed.,  394:  Hudson,  276-333: 
Progress  Certificate. 

A  sufficient  "  Certificate  "  by  a  Burial  Bd  or  Churchwarden,  s.  18,  18 
&  19  V.  c.  128,  is  given  by  a  letter,  or  requisition  in  writing,  containing 
a  detailed  account  of  the  expenses  to  be  paid  {R.  v.  St  Mary,  Islington, 
cited  Repair). 

Certificate  of  Dismissal;    F.  Hear:  Merits. 

Stat.  Def.  — 61  &  62  V.  c.  67,  s.  11.  — Scot.  16  &  17  V.  c.  67,  s.  17; 


CERTIFICATE         285  CERTIORARI 

25  &  26  V.  c.  35.  s.  C7;    60  &  51 V.  c.  38,  s.  2:  V.  New  Certificate.  — 
If.  28  &  29  V.  c.  88,  s.  2,  c.  101,  s.  3. 

CERTIFICATED.— "Certificated  Child"-,  Stat.  Def.,  36  &  37  V. 
c.  67,  8.  4. 

"  Certificated  Teacher  ";  Stat.  Def.,  45  &  46  V.  c.  18,  8.  2;  61  &  62 
V.  c.  57,  8.  11. 

CERTIFICATION.— -Certification  of  Shares  in  a  Co;  V.  Shaw  v. 
T^ort  Philip  Co,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  369;  13  Q.  B.  D.  103;  50  L.  T.  ^o ; 
32  W.  R.  771 :  British  Mutual  Banking  Co  v.  Chamwood  Forest  Ry,  56 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  449;  18  Q.  B.  D.  714:  Bishop  v.  Balkis  Co,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
5^^\  25  Q.  B.  D.  512:  Re  Concessions  Trust,  1896,  2  Ch,  757;  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  909;  75  L.  T.  298. 

"  A  *  Certification  '  and  a  *  Certificate  '  are  totally  different  things. 
A  *•  Certification '  amounts  to  a  representation  that  the  transferor 
has  produced,  to  the  person  certifying,  such  documents  as  on  the  face 
of  them  show  a  prima  facie  title  in  the  Transferor  to  transfer  the 
shares  mentioned  in  the  transfer.  He  does  not  warrant  the  title  of 
the  transferor,  nor  the  validity  in  point  of  law  of  the  various  documents 
which  together  establish  his  title  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Bishop  v.  Balkis 
Co,  sup);  but  the  Co  is  not  estopped  by  its  Secretary's  Certification  if 
given  qu^  Certificates  of  shares  which  have  not  been  lodged  with  him 
{Whitechurch  Lim.  v.  Cavanagh,  71  L.  J.K.  B.  400;  1902,  A.  C.  117). 

Vh,  Buckl.  107:  Hamilton,  209:  Palmer,  Co.  Prec.  403. 

CERTIFIED.  —  Certified  Copy,  14  &  15  V.  c.  99 ;  V.  R.  v.  Weaver, 
43  L.  J.  M.  C.  13 ;  L.  R.  2  C.  C.  R.  85 :  Reed  v.  Lamb,  29  L.  J.  Ex. 
452  ;  6  H.  &  N.  75 ;  Vh,  and  generally  as  to  Certified  Copies,  Rose.  N.  P. 
99-102. 

"Certified  Efficient  School";  Stat.  Def.,  39  &  40  V.  c.  79,  s.  48; 
41  &  42  V.  c.  16,  ss.  95,  105,  106;  1  Edw.  7,  c.  22,  s.  159  (1),  160  (1). 

"  Certified  Industrial  School,"  s.  7,  29  &  30  V.  c.  118 ;  V.  R,  v.  West 
Derby,  L.  R.  10  Q.  B.  283;  44  L.  J.  M.  C.  98. 

"  Certified  Prison",  Stat.  Def.,  37  &  38  V.  c.  21,  s.  3. 

"  Certified  under  the  Regulations,"  s.  503  (2  a),  Mer  Shipping  Act, 
1894 ;    V.  The  Cathay,  82  L.  T.  823 ;  69  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  89. 

CERTIFY. — "  Power  to  Certify  '*  amount  of  Costs  ;    V,  Incurred. 

"  The  usual  meaning  of  '  Certify  '  does  not  require  anything  written  : 

•  otherwise  why  should  parties  ever  expressly  stipulate  as  to  certifying  in 

writing?  "  (per  Byles,  J.,  Roberts  v.  Watkins,  32  L.  J.  C.  P.  291 ;  14 

C.  B.  N.  S.  592 ;  11  W.  R.  783 ;  8  L.  T.  460) ;  it  was  there  held  that  an 

Architect's  Certificate  need  not  be  in  writing  unless  so  stipulated. 

CERTIORARI.  —  Certiorate  is  a  Writ  out  of  the  High  Court  "  to  an 
Inferior  Court  to  call  up  the  records  of  a  Cause  therein  depending,  that 


CERTIORARI  286  CHAIR 

cousciouable  justice  may  be  therein  administered  "  (Cowel :  Termes  de 
la  Ley).  FA,  Short  &  Mellor's  Crown  Office  Practice:  2  Encyc. 
421. 

CESSER. — Cesser  of  Life  Interest  on  Alienation,  &c;  V.  Aliena- 
tion: Bankruptcy:  Death:  Shall. 

Benefit  by  Cesser  of  Interest,  s.  2  (1  b),  s.  7  (7),  Finance  Act,  1894  ; 
F.  Be  Cowley,  1898, 1  Q.  B.  355 ;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  256 ;  revd  in  H.  L. ,  1899, 
A.  C.  198 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  435 ;  80  L.  T.  361 ;  47  W.  K  525 ;  63  J.  P. 
436. 

Cesser  Clause  in  Charter-Party ;  F.  Cease  :  Demurrage  :  Loading  : 
Carver,  739-750. 

CESSION.  —  ''Is  when  an  Ecclesiastical  Person  is  created  Bishop, 
or  when  a  Parson  taketh  another  Benefice  without  Dispensation  or 
otherwise  not  qualified,  &c ;  in  both  cases  their  first  benefices  are  be- 
come void,  and  be  said  to  become  void,  by  Cession  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

Cessio  Bonorum,  is  a  giving  up  of  his  property  by  a  Debtor  to  his  Cred- 
itors: F.  2B1.  Com.  472:  Story's  Conflict  of  Laws,  8  ed.,  483:  Scheme. 

CESTU  I.  —  Cestui  que  Trust ;  F.  Beneficiary.  The  phrase, "  prima 
facie^  includes  an  implied  trust  just  as  much  as  an  express  trust,"  and,  as 
used  in  the  proviso  to  s.  7,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1833,  it  includes 
an  Implied  Trust,  because  it  is  not  restricted  to  an  Exphess  Trust  as  in 
8.  25  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Warren  v.  Murray,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  648;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  42;  71  L.  T.  458;  43  W.  R.  3).  Therefore,  though  a  person  be,  at 
Law,  merely  a  Tenant  at  Will,  yet  if,  in  Equity,  he  holds  for  his  Lessor, 
or  by  an  agreement  under  which  he  can  claim  a  Lease  for  years  from  his 
Lessor,  he  is  a  "  Cestui  que  Trust "  to  his  Lessor,  within  the  proviso,  and 
(during  the  continuance  of  that  relationship)  the  Statute  of  Limitation 
does  not  run  (Drummond  v.  Sant,  41  L.  J.  Q.  B.  21;  L.  R.  6  Q.  B.  763: 
Warren  v.  Murray,  sup :  Vf,  Lister  v.  Pickford,  13  W.  R.  827).  Nor 
does  the  statute  run  as  against  the  true  owner  (claiming  against  one  who 
has  received  rents  in  an  assumed  Fiduciary  capacity),  if,  within  a  rea- 
sonable time,  having  regard  to  the  circumstances,  he  ratifies  the  acts  of 
such  a  receiver  as  being  the  acts  of  his  trustee  or  agent  {Lyell  v.  Kenned y^ 
cited  Wrongfully  claiming).     Cp^  Ratification.     F.  Creditor. 

Cestui  que  Use,  is  he  to  whose  Use  land  is  held  (Jacob).  F.  Use,  at 
end:  Pernor. 

Cestui  que  Vie,  is  he  for  whose  life  land  is  granted  (Jacob). 

CHAIN.  — A  Chain  in  length  is  22  Imperial  Standard  Yards  (s.  11, 
41  &  42  V.  c.  49).     F.  Yard. 
"  Chain  Cable  ";   F  Anchor. 

CHAIR. —  "Chair  of  Theology";  Stat.  Del,  Universities  (Scot) 
Act,  1853,  16  &  17  V.  c.  89,  s.  6. 


CHAIRMAN  287  CHAMPERTY 

CHAIRMAN.  — "Chairman";  Stat.  Def.,  33  &  34  V.  c.  61,  s.  2 ; 
61  &  62  V.  c.  29,  8.  17. 

Signature  of  Minutes  by  Chairman  of  Directors;  V,  Southampton 
X>ock  Co  V.  Richardsy  1  M.  &  G.  448 :  West  London  Ry  v.  Bernard,  13 
L,.  J.  Q.  B.  68;  3  Q.  B.  873. 

"  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions,"  in  the  application  of  an  Act  to  Scot- 
land, is  thereby  generally  defined  to  mean  "  the  Sheripk  of  the  County," 
e.g.  35  &  36  V.  c.  76,  s.  73,  c.  77,  s.  42 ;  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  109 ;  50 
&  51  V.  c.  58,  8.  76. 

'' Chairman,"  and  "  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions,"  in  Acts  relating 
to  Ireland;  Stat.  Def.,  13  &  14  V.  c.  18,  s.  51 ;  23  &  24  V.  c.  153,  s.  5, 
c.  154,  8.  1 ;  27  &  28  V.  c.  99,  s.  3 ;  35  &  36  V.  c.  33,  s.  18;  40  t&  41 
V.  c.  56,  8.  7 ;    41  &  42  V.  c.  52,  s.  2 ;    50  &  51  V.  c.  58,  s.  77. 

CHALDRON.  — Is  36  Bushels  (s.  15,  41  &  42  V.  c.  49),  i.e.  288 
Gallons.     Vfy  Cowel. 

CHALLENGE.  —  "  Challenge  is  a  word  common  as  well  to  the  Eng- 
lish as  to  the  French,  and  sometimes  signifieth  to  claime,  and  the  Latiue 
word  is  vendicare  ;  sometime  in  respect  of  revenge  to  challenge  into  the 
field,  and  then  it  is  called  in  Latine  vindicare  or  provocare  ;  sometime 
in  respect  of  partiality  or  insufficiency,  to  challenge  in  court  persons  re- 
turned on  a  jury.  And  seeing  there  is  no  proper  Latin  word  to  signify 
this  particular  kind  of  challenge,  they  have  framed  a  word  anciently 
written,  chalumniare^  and  columpniare,  and  calumpniare,  and  now 
written  calumniare  ;  and  hath  no  affinity  with  the  verbe  calumnior^  or 
calumnia,  which  is  derived  of  that,  for  that  is  of  a  quite  other  sense, 
signifying  a  false  accuser,  and  in  that  sense  Bracton  useth  calumniator 
to  be  a  false  accuser:  but  it  is  derived  of  the  old  word  caloir  or  chaloir, 
which  in  one  signification  is  to  care  for  or  foresee.  And  for  that  to  chal- 
lenge jurors  is  the  meane  to  care  for  or  foresee,  that  an  indifferent  triall 
be  had,  it  is  called  calumniare^  to  challenge,  that  is,  to  except  against 
them  that  are  returned  to  be  jurors ;  and  this  is  his  proper  significa- 
tion "  (Co.  Litt.  165  b).  Vf,  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Arch.  Cr.  178:  Rose. 
Or.  184 :  7  Encyc.  149,  150. 

CHAMPERTY.  —  "Champerty  is  Maintenance  in  which  the  mo- 
tive of  the  maintainor  is  an  agreement  that  if  the  proceeding  in  which 
the  maintenance  takes  place  succeeds,  the  subject  matter  of  the  suit  shall 
be  divided  between  the  plaintiff  and  the  maintainor  "  (Steph.  Cr.  97  ; 
Vf,  lb.  355, 356 :  Co.  Litt.  368  b :  Termes  de  la  Ley  :  Cowel,  Champarty  : 
Guy  V.  Churchill,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  345;  40  Ch.  D.  481:  James  v.  Kerr,  58 
L.  J.  Ch.  355;  40  Ch.  D.  449). 

A  contract  may  be  void  for  Champerty,  though  not  strictly  within  the 
criminal  offence  so  called  {Rees  v.  De  Bemardy^  1896,  2  Ch.  437;  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  656;  74  L.  T.  b^o). 


CHANCE  288  CHAPEL 

CHANCE. —  It  has  been  said  that, — "Chance,  is  but  the  psen- 
donjnie  of  God,  for  those  particular  cases  which  He  does  not  choose  to 
subscribe  openly  with  His  own  Sign  Manual."  F.  Act  of  God:  Lot- 
tery :   Game  of  Change  :   Bet. 

CHANCELLOR.  — Quk  Clergy  Discipline  Act,  1892,  55  &  56  V. 
c.  32,  "'Chancellor,'  means  the  Judge  of  the  Consistory  Court,  by 
whatever  name  known  "  (s.  12). 

"  Lord  Chancellor  ";  Stat.  Def.,  s.  12  (1),  Interp  Act,  1889;  5&6Y. 
c.  84,  s.  17;  11  &  12  V.  c.  94,  s.  46;  12  &  13  V.  c.  109,  s.  50;  16  & 
17  V.  c.  70,  s.  2;    54  &  55  V.  c.  66,  s.  95;    61  &  62  V.  c.  17,  s.  4. 

CHANCE-MEDLEY. — "Chance-medley,  or  per  infortunium,  is 
when  one  is  slaine  casually,  and  by  misadventure,  without  the  will  of 
him  that  doth  the  act,  whereupon  death  ensueth  "  (Co.  Litt.  287  b).  Va 
Termes  de  la  Ley.  Cowel  says,  "  *  Chance-medley,'  signifies  the  casual 
killing  of  a  Man,  not  altogether  without  the  killer's  fault,  though  with- 
out an  evil  intent."     Vf,  2  Encyc.  435:  Misadventure:  Homicide. 

CHANCERY.—  V.  Court  of  Chancery. 

CHANDOS.  ^The  Chandos  Clause  of  the  Reform  Act;  V.  Knight 
of  the  Shire. 

CHANGE. — "A  Change  of  Voyage,"  in  a  Marine  Insrce,  "takes 
place  when,  either  before  or  after  the  commencement  of  the  risk,  the 
assured  abandons  all  thought  of  proceeding  to  the  Port  of  Destination 
originally  prescribed  "  (Arn.  456) ;  but,  in  a  clause  covering  the  as- 
sured at  an  extra  premium. 

"  Change  of  Voyage  "  only  applies  where  the  Policy,  having  attached 
by  the  starting  of  the  goods  on  the  insured  voyage,  a  change  of  voyage 
is  subsequently  made  (Simon  v.  Sedgwick,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  303;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  163).     Cp.  Deviation. 

"  Change  or  Transmission  of  Interest " ;    F.  Transmission. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS.— Qu4  the  Customs,  "Channel  Islands." 
means,  "  the  Islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and  Sark,  and  their 
respective  dependencies  "  (s.  284,  39  &  40  V.  c.  36,  enlarging,  by  the 
addition  of  the  last  four  words,  the  def  in  s.  357,  16  &  17  V.  c.  107). 

V,  United  Kingdom  :  £ngland. 

CHAPEL.  — "  The  legal  meaning  of  the  word  *  Chapel '  is  a  chapel  of 
the  Church  of  England  "  (per  Grove,  J.,  Caiger  v.  St  Mary,  Islington, 
50  L.  J.  M.  C.  64;  th^  also  cited  House  :  Va  32  &  33  V.  c.  94,  s.  14). 
Vf,  Parochial  Church  :  Proprietary:  ffornset/ y.  Brewis,  cited  Is- 
cumbent:  Cowel:  Jacob.     Q?.  Church. 


CHAPEL  289  CHARGE 

As  to  diverting  funds  for  purposes  of,  and  trusts  for  maintaining,  a 
Chapel ;   V.  Lewin,  603,  607. 

CHAPELRY. — "  "Chapelry,*  Capellania,  is  the  same  thing  to  a 
Chapel  as  a  Parish  is  to  a  Church;  14  Car.  2,  c.  9"  (Cowel).  A 
Parochial  Chapelry  must  have  been  co-eval  with  the  Parish,  i,e,  im- 
memorial; but,  in  the  absence  of  evidence  to  the  contrary,  its  exist- 
ence may  be  inferred  from  modern  usage;  "Chapelry,"  s.  14,  Church 
Building  Act,  1831,  1  &  2  W.  4,  c.  38,  means,  a  Parochial  Chapelry 
strictly  so  called,  not  merely  a  District  recently  treated  as  a  Parochial 
Chapelry  (Carr  v.  Mostt/n,  5  Ex.  69;  19  L.  J.  Ex.  249). 

CHAPTER.  —  "  'Chapter,'  in  Latine,  is  defined  to  be,  an  Assembly 
of  Clerkes  in  a  Church  Cathedral,  —  conventual,  regular,  or  collegiat ; 
and  in  another  signification,  a  place  wherein  common  tracts  of  men  col- 
legiat are  made.  .  .  .  And  it  may  be  said  that  this  collegiat  companie  is 
termed  'Chapter'  metaphorically,  the  word  originally  implying,  a  little 
head,  for  this  company  or  corporation  is  as  a  head,  not  onely  to  rule  and 
govern  the  Diocesse  in  the  Vacation  of  the  Bishopricke  but  also,  in  many 
things  to  advise  the  Bishop  when  the  See  is  full  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

Vh,  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  Part  2,  ch.  4:  Dean. 

"  Chapter  "  of  Chichester,  Exeter,  Hereford,  Salisbury,  and  Wells,  s.  25, 
3  &  4  V.  c.  113;  V.  E.  v.  Hereford  Bean  &  Chapter,  39  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
97;  L.  R.  5  Q.  B.  196;  10  B.  &  S.  996:  Re  Stockport  Schools,  cited 
Cathedral. 

CHARACTER.  —  Fees  and  expenses  voted  to  a  Director  of  a  Co,  is  a 
sum  due  to  him  "  in  his  Character  of  a  Member  "  within  s.  38  (7),  Comp 
Act,  1862  (Re  Leicester  Racecourse  Co,  65  L.  J.  Ch.  206;  30  Ch.  D.  629: 
Cp  Capacity);  sectis,  of  a  fixed  remuneration  definitely  prescribed  by 
the  Articles  {Re  New  British  Iron  Co,  1898,  1  Ch.  324;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  164 ; 
78  L.  T.  155;  46  W.  R.  376).  A  Managing  Director's  salary  would  not 
be  within  the  phrase,  nor  the  Costs  of  a  Solicitor  who  was  also  a  Direc- 
tor (Re  Dale  &  Plant,  59  L.  J..Ch.  180;  43  Ch.  D.  266). 

A  Word  "  having  no  reference  to  the  Character  or  Quality  "  of  Goods, 
qu4  Trade-Mark,  semhle,  does  not  include  "John  Buir*  {Re  Paine, 
61  L.  J.  Ch.  365;  66  L.  T.  642 ;  9  Pat.  Ca.  130)  :  Vh,  Re  Magnolia 
Metal  Co^  cited  Fancy  Word.  The  phrase  includes  "Typograph,"  as 
applied  to  Metals  (Re  Linotype  Co,  42  S.  J.  13). 

V,  Good  Character. 

CHARGE.  —  "The  word  'Charge'  has  a  wider  meaning  than  the 
words  'Mortqagk'  or  'Likn'":  e.g.^  in  the  definition  of  a  Secured 
Creditor  in  the  Bankry  Act,  1869  (per  Cur.  Emanuel  v.  Bridger,  43 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  99;  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  286;  22  W.  R.  404;  30  L.  T.  195:  Cp, 
corresponding  phrase  in  s.  168,  Bankry  Act,  1883).     To  ''  charge  "  prop- 

19 


CHARGE  290  CHARGE 

erty  you  must  Bind  it;  therefore,  a  mere  Receivership  (at  the  instance 
of  a  Jdgmt  Gr)  of  Goods  or  a  Chose  in  Action,  does  not  create  a 
"Charge,"  within  that  definition  {Re  Dickensoriy  Ez  p.  Charrinartan, 
and  Re  Potts,  cited  Secubed  Cbeditor).  Cp.  Pledge.  But  "  « Incum- 
brance' is  wide  enough  to  include  'Charge  and  Lien,' "  e.g.  as  used  in 
8.  1,  Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1833  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Miller  y.  Col- 
lins, cited  Incumbbakce).    Vf,  Mobtgage  ob  Ghabgb. 

Qui  Record  of  Title  Act  (Ir),  1865,  28  &  29  V.  c  88,  "  the  word 
'Charge'  or  *  Incumber,'  shall  include  any  legacy,  portion,  lien,  or  other 
charge,  whereby  a  sum  of  money  is  secured  to  be  paid;  and  also  any 
annual  or  periodical  charge;  and  also  any  charge  hereafter  to  be  imposed 
on  land  under  any  Public  Act  for  promoting  Drainage  or  Land  Im- 
provement; and  also  every  other  charge  upon  land  which  is  deemed  an 
Incumbrance  in  a  Court  of  Equity  "  (s.  2).     F.  Ghabge  or  Incumbeb. 

In  Emanuel  v.  Bridger,  sup,  it  was  held  that  a  Garnishee  Order 
absolute  was  a  "  Charge  "  within  s.  16  (5),  Bankry  Act,  1869,  repld, 
s.  168,  Bankry  Act,  1883;  and  that  was  so  even  if  the  Order  were 
only  nisi  {Lowe  v.  Blackmore,  44  L.  J.  Q.  B.  155;  L.  R.  10  Q.  B. 
485;  23  W.  R.  856:  Vf,  Ex  p.  Jocelrjn,  47  L.  J.  Bank.  91;  8  Ch.  D. 
327;  26  W.  R.  645;  38  L.  T.  661:  Hall  v.  Pritchett,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  15; 
3  Q.  B.  D.  215;  26  W.  R.  95:  Re  Stanhope  CoUieries  Co,  48  L.  J.  Ch. 
409;  11  Ch.  D.  160;  27  W.  R.  561;  40  L.  T.  204).  But  to  be  now  avail- 
able in  bankruptcy,  an  attachment  of  a  debt  must  be  completed  by 
Receipt  of  the  money  (s.  45,  Bankry  Act,  1883).  Vf,  Lien:  Mobt- 
gage OB  Charge. 

Money  paid  into  Court  to  Abide  the  event,  creates  such  a  ''  Charge  "  in 
favour  of  the  other  litigant;    V.  cases  cited  Secubity. 

"  Agreed  to  charge  "  ;    V.  Agbeed. 

"  Memorandum  of  Charge  " ;    V.  Conveyance, 

"  Priority  of  Charge  ";    V.  Priobity. 

"Charge  on  Premises,"  s.  257,  P.  H.  Act,  1875;  V.  Sunderland  v. 
Alcock,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  546:  Pbemises  :  Owneb.  This  is  "a  present  ex- 
isting Charge  as  from  the  time  of  the  completion  of  the  Works  "  (per 
Lindley,  L.  J.,  Homsey  v.  Monarch  Bg  Socy,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  107;  24 
Q.  B.  D.  1;  citing  Tottenham  y.  Rowell,  50  L.J.  Ch.  99;  15  Ch.  D.  378, 
and  Re  BetteswoHh  and  Richer,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  749;  37  Ch.  D.  535) ;  a 
rule  which  applies  to  a  similar  "  Charge  "  under  s.  13,  Private  Street 
Works  Act,  1892  {Stock  v.  Meakin,  cited  Outgoing).  This  is  not  a 
"  Land  Chabge  "  requiring  registration  under  51  &  52  V.  c.  51,  Part  IV 
{R.  V.  Holt,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  113;  24  Q.  B.  D.  178;  62  L.  T.  117;  38 
W.  R.  236;  6  Times  Rep.  104).     Vf,  Chabged  upon. 

V.  Absolute  Assignment:  Charges:  Toll:  In  Chabge:  Cabe. 

"  Other  Charges  ";    V.  Willis  v.  Thorp,  cited  Otheb. 

"  To  Charge  ";    V.  Bind.     Va  Accuse. 

A  criminal  "  Charge  "  is  made  when  the  accused  answers  an  accusation 


CHARGE  291     CH.  OR  INCUMBER 

against  him  before  a  competeDt  Court,  even  though  he  be  informally 
brought  before  it  (R.  v.  Hughes,  48  L.  J.  M.  C.  151 ;  4  Q.  B.  D.  614: 
JRe  Maltby,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  420;  7  Q.  B.  D.  18). 

A  Coroner's  Inquisition  is  a  "  Charge  "  of  Murder  {R,  v.  Maynard, 
Russ.  &  By.  240). 

CHARGE  OF  DEBTS. —As  to  what  words  will  create  a  Charge 
of  Debts  an  Real  Estate  ;  V,  2  Jarra.  582-601 ;  and  as  to  Legacies,  lb., 
602-609.     Fa,  All:  Direct:  In  the  first  place. 

Charge  of  Debts,  or  Legacy,  or  Specific  Sum  of  money  on  Realty, 
for  testator's  "  whole  Estate  or  Interest  therein,"  s.  14,  Law  of  Property 
Amendment  Act,  1859,  22  &  23  V.  c.  35;  F.  Greville  v.  Browne^  7  H.  L. 
Ca.  689:  Re  Adams  and  Perry,  1899,  1  Ch.  554;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  259 ;  80 
Ii.T.149;  47W.R.  326. 

CHARGE  OF  FRAUD.  — A  clause  in  a  Building  Contract  that 
the  Architect's  decisions  shall  not  be  set  aside  "  for  any  Pretence,  Sug- 
gestion, Charge,  or  Insinuation,  of  Fraud,  Collusion,  or  Confederacy," 
is  yalid,  and  not  against  Public  Policy  (Tullis  v.  Jaeson,  1892,  3  Ch. 
441;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  655;  67  L.  T.  340;  41  W.  R.  11). 

CHARGE   OR   CONDUCT Of  a  Vessel,  6  G.  4,  c.  125,  s.  70; 

V.  Beilby  v.  Scott,  7  M.  &  W.  93;  10  L.  J.  Ex.  149. 

CHARGE  OR  CONTROL.  — Person  having  "the  charge  or  con- 
trol  "  of  "  Points  "  upon  a  Ry,  s.  1  (5),  Employers'  Liability  Act,  1880, 
43  &44  V.  c.  42;  F  Chihbs  v.  G.  W.  Ry,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  543;  12  Q.  B.  D. 
208 :  —  of  "  Train  ";  F.  McCord  v.  Cammell,  1896,  A.  C.  57;  65  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  202;  73  L.  T.  634;  60  J.  P.  180. 

F.  Person  in  Charge:   Control. 

CHARGE  OR  INCUMBER.  — A  covenant  or  condition  not  to 
**  Charge  or  Incumber,"  prohibits  a  direct  Charge  or  Incumbrance,  and 
does  not  embrace  something,  —  e.g.  a  Warrant  of  Attorney,  —  which 
may  obliquely  so  operate  (Croft  v.  Lumley,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  73,  223;  27 
lb.  321;  6  H.L.  Ca.  672);  unless,  indeed,  that  something  be  a  mere  con- 
trivance to  charge  the  property,  and  then  it  will  be  within  the  covenant 
or  condition  (2>od  d.  Mitchinson  v.  Carter,  8  T.  R.  57,  300:  Croft  v. 
Lumley,  sup).  Croft  v.  Lumley  was  a  case  on  a  Lease,  and  the  prohibi- 
tive words  of  the  covenant  there  were,  "  nor  charge  or  incumber  the  said 
theatre  ...  by  mortgaging  the  same,  or  granting  any  rent-charges  or 
any  other  incumbrance  or  incumbrances  whatsoever  "  ;  and  it  was  held 
that  a  bond  fide  Warrant  of  Attorney,  on  which  judgment  had  been  en- 
tered up  (1  &  2  V.  c.  110,  88.  13,  19),  was  not  a  breach. 

"  Charge  or  Incumber  "  may  sometimes  be  read  "  attempt  to  charge," 
&c  (Blake  v.  Bamett,  31  L.  J.  Ch.  898;  uom.  Bamett  v.  Blake,  2  Dr.  & 


CH.  OR  INCUMBER     292       CHARGED  UPON 

Sm.  117;  cited  for  this  proposition  by  Fry,  J.,  Hurst  v.  Hurst,  61  L.  J. 
Ch.  421,  on  app,  but  not  on  this  point,  lb.  729;  21  Ch.  D.  278). 

F.  Charge:  Mortgage  or  Charge:   Restraint  ox  Alien atiok. 

CHARGE  OR  LIABILITY.  —  A  Legacy  "  free  from  any  Charge  or 
Liability  in  respect  thereof/'  is  duty  free  (  Warhrick  v,  Varley,  30  Bea. 
241). 

CHARGEABLE.  — This  word  has,  qui  Kates  and  Taxes,  substan- 
tially the  same  meaning  as  '*  payable  "  (per  Hawkins,  J.,  Direct  Spanish 
Telegraph  Co  v.  Shepherd,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  420;  13  Q.  B.  D.  202). 

In  a  CoTenant  relating  to  Rates,  "  chargeable  "  has  a  future  meaning 
(Seovell  V.  Gardiner,  16  Ir.  C.  L.  Rep,  318). 

A  Pauper  is  "  chargeable  "  to  his  parish,  s.  56i  7  &  8  V.  c.  101,  as  soon 
as  he  is  entitled  to  relief  therefrom,  but  not  **  actually  chargeable  "  till  he 
gets  such  relief  (B.  r.  St.  Clement  Danes,  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  25 ;  3  B.  &  S. 
143).     Cpy  Be  Marten,  cited  Able. 

Rogue  leaving  wife  *'  chargeable/'  s.  4,  5  6.  4,  c.  83 ;  V.  Heath  v. 
Heape,  26  L.  J.  M.  C.  49. 

CHARGED.  —  The  power,  given  by  s  29,  2  &  3  V.  c.  71,  to  order 
restitution  of  **  goods  or  money  charged  to  be  stolen  or  fraudulently 
obtained,''  relates  only  to  goods  or  money  respecting  which  such  a  charge 
has  been  specifically  made  (B.  v.  D^Eyneourty  4  Times  Rep.  455). 

A  Charge  by  a  Local  Authority  for  Structural  Work,  is  "taxed, 
charged,  rated,  assessed,  or  imposed,"  within  a  covenant  in  a  Lease 
(  V,  Taxes),  as  soon  as  the  Authority  has  formally  charged  and  appor- 
tioned the  amount  in  respect  of  the  premises  {Wix  y.  Butson,  cited 
Taxes).  Va  Charges.  I^ote.  If  the  covenant  only  extends  to  pay- 
ments taxed  &c  "  on  "  the  premises,  then  the  liability  will  depend  on 
the  terms  of  the  particular  statute  and  what  has  been  done  thereunder. 

r.  Charged  upon:  Charging  Okder. 

CHARGED  UPON.  —  Sums  "  charged  upon  "  land,  s.  1,  Real  Prop- 
erty Limitation  Act,  1833,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27 ;  V.  Payne  v.  Eadaih, 
58  L.  J.  Ch.  299;  13  App.  Ca.  613;  37  W.  R  273;  59  L.  T.  568: 
Ptircell  V.  Furcell,  2  Dr.  &  War.  217. 

Q\xk  same  phrase,  ss.  42,  40,  lb.  (the  latter  section,  repld  s.  8,  Real 
Property  Limitation  Act,  1874)  ;  V.  Boddam  v.  Morley,  1  D.  6.  &  J.  1 ; 
26  L.  J.  Ch.  438:  Morley  v.  Morley,  5  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  610:  Momsey  v. 
Monarch  Bg  Socy,  cited  Present  right  to  receive:  Sutton  v.  Sutton, 
52  L.  J.  Ch.  333  ;  22  Ch.  D.  511  r  Feamsider.  Flint,  62  L.  J.  Ch.  479 ; 
22  Ch.  D.  579;  31  W.  R.  318;  48  L.  T.  154:  McDonnell  v.  Fitzgerald, 
1897,  1  I.  R.  556:  Lindaell  v.  Phillips,  30  Ch.  D.  291 :  Bowyer  v.  Wood- 
man,  L.  R.  3  Eq.  313 :  Be  Stead,  2  Ch.  D.  713;  45  L.  J.  Ch.  634 :  Be 
Slater,  11  Ch.  D.  227;  48  L.  J.  Ch.  473 :  Edmunds  v.  Waugh,  L.  R. 


CHARGED  UPON   293      CHARGES 

1  Eq.  418;  35  L.  J.  Ch.  234:  Re  Marskfield,  34  Ch.  D.  721 ;  56  L.  J. 
Ch.  599  :  Syn^ith  v.  Hill,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  788 ;  9  Ch.  D.  143:  Re  Nugent,  19 
li.  R.  Ir.  140:  Carroll  v.  Hargrave,  I.  R.  5  Eq.  123:  Baldwin  v.  Bald- 
win,  4  Ir.  Ch.  Rep.  501:  McCarthy  v.  Daunt,  11  Ir.  Eq.  Rep.  29: 
Carhery  v.  Preston,  13  Ir.  Eq.  Rep,  455.  Vfy  Acknowledqmeut:  By: 
Payment. 

"Sum  charged  on  such  property,"  s.  14  (1),  Finance  Act,  1894;  V. 
Be  Orford,  1896,  1  Ch.  257  ,  65  L.  J.  Ch.  253 ;  73  L.  T.  681;  44  W.  R. 
383. 

^  Charge  on  Premises  "  ;   F.  Chasge  :  Ghasged. 

CHARGED   WITH.— F.  Subject  to:  Charge. 

**  Charged  with  the  execution  of  the  writ " ;    F.  Sheriff. 

CHARGES.  —  An  exceptional  hurden  for  Structural  Works  imposed 
by  a  Local  Authority  and  ordinarily  borne  by  the  landlord  pursuant  to 
the  P.  H.  Act,  was  held  to  be  comprised  in  a  covenant  by  a  tenant  to  pay 
**  all  rates,  taxes,  charges,  and  assessments  whatsoever,  which  now  are  or 
may  be  charged  or  assessed  upon  the  said  premises  or  any  part  thereof 
or  upon  any  person  or  persons  in  respect  thereof,  land  tax  and  property 
tax  excepted  "  {HaHley  ▼.  Hudson,  48  L.  J.  Q.  B.  751 ;  4  C.  P.  D.  367 : 
Smith  V.  Robinson^  cited  Taxes  :  But  Cp,  Rawlings  v.  Biggs,  47  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  487 ;  3  C.  P.  D.  368).  Where,  however,  the  words  of  the  cove- 
nant by  the  lessee  were  to  pay  "  the  sewer  and  main  drainage  rates  .  .  . 
and  other  district  rates  and  assessments  whatsoever  whether  parliamen- 
tary, parochial,  or  otherwise,  which  now  are  or  which  at  any  time  during 
the  said  term  shall  be  taxed,  rated.  Charged,  assessed,  or  imposed  upon 
the  said  demised  premises,  or  any  part  thereof,  or  upon  or  payable  by  the 
occupier  or  tenant  in  respect  thereof  "  ;  — held,  that  such  an  exceptional 
burden  made  under  the  Metrop  Man.  Act  was  not  comprised  (Allum 
V.  Dickinson,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  190 ;  9  Q.  B.  D.  632).  HaHley  v.  Hudson 
was  cited  in  Allum  v.  Dickinson,  yet  in  the  latter  case  the  same  judg^ 
(Lindley,  L.  J.)  who  decided  Hartley  v.  Hudson  said,  that  such  an 
exceptional  burden  was  "  not  a  Rate,  Charge,  or  Assessment  imposed  on 
the  premises  or  on  the  occupier  or  tenatit."     Vf,  Taxes  :  Outgoings. 

"  Charges  or  Costs,"  R.  2  (a),  Ord.  57,  R.  S.  C. ;  F.  Attenborough  v. 
St.  Katharine' i  Docks,  and  De  Rothschild  v.  Morrison,  cited  Matter. 

A  Freehold  of  40^.  per  annum  *'  above  all  Charges,"  8  H.  6,  c.  7  (giving 
the  County  Franchise),  connotes  that  a  Mtge  is  a  "  Charge  "  (  F.  28  G.  3, 
c.  36),  and  monthly  payments  to  a  Building  Socy  in  respect  of  a  mtge 
to  it  are  "  Charges  "  (Copland  v.  Bartlett,  18  L.  J.  C.  P.  60  ;  6  C.  B.  26). 
Vf.  Lee  V.  Hutchinson,  20  L.  J.  C.  P.  4 ;  8  C.  B.  16. 

F.  Costs  and  Charges  :  Professional  Charges  :  Toll. 

CHARGES  AND  ALLOWANCES F.  1  Maude  &  P.  121,  n  (o). 


CHARGING  ORDER    294    CHAR'BLE  PURPOSE 

CHARGING   ORDER F.  ss.  14-16,  Jdgmts  .Act,   1838;   b.   1, 

3  &  4  V.  c.  82:  Brown  v.  Bamford,  9  M.  &  W.  42 ;  11  L.  J.  Ex.  53; 
Fowler  v.  Churchill,  11  M.  &  W.  57 ;  12  L.  J.  Ex.  230,  233 :  Dispojing 
FowEB :  Agbeed  :  Eecovebed  ob  Pbesebvso. 

CHARIOT.  — F.  Coach. 

CHARITABLE  CONTRIBUTION.  — F.  R.  v.  Manchester,  cited 
Hospital,  towards  end. 

CHARITABLE  PURPOSE.— A  bequest  for  "Charitable"  pur- 
poses, or  for  "  Charities  and  other  Public  Purposes,"  is  good  {Re  Sutton^ 
54  L.  J.  Ch.  613;  28  Ch.  D.  464 ;  33  W.  R.  519:  Dolan  v.  Macdermot, 
3  Ch.  676) ;  but  a  bequest  for  "  Charitable  or  BeneVolent  Purposes,"  or 
where  "  Charitable  "  is  disjunctively  associated  with  anj  other  purpose 
not  good  as  a  Chabitt,  the  gift  is  bad,  because  the  money  may  be 
applied  to  purposes  not  legally  Charitable  {Re  Ma>cduff,  cited  Philan- 
THBOPic :  —  Vfj  And  :  Ob).  A  bequest "  to  be  given  in  Private  Charity  " 
is  not  good  {Ommaney  v.  Butcher,  1  T.  &  R.  260).  Vf  Tudor,  Char. 
Trusts. 

A  bequest  to  an  Anti-Vivisection  Socy  is  a  good  exercise  of  a  Power  to 
appoint  "  for  some  Charitable  Purpose  "  {Re  Foveaux,  1895,  2  Ch.  501 ; 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  856 ;  73  L.  T.  202 ;  43  W.  R.  661). 

F.  Chabity:  Dbsbbving:  Humane:  Pubpose. 

In  all  English  statutes,  where  there  is  no  controlling  context,  "a 
technical  meaning  is.  attached  to  the  word  'Chabity,'"  and  synony- 
mous therewith  is  "  the  word  '  Charitable, '  in  such  expressions  as 
*ChabitableUses,'  'Chabitable  Tbusts,'  or  •  Charitable  Purposes  * " 
(per  Ld  Macnaghten,  Income  Tax  Commrs  v.  Pemsel,  1891,  A.  C.  580 ; 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  289).  In  accordance  with  that  view,  it  was  there  held  by 
the  majority  of  the  H.  L.  (Halsbury,  C,  and  Ld  Bramwell,  diss.)  that 
the  Exemption  from  Income  Tax  of  property  devoted  to  "  Charitable  Pur- 
poses,"—  Income  Tax  Act,  1842,  s.  61,  Sch  A,  vi, — does  not  require 
the  ingredient  of  Poverty  in  the  objects  of  those  Purposes,  and  that  the 
exemption  extends  to  the  income  of  the  property  devoted  to  Moravian 
Missions  (1891,  A.  C.  531;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  265;  55  J.  P.  805;  65  L.  T. 
621). 

That  the  Scotch  meaning  of  "Charitable,"  in  such  a  connection,  con- 
notes the  same,  or  very  nearly  the  same,  technical  meaning  as  in  Eng- 
land was,  in  the  case  just  cited,  stoutly  contended  for  by  Ld  Watson 
and  urged  by  Ld  Macnaghten ;  but  whether  that  be  so  or  not,  sembUy 
that  PemseVs  Ca^e  over-rules  the  Scotch  decision  in  Baird's  Trustees  v. 
Lord  Advocate  (15  Sess.  Ca.,  4th  Ser.,  682). 

As  to  whether  Poverty  is  a  necessary  ingredient  in  a  "  Charitable  Pur- 
pose," even  in  its  popular  meaning,  Cp  jdgmts  of  Lds  Watson,  Her- 
schell,  and  Macnaghten  with  those  of  Halsbury,  C,  and  Ld  Bramwell, 


CHAR'BLE  PURPOSE    295  CHARITY 

in  FemseVs  Case  ;  Va  the  jdgmts  in  S.  C,  when  in  the  Court  of  Appeal 
(58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  200;  22  Q.  B.  D.  296). 

"Charitable  Purpose,"  s.  16,  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853,  is  used  in  the 
technical  sense  of  Chabity  (per  Lds  Watson  and  Macnaghten,  PeviseVs 
Case,  sup). 

For  an  example  of  "Charitable  Purpose"  receiving  a  less  extended 
meaning  than  its  technical  one;  V.  InL  Rev,  v.  Scott,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  152; 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  432;  67  L.  T.  173;  40  W.  R.  632.  That  was  a  decision 
on  "  Charitable  Purpose,"  as  used  in  s.  11  (3),  Customs  and  Inl.  Rev. 
Act,  1885,  on  whvf,  Re  Linen  &  Woollen  Drapers  Institution,  58  L.  T. 
949 :  Glasgow  Tailors  v.  InL  Rev,,  24  Scotch  L.  R.  616 ;  14  Sess.  Ca., 
4th  Ser.,  729. 

"  Public  or  Charitable  Purpose " ;  F.  Public  Purpose  :  Public 
Charity. 

V.  Godly. 

CHARITABLE  TRUST.  —F.  AG.  v.  Webster,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  766; 
L.  R.  20  Eq.  483 :  Fell  v.  Official  Trustee  of  Charity  Lands,  cited 
Mortgage  or  Charge. 

"  Charitable  Trusts  Acts,  1853  to  1894";  F.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act, 
1896.      Vtk  Tudor,  Char.  Trusts. 

CHARITABLE  USE.  —As  to  what  is  a  " Charitable  Use  "  within 
the  Mortmain  and  Charitable  Uses  Act,  1888,  51  &  52  V.  c.  42;  F. 
Wms.  Exs.  916  et  seq ;  Tudor,  Char.  Trusts,  ch.  vi.     Cp  Superstitious. 

Land  demised  for  a  long  term  of  years  for  the  erection  of  a  parish 
Workhouse,  is  demised  for  a  "  Charitable  Use  "  (  Webster  v.  Southey,  36 
Ch.  D.  9;  56  L.  J.  Ch.  785;  56  L.  T.  879;  35  W.  R.  622;  3  Times  Rep. 
628) ;  so,  of  a  Conveyance  of  land  in  aid  of  the  Poor  Rate  {Doe  d.  Freece 
V.  Howells,  cited  Valuable). 

CHARITY.  —  This  ''word,  in  its  widest  sense,  denotes  all  the  good 
affections  men  ought  to  bear  towards  each  other;  in  its  most  restricted 
and  common  sense.  Relief  of  the  Poor.  In  neither  of  these  senses  is  it 
employed  in  this  (Chancery)  Court.  Here  its  signification  is  derived 
chiefly  from  the  Statute  of  Elizabeth  (43  Eliz.  c.  4).  Those  purposes 
are  considered  charitable  which  that  statute  enumerates,  or  which  by 
analogies  are  deemed  within  its  spirit  and  intendment"  (per  Grant, 
M.  R.,  Morice  v.  Durham  Bp.,  9  Ves.  405),  e,y.  a  bequest  for  keeping 
Chimes  in  repair  (Turner  v.  Ogden,  1  Cox,  Ch.  316),  or  for  the  use  of  a 
Vegetarian  Socy  {Webb  v.  Oldfield,  1898,  1  I.  R.  431),  or  of  a  Socy  for 
the  protection  of  animals  liable  to  vivisection  {Re  DougUis,  35  Ch.  D. 
472;  56  L.  J.  Ch.  913).  The  purposes  enumerated  by  the  Statute  of 
Eliz.  are  ''  reliefe  of  aged  Impotent  and  Poore  people,  some  for  main- 
tenance of  sicke  and  maymed  souldiers  and  marriners,  schooles  of  learn- 
inge,  free  schooles  and  schollers  in  universities,  some  for  repaire  of  bridges, 


CHARITY  296  CHARITY 

portes,  havens,  causwaies,  churches,  seabankes  and  highewaies,  some  for 
educacOn  and  pfermente  of  orphans,  some  for  or  towards  reliefe  stocke  or 
maintenance  for  howses  of  correccon,  some  for  mariages  of  poore  maides, 
some  for  supportacon  ajde  and  helpe  of  younge  tradesmen,  handiecraftes- 
men  and  psons  decayed,  and  others  for  reliefe  or  redemption  of  prisoners 
or  captives,  and  for  aide  or  ease  of  any  poore  inhabitant  concninge  pay- 
mente  of  fifteenes,  settinge  out  of  sottldters  (  V,  Set  out)  and  other  taxes." 
Though  the  Act  is  repealed,  this  enumeration  is  continued  by  the  Mort- 
main Act  of  1888  (s.  13  (2),  61  &  62  V.  c.  42).  It  comprises  four  prin- 
cipal divisions;  —  (1)  Relief  of  Poverty;  (2)  Advancement  of  Education ; 
(3)  Promotion  of  Religion;  (4)  Other  purposes  beneficial  to  the  com- 
munity (per  Ld  Macnaghten,  Income  Tax  Commrs  v.  Pemsel,  1891, 
A.  C.  642;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  290:  Ee  Foveaiix,  1895,  2  Ch.  601;  64  L.  J. 
Ch.  856;  78  L.  T.  202 ;  43  W.  R.  661).  Vh,  Tudor,  Char.  Trusts,  371 : 
1  Jarm.  206-250 :  Wms.  Exs.  897  et  seq,  for  collection  of  cases  hereon : 
Fa,  Beaumont  v.  Oliveiroy  38  L.  J.  Ch.  62,  239;  4  Ch.  309;  20  L.  T. 
63;  17  W.  R.  269:  Service  of  God. 

A  legacy  for  mere  Sport  or  Game,  is  not  a  good  Charity  (Re  Nottage^ 
1895,  2  Ch.  649 ;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  695;  73  L.  T.  269 ;  44  W.  R.  22). 

It  has  been  said  that  the  Inns  of  Chancery  were  all  Charities  {A-G.  v. 
Bowyer^  3  Ves.  714) ;  and  though  "  some  have  been  dealt  with  as  private 
property,"  yet  the  conveyance  (dated  29th  March,  1618)  from  Ld  Clif- 
ford of  the  property  called  Clifford's  Inn,  shows  that  that  property  is  a 
Charity  {SmUh  v.  Kerry  1900,  2  Ch.  511;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  755;  82  L.  T. 
796). 

It  has  been  held  that  Poverty  in  the  recipient  is  not  necessary  to 
enable  him  to  receive  the  benefits  of  a  Charity  {Pease  v.  Pattinson,  55 
L.  J.  Ch.  617;  32  Ch.  D.  154;  64  L.  T.  209;  34  W.  R.  361:  PemsePs 
Case,  cited  Charitable  Purpose).  Sv,  Cunnack  v.  Edwards  and  Ee 
Buck,  cited  Public  Charity. 

Property  purchased  by  a  City  Ward  out  of  its  own  moneys  and  for  its  own 
purposes,  is  not  a  "  Charity  "  within  s.  66,  Charitable  Trusts  Act,  1853 
(Finnis  to  Forbes,  63  L.  J.  Ch.  140,  141 ;  24  Ch.  D.  687 ;  48  L,  T.  813; 
32  W.  R.  65).  But  where  there  w  a  "  Charity,"  it  is  within  this  section 
if  its  foundation  and  institution  be  in  England  or  Wales,  although  its 
revenues  are  applied  abroad  {Re  Duncan^  2  Ch.  356;  36  L.  J.  Ch.  513). 

Other  Stat.  Def .  — 18  &  19  V.  c.  124,  s.  48 ;    23  &  24  V.  c.  134,  s.  8. 

As  to  mode  of  construing  a  gift  for  Charitable  Purposes;  V.  Mog- 
gridge  v.  Thackwell^  7  Ves.  36:  Mills  v.  Farmer,  19  Ves.  482:  Biscoe 
V.  Jackson,  36  Ch.  D.  460;  56  L.  J.  Ch.  640:  Re  WhUe,  1893,  2  Ch.  41; 
62  L.  J.  Ch.  342:  Re  Macduff^  cited  Philanthropic:  —  And  as  to 
such  a  gift  being  void  for  Uncertainty,  F.  Or. 

V.  Alms:  Charitable  Purpose:  Benevolence:  Endowment: 
Evangelical:  General  Utility:  Gospel:  Great  Britain:  Re- 
ligious: Ecclesiastical  Charity:  Parochial  Charity:  Prison: 
Public  Charity. 


CHARITY  297      CHARITY  SCHOOL 

One  who  from  "  Charity  "  helps  another  in  an  action,  is  not  guilty  of 
Maintenance,  even  though  his  "charity  "  be  indiscreet;  wisdom  is  not 
an  ingredient  of  the  word  (Harris  v.  Brisco^  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  423;  17 
Q.  B.  D.  504;  55  L.  T.  14;  34  W.  R.  729). 

"  Charity,"  in  a  United  States  Sunday  Act,  includes  everything  which 
proceeds  from  a  sense  of  moral  duty,  or  kindness,  or  humanity,  for  the 
relief  or  comfort  of  another,  and  without  any  regard  to  one's  own  benefit 
or  pleasure  {Do^le  v.  L.  &  B.  R.  JS.,  118  Mass.  197). 

Shaving  is  not  a  ''  Work  of  Charity,"  within  the  English  Sunday  Ob- 
servance Acts  (Phillips  V.  Innes,  cited. Holiday)  ;  like  Mercy,  there  is 
no  Work  of  "  Charity  "  when  the  worker's  object  is  gain  (lb.), 

CHARITY  COMMISSIONERS.— Stat.  Def.,  s.  12  (14),  Interp 
Act,  1889. 

CHARITY  ESTATE.  —  As  to  meaning  of  this  phrase  in  s.  29, 
Charitable  Trusts  Amendment  Act,  1855, 18  &  19  V.  c.  124;  V.  Corpora- 
tion  of  Sons  of  Clergy  v.  Sutton,  29  L.  J.  Ch.  393,  nom.  Corporation 
for  Belief  of  Widows  and  Children  of  Clergy  v.  Sutton,  27  Bea.  651 :  Re 
Royal  Soey  and  Thompson,  17  Ch.  D.  407;  50  L.  J.  Ch.  344,  44  L.  T. 
274;  29  W.  E,  838:  Finnis  to  Forbes,  cited  Chakity. 

CHARITY  PROPERTY. —The  purposes  to  which,  not  the  source 
from  which,  property  is  derived  will  determine  Whether  or  not  it  is 
*' Charity  Property,"  either  generally,  or  within  ss.  5,  10,  11,  City  of 
London  Parochial  Charities  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V.  c.  36  (Re  St  Botolph 
Without,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  691 ;  35  Ch.  D.  142 ;  56  L.  T.  884;  36  W.  R.  688; 
3  Times  Rep.  622,  653:  A-O.  v.  Eastlake,  11  Hare,  205).  An  Advow- 
son,  or  other  property  not  producing  income,  may  be  "  Charity  Property  " 
within  those  sections  (Re  St.  Stephen's,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  917 ;  39  Ch.  D. 
492;  59  L.  T.  393;  36  W.  R.  837).  Vf,  Re  St.  Nicholas  Aeons,  60 
L.  T.  532. 

CHARITY  SCHOOI A  "Charity  School,"  is  "a  School  pri- 
marily intended  for  the  supply  of  gratuitous  education  "  (per  Charles,  J., 
Southwell  V.  Holloway  College,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  487;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  791; 
73  L.  T.  183;  69  J.  P.  603):  it  may,  probably,  be  in  some  measure  self- 
supportingy  but  primarily  and  practically  it  must  be  eleemosynary ;  and, 
when  partly  self-supporting,  each  case — like  a  Public  School  —  will 
depend  on  its  own  facts.  Charterhouse  is  not  a  "  Charity  School,"  within 
the  Exemption  from  Inhabited  House  Duty  of  "  any  Hospital,  Charity 
School,  or  House  provided  for  the  reception  or  relief  of  Poor  Persons," 
Case  4,  Sch  B.*,  48  G.  3,  c.  55;  s.  2,  14  &  15  V.  c.  36  (Charterhouse 
School  V.  Lamarque,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  495 ;  25  Q.  B.  D.  121 ;  62  L.  T.  907; 
38  W.  R.  776;  54  J.  P.  790),  nor  is  the  Royal  Holloway  College  at  Eg- 
ham  (Southwell  v.  Holloway  College,  sup). 


CHARMS  298  CHASE 

CHARMS.—  V.  CONJUBATION. 

CHART.  —  A  special  Design  for  cutting-out  the  sleeves  of  ladies' 
dresses  is  not  a  "  Map,  Chart,  or  Plan,"  within  the  stat.  def.  of  "Book," 
s.  2,  Copyright  Act,  1842  (ffollinrake  v.  Truswell,  1894,  3  Ch.  420;  63 
L.  J.  Ch.  719 ;  71  L.  T.  419).  In  that  case,  Davey,  L.  J.,  said,  — 
"  There  may,  no  douht,  be  an  anatomical  or  physiological  Plan  showing 
the  structure  and  distribution  of  the  muscles  and  bones  of  the  human 
arm,  or  any  other  part  of  the  human  frame,  which  would  be  protected 
by  the  Copyright  Act." 

CHARTER.  — Stat.  Def.,  Scot.  10  &  11  V.  c.  48,  s.  22;  31  &  32 
V.  c.  101,  s.  3. 

CHARTERED. —  " Freight  chartered,  or  as  if  chartered";  K 
Brankelow  S,  S.  Co  v.  Canton  Insrce,  4  Com.  Ca.  239 ;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
811;  1899,  2  Q.  B.  178;  81  L.  T.  6;  47  W.  R.  611. 

CHARTER-LAND.— "  *Charter.Land,'  is  such  as  a  man  holdeth 
by  Charter,  that  is  to  say,  by  eviderce  in  writing,  which  otherwise  is 
called  Freehold.  Copyhold  Lands,  before  the  Conquest,  were,  by  the 
Saxons,  called  Folkelaud,  and  the  Charter-lands  Bockland  "  (Termes  de 
la  Ley).     F/*,  Cowel:  Bocland:  Folk-land. 

CHARTER-PARTY "  '  Charter-Partie,'  is  an  Indenture  of  Cove- 
nants and  Agreements  made  betweene  Merchants  and  Mariners  concern- 
ing their  Sea  affaires ;  and  of  this  you  may  read  in  the  statute  now  out 
of  use  that  was  made  in  32  H.  8,  c.  14  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vf  Bill 
OF  Lading. 

Vhf  Abbott,  Part  3,  ch.  1 :  Carver,  Part  1,  ch.  4:  Scrutton,  on  Char- 
ter Parties :  2  Encyc.  475  et  seq. 

Qui  Stamp  Act,  1891;   V.  s.  49. 

V,  Conditions  as  per  Charter-Pabty. 

CHASE. — "A  Chase  differs  from  a  Forest,  chiefly  in  that  it  is  not 
subject  to  the  forest  laws  (Chitty,  Prerog.  137). 

"If  the  King,  seised  of  a  Forest,  grants  it  to  another  in  fee;  the 
grantee  has  no  Forest,  because  he  has  not  power  to  create  judges 
or  officers  to  hold  forest  courts;  but  he  has  a  Chase  (4th  Inst. 
314). 

"  By  the  grant,  by  a  subject,  of  a  Chase  in  his  own  land,  not  only  the 
privilege  but  the  laud  itself  passes  (Co.  Litt.  5  b:  V,  Wms.  on  Rights 
of  Commons,  236  et  seq :  Hall  on  Profits  k  Prendre,  325 :  3  Cruise,  Dig. 
tit.  27,  s.  10  et  seqy    Elph.  mb,  566. 

A  Chase  "  is  of  a  middle  nature  betweene  a  Forest  and  a  Park,  — 
being,  commonly,  lesse  than  a  Forest  and  not  endued  with  so  many  Lib- 


CHASE  299  CHATTELS 

erties,  and  yet  of  a  larger  compasse,  and  having  greater  diyersitj  of  keep- 
ers and  game,  than  a  Park  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 
Beasts  of  Chase;    V.  Beasts. 

CHATTELS.  — "  'Chattels  '  is  a  French  word  and  signifies  Goods, 
which  by  a  Word  of  Art  we  call  catalla.  Now  Goods^  or  Chattels,  are 
either  personal!  or  reall.  Personally  as  horse  and  other  beasts,  household 
stuffe,  bowes,  weapons,  and  such  like  ;  called  personal!,  because  for  the 
most  part  they  belong  to  the  person  of  a  man,  or  else  for  that  they  are  to 
be  recovered  by  personal!  actions.  Reall,  because  they  concerne  the  re- 
ality, as  tearmes  fur  yeares  of  lands  or  tenements,  wardships,  the  interest 
of  tenant  by  statute  staple,  by  statute  merchant,  by  elegit  and  such 
like  "  (Co.  Litt.  118  b). 

Chattels  Eeal,  as  to  what  are;  V.  Wms.  Exs.  592  et  seq^  Pt.  2,  Bk.  2, 
ch.  1:  Estate. 

Chattels  Personal  are  (1)  Chattels  Animate,  (2)  Chattels  Vegetable, 
(3)  Chattels  Inanimate  (Wms.  Exs.  617);  and  Vth  at  length  Wms.  Exs. 
632  et  seq,  Pt.  2,  Bk.  2,  ch.  2.      V.  Pehsonal  Chattels. 

"  If  one  devise  to  J.  S.  all  his  *  Goods,'  or  all  his  *  Chattels,'  by  either 
of  these  is  devised  as  much  as  by  both  of  them  "  (Touch.  447 :  Vf  Wms. 
Exs.  1040). 

"Chattels,"  in  a  Bequest* includes  Debts  (Ford's  Case^  12  Rep.  1: 
Hi/all  v.  Rowlesj  1  Ves.  sen.  362,  363,  367,  369) ;  secus,  in  an  Indict- 
ment (Calye^s  Case,  8  Rep.  33  a:  Chanel  v.  Bobotham,  Yelv.  68:  E,  v. 
Powell,  2  Den.  403;  21  L.  J.  M.  C.  78;  16  Jur.  177).  Kitchen  (tit. 
Chattels)  says,  "  Money,  is  not  Groods  and  Chattels,"  and  he  is  cited  for 
that  proposition  in  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Calais,  and  by  Cowel,  Catalls  ; 
but,  semble^  the  proposition  must  be  accepted,  if  at  all,  with  much  quali- 
fication;   V.  Goods  and  Chattels, 

A  bequest  of  "  All  other  Chattels  "  may  pass  the  residue  (Ee  Sharman^ 
38  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  47;  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  661).  Vf,  M'Cormick  v.  PaUen, 
It.  Rep.  6  Eq.  295 :  Other. 

V,  Estate:  Cp,  Chose  in  Action. 

A  Bill  of  Exchange,  is  a  "  Chattel,"  quk  a  Fraudulent  Transfer  by  a 
bankrupt  {Cummiiig  v.  Baily,  6  Bing.  363). 

A  Dog  is  not  a  "  Chattel,"  within  s.  88,  Larceny  Act,  1861,  because,  at 
Common  Law,  it  is  not  the  subject  of  Larceny  {E,  v.  Eobinson,  28  L.  J. 
M.  C.  58;  Bell,  C.  C.  34:  Vh,  Ireland  v.  Higgins,  Cro.  Eliz.  125) ;  but  a 
dog  is  "  Goods,"  within  s.  40,  2  &  3  V.  c.  71  {E.  v.  Slade,  21  Q.  B.  D. 
433).     Vfy  s.  18,  Larceny  Act,  1861. 

"Chattel  or  Valuable  Security,"  s.  75,  Larceny  Act,  1861;  V. 
Valuable. 

Waste  of  Metal  Ore,  piled  on  the  land  with  the  intention  that  it 
should  again  form  part  of  the  land,  remains  part  of  the  land,  and  is 
not  a  Chattel  {Boileau  v.  Heath,  cited  Iron). 


CHATTELS  300        CHEMIN  DE  FER 

On  the  other  hand,  Machinery,  e.g.  a  Switchback  Ry  erected  ou  land 
and  removable  without  causing  injury  to  the  soil,  is  a  *'  Chattel/'  and  is 
within  a  covenant  prohibiting  the  erection  of  any  **  Hut,  Tent,  Shed, 
Caravan,  House  on  Wheels,  or  Othee  Chattel"  {Chaniberlayne  v.  Col- 
lins, 70  L.  T.  217).     Cp  Fixtures. 

CHAUNTRY :  CANTARIA.  —"A  foundation  for  the  maintenance 
of  priests  to  say  mass  for  the  souls  of  the  founder  and  his  relations;  also 
a  chapel  or  altar  endowed  for  that  purpose  (Adams  &  Lamberts  Case, 
4  Rep.  i04  b:  Ducange:  Spelm.).  In  a  grant  by  Henry  8th  to  the  Earl 
of  Arundel,  the  words  ecclesia  collegiata,  collegium,  and  cantaria  are  used 
as  synonyms;  V.  Norfolk  v.  Arbuthnot,  4  C.  P.  D.  302;  48  L.  J.  C.  P. 
743"  (Elpb.  666). 

CHEAP  TRAIN.— "Cheap  Train,"  ss.  6-10,  7  &  8  V.  c.  85;  K 
North  London  Ry  y.A-G.,  45  L.  J.  Ex.  315;  1  App.  Ca.  148:  A-G.  v. 
Metrop.  Ry,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  573. 

CHEAT-  —  A  Cheat,  is  a  deceitful  device  for  defrauding  another  of 
his  known  right,  contrary  to  the  plain  rules  of  common  honesty  (1  Hawk. 
P.  C.  ch.  71,  8  ed.,  ch.  23:  Jacob);  e,g,  passing  off  a  spurious  copy  as 
the  original  painting  {R,  v.  Closs,  27  L.  J.  M.  C.  54;  6  W.  R.  109; 
7  Cox,  C.  C.  494;  Dears.  &  B.  460).     Cp  Qeceit.     Vf2  Encyc.  495. 

To  call  a  man  a  "Cheat,"  "Rascal,"  "  Scoundrel,"  "  Swindler,"  or 
"  Villain,"  is  not  actionable,  per  se  (per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  Bamett  v.  Allen, 
27  L.  J.  Ex.  412;  8  H.  &  K  376 ;  31  L.  T.  0.  S.  217:  Vf,  Savile  v.  Jar- 
dine,  2  Bl.  H.  531,  532:  Stanhope  v.  Blith,  4  Rep.  15) ;  but  to  print  of  a 
man  that  he  is  a  "  Swindler  "  &c,  is  actionable  (J^ Anson  v.  Stuart,  1  T.  R. 
748).     Va,  Black:  Professed  Gambler. 

CHEATING. — "Everyone  commits  the  misdemeanor  called  Cheat- 
ing, who  fraudulently  obtains  the  property  of  another  by  any  deceitful 
practice  not  amounting  to  felony,  which  practice  is  of  such  a  nature  that 
it  directly  affects,  or  may  directly  affect,  the  public  at  large.  But  it  is 
not  Cheating,  within  the  meaning  of  this  Article,  to  deceive  any  person 
in  any  contract  or  private  dealing  by  lies,  unaccompanied  by  such  prac- 
tices as  aforesaid  "  (Steph.  Cr.  272).  Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  562-586:  Rose.  Cr. 
340-^2. 

CHEESE.  —  Quk  Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Acts,  "  *  Cheese '  means,  the 
substance  usually  known  as  Cheese,  containing  no  Fat  derived  otherwise 
than  from  Milk '"  (s.  25,  62  &  63  V.  c.  51).     V.  Margarine. 

Lord  CHELMSFORD'S  ACTS.  —  Agricultural  Gangs  Act,  1867, 
30&31  V.  c.  130: 

Promissory  Oaths  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  72. 

CHEMIN    DE    FER.  — r.  Baccarat. 


CHEMIST  SOI  CHIEF 

CHEMIST.  —  As  distinguished  from  Apothecary,  "a  Chemist  is 
one  who  sells  medicines  which  are  asked  for";  he  does  not  select  the 
medicines  (per  Cresswell,  J.,  Apothecaries  Co  v.  Lotinga,  2  Moo.  &  R. 
500) ;  "  a  Chjmist  may  prepare  and  vend,  but  not  prescribe  or  administer, 
medicine  "  (per  Best,  C.  J.,  Allison  v.  Haydon^  4  Bing.  621). 

Qu4  the  Pharmacy  Acts,  a  "  Chemist  and  Druggist, "  is  one  who  keeps 
**  Open  shop  for  the  compounding  of  the  prescriptions  of  duly  qualified 
Medical  Practitioners,"  and  who,  since  the  Act  of  1868,  is  duly  regis- 
tered ;  including  registered  Assistants  and  Associates  (31  &  32  V.  c.  121, 
8.  3;  61  &  62  V.  c.  25,  s.  1).     V.  Keep  Open. 

CHEQUE.  —  "A  Cheque  is  a  Bill  of  Exchange  drawn  on  a  Banker, 
payable  on  demand  "  (s.  73,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882) ;  so,  prior  to  and  indei 
pendently  of  that  def  {Eyre  v.  Waller,  29  L.  J.  Ex.  246;  6  H.  &  N.  460; 
Lynn  v.  Bell,  It.  Rep.  10  C.  L.  487). 

The  statement  that  a  payment  has  been  made,  or  an  agreement  that  it 
is  to  be  made,  ''  by  cheque,"  imports  that  the  cheque  was  or  is  to  be  pay- 
able on  its  Date,  "  for  every  cheque  properly  purports  to  be  drawn  on  the 
day  of  its  date  "  (Doe  d.  Church  v.  Pontifex,  9  C.  B.  248). 

V.  Payment. 

A  post-dated  cheque  taken  before  its  date  is  valid  (s.  13  (2),  Bills  of 
Ex.  Act,  1882 :  Royal  Bank  of  Scotland  v.  Tottenham,  1894,  2  Q.  B. 
716;  64  L.  J.  Q  B.  99). 

"  Cheques,"  s.  12,  1  &  2  V.  c.  110;  V.  Watts  v.  Jefferyes,  3  Mac.  &  G. 
373;  20  L.  J.  Ch.  659:  Courtoy  v.  Vi^icent,  21  L.  J.  Ch.  291;  15  Bea. 
486. 

Quk  Crossed  Cheques  Act,  1876,  39  &  40  V.  c.  81,  "  *  Cheque,'  means 
a  Draft  or  Order  on  a  Banker,  payable  to  bearer  or  to  order  on  demand ; 
and  includes  a  Warrant  for  payment  of  dividend  on  stock,  sent  by  post 
by  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  or  of  Ireland, 
under  the  authority  of  any  Act  of  Parliament  for  the  time  being  in 
force  "  (s.  3). 

Lord  CHESTERFIELD'S  ACT.  —  The  Calendar  (New  Style)  Act, 
1760,  24  G.  2,  c.  23:   V.  Almanac. 

CHEVISANCE.  —  *'  Dealing  by  <  Chevisance  '  was  the  same  thing  as 
the  business  of  a  Scrivener,  so  far  as  a  dealing  in  money  was  the  object 
of  the  trade  of  the  Scrivener  "  {Re  Warren,  2  Sch.  &  Lef.  423). 

CHICHORY.—  V.  Dried  Chicory. 

CHIDING.— r.  Brawling. 

CHIEF.  —  «  Chief  Clerk ";    V.  Clerk. 

"  Chief  Constable  ";  Stat.  Def.,  50  &  51  V.  c.  9,  s.  2.  — /r.  17  &  18  V. 
c.  89,  8. 12.     V.  Constable. 


CHIEF  S02  CHILD 

"  Chief  Magistrate  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Scot.  60  &  61  V.  c.  42,  s.  2 ;  65  &  m 
V.  c.  bb,  8.  4. 

"Chief  Medical  Officer'* :,  Stat.  Def.,  Contagious  Diseases  Act,  1866, 
29&30V.  c.  35,  s.  2. 

"  Chief  Offi^r  of  Customs^*'  quk  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "  includes 
the  Collector,  Superintendent,  Principal  Coast  Officer,  or  other  Chief 
Officer  of  Customs  at  each  Port "  (s.  742). 

"  Chief  Officer  of  Police'' -y  Stet.  Def.,  3?  &  33  V.  c.  99,  s.  2;  33  & 
34  V.  c.  72, s.  3 ;  34  &  35  V. c.  87,  s.  2, c.  96,  s.  22,  c.  112,  s.  20;  38 &39 
V.  c.  17,  s.  107  ;  47  &  48  V.  c.  68,  s.  4;  53  &  64  V.  c.  46,  s.  33,  c.  59, 
s.  61;  67  &  58  V.  c.  27,  s.  19,  c.  41,  s.  25 ;  60  &  61  V.  c.  52,  s.  2. — 
Scot.  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  109;  53  &  64  V.  c.  67,  s.  30 ;  67  &  68  V.  c.  41, 
8.26.— /r.33&34  V.c.9,s.3;  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  120;  67&58V. 
c.  41,  s.  27. 

"  Chief  Remembrancer  ";  Stat.  Def.,  6  &  7  V.  c.  66,  s.  38. 

'•'Chief  Rent"  —  "The  phrase  'Chief  Rent'  is  now  often,  but  erro- 
neously, used  to  denote,  not  a  species  of  Bent  Service  but,  a  Rent- 
Charge,  especially  in  the  North  of  England,  where  it  is  customary  to 
grant  land  in  Fee  for  building  purposes  subject  to  the  payment  of  an 
annual  rent  in  perpetuity  "  (Copinger  &  Munro,  on  Rents,  18).  FA, 
Harrison,  on  Chief  Rents  and  other  Rent-Charges.  Cp,  Fee  Farm  : 
Quit  Rent.  Stat.  Def.,  7r.  6  &  6  V.  c.  89,  s.  169;  10  &  11  V.  c.  32, 
8.66. 

"Chief  Secretary"',  Stat.  Def.,  s.  12  (10),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

CHIEFEST  AND  DISCREETEST. —  "  Where  the  election  (for 
a  Charity)  was  given  to  the  inhabitants  and  parishioners,  or  the  major 
part  of  the  '  chief  est  and  discreetest  of  them,'  it  was  held  that,  by  '  chief- 
est '  was  to  be  understood  those  who  paid  the  church  and  poor  rates ;  and 
by  *  discreetest '  those  who  had  attained  the  age  of  21  "  (Lewin,  89, 
citing  Fearon  v.  Webb,  14  Ves.  13).      Vf  Parishioner. 

CHILD,  CHILDREN.  — A  "Child"  is  ordinarily  a  synonym  for 
Infant,  a  person  under  the  age  of  21  years,  e.g.  "  Poor  Child,"  56  G.  3, 
c.  139  {R,  V.  St.  John,  Bedwardine,  6  B.  &  Ad.  169).  So,  "  Children  " 
in  the  Matrimonial  Causes  Acts  (s.  35,  20  &  21  V.  c.  86  ;  s.  4,  22  &  23 
V,  c.  61)  means,  children  until  they  attain  21 ;  though  an  Order  for 
Custody  (as  distinguished  from  one  for  Maintenance  or  Education)  would 
only  in  very  special  circumstances  be  made  against  the  wishes  of  a  child 
who  has  attained  years  of  discretion  (Thomasset  v.  Thomasset,  1894, 
P.  296;  63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  140,  cited  also  Maintenance). 

But  though  the  idea  that  a  "  Child  "  is  one  who  has  not  reached  Full 
Age  runs  through  all  the  statutory  definitions,  yet,  generally,  the  period 
of  Childhood  is  made  to  terminate  before  the  age  of  21;  e.g.  qnk  Factory 
and  Workshop  Act,  1901,  "  '  Child  '  means  a  person  who  is  under  the  age 


CHILD  808  CHILD 

of  14  years,  and  who  has  not  (being  of  the  age  of  13  years)  obtained  the 
Certificate  of  Proficiency  or  Attendance  at  School  mentioned  in  Part  3 
of  this  Act"  (s.  166). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —20  &  21  V.  c.  48,  s.  2;  30  &  31  V.  c.  130,  s.  3; 
36  &  36  V.  c.  76,  s.  72;  36  &  37  V.  c.  67,  s.  4;  42  &  43  V.  c.  49, 
B.  49.  —Ir.  47  &  48  V.  c.  19,  s.  9;    b6&,b^  V.  c.  42,  g.  18  (6). 

r.  Boy  :  GiBL :  Cebtipicated  :  Young  Pebson. 

"  The  word  ^  Child '  in  an  Act  of  Parliament  always  applies  exclusiyely 
to  a  Legitimate  child  "  (per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  Dickinson  v.  N,  E,  By,  12 
W.  R.  62;  33  L.  J.  Ex.  91;  2  H.  &  C.  735:  Vf,  R.  v.  Maude,  6  Jur. 
646;  2  Dowl.  N.  S.  68:  R.  v.  Totley,  7  Q.  B.  698:  Sv,  R.  v.  Hodnett, 
1  T.  R.  96:  jdgmt  of  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Northwich  v.  St.  Pancras,  68  L.  J. 
M.  C.  73;  22  Q.  B.  D.  164). 

So  in  a  Will,  or  Deed  (or  other  document,  R.  y.  Birmingham,  8  Q.  B. 
410),  Illegitimate  children  are  not  included  in  the  word  "Children"; 
unless,  when  the  surrounding  facts  are  ascertained  and  applied,  some  re- 
pugnancy or  inconsistenc}',  and  not  merely  some  violation  of  a  moral 
obligation  or  of  a  probable  intention,  would  result  from  their  exclusion 
iDonn  V.  Darin,  L.  R.  7  H.  L.  668;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  662;  23  W.  R,  670 : 
V.  the  rule  stated  in  other,  but  similar,  terms,  2  Jarm.  234,  and  Vh, 
Cartwright  v.  Vawdry,  6  Ves.  630:  Godfrey  v.  Davis,  6  Ves.  43:  Re 
Ayle,  1  Ch.  D.  282;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  223:  EUis  v.  Houston,  10  Ch.D.236: 
Vthlc  as  to  the  inadmissibility  of  extrinsic  evidence  in  such  cases,  which 
however  was  admitted  in  GUI  v.  Shelley,  2  Russ.  &  My.  336;  9  L.  J. 
O.  S.  Ch.  68 :  Re  Haseldine,  31  Ch.  D.  611 ;  34  W.  R.  327 :  in  Swaine  v. 
Kennerley^  1  V.  &  B.  469,  EldoD,  C,  said,  —  "  the  Will  must  prove  that 
Illegitimate  children  are  intended;  and  extrinsic  evidence  can  be  received 
only  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  who  had  acquired  the  reputation  of 
being  children  of  the  person  named  in  the  Will " :  Vf,  Woodhouselee  v. 
Dalrymple,  2  Mer.  419). 

Speaking  generally,  an  Illegitimate  child  will  only  be  comprised  in 
"  Children  "  when  there  is  a  designatio  personce  (Beachcrofi  v.  Beach- 
croft,  1  Mad.  430,  stated  2  Jarm.  234 :  Wilkinson  v.  Adam,  1  V.  &  B. 
422;  12  Price,  470 :  Re  Herbert^  29  L.  J.  Ch.  870;  IJ.  &  H.  121 :  Re 
Humphries,  24  Ch.  D.  691 :  Milne  v.  Wood,  42  L.  J.  Ch.  646 :  Hill  v. 
Crook,  lb.  702;  L.  R.  6  H.  L.  266;  22  W.  R.  137 :  Re  Brown,  43  L.  J. 
Ch.  84;  L.  R,  16  Eq.  239:  Megson  v.  Hindle,  16  Ch.  D.  198:  ReBryon, 
66  L.  J.  Ch.  30;  30  Ch.  D.  110:  Bagleyy.  Mollard,  1  Russ.  &  My.  681: 
Re  Hall,  86  Ch.  D.  661 :  Re  Parker,  1897,  2  Ch.  208 :  Re  Brown,  68 
L.  J.  Ch.  420).  Thus,  in  the  Will  of  a  Bachelor,  "  children  "  means  his 
illegitimate  children,  for  he  can  have  no  other  (Clifton  r,  Goodbun,  L.  R. 
6  Eq.  278;  Vth  2  Jarm.  237:  Vf,  Woodhouselee  v.  Dalrymple,  sup); 
80,  of  Step-children  when  testator  has  no  child  of  his  own  (Re  Jeans, 
72  L.  T.  836;  W.  N.  (96)  98) ;  so,  if  the  document  furnishes  a  Dictionary 
from  which  an  extended  meaning  of  "  Child  "  or  "  Children  "  may  be 


CHILD  804  CHILD 

gathered  (per  Ld  Cairns,  Hill  v.  Crook,  sup :  Re  Lowe,  61  L.  J.  Cb. 
415:  Re  Walker,  1897,  2  Ch.  238;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  622 ;  77  L.  T.  94 ;  45 
W.  R.  647 :  Re  Plant,  A7  W.  R.  183 :  Re  Birks,  cited  Issue  :  :Re 
De  Wilton,  cited  Marriage).     Vf,  Relations  :  Nephew. 

As  to  after4>om  Illegitimate  children  the  rule  was  thus  stated   by 
Ld  Chelmsford  in  Hill  v.  Crook  (sup)  ;  —  "No  gift,  however  express,  to 
unborn  illegitimate  children  is  allowed  bj  law ;  nor  under  a  gift,  good 
as  to  illegitimate  children  as  a  class,  will  after-born  illegitimate  children 
be  permitted  to  take."     But  in  applying  that  rule  there  is  "  the  essential 
distinction  between  a  Deed  and  a  Will  for  this  purpose,  in  that  a  Deed 
operates  from  its  execution  and  a  Will  from  the  death  of  the  testator  " 
(per  Mellish,  L.  J.,  Occleston  v.  Fullalove,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  310  ;  9  Ch.  147; 
22  W.  R.  305) ;  and  (dissenting  from  Howarth  v.  MUU,  cited  Legiti- 
mate) it  was  accordingly  held  by  the  majority  of  the  Court  in  Occleston 
V.  Fullalove  (Selborne,  C,  diss.),  that  illegitimate  children,  sufficiently 
designated,  born  between  the  date  of  the  Will  and  the  death  of  the  tes- 
tator, could  take  (  Va,  Re  Homer,  Eagleton  v.  Horner^  57  L.  J.  Ch.  211 ; 
37  Ch.  D.  695;  36  W.  R.  348;  58  L.  T.  103 :  Re  Harrison,  1894, 1  Cb. 
561;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  385:  Re  Hastie,  35  Ch.  D.  728;  56  L.  J.  Ch.  792; 
57  L.  T.  168 ;  35  W.  R.  692 :  Su,  Re  Lowe,  sup,  in  whc  North,  J.,  held, 
that  an  illegitimate  child  born  after  the  date  of  the  Will,  could  not  take 
as  a  member  of  a  Class).     The  statement  of  the  e£fect  of  Occleston  y. 
Fullalove,  by  Jessel,  M.  R.,  in  Re  Goodwin  (43  L.  J.  Ch.  258;  L.  R. 
17  Eq.  345),  is  not  correct  (Re  Bolton,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  398 ;  31  Ch.  D.  542; 
34  W.  R.  325),  for  "  the  law  is  clear  that,  however  a  man  may  wish  to 
provide  for  illegitimate  children  he  cannot  do  so  by  any  means  which 
involves  an  enquiry  into  the  paternity,  of  which  the  law  accepts  no  evi- 
dence except  the  fact  of  marriage  "   (per  Bowen,   L.  J.,  Re  Bolton); 
and,  therefore,  it  was  held  in  that  case  that  the  child  of  a  reputed  wife, 
en  ventre  at  the  testator's  death,  could  not  take  under  a  bequest  to  his 
''  child  or  children."     So,  of  a  limitation  in  &  Deed  containing  no  better 
designation  than  "Child  or  Children  "  {Re  Shaw,  1894,  2  Ch.  573;  63 
L.  J.  Ch.  770  ;  71  L.  T.  79;  43  W.  R.  43);  but  a  child  en  ventre  has  a 
legal  existence,  and,  though  illegitimate,  the  Will  may  be  so  framed  as 
to  designate  such  child  as  a  person  to  be  benefitted  (Crook  v.  Hill^  46 
L.  J.  Ch.  119 ;  3  Ch.  D.  773  ;  commented  on  Re  Bolton,  sup).     Vf,  as 
to  testamentary  gifts  to  Illegitimate  Children,  2  Jarm.  ch.  31:  Wms. 
Exs.  953  et  seq. 

What  constitutes  legitimacy  is,  however,  rather  a  question  of  status 
than  of  construction.  And  it  would  seem  to  be  now  "  settled  that  any 
person  legitimate  according  to  the  law  of  the  domicil  of  his  father  at 
his  birth,  is  legitimate  everywhere  within  the  range  of  international  law 
for  the  purpose  of  succeeding  to  Personal  property  "  (per  Kay,  J.,  Re 
Andros,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  794;  24  Ch.  D.  637;  32  W.  R.  30;  whev  for  dis- 
cussion  of  the  previous  authorities  and  especially  Boyes^  v.  Bedale,  33 


CHILD  805  CHILD 

li.  J.  Ch.  283 ;  1  H.  &  M.  798,  and  Re  Goodman,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  425 ;  17 
Ch.  D.  266;  29  W.  R.  586:  Vfy  Re  Grey,  1892,  3  Ch.  88;  61  L.  J.  Ch. 
622;  41  W.  B.  60).  So  also  persons  who  have  the  legal  status  of  chil- 
dren by  virtue  of  a  foreign  law  applicable  to  their  case,  are  '*  children  " 
for  the  purpose  of  assessment  to  Legacy  Duty  ( K.  Strangers  ix 
13lood).  But  a  foreign  status  will  not  aid  a  person  claiming  to  inherit 
liAND  in  England  {Doe  d.  Birtwhistle  v.  Vardill,  4  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B.  190 ; 
5B.&C.438;  2C1.&F.571;  7Ib.895;  6  Bligh,  N.  S.  479 ;  9Ib.32; 
6  Biug.  N.  C.  385:  V.  Heir);  on  the  other  band,  a  child,  legitimated 
by  the  law  of  the  domicil  of  bis  father,  is  entitled  to  participate  in  a 
devise  to  **  children  "  of  land  in  England  or  its  proceeds  {Re  Grey,  sup). 

**  The  words  '  Child  or  Children '  primarily  mean,  issue  in  the  first 
generation  only  —  Sons  and  Daughters  —  to  the  exclusion  of  grandchil- 
dren or  other  remoter  descendants  "  (per  Ld  Blackburn,  Bo  wen  v.  Lewis, 
54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  68 ;  9  App.  Ca.  890 :  Vf,  Martin  v.  Lee,  14  Moore,  P.  C. 
142:  Galliers  v.  Rycroft,  inf :  Radcliffe  v.  Buckley,  10  Ves.  195:  Old- 
ham  Case,  1  CM.  &  H.  160:  Brudenell  v.  Elwes,  1  East,  442;  7  Ves. 
382 :  Maund  v.  Mason,  L.  E.  9  Q.  B.  264 ;  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  62 ;  38  J.  P.  84, 
trA<?r/inf:  Moor  v.  Raisbeck,  12  Sim.  123:  Pride  v.  Fooks,  28  L.  J. 
Ch.  81 ;  3  D.  G.  &  J.  252:  Mathews  v.  Gardiner,  17  Bea.  254:  Loring 
V.  Thomas,  30  L.  J.  Ch.  789;  1  Dr.  &  Sm.  497 :  Nicholson  v.  Kirk,  29 
S.  J.  205 :  Wms.  Exs.  952).  But  the  context  may  show  that  these  words 
have  been  used,  by  mistake,  for  *^  Descendants,"  or  something  else,  and 
80  they  would  sometimes  receive  another  construction  than  their  ordi- 
nary one  {Morgan  v.  Thomas,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  556:  Harley  v.  Mitford, 
21  Bea.  280:  Re  Smith,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  771;  36  Ch.  D.  558 ;  56  L.T.  878; 
35  W.  B.  663).  So,  if  there  be  no  child,  grand-children  may  take  under 
a  bequest  to  "  Children  "  {Crooke  v.  Brookeing,  2  Vern.  108).  But  the 
mere  fact  that  the  word  would  be  otherwise  inoperative  is  not  sufficient 
to  widen  its  interpretation  {Nicholson  v.  Kirk,  sup);  Vf,  as  to  testa- 
mentary gifts  to  Children,  2  Jarm.  ch.  30:  Wms.  Exs.  952  et  seq. 

The  rule  of  Roman  Law  (in  force  in  Natal)  is  that,  —  Where  a  parent 
has  appointed  Children  (or  remoter  Descendants)  as  Heirs,  and  has  di- 
rected that,  upon  their  death,  their  share  shall  go  over  to  another,  such 
substitution  is  subject  to  the  tacit  condition  that  a  deceased  child  has 
left  no  Issue,  the  words  "  si  sine  liberis  ''  being  read  into  the  substitu- 
tionary clause  as  a  Condition  of  it ;  but  that  rule  is  only  applicable  to 
cases  where  the  Instituted  Heirs  are  burthened  with  a  Fidei-commissum 
to  restore  the  property  to  a  third  person,  and  does  not  apply  to  cases 
where  they  take  absolutely,  if  at  all.  Therefore,  a  gift  in  a  Natal  Will, 
to  a  testator^s  Widow  for  life,  and  after  her  death  ''  to  be  equally  divided 
among  my  Children,  or  such  of  them  as  may  be  then  alive,''  confers 
no  benefit  on  the  wife  or  issue  of  a  Child  who  has  pre-deceased  the 
Widow  {Galliers  v.  Rycroft,  69  L.  J.  P.  C.  124;  83  L.  T.  179;  16 
Times  Eep.  482). 

20 


CHILD  306  CHILD 

"  Cbildren,"  s.  14,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1870,  did  not  include  Grand-chil- 
dren (Coleman  v.  Birmingham^  cited  Mother:  Cp  Maund  v.  Mason^ 
inf) ;  but  that  section  is  replaced  by  s.  21,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882,  which, 
in  terms,  extends  tbe  liability  of  a  married  woman  to  ''Children  and 
Grand-children." 

Qu4  Fatal  Accidents  Act,  1846,  9  &  10  V.  c.  93,  "  '  Child,'  shall  in- 
elude  Son  and  Daughter,  and  Grand-son  and  Grand-daughter,  and  Step- 
son and  Step-daughter  "  (s.  5). 

"  Child,"  or"  Children,"  generally  includes  a  child  en  ventre  sa  niere  : 
F.  Born:  Lawfully  Begotten:  Nephew. 

Though  .the  word  "  child  "  or  "  children,"  in  its  primary  sense,  is  to  he 
read  as  a  word  of  Purchase  —  as  a  designation  of  a  person  or  persons 
(per  Ld  Cairns,  Bowen  v.  LewiSy  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  63)  —  and  to  be  confined 
to  issue  in  the  first  degree,  yet,  as  regards  Beal  Estate,  the  context 
may  convert  it  into  a  word  of  Limitation  and  render  it  equivalent  to 
"  heirs  of  the  body  "  and  so  create  an  Entail  {Byng  v.  Byng^  31  L.  J.  Ch. 
470;  10  H.  L.  Ca.  171:  Clifford  v.  Koe,  6  App.  Ca.  447:  Broadhurst 
V.  Morris,  2  B.  &  Ad.  1 :  Doe  d.  Jones  v.  Davies,  4  B.  &  Ad.  43 :    VoUer 
v.  Carter,  4  E.  &  B.  173;  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  56:  Doe  d.  Blesard  v.  Simp- 
son, 3  M.  &  G.  929;  7  L.  J.  C.  P.  156;  whlc  was  cited  by  North,  J.,  in 
Femherton  v.  Barnes,  1899,  1  Ch.  548;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  195) ;  and  if  the 
devise  be  to  "  A.  and  his  children, "  he  having  none  at  the  time  of  the 
devise,  the  word  *'  children  "  must  be  taken  as  a  word  of  limitation,  and 
A.  would  take  an  Entail  (  Wildes  Ca^e,  6  Rep.  17;  reported  also  as  Anon. 
in  Gouldsborough,  139,  pi.  47,  and  as  Richardson  v.  Yardley  in  Moore, 
397,  pi.  519.     For  collection  of  cases  on  and  discussion  of  tlie  Rule  in 
Wildes  Case-,   V.2  Jarm.  ch.  38:  Wms.  Exs.  946  etseq:  Hawk.  198: 
Va,  Bowen  v.  Lewis,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  55 ;  9  App.  Ca.  890;  52  L.  T.  189). 

The  principle  of  Wildes  Case  applies  even  where  there  is  a  child  of  A. 
en  ventre  sa  mere  at  the  death  of  the  testator  {Roper  v.  Roper,  36  L.  J. 
C.  P.  270:  37  lb.  7:  Sv,  GHeve  v.  Grieve,  36  L.  J.  Ch.  932;  L.  R* 
4  £q.  180). 

Note.  The  Rule  in  Wildes  Case  has  no  application  to  Personal 
Estate  {Audsley  v.  Horn,  1  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  226;  29  L.  J.  Ch.  201). 

In  Doe  d.  Smith  v.  Webber  (1  B.  &  Aid.  713)  "  Child  or  Children," 
was  held  as  synonymous  with  '*  Issue  ";  not  as  creating  an  Entail  but, 
as  giving  an  Estate  in  Fee  with  an  Executory  Devise  over. 

"  Children,"  means  one  child,  if  there  be  only  one  {Crooke  v.  Brooke- 
ing,  2  Vern,  108);  so,  if  the  phrase  is  "Surviving  Children"  {Re 
Brown,  W.  N.  (96)  164).     Ff  Survivor. 

"Their  children";    F.  Their. 

"  Under  a  gift  of  Personalty  to  *  A.,  and  his  Children/  the  Parent  and 
Children  take,  prima  facie,  concurrently  as  Joint  Tenants;  but  slight 
circumstances  have  been  laid  bold  of  bj'  the  Courts  as  enabling  them  to 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  a  gift  for  Life  to  A.,  with  Remainder  to  his 


CHILD  807  CHILD 

Children,  was  intended,   V.  Newill  t.  Neinill,  7  Ch.  253;  41  L.  J.  Ch. 
432"  (per  Stirling,  J.,  Re  WUmot,  76  L.  T.  417;  45  W.  R.  493).     Cp 

ISSUB. 

As  to  when  gifts  for  Children  create  a  Joint  Tenancy ;  F.  Benefit, 
towards  end. 

If  property  be  given  to  A.,  if  B.  (a  woman)  have  no  children  (so  that 
B.'s  possible  child  is  the  only  person  who  can  prevent  A.  having  the  prop- 
erty) the  Court  will  order  funds  under  its  control  to  be  paid  to  A.  when 
satisfied  that  B.  (ov/ing  to  her  age)  can  have  no  child;  but  if  the  gift  be 
to  A.,  if  B.  have  children,  A.  has  an  interest  in  the  property  during  the 
life  of  B.,  though  the  latter  be  past  child-bearing  (Be  Hocking ^  1898, 
2  Ch.  567;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  662).     V.  Presumption. 

A  gift  to  the  "  Widows  and  Children  "  of  a  Class  of  persons,  is  a  good 
Charity  {Powell  v.  A-G.j  3  Mer.  48). 

V.  Issue:  Offspeino:  Born:  Posthumous  Child:  Natural 
Children:  Parent. 

Note  :  —  Property  given  to  Illegitimate  children  will  be  comprised  in 
a  gift  over  of  property  given  to  "  Children  "  {Smith  v.  Jobson,  32  S.  J. 
662;  59  L.  T.  397). 

In  the  Acts  relating  to  Maintenance  of  Poor  Relations  (43  Eliz. 
c.  2,  s.  7;  59  G.  3,  c.  12,  s.  26),  "Children"  does  not  include  Grand- 
children, who,  accordingly,  are  not  liable  thereunder  to  maintain  their 
Orand-parents  {Maund  v.  MasoUf  sup.  Cp,  Coleman  v.  Birmingliam, 
sup),     py  Father. 

"  Child  under  the  age  of  16,"  s.  35,  39  &  40  V.  c.  61,  means  a  child 
under  that  age  at  the  time  his  parochial  Settlement  is  being  enquired 
into  (R.  V.  St.  Mary,  Islington,  54  L.  J.  M.  C.  110,  146;  15  Q.  B.  D. 
95,  339;  following  Madeley  v.  BridgnoHh,  52  L.  J.  M.  C.  71 ;  11  Q.  B.  D. 
314 :  Va,  Reigate  v.  Croydon,  14  App.  Ca.  465 ;  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  29;  53 
J.  P.  580;  5  Times  Rep.  716:  Bath  v.  Berwick-on- Tweed,  1892, 1  Q.  B. 
731 ;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  137  :  West  Derby  v.  Atcham,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  17;  24 
Q.  B.  D.  117:  Mitford  v.  Wayland,  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  86 ;  25  Q.  B.  D.  164: 
NorthwichY.  St.  Pancras,  58  L.  J.  M.  C.  73;  22  Q.  B.  D.  164:  St. 
Pancras  v.  Norwich,  56  L.  J.  M.  C.  37;  18  Q.  B.  D.  521;  56  L.  T.  311; 
35  W.  R.  547;  51  J.  P.  343:  V.  Wife).  As  to  the  concluding  words 
"  and  shall  retain  the  Settlement,"  &c  ;  V,  Dorchester  v.  Poplar,  bl  L.  J. 
M.  C.  78 ;  21  Q.  B.  D.  88;  59  L.  T.  689;  36  W.  R.  706 ;  52  J.  P.  435;  fol- 
lowing  Highworth  v.  Westbury-on- Severn,  57  L.  J.  M.  C.  33;  20  Q.  B.  D. 
597,  and  on  these  words,  over-ruling  R.  v.  St.  Mary^  Islington^  sup:  But 
Highworth  v.  Westbury-on- Severn  was  afterwards  reversed  by  H.  L.,  59 
L.  J.  M.  C.  29 ;  14  App.  Ca.  465 ;  53  J.  P.  580;  5  Times  Rep.  716.  Aff  to 
an  Illegitimate  Pauper,  under  this  section ;  V.  Plymouth  v.  Axruinster, 
1898,  A.  C.  586;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  871;  47  W.  R.  33;  62  J.  P. 
612. 

«  Child,"  in  s.  60,  Offences  against  the  Person  Act,  1861,  24  &  25  V. 


CHILD  308     CHOSE  IN  ACTION 

c.  100,  does  not  include  a  foetus  not  matured  enough  to  be  bom  alive 
{B.  V.  Beiriman,  6  Cox,  C.  C.  388). 

**  Children,"  qui  Fbiexdlt  Society;   V.  Widow:  Wife. 

Vh  Chitty,  Eq.  Ind.  7675-7678,  7710. 

CHILDREN'S  CHILDREN.  — <a  read  the  words  <  Children's 
Children '  (in  Statute  of  Distribution)  as  meaning  '  Issue  of  Children  '  " 
(per  North,  J.,  Ee  Natty  Walker  v.  Gammage,  67  L.  J.  Ch.  798;  37 
Ch.  D.  617;  68  L.  T.  722 ;  36  W.  R.  648). 

In  a  limitation  of  Realty ;   V.  Hampton  v.  Holmatiy  5  Ch.  D.  183. 

CHILDREN  OF  A.  AND  B.— F.  2  Jarm.  194:  Hawk.  113: 
Re  Featherstonsy  22  Ch.  D.  Ill;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  76. 

"Children  of  A.  and  B.  respectively";  V.  Fletcher  v.  Fletcher, 
9  L.  R.  Ir.  301. 

CHILDREN    OF   THE   WIFE This  phrase  in  a  Marriage  Set- 

tlement  of  a  husband's  property,  means  children  of  the  wife  by  that 
husband  {Daffome  v.  Goodman,  2  Vern.  362). 

CHILD'S   SHARE.— r.  Equal. 

CHILDWIT.  — "  'Childwit,'  that  is,  that  you  may  take  a  fine  of 
your  bond  woman,  defiled  and  begotten  with  childe  without  your  license  *' 
(Termes  de  la  Ley :   Vf  Cowel).     V.  Wite. 

CHIMIN.  — Chimin,  Chiminage;  F.  Wat. 

CHIMNEY  SWEEPER.— Quk  the  Chimney  Sweepers  and  Chim- 
neys Regn  Acts,  1840,  and  1864,  "  *  Chimney  Sweeper,'  means  a  person 
using  the  Trade  or  Business  of  a  Chimney  Sweeper ''  (s.  3,  27  &  28  V. 
c.  37).     Vf,  38  &  39  V.  c.  70;   67  &  68  V.  c.  61. 

CHINA F.Plate. 

"  Laws  of  China  " ;   F.  Crime. 

"  Chinese  Passenger  Ship  ";  Stat.  Def.,  18  &  19  V.  c.  104,  s.  1. 

CHIROGRAPH.  —  F.  Co.  Litt.  143  b,  and  Hargrave's  note  thereto. 

CHIVALRY.  —  Chivalry  was  a  Tenure  of  Land  by  Kniqht  Service 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).     Fjf  Cowel. 

CHOLERA. —  Qu4  Diseases  Prevention  (Metropolis)  Act,  1883,  46 
&  47  V.  c.  35,  "  'Cholera'  includes  Choleraic  Diarrhoea"  (s.  12). 

CHOSE  IN  ACTION.  —  Chose  in  Action  is  the  antithesis  of  Chose 
in  Possession, 

"  'Things  in  Action,'  is  when  a  man  hath  cause,  or  may  bring  an 
action,  for  some  duty  due  to  him;  .  .  .  and  because  that  they  are  thibga 


CHOSE  IN  ACTION     309     CHOSE  IN  ACTION 

virhereof  a  man  is  not  possessed  but  for  recovery  of  them  is  driven  to 
his  Action,  they  are  called  'Things  in  Action'"  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

"  According  to  my  view,  all  personal  things  are  either  in  Possession 
or  in  Action.    The  law  knows  no  tertium  quid  between  the  two.     *  No 
chattel,'  says  Lord  Coke  in  Fulwood*s  Case  (4  Rep.  65  a),   *  either  in 
action  or  possession  shall  go  in  succession,'  as  if  the  two  alternatives 
were  the  only  possible  ones.     *  Property   in  chattels   personal,'   says 
filackstone,   'may  be  either  in  possession,  which  is  when  a  man  hath 
not  only  the  right  to  enjoy,  but  hath  the  actual  enjoyment  of  the  thing; 
or  else  it  is  in  action,  where  a  man  hath  only  a  bare  right  without  any 
occupation  or  enjoyment '  (2  Com.  396) ;  and  so  Lord  Hardwicke  in  the 
great  case  of  Bt/dll  v.  Rowles  (1  Atk.  384;  1  Yes.  sen.  362),  speaks  of 
personal  property,  whether  in  possession  or  action,  only  as  equivalent  to 
all  kinds  of  personal  property.     The  expression  Choses  in  Suspense  is 
found  in  Brockets  Ahr.  in  conjunction  with   Choses  in  Action;  but, 
80  far  as  I  can  understand,  the  two  expressions  are  synonymous.     It 
has  been  suggested  that  the  expression  Choses  in  Action  was  originally 
only  applicable  to  Debts ;  and  that  by  a  lax  usage  it  has  acquired  a 
secondary  and  wider  significance.     I  am  not  able  to  adopt  this  view. 
The  article  *  Choses  in  Action  and  Choses  in  Suspense '  in  Brooke's 
Abr.y  fo.  140,  seems  to  show  that  as  early  as  5  Edw.  4  the  expression 
was  held  to  include  the  king's  right  to  the  marriage  of  his  ward;  in 
9  Hen.  6,  the  property  in  deeds  in  the  hands  of   a  third  person   was 
considered  as  a  Chose  in  Action;  and  in  the  33  Hen.  8,  the  classifica- 
tion of  Choses  in  Action  into  Real,   Personal,  and  Mixed  was  recog- 
nised"  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Colonial  Bank  v.  Whinney^  55  L.  J.  Ch.  593; 
30  Ch.  D.  261,  a  def  adopted  by  the  H.  L.).     Accordingly,  it  was  held 
in  that  case  that  Shares  in  a  Co  are  "  Things  in  Action  "  within  s.  44 
(iii),  Bankry  Act,  1883  {^Q  L.  J.  Ch.  43;  11  App.  Ca.  426;  m  L.  T. 
362;  34  W.  R.  705;  over-ruling  Ex  p.  Union  Bank  of  Manchester^  Re 
Jackson,  ¥i  L.  J.  Bank.  57;  L.  R.  12  Eq.  354;  19  W.   R.  872;  and 
jdgmt  of  Lindley,  L.  J.,  in  Sociiti  Generate  de  Paris  v.  Tramways  Coy 
54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  185;  14  Q.  B.  D.  424).     A  fortioH  property  in  the  Funds 
(Zhindas  v.  Dutens,  1  Ves.  196:  R,  v.  Capper,  5  Price,  217,  263),  a  Life 
Policy  (Ex  p.  Ibbetson,  8  Ch.  D.  519),  and  a  Debenture  in  a  Co  (Exp, 
Ransbergy  Re  Pryee,  4  Ch.  D.  685),  are  Choses  in  Action;  so  also  is  a 
Hire-Purchase  agreement  (Re  Isaacson,  1895, 1  Q.  B.  333;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
191;  43  W.  R.  278);  secus,  of  a  Hiring  of  Goods  which,  on  his  bankr}', 
ceases  to  be  the  property  of  the  lender  (  Wilmot  v.  Alton,  1897, 1  Q.  B.  17 ; 
66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  42 ;  45  W.  R.  12, 113).    An  undivided  Share  in  a  Partnership 
is  a  Chose  in  Action  (Ex  p.  Fletcher,  Re  Bainbridye,  47  L.  J.  Bank.  70; 
8  Ch.  D.  218) ;  so,  of  a  Sweep-Stakes  Ticket  (Jones  v.  Carter,  15  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
96;  8  Q.  B.  134);  and  so,  in  some  measure,  is  a  Bank  Note  (Francis  v. 
N^ash^  Cunningham,  86). 
"  Things  in  Action,"  s.  95,  Comp  Act,  1862,  includes  Claims  by  the 


CHOSE  IN  ACTION     310     CHRISTIAN  MAR'GE 

Liquidator  against  Directors  for  malpractices  in  reference  to  the  property 
of  a  Co  {Re  Park  Gate  Waggon  Coj  17  Ch.  D.  254). 

An  Assignment  of  ''all  moneys  now  or  hereafter  standing  to  the 
credit  of  "  A.  at  bis  banking  account,  is  an  assignment  of  a  "  debt  or 
other  LEGAL  Chose  in  Action  "  within  s.  25  (6),  Jud.  Act,  1873  (  Walker 
V.  Bradford  Bank,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  280;  12  Q.  B.  D  611).  So  of  a  sum 
payable  so  many  days  after  demand  {Mercantile  Bank  of  London  v.  Evansy 
43  S.  J.  97 ;  Vthe  revd  on  another  point,  1899, 2  Q.  B.  613;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
921).  But  "  legal  chose  in  action,"  being* there  used  in  association  with 
"  debt/'  does  not  include  an  agreement  to  lend  money,  or  a  right  to 
damages  for  breach  of  contract  or  for  a  tort  {May  ▼.  Lane,  64  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
236;  71  L.  T.  869;  43  W.  R  193).  Vh,  King  v.  Victoria  Insrce,  1896, 
A.  C.  250 ;  65  L.  J.  P.  C.  38;  74  L.  T.  206;  44  W.  R.  692:  Manchester 
Brewery  Co  v.  Coombs,  cited  Assigns. 

r.  Assignment:  Absolute  Asstgnmkvt:  Notice:  1  Encyc.  352-362. 

It  is  submitted  that  the  definition  established  in  Colonial  Bank  v, 
Whinney  (sup)  may,  in  some  cases  and  when  not  otherwise  affected  by 
a  context,  be  wide  enough  to  embrace  a  claim  to  Damages  for  a  Tort. 
Such  a  claim  is  surely  property,  —  conceivably  it  may  be  a  very  valuable 
property,  e,g.  an  Infringement  of  a  Patent.  It  is  not  in  possession;  and 
therefore,  accepting  the  postulate  in  the  definition  of  Fry,  L.  J.,  in  Colo- 
nial  Bank  v.  Whinney,  it  must  be  a  Chose  in  Action.  Yet,  on  the  other 
hand,  Blackstone  says,  "  All  property  in  action  depends  entirely  upon 
contracts  express  or  implied;  which  are  the  only  regular  means  of  acquir- 
ing a  Chose  in  Action  "  (2  Com.  397). 

Vf,  as  to  the  various  meanings  of  "Chose  in  Action,"  Elphinstone's 
Intro.  Conv.  2  ed.  200  et  seq,  and  V.  the  subject  of  Choses  in  Action 
considered  at  large,  Wms.  Exs.  693  et  seq,  Pt.  2,  Bk.  3:  Warren,  on 
Choses  in  Action:  10  Law  Quarterly,  303:  Fa,  Possession:  Cp 
Chattels. 

CHOSE   IN    SUSPENSE.— F.  Chose  in  Action. 

CHRISTIAN  BROTHERS.  —  Gift  for,  is  a  good  Charity  {Ilogan 
V.  Byrne,  13  It.  Com.  Law  Rep.  166:  Be  Brown,  1898,  1  1.  R.  423:  Sv, 
Murphy  v.  Cheevers,  17  L.  B.  Ir.  205,  and  Beron  v.  Donellan  therein 
cited).      Vh  3  Encyc.  8. 

CHRISTIAN    BURIAI "  There  appears  to  be  no  clear  authority 

as  to  what  is  meant  by  •  Christian  Burial ' ;  and  as  Bowen,  J.  held  there 
was  no  evidence  to  go  to  the  jury,  the  point  was  left  undecided  (Stafford 
Winter  Assizes,  1879-80;  24  S.  J.  245)."  Stone,  180.  Vh,  per  Stephen, 
J.,  R.  V.  Price,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  51;  12  Q.  B.  D.  247,  deciding  that  cre- 
mation is  lawful :  Sv,  Williams  v.  Williams,  cited  Cadaver. 

CHRISTIAN    MARRIAGE.- F.Mabriagb. 


CHRISTIAN  NAME      311  CHURCH 

CHRISTIAN  NAME.  —  Where  a  document  has  to  be  authenticated 
l>j  the  Christian  Kamb  of  its  signatory,  a  well  known  abbreviation,  — 
e,g.  Wm.  for  William,  —  will  suffice  {R.  v.  Bradley,  30  L.  J.  Q.  B.  180; 
3  E.  &  E.  634 :  Henry  v.  Armitage,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  Ill;  12 Q.  B.  D.  257). 
In  B,  V.  Bradley,  Hill,  J.,  whilst  holding  with  the  rest  of  the  Court 
that  a  well-known  contraction  suffices  for  a  Christian  Name,  also  said,  — 
*'  I  think  that  an  Initial  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  Christian  Name  ";  but 
in  B.  V.  Plenty  (L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  346;  38  L.  J.  Q.  B.  205;  9  B.  &  S.  386) 
it  was  pointed  out  that  that  dictum  was  not  necessary  to  the  decision ; 
still  it,  probably,  remains  valid,  unless  where  there  is  a  provision  saving 
such  an  imperfect  form  of  a  Christian  Name  as  being  a  Misnomer.  Vf, 
I^indsay  v.  Wells,  3  Bing.  N.  C.  777;  4  Sc.  471. 

CHRISTIAN  RELIGION.  —  "  Christianity  is  parcel  of  the  Laws  of 
England  "  (per  Hale,  C.  J.,  Taylor^ a  Case,  Vent.  293,  a  case  in  which  the 
words  as  regards  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ  were  very  gross  and 
shameful,  and  for  which  the  punishment  was, —  the  Pillory  in  three  several 
places,  a  Fine  of  1000  Marks,  and  to  find  Sureties  for  Good  Behaviour 
during  life).  Vf,  B.  v.  Woolston,  2  Stra.  834 :  per  Kelly,  C.  B.,  Cowan 
▼.  Milboum,  L.  R.  2  Ex.  234;  36  L.  J.  Ex.  124.  In  thlc  it  was  held 
that,  lectures  showing  that  the  character  of  Christ  was  defective.  His 
teaching  erroneous,  and  that  the  Bible  is  no  more  inspired  than  any  other 
book,  is  "to  deny  the  Christian  Religion  to  be  true,"  and  contrary  to 
8.  1,  9  &  10  W.  3,  c.  32 :  Sv,  per  Coleridge,  C.  J.,  B.  v.  Bamsay,  48 
L.  T.  733.  V.  Blasphemy. 

CHRISTIAN  SERVICE.  —  For  (and  by)  s.  6,  Burial  Laws  Amend- 
ment Act,  1880,  43  &  44  V.  c.  41,  "  'Christian  Service,'  shall  include 
every  religious  service  used  by  any  Church,  Denomination,  or  Person, 
professing  to  be  Christian."     Cp,  Divine  Service. 

CHRISTMAS   DAY.— F.  Michaelmas. 

CH  URCH.  —  Semble,  the  test  as  to  whether  a  building  is  a  "  Church," 
is.  Is  it  of  Right  that  the  Sacraments  are  administered  there  ?  (Cowel, 
Ecelesia). 

"  Church,"  8.  1,  5  G.  4,  c.  36,  includes  the  Chancel  (Bippinr,  Boutin, 
L.  R.  2  A.  &  E.  386;  38  L.  J.  Ecc.  33) ;  and  quk  s.  50,  24  &  25  V.  c.  96, 
the  Vestry  "  is  as  much  a  part  of  the  Church  as  the  Altar  or  the  Nave  " 
(per  Coleridge,  J.,  B.  v.  Evans,  C.  &  M.  298). 

Stat.  Def.  —  8  &  9  V.  c.  118,  s.  167 ;  14  &  15  V.  c.  97,  s.  29;  32  & 
33  V.  0.  94,  s.  14;  35  &  36  V.  c.  35,  s.  1;  37  &  38  V.  c.77,  s.l4,  c.85, 
B.  6.  —  Ir.  32  &  33  V.  c.  42,  s.  72.  —  Scot.  31  &  32  V.  c.  96,  s.  1. 

V.  Chapel. 

"  Whatever  legal  difSculty  there  may  be  in  giving  a  strict  legal  defini- 
tion of  what  constitutes  legal  Membership  of  the  Church  of  England,  — 


CHURCH  812      CHURCHWARDEN 

I  think  that  a  person  who  has  been  baptized,  has  been  confirmed  (or  is 
ready  and  desirous  so  to  be),  and  is  an  actual  communicant,  does  hold 
the  status  of  a  Member  of  that  Church,  and  would  be  ordinarily  regarded 
and  spoken  of  as  such  "  (per  Stirling,  J.,  Re  Ferry  Almshouses^  67  L.  J. 
Ch.  210).  An  Eleemosynary  Charity  for  persons  who  are,  (1)  Regular 
attendants  at  the  Parish  Church,  (2)  Partakers  of  the  Holy  Commanion, 
and  (3)  have  lived  **  a  godly,  righteous,  and  sober,  life  to  the  glory  of  Grod's 
Holy  Name  "  (the  latter  words  being  taken  from  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer),  is  an  Ecclksiastical  Charity,  within  s.  76  (2),  Loc  Gov  Act, 
1894;  for  the  recipients  are  (espy  having  regard  to  the  2nd  qualification) 
exclusively  Members  of  a  "Particular  Church,"  "as  such,"  —  i.«.  the 
Church  of  England  (S.  C.  1898,  1  Ch.  391;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  206;  affd 
1899,  1  Ch.  21;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  0%-,  79  L.  T.  366;  47  W.  R.  197;  63 
J.  P.  52). 

"  Church, "  in  the  phrase  "  any  Particular  Church,  or  Denomination, " 
in  the  section  just  cited,  "  does  not  mean  Building;  it  means  a  Religions 
Society  of  some  sort "  (per  Smith,  L.  J.,  S.  C).  Vf^  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  1 ; 
lb.  Part  6,  ch.  2. 

So,  quk  27  &  28  V.  c.  64,  "  The  Church  "  denotes  "  the  United  Church 
of  England  and  Ireland  "  (s.  4) ;  and  qu^  Clerical  Disabilities  Act,  1870, 
"  *  Church  of  England '  means  the  Church  of  England  as  by  law  estab- 
lished" 

"  Affairs  of  the  Church,"  quk  Loc  Gov  Act,  1894,  includes  "  the  Dis- 
tribution of  Offertories  or  other  Collections  made  in  any  Church  "  (s.  75). 

Rob  a  Church;   Y,  Rob.     "  Service  of  the  Church  ";   F.  Sebvtce. 

F.  CoLLBOiATB  Church :  District:  Parochial  Church:  Incum- 
bent. 

CHURCH  BUILDING. —  "The  Church  Building  Acts,  1818  to 
1884";   r.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

CHURCH  OFFICES.  —  Quk  28  &  29  V.  c.  82,  "  ' Church  Offices,' 
shall  mean  Marriages,  Burials,  and  Churchings  "  (s.  2). 

CHURCH  LEASE.  — *•  Church  or  College  Lease";  Stat.  Def.,  12 
&  13  V.  c.  77,  8.  54. 

CHURCH  RATE.—  F.  Compulsory  Church  Rate  Abolition  Act, 
1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  109:  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  1445. 

CHURCHWARDEN.—  '  'Churchwardens, 'are  officers  yearly  chosen 
by  the  consent  of  the  Minister  and  the  Parishioners,  according  to  the 
custome  of  every  several!  place,  to  see  to  the  Church,  Churchyard,  and 
such  things  as  belong  to  both;  and  to  marke  the  behaviour  of  the  parish- 
ioners for  such  faults  as  appertain  to  the  jurisdiction  or  censure  of  the 
Ecclesiasticall  Court.    These  are  a  kinde  of  Corporation,  and  are  enabled 


CHURCHWARDEN      813         CIRCULATION 

bj  law  to  sue  for  any  thing  belonging  to  their  Church  or  the  Poor  of  the 
parish  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley :    Vf  Jacob). 

Afl  to  the  transfer  of  the  powers,  duties,  and  liabilities,  of  Churchwar- 
dens in  matters  other  than  Ecclesiastical;  V,  s.  6  (1),  Loc  Gov  Act, 
1894:  Ecclesiastical  Charity. 

The  word  "  Churchwardens,"  in  modern  Acts,  is  generally  defined  to 
include  "  Chapelwardens,  or  other  persons  discharging  the  duties  of 
Churchwardens,"  e.g,  —  9  &  10  V.  c.  74,  s.  2  ;  10  &  11  V.  c.  38,  s.  20; 
13  &  14  V.  c.  67,  8.  10;  14  &  15  V.  c.  34,  s.  3,  c.  97,  s.  29;  15  & 
16  V.  c.  85,  8.  52. 

Vhy  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  Part  6,  ch.  4 :  Prideaux's  Churchwarden's  Guide : 
Shaw's  Parish  Law :  Steer's  Parish  Law :  Grant;  on  Corporations,  600 : 
3  Encyc.  1&-21. 

CHURCHYARD.  —  Tombs  in  a  churchyard  are  not  within  the  word 
"  Churchyard  "  as  used  in  the  Church  Building  Act,  1809, 49  G.  3,  c.  108, 
8.  1 ;  and  a  bequest  for  their  repair  is  not  saved  by  that  Act  (R^  Rigley^ 
36  L.  J.  Ch.  147).  Vh,  Re  Vaughan,  33  Ch.  D.  187;  55  L.  T.547;  39 
W.  R.  104 :  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  Part  6,  ch.  2. 

CIDER.  —  If  so  understood  at  the  place  where. the  Contract  is  made, 
"  Cider,"  probably,  means  the  juice  of  apples  as  soon  as  expressed  {Studdy 
V.  Sanders,  5  B.  &  C.  628). 

Qui  Beerhouse  Acts,  and  Inl.  Rev.  License,  "  Cider  "  includes  Perry 
(s.  32,  Beerhouse  Act,  1830;  s.  2,  32  &  33  V.  c.  27;  s.  40,  Inl.  Rev. 
Act,  1880). 

V,  Beer. 

CINDERS.— F.  Coal. 

CINQUE  PORTS.— The  Cinque  Ports,  are  Hastings,  Sandwich, 
Dover,  Hythe,  and  Rye  (18  &  19  V.  c.  48).  "  The  District  of  Romney 
Marsh  "  is  treated  as  distinct  therefrom  (s.  2,  27  &  28  V.  c.  80). 

"  The  Cinque  Ports  Acts,  1811  to  1872  ";  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act, 
1896. 

Qui  16  &  17  V.  c.  129,  "  •  Cinque  Port  Pilots '  shall  mean,  the  Pilots  of 
the  Society  or  Fellowship  of  the  Trinity  House  of  Dover,  Deal,  and  the 
Isle  of  Thanet  "  (s.  26). 

CIRCULARS. — "Circulars,  Advertisements,  or  otherwise,"  s.  32, 
Patents,  Designs,  and  Trade  Marks  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V.  c.  57,  include 
a  letter  {Driffield  Co  v.  Waterloo  Mills  Co,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  391;  31  Ch.  D. 
638;  54  L.  T.  210;  34  W.  R.  360:  BarreU  v.  Day,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  464; 
43  Ch.  D.  435;  Skinner  v.  Shew,  1893,  1  Ch.  413;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  196;  67 
L.  T.  696;  41  W.  R.  217).     F.  Threat. 

CIRCULATION.  — A  Bank-note  "  In  Circulation,"  means,  a  Note 
which  is  passing  from  hand  to  hand  as  a  Negotiable  instrument;  and 


CIRCULATION         814  CITY 

when  returned  to  the  Bank  (or  any  of  its  branches),  it  ceases  to  be  '*  In 
Circulation  "  or  "  Outstanding  "  (Bank  of  Africa  v.  Colonial  Govern- 
ment,  61  L.  J.  P.  C.  66;  13  App.  Ca.  215;  68  L.  T.  427). 

CIRCUMSPECTE  AQATIS.— ""Is  the  title  of  a  statute  made 
(13  Edw.  1,  A.  D.  1268),  prescribing  some  cases  to  the  Judges  wherein 
the  King's  Prohibition  lies  not "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

CIRCUMSTANCES,— r.  Same:  Special:  Insolvent  Circum- 
stances: Like. 

"  As  Circumstances  may  require  "  ;   F.  Require. 

In  taxing  Costs,  the  "  Other  Circumstances  "  referred  to  by  R.  20, 
Ord.  50  a,  Co.  Co.  R.  1889,  include  the  insolvency  of  the  estate  (Pain 
V.  Bowden,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  301;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  530;  75  L.  T.  102;  45 
W.  R.  48). 

"  When  the.  statute  s.  9,  Public  Worship  Regn  Act,  1874,  prescribes 
that  the  Bishop's  Opinion  is  to  be  formed  *  after  considering  the  Whole 
Circumstances  of  the  case,'  I  think  it  must  mean  that  the  Bishop  is  to 
consider  all  the  circumstances  which  appear  to  him,  honestly  exercising 
his  judgment,  to  bear  upon  the  particular  case,  and  upon  the  question 
whether  he  ought  in  that  case  to  prevent  proceedings  being  taken. 
I  dissent  entirely  from  the  view  that  it  is  for  the  Court,  or  your  Lord- 
ships, to  determine  what  are  the  considerations  which  ought  to  govern 
the  Bishop's  Opinion  "  (per  Ld  Herschell,  Alleroft  v.  London  Bp,  cited 
Opinion).  **  The  enquiry  into  all  the  circumstances  of  the  case  is  one 
which  may  justly  include  considerations  of  the  good  to  be  done  by,  or 
the  mischief  involved  in,  proceedings  which,  unless  they  obtain  the 
Bishop's  sanction,  cannot  proceed"  (per  Halsbury,  C,  lb.),  Sv,  per 
Ld  Bramwell,  S.  C. 

A  similar  rule  obtains  where  Justices,  or  others,  have  to  exercise  a 
general  discretion,  after  enquiring  into  all  the  Circumstances  of  a  case 
(R.  V.  Mills,  ;^  B.  &  Ad.  578:  R.  v.  Treasury,  10  A.  &  E.  179;  8  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  249). 

CIRCUMSTANTIBUS-  —  "  Is  a  Word  of  Art,"  indicating  a  supply 
of  Jurors  when  a  Tales  is  prayed  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

CISTERN.  — Qud,  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891,  "*  Cistern,'  includes 
a  Water-butt  "  (s.  141). 

CITY.  — "  Every  borough  incorporate,  that  had  a  bishop  within  time 
of  memory,  is  a  citie,  albeit  the  bishopricke  be  dissolved "  (Co.  Litt. 
109  b).      Vf  Termes  de  la  Ley. 

Stat.  Def.  — /r.  13  &  14  V.  c.  68,  s.  24,  c.  69,  s.  117;  31  &  32  V. 
c.  49,  s.  25. 

•'  City  or  Borough  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  6  &  7  V.  c.  18,  s.  101;  17  &  18  V. 
c.  102,  8.  38. 


CITY  315      CIVIL  PRISONER 

"  City  or  Place  ";  Stat.  Def.,  26  &  27  V.  c.  97,  8.  2. 

" City  of  Dublin";  Stat.  Def.,  12  &  13  V.  c.  91,  s.  89,  c.  97,  s.  133. 

"  City  of  London  ";   V.  London. 

"  City  of  London  Police  Rate  ";  Stat.  Def.,  49  &  60  V.  c.  11,  s.  7. 

CIVIL  AFFAIRS V.  Managebjent. 

CIVIL   CAPACITY.  —  Stat.  Def.,  39  &  40  V.  c.  43,  a.  1. 

CIVIL  CAUSE,— F.  Cause:  Civil  Proceeding:  Criminal 
Cause. 

CIVIL    CODE    OF     LOWER     CANADA.— F.  Bill   op    Ex- 

CHANGE,  n. 

CIVIL  COMMOTION.  — A  "Civil  Commotion,"  within  an  Ex- 
ception  to  a  Fire  Policy,  means  "an  Insurrection  of  the  people  for 
general  purposes,  though  it  may  not  amount  to  a  Rebellion,  where  there 
is  an  Usurped  Power  "  (per  Mansfield,  C.  J.,  Langdale  v.  Mason,  Park, 
968) ;  agreeably  to  his  lordship's  directions,  the  jury  found  that  the  Ld 
George  Gordon  Riots  of  June,  1780,  were  a  "  Civil  Commotion. "  But  there 
must  be  something  more  than  a  mere  general  civil  disturbance  of  a  tran- 
sient character;  and,  therefore,  an  Exception  of  "Civil  Commotion," 
in  a  Charter-Party,  is  not  established  by  a  general  and  vague  proof  of  a 
disturbed  state  of  the  Place  of  Loading  which  may  have  interrupted  or 
impeded,  but  did  not  actually  prevent,  the  loading  of  the  ship  (The 
VUlage  Belle,  2  Asp.  228;  30  L.  T.  232). 

Q?,  Civil  War:  Riot:  Usurped  Power:  Rebellion:  LEvr  War. 

CIVIL  CUSTODY.  -  Stat.  Def.,  42  i&  43  V.  c.  33,  s.  69;  44  &  46 
V.  c.  58,  8.  60  (6). 

CIVIL  DEATH.— F.  Bullock  v.  Dodds,  2  B.  &  Aid.  275:  Coombes 
T.  Queen^s  Proctor,  16  Jur.  820. 

CIVIL  DEBT.  — A  "Civil  Debt"  within  s.  6,  Sum  Jur  Act,  1879, 
is  "  a  sum  of  money  claimed  to  be  due  "  before  the  commencement  of  the 
proceedings  to  recover  it,  and  does  not  include  a  fine  or  penalty  not  due 
to  anybody  until  the  magistrate  has  adjudged  its  amount  (E,  v.  Paget, 
61  L.  J.  M.  C.  9;  8  Q.  B.  D.  151.  Vf,  Mellor  v.  Denham,  49  L.  J. 
M.  C.  89;  6  Q.  B.  D.  467:  B.  v.  Stewart,  cited  Ship).  F.  Claimed. 
CjP  Judgment  Debt. 

CIVIL  ENGINEER.— F.  jdgmt  of  Halsbury,  C,  Inl.  Bev,  v. 
Forrest,  15  App.  Ca.  342;  63  L.  T.  36;  39  W.  R.  33. 

CIVIL  PRISONER.  —  Qn^  2  &  3  V.  c.  42  (to  improve  prisons  in 
Scotland),  "* Civil  Prisoner,'  shall  include  all  persons  imprisoned  for 
Civil  Debt,  or  ad  factum  prcestandum,  or  generally,  at  the  instance  of 


CIVIL  PRISONER        816         CIVIL  RIGHTS 

a  Creditor  for  performance  of  Civil  Obligation  '*  (8.03),  — a  def  expanded 
bj  23  &  24  V.  c.  105,  s.  4;  40  &  41  V.  c.  63,  s.  71.  Cp  Criminal 
Prisoner. 

CIVIL  P  ROC E E D I N  Q .  —  Is  a  process  for  tbe  recovery  of  indi vidual 
right  or  redress  of  individual  wroiig;  inclusive,  in  its  proper  legal  sense, 
of  suits  by  the  Crown  (Bradlaugh  v.  Clarkey  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  505;  8  App. 
Ca.  354). 

"  Civil  Proceeding,"  s.  1,  Bankry  Act,  1890,  includes  everything 
which  can  fairly  be  so  called,  e.g,  a  Summons  for  leave  to  enforce  an 
Award  {Re  J?,  Ex  p.  Caucasian  Trading  Corp,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  368; 
65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  346;  74  L.  T.  47;  44  W.  R.  439). 

"  Civil  Proceeding,"  R.  2,  Ord.  68,  R.  S.  C;   V.  Ann.  Pr. 

A  Quo  Warranto  is  now  a  **  Civil  Proceeding  "  (s.  15,  Jud.  Act,  1884). 

r.  Action:  Cause:  Criminal  Cause:  Criminal  Suit. 

CIVIL  RIGHTS.  — The  "Property  and  Civil  Rights,"  which  by 
s.  92,  British  North  America  Act,  1867,  30  V.  c.  3,  are  to  be  regulated 
by  the  Provincial  Legislature,  include  rights  arising  from  contract,  e.g. 
Fire  Insurance  Policies;  and  such  a  contract  is  not  a  matter  relating  to 
**  Trade  or  Commerce  "  within  s.  91,  and  therefore  to  be  regulated  by  the 
Dominion  Legislature  (Citizens*  Insrce  v.  Parsons,  51  L.  J.  P.  C.  11; 
7  App.  Ca.  96:  F/*,  as  to  "  Trade  or  Commerce,"  Severn  v.  The  Queen, 
2  Sup.  Ct.  Can.  Ca.  90) .  But  an  Act  for  the  regulation  of  the  sale  of 
intoxicants  relates  to  public  order,  and  is  not  within  the  phrase  "  Prop- 
erty and  Civil  Rights,"  and  is,  therefore,  within  the  competency  of  the 
Dominion  Legislature.  Such  an  Act  "  has  in  its  legal  aspect  an  obvious 
and  close  similarity  to  laws  which  place  restrictions  on  the  sale  or 
custody  of  poisonous  drugs  or  of  dangerously  explosive  substances. 
These  things,  as  well  as  intoxicating  liquors,  can,  of  course,  be  held  as 
property ;  but  a  law  placing  restrictions  on  their  sale,  custody,  or  removal, 
on  the  ground  that  the  free  sale  or  use  of  them  is  dangerous  to  public 
safety,  and  making  it  a  criminal  offence  punishable  by  fine  or  imprison* 
ment  to  violate  these  restrictions,  cannot  properly  be  deemed  a  law  in 
relation  to  property  in  the  sense  in  which  those  words  are  used  in  tbe 
92nd  section.  .  .  .  Laws  which  make  it  a  criminal  offence  for  a  man  wil- 
fully to  set  fire  to  his  own  house  on  the  ground  that  such  an  act  endan- 
gers the  public  safety,  or  to  over-work  his  horse  on  the  ground  of  cruelty 
to  the  animal,  though  affecting  in  some  sense  property  and  the  right  of 
a  man  to  do  as  he  pleases  with  his  own,  cannot  properly  be  regarded  as 
legislation  in  relation  to  Property  or  to  Civil  Rights.  Nor  could  a  law 
which  prohibited  or  restricted  the  sale  or  exposure  of  cattle  having  a 
contagious  disease  be  so  regarded.  Laws  of  this  nature  designed  for  the 
promotion  of  public  order,  safety,  or  morals,  and  which  subject  those 
who  contravene  them  to  criminal  procedure  and  punishment,  belong  to 


CIVIL  RIGHTS        317  CLAIM 

the  subject  of  Public  Wrongs  rather  than  to  that  of  Civil  Rights" 

(^JtusseU  V.  The  Queen,  51  L.  J.  P.  C.  81;  7  App.  Ca.  829).     V,  Pkack. 

V,  Bankbuptcy  and  Insolvency:  Direct  Taxation:  Rights. 

CIVIL  SERVANT.  —Qui  Superannuation  Acts,  "  *  Civil  Servant/ 
means,  a  person  who  has  served  in  an  established  capacity  in  the  Perma- 
nent Civil  Service  of  the  State,  within  the  meaning  of  s.  17  of  the 
Superannuation  Act,  1859  "  (60  &  51  V.  c.  67,  s.  12). 

CIVIL  WAR.  —  Civil  War  is  when  a  Party  arises  in  a  State  which 
no  longer  obeys  the  Sovereign,  and  is  sufficiently  strong  to  make  head 
against  him;  or  when,  in  a  Republic,  the  nation  is  divided  into  two 
opposite  Factions  and  both  sides  take  up  arms  {Brown  v.  Hiattj  1  Dillon, 
379).     Cp  Civil  Commotion. 

CLAIM. —  V.  Debt,  Claim,  or  Demand:  Demand:  Incum- 
brance. 

"  •Clairae,'  is  a  Challenge  by  any  man  of  the  propertie  or  ownership 
of  a  thing  which  hee  hath  not  in  possession,  but  is  withholden  from  him 
wrongfully "  (Termes  de  la  Ley,  which  adopts  def  of  Dyer,  C.  J., 
Stowell  V.  Zouchj  Plowd.  359).      F/Cowel. 

"  '  Claim  against  the  Crown  for  damages  or  compensation '  (Crown 
Suits,  Ordinance,  1876,  s.  18,  ii),  is  an  apt  expression  to  include  Claims 
arising  out  of  Torts  "  {A-G.  Straits  Settlements  v.  Wemyss^  57  L.  J. 
P.  C.  64;  13  App.  Ca.  192;  58  L.  T.  358). 

R.  5,  Ord.  57,  R.  S.  C,  does  not  mean  that  there  should  be  a  vague 
statement,  but  the  "  Claim ''  therein  referred  to  should  be  precise  and 
definite  {Hockey  v.  Evans,  18  Q.  B.  D.  390;  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  253). 

"Claim  for  Compensation,"  s.  2  (1),  Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897, 
includes  a  Kotice  of  Claim,  as  well  as  the  initiation  of  proceedings 
{Po^oell  V.  Main  Colliery  Co,  1900,  A.  C.  366;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  758;  83 
L.  T.  85;  49  W.  R.  50). 

Note.  V.  Wright  v.  Bagnall,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  240;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
551;  82  L.  T.  346;  48  W.  R.  533;  64  J.  P.  420,  as  to  Waiver  of  Notice 
by  Conduct :  who  Cp  with  Randall  v.  HUVs  Dry  Dock  Co,  1900,  2  Q.  B. 
245;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  554;  82  L.  T.  521;  48  W.  R.  530;  64  J.  P. 
451. 

The  Declaration  is  a  part  of  the  statutory  "  Claim  "  to  the  Lodger 
Franchise  {Ainsley  v.  Nicholson,  24  Q.  B.  D.  144;  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  102). 

"  Claims  of  which  Exor  has  Notice,"  s.  29,  Ld  St.  Leonards*  Act,  22 
&  23  Y.  c.  35,  include  those  which  a  Cr  has  a  right  to  make  and  which 
are  known  to  the  Exor,  as  well  as  those  actually  sent  in;  for  '*  Notice  " 
there,  means  knowledge  {MarkwelVs  Case,  21  W.  R.  135 :  Scottish  Eq, 
Assrcev.  Beatty,  29  L.  R.  Ir.  290). 

"Claims  and  Contingent  Liabilities,"  against  which,  under  their 
articles,  Directors  of  a  Co  have  to  retain  a  Reserve  Fuud^  mean,  such 


CLAIM  818      CLAIMING  UNDER 


things  as  outstanding  debts  and  possible  adverse  verdicts,  but  not  pos- 
sible depreciation  of  the  Co's  securities  {Lever  v.  Land  Securities  Co, 
8  Times  Rep.  94). 

Claim  or  Demand  in  respect  of  Illness ;   F.  Illness. 

A  Power  to  recover  "  Claims  or  Demands,"  includes  the  power  to  sue 
for  a  Libel  (Williams  v.  Beaumont^  10  Biug.  260). 

"  Claim  indorsed  " ;   V.  Indobsbd. 

V,  Claimed:  Sum  Claimed. 

CLAIMANT "Creditor  or  Claimant,"  s.  22,  14  &  15  V.  c.  cv., 

means,  only  a  person  having  a  debt  or  liquidated  demand  against  the 
Copper  Miners'  Co;  the  phrase  does  not  include  a  person  having  a  right 
of  action  for  breach  of  covenant  (  Wood  v.  Copper  Miners'  Co,  14  C.  B. 
428;  23  L.  J.  C.  P.  209). 

CLAIMED.—  V.  Admitted  Set-Off. 

"Claimed  or  Recoverable,"  s.  67,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888;  F.  Lovejoy  r. 
Coley  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  122;  1894,  2  Q.  B.  861;  71  L.  T.  374;  43  W.  R. 
48. 

A  Cab  Fare  is  "  a  sum  of  money  claimed  to  he  due, "  and  "  is  recover- 
able on  Complaint  to  a  Court  of  Summary  Jurisdiction,"  within  s.  6,  42 
&  43  V.  c.  49,  and  can  (apart  from  fraud,  59  &  60  V.  c.  27)  only  be  en- 
forced as  a  "  Civil  Debt  "  under  s.  35  (B.  v.  Kerswill,  1895,  1 Q.  B.  1; 
64  L.  J.  M.  C.  70;  71  L.  T.  574;  43  W.  R.  59;  59  J.  P.  342);  so, 
of  a  weekly  sum  claimed  by  Guardians  for  Maintenance  of  a  pauper 
father  {Re  Gamble,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  305;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  195;  79  L.  T. 
642;  63  J.  P.  101);  so,  of  a  General  District  Rate  {Southwark  & 
Vauxhall  W.  W.  Co  v.  Hampton,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  273;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
207;  79  L.  T.  512;  63  J.  P.  100):  Secus,  of  a  Poor  Rate  {Seaman  y. 
Burley,  cited  Criminal  Cause),  or  Costs  on  an  Order  to  vaccinate  {E, 
V.  Burrotvs,  77  L.  T.  338;  46  W.  R.  29;  61  J.  P.  724). 

CLAIMING    RIGHT.  — F.  Right:  Bona  fide. 

CLAIMING  UNDER.  —  As  to  who  are  persons  "  claiming  hy,  from, 
Through,  or  under,"  a  Covenantor;  F.  Quiet  Enjoyment:  Elph.  491, 
492 :  Redman,  ch.  6,  s.  1 :  Dart,  884  :  Woodf .  728 :  Touch.  170-172  : 
Stanley  v.  Hayes,  3  Q.  B.  105,  approved  and  applied  in  Kelly  y.  Rogers^ 
1892,  1  Q.  B.  910;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  604;  40  W.  R.  516:  whlc  distd 
Cohen  v.  Tannar,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  609;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  904;  83  L.  T. 
64;  48  W.  R.  642. 

V.  Pretending  to  claim  :  Under. 

SemJ)le,  that  a  Trustee  in  Bankruptcy  is  not  a  person  "Claiming 
through  or  under  "  the  Bankrupt,  within  s.  11,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854 
{Pennell  v.  Walker,  2Q  L.  J.  C.  P.  9;  18  C.  B.  651 :  Piercey  v.  Young, 
14  Ch.  D.  200). 


CLAIMING  UNDER      819  CLASS 

Where  a  person  is  '' Claiming  under  any  Mortgage  of  land,"  1  Y. 
c.  2S,  **  the  mtge  must  be  a  continuing  or  subsisting  mtge  "  {Thoimton 
▼.  France^  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  711,  stating  one  of  the  rulings  in  Heath  v. 
I^ugh^  cited  First  Accrued)  ;  and  Doe  d.  Baddeley  v.  Massey  (20  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  434;  17  Q.  B.  373)  is,  "open  to  some  question  as  being  incon- 
sistent with  that  jdgmt  "  {Ih.).  An  owner  of  an  Equity  of  Redemption 
whose  Equity  is  barred  by  s.  24,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1833, 
does  not,  by  paying  off  the  mtge  and  taking  a  Conveyance  from  the 
mtgee,  "  claim  under  the  mtge  "  within  the  section  {Thornton  v.  France, 
1897,  2  Q.  B.  143;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  705;  77  L.  T.  38;  46  W.  R.  56).  Vfy 
Doe  d.  Palmer  v.  Eyre,  20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  431;  17  Q.  B.  366. 

"Parties  claiming  under  the  Settlement,"  s.  47  (1),  Bankry  Act, 
1883,  does  not  include  a  Purchaser  for  Value  acquiring  title  under  the 
Settlement  {Ex  p.  Brown,  Be  Vansittart,  Be  Brail,  Exp.  Norton,  Be 
Carter  and  Kenderdine  ;  Sv,  Be  Briggs  atid  Spicer,  all  cited  Void). 

CLAM. —  V.  Vi,  Clam,  Precario. 

CLASS.  —  "A  gift  is  said  to  be  to  a  *  Class  '  of  persons  when  it  is  to 
all  those  who  shall  come  within  a  certain  category  or  description  defined 
by  a  general  or  collective  formula,  and  who,  if  they  take  at  all,  are  to 
take  one  divisible  subject  in  certain  proportionate  shares "  (per  Sel- 
borne,  C,  Pearks  v.  Moseley,  6  App.  Ca.  723;  50  L.  J.  Ch.  61). 

"  A  number  of  persons  are  popularly  said  to  form  a  '  Class  '  when  they 
can  be  designated  by  some  general  name  as  *  Children,'  <  Grand-children,' 
'Nephews';  but  in  legal  language  the  question  whether  a  gift  is  one  to 
a  Class  depends  not  upon  these  considerations,  but  upon  the  mode  of  gift 
itself,  namely,  —  that  it  is  a  gift  of  an  aggregate  sum  to  a  body  of  per- 
sons uncertain  in  number  at  the  time  of  the  gift,  to  be  ascertained  at  a 
future  time,  and  who  are  all  to  take  in  equal,  or  in  some  other  definite, 
proportions,  the  share  of  each  being  dependent  for  its  amount  upon  the 
ultimate  number  of  persons  "  (1  Jarm.  268,  269). 

If  only  one  person  answers  the  designation,  still  that  one  takes  as  a 
Class  {Be  Harvey,  1893,  1  Ch.  567;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  328;  68  L.  T.  562; 
41  W.  R.  293) ;  and,  again,  a  Class  may  be  formed  by  a  named  individual 
together  with  a  body  of  persons  uncertain  in  number  {Be  Moss,  1899, 
2  Ch.  314;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  598;  81  L.  T.  139;  47  W.  R.  642). 

As  to  time  for  a>scertaining  a  Class,  F.  Andrews  v.  Partington,  3  Bro. 
C.  C.  403:  Be  Knapp,  1895,  1  Ch.  91;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  112;  71  L.  T. 
625;  43  W.  R.  279:  Be  Marvin,  cited  Perpetuity:  2  Jarm.  159, 
160,  ch.  49 :  Hawk.  61,  ch.  7.  The  latter  learned  writer  was  cited 
and  approved  by  Kekewich,  J.,  Be  Powell  (1898,  1  Ch.  227;  67 
L.  J.  CK.  148;  77  L.  T.  649;  46  W.  R.  231;  distinguishing  Be  Wen- 
moth,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  649;  37  Ch.  D.  266).  The  general  rule  is,  —The 
period  indicated  for  the  distribution  of  a  fund,  is  the  period  when  the 


CLASS  320  CLEAN  BILL 

Class  to  take  such  fund  is  to  be  ascertained;  when  no  such  period  is 
indicated,  then  the  Class  should  be  ascertained  as  early  as  possible  :  — 
Therefore,  (1)  An  unconditioned  gift,  whether  of  Corpus  or  Income,  to 
a  defined  Class,  —  e.g.  Children,  Grand-Children,  Issue,  Brothers,  Sis- 
ters, Nephews,  or  Cousins,  of  the  testator,  or  any  other  person,  —  com- 
prises only  such  persons  as  answer  the  description  and  as  are  in  existence 
at  the  testator^s  deaths  if  any  such  are  then  living;  but  (2),  If  the  gift 
is  to  each  member  of  the  Class  on  attaining  a  stated  age,  or  marriage, 
the  time  for  ascertaining  the  Class  is  the  time  when  the  first  member  of 
it  becomes  entitled  to  receive  his  share.  This  second  rule,  however,  is 
not  applicable  to  gifts  of  Income;  and  any  person  answering  the  class 
description  who  at  any  time  complies  with  the  condition  of  the  gift  **  is 
entitled  to  come  in  and  share  in  the  Income  "  (Re  Wenmoth^  sup)^  &nd 
whether  the  limitations  be  legal  or  equitable  {Re  Averilly  1898,  1  Ch. 
523;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  233;  78  L.  T.  320;  46  W.  R.  460). 

"Class  of  Creditors,"  s.  2,  33  &  34  V.  c.  104;  V.  Sovereign  Life 
Assrce  v.  Dodd,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  673;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  19;  67  L.  T.  396; 
41  W.  R.  4. 

"  Class  "  of  Persons  having  rights  in  Administrations,  and  Execution 
of  Trusts,  R.  32,  Ord.  16,  R.  S.  C. ;    V.  Ann.  Pr. 

"  Classes  of  Prisoners  for  which  a  Prison  is  legal " ;  Stat.  Def .,  23  & 
24  V.  c.  105,  s.  4. 

CLASSED.  — Qu4  National  School  Teachers  (Ir)  Act,  1879,  42  & 
43  V.  c.  74,  "  '  Classed  Teachers^*  means,  such  principal  and  assistant 
teachers  of  model  or  ordinary  National  Schools  as  receive  salaries  from, 
and  are  classed  according  to  the  regulations  of,  the  Commrs  of  Educa- 
tion "  (s.  2). 

CLAUSE.  —  A  testator  (obit  1836),  devised  realty  to  "  E.  Eley,  her 
heirs  and  assigns  for  ever  " ;  subsequently  he  obliterated  "  Eley,  her  heirs 
and  assigns  for  ever,"  and  re-wrote  "  Eley  "  :  held,  a  revocation  of  a 
"  Clause  "  in  the  Will  within  s.  6,  Statute  of  Frauds  {Swinton  v.  Baili/f 
48  L.  J.  Ex.  57;  4  App.  Ca.  70). 

CLAW  A.  — "  A  close,  or  small  measure  of  land  "  (Jacob). 

CLAY F.  Mine. 

CLAY'S  ACT.  — The  Compound  Householders  Act,  1851,  14  &  15 
V.  c.  14. 

CLEAN  BILL  OF  LADltiG.  —  '' In  Restitution  S.  S.  Co  v.  Firie 
(6  Asp.  N.  S.  428;  61  L.  T.  330;  6  Times  Rep.  50)  Cave,  J.  (adopting 
a  statement  in  Pollock  &  Bruce's  Law  of  Mer  Shipping,  p.  341,  4  ed.), 
held,  that  an  agreement  to  give  a  'Clean  Bill  of  Lading,'  meant,  a  Bill 
OF  Lading  which  contained  nothing  in  the  Margin  qualifying  the  words 


CLEAN  BILL  821  CLEAR 

in  the  Bill  of  Lading  itself.  His  lordship  added,  <  But  where,  for  in- 
stance, you  insert  in  the  Margin  the  Weight,  or  Quality,  or  Quantity 
UNKNOWN,  that  is  not  a  Clean  Bill  of  Lading;  because  that  contains  a 
qualification.  Where,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  such  qualification 
inserted  in  the  Margin,  there  the  Bill  of  Lading  is  a  Clean  one '  "  (Ab- 
bott, 368),     Vf  Contents  unknown. 

VKy  Stephens  v.  Australasian  Insrce,  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  18;  42  L.  J. 
C.  P.  12:  Lishman  v.  Christie,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  638;  19  Q.  B.  D.  333: 
(for  various  Scotch  readings)  Arrospe  v.  Barr,  8  Sess.  Ca.,  4th  Ser.,  602; 
1  Maude  &  P.  341. 

CLEANSE.  —  Is  a  Structural  Improvement,  a  '' Cleansing,  Altera- 
tion, or  Amendment,"  within  s.  41  (2),  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891?  F. 
per  Kennedy,  J.,  Fulham  v.  Solomon,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  198;  65  L.  J. 
M.  C.  33. 

"The  cleansing  of  Earth-closets,  Privies,  Ash-pits,  and  Cess-pools,'' 
8.  42,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  ''  has  a  wide  meaning,  and  includes  removal  of 
all  matter  which  causes  a  Nuisance  "  (per  Bussell,  C.  J.,  Bamett  v.  La^s- 
key,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  57) ;  and  if  a  Local  Authority  undertakes  a  "  Cleans- 
ing "  which  does  not  remove,  but  which,  if  properly  done,  would  have 
removed,  the  cause  of  a  nuisance,  they  cannot,  under  s.  94,  get  the 
Structural  convenience  abolished  and  another  substituted  (S.^.  68 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  ^\  79  L.  T.  408;  63  J.  P.  5). 

CLEAR.  —  The  gift  of  a  "  Clear  "  annuity  or  legacy  exonerates  it  from 
Legacy  Duty  {Louch  v.  Peters,  1  My.  &  K.  489;  3  L.  J.  Ch.  167:  Gude 
V.  Mumford,  2  Y.  &  C.  448:  Baily  v.  Boult,  14  Bea.  595:  Lethbridge  v. 
Thurlow,  21  L.  J.  Ch.  538;  15  Bea.  334:  Haynes  v.  Bai/nes,  3  D.  G. 
M.  &  G.  590:  Banks  v.  Braithwaite,  32  L.  J.  Ch.  35;  10  W.  R.  612; 
7  L.  T.  149:  Be  Coles,  22  L.  T.  221:  Vf,  1  Jarm.  187,  n :  Seton,  1636: 
Watson,  Eq.  1345) ;  so,  if  the  words  are  '*  Clear  of  Property  Tax,  and 
all  Expenses  attending  the  same"  {Courtoy  v.  Vincent,  T.  &  R.  433). 
And  this  construction  is  not  altered  by  a  special  direction  that  one  an- 
nuity is  to  be  "  free  of  legacy  duty,"  which  direction  is  omitted  as  regards 
another  annuity  in  the  same  Will  (Be  Bohins,  W.  N.  (88)  41;  32  S.  J. 
273).  And  even  where  an  appointment  of  a  residue  of  a  fund  would  be 
regarded  as  a  gift  of  a  definite  sum,  a  preceding  appointment  of  part  of 
such  fund  "  of  the  Clear  Value  "  of  so  much,  will  exempt  that  amount 
from  liability  to  contribute  to  probate  and  legacy  duty  and  testamentary 
expenses  (Be  Currie,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  743;  59  L.  T.  200;  36  W.  R.  752). 

But  in  Banks  v.  Braithwaite  (sup),  the  di  recti  du  was  to  retain  so 
much  consols  "  as  should  be  sufficient  to  realize  the  Clear  Yearly  Income 
of  £150  ";  and  the  V.  C.  decided  that  this  income  was  not  free  of  Legacy 
duty;  for  he  said,  "  the  amount  (to  be  retained)  having  been  arrived  at, 
the  dividends  are  then  directed  to  be  paid  to  the  petitioner.     The  word 

21 


CLEAR  322  CLEAR 

'clear'  does  not  apply  to  that  direction."  Va,  Satiders  v.  Kiddell, 
6  L.  J.  Ch.  29;  7  Sim.  636:  Fridie  v.  Field,  19  Bea.  497:  — It  has, 
however,  been  said  that  **  this  distinction  does  not  seem  to  be  tenable  on 
principle"  (1  Jarm.  187,  citing  Wilks  v.  Groom,  2  Jur.  N.  S.  798: 
Harper  v.  Morletf,  2  Jur.  653.      Fa,  Ee  CoU,  L.  R.  8  Eq.  271). 

Qui  Succession  Duty,  Banks  v.  Braithwaiie  was  followed  by  Stirling, 
J.,  on  similar  words,  but  in  which  a  "  Net  "  sum  was  to  be  realized  {Jie 
Saunders,  1897,  1  Ch.  888;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  603),  that  decision,  however,  was 
reversed  on  appeal,  and  it  was  held  that  a  direction  that  so  much  of  the 
trust  property  "  as  should  be  sufficient  to  raise  the  Net  sum  of  £2,000  " 
for  A.,  entitled  A.  to  have  the  Succn  Duty  on  that  sum  paid  out  of  the 
unappointed  part  of  the  trust  property ;  Banks  v.  Braithwaite,  was  ques- 
tioned by  Lindley,  M.  R.,  and  Chitty,  L.  J.  (1898,  1  Ch.  17;  67  L.  J. 
Ch.  b6,  77  L.  T.  460;  46  W.  R.  180). 

The  word  "clear,"  alone,  will  scarcely  exempt  even  a  testamentary 
annuity  from  Income  Tax  {Lethbrid</e  v.  Thurlow,  sup);  but  coupled 
with  other  apt  words  (in  a  Will,  but  not  in  a  Deed)  it  would  do  so.  V, 
Deductions. 

"  Clear  Annual  Income,''  R.  126,  Lunacy  Rules,  1892;  F.  Re  Grehan, 
1895,  2  Ch.  12;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  606;  72  L.  T.  383;  43  W.  R.  433;  59 
J.  P.  326. 

Ay.  &  p.  contract  which  stipulates  that  the  price  for  the  land  shall 
be  paid  "  Clear  of  all  Expenses,"  means,  that  the  Purchaser  is  to  bear 
the  expense  of  making  out  the  Vendor's  Title,  as  well  as  paying  for  the 
Conveyance  which  is  an  expense  the  law  imposes  on  him  {Stratford  v. 
Bosworth,  2  V.  &  B.  241). 

F.  Free. 

"  Clear  Frofits''  of  a  Company;  F.  Re  Alexandra  Falace,  Goodsons 
Case,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  665;  21  Ch.  D.  149. 

"  Clear  Sum''-,  F.  Re  Currie,  W.  N.  (88)  164;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  743;  59 
L.  T.  200;  36  W.  R.  762. 

"  By  *  Clear  Yearly  Rent  *  is  understood,  a  Rent  clear  of  all  outgoings, 
&c  usually  borne  by  the  tenant;  but  subject  to  such  {e,g.  Land  Tax)  as 
are  borne  by  the  landlord "  (Dart,  137,  citing  Tyrconnell  v.  Ancaster^ 
2  Ves.  sen.  600:   Vf,  R,  v.  Tomlinson,  cited  Net).     F.  Yearly. 

"Fair  Clear  Annual  Rent,''  in  lieu  of  "Net  Value"  of  Tithes,  does 
not  exonerate  from  Highway  Rate  on  such  Rent  (R.  v.  Lacy,  6  B.  &  C. 
702).     Cp,  R,  V.  Shaw,  and  Chatfield  v.  Ruston,  cited  Outgoing. 

The  "  Clear  Yearly  Value  "  of  a  tenement  within  s.  27,  Rep.  People 
Act,  1832  (repld  s.  6,  Rep.  People  Act,  1884),  mea^s  the  annual  amount 
which  the  tenement  would  ordinarily  let  at,  deducting  such  rates,  taxes, 
and  charges,  as  may  be  payable  by  the  landlord,  but  which  generally  are 
payable  by  a  tenant;  but  without  deducting  landlord's  insurance  or  re- 
pairs {Cooyanv.  Luckett,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  169;  2  C.  B.  182;  1  Lutw.  447: 
Colvill  v.  Wood,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  160;  2  C.  B.  210;  1  Lutw.  487).     But  for 


CLEAR  328  CLEARANCE 

the  purpose  of  a  County  Vote  the  value  of  a  freehold  would  be  lessened 
by  what  the  landlord  would  have  to  pay  to  keep  it  in  repair  under  the  let- 
ting, or  in  order  to  obtain  a  tenant  at  the  amount  of  the  agreed  rent 
{HamUton  v.  Bass,  22  L.  J.  C.  P.  29;  12  C.  B.  631).  Indeed,  in  Dobbs 
V.  GraTul  June.  W.  W.  Co  (53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  60),  Colvill  v.  JVood  was 
treated  as  an  exceptional  decision  on  the  particular  statute  to  which  it 
related ;  and  Ld  Blackburn  there  said  that  as  Colvill  v.  Wood  had  been 
acted  upon  so  long  it  was  too  late  to  cast  any  doubt  upon  it.  As  to  the 
meaning  of  "Olear  Yearly  Value"  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  qua  elec- 
toral qualification;    V,  48  V.  c.  3,  s.  11.      Vf,  Net:  Annual  Value. 

Freehold  County  Qualification  of  the  Clear  Yearly  Value  of  40^., 
•*  above  all  Charges  " ;    V,  Charges. 

The  phrase  "  Clear  Days,"  means  that  the  time  is  to  be  reckoned  ex- 
clusive of  both  the  first  and  last  days  {R,  v.  Herefordshire  Jus,,  3  B.  & 
Aid.  581 :  Liffin  v.  Pitcher,  1  Dowl.  N.  S.  767 :  R.  12,  Ord.  64,  R.  S.  C). 
V.  At  Least  :  Between  :  Interval. 

Refreshers  to  Counsel  may  be  allowed  "  for  every  clear  day "  subse- 
quent to  the  first  or  other  day  or  days  of  the  trial  of  5  hours  each  (R.  27 
(48),  Ord.  65,  R.  S.  C),  —  that  means  every  clear  substantial  portion  of 
a  day  beyond  a  completed  day  or  days  of  5  hours  each  (per  Grantham,  J., 
at  Chambers,  in  Gibbs  v.  Barrow,  30  S.  J.  538;  Collins  v.  Worley,  60 
L.  T.  748:  Wicksteed  v.  Biggs,  52  L.  T.  428;  54  L.  J.  Ch.  967:  Bos- 
well  V.  Coaks,  36  Ch.  D.  444;  58  L.  T.  97 ;  36  W.  R.  209:  The  Courier, 
1891,  P.  355;  61  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  11;  66  L.  T.  386;  40  W.  R.  336: 
(yBara  v.  EUiott,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  362;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  317;  68  L.  T.  166; 
41  W.  R.  248:  Sv,  Walker  v.  Crystal  Palace  Gas  Co,  1891,  2  Q.  B. 
300;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  781;  65  L.  T.  86;  39  W.  R.  716). 

Vessel  to  be  placed  by  Shipowner  **  with  Clear  Holds,  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Charterers,  they  having  the  whole  Reach  or  Burthen  of  the 
vessel ";  such  a  clause  in  a  Charter-Party  does  not  relieve  the  owner  of 
his  ordinary  liability  to  provide  Ballast  {Weir  v.  Union  S.  S,  Co,  1900; 
1  Q.  B.  28;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  193,  809;  83  L.  T.  91). 

"  Clear  and  Positive  Proo/,"  means  such  evidence  as  leaves  no  reasonable 
doubt  as  to  the  matter  required  to  be  proved  (  Gopeekishen  Goshamee  v. 
Brindabunchunder  Sircar  Chowdhry,  19  Sutherland's  Weekly  Rep.  41). 
For  (and  by)  s.  436,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "  Clear  Side  "  of  a  Sea- 
going  Ship,  means,  "  the  height  from  the  water  to  the  upper  side  of  the 
plank  of  the  deck  from  which  the  depth  of  hold  as  stated  in  the  Register 
is  measured;  and  the  measurement  of  the  Clear  Side  is  to  be  taken  at 
the  lowest  part  of  the  Side." 

CLEARANCE.  —  "  Clearance  *'  of  a  Vessel,  e,g.  in  a  contract  for  the 
consignment  of  goods,  "  has  a  well-known  and  definite  meaning.  It  is  a 
Certificate  issued  by  the  Customs  showing  that  the  Vessel  named  in  it 
has  complied  with  the  Customs'  requirements  aud  is  authorised  to  proceed 


CLEARANCE  824  CLERGYMAN 

to  Sea;  and  the  acts  which  have  to  be  done  at  the  Customs  to  procure  such 
a  Certificate  constitute  the  process  of  *  Clearing'  the  Vessel.  ...  It  is 
customary  to  obtain  the  Clearance  before  the  loading  is  actually  com- 
plete, so  that  there  need  be  no  delay  in  putting  out  to  sea,  **  and  the 
Captain  obtains  it  *'  as  soon  as  his  Cargo  is  in  such  a  position  as  to  enable 
him  to  make  out  his  Manifest  for  use  of  the  Customs  "  (per  Bigham,  J., 
Thalmann  v.  Texas  Star  Fhur  Mills,  4  Com.  Ca.  265).  That  meaning 
is  not  varied  in  the  United  States  by  the  statutory  proyision  there  that 
the  Manifest  is  to  be  of  the  Cargo  ''  on  Board,  "  for,  quk  that  provision, 
"  the  authority  treats  Cargo  *  on  Board,'  if  in  fact  it  is  already  Along- 
side the  ship  in  such  circumstances  that  it  must,  in  the  ordinary  course 
of  business,  find  its  way  on  board ''  (lb, :  Thalmann^ s  Case,  a£fd  82 
L.  T.  833;  5  Com.  Ca.  321;  16  Times  Rep.  460). 

CLEARLY. — Where  a  statute  requires  that  Notice  of  Action  shall 
"  clearly  and  explicitly  "  state  the  Cause  of  action,  both  time  and  place  of 
the  occurrence  must  be  stated  (Martins  v.  Upcher,  cited  Notice). 

CLERGY.— Quk  33  &  34  V.  c.  110,  "Clergy  and  Laity"  of  the 
Irish  Church,  includes  '*  Clergy  and  Laity  in  communion  with  Bishops 
of  the  said  Church  "  (s.  4). 

Benefit  of  Clergy;   V.  Benefit. 

CLERGYMAN.  — A  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England  would 
undoubtedly  come  within  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  Clergyman  " ;  but 
"  there  are  various  authorities  to  show  that  a  Roman  Catholic  Priest  is, 
also,  a  Clergyman  in  Holy  Orders  "  (per  Stephen,  J.,  B,  v.  Horslehurst, 
53  L.  J.  M.  C.  129;  13  Q.  B.  D.  253). 

"  Rector,  Vicar,  or  Curate,  going  to,  or  returning  from,  visiting  any 
sick  parishioner,  or  on  other  his  parochial  duty,  within  his  Parish,**  qua 
exemption  from  Toll,  s.  32,  Turnpike  Roads  Act,  1822,  3  G.  4,  c.  126, 
includes  a  Ciirate  temporarily  acting,  with  the  permission  of  the  Bishop, 
though  without  his  license  (Temple  v.  Dickinson,  28  L.  J.  M.  C.  10; 
1  E.  &  E.  34) ;  secus,  if  without  the  Bishop's  permission  (Brunskill  v. 
Watson,  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  418;  37  L.  J.  M.  C.  103;  32  J.  P.  324,  692). 
"  Within  his  Parish,*'  defines  the  ambit  of  the  clergyman's  duties,  not 
that  of  his  exemption  (Temple  v.  Dickinson,  sup).  The  exemption  is 
not  lost  by  the  clergyman  being  accompanied  by  his  wife  and  daughters 
(Layard  v.  Ovey,  37  L.  J.  M.  C.  148;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  415;  32  J.  P. 
293). 

Notwithstanding  Disestablishment,  a  Clergyman  of  the  present  Church 
of  Ireland  is  a  "  Rector,  Vicar,  or  Curate  "  who,  under  s.  65,  Marriages 
(Ir)  Act,  1844, 7  &  .8  V.  c.  81,  has  to  make  quarterly  Returns  of  Marriages 
(E.  V.  Magee,  32  L.  R.  Ir.  87) ;  he  is  the  "  Successor  "  to  the  Minister 
of  the  Church  prior  to  its  disestablishment  (R.  v.  Bundman^  28  L.  B. 
Ir.  527). 


CLERGYMAN  825  CLERK 

Quk  Clergy  Discipline  Act,  1892,  55  &  56  V.  c.  32,  "  « Clergyman,' 
means,  a  Clergyman,  not  being  a  Bishop  of  a  Diocbse,  who  is  in  Holy 
Orders  in  the  Church  of  England,  or  who,  though  ordained  by  a  Bishop 
of  another  Church,  is  permitted  to  officiate  as  a  Priest  or  Deacon  of  the 
Church  of  England  "  (s.  12). 

V.  Fabson  :  Paid  Officeb. 

CLERK. — "*  Clarke  (clerke).*  Clericiis  is  twofold:  ecclesiastiata 
(which  Littleton  here,  s.  180,  intendeth),  and  he  is  either  secular  or 
regular,  so  called  because  he  is  servtts  et  hcereditas  domini  (  F.  Clergy- 
man): and  laicus,  and  in  this  sense  is  signified  a  pen-man,  who  getteth 
his  living  in  some  Court  or  otherwise  by  the  use  of  his  pen  "  (Co.  Litt. 
120  a).   Va  Termes  de  la  Ley. 

The  priority  given  in  Bankruptcy  and  Winding-up  for  payment  of 
salary  to  a  "Clerk  or  Servant"  (s.  40  (^),  Bankry  Act,  1883;  s.  1  (6), 
61  &  52  V.  c.  62:  Vf  60  &  61  V.  c.  19),  is  not  confined  to  trade  clerks; 
it  includes,  e.g.  an  Architect's  clerk  (Ex  p.  Gough,  Mont.  &  B.  417; 
3  Dea.  &  C.  189),  but  not  a  Managing  Director  of  a  Co  {Be  Newspaper 
Syndicatey  1900,  2  Ch.  349;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  578). 

A  Banker's  Clerk  is  properly  described  as  "Clerk,"  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Bills  of  Sale  Acts  {Lamb  v.  Bruce^  45  L.  J.  Q.   B.  538).     F. 

GOVBBMMENT   ClEKK. 

The  London  Agent  of  a  foreign  Company  is  not  its  "  Clerk  "  within 
R.  8,  Ord.  9,  K.  S.  C. ;  the  expression  there,  "  the  Clerk  or  Secretary, '' 
points  to  some  definite  individual  whose  knowledge  may  be  taken  to  be 
the  knowledge  of  the  Corporation  {Nutter  v.  Messageries  Maritimea^  54 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  627:  The  FHneess  Clementine,  1897,  P.  18;  66  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  23;  75  L.  T.  695).  Vh,  La  Bourgogne,  79  L.  T.  310,  331, 
also  cited  Carry  On. 

'*  A  '  Clerk  or  Servant  *  (qu^  Embezzlement),  is  a  person  bound  either 
by  express  contract  of  service,  or  by  conduct  implying  such  a  contract, 
to  obey  the  orders  and  submit  to  the  control  of  his  master  in  the  trans- 
action of  the  business  which  it  is  his  duty  as  such  clerk  or  servant  to 
transact ''  (Steph.  Cr.  237,  F.  lb.  to  p.  240  for  cases  in  illustration). 
Hereon  a  Director  of  a  Co,  may  be  its  **  Clerk  or  Servant "  {B.  v.  Stuart, 
1894,  1  Q.  B.  310;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  63;  70  L.  T.  44;  42  W.  R.  303;  58 
J.  P.  299).  An  Assistant  Overseer  appointed  by  a  Parish  Council  is 
the  "  Servant "  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  parish  {B.  v.  Smallman,  1897, 
1  Q.  B.  4;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  82;  75  L  T.  394;  61  J.  P.  312;  45  W.  R. 
249).     F.  Employed. 

Whatever  called,  a  Clerk  at  the  head  of  his  department  in  a  Bank,  is 
a  «  CAiV/ Clerk,"  s.  7,  Bank  Notes  Act,  1828,  9  G.  4,  c.  23  {B.  v.  Green- 
land, 36  L.  J.  M.  C.  37;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  65). 

An  Election  Agent's  permanent  clerk  who,  without  extra  emolument, 
helps  such  Agent  at  an  Election,  e.g.  by  addressing  envelopes,  is  not  a 


CLERK  826  CLIENT 

"  Clerk "  engaged  in  the  election,  within  Sch  1,  Part  1,  46  &  47  V. 
c.  51  (Buckrose  Case,  4  O'M.  &  H.  110). 

V,  Parish  Clerk  :   Partner. 

Sometimes  "  Clerk,  **  by  an  Interp  Clause,  includes  Secretary,  e.g. 
10  &  11  V.  c.  16,  s.  3;  12  &  13  V.  c.  93,  s.  15;  25  &  26  V.  c.  102, 
s.  112. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  53  &  54  V.  c.  5,  s.  341.  —  /n  9  &  10  V.  c.  87, 
8.2;  18<fcl9  V.  c.  40,  s.  3;  21  &  22  V.  c.  100,  s.  3.  —  iSco^  24  &  25 
V.  c.  69,  s.  2 ;  25  &  26  V.  c.  97,  s.  2,  c  101,  s.  3;  39  &  40  V.  c.  49, 
S.3;  41&42V.c51,s.3;  55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  s.  4;  60  &  61  V.  c.  38, 
s.  3. 

"  Clerk  of  Assize" 'y  F.  32  &  33  V.  c.  89,  s.  8. 

For  (and  by)  s.  78,  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  "  'Clerk  of  an  Authority' 
includes,  in  relation  to  any  Quarter  Sessions  or  Justices,  the  Clerk  of 
the  Peace  or  the  Clerk  to  a  Justice,  as  the  case  requires." 

«  Clerk  of  Court ";  F.  27  &  28  V.  c.  53,  s.  2;     38  &  39  V.  c.  62,  s.  2 ; 

58  &  59  V.  c.  19,  8.  17. 

"Clerk  of  the  Crown** \   F.  35  &  36  V.  c.  33,  s.  17,  and  Sch;  64 

6  55  V.  c.  66,  s.  95. 

"Clerk  of  the  Guardians**,  F.  8  &  9  V.  c.  126,  8.  84;  16  &  17  V. 
c.  97,  s.  132.  —  /r.  9  &  10  V.  c.  110,  s.  8;     15  &  16  V.  c.  63,  s.  45. 

"  Clerk  of  Justiciary  ";  F.  50  &  51  V.  c.  35,  s.  1. 

"  Clerk  of  the  Licensing  Justices  ";  F.  35  &  36  V.  c.  94,  ss.  74,  77; 
37  &  38  V.  c.  69,  s.  37;    53  &  54  V.  c.  59,  ss.  12  (9),  51  (13). 

"  Clerk  of  Local  Authority  ";  F.  29  &  30  V.  c.  2,  s.  4;  31  &  32  V. 
C.130,  S.2;  37t&38V.  c.  67,  s.  12;  38  &  39  V.  c.  36,  s.  31 ;  41  &  42 
V.  c.  63,  s.  5;    42  &  43  V.  c.  64,  s.  2.  — /r.  52  &  53  V.  c.  72,  8.  18; 

59  &  60  V.  c.  54,  s.  23. 

"  Clerk  of  the  Peace  " ;  F.  4  &  5  V.  c.  30,  s.  16 ;    6  &  7  V.  c.  18,  8. 101 ; 

7  &  8  V.  c.  101,  s.  74;  8  &  9  V.  c.  18,  s.  3,  c.  20,  s.  3,  c.  100,  s.  114, 
c.126,8.84;  16  &  17  V.  c.  97,  s.  132 ;  27&  28  V.  c.  65,  s.  4;  28  &  29 
V.  c.  126,  8.  4;  51  &  52  V.  c.  10,  s.  14.  — Jr.  6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  75,  a.  63 
6&7V.  0.74,8.62;  13  t&  14  V.  c.  69,  s.  117 ;  14  &  16  V.  c.  67,  s.  162 
23  &  24  V.  c.  153,  s.  4,  c.  154,  s.  1;  27  &  28  V.  c.  22,  s.  20,  c.  99,  s.  3 
33  &  34  V.  c.  109,  8.  7;  40  &  41  V.  c.  56,  s.  7;  52  &  53  V.  c.  48, 
8.  19.  —  Scot.  41  &  42  V.  c.  16,  s.  105. 

"  Clerk  of  Session  ** ;  F.  13  &  14  V.  c.  36,  s.  53;  2  &  3  V.  c.  41,  a.  3; 
19  tfe  20  V.  c.  79,  8.  4. 

Clerk  of  the  Signet)  V.  27  H.  8,  c.  11,  repealed  by  47  &48  V.  c.30. 
" Clerk  of  Supply**-,   V.  20  &  21  V.  c.  72,  s.  78. 
Management  of  Taxes  Clerk  ;    F.  43  &  44  V.  c.  19,  s.  5. 
"  War  Office  Clerk  ";   F.  41  &  42  V.  c.  53,  s.  10. 

CLIENT.  — Qu^  Solrs  Act,  1870,  "'Client'  includes  any  person 
who,  as  a  Principal  or  on  behalf  of  another  person,  retains  or  employs,  or 


CLIENT  327  CLOSE 

is  about  to  retain  or  employ,  a  Solicitor;  and  any  person  who  is  or  may 
be  liable  to  pay  the  Bill  of  a  Soir,  for  any  services,  fees,  costs,  charges, 
or  disbursements  "  (s.  3).  This  does  not,  qu4  s.  17,  comprise  the  rela- 
tionship between  Country  Solrs  and  their  London  Agents  (  Ward  v.  Ej/re, 
49  L.  J.  Ch.  657;  15  Ch.  D.  130).  Generally  speaking,  however,  the 
Country  Solr  is  the  Client  of,  and  liable  to,  his  London  Agent,  e,g.  the 
latter*8  bill  is  taxable  {Ostlev^  ChristiaUyT.  &R.  324:  Jones y.  Roberts, 
7  L.  J.  Ch.  156;  8  Sim.  397:  SmUh  v.  Dimes,  19  L.  J.  Ex.  60;  4  Ex. 
32:  Starer  v.  Johnson,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  31;  15  App.  Ca.  203;  62  L.  T.  710; 
38  W.  K.  756),  and  he  has  no  claim  at  all  against  the  lay  client  (per 
Cotton,  L.  J.,  Ward  v.  Lawson,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  325,  326:  Vf  Rose.  N.  P. 
605),  and  the  Country  Solr  is  within  a  covenant  not  to  transact  business 
with  the  London  Agent's  "  Clients  "  {Reid  v.  Burrows,  1892,2  Ch.  413; 
61  L.  J.  Ch.  448;  67  L.  J.  183 ;  40  W.  R.  620).  Note.  The  English 
custom  recognized  in  Ward  v.  Lawson  (sup),  does  not  obtain  between 
English  and  Irish  Solrs,  and  the  one  instructed  by  the  other  may  hold 
the  lay  client  responsible  as  the  principal  in  the  matter  (JSyndham  v. 
Ward,  43  S.  J.  246).     F.  Obiginal  Clients. 

Qu4  Solrs  Rem  Act,  1881,  ''  *  Client '  includes  any  person  who,  as 
a  principal  or  on  behalf  of  another,  or  as  trustee  or  exor  or  in  any  other 
capa4:ity  has  power  express  or  implied  to  retain  or  employ  and,  retains 
or  employs,  or  is  about  to  retain  or  employ,  a  Solr;  and  any  person  for 
the  time  being  liable  to  pay  to  a  Solr,  for  his  services,  any  costs,  remu- 
neration, charges,  expenses,  or  disbursements  "  (s.  1).  Save  as  regards 
the  words  italicized  the  def  (sup)  in  the  Act  of  1870  is  substantially  fol- 
lowed in  this  latter  def,  on  whv  Re  Palmer,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  575;  45  Ch.  D. 
291;  62  L.  T.  778;  38  W.  R.  673. 

As  to  Agreements  respecting  Costs  between  Solrs  and  Clients;  F.  In 
Writing:   Fair  and  Reasonable. 

Doing  business  for  "  Clients,"  means,  acting  for  them  a^  a  Solr  (Hayne 
v.  Burchell,  7  Times  Rep.  116;  35  S.  J.  88).  Vthc  as  to  interpretation 
of  a  Contract  "  not  to  take  away  or  do  business  for  *  Clients  '  " :  —  as  to 
remedy  for  a  Breach,  V.  Howard  v.  Woodward,  34  L.  J.  Ch.  47. 

In  R.  6,  Solrs  Rem  Ord, ''  Client ''  means,  all  the  clients  (if  more  than 
one)  for  whom  the  solicitor  is  undertaking  business  (per  Stirling,  J., 
obiter,  Re  Metcalfe,  32  S.  J.  60;  36  W.  R.  137). 

In  a  V.  &  P.  contract,  "  my  Client,"  or  "  your  Client,"  does  not 
sufficiently  indicate  the  Vendor:   V,  Proprietor. 

CLOCK.  —  r.  Of  the  Clock. 

CLOG.  —  «  Clogging  the  Equity  " ;    V.  Mortgage. 

CLOSE.  —  "  Close,"  in  its  ordinary  sense,  denotes  an  inclosure  (Rich- 
ardson V.  Watson,  4  B.  &  Ad.  787 ;  2  L.  J.  K.  B.  134).  "  Close  "  is  am- 
biguous, and  may  mean  the  quality  or  description  of  land,  as  well  as 


CLOSE  828  CLOTHES 

the  land  itself  {Heath  v.  MUwardy  4  L.  J.  C.  P.  292;  2  Bing.  N.  C. 
98;  2  Sc.  160).     Vh  F.  N.  B.  128,  n. 

''  Close  or  Curtilage  "  of  a  Factory;  V.  Taylor  v.  Hiekesy  31  L.  J. 
M.  C.242;  12  C.  B.  N.  S.  152. 

"  Close,"  in  a  Declaration  in  Trespass,  included  the  subsoil  as  well  as 
the  surface  (Cox  v.  Glue,  17  L.  J.  C.  P.  162;  5  C.  B.  633). 

"Close  of  the  Pleadings";  R.  6,  Ord.  23,  R.  13,  Ord.  27,  R.  S.  C; 
V.  Robinson  v.  Caldwell,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  519;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  252: 
Ann.  Pr. 

To  close  Licensed  Premises;  F.  R.  v.  Felly j  cited  Found:  Keep  open. 

"  The  Local  Authority  may  close  any  Communication  between  a  Drain 
and  a  Sewer,"  &c,  s.  21,  P.  H.  Act,  1876 ;  F.  Ainley  y.  Kirkheaton, 
cited  Filthy  Water. 

CLOSE-HAULED.  —'' « Clos^hauled '  (in  the  Regns  for  Preventing 
Collisions  at  Sea,  1879)  is  not  confined  to  a  yessel  sailing  as  close  as  pos- 
sible to  the  wind;  it  may  be  applied  to  a  vessel  on  a  wind,  although  she 
may  be  able  to  luff  a  point  or  more  without  losing  steerage-way  "  (1  Maude 
&  P.  599,  600,  citing  Chadwick  v.  Dublin  Steam  Packet  Co,  6  K  &  B. 
771).  Vf,  The  Earl  Wemyss,  61  L.  T.  289 ;  6  Asp.  407 :  The  Privateer, 
9  L.  R.  Ir.  105 :  Abbott,  847. 

CLOSE  SEASON.  — The  ''Close  Season,"  or,  in  other  words, 
**  Close  Time,''  of  Fishing  or  Sporting,  is  the  time  during  which,  for 
the  time  being,  it  is  prohibited  to  fish  for,  take,  or  destroy,  the  particular 
thing  intended  to  be  protected ;  FA,  8  &  9  V.  c.  108,  s.  26;  13  &  14  V. 
c.  88,  s.  1;  36  &  37  V.  c.  71,  s.  4:  Annual  Close  Season. 

CLOSED  VESSEL.  —  ''  Closed  Vessel  used  for  generating  steam," 
s.  3,  45  &  46  V.  c.  22,  does  not  mean  a  vessel  hermetically  sealed  but 
means,  one  so  closed  that  steam  explosion  might  happen  (R.  v.  Boiler 
Explosions  Act  Commrs,  1891, 1  Q.  B.  703;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  544;  64  L.  T. 
674;  39  W.  R.  440). 

CLOSELY  ENTAILED.  — A  devise  followed  by  a  direction  that 
the  property  should  be  "  closely  entailed,"  was  cut  down  to  a  tenancy  for 
life,  remainder  to  the  issue;  but  the  tenant  for  life  was  made  unimpeach- 
able for  waste  {Woolmore  v.  Burrows,  1  Sim.  512). 

V.  Stbict  Settlement. 

CLOSING  ORDER. —  Qu^  Part  2,  Housing  of  the  Working 
Classes  Act,  1890,  53  &  54  V.  c.  70,  "  *  Closing  Order,*  means,  an  Order, 
prohibiting  the  use  of  premises  for  human  habitation,  made  under  the 
enactments  set  out  in  the  3rd  Sch  "  of  the  Act  (s.  29). 

CLOTHES.— r.  LiNEK. 


CLOUCH  829  COAL 

CLOUQH.  — A  Valley  (Co.  Litt.  4  b). 

CLUB.  — Artiste  shall  "not  perform  at  any  Club";  F.  Kelly  v. 
XiOndon  Pavilion^  cited  Perform. 

A  Members'  Club,  which  needs  no  License  for  the  sale  of  Intoxicating 
Xiiquors,  is  one  composed  exclusively  of  Members,  who  alone  can  be  sup- 
plied and  who  among  themselves  have  for  their  common  advantage  what- 
ever profit  is  thence  derived :  it  may  be  just  possible  that  an  Incorporated 
Co  may  be  such  a  Club  (Newell  v.  Hemingioayy  60  L.  T.  544),  but  the 
accidents  of  death  &c  will,  in  most  cases,  soon  create  a  state  of  things 
in  which  the  Members  of  the  Co  will  not  be  identically  the  same  as  the 
Members  of  the  Club,  and  then  the  Co  will  be  no  longer  a  Members' 
Club  but  will  be  a  Proprietary  Club  {National  Sporting  Club  Co  v. 
Copey  82  L.  T.  352),  which  must  be  licensed  like  an  individual  (Bowyer 
V.  Percy  Supper  Club,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  154;  69  L.  T.  447;  42  W.  R.  29; 
57  J.  P.  470). 

"  A  stipulation  that  premises  are  to  be  used  as  a  '  Private  Club/  is 
broken  by  using  them  for  Boxing  Contests  to  which  strangers  are  ad- 
mitted on  payment "  (Redman,  268,  citing  Seaward  v.  Faterson^  12  Times 
Rep.  525;  whc  also  cited  Aid  or  Abet). 

F.  Public-house. 

COACH.  —Is  a  Cab  a  "  Coach,"  or  "  Chariot,"  within  s.  65,  Michael 
Angelo  Taylor's  Act  ?     V.  Frost  v.  WiUiams,  7  A.  &  E.  773. 

A  Tram-car  is  a  "  Coach,"  qu^  a  Bridge  Toll  under  a  Local  Act  of 
7  G.  3  (Flymouth  Tramways  Co  v.  General  Tolls  Co,  IS  Times  Rep. 
74;  14  lb.  531;  75  L.  T.  467);  and  a  Bicycle  is  a  "  Carriage^"  within 
the  same  Act  (Cannan  y.  Abington,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  66;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
517;  82  L.  T.  382;  48  W.  R.  470). 

<<  Hackney  Coach  " ;   F.  Hacknet  Carriage.  % 

COAL. — Fuel  for  fire  composed  of  coal  dust  mixed  with  pitch 
and  lime,  is  not  "Coal,"  qui  an  Import  Duty,  although  its  only 
or  chief  use  is  as  a  substitute  for  Coal  {London  y.  Farkinson,  10  C.  B. 
228). 

**  Coal  is  Coal,  whether  it  be  large  or  small,  — whether  it  be  round  or 
slack  "  (per  Ld  Macnaghten,  Netherseal  Co  v.  Bourne,  cited  Mineral 
Gotten). 

"  Coal,"  s.  15,  30  &  31  V.  c.  134,  (or,  semble,  generally)  does  not  in- 
clude Cinders  or  Coke  {Fletcher  v.  Fields,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  790;  60  L.  J. 
M.  C.  102;  64  L.  T.  472;  39  W.  R.  655;  55  J.  P.  502);  but  by  its 
interp  clause  (s.  48)  "Coals"  includes  Cinders  and  Culm,  qu^  Coal- 
whippers'  (Port  of  London)  Act,  1851,  14  &  15  V.  c.  78. 

Coal  Mines;  V.  Mine:  Property  other  than  land:  23  &  24  V. 
c.  161,  8.  7. 

^  Coal  SeamS|  workable  as  Coal  Seams  ";   F.  Workable. 


COAL  330  COASTWISE 

"  Coals  and  Coal  Mines  " ;   V.  Subsoil. 

"Coals  and  Produce  of  any  other  Mines,"  includes  Coke  {Bowes  v. 
Eavensworthf  cited  Produce  of  Mines). 

"  Coals  exported  " ;    V,  Expobted. 

Coals,  &c  to  be  ''  sold  by  Weight,  and  not  by  Measure,"  s.  9,  5  &  6 
W..4  c.  63;   F.  By  Weight. 

COAST.  —  F.  Sea  Coast. 

Qui  Herring  Fisheries  (Scot)  Act,  1867,  30  &  31  V.  c.  62,  "  « the 
Coasts  of  Scotland,'  shall  mean  and  include,  all  Bays,  Estuaries,  Arms 
of  the  Sea,  and  all  Tidal  Waters  within  the  distance  of  3  miles  from  the 
mainland  or  adjacent  islands  "  (s.  11). 

"  Coast-Guard  " ;   F.  19  &  20  V.  c.  83,  s.  2. 

COASTING    SHIP "Coasting  Ship,"  s.  142,  39  &  40  V.  c  36, 

s.  9,  42  &  43  y.  c.  21,  has  the  same  meaning  as  "  Ship  employed  in  the 
Coasting  Trade,"  s.  379  (1),  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1854  (per  Bruce,  J., 
The  Winesteady  1895,  P.  170;  64  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  63;  72  L.  T.  91; 
11  Times  Rep.  220). 

COASTING  TRADE.— "Ships  employed  in  the  Coasting  Trade 
of  the  United  Kingdom"  (s.  379,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1854,  repld, 
s.  625,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894),  means,  ships  continually  or  ordinarily 
so  employed  {The  Agricola^  2  Rob.  W.  10:  The  Lloyds,  otherwise  The  Sea 
Queen,  32  L.  J.  P.  M.  t&  A.  197;  Brown.  &  Lush.  369:  Vf,  1  Maude  & 
P.  277),  and  which,  for  the  time  being,  are  only  so  employed  and  are  not 
partly  employed  in  Foreign  Trade  (TAeJFme^^eoc?,  cited  Coasting  Ship: 
The  Glanystwyth,  1899,  P.  118 ;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  37;  80  L.T.  204 ; 
8  Asp.  513).     Cp,  Coasting  Vessel  :  Trading  :  Europe. 

^s  used  in  the  United  States;  F.  Steamboat  Co  v.  Livingstone, 
3  Cowen,  713,  747:  United  States  v.  The  James  Morrison,  1  Newb.  241: 
United  States  v.  The  William  Pope,  lb.  259. 

COASTI NG  VESSEI "  A  « Coasting  Vessel '  would  seem  to  mean 

a  vessel  that  goes  along  the  coast  "  (per  Alderson,  B.,  Shepherd  v.  HUls, 
25  L.  J.  Ex.  9).  But  an  Irish  vessel  trading  between  Belfast  and 
London  is  not  a  Coasting  Vessel,  within  52  G.  3,  c.  39,  s.  2  {Davison 
V.  Mekibben,  6  Moody,  387);  nor  are  vessels  trading  between  England, 
and  Guernsey  and  Jersey,  "  Coasting  Vessels  "  within  the  meaning  of  the 
Customs  Acts,  or  of  a  Harbour  Act  {Shepherd  v.  Hills,  26  L.  J.  Ex.  6; 
11  Ex.  65).     Cp  Coasting  Trade. 

COASTWISE.  —  Goods  brought  from  an  Irish  port  to  Bristol, 
are  not  brought  "Coastwise"  {Battersby  v.  Kirk,  5  L.  J.  C.  P.  166; 
2  Bing.  N.  C.  584).  Vf,  San  Francisco  v.  Steam  Nav.  Co,  10  CaL 
507. 


COBBLER  381       COFFEE-HOUSE 

COBBLER.  —  "  I  remember  a  Shoemaker  brought  an  action  against 
a  man  for  saying  that  he  was  a  'Gobler':  and  though  a  Cobler  be  a 
trade  of  itself  yet,  held,  that  the  action  lay  "  (per  Twisden,  J.,  Redman 
V.  Ftpie,  cited  Bungler). 

COBLE r.NET. 

COCK  OF  HAY.  —  An  Indictment  for  setting  fire  to  a  "  Cock  "  of 
Hay,  held,  not  sustainable  under  an  Act  making  it  an  offence  to  set  fire 
to  a  "  Stack  "  of  hay.  "  We  know  that,  popularly,  a  Cock  of  Hay,  differs 
from  a  Bick  or  Stack.  The  small  conical  heap  into  which  hay  is  formed 
temporarily  in  the  field,  to  protect  it  from  rain  before  it  is  completely 
saved,  is  commonly  called  a  Cock  of  Hay;  and  in  some  districts  it  is 
called  a  lap  cock,  in  others  a  field  cock ;  while  in  other  places  it  receives 
a  different  name.  A  Cock  of  hay  may,  therefore,  be  any  small  heap  of 
hay  in  the  field,  saved,  or  not  completely  saved;  and  may  differ  essen- 
tially from  a  stack  or  rick.  A  Stack  of  hay,  on  the  contrary,  meatis  a 
large  heap  of  hay  saved  and  made  up,  and  protected  from  the  weather, 
and  the  term  is  generally  applied  to  that  which  has  been  drawn  home 
from  the  field.  Webster  defines  a  Cock  of  Hay  to  be,  '  a  small  conical 
pile,  so  shaped  for  shedding  the  rain,  and  called  in  England  a  Cop; 
whilst  a  Stack  is  a  large  conical  pile,  sometimes  covered  with  thatch  ' " 
(per  Fitzgerald,  J.,  K  v.  M'Keever,  Ir.  Rep.  5  C.  L.  90,  91). 

COCKADE.  — A  party  Card  worn  and  intended  to  be  worn  on  the 
hat,  is  a  "  Cockade,"  within  s.  16  (1),  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  Pre- 
vention Act,  1883  (Walsall,  4  O'M.  &  H.  123).      K  Mabk. 

COCKBURN'S  ACT.  —  The  Betting  Act,  1853,  16  &  17  V. 
c.  119. 

CODE. — As  to  construing  Codifying  Statutes;  F.  Bill  of  Ex- 
CHANQE,  Note  towards  end. 

CODICIL.  —  A  Codicil  is  "an  addition  or  supplement  added  unto  a 
Will  or  Testament  after  the  finishing  of  it,  for  the  supply  of  something 
which  the  testator  had  forgotten,  or  to  helpe  some  defect  in  the  Will " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vf,  Cowel :  3  Encyc.  63 :  Re  Ulconiy  cited 
Testament  :  Will  :  Herein. 

COERCION r.  per  Ld  Watson,  Allen  v.  Flood,  1898,  A.  C.  98- 

105;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  171-174  :  per  Cran worth,  C,  Boyse  v.  Rossborough, 
cited  Undue  Influence. 

COFFEE-HOUSE.  —  A  covenant  not  to  use  premises  as  a  "  Coffee- 
house," is  broken  by  carrying  on  a  "Tee-to-tum  "  of  the  second  class  in 
which  cups  of  tea  and  coffee  and  light  eatables  are  supplied,  although 


COFFEE-HOUSE       332         COLLATERAL 

such  refreshments  hear  only  a  small  proportion  to  the  sale  of  dry  goods 
across  the  counter,  and  are  only  auxiliary  to  the  counter  trade  {Fitz 
V.  lies,  1893,  1  Ch.  77;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  258;  68  L.  T.  108:  on  whcv  Ashhy 
V.  WiUon,  1900, 1  Ch.  66;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  47;  48  W.  R.  105;  81  L.  T. 
480.     Cpy  Buckle  v.  Fredericks^  cited  Retail). 

COHABITATION.  — Cohahitation  of  Hushand  and  Wife  is,  their 
living  conjugally;  which  is  usually  evidenced  by  their  living  under  the 
same  roof,  but  that  is  not  essential  to  Cohabitation,  e.g,  "  married  Do- 
mestic Servants  who  cannot  live  day  and  night  under  the  same  roof,  may 
yet  cohabit  together  in  the  wider  sense  of  the  term'';  and  a  wrongful 
abandonment  by  the  Husband  of  such  a  cohabitation,  is  "Desertion," 
within  s.  4,  58  &  59  V.  c.  39  (Bradshaw  v.  Bradshaw,  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
31;  76  L.  T.  391;  45  W.  R.  142;  explaining  and  distinguishing  Fitz- 
gerald V.  Fitzgerald  and  R.  v.  Leresche,  cited  Desertion  :  Vf,  Huxtahle 
v.  Huxtahle,  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A,  83).     py  Sepabatk. 

Cp  Associate. 

COIF.—  V.  Nightcap. 

COI N.  —  Qu^  Bankers  (Ir)  Act,  1845, 8  &  9  V.  c.  37,  "  Coin,"  means, 
"Coin  of  the  Realm"  (s.  32);  so,  quk  Bank  Notes  (Scot)  Act,  1845, 
8  &  9  V.  c.  38  (s.  22).     V.  British  Coin:  Current:  False  Coin. 

Qui  Weights  and  Measures  Act,  1878,  41  &  42  V.  c.  49,  "  *  Coin  Weight/ 
means,  a  Weight  used  or  intended  to  be  used  for  weighing  Coin  "  (s.  70). 

V.  Illegally  :  Money. 

COKE V.  Coal. 

COLEBERTI. — ^  Coleberti^  often  named  in  Domesday,  signifieth 
tenants  in  free  socage  by  free  rent;  and  so  it  is  expounded  of  record. 
Madmans  and  radchemistres  (rad,  or  rede  signifieth  firme  and  stable) 
there  also  often  named,  these  are  liberi  tenentes  qui  arahant  et  herciebant 
ad  curiam  domini,  seu  falcahant,  aut  metehant,  because  their  estates  are 
firme  and  stable;  and  they  are  many  times  called  sochemans  and  soke- 
manniy  because  of  their  plough  service  "  (Co.  Litt.  5  b).    Vf  Sochemans. 

COLLABORATEUR.—  V.  Common  Employment. 

COLLATERAL.—"  « Collateral!,'  is  that  which  cometh  in  or  adhereth 
to  the  side  of  anything;  as  Collaterall  Assurance,  is  that  which  is  made 
over  and  beside  the  Deed  itselfe  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

The  word  "Collateral,"  e.g.  Collateral  Security,  means,  side  by  side, 
"parallel,"  and,  taken  by  itself,  has  no  such  meaning  as  "secondary," 
"  auxiliary,"  "  subsidiary,"  or  "  only  to  be  made  use  of  in  aid  "  {Early  v. 
Early,  49  L.  J.  Ch.  826,  n;  16  Ch.  D.  214,  n:  AthUl  v.  Athill,  49  L.  J. 
Ch.  821;  50  lb.  123;  16Ch.D.  211;  43L.T.581;  29W.R.309:  Bute 


COLLATERAL    838    COLLECTOR 

V.  Cunt/nghame,  2  Rusb.  275:  Leonino  v.  Leonino^  AS  L.  J.  Ch.  217; 
10  Ch.  D.  460.     Vh  Dart,  921,  922). 

Mtge  of  Land  as  "Collateral  Security,"  or  held  "for  the  purpose  of 
Re^imbursement  and  not  for  Profit,''  in  New  South  Wales  Bank  Act, 
1864;  V.  Bank  ofN.  S.  Wales  v.  Campbell,  55  L.  J.  P.  C.  31;  11  App. 
Ca.  192. 

"Collateral,  or  Auxiliary,  or  Additional,  or  Substituted,  Security,"  in 
Stamp  Act;   V.  Substituted. 

Collateral  Pubpose;  V,  jdgmt  of  Alderson,  B.,  A-G.  v.  Walker,  cited 
Necessary. 

For  instances  of  Collateral  Agreements  between  Landlord  and  Tenant, 
r.  Woodf .  93,  170. 

COLLATION. — "'Collation,'  is,  properly,  the  bestowing  of  a 
Benefice  by  the  Bishop  that  hath  it  in  his  owne  gift  or  patronage;  and 
differeth  from  Institution  in  this,  for  that  Institution  into  a  Benefice 
is  performed  by  the  Bishop  at  the  motion  and  Present ation  of  another 
who  is  Patron  of  the  same  church,  or  hath  the  Patron's  right  for  that 
time :  yet,  Collation,  is  used  for  Presentation  in  25  Edw.  3,  stat.  6 " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vf,  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  277:  Admission  :  Advowson. 
Collative  Advowson,  is  one  of  Collation  (2  Bl.  Com.  22.) 
"  *  Collatio  bonorum^*  is  where  a  Portion,  or  money  advanced  by  a 
father  to  a  son  or  daughter,  is  brought  into  Hotchpot,"  under  22  & 
23  Car.  2,  c.  10,  s.  6  (Jacob). 

COLLECT.  — A  direction  in  a  Will  to  "collect  and  get  in"  the 
property  given,  is  not  suflScient  to  limit  the  gift  to  Personalty^  {IP At- 
maine  v.  Moseley^  1  Drew.  629;  22  L.  J.  Ch.  971:  Hamilton  v.  Buck- 
master,  Jj. -R.  S -Eq.  S2S -,  36L.J.Ch.68;  15W.R.149;  15L.T.177). 

COLLECTED.  —"  Levied  or  Collected  ";   V.  Levy. 

COLLECTOR.  —  A  Cashier  who  deducts  and  forwards  the  contribu- 
tions of  members  of  a  Friendly  Society  from  their  wages  he  has  to  pay, 
is  a  "Collector  "  of  the  Contributions  within  ss.  30,  4,  Friendly  Soc. 
Act,  1875  {Joyce  v.  Northumherland  Miners^  Socy,  4  Times  Rep.  525). 

Stat.  Def.,  quk  Collecting  Societies  &c  Act,  59  &  60  V.  c.  26;  V. 
8.  17:  — Excise;  23  &  24  V.  c.  114,  s.  1:  — Inland  Revenue;  43  &  44 
V.  c.  19,  s.  5,  53  &  54  V.  c.  21,  s.  39:  — Markets  and  Fairs  Clauses 
Act,  1847;   F.  s.  3:— Tithe  Act,  1891;  V.  s.  6  (4). 

"Collector  and  Comptroller"  of  Customs;  8  t&  9  V.  c.  86,  s.  127;  16 
&  17  V.  c.  107,  s.  357. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —10  &  11  V.  c.  27,  s.  3;  38  &  39  V.  c.  60,  s.  4 ; 
43  &  44  V.  c.  20,  s.  2,  c.  24,  s.  S,  —  Scot.  13  &  14  V.  c.  33,  s.  2;  25  & 
26  V.  c.  101,  8.  3;  39  &  40  V.  c.  49,  s.  3;  41  &  42  V.  c.  51,  s.  3;  49 
&  50  V.  c.  63,  8.  17;  55  &  56  V.  c.  55,  s.  4.  — /r.  9  &  10  V.  c.  107, 
8.  19. 


COLLEGE     .        884       COLLIERY  DAY 

COLLEGE. — A  College,  ''always  supposeth  a  Corporation "  (per 
Holt,  C.  J.,  Philips  V,  Bury,  cited  Hospital,  whv). 

"A  'College,'  to  be  such  in  more  than  vulgar  reputation,  must  have 
the  'countenance  of  a  legal  commencement  *\  a  lawful  erection  and  foun- 
dation. And  it  should  seem  that  no  one  can  found  or  incorporate  a 
College  within  this  realm,  or  assign,  or  license  others  to  assign,  temporal 
livings  to  it,  but  only  the  King  himself.  And  reputative  Colleges  which 
had  no  lawful  foundation,  were  held  not  to  be  given  to  the  King  by  the 
Stat.  1  Edw.  6,  unless  they  had  the  countenance  of  the  King's  Letters 
Patent,  or  might  have  had  a  legal  commencement  but  for  some  error  or 
imperfection  in  the  penning  or  proceedings  "  (Dwar.  683,  684,  citing 
Adams  and  Lambert's  Case,  4  Rep.  108).    FA,  3  Encyc.  83 :  University. 

Stat.  Def .,  qwk  Universities  Tests  Act,  1871,  34  &  35  V.  c.  26 ;  V. 
8.  2:— Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Act,  1877,  40  &  41  V. 
c.  48 ;   F.  s.  2 :  —  Universities  (Scot)  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V.  c.  55 ;   K  s.  3. 

COLLEGIATE  CHURCH.— A  "Collegiate  Church,"  "is  that 
which  consists  of  a  Dean  and  Secular  Canons;  or,  more  largely,  it  is  a 
Church  built  and  endowed  for  a  Society  or  Body  Corporate  of  a  Dean,  or 
other  President,  and  Secular  Priests,  as  Canons  or  Prebendaries  in  the 
said  Church  "  (Jacob).      Vf,  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  125:  3  Encyc.  84. 

COLLEGIATE   SCHOOI V.  Cathedral. 

COLLIER'S  ACTS.  — The  Debtor's  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  V.  c.  62: 

The  Bankry  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  V.  c.  71. 

COLLIERY.  —  Besides  its  obvious  meaning  of  a  place  where  Coals 
are  dug,  "  Colliery  "  "  is  a  word  sufficiently  wide  to  include  all  contigu- 
ous and  connected  veins  and  seams  of  coal  which  are  worked  as  one  con- 
cern, without  regard  to  the  closes  and  pieces  of  ground  under  which  they 
are  carried  (V,  Hodgson  v.  Field,  7  East,  620).  Tndeed,  it  is  appar- 
ently wide  enough  to  include  the  engines  and  machinery  in  the  con- 
tiguous and  connected  veins,  as  well  as  those  veins  themselves  "  (MacS. 
25). 

COLLIERY  GUARANTEE Cargo  of  coal  to  be  loaded  as  Cus- 
tomary, "  but  subject  in  all  respects  to  the  Colliery  Guarantee  " ;  V.  Do- 
bell  V.  Green,  cited  As  ordered.     Vf  Usual  Colliery  Guarantee. 

COLLIERY  WORKING   DAY Demurrage  to  be  payable  "per 

Colliery  Working  Day,"  prima  facie,  does  not  mean  a  day  upon  which 
the  particular  Colliery  is  working  but,  means^  ''the  ordinary  working 
days  in  normal  times  and  under  normal  conditions  "  (per  Russell,  C.  J., 
Saxon  S.  S.  Co  v.  Union  S.  S.  Co,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  58);  but,  contextu- 
ally,  it  may  exclude  ordinary  working  days  on  which  work  is  stopped  by 
a  strike  {S.  C.  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  914;  81  L.  T.  246:   Vf,  Clink  v.  Hickie, 


COLLIERY  DAY       885  COLLUSION 

4  Com.  Ca.  292) ;  but  in  the  Saxon  S.  S.  Co  Case,  the  H.  L.  revd  the 
C.  A.  on  the  question  as  to  whether,  in  that  case,  there  was  any  such 
context  (69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  907;  83  L.  T.  106;  5  Com.  Ca.  382). 

COLLISION.  — In  a  Marine  Policy  "Collision,"  or  "  Risk  of  Col- 
lision, as  per  clause  attached,"  without  more,  refers  to  collision  with 
other  Ships  (per  Lindley  and  Lopes,  L.J  J.,  Reischer  v.  Borwick,  1894, 

2  Q.  B.  648;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  763;  71  L.  T.  238),  or  things  capable  of 
being  navigated  (Chandler  v.  Blogf/,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  32;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
336;  3  Cora.  Ca.  18:  per  Grove,  J.,  Hough  v.  Head,  64  L.  J,  Q.  B. 
298).  But,  of  course,  "  Collision  with  any  Object"  is  not  so  confined; 
and  so,  where  a  Bill  of  Lading  exonerated  the  ship-owners  from  damage 
arising  from  "  Collision  and  accidents,  loss  or  damage  from  any  act, 
neglect,  or  default,  whatsoever  of  the  pilots,  master  or  mariners  or  other 
servants  of  the  company,  in  navigating  the  ship  " ;  it  was  held  that  "  Col- 
lision "  meant  every  collision  however  caused  {Chartered  Bank  of  India  v. 
Neth&rlands  Steam  Nav.  Co,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  220;  10  Q.  B.  D.  621). 

So,  where  a  Policy  insures  against  "  Collision  with  any  other  Ship  or 
Vessel,  or  Ice,  or  sunken  or  floating  Wreck,  or  any  other  floating  Sub- 
stances, or  Harbours,  or  Wharves,  or  Piers,  or  Stages,  or  similar  struc- 
tures," it  covers  a  striking  of  the  upper  parts  of  the  ship;  "  but  it  would 
be  equally  Collision  if  some  portion  of  the  hull  below  the  water-line,  or 
even  the  keel  itself,  were  to  strike  something  under  water "  (per  Ma- 
thew,  J.,  Union  Mar  Insrce  v.  Boi-wick,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  279;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  679;  73  L.  T.  166).    Vf  Caused  by. 

r.  Damage  by  Collision:    Eisk   of  Collision:    Answerable: 

3  Encyc.  85-107. 

COLLUSION.  —  "'Collusion'  only  signifies,  agreeing  together" 
(per  Bramwell,  B.,  Gill  v.  Continental  Gas  Co,  L.  Tt.  7  Ex.  337).  So, 
of  s.  1,  c.  61,  Consolidated  Statutes  of  British  Columbia,  which  nullifies 
jdgmts,  &c  of  Insolvents  obtained  "  by  Collusion, "  which  means,  "  by 
agreement,  or  acting  in  concert "  (Edison  Co  v.  Westminster,  &o  Tram- 
way Co,  1897,  A.  C.  193;  66  L.  J.  P.  C.  36;  76  L.  T.  438;  approving 
Martin  v.  Mc Alpine,  8  Ontario  App.  676).  So,  as  regards  Interpleader, 
R.  2  h,  Ord.  67,  R.  S.  C.  "  Collusion  "  does  not  connote  anything  morally 
wrong;  the  Applicant  must  not  be  "playing  the  same  game"  as  either 
of  the  Claimants;  that  is  the  literal  meaning  of  "  colluding  "  (per  Wills, 
J.,  Murietta  v.  South  American  Co,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  396:    FjT  Ann.  Pr.). 

But  not  infrequently  "  Collusion  "  is,  "  a  deceitful  agreement,  or  com- 
pact, between  two  or  more,  for  the  one  Party  to  bring  an  action  against 
the  other  for  some  evil  purpose  "  (Cowel).  Va,  Termes  de  la  Ley:  Jacob. 
Cp  Confederacy. 

"Collusion,"  8.  30,  Matrimonial  Causes  Act,  1857,  20  &  21  V.c.  86, 
and  8.  7,  23  &  24  V.  c,  144^  is  either,  —  (1)  Positive,  or  (2)  Negative. 


COLLUSION  S36  COLONIAL 

Positive  CollusioD,  is  an  agreement  between  the  litigants  *'  to  put  forward 
true  facts  in  support  of  a  false  case,  or  false  facts  in  support  of  a  true 
case "  (per  Jeune,  P.,  Churchward  v.  Churchwardj  1895,  P.  16;  64 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  23),  e»g.  "  for  one  to  commit,  or  appear  to  commit,  an 
act  of  adultery,  in  order  that  the  other  may  obtain  a  remedy  at  law  as  for  a 
real  injury  "  (per  Ld  Stowell,  Crewe  v.  Crewe,  3  Hagg.  Ecc.  123).  Nega- 
tive Collusion  means,  in  its  more  obvious  sense,  an  agreement  between 
the  parties  wrongfully  to  withhold  relevant  facts  from  the  Court  {Hunt 
V.  Hunt,  47  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  22;  39  L.  T.  45:  Barnes  y.  Barnes, 
L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  507;  37  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  4:  Bacon  v.  Baeoi^  25  W.  R. 
560:  Alexandre  v.  Alexandre,  L.  R.  2  P.  &  D.  164;  39  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
84:  Butler  v.  Butler,  59  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  25;  15  P.  D.  66;  62  L.  T. 
344 ;  38  W.  R.  390) ;  but  it  also  includes  an  agreement  whereby  the 
initiation  of  a  suit  is  procured,  or  its  conduct  (espy  if  abstention  from 
defence  be  a  term)  is  provided  for  (Churchward  v.  Churchward,  1895, 
P.  7;  64  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  18;  71  L.  T.  782;  43  W.  R.  380:  Vf,  Rogers 
Y.  Rogers,  1894,  P.  161;  63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A  97;  70  L.  T.  699).  F. 
Connivance. 

So,  a  statement  that  an  Architect  neglects  to  give  his  Certificate  to  a 
Building  Contractor  "  in  Collusion,  and  with  the  Procurement "  of  the 
Building  Owner,  imports  an  allegation  of  fraud  {Batterbury  v.  Vyse,  32 
L.  J.  Ex.  177;  2  H.  &  C.  44). 

COLONIAL.  — Colonial  CouH  of  Admiralty,    F.  53  &  64  V.  c.  27; 

Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  s.  742. 

"  Colonial "  Goods,  even  in  a  Colonial  Statute  or  Regulation,  e,g, 
"  Colonial  Wine "  in  a  New  South  Wales  tariff  of  Railway  Rate^, 
means  the  goods  of  any  Colony  {Commrs  of  Railways  v.  HylarM,  56 
L.  J.  P.  C.  76;  56L.  T.896). 

Quk  53  &  54  V.  c.  27,  "  *  Colonial  Law,*  means,  any  Act,  Ordinance, 
or  other  Law,  having  the  force  of  legislative  enactment  in  a  Britiso 
Possession,  and  made  by  any  authority  (other  than  the  Imperial  Parlia- 
ment or  Her  Majesty  in  Council)  competent  to  make  laws  for  such  Posses- 
sion "  (s.  15).     Other  Stat.  Def.,  28  &  29  V.  c.  63,  s.  1. 

In  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  after  the  31st  Dec  1889,  "  the  ex- 
pression 'Colonial  Legislature,*  and  the  expression  'Legislature,'  when 
used  with  reference  to  a  British  Possession,  shall  respectively  mean 
the  authority  (other  than  the  Imperial  Parliament  of  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen  in  Council)  competent  to  make  laws  for  a  British  Possession  " 
(s.  18  (7),  Interp  Act,  1889).  Former  Stat.  Del,  26  &  27  V.  c.  84,  s.  1 ; 
28  &  29  V.  c.  63,  s.  1;   31  &  32  V.  c.  29,  s.  2. 

"  Colonial  Letter  " ;   T.  7  W.  4  &  1  V.  c.  36,  s.  47 ;   7  &  8  V.  c.  49,  s.  8. 

«  Colonial  Lights  ";    V.  61  &  62  V.  c.  44,  s.  7. 

"  Colonial  Newspapers  ";   T.  7  W.  4  &  1  V.  c.  36,  s.  47. 

"  Colonial  Postage  ";    T.  7  &  8  V.  c.  49,  s.  10. 


COLONIAL  837  COLT 

"  Colonial  Secretary'']   T.  47  &  48  V.  c.  31,  s.  18. 

"  Colonial  Stock  "  j   F.  40  &  41  V.  c.  59,  8.  26. 

Qui  Part  3,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "  *a  Colonial  Voyage^'  means, 
a  voyage  from  any  Port  in  a  British  Possession  (other  than  British 
India  and  Hong  Kong)  to  any  Port  whatever,  where  the  distance  he* 
tween  such  Ports  exceeds  400  miles,  or  the  duration  of  the  voyage,  as 
determined  under  this  Part  of  this  Act,  exceeds  3  days  "  (s.  270).  This 
def  is  adapted  from  18  &  19  V.  c.  119,  s.  95. 

COLONY.  —  "  The  word  '  Colonies '  in  the  statute  —  5  &  6  V.  c.  49, 
8.  2  —  must  extend  to  all  Colonies,  in  the  ahsence  of  a  context  to  control 
it ;  and  I  can  find  here  no  such  context "  (per  Turner,  L.  J.,  Low  y. 
Routledge,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  116;  1  Ch.  42). 

In  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  after  the  31st  Dec  1889,  "  '  Colony ' 
shall  mean  any  part  of  Her  Majesty's  Dominions,  exclusive  of  the  Brit- 
ish Islands,  and  of  Bbitish  India;  and  where  parts  of  such  Dominions 
are  under  hoth  a  central  and  a  local  legislature,  all  parts  under  the  cen- 
tral legislature  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  definition,  he  deemed  to  he 
one  Colony  *'  (s.  18  (3),  Interp  Act,  1889). 

This  def  condenses,  and  makes  more  precise,  those  in  40  &  41  V.  c.  59, 
8.  26;   42  &  43  V.  c.  33,  s.  181;    44  &  45  V.  c.  58,  s.  190  (23). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  23  &  24  V.  c.  88,  s.  1 ;  31  &  32  V.  c.  29,  s.  2;  32 
&33V.  clO,  S.2;    37  &  38  V.  c.  27,  s.  2;    46  &  47  V.  c.  30,  s.  2. 

"  Colonies,"  qu^  Federal  Council  of  Australasia  Act,  1885,  48  &  49  V. 
c.  60;    V.  s.  1. 

V,  Bbitish  Colony:  Crown:  Islb  of  Man:  Majesty:  Self. 

Lord  COLONSAY'S  ACT.  — The  Writs  Registration  (Scot)  Act, 
1868,  31  &  32  V.  c.  34. 

COLOUR. — "'Colour  of  Office,'  is  always  taken  in  the  worst 
part,  and  signifies  an  act  evill  doue  hy  the  countenance  of  an  Office,  and 
it  hears  a  dissembling  face  of  the  right  of  the  Office,  whereas  the  Office  is 
but  a  veil  to  the  falshood,  and  the  thing  is  grounded  upon  Vice,  and  the 
Office  is  as  a  shadow  to  it.  But  ^  by  Reason  of  the  Office '  and  '  by 
ViBTUE  of  the  Office '  are  taken  always  in  the  best  part "  (Termes  de  la 
Ley). 

Colour  in  Pleading;  FA  Stephen  on  Pleading,  4  ed.  228:  "Express 
Colour  no  longer  necessary  in  any  pleading "  (s.  64,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act, 
1862). 

COLOURABLE.  — Is  the  reverse  of  Box!  Fide;  V.  jdgmt  of 
James,  L.  J.,  Etherington  v.  Wilson,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  166;  1  Ch.  D.  160. 

COLOURABLY   IMITATE F.  Copy. 

COLT V.  Horse. 

22 


COMBE  388       COMFORTABLE 

COMBE.  — "  Combey  hope,  dene,  glyn^  hawgh^whowgh,  signi^eih  2k 
valley"  (Co.  Litt.  6b):   F.  Deke:  Hopcombk. 

COMBINATION.  —  "  'Combination  of  Machinery,'  which  has  be- 
come a  fayoarite  form  of  words  with  Patentees,  is  nothing  but  an  ex- 
tended expression  of  the  word  '  Machine.'  It  is  '  machine '  writ  large  " 
(per  Westbury,  C,  Foxwell  v.  Bostock,  4  D.  G.  J.  &  S.  311). 

Trade  Combination  to  prevent  competition  not  actionable  (Mogul  Co. 
V.  McGregor^  cited  Malice).     V.  Tbade  Union  :  Conspibacy. 

COMBUSTIBLE.  — F.  iNCOMsasTiBLE. 

''  Gunpowder  or  other  Combustible  Matter^"  in  a  Patent  Specification; 
F.  Bkkford  v.  Skewes^  1 Q.  B.  938. 

COME  TO.  —  An  instrument,  fact,  or  thing,  does  not  ''Come  to 
the  Knowledge"  of  counsel,  &c,  within  s.  3  (ii),  Conv.  Act,  1882, 
simply  because  he  knew  it  on  a  former  occasion  {Re  Cousins,  55  L.  J.  Ch. 
662;  31  Ch.  D.  671;  54  L.  T.  376;  34  W.  R.  393). 

"Come  to,"  as  used  in  a  Covenant  to  Settle  after-acquired  property, 
includes  property  of  which  the  possession  is  future  although  the  right 
thereafter  to  possess  it  is  then  vested  (per  Komilly,  M.  B.,  Exp,  Blake, 
16  Bea.  470) ;  and  it  was  there  held  that  the  phrase  included  proceeds  of 
realty  taken  by  a  Public  Co  which  realty  was  vested  in  remainder  at  the 
time  of  the  Settlement.  Vf,  Blythe  v.  Granville^  13  Sim  190,  on  whcv 
Vaizey,  242,  ni    Entitled:  Vest. 

A  legacy  to  a  married  woman,  unpaid  before  her  Desertion,  "  comes 
to  "  her  after  her  desertion  within  s.  25,  20  &  21  V.  c.  85  {Re  Coward 
and  Adams,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  384;  L.  R.  20  Eq.  179).      F.  Acquire. 

"  In  case  A.  should  come  to  the  Possession  of  the  said  estate  " ;  held  as 
not  creating  a  Condition  {Edgeworth  v.  Edgeworth,  L.  B.  4  H.  L.  35)  : 
come  to  an  estate  "  in  Possession,"  F.  HiU  v.  Broughton,  3  Bro.  C.  C. 
180.     fy  Possession. 

COMFORT.  —  In  a  direction  to  apply  Income  for  a  person's  "Com- 
fort," that  is  a  "very  large  word"  (per  Wood,  V.  C,  Re  Sanderson, 
cited  Whole).  In  America  it  has  been  held  that  the  word  embraces 
whatever  is  requisite  to  give  security  from  want,  or  furnish  reasonable 
physical,  mental, or  spiritual,  enjoyment  (^Forman  v.  Whitney,  2  Keyes, 
168).     Cp  Maintenance. 

COMFORTABLE  MAINTENANCE.  — These  words,  in  a  provi- 
sion  by  deed  for  the  widows  of  officers  in  the  East  India  Company  coupled 
with  a  restriction  on  alienation,  were  held  to  vest  the  provision  for  the 
Separate  Use  of  the  beneficiaries  {Re  Peacock,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  265;  10 
Ch.  D.  490).     Vf,  Maintenance:  Separate  Maintenance. 


COMING  339  COMMENCE 

COMING.— "Coming  to  settle,"  13  &  14  Car.  2,  c.  12;  V.  R.  v. 
Bawness,  4  M.  &  S.  210 :  E.  v.  Kenardington^  6  B.  &  C.  70 :  R.  y. 
Hacton,  3  B.  &  Ad.  643:  R.  v.  Woolpit,  5  L.  J.  M.  C.  14;  4  A.  &  E. 
205;  5  N.  &  M.  526:  R.  v.  St.  Giles,  11  L.  J.  M.  C.  18;  2  Q.  B. 
446. 

Moneys  ''  coming  to  the  hands  of  the  Commrs,"  s.  60,  Commrs  Clauses 
Act,  1847,  are  not  confined  to  moneys  actually  received,  but  also  include 
moneys  receivable  for  Toll  or  Bents  {BcUten  v.  Dartmouth  Harbour 
Commrs,  cited  Commissioners). 

COMMAND.  —  A  Steamship,  though  partially  disabled  yet,  able  to 
proceed  at  4  or  5  knots  an  hour,  is  not  within  the  phrase  "  not  under 
Command,"  Art.  5  (a),  Begns  of  1884  for  Preventing  Collisions  at  Sea 
(P.  Caland  Owners  v.  Glamorgan  S.  S.  Co,  1893,  A.  C.  207;  62  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  41 ;  68  L.  T.  469). 

When  that  case  was  in  the  Court  of  Appeal,  Esher,  M.  B.,  said  (1892, 
P.  196),  — "Now,  looking  at  the  words  of  the  statute,  the  first  part  of 
the  clause  which  speaks  of  her  not  being  under  Command,  and  the  secbnd 
of  her  not  being  under  Command  so  that  she  can  keep  out  of  the  way,  — 
taking  these  two  together,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  real  construction  of 
the  rule  is,  that  she  must,  through  some  accident,  be  in  such  a  position 
that  she  is  not  *  under  Command  '  in  this  sense  that  she  cannot  keep  out 
of  the  way  of  another  vessel  coming  near  her."  But "  if  she  can  be  steered, 
and  if  she  can  be  stopped,  and  can  go  ahead  which  is  necessary  in  order 
that  she  may  be  steered,  then  she  is  '  under  Command ' ;  and  the  appre- 
hension, however  well  founded,  of  her  being  likely  in  a  few  moments  to 
be  out  of  Command,  does  not  show  that  she  is  out  of  Command  at  the 
moment  spoken  of."  Quoting  that  passage,  Herschell,  C,  in  the  H.  L., 
said,  —  "I  cannot  but  think  that  this  construction  is  somewhat  too  nar- 
row " ;  but  the  decision  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  was  aftd. 

A  Vessel  hard-and-fast  aground,  is  not  a  Vessel "  not  under  Command, " 
within  Art.  4  (a),  Begns  of  1897  for  Preventing  Collisions  at  Sea  (The 
Carlotta,  1899,  P.  223;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  87;  80  L.  T.  664;  47  W.  B. 
702). 

"  Under  Command, "  B.  18,  Thames  Bules,  1880,  as  amended  by  Order 
in  Council  29th  Dec  1887;  V.  The  Wega,  1895,  P.  156;  64  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  68;  72  L.  T.  332. 

Cpf  Control:  Under- way. 

COMMANDER  IN  CHIEF.  — Stat.  Def,  33  &  34  V.  c.  7,  s.  103, 
42  &  43  V.  c.  33,  s.  181 ;    44  &  45  V.  c.  58,  s.  190. 

COMMANDING  OFFICER.  —  Stat.  Def.,  38  &  39  V.  c.  69,  s.  2; 
(of  a  Corps)  36  &  37  V.  c.  77,  s.  43. 

COMMENCE. —  F.  Commencement. 


COMMENCED    340   COMMENCEMENT 

COMMENCED. -—An  action  is  "commenced"  by  Writ  or  Origi- 
nating Summons,  and  as  soon  as  the  same  is  sealed  (Galland  v.  Burttm, 
30  Ch.  D.  231 ;  54  L.  J.  Ch.  1131 :  Clarke  v.  Bradlaugh,  51 L.  J.  Q.  B.  1 , 
8  Q.  B.  D.  63). 

"  Any  Action  commenced, "  &c,  s.  5,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1867,  meant  "  Any 
action  commenced  in  the  High  Court,  and  which  could  have  been  com- 
menced in  the  County  Court"  {Parsons  v.  Tinting,  46  L.  J.  C.  P.  230; 
2  C.  P.  D.  119). 

"  Any  Court  in  which  the  action  might  have  been  commenced, "  s.  65, 
Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  includes  a  County  Court  in  which  the  action  might  be 
brought  by  leave  {Bur kill  v.  Thomas,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  99,  312;  61  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  322;  66  L.  T.  160;  40  W.  R.  250). 

A  clause  in  a  Separation  Deed,  that  **  no  Proceedings  shall  be  com- 
menced, or  prosecuted  "  for  any  prior  cause  of  complaint,  is  not  broken 
by  one  of  the  parties  using  such  prior  cause  as  a  Defence  to  a  matrimo- 
nial suit  brought  by  the  other  party  {Gooch  v.  Gooch,  1893,  P.  99;  62 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  73;  68  L.  T.  462;  41  W.  R.  655).  Note.  A  covenant 
nof  to  sue  for  a  Divorce  grounded  on  future  misconduct,  is,  probably, 
invalid  {Bishop  v.  Bishop,  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  76).  V.  Condonation. 
F.  Set  up. 

COMMENCEMENT The  "Commencement"  of  every  Act  of 

Parliament,  means  **  the  time  at  which  the  Act  comes  into  operation  " 
(s.  36  (1),  Interp  Act,  1889).     Cp  Passing.     F.  Day. 

"  Commencement  of  the  Bankry,"  s.  42  (1),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  means, 
the  Act  of  Bankby  on  which  the  bankry  is  founded  {Be  Griffith,  66 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  763). 

"Commence  to  form  or  lay  out  a  Street,"  qui  Part  2,  London  Bg 
Act,  1894;  V.  s.  8.  Vth,  London  Co,  Co.  v.  Dixon,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  496; 
68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  526;  80  L.  T.  232;  47  W.  R.  521;  63  J.  P.  390:  Arm- 
strong ^r,  London  Co.  Co.,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  416;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  267;  81  L.  T. 
638;  48  W.  R.  367;  64  J.  P.  197.     Cp  New  Street. 

"  Commence  to  execute  a  Work  '* ;    V.  s.  10  (3),  London  Bg  Act,  1894. 

As  to  the  common  clause  in  Railway  Acts  giving  compensation  to 
land-owners  out  of  deposits  (when  the  line  is  not  opened  in  a  certain  time) 
for  damages  occasioned  "  by  the  Commencement,  Construction,  or  Aban- 
donment," of  the  railway ;  V.  Re  Potteries,  Shrewsbury  &  N.  Wales  Ry, 
53  L.  J.  Ch.  556;  25  Ch.  D.  251.  That  case  lays  it  down  that  this 
phrase  is  to  be  read  disjunctively,  and  that  the  damages  are  to  be 
ascertained  by  comparing  the  value  of  the  land  immediately  before 
such  commencement  or  construction  or  abandonment,  with  its  value 
immediately  after  the  happening  of  any  of  those  three  events.  Vf 
Abaxdonmext:  Begin. 

An  application  to  tax  costs  of  an  Appeal  to  Quarter  Sessions,  is  not  a 
"  Commencement  "  of  Proceedings,  within  s.  4^  22  &  23  V.  c.  49  {Mid. 


COMMENCEMENT      841         COMMERCIAL 

Ry  V.  Edmonton,  1895,  A.  C.  485  j  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  710  j  72  L.  T.  811; 
60  J.  P.  68). 

"  Commencement "  of  Prosecution,  under  s.  6,  48  &  49  V.  c.  69;  F.  R, 
T.  West,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  174;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  62;  77  L.  T.  536;  46  W.  R. 
316. 

"  Commencement  of  Proof  in  Writing,"  Art.  1233  (7),  Civil  Code  of 
Quebec,  so  as  to  let  in  Proof  "  by  Testimony'* ;  F.  Forget  v.  Baxter , 
cited  Testimony. 

**  At  the  Commencement, "  s.  2,  23  H.  8,  c.  15 ;  V.  Doe  d.  EllU  t.  Owens, 

11  L.  J.  Ex.  120;  9  M.  &  W.  465. 
Cp  Instituted. 

COMMENDAM.  — ''  Is  a  Benefice  that  being  voyde  is  commended 
to  the  care  of  some  sufficient  Clerke,  to  bee  supplied  untill  it  may  bee 
conveniently  provided  of  a  Pastor  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  A  Rector  by 
merely  accepting  another  Benefice  does  not  vacate  the  Rectory ;  and,  con- 
tinuing to  hold  it,  be  does  not  hold  it "  In  Commendam  "  {King  v.  Alston, 

12  Q.  B.  971;  18  L.  J.  Q.  B.  69).  Bishops  may  not  now  hold  Commen- 
dams  (6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  77,  s.  18). 

Vhy  CoU  &  Glover  v.  Coventry  &  Lichfield  Bp,  Hob.  140:  Godolphin's 
Abr.  £cc.  Law,  ch.  21:  4  Bl.  Com.  107:  Phil.  £cc.  Law,  380,  603. 

COMMENT.—  V.  Fair  Comment. 

A  person  charged  not  becoming  a  Witness,  "  shall  not  be  made  the 
subject  of  any  Comment  by  the  Froaecution"  s.  1  6,  Criminal  Evidence 
Act,  1898;  that  does  not  prevent  the  presiding  Judge  or  Chairman 
from  making  such  comment  {R,  v.  Rhodes,  cited  Stage). 

COMMERCE.  —  Commerce  is  "Traffick,  Trade,  or  Merchandize,  in 
buying  and  selling  of  goods.  There  is  a  distinction  between  Commerce 
and  Trade;  the  former  relates  to  our  dealings  with  Foreign  Nations  or 
our  Colonies,  &c  abroad,  —  the  other  to  our  mutual  traffick  and  dealings 
among  ourselves  at  Home  "  (Jacob :  Feople  v.  Fisher,  14  Wend.  15 :  Va 
Merchant).     But  this  distinction  may  be  questioned. 

"  Trade  or  Comroei'ce  ";   V,  Civil  Bights. 

COMMERCIAL. —"Commercial  Causes,''  within  the  Order  for 
piompt  trial,  includes  causes  arising  out  of  the  ordinary  transactions  of 
Merchants  and  Traders;  amongst  others,  those  relating  to  the  Construc- 
tion of  Mercantile  Documents,  Export  or  Import  of  Merchandize,  Af- 
freightment, Insurance,  Banking,  and  Mercantile  Agency  and  Usages 
(par  1,  Notice  25th  June  1896).  A  question  of  International  Law  as  to 
whether  a  seizure  of  goods  was  justified  under  a  Proclamation  by  a 
Foreign  Sovereign,  is  not  such  a  "  Commercial  Cause  "  {Sea  Insree  v.  Carr, 
69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  954;  83  L.  T.  617;  49  W.  R,  55,  1901,  1  Q.  B.  7). 

**  Wherever  Capital  is  to  be  laid  out  on  any  work  and  a  risk  run  of 


COMMERCIAL         S42      COMMISSIONERS 

profit  or  loss,  it  is  a  Commercial  Venture  "  (per  Campbell,  C,  McKay  v. 
Rittherfurdj  6  Moore  P.  C.  425;  13  Jur.  23);  accordingly,  it  was  there 
held  that  a  contract  with  the  Government  Commissioner  in  Canada  to 
supply  stone  for  making  a  canal,  was  not  a  mere  Building  Contract  but, 
was  a  "Commercial  Matter,*^  within  the  Canadian  Act,  25  G.  3,  c.  2. 
Buying  and  selling  Shares  by  Stock-brokers  for  a  client  who  is  not  him- 
self a  Dealer,  are  "  Commercial  Matters  "  provable  by  Testimony,  under 
the  Quebec  Civil  Code  {Forget  v.  Baxter^  cited  Testimony). 

An  Incorporated  Canal  Co,  whose  profits  arose  from  Tolls,  was  held 
a  "  Commercial  Co,*'  or  a  Co  associated  for  "  Commercial  Purposes,"  and^ 
as  such,  liable  to  become  bankrupt  under  s.  1,  7  &  8  V.  c.  Ill  {Re  War- 
wick &  Napton  Canal  Co,  7  D.  6.  M.  &  G.  199,  n). 

Commercial  Traveller;    K  Traveller. 

COMMISSARY.  — "Commissary,"  or  "Commissary  Clerk/' is  fre- 
quently made  to  include  Commissary  Clerk  Depute,  e,g.  16  &  17  V- 
c.  27,  s.  1 ;     21  &  22  V.  c.  66,  s.  20;     38  &  39  V.  c  41,  s.  6. 

COMMISSION.  —  "* Commission,'  is  taken  for  the  Warrant  or 
Letters  Patents  which  all  men  using  Jurisdiction,  either  ordinarie  or 
extraordinarie,  have  for  their  power  to  heare  or  determine  any  matter 
or  action  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  ^ 

"  Land  Commission  " ;  Stat.  Def.  (Ir),  48  &  49  V.  c.  73,  s.  26;  64  &  55 
V.  c.  66,  s.  96. 

"  The  word  *  Commission  *  is  one  of  equivocal  meaning.  It  is  used  to 
denote  a  Trust  or  Authority  exercised,  or  the  Instrument  by  which  the 
Authority  is  exercised,  or  the  Persons  by  whom  the  Trust  or  Authority 
is  exercised  "  (per  Abbott,  C.  J.,  E.  v.  Dudman,  4  B.  &  C.  864). 

"  Office,  Commission,  Place,  or  Employment  " ;   V.  OFFicEr 

"  In  Trust,  or  on  Commission  "j    T.  In  Trust. 

V.  Accbuing:  Bribery:  Conducting:  Free  op  Commission:  In- 
tervention: Introduce:  Saleable  Commission, 

COMMISSIONER Quk  Inl.  Kev.  Eegn  Act,  1890,  63  &  64  Y. 

c.  21,  "  '  Commissioner,'  means  Commr  of  Inl.  Rev.  "  (s-  39). 

"  Debt  Commr  "  ;    F.  41  &  42  V.  c.  51 ,  s.  3. 

"  Commr  for  Oaths,"  qui  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894;   F.  s.  742. 

"  Commr  of  Police  "  ;   F.  30  &  31  V.  c.  134,  s.  3. 

"  Commr  of  Valuation  ";    F.  Loc  Gov  (Ir)  Act,  1898,  s.  109. 

"  Lord  Commr  of  Justiciary,"  in  Scotland ;    F.  60  &  61  V.  c.  35,  s.  1. 

"  Lord  High  Commr  ",  F.  23  &  24  V.  c.  86,  s.  12;  27  &  28  V.  c.  77, 
s.  17. 

COMMISSIONERS.  — In  a  modem  Act  the  meaning  of  ''The 
Commissioners  "  will  generally  be  ascertained  by  referring  to  its  Interp 
Clause,  which  usually  defines  the  phrase  according  to  the  subject-matter 


COMMISSIONERS      343      COMMISSIONERS 

of  the  Act;  6,g,  quk  Finance  Act,  1894,  "  Hhe  Commrs,'  means,  the 
Commre  of  Inl.  Kev."  (s.  22). 

"  Commrs  of  Assessed  Taxes  ";   F.  9  &  10  V.  c.  56,  s.  3. 

"  CharUy  Commre  ";    V.  s.  12  (14),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

"Commre  of  Customs'' \  V.  16  &  17  V.  c.  107,  8.357;  19  &  20  V. 
c.  83,  8.  2. 

V,  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners. 

"Commre  of  Education/*  in  Ireland;  T.  38  &  39  V.  c.  96,  s.  2;. 
42  &  43  V.  c.  74,  s.  2. 

"  Election  Commre  " ;   F.  Election. 

"  Endowed  Schools  Commre  ";    V.  37  &  38  V.  c.  87,  8,  9. 

"  Commre  of  Excise  " ;   F.  53  &  54  V.  c.  21,  s.  37. 

'  Exhibition  Commre  ";   F.  26  &  27  V.  c.  119,  s.  3. 

«*  Galway  Harbour  Commre";   F.  30  &  31  V.  c.  Xj  s.  3. 

"  Gas  Commre,"  in  Scotland;   F  53  &  54  V.  c.  13,  b.  4. 

"  Genial  Commre,"  of  Taxes;   F.  43  &  44  V.  c.  19,  s.  5. 

*' Improvement  Commre";  F.  35  &  36  V.  c.  79,  s.  60;  P.  H.  Act, 
1875,  8.  4, 

"  Commre  of  Inland  Revenue  " ;   F.  53  &  64  V.  c.  21,  s.  1. 

*' Ipswich  Dock  Commre  ";    F.  26  &  27  V.  c.  71,  a.  2. 

"  Irish  Fishery  Commre  " ;    F.  31  &  32  V.  c.  45,  8.  5. 

"  Commre  of  Irish  Lights  " ;    F  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  s.  742. 

"  Land  Commre  ";    F.  Settled  Land  Act,  1882,  s.  2;  51  &  52  V.  c.  20, 

8.12. 

"  Land  Tax  Commre  "*;   F.  43  &  44  V.  c.  19,  s.  5. 

"  National  Debt  Commre  '* ;   F.  National  Debt. 

"  Commre  of  Ntyrthem  Lighthouses  " ;   F.  16  &  17  V.  c.  131,  s.  1. 

"  Commre  for  Oaths  " ;  F.  Commre  for  Oaths  Act,  1889,  52  &  53  V. 
clO. 

"  Commre  for  Offices*';   F.  9  &  10  V.  c.  56,  s.  3. 

"  Police  Commrs,'-  in  Scotland;  F.  53  &  54  V.  c.  13,  s.  4,  c.  60,  s.  6: 
— «  Commre  of  Police, '*  in  Ireland;  F.  5  &  6  V.  c.  24,  s.  79;  6  &  7  V. 
c.  56,  8.  38;    16  &  17  V.  c.  112,  s.  80;     22  &  23  V.  c.  52,  s.  1. 

"  Commre  of  the  Police  of  the  Metropolis,  ''  when  applied  to  Ireland, 
means  the  Dublin  Commrs  of  Police;  F.  8  &  9  V.  c.  109,  s.  24;  16  & 
17  V.  c.  119,  8.  18. 

"  Poor  Law  Commre  ^' ;  F.  Poor  Relief  (Ir)  Act,  1838, 1  &  2  V.  c.  56, 
8.  118. 

"  Commre  of  Ptt^Ztc  Works,"  in  Ireland;  F.  2  &  3  V.  c.  50,  s.  10; 
6&7V.  c,  44,  8.  18;  29  &  30  V.  c.  44,  s.  2;  30  &  31  V.  c.  53,  s.  3, 
c.  m,  8.  3;    42  &  43  V.  c.  25,  s.  2. 

"Commrs  of  the  Property  and  Income  Tax**\  F.  9  &  10  V.  c.  56, 
8.  3 :  —  "  Additional  Commrs  "  and  "  Special  Commrs, "  of  same ;  F.  9  & 
10  V.  c.  56,  8.  3;  43  &  44  V.  c.  19,  s.  5. 

"  Metropolitan  Commre  of  Sewers  ";   F.  11  &  12  V.  c.  112,  s.  3. 


COMMISSIONERS      344  COMMITTED 

"  Cornmrs  of  Stamps  and  Taxes  " ;  53  &  54  V.  c.  21,  a.  37. 

"  Commrs  of  Supply,''  in  Scotland;.  V,  20  &  21  V.  c.  72,  s.  78. 

"  Town  Commrs  ";  V.  10  &  11  V.  c.  17,  s.  3.  — /r.  9  &  10  V.  c.  87, 
8.  2;  18  &  19  V.  c.  40,  8.  3;  29  &  30  V.  c.  44,  s.  2;  46  &  47  V. 
c.  33,  8.  8. 

"  Commrs  of  Woods  and  Forests  ";    V.  s.  12  (12),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

"  Commrs  of  Works  ";   V.  12  (13),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

"Commrs,  Trustees,  or  otber  Authorities,"  s.  112,  Metrop  Man.  Act, 
1862,  does  not  include  Turnpike  Road  Trustees  but,  means  Author- 
ities who  have  the  general  control  of  highways  within  their  district 
{Davis  V.  Greenwich,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  219;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  267;  72  L.  T. 
674;  59  J.  P.  517). 

"Commrs,"  entitled  to  indemnity  under  s.  60,  Commrs  Clauses  Act, 
1847,  includes  an  Incorporated  Body  as  well  as  individuals  {Batten  v. 
Dartmouth  Harbour  Commrs,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  700;  45  Ch.  D.  612). 

COMMIT.  — In  dealing  with  the  phrase  *•  commit  Suicide,"  Pollock, 
C.  B.,  in  Clift  v.  Schwabe  (17  L.  J.  C.  P.  14;  3  C.  B.  437),  said,  "The 
meaning  of  <  commit '  in  Johnson  (with  reference  to  this  use  of  the 
word)  is  *  to  perpetrate  '  —  to  do  a  fault  —  to  be  guilty  of  a  crime  " ;  and 
"  '  perpetrate  '  is  to  commit,  to  act,  —  always  in  an  ill  sense.  '*  In  the 
same  case  (p.  9,  L.  J.),  Patteson,  J.,  said,  — **The  word  ^commit*  is 
said  always  to  be  used  in  a  bad  sense  —  be  it  so  ";  but  he  proceeded  to 
show  that  it  is  not  always  used  in  a  criminal  sense,  and  that  view 
accords  with  the  judgment  of  the  majority  of  the  Ex.  Cham,  in  the  case 
cited:  indeed,  the  state  of  a  person's  mind  is  immaterial,  and,  therefore, 
an  Insane  Person  can  commit  suicide  {Dufaur  v.  Professional  Life 
Assrce,  cited  Suicidb). 

Commit  Injury ;   V,  Injury. 

COMMITS.  — This  word  in  the  Bankry  Act,  1883,  is  used. in  the 
present  tense,  not  in  relation  to  time,  but  as  the  present  tense  of  logic, 
and  means  "  shall  have  committed  "  an  Act  of  Bankruptcy  {Ex  p.  Pratt, 
53  L.  J.  Ch.  613;  12  Q.  B.  D.  334;  V.  espy  jdgmts  by  Bowen  and  Fry, 
L.  JJ.). 

COMMITTED  :     COMMITMENT  :     COMMITTAL.  -  The 

words  "  commitment, "  "committed,"  or  "committal  to  prison,"  do  not 
mean,  as  was  held  by  Lush,  J.,  "  received  into  prison  " ;  but  mean  •*  when 
the  order  is  made  under  which  the  person  is  to  be  kept  in  prison  **  (per 
Ld  Blackburn,  Mullins  v.  Surrey,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  149;  and  per  Ld 
Penzance,  lb.  152) ;  and  the  words  '*  Period  of  Committal,  '  s.  57,  Prison 
Act,  1877,  40  &  41  V.  c.  21,  mean  that  the  expenses  which  (by  the  joint 
operation  of  that  section  and  s.  4)  are  to  be  defrayed  out  of  moneys  to  be 
provided  by  Parliament,  are  to  be  so  paid  from  the  time  of  the  making 
out  of  the  Order  of  Committal  {Mullins  v.  Surrey,  51  L.  J,  Q.  B.  145; 


COMMITTED  845  COMMITTEE 

7  App.  Ca.  1:  Mews  v.  The  Queen,  52  L.  J.  M.  C.  57;  8  App.  Ca.  339). 
V,  Imprisonment  :  Maintenance. 

"  Committed "  will  sometimes  include  an  act  of  Omission,  e,g,  as 
regards  Notice  of  Action  within  a  certain  time  "  next  after  the  fact  com- 
mitted," 8.  109,  Highway  Act,  1835  (^Holland  v.  Narthwich,  40  J.  P. 
617;  34  L.  T.  137).     Sv  Done. 

COMMITTED  FOR  TRIAL. —In  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed 
after  the  31st  Dec  1889,  "  '  Committed  for  Trial,'  used  in  relation  to  any 
person  shall,  unless  the  contrary  intention  appears,  mean,  as  respects 
England  and  Wales,  committed  to  prison  with  the  view  of  being  tried 
before  a  judge  and  jury,  whether  the  person  is  committed  in  pursuance  of 
8.  22  or  of  s.  25,  Indictable  Offences  Act,  1848,  or  is  committed  by  a  Court, 
Judge,  Coroner,  or  other  authority  having  power  to  commit  a  person  to 
any  prison  with  a  view  to  his  trial ;  and  shall  include  a  person  who  is 
admitted  to  bail  upon  a  recognizance  to  appear  and  take  his  trial  before 
a  judge  and  jury  **  (s.  27,  Interp  Act,  1889). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  52  &  53  V.  c.  44,  s.  17.  —  /r.  46  &  46  V.  c.  25,  s.  35; 
67  &  58  V.  c.  27,  s.  19,  c.  41,  s.  27. 

" Committed  for  trial  at  the  Assizes";  V,  E,  v.  Johnson,  10  A.  &  £. 
740;  8  L.  J.  M.  C.  99;  2  P.  &  D.  610. 

COMMITTED  TO   PRISON.  —  F.  Committed. 

COMMITTEE.  — "  •Committee,' is  hee  to  whom  the  consideration 
or  ordering  of  any  matter  is  referred  either  by  some  Court,  or  Consent  of 
the  Parties  to  whom  it  appertains  '^  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

^  The  term  '  Committee '  means  an  individual,  or  body  to  which  others 
have  committed  or  delegated  a  particular  duty,  or  who  have  taken  on 
themselves  to  perform  it,  in  the  expectation  of  their  act  being  confirmed 
by  the  body  they  profess  to  represent  or  act  for  "  (per  Pollock,  C.  B., 
Reynell  v.  Leiois,  16  L.  J.  Ex.  30 ;  15  M.  &  W.  526). 

"  I  observed  in  the  argument  that,  according  to  one's  ordinary  idea  of 
the  meaning  of  the  word,  a  '  Committee '  consists  of  more  persons  than 
one.  But  I  was  not  right  in  saying  that ;  because  that  is  not  ex  vi  ter- 
mini the  necessary  meaning  of  the  word  'Committee,*  which  simply 
means  a  person  or  persons  to  whom  anything  is  committed  '*  (per  Kay, 
J.,  Be  Scottish  Petroleum  Co.,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  845).  Vf,  Re  Taurine  Co, 
26  Ch.  D.  118;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  271. 

F.  Provisional  Committee. 

Qui  Friendly  Soc.  Act,  1896,  '  Committee  "  means,  ''  the  Committee 
of  Management  or  other  Directing  Body  of  a  Society  or  Branch  " 
(s.  106);  omitting  ''or  Branch,"  a  like  def  is  provided  for  Industrial 
Societies  (66  &  67  V.  c.  39,  s.  79). 

"  Committee  of  Council " ;   F.  46  &  47  V.  c.  18,  s.  27. 

"  Committee  of  Cooncil  on  Education  ";   F.  32  &  83  V.  o.  56,  8.  7. 


COMMITTEE  346  COMMON 

"  Committee  "  of  a  Public  Library  in  Scotland;   T.  60  &  51  V.  c.  42, 

8.2. 

"  Union  Assessment  Committee  ";   F,  25  &  26  V.  c  103. 
"  Committee  "  of  an  Idiot  or  Lunatic  ;    F.  9  &  10  V.  c.  75,  s.  3. 
"  Committee  Boom  "  ;  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  Prevention  Aet, 
1883,  8.  64. 

COMMITTING.  —  "  Found  committing  ";  V.  Found. 
COMMODITIES. —  F.  Adtantaoes :  Goods  ob  Comuodities. 

COMMON.  —  "  *  Common  and  Usual  *  Covenants,  must  mean,  Cov- 
enants incidental  to,"  e.g.  a  Lease  (per  Thurlow,  C,  Henderson  v.  May, 
3  Bro.  C.  C.  632)  ;  but,  probably,  there  is  no  distinction  between  "  Com- 
mon "  and  "  Usual "  covenants,  nor  does  "  Incidental  "  furnish  an 
explanation  or  carry  the  meaning  further  (Church  v.  Brown^  12  Yes. 
260,  264). 

"  'Common  of  Pasture* —  Communia^  it  cometh  of  the  English  word 
common,  because  it  is  common  to  many;  and  thereupon  and  accordingly 
is  here  (s.  184)  called  by  Littleton  Common  of  Pasture,  for  that  the  feeding 
of  beasts  in  the  land  wherein  the  common  is  to  be  had  belongs  to  many  " 
(Co.  Litt.  122  a). 

"  '  Common  in  Orosse, '  is  where  I,  by  my  Deed,  grant  to  another  that 
he  shall  have  Common  in  my  land. 

''  '  Common  Appendant, '  is  where  a  man  is  seized  of  certaine  land  to 
the  which  he  hath  Common  in  another's  ground,  and  all  they  that  shall 
bee  seized  of  the  land  have  the  said  Common  onely  for  those  Beasts  which 
compast  the  land  to  which  it  is  appendant,  excepting  Greese,  Groats,  and 
Hogges. 

"  *  Common  Appurtenanty*  is  in  the  same  manner  as  Common  Append- 
ant. But  it  is  with  all  manner  of  Beasts,  as  well  Hogs,  Groats,  and 
such  like  as  Horses,  Kine,  Oxen,  Sheepe,  and  such  as  compast  the 
ground. 

"  *  Common  pur  Cause  de  Vicinage,  *  is  where  the  Tenants  of  two  Lords 
which  be  seized  of  two  Townes  where  one  lyeth  nigh  another,  and  every 
of  them  have  used,  from  the  time  whereof  no  minde  runneth,  to  have 
Common  in  the  other  Towne  with  all  manner  of  Beasts  commonable  " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley). 

A  Grant,  by  general  words  in  a  Conveyance  of  Demesne  land  from  a 
Lord  of  a  Manor,  of  "  Commons  "  "  belongiug  to  "  or  "  held,  used,  and  en- 
joyed with,"  the  tenement  conveyed,  will  not  create  a  Bight  of  Common 
(Baring  v.  Abingdon,  1892,  2  Ch.  374;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  105;  67  L.  T.  6; 
41  W.  R.  22:  Hall  v.  Byron,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  297;  4  Ch.  D.  667),  unless 
the  grantee,  from  his  existing  position,  e,g,  as  lessee  of  the  grantor,  is 
already  in  the  enjoyment  of  such  a  Bight  (Doidge  v.  Carpenter,  6  M. 
&  S.  17).     Note,  Where  Common,  whether  Appendant  or  Appurtenant, 


COMMON  847  COMMON 

exists  at  the  time  of  the  grant,  then,  on  the  grant  of  a  part  of  the  tene- 
ment, there  will  be  a  due  apportionment  of  the  Right  of  Common 
{Sacheverell  v.  PoHer,  Jo.  W.  396:  Wyat  Wild's  Caae^  8  Rep.  78  b). 
Vf  Belonging. 

Vh^  Elph.  607-615:  Levant  and  Couchant:  Pastures:  Pas- 
turage. 

Quk  Part  1,  Commons  Act,  1899,  62  &  63  V.  c.  30,  "  Common  "  includes, 
"  any  land  subject  to  be  inclosed  under  the  Inclosure  Acts,  1845  to  1882 ; 
and  any  town  or  village  Green"  (s.  15;  extending  def  in  39  &  40  V. 
c.  56,  s.  37).     This  def  is  adopted  for  Light  Railways  Act,  1896  (s.  21). 

Qua  Metropolitan  Commons;  T.  29  &  30  V.  c.  122,  s.  3,  extended  by 
32  &  33  V.  c.  107,  s.  2. 

"  There  be  also  divers  other  commons,  as  of  Estovers,  of  Turbary,  of 
Pischary,  of  digging  for  coles,  minerals  and  the  like  "  (Co.  Litt.  122  a). 
V,  Fishery. 

"  Common  of  Faldage  " ;    V.  Foldcourse. 

The  Statute  of  Merton,  authorising  Approvement  of  Commons  when 
Sufficient  Pasture  is  left  to  satisfy  "  Common  of  Pasture, "  does  not 
give  power  to  enclose  against  other  kinds  of  Common,  e,g.  Turbary, 
Estovers  (2  Inst.  87:  Fatocetty.  Strickland^  Willes,  57:  Grant  y.  Gun- 
ner^ 1  Taunt.  435),  nor  as  against  rights  to  dig  gravel  (Duberleyy,  Page, 
2  T.  R.  391) ;  though  a  Custom  to  approve  against  such  rights  may  be 
valid  (Arlett  v.  Ellis,  7  B.  &  C.  346). 

Generally  as  to  Commons;  V.  Wms.  on  Rights  of  Common:  Elton  on 
Commons:  3  Cru.  Dig.  65:  Add.  T.  284-289:  Jacob:  3  Encyc.  135-140. 

"  The  word  *  Commons '  means  as  often  lands  where  rights  of  common 
are  exercised,  as  common  unenclosed  open  land  where  there  are  no 
commonable  rights  "  (per  Watson,  B.,  A-G.  v.  Hanmer,  27  L.  J.  Ch. 
841). 

"  Common  "  land,  espy  when  the  word  is  used  in  a  modern  document, 
may  mean  simply,  land  for  Public  Enjoyment :   V,  Permanent. 

r.  Right  of  Common.     . 

COMMON  AND  NOTORIOUS.— A  person  is  not  a ''Common 
and  Notorious  "  Depraver  of  the  Common  Prayer  (Canons,  1603,  No.  27), 
who,  at  solicitation,  sends  a  friendly  and  private  letter  wherein  the  Com- 
mon Prayer  is  depraved  (Jenkins  v.  Cook,  45  L.  J.  P.  C.  1;  1  P.  D.  80). 
V.  Dbpravk:  Evil  Liver. 

COMMON   BAWDY  HOUSE.  —  F.  Brothel. 
FA,  Arch.  Or.  1139:  Rose.  Cr.  704. 

COMMON    BETTING   HOUSE F.  16  &  17  V.  c.  119,  s.  1,  on 

who  Camindda  v.  Hulton,  cited  Bet.  Every  Common  Betting  House 
is  a  Common  Oaminq  House  (Ih.  s.  2).  Vf^  Arch.  Cr.  1136:  2  Encyc. 
67-70. 


COMMON  848  COMMON 

COMMON  CARRIER.  —"Any  one  who  andertakes  to  carry  the 
Goods  of  all  persons  indifferently,  for  Hirb,  is  a  Common  Carrier  " 
(Oisboume  v.  Hurst,  1  Salk.  249),  a  de6nition  which  may  include  Hoy- 
men,  Bargemen,  Lightermen,  and  Masters  of  Ships  or  Vessels  (Morse  v. 
Slue,  Ventr.  190,  238:  Ingate  v.  Christie,  3  C.  &  K.  61:  Maving  v. 
Todd,  1  Stark.  72:  Bich  v.  Kneeland,  Cro.  Jac.  330:  Liver  Alkali  Co 
V.  Johnson,  L.  R.  7  Ex.  267;  41  L.  J.  Ex.  110^  20  W.  R.  633;  26  L.  T. 
805;  Laveroni  v.  Drury,  8  Ex.  166;  22  L.  J.  Ex.  2). 

"  The  criterion  is,  whether  he  carries  for  particular  persons  only,  or 
whether  he  carries  for  every  one  "  (per  Alderson,  B.,  Ingate  v.  Christ ie^ 
sup)  hetween  stated  places.  Therefore,  a  Town  Carman  {Brind  v. 
Dale,  8  C.  &  P.  207;  2  Moo.  &  R.  80),  a  jobbing  Furniture  Remover 
(Scaife  v.  Farrant,  L.  R.  10  Ex.  358;  44  L.  J.  Ex.  234),  a  Cab  Driver 
(Boss  V.  HUl,  15  L.  J.  C.  P.  182;  2  C.  B.  877)  are  not  Common  Car- 
riers;  as  to  Lightermen,  V.  Chattock  v.  Bellamy,  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  250: 
Thomas  v.  Brown,  4  Com.  Ca.  186. 

A  Carrier  of  Passengers  is  not,  as  such,  a  Common  Carrier  (Sharp  v. 
Grey,  9  Bing.  457:  Bedhead  v.  Mid  By,  L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  379;  38  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  169:  Daniel  v.  Metrop  By,  L.  R.  5  H.  L  45:  Pounder  v.  A'.  E. 
By,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  385;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  136;  65  L.  T.  679;  40  W.  R. 
189;  56  J.  P.  247:  Cobb  v.  G.  W.  By,  1894,  A.  C.  419;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
629;  71  L.  T.  161;  58  J.  P.  636).  Where,  however,  a  Carrier  of  Pas- 
sengers also  holds  himself  out  as  a  Carrier  of  Goods  (even  though  he 
take  no  specific  payment  for  the  latter  service)  he  is  a  Common  Carrier 
qod.  the  Goods;  e.g.  Hackney  Coachmen  (Boss  v.  HUL,  sup:  Case  v. 
Storey,  L.  R.  4  Ex.  319),  Ferrymen  (  Willoughby  v.  Horridge,  12  C.  B. 
742;  22  L.  J.  C.  P.  90),  Railway  Companies  (8  &  9  V.  c.  20,  ss.  86,  89: 
Johnson  v.  Mid  By,  4  Ex.  367;  18  L.  J.  Ex.  366:  Dickson  v.  G.  N. 
By,  18  Q.  B.  D.  184). 

As  to  Canal  Companies;    F.  8  &  9  V.  c.  42,  ss.  5,  6. 

Vf,  Macnamara  on  Carriers,  ch.  3 :  Elosc.  N.  P.  622  Add.  C.  931  et 
seq.  Carver,  4-8:  2  Encyc.  385-395:  Jacob. 

V.  Not  as  Common  Carriers. 

COMMON  COUNCIL.— Qu^  Public  Libraries  Act^  1892,  55  & 
56  V.  c.  53  (and,  probably,  generally)  "  'Common  Council,'  means,  in 
relation  to  the  City  of  London,  the  Mayor,  Commonalty,  and  Citizens, 
acting  by  the  Mayor,  Aldermen^  and  Commons,  in  Common  Council 
assembled  "  (s.  27). 

COMMON  EMPLOYMENT.  —  As  to  when  employees  are  en- 
gaged in  a  •'  Common  Employment  ";  F.  Priestly  v.  Fowler,  3  M.  &  W. 
1;  7  L.  J.  Ex.  42  :  Farwell  v.  Boston  Bailroad,  4  Metcalf,  49;  3  Macq. 
H.  L.  316:  Bartonshill  Coal  Co.  v.  McGuire,  3  Macq.  H.  L.  300: 
Johnson  v-  Lindsay,  1891,  A.  C.  371;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  90;  65  L.  T.  97; 


COMMON  849  COMMON 

40  W.  R.  405;  55  J.  P.  644:  Cameron  v.  Nt/strom,  1893,  A.  C.  308; 
62  L.  J.  P.  C.  85;  68  L.  T.  772;  57  J.  P.  550:  The  Petrel,  1893, 
P.  320;  62  L.  J  P  D.  &  A.  92;  whlcv  for  review  of  previous  authori- 
ties. Vfy  Rose'.  N.  P.  790;  Beven,  Bk.  4,  cti.  6.  The  common  em- 
ployees need  not  both  labour  with  their  hands  aa  Collaborateurs  {Johnson 
V.  Lindsat/,  sup). 

COMMON    FIELDS.— F.  Elph.  666,  567. 

COMMON    FISHERY.—  r.  Fishery. 

COMMON  FORM  BUSINESS. —  Qud  Court  of  Probate  Act, 
1857,  20  &  21  V.  c.  77,  *'  Common  Form  Business,"  means  "  the  business 
of  obtaining  Probate  and  Administration  where  there  is  no  contention 
as  to  the  right  thereto;  —  including  the  passing  of  Probates  and  Adminis- 
trations through  the  Court  of  Probate  in  contentious  cases  when  the 
contest  is  terminated,  and  all  business  of  a  non-contentious  nature  to  be 
taken  in  the  Court  in  matters  of  testacy  and  intestacy  not  being  pro* 
ceedings  in  any  suit,  and  also  the  business  of  lodging  Caveats  against 
the  grant  of  probate  or  administration  "  (s.  2).      V.  Teste. 

COMMON  FUND.— Stat.  Def.,36&37  V.  c  86,  8.  27;  37  &  38 
V.  c.  88,  s.  48;     43  &  44  V.  c.  7,  s.  2. 

"  Common  Fund  of  the  District " ;    V.  32  &  33  V.  c   63,  s.  23. 
••  Common  Fund  of  the  Union  " ;    F.  59  &  60  V.  c.  50,  s.  19. 

COMMON  GAMING  HOUSE.  >-'*  Is  a  house  in  which  a  large 
number  of  persons  are  invited  (whether  publicly  or  privately)  habitually 
to  congregate  for  the  purpose  of  gaming"  (per  Hawkins,  J.,  Jenks  v. 
Turp'm,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  166;  13  Q.  B.  D  505  r  Vthc  for  a  collection  of 
the  authorities  on  this  word.  As  to  what  is  sufficient  proof  of  a  Common 
Gaming  House,  T.  s.  2,  8  &  9  V.  c.  109).  A  Betting  House  ^  shall  be 
taken  and  deemed  to  be  a  Common  Graming  House,"  within  8  &  9  V. 
c.  109  (s.  2,  16  &  17  V  c.  119).     Vf,  Common  Betting  House:  Use. 

"  A  Common  Gaming  House  is  a  house  kept  or  used  for  playing  therein 
at  any  game  of  chance,  or  any  mixed  game  of  chance  and  skill,  in  which 
(a)  a  bank  is  kept  by  one  or  more  of  the  players,  exclusively  of  the 
others;  or  (b)  in  which  any  game  is  played  the  chances  of  which  are  not 
alike  favourable  to  all  the  players,  including  among  the  players  the  banker 
or  other  person  by  whom  the  game  is  managed,  or  against  whom  the 
other  players  stake,  play,  or  bet "  (Steph.  Cr.  122,  123).  Vh  6  Encyc. 
52-55. 

COMMON  GAS.  —  Qui  Metropolis  Gas  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V. 
c.  125,  "  Common  Gas,"  means,  Gas  of  an  Illuminating  Power  as  defined 
by  s.  25,  "  of  not  less  than  12  Candles  "  (s.  4).     Cp  Cannel  Gas. 


COMMON  850  COMMON 

COMMON    INFORMER. —F.  Infobmeb. 

COMMON  INTEREST. —  As  to  what  is  a  "Common  Interest  " 
in  the  subject-matter  of  an  Action  justifying  its  Maintenance,  V,  Ala,- 
hosier  v.  Harness^  cited  MAiNTBifANCE:  and  what  will  justify  the 
Joinder  of  Defts,  V,  Temperton  v.  JRussell,  cited  Same,  sub  "  Same 
Interest." 

COM MON  LAN  D.  —  The  natural  meaning  of  "  Common,  or  Waste, 
Land"  is.  Land  belonging  to  the  Lord  of  the  Manor  but  over  which 
other  persons  have  incorporeal  rights;  the  phrase  does  not,  of  itself,  in- 
elude  Open  Fields,  e.g.  Lammas  Lands,  over  which  divers  persons  have 
rights  in  severalty  (Grand  Union  Canal  Co.  v.  Ashby,  6  H.  &  N.  394; 
30  L.  J.  Ex.  203). 

COMMON  LAW. —  The  Common  Law  of  England  is,  that  Body 
of  Law  which  has  been  judicially  evolved  from  the  general  Custom  of 
the  Realm.  Vhj  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Common  Ley:  Cowel:  Jacob: 
3  Encyc.  140-142. 

COMMON  LODGING  HOUSE The  phrase  '' Common  Lodg- 
ing House,"  ss.  76-89,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  held  to  include  a  house  in 
which  hawkers  and  other  persons  of  an  itinerant  character  were  received 
at  6c2.  a  night,  and  eating  their  meals  at  a  common  table  in  the  kitchen 
{Langdon  v.  Broadbenty  42  J.  P.  66,  67;  37  L.  T.  434;  47  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
275,  n  11). 

But  it  has  been  said  that  a  "  Common  "  Lodging  House  is  one  kept  for 
Gain  and  which  all  classes  of  persons  may  use,  —  "Common  Lodging 
House,"  'Mn  its  ordinary  sense,  means,  a  Lodging  House  kept  for  pur- 
poses of  Profit  and  open  to  all  comers,  whether  of  a  certain  class  or  not  " 
(per  Mathew,  J.,  Booth  v.  Ferrett,  26  Q  B-  D.  89;  69  L.  J.  M.  C. 
137) ;  and,  accordingly,  it  was  held,  that  a  house  kept  only  for  the  recep- 
tion of  men,  and  of  such  men  only,  as  the  Manager  might  think  eligible 
and  some  of  whom  were  allowed  in  at  a  less  rate  than  the  ordinary  charge 
of  4e£.  a  night  and  some  of  whom  were  admitted  free,  and  the  house  ^as 
carried  on  partly  with  a  charitable  and  religious  object,  was  not  a  "  Com- 
mon Lodging  House,"  within  s.  3,  Common  Lodging  Houses  Act,  1853, 
16  &  17  V.  c.  41  (S.  C.  25  Q.  B.  D.  87;  59  L.  J.  M.  C.  136);  but  that 
conclusion  was  over-ruled  by  Logsdon  v.  Booths  1900,  1  Q.  B.  401 ;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  131;  81  L.  T.  602;  48  W.  R.  266;  64  J.  P.  165:  wide  was 
followed  in  Logadon  v.  Trotter,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  617;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  312; 
82  L.  T.  151;  48  W.  R.  365;  64  J.  P.  421. 

Qui  P.  H.  Scotland  Act,  1897,  "  *  Common  Lodging  House,'  means,  a 
house  or  part  thereof  where  Lodgers  are  housed  at  an  amount  not  ex- 
ceeding ^d,  per  night,  or  such  other  sum  as  shall  be  fixed  under  the 
provisions  of  this  Act;  for  each  person,  whether  the  same  be  payable 


COMMON  851  COMMONLY 

nightly  or  weekly  or  for  any  period  not  longer  than  a  fortnight ;  and 
shall  include  any  place  where  Emigrants  are  lodged,  and  all  boarding' 
houses  for  Seamen,  irrespective  of  the  rate  charged  for  lodging  or 
boarding"  (s.  3).  Cp,  the  previous  def  19  &  20  V.  c.  103,  s.  3j  30  & 
31  V.  c.  101,  s.  3. 

Qu^  P.  H.  Ireland  Act,  1878,  "  *  Common  Lodging  House,'  means,  a 
house  in  which,  or  in  any  part  of  which,  persons  are  harboured  or  lodged, 
for  Hire,  for  a  single  night,  or  for  less  than  a  week  at  a  time  "  (s.  2). 

F.  Lodging  House. 

COMMON  NUISANCE.  — "A  Common  Nuisance  is  an  act  not 
warranted  by  law,  or  an  omission  to  discharge  a  legal  duty,  which  act  or 
omission  obstructs  or  causes  inconvenience  or  damage  to  the  Public  in 
the  exercise  of  rights  common  to  all  Her  Majesty's  subjects.  It  is  im- 
material whether  the  act  complained  of  is  convenient  to  a  larger  number 
of  the  public  than  it  inconveniences;  but  the  fact  that  the  act  complained 
of  facilitates  the  lawful  exercise  of  their  rights  by  part  of  the  public,  may 
show  that  it  is  not  a  nuisance  to  any  of  the  public  "  (Steph.  Cr.  ch.  19, 
whv  for  instances  of  Common  Nuisances).  Vf^  Arch.  Cr.  1121-1173: 
Bosc.  Cr.  697. 

V.  Public  Nuisance  :  Nuisance. 

COMMON   OF   SHACK r.  Shack. 

COMMON  PRAYER —  F.  Book  of  Common  Prayer:  Common 
AND  Notorious. 

COMMON  RECOVERY.  — A  Common  Recovery  was  a  fictitious 
suit  for  barring  an  Entail.  It  received  its  first  judicial  sanction  by  Tal- 
tartim^s  Case  (Y.  B.  12  Ed.  4,  19),  and  was  only  abolished  by  the  Fines 
and  Recoveries  Act,  1833.  Vh^  2  Bl.  Com.  357  et  seq ;  Wms.  R.  P. 
ch.  2:  Jacob,  Recovery. 

COMMON    SEWER.—  r.  Sewer. 

COMMON^  Tenancy  in. —  V,  Tenancy  in  Common. 

COMMON  TO  THE  TRADE.  — This  phrase  in  s.  74  (1  6),  Pat- 
ents,  Designs,  and  Trade  Marks  Act,  1883,  means,  **  Open  to  the  Trade  " 
{Re  Wragg,  29  Ch.  D.  651 5  54  L.  J.  Ch.  391  •.  Burland  v.  Broxburn 
Co  J  58  L.  J.  Ch.  816;  42  Ch.  D.  274;  61  L.  T.  618;  6  Pat.  Ca.  482: 
Re  Apollinaris  Co,  cited  Aggrieved).     "  In  Common  Use  ";   V.  lb 

V.  Trade-Mark. 

COMMON   WAY F.  Highway:  Calcet. 

COMMONLY    UNDERSTOOD "Commonly    understood,"  s. 

241,  45  &  46  V.  c.  50,  means,  "  Commonly  understood  by  any  person 


COMMONLY  352       COMMUTATION 

comparing  the  Nomination  Paper  and  the  Burgeas  Boll  "  (Moorhouse  v. 
Lifiney,  15  Q.  B.  D.  273:  Vf,  B.  v.  Gregory^  22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  120;  1 E.  & 
B.  GOO). 

COMMONS. —  V,  Common:  House  op  Commons. 

In  such  a  phrase  as  that  in  Scales  v.  Pickering  (  V.  Footpath),  "  Com- 
mons "  "  evidently  refers  to  those  small  patches  of  Waste  land  sometimes 
lying  by  the  side  of  a  road,  the  property  of  which  belongs  to  the  Lord  of 
the  Manor  "  (per  Best,  C.  J.,  lb,). 

COMMONWEALTH.—"  The  Commonwealth  of  Australia,"  as  a 
phrase,  sprang  into  the  Republic  of  Letters,  and  itself,  as  a  fact,  came 
into  existence,  by  the  Act  of  1900,  The  Commonwealth  of  Australia  Con- 
stitution Act,  63  &  64  V.  c.  12,  whv  hereon. 

COMMOTE  or  CONMOTE.  —  "  A  Commote  is  a  great  seigniory, 
and  may  include  one  or  divers  mannors  "  (Co.  Litt.  5a:  Vf,  Touch.  92: 
Elph.  667,  668). 

COMMOTION V.  Civil  Commotion. 

COM  M  U N ICANT A  "  Communicant "  of  the  Church  of  England 

is,  in  its  proper  and  primary  meaning,  one  who  actually  communes;  in 
its  secondary  sense,  it  may  mean,  every  person  whom  the  Church  in  an- 
cient times  regarded  as  under  an  obligation  to  commune  (B.  v.  Ball^  35 
L.  J.  M.  C.  261 ;  L.  R.  1  Q.  B.  632 ;  7  B.  &  S.  642). 

COMMUNICATION T.  Message:  Omit. 

"Communication"  of  State  Documents,  &c;  V.  Official  Secrets  Act, 
1889,  62  &  63  V.  c.  52,  s.  8. 

COMMUNION.  —  Holy  Communion ;  V,  Church:  Kneeling. 

"Communion  Table*'  in  the  Church  of  England, — Can  it  "mean 
anything  but  that  'table'  at  which  meals  are  usually  eaten?"  (per  Sir 
H.  J.  Fust,  Faulkner  v.  Litchfield j  1  Rob.  Ecc.  220) ;  an  immovable 
structure  is  not  a  Communion  Table  (iS'.  C),  such  a  "  Table  "  must  be 
one  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word,  i.e.  movable,  made  of  wood,  fiat, 
and  capable  of  being  covered  with  a  cloth,  and  having  no  Cross  attached 
(Liddell  V.  WesteHony  6  W.  R.  470).  Vfj  LiddeU  v.  Beal,  14  Moore 
P.  C.  7;  8  W.  R.  669;  3  L.  T.  218:  Nobth  Side. 

COMMUNITY F.  Convent. 

COMMUTATION.  —  A  "  Commutation,"  e.g.  of  Tithes,  s.  42, 6  & 
7  W.  4,  c.  71,  is  to  substitute  one  liability  for  another;  therefore,  lands 
which  were  waste  at  the  time  of  a  Tithe  Commutation  Award  but  which 
were  afterwards  enclosed  and  so  would  have  become  titheable  but  for  the 
Award,  became  liable  to  the  per-acreage  Tithe  Commutation  Rent  Charge 


COMMUTATION        853  COMPANY 

fixed  by  the  award  {Trimmer  v.  Walsh,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  364 ;  4  B.  &  S. 
40).  In  that  case  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  pointed  out  that  "  Commutation  *' 
was  not  to  be  confounded  with  **  Apportionment,"*  and  Blackburn,  J., 
distinguished  it  from  '*  Compensation."      Cp  Composition. 

COMPANY.  —  An  Obligation  given  to  Trustees  for  an  Unincorpo- 
rated "Company"  is  valid;  "Company,"  m  that  connection,  means  the 
fluctuating  or  successive  body  of  persons  who,  from  time  to  time,  form 
the  Co  (Metcalf  v.  Bruin,  12  East,  400). 

Referring  to  the  phrase  "  Company,  Association,  or  Partnership,"  s.  4, 
Comp  Act,  1862,  James,  L.  J.,  said,  "  I  believe  the  difference  which  was 
meant,  as  the  difference  according  to  the  vernacular  we  use  in  these  things 
between  a  Company  or  Association  and  an  ordinary  Partnership,  is  this : 
An  ordinary  Partnership,  is  a  partnership  composed  of  definite  individ- 
uals bound  together  by  contract  between  themselves  to  continue  for  some 
joint  object  either  during  pleasure  or  during  a  limited  time;  but  the  part- 
nership is  essentially  composed  of  the  persons  originally  entering  into 
the  contract  with  one  another.  A  Company  or  Association  —  and  I  take 
the  terms  to  be  really  synonymous  —  is  an  arrangeibent  by  which  parties 
intend  to  have  a  partnership  which  will  be  constantly  changing,  that  is 
to  say,  to  have  a  succession  of  partnerships,  a  partnership  to-day  consist- 
ing of  certain  members,  and  to-morrow  of  some  of  those  members  only 
and  some  others  who  have  come  in;  so  that  there  will  be  a  constant  shift- 
ing of  the  partnership,  a  determination  of  the  old  and  a  creation  of  a  new 
partnership,  and  always  formed  with  the  intention  that,  so  far  as  they 
could  by  agreement  between  themselves,  the  new  partnership  should 
take  upon  itself  the  assets  and  liabilities  of  the  old  partnership  —  an 
object  which  as  regards  liability  could  not  be  effected  in  point  of  law  by 
any  arrangement  between  the  persons  themselves,  unless  the  persons  con- 
tracting with  them  bj'  a  novatio  authorised  the  change,  or  unless  by 
special  provisions  in  the  Acts  of  Parliament,  sanction  was  given  to  such 
an  arrangement.  That  is  the  sole  distinction  between  Association  and 
Partnership  "  {Smith  v.  Anderson,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  49;  15  Ch.  D.  273;  Sv, 
per  Brett  and  Cotton,  L.J  J.,  who  suggested  distinctions  between  "  Com- 
pany "  and  "  Association  ").  Fa,  R,  v.  Registrar  of  Joint  Stock  Com- 
panies, 1891,  2  Q.  B.  598;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  3;  65  L.  T.  392;  39  W.  R. 
708;  whlc  was  on  "  Company,"  s.  180,  Comp  Act,  1862. 

The  other  "Co  "  to  which  a  Co's  property  may  be  transferred  under 
8.  161,  Comp  Act,  1862,  may  be  a  Foreign  Co  {Exp.  Fox,  40  L.  J.  Ch. 
433;  6Ch.  176). 

"Company"  may  include  a  Municipal  Corporation  {Wolverhampton 
V.  Bilston,  cited  Water  Company). 

In  a  Modern  Act  the  meaning  of  "  Company,"  or  "  the  Company,"  will 
generally  be  ascertained  by  referring  to  its  Interp  Clause,  which  usu- 
ally defines  the  phrase  according  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  Act,  e.g. 

23 


COMPANY  854      COMPENSATION 

quk  Forged  Transfers  Act,  1891,  54  &  65  V.  c.  43,  "  'Company,'  shall 
mean,  any  Company  incorporated  by,  or  in  pursuance  of,  any  Act  of 
Parliament,  or  by  Royal  Charter  "  (s.  2). 

"  Co  incorporated  6y  Act  of  Parliament,"  within  a  Trustee's  Invest- 
ment Clause,  does  not  include  a  Co  formed  under  the  Comp  Act,  1862, 
or  1  V.  c.  73 ;  but  the  phrase  does  include  a  Co  created  by  a  Charter 
specially  authorised  by  Parliament,  and  which  Charter  the  Crown  could 
not  grant  without  statutory  power  (Mve  v.  Boyton,  1891,  1  Ch.  501 ; 
60  L.  J.  Ch.  383:    Vf,  Re  Smith,  cited  By).      FjTIncoepoeated. 

Debentures  of  a  "  Mortgage,  Loan,  or  other  Incorporated  Co, "  s.  17, 
Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1882;  in  this  phrase  *^ other  Incorporated  Co"  is  not 
to  be  read  as  ejusdem  generis  with  the  preceding  words  {Re  Standard 
Manufacturing  Co,  1891, 1  Ch.  627;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  292;  39  W.  R.  369; 
over-ruling  Jenkinson  v.  Brandley  Co,  19  Q.  B.  D.  568;  35  W.  R.  834) ; 
but  even  if  the  rule  were  applied,  any  Incorporated  Co  authorised  to 
raise  money  on  loan  or  mtge,  ue,  having  Borrowing  Powers,  is  within 
the  section  {lb, :  Sv  now  s.  14,  Comp  Act,  1900).  But  a  Debenture  by  an 
Industrial  and  Provident  Socy  is  not  within  the  section,  because  such  a 
Socy  is  not  a  Co  at  all  {G,  N,  Ry  v.  Coal  Co-operative  Socy,  1896,  1  Ch. 
187;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  214;  73  L.  T.  443 ;  44  W.  R.  252).  Vf  Debenture  : 
Bill  of  Sale. 

"  The  Companies  Acts,  1862  to  1893  " ;  F.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

"  The  Companies  Clauses  Acts,  1845  to  1889  ";    V.  lb. 

V,  Business:  Insurance  Company:  Joint  Stock  Company: 
Railway  Company:  Trading  and  other  Public  Companies. 

"  Company's  Funds  ";    V.  Ry  and  Canal  Traffic  Act,  1888,  s.  42  (3). 

Proceedings  of  a  Co ;    V.  Proceeding. 

COMPASSIONATE  ALLOWANCE.  —  A  "  Compassionate  Allow- 
ance "  is  a  voluntary  bounty,  and  not  Income  {Re  Webber,  V.  Income). 

COMPELLABLE.  —  An  enactment  that  an  ac<;used  person  shall  be 
"  competent,  but  not  compellable  "  to  give  evidence  on  the  charge  against 
him,  does  not,  even  under  the  latter  branch  of  the  phrase,  import  that  the 
Judge  is  not  to  make  comments  to  the  Jury  on  the  absence  from  the  wit- 
ness-box of  the  accused  {Kops  v.  The  Queen,  1894,  A.  C.  660;  64  L.  J. 
P.  C.  34 ;  70  L.  T.  890 ;  68  J.  P.  668).    Vf,  R.  v.  Rhodes,  cited  Comment. 

COMPENSATION.— "Compensation"  in  Conditions  of  Sale;  F. 
Cordingley  v.  Cheesebrough,  31  L.  J.  Ch.  617;  3  Giff.  496. 

"Claim  for  Compensation,"  s.  9,  V.  &  P.  Act,  1874,  includes  claim 
for  non-delivery  of  Possession,  or  for  removal  of  loose  chattels  {Re  Lait^ 
wood,  36  S.  J.  255).     Cp  Question. 

"Fair  and  Reasonable  Compensation,"  "Reasonable  Compensation"; 
V.  Reasonable. 

V.  Full  Compensation. 


I 


COMPENSATION       855  COMPETENT 

"  Making  Compensation  " ;   V,  Satisfaction. 

Compensation  under  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845;  V.  House:  Heredita- 
msnt:  Tenement:  Injuriously  affected:  Ee  Bailey  and  Isle  of 
Thanet  Ry,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  722;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  442;  82  L.  T.  713;  48 
W.  R.  589:  Browne  and  Allan  on  Compensation:  Cripps,  lb. 

"Compensation  Allowances**]  V.  Courts  of  Justice  Building  Act, 
1865,  28  &  29  V.  c.  48,  s.  2. 

"  Compensation  for  Loss  or  Damage/*  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1876,  s.  10, 
is  not  the  equivalent  of  Damages  therefor  (Dixon  v.  Calcraft,  1892, 
1  Q.  B,  468}  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  529;  66  L.  T.  554;  40  W.  R.  598;  56 
J.  P.  388). 

r.  Commutation. 

COMPETE.  —  An  agreement  "  not  directly  or  indirectly  to  enter 
into  Competition  "  in  a  business,  is  not  confined  to  a/itive  competition; 
and  a  physician,  having  entered  into  such  contract  on  the  sale  of  his 
practice,  is  guilty  of  a  breach  if  he  attend  a  patient  within  the  prohibited 
district,  even  though  he  was  called  in  without  any  solicitation  on  his 
part,  and  though  he  recommended  that  some  one  else  should  be  called 
in,  and  though  it  be  proved  that  his  vendee  would  not  have  been  called 
in  {Rogers  v.  Drury,  36  W.  R.  496;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  504;  4  Times 
Rep.  98).     V.  Restraint  of  Trade. 

COMPETENT.  — "Competent  to  dispose  by  Will  of  a  Continuing 
Interest,"  s.  21,  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853,  means  the  quantity  of  the  suc- 
cessor's interest  in  the  property  subject  to  duty,  and  does  not  refer  to 
his  mental  capacity  {A-G.  v.  Hallett,  27  L.  J.  Ex.  89;  2  H.  &  N.  368); 
and  the  phrase  includes  the  power  (if  executed)  of  a  Tenant  in  Tail  in 
possession  to  enlarge  his  estate  to  a  Fee  Simple  (Lilford  v.  A-G.,  36 
L.  J.  Ex.  116;  L.  R.  2  H.  L.  63). 

"  Competent  to  dispose  "  of  property,  quk  Finance  Act,  1894  ;  V,  s.  22 
(2  a):  "A  Child  or  other  Issue  "  (of  a  testator)  whose  estate  becomes 
entitled  to  property  under  s.  33,  Wills  Act,  1837,  is  "  at  the  time  of  his 
death  Competent  to  dispose  "  of  such  property,  within  s.  2  (1  a).  Finance 
Act,  and,  accordingly,  it  is  "  property  Passing  on  the  death  "  of  the 
Child  or  Issue  and  liable  to  Estate  Duty  (^e  ScoU,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  372; 
69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  121;  affd  70  L.  J.  Q.  B.  66) :  As  used  at  end  of  s.  5  (2), 
Finance  Act,  V.  A-G.  v.  Hay,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  245;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  557; 
80  L.  T.  712. 

Parties  "  Competent "  to  make  admissions^  s.  7,  21  &  22  V.  c.  27, 
include  Assignees  in  Bankruptcy,  and  Married  Women  {Churchill  v. 
CoUery  1  N.  R.  82)  ;  but  not  Infants  (  Wilkinson  v.  Beat,  4  Mad.  408). 

"  Competent  but  not  compellable  " ;   V,  Compellable. 

"  Competent  Court,"  s.  5  (2),  Debtors  Act,  1869 ;  V.  Washer  v. 
Elliott,  1  C.  P.  D.  173.  174. 


COMPETENT  856  COMPLAINT 

"  Competent  Magistrate "  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  Channel 
Islands,  qnk  Indictable  Offences  Act  Amendment  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V- 
c.  107;    V.  8.  6. 

Competent  Surveyor;   V,  Sukveyor. 

Culprit  a  Competent  Witness]    V.  Stage:  Commekt. 

COMPETITION V.  Compete. 

COMPETITIVE.— "Competitive  Place";  V.  Distingtan  Iron  Co 
V.  Lond.  &  N.  W,  Ryy  6  Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  110. 

"  Competitive  Station  " ;    V.  Mid  Ry  v.   G.  W.  Ry,  2  Ry  &  Can 

Traffic  Ca.  88. 

COMPLAINANT.— Qui  Petty  Sessions  (Ir)  Act,  1851,  14  &  15  V. 
c.  93,  "  Complainant "  includes  "  Informant,  or  Prosecutor  "  (s.  44). 
F.  in  Scotland,  38  &  39  V.  c.  90,  s.  14. 

COMPLAINT.  —  Qui  Magistrates,  "  where  proceedings  are  taken  by 
way  of  'Information,'  or  *  Complaint,'  which  end,  or  may  end,  in  a  Cox- 
viCTiON  or  Order,  there  are  always  two  parties, — the  person  initiat- 
ing the  proceedings,  and  the  person  against  whom  the  proceedings  are 
taken  "  (per  Ld  Herschell,  Boulter  v.  Kent  Jus,,  cited  Court  op  Sum- 
mary Jurisdiction).  "  *  Information '  is  the  initiatory  step  in  pro- 
ceedings of  a  Criminal  nature  which  are  to  be  disposed  of  summarily,  — 
while,  I  apprehend,  the  term  '  Complaint '  designates  the  initiatory  step 
in  summary  proceedings  of  a  Civil  nature;  but  equally  in  both  cases 
there  is  contemplated  the  existence  of  a  matter  in  controvers}'^  between 
two  parties  "  (per  Hayes,  J.,  Re  Ditlon,  11  Ir.  Com.  Law  Rep.  238). 

An  application  to  justices  to  settle  Compensation  under  s.  22,  Lands 
C.  C.  Act,  1845,  is  not  a  "  Complaint "  within  Jervis'  Act,  11  &  12  V. 
c.  43  {R.  V.  Hannay,  44  L.  J.  M.  C.  27:  /?.  v.  Edwards,  53  L.  J.  M.  C. 
149;  13  Q.  B.  D.  ^Qi  whlc  over-rules  Ee  Edmundson,  21  L.  J.  M.  C. 
193;  17  Q.  B.  67);  nor  are  proceedings  for  enforcing  a  Public  Rate  a 
"Complaint"  (Sweetman  v.  Guest,  37  L.  J.  M.  C.  59;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B. 
262;  32  J.  P.  212  :  R.  v.  Price,  5  Q.  B.  D.  300;  49  L.  J.  M.  C.  49;  28 
W.  R.  615;  42  L.  T.  539 ;  44  J.  P.  248) ;  but  a  Justice's  Summons  for 
a  Water  Rate  under,  s.  74,  10  &  11  V.  c.  17,  is  a  "  Complaint "  (East 
London  W.  W.  Co  v.  Charles,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  730;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  209; 
71  L.  T.  200;  42  W.  R.  702 ;  58  J.  P.  764). 

Qu4  Petty  Sessions  (Ir)  Act,  1851,  "  Complaint  "  includes  "  Informa- 
tion "  (s.  44). 

V,  Information:  Arise. 

The  filing  an  affidavit  in  support  of  a  notice  of  motion  to  set  aside  an 
Award  is  a  "  Complaint,"  within  9  &  10  W.  3,  c.  15,  s.  2  {Re  Rudders- 
field  and  Jacomh,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  96;  10  Ch.  92:  Smith  v.  Farkside  Co, 
50  L.  J.  Ex.  144;  6  Q.  B.  D.  67). 

"  Matter  of  Complaint  ";  V.  Deface. 


COMPLETE  357         COMPLETION 

COMPLETE.— r.  Perfect. 

Complete  Discharge)  V,  Re  Moli/neux,  cited  Sole. 

Complete  Cargo  \  V.  Cargo. 

Couiplete  Contract 'j    V.  Subject  to. 

Complete  Iiepair\   V.  Joliffe  v.  Twyford^  cited  Keep:  Repair. 

COMPLETED.  —  Execution  completed;  V,  Execution. 

Sales,  &c  "  completed,"  Ord.  2  (a),  Solrs  Rem  Ord,  and  Sch  1,  Part  1, 
lb.;  V.  Mortgage. 

Scale  Fee,  for  Completing  Conveyance;  V.  Grey  y.  Curtice,  cited  Con- 
veyance, at  end. 

COMPLETION.  —  Where  a  contract  for  sale  stipulates  that  interest 
on  the  unpaid  purchase  money  shall  be  paid  until  "Completion,"  that 
means,  that  interest  shall  be  payable  until  the  purchase  money  is  paid 
{LewU  V.  S.  W.  Ry,  22  L.  J.  Ch.  209;  10  Hare,  113).  In  delivering 
judgment  in  that  case,  Turner,  V.  C,  said:  —  "  The  question  is,  what  is 
the  meaning  of  the  words  *  until  the  Completion  of  the  Purchase '  ? 
Those  words  may  no  doubt  import,  and  generally  perhaps  would  be  con- 
strued to  refer  to,  the  complete  conveyance  of  the  estate  and  final  settle- 
ment of  the  business.  But  I  do  not  think  that  is  the  only  or  necessary 
meaning  of  the  words.  They  may  mean,  until  the  completion  of  the 
purchase  by  the  purchaser,  on  whose  part  the  purchase  is  completed,  on 
the  payment  of  the  purchase  money  by  him.  ...  Is  it  reasonable  to 
construe  the  words  as  importing  that  interest  is  to  be  paid  on  the  pur- 
chase money  until  the  final  completion  of  the  purchase,  although  the 
purchase  money  itself  might  be  paid  long  before  ?  I  think  it  would  be 
unreasonable  to  put  such  a  construction  on  the  words,  the  more  so  when 
it  is  considered  that  interest  is  the  compensation  for  the  delay  in  the  pay- 
ment of  the  principal.  That  an  agreement  might  be  so  expressed  as  to 
make  interest  on  the  purchase  money  payable  up  to  the  final  completion 
of  the  purchase  by  the  conveyance  of  the  estate,  although  the  purchase 
money  itself  was  sooner  paid,  need  not  be  denied;  but  I  think  very 
strong  words  would  be  required  for  the  purpose,  and  that  the  terms  of 
this  agreement  do  not  warrant  such  a  construction. " 

Commission  "on  Completion  of  the  Purchase,"  means,  completion  of 
the  purchase  of  the  whole  subject-matter  of  the  contract;  failing  which 
the  commission  will  not  be  payable  unless  that  full  completion  be  hin- 
dered by  the  default  of  him  by  whom  it  is  to  be  paid  {Lott  v.  Outhwaite, 
10  Times  Rep.  76). 

Where  a  builder  is  to  be  paid  on  the  "  Completion  "  of  a  Building, 
such  completion  is,  generally,  a  question  of  fact,  independont  of  the 
Architect's  Certificate,  unless  such  certificate  is  clearly  made  a  Condition 
Precedent  to  the  payment  {Lewis  v,  Hoare^A:\  L.  T.  C6:  Vh,  Scott  v. 
Liverpool,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  230;  3  D.  G.  &  J.  334:  1  Hudson,  140,  287). 


COMPLETION         368        COMPOSITION 

But,  generally,  in  Bg  Contracts,  when  an  Architect  or  Surveyor  is  em- 
ployed, it  will  be  found  that  "Completion,"  means  "Certified  Comple- 
tion "  {Cunliffe  V.  Hampton  Wick^  cited  Several). 

Where  the  contract  price  for  a  Chattel  is  to  be  paid  within  a  stated 
time  from  its  "  Completion,"  that  means,  its  substantial  completion;  and 
the  time  will  not  be  extended  by  mere  alterations  and  improvements  to 
the  chattel  made  in  the  hope  of  satisfying  the  purchaser  (per  Erie,  J., 
Parsons  v.  Saxter,  2  C.  &  K.  266). 

Salary  of  Manager  "  to  commence  from  Completion  "  of  the  contract, 
by  his  employer,  for  the  property  or  business  to  be  managed;  V.  Brown- 
ing V.  Great  Central  Mining  Co,  6  H.  &  N.  856;  29  L.  J.  Ex.  399. 

Commission  "  on  the  Completion  of  the  Loading,  or  should  the  Vessel 
be  lost";  V.  Ward  y.  Weir,  4  Com.  Ca.  216;  distinguishing  Sibson  v. 
Barcraig  Co,  24  Sess.  Ca.  4th  Ser.  91. 

Completion  of  Works;   V.  Works. 

COMPOSE.— To  "Compose"  a  Book,  Copyright  Act,  1842,  does 
not  mean  to  "  copy  or  write  from  dictation,  it  obviously  means,  Compose 
in  the  sense  of  being  the  Author  "  (  Waiter  v.  Lane,  cited  Authob). 

COMPOSER.  — r.  Author. 

COMPOSITEURS.— F.  Amiables  Compositeurs. 

COMPOSITION.  — A  "Composition  with  Creditors''  is  an  Ab- 
RANOEMENT  between  a  Debtor  and  his  Creditors  (or  some  of  them,  Sharp 
V.  Cosserat,  20  Bea.  470;  3  W.  R.  473),  whereby  the  latter  agree  with 
the  Debtor  (and  mutually  amongst  themselves)  to  receive,  and  the 
Debtor  agrees  to  pay,  an  agreed  proportion  less  than  20^.  in  the  B,  in 
satisfaction  of  the  debts  due  or  accruing  due  from  the  Debtor  to  the 
Creditors.     Cp  Compound. 

A  cessio  bonorum  is  not  a  "  Composition  with  Creditors  "  disqualifying 
a  member  of  a  Local  Board  under  R.  5,  Sch  2,  P.  H.  Act,  1876  (-B.  v. 
Cooban,  56  L.  J.  M.  C.  33).  In  that  case  Denman,  J.  (obiter),  was  of 
opinion  that  the  "  Composition  "  struck  at  by  the  Rule  was  one  effected 
under  the  Bankry  Act,  1869;  whilst  Hawkins,  J.,  was  "  inclined  to  think 
that  this  disqualifying  Rule  would  include  not  only  Compositions  under 
the  Bankry  Act,  1869,  but  also  Private  Compositions  with  Creditors  by 
deed." 

A  "  Composition  "  of  a  Poor  Rate  (proviso  (1),  s.  7,  Rep  People  Act, 
1867),  includes  not  only  the  case  of  an  Owner  paying  less  than  the  full 
amount  by  agreement,  but  also  where  he  pays  a  less  amount  by  Vestry 
Order  under  the  Small  Tenements  Act  {Trotter  v.  Trevor^  38  L.  J.  C.  P. 
51;  L.  R.  4  C.  P.  502).  Vf,  Mason  v.  Bennett,  38  L.  J.  C.  P.  48;  L.  R. 
4  C.  P.  502. 

Composition  for  Tithes,  is  an  agreement  to  pay  money  in  lieu  of 


COMPOSITION        859  COMPTABLE 

Tithes:  Fl  Jacob,  Composition,  "Compositions  for  Tithes, ""  Persons 
entitled  to  Compositions  for  Tithes";  V.  Tithe  Kent  Charge  (Ir)  Act, 
1838,  1  &  2  V.  c.  109,  s.  54.     Cp  Commutation. 

"  Compositions,"  in  exception  to  definition  of  "  Bentf"  s.  1, 3  &  4  W.  4, 
c.  27 ;    V,  Irish  Land  Commission  v.  Ghranty  cited  Rent. 

COMPOUND. —  To  "Compound"  a  Debt,  is  to  abate  a  part  on 
receiving  the  residue  {Haskins  v.  Newcomb,  2  Johns.  408).  "  If  there 
is  a  binding  arrangement  for  discharge  of  the  debt  from  which  neither 
party  can  recede  and  with  which  the  creditor  is  satisfied,  it  is  a  com- 
pounding, though  something  still  remains  to  be  done  "  (per  Patteson,  J., 
Fennell  v.  RJwdes,  9  Q.  B.  129;  16  L.  J.  Q.  B.  356).   C>,  Composition: 

COMPROMISB. 

"  'Compounding  Felony,  or  Theft-Bote,'  is  where  the  party  robbed, 
not  only  knows  the  Felon  but  also,  takes  his  goods  again,  or  other 
amends,  upon  agreement  not  to  prosecute  "  (Jacob).  But  it  can  hardly 
be  correct  to  say  that  this  Offence  is  the  same  as  Theft-Bote,  for  that 
ancient  Offence  was  not  committed  where  a  man  took  back  his  own  goods 
(F.  Bote,  "Theft-Bote"). 

Compounded  Drug;  V,  Beardsl&y  y.  Walton,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  1;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  344;  82  L.  T.  119;  64  J.  P.  436. 

Compound  Settlement;    V.  Settlement. 

COMPREHENSIVENESS.—  V.  Generality. 

COMPRISE.—  V.  Include. 

Other  Claim  "  Comprised  in  the  same  Account,"  s.  9,  19  &  20  V.  c.  97, 
means,  "  *that  would  have  been  comprehended'  in  it;  t.c.  that  would 
have  been  an  item  in  the  account  demanded"  (perLd  Westbury,  KnoxY. 
Gye,  L.  R.  5  H.  L.  673;  42  L.  J.  Ch.  238). 

COMPRISING.  —  "Comprising"  imports  interpretation,  like 
Namely,  or  That  is  to  say,  e.g.  "All  my  farming  stock.  Com- 
prising," so  many  horses  &c  {Jones  t.  Roberts,  34  S.  J.  254). 

COMPROMISE.  — "  'Compromise,'  is  a  mutual  promise  of  two  or 
more  parties  that  are  at  controversie  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 

"  A  Compromise  takes  place  when  there  is  a  question  of  doubt,  and  the 
parties  agree  not  to  try  it  out  but  to  settle  it  between  themselves  by  a 
give-and-take  arrangement "  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Huddersjield  Bank  v. 
Lister,  1895,  2  Ch.  285). 

"Modification  or  Compromise  "  of  rights;  V,  Modification:  Com- 
pound. 

"  Compromise  or  Akbangement,"  s.  2,  33  &  34  V.  c.  104;  Vh  Buckl. 
630. 

COMPTABLE. —  V.  Exchange  Bank  of  Canada  v.  The  Queen, 
55  L.  J.  P.  C.  5;   11  App.  Ca.  157;   54  L.  T.  802. 


COMPTROLLER       860    CONCEALED  FRAUD 

COMPTROLLER.  — Stat.  Def.,  Patents,  &c  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V. 
c.  57,  8.  117. 

"  Comptroller  and  Auditor  General ";  T.  40  &  41  V.  c.  2,  s.  2,  c.  45, 
8.  6;  42  &  43  V.  c.  45,  s.  5. 

COMPULSORY  POWERS.  — "Injury  or  Loss  in  consequence  of 
any  Compulsory  Powers  of  taking  property,"  s.  1  (1),  55  &  56  V.  c.  27, 
means,  in  consequence  of  the  Exercise  of  such  powers,  which  a  mere 
Notice  to  Treat  (though  followed  by  a  Contract)  is  not  (Guest  v.  Poole, 
&c  Ryj  39  L.  J.  C.  P.  329;  L.  R.  5  C.  P.  553:  Re  Uxbridge,  &c  Ry, 
59  L.  J.  Ch.  409;  43  Cb.  D.  536;  62  L.  T.  347;  38  W.  R.  644);  nor 
are  the  charges  of  a  landowner's  Solr  or  Surveyor  (incurred  in  conse- 
quence of  such  Notice)  "  Injury  or  Loss  "  within  the  phrase  {Re  UxhridgCj 
&c  Rt/f  sup).     Cp  "  Reasonable  Compensation,"  sub  Reasonable. 

Where  a  Ry  or  Canal  Co  have  power,  on  notice,  to  take  the  Mines 
under  the  Ry  or  Canal,  but  failing  the  exercise  of  such  power  the  Owner 
may  work  the  Mines,  provided  that  in  such  working  "  No  Injury  "  be 
done  to  the  Ry  or  Canal,  —  the  words  "  No  Injury  "  are  "  to  be  construed 
with  some  qualification,  and  as  meaning  (1)  That  the  party  working  the 
mines  is  to  do  no  unnecessary  damage  or  injury,  or  (2)  No  extraordinary 
damage  or  injury  by  working  them  out  of  the  ordinary  and  usual  mode  " 
(Dudley  Canal  Co  v.  Grazebrook,  1  B.  &  Ad.  59 ;  approved  in  G^  W.  Ry 
V.  Bennett,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  133 ;  L.  R.  2  H.  L.  27,  and  distd  in  Knowles 
v.  Lane.  &  Y.  Ry,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  39 ;  14  App.  Ca.  248:  on  whlcv,  Cham- 
ber Colliery  Co  v.  Rockdale  Canal  Co,  1895,  A.  C.  564;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
645,  and  New  Moss  Colliery  Co  v.  Manchester  S.  &  L.  Ry,  1897,  1  Ch. 
726;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  381;  76  L.  T.  231;  45  W.  R.  493).      F/*  Damage. 

COMPULSORY  REFERENCE.— A  reference  for  Trial  to  an 
Official  Referee,  under  R.  7  (a),  Ord.  36,  R.  S.  C,  is  not  a  "  Compulsory 
Reference  to  Arbitration,"  within  s.  8,  Jud.  Act,  1884  (Munday  v. 
Norton,  cited  Arbitration). 

CONCEAL.  —  Qui  the  Contract  of  Insurance,  "  < Concealment,' 
properly  so  called,  means.  Non-disclosure  of  a  fact  which  it  is  a  man's 
duty  to  disclose  "  (per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  London  Assrce  v.  Mansel,  11  Ch. 
D.  370;  48  L.  J.  Ch.  334). 

CONCEALED  FRAUD.  — "Concealed  Fraud,"  s.  26,  Real  Prop- 
erty  Limitation  Act,  1833,  "  does  not  mean  the  case  of  a  party  entering 
wrongfully  into  Possession;  it  means,  a  case  of  designed  fraud  by  which 
a  party,  knowing  to  whom  the  Right  belongs,  conceals  the  circumstances 
giving  that  right,  and,  by  means  of  such  concealment,  enables  himself  to 
enter  and  hold"  (per  Kiudersley,  V.  C,  Petre  v.  Petre,  1  Drew.  397: 
Vf,  Vane  v.  Vane,  8  Ch.  383;  21  W.  R.  66;  27  L.  T.  534:  Re  McCal- 
lum,  49  W.  R.  129) :  —  As   to   what  particular  acts  amount  to  such 


CONCEALED   FRAUD   361       CONCERNED  IN 

«  Concealed  Fraud,"  V.  Sturgis  v.  Morse,  24  Bea.  541;  3  D.  G.  &  J.  1: 
Vane  v.  Vane,  sup:  Trevelyan  v.  Charter,  11  CI.  &  F.  714;  4  L.  J.  Ch. 
209:  Metropolitan  Bank  v.  Heiron,  5  Ex.  D.  319;  29  W.  R.  370; 
43  L.  T.  676:  Price  v.  Berrington,  3  M.  &  G.  486:  Molton  v.  Camroux^ 

2  Ex.  487;  4  lb.  17:  Lewis  v.  Thomas,  3  Hare,  26:  3fan5y  v.  Bewick, 

3  K.  &  J.  343  :  Dartmouth  v.  iS/n«/<i,  19  W.  R.  444;  24  L.  T.  67:  Bean 
V.  Thwaite,  21  Bea.  621  (on  whlcv  Ecclesiustical  Commrs  v.  iST.  ^.  jRy, 

4  Ch.  D.  845;  36  L.  T.  174,  Ashton  v.  Stock,  25  W.  R.  862,  and 
Williams  v.  Raggett,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  849) :  Trotter  v.  Maclean,  13  Ch.  D. 

674;  49  L.  J.  Ch.  256;  28  W.  R.  244;  42  L.  T.  118:  ChethamY. 
Hoare,  L.  R.  9  Eq.  671;  39  L.  J.  Ch.  376;  22  L.  T.  57:  Willis  v, 
Howe,  1893,  2  Ch.  545;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  690;  69  L.  T.  358;  41  W.  R.  433: 
Thorne  v.  Heard,  1895,  A.  C.  495;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  356;  64  lb.  652; 
73  L.  T.  291;  44  W.  R.  156:  Be  Lands  Allotment  Co,  1894,  1  Ch. 
616;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  291;  70  L.  T.  286;  42  W.  R.  404:  ^e  Lacy,  cited 
A :  Be  Astley  &  Tyldesley  Co,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  262,  in  whU  Ecclesiastical 
Commrs  v.  N.  E,  By,  sup,  was  not  followed. 
V.  Reasonable  Diligence:  Fraud. 

CONCEALMENT.  —  A  Policy  of  Marine  Insrce  "  is  always  said  to 
be  uberrimcB  fidei "  (per  Cleasby,  B.,  Harrower  v.  Hutchinson,  L.  R. 
6  Q.  B.  695).  ''  Concealment, "  in  such  a  contract,  "  is  the  suppression 
of,  or  neglect  to  communicate, a  Material  Fact  within  the  knowledge 
of  one  of  the  parties  which  the  other  has  not  the  means  of  knowing,  or 
is  not  presumed  to  know.  A  '  Material  Fact, '  is  one  which  is  calculated, 
if  communicated  to  the  other  of  the  parties,  to  induce  him  either  to 
refrain  altogether  from  the  contract,  or  not  to  enter  into  it  except  on 
more  favourable  terms  "  (Am.  658,  citing  per  Tindal,  C.  J.,  Elton  v. 
Larkins,  5  C.  &  P.  392:  Vf,  Carter  v.  Boehm,  3  Burr.  1909:  Har- 
rower  v.  Hutchinson,  L.  R.  5  Q.  B.  584;  39  L.  J.  Q.  B.  229;  10  B.  & 
S.  469;  22  L.  T.  684).     T.  Conceal. 

"  Suppression  or  Concealment " ;    V.  Suppress. 

CONCERN. — "Trade,  Manufacture,  Adventure,  or  Concern,"  In- 
come Tax  Act;   F.  Trade. 

CONCERNED.  — "Concerned  as  Officer  to  prosecute,"  s.  3,  6  &  6 
W.  &  M.  c  11,  does  not  mean  Bound  to  prosecute;  those  are" concerned 
to  prosecute  "  "  whose  duty  it  is  to  do  so,  though  the  duty  be  only  one  of 

imperfect  obligation  "  (per  Campbell,  C.  J.,  B,  v. ,  15  Q.  B.  1066), 

e.g.  that  of  Guardians  to  prosecute  for  ill-usage  of  a  Child  received 
into  their  Workhouse.      Vf,  B.  v.  Waldegrave,  2  Q.  B.  341- 

F.  Party  Concerned. 

CONCERNED  IN.— A  Shareholder  in  a  Co,  which  Co  has  a  con- 
tract with  a  Local  Authority,  would  seem  not  to  be  "  concerned  in  *'  that 


CONCERNED  IN       862         CONCLUSIVE 

contract  within  8.  193,  P.  H.  Act,  1875  (per  Brett,  M.  R.,  Todd  v. 
Robinson,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  47;  14  Q.  B.  D.  739;  52  L.  T.  120;  49  J.  P. 
278).  But  to  do  part  of  a  work,  or  to  supply  part  of  the  materials  for  a 
work,  for  another,  knowin<;  that  that  other  has  contracted  with  a  Local 
Authority  to  do  the  work,  is  to  be  "  concerned  in  "  the  bargain  or  con- 
tract for  the  work  within  R.  64,  Sch  2,  of  the  Act  just  cited,  or  s.  34, 
33  &  34  V.  c.  75  {Nutton  v.  WlUon,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  443;  22  Q.  B.  D. 
744;  37  W.  R.  522;  53  J.  P.  644:  Bamade  v.  dark,  1900,  1  Q.  B. 
279;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  15;  81  L.  T.  484;  64  J.  P.  87).  So,  of  a  Retiring 
Partner  who,  notwithstanding  his  retirement,  remains  liable  on  a  con- 
tract that  his  firm  had  entered  into  with  the  Local  Authority  {Cox  v. 
Ambrose,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  114;  65  J.  P.  23;  7  Times  Rep.  59).  Cp, 
Interested  in:   Engage  in. 

F.  Bargain  or  Contract. 

Acting  as  a  salaried  servant,  is  being  **  concerned  in  "  a  business  within 
a  Covenant  not  to  be  concerned  in  such  a  business  (Hill  v.  HUlf  55  L.  T. 
769;  35  W.  R.  137;  51  J.  P.  246;  3  Times  Rep.  144:  Jones  v. 
Heavens,  4  Ch.  D.  636).     V.  Restraint  op  Trade. 

The  owner  of  a  vessel  who  knowingly  lets  it  to  be  employed  in 
Smuggling,  is  "concerned  in"  the  illegally  unshipping  of  the  goods, 
within  s.  46,  8  &  9  V.  c.  87  (A-G.  v.  Bobson,  20  L.  J.  Ex.  188;  5  Ex. 
790).      V.  Unshipfing. 

"  Concerned  in  "  sale  of  Steerage  Passages ;  F.  Morriss  v.  Howdeiij 
cited  Passage  Broker. 

F.  Carry  on. 

CONCERNING.—  F.  Of  and  Concerning. 

CONCLUSIVE.— F.  Final  and  Conclusive. 
"  Binding  and  Conclusive  " ;    F.  Inconsistent. 

CONCLUSIVE  EVIDENCE.  —  Anything  which  is  duly  prescribed 
as  ^*  Conclusive  Evidence  "  of  a  fact,  is  absolute  evidence  of  such  fact,  as 
well  criminally  as  civilly,  for  all  purposes  for  which  it  is  so  made  evi- 
dence {R,  V.  Levi,  34  L.  J.  M.  C.  174:  R.  v.  Robinson,  L.  R.1  C.  C.R. 
80). 

The  phrase  is  also  used  in  its  large  sense  in  s.  b\,  Comp  Act,  1862, 
qua  the  declaration  by  a  Chairman  of  the  result  of  a  voting  at  a  meeting 
(BrynmawT  Coal  Co,  W.  N.  (77)  45,  cited  Buckl.  212);  and  such  a 
declaration  cannot  be  challenged  by  contradictory  evidence  (per  James, 
L.  J.,  Re  Gold  Co,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  286 :  per  Cozens-Hardy,  J.,  Re  Bad- 
leigh  Castle  Co,  1900,  2  Ch.  419;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  631;  not  following 
Young  v.  S,  African  Co,  1896,  2  Ch.  268;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  638;  44  W.  R. 
509,  whlc  is,  semble,  over-ruled  by  Arnot  v.  United  Afjncan  Lands,  1901, 
1  Ch.  518.  Vf,  Re  Horburij  Bridge  Co,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  341;  11  Ch.  D. 
109).     Cp,  Barraclough  v.  Greenhough,  cited  Sufficient  Evidence. 


CONCLUSIVE  863  CONDITION 

By  the  last  sentence  of  s.  18,  Comp  Act,  1862,  the  Certificate  of  Incor- 
poration of  a  Co  was  "  Conchisive  Evidence  "  of  its  due  Eegistration,  i.e, 
"  that  the  only  evidence  of  the  Incorporation  which  the  Court  can  receive 
is  the  Certificate,"  a  ruling  which  seems  also  applicable  to  the  Notice 
from  the  Board  of  Trade  of  the  Abandonment  of  a  Tramway  under  s.*18, 
33  &  34  V.  c.  78  (per  Kekewich,  J.,  Ee  Dudley  Trams  Co,  69  L.  T.  711 ; 
42  W.  R.  126;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  108).  But,  semble,  a  Certificate  of  Incor- 
poration might  be  challenged  {Re  National  Debenture  Corp,  1891,  2  Ch. 
505 ;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  533:  Ladies  Dress  Assn  v.  Fulbrook,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
871:  Sv,  Feel's  Case,  2  Ch.  674;  36  L.  J.  Ch.  757:  Ee  Salomon,  cited 
Bona  fide)  ;  secus,  of  a  Certificate  of  the  Registration  of  a  resolution 
for  Reduction  of  Capital,  under  s.  15,  Comp  Act,  1867  {Ladies  Dress 
Assn  V.  Fulbrook,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  376 ;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  705;  49  W.  R.  6) 
Note.  The  last  sentence  of  a.  18,  Comp  Act,  1862,  is  repealed  by  Comp 
Act,  1890,  and  is  replaced  by  s.  1  (1)  of  that  latter  Act. 

Conclusive  Evidence  of  right  to  Vote  at  a  Co'a  Meeting ;  V.  Wall  v. 
London  &  NoHhem  Assets  Corp^  1899,  1  Ch.  550 ;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  248 ; 
80  L.  T.  70. 

A  Bill  op  Lading  is  not,  under  s.  3,  18  &  19  V.  c.  Ill,  "  Conclusive 
Evidence  "  "  as  to  the  statement  of  Marks  upon  the  goods  shipped,  where 
those  Marks  do  not  affect,  or  denote,  Substance,  Quality,  or  Commercial 
Value  "  (per  Kennedy',  J.,  Farsons  v.  New  Zealand  Co,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
422;  1900,  1  Q.  B.  714;  82  L.  T.  327). 

Cp,  Prima  facie  Evidence:  Sufficient  Evidence:  Final  and 
Conclusive. 

CONCLUSIVE  PROOF,  —r.  Proof:  "  Clear  and  Positive  Proof," 
8ub  Clear. 

CONCORD.  —  Semble,  a  Concord  is  synonymous  with  an  Accord  (  V. 
Termes  de  la  Ley,  Concord).  It  also  specially  indicated  the  agreement 
on  levying  a  Fine,  "  as  to  how  and  in  what  manner  the  lands  should  be 
passed  "(lb.). 

CONDEMNATION.  — "A  Ship  warranted  *  free  from  American 
Condemnation,'  was  driven  on  the  American  shore,  and  there  seized  and 
condemned;  held,  the  Underwriters  were  discharged  "  (Park,  137,  citing 
Livie  V.  Janson,  12  East,  648).     Cp,  Capture  :  Consequences. 

CONDITION.  —  "  *  Condition,'  is  a  restraint  or  bridle  annexed  and 
joyned  to  a  thing,  so  that  by  the  not  performance  or  not  doing  thereof 
the  partie  to  the  condition  shall  receive  prejudice  and  losse,  and,  by  the 
performance  and  doing  of  the  same,  commoditie  and  advantage  "  (Termes 
de  la  Ley).  All  Conditions  are,  (1)  Conditions  in  Deed,  i.e,  actual  and 
expressed;  or  (2)  Conditions  in  Law,  i.  e.  implied:  and,  again,  all  Con- 
ditions are  (a)  Conditions  Frecedent^  i.e.  the  sine  qua  non  to  getting  the 


CONDITION  864  CONDITION 

thing;  or  (b)  Conditions  Subsequent,  which  keep  and  continue  the  thing 
(lb.,  whv).  Vf,  Jacob,  Condition:  2  Cru.  Dig.  Title  14:  3  Encyc. 250. 
As  to  when  Conditions  are  Precedent  or  Subsequent,  V.  30  Law  Jour. 
686:  Porter  v.  Shephard^  6  T.  E.  665:  MoHon  v.  Lamb,  7  lb.  12o: 
Lofidon  Guarantie  Co  v.  Feamley,  5  App.  Ca.  911;  43  L.  T.  390;  28 
W.  R.  893;  45  J.  P.  4:  Cooper  v.  L.  B,  &  S.  Ry,  48  L.  J.  Ex.  434; 
4  Ex.  D.  88:  Barnard  v.  Fader,  cited  Warranty:  If. 

**  A  Condition  is  a  clause  of  restraint  in  a  deed,  or  a  bridle  annexed  and 
joined  to  an  estate,"  —  or  transaction,  — "staying  and  suspending  the 
same,  and  making  it  uncertain  whether  it  shall  take  effect  or  no  "  (Touch. 
81,  117:  CoUhirst  v.  Bejuahin,  Plowd.  32  a,  33  a),  and  it  may  be  bj 
parol.  Thus  an  antecedent,  —  or,  as  it  would  seem,  a  contemporaneous, 
—  parol  agreement  to  repay  by  instalments  a  loan  secured  by  a  Bill  of 
Sale,  and  thereby  made  otherwise  payable,  is  a  "  Condition  "  within  the 
words  "  Defeasance,  Condition,  or  Declaration  of  Trust "  in  the  Bills  of 
S.  Acts  (s.  2,  Act  1854,  s.  10  (3),  Act  1878),  and  as  such  must  be  written 
on  the  same  paper  or  parchment  as  the  Bill  of  Sale  and  registered  with 
it  {Exp.  Southam,  43  L.  J.  Bank.  39;  L.  R.  17  Eq.  578).  So,  of  a  col- 
lateral document  which  shows  that  the  true  and  entire  bargain  (with  its 
rights,  liabilities,  and  consequences)  is  not  expressed  by  the  Bill  of  S. 
(Coufisdl  Y.  London  &  Westminster  Loan  Co,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  622;  19 
Q.  B.  D.  512:  Edwards  v.  Marcus,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  587;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
363;  70  L.  T.  182;  1  Manson,  70 ;  disapproving  Exp,  Collins,  44  L.  J. 
Bank.  78;  10  Ch.  367.  Vf,Linfoot  v.  PockeU,  1895,  2  Ch.  835;  64 
L.  J.  Ch.  752;  73  L.  T.  197;  44  W.  R.  66). 

But  an  agreement  not  to  register,  is  not  such  a  "  Condition  "  {Ex  p. 
Popplewell,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  39;  21  Ch.  D.  73);  nor,  semble,  a  contempo- 
rary agreement  letting  on  hire  the  goods  to  the  grantor  {Ex  p.  McShane, 
29  S.  J.  70);  nor  an  understanding  that  the  grantor  is  to  pay  off  forth- 
with a  Bill  of  S.  which  the  grantee  already  holds  {Tlwmas  v.  Searles^ 
cited  True  Owner). 

A  Condition  Repugnant,  can  hardly  be  called  a  Condition  at  all,  be- 
cause it  is  void.  Vh,  Bradley  v.  Peixoto,  3  Ves.  324 :  Be  Dugdale,  57 
L.  J.  Ch.  634;  38  Ch.  D.  176. 

F.  Defeasance:  Reservation:  Provided  always. 

Condition  ina  Charter-Party;  V.  Warranty:  "Now  in  the  Port 
of  A.,"  sub  Now:  Carver,  160-172. 

As  to  Devises  and  Bequests,  on  Condition;  F.  2  Jarm.  ch.  27:  Wms. 
Exs.  1122  et  seq. 

Sometimes  a  Devise  upon  an  "  Express  Condition  "  may  connote  no 
more  than  a  Trust  enforceable  against  the  devisee,  and  not  a  Condition 
the  breach  of  which  the  heir  may  take  advantage  of  by  way  of  Forfei- 
ture (  Wright  V.   Wilkin,  31  L.  J.  Q.  B.  196;  2  B.  &  S.  259). 

As  to  Estates  upon  Condition;  F.  Co.  Litt.  1.  3,  ch.  5:  Touch,  ch.  6: 
If.     Apt  words  may  create  both  a  Condition  and  a  Covenant  {Doe  d. 


CONDITION  865  CONDITIONS 

Henntkerv.  Watt,  8  B.  &  C.  308,  and  authorities  there  cited).  Vf,  Pro- 
tided  always:  Stipulated. 

As  to  Conditions  in  Deeds;    V.  Elph.  eh.  29. 

In  a  gift  for  a  Charity,  little  use  can  he  made  of  "  Condition  " ;  it 
may  raean,  "  Intent  and  Purpose,"  and  as  creating  a  Trust  and  nothing 
more  (A-G.  ▼.  Wax  Chandlers  Co^  L.  R.  6  H.  L.  1;  42  L.  J.  Ch.  425; 
28L.  T.  681;  21  W.  R,  361). 

A  Lease  ''upon  Condition  that"  the  lessee  shall  do  certain  things, 
amounts  to  a  covenant  by  the  lessee  to  do  them  (Elph.  411).  "  Condi- 
tions are  most  properly  created  by  using  the  word  'Condition,'  or  the 
words  *  On  Condition  ' ;  but  the  word  commonly  and  as  effectoally  made 
use  of,  is,  that  of  'provided'  (Touch.  122:  Co.  Litt.  146  b:  V.  Pro- 
viso). The  words  '  Covenant  *  and  '  Condition,'  when  used  in  an  agree- 
ment, do  not  necessarily  mean  a  Covenant  under  seal,  or  a  Condition  in 
the  strict  legal  sense  of  the  word,  but  may,  in  order  to  effectuate  the  rn- 
tention  of  the  parties,  be  construed  to  mean,  '  Contract  or  Stipulation  '  " 
(Woodf.  192,  citing  ffayne  v.  Cummingsj  16  C.  B.  N.  S.  421).  Cp 
Covenant. 

Condition  excusing  non -performance  of  Contract;  V.  Demurrage,  at 
end. 

"Condition,"  of  House  as  reasonably  fit  for  Habitation,  Housing  of 
the  Working  Classes  Act,  1885,  48  &  49  V.  c.  72,  s.  12;  V.  Walker  v. 
Hohhs,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  93;  23  Q.  B.  I).  458;  38  W.  R.  63;  61  L.  T,  688; 
64  J.  P.  199.     Cpy  Good  Coxditiox. 

"  Condition  "  of  Machinery;    V,  Defect. 

CONDITIONAL.  —  Conditional  Acceptance,  is  one  "  which  makes 
payment  by  the  Acceptor  dependent  on   the  fulfilment  of  a  Condition 
therein  stated  "  (s.  19  (2  a),  Bills  of  Exchange  Act,  1882) :  e,g.  Smith  v. 
Vertue,  30  L.  J,  C.  P.  m. 
Conditional  Will]    V.  Testament. 

CONDITIONS.  —  "  Privileges  and  Conditions  ";   V.  Privilege. 

Reasonable  Conditions;    V.  Keasonable. 

Conditions  of  Sale ;  for  examples  of.  Stringent  ones,  V.  Corrall  v. 
Cattellj  8  L.  J.  Ex.  225;  4  M.  &  W.  734:  ScoU  v.  Alvarez,  cited  In- 
vestigating:—Misleading  ones,  r.  Rhodes  v.  Ibhetson,  23  L.  J.  Ch. 
469;  4  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  787:  Cruse  v.  Nowell,  25  L.  J.  Ch.  709:  Bey- 
wood  V.  MaUalieu,  63  L.  J.  Ch.  492;  25  Ch.  D.  357:  Re  Marsh  and 
Granville^  63  L.  J.  Ch.  81;  24  Ch.  D.  11:  Nottingham  Brick  Co.  v. 
Butler,  &5  L.  J.  Q.  B.  280;  16  Q.  B.  D.  778:  Re  Sandbach  and  Ed- 
mondsony  1891,  1  Ch.  99;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  60.  F/t,  Webster,  on  Conditions 
of  Sale :  3  Encyc.  266-263. 

CONDITIONS  AS   PER  CHARTER-PARTY.— "Other  Condi- 

tions  as  per  Charter-Party  ":     This  phrase  in  a  Bill  of  Lading  does  not 


CONDITIONS  866       CONDONATION 

bring  in  those  clauses  of  the  Charter-Party  which  are  inconsistent  with 
the  Bill  of  Lading  {Gardner  v.  Trechmann,  15  Q.  B.  D.  154;  54  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  515).  The  effect  of  the  phrase,  "  Freight  and  other  Conditions,  as 
per  Charter-Party  "  "  has  been  considered  more  than  once :  it  has  been 
considered  in  Serraino  v.  Campbell  (1891,  1  Q.  B.  283;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
303),  and  also  in  Fry  v.  Chartered  Mercantile  Bank  of  India  (35  L.  J. 
C.  P.  306;  L.  B.  1  C.  P.  689);  and  the  effect  of  the  reference  is  to  in- 
corporate so  much  of  the  Charter-Party  as  relates  to  the  payment  of 
freight  and  other  conditions  to  be  performed  on  the  delivery  of  the  cargo. 
But  there  is  no  authority  whatever  for  incorporating  more  than  that " 
(per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Manchester  Trust  v.  Fwnessj  1895,  2  Q.  B.  545; 
64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  769,  770,  cited  and  adopted  by  Smith,  L.  J.,  Diederich- 
sen  V,  Farquharson,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  150;  2  Com.  Ca.  87;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
103;  77  L.  T.  543;  46  W.  B.  162),  e.g.  the  phrase  does  not  throw  on 
the  Consignee  a  liability  for  Demurrage  at  the  Port  of  Loading  over 
which  he  had  no  control  ( County  of  Lancaster  S.  S.  v.  SharpCy  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  22;  24  Q.  B.  D.  158:  Smith  v.  Sieveking,  5  E.  &  B.  589);  secus^ 
"  for  Demurrage  accruing  from  his  own  delay  in  the  Port  of  Discharge  " 
(per  Jervis,  C.  J.,  Smith  v.  Sievekiny,  referring  to  Jesson  v.  Solly, 
4  Taunt.  52,  and  Wegener  v.  Smith,  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  25;  15  C.  B.  285). 
Vf  "Paying  Freight,"  sub  Paying:  Other:  Abbott,  347-349. 

CONDONATION.  — "Condonation,"  b  a  conclusion  of  fact,  not  of 
law;  and  means  the  complete  forgiveness  and  blotting  out  (even  to  the 
extent  of  surrendering  all  claim  for  damages  against  the  adulterer,  Bern- 
stein V.  B,j  inf)  of  a  conjugal  offence,  followed  by  Cohabitation,  —  the 
whole  being  done  with  the  full  knowledge  of  all  the  circumstances  of  the 
particular  offence  forgiven  {Peacock  v.  Peacock^  27  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  71 ; 
1  Sw.  &  Tr.  184:  Keats  v.  Keats,  28  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  57:  Seller  v.  Seller, 
lb.  99) ;  —  an  unknown  conjugal  offence, neither  affects  nor  is  affected  by 
such  a  Condonation  {Bernstein  v.  Bernstein,  1893,  P.  292 ;  63  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  3;  69  L.  T.  513).  Once  accomplished,  it  has  been  said  that 
Condonation  is  final  {Gandy  v.  Gandy,  51  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  41 ;  7  P.  D. 
168:  Rose  v.  Rose,  52  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  25;  8  P.  D.  98;  Vthlc,  Dowl- 
ing  V.  Dowling,  1898,  P.  228;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  8).  In  Rose  v. 
Rose,  Jessel,  M.  B.,  said,  — "I  think  that  the  notion  of  bygones  being 
bygones  is  as  important  between  husband  and  wife  as  between  any  other 
persons  ";  and  he  scouted  what  he  called  "  the  old  monkish  doctrine  "  of 
Condonation  being  conditional  on  future  fidelity;  but,  almost  simultane- 
ously, the  President  of  the  P.  D.  &  A.  Div.  laid  it  down  that  "  the  legal 
definition  of  Condonation  is  Forgiveness  upon  Condition  that  no  matri- 
monial offence  shall  be  committed  in  the  future  "  {Blandford  v.  Bland- 
ford,  52  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  17;  8  P.  D.  19:  Vf  Curtis  v.  Curtis,  28  L.  J. 
P.  &  M.  55;  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  192;  31  L.  T.  O.  S.272:  Norrisy.  Norris, 
30  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  Ill:  Dent  v.  Dent,  34  L,  J.  P.  &  M.  118  ;  4  Sw.  & 


CONDONATION        867  CONDUCT 

Tr.  105:  Moore  v.  Moore,  1892,  P.  382 ;  62  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  10 :  Holers 
V.  Rogers  J  63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  103:  Armstrong  v.  Armstrong ,  32  lilias. 
289). 

Husband  and  Wife  sleeping  together  in  the  same  bed  is  strong  evi- 
dence of,  but  of  itself  does  not  constitute,  Condonation ;  the  real  fact  to 
be  got  at  is,  Forgiveness, — which  may  be  absent  although  the  parties 
sleep  together  {Hall  v.  Hall,  1891,  P.  302;  60  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  73). 

For  clause  in  Separation  Deed  giving  Condonation,  V.  Rose  v.  Rose, 
sup:  Cp^  Gooch  v.  Gooch^  cited  Commenced. 

However  precise  the  Condonation,  it  does  not  prevent  the  forgiven  act 
from  being  set  up  as  a  Defence  to  the  Court  granting  a  claimed  relief;  for 
though  the  parties  ''  may  contract  themselves  out  of  their  rights,  they 
cannot  contract  the  Court  out  of  its  duty"  (per  Jeune,  P.,  Gooch  v. 
Gooch^  sup) ;  therefore,  Condonation  is  no  answer  to  the  King's  Proc- 
tor's intervention  {Goode  v.  Goode,  30  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  105;  2  Sw.  & 
Tr.  253:  McCord  v.  McCord,  44  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  38;  L.  R.  3  P.  &  D. 
237:  Boucher  v.  Boucher,  9  Times  Rep.  70). 

CONDUCE.  —  ''According  to  the  received  meaning  of  the  word 
'conduce,'  I  think  that  what  has  conduced  an  effect  must  in  some  sense 
have  caused  it,  or  contributed  to  it;  and  the  conducing  cause  must  be 
such  as,  if  not  directly  at  least  indirectly,  might  at  the  time  be  contem- 
plated as  likely  somehow  to  contribute  to  "  that  effect  (per  Campbell, 
C.  J.,  Cummington  v.  Cummington,  28  L,  J.  P.  &  M.  102 ;  1  Sw.  &  Tr. 
476) ;  and,  accordingly,  it  was  held  in  that  case  that  "  Wilful  Neglect 
or  Misconduct "  conducing  to  adultery,  s.  31,  Matrimonial  Causes  Act, 
1857,  means,  marital  neglect  or  misconduct,  and  not  such  compulsory  ab- 
sence as  is  occasioned  by  a  term  of  imprisonment.  It  means  also  such 
neglect  or  misconduct  as  has  led  up  to  the  respondent's  fall  from  virtue, 
—  le.  the.  first  lapse  (St.  Paul  v.  St.  Paul,  38  J.  L.  P.  &  M.  57;  L.  R. 
1  P.  &  D.  739:  Millard  v.  Millard,  78  L.  T.  471). 

Vfj  on  the  phrase  cited,  Allen  v.  Allen,  28  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  81:  Bad- 
cock  V.  Badcock,  31  L*  T.  O.  S.  268 :  Proctor  v.  Proctor,  34  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
99:  DeHng  v.  Dering,  L.  R  1  P.  &  D.  531:  Davies  v.  Dairies,  32  L.  J. 
P.  &  M.  Ill:  Hawkins  v.  Hawkins,  54  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  94;  10  P.  D. 
177:  Sr/nge  v.  Synge,  cited  Desertion:  Burdon  v.  Burdon,  69  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  118.  As  to  the  exercise  by  the  Court  of  the  discretion  given 
by  the  section,  V.  Starhuck  v.  Starbuck,  59  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  20: 
Parry  v.  Parry,  1896,  P.  87;  65  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  35;  73  L.  T.  759: 
Symons  v.  Syjnons,  1897,  P.  167;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  81;  77  L.  T.  142. 

CONDUCIVE. —  V.  Incidental:   Incidental  or  Conducive. 

CONDUCT.  — Tlie  "Conduct"  of  a  Bankrupt  which,  under  s.  28, 
Bankry  Act,  1883,  repld  s.  8,  Bankry  Act,  1890,  has  to  be  considered  on 
his  application  for  an  Order  of  Discharge,  is  such  as  has  had  something 


CONDUCT  868  CONDUCT 

to  do  with  producing  his  baiikry;  therefore,  his  refusal  to  be  medically 
examined,  in  order  that  a  policy  might  be  effected  on  his  life  so  as  to 
add  value  to  a  reversionary  contingent  interest  dependent  on  his  life,  is 
not  "  Conduct "  which  can  be  so  considered  (Re  Betts,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
370;  19  Q.  B.  D.  39;  35  W.  R.  530),  for  the  Court  has  no  power  to 
order  him  to  submit  to  such  an  examination  (Re  Gamett,  55  L.  J.  Q.  6. 
77),  and  "  the  word  '  Conduct  *  in  s.  28  does  not  include  general  mis- 
conduct, not,  for  example,  immoral  conduct  such  as  a  breach  of  promise 
of  marriage  "  (per  Lopes,  L.  J.,  Re  Betts^  sup),  unless  such  conduct,  e.g. 
damages  in  an  action  for  Breach  of  Promise  of  Marriage,  has  caused  the 
baukry  (Re  Betts,  nom.  Board  of  Trade  v.  Block,  affd  in  H.  L.,  58 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  113;  13  App.  Ca.  570;  4  Times  Rep.  770:  Re  Barker,  59 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  331;  26  Q.  B.  D.  285;  38  W.  R.  609).     fj  Affairs. 

But  s.  32,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  which  provides  for  the  removal  of  a 
Bankrupt's  Disqualifications,  is  not  affected  by  ss.  24,  28;  and  in  order 
to  obtain  a  certificate  that  his  bankruptcy  "  was  caused  by  misfortune, 
without  any  misame^MC^  on  his  part,"  the  Bankrupt  must  show  that  it 
was  caused  by  "misfortune,"  —  i.e.  something  unforeseen  which  could 
not  ordinarily  be  guarded  against;  and  was  not  attributable  to  "miscon- 
duct,"—  i.e.  conduct  either  legally  or  morally  blameworthy  (Re  Bur- 
gess, 35  W.  R.  702;  57  L.  T.  200).  In  tliat  case  the  bankruptcy  had 
arisen  through  the  bankrupt  having  been  convicted  of  Libel,  and 
sentenced  to  3  months'  imprisonment  and  to  pay  the  costs  of  the 
prosecution. 

"Conduct,"  s.  17  (1),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  relates  to  matters  referred 
to  in  s.  28  (per  Russell,  C.  J.,  R.  v.  Erdheim,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  260;  65 
L.  J.  M.  C.  179;  74  L.  T.  734;  44  W.  R.  607).  The  phrase  in  that 
section  is,  "  Conduct,  Dealings,  and  Property,"  and,  "  unless  *  Con- 
duct '  and  *  Dealings '  mean  exactly  the  same  thing,  *  Dealings '  are  mat- 
ters connected  with  the  debtor's  bankry  and  *  Conduct'  is  the  man's 
general  conduct;  and  there  seems  to  be  nothing  at  all  improper  or  unfair 
in  saying,  that  a  man  of  good  character  who  becomes  a  bankrupt  may  be 
dealt  with  by  the  Court  in  one  way,  and  that  a  man  of  bad  character, 
guilty  of  long  antecedent  fraud  and  so  forth,  may  be  treated  very  differ- 
ently. The  word  *  Conduct '  seems  to  me  to  be  used  with  great  accuracy 
to  enlarge  the  scope  of  the  enquiry  and  to  make  the  General  Conduct  of 
a  bankrupt  a  part  of  the  materials  which  are  before  the  Court  when  the 
Court  has  to  consider  what,  upon  the  whole,  is  the  just  way  of  dealing 
with  the  bankrupt  after  the  adjudication  proceedinirs  "  (per  Coleridge, 
C.  J.,  Re  Sankey,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  243;  25  Q.  B.  D.  25). 

"  Conduct "  complained  of,  s.  88  (2),  45  &  46  V.  c.  50,  means.  Mis- 
conduct ;  an  honest  decision  of  a  Returnino  Officer,  though  erroneous, 
is  not "  Conduct  "  justifying  the  joining  him  as  a  Respondent  in  an  Elec- 
tion Petition  (Harmon  v.  Park,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  227;  6  Q.  B.  D.  323). 

"  Conduct  conducing  " ;  V,  Conduce. 


CONDUCT  869         CONDUCTING 

"  Conduct  or  Management  "  of  an  Election,  bs.  8,  28,  Corrupt  and 
Illegal  Practices  Prevention  Act,  1883,  does  not  include  payment  for 
mere  Kegistration  purposes,  nor  the  cost  of  founding  and  carrying  on  a 
newspaper  to  advocate  party  views  (Kennington,  4  O'M.  &  H.  93). 

V.  Immoral  :  Improper:  Infamous  Conduct  :  Misconduct:  Shame- 
ful Conduct:  Wilful  Misconduct :  Conducting:  In  the  Conduct 
of  a  Suit  :  Charge  ob  Conduct. 

CONDUCTED V.  Peaceable. 

"  By  whose  order  conducted  " ;  V.  Extraordinary  Traffic. 

CON  DUCT  I  NO.  —  The  Scale  Fee  to  a  Solr  for  "  Conducting  "  a  sale 
by  Public  Auction,  Sch  1,  Part  1,  Solrs  Bern  Ord,  is  only  payable 
where  he  does,  or  provides  for  doing,  all  the  work  {Re  Wilson^  65  L.  J. 
Ch.  627;  29  Ch.  D.  790;  Be  Sykes,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  238:  Re  Faulkner, 
66  L.  J.  Ch.  1011 :  Newhoidd  v.  Bailward,  Parker  v.  Blenkhom,  14 
App.  Ca.  1;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  209;  37  W.  R.  401;  69  L.  T.  906:  Mawds- 
ley  y.  Beesley,  36  S.  J.  63).  A  lump  sum,  or  fixed  fee,  paid  to  an  Auc- 
tioneer for  actually  selling,  is  as  much  a  ''  Commission  "  to  him,  under 
R.  11,  of  that  Sch  as  a  pro  ratft  payment  (Newbould  v.  BaUward,  sup: 
Burd  V.  Burd,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  170;  40  Ch.  D.  628;  37  W.  R.  428;  60 
L.  T.  228:  Drielsma  v.  Manifold,  1894,  3  Ch.  100;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  663; 
71  L.  T.  62;  42  W.  R.  678),  though,  under  the  Conditions  of  Sale,  such 
fixed  fee  be  paid  by  the  purchaser;  for,  indirectly,  the  burden  of  such  a 
payment  is  on  the  vendor  (CholdUch  v.  Jones,  1896,  1  Ch.  42;  66  L.  J. 
Ch.  83;  73  L.  T.  628;  44  W.  R.  124.  Vf  By).  So,  a  Commission  to 
an  Agent  in  a  Negotiation  for  a  Private  Contract,  is  not  less  a  Commis- 
sion under  the  Rule  by  being  partly  a  remuneration  for  other  services 
(Re  WUhall,  1891,  3  Ch.  8;  61  L,  J.  Ch.  14;  64  L.  T.  704;  39  W.  R. 
529) ;  but  a  mere  Valuation  Fee  is  not  such  a  Commission  {Re  MacGotvan, 
1891,  1  Ch.  105;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  118;  39  W.  R.  227;  63  L.  T.  793),  F. 
Keootiatb,  Note:  Where  the  Auction  comprises  more  lots  than  one 
and  they  are  all  sold,  the  Fee  is  to  be  calculated  on  the  aggregate  of  the 
purchase  moneys  {Re  Onward  Bg  Soey,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  16;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
80;  68  L.  T.  443;  41  W.  R.  107). 

Extra  Costs  beyond  Salary  to  a  Town  Clerk  for  **  6onducting  Actions 
or  Suits,  &c,"  are  payable  for  services  for  warding  off  threatened  litiga- 
tion, whether  litigation  in  fact  results  or  not  {R.  v.  Brest,  20  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
17;  16  Q.  B.  44). 

Conveying  calves  in  a  van,  is  not  "Conducting  or  Driving*'  them, 
within  the  prohibition  against  doing  so  on  the  Lord's  Day  contained  in 
the  Islington  Parish  Act  {Triggs  v.  Lester,  L.  R.  1  Q.  B.  259:  F. 
Driving). 

"  Managing  or  Conducting"  an  Entrbtainmrnt;  V,  Keeper. 

Conducting  a  Public  House;  V,  Peaceable. 

24 


CONDUCTOR         870  CONFIRM 

CONDUCTOR.— Quji,  London  Hackney  Carriages,  "Conductor" 
included  "  every  director,  cad,  or  other  person  (except  the  driver)  who 
shall  be  attendant  upon  or  with  any  metropolitan  Stage  Carriage  "  (1  & 
2  V.  c.  79,  8.  1),  —  a  def  replaced  by  that  in  s.  2,  London  Hackney  Car- 
riages Act,  1843,  6  &  7  V.  c.  86,  which  is  substantially  the  same,  except 
that  "  cad  "  is  dropped  out. 

CONFECTIONER V.  Bakkr. 

CONFEDERACY. — "  *  Confederacies  is  when  two  or  more  men  con- 
federate themselves  to  doe  any  hurt  or  damage  to  another,  or  to  doe  any 
unlawfuU  thing"  (Termes  de  la  Ley),  e.g.  to  Boycott.  Vff  Cowel: 
Jacob.     Cp,  Collusion:  Conjuration:  Conspiracy. 

CONFERENCE.  —  "  Conference"  of  the  Primitive  Wesleyan  Metho- 
dists of  Ireland;   F.  34  &  35  V.  c.  40,  s.  1. 

CONFESSION.  —  A  Judge's  Order  by  consent,  held  to  be  a  judg^ 
ment  by  "  Confession"  within  the  proviso  to  6  G.  4,  c.  16,  s.  108  (An- 
dreivs  v.  Deeks,  20  L.  J,  Ex.  127). 

Plea  of  Confession  and  Avoidance;   V,  Avoidance. 

Free  and  Voluntary  Confession,  Admissible  in  Evidence;  V.  B.  v. 
Thompson,  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  93;  1893,  2  Q.  B.  12;  69  L.  T.  22;  41  W.R. 
625;  67  J.  P.  312. 

"  The  sorrow  for  the  consequences  of  sin  which  divines  call  Attrition, 
is  distinct  from  the  sorrow  for  the  sin  itself  which  they  call  Contrition. 
This  latter  penitence  naturally  leads  to  Confession,  and  thence  or  thereby 
to  Keconciliation  with  God,  which  Keconciliation  the  Church  pronounces 
by  the  sentence  called  Absolution  "  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  638).  Vh  3  Encyc 
266. 

CONFIDE:  CONFIDENCE.—  V.  Precatory  Trust. 
"  Trust  or  Confidence  ";  V.  Trust. 

CONFIGURATION.  —  V.  Shape  :  Design. 

CONFINE.—  r.  Impound. 

CONFIRM.  —  To"  confirm  "  a  Will  is  an  apt  word  for  its  revival, 
"  and  expresses  the  meaning,  and  has  the  operation  of,  the  word  *  re- 
vive,' "  as  used  in  the  Revised  Statutes  of  Nova  Scotia,  5th  Series,  c.  89, 
which  provision  is  copied  from  s.  22,  Wills  Act,  1837  (McLeod  v.  McNab, 
1891,  A.  C.  471;  60  L.  J.  P.  C.  70).  For  an  example  of  the  vigour  of 
••  confirm  "  to  revive  a  revoked  Will,  F.  Re  Van  Cutsem,  63  L.  T.  252. 

So,  semble,  to  "  confirm  "  a  Document  will  frequently  mean,  to  give  it 
life  which  previously  it  never  had,  e,ff.  if  the  document  is  invalid,  either 
intrinsically  or  extrinsically,  and  is  subsequently  "  confirmed "  by  an- 
other document  which  would  have  validly  accomplished  the  objects  of  the 


CONFIRM  871  CONFLICT 

prior  document,  such  prior  document  will  be  vivified  and  its  professed 
objects  will  be  made  effectual  {Carver  y.  Iticliards,  29  L.  J.  Ch.  357; 
1  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  548:  Morgan  v.  Gronow,  42  L.  J.  Ch.  410;  L.  R.  16 
Eq.  1). 

But,  generally,  "  a  *  Confirmation  *  is  the  conveyance  of  an  estate  or 
right  that  one  hath  in  or  unto  lands  or  tenements  to  another  that  hath 
the  possession  thereof,  or  some  estate  therein  ;  whereby  a  Voidable  estate 
is  made  sure  and  unavoidable,  or  whereby  a  Particular  estate  is  increased 
and  inlarged ''  (Touch.  311,  citing  Termes  de  la  Ley,  and  Co.  Litt.  295  b, 
in  which  latter  place  it  is  said,  "  a  Confirmation  doth  not  strengthen  a 
void  estate  ").      Vf  Jacob. 

Sometimes,  "confirm"  "means  merely  'verify*:  it  is  commonly  used 
in  that  sense  at  the  meetings  of  public  bodies  who  'confirm '  the  Minutes 
of  their  last  meeting,  not  meaning  thereby  that  they  give  them  force, 
but  merely  that  they  declare  them  accurate  "  (per  Campbell,  C.  J.,  B,  v. 
Yorl:,  1  E,  &  8.  594). 

Sometimes  "confirm"  means  "  approve, "  and  involves  a  discretional 
act  and  not  one  merely  ministerial,  e.g.  in  s.  38,  7  W.  4  &  1  V.  c.  78 

is,a).  ^ 

Fjf  Ratify. 

CONFIRMATION.—  F.  Confirm:  Letteb. 

*  'Confirmation'  is  the  Rite  of  the  Church  whereby  the  faith  of  the 
baptized  person  is  confirmed,  and  grace  given  to  him  to  remain  steadfast 
in  that  faith"  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  515). 

Confirmation  is  one  of  the  tests  of  Membership  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land {Be  Ferry  Almshouses,  cited  Church). 

CONFIRMED.—  r.  Obligatory:  Required. 

CONFIRMING.-^'*  Confirming  Act,"  "Confirming  Authority"; 
Stat.  Del,  59  &  60  V.  c,  53,  s.  3  (2),  c.  54,  s.  8  (2);  "Confirming 
Authority,"  47  &  48  V.  c.  12,  s.  2. 

CONFISCATION. — "Confiscation  must  be  an  act  done  in  some 
way  on  the  part  of  the  government  of  the  country  where  it  takes  place, 
and  in  some  way  beneficial  to  that  government;  though  the  proceeds  may 
not,  strictly  epeaking,  be  brought  into  its  treasury  "  (per  Ellenborough, 
C.  J.,  Levin  v.  Allnutt,  15  East,  269).  Vfj  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Con- 
Jiscatei  Cowel:  3  Encyc.  266. 

CONFLICT.  —  It  seems  that  a  difference  between  the  provisions  of 
a  Settlement  and  those  of  the  Settled  Land  Act,  1882,  with  respect  to 
the  person  who  is  to  exercise  a  particular  power,  is  not  a  "  Conflict  " 
between  the  provisions  of  the  Settlement  and  those  of  the  Act,  within 
8-  m  (2)  of  the  Act  (Ee  Newcastle,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  645;  24  Ch.  D.  138). 


CONFLICT  872  CONJOINTLY 

Nottj  this  subs,  relates  to  the  exercise  of  Powers,  and  not  to  the  results 
of  sach  exercise  {Lonsdale  v.  Crawfurdj  cited  In  Exescisb). 
"  Conflicting  Claims  "  j  V.  Opposing. 

CONFORM.  —  Person  "to  whose  orders  .  .  .  Workman  was  bound 
to  Conform,"  s.  1  (3),  Employers'  Liability  Act,  1880,  "  means,  that  the 
relative  position  of  the  parties  was  such  that  the  one  owed  obedience  to 
the  other,  and  that  the  order  was  such  that  it  could  not  be  declined  with- 
out contumacy  "  (per  Ld  Young,  McManus  v.  Hay^  9  Bettie,  429) ,  in 
other  words,  the  orderer  must  be  a  person  who  had  authority,  within  the 
area  of  his  employment,  to  give  the  order;  he  must  have  received  the 
mandate  of  his  employer  for  that  purpose;  and  the  workman  ordered 
must  have  been,  by  reason  of  his  employment  contract,  bound  to  obey 
(per  Mathew,  J.,  Hooper  v.  Holme,  40  S.  J.  742,  743;  12  Times  Bep. 
537;  affd  13  Times  Kep.  6).  It  is  immaterial  whether  the  person  au- 
thorised to  give  the  order  occupied  a  high  or  a  humble  position  in  the 
Works  (per  Ld  Craighill,  Dolan  v.  Anderson,  12  Eettie,  808).  Vf, 
Bunker  v.  Mid  Ry,  31  W.  R.  231;  47  L.  T.  476:  Snowden  v.  Baynes, 
69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  325 ;  25  Q.  B.  D.  193;  38  W.  B.  744 :  Wild  v.  Waygood, 
1892, 1  Q.  B.  783;  61  L.  J.  Q.  «.  391;  66  L.  T.  309;  40  W.  B.  601 ; 
66  J.  P.  389 :  Beven,  863.     Cp  Superintend bnce. 

CONFORMITY.  —  Scheme  "  in  Conformity  with  "  Endowed  Schools 
Acts,  8. 39  (3),  32  &  33  V.  c.  66;  V.  Re  Chrises  Hospital  (Appeals  B  aud 
D),  cited  Educational  Endowment. 

CONGESTED.  — ''Congested  District,"  qnk  Congested  Districts 
(Scot)  Act,  1897,  60  &  61  V.  c.  63;  F.  s.  10. 

"  The  Congested  Districts  Board  (Ir)  Acts  " ;  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles 
Act,  1896. 

CONQREQATION.— F.  Public  Beading.  • 

Qok  Church  Patronage  (Scot)  Act,  1874,  37  &  38  V.  c.  82;  F.  s.  9. 

CONJOINTLY.  — By  a  Canadian  Will  there  was  a  devise  to  A.  for 
life,  remainder  to  B.,  C,  and  D.  "  conjointly  and  in  eqtial  shares,  to  he 
enjo3'ed  hy  them  during  their  natural  life,  and  after  their  decease  to  their 
children"; — "the  word  'conjointly'  is  not  inapplicahle  to  a  gift  uf 
property  in  equal  shares,  so  long  as  the  property  remains  undivided.  It 
might,  perhaps,  he  inferred,  from  the  use  of  the  word  in  the  gift  to  the 
three,  and  its  ahsence  in  the  gift  to  their  children,  that  the  testator  de- 
sired to  indicate  that  there  was  to  he  no  partition  before  the  property 
reached  its  final  destination.  However  that  may  be,  the  word  *  con- 
jointly '  cannot  neutralize  or  control  the  plain  meaning  of  the  words  *  in 
equal  shares '  by  which  it  is  immediately  followed  "  (per  Ld  Macnagh- 
ten,  in  delivering  jdgmt  of  P.  C,  De  Hertel  v.  Goddard,  66  L.  J.  P.  C. 
90;  77  L.  T.  113).     Vf,  Equally:  Jointly. 


CONJUNCTION        373    CONNECTED  WITH 

CONJUNCTION.— r.  Bun. 

CONJURATION. — "  'Conjuration,*  ia  a  compact  or  plot  made  by 
men  combining  themselves  together  by  oath  or  promise  to  doe  any  publike 
harme.  But  it  is  more  commonly  used  for  such  as  have  persouall  con- 
ference with  the  Devill  or  Evill  Spirit  to  know  any  secret  or  to  effect  any 
purpose,  5  Eliz.  c.  16.  And  the  difference  betweene  Conjuration  and 
Witchcraft  may  be  said  to  be  this,  because  that  the  one  seemeth,  by 
prayers  and  invocation  upon  the  powerful  name  of  God,  to  compel  the 
Devill  to  say  or  doe  what  hee  commandeth,  and  the  other  doth  rather, 
by  a  friendly  and  voluntarie  conference  or  agreement  betweene  him  or 
her  and  the  Devill  or  Familiar,  to  have  his  or  her  desires  and  purposes 
effected,  in  stead  of  bloud  or  other  gift  offered  unto  him,  especially  of  his 
or  her  soule :  And  both  these  differ  from  Enchantments  or  Sorceries,  be- 
cause that  they  are  personall  conferences  with  the  Devill,  as  is  said;  but 
these  are  but  medicines  and  ceremonial  formes  of  words,  commonly  called 
charmes,  without  apparition  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).     Cp  Exorcist. 

"  'Conjurors,'  are  those,  who,  by  force  of  certain  magic  words  endea- 
vour to  raise  the  Devil  and  oblige  him  to  execute  their  commands; 
•  Witches  *  are  such  who,  by  way  of  conference,  bargain  with  an  Evil 
Spirit  to  do  what  they  desire  of  him;  and  *  Sorcerers '  are  those  who,  by 
the  use  of  certain  superstitious  words,  or  by  the  means  of  images,  &c, 
are  said  to  produce  strange  effects  above  the  ordinary  course  of  nature  " 
(Jacob,  Conjuration,  citing  Hawk.  P.  C.  lib.  1,  ch.  3).     Vf  Sorcery. 

Note.  All  these  offenders  might  formerly  be  condemned  to  the  Pil- 
lory, or  be  otherwise  dealt  with  by  the  Church.  The  statutes  (33  H.  8, 
c.  8;  1  Jac.  1,  c.  12),  against  Witchcraft,  &c,  were  repealed  by  9  G.  2, c.  6. 
The  successor  to  the  legal  Conjuror  and  Witch  is  a  Booue  and  Yaoa- 
.bond:   V.  Fortunes:  Witch. 

Cpy  Confederacy  :  Conspiracy. 

CONMOTE.  — r.  Commote. 

CONNECTED  WITH.  — F.  Business  connected  with. 

"  Connected  with  "  "  the  business  of  the  employer,"  s.  1  (1),  Employers' 
Liability  Act,  1880;  V.  Bradley  v.  Gas  Light  &  Coke  Co,  36  S.  J.  626. 

"In  connection  with";  F.  Lawson  v,  Wallasey ^  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  302; 
11  Q.  B.  D.  229;  affd  48  L.  T.  607-    Cp  Used. 

Misdemeanour  or  Felony  "  connected  with  "  a  debtor's  Bankry,  s.  8  (2), 
Bankry  Act,  1890,  must  be  such  as  "  brought  about,  or  resulted  in, 
or  committed  in  view  of,  bankry  "  (per  Williams,  J.,  Re  Hedley,  1895, 
1  Q.  B.  923;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  460;  72  L.  T.  470;  43  W.  R.  464). 

Chargeable  Services  rendered  by  a  By  Co,  "  at,  or  in  connection  with. 
Sidings  not  belonging  to  the  Co,"  may  be  such  as  are  involved  in  the 
delivery  of  goods,  and  which  the  trader  could  not  himself  perform  (Jlfan- 
chester  8.  &  L,  Ry  v.  Fidcock,  cited  Conveyance). 


CONNECTED  WITH     874  CONSENT 

In  a  Railway  Arrangement  Act,  "  any  Ry  connected  with  "  those 
therein  mentioned;  held,  to  mean,  connected  for  the  purposes  of  manage- 
ment or  working,  and  not  merely  physically  connected  (G.  W,  Ry  v. 
Central  Wales  Ry,  6  Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  1). 

Tramways  "  worked  in  connection  therewith  "  ;  V,  Edinburgh  Tram^ 
ways  Co.  v.  Torhain,  3  App.  Ca.  58;  37  L.  T.  288. 

Works  "  contracted  for,  and  connected  with  "  contract  works;  V.  Gaod- 
year  v.  Weymouth,  35  L.  J.  C.  P.  12;  H.  &  R.  67:  Connor  v.  Belfast 
Water  Commrs,  Ir.  Rep.  5  C.  L.  55.     Q?,  Immediately  coxnected. 

CONNIVANCE. —"Connivance,"  s.  30,  20  &  21  V.  c.  85,  is  the 

willing  consent  to  a  conjugal  offence  (in  the  sense  of  heing  an  Accessort 
before  the  fact),  or  a  culpable  Acquiescexce  in  a  course  of  conduct  rea- 
sonably likely  to  lead  to  the  offence  being  committed  {Phillips  v.  Phil- 
lips, 1  Rob.  Ecc.  157-164 :  Allen  v.  Allen,  30  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  2:  Glen- 
nie  V.  Glennie,  32  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  17:  Boulting  v.  Boulting,  3  Sw.  & 
Tr.  329;  12  W.  E.  389  :  Gipps  v.  Gipps,  33  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  161 ;  11 
H.  L.  Ca.  1).  Vh,  Brown  on  Divorce,  3  ed.,  88:  Dixon  on  Divorce,  181. 
V,  Accessory:  Collusion:  Conduce. 

CONQUEST.  —  "Conquest,"  when  used  as  a  verb  active  and  not 
as  a  noun,  has  a  wide  and  flexible  signification.  Where  a  lady,  by  ante- 
nuptial Settlement,  had  conveyed  to  trustees  whatever  she  might  "  con- 
quest or  acquire  "  daring  her  marriage ;  held,  that  those  words  passed 
property  of  every  kind  which  came  to  her  during  the  marriage  by  succes- 
sion {Diggens  v.  Gordon,  L.  R.  1  H.  L,  Sc.  136).     V.  Acquire. 

CONSANGUINITY.  — This  word  imports  the  same  as  Kindred 
{Leigh  v.  Leigh,  15  Ves.  107). 

CONSCIENCE K  Equity. 

CONSECRATION.  — "This  term  is  employed  in  relation  to  both 
persons  and  things,  and  means,  the  setting  apart  for  sacred  purposes  " 
(3  Encyc.  275). 

CONSENT.  —  "'Consent,'  is  an  act  of  reason,  accompanied  with 
deliberation,  the  mind  weighing,  as  in  a  balance,  the  good  and  evil  on 
each  side  "  (Story,  s.  222). 

Where  an  act  is  to  be  done  by  A.  with  the  "  Consent "  of  B.,  the  act 
is  A.'s  which  B.  may  prevent  by  withholding  Consent,  but  which  he  can- 
not compel  A.  to  do,  e,g,  when  a  Co's  Articles  provide  that  the  Chairman 
with  "consent"  of  a  Meeting  may  adjourn,  the  Meeting  cannot  compel 
its  own  adjournment  {Salisbury  Co  v.  Hathom,  1897,  A.  C.  268;  66 
L.  J.  P.  C.  62 ;  76  L.  T.  212;  45  W.  R.  691). 

"Every  'Consent'  to  an  act,  involves  a  Submission;  but  it  by  no 
means  follows  that  a  mere  Submission  involves  Consent, "  e.g.  the  mere 


CONSENT  375  CONSENT 

submission  of  a  girl  to  a  carnal  assault,  she  being  in  tbe  power  of  a  strong 
man,  is  not  Consent  (per  Coleridge,  J.,  E.  v.  Dai/,  9  C.  &  P.  724). 
Vf  Rape. 

"  Consent  or  Agreement  by  Deed  or  Writing,"  ss.  2  and  3,  2  &  3 
W.  4,  c.  71,  "  Consent  in  Writing";    V.  In  Writing:  Own  Consent. 

A  Reference  under  the  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  is,  sembley  not  a  refer- 
ence by  "  Consent "  within  s.  5,  or  s.  17,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854  (Ex  p. 
Harper,  L.  R.  18  Eq.  639:  Be  Dare  Valley  Ry,  4  Ch.  654:  Rhodes  v. 
Airedale  Drainage  Co,  43  L.  J.  C.  P.  323 ;  45  lb.  861;  L.  R.  9  C.  P. 
608 ;  1  C.  P.  D.  402:  Re  Harper  and  G.  E.  Ry,  L.  R.  20  Eq.  39:  Bex- 
ley  V.  W,  Kent  Sewerage  Bd,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  456 ;  9  Q.  B.  D.  518). 

Vf,  as  to  whslt  is  a  Reference  by  "  Consent,"  Galatti  v.  Wakefield, 
48  L,  J.  Q.  B.  70;  4  Ex.  D.  249:  Street  y.  Street,  cited  Reference: 
Arbitration. 

A  Reference  by  Consent  Order  not  only  of  a  "  Cause  or  Matter  "  but 
also  of  ''all  Matters  in  Difference,"  is  not  a  Reference  within  either 
s.  14,  or  8.  16,  Arb  Act,  1889  {Darlington  Wagon  Co  v.  Harding,  cited 
Equivalent). 

"  It  seems  to  be  clear,  that  approbation  subsequent  to  a  marriage  is 
not,  in  general,  a  sufficient  compliance  with  a  Condition  requiring  <  Con- 
sent'; but  Ld  Hardwicke,  in  Burleton  v.  Humfrey  (Amb.  256),  took  a 
distinction  between  the  words  *  Consent '  and  'Approbation,'  holding 
the  latter  to  admit  subsequent  approval,  where  coupled  with  the  former 
disjunctively;  but  he  decided  the  case  principally  on  another  ground;  — 
and  in  regard  to  the  admission  of  subsequent  consent  the  authority  of  the 
case  has  been  questioned.  V.  Clarke  v.  Barker,  19  Ves.  21  "  (2  Jarm. 
55',  Vf  Watson  Eq.  1239).  "Consent  of  Parents"  means,  parents 
if  a^y  (lb. :  So,  where  Consent  of  Guardian  to  an  Infant's  Marriage  is 
required,  Re  Brown,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  607).  In  this  connection,  however, 
"  where  a  Consent  is  given  substantially,  the  Court  docs  not  look  very 
minutely  into  the  form  in  which  it  is  given  "  (per  Stirling,  J.,  Re  Smith, 
69  L.  J.  Ch.  284 ;  44  Ch.  D.  654) ;  and,  where  no  formalities  are  pre- 
scribed. Consent  will  be  implied  if  the  persons  whose  consent  is  required 
express  no  disapproval  of,  and  by  their  conduct  induce,  the  marriage 
(Daley  v.  Desbouverie,  2  Atk.  261 :  Berkley  v.  Ryder,  2  Ves.  sen.  633  : 
Clarke  v.  Barker,  sup,  last  par  of  jdgmt:  Re  Smith,  sup).  Note:  As 
to  when  such  a  Condition  as  to  Consent  is  operative,  F.  Re  Nourse,  79 
L.  T.  376;  47  W.  R.  116,  and  cases  there  cited. 

Where  there  is  a  direction  or  agreement  for  the  Conversion  of  Money 
into  Land,  and  the  Uses  are  exclusively  applicable  to  realty,  "  the  direc- 
tion or  agreement  will  be  regarded  as  imperative  though  the  Settlement 
require  the  purchase  to  be  made  at  the  Request  of  a  person;  for  the  inser- 
tion  of  such  a  clause  has  been  taken  to  mean,  not  that  a  conversion  may 
not  be  effected  before,  but  that  it  sliall  certainly  be  effected  after,  request. 
And  the  construction  is  the  same,  though  the  purchase  be  directed  to  be 


CONSENT  876  CONSENT 

made  with  a  person's  Consent  and  Approbation  "  (Lewin,  1159,  1160,  and 
cases  there  cited). 

F.  Instigation. 

"  Consent "  of  a  Tbuk  Owner  to  the  possession  of  goods  by  a  Reputed 
Owner,  is  none  the  less  "  Consent "  by  reason  of  the  retention  of  the 
goods  by  such  latter  owner  being  consistent  with  a  Bill  of  Sale  given 
by  him  (Spackman  v.  Miller,  31  L.  J.  C.  P.  309;  12  C.  B.  N.  S.  659: 
Ee  Ginger,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  461;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  777;  76  L.  T.  808;  46 
W.  R.  144).  Such  "  Consent  "  is  given  as  regards  a  Chose  in  Action 
so  long  as  no  Notice  is  given  to  the  payer  (Bartlett  v.  Bartlett,  26  L.  J. 
Ch.  677;  1  D.  G.  &  J.  127:  Butter  v.  EvereU,  1895,  2  Ch.  872;  64 
L.  J.  Ch.  845:  Re  Goetz,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  787;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  677;  78 
L.  T.  399;  46  W.  R.  469);  but,  semble,  the  mere  posting  of  Notice  is 
enough  to  put  an  end  to  such  Consent  (Be  Hickey,  Ir.  Rep.  10  Eq.  117). 
Consent  cannot  be  given  if  the  True  Owner  be  under  disability,  e.g.  by 
Infancy  (Be  Mills,  1896,  2  Ch.  664;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  708).  Vf  Posses- 
sion Order  or  Disposition. 

Possession  of  Groods  or  Documents  of  Title  to  Goods,  "  with  the  Consent 
of  the  Seller,"  s.  26  (2),  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893;  V.  Cahn  v.  Pocketts 
Co,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  616;  1899,  1  Q.  B.  643;  80  L.  T.  269;  47  W.  R, 
422. 

As  to  the  like  phrase  in  s.  9,  Factors  Act,  1889;  V.  RMnson  v. 
Bestell,  12  Times  Rep.  174. 

The  "  Free  and  Voluntary  Consent "  (32  G.  2,  c.  28,  s.  1),  necessary 
to  authorise  a  Sheriff,  &c,  to  carry  a  debtor  to  a  tavern,  &c,  must  have 
been  an  active  consent,  as  distinguished  from  that  consent  which  is 
said  to  be  implied  by  silence  (Dewhurst  v.  Pearson,  2  L.  J.  Ex. 
143;  1  C.  &  M.  365;  3  Tyr.  242;  1  Dowl.  664);  and  where  the  officer 
was  illegally  carrying  a  debtor  to  gaol,  and  the  debtor,  to  avoid  being 
taken  to  gaol,  consented  to  go  to  a  tavern  and  there  drew  up  a  dis- 
charge agreement,  the  "Consent"  so  obtained  was  not  "free  and  vol- 
untary" (Barsham  v.  Bullock,  10  A.  &  E.  23;  2  P.  &  D.  241).  F. 
Voluntarily. 

Covenant  by  Lessor  not  to  "  consent "  to  a  certain  trade  on  his  other 
property;  V.  StuaH  v.  Diplock,  43  Ch.  D.  343;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  142;  38 
W.  R.  223. 

Mere  silent  acquiescence  by  a  Lessor  respecting  a  trade  forbidden  by 
the  Lease,  raises  no  inference  that  he  has  given  "  Consent "  to  the  Les- 
see's carrying  on  any  other  forbidden  trade  {Macher  v.  Foundling  Hosp, 
1  V.  &B.  188). 

"  Consent "  to  Assigning  or  Underletting  not  to  be  "  unreasonably  "  or 
**vexatiously  "  withheld;    V.  Unreasonably. 

Auction  on  demised  premises  not  \p  be  "  without  Consent  ";  V.  Tole- 
man  v.  Portbury,  cited  Auction. 

An  adult  who  "consents  to  be  dealt  with  summarily, "  s.  12,  Sum 


CONSENT  877       CONSERVATOR 

Jur  Act,  1879,  thereby  deprives  himself  of  power  to  appeal  (-R.  v.  Lon- 
don Ju8,,  cited  Past). 

Stat.  Def.  —  37  &  38  V.  c.  89,  s.  67;    48  &  49  V.  c.  76,  s.  29. 

V,  Written  Consent:  In  Writing:  Own  Consent:  Sanction. 

CONSEQUENCE.  —  "  In  consequence  of  ";    V.  Caused  by. 
"In  consequence  of  whose  order";    V.  Extraordinary  Traffic, 
towards  end. 

CONSEQUENCES. —The  phrase  in  a  Marine  Insurance  "War- 
ranted free  from  all  Consequences  "  of,  e.g.  Hostilities  or  Warlike  Opera- 
tions, extends  only  to  the  direct  consequences  of  the  excepted  causes 
(lonidesv.  Universal  Marine  Insrce,  32  L.  J.  C.  P.  170;  14  C.  B.  N.  S. 
259:  Nickels  v.  London  &  Frov.  Mar  Insrce,  17  Times  Eep.  54;  70 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  29).     Cp  Capture. 

CONSEQUENT.  —  "Consequent,''  means,  traceable  to,  directly  or 
indirectly:  "Damage  consequent  upon  Collision,"  in  a  Marine  Policy, 
means,  damage  immediately  consequent  upon  collision,  or  leakage  caused 
by  collision;  therefore,  the  damage  to  lemons  and  oranges  occasioned  by 
delay  in  transit  and  by  an  unloading  and  re-lo«iding  necessitated  by  a 
collision,  is  not  "  consequent "  upon  the  collision,  because  the  collision 
is  not  the  proximate  cause  of  the  damage  (Pink  v.  Fleming,  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  659;  25  Q.  B.  D.  396;  63  L.  T.  413).  Sv,  The  City  of  Lincoln, 
59  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  1;  15  P.  D.  15;  62  L.  T.  49;  38  W.  R.  345.  Vf 
Damage  by  Collision. 

Claim  "  Consequent  on  Loss  of  Time  " ;    V,  Loss. 

Costs  "  Consequent " ;    V.  Costs. 

CONSERVANCY  AUTHORITY Qui  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894, 

"*  Conservancy  Authority,'  includes  all  persons  or  bodies  of  persons, 
corporate  or  un incorporate,  intrusted  with  the  duty,  or  invested  with  the 
power,  of  conserving,  maintaining,  or  improving,  the  navigation  of  a 
Tidal  Water"  (s.  742). 

For  other  but  similar  def,  V.  40  &  41  V.  c.  16,  s.  3;  51  &  52  V.  c.  25, 
8.55;    54&55V.  c.  43,  S.4. 

Thatnes  Conservancy ;   F.  Conservator. 

CONSERVATIVE.  — A  gift  for  the  furtherance  of  "Conservative 
Principles  and  Beligious  and  Mental  Improvement "  is  a  good  Charity 
{Re  Scowcroft,  cited  And). 

CONSERVATOR.— "Conservators  of  the  River  Thames";  as  to 
their  name,  establishment,  and  powers,  V,  Thames  Conservancy  Acts  of 
1857,  1864,  1878,  and  1894,  Thames  Navigation  Acts,  1866  and  1870, 
Thames  Act,  1883,  and  Thames  Preservation  Act,  1885,  48  &  49  V.  c.  76. 

"  Salmon  Conservators  ";  Stat.  Def.,  51  &  52  V.  c.  54,  s.  14. 


CONSIDERATION       378  CONSIGN 

CONSIDERATION. — "  'Consideration'  is  the  materiall  cause  of 
a  Contract,  without  the  which  no  contract  can  binde  the  partie.  This 
Consideration  is  either  Expressed,  as  when  a  man  bargaineth  to  give 
2O5.  for  a  horse,  — or,  is  Implyed,  as  when  the  Law  it  selfe  enforceth  a 
Consideration,  as  if  a  man  comes  into  a  Common  Inne  and,  there  staying 
some  time,  takes  meat  or  lodging  or  either  for  himself e  or  for  his  horse, 
the  Law  presumeth  that  he  iutendeth  to  pay  for  both,  notwithstanding 
that  nothing  bee  further  covenanted  betweene  him  and  his  host  ^ 
(Termes  de  la  Ley). 

"The  definition  of  *  Consideration  *  given  in  Selwyn,  N.  P.,  8  ed., 
47,  which  is  cited  and  adopted  by  Tindal,  C.  J.,  in  Laythoarp  v.  Bryant 
(3  Sc.  250;  2  Bing.  N.  C.  735;  5  L.  J.  C.  P.  220),  is,  —  'Any  act  of 
the  pit  from  which  the  deft  derives  a  benefit  or  advantage,  or  any  labour, 
detriment,  or  inconvenience,  sustained  by  the  pit,  provided  such  act  is 
performed,  or  such  inconvenience  suffered,  by  the  pit  with  the  Consent, 
either  express  or  implied,  of  the  deft ' "  (per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  Carlill  v. 
Carbolic  Smoke  Ball  Co,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  271;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  264).  In 
the  12  ed.  of  Selwyn,  p.  43,  the  def  is,  — "  Any  act  of  the  pit  from 
which  the  deft  derives  (or  expects  to  derive,  Haigh  v.  Brooks,  10  A.  &  E. 
309)  a  benefit  or  advantage,  or  any  labour,  detriment,  or  inconvenience, 
sustained  by  the  pit,  however  small  the  benefit  or  inconvenience  may  be^ 
is  a  sufficient  Consideration,  if  such  act  is  performed,  or  such  incon- 
venience suffered,  by  the  pit  at  the  request,  or  with  the  consent,  either 
express  or  implied,  of  the  deft." 

"  A  Valuable  Consideration,  in  the  sense  of  the  law,  may  consist 
either  in  some  right,  interest,  profit,  or  benefit,  accruing  to  the  one  party, 
or  some  forbearance,  detriment,  loss,  or  responsibility  given,  suffered,  or 
undertaken  by  the  other.  —  Com.  Dig.  Action  on  the  Case,  Assumpsit, 
B.  1-15"  (per  Lush,  J.,  Currie  v.  Misa,  44  L.  J.  Ex.  99;  L.  E.  10  Ex. 
153;  affd  45  L.  J.  Ex.  852;  1  App.  Ca.  554:  cited  and  adopted,  Fleming 
V.  New  Zealand  Bank,  1900,  A.  C.  577;  69  L.  J.  P.C.  120;  83  L.  T.  1). 

Vf,  Thomas  v.  Thomas,  2  Q.  B.  851;  11  L.  J.  Q.  B.  104. 

"  In  Consideration  " ;    V.  Precatory  Trust  :   Premises. 

"  In  Consideration,"  s.  8  (1),  Settled  Land  Act,  1882,  has  the  techni- 
cal legal  meaning  of  a  present  inducement  for  a  present  transaction,  and 
will  not  permit  of  a  past  voluntary  expenditure  being  considered  in 
granting  a  Bg  Lease  under  the  section  {Re  Chawner,  1892,  2  Ch.  192; 
61  L.  J.  Ch.  331). 

"  Contract  made,"  or  "  Consideration  given  ";   V,  Contract. 

V,  Good:  Valuable:  Full  Consideration:  Truly  set  forth. 

CONSIGN.—  r.  Phillipps  V.  Briard,  25  L.  J.  Ex.  235,  236. 

To  "  consign, "  ordinarily  means,  to  send  or  transmit  goods  to  a 
Merchant,  or  Factor,  for  sale  (Oillespie  v.  Winberg,  4  Daly,  Com.  PL 
320). 


CONSIGNATION       379         CONSPIRACY 

CONSIGNATION.  — Stat  Def.,  66  &  57  V.  c.  44,8.  2;  68  &  69 
V.  c.  19,  8.  2. 

CONSIGNEE.  — A  Consignee  of  Cargo,  "  is  a  person  residing  at  the 
Port  of  Delivery  to  whom  the  goods  are  to  be  delivered  when  they  arrive 
there"  (per  Duller,  J,,  Wolff  y.  Horncastle,  1  B.  &  P.  322). 

CONSIGNEE  PAYS  CARRIAGE.  — These  words  in  a  Consign- 
ment  Note,  do  not  relieve  the  consignor  from  his  liability  to  the  Carrier 
which  the  circumstances  show  he  had  contracted  (Cr.  W,  Ry  v.  Bagge^ 
64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  599;  15  Q.  B.  D.  625). 

CONSIGNMENT.  — "A  'Consignment,'  is  a  species  of  Mercantile 
Conveyance  operating  upon  the  particular  effects  consigned,  which, 
though  it  may  be  defeasible,  may  operate  in  the  meantime  and  enable 
the  Consignee  by  his  acts  to  bind  the  Consignor"  (per  Chambre,  J., 
Lucena  v.  Cravfurd,  2  B.  &  P.  N.  S.  299). 

CONSIMILI   CASU.  —  r.  Case. 

CONSISTING.  — This  word  in  s.  4,  Comp  Act,  1862,  means,  " for 
the  time  being  consisting  "  (Re  Thomas^  Ex  p.  Foppleton,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
336;  14  Q.  B.  D.  379). 

**  Consisting  of  more  than  7  Members,''  s.  199,  lb.,  means,  consisting 
of,  &c,  "  at  the  time  when  the  Court  is  asked  to  make  the  Winding-up 
Order"  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Re  Bowling  and  Wilby,  1895,  1  Ch.  663; 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  430). 

"  Consisting  of  ";    V,  That  is  to  say. 

CONSISTORIAL  ACTION.  —  Stat.  Def.,  24  &  25  V.  c.  86,  s.  19. 

CONSOLIDATE.  — Actions  "may  be  consolidated,"  K.  8,  Ord. 
48,  R.  S.  C;    Vh  Ann.  Pr. 

"  Consolidated  Annuities  ";  Stat,  Def.,  54  «&  55  V.  c.  48,  s.  42. 

"Consolidated  Fund,"  usually  means,  the  Consolidated  Fund  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  F.  33  &  34  V.  c  71,  s.  3;  38  &  39  V.  c.  45,  s.  9; 
61  &  62  V.  c.  32,  s.  11 ;     52  &  53  V.  c.  8,  s.  8;     54  &  66  V  c.  48,  s.  42. 

Consolidation  of  Mortgages;  V*  s.  17,  Conv  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881 :  Fisher, 
1210-1225:  Coote,  ch.  68. 

CONSOLS.  — A  Bequest  of  "  Consols  "  will  pass  Three  per  Cents, 
if  testator  had  no  Consols  {Burbey  v.  Bvrbey,  15  W.  K.  479:  V,  Row- 
latt  V.  Easton,  11  W.  R.  767).     V.  Funds. 

CONSPICUOUS   PLACE.— r.  Public  Place:   Public  Situa- 

TION. 

CONSPIRACY.  —  "  When  two  or  more  persons  agree  to  commit  any 
Crime,  they  are  guilty  of  the  misdemeanour  called  Conspiracy  whether 


CONSPIRACY         880      CONSTABULARY 

the  crime  is  committed  or  Dot"  (Steph.  Cr.'37:  Vf^  Termes  de  la  Ley: 
Jacob:  Arch.  Cr.  1208-1223  :  Rose.  Cr.  367-385 :  Wright  on  Conspiracy : 
3  Encyc.  289-301:  R,  v.  WhUechurch^  cited  Administer.  That  def, 
accurate  as  far  as  it  goes,  is  hardly  wide  enough,  for  "  It  is  sufficient  to 
constitute  a  Conspiracy  if  two  or  more  persons  combine  by  fraud  and  false 
pretences  to  Injure  another.  It  is  not  necessary,  in  order  to  constitute 
a  Conspiracy,  that  the  acts  agreed  to  be  done  should  be  acts  which,  if 
done,  would  be  criminal.  It  is  enough  if  the  acts  agreed  to  be  done, 
although  not  criminal,  are  wrongful,  i,e,  amount  to  a  Civil  Wrong  "  (per 
Cockburn,  C.  J.,  R.  v.  Warhurton,  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  276;  40  L.  J.  M.  C. 
24:  Vf,  Kearney  v.  Lloyd^  26  L.  R.  Ir.  268:  HuUley  v.  Simmons^ 
1898,  1  Q.  B.  181;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  213:  Allen  v.  Flood,  cited  Malice). 
In  view  of  these  late  decisions,  some  of  the  older  cases  could  hardly  be 
supported  now,  e,g,  that  a  combination  "  to  steal  the  person  of  a  lady  for 
the  sake  of  her  fortune  "  (per  Eldon,  C,  Wade  v.  Broughton,  3  V.  &  B. 
173:  Va,  R.  v.  Thorp,  5  Mod.  221),  or  to  get  a  woman  to  become  a  man's 
kept  mistress  (R.  v.  Delaval,  3  Burr.  1438,  1439;  1  Bl.  W.  439),  is  an 
indictable  Conspiracy. 

Q?,  Combination:  Confederacy:   Trade  Union. 

CONSTABLE.—  "A  constable  is  often  taken  in  the  law  for  a 
warder  or  keeper,  as  Const abular ius  castri  de  Dover  et  5 portuum"  (Co. 
Litt.  234  a,  b).     VfS  Encyc.  301-^03. 

In  modern  times  and  modern  Acts,  "  Constable  "  has  some  such  mean- 
ing as  that  given  in  s.  29,  Cruelty  to  Animals  Act,  1849,  12  &  13  V. 
c.  92,  viz. — "  Headborough,  Parish  Beadle,  Peace  Officer,  Special  Con- 
stable, or  any  person  belonging  to  the  City  of  London  Police  Forces  or 
any  Constabulary  Force  in  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  ":  F.  5  &  6 
V.  c.  12,  S.56;  7  &  8  V.  c.  87,  s.  10;  14  &  16  V.  c.  38,  s.  4;  31  &  32 
V.  c.  107,  s.  6 ;  35  &  36  V.  c.  92,  s.  14,  c.  93,  s.  6;  42  &  43  V.  c.  33, 
8.  181 ;  44  &  45  V.  c.  58,  s.  190  (38),  c.  69,  s.  39 ;  50  &  51  V.  c.  9, 
8.  2.  —  Scot.  13  &  14  V.  c.  92,  s.  11 ;  20  &  21  V.  c.  72,  s.  78;  25  &  26 
V.  c.  35,  s.  37 ;  53  &  54  V.  c.  67,  s.  30.  —  //•.  10  &  11  V.  c.  84,  s.  8 ; 
12  &  13  V.  c.  91,  s.  89;     35  &  36  V.  c.  94,  s.  77. 

"  Constables  of  the  Aided  Force  "  ;    F.  Purposes. 

"  Constable  of  the  Metropolitan  Force  "  ;    T.  25  &  26  V.  c.  64,  s.  3. 

"Chief  Constable";   F.  Chief. 

«  High  Constable  " ;  F.  24  &  25  V.  c.  75,  s.  4;  32  &  33  V.  c.  47,  s.  1 ; 
46  &  46  V.  c.  50,  8.  246.  —  Ir.  13  &  14  V.  c.  69,  s.  117;  61  &  62  V. 
c.  37,  s.  109  (1). 

F.  Police. 

CONSTABULARY.  —Qu^  Constabulary  (Ir)  Act,  1874,  37  &  38  V. 
c.  80,  "  '  Constabulary  Force '  means,  the  Royal  Irish  Constabulary  " 
(s.  1).     Vf,  Member. 


CONSTABULARY   881   CONSTRUCTION 

Qui  the  Peace  Preservation  (Ir)  Acts,  "  Constabulary  "  or  "  Eoyal  Irish 
Constabulary,"  includes  the  Dublin  Metropolitan  Police  (33  &  34  V. 
0.  9,  8.  3). 

"  The  Constabulary  (Ir)  Acts,  1836  to  1885  ";  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles 
Act,  1896. 

"  Constabulary  Station  ";   T.  32  &  33  V.  c.  99,  s.  13. 

CON STANTLY,— Means,  Coxthstuously,   F.  Worked. 

CONSTITUTED.  —  If  a  Company,  having  a  statutory  constitution, 
has  conferred  on  it,  either  by  its  special  or  a  subsequent  Act  or  series  of 
Acts,  power  of  constructing  or  working  a  railway,  it  is  **  a  Company 
constituted  by  Act  of  Parliament  ...  for  the  Purpose  of  constructing 
...  a  Railway  "  within  s.  3,  Ky  Comp  Act,  1867,  although  the  Ky  made 
by  the  Co  was  not  one  of  its  fundamental  objects  and  forms  but  a  very 
small  portion  of  its  undertaking  (Re  East  and  West  India  Dock  Co,  57 
L.  J.  Ch.  1063;  38  Ch.  D.  676;  69  L.  T.  237;  36  W.  R.  849).  V.  Main 
Purpose:  Railway  Company. 

Company  "Duly  constituted  By  law,"  s.  180,  Comp  Act,  1862;  V. 
JB.  V.  Registrar  of  Joint  Stock  Cos,  cited  Company. 

«  Constitution  of  a  Co  " ;   V.  11  &  12  V.  c  46,  s.  3. 

CONSTRUCT.  —  "  Construct  Water  Works,"  s.  62,  P.  H.  Act,  1876; 
V.  Water  Works. 

CONSTRUCTED.  —  Works  "  constructed,"  mean,  Works  really  con- 
structed so  as  to  be  of  use  (Bull  v.  Ventnor  Harbour  Co,  W.  N.  (69)  12). 

Buildings  "  constructed  or  adapted  "  to  be  in  one  Occupation,  s.  77, 
London  Bg  Act,  1894;    F.  Woodthorp  v.  Spencer,  63  J.  P.  246. 

A  Building  already  constructed  and  not  needing  repair  and  whicli  is 
merely  being  altered  Or  added  to,  e.g.  by  adding  girders  and  stays  to  pre- 
vent vibration,  is,  nevertheless,  being  "  constructed  or  repatrcrf, "  within 
8.  7  (1),  Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897  (Hoddinott  v.  Newton,  1901,  A.  C. 
49 ;  70  L.  J.  Q.  B.  160);  so,  the  ordinary  painting  of  a  house  is  a  repair- 
ing within  the  section  (Dredge  v.  Conway,  cit«d  Repair).  Where  there 
is  such  a  Construction  or  Kepair,  it  continues  until  the  Scaffolding  is 
removed  (Frid  v.  Fenton,  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  436;  82  L.  T.  193). 

CONSTRUCTION.  — Of  a  New  Street;  V.  Hendonv.  Pounce, 
42  Ch.  D.  602;  61  L.  T.  466:  Vthc,  Bromley  v.  Lloyd,  66  L.  T.  462; 
66  J.  P.  278. 

Construction  of  a  Railway,  may  include  works  made  after  the  line  is 
opened  (Sadd  v.  Maldon  Ry,  6  Ex.  143;  20  L.  J.  Ex.  102).  T.  Com- 
mencement. 

"  Construction  and  Maintenance  of  a  Telegraphic  Line  along  a  Street"  ; 
F.  ^^  &  5Q  V.  c.  69,  s.  9. 


CONSTRUCTIVE       382  CONSUMED 

CONSTRUCTIVE.  —  "  Constructive  Corruption  " ;  F.  Cobbuftion. 

Constructive  Cbime;    V,  3  Encjc.  306. 

Constructive  Notice;    V.  Notice:  Come  to. 

Constructive  Occupation;   V,  Occupation. 

The  phrase  "  Constructive  Residence  "  is,  probably,  not  different  in 
meaning  from  "  Residence."  "  When  a  person  is  physically  absent  from 
his  place  of  residence  for  a  time,  if  he  has  animus  revertendi,  his  resi- 
dence continues  "  (per  Blackburn,  J.,  E,  v.  Ahingdouj  L.  R.  5  Q.  B. 
409). 

Constructive  Total  Loss;   V.  Total  Loss. 

A  "  •  Constructive  Trust  '  is  raised  by  a  Court  of  Equity  wherever  a 
person  clothed  with  a  Fiduciary  Character,  gains  some  personal  advan- 
tage by  availing  himself  of  his  situation  as  Trustee  "  (Lewm,  ch.  10). 
pyGodefroi,  ch.  13. 

CONSUETUDC—  r.  Custom. 

CONSUI Qua  Foreign  Marriage  Act,  1892,  56  &  56  V.  c.  23, 

**  *  Consul, '  means,  a  Consul-General,  Consul,  Vice-Consul,  Pro-Consul, 
or  Consular  Agent "  (s.  24). 

CONSULAR  OFFICER.  —  V.  s.  12  (20),  Interp  Act,  1889. 

QuA  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "'Consular  OflScer,'  when  used  in 
relation  to  a  Foreign  Country,  means,  the  OflScer  recognized  by  Her 
Majesty  as  a  Consular  Ofl&cer  of  that  Foreign  Country  "  (s.  742). 

CONSUMABLE "  Consumable    Stores  "  ;  —  The  doctrine  that 

things  quce  ipso  usu  consumuntur  cannot  be  limited  in  succession  and 
therefore  that  a  gift  of  them  for  life  confers  an  absolute  interest,  applies 
only  to  those  things  which  are  for  personal  use  and  exhausted  by  their 
personal  use  (per  Wood,  V.  C,  Groves  v.  Wright^  2  K.  <&  J.  351),  e,g»  Food, 
Wines  {Phillips  v.  Beal,  32  Bea.  26)  and  other  Drink,  Coals,  and  such 
like ;  "  and  there  was  a  case  in  which  Carnage  Horses  were  held  to  come 
within  the  same  rule ;  but  there  the  tenant  for  life  had  actually  used 
them  "  (per  Wood,  V.  C,  Groves  v.  Wright).  Wearing  apparel  is  not 
such  Consumable  Stores  (per  Wood,  Y.  C,  Re  Hall,  1  Jur.  N.  S.  974). 
Consumable  Articles,  e.g.  Farming  Stock,  or  a  Wine  Merchant's  Stock, 
are  not  within  the  rule  when  given  in  connection  with  a  business,  if 
they  are  such  as  are  necessary  for  carrying  it  on  {Groves  v.  Wright,  sup: 
Cockayne  v.  Harrison,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  609;  L  R.  13  Eq.  432;  20  W.  R* 
604 :  Sv,  Breton  v.  Mockett,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  764 ;  9  Ch.  D.  95 ;  26  W.  R.  860, 
whlc  turned  on  a  special  direction).      Vh  44  S.  J.  324. 

CONSUME.  —  Power  to  "  consume  "  as  much  as  A.  "  cares  to  do  "; 
F.  Appropriate.     Cp  "  Make  use  of,"  sub  Make. 

CONSUMED.—  V.  On  the  Premises. 


CONSUMER  888  CONTENTS 

CONSUMER.  — Qu^  Electric  Lighting  (Clauses)  Act,  1899,  62  & 
63  V.  c.  19,  "  '  Consamer,'  means,  any  body  or  person  supplied,  or  enti- 
tled to  be  supplied,  with  Energy  by  the  Undertakers"  (s.  1,  Sch;  whva 
for  "  Consumer's  Terminals,"  Va  Terminal). 

A  "  Consumer "  of  Gas,  qu^  Metropolis  Gas  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V. 
c.  125,  '*  means,  a  person  receiving,  or  entitled  in  accordance  with  this 
Act  to  receive,  a  supply  of  gas  from  any  Gas  Company  '*  (s.  4). 

A  *•  Consumer  of  Water, "  qu^  a  Water  Works  Act,  is  "  a  person  who 
either  actually  enjoys  or  is  consuming  water,  or  is  entitled  so  to  do  and 
has  intimated  his  intention  so  to  do  "  (per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Cooke  v.  New 
River  Co,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  386;  38  Ch.  D.  56;  58  L.  T.  830;  affd  H.  L. 
14  App.  Ca.  698;  59  L.  J.  Ch.  333). 

"Water  Consumer,"  qui  Metropolis  Water  Act,  1897,  60  &  61  V. 
c.  66;   r.s.  5. 

CONTAGIOUS.  —Qui  Contagious  Diseases  Act,  1866,  29  &  30  V. 
c.  35,  **  '  Contagious  Disease,'  means,  Venereal  Disease,  including 
Gonorrhoea"  (s.  2).     Cp  Infectious. 

"  Contagious,  or  Infectious  Disease,"  of  Animals;  F.  32  &  33  V.  c  70, 
8.  6  —  ir.  33  &  34  V.  c.  36,  s.  12.     V.  Cattle  Plague. 

CONTAINING.  —  "The  word  'containing'  may  easily  admit  of  be- 
ing construed  as  meaning  '  inclusive  of ';  and  not  as  in  diminution  of  a 
general  bequest "  (Henfreyv.  Henfrey,  6  Jur  356;  2  Curt.  468 ;  4  Moore, 
P.  C.  29 ;  stated  1  Jarm.  175). 

CONTANGO. —  V.  Bongiovanni  v.  La  SocietS  Ginirale,  cited 
CoxTiNUATiON,  the  payment  for  which  accommodation  is  called  a 
••  Contango."     Cp  Backwardation. 

CONTEMPLATION.  —  "  A  Settlement  in'  Contemplation  '  of  mar- 
riage, is  obviously  an  ante-nuptial  Settlement "  (per  Selborne,  C,  Re 
Sampson  and  Wall,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  460;  25  Ch.  D.  482:  Va,  Re  Leigh, 
58L.  J.  Ch.  306;  40Ch.  D.  290).    F.  Upon. 

CONTEMPT.  —  A  charter  granting  "  Contempts,"  does  not  include 
money  payable  on  Estreated  Eecognizancbs  (^.  v.  Dover,  4  L.  J.  Ex. 
94;  1  Cr.  M.  &R.  726). 

CONTEMPT  OF  COURT.— F.  per  Blackburn,  J.,  ^Ari/^iW^A'jj 
Case,  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  232:  Criminal  Cause:  Criminal  Prisoner: 
Oswald  on  Contempt  of  Court. 

CONTENTIOUS.  — Contentious  Business,  is  the  opposite  of  Com- 
mon Form  Business. 

CONTENTS.  —  A  legacy  of  the  "  Contents  of  my  house  "  is  equiva- 
lent to  a  legacy  of  the  goods  "  in  my  house."     V.  In. 


CONTENTS  884  CONTEXT 

As  regards  Chosks  in  Action  (and,  probably,  aJso  of  small  valuables, 
0.^.  jewellery)  there  is  an  obvious  distinction  between  a  gift  of  the 
"  Contents  "  of  a  House  and  one  of  the  "  Contents  "  of  a  Desk  or  Box ; 
people  do  not,  ordinarily,  speak  of  keeping  such  things  in  a  House  (Re 
Miller,  61  L.  T.  365),  but  they  keep,  and  speak  of  keeping,  their 
securities  and  valuables  in  a  Desk  or  Box:  accordingly,  a  bequest  of  the 
"  Contents  "  of  a  House  will,  generally,  pass  only  the  Household  Furni- 
ture and  Effects,  and  not  Choses  in  Action ;  but  a  bequest  of  the  "  Con- 
tents "  of  a  Desk,  or  Box,  will  pass  Choses  in  Action  in  such  Desk  or 
Box,  e,g.  Banker's  Deposit  Receipts,  Cheques,  Bills,  and  Notes,  though 
unindorsed,  —  but  not  the  accessories  of  other  property,  e.g.  the  key  of 
another  box,  or  title  deeds  {Re  Rohson,  1891,  2  Ch.  559;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  851; 
66  L.  T.  173).     Cp,  Effects:  Locally  situate. 

CONTENTS    UNKNOWN "When  there  is  a  closed  package 

and  a  representation  as  to  its  contents,  the  shipowner  may  accept  the 
Bill  of  Lading,  or  may  alter  it,  and  if  he  adds,  ^  C<mients  Unknown^* 
then,  according  to  Parsons  on  Shipping  (p.  198),  the  cases  there  cited, 
and  Jessel  v.  Bath  (36  L.  J.  Ex.  149 ;  L.  R.  2  Ex.  267),  the  meaning 
is,  that  he  declines  to  accept  the  representation,  and  merely  accepts  the 
package  as  it  appears  on  the  outside,  but  not  the  statement  as  to  what  is 
inside,  — and  he  contracts  to  carry  what  really  is  inside  "  (per  Brett,  J., 
Lebeau  v.  Gen.  Steam  Nav.,  42  L.  J.  C.  P.  1;  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  88:  FjT, 
The  Peter  der  Grosse,  1  P.  D.  414;  34  L.  T.  749).  The  usual  phi-ase  in 
such  a  case  is,  "  Weight,  Contents,  and  Value  Unknown."  Fa,  Clean 
Bill  of  Lading:  Quality  and  Quantity  unknown:  Weight 
UNKNOWN.     Vh  1  Maude  &  P.  153,  154,  341,  342. 

Cp  Good  Order. 

CONTESTED   ELECTION "When  a  poll   is  demanded,  the 

election  commences  with  it,  as  heing  the  regular  mode  of  popular  elec- 
tion ;  the  show  of  hands  being  only  a  rude  and  imperfect  declaration  of 
the  sentiments  of  the  electors  "  (per  Sir  Wm.  Scott,  Anthony  v.  Seger, 
1  Hagg.  Con.  13).  The  phrase  "  contested  election  "  in  s.  68,  Rep 
People  Act,  1832,  also  means  an  election  carried  to  a  poll  (Muntz  v. 
Sturge,  10  L.  J.  Ex.  234;  8  M.  &  W.  302).  But  now,  for  parliamen- 
tarj  or  municipal  honours,  the  hours  appointed  for  the  nomination  are 
the  time  for  the  "  election  " ;  which  election  is  adjourned  for  a  poll  when 
more  candidates  are  nominated  than  there  are  vacancies  to  be  filled  (35 
&  36  V.  c.  33,  s.  1;  Sch  1,  Part  1,  Rule  1). 

Vh,  Rogers,  415;  4  Encyc.  442-473:  Election. 

CONTEXT.  —"  Where  the  Context  allows  ";  V.  Birmingham  Brew- 
eries V.  Jameson^  cited  Spirituous  Liquor. 

"Unless  the  Context  otherwise  requires,  *  Court,'  in  this  section, 
means,  the  Court  within  the  jurisdiction  of  which  the  Debtor  resided, 


CONTEXT  885         CONTINGENT 

or  carried  on  business,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  6  months  immediately 
prior  to  his  decease  "  (subs.  10,  s.  126,  Bankry  Act,  1883) ;  — "  Context  " 
there,  is  not  limited  to  the  section  but  embraces  the  whole  Act :  there* 
fore,  if  a  Debtor,  a  domiciled  Englishman,  was  not  resident  in  England  at 
the  time  of  his  death  but  had  resided  for  the  greater  part  of  the  preced- 
ing 6  months  abroad,  a  Bankry  Administration  under  the  section  may 
be  ordered  by  the  High  Court  (i.e.  the  Bankry  Court)  under  s.  96  {Be 
Evans,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  143 ;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  143;  64  L.  T.  242 ;  39  W.  R. 
98). 

CONTIQUOUS.  — "  Contiguous,"  means,  touching,  and  is  as  nearly 
as  possible  the  synonym  of  "Adjoining."  Therefore,  where  a  Lease 
reserves  power  to  the  lessor  to  do  certain  acts  on  any  premises  "adjoin- 
ing or  contiguous,"  that  means,  "adjoining  or  near  to"  so  as  to  give 
"  contiguous  "  a  cognate,  but  not  identical,  meaning  with  "  adjoining " 
{Haynes  v.  King,  1893,  3  Ch.  439;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  21;  69  L.  T.  865;  42 
W.  R.  66).  Tn  that  case,  however,  it  was  further  held  that  two  houses 
opposite  to  one  another  and  a  street  going  between  them,  are  strictly 
"  contiguous,"  because  each  would  include  the  soil  of  the  street  ad  medium 
filum,  Vff  Micklethwait  v.  Newlay  Bridge  Co^  33  Ch.  D.  133,  on  whcv 
Be  White's  Charities,  1898,  1  Ch.  669 ;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  430;  78  L.  T.  660; 
46  W.  R.  479. 

V.  Watee  and  Soil. 

CONTINGENCY.  —Liability  on  a  Contingency;   V.  Liability. 

"Contingency"  of  a  Building  Socy;  V.  Durham,  &e  Bg  Socy  v. 
Davidson,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  473;  67  L.  T.  269;  66  J.  P.  660. 

"  Event  or  Contingency  " ;   V.  Event. 

"  Contingency  with  a  Double  Aspect " ;  V.  Egerton  v.  Mousey,  3  C.  B. 
N.  S.  361:  Doe  d.  Davy  v.  Bumsall,  6  T.  R.  30:  Crump  v.  Norwood, 
7  Taunt.  372,  373:  Evers  v.  Challis,  7  H.  L.  Ca.  631,  on  whlcv  Watson 
V.  Young,  28  Ch.  D.  436,  and  Be  Bence,  1891,  3  Ch.  242;  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
636;  66  L.  T.  630. 

CONTINGENT.—  Anything  is  "Contingent  "  when  it  is  liable  to 
failure  on  the  happening  or  non-happening  of  an  event,  condition,  or 
state  of  things,  e.g,  a  Contingent  Gift,  on  whv  Theobald,  676. 

A  Contingent  Debt,  is  one  the  time  for  the  payment  of  which  may  or 
may  not  arrive ;  a  Debt  payable  after  notice,  is  not  contingent,  for  it  is 
to  be  supposed  that  it  will  be  payable  at  some  time  (per  Abbott,  C.  J., 
Clayton  v.  Gosling,  6  B.  &  C.  362).  "  A  'Contingent  Debt '  refers  to  a 
case  where  there  is  a  doubt  if  there  will  be  any  debt  at  all "  (per  MeU 
lisb,  L.  J.,  Ex  p.  Buffle,  8  Ch.  1001).  "The  term  'Contingent  Debt,' 
or  Debt  payable  on  a  Contingency,  has  been  long  in  common  use.  In 
the  Bankry  Act,  6  G.  4,  c.  16,  'Contingent  Debts '  upon  which  a  value 


CONTINGENT         886         CONTINGENT 

can  be  set  are  made  the  subject  of  Proof;  and  we  think  that  '  any  Mtge, 
or  other  Debt/  s.  10,  16  &  17  V.  c.  59,  includes  contingent  debts  as 
well  as  absolute  ones  "  (Mortimore  v.  ltd,  Bev.,  cited  Definite).  Ff 
Liability. 

"  A  Contingent  Remainder,  is  a  Remainder  limited  so  as  to  depend 
on  an  event  or  condition  which  may  never  happen  or  be  performed,  or 
which  may  not  happen  or  be  performed  till  after  the  determination  of  the 
preceding  estate  "  (Feame,  Cont.  Rem.  3).  FA,  Wms.  R.  P.,  Part  2,  ch. 
2  :  Goodeve,  241 :  3  Encyc.  320-328.  Note.  Every  Contingent  Remain- 
der (created  by  an  Instrument  executed  after  2nd  Aug  1877)  which 
would  fail  through  the  particular  estate  determining  before  it  vests, 
shall  "  be  capable  of  taking  effect  in  all  respects  as  if  the  Contingent 
Remainder  had  originally  been  created  as  a  SpRixaiKG  or  Shifting  Use, 
or  Executory  Devise,  or  other  Executory  Limitation  "  (40  &  41  V.  c.  33). 
As  to  such  a  construction,  qu4  Instruments  before  the  Act,  F.  Blacks 
man  v.  Fysk,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  666;  64  L.  T.  690;  39  W.  R.  520.  Cp  "  Con- 
tingent Use,"  inf. 

V.  Vest  :  Thereafter  to  be  born. 

Quk  Trustee  Act,  1893,  "  'Contingent  Right,'  as  applied  to  Land,  in- 
cludes a  Contingent  or  Executory  Interest,  a  Possibility  coupled  with  an 
Interest  (whether  the  object  of  the  gift  or  limitation  of  the  Interest  or 
Possibility  is,  or  is  not,  ascertained) ;  also  a  Right  of  Entry,  whether 
immediate  or  future  and  whether  vested  or  contingent"  (s.  50);  —  a  def 
applied  to  the  Lunacy  Laws  (53  &  54  Y.  c.  5,  s.  341),  and  taken  from 
s.  2,  Trustee  Act,  1850. 

"  In  a  note  at  p.  219,  Watkins  on  Conveyancing,  8  ed.,  it  is  said 
in  effect  that  there  are  two  classes  of  Possibilities,  —  (1)  Possibilities 
coupled  with  an  Interest,  e.g.  *  Contingent  Remainders,  Executory  De- 
vises, Springing  or  Shifting  Uses;  (2)  Bare  or  Naked  Possibilities, 
e.g.  the  hope  of  inheritance  entertained  by  the  Heir.'  ...  *  The  former 
class  may,  perhaps,  with  more  propriety  be  denominated  Contingent  In- 
terests, and  the  latter  mere  Expectancies ;  for  a  Possibility  coupled  with 
an  Interest,  is  more  than  a  Possibility,  —  it  is  a  present  Interest  and 
may  be  devised  {Perry  y.  Phelips,  17  Ves.  173, 182).  On  the  other  hand 
the  Expectancy  of  an  Heir  Apparent  during  the  lifetime  of  his  ancestor, 
is  less  than  a  possibility,  being  but  a  mere  hope  or  anticipation  ' "  (per 
Kay,  J.,  Be  Parsons,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  666;  45  Ch.  D.  51).  Adopting  this 
dictum,  it  was  there  held  that  a  bequest  to  "  Next  of  Kin,"  — as  contra- 
distinguished from  one  to  "Children,"  or  "Nephews,"  or  even  "Kin. 
dred,"  —  after  an  Estate  for  Life  is,  during  the  life  of  the  tenant  for 
life,  only  a  spes  successionis,  and  is  not  a  "Contingent  Title,"  within 
s.  5,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882.  Citing  the  same  dictum,  and  adopting  its 
second  clause,  and  considering  Be  Parsons,  North,  J.,  held  that  an 
Interest  under  the  Will  of  a  living  person  is  "Property  in  Expec- 
TANCY; "  —  at  least,  as  that  phrase  is  used  in  s.  1,  Infant  Settlements 


CONTINGENT         887       CONTINUATION 

Act,  1855  {Re  Johnson,  1891, 3  Ch.  48;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  499;  64  L.  T.  696; 
39  W.  R.  509).     F.  Intebkst:  Possibility. 

A  Contingent  Use,  "  is  such  a  Use  as,  by  the  limitation,  may  or  may 
not  happen  to  vest  "  (Cowel).     Cp  "  Springing  Use,"  sup. 

''  Claims  and  Contingent  Liabilities  ";   V.  Claim:  Liability. 

CONTINUAL  CLAIM.  — "Is  a  Claim  made  from  time  to  time 
within  every  year  and  day  to  Land,  or  other  Thing,  which  in  some 
respect  we  cannot  attain  without  danger  "  (Cowel :  Vf  Termes  de  la 
Ley).  "  No  continual,  or  other,  claim  upon  or  near  any  land  shall  pre- 
serve any  right  of  making  an  Entry  or  Distress  or  of  bringing  an 
Action"  (s.  11,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27). 

CONTINUANCE.  — "The  continuance  of  Injury,  or  Damage" 
which  will  extend  the  time  within  which  an  action  may  be  brought  for 
something  done  by  a  Public  Body,  s.  1  (a),  56  &  57  V.  c.  61,  means,  the 
continuance  of  the  Cause  of  Injury  or  Damage,  and  not  the  continuance 
of  the  injurious  Kesult  of  a  completed  Cause  {Markey  v.  Tolworth,  1900, 
2  Q.  B.  454;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  738;  83  L.  T.  28;  64  J.  P.  647) :  "  Darley 
Main  Co  v.  Mitchell,  and  Crumbie  v.  Wallsend  (cited  Cause)  are  inap- 
plicable, except  as  showing  that  if  (say)  a  Drug  had  been  negligently 
given  and  had  been  a  slow  poison,  the  fatal  or  otherwise  injurious  effects 
of  which  had  not  occurred  for  some  time  afterwards,  the  time  for  bring- 
ing the  action  would  have  commenced  to  run,  not  on  the  giving  of  the 
drug  but,  on  the  occurrence  of  its  injurious  effects  "  (per  Darling,  J., 
ift.).     Cp  Continuing  cause  op  action. 

Power  to  Lease,  reserving  rent  "  during  the  Continuance  of  the  Term," 
enables  the  Donee  of  the  Power  to  reserve  the  last  quarter's  rent  in  ad* 
vance  {Rutland  v.  Doe,  cited  Yearly). 

"  If  a  power  be  given  to  trustees  to  be  exercised  '  during  the  continu- 
ance of  the  Trust,  '  it  cannot  be  exercised  after  the  time  when  the  trust 
ought  to  have  been  completed,  though,  from  the  delay  of  the  trustees,  it 
happens  that  the  trust  has  not  in  fact  been  executed  "  (Lewin,  719,  cit- 
ing Wood  V.  White,  2  Keen,  664;  4  My.  &  C.  460;  7  L.  J.  Ch.  203; 
8  lb.  209:   T.  2  Jarm.  299:  and  FjT Lewin,  719,  as  to  this  word). 

As  to  the  divesting  effect  of  the  phrase,  if  Legatee  ''  shall  die  during 
the  Continuance  of  the  Trusts  hereinbefore  declared";  F.  Re  Teale,  34 
W.  R.  248. 

CONTINUATION.  —  This  word  is  used  in  a  technical  sense  on  the 
Stock  Exchange.  It  means  to  sell  and  to  agree  to  re-buy  the  same 
amount  of  Stock  at  a  future  day  at  the  same  price,  plus  a  sum  for  the 
accommodation.  It  is  not  a  loan;  but  is  a  sale  and  an  agreement  for  re- 
purchase. The  original  seller  may  perform  his  contract  to  re-buy,  and 
if  the  Stock  be  not  delivered  to  him  he  is  entitled  to  damages  for  such 
non-delivery.     On  the  other  hand,  he  may  make  default,  and  then  would 


CONTINUATION        888         CONTINUING 

be  liable  for  sucb  breach;  bot  if  the  Stock  has  gone  up  in  value  there 
would  be  no  damages ;  if,  however,  the  value  has  gone  down,  the  meas- 
ure of  damages  would  be  the  difference  between  the  market  value  of  the 
Stock  at  the  time  when  the  original  seller  ought  to  have  re-bought  it  and 
the  price  at  which,  at  the  time  of  the  sale,  he  agreed  to  re-buy  it.  In 
all  these  transactions  the  Stock  remains  the  property  of  the  original 
buyer  until  the  original  seller  has  completed  the  agreed  re-purchase 
{Bongiovanni  v.  La  Sociiti  Gen^rale,  54  L.  T.  320 ;  2  Times  Rep.  247 : 
Bentinck  v.  London  Joint  Stock  Bank,  1893,  2  Ch.  120;  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
368;  42  W.  R.  140;  68  L.  T.  316).  Vf,  Re  Ovenceg,  1900,  1  Ch.  209; 
69  L.  J.  Ch.  2b5 ;  81  L.  T.  776:  Contango.     Cp  Cabby  oveb. 

CONTINUE.  —  Slauohtbbhouse  "used  .  .  .  and  continued  to  be 
Used,  "  s.  126,  Towns  Improvement  Clauses  Act,  1847 ;  V,  Hides  v.  Lit- 
tlejohn,  74  L.  T.  24. 

**  Provided  the  Intebest  of  the  Lessor  in  the  premises  should  so  long 
continue,"  occurring  in  a  Lease  made  by  a  lessor  holding  under  a  College 
Lease  for  years  renewable  by  custom,  is  to  be  taken  as  intending  to 
guard  against  the  risk  of  non-renewal,  and  not  to  limit  the  lessee's  in- 
terest to  the  term  of  the  lessor's  life  (Ee  Conolly,  Ir.  Rep.  3  Eq.  339). 
The  "  Interest,"  however,  is  not  to  be  extended  by  the  subsequent  acqui- 
sition by  the  lessor  of  some  larger  interest  than  that  which  he  had  or 
anticipated  when  granting  the  Lease  {Re  (yBrien,  lb.  77). 

To  "  Continue,"  in  Stock  Exchange  phraseology  ;   V.  Continuation. 

"  Continue  "  as  an  equivalent  of  "  Tarry  " ;  F.  Elope. 

CONTINUE  IN  OFFICE.  —  An  Officer  "  continues  in  Office,"  qui 
a  Bond  for  the  due  discharge  of  his  duties,  if  his  functions  and  duties 
are  continued,  though  the  tenure  by  which  he  holds  office  may  be 
changed  (Oswald  v.  Berwick-itpon- Tweedy  b  H.  L.  Ca.  856;  25  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  383;  4  W.  R  738). 

CONTINUE  TO  HOLD.  — "Where  tnistees  are  authorised  to 
*  continue  to  hold'  special  Investments,  the  power  mn^t, primd  faciej  be 
held  to  apply  to  such  of  the  trusts  as  are  continuous  ;  and  the  trustees 
may  appropriate  to  a  special  continuous  trust  any  of  the  investments 
which  the  settlor  has  authorised  to  be  held  "  (Lewin,  368,  citing  Fraser 
V.  Murdochy  6  App.  Ca.  855). 

CONTINUING  CAUSE  OF  ACTION.  — R.  58,Ord.36,R.S.C.; 
V.  Hole  V.  Chard,  1894,  1  Ch.  293;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  469;  70  L.  T.  62. 
Cp  Continuance. 

CONTINUING  GUARANTEE.  ^  r.  1  Key  &  Elphinstone, 
Precedents,  6  ed.,  40:  De  Colyar,  on  Guarantees,  2  ed.,  210-246: 
Hitchcock  V.  Humfrey,  12  L.  J.  C.  F.  235;  6  M.  &  G.  569:  EUit  v. 


CONTINUING  889  CONTINUING 

Emanuel,  46  L.  J.  Ex.  25;  1  Ex.  D.  157:  Parr's  Bank  v.  Yates,  1898, 
2  Q.  B.  460;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  851:  Guarantee:  Account:  Credit: 
Made. 

CONTINUING  INTEREST.  — "Continuing Interest,"  "Continu- 
ing charge  on  such  Interest,"  s.  21,  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853;  V.  Lilford  v. 
A'G.y  36  L.  J.  Ex.  116;  L.  R.  2  H.  L.  63. 

CONTINUING  OFFENCE.  -  "  Continuing  Offence,"  s.  115,  P.  H. 
Act,  1848,  means  only,  an  Offence  which  is  from  its  nature  susceptible 
of  continuance  (Marshall  v.  Smith,  42  L.  J.  M.  C.  108;  L.  R.  8  C.  P. 
416;  28  L.  T.  538). 

"Continuing  Offence,"  ss.  85,  107,  Metrop  Man.  Act,  1862;  V.  Lon- 
don Co.  Co.  V.  Worley,  1894, 2  Q.  B.  826;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  218:  Vf,  R.  v. 
Slade,  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  232;  1895,  2  Q.  B.  247. 

Vh,  R.  y.  Portsmouth  or  Pink,  1892, 1  Q.  B.  491;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  126: 
Daw  V.  London  Co.  Co.,  cited  New  Street:  Heard  v.  Heard,  cited 
Deserted  :  3  Encyc.  328,  329. 

CONTINUING    POLICY V.  StokeU  v.  Heywood,  74  L.  T.  781; 

65  L.  J.  Ch.  721. 

CONTINUING  TRUSTEE.  — This  is  a  phrase  the  meaning  of 
which  is  hardly  settled.  Bacon,  V,  C,  decided  that  the  term"  Continu- 
ing Trustee"  is  not  confined  to  one  who  remains  after  another  has 
retired;  hut  includes  one  who  has  made  up  his  mind  to  retire,  hut  who 
has  not,  as  yet,  executed  a  Deed  evidencing  his  retirement  {Re  Glenny, 
63  L.  J.  Ch.  417;  25  Ch.  D.  611 ;  32  W.  R.  457).  But  in  so  deciding, 
the  decision  of  Kindersle}',  V.  C,  in  Travis  v.  Illiny worth  (34  L.  J.  Ch. 
065;  2  Dr.  &  Sm.  344),  was  dissented  from;  a  decision,  however,  which, 
notwithstanding  Re  Glenny,  was  adhered  to  hy  Pearson,  J.,  in  Allen  v. 
Norris  (53  L.  J.  Ch.  913;  27  Ch.  D.  333),  and  per  North,  J.,  Re  Coates 
to  Parsons  (56  L.  J.  Ch.  242:  Va  Lewin,  779,  785).  The  weight  of 
judicial  authority  would,  therefore,  seem  to  he  in  favour  of  the  proposi- 
tion, that  a  retiring  trustee  is  not  a  continuing  trustee :  Vf,  Stones  y. 
Rowton,  17  Bea.  308 ;  22  L.  J.  Ch.  975.  But  Vh,  s.  31  (6),  Conv  & 
L.  P.  Act,  1881,  repld  s.  10  (4),  Trustee  Act,  1893;  hut  even  under  that 
enactment  a  retiring  trustee  is  not  a  "  continuing  "  trustee  unless  it  is 
shown  that  he  is  competent  and  willing  to  act  within  its  provisions 
(Re  Coates  to  Parsons^  sup). 

A  trustee  who  has  never  acted  and  has  declined  to  act  is  not  a  "  sur- 
viving or  continuing  "  trustee  (Nicholson  v.  Wright,  26  L.  J.  Ch.  312; 
5  W.  R.  431).  But  it  has  heen  said  that  the  decision  in  that  case  was  a 
"narrow  construction"  (Sug.  Pow.  886);  and  in  Pell  v.  2>e  Winton, 
(2  D.  G.  &  J.  13)  Ld  Cranworth  said  he  was  not  prepared  to  follow  it. 
In  Re  Glenny,  sup,  however,  it  was  cited  by  Bacon,  V.  C,  apparently 


CONTINUING         390  CONTRACT 

with  approval.     Cp,  Acting  Trustee:  DECLiNiira  Trustee:  Sukviv- 
INO  Trustee. 

F.  Last:  Trustee. 

CONTINUOUS  OCCUPATION F.  Timmisy.  Albtstouy  1895, 

2  Q.  B.  58;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  564;  59  J.  P.  663. 

CO NTI N  U OUSLY.  —  To  discharge  a  Vessel "  continnously,"  means, 
"  no  more  than  the  merchant  hinds  himself  to  do  his  work  in  a  Reason- 
able time  and  with  a  reasonable  amount  of  exertion  "  (per  Mathew,  J., 
Maclay  v.  Bakery  16  Times  Rep.  401). 

V.  Constantly. 

CONTRABAND.  — "< Contrabanded  Goods'  are  sach  as  are  pro- 
hibited by  Act  of  Parliament,  or  Proclamation,  to  be  imported  into,  or 
exported  out  of,  this  into  other  nations  "  (Cowel). 

**  Contraband  of  War,"  it  is  submitted,  means,  all  those  things  which 
by  International  Law  (or,  as  in  practice  it  would  seem,  by  a  Belligerent 
Power,  when  it  is  strong  enough)  may  be  deemed,  directly  or  indirectly, 
useful  to  an  Enemy  for  the  purposes  of  an  existing  War:  Vh^  3  Encyc. 
330-334:  The  Jonge  Margaretha,  1  Rob.  C.  189,  and  notes  thereon: 
Tudor,  L.  C.  M.  L.,  3  ed.,  981. 

CONTRACT.—  r.  Agreement. 

"  In  every  Contract  there  must  be  quid  pro  quo^  for  eontraetus  est 
quasi  actus  contra  actum  "  (Co.  Litt.  47  b).  **  A  Contract  is  a  deliberate 
engagement  between  competent  parties,  upon  a  legal  Consideration,  to 
do  or  to  abstain  from  doing  some  act  ''  (Story  on  Contracts,  s.  1,  cited 
by  Brett,  L.  J.,  WiUon  v.  Bury,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  98;  5  Q.  B.  D.  618). 
Vfy  Add.  C.  ch.  1,  s.  1:  Leake,  1:  3  Encyc.  335-351:  Promise:  Evi- 
dence of  a  Contract. 

An  enabling  Act  of  Parliament,  —  e.g.  a  Railway,  or  Local,  Act,  — 
is  not  a  Contract  (York  &  N.  Mid  Ry  v.  The  Queen,  1  E.  &  B.  864; 
22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  230:  B.  v.  New  Sarum,  2  E.  &  B.  654 :  Vf  May).  C/>, 
Bathes  v.  Kirkcaldy  W.  W,,  inf. 

As  to  what  was  a  suflBcient  "  Contract,"  within  s.  25,  C!omp  Act,  1867, 
repld  s.  7,  Comp  Act,  1900 ;  V.  HaHley's  Case,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  240 ;  10  Ch. 
157;  32  L.  T.  106;  23  W.  R.  203:  per  Mellish,  L.  J.,  Crickmers'  Case^ 
10  Ch.  614;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  870  ;  24  W.  R.  219:  Anderson's  Case,  7  Ch.  D. 
104 ;  47  L.  J.  Ch.  273 ;  37  L.  T.  560  ;  26  W.  K  442 :  Pritchard's  Case, 
8  Ch.  956 ;  42  L.  J.  Ch.  768 ;  29  L.  T.  363:  Melhado  v.  Forto  Alegre  By, 
43  L.  J.  C.  P.  253;  L.  R.  9  C.  P.  503;  31  L.  T.  57;  23  W.  R.  57:  Be 
Hereford  Waggon  Co,  2  Ch.  D.  621;  45  L.  J.  Ch.  461;  33  L.  T.  40; 
24  W.  R.  953 :  Eley  v.  Fosltive  Assrce,  45  L.  J.  Ex.  451;  1  Ex.  D.  88; 
34  L.  T.  190;  24  W.  R.  a38  :  Firmstone's  Case,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  617; 
L.  R.  20  Eq.  524:  Be  Kharaskhoma  Syndicate,  1897,  2  Ch.  461;  66 


CONTRACT  891  CONTRACT 

L.  J.  Ch.  675;  46  W.  R.  37:  Re  Maynards,  1898,  1  Ch.  515;  67  L.  J. 
Ch.  186,  sthlc  not  followed  in  Re  Frosty  1898,  2  Ch.  556;  68  L.  J.  Ch. 
544;  47  W.  R.  27:  Re  African  Gold  Co,  1899,  2  Ch.  480;  68  L.  J.  Ch. 
215,  724 :  Re  Watson,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  660,  distinguishing  Re  Frost,  sup : 
Re  Jackson,  cited  Inadvebtence  :  Re  Transvaal  Exploring  Co,  1899, 
2  Ch.  370;  48  W.  R.  108;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  670:  In  Writing:  Otherwise. 
FA,  Buckl.  605:  Hamilton,  180.  On  a  similar  provision  in  a  Colonial 
Statute,  F.  Smith  v.  Brown,  1896,  A.  C.  614;  65  L.  J.  P.  C.  89. 

Note.  By  Comp  Act,  1898,  the  Court  was  empowered  to  grant  relief 
for  non-compliance  with  s.  2b,  Comp  Act,  1867 ;  Vth,  Re  May's  Syndicate^ 
68  L.  J.  Ch.  46;  79  L.  T.  663:  Re  NoHhem  Creosoting  Co,  79  L.  T. 
407 :  Inadvertence. 

As  to  what  contracts  must  be  disclosed  in  a  Company  Prospectus  so  as 
to  satisfy  s.  38,  Comp  Act,  1867 ;  F.  notes  on  the  section  in  Buckl.  617 : 
Palmer,  Co.  Prec.  125.     Va  s.  10   Comp  Act,  1900. 

F.  Bargain  or  Contract:  Condition:  Covenant. 

The  "  Contract  made,"  or  the  Good  or  Valuable  Consideration  given  " 
which  will  preserve  Church  Rates  enacted  by  a  Private  Act,  s.  5,  31  &  32 
V.  c.  109,  must  be  found  in,  or  gathered  from,  the  Act  {R,  v.  St,  Mary* 
lebone,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  771;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  622;  72  L.  T.  11). 

"  Contract  "  for  Building,  s.  212,  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  is  not  limited 
to  a  specific  bg  or  bgs  but,  includes  a  contract  for  the  erection  of  a  num- 
ber of  unspecified  bgs  many  of  which  were  not  to  be  commenced  until 
after  the  Act  came  into  operation  {Tahner  v.  Oldham,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  60; 
65  L.  J.  M.  C.  10;  73  L.  T.  404). 

"  Contract  for  sale  of  Equitable  Estate  or  Interest  " ;    F.  Equitable. 

"  Contract,  Dealing,  or  Transaction,**  s.  49  (d),  Bankry  Act,  1883;  F. 
Turquand  v.  Vanderplank,  10  M.  &  W.  180 :  Graham  v.  Furber,  14  C.  B. 
134;  23  L.  J.  C.  P.  10  :  Bretvin  v.  Short,  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  297;  5  E.  &  B. 
227;  1  Jur.  N.  S.  798 :  Krehl  v.  Great  Central  Gas  Co,  39  L.  J.  Ex.  197; 
L.  R.  5  Ex.  289 :  Fx  p,  Arnold,  Re  Wright,  45  L.  J.  Bank.  130;  3  Ch.  D. 
71:  Stansfield  v.  CiiMU,  27  L.  J.  Ch.  266;  2  D.  G.  &  J.  222:  Re 
Curtoys,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  691;  17  Ch.  D.  653;  44  L.  T.  691:  Ifance  v. 
Harding,  57  L.  J.  Q,  B.  403;  20  Q.  B.  D.  732;  59  L.  T.  669;  36  W.  R. 
629:  Re  0*Shea,  1895,  1  Ch.  325;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  263;  71  L.  T.  827; 
43  W.  R.  232:  Wild  v.  Southwood,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  317;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
166;  75  L.  T.  388 :  Re  Seaman,  1896,  1  Q,  B.  412;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  348: 
SJiears  v.  Goddard,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  406;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  151.  In  Lack- 
ington  v.  Elliott  (7  M.  &  G.  538;  13  L.  J.  C.  P.  153),  the  question  was 
raised,  but  not  determined,  as  to  whether  a  Distress  was  a  "  Trans- 
action "  within  this  phrase.     Vh  Wms.  Bank.  245. 

"  Contract,  Promise,  or  Agreem^tit,**  s.  204,  Bankry  Act,  1849,  in- 
cluded a  Bond  {Kidson  v.  Turner,  3  H.  &  N.  581;  27  L.  J.  Ex.  492). 

A  "Contract  or  Employment,"  with  a  Mun  Corp  (disqualifying  a 
Councillor,  s.  28,  Mun  Corp  Act,   1835),  includes  a  Lease  from   the 


CONTRACT  892  CONTRACT 

Corporation  to  a  Councillor,  the  generality  of  "Contract,"  not,  in 
this  connection,  heing  restricted  by  its  association  with  '*  Employment " 
{R,  V.  Yorky  2  Q.  B.  847;  11  L.  J.  Q.  B.  127;  2  Q.  &  D.  105).  Such  a 
contract  is  none  the  less  disqualifying  though,  not  being  under  Seal,  it 
is  not  enforceable  against  the  Corp  (B.  v.  Francis^  21  L.  J.  Q.  B.  304; 
18  Q.  B.  526).      F/- Office. 

"Demands  .  .  .  arising  otherwise  than  Bt  reason  of  a  contract,'* 
8.  31,  Bankry  Act,  1869,  includes  a  sum  found  due  from  a  Promoter  of  a 
Co,  in  respect  of  a  secret  profit  {Emma  Co  v.  Grantj  60  L.  J.  Ch.  449;  17 
Ch.  D.  122 :   Vf,  Re  Parkers,  19  Q.  B.  D.  84). 

"  Action  Founded  on  Contract,'*  s.  6,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1867,  repld  s.  116, 
Co.  Co.  Act,  1888 ;  —  an  action  is  "  founded  on  contract  "  when  not  aris- 
ing out  of  a  breach  of  a  general  duty,  and  when  there  would  be  no  lia- 
bility but  for  a  contract  {Legge  v.  Tucker,  26  L.  J.  Ex.  71 ;  1  H.  &  N. 
600),  and  when  it  is  directly,  and  not  remotelj^  founded  on  such  contract 
(Pontifex  v.  Mid  Ry,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  28;  3  Q.  B.  D.  23).  Therefore, 
an  action  against  a  Carrier  for  negligent  loss  of  goods  is  "  founded  on 
Contract "  {Fleming  v.  Manchester,  S.  &  L.  Ry,  4  Q.  B.  D.  81;  disapprov- 
ing Tattan  v.  G.  W.  Ry,  29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  184;  2  E.  &  E.  844:  Sv, 
Turner  v.  Stallibrass,  cited  Tort)  ;  but  an  action  against  a  Carrier  for 
delivering  goods  to  an  insolvent  consignee  after  notice  of  a  stoppage  in 
transitu,  is  founded  on  Tort  and  not  on  Contract,  because  the  stoppage 
had  put  an  end  to  the  original  contract  of  carrying  {Fontifex  v.  Mid  Ry, 
sup) ;  and  so  of  an  action  for  Personal  Injuries  to  his  passenger  occa- 
sioned by  Negligence  {Taylor  v.  Manchester,  S.  &  L,  Ry,  1895,  1  Q.  B. 
134;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  6;  43  W.  R.  120;  71  L.  T.  596:  Kdiy  v.  Metrop 
Ry,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  944;  64  L.  J.  Q,  B.  568;  72  L.  T.  551;  43  W.  R. 
497).  But  negligent  loss  by  a  Cabman  of  his  fare's  luggage  {Baylis  v. 
LintoU,  42  L.  J.  C.  P.  119;  L.  R.  8  C.  P.  345),  or  negligent  treatment  of 
his  customer's  horse  by  a  Livery-stable  keeper  {Legge  v.  Tucker,  sup), 
gives  right  to  an  action  "  founded  on  Contract."     Cp  Tort. 

A  Mtgee's  action  claiming  a  Charge  on  property,  for  Foreclosure,  for 
Account  and  Enquiries,  and  other  relief,  is  not  "  founded  on  any  Breach 
of  Contract,"  within  R.  1  (c),  Ord.  11,  R.  S.  C,  (Deutsche  National 
Bank  v.  Paul,  cited  Brought  against). 

A  Penalty  under  a  Bye  Law  of  a  Co  founded  by  Charter  under  the 
Great  Seal,  is  a  "  Debt  grounded  upon  a  Contract  without  Specialty,  " 
within  s.  3,  Limitation  Act,  1623;  for  the  liability  thereto  springs  out 
of  the  Member's  implied  consent  to  obey  the  Bye  Laws,  which  is,  in 
effect,  a  Contract  independent  of  the  Charter  (Toba^cco  Pipe  Co  v.  Loder, 
20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  414;  16  Q.  B.  765). 

It  has  been  said  that,  frequently,  "  statutory  provisions,  occurring  in  a 
Local  and  Personal  Act,  must  be  regarded  as  a  Contract  between  the 
parties,  whether  made  by  their  mutual  agreement  or  forced  upon  them 
by  the  Legislature  "  (per  Ld  Watson,  Rothes  v.  Kirkcaldy  W.  W,,  7  App. 


CONTRACT  393  CONTRACT 

Ca.  707 :  Sv,  York  &  N.  Mid  Ry  v.  The  Queen,  sup)  but,  probably,  that 
does  not  mean  that  even  such  enactments  constitute  Contracts  for  all 
purposes  {V.  per  Stirling,  J.,  Ee  Manchester  &  Milford  Ry,  1897,  1  Ch. 
276;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  142;  76  L.  T.  416;  45  W.  R.  331),  in  which  case  it 
was  held  that  an  arrangement  made  by  three  Ky  Companies  as  to  con- 
structing and  maintaining  Ry  Works,  does  not  give  rise  to  an  "  Action 
an  a  Contract,"  within  s.  4,  Ry  Comp  Act,  1867.  In  that  case  the 
learned  judge  also  said,  that  "  under  the  terms  <  Action  on  a  Contract ' 
and  '  Action  not  on  a  Contract, '  as  used  in  that  section,  every  kind  of 
action  is  included." 

"  All  Contracts  "  by  an  Infant,  s.  1,  Infants  Relief  Act,  1874,  37  & 
38  y.  c.  62,  does  not  extend  to  Marriage  Settlements ;  therefore,  a  Mar- 
riage Settlement  by  an  Infant  remains  only  voidable  and  is  not  void 
(Duncan  v.  Dixon,  44  Ch.  D.  211;  59  L.  J.  Ch.  437;  62  L.  T.  319;  38 
W.  R.  700).  Notwithstanding  this  wide  generality  of  "  All  Contracts," 
semble,  this  Act  only  relates  to  (1)  Contracts  for  the  repayment  of  money 
lent;  (2)  Contracts  for  goods  supplied;  and  (3)  Accounts  stated  (2b.), 

"  Contract,"  qui  Hosiery  Manufacture  (Wages)  Act,  1874,  37  &  38  V. 
c.  48;  V.  8.  7. 

"  Contract,"  qui  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882;   F.  s.  24. 

"  Contract,"  s.  3,  Partnership  Act,  1890,  is  not  confined  to  a  Contract 
in  writing  (Ee  FoH,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  495;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  824;  77  L.  T. 
274;  46  W.  R.  147). 

"Complete,"  or  "Formal,"  Contract,  and  making  contract  by  corre- 
spondence;  V.  Subject  to. 

Notice  of  a  Contract ;   V.  Notice. 

"  To  contract  a  Marriage,"  read,  "  to  marry  "  {Ee  McLaughlin,  1  L.  R. 
Ir.  421). 

F.  Restraint  of  Tkade:  Made. 

CONTRACT   IN   WRITING F.  In  wbitino. 

CONTRACT  NOTE. —Qui  Customs  and  Inl.  Rev.  Acts;  F. 
8. 17  (1),  51  &  52  V.  c  8,  on  whv,  Learoyd  v.  Bracken,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  114; 
63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  96. 

Qui  Stamp  Act,  1891 ;  F.  s.  52. 

CONTRACT  OF  SALE.  —Qui  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  «  «  Con- 
tract of  Sale,'  includes  an  Agreement  to  sell  as  well  as  a  Sale  "  (subs.  1, 
8.  62). 

CONTRACT  OF  SERVICE.— "Contract  of  Service,  or  a  Con- 
tract  personally  to  execute  any  Work  or  Labour,"  s.  10,  Employers  and 
Workmen  Act,  1875,  38  &  39  V.  c.  90;  —  "  I  should  say  that  the  former 
employment  would  apply  to  the  case  of  an  employment  for  a  certain 
time,   and  the  latter  to  an  employment  for  the  performance  of  some 


CONTRACT  394  CONTRARY 

specific  work  "  (per  Lopes,  J.,  Granger  v.  Aynslef/f  50  L.  J.  M.  C.  51 ; 
6  Q.  B.  D.  182;  29  W.  R.  242;  45  J.  P.  142). 

CONTRACT   OF   TENANCY — V.  Year  to  Year. 

CONTRACT  TO  SUPPLY.  — An  employer  who  retains  out  of 
his  employees'  wages  so  much  a  week  for  club-money,  in  considera- 
tion of  which  he  is  to  supply  Medicine  and  medical  attendance  to  his 
employees,  "  contracts  to  supply "  such  medicine,  &c,  within  s.  23, 
Truck  Act,  1831  (Cutts  v.  Ward,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161;  L.  R.  2  Q.  B.  357; 
15  W.  R.  445;  15  L.  T.  614:  Lana>  v.  G.  N.  Ry,  1891,  2  Q.  B.281;  CO 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  489;  65  L.  T.  225;  39  W.  R.  475;  m  J.  P.  22).  Vh  Add. 
C.  105. 

CONTRACTED.  — A  Debt  is  "contracted"  when  the  liability 
thereto  in  posse  is  undertaken,  though  the  actual  obligation  therefor  in 
esse  arises  at  a  subsequent  time,  e.g,  the  liability  to  a  Call  on  a  Share 
in  a  Co  is  not  "  contracted  "  when  the  Call  is  made,  but  when  the  Con- 
tract for  the  Share  is  completed  (  Williams  v.  Harding,  L.  R.  1  H,  L,  9;  35 
L.  J.  Bank.  25).  Vf,  Re  Marquess,  Ir.  Rep.  9  Eq.  93:  Conlon  v.  Moore, 
Ir.  Eep.  9  C.  L.  190:  Parker  v.  McHugo,  lb.  265:  Kirby  v.  Smyth,  Ir. 
Rep.  10  Eq.  417. 

CONTRACTED   TO    SELI A  devise  of  an  estate  "which  I 

have  lately  contracted  to  sell,"  has  been  held  to  pass  merely  the  legal 
estate  so  as  to  enable  the  devisee  to  carry  out  the  contraitt,  but  not  to 
pass  the  purchase-money  (Knollys  v.  Sliepherd,  1  Jarm.  692).  In  view, 
however,  of  s,  30,  Conv  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  it  would  be  difficult  to  see 
how  that  ruling  could  be  now  supported;  because  the  testator-vendor 
would,  it  is  submitted,  hold  the  estate  as  a  trustee  for  the  vendee,  and  if 
so  the  legal  estate  would,  under  the  section  cited,  pass  to  the  personal 
representatives  of  the  vendor ;  and  if  that  be  so,  then  such  a  devise  as 
that  in  Knollys  v.  Shepherd  would  now  have  no  operation  unless  it  be 
held  to  pass  the  vendor's  beneficial  interest  in  the  contract,  and  with  it 
the  purchase-money. 

CONTRACTOR.  —  A  "  Contractor"  is  a  person  who,  in  the  pursuit 
of  an  independent  business,  undertakes  to  do  specific  jobs  of  work  for 
other  persons,  without  submitting  himself  to  their  control  in  respect  to 
the  details  of  the  work  (/ro/i  Co  v.  Dodson,  7  Lea,  373). 

As  a  description  of  Occupation  qu^  Bills  of  Sale  Act;  V,  Sharp  v. 
McHenry,  38  Ch.  D.  428 ;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  961 ;  57  L.  T.  606. 

V.  General  Contractors. 

CONTRARY.  —"  But  on  the  contrary  " ;   F.  But. 

"  Agreement  to  the  contrary  " ;    V,  Agreement. 

A  conviction  for  doing  something  "  contrary  to  the  Bye  Laws,"  is  bad 


CONTRARY  395  CONTRARY 

for  uncertainty  (Cotterill  v.  Lempriere,  69  L.  J.  M.  C.  133;  24  Q.  B.  D. 
634;  62  L.  T.  695;  54  J.  P.  583). 

CONTRARY  INTENTION,  —Many  modern  Acts  provide  certain 
rules  of  construction  unless  a  "  Contrary  Intention  "  be  expressed. 

V.  as  to  this  phrase :  — 

In  8.  2,  Arb  Act,  1889,  Me  Wilson  and  Eastern  Counties  Nav  Co^ 
cited  Submission:  Re  Stephens  and  Liverpool^  &c  Insrce,  36  S.  J. 
464: 

In  8.  43,  Conv  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  jdgmt  of  Fry,  L.  J.,  Re  Dickson, 
Bill  V.  Grant,  29  Ch.  D.  331 ;  54  L.  J.  Ch.  510;  52  L.  T.  707 ;  33  W.  R. 
511:  Re  Thatcher,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  1050;  26  Ch.  D.  426;  32  W.  R.  679: 
Re  Wells,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  113 ;  43  Ch.  D.  281 :  Re  Humphreys,  1893,  3Ch. 
1 ;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  498 ;  41  W.  R.  519.  In  s.  6  (4),  same  Act,  Broomfleld 
V.  Williams,  1897,  1  Ch.  602;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  305.  In  s.  31  (7),  same 
Act,  repld  s.  10  (5),  Trustee  Act,  1893,  Cecil  v.  Langdon,  54  L.  J.  Ch. 
313;  28Ch.  D.  1: 

In  s.  2  (1),  Interp  Act,  1889,  St  Helenas  Tramways  Co  v.  Wood,  56 
J.  P.  71.     In  8.  38,  same  Act,  Exp.  Raison,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  206: 

In  Locke  King's  Acts,  Dart,  922,  923:  Eno  v.  Tatham,  3  D.  G. 
J.  &  S.  443;  32  L.  J.  Ch.  311 :  Coote  v.  Lowndes,  L.  R.  10  Eq.  376:  Re 
Newmarch,  9  Ch.  D.  12;  48  L.  J.  Ch.  28:  Buckley  v.  Buckley,  19  L.  R. 
Ir.  544:  Rawson  v.  M^Causland,  Ir.  Rep.  8  Eq.  617:  Corballis  v  Cot^ 
ballis,  9  L.  R.  Ir.  309:  Reynolds  v.  M'Gloughlin,  lb.  405:  Given  v. 
Massey,  31  L.  R.  Ir.  126:  Re  Fleck,  Colton  v.  Roberts,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  943; 
37  Ch.  D.  677;  58  L.  T.  624;  36  W.  R.  663:  Re  Nevill,  59  L.  J.  Ch. 
511:  Re  Hooper,  W.  N.  (92)  161:  Re  Campbell,  1893,  2  Ch.  206;  62 
L.  J.  Ch.  594:  Lewis  v.  Leufis,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  195;  L.  R.  13  Eq.  218, 
on  whlcv,  Re  Bennett,  1899,  1  Ch.  316;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  104;  47  W.  R. 
406: 

In  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882,  Harrison  v.  Harrison,  58  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  28 : 

In  s.  24,  Wills  Act,  1837,  Murphy  v.  Cheevers,  17  L.  R.  Ir.  205:  Re 
Portal  to  Lamb,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  1012;  30  Ch.  D.  50;  33  W.  R.  71,  859: 
Re  Wells,  42  Ch.  D.  646:  Boyle  v.  Coyle,  1895, 1  I.  R.  205.  In  s.  26, 
same  Act,  Wilson  v.  Eden,  21  L.  J.  Q.  B.  385;  5  Ex.  752,  espy  jdgmt 
of  Campbell,  C.  J. :  Anon.,  41  S.  J.  75.  In  s.  27,  same  Act,  Re  Marsh, 
57  L.  J.  Ch.  639;  38  Ch.  D.  630;  59  L.  T.  595;  37  W.  R.  10:  Re 
FhUlips,  41  Ch.  D.  417:  Re  Tarrant,!^.  N.  (89)  146:  Phillips  v.  Cay- 
ley,  43  Ch.  D.  222;  59  L.  J.  Ch.  177:  Doyle  v.  Coyle,  sup.  In  s.  28, 
same  Act,  Quarm  y.  Quarm,  cited  Survivor  :  Martin  v.  Martin,  19  L.  R. 
Ir.  72.  In  s.  29,  same  Act,  Steen  v.  Steen,  Ir.  Rep.  6  C.  L.  8:  ^6 
Chinnery,  1  L.  R.  Ir.  296:  Neville  v.  Thacker,  23  L.  R.  Ir.  359.  Vf, 
qu^  this  Act  generally,  note  to  Introductory  Chap,  ante,  towards  end : 
My:  Now:  Have. 
V.  Female. 


CONTRIBUTE         396      CONTRIBUTORY 

CONTRIBUTE.  — Preference  Shareholders  ''shall  not  be  liable  to 
contribate  to  the  Expenses  or  Losses  of  the  Socy  ** ;  V.  £e  Reliance  Bg 
Socy,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  453. 

CONTRIBUTING.  —  "  Inhabitants  contributing  "  to  a  Kate,  "  does 
not  mean  only  those  who  have  contributed  or  already  are  assessed  to  a 
Bate  already  made  but,  includes  all  who  are  liable  to  be  assessed  to  a 
Rate  if  one  were  now  made  "  (per  Campbell,  C.  J.,  E,  v.  Kershaw, 
6  E.  &  B.  1005;    26  L.  J.  M.  C.  21). 

CONTRIBUTION. —  F.  Subscription  or  Contribution:  Vod- 
tJNTARY  Contributions:  Indemnify:  Indemnity. 

"The  principle  established  in  Dering  v.  Witichelsea  (1  Cox,  318; 
2  B.  &  P.  270;  2  White  &  Tudor,  535)  is  universal,  that  the  right  and 
duty  of  Contribution  is  founded  in  doctrines  of  Equity;  it  does  not 
depend  upon  contract.  If  several  persons  are  indebted  and  one  makes 
the  payment,  the  Creditor  is  bound,  in  conscience  if  not  by  contract,  to 
give  to  the  party  paying  the  debt  all  his  remedies  against  the  other 
Debtors.  The  cases  of  Average,  in  Equity,  rest  upon  the  same  prin- 
ciple. ...  So,  in  the  case  of  land  descending  to  Co-Parceners  subject 
to  a  debt,  if  the  creditor  proceeds  against  one  of  the  co-parceners,  the 
others  must  contribute.  If  the  creditor  discharges  one  of  the  co-par- 
ceners, he  cannot  proceed  for  the  whole  debt  against  the  others;  at  the 
most,  they  are  only  bound  to  pay  their  proportions  "  (per  Ld  Bedesdale, 
Stirling  v.  Forrester,  3  Bligh,  590,  591,  cited  by  Halsbury,  C,  RtLohon 
S.  S.  Co  V.  London  Assrce,  1900,  A.  C.  11,  12;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  90;  81 
L.  T.  586;  48  W.  R.  225;  9  Asp.  2). 

Generally  there  is  no  right  of  Contribution  between  Wrong-doers 
{Merryweather  v.  Nlxan,  8  T.  R.  186 :  Palmer  v.  Wick  S.  S.  Co,  1894, 
A.  C.  318).  Vhy  Burrows  v.  Eliodes,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  816;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
645. 

CONTRIBUTORY.  —Quk  Comp  Act,  1862,  «  Contributory  "  means, 
"every  person  liable  to  contribute  to  the  assets  of  a  Co,  under  this  Act, 
in  the  event  of  the  same  being  wound-up  "  (s.  74,  which  refers  to  s.  38). 
A  holder  of  fully  paid-up  Shares  is  within  that  def  and  may  petition  for 
a  Winding-up  under  s.  82  (Re  Anglesea  Colliery  Co,  1  Ch.  555;  35  L.  J. 
Ch.  809:  Re  National  Savings  Bank  Assn,  1  Ch.  547;  35  L.  J.  Ch.  808). 
For  a  discussion  as  to  this  def  V.  Buckl.  224.  Vf,  Re  Ma^donald,  1894, 
1  Ch.  89 ;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  193:  Norris  v.  CoUle,  2  H.  L.  Ca.  647:  Bright 
V.  Button,  3  lb.  341. 

Contributory  Mortgage;    V.  Mortgage. 

Contributory  Negligence;    F.  Negligence. 

"  Contributory  Place  "  qua  P.  H.  Act,  1875 ;  V,  s.  229,  on  whv  Horn 
V.  Sleaford,  1898,  2  Q.  B.  358;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  724;  78  L.  T.  722;  46 
W.  R.  ^b\  012  J.  P.  502.     The  phrase  has  the  same  meaning  as  in  that 


CONTRIBUTORY      897  CONTROL 

section  quk  Isolation  Hospitals  Act,  1893,  66  &  57  V.  c.  68  (s.  20)-,  and 
(in  England)  quk  Housing  of  Working  Classes  Act,  1890,  63  &  54  V. 
c.  70  (s.  93),  but  (in  Scotland)  it  "  means  a  Parish  "  (subs.  9,  s.  96). 
"  Contributory  Union  ";  Stat.  Def.,  38  &  39  V.  c.  96,  s.  2. 

CONTRITION.—  F.  Confession. 

CONTRIVANCE.  —  A  "  Contrivance  "  to  obstruct  an  Election,  s.  21, 
Metrop  Man.  Act,  1855,  includes  an  open  and  violent  obstruction  by  one 
person,  if  it  be  intentional  {Buckmaster  v.  Reynolds^  13  C.  B.  N.  S.  62). 

CONTROL.  —  To  give  or  refuse  assent  to  a  certain  proposed  course, 
is  to  exercise  a  "  Control,"  within  s.  33,  Tramways  Act,  1870, 33  &  34  V. 
c.  78  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  R,  v.  Croydon  Tramways  Co,  56  L.  J.  Q.  13. 
125;  18  Q.  B.  D.  39;  66  L.  T.  78;  36  W.  R.  299;  51  J.  P.  420; 
3  Times  Rep.  32).  "  Control,"  s.  41,  Regn  Ry  Act,  1868,  "  is  confined 
to  the  control  of  the  proceedings  in  the  issue  so  long  as  they  are  actually 
going  on,  and  does  not  extend  to  proceedings  after  judgment  "  (per  Den- 
nian,  J.,  Birmingham  Land  Co  v,  Lond.  &  N,  W.  Ry^  58  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
588). 

Local  Authority  having  "Control  of  the  Stkeets,"  b.  67,  P.  H.  Act, 
1875 ;  r.  HiU  v.  Wallasey,  1894, 1  Ch.  133 ;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  1 ;  69  L.  T.  641 ; 
42  W.  R.  81. 

Land  under  the  "  Control "  of  a  Local  Authority ;  V.  Baird  t.  Tun- 
bridge  Wells,  1896,  A.  C.  434;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  145;  66  lb.  461. 

The  power  given  to  the  Sanitary  Commrs  of  Gibraltar  by  s.  160, 
Order  in  Council,  19  July  1883,  to  "  control,  manage,  and  maintain, 
the  Public  Highways,  and  also  all  such  culverts  and  water-channels  as 
may  be  necessary  to  carry  off  the  surface  water  therefrom,  and  also  all 
walls,  retaining-walls,  parapet-walls  situate  thereon  or  pertaining  thereto 
and  which  are  necessary  for  their  support  or  for  the  safety  of  passengers 
or  ordinary  traffic,"  does  not  Vest  the  property  in  the  Highways,  &c  in 
the  Commrs,  for  the  Grovemment  remains  the  principal,  and  the  Commrs 
are  only  an  administrative  body  (Gibraltar  Sanitary  Commrs  v.  Orfila, 
69  L.  J.  P.  C.  95). 

A  Lease  of  a  house  together  with  "  the  Control  of  the  Plantation  on 
the  other  side  of  the  water,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  trespassers 
thereon  " ;  held,  to  mean  that  what  was  then  a  Plantation  should  continue 
a  Plantation,  and  that  the  Lessor  could  not  cut  it  down  {Nicholson  v. 
Rose,  4  D.  G.  &  J.  10). 

A  Train  is  not  "  under  the  Control "  of  the  Ry  Co  running  it,  if  in 
the  matter  complained  of  the  Co  are  prevented  by  vis  major,  e.g,  the 
Postmaster  General  acting  under  statutory  powers  {Phillips  v.  O.  W.  Ry, 
7  Ch.  409;  41  L.  J.  Ch.  614).  V.  Charge  or  Control.  Cp  Vessel 
"  under  Command,"  sub  Command. 

Whether  a  Doo  is  "  under  the  control  of  any  person  "  within  the  Dogs 


CONTROL  398        CONVENIENCE 

Act,  1871,  34  &  36  V.  c.  56,  is  a  question  of  fact  to  be  determined  in 
each  case  by  the  justices ;  but  as  a  general  rule  a  dog  is  not  under  such 
control  unless  muzzled  or  led  (  Wren  v.  Fococky  34  L.  T.  697 :  Be  Hat/, 
31  S.  J.  29;  3  Times  Rep.  24). 

"  Under  Proper  Control  or  Destroyed, "  s.  2,  Dogs  Act,  1871 :  under 
this  a  dangerous  dog  may  be  ordered  to  be  destroyed  {Pickering  y.  Marshj 
43L.  J.  M.  C.  143). 

Money  under  Trustee's  "  Control  ";   V.  Possession. 

"  Control  or  Management  of  Partnership  Business,"  R.  3,  Ord.  48  (a), 
R.  S.  C. ;  r.  Grant  v.  Anderson,  1892, 1  Q.  B.  108  j  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  107; 
eQ  L.  T.  79. 

A  Receiver  appointed  by  the  Court  is  not  a  person  having  "  the  Con- 
trol or  Management  "  of  a  Partnership  Business,  within  R.  260,  Bankry 
Rules,  1886  (Re  Flowers,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  14;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  679;  75  L.  T. 
306;  45  W.  R.  118). 

An  Exception  in  a  Charter-Party  of  "  Causes  beyond  their  Control " 
is  to  be  read  e^'usdem  generis  with  those  that  precede  it,  and  does  not 
cover  "  a  want  of  business  capacity  "  in  the  person  to  whom  the  Excep- 
tion relates,  e.g.  the  Charterer's  Agent  (in  his  own  interest)  dismissing 
his  men  so  that  when  wanted  there  are  not  enough  to  properly  load 
the  ship  (Re  Richardsons  and  Samuel,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  261 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
579,  868;  77  L.  T.  479),  or  by  "  chancing  it  "  and  not  taking  proper  pre- 
cautions in  advance  to  have  cargo  ready  so  that  when  wanted  it  cannot 
be  got  by  reason  of  a  Strike  (Gardiner  v.  Macfarlane,  20  Sess.  Ca.  4th 
Ser.  427).     Cp  "  Unavoidable  Hindrance,"  sub  Unavoidable. 

F.  Charge  or  Control  :  Custody  :  Name. 

CONTROVERSIES V.  Quarrels. 

CONVENE.  —  "There  is  an  obvious  difference  between  'convened' 
and 'summoned'  .  .  .  'convened' is  applied,  properly,  not  to  individuals 
but,  to  aggregate  bodies.  A  Board  is  '  convened ' ;  an  Assembly  is  '  con- 
vened'; a  Senate  is  'convened':  but  A.  is  not  'convened,'  he  is  'sum- 
moned, warned,  or  noticed '  "  (R.  v.  Smith,  1  Jebb  &  Sy.  634). 

CONVENIENCE.  — A  contract  to  pay  at  a  person's  "  Convenience," 
means  that  the  obligation  to  pay  arises  when  he  or  his  representatives 
are  reasonably  able  to  pay;  the  phrase  is  not  equivalent  to  "  at  his  will  " 
or  "pleasure"  (Cray shay  v.  Homstedt^  3  Times  Rep.  426).  Cp  Ax 
Discretion. 

A  contract  to  do  a  thing,  e.g.  exhibit  Advertising  Frames  in  an  Hotel, 
at  the  contractor's  "  Convenience, "  does  not  mean  within  a  reasonable 
time;  it  only  means  that  he  is  to  exhibit  the  frames  whilst  he  is  alive 
and  remains  the  occupier  of  the  hotel  (Hotel  &  Gen,  Advertising  Co  v. 
Wickendenj  14  Times  Rep.  480;  16  lb.  302). 


CONVENIENCE        399    CONVENIENT  SPEED 

A  Com  Exchange  is  a  "  Convenience  "  proper  for  a  Market  (A-G.  v. 
Cambridge,  L.  R.  6  H.  L.  316). 

"Proper  Works  and  Conveniences"  connected  with  a  Tramway;  V. 
Rapier  v.  London  Tramways  Co,  1893,  2  Ch.  588;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  36;  69 
L.  T.  361 ;  42  W.  R.  21. 

"Sanitary  Convenience";   Fl  Sanitary. 

"  Temporary  Convenience  " ;   V.  Temporary. 

CONVENIENT.  —  "Convenient,"  as  employed  in  the  rubric  at  the 
end  of  the  Anglican  Marriage  Service,  should  be  construed  in  its  strict 
and  primary  sense  of  "  fit  "  or  "  proper,"  —  the  secondary  sense  being  a 
more  modem  one  (Blunfs  Annotated  Book  of  Comvion  Prayer ^  6  ed., 
274:  Fa,  Manes  Prayer  Book,  468:  7  M.  &  G.  41).  Cp,  R.  v.  Sharp, 
cited  Conveniently. 

"  Any  Court  convenient  thereto,"  s.  66,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  does  not  mean 
one  that  must  be  near  to  the  Court  of  the  district  in  which  the  defendant 
dwells,  &c,  but  one  which  is  "convenient"  having  regard  to  its  facility 
to  the  parties  {Parsons  v.  Lakenheath  School  Bd,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  371; 
87  L.  T.  71 ;  6  Times  Rep.  497  :  Burkill  v.  Thomas,  1892, 1  Q.  B.  99, 312; 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  322;  66  L.  T.  160;  40  W.  R.  260).    V.  Commenced. 

A  power  to  Grovernors  of  a  Hospital  to  remove  Inmates  "  so  often  as 
it  shall  seem  convenient  to  them, "  confers  a  wide  discretion  on  the  Gov- 
ernors, preventing  the  Inmates  from  taking  an  Estate  for  Life  in  the 
property  enjoyed  by  them  as  Inmates  {Davis  v.  Waddington,  14  L.  J. 
C.  P.  46;  7  M.  &  G.  37). 

A  power  to  do  things  which  are  "  necessary  *^  convenient  "  for  a  stated 
object,  is  well  exercised  if  done  in  such  a  way  as  a  person  of  reasonable 
and  ordinary  skill  might  have  chosen,  though  it  be  not  the  ideally  best 
way  {Ahson  v.  Fenton,  1  B.  &  C.  196).  Vf,  Harris  v.  Lond.  &  S.  W. 
Ry,  cited  Necessary. 

V.  Just  :  Substantial. 

CONVENIENT  PLACE.  — A  place  where  the  works  of  one  person 
are  carried  on  which  cause  an  actionable  injury  to  another  is  not  a  "  Con- 
venient Place"  {St.  Helen's  Smiting  Co  v.  Tipping,  11  H.  L.  Ca.  642; 
36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  66). 

CONVENIENT  SPEED.  —  Trustees  for  sale  are  allowed  a  reason- 
able  time  for  selling  the  property  ;  **  and  though  the  instrument  creating 
the  trust,  direct  them  to  sell  '  with  all  convenient  speed,*  that  is  no  more 
than  is  implied  by  law,  and  does  not  render  an  immediate  sale  im- 
perative" (Lewin,  486,  citing  Buxton  y.  Buxton^  1  My.  &  C.  80:  Gar- 
rett V.  Noble,  3  L.  J.  Ch.  169;  6  Sim.  604:  Fryr,  Fry,  28  L.  J.  Ch. 
691;  27  Bea.  144:  Va,  Fitzgerald  v.  Jervoise,  6  Mad.  26:  Vickers  v. 
Seott,  3  My.  &  K.  600:  Sculthorpe  v.  Tipper,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  266;  L.  R. 
13  Eq.  232:  Turner  v.  Buck,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  683;  L.  R.  18  Eq.  301,  on 


CONVENIENT  SPEED    400       CONVENIENTLY 

whlcv  Re  Waters,  42  Ch.  D.  617)  :  and  the  construction  is  not  different 
if  the  direction  he  to  sell  ''with  all  convenient  speed,  and  vrithin 
6  years/*  —  the  direction  in  the  words  italicised  heing  directory  only 
(Lewin,  486,  citing  Fearcev.  Gardner^  10  Hare,  287:  Fa,  Cuff  v.  HaU, 
1  Jur.  N.  S.  973 :  De  La  Salle  v.  Moorat,  40  L.  J.  Ch.  44;  L.  R.  11 
Eq.  8 :  Edwards  T.  Edmunds,  34  L.  T.  522).  Bat  trustees  directed  to 
sell  "  with  all  convenient  speed, "  or  "  so  soon  as  conveniently  may  be, " 
are  not  arbitrarily  to  postpone  the  sale  for  an  indefinite  period  (Dart,  63  : 
Vh,  Grayhum  v.  Clarkson,  15  L.  T.  559).  Where  property  was  directed 
to  be  sold  "  with  all  convenient  speed,"  and  proceeds  to  be  paid  to  A., 
and  no  sale  took  place  for  7  years,  and  A.  had  done  acts  of  ownership  in 
respect  of  the  property ;  held,  that  A.  had  elected  to  take  it  as  real  estate 
{Re  Davidson,  Martin  v.  Trimmer,  11  Ch.  D.  341). 

A  Charter-Party  contained  a  clause  that  the  ship  should  "  with  all  Con- 
venient Speed  (on  being  ready),  having  liberty  to  take  an  outward  cargo 
for  owners'  benefit  direct  or  on  the  way,  proceed  to  E.,  and  there  load  a 
full  cargo  of  cotton."  The  ship  deviated  to  C.  and  arrived  at  E.  a  few 
days  later  than  she  would  have  done  if  she  had  gone  there  direct.  The 
ship  had  not  been  taken  up  for  any  particular  cargo,  and  a  small  loss  in 
freight  was  the  only  result  of  this  delay;  held,  in  an  action  against 
the  freighter  for  not  loading  a  Cargo,  that  the  above  clause  was  a 
Stipulation  and  not  a  Condition  Precedent,  and  that  the  delay  afforded 
no  justification  to  the  freighter  for  refusing  to  load  a  cargo  {MaeAndrew 
V.  Chappie,  L.  K  1  C.  P.  643;  35  L.  J.  C.  P.  281;  H.  &  R.  745).  "  It 
seems  to  be  now  settled  that  delay  by  deviation  is  the  same  as  a  delay  in 
starting ;  and  it  is  also  settled,  at  any  rate  in  this  Court,  that  a  delay 
or  deviation  which,  as  it  has  been  said,  goes  to  the  whole  root  of  the 
matter,  deprives  the  charterer  of  the  whole  benefit  of  the  contract,  or 
entirely  frustrates  the  object  of  the  charterer  in  chartering  the  ship,  is 
an  answer  to  an  action  for  not  loading  a  cargo;  but  that  loss,  delay,  or  de- 
viation, short  of  that,  gives  an  action  for  damages,  but  does  not  defeat  the 
charter  "  (per  Willes,  J.,  S.  C,  L.  R.  1  C'  P.  648).     FjTOx  o&  before. 

V.  Immediately. 

CONVENIENT  TIME.  — Where,  under  a  Lease,  the  lessor  is  at 
iberty  to  view  the  premises  at  "  Convenient  Times,"  "  I  think  he  ought 
to  give  notice  that  he  is  coming;  and  if  he  does  not  give  notice,  it  is  not 
to  be  considered  a  'Convenient  Time,'  as  it  cannot  be  expected  that 
where  any  business  is  carried  on,  they  can  allow  the  landlord  to  go  all 
over  the  premises  without  they  have  previous  notice  of  his  coming  "  (per 
Denman,  C.  J.,  Doe  d.  Wetherell  v.  Bird,  6  C.  &  P.  200). 

CONVENIENT  WAY.— F.  Way. 

CONVENIENTLY.  —  Where  a  Company  has  to  erect,  e.g,  an  Arch 
in  a  Street  at  a  particular  angle,  "  Conveniently,"  that  does  not  mean 


CONVENIENTLY      401  CONVERT 

merely  the  Convenience  of  the  Go  but  pre-eminently  that  of  the  public 
(per  Alderson,  B.,  R.  v.  Sharp,  cited  2  Q.  B.  673).     Cp  Convknient. 

As  to  what,  in  a  Go's  Mem  of  Assn,  will  enable  it  to  carry  on  some 
Business,  "  which,  under  existing  circumstances,  may  Conveniently  or 
advantageously  be  combined  with  The  business  of  the  Go,"  s.  1  (5,  d) 
Gomp  Mem  of  Assn  Act,  1890;  V.  Be  Foreign  and  Colonial  Government 
Trustf  1891,  2  Gh.  395:  Be  Governments  Stock  Investment  Co,  cited 
Efficiently:  Be  Alliance  Marine  Insree,  1892, 1  Gh.  300 ;  61  L.  J.  Gh. 
176;  65  L.  T.  554;  40  W.  R.  329. 

CONVENT.  —  A  bequest  in  trust  "for  the  Community  of  the  Con- 
vent "  at  A.,  is  one  for  the  Members  for  the  time  being  of  that  Gonvent| 
and  is  not  a  Pespetuity  (Bradshaw  v.  Jackman^  21  L.  B.  Ir.  12). 

CONVENTICLE.  —  "  Conventicle  "  is  "  A  private  assembly  of  a  few 
folks  under  pretence  of  exercise  of  Religion;  first  given  to  the  meetings 
of  Wickliffe  in  this  nation  above  200  years  past,  but  now  applyed  to 
the  illegal  meetings  of  the  present  Kon-conformists.  It  is  mentioned 
1  H.  6,  c.  3  "  (Cowel). 

The  Statutes  against  Conventicles  (16  Car.  2,  c.  4;  22  Car.  2,  c.  1;  10 
Anne,  c.  2)  and  the  one  exempting  Protestant  Dissenters  (1  W.  &  M. 
c.  18),  were  repealed  by  ^2  G.  3,  c.  155.     VfZ  Encyc.  359,  360. 

CONVENTION.  — "Convention  Posts"  are  "Posts  established  by 
the  Postmaster  General  under  agreements  with  the  inhabitants  of  any 
places  "  (1  V.  c.  36,  s.  47). 

CONVENTIONARY.  —  "  Gonventionary  Tenements,"  "  Convention- 
ary  Tenants,"  of  the  ancient  Assessionable  Manors  of  the  Duchy  of 
Cornwall;   F.  7  &  8  V.  c.  105,  passim,  and  s.  92. 

CONVERSION.  —  As  to  what  words  work  a  constructive  conversion 
of  Property;  F.  1  Jarm.  584-597:  1  White  &  Tudor, 327-389:  3  Encyc. 
362-365:  Valid  Contbact. 

Conversion  of  .Goods;   F.  Troveb. 

CONVERT.  —  It  is  stated  that  "a  covenant  not  'to  convert'  a 
Dwelling-house  into  a  Shop,  means  a  structural  conversion,  and  not 
merely  exposing  goods  for  sale  "  (Woodf.  708-709,  citing  Wilkinson  v. 
Bogers,  2  D.  G.  J.  &  S.  62;  12  W.  R.  119,  284).  But  it  would  seem 
that  that  case  supports  the  reverse  of  the  proposition  stated  in  Woodf  all. 
It  is  only  reported  on  an  application  for  an  interim  injunction;  and  in 
dissolving  an  injunction  which  had  heen  granted  by  the  M.  B.,  the  L.  J  J. 
expressly  reserved  an  actual  decision  till  the  hearing;  but  they  also  inti- 
mated their  opinion  that  the  conversion  into  a  shop  might  be  effected 
without  any  structural  change.     Turner,  L.  J.,  said,  "  I  think  the  prem- 

26 


CONVERT  402         CONVEYANCE 

ises  may  be  '  converted '  either  by  user,  or  by  an  alteration  of  stractnre." 
V.  Shop. 
"  Converted  into  Arable  Ground  or  Meadow";  V.  Impbove. 
Trust  Property  by  Trustee  "  converted  to  his  Use,"  a.  8  (1),  Trustee 
Act,  1888,  does  not  include  property  which,  bond  fide,  he  has  parted 
with,  though  in  parting  with  it  he  may  have  acted  negligently  {Thome 
V.  Heard,  1895,  A.  C.  495;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  652),  or  without  strict  lav^-ful 
authority  (Ee  Page,  1893,  1  Ch.  304;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  692;  41  W.  R.  357). 
Vf,  Still. 

CONVEY.  — A  devise  to  A.  to  "sell,"  or  " convey,"  gives  A.  the 
Legal  Estate;  sec^ts^  if  the  direction  be  unaccompanied  by  words  of 
devise  (2  Jarm.  295:  Vth^  per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Richardson  v.  Harrison,  16 
Q.  B.  D.  85;  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  60).     Cp  Permit. 

"  The  case  of  Ex  p,  Shorland,  7  Ves.  88,  decided  that  a  mere  gift  by 
^(^y  of  Advancement  to  a  son,  was  not  void  by  1  Jac.  1,  c.  15,  s.  5,  where 
the  words  used  are,  *  convey,  or  procure  or  cause  to  be  conveyed  '  "  (per 
Cave,  J.,  Ee  Flayer,  No.  2,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  556). 

V.  Conveyance:  Have  or  Convey. 

Goods  "  carried  or  conveyed  " ;    V.  Carried. 

The  Postmaster  Generars  "  Exclusive  Privilege  "  of  "  conveying  "  Let- 
ters, s.  2,  1  v.  c.  33,  does  not  prevent  a  person  from  carrying  his  own 
letter  to  its  destination  (A-G.  v.  Edison  Telephone  Co,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
153;  6Q.  B.  D.  244). 

Convey  Coals;    V.  Way. 

CONVEYANCE By  2  &  3  Anne,  c.  4,  5  &  6  Anne,  c.  18  (qui 

West  Riding),  6  Anne,  c.  35  (qui  East  Riding),  and  8  G.  2,  c.  6  (qua 
North  Riding),  Registries  were  established  for  Deeds,  Conveyances,  and 
Wills  relating  to  lands  in  Yorkshire;  and  by  7  Anne,  c  20,  a  Register  was 
established  for  Deeds,  Conveyances,  and  Wills  relating  to  lands  in  Middle- 
sex,  which  latter  Registry  was  (by  54  &  55  V.  c.  64)  transferred  to  the  Land 
Registry.  A  simple  deposit  of  deeds  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a  charge, 
there  being  no  writing  at  all  accompanying,  was  not  a  "  Conveyance  ** 
within  these  provisions  (Sumpter  v.  Cooper,  9  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B.  226; 
2  B.  &  Ad.  223:  Svthc  Lien);  because  there  was  **  nothing  to  register  " 
(per  Wood,  V.  C,  Neve  v.  FenneU,  S3  L.  J.  Ch.  23) ;  so,  of  a  Vendor's 
Lien  for  unpaid  purchase-money  (Kettlmvell  v.  Watson,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  717; 
26  Ch.  D.  501).     As  to  the  Yorkshire  Registry,   Vf  inf. 

But  an  Agreement  to  execute  a  Mortgage,  is  a  **  Conveyance  "  within 
these  provisions  (-Be  Wighfs  Mortgage  Trusty  43  L.  J.  Ch.  66;  L.  R.  16 
Eq.  41:  Neve  v.  FenneU,  33  L.  J.  Cb.  19;  2  H.  &  M.170);  and  so  also  is 
a  Further  Charge,  though  not  under  seal  and  though  ancillary  to  a  legal 
mortgage  duly  registered  (Moore  v.  CtUverhotise,  29  L.  J.  Ch.  419;  27 
Bea.  639:  Credland  v.  Fotter,  44  L.  J.  Ch.  169;  10  Ch.  8).     In  the  last 


CONVEYANCE    403    CONVEYANCE 

named  case.  Cairns,  C,  in  giving  judgment,  said,  —  ''  There  is  no  magic 
in  the  word  'Conveyance.'  It  means  an  Instrument  conveying  from  one 
person  to  another  person  an  interest  in  land.  By  a  Further  Charge 
an  interest  is  conveyed  from  one  person  to  another.  It  gives  the  person 
who  already  has  a  mortgage  a  further  interest  in  the  land.  Therefore  a 
Further  Charge  is  a  Conveyance  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act."  But 
an  Order  under  s.  121,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  vesting  a  small  bankry  estate 
in  the  Official  Beceiver,  is  not  such  a  "  Conveyance  "  (Me  Calcott  and 
Elvin,  1898,  2  Ch.  460;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  653);  secus,  of  a  Certificate  of 
Appointment  of  a  Trustee  under  s.  54  (4)  of  the  same  Act  (Jb.).  An 
Enfranchisement  Deed  is  not  a  Conveyance  of  Copyholds,  within  the 
exception  in  s.  17,  7  Anne,  and  ought,  if  of  copyholds  in  Middlesex,  to 
be  registered  (jK.  v.  Truro,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  577;  21  Q.  B.  D.  565;  59 
L.  T.  242;  36  W.  R.  776).  As  to  a  Vesting  Declaration  on  the  Ap- 
pointment of  a  New  Trustee,  V.  s.  12  (4),  Trustee  Act,  1893.  As  to  a 
Foreclosure  Order,  V.  Burrows  v.  Holley,  cited  Judgment. 

All  the  Yorkshire  Registry  Acts  were  repealed  and  consolidated  by 
the  Yorkshire  Registries  Act,  1884,  47  &  48  V.  c.  54,  under  which  all 
Assurances  and  Wills  affecting  land  in  Yorkshire  are  to  be  registered 
as  from  31st  Dec  1884 ;  by  s.  3  "  Assurance  "  includes  (int.  al.)  "  Con- 
veyance .  .  .  Memorandum  or  Charge  " ;  neither  "  Assurance, "  nor 
"Conveyance,"  nor  "  Memorandum  or  Charge  "  (as  therein  defined)  in- 
cludes an  Agreement  by  which  (in  consideration  of  a  present  payment  by 
A.)  the  owner  of  land  agrees  to  finish  certain  buildings  in  course  of 
erection  thereon,  and  on  their  completion  A.  agrees  to  buy  the  land  and 
buildings  at  a  price  less  the  present  payment  {Rodger  v.  Harrison,  1893, 
1  Q.  B.  161;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  213;  68  L.  T.  66 ;  41  W.  R.  291).  F^  As- 
surance.    Sv,  qu&  Lien,  Battison  v.  Hobson,  cited  Lien. 

A  "  Conveyance  or  Assignment  "  by  a  Debtor  of  his  Property,  within 
B.  4  (1  a),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  must  be  by  Deed;  a  Declaration  of  Trust,  or 
a  mere  Agreement,  is  not  within  the  section  (Re  Spa^kman^  24  Q.  B.  D. 
728;  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  306;  38  W.  R.  497).  But  if  there  be  a  Deed, 
and  it  deals  with  the  different  classes  of  all  the  debtor's  property  in  the 
appropriate  way,  —  e.g.  grants  his  freeholds,  covenants  to  surrender  his 
copyholds,  assigns  his  unonerous  personalty,  and  contains  a  trust  or 
covenant  binding  his  leaseholds,  shares  liable  to  calls,  and  other  onerous 
personalty, — such  a  Deed  would  be  a  "Conveyance  or  Assignment" 
within  the  section  {Re  Hughes,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  595;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  358; 
68  L.  T.  629 ;  41  W.  R.  466).     Cp,  Gentle  v.  Faulkner,  cited  Assign. 

By  s.  6  (2),  Bankry  Act,  1869,  a  fraudulent  "  Conveyance,  Gift,  Deliv- 
ery, or  Transfer,"  by  a  debtor  of  his. property  was  an  act  of  bankry;  —  a 
verbal  charge  on  goods  which  are  already  in  the  hands  of  the  chargee  was 
not  within  either  of  these  words  (Fhilps  v.  Homstedt,  42  L.  J,  Ex.  12; 
L.  R.  8  Ex.  26;  1  Ex.  D.  62) ;  but  if  the  charge  were  accomplished  by 
a  Deed  (or  other  writing  ?)  it  would  be  within  t\iQm,{Woodhoiise  v.  Mur- 


CONVEYANCE    404    CONVEYANCE 

ray,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  289;  38  lb.  28;  L.  R.  2  Q.  B.634;  4  lb.  27;  8  B.  & 
S.  466;  9  lb.  720).     V.  Fraudulent  Assurance. 

"  Conveyance, "  Sch  1,  Part  2,  Solrs  Rem  Ord.  means,  "  Conrejanoe 
in  Fee,  or  for  any  other  Freehold  estate  "  (  Fl  beading  of  Scale  2,  of 
Sch) ;  A  sale  of  Leaseholds,  effected  by  an  Under-lease,  is  not  a  ''  Con- 
veyance,'' neither  is  it  a  "  Lease  "  within  R.  5,  Part  2  of  the  Sch  {Re 
WM,  1897,  1  Ch.  144;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  163;  75  L.  T.  478;  45  W.  R.  170). 
V.  Property.  Th«  Scale  Fee,  in  Part  1  of  the  Sch,  to  a  Purchaser's 
Solr  for  "preparing  and  completing  Conveyance,"  includes  his  trouble 
in  registering  it,  where  the  property  is  in  a  Register  County  (Grey  v. 
Curtice,  1899,  1  Ch.  121;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  60;  79  L.  T.  713;  47  W.  R. 
294). 

V.  Cost  of  Conveyance. 

As  to  what  "  Conveyance  "  and  '*  Convej'  "  mean  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Conv  &  L.  P.  Acts ;  F.  s.  2  (v).  Act,  1881.  A  Declaration  vesting  a 
Trust  Estate  is,  for  purposes  of  registration,  a  Conveyance  (s.  34  (4),  Ib^ 
repld,  s.  12  (4),  Trustee  Act,  1893). 

"Convey,"  "Conveyance,"  in  Trustee  Acte ;  V.  Trustee  Act,  1850, 
s.  2,  adopted  with  small  emendations  in  s.  50,  Trustee  Act,  1893. 

Other  Stat.  Def.— a3&34V.c.34,s.  3;  38&39V.C  89,s.  51;  63  & 
64  V.  c.5,s.341;  56  &  57  V.  c.  21,  s.4.  — Sbo«.3l  &32V.c.  101,  s.3; 
37&38V.c.94,s.3;  57  &  58  V.c  44,  s.  18;  25  &  26  V.  c.  86,  s.  4. — 
/r.  34  &  35  V.  c.  22,  s.  2;    64  &  55  V.  c.  66,  s.  95. 

For  meaning  of  "  Conveyance  an  Sale,'^  or  "  Conveyance,"  qui  Stamp 
Duty,  V.  ss.  64,  69,  Stamp  Act,  1891;  s.  6,  61  &  62  V.  c  10,  on  whv, 
Christie  v.  Int.  Rev.,  L.  R.  2  Ex.  46 ;  36  L.  J.  Ex.  11:  and  Phillips  v. 
InL  Rev,,  L.  R.  2  Ex.  399;  36  L.  J.  Ex.  199,  distd  in  McLeod  v.  InL 
Rev,,  12  Sess.  Ca.  4th  Ser.  1045:  Thames  Conservators  v.  InL  Rev,,  56 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  181;  18  Q.  B.  D.  279;  56  L.  T.  198;  35  W.  R.  274 :  InL 
Rev,  V.  Anyus,  23  Q.  B.  D.  579;  5  Times  Rep.  697  :  Leuns  v.  InL  Rev,, 
37  W.  R.  609:  Foster  v.  InL  Rev,,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  616;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
173:  G.  N.  Ry  v.  Inl  Rev,,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  978;  48  W.  R.  170:  G,  W. 
Ry  V.  Inl,  Rev,,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  507;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  405;  70  L.  T.  865 
42  W.  R.  211 :  Huntington  v,  Inl,  Rev,,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  422;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
297;  44  W.  R.  300;  74  L.  T.  28:  Coats  v.  Inl,  Rev,,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  423; 
C6  L.  J.  Q.  B.  434,  732;  77  L.  T.  270;  46  W.  R.  1 :  Mersey  Docks  v.  Inl. 
Rev,,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  316;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  480,  697;  77  L.  T.  120:  Scot^ 
tlsh  Equitable  Assrce  v.  Inl,  Rev,,  22  Rettie,  86.  C^  Exchange.  Where 
there  is  a  Declaration  of  Trust  which  effects  a  Transfer  of  a  right  to 
property,  that  is  within  s.  54,  and  is  a  "  Conveyance  on  Sale  "  (per 
Wills,  J.,  Chesterfield  Brewery  Co  v.  InL  Rev,,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  7 ;  68  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  204;  79  L.  T.  659;  47  W.  R.  320).     F/ Release. 

Note,  —  That  a  Family  Arrangement  is  not  a  "Sale"  requiring  pay- 
ment of  ad  val.  Stamp  Duty,  though  there  be  a  money  consideration  (Doe 
d.  Manifold  v.  Diamond,  4  B.  &  C.  243;  6  D.  &  R.  328 :  Massy  v.  Nanny, 


CONVEYANCE         406  CONVICTED 

3  Bing.  N.  C.  478:  Wigram  v,  Joyce,  13  Ir.  L.  R.  164).  Nor  is  a  Parti- 
tion  such  a  Sale  (Henniker  v.  Henniker,  22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  94;  1  E.  &  B.  54) ; 
nor  a  Eedemption,  pursuant  to  a  prescribed  option,  of  a  Ground  Annual  or 
Feu  Duty,  or,  semble,  of  a  Fee  Farm  Rent  {Belch  v.  Inl,  Rev,y  4  Rettie, 
4th  Ser.  592:  GM  v.  ltd.  Rev.,  8  lb.  120). 

"  CJonveyance  on  Sale,"  qu4  Land  Transfer  Act,  1897,  "  means,  an  Instru- 
ment executed  on  Sale,  by  virtue  whereof  there  is  conferred,  or  completed, 
a  Title  under  which  an  Application  for  Registration  as  First  Proprietor 
of  Land  may  be  made  under  "  the  Land  Transfer  Act,  1875  (s.  20  (2),  L.  T. 
Act,  1897)  ;  extended  to  Leaseholds  by  R.  60,  Land  Transfer  Rules,  1898. 

"  Deed  or  Conveyance  ";    V.  Dbed. 

F.  Grant. 

As  used  in  the  Ry  Companies  Rates  and  Charges  Order  Confirmation 
Acts,  "  Conveyance  "  of  Goods,  means,  "  Conveyance  by  Merchandize 
Train,  and  this  will  include  any  work  which  is  incidental  to  such  convey- 
ance and  for  the  performance  of  which  it  is  reasonable  to  use  the  Train 
Engine,  e.g.  (when,  at  a  Junction  with  the  Main  Line  of  either  a  Sta- 
tion Siding  or  a  Private  Siding,  the  Train  has  to  pick  up  or  throw  of! 
trucks)  the  work  of  hauling  or  shunting  the  trucks  over  the  points  at  the 
janction  and  over  so  much  of  the  siding  as  the  keeping  of  the  main  line 
clear  of  obstruction  may  require.  But  conveyance  other  than  this  off  tlie 
Main  Line  would  be  giving  the  word  'Conveyance'  a  meaning  beyond 
its  ordinary  sense  in  the  language  of  Ry  Acts  according  to  ffall  v.  Z.  B. 
A  S.  Ry  (cited  Incidental),  where  it  was  defined,  as  comprehending 
such  work  only  as,  in  the  early  days  of  Railways,  was  performed  by  a  Ry 
Co  acting  as  Conveyers  only  (and  not  as  Carriers  as  well),  and  as  was 
capable  of  being  measured  by  a  reference  to  distance  travelled  "  {Mail- 
Chester  S.  &  L.  Ry  v.  Pidcock,  10  Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  157,  158:  Vf, 
FeUaU  Coal  Co  v.  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry,  7  lb.  1). 

CONVEYANCING.  —'*  Sales,  Purchases,  Leases,  Mortgages,  Settle- 
ments, and  other  Matters  of  Conveyancing, "  s.  2,  Solrs  Rem  Act,  1881 ; 
Vth  "  Other  Documents,"  sub  Other,  ejtisdem  generis. 

"The  Conveyancing  Acts,  1881  to  1892";  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles 
Act,  1896. 

CONVICT Quk  Forfeiture  Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  23,  a  "  Con- 

vict,"  ''shall  be  deemed  to  mean  any  person  against  whom,  after  the 
passing  of  this  Act,  judgment  of  Death  or  of  Penal  Servitude  shall  have 
been  pronounced  or  recorded  by  any  Court  of  competent  jurisdiction  in 
England,  Wales,  or  Ireland,  upon  any  charge  of  Treason  or  Felony  "  (s.  6). 

"  Convict  Prison  ";   V.  40  &  41  V.  c.  49,  s.  3. 

CONVICTED.  — The  word  "convicted,"  or  the  "conviction"  of  a 
person  accused,  is  equivocal.  "  In  common  parlance  no  doubt  it  is  taken 
to  mean,  the  verdict  at  the  time  of  trial  j  but  in  strict  legal  sense  it  is 


CONVICTED  406       CONVOCATION 

used  to  denote  the  judgment  of  the  Court  "  (per  Tindal,  C.  J.,  Burgess 
V.  BoetefeuTy  cited  Acqcittal),  and,  accordingly,  it  was  there  held  that 
a  person  who  pleaded  guilty  to  keeping  a  hrothel,  on  an  indictment  insti- 
tuted under  s.  5,  25  G.  2,  c.  36,  and  who  at  a  suhsequent  Sessions  came 
up  for  judgment,  was  not  "  convicted  "  when  he  pleaded,  hut  when  judg- 
ment was  pronounced.  But  if,  under  the  same  section,  the  plea  of  guilty 
be  followed  by  an  Order  that  defendant  enter  into  recognizances  to  comd 
up  for  judgment  if  called  upon,  he  is  then  "  convicted  "  (per  Stephen,  J., 
Jephson  y.  Barker,  3  Times  Rep.  40);  and  that  is  a  ruling  of  general  ap- 
plication (B.  V.  Blabi/,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  170;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  133;  70  L.  T. 
879;  42  W.  R.  511;  58  J.  P.  576).  Jacob,  tit.  Convict,  says,  "  Judg- 
ment amounts  to  Conviction  " ;  but  in  an  earlier  time  a  wider  meaning 
was  given  to  the  word,  for  it  was  said  that  "  Conviction  "  is  either  when 
a  man  is  outlawed,  or  appeareth  and  confesseth,  or  else  is  found  guilty  by 
the  inquest  (Crompton,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  9  a,  citing  Dyer,  275  b,  pi. 
48).  Vf,  Sutton  V.  Bishop,  1  Bl.  W.  665;  4  Burr.  2283:  Lee  v.  Gansel, 
Cowp.  1:  Crime. 

"  *  Convicted  '  has  been  often,  according  to  many  cases  in  the  books, 
taken  for  'attainted,'  and  therefore  extends  to  a  judgment  upon  demur- 
rer ;  which  in  Foster^s  Case  was  held  to  be  a  *  Conviction  '  within  23 
Eliz."  (Dwar.  683,  citing  Foster's  Case,  11  Rep.  59). 

"  Upon  Conviction,"  s.  91,  Elementary  Education  Act,  1870,  33  &  34 
V.  c.  75,  means,  "upon  Summary  Conviction"  {B,y,' Gaunt,  50  h.  J. 
M.  C.  32;  29  W.  R.  289;  45  J.  P.  222). 

"  Convicted  of  Felony,"  s.  14,  33  &  34  V.  c.  29;  this  expression  de- 
scribes a  class  of  persons  against  whom  the  public  ought  to  be  guarded, 
and  who  ought  not  to  be  licensed  to  sell  intoxicants,  and  means,  a  person 
who  shall  be,  or  shall  have  been,  "  Convicted  of  Felony,"  and  is  equiva- 
lent to  "Convicted  Felon"  (B,  v.  Vine,  44  L.  J.  M.  C.  60;  L.  R.  10 
Q.  B.  195;  nom.  Vine  v.  Leeds,  39  J.  P.  130,  213.  Sv  Felon).  A 
Free  Pakdon  purges  the  Conviction,  and  after  it  the  man  is  no  longer 
"  Convicted  of  Felony,"  within  this  section  (Haj/  v.  Tower  Jus.,  69  L.  J. 
M.  C.  79;  24  Q.  B.  D.  561;  62  L.  T.  290;  38  W.  R.  414;  54  J.  P. 
500).     Cp  Prohibited. 

A  person  against  whom  a  penalty  has  been  recovered  under  s.  193, 
P.  H.  Act,  1875,  is  not  a  "Convicted  Offender"  within  22  V.  c.  32 
(Todd  V.  Bohinson,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  251;  12  Q.  B.  D.  530). 

"  Convicted,"  "  Conviction,"  qui  Extradition  Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V. 
c.  52;    V.  s.  26. 

CONVICTION. —  F.  Order:  Convicted:  Determination. 

"  On  Conviction  " ;   F.  Recovery. 

"  Under  the  firm  Conviction  " ;   V,  Precatory  Trust. 

CONVOCATION.  — " 'Convocation,'  is  commonly  taken  for  the 
Assembly  of  all  the  Clergie  to  consult  of  ecclesiasticall  matters^  in  time 


CONVOCATION        40T     COPARTNERSHIP 

of  Parliament:  and,  as  there  are  two  Houses  of  Parliament,  so  there  are 
two  places  called  Convocation  Houses,  —  the  one  called,  the  Higher 
Convocation  House,  where  the  Archbishops  and  Bishops  sit  severally  by 
themselves ;  the  other,  the  Lower  Convocation  House,  where  all  the  rest 
of  the  Clergie  are  bestowed  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vh  8  Encyc.  375- 
377. 

CONVOY.  —  "A  Convoy  is  a  naval  force,  appointed  by  the  Govern- 
ment, or  by  the  commander  of  a  station,  to  escort  and  protect  merchant 
ships  proceeding  to  certain  parts"  (1  Maude  &  P.  502  et  seq  as  to 
the  phrase  "  To  Sail  with  Convoy  ").  Vf,  Park,  ch.  18,  693-713:  Arn. 
752. 

"  Depart  with  Convoy, "  means  to  sail  with  Convoy  throughout  the 
whole  voyage  unless  prevented  by  stress  of  weather  {Jeffery  v.  Legenderj 

3  Lev.  321 :  Lilli/  v.  Uwery  Doug.  72.  Va,  Warwick  v.  Scotty  4  Camp. 
62),  or,  unless  there  be  a  usage  to  the  contrary  and  Convoy  for  only  part 
of  the  distance  be  provided  (UEguino  v.  Beivicke,  2  Bl.  H.  551). 

"Sails  with  Convoy  and  arrives "'^  means  that  the  ship  is  bound  to 
sail  with  Convoy,  but  not  to  arrive  with  Convoy;  and  it  is  sufficient  if 
the  goods  arrive,  although  they  do  not  arrive  safely,  there  being  no 
warranty  as  to  their  condition.  "  Arrived  "  means  "  at  the  ultimate  port 
of  Destination"  (1  Maude  &  P.  559,  citing  Kellner  v.  Le  Mesurier, 

4  East,  396 :  Fa,  Dalgleish  v.  Brooke^  15  East,  295 :  Leevin  v.  Comuie, 
4  Taunt.  483).     V.  Arrive. 

"  Wait  for  Convoy";  — "  Where  a  ship  was  to  sail  with  convoy,  and 
demurrage  was  to  be  paid  for  every  day  beyond  a  certain  number  of  days 
that  she  should  'wait  for  Convoy,'  this  was  construed  to  mean  that  it 
was  to  be  paid  until  the  convoy  was  ready  to  sail,  and  not  that  the 
freighter  was  to  be  discharged  on  the  arrival  of  the  convoy  at  the  port 
where  the  ship  lay"  (1  Maude  &  P.  409,  citing  Lannoy  v.  Werry, 
4  Brown  P.  C.  630). 

17  Abbott,  397-405. 

COOPATURA.  — "  A  thicket  of  wood;  4  Inst.  307 :  Spelm.  Cooper- 
turn"  (Elph.  568). 

CO-OPERATION.— "Co-operation,"  which  will  give  a  title  to 
BooTT,  must  directly  tend  to  produce  the  Capture  in  question  (JBanda 
and  Kirwee  Booty ,  L.  R.  1  A.  &  E.  109;  35  L.  J.  Adm.  17;  T.  these 
references  for  plan  of  the  Operations).  Cjp,  Association:  Joint  Cap- 
tors. 

COPARCENERS.—  F.  Parceners. 

COPARTNERSHIP.  — « Lord  Hale  and  older  writers  use  'Co- 
partnership' in  the  sense  of  'Co-ownership,'  but  this  is  no  longer  cus« 
ternary  "  (Liudley,  P,  25).    "  Copartnership  "  is  now  synonymous  with 


COPARTNERSHIP      408  COPY 

Partnership;  and  therefore  a  member  of  an  association  which  contem- 
plates  spiritual  benefits,  and  not  a  division  of  profits,  cannot  be  convicted, 
nnder  s.  1,  31  &  32  V.  c.  116,  of  embezzling  the  funds  of  a  "  Copartner- 
ship*' (E.  V.  Robsan,  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  55;  16  Q.  B.  D.  137;  34  W.  R. 
276;  50  J.  P.  438;  53  L.  T.  823). 

COPE.—  V.  Howe:  Lot  and  Cope. 

COPPER. — "  'Copper'  applied  to  Coin,  inclndes  bronze  or  mixed 
metal,  and  every  other  kind  of  coin  inferior  in  valae  to  silver  "  (Steph. 
Cr.  310,  stating  s.  1,  24  &  25  V.  c.  99). 

VfAxch.  Cr.  911. 

COPPICE.  — **  Coppice,"  has,  probably  the  same  meaning  as  Under- 
wood. "  Properly  speaking,  it  means  Oak,  Ash,  or  other  wood,  cat  at 
intervals  of  less  than  20  years  so  that  it  springs  again  from  the  same 
stool,  or  stub  "  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Dashwood  v.  Magniac,  cited  Timber). 
When  that  case  was  before  Chitty,  J.,  he  said,  — "  Etymologically, 
*  Coppice  '  is  derived  from  the  French  word  cauper,  to  cut  "  (60  L.  J.  Ch. 
215). 

COPROLITES r.  Mine. 

COPY.  —  A  served  copy  of  the  old  writ  of  Capias  which  omitted  the 
description  of  the  defendant  contained  in  the  writ,  was  not  a  ''  Copy  "  of 
the  writ  within  2  W.  4,  c.  39,  s.  4  (Cooke  v.  VaugJian,  7  L.  J.  Ex.  219; 
4  M.  &  W.  69). 

The  unintentional  omission  of  the  word  "  act "  after  "  wilful  "  in  an 
Innkeeper's  copy  of  s.  1,  26  &  27  V.  c.  41,  renders  it  not  a  "  copy  "  of 
that  section,  and  its  exhibition  does  not  protect  the  innkeeper  (Spice  v. 
Bacouj  46  L.  J.  Ex.  713;  2  Ex.  D.  463).  Semble,  an  immaterial  cleri- 
cal error  would  be  excused  (Ih.). 

Copy  of  a  Book,  s.  2,  Copyright  Act,  1842;  F.  Wamev.  Seebohnty  57 
L.  J.  Ch.  689;  39  Ch.  D.  73;  58  L.  T.  928;  36  W.  R.  686,  and  cases 
there  cited. 

Copy  of  Court  Roll;    V.  Copyhold. 

Copy  of  a  Document,  qui  a  Solr's  charge  therefor;   F.  Print. 

A  copy  of  a  Pictorial  Work  "  is  that  which  comes  so  near  to  the  origi- 
nal as  to  give  to  every  person  seeing  it  the  idea  created  by  the  original  " 
(per  Bayley,  J.,  West  v.  Francis,  5  B.  &  Aid.  743,  adopted  by  all  the 
L.  J  J.  in  Hanfstaengl  v.  Empire  PaUice,  1894,  3  Ch.  109;  63  L.  J. 
Ch.  681;  70  L.  T.  854;  42  W.  R.  681;  afEd  in  H.  L.  1895,  A.  C.  20; 
64L.  J.  Ch.  81;  72  L.  T.  1). 

A  Photograph  is  a  copy  of  an  Engraving  within  8  G.  2,  c.  13;  7  G.  3, 
c.  38;  17  G.  3,  c.  57  (GawhaH  v.  BaU,  32  L.  J.  C.  P  166;  14  C.  B. 
N.  S.  306:  Graves  v.  Ashford,  36  L.  J.  C.  P.  139;  L.  R.  2  C.  P.  410); 
bat  a  Pattern  for  Woolwork,  though  taken  closely  from,  is  not  a  copy  of 


COPY  409        COPYRIGHT 

an  £ngraying  within  those  statutes  (Dicks  y.  Brooks,  4t9  L.  Ch.  812;  15 
Ch.  D.  22). 

"  Copy  or  Colourablj  imitate  "  any  Painting,  Drawing,  or  Photo- 
ORAPH,  s.  6)  Fine  Arts  Copyright  Act,  1862;  this  includes  a  Photograph 
of  an  Engraving  of  a  painting  {Exp.  Beal,  37  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161;  L.  B. 

3  Q.  B.  387;  9  B.  &  S.  395),  or,  a  copy  of  a  picture  taken  from  any  other 
Bepresentation,  — e,g.  a  living  group,  —  which  itself  is  not  an  infringe- 
ment {Hanfstaengl  v.  Empire  PaloM^  sup) ;  but,  in  determining  what  is 
a  '*  Copy,''  the  absence  of  an  intention  to  copy,  and  the  impossibility  of 
injury  by  competition,  are  material  elements  in  doubtful  cases  {Ib')^  — 
"  the  amusing  sketches  in  Punch  of  the  pictures  in  the  Eoyal  Academy 
are  not  infringements  of  the  copyrights  in  those  pictures,  although  prob- 
ably made  from  the  pictures  themselves"  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  lb,). 
Vfy  BoUon  V.  Aldin,  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  120 :  Multiply  :  Repboduction. 
Q>,  Exact. 

Copy  of  "  Sheet  of  Music,'*  s.  2,  Copyright  Act,  1842;   V.  Boosey  v. 
Whight,  1900,  1  Ch.  122 ;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  m\  81  L.  T.  671;  48  W.  R.  228. 
V.  Duplicate:  Office:  Teue  Copt:  Print. 

COPYHOLD.—  V.  Charteb-Land. 

"  'Copyhold,'  is  a  Tenure  for  which  the  Tenant  hath  nothing  to  shew 
but  the  Copies  of  the  Rolles  made  by  the  Steward  of  his  Lord's  Court " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vh,  Litt.  ss.  7^-84:  Co.  Litt.  57b-63a:  1  Cru. 
Dig.  Title  10:  Wms.  R.  P.  Part  3:  Goodeve,  320:  Scriven  on  Copy- 
holds, 14:  Elton  on  Copyholds,  1:   3  Encyc.  379-392. 

A  devise  of  "  Copyholds  "  will  pass  Customary  Freeholds  (Jtoe  d. 
ConoUy  v.  Vernon,  5  East,  83:  Doe  d.  Cook  v.  Danvers,  7  East,  299: 
1  Jarm.  798). 

It  has  been  held  a  fatal  misdescription  in  a  Y.  &  P.  Contract  to  de- 
scribe Freeholds  as  *' Copyhold"  (Ayles  v.  Cox,  16  Bea.  23;  20  L.  T. 
O.  8.  4:  Sv,  Twining  v.  Morrice,  2  Bro.  C.  C.  331:  Webster  on  Con- 
ditions of  Sale,  106).     V.  Freehold. 

The  provision  in  the  Middlesex  Registry  Act,  1708,  7  Anne,  c.  20, 
s.  17,  that  it  shall  not  extend  to  **  any  Copyhold  Estates  "  does  not  ex- 
tend to  an  Enfranchisement  of  Copyholds  {R.  v.  Truro,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
677;  21  Q.  B.  D.  655;  59  L.  T.  242;  36  W.  R.  775). 

"  Copyhold  Ground  Rent " ;   V.  Ground  Rent. 

COPYRIGHT,  —  "  Copyright,"  is  "  the  sole  and  exclusive  liberty  of 
printing,  or  otherwise  multiplying  copies  "  of  an  Original  Work  or 
Composition  (s.  2,  6  &  6  V.  c.  46:  per  Parke,  B.,  Jefferys  v.  Boosey, 

4  H.  L.  Ga.  920),  and  consequently  of  preventing  others  from  so  doing 
(Chappell  v.  Purday,  14  M.  &  W.  316),  even  gratuitously  {NoveUo  v. 
Sudhw,  21  L.  J.  C.  P.  169;  12  C.  B.  177).  Vf,  per  Mansfield,  C.  J., 
Millar  v.  Taylw,  4  Burr.  2396.     V.  Author  :  Copt. 


COPYRIGHT  410  CORPORATE 


Qui  the  Canada  Copyright  Act,  1875,  38  &  39  V.  c.  63>  and  hy  8.  2 
thereof,  "  Book "  and  "  Copyright,"  have  the  same  meanings  as  in  5  &  6 
V.  c  45. 

"Copyright,** — herein  distinguished  from  a  Patknt,  —  "does  not 
extend  to  ideas,  or  schemes,  or  systems,  or  methods;  it  is  confined  to 
their  expression  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  HoUinrake  v.  TrusweU,  1894, 
3  Ch.  420;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  722);  therefore,  there  can  he  no  Copyright  in 
a  Single  Word,  even  though  it  he  the  name  of  a  hook,  or  other  work 
(MaxweU  v.  ffogcr,  36  L.  J.  Ch.  433;  2  Ch.  307). 

But  qui  Patents,  Designs,  and  Trade  Marks  Act,  1883,  "  '  Copyright,' 
means,  the  exclusive  right  to  apply  a  Drsigk  to  any  article  of  manufac- 
ture, or  to  any  such  substance  as  aforesaid,  in  the  class  or  classes  ia 
which  the  Design  is  registered"  (s.  60). 

«  The  Copyright  Acts,  1734  to  1888  " ;  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

F.  Intkbnational. 

Vh,  Copinger  on  Copyright:  Scrutton  Ih.:  3  Encyc.  392-408. 

CORN.  —  "It  has  been  held  that  the  word  *  Corn,'  in  the  Memoran- 
dum of  a  Policy  of  Marine  Insurance,  includes  Malt,  and  also  Peas  and 
Beans,  hut  not  Rice  "  (1  Maude  &  P.  492:  V.  Moody  v.  Surridge,  2  Esp. 
633:  ScoU  v.  BourdUlion,  2  B.  &  P.  N.  R.  213). 

Agricultural  Seeds  are  not  included  in  "  Corn  or  Grain,"  within  a 
Ry  Co's  Act  relating  to  Tolls  {Sowerby  v.  O.  N.  By,  65  L.  T.  546;  7  Ry 
&  Can  Traffic  Ca.  158,  159,  166,  167). 

"Com,  Grain,  Meal,  and  Flour,  and  articles  of  the  like  character"; 
V,  s.  4,  Revenue  Act,  1869, 

r.  British  Corn. 

CORNAGE. — "Is  a  kinde  of  Grand  Serjeantie,  the  Service  of 
which  Tenure  is  to  blow  an  Horn  when  any  invasion  of  the  Kortherne 
Enemie   is  perceived**    (Termes  de  la  Ley).      Vf  Heir-loom.      Cp 

ESCUAGE. 

CORONER.  —  V.  Davis  v.  Pembrokeshire  Jus.,  7  Q.  B.  D.  513. 
"  The  Coroners  (Ir)  Acts,  1829  to  1881 ";   V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act, 
1896. 

V.  Franchise. 

CORPORATE.—  F.  Corporation. 

'*  Corporate  Borough,"  qu^  modern  Acts,  has  been  defined  to  "  mean  anj 
Corporate  Borough  mentioned  in  the  Schedules  annexed  to  5  &  6  W.  4, 
c.  76,  intituled  <  An  Act  for  the  Regulation  of  Municipal  Corporations  in 
England  and  Wales ';  and  any  Borough  incorporated  by  Charter  granted, 
or  to  be  granted,  in  pursuance  of  that,  or  any  subsequent  Act "  (11  &  12 
V.  c.  63,  8.  2:  r/y  12  &  13  V.  c.  94,  s.  10;  21  &  22  V.  c.  98,  a.  2). 

Corporate  Buildings;   T.  Building. 


CORPORATE  411  CORPS 

"  Corporate  District  ";   V.  11  &  12  V.  c.  63,  s.  2. 

''  Corporate  Land/'  qud.  Municipal  Corporations,  "  means,  land  belong- 
ing to,  or  held  in  trust  for,  a  Municipal  Corporation  "  (Mun  Corp  Act, 
1882,  8.  7). 

"  Corporate  Office  ";  K  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882,  s.  7;  47  &  48  V.  c.  70, 
fl.  35  (1).  —  Scot  53  &  54  V.  c.  55,  s.  2. 

**  *  Corporate  Seal,'  means,  the  Common  Seal  of  a  Municipal  Corpora- 
tion "  (Mun  Corp  Act,  1882,  s.  7). 

Corporate  Town;   V,  Borough  or  Place. 

V.  Incorporated. 

CORPORATION.  — "'Corporation,'  is  that  which  the  Civilians 
call  Univeraitatenij  or  Collegium,  and  is  a  Body  Politick  authorised  to 
take  and  grant,  having  a  Common  Seal,  &c.  These  are  constituted  either 
by  Prescription,  by  Letters  Patent,  or  by  Act  of  Parliament  "  (Cowel : 
Vf.  Tennes  de  la  Ley:  Jacob).  They  are  either  (1)  Spiritual,  e.g. 
Bishops,  Deans  with  their  Chapters,  Parsons  and  Vicars ;  or  (2)  Tem- 
poral, e.g.  Municipal  Corporations,  and  Companies  incorporated  by 
Charter  or  Act  of  Parliament;  or  (3)  Mixed,  i.e.  composed  of  Spiritual 
and  Temporal  Persons,  as  in  some  Colleges  and  Hospitals.  Again,  they 
are  either  (1)  Sole,  e.g.  Bishops,  Parsons,  and  Vicars;  or  (2)  Aggregate, 
e.g.  Deans  with  their  Chapters,  Municipal  Corporations,  and  Incorporated 
Kailway,  Water,  Gas,  or  Trading,  Companies. 

Vhy  Grant  on  Corporations:  3  Encyc.  436-438:  4  lb.  387. 

"  Corporation,"  defined  according  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  Act ;  F". 
6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  79,  s.  64;  30  &  31  V.  c.  38,  s.  1;  37  &  38  V.  c.  59,  s.  3; 
44  &  45  V.  c.  34,  s.  1.  —  Ir.  24  &  25  V.  c.  26,  s.  3. 

"Corporation  Aggregate,'*  E.  8,  Ord.  9,  R.  S.  C,  includes  a  Corpora- 
tion established  by  Foreign  law  but  having  a  residence  in  England 
(JTaggin  v.  Comptoir  (T&compte,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  608;  23  Q.  B.  D.  523); 
the  Governor  and  Government  of  New  Zealand  are  not  such  a  Corp 
(Sloman  v.  ITew  Zealand,  1  C.  P.  D.  563;  46  L.  J.  C.  P.  185;  35  L.  T. 
454;  25  W.  R-  86).     V.  Foreign  Corporation. 

CORPOREAL.  —  "'Corporeal  Hereditaments,'  consist  wholly  of 
substantial  and  permanent  objects,  all  which  may  be  comprehended 
under  the  general  denomination  of  Land  only  "  (2  Bl.  Com.  17 :  FA, 
Wms.  R.  P.,  Part  1 :  Goodeve,  12). 

"  Corporeal  Heredit,"  s.  56,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888;  V.  Williams  v.  Jones, 
15  W.  R.  133:  Hereditament. 

"  Equitable  Interest  in  Corporeal  Heredit  ";   F.  Equitable. 

Cp,  Incorporeal  Hereditament. 

CORPS.  — Army  "Corps";  Stat.  Def.,  36  ^  36  V.  c.  3,  s.  104; 
42  &  43  V.  c.  33,  s.  181;    44  &  45  V.  c.  57,  s.  49,  c.  68,  s.  190. 
**  Corps  of  Volunteer  Artillery  ";   V.  26  &  26  V.  c.  41,  s.  1. 


CORRECT  412      CORROBORATED 

CORRECT.  —  A  Weight,  &c  "  Incorrect,  or  otherwise  Unjust,"  s.  28, 
6  &  6  W.  4,  c.  63,  "  need  not  be  morally  wrong  " ;  the  words  are  satis- 
fied if  the  thing  does  not,  of  itself  and  without  making  pre-ordered 
allowances,  perform  its  function  correctly  (G.  W.  Ryv.  Bailiey  5  B.  &  S. 
928;  34L.  J.  M.  C.  31). 

A  Coal  Ticket  which  erroneously  states  the  weight,  yet  if  the  error  is 
in  favour  of  the  purchaser,  states  the  "  Correct  Weight,"  within  s.  22  (2), 
52  &  53  V.  c.  21  {Knowles  v.  Sinclair,  1898, 1 Q.  B.  170;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
67;  77  L.  T.  624;  62  J.  P.  102).     V/Otx  or  Near. 

Declaration  that  statements  for  a  Life  Policy  are  "  correct  and  true, " 
and  if  "  untrue,"  the  Policy  to  be  void;  V.  Fowkes  v.  Manchester  Assrcej 
3  B.  &  S.  917;  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  153:  True. 

Certifying  an  Account  as  "correct  and  satisfactory";  held,  not  a 
Ratification  of  an  Infant's  debt  {Rowe  v.  Hoptvood^  38  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1; 
L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  1). 

CORRECTION.  —  What  is  an  amendment  of  a  Patent  Specification 
^  by  way  of  Correction  or  Explanation, "  s.  18  (1),  Patents,  Designs,  and 
Trade  Marks  Act,  1883;  V.  Kelly  v.  Heathman,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  22 :  Vf,  Be 
Owen,  cited  Dirglaimek. 

CORRESPOND.  — Property  was  directed  to  be  settled"in  a  Course 
of  Entail  to  correspond,  as  far  as  may  be  practicable  "  with  the  limita- 
tions of  a  newly  created  Peerage ;  "  *  To  correspond '  does  not,  usually  or 
properly,  mean,  *  to  be  identical  with,'  but  *  to  harmonize  with,'  or  *  to  be 
suitable  to';  and  the  words  < as  far  as  may  be  Practicable,'  although 
they  may  include  a  reference  to  the  difference  to  be  observed  in  the 
limitation  of  Real  and  Leasehold  or  Personal  Property,  appear  to  me  to 
find  their  much  fuller  and  more  appropriate  explanation  when  read  as  a 
recognition  of  the  difference  which  must  always  exist  in  substance,  be- 
tween the  limitation  of  a  Dignity  and  the  limitation  of  Property  of  any 
and  every  tenure"  (per  Ld  Cairns,  Sa/ikvUle-West  v.  Holmesdale,  39 
L.  J.  Ch.  520;  L.  R  4  H.  L.  576 ;  Sv,  on  "  correspond,"  i>er  Hatherley, 
C,  S.  C.  39  L.  J.  Ch.  509;  L.  R.  4  H.  L.  557).     Cp  Like. 

V.  Associate. 

CORRESPONDENCE.  — As  to  Contract  by  Correspondence;  V, 
Subject  to. 

CORRESPONDING F.  Cobeespond. 

"Corresponding  Expenses  of  leaving"  a  ship's  place  of  loading;  V. 
Leaving,  at  end. 

CORROBORATED.  —"  Corroborated  in  some  Material  Particular," 
8.  4,  Bastardy  Laws  Amendment  Act,  1872,  35  &  36  Y.  c.  65 :  In  an 
application  in  Bastard]^  the  evidence  of  the  mother  is  so  corroborated  if, 
by  other  evidence  than  hers,  it  is  proved  that  the  putative  father  was 
silent  when  taxed  with  the  paternity,  or  said,  that. rather  than  pay  he 


CORROBORATED      418  CORRUPT  PRACTICE 

would  go  to  America  {R.  v.  Piercey,  18  L.  T.  0.  S.  238),  or  if  it  is  bo 
proved  that  there  had  heeu  acts  of  familiarity  even  though  long  antece- 
dent,  and  having  no  direct  relation  to  the  actual  hegetting  of  the  child 
{Cole  V.  Manning^  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  175;  2  Q.  B.  D.  611;  41  J.  P.  469), 
or  that  admissions  had  been  made  or  money  paid  for  the  child  by  the 
putative  father  {R.  v.  Berry,  23  J.  P.  81,  86). 

Promise  of  Marriage  to  be  corroborated ;    F.  Matebial  Evidence. 

Child's  Evidence  to  be  corroborated  by  "  some  other  Material  Evi- 
dence ";  V.  8.  15,  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  Act,  1894,  57  &  58 
V.  C.41. 

Witness  is  to  be  corroborated  '^  in  some  Material  Particular  "  in  cases 
under  ss.  2,  3,  4,  Criminal  Law  Amendment  Act,  1885. 

Cp  "  Essential  Particular,"  sub  Essential.     Vf^  Encyc.  447-449, 

CORRODY r.  3  Encyc.  410. 

CORRUPT,  CORRUPTLY.— "To  corrupt  "a  voter  within  the 
meaning  of  2  G.  2,  c.  24,  meant  to  do  an  act  of  Bbibery  which  was  com- 
pleted by  acceptance  of  the  bribe,  whether  subsequently  the  voter  voted 
or  not  {Henslow  v.  Fawcett,  3  A.  &  E.  51;  4  L.  J.  K.  B.  147;  4  N.  &  M. 
686). 

To  "  corruptly  "  treat  or  do  any  other  thing  contrary  to  the  Corrupt 
Practices  Prevention  Act,  1854,  17  &  18  V.  c.  102,  does  not  mean  to  do 
it  "  wickedly,  or  immorally,  or  dishonestly,  or  anything  of  that  sort,  but 
with  the  object  and  intention  of  doing  that  which  the  legislature  plainly 
means  to  forbid  "  (per  Blackburn,  J.,  Bewdley,  1 0'M.  &  H.  19;  19  L.  T. 
676 :   Vh  2  Rogers,  299  ei  seq). 

As  to  what  is  a  Simoniacally  "corrupt "  bargain,  31  Eliz.  c.  6,  s.  5; 
V.  Young  v.  Jones,  3  Doug.  97 :  Fletcher  v.  Sondes,  3  Bing.  501 :  Bar- 
ret V.  GliM,  2  Bl.  W.  1053 :  Mosse  v.  Killick,  50  L.  J.  C.  P.  300 : 
Newman  v.  Newman,  4  M.  &  S.  66.      Vh  Immoral. 

CORRU PT    PRACTICE.  —  For  def  of  Corrupt  Practices : 

(a)  At  Parliamentary  Elections,  V,  Pari  Elec  Act,  1868,  31  &  32  V. 
c.  125,  s.  3;  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  Prevention  Act,  1883,  46  & 
47  V.  c.  61,  ss.  3  and  33  (7),  Sch  3,  Part  3. 

{h)  At  Municipal  Elections,  V,  Municipal  Elections  (C.  &  I.  P.) 
Act,  1884,  47  &  48  V..  c.  70,  s.  2,  Sch  3,  Part  l.—Scot.  53  &  54  V. 
c.  55,  s.  2. 

Vh,  Leigh  &  Le  Marchant,  ch.  1 :  Mattinson  &  Macaskie,  on  Corrupt 
Practices,  2  ed. :  Arch.  Cr.  1187:  Rose.  Cr.  297:  3  Encyc.  449-467. 

A  "  Corrupt  Practice,"  in  an  Order  under  s.  28  (5),  47  &  48  V.  c.  70, 
directing  a  prosecution,  may  be  construed  as,  a  Repetition  of  corrupt  ac- 
tions constituting  a  corrupt  habit  or  course  of  conduct  {R.  v.  RUeyy  59 
L.  J.  M.  C.  122 ;  63  L.  T.  119).     Vh  Evidekcb. 

V.  CoBBUPT.     Cp  Bbibeby. 


CORRUPTION         414  0.  F.  I. 

CORRUPTION.— "Corruption"  in  an  Arbitrator,  —  e.^r.  9  &  10 
W.  3,  c.  15 ;  8.  25,  Scotch  Act  of  Regulations,  1695,  —  means,  moral  ob- 
liquity ;  it  is  a  false  and  misleading  metaphor  to  speak  of  an  Arbitrator's 
honest  mistake,  whether  it  be  of  excess  or  defect,  as  "  Constructive  Cor- 
ruption "  {Adams  v.  Great  NoHh  of  Scotland  Ry,  1891,  A.  C.  31). 

"  Con-uption  of  Blood  ";   T.  4  BL  Com.  388,  389- 

COSCES.—  r.  BoRDARii. 

COSENING.  — "  Is  an  Offence  unnamed,  whereby  any  thing  is  done 
guilefully,  in  or  out  of  Contracts,  which  cannot  be  "fitly  termed  by  any 
special  name  "  (Cowel).     Cp  Deceit. 

COST  BOOK.  — "Cost  Book,"  qui  the  Stannaries  of  Devon  and 
Cornwall ;   T.  32  &  33  V.  c.  19,  s.  2;    50  &  51  V.  c.  43,  s.  2. 

COST  FREIGHT  AND  INSURANCE.— "The  terms  at  a  price 
*  to  cover  Cost,  Freight,  and  Insurance,'  payment  by  acceptance  *  on  re- 
ceiving shipping  documents,'  are  very  usual,  and  are  perfectly  well  un* 
derstood  in  practice.  The  invoice  is  made  out  debiting  the  consignee 
with  the  agreed  price  (or  the  actual  cost  and  commission,  with  the  pre- 
miums of  insurance,  and  the  freight,  as  the  case  may  be)  and  giving  him 
credit  for  the  amount  of  the  freight  which  he  will  have  to  pay  to  the 
shipowner  on  actual  delivery,  and  for  the  balance  a  draft  is  drawn  on  the 
consignee,  which  he  is  bound  to  accept  (if  the  shipment  be  in  conformity 
with  his  contract)  on  having  handed  to  him  the  charter-party,  bill  of 
lading  and  policy  of  insurance.  .  Should  the  ship  arrive  with  the  goods 
on  board  he  will  have  to  pay  the  freight,  which  will  makeup  the  amount 
he  has  engaged  to  pay.  Should  the  goods  not  be  delivered  in  conse- 
quence of  a  Peril  of  the  sea,  he  is  not  called  on  to  pay  the  freight 
and  he  will  recover  the  amount  of  his  interest  in  the  goods  ander  the 
policy.  If  the  non-delivery  is,  in  consequence  of  some  misconduct  on  the 
part  of  the  master  or  mariners,  not  covered  by  the  policy,  he  will  recover 
it  from  the  shipowner.  In  substance,  therefore, the  consignee  pays,  though 
in  a  different  manner,  the  same  price  as  if  the  goods  had  been  brought 
and  shipped  to  him  in  the  ordinary  way  "  (per  Blackburn,  J.,  Ireland  v. 
Livingston,  L.  E.  5  H.  L.  406;  41  L.  J.  Q.  B.  204).  Vf  Delauriery. 
Wylliey  17  Sess.  Ca.  4th  Ser.  167. 

Under  a  C.  F.  I.  contract  there  is  an  absolute  duty  on  the  Vendor  to 
procure  the  shipment  of  the  goods  under  such  a  Bill  of  Lading  as  will, 
subject  to  its  Exceptions,  ensure  their  delivery  at  the  Port  of  Destina- 
tion {Lecky  v.  Ogilvy^  3  Com.  Ca,  29). 

A  price  C.  F.  I.  does  not  necessarily  include  everything  up  to  deliv- 
ery; and  if  the  contract  stipulates  that  the  goods  are  "to  be  shipped," 
those  are  important  words  to  show  that  the  goods  are  at  the  buyer's  risk 


C.  F.  I.  415  COSTS 

as  soon  as  placed  on  board,  even  though  the  price  be  quoted  C.  F.  I. 
{Wancke  v.  Wingren,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.519). 

COST  OF  RELIEF.  — "Cost  of  the  Relief  of  the  Wife,"  s.  33, 
31  &  32  V.  c.  122 ;  V.  Dinning  v.  South  Shields,  13  Q.  B.  D-  26}  63  L.  J. 
M.C.90;  60L.T.446. 

COSTS. —F.  Taxed  Costs:  Damages. 

Neither  "  Costs  Only,"  s.  49,  Jud.  Act,  1873,  nor  its  synonym  "  Costs 
of  and  incident  to  all  proceedings,"  R.  1,  Ord.  66,  R.  S.  C,  includes 
Costs  to  \rhich  a  person  is  entitled,  as  of  right,  by  virtue  of  a  contract  or 
relationship;  e.g.  Mtgee  or  Trustee  Costs  (Cotterell  v.  Stratton,  8  Ch. 
296;  42  L.  J.  Ch.  417;  28  L.  T.  218 ;  21  W.  R.  234:  Turner  v.  Han- 
cock, 20  Ch.  D.  303;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  617;  46  L.  T.  760;  30  W.  R.  480: 
Be  ChenneUy  8  Ch.  D.  492;  47  L.  J.  Ch.  683;  38  L.  T.  494;  26  W.  R. 
696:  :Exp,  Wainwright,  19  Ch.  D.  140,  163;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  67;  46L.T. 
662;  30  W.  R.  126:  Be  Beddoes,  1893,  1  Ch.  647;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  233 
68  L.  T.  696:  Be  Isaac,  1897,  1  Ch.  261 ;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  160).  Such 
Costs  are  not,  properly  speaking.  Costs  at  all;  they  are  Charges  and  Ex- 
penses, and  can  only  be  forfeited  by  misconduct,  and  their  allowance  or 
disallowance  is  appealable  (Be  Chennell,  sup :  Be  Beddoes,  sup :  whlc  ex- 
plains Charles  v.  Jones,  33  Ch.  D.  80;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  161 ;  66  L.  T.  331; 
36  W.  R.  88.  Vf,  as  to  Charles  v.  Jones  and  Be  Chennell,  Beta  v.  Bew, 
1899,  2  Ch.  467;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  667).  V.  Properly:  Ann.  Pr.  sub  R.  1, 
Ord.  66.     Sv  No  Order. 

"  All  Proper  Costs  and  Charges  incident  to  and  recoverable  under  " 
a  Petition,  means.  Party  and  Party  costs  (Re  Grundy,  17  Ch.  D.  108; 
60  L.  J.  Ch.  467 ;  44  L.  T.  641;  29  W.  R.  681).     F/Tull  Costs. 

Costs,  as  between  Solr  and  Client,  to  Local  Authorities;  V.  Pursu- 
ance. 

An  Agreement  as  to  "  Costs "  of  proceedings  before  the  Irish  Land 
Judges,  includes  the  expenses  of  Survey  (Re  Orme,  26  L.  R,  Ir.  104). 

Quk  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices  Prevention  Act,  1883,  "  *  Costs,'  in- 
cludes Costs,  Charges,  and  Expenses  "  (s.  64) ;  so,  qu^  Loc  Gov  Act, 
1888,  "  'Costs,'  includes  Charges  and  Expenses  "  (s.  100),  and  in  Loc 
Gov  (Scot)  Act,  1889,  it  "  includes  Expenses  "  (s.  106). 

Costs  "  Attendinq  "  Application  under  s.  2,  6  &  6  W.  4,  c.  69,  held, 
to  include  the  costs  attending  the  rc-in vestment  of  the  purchase-money 
which  was  the  subject-matter  of  the  application  (Be  Byron,  4  D.  G.  M. 
&  G.  694);  "but.it  was  on  the  peculiar  circumstances,  and  the  L.  JJ. 
strained  the  words  to  meet  that  case"  (per  Kindersley,  V.  C,  Be  East- 
ern Counties  By,  6  W.  R.  492).  In  that  latter  case  it  was  held  that  Costs 
"  Consequent  "  on  a  Conveyance  of  land  compulsorily  taken,  did  not  in- 
clude Fines  on  Copyholds  which  had  to  be  purchased  for  the  re-invest- 
xnent  of  the  money  paid  on  the  conveyance. 


COSTS  416    COSTS  OF  LEASE 

Costs  to  abide  (or  follow)  the  Event ;   V,  Event. 

"  Judgment  with  Costs";   V.  Judgment. 

"  Costs  and  all  other  Matters  " ;    V.  Matter. 

^  Costs  of  Assizes  and  of  Quarter  and  Petty  Sessions";  V.  Loc  Got 
Act,  1888,  s.  100. 

**  Costs  of  Maintenance/'  of  Criminal  Lunatic;  F.  47  &  48  Y.  c  64^ 
s.  16. 

V.  as  to  Costs  generally  Ord.  65,  B.  S.  C,  on  whv  Ann.  Pr. : 
Chitty's  Practice,  ch.  23:  Ann.  Co.  Co.  Pr.  Part  5,  ch.  4:  Morgan  & 
Wurtzburg  on  Costs :  Gray  on  Costs :  Cordery  on  Solicitors,  259 :  In* 
corporated  Law  Society's  Digest  of  Decisions  and  Opinions  under  Solici- 
tors Kemuneration  Order,  1898:  3  Encyc.  46S-517. 

COSTS  AND  CHARGES.— The  "Costs  and  Charges  of  execut- 
ing "  a  Will,  do  not  include  Fines  payable  by  devisees  of  copyholds  (Cole 
y.  Jealous,  5  Hare,  51). 

In  the  phrase  ''Costs,  Charges,  and  Expenses,"  "Charges  and  Ex- 
penses "  are  obviously  wider  than  technical  ''  Costs  " :  — As  the  phrase 
is  used  in  ss.  21  (10),  46  (6),  Settled  Land  Act,  1882;  V.  Re  Smith, 
1891,  3  Ch.  65;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  613;  64  L.  T.  821;  39  W.  R.  590:  — As 
to  what  is  included  in  the  phrase  generally;  V.  Harvey  y,  Olliver,  57 
L.  T.  239:  Ee  Hansel,  33  W.  R.  727;  54  L.  J.  Ch.  883;  52  L.  T.  806: 
Re  Bennett,  1896,  1  Ch.  778 ;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  422;  74  L.  T.  157;  44  W.  R. 
419. 

V,  Costs:  Monky,  Costs,  Charges,  and  Exprkses:  Incidental: 
Pbope&ly  :  In  the  Conduct  of  a  Suit  :  Professional  Charges. 

COSTS  IN  THE  CAUSE.  — " 'Costs  in  the  Cause,'  properly  so 
called,  are  those  costs  only  which  the  successful  party  in  the  suit  would 
be  entitled  to  on  taxation  in  the  absence  of  an  Order  to  the  contrary  in 
the  particular  proceeding;  and  this,  necessarily,  excludes  costs  incurred 
subsequently  to  final  jdgmt"  {Thompson  v.  Parish,  5  C.  B.  N.  S. 
691,  n). 

Vf,  Pugh  V.  Kerr,  6  M.  &  W.  17;  9  L.  J.  Ex.  255:  Costs  of  the 
Cause. 

COSTS  OF  CONVEYANCE.  — "Costs  of  Conveyances,"  s.  82, 
Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  includes  the  costs  of  registering  the  Vendor's  title 
pursuant  to  the  Local  Registration  of  Title  (Ir)  Act,  1891,  54  &  55  Y. 
c.  66  {Re  Belfast  &  N.  Counties  Ry,  1895,  1  I.  R.  297). 

COSTS   OF   EXECUTION r.  Execution. 

COSTS  OF  LEASE.  — The  Lessor's  Solr  prepares  the  Lease,  and 
the  Lessee  pays  for  it  {Grissell  v»  Robinson,  3  Sc.  329;  5  L.  J.  C.  P. 
313;  3  Bing.  N.  C.  10).     But  neither  on  that  general  custom^  nor  on  a 


COSTS  OF  LEASE    417  COTTAGE 

specific  agreement  by  the  lessee  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  lease,  is  the  lessee 
liable  for  the  costs  of  the  Counterpart,  because  that  is  "  for  the  security 
of  the  lessor  "  {Jennings  v.  Major,  8  C.  &  P.  61).  But,  would  the  ruling 
in  the  latter  case  apply  to  the  Counterpart  of  a  lease  by  a  Tenant  for 
Life  under  s.  6,  SettleH  Land  Act,  1882,  seeing  that  by  subs.  4  "  a  coun- 
terpart of  every  lease  8?iall  be  executed  by  the  lessee  and  delivered  to  the 
tenant  for  life  "  ? 

COSTS   OF   REALIZATION.— F.  Realization. 

COSTS   OF   SUIT r.  Suit. 

COSTS  OF  SUMMONING  JURY.  — "Costs  of  summoning 
jury  and  expenses  of  witnesses  "  to  be  payable  by  a  Railway  on  a  Com- 
pensation Assessment,  semble,  does  not  include  the  general  costs  of  the 
enquiry  (R.  v.  Gardner,  6  L.  J.  K.  B.  130;  6  A.  &  E.  112;  1  N.  &  P. 
308). 

COSTS  OF  THE  CAUSE.  — T.  Rigbyv.  Okell,  7  B.  &  C.  67; 
Barnes  v.  Bromley,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  466;  6  Q.  B.  D.  691;  44  L.  T.  916; 
29  W.  R.  706:  Sparrow  v.  Hill,  29  W.  R.  706;  44  L.  T.  917:  Costs 

IN   THE   CaUSK. 

COSTS   OF  THE   REFERENCE.— T.  Referencb. 

COSTS  ONLY.  — S.  49,  Jud.  Act,  1873;  V.  Costs:  Ann.  Pr., 
Ord.  66,  R.  1. 

COTTAGE.  — "  'Cottage,'  is  a  little  house  for  habitation  of  poore 
men,  without  any  land  belonging  unto  it;  whereof  mention  is  made  in 
4  Edw.  1,  c.  1  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  **  Cottage,  cotagium,  is  a  little 
house  without  land  to  it "  (Co.  Litt.  66  b).  "  By  the  grant  of  a  cottage, 
doth  pass  a  little  Dwellixo-house  that  hath  no  land  belonging  to  it  " 
(Touch.  94);  with  which  agrees  the  definition  in  Doe  v.  Sotheron 
(2  B.  &  Ad.  638),  that,  "A  cottage  is  a  small  dwelling-house."  Cp 
BoRDARii.  In  Doe  d.  Huhbard  v.  Hubbard  (20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  61 ;  16  Q.  B. 
227),  it  was  held  that  the  word  "  Cottage  "  was  satisfied  by  a  tenement 
partitioned  ofE  from  a  larger  cottage  and  having  a  separate  entrance, 
though  not  including  an  upper  room  under  the  same  roof  (1  Jarm.  781). 

Devise  of  "  Cottage  with  the  Garden  " ;  V.  Garden. 

By  31  Eliz.  c.  7,  a  lawful  cottage  must  have  had  4  acres  of  land 
attached  to  it,  consequently  Levancy  and  Couchancy  was  well  alleged  of 
a  "  Cottage,"  without  more  (Emerton  v.  Selby,  2  Ld  Raym.  1016;  Salk, 
169:  Vth,  Scholes  v.  Hargreaves,  6  T.  R.  46).  But  that  statute  was 
repealed  by  16  Q.  3,  c.  32. 

Qui  Part  3,  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act,  1890,  63  &  64  V. 
c.  70,  **  '  Cottage '  may  include  a  Garden  of  not  more  than  half  an  acre, 

27 


COTTAGE  418  COUNCIL 

provided  that  the  estimated  Annual  valub  of  such  garden  shall  not 
exceed  £3  "  (s.  53  (2),  replacing  a  similar  def  in  s.  13,  48  &  49  V.  c.  72). 
Qu^  Agricultural  Rates  Act,  1896,  69  &  60  V.  c.  16,  "  'Cottage,' 
means,  a  house  occupied  as  a  Dwelling  by  a  person  of  the  Labouring 
Classes  "  (s.  9).     V.  Working  Classes. 

COTTAGE  GARDEN.— Qu^  Allotments  and  Cottage  Gardens 
Compensation  for  Crops  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  26,  "  *  Cottage  Garden ' 
means,  an  Allotment  attached  to  a  Cottage  "  (s.  4).     V.  Gabden. 

COTTAR.  — Qu^  Crofter's  Holdings  (Scot)  Act,  1886,  49  &  50  V. 
c.  29;  r.  s.  34.     Cp  Ckofteb. 

Lord  COTTENHAM'S  ACTS 10  &  11  V.  c.  96;  12  &  13  V. 

c.  74 :  repealed  and  replaced  by  the  Trustee  Act,  1893. 

COTTON.  —  "  Cotton  Cloth  Factory  " ;  Stat.  Def.,  62  &  53  V.  c.  62, 

8.4. 

Cotton  Fabric;  T.  Whymper  v.  Harney^  18  C.  B.  N.  S.  243;  34  L.  J. 
M.  C.  113. 

COTUCAMI:   COTARII  ;   CO!  ERELLI.  —  F.  Bobdarii. 

COUCHANCY.  — r.  Levant  and  Couchant. 

COUGH.  —  "Cough,"  in  a  Life  Insrce  Proposal,  means,  "a  Cough 
proceeding  from  the  Lungs  "  (per  Alderson,  B.,  Geach  y.  Ingall^  14  M. 
&  W.  101). 

COULD.  —  Action  which  "  could  have  been  commenced  in  a  County 
Court,"  s.  116,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888;  T.  ss.  66-60  lb.,  on  whv  Personal 
Action:  Debt:  Damage:  Title:  Toll:  Faib:  Feanchise:  Libel: 
Admitted  Set  Off:  Claimed:  Legacy:  Annual  Value:  Value: 
Rent:  Ann.  Pr.,  sub  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888:  Ann.  Co.  Co.  Pr.,  Part  2, 
ch.  1.  The  words  mean,  "  could  have  been  properly  commenced,  both  as 
regards  Quality  and  Amount,"  irrespective  of  the  pit's  Indorsement  on 
his  Writ  {Solomon  v.  Mulliner,  83  L.  T.  493). 

COUNCIL.  — **  Council  "  defined  according  to  the  subject-matter  of 
the  Act;  F.  7  &  8  V.  c.  31,  s.  36;  18  &  19  V.  c.  67,  s.  4,  c.  121,  s.  2; 
29  &  30  V.  c.  90,  s.  67;  48  &  49  V.c.  60,  s.  1;  53  &  64  V.  c.  66,  s.  2. 
—  Scot.  16  &  16  V.  c.  32,  s.  1.  —  /r.  16  &  16  V.  c.  30,  s.  14 ;  19  &  20  V. 
c.  98,  s.  2;     29&30V.  o.  44,  a.  2;     63  &  64  V.  c.  48,  s.  3. 

"  The  Council  of  a  Bobough,"  in  s.  310,  P.  H.  Act,  1876,  as  in  other 
sections  of  the  Act,  means,  "  The  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Burgesses  act- 
ing by  the  Council  "  {Hyde  v.  Bank  of  Eng,,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  747;  21  Ch.  D. 
176).'    Vf,  E,  V.  York,  2  Q.  B.  860;  11  L.  J.  Q.  B.  127;  2  G.  &  D. 


COUNCIL  419  COUNT 

105.  Stat.  Def.,  20  &  21  V.  c.  81,  s.  29.  — /r.  36  &  36  V.  c.  33,  Sch; 
51  &  52  V.  c.  25,  8.  55. 

"Council  of  a  County";  "County  Council,"  T.  61  &  62  V.  c.  29, 
8.  17.     Note*,  County  Councils  were  established  by  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888. 

"  Council  of  a  County,  or  Borough  ";  V.  55  &  56  V.  c.  43,  s.  25;  56 
&  57  V.  c.  67,  8.  3. 

"  Council  of  any  County  Borough  ";   V.  56  &  57  V.  c.  56,  s.  9. 

"Council  of  District";    T.  60  &  61  V.  c.  43,  s.  8. 

F.  General  Council:   Parish  Council. 

COUNCILLOR.  —  In  some  Acts  relating  to  Ireland,  "  Councillor  " 
is  made  to  include  an  Alderman,  e,g,  42  &  43  V.  c.  53,  s.  2;  47  &  48  Y. 
c.  34,  8.  2. 

COUNSEL.  —  V,  As  Counsel  shall  advise. 

Qu^  Criminal  Procedure  Act,  1865,  28  &  29  V.  c.  18,  "  « Counsel ' 
shall  be  construed  to  apply  to  Attorneys  in  all  cases  where  attorneys 
are  allowed  by  law,  or  by  the  practice  of  any  Court,  to  appear  as  advo- 
cates "  (s.  9). 

r.  Barrister. 

COUNSEL  OR  PROCURE.  — "Pagin  (ch.  47,  Oliver  Twist) 
after  getting  Sikes  to  say  he  would  murder  any  one  who  should  betray 
him,  wakes  up  Noah  Claypole  and  makes  him  tell  Sikes  that  the  girl 
Nancy  had  betrayed  him,  and,  as  Sikes  rushes  out  in  a  passion,  says, 
*  You  won't  be  too  violent.  Bill;  I  mean  not  too  violent  for  safety.'  I 
think  that  the  whole  conversation  t^ken  together  would  be  evidence  to 
go  to  a  jury,  that  Fagin  did  *  counsel '  or  *  procure  '  the  murder  commit- 
ted by  Sikes,  which  would  make  him  an  Accessory  before  the  Fact; 
but  if  he  had  confined  himself  to  merely  telling  Sikes  what  Claypole 
said  he  had  heard,  it  would  not  have  been  enough  "  (Steph.  Cr.  152,  n). 
Vf,  HowdU  V.  Wynne,  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  241;  15  C.  B.  N.  S.  3:  Arch. 
Cr.  15-18. 

"  Aid,  abet,  counsel,  or  procure "  an  Offence,  s.  5,  Sum  Jur  Act, 
1848;  K.  Benfard  v.  Sims,  1898,  2  Q.  B.  641;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  655;  47 
W.  R.  46;  78  L.  T.  718.  In  that  case  Ridley,  J.,  said  that,  probably, 
that  phrase  was  used  in  a  less  strict  sense  than  ''  Cause,  or  procure  "  in 
8.  2,  Cruelty  to  Animals  Act,  1849.  Vf  Cause  or  procure.  "  There 
may  be  an  Offence  which  would  justify  the  use  of  all  those  four  words  " 
(per  Channell,  B.,  Re  Smith,  3  H.  &  N.  238). 

Cp  Aid  or  Abet. 

COUNT.  — "  Count,  t.6.  narratio,  cometh  of  the  French  word  conte, 
which  in  Latyne  is  narratio,  and  is  vulgarly  called  a  declaration" 
(Co.  Litt.  17  a).  r/,  Termes  de  la  Ley :  Gell  v.  Burgess,  18  L.  J.  C.  P. 
153;  7C.  B.  16. 


COUNTER-CLAIM     420  COUNTY 

COUNTER-CLAIM.—  r.  Set-Off. 

COUNTERFEIT  COIN. —  "  •Counterfeit  Coik'  meana  coin  not 
genuine,  but  resembling  or  apparently  intended  to  resemble,  or  pass  for 
genuine  coin;  and  includes  genuine  coin  prepared  or  altered  so  as  to 
resemble  or  pass  for  a  coin  of  a  higher  denomination  "  (Steph.  Cr.  310, 
stating  the  definition  in  s.  1,  24  &  25  V.  c.  d9).  A  genuine  cxkin, 
fraudulently  reduced  in  weight  by  the  removal  of  the  milling  and  vrhich 
has  received  a  new  milling  in  order  to  restore  its  appearance,  is  a  count^^r- 
feit  coin  {R.  v.  Hermann,  48  L.  J.  M.  C.  106 ;  4  Q.  B.  D.  284;  27  W.  B. 
476;  40  L.  T.  263).     Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  914:  False  Coin. 

COUNTERPART.—  V.  Duplicate:  Costs  of  Lease. 

COUNTINQ-HOUSE A  Solr's   Office  is  a  "Counting-House, ** 

within  8.  9,  6  &  6  W.  4,  c.  76  {Re  Creek,  3  B.  &  S.  459;  32  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
89;  11  W.  E.  234).     Cp,  Office. 

A  ''  Counting- House/'  to  qualify  for  the  Parliamentary  Franchise, 
8.  27,  Kep  People  Act,  1832,  need  not  be  an  entire  building,  or  be 
structurally  severed  from  the  rest  of  the  building  of  which  it  forms  part 
{Plercy  v.  Maclean,  L.  R.  6  C.  P.  252;  39  L.  J.  C.  P.  115).  But  "  I 
should  be  inclined  to  confine  the  operation  of  the  word  to  places  used  as 
such  by  Mercantile  Men  "  (per  Pennefather,  B.,  Re  Armstrrmg,  1  Cr.  & 
Dix,  274,  275,  on  the  word  as  used  in  s.  5,  Rep  People  (Ir)  Act,  1832). 
Note:  8.  27,  Rep  People  Act,  1832,  repealed  by  48  &  49  V.  c.  3. 

CO U  NTR Y.  —  "  Foreign  Country  " ;    V.  Fobeion. 

"  Country  of  Origin  " ;    V.  Produced. 

"  Country,"  defined  according  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  Act^  F.  36 
&  37  V.  c.  22,  8.  2;  38  &  39  V.  c.  60,  s.  4;  39  &  40  V.  c.  22,  s.  6, 
c.  45,  8.  3. 

COUNTY.  — "  Count ie  is  fetched  from  the  French,  and  *^4rc  from 
the  Saxon.  For  scyran  in  the  Saxon  tongue  signifieth  joarftW,  because 
everie  countie  or  shire  is  divided  and  parted  by  certaine  metes  and  bounds 
from  another,  and  in  Latine  is  called  comitatus  a  comitando,  for  accom- 
panying together"  (Co.  Litt.  50a).  F/*  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Countie, 
Hundred. 

In  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  after  1850  and  before  1st  Jan  1890, 
"  *  County '  shall,  unless  the  contrary  intention  appears,  be  construed  as 
including  a  County  of  a  City,  and  a  County  of  a  Town  "  (s.  4,  Interp 
Act,  1889;  V/&.  4,  13  &  14  Y.  c.  21).  "  County"  has  this  extended 
meaning  in  8.  38,  4  &  5  W.  4,  c.  76  {R.  v.  Fearce,  49  L.  J.  M,  C.  81; 
5  Q.  B.  D.  386). 

In  every  Act  relating  to  Scotland,  "  Shire  "  or  "  County  "  includes  a 
Stewartry  (s.  7,  Interp  Act,  1889). 


COUNTY  421  COUNTY 

The  word  "County"  is  used  in  s.  13,  Highways  and  Locomotives 
Amendment  Act,  1878,  41  &  42  V.  c.  77,  in  its  ordinary  geographical 
sense ;  and  is  not  narrowed  by  the  definition  of  "  County  "  in  s.  2,  High- 
way Act,  1862,  26  &  26  V.  c.  61  {Over  Darwen  v.  Lancashire,  54  L.  J. 
M.  C.  51 ;  15  Q.  B.  D.  20;  51  L.  T.  739).  "  County,"  s.  51, 15  &  16 
V.  c.  81;   r.  E.  V.  Hast  Looe,  31  L.  J.  M.  C.  245;  3  B.  &  S.  20. 

"  Counties,  Hidings,  and  Divisions  ";  V,  Evaiis  v.  Stevens,  4  T.  R.  459 : 
B.  V.  Isle  of  Ely,  15  Q.  B.  827;  19  L.  J.  M.  C.  223. 

Notwithstanding  the  general  def  of  "  County  "ins.  4, 13  &  14  V.  c.  21, 
verbally  varied  and  concluded  by  the  Interp  Act,  1889,  as  above  stated, 
the  statutory  definitions  of  the  word  are  very  numerous.  The  particular 
def  will  generally  be  found  in  the  Interp  Clause  of  the  Act  in  which  the 
word  occurs  and  varying  according  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  Act.  The 
definitions  vary  v^idely :  thus,  in  the  Geological  Survey  Act,  1845,  8  &  9 
y.  c.  63,  ^  'County'  shall  be  taken  to  include  Hundred,  City,  Borough, 
Town,  Town-land,  Parish,  Burghs,  Boyal  Parliamentary  Burghs,  Burghs 
of  Regality  and  Barony,  Extra-parochial  and  other  Places,  Districts,  and 
Divisions,  by  whatsoever  denomination  the  same  respectively  shall  be 
known  or  called  "  (s.  6) ;  on  the  other  hand  in  the  Licensing  Act,  1872, 
**  *  County, '  does  not  include  a  County  of  a  City  or  a  County  of  a  Town  but, 
means  any  County.  Biding,  Parts,  Division,  or  Liberty  of  a  County, 
having  a  separate  Commission  of  the  Peace  and  a  separate  Court  of 
Quarter  Sessions"  (s.  74). 

"Administrative  County";   V.  Administrative. 

"  County,  City,  Borough,  or  Place  ";   F.  3  &  4  V.  c.  54,  s.  8. 

"  County  Council  " ;  F.  51  &  52  V.  c.  54,  a.  14;  52  &  53  V.  c.  40, 
8.  16;  54  &  55  V.  c.  40,  s.  52,  c.  76,  s.  141;  55  & 56  V.  c.  31,  s.  20; 
56  &  57  V.  c.  73,  s.  75;  58  &  59  V.  c.  32,  s.  1  (2) ;  60  &  61  V.  c.  65, 
8.  20  (11) ;     61  &  62  V.  c.  29,  s.  17  (1),  c.  37 ;     62  &  63  V.  c.  19,  Sch. 

"County  District";  F.  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  s.  100;  Loc  Gov  Act, 
1894,  8.  21  (3);  Loc  Gov  (Ir)  Act,  1898,  s.  22  (3). 

"  County  Elector  ";  F.  53  &  54  V.  c.  68,  s.  10 ;  55  &  56  V.  c.  31, 
8.  20.  —  Scot.  55  &  56  V.  c.  31,  s.  21,  c.  54,  s.  16.    C/>,  Parliamentary. 

"  County  Fund  " ;  F.  61  &  62  V.  c.  29,  s.  17  (1).  —  Scot,  55  &  66  V. 
c.  43,  S.25;    56  &  57  V.  c.  67,  s.  3. 

«  County  Gojol " ;    F  19  &  20  V.  c.  68,  s.  2. 

County  Infirmary)  —  "The  County  Infirmaries  (Ir)  Acts,  1805  to 
1833";   F.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

"  County  Lunatic  Asylum  " ;    F.  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  s.  86  (5). 

"County  Occupation  Franchise''-,  V.  Rep  People  Act,  1884,  s.  7  (6): 
Cpf  Occupation  Voter. 

"County  of  a  City,"  "County  of  a  Town";  Ir.  13  &  14  V.  c.  69, 
8.117;    31  &  32  V.  c.  49,  s.  25. 

"  County  of  ComwaU  " ;   F.  21  &  22  V.  c.  109,  s.  8. 

"  County  of  I>ullin  " ;   F.  7  &  8  V.  c.  106,  s.  156. 


COUNTY  422     COUNTY  BRIDGE 

"  County  of  Durham  ";   T.  21  &  22  V.  c.  46,  s.  1. 

"  County  of  London  ";   T.  53  &  54  V.  c.  70,  s.  93. 

"County  Officer";  36  &  37  V.  c.  36,  b.  3.  — Seat.  23  &  24  V. 
c.  46,  B.  9. 

"  County  Palatine  CouH  ";    V.  13  &  14  V.  c.  43,  a.  36. 

"County  Petty  Sessional  Division";  T.  48  &  49  V.  c.  23, 
8.  23. 

"  County  Purpose  " ;   V.  General  County  Purpose; 

"  County  Quarter  Sessional  Area  ";    T.  48  &  49  V.  c.  15,  b.  19. 

"County  Rates";  T.  8  &  9  V.  c.  100,  s.  114,  c.  Ill,  s.  24,  c.  126, 
8.  84;  16  &  17  V.  c.  97,  s.  132;  34  &  36  V.  c.  106,  s.  2;  36  &  37  V. 
c.  35,  s.  3;  47  &  48  V.  c  64,  s.  3;  65  &  66  V.  c.  31,  s.  20.  —  Scot. 
46  &  46  V.  c.  49,  8.  62;  66  &  66  V.  c.  31,  s.  21.  —Ir.  20  &  21  V. 
c.  16,  8.  2. 

"  County  Cess  and  Rates  ";   V.  20  &  21  V.  c.  11,  s.  2. 

"  County  Surveyor";  Ir.  11  &  12  V.  c.  1,  s.  21;  14  &  16  V.  c.  92, 
8.  26;     39  &  40  V.  c.  66,  s.  6. 

"  County  Treasurer  ";  /r.  64  &  55  V.  c.  48,  a.  42. 

Vf,  County  Authority:  County  Borough:  County  Bridge: 
County  Court:  County  Solicitor:  Parliamentary:   Special. 

V.  Glen  on  County  Government. 

COUNTY  AUTHORITY The  Recorder  of  a  Borough  when  in 

session,  is  the  "  County  Authority  "  over  the  roads  extending  from  the 
County  into  the  Borough,  within  s.  13,  41  &  42  V.  c.  77  (B.  v.  Dover, 
32W.  R.  876;  49  J.  P.  86). 

Prior  to  the  Loc  Grov  Act,  1888,  "  County  Authority,**  was  generally 
defined  as,  the  Justices  of  a  County  in  General  or  Quarter  Sessions 
assembled;  F.  36  &  37  V.  c.  35,  s.  3;  41  &  42  V.  c.  77,  s.  38;  44  & 
45  V.  c.  14,  8.  6;  47  &  48  V.  c.  54,  s.  3.  Since  the  Loc  Gov  Act, 
1888,  and  by  virtue  of  s.  3  thereof,  the  phrase  means,  the  County 
Council. 

COUNTY  BOROUGH.  — Qu^  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  a  "County 
Borough  "  is  one  of  those  mentioned  in  Sch  3  of  the  Act,  if,  on  1st 
June  1888,  it "  either  had  a  population  of  not  less  than  50,000,  or  was 
a  County  of  itself*';  and  it  is  an  "  Administrative  County  *'  (s.  31). 
Boroughs  not  mentioned  in  that  Sch  "  having  a  population  of  not 
less  than  50,000  "  may  be  constituted  a  County  Borough  by  a  Provi- 
sional Order  of  Loc  Gov  Board,  confirmed  by  Parliament  (subss.  1,  3, 
8.  54). 

Other  Stat.  Def .  —  Lunacy  Act,  1890,  s.  341. 

COUNTY  BRIDGE.— "'County  Bridge'  is  not  a  legal  term"; 
"  in  reality  it  is  only  a  compendious  term  for  a  Public  Bbibgb  "  (per 


COUNTY  BRIDGE     423    COUNTY  SOLICITOR 

Bovill,  C.  J.,  B.  V.  Charty  39  L.  J.  M.  C.  109;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  237): 
Vf,  Glen  on  Highways,  2  ed.,  Ill:  Woolrych  on  Ways,  2  ed.,  341-.346: 
Bkidge. 

COU NTY  COURT.  —  "  '  County  Court/  Curia  Comitatus,  by  Lam- 
bert is  otherwise  called  ConventuSy  in  his  Explication  of  Saxon  words,  and 
divided  into  two  sorts;  one  retaining  the  general  name  as  the  County 
Court,  held  every  moneth  by  the  Sheriff,  or  his  deputy  the  Under-sheriff, 
whereof  you  may  read  in  Cromp.  Juris,  fol.  231 :  the  other  called  the 
Turn,  held  twice  every  year  "  (Cowel).  Vf,  Re  Flinty  cited  "  Court  of 
Law,"  sub  Court.  In  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  since  1846,  "the  ex- 
pression '  County  Court '  shall,  unless  the  contrary  intention  appears, 
mean,  as  respects  England  and  Wales j  a  Court  under  the  County  Courts 
Act,  1888  "  (s.  6,  luterp  Act,  1889). 

In  all  Acts  passed  after  the  31st  Dec  1889,  "  '  County  Court,'  shall,  ew 
respects  Ireland^  mean  a  Civil  Bill  Court  within  the  meaning  of  the 
County  Officers  and  Courts  (Ireland)  Act,  1877  "  (s.  29,  lb.);  prior  to 
that  date,  T.  36  &  36  V.  c.  33,  Sch  s.  66;  c.  60,  s.  28;  38  &  39  V. 
c.  90,  s.  15. 

"  County  Court,"  as  used  in  s.  36,  Solrs  Act,  1843,  means,  the  ancient 
County  Court  {K  v.  Brompton  Co,  Co.  Jvdge,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  195;  62 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  606). 

But  usually  in  modern  Acts  "  County  Court "  is  defined  to  mean  the 
modern  Co.  Co.,  including  also  the  City  of  London  Court,  and  the  Judge 
and  Registrar  of  the  Court;  V.  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  s.  186;  46  &  47  V. 
c.  61,  s.  61;  30  &  31  V.  c.  142,  s.  35.  In  Scotland  it,  usually,  means 
the  Sheriff  Court ;  T.  35  &  36  V.  c.  33,  Sch  s.  65;  38  &  39  V.  c.  60, 
8.  4,  c.  90,  s.  14;  39  &  40  V.  c.  45,  s,  3,  c.  75,  s.  21;  41  &  42  V.  c.  16, 
8.  105;    59  &  60  V.  c.  25,  s.  102.     ^  Court. 

"The  County  Courts  (Ir)  AcUj  1851  to  1889";  T.  Sch  2,  Short 
Titles  Act,  1896. 

"County  Court  Judge,^^  qu^  the  Army  Discipline  Acts,  means,  in 
Scotland,  the  Sheriff  or  Sheriff  Substitute;  in  Ireland,  the  Judge  of  the 
Civil  Bill  Court  (42  &  43  V.  c.  33,  s.  181;  44  &  45  V.  c.  58,  s.  190, 
subs.  37).  Vf,  quk  Scotland,  39  &  40  V.  c.  80,  s.  41 ;  50  &  51  V.  c.  58, 
8.  76;  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  s.  487  (6):  —  quk  Ireland,  Mer  Ship- 
ping Act,  1894,  s.  610  (9) ;  39  &  40  V.  c.  75,  s.  22  :  —  quk  Isle  of  Man, 
Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  s.  487  (8).      FJ  Judge. 

"  County  Court  Registrar " ;  V.  quk  Scotland,  Mer  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  s.  487  (6);  39  &  40  V.  c.  80,  s.  41;  50  &  51  V.  c.  58,  s.  76:  — 
qukIreland,36&37V.  c.  52,  8.  7;  39  &  40  V.  c.  80,  s.  42;  50  &  51 
V.  c.  58,  8.  77. 

COUNTY  SOLICITOR.  — There  is  no  official  in  Ireland  who  is 
called  the  "  County  Solicitor " ;  but  that  phrase  is  used  in  s.  115,  Loc 


COUNTY  SOLICITOR   424  COURT 

Gov  (Ir)  Act,  1898  (taken  from  s.  118  (13),  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888),  and 
there  it  means,  the  Solr  for  the  Grand  Jury  of  a  County  (B.  v.  Wick- 
low  Co.  Co.j  1900,  2  I.  E.  351). 

COURSE.  —  "Of  conrse  legatee  will  give " ;   F.  Precatoby  Trust. 

"In  a  Course  of  Entail  to  Correspond";  V.  Sackville-West  v. 
Holmesdale,  L.  R  4  H.  L.  543;  39  L.  J.  Ch.  505. 

F.  In  the  Course. 

"  Keep  her  Course,"  Art.  22,  Sailing  Rules,  refers  to  the  direction  of 
the  vessel's  head,  and  not  to  her  speed  {TheBen/ly  9  P.  D.  4;  53  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  75:  Vthc,  The  Oporto,  1897,  P.  249;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
49) :  Vf,  Abbott,  856,  857.  As  to  "  Keep  her  Course "  in  a  winding 
River,  F.  T?ie  Velocity j  39  L.  J.  Adm.  20;  L.  R.  3  P.  C.  44;  21  L.  T. 
686;  18W.  R.  264. 

COURT.  — "  Curiay  Court,  is  a  place  where  justice  is  judicially 
ministered,  and  is  derived  a  cura^  quia  in  curiis  publicis  euros  gerebant  " 
(Co.  Litt.  58  a);  therefore.  Justices  at  a  Licensing  Meeting  are  not  a 
"  Court"  at  all  {Boulter  v.  Kent  Jus.,  1897,  A.  C-.  556;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
787;  77  L.  T.  288;  61  J.  P.  532;  46  W.  R.  114).  Vf  Legal  Proceed- 
ings. A  Poor  Rate  Assessment  Committee  is  not  a  "  Court "  and  can- 
not refuse  to  hear  the  Agent  of  a  ratepayer  (R,  v.  St.  Mary  Abbots,  1891, 
1  Q.  B.  378;  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  52;  64  L.  T.  240;  55  J.  P.  502:  Cp,  Him- 
self). Is  a  Borough  Court,  established  by  Charter  for  recovery  of 
debts  and  damages  in  personal  actions  and  for  ejectments,  a  "  Court " 
within  7  &  8  V.  c.  19?  — F.  Tarrant  v.  Baker,  14  C.  B.  199;  23 
L.  J.  C.  P.   21. 

Qu^  the  Absolute  Privilege  for  Slander,  "  Court "  is  not  confined  to 
"a  Place  where  justice  is  judicially  ministered."  "A  Court  may  per- 
form various  functions.  The  Court  of  Parliament  is  a  Court,  although 
many  of  its  functions  are  not  judicial.  The  Members  are,  however,  en- 
titled to  absolute  immunity  for  words  there  spoken.  There  are  other 
Courts  which  are  not  Courts  of  Justice,  but  which  are  rather  Courts  of 
Investigation,  e.g.  a  Coroner's  Court.  The  question  does  not,  therefore, 
depend  upon  whether  the  Tribunal  is  a  Court  of  Justice,  but  upon 
whether  it  is  a  Court.  If  it  is  a  Court,  the  absolute  immunity  exists '' 
(per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Royal  Aquarium  v.  Farkinson,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  431;  61 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  409;  66  L.  T.  513;  40  W.  R.  450;  56  J.  P.  404).  The  Lon- 
don County  Council,  when  hearing  applications  for  Music  and  Dancing 
Licenses  (and,  semble,  Justices  when  dealing  with  merely  administrative 
business)  are  not  a  Court,  qui  this  privilege  {S.  C.) ;  but  a  Court  Martial 
is  such  a  Court  (Dawkins  v.  Rokeby,  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  8;  L.  R.  7  H,  L. 
744).     F/"  Judicial  Proceeding. 

Court  Baron)   V.  4  Rep.  26  :  2  Bl.  Com.  90:  Court  Leet;    F.  Leet. 

A  power  appertaining  to  the  High  Court  and  which  is  exerciseable  only 


COURT  426  COURT 

hy  "  the  Court, "  must  be  exercised  by  the  Court  in  Banc,  and  not  by  a 
Judge  at  Chambers  {Baker  v.  Oakes,  cited  Coubt  or  Judge). 

The  ''Court/'  quk  Building  Societies  Acts,  is  (in  England),  the 
County  Court;  in  Scotland,  the  Sheriff's  Court;  in  Ireland,  the  Civil 
Bill  Court  (s.  4,  37  &  38  V.  c.  42).  The  "  Court,"  qui  the  Dissolution 
of  Industrial  and  Provident  Societies,  is  the  Co.  Co.  (s.  17  (1),  39  &  40 
V.  c.  45).  In  neither  case  is  there  any  power  to  remove  the  proceedings 
to  the  High  Court  (Re  Real  Estates  Co,  1893,  1  Ch.  398;  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
213;  68  L.  T.  24;  41  W.  K.  157:  Re  London  &  Suburban  Bank,  1892, 
1  Ch.  604;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  316;  66  L.  T.  716;  40  W.  R.  326). 

"Court"  to  which  Transfer  may  be  made  of  a  Co's  Winding-up, 
B.  3  (1),  53  &  54  V.  c.  63,  "  must,  necessarily,  mean,  a  Court  having 
jurisdiction  under  the  Act  to  wind-up "  (per  Williams,  J.,  Re  Real 
Estates  Co,  sup).     F/*  Proceed ino. 

«  Court,"  8.  125,  Bankry  Act,  1883;   V.  Context. 

"  Court,"  8.  7  (5),  Comp  Act,  1880;  V.  Re  City  Lands  Corp,  W.  N. 
(97)  162. 

The  Justices'  ''  Court,"  to  which  application  is  to  be  made  for  a  Si)ecial 
Case,  8.  33,  Sum  Jur  Act,  1879,  means,  all  the  Justices  who  took  part 
in  the  decision  to  be  questioned  (South  Staffordshire  W.  W.  Co  v.  Stone, 
Lockhart  v.  St  Albans,  and  Westmorev,  Paine,  all  cited  Court  of  Sum- 
mary Jurisdiction). 

The  "Court,"  as  defined  in  s.  4,  Parliamentary  Elections  (Keturning 
Officers)  Act,  1875,  38  &  39  Y.  c.  84,  does  not  exclusively  mean  the 
Judge,  but  includes  also  the  Registrar,  or  other  proper  officer  in  daily 
attendance,  whose  duty  it  is  to  bring  the  matter  before  the  Judge  (R.  v. 
Bloomsbury  Co.  Co.,  b5  L.  J.  Q.  B.  443;  17  Q.  B.  D.  788;  54  L.  T.  616). 

In  the  Victorian  Acts  there  are  upwards  of  80  definitions  of  ^  The 
Court, "  each  being  in  accordance  with  the  subject-matter  of  the  Act,  and 
each,  in  almost  all  cases,  to  be  found  in  the  Act's  Interp  Clause,  — e.g. 
"  'The  Court,'  means,  the  Court  having  jurisdiction  in  Bankruptcy  under 
this  Act "  (s.  168,  Bankry  Act,  1883)  ;  "  '  The  Court,'  means,  the  Court, 
Judge,  Arbitrator,  Persons  or  Person,  before  whom  a  Legal  proceeding 
is  held  or  taken "  (s.  10,  Bankers'  Books  Evidence  Act,  1879,  42  & 
43  V.  c.  11);  "  *The  Court,'  in  relation  to  any  Proceeding,  includes  any 
Magistrate,  or  Justice,  having  jurisdiction  in  the  matter  to  which  the 
Proceeding  relates  "  (s.  742,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894). 

"  Court  of  Admiralty  " ;  T.  26  &  27  V.  c.  116,  s.  3 ;  32  &  33  V.  c.  91,  s.  3 ; 
33  &  34  V.  c.  90,  s.  30.  —  Ir.  30  &  31  V.  c.  114,  s.  2.  «  Vice- Admiralty 
Court,"  17  &  18  V.  c.  18,  s.  3,  c.  19,  s.  3;  26  &  27  V.  c.  24,  s.  2;  36  & 
37  V.  c,  88,  s.  2.    "  Vice-Admiralty  Prize  Court,"  27  &  28  V.  c.  25,  s.  3. 

**  Court  of  Appeal"',    V.  Interp  Act,  1889,  s.  13  (2). 

"Court  of  Appeal  in  Chancery";  V.  Jud.  Act,  1873,  s.  100;  Land 
Transfer  Act,  1875,  38  &  39  V.  c.  87,  s.  4. 

"  Court  of  Assize  " ;   V.  Interp  Act,  1889,  s.  13  (4). 


COURT  426  COURT 

"  Court  of  Bankruptcy  ";  V.  sup.  — /r.  40  &  41  V.  c.  67,  s.  3;  51  & 
62  V.  c.  44,  8.  3. 

«  British  Slave  Court  ";    V.  36  &  37  V.  c.  88,  a.  2. 

Court  of  Chancery,  V.  11  &  12  V.  c.  94,  s.  46;  12  &  13  V.  c.  109, 
s.  60;  16  &  17  V.  c.  137,  8.  27;  23  &  24  V.  c.  83,  s.  1;  30  &  31  V. 
c.  127,  8.  3;  32  &  33  V.  c.  91,  8.  3;  33  &  34  V.  c.  71,  a.  3;  35  &  36 
V.  c.  44,  8.  3 ;  38  &  39  V.  c.  87,  a.  4.  — /r.  20  &  21  V.  c.  79,  a.  2;  25 
&  26  V.  c.  46,  a.  2;  40  &  41  V.  c.  ^^  a.  7 :  Re  McClintock,  10  Ir.  Ch. 
Kep.  469. 

"  Civil  Court, "  quit  Army  Acta,  "  meana,  with  reapect  to  any  Crime  or 
Offence,  a  Court  of  ordinary  Criminal  juriadiction,  and  includea  a  Court 
of  Summary  Juriadiction"  (a.  190  (31),  44  &  46  V.  c.  68;  a.  181,  42  & 
43  V.  c.  33). 

«  Civil  BUI  Court " ;  Ir.  27  &  28  V.  c.  99,  a.  3 ;  40  ife  41  V.  c.  56, 8.  7. 
Vf  County  Court. 

"  Court  of  Common  Fleas  ";  Ir.  40  &  41  V.  c.  67,  a.  3. 

"  Court  of  Competent  Jurisdiction  " ;  F.  34  &  35  V.  c.  41,  a.  4;  42  & 
43  V.  c.  64,  a.  9.     F)^  Competent. 

V.  County  Court:  Eocle8iastical  Court:  Election. 

"  Court  of  Exchequer'*',  Ir.  40  &  41  V.  c.  67,  a.  3. 

"  Court  of  Justice  ";    F.  33  &  34  V.  c.  49,  8.  1. 

"  Landed  Estates  Court " ;  Ir.  40  &  41  V.  c.  67,  a.  3. 

"Court  of  Law*'\  V.  Array  Act,  1881,  a.  190  (3).  The  Ancient 
County  Court  waa  a  "  Court  of  Law  or  Equity,"  within  a.  9,  12  G.  2, 
c.  13  {Re  Flint,  1  B.  &  C.  264). 

"  Court /or  Matrimonial  Causes*' \  Ir.  40  &  41  V.  c.  67,  a.  3. 

"  Frerogative  Court ";  Ir.  20  &  21  V.  c.  79,  a.  2. 

"  Court  of  Frobate  ** ;  V.bb&.  66  V.  c.  6,  a.  6.  —  Ir.  36  &  37  V.  c.  b2, 
8.7;     40  &  41  V.  c.  67,  a.  3. 

"  Court  of  Quarter  Seaaiona  "  ;    F.  Quarter  Sessions. 

"  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  '* ;  F.  20  &  21  V.  c.  43,  a.  1.  —  Ir.  40  &  41  V. 
c.  67,  a.  3. 

"  Court  for  Relief  of  Insolvent  Debtors  " ;  F.  Indian  Inaolvency  Act, 
1848,  11  &  12  V.  c.  21,  a.  92. 

"Court  of  Session";  Scot.  9  &  10  V.  c.  101,  8.  49;  16  &  17  Y. 
c.  94,  a.  25;  25  &  26  V.  c.  63,  a.  51 ;  30  &  31  V.  c.  126,  a.  3;  31  & 
32  V.  c.  84,  a.  2;  38  &  39  V.  c.  49,  a.  30;  40  &  41  V.  c.  22,  a.  3;  41 
&  42  V.  c.  8,  a.  27 ;  46  &  46  V.  c.  69,  a.  1;  49  &  60  V.  c.  27,  a.  9; 
55  &  56  V.  c.  65,  a.  4. 

"  Court  of  Seasion  Acta,  1808  to  1896";  F.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act, 
1896. 

«  Sheriffs  Small  Debt  Court ";  Scot.  40  &  41  V.  c.  28,  a.  3. 

"  Court  of  Superior  Jurisdiction  ";  F.  Army  Acta,  42  &  43  V.  c.  33, 
a.  181;     44  &  46  V.  c,  58,  a.  190  (30). 

"  Court  of  Teinds  ";  Scot.  39  &  40  V.  c.  11,  a.  2. 


COURT  427     COURT  SUM.  JUR. 

"  Court  House  "  j  Scot,  23  &  24  V.  c.  79,  a.  2.     V,  Occasional. 

Vf,  Court  of  Kecord  :  Court  of  Summary  Jurisdiction  :  Court 
OR  Judok:  Hiuh  Court:  Inferior  Court:  Stannaries:  Superior 
Court:  Supreme  Court:  Judge:  Convenient. 

COURT  OF  RECORD. —"When  a  case  is  made  triable,  or  a 
penaltj  recoverable  in  a  'Court  of  Record,'  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judi- 
cature alone,  but  not  the  Quarter  Sessions,  is  intended"  (Maxwell,  427, 
citing  Gregorifs  Case,  6  Rep.  19  b;  2  Hale,  29  j  Jenk.  228:  Vf,  Co. 
Litt.  117  b,  118  a,  260  a:  11  Encyc.  109). 

As  to  what  makes  a  Court  of  Record ;  V.  Kemp  v.  Neville^  31  L.  J. 
C.  P.  168;  10  C.  B.  N.  S.  523. 

F.  Record. 

COURT    OF    SUMMARY   JURISDICTION.— "The  Court  of 

Summary  Jurisdiction"  to  whom  (s.  52  (2),  Licensing  Act,  1872) 
Notice  of  Appeal  to  Quarter  Sessions  had  to  be  given,  meant  the  Con- 
victing Justices;  and  a  Notice  directed  to  the  Justices  of  the  Division 
collectively,  and  served  on  their  Clerk  at  his  private  residence,  was  not 
a  compliance  {Exp,  Curtis,  47  L.  J.  M.  C.  36;  3  Q.  B.  D.  13);  and  the 
principle  of  that  case  is  still  applicable  to  a  Demand  for  a  Special  Case 
under  s.  33  (1),  Sum  Jur  Act,  1879,  and  the  Rule  thereunder  (South 
Staffordshire  W.  W.  Co  v.  Stone,  56  L.  J.  M.  C.  122;  19  Q.  B.  D.  168;  57 
L.  *T.  368;  36  W.  R.  76;  51  J.  P.  662:  LockhartY,  St,  Albans,  57  L.  J. 
M.  C.  118;  21  Q.  B.  D.  188;  36  W.  R.  800;  52  J.  P.  420:  Westm.ore 
V.  Paine,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  482;  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  89).  Note,  that,  generally, 
Notice  of  Appeal  (other  than  from  Licensing  Justices,  Boulter  v.  Kent 
Jus,,  cited  Court,  over-ruling  R,  v.  Glamorganshire  Jus,,  1892,  1  Q.  B. 
621 ;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  169)  is  now  to  be  served  on  the  Clerk  to  the  Jus- 
tices (s.  31  (2),  Sum  Jur  Act,  1879;  s.  6,  Sura  Jur  Act,  1884),  and  on 
the  "  Other  Party  " ;  but  the  service  on  the  Other  Party  need  not  be  per- 
sonal {R,  V.  Somersetshire  Jus^  64  J.  P.  341;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  311). 

For  Stat.  Def.,  V.  Interp  Act,  1889,  s.  13  (11),  consolidating,  s.  50, 
Sum  Jur  Act,  1879,  as  amended  by  s.  7,  Sum  Jur  Act,  1884 :  —  Licens- 
ing Justices  are  not  a  "  Court  of  Sum  Jur  "  within  this  def  (Boulter  v. 
Kent  Jus.,  cited  Court).  Vf,  Leicester  Freemen  v.  Hewitt,  62  L.  J. 
M.  C.  51;  68  L.  T.  201 ;  57  J.  P.  344. 

Observe  that  the  def  in  the  Interp  Act  does  not  embrace  Scotland,  as 
regards  which  country,  V.  the  following  definitions:  38  &  39  V.  c.  17, 
8.  109,  c  90,  s.  14;  39  &  40  V.  c.  45,  s.  3;  41  &  42  V.  c.  16,  s.  105; 
48&49V.C.36,  8.  7;  50 &  51  V.  c.  28,  s.  21 ;  52&53  V.c.  44,  s.  17; 
53  &  54  V.  c.  70,  s.  96;  55  &  m  V.  c.  43,  s.  25,  c.  64,  s.  6;  56  &  57 
V.  c.  15,  s.  3,  c.  32,  s.  2,  c.  48,  s.  3 ;  67  &  58  V.  c.  28,  s.  7,  c.  41,  s.  26; 
59  &  60  V.  c.  25,  s.  102. 

Vh,  Summary  Jurisdiction:  Complaint:  Information:  Convic- 
tion:  Order:  Act. 


COURT  OR  JUDGE    428  COUSIN 

COURT    OR    JUDGE "AVhen  the   R.  S.  C.    say   'the  Court 

or  a  Judge,'  it  is  understood  that  'the  Court'  means,  a  Judge  or 
Judges  in  Open  Court,  and  *  a  Judge '  means,  a  Judge  sitting  in  Cham- 
bers "  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Re  Bathe,  1892,  1  Ch.  463;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  446). 
^^  It  is  well  recognized  that  that  phrase  always  includes  a  Judge  at 
Chambers,  unless  there  is  some  express  enactment  limiting  the  meaning 
of  the  phrase  "  (per  Brett,  M.  R.,  Dallow  v.  Garrold,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  78; 
14  Q.  B.  D.  543:  Vf,  Baker  v.  Oakesy  46  L.  J.  Q.  B.  246;  2  Q.  B.  D. 
171 ;  36  L.  T.  832  J  25  W.  R.  220 :  Ex  p.  Narris,  17  Q.  B.  D.  731 :  Frea- 
son  V.  Loey  26  W.  R.  138);  but  the  phrase  does  not  per  se  include  a  Mas- 
ter or  District  Registrar  {Lambton  v.  Parkinson^  35  W.  R.  545:  Sv,  R. 
12  and  12  a,  Ord.  54,  R.  S.  C,  and  Lloyd's  Bank  v.  Princess  Royal  Co,  82 
L.  T.  559;  48  W.  R.  427,  on  R.  1,  Ord.  26),  or  a  Judge  at  Nisi  Prius 
{Robson  V.  Lees,  30  L.  J.  Ex.  235;  6  H.  &  N.  258);  for,  in  this  connec- 
tion, ^  *  Judge '  must  mean  one  who  in  himself  constitutes  the  Court, 
and  not  a  Judge  sitting  at  Nisi  Prius "  (per  Bramwell,  B.,  Wilson  v. 
Hood,  3  H.  &  C.  152;  33  L.  J.  Ex.  204). 

Though  by  virtue  of  R.  12,  Ord.  54,  R.  S.  C,  a  Master  may  exercise 
the  function  of  ''  the  Court  or  a  Judge  "  and  decide  an  Interpleader  in  a 
summary  manner  under  R.  8,  Ord.  57;  yet  a  Master  is  not  included  in 
the  phrase  "  Court  or  a  Judge  "  in  R.  11  of  the  same  Order  (57),  and 
accordingly  there  is  an  appeal  from  his  decision  under  R.  21,  Ord.  54 
{Bryant  v.  Reading,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  253;  17  Q.  B.  D.  128;  54  L.  T, 
524:  Webb  v.  Shaw,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  249;  16  Q.  B.  D.  658:  Cp,  Re 
Bathe,  sup). 

The  "  Court  or  Judge  "  to  make  a  Charging  Order  on  property  Recov- 
ered OB  Pbesebved,  s.  28,  Solrs  Act,  1860,  includes  any  Judge  of 
the  Division  in  which  the  property  has  been  recovered  or  preserved 
(Dallow  V.  Garrold,  sup) ;  and,  semble,  a  Judge  sitting  in  Bankry  (Re 
Deakin,  1900,  2Q.  B.  489 ;  69  L,  J.  Q.  B.  725 ;  82  L.  T.  776 ;  48  W.  R. 
678). 

"  Court  or  Judge,"  ss.  8,  10,  Solrs  Act,  1870,  means,  the  High  Court 
or  a  Judge  thereof,  even  if  the  agreement  as  to  Costs  relates  to  matters 
done  in  Petty,  or  Quarter,  Sessions  (Re  Jones,  1896,  1  Ch.  222 ;  65  L.  J. 
Ch.  191;  73  L.  T.  543 ;  44  W.  R.  146;  60  J.  P.  7). 

Quk  Deeds  of  Arrangement  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  57,  "  'Court,  or 
a  Judge,'  means,  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  and  any  Judge  thereof" 
(s.  19). 

V.  Coubt:  Judge. 

COURT  OR   PERSON V.  Pebson. 

COURSE.  — r.  In  Course. 

COUSIN.  —  The  word  "Cousin,"  without  a  controlling  context, 
means  First  Cousin  (Stoddart  v.  Nelson,  25  L.  J.  Ch.  116;  6  D.  G.  M. 
&  G.  68 :  Stevenson  v.  Abingdon,  31  Bea.  305 :  Burbey  v.  Burbey,  6  L.  T. 


COUSIN  429  COVENANT 

«■  III  ,  laa 

573:  2  Jarm.  162:  Wms.  Exs.  964).  In  Caldecott  v.  Harrison  (9  L.  J. 
Ch.  331;  9  Sim.  467),  Shadwell,  V.  C,  said,  "I  am  quite  willing  to 
admit  that  the  word  '  Cousins '  is  sufficiently  eztensiye  to  comprehend 
Cousins  of  everj  description,  whether  thej  are  first  cousins  of  any  de- 
gree, or  second  cousins,  or  third  cousins.  That  is  the  general  meaning 
of  the  word  '  Cousin.' "  But  that  dictum  was  obiter;  and  the  actual 
decision  in  the  case  was  that  on  the  construction  of  the  Will  then  before 
the  Court,  only  first  cousins  were  comprehended  under  the  word 
''  Cousins."  It  is  therefore  submitted  that  in  view  of  the  decisions  in 
Stoddart  v.  Nelson  and  Stevenson  v.  Alnnffdon,  sup,  the  dictum  of  V.  C. 
Shadwell  cannot  be  relied  on :  Va,  obs.  of  Kay,  J.,  Wilks  v.  Bannister, 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  1141 ;  30  Ch.  D.  612. 

"  Cousin, "  imports  consanguinity.  Yet,  in  a  secondary  sense,  "  Cousin  " 
is  often  used  to  designate  the  husband  or  wife  of  a  cousin  (lie  Taylor, 
Cloak  V.  Hamnumdy  66  L.  J.  Ch.  173;  34  Ch.  D.  266;  66  L.  T.  649 ;  35 
W.  R.  186;  Q>Nkphew).  And  as  to  the  degree  of  kindred,  V.  Wms. 
Exs.  356. 

For  a  context  on  which  ''  Cousins  "  included  those  illegitimate  as  well 
as  legitimate;   V.  Seale-Hayne  y,  Jodrell,  cited  Relations. 

V,  Second  Cousin. 

COUSIN  GERMAN.  — This  is  a  synonym  for  First  Cousin 
(^Saunderson  v.  Bailey,  8  L.  J.  Ch.  18;  4  My.  &  C.  b^). 

COVENANT- — A  "Covenant"  is  an  Agreement  by  Deed. between 
two  or  more  persons  to  do  one  or  more  thing  or  things,  or  to  do,  or  give, 
or  to  prevent,  or  refrain  from  somewhat ;  and  it  is  either,  (1)  a  Covenant 
in  Lata  implied  from  the  terms  employed;  or,  (2)  a  Covenant  in  Fact, 
I.e.  that  which  is  expressly  agreed  between  the  parties  (Termes  de  la  Ley  • 
Cowel:  Noke^s  C(w«,  4  Rep.  80b:  Spencer's  Case,  5  Rep.  17  a).  "Al- 
though the  word  'Covenant,'  in  its  strict  sense,  means  an  Agreement 
under  seal,  that  something  has  or  has  not  already  been  done,  or  shall  or 
shall  not  be  done  hereafter  (Touch.  160, 162) ;  it  is  sometimes,  especially 
in  Agreements,  applied  to  any  promise  or  stipulation,  whether  under  seal 
or  not  (ffayne  v.  Cummings,  16  C.  B.  N.  S.  421;  10  L.  T.  341 :  Va, 
Brookes  Y,  Drysdale,  3  C.  P.  D.  62,  where  the  word  'Covenant,'  in  an 
Agreement,  was  held  to  include  a  Proviso :  Severn  and  Clerke^s  Case, 
1  Leon.  122,  where  '  Covenants,  Articles,  and  Agreements,'  in  a  Bond, 
included  a  Recital)"  Elph.  407,  408:  Vf,  Holies  v.  Carr,  3  Swanst. 
647.     Cp  Condition. 

The  old  Action  of  Covenant  lay  "  where  a  party  claimed  damages  for 
breach  of  Covenant,  t.e.  of  a  promise  under  seal  "  (Stephen  on  Pleading, 
ch.  1).     Cp  Assumpsit. 

"*  The  words  *  Covenant,  Orant,  and  Agree '  that  A.  should  have  the 
land  for  so  many  years,  are  apt  words  to  make  a  Lease  for  years,  and 


COVENANT  480  COVERS 

enure  as  a  Lease"  {Whitlock  v.  Hortortj  Cro.  Jac.  91);  so  the  word 
"  Covenant "  will  of  itself  have  a  like  effect  {Richards  v.  Selyy  2  Mod. 
80). 

In  the  phrase,  "  Covenant,  Grant,  and  Agree, "  the  covenantor  "  cov- 
enants and  agrees  "  for  the  thing  he  "  grants  "  (per  Ld  Wensleydale, 
Monypenny  v.  Monypenny,  9  H.  L.  Ca.  147 :  Sv,  per  Ld  St.  Leonards, 
lb.  137). 

"Bond,  Covenant,  or  Instrument " ;   F.  Instrument. 

Covenant  not  to  sue ;   V.  Eeleasb. 

V.  Common:  Usual:  Declare:  Jointly  and  Severally:  Sepa. 
RATE  Covenant:  Similar:  Run  with  the  land. 

COVENTRY  ACT.  —22  &  23  Car.  2,  c.  1  (repealed,  9  G.  4,  c.  31) 
—  so  called  "  from  the  circumstance  of  its  having  passed  on  the  occasion 
of  an  assault  made  on  Sir  John  Coventry  in  the  street,  and  slitting  his 
nose,  bj  persons  who  lay  in  wait  for  him  for  that  purpose ;  in  revenge 
(as  was  supposed)  for  some  obnoxious  words  uttered  by  him  in  Parlia- 
ment "  (East  P.  C.  394:  Vf4:  Bl.  Com.  207).    V.  Slit. 

COVER.  —  "Cover,"  according  to  its  usually  accepted  meaning  in 
Stock  Exchange  dealings,  "  is  a  Deposit  made  with  a  Broker  to  secure 
him  from  being  out  of  pocket  in  the  event  of  the  Stocks  falling  against 
his  client  and  the  client  not  paying  the  difference  "  (per  Smith,  L.  J., 
Be  Cronmire,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  623;  1898,  2  Q.  B.  383);  it  is  not  deposited 
"  to  Abide  the  Event  "  of  a  Wager  (s.  18,  8  &  9  V.  c.  109),  but  as  Secu- 
rity against  a  Debt  which  may  arise  from  a  Gaming  Contract  {Uni- 
versal Stock  Exchange  v.  Strachan^  1896,  A.  C.  166;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
429,  V.  jdgmt  of  Ld  Herschell),  and  may  be  recovered  back,  if  unap- 
propriated {Re  Cranmire,  sup).  Vf,  Mundella  v.  Shaw,  4  Times  Rep. 
263. 

V.  Open  :  Infamous  Conduct. 

COVERED. — V.  Land  covered  with  wateb. 

Covered  Space;  V.  Space. 

"  Covered  Swimming  Bath, "  qui  41  &  42  V.  c.  14,  means,  *  a  swim- 
ming bath  protected  by  a  roof,  or  other  covering,  from  the  weather" 
(s.  1). 

COVERING.  — Qu4  Merchandize  Marks  Act,  1887,  50 & 61  V.  c.28, 
"  'Covering,'  includes  any  stopper,  cask,  bottle,  vessel,  box,  cover,  cap- 
sule, case,  frame,  or  wrapper  "  (s.  5,  subs.  2). 

Covering  Deed]   F.  Debenture. 

"  Covering  Note  "  is  a  phrase  sometimes  applied  to  a  Slip. 

C  OVERS.  —  In  a  Clause  in  a  "Railway  Act  enabling  the  Co  to  charge 
"  for  providing  Covers  for  minerals,  goods,  articles,  or  animals,"  "pro- 


COVERS  431  CRANWORTH'S  ACTS 

Tiding  covers  "  includes  not  only  the  supply  of  sheets,  but  the  cost  of  the 
labour  of  covering  the  waggons  with  them  (Coxon  v.  -AT.  E,  Ry^  4  B.  & 
Macn.  284).     Vf^  Hall  v.  X.  B,  &  S.  Ry^  cited  Incidental. 

COVERT.  —  Feme  Covert;   V.  Femb:  Coverture. 
V.  Pound  :  Overt. 

COVERTU  RE.  —  "  *  Coverture '  is  when  a  man  and  a  woman  are  mar- 
ried together;  now  whatsoever  is  done  concerning  the  Wife  in  the  time 
of  the  continuance  of  this  marriage  betweene  them  is  said  to  be  done  '  dur- 
ing the  Coverture/  and  the  Wife  is  called,  a  Woman  Covert "  (Termes  de 
la  Ley).    Vh,  Hooker  v.  Boggs,  63  111.  162. 

r.  During:  Discovert:  Feme. 

COVI NE.  —  "  '  Covine/  covina,  commeth  of  the  French  word,  coninnej 
and  is  a  secret  assent  determined  in  the  hearts  of  two  or  more  to  the  de- 
frauding and  prejudice  of  another  "  (Co.  Litt.  357  a,  b:  Vf,  Termes  de 
la  Ley :  WiTnbish  v.  Tailboisy  Plowd.  54 :  Girdlestone  v.  Brighton  Aquor- 
riuniy  3  Ex  D.  142;  4  lb.  107;  48  L.  J.  Ex.  373).     Cp  Deceit. 

"Fraudulent,  or  Covinous,"  Conveyance,  within  Statutes  of  Eliz.; 
V,  Good:  Valuable. 

COWHOUSE.  — r.  Cattle^hed. 

COWKEEPER.  — A.  had  a  farm  of  104  acres  cultivated  so  that  no 
live  stock  was  required  to  be  kept  by  him  on  it;  he  kept  4  cows  solely 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  profit  by  their  milk  and  calves;  held,  he  was 
not  a  "  Cowkeeper  "  within  the  late  Bankruptcy  definition  of  "  Trader  " 
(Exp.  Dering,  Re  Crampy  16  L.  J.  Bank.  3;  1  D.  G.  398:  Vf,  Bell  v. 
Young,  24  L.  J.  C.  P.  66;  15  C.  B.  524).     F.  Dairy. 

CRAFT.  — F.  Tisddl  v.  Combe,  7  L.  J.  M.  C.  48;  7  A.  &  E.  788: 
Blanfordv.  Morrison^  15  Q.  B.  724;  19  L.  J.  Q.  B.  533:  Reed  v.  Ing- 
ham, 23  L.  J.  M.  C.  156;  3  E.  &  B.  889 :  RusseU  &  Erwin  Co  v.  Lodge, 
6  Times  Rep.  353. 

F.  Boat:  Wherry:  Risk  op  Craft. 

CRANAQE.  —  Is  a  customary  due  ''  for  the  taking  up  or  lading  on  a 
Ship  any  goods  or  merchandize  by  "  a  Crane  (Hale,  de  Portibus  Maris, 
ch.  6).     Fy  Termes  de  la  Ley. 

Lord  CRANWORTH'S  ACTS— Court  of  Probate  Act,  1867,  20 
&21V.  c.  77: 

Endowed  Schools  Act,  1860,  23  V.  c.  11 : 

For  giving  powers  to  Trustees  and  Mtgees,  23  &24y.  c.  145,  repealed 
and  replaced,  as  to  Parts  2  and  3,  by  Conv  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881;  and,  as  to 
Parts  1  and  4,  by  S.  L.  Act,  1882. 


CRAVE  TO  REFER     482  CREDIT 

CRAVE  LEAVE  TO  REFER.— A  Pleading  which  « craves  leave 
to  refer"  to  a  document  when  produced,  semhle^  does  not  admit  the 
document  {Barnard  v.  Widandj  30  W.  R.  947:  Vh^  Smith  v.  Buehan, 
36  W.  R.  631). 

CREATE.  —  An  Instrument  may  "create''  a  Trust  without  con- 
veying the  corpus  of  the  trust  to  the  trustee  {R.  v.  Fletcher^  L.  &  C. 
193,  199,  206). 

The  "  Creation  "  of  Debenture  Stock,  s.  30,  Comp  C.  Act,  1863,  oc- 
curs when  the  Resolution  authorising  its  issue  and  prescribing  its  con- 
ditions is  passed;  not  at  the  time  of  its  actual  issue  {Re  Burry  Port  Ry, 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  710;  33  W.  R.  741;  62  L.  T.  842). 

CREDIBLE  WITNESS.  — The  person  to  whom  a  bail-bond  was 
assigned  was  not  a  "  Credible  Witness  "  of  the  assignment  within  4  &  5 
Anne,  c.  16,  s.  20  (  White  v.  Barrack,  6  L.  J.  Ex.  167;  1  M.  &  W.  424). 

A  person  to  whom  an  estate  is  appointed,  even  though  by  way  of  Re- 
mainder; held,  not  a  "Credible  Witness"  to  the  execution  of  the 
appointment  {Doe  d.  Daniel  v.  Keir^  4  M.  &  R.  101 :  Vf,  Smith  v. 
Blackham,  1  Salk.  283) ;  but  a  person  who  is  appointed  Guardian,  is  a 
"  Credible  Witness  "  to  the  appointment,  within  s.  8,  12  Car.  2,  c,  24 
{Morgan  v.  Hatchell,  24  j:^.  J.  Ch.  136;  19  Bea.  86;  3  W.  R.  126;  24 
L.  T.  0.  S.  167). 

As  to  who  was  a  "Credible  Witness"  to  the  alteration  of  a  Will 
within  the  Statute  of  Frauds ;  V.  HiUiard  v.  Jennings^  Raym.  Ld.  606 : 
Holdfast  V.  Dowsing,  2  Stra.  1263:  Wyndham  v.  Chetwynd,  1  Bl.  W.  95. 

V,  Witness. 

CREDIT.  —  A  Guarantee  that  "if  you  give  A.  credit,  we  will  be 
responsible  that  his  payments  shall  be  regularly  made,"  is  a  Continuing 
Guarantee,  and  means,  "  if  you  trust "  him,  the  "  credit  •*  to  be  given 
him  is  to  be  a  fair  and  reasonable  credit  as  between  the  parties,  and  not 
such  as  is  merely  customary  in  the  trade  {Simpson  v.  Manley,  2  Cr.  & 
J.  12),  in  whc  Bolland,  J.,  said  that  the  Guarantee  was  for  "  the  pay- 
ment for  such  goods  as  should  be  advanced  on  credit " ;  "  regularly  made  " 
means,  "  regularly  made  according  to  the  terms  to  be  agreed  upon,  and 
not  according  to  the  terms  of  the  trade  "  (per  Lyndhurst,  C.  B.,  lb.), 

Vf,  Martin  v.  Wright,  6  Q.  B.  917;  14  L.  J.  Q.  B.  142:  Given. 

The  chief  ingredient  in  the  offence  of  a  Bankrupt  who  "  has  obtained 
any  property  on  Credit,  and  has  not  paid  for  the  same, "  s.  11  (13),  Debt- 
ors Act,  1869,  is  obtaining  the  property ;  for  though  the  subs,  provides 
that  it  is  to  be  "  by  False  Representation,  or  other  Fraud, "  yet  (per  Wills, 
J.)  such  False  Representation  or  other  Fraud  is  "  a  mere  piece  of  the  evi- 
dence necessary  to  constitute  the  offence  " ;  and,  whether  that  be  so  or 
no,  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  false  representation  or  fraud  should  have 
been  made  or  done  within  the  jurisdiction  {R,  v.  Mlis,  1899,  1  Q.  B. 


CREDIT  438  CREDITOR 

230;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  103;  79  L.  T.  632;  47  W.  R.  188;  62  J.  P.  838). 
Vf^  s.  13  (1)  of  same  Act,  on  whv  inf. 

An  undischarged  bankrupt  "  Obtains  Credit  "  for  goods,  within  s.  31, 
Bankry  Act,  1883,  when  he  obtains  them  and  does  not  pay  their  price ; 
although  nothing  may  be  said  about  credit,  or  any  term  of  credit,  at  the 
time  of  the  transaction  {R.  v.  Feters,  hh  L.  J.  M.  C.  173;  16  Q.  B.  D. 
636;  54  L.  T.  645;  34  W.  R.  399;  50  J.  P.  631;  16  Cox,  C.  C.  36: 
R,  y.  Jvbyy  3  Times  Hep.  211).  The  intent  to  defraud  is  immaterial 
{R.  V.  Dys<m,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  176;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  124). 

So,  a  customer  at  a  Restaurant  who  having  had  his  meal  is  without 
money  to  pay  for  it,  does  not  obtain  the  meal  by  a  Falsb  Prei^nge,  but, 
if  there  be  fraud,  he  *'  has  obtained  Credit  under  False  Pretences, ''  within 
8.  13  (1),  Debtors  Act,  1869  {R.  v.  Jonesy  189&  1  Q.  B.  119;  67  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  41;  77  L.  T.  503:  46  W.  R.  191:  F/.  R.  v.  Edwards,  42  S.  J. 
472). 

**  Amount  Standing  to  the  Credit  "  of  a  Member  in  a  Building  Socy; 
r.  Durham,  &c  Bg  Socy  v.  Davidson,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  473. 

Mutual  Credits;   V.  Mutual. 

V.  'Ability:  Bill  of  Cbbdit. 

CREDIT  IN  CASH.  —"The  words  'Credit  in  Cash,'  mean  'hold 
at  his  command,*  or  'pay  to  him' "  (per  Wilde,  C.  J.,  Eddison  v.  Col- 
lingridge,  19  L.  J.  C.  P.  268). 

CREDITOR.  — "'Creditor 'signifies  him  that  trusts  another  with 
any  Debt,  bee  it  money,  wares,  or  other  things  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley) ; 
but  now  it  is,  probably,  more  correct  to  say  that  the  general  meaning 
of  "  Creditor  "  ia,  a  person  to  whom  a  Debt  is  payable. 

In  Bankry,  "  Creditor, "  generally,  means  a  person  entitled  to  prove  in 
the  bankry  {Grace  y.  Bishop,  26  L.J.  Ex.  68;  11  Ex.  424:  Re  Poland, 
36  L.  J.  Bank.  19;  1  Ch.  366:  Woods  v.  De  Mattos,  36  L.  J.  Ex.  64; 
L.  R.  1  Ex.  91:  Svthe,  HoggaHh  v.  Taylor,  36  L.  J.  Ex.  61;  L.  R. 
2  Ex.  106) ;  and  does  not  include  a  mere  Brecelver  {Re  Sacker,  68  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  4;  22  Q.  B.  D.  179);  secus,  of  a  Sequestrator  {Re  Hayings,  inf), 
or  of  a  Divorce  Petitioner  to  whom  damages  from  a  Co-Bespondent  have 
been  given,  although  such  damages  may  be  subject  to  appropriation  by 
the  Court  {Re  (y  Gorman,  1899,  2  Q,  B.  62;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  660;  80  L.  T. 
601;  47  W.  R.  643).  Vf,  Debt  ob  Liability:  Fraudulent  Pre- 
ference; Secured  Creditor. 

A  person  claiming  Unliquidated  Damages  was  not  a  "Creditor," 
within  ss.  192,  197,  Bankry  Act,  1861  {Ex  p,  Wilmot,  Re  Thompson, 
2  Ch.  795;  36  L.  J.  Bank.  17:   Vf,  R.  v.  Hopkins,  inf). 

"His  Crs  generally,"  s.  4  (a),  Bankry  Act,  1883;  V.  Generally,  at 
end. 

"  The  word  *  Creditor/  as  used  in  s.     4  {g),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  is  not 

28 


CREDITOR  434  CREDITOR 

confined  to  persons  wlio  are  creditors  before  thej  begin  their  action,  but 
means  Judgment  Creditors  "  (per  Selborne,  C,  Be  Faithfully  Ex  p, 
Moore,  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  190;  14  Q.  B.  D.  627).  An  Executor  of  the 
Judgment  Creditor  (who  has  obtained  leave  to  issue  execution)  may 
serve  a  Bankrj  Notice  under  that  section  {Ee  WoodaUy  53  L.  J.  Ch. 
966;  13  Q.  B.  D.  479).  Vf  Obtained.  By  s.  1,  Bankry  Act,  1890, 
"any  person  who  is,  for  the  time  being,  entitled  to  Enfokce  a  Final 
Jdgmt  '*  is  a  "  Creditor  "  within  s.  4,  just  cited^  on  whv  Re  Clements, 
45  S.J.  81;  70L.  J.  Q.  B.  58. 

A  mere  Equitable  Assignment  of  a  jdgmt  debt  does  not  prevent  the 
Jdgmt  Cr  from  issuing  the  Notice  (Re  Palmer,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  419;  67 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  316;  77  L.  T.  709;  46  W.  R.  342).     F/*  Final  Judgment. 

A  Sequestrator  is  a  "  Creditor  "  within  s.  9,  Bankry  Act,  1883  {Ee 
Hastings,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  654;  67  L.  T.  234). 

"Creditor,"  who  has  completed  his  Execution  or  Attachment,  s.  45, 
Bankry  Act,  1883;   V.  Execution. 

In  8.  48,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  "  Creditor  "  includes,  any  person  who,  at 
the  date  of  the  preferential  act,  would  have  had  to  come  in  and  prove 
and  rank  with  the  other  Crs  in  the  bankry  of  the  person  making  the  pre- 
ference, e.g.  the  latter's  surety  (Ee  Paine,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  122;  66  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  71;  75  L.  T.  316;  45  W.  R.  190);  but  that  conclusion  was  not 
followed  in  Ee  Warren  (cited  Fraudulent  Preference,  whv), 

A  pit  in  an  action  for  Damages,  is  not  a  "  Creditor,"  within  s.  13  (2), 
Debtors  Act,  1869,  until  jdgmt  is  signed  {E.  v.  Hopkins,  1896,  1  Q.  B. 
652;  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  125:  Vf,  Ex  p.  WUmot,  sup).  V.  Judgment 
Creditor. 

"  A  cestui  que  trust  is  not  a  Creditor  of  his  trustee,  nor  is  a  Trustee  a 
creditor  of  his  Co-trustee  "  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Ee  Goldsmidj  Ex  p, 
Taylor,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  197;  18  Q.  B.  D.  295;  35  W.  R.  148;  citing 
Ee  Wilkinson,  Ex  p,  Stubbins,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  547;  17  Ch.  D.  58,  and 
Sinclair  v.  WiUon,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  537;  20  Bea.  324). 

The  assignee  of  a  debt  rightfully  using  the  name  of  his  assignor  is 
(semble)  a  "  Creditor  "  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  a  petition  for  Wind- 
ing-up a  Co  under  s.  82,  Comp  Act,  1862  (Ee  Loud,  &  Birmn.  Flint 
Glass  &  Alkali  Co,  28  L.  J.  Bank.  17;  ID.  G.  F.  &  J.  257:  Ee 
Paris  Skating  Eink  Co,  5  Ch.  D.  959). 

But  a  person  whose  debt  is  secured  by  a  Bill  not  mature,  though  he 
have  notice  that  it  will  not  be  met  (Ee  Powell,  W.  N.  (92)  94),  or  whose 
debt  has  been  attached,  is  not  a  "  Creditor  "  within  such  section  {Ee 
European  Bankg  Co,  Exp,  Baylis,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  690;  L.  R.  2  Eq.  521); 
nor  is  a  garnishee  (Ee  Combined  Weighing  Co,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  26;  43  Ch. 
D.  99);  nor  is  a  claimant  for  unliquidated  damages  (Ee  Penr-y-van  Colly 
Co,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  390;  6  Ch.  D.  477);  nor  an  unpaid  vendor  of  land, 
compulsorily  taken,  whose  title  remains  unaccepted  (Ee  Milford  Docks 
Co,  Exp,  Lister,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  774;  23  Ch.  D.  292);  nor  will  the  un- 


CREDITOR  435  CREEK 

taxed  costs  of  an  arbitration  constitute  such  a  vendor  a  **  Creditor  "  (Ilf»). 
Note.  The  holder  of  a  current  Life  Policy  can  petition  under  this  sec- 
tion (ss.  2,  21,  33  &  34  V.  c.  61).     f/Buckl.  260. 

A  Lessor,  qu4  future  rent  under  his  lease,  is  a  "  Creditor  "  within 
ss.  13,  14,  Corap  Act,  1867,  and,  as  such,  entitled  to  object  to  a  proposal 
for  reducing  a  Co's  Capital  {Re  Telegraph  Construction  Co,  L.  R.  10  Eq. 
384;  18  W.  R.  729;  22  L.  T.  649). 

"Creditor,"  s.  2,  Joint  Stock  Companies  Arrangement  Act,  1870,  33 
&  34  V.  c.  104,  which  enlarges  ss.  159, 160,  Comp  Act,  1862,  means,  any 
person  having  any  pecuniary  claim  against  a  Co  (Be  Midland  Coal  Co, 
1895,  1  Ch.  267;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  279;  71  L.  T.  705;  43  W.  R.  244),  e.g. 
Debenture  holders  (Re  Alabama,  &c  Rg,  1891,  1  Ch.  213;  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
221 ;  approving  Re  Empire  Mining  Co,  44  Ch.  D.  402 ;  59  L.  J.  Ch.  345). 

"Creditors  and  others,"  13  Eliz.  c.  5;  —  "It  is  conceived  that  the 
words  *  creditors  and  others '  are  wide  enough  to  include  any  person  who 
has  a  legal  demand  against  the  settlor,  so  that  he  may  rank  as  a  Creditor, 
although  at  the  date  of  the  settlement  he  may  have  no  legal  right  to 
enforce  it.  The  character  of  the  claim,  so  long  as  it  is  a  legal  one, 
seems  immaterial "  (May  on  Fraudulent  Conv.,  2  ed.,  163).  A  mort- 
gagee,  fully  secured,  is  not  such  creditor  (Lister  v.  Turner,  5  Hare,  281 : 
Dolphin  V.  Aylward,  L.  R,  4  H.  L.  486;  23  L.  T.  636),  unless  he  re- 
linquish  (Lister  v.  Turner,  sup);  but  he  is  such  creditor  as  regards  so 
much  of  his  debt  as  the  mortgage  does  not  cover  (Harman  v.  Richards, 

10  Hare,  81).     Vf,  May  on  Fraudulent  Conv.  Part  2,  ch.  8. 

Since  the  Parliamentary  Deposits  and  Bonds  Act,  1892,  55  &  66  V. 
c.  27,  the  distinction  between  Meritorious  and  Non-meritorious  Crs,  qu4 
sharing  in  a  Parliamentary  Deposit,  has  ceased;  "  Creditors,"  s.  1  (2)  of 
the  Act,  means,  all  Crs,  and  is  not  limited  to  those  of  the  particular 
abandoned  Undertaking  (Ex  p.  Bradford  Trams,  1893,  3  Ch.  463;  62 
L.  J.  Ch.  668;  69  L.  T.  131). 

"  Creditor  or  Claimant " ;   V.  Claimant. 

Stat.  Def.  — 11  &  12  V.  c.  45,  s.  3;  Bankry  Act,  1861,  s.  229.  —  Scot. 
2  &  3  V.  c.  41,  s.  3;     8  &  9  V.  c.  31,  s.  12;     10  &  11  V.  c.  50,  s.  14; 

11  &  12  V.  c.  36,  s.  52;  19  &  20  V.  c.  79,  s.  4;  31  &  32  V.  c.  101, 
s.  3;  38  &  39  V.  c.  61,  s.  3;  57  &  58  V.  c.  44,  s.  18.  —  Jr.  12  &  13 
V.  c.  107,  s.  118;    20  &  21  V.  c.  60,  s.  4;     21  &  22  V.  c.  105,  s.  3. 

CREDITS. — V.  Rights  and  Credits:  Mutual. 

CREEK.  —  "A  Creek  is  of  two  kinds,  viz.  Creeks  of  the  Sea,  and 
Creeks  of  Ports.  The  former  sort  are  such  little  inlets  of  the  Sea, 
whether  within  the  precinct  or  extent  of  a  Port  or  without,  which  are 
narrow  little  passages,  and  have  Shore  of  either  side  of  them.  Creeks 
of  Ports,  are  by  a  kind  of  civil  denomination  such.  They  are  such  that, 
though  possibly  for  their  extent  and  situation  they  might  be  Ports  yet. 


CREEK  436  CRIME 

they  are  either  members  of,  or  dependent  upon,  other  Ports  "  (Hale,  de 
Port i  bus  Maris,  ch.  2). 

An  Arm  or  Creek  of  the  Sea  is  "  where  the  Sea  flows  and  reflows,  and 
so  far  onl J  as  tho  Sea  so  flows  and  reflows ;  so  that  the  Ei ver  of  Thames 
above  Kingston,  and  the  River  of  Severn  above  Tewkesbury,  &c,  though 
there  they  are  Public  Rivers  yet,  are  not  Arms  of  the  Sea.  But  it  seems 
that,  although  the  water  be  fresh  at  high-water  yet,  the  denomination 
of  an  Ai-m  of  the  Sea  continues  if  it  flow  and  reflow,  as  in  Thames 
above  the  Bridge  "  (Hale,  de  Jure  Maris,  ch.  4).  Vf^  Callis,  ^^  where 
an  *•  Arm  of  the  Sea  "  is  used  not  quite  synonymously  with  "  Creek  of 
the  Sea." 

V.  Haven. 

CREMATION.—  V.  Burial:  Christian  Burial. 

CREW.  —  "  The  Crew  **  does  not  always  mean  the  whole  crew  {Frazer 
V.  Hatton,  2  C.  B.  N.  S.  612;  26  L.  J.  C.  P.  227). 

The  Cattle-men  of  a  Cargo  Owner  are  not  part  of  the  "  Crew,**  though 
they  may  help  to  work  the  ship  {Anglo-Argentine  Agency  v.  Temperleg 
Co,  cited  General  Average).    Cp  Seaman.     F.  Officer. 

CRIME.  —  ''A  Crime  or  Misdemesnor  is  an  act  committed,  or  omit^ 
ted,  in  violation  of  a  Public  Law  either  forbidding  or  commanding  it. 
This  general  definition  comprehends  both  Crimes  and  Misdemesnors 
which,  properly  speaking,  are  mere  synonymous  terms;  though,  in  com- 
mon usage,  the  word  '  Crimes '  is  made  to  denote  such  offences  are  of  a 
deeper  and  more  atrocious  dye;  while  smaller  faults  and  omissions  of 
less  consequence  are  comprised  under  the  gentler  names  of  *  Misde- 
mesnors '  only  "  (4  Bl.  Com.  6 :  Fa,  per  Bayley,  J.,  Mann  v.  Otven^ 
9  B.  &  C.  699,  600 :  per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  E.  v.  TyZer,  1891,  2  Q.  B.  594). 
Cp  Misdemeanor. 

"  A  Crime  I  would  define  as  an  Offence  against  the  Crown  for  which 
an  Indictment  will  lie  "  (per  Day,  J.,  Canybeare  v.  London  School  Bdy  • 
1891,  1  Q.  B.  118;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  44);  but  an  Offence  punishable  by 
Indictment,  —  e.g,  a  Conspiracy  to  interfere  with  the  administration  of 
Justice,  —  is  none  the  less  a  Crime  because  a  stattite  is  passed  whereby 
it  may  be  punished  Summarily;  and  a  person  so  ''punished  with  im- 
prisonment "  for  such  a  ''  Crime/'  is  disqualified  for  being  a  Member  of 
a  School  Board,  under  33  &  34  V.  c.  75,  Sch  2,  Part  1,  R.  14  {S.  C). 
On  the  general  meaning  of  ''  Crime  "  it  is  submitted  that  the  words 
italicised  are  too  narrowing,  and  that  the  general  interpretation  of 
"  Crime  "  is,  an  Offence  against  the  Crown  punishable  by  Fine  or  Im- 
prisonment. Thus,  a  power  to  a  Colonial  Governor  to  pardon  any 
offender  "Convicted  of  any  Crime,"  and  to  "remit  any  Fines,  Penal 
ties,  or  Forfeitures,"  enables  him  to  pardon  Contempt  of  Court  and  to 
remit  its  punishment  {Re  Moselegy  1893,  A.  C.  138;  62  L.  J.  P.  C.  79). 


CRIME  437  CRIM.  CAUSE 

On  the  other  hand,  an  act  or  omission,  — e.g.  an  Overseer  not  paying 
over  moneys  in  his  hands  for  which  he  may  be  charged  by  the  Auditor, 
s.  32,  7  &  8  v.  c.  101,  —  may  be  indictable  without  being  a  Crime  {R, 
V.  Tucker^  5  M.  &  S.  508:  R,  v.  Master^  cited  Offence:  in  tldcy 
Mellor,  J.,  said,  "  In  Bancroft  v.  Mitchell^  L.  R.  2  Q.  B.  649,  that  an 
Indictment  would  lie,  was  said  not  to  be  the  test  whether  the  act  was 
criminal  or  not "). 

Qu4  Prevention  of  Crimes  Act,  1871,  34  &  36  V.  c.  112,  "  Crime  " 
**  means,  in  England  and  Ireland^  any  Felony,  or  the  offence  of  Uttering 
False  or  Counterfeit  Coin,  or  of  possessing  Counterfeit  Gold  or  Silver 
Coin,  or  the  offence  of  Obtaining  Goods  or  Money  by  False  Pretences, 
or  the  offence  of  Conspiracy  to  defraud,  or  any  Misdemeanor  under  s.  68, 
24  &  2B  y.  c.  96;  and,  in  Scotland^  any  of  the  Pleas  of  the  Crown,  any 
Theft  which  (in  respect  of  any  aggravation,  or  of  the  amount  in  value 
of  the  money,  goods,  or  thing  stolen)  may  be  punished  with  Penal  Ser- 
vitude, any  Forgery,  and  any  Uttering  of  any  Forged  Writing,  False- 
hood, Fraud  and  Wilful  Imposition,  Uttering  Base  Coin,  or  the  possession 
of  such  Coin  with  intent  to  utter  the  same  "  (s.  20). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  Scot  35  &  36  V.  c.  33,  s.  16,  c.  38,  s.  14;  60  &  61 
V.c.35,8.1;  61  &  62  V. c.  36,  8.9.  — /r.  45  &  46  V.c.  26,  8.  34;  60 
&  61  V.  c.  20,  8.  6. 

V,  Offence. 

"Crimes  by  bankrupts  against  Bankry  LaWy^  in  an  Extradition 
Treaty,  connotes  such  crimes  by  the  bankrupt,  and  does  not  include  an 
accomplice  {Re  Counhayej  L.  R.  8  Q.  B.  410;  42  L.  J.  Q.  B.  217:  Si\ 
Exp,  Terraz,  4  Ex.  D.  63;  48  L.  J.  Ex.  214). 

"  Crimes  and  Offences  against  the  Laws  of  China  ";  V.  A^G,  of  Hong 
Kong  V.  Ktook-^-Sing,  42  L.  J.  P.  C.  64;  L.  R.  6  P.  C.  179. 

CRIMINAL  CAUSE.  — A  Judgment  in  a  "Criminal  Cause  or 
Matter,"  means  "any  decision  by  way  of  judicial  determination  of  any 
question  with  regard  to  proceedings  the  subject-matter  of  which  is 
criminal,  at  whatever  stage  it  arises  "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Re  Woodhall, 
inf)y  e.g.  proceedings  before  Justices  which  mag  terminate  in  the  im- 
prisonment of  defendant  {Seaman  v.  Burlegj  1896,  2  Q.  B.  344;  65  L.  J. 
M.  C.  208;  46  W.  R.  1;  76  L.  T.  91). 

A  Commission  of  Rebellion  for  Contempt,  is  not  a  "  Criminal  Matter," 
within  8.  9,  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  31  Car.  2,  c.  2  {Cobbett  v.  Slowman^ 
9  Ex.  633;  23  L.  J.  Ex.  144). 

A  Certiorari  to  quash  a  conviction  for  trespassing  in  pursuit  of  game 
on  the  ground  that  the  justices'  jurisdiction  was  ousted  by  a  bond  fide 
Claim  of  Right,  is  a  "  Criminal  Cause  or  Matter  "  within  s.  47,  Jud.  Act, 
1873  {R,  V.  Fletcher,  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  4;  2  Q.  B.  D.  43;  36  L.  T.  638) ;  so 
is  a  Conviction  under  a  Bye-Law  which  is  alleged  to  be  ultra  vires  {Burnett 
V.  Berrg^  12  Times  Rep.  464);  so  is  an  Order  discharging  a  rule  nisi 


CRIM.  CAUSE         438         CRIM.  CAUSE 

for  a  Certiorari  to  bring  up  an  Order,  under  s.  100,  Larceny  Act,  1861, 
to  Restore  property  (R,  v.  Central  Crim.  Court^  66  L.  J.  M.  C.  25;  18 
Q.  B.  D.  314);  so  is  an  application  for  a  Mandamus  to  Justices  to  state 
a  Case  on  a  Criminal  Infobmatiox  {Brosman  v.  Itoche,  22  L.  K.  Ir.  334  : 
Ex  p.  Schofieldy  1891,  2  Q.  B.  428;  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  167;  39  W.  R.  680; 
66  J.  P.  4:  ^.  V.  Tyler,  1891,  2  Q.  B.  688;  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  38),  or  to 
hear  a  Summons  in  a  Criminal  Cause  {R.  r.  Young^  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  42; 
66  L.  T.  16);  so  is  an  Order  for  a  Criminal  Prosecution  for  Libel,  under 
8.  8,  61  <&  62  V.  c.  64  {Ex  p.  Fulbrook,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  86;  61  L.  J.  M.  C- 
91;  66  L.  T.  169;  40  W.  R.  176;  b^  J.  P.  293),  or  a  Q.  B.  D.  Order 
attaching  a  constable  for  refusing  to  aid  a  sheriff  in  the  execution  of  a 
writ  {A-  G.  V.  Kissane,  inf ) ;  so  is  a  Taxation  of  the  Costs  of  a  success- 
ful defendant  in  a  criminal  information  for  Libel  (JS.  y.  Steely  46  L.  J. 
M.  C.  1;  2  Q.  B.  D.  37;  26  W.  R.  ^4;  35  L.  T.  634);  or  proceedings  to 
enforce  Poor  Rate  (Seaman  v.  Burlet/f  sup  :  but  Cpy  Southwark  &  Vaujc- 
hall  W,  W,  Coy.  Hampton,  cited  Claimed)  ;  or  an  Information  for  con- 
travening Bye- Laws  of  a  School  Board  (Mellar  v.  Denham,  49  L.  J.  M.  C. 
89;  5  Q.  B.  D.  467;  42  L.  T.  493);  or  an  Order  to  abate  Nuisance  under 
P.  H.  Act,  1876  {Ex  p.  Whitchurch,  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  99;  7  Q.  B.  D. 
634) ;  and  so,  generally,  of  a  Justices'  Order  disobedience  to  which  may 
afterwards  be  enforced  by  a  penalty  {Payne  v.  Wright,  61  L.  J.  M.  C. 
114;  66  L.  T.  148;  56  J.  P.  664),  seciis,  if  the  Order  does  not  result  iii 
either  Fine  or  Imprisonment  (Loughborough  v.  Curzon,  65  L.  J.  M.  C. 
122;  17  Q.  B.  D.  344;  65  L.  T.  60;  34  W.  R.  621;  60  J.  P.  788).  The 
proceedings,  if  against  a  Corporation,  are  none  the  less  a  "  Criminal 
Cause  or  Matter  "  if  a  penalty  is  sought  thereby,  or  if  imprisonment 
might  follow  if  they  were  against  an  individual  (Southport  v.  Birkdale, 
76  L.  T.  318;  18  Cox,  C.  C.  537).  A  refusal  of  Bail  is  a  "Criminal 
Cause  or  Matter"  (R,  v.  Foote,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  628;  10  Q.  B.  D.  378); 
or  an  application  for  a  Certiorari  under  s.  3,  Palmer  Act,  19  &  20  V. 
c.  16  (R.  V.  Rudge,  bb  L.  J.  M.  C.  112;  16  Q.  B.  D.  459;  34  W.  R. 
207);  or,  a  fortiori,  an  Information  for  keeping  a  dog  without  a  License 
(R.  V.  Suilivan,  8  Ir.  Rep.  C.  L.  404;  19  S.  J.  235).  Vf,  Cattel  v.  /re- 
son,  27  L.  J.  M.  C.  167;  E.  B.  i&  E.  91 :  Parker  v.  Green,  31  L.  J.  M.  C. 
133;  2  B.  &  S.  299:  R.  v.  Hawkhurst,  26  J  P.  772;  7  L.  T.  268: 
Blake  v.  Beech,  46  L.  J,  M.  C.  Ill;  2  Ex.  D.  336:  Re  Dean  of  York^ 
2  Q.  B.  1. 

But  an  application  for  a  mandamus  to  Election  Commissioners  to 
grant  a  witness  a  Certificate  of  Indemnity  is  not  a  "Criminal  Cause" 
within  s.  47,  Jud.  Act,  1873  (R.  v.  Holt,  7  Q.  B.  D.  675;  50  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
763);  nor  is  an  application  for  Excusal  from  an  electoral  Illegal  Practice 
{Ex  p.  Walker,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  190;  22  Q.  B.  D.  384);  nor  a  habeas 
corpus  in  an  Ecclesiastical  Suit  (Cox  v.  Hakes,  16  App.  Ca.  606;  60 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  89;  63  L.  T.-392;  39  W.  R.  145;  54  J.  P.  820),  secus,  if 
the  subject-matter  of  the  proceedings  against  the  prisoner  be  criminal 


CRIM.  CAUSE         439       CRIM.  PRISONER 

{Re  Woadhall,  57  L.  J.  M.  C.  71;  20  Q.  B.  D.  832;  30  W.  R.  655: 
Svf  Re  KeUcTy  22  L.  R.  Ir.  158).  A  committal  to  prison  for  non-payment 
of  Poor,  or  Highway,  Rates  is  a  civil,  and  not  a  criminal,  process  {R,  v. 
Whitecross  Street  Prison^  34  L.  J.  M.  C.  193;  6  B.  &  S.  371).  An 
application  to  strike  a  Solicitor  off  the  Rolls  on  the  ground  of  misconduct 
is  not  a  "  Criminal  Cause  or  Matter  "  {Re  Hardwick,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  64^ 
12  Q.  B.  D.  148;  32  W.  R.  191:  Re  Eede,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  376;  25 
Q.  B.  D.  228;  38  W.  R.  683.  Vh  Criminal  Peisoxer),  secus,  of  an  im- 
prisonment of  an  unqualified  person  for  acting  as  a  Solicitor  {Re  Wall, 
32  S.  J.  693).  An  Information  for  penalties  on  the  revenue  side  of  the 
old  Court  of  Exchequer  was  not  a  "  Criminal  Cause  "  {A-G.  v,  Radloff, 
23  L.  J.  Ex.  240;  10  Ex.  84:  28  &  29  V.  c.  104:  per  Brett,  M.  R., 
AG.  V.  Bradlaugh,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  215;  14  Q.  B.  D.  690:  Vf,  Howes 
V.  InL  Rev.y  1  Ex.  D.  385;  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  15:  A-G.  v.  Moore,  3  Ex.  D. 
276;  47  L.  J.  M.  C.  103);  nor  is  an  action  to  recover  a  penalty  under 
1  G.  1,  St.  2,  c.  13,  s.  17,  for  voting  in  parliament  without  having  taken 
the  oath  {Miller  v.  Salomons^  21  L.  J.  Ex.  161;  22  lb.  169;  7  Ex.  475; 
8  lb.  778) ;  nor  an  Information  by  the  Attorney-General  to  recover  pen- 
alties under  the  Parliamentary  Oaths  Act,  1866  {A-G.  v.  Bradlaughy 
54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  205;  14  Q.  B.  D.  667).     F/,  Civil  Debt:  Claimed. 

An  appeal  lies  to  the  Court  of  Appeal  against  an  Order  of  the  High 
Court  committing  a  Bankrupt  under  s.  24  (4),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  for 
wilfully  failing  to  deliver  up  possession  of  his  property,  not  because  it  is 
not  a  "  Criminal  Cause  or  Matter"  but,  because  s.  104  (2),  lb.  (which, 
note,  is  subsequent  in  date  to  Jud.  Act,  1873),  gives  the  appeal  from 
Bankry  Orders  {Re  Ashivin,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  417;  25  Q.  B.  D.  271). 

Q>,  Criminal  Suit:  Offence:  Forfeit. 

By  s.  15,  Jud.  Act,  1884,  Quo  Warranto  is  a  Civil  proceeding, 
"whether  for  purposes  of  appeal  or  otherwise." 

Contempt  of  Court  in  doing  or  not  doing  something  in  a  Civil  Action, 
is  not  a  "  Criminal  Cause  or  Matter"  {Re  EvanSy  1893,  1  Ch.  252;  62 
L.  J.  Ch.  413:  R.  v.  Bernardo^  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  553;  23  Q.  B.  D.  305; 
61  L.  T.  547;  37  W.  R.  789 :  Vf,  Ann.  Pr.  under  s.  47,  Jud.  Act,  1873) ; 
secusy  where  the  contempt  is  of  a  criminal  nature,  e.g.  publishing  com- 
ments calculated  to  prejudice  a  trial  (O^Shea  v.  O^Shea,  59  L.  J.  P.  D. 

6  A.  47;  15  P.  D.  59;  62  L.  T.  713;  38  W.  R.  374),  or  a  constable 
refusing  to  aid  a  sheriff  {A-G.  v.  Kissaney  32  L.  R.  Ir.  220). 

CRIMINAL   LETTER.  —  V.  Indictment,  towards  end. 

CRIMINAL   LUNATIC V.  Lunatic. 

CRIMINAL  PRISONER.  —  A  person  summarily  committed  to 
prison  for  acting  as  a  Solicitob  without  being  qualified  (s.  32,  6  & 

7  V.  c.  73),  is  a  *' Criminal  Prisoner"  within  b.  4,  Prison  Act,  1865; 
and  is  not  a  person  "  imprisoned  under  any  Rule^  Order,  or  Attachment, 


CRIM.  PRISONER      440     CROFTING  PARISH 

for  Contempt  of  Court "  within  s.  41,  Prison  Act,  .1877  (Osborne  v.  Mil- 
many  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  263;  18  Q.  B.  D.  471;  66  L.  T.  808;  35  W.  B. 
397;  51  J.  P.  437;  3  Times  Rep.  452). 

^ote.  The  present  County  Court  has  no  power  to  commit  as  for 
"  Contempt  of  Court "  (s.  36,  6  &  7  V.  c.  73;  s.  26,  23  &  24  V,  c.  127)  an 
unqualified  person  who  practises  in  such  Co.  Co.  as  a  Solr  (E.  v.  Bramp- 
ton Co.  Co.  Judge,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  195;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  604;  68  L.  T.  829; 

41  W.  R.  648;  57  J.  P.  648);  nor,  indeed,  for  any  other  cause  than  those 
specified  in  ss.  162,  167,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888  (B.  y.  Lefioy,  Exp.  JoUiffej 

42  L.  J.  Q.  B.  121 ;  L.  E.  8  Q.  B.  134),  and  in  those  cases  where  Orders 
may  be  enforced  by  Attachment. 

V.  Crime:  Offence.     Cp,  Civil  Pbisoneb:  Prisoner. 

Stat.  Def.  — /Scof.  2&3V.  c.  42,  s.  63;    23  &  24  V.  c.  105,  s.  4;    40 

6  41  V.  c  53,  8.  71. 

CRIMINAL  PROCEEDING.— r.  Proceeding:  Prosecution: 
Criminal  Cause:   Criminal  Suit. 

CRIMINAL   PROSECUTION V.  Prosecution. 

CRIMINAL  SUIT.  —  A  proceeding  to  recover  penalties  for  Non- 
Residence  (under  1  &  2  V.  c.  106,  ss.  32,  114)  is  not  a  "  Criminal  Suit " 
within  the  Church  Discipline  Act,  1840,  3  &  4  Y.  c.  86,  s.  23  (Backham 
V.  Blucky  16  L.  J.  Q.  B.  82;  9  Q.  B.  691) ;  nor  is  a  proceeding  under  the 
Public  Worship  Act,   1874  {Harris  v.  Perkins,  51  L.   J.  P.  C.  83; 

7  P.  D.  31,  161) :  Seats,  as  regards  proceedings  to  examine  the  proofs 
of  an  ecclesiastical  offence,  for  the  purpose  of  deprivation  {Be  Dean  of 
Yorkj  2  Q.  B.  1).     Cp  Criminal  Cause. 

CROFT.  —  "A  Croft  is  a  little  close,  or  pightle,  adjoining  to  a  house, 
used  either  for  pasture  or  arable,  as  the  owner  pleases.  In  many  places 
such  close  is  called  a  Ham  "  (Preston's  addns.  to  p.  95,  Touch.).  Va 
Termes  de  la  Ley. 

CROFTER.— Qui  Crofters  Holdings  (Scot)  Act,  1886,  49  &  50  V. 
c.  29,  "  'Crofter,'  means,  any  person  who,  at  the  passing  of  this  Act,  is 
tenant  of  a  Holding  from  year  to  year,  who  resides  on  his  holding  the 
annual  rent  of  which  does  not  exceed  £30  in  money,  and  which  is  situate 
in  a  Crofting  Parish;  and  the  successors  of  such  person  in  the  holding 
heing  his  heirs  or  legatees  "  (s.  34:  Fa  60  &  61  V.  c.  53,  s.  10).  Cp 
Cottar. 

CROFTI NQ  PARISH.  —  Quk  same  Act, "  *  Crofting  Parish, '  means, 
a  Parish  in  which  there  are,  at  the  commencement  of  this  Act,  or  have 
been  within  eighty  years  prior  thereto,  Holdings  consisting  of  arable 
land  held  with  a  right  of  pasturage  in  common  with  others,  and  in  which 
there  still  are  tenants  of  holdings  from  year  to  year  who  reside  on  their 


CROFTING  PARISH     441  CROSSING 

holdings,  the  annual  rent  of  which  respectively  does  not  exceed  £30  in 
money,  at  the  commencement  of  this  Act "  (s.  34 :  Fa,  60  &  61 Y.  c.  53, 
8.  10). 

CROP.  — "  Crops,"  8.  6  (a),  60  &  61  V.  c.  26;  V.  Cooper  v.  Pearse, 
1896,  1  Q.  B.  662;  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  95;  74  L.  T.  495;  44  W.  R.  494; 
60  J.  P.  282. 

Qui  Game  Laws  Amendment  (Scot)  Act,  1877,  40  &  41  V.  c.  28, 
"  'Crop,'  shall  include  Grass,  whether  intended  for  hay  or  pasture,  ex- 
cept where  grown  upon  Muirlands  "  (s.  3). 

CROSS.  — "Cross  Cause";   V.  Principal  Cause. 

Cross  Remainders'^  "  When  lands  are  given  in  undivided  shares  to  two 
or  more  for  Particular  Estates,  so  as  t'hat,  upon  the  determination  of  the 
particular  estates  in  any  of  those  shares,  they  remain  over  to  the  other 
grantees,  —  and  the  Reversioner  or  Remainder-man  is  not  let  in  till  the 
determination  of  all  the  Particular  Estates,  —  the  grantees  take  their  orig- 
inal shares  as  Tenants  in  Common,  and  the  Remainders  limited  among 
them  on  the  failure  of  the  particular  estates  are  known  hy  the  appellation 
of  '  Cross  Remainders '  "  (Butler's  n,  Co.  Litt.  196  h).  Vh,  Elph.  289- 
294:  Jarm.  ch.  42:  Theohald,  649:  4  Encyc.  42,  43.    Cp  Remainder. 

Qui  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "  Cross  Wall,"  "  means  a  Wall  used,  or 
constructed  to  he  used,  in  any  part  of  its  height  as  an  Inner  wall  of  a 
Building  for  separation  of  one  part  from  another  part  of  the  huilding, 
that  huilding  heiug  wholly  in,  or  heing  constructed  or  adapted  to  he 
wholly  in,  one  occupation  "  (suhs.  17,  s.  6,  expanding  def  in  Metrop  Bg 
Act,  1865,  s.  3). 

CROSSING.  — "Crossing"  a  Cheque  generally  and  specially;  F. 
ss.  76,  77,  78,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882 :  Not  Negotiable.  Vf,  19  &  20 
V.  c.  2b'y    21  &  22  V.  c.  79,  ss.  1,  3. 

"Crossing  of  Roads,  or  other  interference  therewith,"  Preamhle  to 
ss.  46-62,  Ry  C.  C.  Act,  1846;  FA,  Tanner  v.  SoxUh  Wales  Ry,  5  E.  & 
B.618;  26L.  J.  Q.  B.  7. 

Ships  "Crossing,"  Sailing  Rules,  No.  14,  repld  Regns  for  Preventing 
Collisions  at  Sea,  1884,  Art.  16;  V.  Gen.  Steam  Nav.  Co  v.  Hedley, 
39  L.  J.  Adm.  20;  L.  R.  3  P.  C.  44:  The  Moliere,  1893,  P.  217;  62 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  102;  69  L.  T.  263:  The  Leverinf/toUy  55  L.  J.  P. 
D.  &  A.  78;  11  P.  D.  117 :  The  Pekin,  1897,  A.  C.  632;  66  L.  J.  P.  C. 
97;  77  L.  T.  443:  Overtaking  Ship.  It  is  a  question  of  fact  in  each 
case  whether  a  Steamer  turning  round  in  the  River  Thames  is,  or  is  not, 
a  *'  Steam  Vessel  crossing  from  one  side  of  the  river  towards  the  other," 
within  No.  48,  Thames  Bye  Laws  (The  John  HoUoway^  1900,  P.  37; 
69  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  16;  81  L.  T.  726;  48  W.  R.  416:  Vfy  The  River 
Derwent,  62  L.  T.  46;  7  Asp.  37). 


CROWN  442  CRUELTY 

CROWN.  —  In  every  Act  of  Parliament,  "  references  to  the  Sovereign 
reigning  at  the  time  of  the  passing  of  the  Act  or  to  the  Crown  shall,  unless 
the  contrary  intention  appears,  be  construed  as  references  to  the  Sovereign 
for  the  time  being;  and  this  Act  shall  be  binding  on  the  Crown  "  (s.  30, 
Interp  Act,  1889).     V,  Quken. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —31  &  32  V.  c.  101,  s.  3. 

Note,  The  Prerogative  of  the  Crown  is  as  extensive  in  the  Colonies 
as  in  Great  Britain  {Maritime  Bank  of  Canada  v.  Receiver-Gen.  New 
Brunswick,  1892,  A.  C.  437;  61  L.  J.  P.  C.  75;  67  L.  T.  126). 

"  Crown  or  Government  " ;      V.  Government. 

"  Crown  Cases  Reserved, "  qui  Jud.  Acts,  means,  "  such  questions  of 
law  reserved  in  Criminal  Trials  as  are  mentioned  in  "  11  &  12  V.  c.  78 
(Jud.  Act,  1873,  8.  100;  Jud.  Act  (Ir),  1877,  s.  3). 

"  Crown  Colony,"  qui  Federal  Council  of  Australia  Act,  1885,  48  & 
49  V.  c.  60,  means,  "  any  Colony  in  which  the  control  of  Public  Officers 
is  retained  by  **  the  Imperial  Government  (s.  1)  :  that  def  is,  probably, 
of  general  acceptation. 

"  Crown  Lands,^*  qui  Queensland  Goldfields  Act,  1874;  V.  Osborne  v. 
Morgan,  57  L.  J.  P.  C.  52;  13  App.  Ca.  227:— qui  New  South  Wales 
Crown  Lands  Act,  1884;  V.  Tearle  v.  JSdols,  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  58;  13  App. 
Ca.  183. 

"  The  Crown  Lands  Acts,  1829  to  1894  ";  V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act, 
1896. 

"  *  Crown  Office,  '  means,  the  Office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Crown  in 
Chancery"  (s.  7,  40  &  41  V.  c.  41). 

Crown  Prosecutor',   V.  Prosecuting. 

Crown  Purposes;   V.  "Beneficial  Occupation,"  sub  Beneficial. 

"  Crown  Writ ";  Scot.  31  &  32  V.  c.  101,  s.  3. 

r.  Claim. 

CRUELLY.  —  "  Cruelly  ill-treat  ";   F.  Cruelty,  to  Animals. 

CRUELTY.  —  Matrimonial  Cruelty:  "Lord  Stowell's  judgment  in 
Evans  V.  Evans  (1  Hagg.  Con.  35)  is  the  great  authority  on  questions 
of  legal  cruelty.  That  very  eminent  judge,  whom  I  may  in  some  sense 
consider  as  a  predecessor  of  my  own,  remarks  on  the  mischiefs  which 
would  ensue  from  giving  the  sanction  of  law  to  the  separation  of  man 
and  wife  too  easily,  or  on  the  mere  disinclination  of  one  or  both  of  the 
parties  to  live  together.  'When  people,'  he  continues,  '  understand  that 
they  must  live  together,  except  for  a  very  few  reasons  known  to  the  law, 
they  learn  to  soften  by  mutual  accommodation  that  yoke  which  they 
know  they  cannot  shake  off;  they  become  good  husbands  and  good  wives 
from  the  necessity  of  remaining  husbands  and  wives ;  for  necessity  is  a 
powerful  master  in  teaching  the  duties  which  it  imposes.'  Lord  Stowell 
refused  to  give  any  strict  definition  of  cruelty.     The  causes   which 


CRUELTY  443  CRUELTY 

warrant  separation  '  must  be  grave  and  weighty,  and  such  as  show  an 
absohite  impossibility  that  the  duties  of  the  married  life  can  be  dis- 
charged. In  a  state  of  personal  danger  no  duties  can  be  discharged,  for 
the  duties  of  self-preservation  must  take  place  before  the  duties  of  mar- 
riage. WTiat  merely  wounds  the  mental  feelings  is  in  few  cases  to  be 
admitted,  where  it  is  not  accompanied  with  bodily  injury,  either  actual 
or  menaced.  Mere  austerity  of  temper,  petulance  of  manners,  rudeness 
of  language,  a  want  of  civil  attention  and  accommodation,  even  occasional 
sallies  of  passion,  if  they  do  not  threaten  bodily  harm,  do  not  amount  to 
legal  cruelty;  they  are  high  moral  offences  in  the  marriage  state  un- 
doubtedly, not  innocent  surely  in  any  state  of  life,  but  still  they  are  not 
that  cruelty  against  which  the  law  can  relieve.  Under  such  misconduct 
of  either  of  the  parties,  for  it  may  exist  on  one  side  as  well  as  on  the 
other,  the  suffering  party  must  bear  in  some  degree  the  consequences  of 
an  injudicious  connection,  must  subdue  by  decent  resistance,  or  by 
prudent  conciliation,  and  if  this  cannot  be  done,  both  must  su£fer  in 
silence.  In  the  older  cases  of  this  sort,  which  I  have  had  an  opportunity 
of  looking  into,  I  have  observed  that  the  danger  of  life,  limb,  or  health 
is  usually  inserted  as  the  ground  upon  which  the  Court  has  proceeded  to 
a  separation.  The  Court  has  never  been  driven  off  this  ground ;  it  has 
always  been  jealous  of  the  inconvenience  of  departing  from  it,  and  I  have 
heard  no  one  case  cited  in  which  the  Court  has  granted  a  divorce  without 
proof  given  of  a  reasonable  apprehension  of  bodily  hurt.  I  say  an  appre- 
hension, because  assuredly  the  Court  is  not  to  wait  till  the  hurt  is 
actually  done;  but  the  apprehension  must  be  reasonable,  it  must  not  be 
an  apprehension  arising  merely  from  an  exquisite  or  diseased  sensi- 
bility of  mind.'  Danger  of  life,  limb,  or  health  has  continued  in  sub- 
stance the  rule  upon  which  the  Courts  have  acted;  the  phrase  has 
sometimes  been  varied.  Sir  John  Nicholl  has  used  the  expression, 
'injury  to  person  or  to  health';  which  I  am  inclined  to  take  in 
conjunction  with  Lord  Stowell's  expression,  for  there  might  be  a  great 
deal  of  suffering  and  brutal  usage  without  coming  strictly  within  the 
terms  of -the  latter.  There  must,  however,  be  bodily  hurt  (not  trifling 
or  temporary  pain),  or  a  reasonable  apprehension  of  bodily  hurt "  (per 
Cress  well,  J.  0.,  Tomkins  v.  Tomkins,  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  170). 

Referring  firstly  and  chiefly  to  Evans  v.  Evans  (sup)  but  also  on  a 
full  review  of  the  subsequent  cases,  Ijopes  and  Lindley,  L.J  J.,  in 
Rv^ell  V.  Russell  {1^^^,  P.  315;  64  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  108;  affd  in 
H.  L.  1897,  A.  C.  395;  ^  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  122)  defined  Matrimonial 
Cruelty  thus,  — "  There  must  be  danger  to  life,  limb,  or  health,  bodily 
or  mental,  or  a  reasonable  apprehension  of  it,  to  constitute  legal  cruelty  " : 
Vth  Impossible.  So,  in  the  United  States  {Gordon  v.  Gordon^  48 
Penn.  St.  238). 

The  following  are  acts  of  matrimonial  cruelty :  —  Duress,  or  threats, 
or  habitual  insult  and  studied  unkindness,  tending  to  injury  to  health 


CRUELTY  444  CRUELTY 

f «« 

(Kelhj  V.  Kellf/,  39  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  28;  L.  K.  2  P.  &  D.  69;  21  L.  T.  5W : 
Bethune  v.  Bethune,  1891,  P.  205;  60  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  18:  Vf, 
Beauderk  y.  Beauclerk,  1891,  P.  189;  60  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  20;  64  L.  T. 
35);  or  terrifying  a  wife  into  immorality  {Coleman  v.  Coleman^  35  L.  J. 
P.  &  M.  37) ;  publicly  outraging  a  wife's  feelings  by  insulting  language 
and  assaulting  her,  even  though  no  personal  injury  be  inflicted  (MUner 
V.  MUner,  31  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  159) ;  a  violently  intended,  but  futile,  assault, 
or  spitting  on  a  yviie  (jyAguilar  v.  jyAguUar,  1  Hagg.  Ecc.  Supp.  776) ; 
habitual  insult  and  violence  of  temper,  inducing  quarrels  and  producing 
physical  suffering  {Knight  v.  Knight,  34  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  112) ;  know- 
ingly or  recklessly  imparting  a  venereal  disease  {Boardman  v.  Boards 
man,  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  233 :  Brown  v.  Brown,  lb.  46;  35  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
13;  as  to  cutaneous  disease,  V.  Chesnutt  v.  Chesnutt,  1  Spinks,  205); 
unreasonable  denial  of  usual  necessaries  and  comforts  so  as  to  affect 
health  {DysaH  v.  DysaH,  3  N.  C.  340 :  Ornie  v.  Orme,  2  Addams,  382); 
cruelty  to  children  in  the  mother's  presence,  in  order  to  wound  her  feel- 
ings, and  to  such  an  extent  as  probably  to  be  injurious  to  her  health 
(Suggate  v.  Suggate,  28  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  46 :  Birch  v.  Birch,  42  L.  J.  P. 
&  M.  23). 

But  the  following  are  not  acts  of  Matrimonial  Cruelty : 

Drunkenness  (Scott  v.  Scott,  29  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  64);  debauching  house- 
hold servants  (Cottsenv.  Cousen,  34  L.  J.  P.  &M.  139);  bad  language 
{Dysart  v.  Dysart,  sup),  even  to  the  extent  of  falsely,  maliciously,  and 
persistently  accusing  the  spouse  of  an  unnatural  offence  {Russell  v.  Rus- 
sell, sup) ;  debarring  a  wife  from  intercourse  with  her  family  {Neeld  v. 
Neeld,  4  Hagg.  Ecc.  269) ;  sleeping  in  a  separate  bed  {jyAguilar  v. 
jyAguilar,  sup). 

Vf,  Dixon  on  Divorce,  98  et  seq :  Browne  &  Powles  on  Divorce,  129. 

Cruelty  is  not  excused  by  drunkenness  or  delirium  tremens  {Marsh  v. 
Marsh,  28  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  13;  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  312;  7  W.  R.  129);  or  un- 
governable passion  {Curtis  v.  Curtis,  27  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  73;  1  Sw.  & 
Tr.  192):  but  insanity  excuses  {HaU  v.  HaU,  33  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  65; 
3  Sw.  &  Tr.  349:   WhUe  v.  White,  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  591). 

"  Cruelty  or  Neglect,"  causing  a  Wife  to  leave,  s.  4,  68  &  59  V.  c.  39 j 
F.  Neglect. 

"  Persistent  Cruelty  "  ;   F.  Pebsistekt. 

Cruelty  to  Children:   V.  4  Encyc.  53-56. 

Cruelty  to  Animals :  If  any  person  "  cruelly  beat,  ill-treat,  over  drive, 
abuse,  or  torture,"  any  Domestic  amimal,  that  is  an  offence  under  s.  2, 
12  &  13  y.  c.  92.  The  cruelty  under  that  section  means,  unreasonably 
inflicting  unnecessary  pain;  and,  therefore,  involving  a  guilty  knowledge 
that  pain  will  be  inflicted  (Elliott  v.  Oshom,  65  L.  T.  378).  Incensing 
Cocks  to  fight  (Bridge  v.  Parsons,  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  95 ;  3  B.  &  S.  382 ; 
11  W.  R.  424 ;  7  L.  T.  784;  2b  W.  R.  540 ;  27  J.  P.  117,  231),  or  cut- 
ting  a  Cock's  comb  in  order  to  exhibit  him  as  a  Gamecock  (Murphy  v. 


CRUELTY  445  CULPRIT 

Manning,  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  211;  2  Ex.  D.  311;  41  J.  P.  130)  is  such 
cruelty,  and  so  of  djcking  a  Horse's  tail  (40  S.  J.  473,  474) ;  and  so  it 
may  be  such  cruelty  to  turn  an  animal,  which  is  already  suffering,  into 
a  field  to  graze  when  it  can  only  do  so  by  giving  itself  additional 
pain  (Uveritt  v.  Davies,  26  W.  R.  332 ;  42  J.  P.  248 ;  38  L.  T.  360). 
But  the  mere  omission  to  kill  a  suffering  animal  is  not  such  cruelty 
(J7>.);  nor  does  the  section  include  the  merely  unlawful  killing  an 
animal,  or  shooting  it  intending  to  kill  it  but  leaving  it  to  die  in  pain 
(FaweU  v.  Knit/ht,  26  W.  R.  721;  42  J.  P.  697  ;  38  L.  T.  607),  nor  the 
sending  parrots  a  ten-hours'  railway  journey  without  water  (Swan  v. 
Sanders,  50  L.  J.  M.  C.  67 ;  29  W.  R.  538 ;  45  J.  P.  522 ;  44  L.  T.  424), 
nor  a  painful  operation  bond  fide  believed  to  be  proper,  e.g.  spaying  sows, 
as  they  do  in  Sussex,  to  improve  the  flesh  as  human  food  (Lewis  v.  Fermor, 
b^  L.  J.  M.  C.  45 ;  18  Q.  B.  D.  532 ;  56  L.T.  236;  35  W.  R.  378;  51 
J.  P.  371).  But  in  Ford  v.  WUey  (58  L.  J.  M.  0.  145  ;  23  Q.  B.  D. 
203)  the  principle  of  Lewis  v.  Fermor  was  questioned,  and  it  was  held 
that  dishorning  cattle  was  within  the  section,  although  it  might  prevent 
them  from  goring  each  other,  and  make  them  graze  better  and  fatten 
more  quickly ;  but  the  Scotch  and  Irish  Courts  refuse  to  follow  Ford  t. 
WUey\  —V.  R.  v.  M'Donaghy  28  L.  R.  Ir.  204,  and  cases  there 
cited. 

What  a  person  intends  to  do  is  no  part  of  the  offence  of  Cruelty  under 
8.  2,  12  &  13  V.  c.  92;  the  simple  question  is,  Was  there  cruelty  in  fact? 
(Duncan  v.  Pope,  80  L.  T.  120). 

CRY.— r.  Hub  and  Cry. 

CUBIC  — Cubic  Feet;   T.  Delivered.      '• 
Cubic  Yard;   F.  Yard. 

CUBICAL.  — Quk  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "  *  Cubical  Extent,' applied 
to  the  measurement  of  a  Building,  means,  the  space  contained  within  the 
external  surfaces  of  its  walls  and  roof  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  floor 
of  its  lowest  Storey"  (subs.  24,  s.  5). 

CUBICLE.  —  V.  Bamett  v.  Hickmott,  cited  Dwelling-housb. 

CUCKING-STOOL.  —  Was  the  same  as,  and  was  in  old  times 
called,  a  Tumbrell  (Termes  de  la  Ley)- 

CUCKOLD.  —  V,  Whore. 

CUL   DE   SAC  — r.  Highway:  Street. 

CULPABLE.  —  Culpable  Negligence ;    V.  Gross. 

CULPRIT. — Is  a  person  on  his  trial  for  a  criminal  offence  (4  Bl. 
Com.  339). 


CULTIVATION         446  •         CURRENT 

CULTIVATION V.  Agriculture. 

CUM    DIV.—r.  Dividend. 

CUMULATIVE.  —  A  Preference  Dividend  \%^ primd  faciej  cumula- 
tive; 80  that  failure  of  profits  wherewith  to  pay  it  in  any  one  year  will 
be  made  good  out  of  any  profits  that  may  be  made  in  a  subsequent  year 
( V,  Dividend)  ;  and  if  a  "  Cumulative  Preference  Dividend "  is  pre- 
scribed, doubt  hereon  is  avoided  (  FA,  Webb  v.  Earle,  L.  R.  20  Eq.  657 ; 
44  L.  J.  Ch.  608;  24  W.  R.  46 :  Palmer  Co.  Prec.  359,  482).  But  a  Pref . 
Div.  payable  out  of  the  profits  "  of  Each  year  "  is  non-cumulative  {Staples 
V.  Eastman  Co,  1896,  2  Ch.  303;  (j5  L.  J.  Ch.  682;  74  L.  T.  479). 

Legacies  of  equal  amount,  given  by  the  same  instrument  to  the  same 
person,  are  merely  Repetitions :  of  equal,  less,  or  greater,  amount,  given 
by  different  instruments,  e,g.  Will  and  Codicil  to  the  same  person,  are, 
prima  facie^  Cumulative;  but  the  one  by  the  later  instrument  may,  con- 
textual ly,  be  Substitutional  (Theobald,  ch.  16). 

CURATE.  —  A  Curate  is  "he  who  represents  the  Incumbent  of  a 
Church,  Parson,  or  Vicar,  and  takes  care  of  Divine  Service  in  his  stead  " 
(Jacob).      Vh  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  Part  2,  ch.  10. 

Qu^  Irish  Church  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  V.  c.  42,  "  Curate  "  includes 
*  Residentiary  Preacher  or  Eeader  "  (s.  72). 

V,  Clergthan:  Perpetual  Curate:  Deacon. 

CURRENCY.  —  A  clause  in  a  Time  Marine  Policy  for  return  of  part 
of  premium  if  the  ship  should  be  employed  in  e,g,  "  the  Eastern  Trade 
during  the  whole  currency  of  the  policy,"  becomes  operative  not  only  if 
she  is  actually  so  employed,  but  also  if  she  is  lost,  during  the  period 
over  which  the  policy  extends;  for  then  the  risk  no  longer  exists,  "  the 
Policy  is  no  longer  in  any  sense  Current  "  (per  Bigham,  J.,  Gorsedd 
S  S  Coy.  Forbes,  5  Com.  Ca.  413;  16  Times  Rep.  666). 

CURRENT.  — "  *  Current '  applied  to  Coin,  means,  coin  coined  in 
any  of  Her  Majesty's  mints,  or  lawfully  current  by  virtue  of  any  procla- 
mation, or  otherwise,  in  any  part  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions,  whether 
within  the  United  Kingdom  or  without"  (Steph.  Cr.  310,  abridging  the 
def  in  s.  1,  24  &  25  V.  c.  99).  Vf,  46  &  47  V.  c.  46,  s.  3 :  Arch.  Cr.  911  : 
False  Coin.  Notei  Current  Coin  may  be  treated  as  a  curiosity  {Moss 
V.  Hancock,  cited  Money). 

"  Current  Coin,"  in  Truck  Act,  1831;   F.  Payment. 

"Current  Financial  Year"-,   V.  Financial  Year. 

"  Current  Outgoings,"  quk  Government  Annuities  Act,  1882,  46  &  46 
V.  c.  61;    F.  8.  13(6). 

The  *'  Current  Rate  "  of  Interest  payable  under  s.  28,  3  &  4  W.  4, 
c.  42  {V.  Demand),  though  frequently  assessed  at  6  per  cent  is  not, 


CURRENT  447  CURTILAGE 

necessarily,  that  rate,  and  may  be  the  current  rate  for  the  time  being 
{L,  C.&  D.  Ry  V.  S.  E.  Ry^  1892, 1  Ch.  120),  either,  as  it  would  seem, 
more  or  less  than  5.  In  Re  Homer  (1896,  2  Ch.  188;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  694) 
6  per  cent  was  allowed.  Note:  Interest  against  Trustees  guilty  of 
Breach  of  Trust,  and  cognate  matters,  has  in  recent  years  been  allowed 
at  3  per  cent  {Re  Goodenough,  1895,  2  Ch.  537;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  71:  Re 
Clevelafid,  1895,  2  Ch.  542;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  29:  Re  Lambert,  1897,  2  Ch. 
169;  m  L.  J.  Ch.  624);  so,  qui  the  rule  in  Re  Chesterfield  (52  L.  J.  Ch. 
958;  24  Ch.  D.  643)  in  apportioning  a  fund  between  a  Tenant  for  Life 
and  Remainder-man  {Rowlls  v.  Behb,  cited  Produce). 

"  Current  Year  " ;  V.  Doe  d.  Robinson  v.  Dobell,  1  Q.  B.  806 ;  10  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  242:  Doe  d.  Richmond  v.  MorpheU,  7  Q.  B.  578;  14  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
345:  Wride  v.  Dyer,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  23;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  17;  81  L.  T.  453; 
48W.  R.73;  64  J.  P.  118. 

CURRY.  —  "  Curry  or  solicit  "  custom ;   V.  Solicit. 

CURTESY.  — "  Tenant  by  the  Curtesy  of  England,  is  where  a  man 
marries  a  woman  seized  of  an  Estate  of  Inheritance,  —  i.e.  lands  or 
tenements  in  Fee  Simple  or  Fee  Tail,  — and  has  by  her  issue  born  alive 
which  was  capable  of  inheriting  her  estate.  In  this  case  he  shall,  on  the 
death  of  his  wife,  hold  the  lands  or  tenements  for  his  life  as  Tenant  by 
the  Curtesy  of  England  "  (2  Bl.  Com.  125).  Vf,  Litt.  8.35:  Co.  Litt. 
29ar^a:  Termes  de  la  Ley :  Jacob:  1  Cru.  Dig.  139-150:  Wms.  R.  P., 
Part  1,  ch.  11 :  Goodeve,  141 :  4  Encyc.  58-60.  The  right  exists  in 
Xew  South  Wales  (Flomley  v.  Shepherd^  1891,  A.  C.  244;  60  L.  J.  P.  C. 
18). 

The  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882,  has  not  affected  this  right  qu^  the  wife's 
undisposed-of  realty  {Hopex.  Hope,  1892,  2  Ch.  336;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  441). 

Quk  S.  L.  Act,  1882,  "  the  estate  of  a  Tenant  by  the  Curtesy  is  to  be 
deemed  an  estate  arising  under  a  Settlement  made  by  his  wife  "  (s.  8, 
S.  L.  Act,  1884). 

CURTILAGE.  —  "A  garden,  yard,  field,  or  peece  of  voide  ground, 
lying  neare  and  belonging  to  the  messuage  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vf, 
Touch.  94:  Cowel:  Jacob. 

"  *  A  little  croft  or  court  or  place  of  easement  to  put  in  cattle  for  a 
time,  or  to  lay  in  wood,  coal,  or  timber,  or  such  other  things  necessary 
for  household'  (Fitzherbert  on  Surveying,  ch.  1).  Spelman  considers  it 
to  be  *the  yard  not  the  garden';  see  Curtilagium,  Curtillum;  though  it 
may  be  used  for  garden,  he  says:  V.  per  Fairfax,  21  Edw.  4,  52,  pi.  15; 
and  per  Frowike,  Keilw.  57,  pi.  7"  (Elph.  569). 

For  an  example  of  what,  in  modern  times,  has  been  held  to  be  part 
of  the  Curtilage  of  a  house,  V.  Marson  v.  L.  C.  &  D.  Ry,  37  L.  J.  Ch. 
483;  L.  R.  6  Eq.  101.  Va,  on  this  word,  in  s.  7,  33  &  34  V.  c.  57, 
Commrs  Int.  Rev.  v.  Goodfellow.  45  J.  P.  588;  —  in  def  of  Drain,  s.  250, 


CURTILAGE  448  CUSTOM 

Metrop  Man.  Act,  1856,  and  s.  4,  P.  H.  Act,  1876,  Pilbrow  v.  St. 
Leonard,  Shoreditch,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  33,  433;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  29,  130; 
69  J.  P.  68;  72  L.  T.  136;  43  W.  K.  342:  St.  MaHin's  in  the  Fields  v. 
Bird,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  428;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  230;  71  L.  T.  868;  43  W.  B. 
194. 

Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  689,  690,  614:  Rose.  Cr.  313,  317.     V.  Close. 

Note,  "  We  do  not  use  that  expression,  —  *  Curtilage,'  —  in  Scotland  " 
(per  Ld  Watson,  Caledonian  Ry  v.  Turcan^  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  73). 

CUSTODY.  — "Custody  or  Control,"  s.  2,  36  V.  c.  12,  is  largo 
enough  to  enable  the  Court  to  commit  the  Keligious  Education  of  an 
Infant  to  the  mother  {Condon  v.  Vollum,  31  S.  J.  676;  67  L.  T. 
164). 

"  Custody  or  Control"  of  Documents;  V.  London  &  Yorksh.  Bank  v. 
Cooper,  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  496;  16  Q.  B.  D.  7. 

"  Custody  or  Possession  "  of  any  matter,  qui  Coinage  Offences  Act, 
1861,  24  &  26  Y.  c.  99,  "  includes,  not  only  the  having  of  it  by  himself 
in  his  personal  custody  or  possession  but  also,  the  Knowingly  and 
Wilfully  having  it  in  the  actual  custody  or  possession  of  any  other 
person,  and  also  the  knowingly  and  wilfully  having  it  in  any  Dwelling- 
house  or  other  Building,  Lodging,  Apartment,  Field,  or  other  Place, 
open  or  inclosed,  whether  belonging  to  or  occupied  by  himself  or  not,  and 
whether  such  matter  shall  be  so  had  for  his  own  use  or  benefit  or  for 
that  of  any  other  person"  (s.  1). 

V.  Care:  Control:  Possession:  Actual  Custody:  Civil  Cus- 
tody:  Military  Custody:  Proper  Custody:   Safe  Custody. 

CUSTOM.  — "  'Custome  '  may  be  defined  to  be  a  Law  or  Eight  not 
written,  which,  being  established  by  long  use  and  the  consent  of  onr 
ancestors,  hath  bin  and  daily  is  put  in  practice  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley),  pyj 
Cowel :  Jacob :  4  Encyc.  61-72. 

"  Consuetvdo  is  one  of  the  maine  triangles  of  the  lawes  of  England; 
those  lawes  being  divided  into  Common  Law,  Statute  Law,  and  Cus- 
tome"  (Co.  Litt.  110b,  115b).  "The  phrase  'By  the  Custom  of  the 
Realm '  is,  in  truth,  only  a  paraphrase  for  *  By  the  Common  Law '  "  (per 
Brett,  J.,  Nugent  v.  Smith,  1  C.  P.  D.  23). 

"  *This  word  consuetudo  hath  in  law  divers  significations;  1.  For  the 
Common  Law,  as  consuetudo  AngUce,  2.  For  Statute  Law,  as  contra  con^ 
suetudinem  communi  concUio  regni  edit, ;  3.  For  Particular  Customs,  as 
Gavelkind,  Borough  English,  and  the  like;  4.  For  Rents,  Services,  &c, 
due  to  the  Lord,  as  consuetudine^  et  servitia ;  5.  For  Customs,  Tributes, 
or  Impositions,  &c,  as  de  novis  consuetudinibus  levatis  in  regno  sive  in 
terra  sive  in  aqud\  6.  Subsidies  or  Customs  granted  by  common  consent, 
that  is,  by  authority  of  Parliament  joro  bono  publico^  (2  Inst.  58).  Con^ 
suetvdo  signifies  also  Tolls,  Murage,  Frontage,  Paviage,  and  sucb  like 


CUSTOM  449  CUSTOM 

newly  granted  by  the  King  (Co.  Litt.  58  b).  V.  ou  this  latter  point, 
Egrenumt  y.  Sauly  6  A.  &  E.  924;  6  L.  J.  E.  B.  205,  and  the  caseB 
there  cited  "  (Elph.  569).  In  Egremont  v.  Saul,  though  the  above  pas- 
sage from  Co.  Litt.  was  cited,  it  was  held  that  "  consuetudo  "  does  not 
necessarily,  or  it  should  seem  primd  facie,  signify  toll :   V.  Toll. 

**  A  Custom  is  Local  Common  Law.  It  is  Common  Law  because  it  is 
not  Statute  Law ;  it  is  Local  Law  because  it  is  the  law  of  a  particular 
place,  as  distinguished  from  the  general  Common  Law.  Local  Common 
Law  is  the  law  of  the  country  (t.e.  particular  place)  as  it  existed  before 
the  time  of  legal  Memory  "  (per  Jessel,  M.  B.,  Hammerton  v.  Honey, 
24  W.  B.  603).  ''  'Custom,'  is  something  that  has  the  effect  of  Local 
Law"  (per  Cleasby,  B.,  HaU  v.  Nottingham,  1  Ex.  D.  3;  45  L.  J. 
Ex.  52).     Vf,  Fitch  V.  Bawling,  2  Bl.  H.  394. 

A  legal  origin  will  be  presumed  in  favour  of  an  uninterrupted  practice 
for  a  long  series  of  years,  even  though  it  be  shown  that  such  practice  be- 
gan in  modern  times  (Lond.  &  N.  W,  Ry  t.  Fobbing  Levels  Commrs,  75 
L.  T.  629;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  127). 

As  to  Farticular  Customs;  V,  1  Bl.  Com.  74:  Browne's  Law  of 
Usages  and  Customs.  In  Lanchbury  v.  Bode  (1898,  2  Ch.  120;  67 
L.  J.  Ch.  196),  the  Custom  was  for  the  owner  of  the  Rectorial  Tithes 
to  provide  a  Common  Bull  and  a  Common  Boar  for  the  parish :  the  re- 
porter in  the  L.  J.  adds  this  note, — "A  similar  Custom  is  stated  in 
Vin.  Ab.,  2  ed..  Vol.  7,  p.  181,  and  alluded  to  in  King  Henry  IV,, 
Part  2,  Act  2,  Scene  2,  and  in  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy,  ch.  xciii." 
Fjf  Whore. 

As  to  Manorial  Customs;  F.  Elton  on  Copyholds:  Williams  on 
Eights  of  Common:  Freebench. 

V.  British  Custom:  Law  Merchant. 

A  Trade  Custom,  sufficient  to  displace  the  Bankry  doctrine  of  Re- 
puted Ownership,  must  be  notorious  to  traders  generally  (Be  Goetz, 
cited  Consent).  So,  generally,  in  Business  Matters,  —  e.g.  the  length 
of  a  Notice  of  Dismissal,  — a  Custom  must  be  "a  uniform  and  universal 
Practice  so  well-defined  and  recognized  that  contracting  parties  must  be 
assumed  to  have  had  it  in  their  minds  when  they  contracted.  The  fact 
that  in  a  larg^  percentage  of  cases  there  are  special  agreements,  shows 
that  no  such  universal  Custom  exists  " :  a  Practice  is  less  stringent  in 
its  connotation  (per  Bussell,  C.  J.,  Fox-Bourne  v.  Vernon,  10  Times 
Rep.  649). 

V.  Prescription  :  Usage  :  TT^agb  of  Trade. 

"In  22  Edw.  1,  364  (Record  Publ.)  Customs  are  distinguished  from 
Services  as  follows :  —  *  Customs  are  things  which  are  done,  and  de- 
manded by  reason  of  bodily  service;  Services  are  things  which  are  de- 
manded of  the  tenant  by  reason  of  the  tenement  which  he  holds  of  the 
demandant,  to  wit,  rent,  and  things  of  that  kind,  or  suit  demanded  by 
reason  of  the  tenement ' "  (Elph.  569).      V  Service. 

29 


CUSTOM  450         CUSTOMARY 

The  word  "  Custom  "  in  8.  2,  Municipal  Corporations  Act,  5  &  6  W.  4, 
c.  76,  is  not  used  in  a  technical  sense,  but  is  there  equivalent  to 
"Usage"  {Prestney  v.  CoUhester,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  805;  21  Ch.D.  111). 
Vf  Practicb. 

CUSTOM  OF  THE  COUNTRY.— "The  word  'Custom'  as 
here  used,  does  not  mean  a  Custom  in  the  strict  legal  signification  of  it; 
for  that  must  be  taken  with  reference  to  some  defined  limit  or  space, 
which  is  essential  to  every  custom  properly  so  called :  but  which  does 
not  exist  here.  What  shall  be  considered  in  fanning  as  a  good  and  hus- 
bandlike manner  must  vary  exceedingly  according  to  soil,  climate,  and 
situation.  And,  therefore,  the  'Custom  of  the  Country,'  with  reference 
to  good  husbandry,  must  be  applied  to  the  approved  habits  of  husbandry 
in  the  neighbourhood,  under  circumstances  of  the  like  nature  "  (2  Piatt, 
279,  citing  Lef/h  v.  Hewitt,  4  East,  164).  Vf,  Meux  v.  Cobley,  1892, 
2  Ch.  253;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  449:  Woodf.  646,  796  et  seq. 

CUSTOM  OF  THE  PORT.— In  a  Charter-Party,  "Custom  of 
the  Port, "  means,  the  settled  Practice  of  the  Port  {Postlethwaite  v.  Free- 
land,  cited  Reasonable).     Va  British  Custom.  , 

CUSTOMARY. — Discharge  of  Cargo  "as  fast  as  steamer  can  de- 
liver, as  Customary,"  or  "as  fast  as  she  can  deliver,"  means,  as  fast  as 
reasonably  Possible,  in  a  business  sense  (JVylliey,  Harrison,  13  Sess. 
Ca.  4th  Ser.  .92:  Good  v.  Isaacs,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  bbb-,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  649; 
67  L.  T.  460;  40  W.  R.  629:  The  Jaederen,  1892,  P.  361;  61  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  89).     fJAccoRDiXG. 

"  To  be  discharged  with  all  Despatch,  as  Customary, "  means,  Reason- 
able despatch  having  regard  to  the  actual  circumstances,  e.g.  a  Strike, 
at  the  time  of  the  discharge,  and  the  custom  of  the  Port  of  Discharge 
{Castlegate  S.  S.  Co  v.  Dempseij,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  864;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  620: 
Lyle  Co  v.  Cardiff  Corp,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  638;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  889;  83  L.  T. 
329);  and  that  reasonable  despatch  "the  Consignee  is  bound  to  satisfy 
de  die  in  diem :  he  cannot,  by  working  extra  hard  on  one  day,  entitle 
himself  to  idle  on  another  day;  and,  if  he  has  done  more  than  an  average 
quantity  at  the  beginning,  he  cannot  relax  the  measure  of  reasonable 
diligence  towards  the  end"  (per  FitzGibbon,  L.  J.,  The  Benwick,  cited 
and  repeated  in  The  Gairloch,  1899,  2  I.  R.  13).  fj Usual  akd  Cus- 
tomary MANNER. 

"  To  be  loaded  as  Customary,  as  per  Guarantee  "  incorporates  the 
Guarantee  {Monsen  v.  Macfarlane,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  662 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
67;  73  L.  T.  648). 

By  themselves,  "the  words  *to  be  loaded  as  Customary,*  refer  only 
to  the  mode,  and  not  to  the  time,  of  loading  "  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Dunlop  t. 
Balfour,  cited  Demurrage). 


CUSTOMARY         451  CUSTOMER 

CUSTOMARY  EMPLOYMENT.— What  is  a  person's  "Cus- 
ternary  Employment,"  qui  a  Friendly  Society's  Rules;  V.  Manchester 
Law  Clerks  Society  v.  Wilson,  4  Times  Rep.  465;  52  J.  P.  276. 

CUSTOMARY  FINES.  — "Customary  Fines,  Fees,  and  other 
Dues  and  Payments,"  s.  20  (3),  Settled  Land  Act,  1882;  V.  Re  NayUyr 
and  Spendla,  34  Ch.  D.  217;  m  L.  J.  Ch.  453;  56  L.  T.  132;  35  W.  B. 
219. 

CUSTOMARY  FREEHOLD Where  lands  are  held  "  by  the  Cus- 
tom of  the  Manor  only,  and  not  at  the  Will  of  the  Lord,  it  is,  properly. 
Customary  Freehold  "  {Lingwood  v.  Gyde,  15  W.  R.  313;  36  L.  J.  C.  P. 
15;  L.  R.  2  C.  P.  78;  16  L.  T.  229).  Vh,  Boston  v.  Penny,  67  L.  T. 
290;  41  W.  R.  72.     V.  Copyhold:  Freehold. 

CUSTOMARY  MANNER.— F.  Usual  and  Customary  Manotb. 

CUSTOMARY   MEASURE r.  Measure. 

CUSTOMARY  RENT.  — "I  understand  a  *  Customary  Rent'  to 
mean,  a  Rent  which,  by  force  of  legal  Custom,  enables  the  tenant  to 
hold  the  land  at  a  fixed  rent "  (per  Fry,  J.,  Vivian  v.  Moaty  50  L.  J.  Ch. 
332;  16  Ch.  D.  733). 

CUSTOMARY  RIGHTS.- A  reservation  in  an  agreement  for  a 
Lease  of  "  all  Customary  Rights  and  Reservations  ''  does  not  render  the 
agreement  void  for  uncertainty  (Parker  y.  Taswell^  2  D.  G.  &  J.  559; 
6  W.  R.  608;  31  L.  T.  0.  S.  226). 

CUSTOMARY  TENANTS Copyholders  (Co wel).  F.  Copyhold. 

CUSTOMER.  —  A  business  ''Customer"  is  one  who  has  the  use 
and  habit  of  resorting  to  the  same  person  or  place  to  do  business ;  there- 
fore, a  stranger  who  goes  into  a  Bank  to  get  a  cheque  collected,  is  not  a 
"  Customer "  of  the  Bank,  within  s.  82,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882  {Mw- 
thews  V.  Brovmy  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  494;  10  Times  Rep.  386:  La  Cave  v. 
Credit  Lyonnais,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  148;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  226;  75  L.  T.  514; 
13  Times  Rep.  60).  Fj^,  as  to  the  section,  Clarke  v.  London  and  County 
Bank,  cited  Payment  :  G.  W.  Ry  v.  London  and  County  Bank,  1900, 
2  Q.  B.  464;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  741;  82  L.  T.  746;  48  W.  R.  662. 

A  contract  restraining  the  contracting  party  from  "  in  any  way  dealing, 
or  transacting  business,  with  the  Customers  "  of  the  contractee,  means, 
dealing  or  business  "  of  the  same,  or  a  similar,  kind  to  that  which  has 
been  carried  on  by  "  the  contractee  (per  Chitty,  J.,  Mills  v.  Dunhamy 
1891,  1  Ch.  576;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  362;  64  L.  T.  712;  39  W.  R.  289:  Svy 
per  Kay,  L.  J.,  S.  C). 

Vfy  McLean  y.Dunny  39  Upper  Canada  Rep.  Q.  B.  651:  Traders. 


CUSTOMS  462  CY-PR^S 

CUSTOMS.— H.  M.  Customs;   T.  4  Encyc.  72-89. 
Customs  and  Services;   F.  Custom:  Sebyicb. 

"  Customs  Warehouse  " ;  Stat.  Def .,  32  &  33  V.  c.  103,  s.  3 ;  43  &  44 
V.  c.  24,  8.  3. 

CUT.  — F.  Slit:  Teak:  Wound. 

It  was  not  the  less  a  **  Cutting ''  within  43  G.  3,  c.  58,  because  in- 
flicted with  an  instrument  not  ordinarily  used  for  cutting  (J?.  v.  JTay- 
wardy  Kuss.  &  By.  78:  M,  y.  Atkinsafijlh,  104);  but  a  stab  was  not  a 
"  cut,"  because  the  Act  uses  the  words  **  stab  or  cut  "  so  as  to  distinguish 
between  them  (B.  v.  McDermot^  lb.  356). 

"  Cut  as  Underwood  **;   V.  Dashwood  v.  Magniac,  cited  Timber. 

Maliciously  to  "  cut  down^  or  otherwise  destroy ^^^  any  tree,  s.  2,  9  G.  1, 
c.  22,  was  an  offence  that  was  committed  by  cutting  down  without  totally 
destroying  the  tree  (J?,  y.  Taylor ^  Russ.  &  Ry.  373). 

The  Water  Supply  to  an  Inhabited  Dwelling-hbuse  is  not  "  cut  off" 
s.  49,  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891,  by  the  water  being  temporarily  stopped 
from  flowing  into  the  house,  if  this  be  done  for  good  cause,  e,g,  a  leak 
in  the  service-pipe  {Young  y.  Southwark  and  Vauxhall  W.  TF.  Co,  37 
S.  J.  509). 

CWT.  — "  A  Hundredweight  shall  consist  of  8  Stones  "  (s.  14,  41  & 
42  V.  c,  49),  Le.  112  lbs. 

F.  Hundred,  per  :  Per  Cwt. 

CY-PRfeS.  —  The  Cy-pres  doctrine  is  one  of  construction,  and  is 
this,  —  Where  there  is  a  gift  or  trust  for  a  Charitt  which  can  be  substan- 
tially, but  not  literally,  fulfilled  it  will  be  effectuated  by  moulding  it 
SI  that,  as  nearly  as  practicable,  the  intention  of  the  benefactor  may  be 
carried  out. 

"  I  consider  it  now  established,  that,  —  although  the  mode  in  which 
a  legacy  is  to  take  effect  is,  in  many  cases  with  regard  to  an  individual 
legatee,  considered  as  of  the  substance  of  the  legacy,  —  where  a  legacy  is 
given  so  as  to  denote  that  Charity  is  the  legatee,  the  Court  does  not 
hold  that  the  mode  is  of  the  substance  of  the  legacy ;  but  will  effectuate 
the  gift  to  Charity,  as  the  substance,  providing  a  mode  for  that  legatee 
to  take,  which  is  not  provided  for  any  other  legatee  "  (per  Eldon,  C, 
Mills  Y.  Farmery  19  Ves.  486).  "  As  to  the  doctrine  of  Cj'-pres  as 
applied  to  Charities,  this  sensible  distinction  has  prevailed:  The  Court 
will  not  decree  execution  of  a  trust  to  a  Charity  in  a  manner  different 
from  that  intended,  except  so  far  as  they  see  that  the  intention  cannot 
be  executed  literally ;  but  another  mode  may  be  adopted,  consistent  with 
his  general  intention,  so  as  to  execute  it,  although  not  in  mode,  in  sub- 
stance. If  the  mode  becomes  by  subsequent  circumstances  impossible, 
the  general  object  is  not  to  be  defeated  if  it  can  be  attained  "  (per  Arden, 


CY-PR£S  468  CY-PR^S 

M.  R.,  A'G.  V.  Boultbee,  2  Ves.  3S7).  Both  these  cases  were  cited  and 
applied  by  Kay,  J.,  in  Biscoe  v.  Jackson^  56  L.  J.  Ch.  95. 

Vh,  1  Jarm.  243-250:  Theobald,  333. 

Speaking  strictly,  the  rule  is,  probably,  peculiar  to  gifts  to  a  Charity 
(1  Jarm.  243),  but ''  in  many  cases,  limitations  of  Real  Estate,  in  them- 
selves void  for  Perpbtcjity,  have  been  made  good  by  the  application  of 
the  so-called  doctrine  of  Cy-prla  "  (Theobald,  532,  whv  for  cases  in  illus- 
tration:  Vf,  1  Jarm.  297-302). 


454 


DAILY  LABOUR- DAMAGE 


DAILY  LABOUR.  —  F.  Personal  Labour:  Journeyman:  Wages. 

DAILY    PENALTY Qui  the  Public  Health  Acts,  "'DaDy  Pen- 

alty/  means,  a  Penalty  for  each  day  on  which  any  Offence  is  continued 
ofter  Conviction  therefor  "  (s.  11  (3),  53  &  54  V.  c.  59)  j  so,  qua  Electric 
Lighting  Clauses  Act,  1899,  62  &  63  V.  c.  19  (Sch  s.  1),  and  Thames 
Conservancy  Act,  1894  (s.  3). 

DAIRY.  — Qui  Infectious  Disease  (Prevention)  Act,  1890,  53  &  54 
Y.  c.  34,  "  Dairy/'  "  includes  any  farm,  farmhouse,  cowshed,  milk-store, 
milk-shop,  or  other  place  from  which  milk  is  supplied,  or  in  which  milk 
is  kept,  for  purposes  of  sale  "  (s.  2) ;  so,  qu4  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891 
(s.  141),  and  P.  H.  Scotland  Act,  1897  (s.  3). 

"  Dairyman/*  qui  the  same  Acts  and  by  the  same  sections,  ''  includes 
any  cowkeeper,  purveyor  of  milk,  or  occupier  of  a  Dairy."  A  Farmer 
who  keeps  cows  as  incidental  to  his  farming  business,  is  not  a  "  Cow- 
keeper"  within  that  def  (Umfreville  v.  London  Co,  Co.^  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
177;  75  L.  T.  550;  61  J.  P.  84;  13  Times  Rep.  109).  In  that  case 
Wills,  J.,  adopted  a  dictionary  tief  of  "  Cowkeeper  "  as,  "  one  whose 
business  it  is  to  keep  cows,"  and  added,  ''  the  business  of  a  Cowkeeper 
is  a  special  business  of  its  own." 

Lord  DALHOUSIE'S  ACT.  —  9  &  10  V.  c.  28. 

DAM.  —  Quk  Salmon  Fisheries  Acts,  "  Dam,"  "  means  all  weirs,  and 
other  fixed  obstructions,  used  for  the  purpose  of  damming  up  water" 
(s.  4,  24  &  25  V.  c.  109).     Cp  Fixed  Engine. 

DAMAGE.  —  "  Neither  in  common  parlance,  nor  in  legal  phraseology, 
is  the  word  'Damage '  used  as  applicable  to  injuries  done  to  the  person-, 
but  solely  as  applicable  to  mischief  done  to  property.  We  speak  indeed 
of  *  damages '  as  compensation  for  injury  done  to  the  person ;  but  the 
term  'damages  '  is  not  employed  interchangeably  with  the  term  'injury  ' 
with  reference  to  mischief  wrongfully  occasioned  to  the  person  "  (per 
Cockburn,  C.  J.,  Smith  v.  Broum,  40  L.  J.  Q.  B.  218).  This  defini- 
tion, which  reads  so  simple  and  clear,  is  nothing  more  than  the  central 
bone  of  contention  in  a  series  of  cases  distinguished  by  a  remarkable 
conflict  of  judicial  opinion,  the  last  word  in  which  has,  at  last,  been 
spoken. 

That  conflict  was  over  the  very  short  words  of  s.  7,  Admiralty  Court 
Act,  1861,  24  V.  c.  10,  which  says,  —"The  High  Court  of  Admiralty 
shall  have  jurisdiction  over  any  claim  for  Damage  done  by  any  Ship." 


DAMAGE  455  DAMAGE 

The  question  as  to  the  meaning  of  "  damage, "  unembarrassed  by  context, 
could  hardly  be  presented  in  a  more  absolute  way. 

The  Common  Law  Courts  persistently  (Blackburn,  J.,  hesitantly)  held 
that  "  Damage  "  in  the  section  just  quoted  did  not  include  injury  to  the 
person,  or,  still  less,  claims  by  surviving  relatives  for  loss  of  life  (Smith  v. 
Brown,  40  L.  J.  Q.  B.  214;  L.  R.  6  Q.  B.  729 :  James  v.  Lond.  &  S.  W.  Ry, 
41  L.  J.  Ex.  89, 186;  L.  R.  7  Ex.  187,  287 :  Simpson  v.  Blues,  41  L.  J. 
C.  P.  128;  L.  R.  7  C.  P.  290), 

The  exact  contrary  was,  as  persistently,  held  by  the  Admiralty  Court 
and  Privy  Council  {The  Sylph,  37  L.  J.  Adm.  14;  L.  R.  2  A.  &  E.  24: 
The  Guldfaxe,  38  L.  J.  Adm.  12;  L.  R.  2  A.  &  E.  325:  The  Beta,  38 
L.  J.  Adm.  60;  L.  R.  2  P.  C.  447:  The  Explorer,  40  L.  J.  Adm.  41; 
L.  R.  3  A.  &  E.  289 :  The  Franeonia,  46  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  71 ;  2  P.  D.  8). 

When  the  point  came  before  the  Court  of  Appeal,  the  Equity  members 
of  the  Court  (James  and  Baggallay,  L.  JJ.)  held  that  "  Damage  "  did 
include  personal  injury  and  claims  for  loss  of  life;  whilst  their  two 
brethren  (Bramwell  and  Brett,  L.  JJ.),  whose  experience  was  at  the 
Common  Law  Bar,  went  the  other  way  {Jeffrey  v.  Franeonia,  46  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  33;  2  P.  D.  163:  Vf,  The  Alina,  5  Ex.  D.  227,  on  whev  per 
Esher,  M.  R.,  Fugsley  v.  Ropkins,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  192;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
647). 

But  the  definition  at  the  commencement  of  this  article  has  now  been 
authoritatively  established  by  the  House  of  Lords, — their  lordships  hold- 
ing that  a  claim  for  loss  of  life  under  Lord  Campbell's  Act,  is  no^  a  claim 
for  "  Damage  "  within  s.  7,  Admiralty  Court  Act,  1861  {Seward  v.  The 
Vera  Cruz,  54  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  9;  10  App.  Ca.  59).  Note:  in  view  of 
that  decision  it  seems  difficult  to  justify  the  first  part  of  the  jdgmt  of 
Bruce,  J.,  in  The  Theta,  1894,  P.  280;  63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  160;  71 
L.  T.  25;  43W.  R.  160. 

It  may  perhaps  be  added  that  "  Damage  "  did,  at  one  time  at  any  rate, 
in  common  parlance,  include  injury  to  the  person;  for  St.  Paul  when  on 
his  voyage  to  carry  his  Appeal  to  CsBsar  said,  — "  Sirs,  I  perceive  that 
this  voyage  will  be  with  hurt,  and  much  Damage,  not  only  of  the  lad^'ng 
and  ship,  but  also  of  our  lives"  (Acts,  xxvii.  10). 

"  Compensation  for  any  Loss  or  Damage  "  sustained  by  Detention  or 
Survey  of  a  Ship,  s.  10,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1876,  does  not  include  injury 
to  the  reputation  of  the  shipowner  by  reason  of  a  ship's  seizure  (Dixon  v. 
Cakrafi,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  458;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  529;  66  L.  T.  554;  40  W.  R. 
598;  56  J.  P.  388). 

"  Damage  "  may  be  controlled  by  the  context  and  ''  can  certainly  mean 
Personal  Injury";  and,  therefore,  where  a  packet  company  issued  a 
passenger's  ticket  containing  a  special  provision  respecting  loss,  dam- 
age, or  detention  of  luggage,  and  then,  by  a  separate  clause  dealing 
with  passengers  personally,  obtained  exemption  for  "  Loss  or  Damage  " 
from  certain  specified  causes;  it  was  held  that  that  included  injury  to 


DAMAGE  456  DAMAGE 

limb  or  life  from  the  causes  enumerated  (Haigh  v.  Royal  Mail  Steam 
Packet  Co,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  396;  lb.  640). 

"  Damage  done  by  any  Ship,"  s.  7,  Admiralty  Act  (sup),  means,  "  Dam- 
age done  by  some  one,  with  a  Ship  as  the  noxious  instrument"  (per 
Bowen,  L.  J.,  The  Vera  Cruz,  53  L,  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  41 :  Vf,  The  Theta^ 
63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  160). 

"  Damage  done  by  "  Vessel  or  Float  of  Timber,  s.  74,  Harbours,  Docks, 
and  Piers,  Clauses  Act,  1S47,  10  &  11  Y.  c.  27,  does  not  include  damage 
caused  by  the  Act  of  GtOD  dashing  a  Vessel  against  the  thing  damaged 
(Weir  Commrs  v.  Adamson,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  193;  2  App.  Ca.  743). 

"  Damage  "  deductible  from  Freight;  V.  The  Baroore,  1896,  P.  294; 
65  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  97;  75  L.  T.  168. 

V.  Damagb  by  Collision:  Damages  to  Caboo:  Damage  to 
Goods. 

**  Any  Damage  " ;    F.  Full  Compensation. 

"  Damage  "  occasioned  by  the  erection  of  a  Urinal,  &c,  s.  88,  Metrop 
Man.  Act,  1855,  means  only  direct  damage  caused  by  the  structure  itself; 
not  consequential  damage  by  reason  of  its  being  so  erected  as  to  cause  a 
Nuisance  (  Vernon  v.  St  James,  Westminster,  cited  Ukinal). 

"  Making  good  cUl  Damage,"  s.  83  (6),  Metrop  Bg  Act,  1855,  provides 
for,  and  therefore  only  empowers,  structural  damage,  not  the  invasion  of 
a  right  of  light  (Crofis  v.  Haldane,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  85;  8  B.  &  S.  194; 
L.  R.  2  Q.  B.  194).     Cp  Full  Compensation. 

"  Satisfaction  for  all  Damage  " ;   V.  Satisfaction. 

"  The  feeling  of  anxiety  is  Damage  "  (per  Cranworth,  V.  C.)  in  refer- 
ence to  a  covenant  quk  user  {Kemp  v.  Sober,  1  Sim.  N.  S.  520);  and  so 
is  invasion  of  privacy  {Manners  v.  Johnson,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  404;  1  Ch.  D. 
673),  or  the  deprivation  of  the  power  of  user,  though  such  power  has  not 
theretofore  been  of  one  farthing  benefit  {Trent- Stoughton  v.  Barbados 
JVater  Co,  1893,  A.  C.  502;  62  L.  J.  P.  C.  123;  69  L.  T.  164,  in  whc 
the  words  were  "  Damage  or  Loss  ") .     F.  Annoyance. 

The  "  Damage  "  for  which  compensation  is  to  be  given  under  s.  68, 
Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  for  lands  "Injuriously  affected,"  is  such 
damage  as  would  have  given  a  right  of  compensation  independently  of 
that  statute  {Caledonian  Rij  v.  Ogilvy,  2  Macq.  229);  and  so  of  a  Pri- 
vate Act  incorporating  the  Lands  C.  C.  Act  {Rhodes  v.  Airedale  Commrs, 
45  L.  J.  C.  P.  861;  1  C.  P.  D.  402);  and  a  similar  construction  was 
placed  on  the  word  "  Damage  "  as  used  in  s.  144,  P.  H.  Act,  1848  {UaU 
V.  Bristol,  36  L.  J.  C.  P.  110;  L.  R.  2  C.  P.  322). 

As  to  this  word  in  ss.  6,  16,  Ry  C.  C.  Act,  1845;  K  per  Fry,  L.  J., 
R.  v.  Pmilter,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  138;  20  Q.  B.  D.  132;  58  L.  T.  534;  36 
W.  R.  117;  52  J.  P.  244:  and  as  used  in  s.  308,  P.  H.  Act,  1875;  V.  per 
Selborne,  C,  Brierleij  Hilly,  Pearsall,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  25;  9  App.  Ca. 
595:   Full  Compensation. 

"  Damage,"  in  an  Enclosure  Act  giving  compensation  for  the  Working 


DAMAGE  457  DAMAGE 

of  Mines,  includes  damage  caused  by  subsidence  (Bell  v.  Dudley y  1895, 
1  Ch.  182;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  291;  72  L.  T.  14;  43  W.  R.  122;  59  J.  P. 
199). 

Working  Mines  so  as  "  to  endanger  or  damage  the  further  working  " ; 
V.  Knowles  v.  Lane.  &  Y.  By,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  39;  14  App.  Ca.  248: 
Chamber  Colliery  Co  v.  Bochdale  Canal  Co,  1895,  A.  C.  564;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  645;  73  L.  T.  258:  New  Moss  Colliery  Co  v.  Manchester  S.  &  L. 
By,  1897,  1  Ch.  725;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  381;  76  L.  T.  231;  45  W.  R.  493. 
F/*  Compulsory  Powers. 

"  Damage  ...  to  the  Road  or  Highway,"  s.  27,  41  &  42  V.  c.  77,  is 
not  confined  to  "damage  measurable  in  money";  nominal  damages, — 
e.g.  for  subsidence  creating  no  actual  damage,  — may  be  recovered  under 
the  phrase  (per  Collins,  J.,  A-G.  v.  Conduit  Co,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  301;  64 
L-  J.  Q.  B.  213;  71  L.  T.  771;  43  W.  R.  366;  59  J.  P.  70). 

"  Damage, "  s.  32,  24  &  25  V.  c.  96,  means  direct,  not  consequential, 
injury  {B.  v.  Whiteman,  23  L.  J.  M.  C.  120). 

You  "  damage  "  a  thing  if  you  render  it  imperfect  or  inoperative,  e.g. 
a  frame  was  "damaged,"  within  s.  4,  28  6.  3,  c.  55,  by  taking  away  a 
necessary  part  of  it,  although  that  part  was  not  injured  and  if  replaced 
the  frame  would  be  perfect  (B.  v.  Tacey,  Russ.  &  Ry.  452).  So,  if  a 
steam-engine  is  rendered  temporarily  useless,  by,  e.g.  a  plugging  (though 
removable)  of  one  of  its  pipes,  that  is  to  "  damage  with  intent  to  destroy 
or  to  render  useless  "  the  engine,  within  s.  15,  24  &  25  V.  c.  97  {B.  v. 
Fisher,  35  L.  J.  M.  C.  57;  L.  R.  1  C.  0.  R.  7).  You  also  "  damage  "  a 
thing,  e.g.  a  steam-engine,  if  you  wrongfully  set  it  going  whereby  it 
works  its  own  injury  {B.  v.  Norris,  9  C.  &  P.  241). 

"  Damage "  is  often  used  in  contracts  of  Guarantee,  e.g.  where  one 
undertakes  to  shield  another  against  the  "  costs,  damages,  and  expenses  " 
of  actions  that  may  be  brought  by  third  parties.  If  the  verb  of  the 
guarantee  is  appropriate,  an  action  may  be  brought  on  the  guarantee 
before  actual  payment,  for  a  liability  to  pay  is,  generally  speaking, 
"  damage  "  {Spark  v.  Heslop,  28  L.  J.  Q.  B.  197;  1  E.  i&  E.  563:  Ban- 
doll  V.  Boper,  27  L.  J.  Q.  B.  266;  E.  B.  &  E.  84).  V.  Damages: 
Indemnify. 

The  phrase  ''  a^  little  Damage  as  can  he  "  in  the  working  clause  of  the 
Ry  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  applies  not  to  what  is  done,  but  to  the  manner  of 
doing  it  —  the  modus  operandi  (B.  v.  E.  &  W.  India  Docks  Co,  22 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  384:  2  E.  &  B.  474 :  Fenwiek  v.  F.  Lond.  By,  44  L.  J.  Ch. 
602;  L.  R.  20  Eq.  544:  Biscoe  v.  G.  E,  By,  L.  R.  16  Eq.  636:  Pugh 
V.  Golden  Valley  By^  12  Ch.  D.  274).     Fjf  Compulsory  Powers. 

"  Doing  no  Avoidable  Damage  ";  V.  Elliot  v.  N.  E,  By,  32  L.  J.  Ch. 
402;  10  H.  L.  Ca.  333. 

"  Continuance  of  Injury  or  Damage  ";    V.  Continuance. 

"  Special  Damage  "  ;   V.  Special. 

V.  Injury  :  Loss :  Damage  by  Collision  :  Wilful  and  Malicious. 


DAMAGE  BY  COLL.    468    DAMAGE  TO  CARGO 

DAMAGE  BY  COLLISION.  — The  jurisdiction  given  to  County 
Courts,  by  Co.  Co.  Admiralty  Jurisdiction  Act,  1868,  s.  3  (3),  as  extended 
by  32  &  33  V.  c.  61,  s.  4,  in  cases  of  "  Damage  by  Collision  or  otherwise," 
includes  damage  by  a  ship  coming  into  contact  with  a  Fixed  Object,  as 
well  as  damage  by  collision  of  Ships  {Mersey  Docks  v.  Turner^  1893, 
A.  C.  468;  63  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  17;  69  L.  T.  630;  67  J.  P.  660;  over- 
ruling Everard  v.  Kendall,  39  L.  J.  C.  P.  234;  L.  R.  6  C.  P.  428,  and 
Rohson  V.  Owners  of  ""  Kate,''  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  646;  21  Q.  B.  D.  13;  59 
L.  T.  667;  36  W.  R.  910).  Fa,  Collision:  Admibaltt  Cause: 
Damage. 

Damages  to  be  paid  by  the  owner  of  one  vessel  to  the  owner  of  another 
vessel  injured  by  a  Collision,  include  Loss  of  Profit  through  detention 
for  repairs,  as  well  in  respect  of  a  specific  engagement  of  the  vessel  as 
of  its  user  generally  (The  Argentinoy  69  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  17;  14  App. 
Ca.  619).  Not  so  as  regards  an  Insrce  against  "  Loss  or  Damage  by  rea- 
son of  Collision  " ;  for  the  loss  of  profits  is  a  consequence  of  the  repairs 
rather  than  of  the  collision,  and  especially  would  this  be  the  reading 
if  the  Policy  goes  on  to  say  that  the  insurer  "  may  make  good  the  loss 
or  damage  instead  of  paying  the  amount  thereof, "for  that  shows  that 
"  Loss  or  Damage  "  is  confined  to  the  injury  done  to  the  vessel  {Sh^ 
bourne  v.  Law  Investment  Corp^  1898,  2  Q.  B.  626;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  944; 
79  L.  T.  278).  So,  damage  to  fruit  by  its  unloading,  so  that  repairs  to 
the  vessel  might  be  effected,  and  by  its  reloading,  after  the  repairs  were 
effected,  is  not  "damage  consequent  upon  Collision,"  within  a  policy 
on  the  fruit  (Pink  v.  Fleming,  cited  Consequent).  Vf,  Heard  v.  Hot- 
man,  cited  Ship. 

As  to  the  Measure  of  Damages  by  Collision;  V,  The  Mediana,  1900, 
A.  C.  113;  69  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  36;  82  L.  T.  96;  48  W.  R.  398. 

DAMAGE   BY   FIRE   EXCEPTED.  —  F.  Repaib. 

DAMAGE  FEASANT.  — "  *  Damage  Feasant,'  is  when  a  stranger's 
beasts  are  in  another  man's  ground,  without  lawfull  authority  or  license 
of  the  tenant  of  the  ground,  and  there  doe  feed,  tread,  or  otherwise  spoile, 
the  Corn,  Grasse,  Woods,  or  such  like;  In  which  case  the  tenant,  whom 
they  hurt,  may  therefore  take,  distraine,  and  impound  them,  as  well  in 
the  night  as  in  the  day  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vh,  Bullen  on  Distress, 
2  ed.,  257-276:  Boden  v.  Eoscoe,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  608;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  767. 
Va  Distress. 

DAMAGE    IN    FACT.  —  V.  "  Special  Damage,"  sub  Special. 

DAMAGE  TO  CARGO. —"  The  words 'Damage  to  Cargo,' s.  3  (3), 
32  &  33  V.  c.  61,  I  think,  obviously  refer  to  cargo  damaged  whilst  on 
board  ship  "  (per  Grantham,  J.,  Rohson  v.  Owners  of  "  Kate, "  cited 
Damage  by  Collision). 


DAMAGE  TO  GOODS  459      DANGER 

DAMAGE  TO  GOODS.  —  "  Damage  to  any  goods  which  is  capable 
of  being  covered  by  Insurance,"  in  an  Exception  in  a  Bill  of  Lading, 
includes  a  total  loss  or  destruction,  but  not  an  abstraction,  of  the  goods 
{Taylor  v.  Liverpool  &  Gt.  Wn.  Steam  Coy  cited  Insubakce). 

DAMAGE  TO  LANDS.  — "Damage  to  Lands"  by  Military  Ma- 
noeuvres;  Stat.  Def.,  34  &  35  V.  c.  97,  s.  11;  35  &  36  V.  c.  64,  s.  13; 
36  &  37  V.  c.  58.  s.  12;     45  &  46  V.  c.  10,  s.  11. 

DAMAGES.  — "  ^  DammagesJ  Damna  in  the  common  law  hath  a 
speciall  signification  for  the  recompense  that  is  given  by  the  jury  to  the 
plaintife  or  defendant  (qy,  demandant?  F.  Ritso's  Intr.  119),  for  the 
wrong  the  defendant  hath  done^unto  him  "  (Co.  Litt.  257a:  Vf^  Jacob: 
4  Encyc.  93-109).  Costs  are  parcel  of  the  Damages  (Co.  Litt.  257  a : 
O^Loughlin  v.  Fogarty^  5  Ir.  L.  R.  54) . 

Compensation  under  the  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  for  lands  Inju- 
BiousLY  AFFECTED  is  not  "  Damages  "  within  s.  140,  Ry  C.  C.  Act, 
1845  {B.  V.  Edwards,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  149;  13  Q.  B.  D.  586).  V.  Com- 
pensation. 

A  Patentee's  right  to  an  Account  of  Profits  made  by  an  Infringer,  is 
not  one  for  "  Damages,"  e,g,  under  s.  37,  Bankry  Act,  1883;  it  is  "  more 
like  an  equitable  claim  for  Money  had  and  received  " :  secus,  of  Damages 
caused  by  the  infringement  (Watson  v.  Holliday,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  543;  31 
W.  R.  536;  43  L.  T.  545;  20  Ch.  D.  780).     py  Liquidated  Damages. 

Damages  to  "  Party  Grieved,"  s.  3,  Civil  Procedure  Act,  1833 ;  V. 
Penal.     Cp^  Adams  v.  Batley,  cited  Offence. 

"  All  Damages,"  qud  Ships;    F.  The  Satanita,  cited  All. 

V.  Damage:  Creditor:  Debts:  Vh,  Mayne  on  Damages:  Sedgwick 
on  the  Measure  of  Damages. 

DAMNUM  ABSQUE  INJURIA.     V.  Injury. 

DANCING.  —  r.  Public  Dancing. 

DANGER.  —  A  lessee's  covenant,  in  a  Lease  of  a  Public-house,  that 
he  will  not  do  or  suffer  anything  whereby  the  License  "  may  be  in  any 
Danger  of  being  suspended,  discontinued,  or  forfeited,"  is  not  broken  by 
his  being  convicted  of  selling  drink  after  hours,  if  the  conviction  is  not 
endorsed  on  the  License  (per  Charles,  J.,  Fleetwood  v.  Hull,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
341;  23  Q.  B.  D.  36) :  the  learned  judge  added,—"  If  the  conviction  had 
been  endorsed  on  the  License,  a  question  might  have  arisen  whether  the 
License  was  or  was  not  endangered.  If  two  convictions  had  been  endorsed, 
then  the  Licensee  would  no  doubt  have  been  in  danger,  because  a  third 
conviction  would,  by  s.  30,  Licensing  Act,  1872,  forfeit  the  License." 

V.  Affect:  Imperil.  For  a  Form  for  this  covenant,  V,  1  Key  & 
Elph.  Precedents,  6  ed.,  750.     Cp  "  Liable  to  be  deprived/'  sub  Liable. 

V.  Dangers  :  Damage  :  Impossible. 


DANGEROUS  460  DANCERS 

DANGEROUS. —  V.  Offensiyb:  Extbaobdinabily. 

"  Dangerous,"  ss.  69,  72,  73,  Metrop  Bg  Act,  1865,  applies  to  all 
Structures  which  are  in  a  dangerous  state ;  the  word  is  not  confined  to 
structures  which  are  dangerous  to  Passengers  using  a  public  way  (£.  y. 
Herring,  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  230). 

Vf,  Structube. 

Qu&  Part  5,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "  *  Dangerous  Goods,'  means, 
aqua  fortis,  vitriol,  naphtha,  benzine,  gunpowder,  lucifer  matches,  nitro- 
glycerine, petroleum,  any  Explosives  within  the  meaning  of  the  Explo- 
sives Act,  1875,  and  any  other  goods  which  are  of  a  dangerous  nature  " 
(s.  446). 

"  All  dangerous  Parts  ofths  Machinery,"  s.  6  (2),  54  &  55  V.  c.  75,  is 
to  be  read  unrestrictedly,  and  not  efusdem  generis  with  s.  5,  41  V.  c.  16 
{Redgrave  v.  Lloyd,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  876;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  155;  72  L.  T. 
565;  43  W.  E.  527;  59  J.  P.  293);  the  phrase  is  not  confined  to  Parts 
which  are  in  themselves  dangerous,  but  applies  to  all  Machinery  from 
which,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  working  it,  danger  may  be  reasonably 
anticipated,  although  such  danger  may  arise  only  through  careless 
working  or  external  causes  (Birt whistle  v.  Hindle,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  192; 
66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  173;  76  L.  T.  159;  45  W.  R.  207;  61  J.  P.  70). 

"  Dangerous  Lunatic  ";   V.  R.  v.  Bamsley,  12  Q.  B.  198. 

Dangerous  Performances  Acts,  1879  and  1897,  42  &  43  V.  c.  34,  60 
&  61  V.  c.  52. 

DANGERS.  —  "  It  has  been  held  long  ago  that  the  words  '  Dangers 
of  the  Seas '  are  synonymous  with  Pbbils  of  the  Seas  "  (per  Esher, 
M.  R.,  Fandorf  v.  Hamilton^  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  548).  "  *  Dangers  and 
Accidents  of  the  Sea '  cannot  have  a  narrower  interpretation  than  '  Perils 
of  the  Sea '  "  (per  Ld  Herschell,  Wilson  v.  The  Xantho,  56  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  118;  12  App.  Ca.  506;  57  L.  T.  701;  36  W.  R.  353;  6  Asp.  207). 

The  clause  in  a  Charter-party  excepting  "  Dangers  and  Accidents  of 
the  Sea,"  &c,  applies  only  to  the  voyage  and  not  to  the  whole  Charter- 
party  {SmUh  V.  DaH,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  121;  14  Q.  B.  D.  105;  52 
L.  T.  218;  33  W.  R.  455).  -^  Such  an  exception  in  a  Bill  of  Lading 
does  not  limit  the  owner's  implied  warranty  of  seaworthiness  (The  Glen- 
fniin,  54  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  49;  10  P.  D.  103;  52  L.  T.  769;  33  W.  R. 
826).     Vf,  Seawobthy:  1  Maude  &  P.  353. 

V,  Navigation  :   Risks  of  the  Sea. 

In  a  Contract  of  Affreightment,  "the  Court  said  that  the  words 
^Dangers  of  Roads*  might  be  explained,  by  the  context,  to  refer  to 
Marine  Roads  where  vessels  lie  at  anchor,  but  that  even  supposing  them 
to  extend  to  roads  on  land,  they  could  apply  to  such  dangers  only  as 
were  immediately  caused  by  the  condition  of  the  roads ;  such  for  instance 
as  the  over-turning  of  carriages  "  (1  Maude  &  P.  353,  citing  Rothschild 
V.  Royal  MaU  Steam  Packet  Co,  7  Ex.  734;  21  L.  J.  Ex.  273). 


DATE  461  DAY 

DATE.  —  "  Where  a  deed  bears  no  date,  or  an  impossible  date,  and  in 
the  deed  reference  is  made  to  the  <Date/  that  word  must  be  construed 
*  Deliyeby'  ;  but  if  the  deed  bears  a  sensible  date,  the  word  ^  Date,'  occur- 
ring in  the  deed,  means  the  Day  of  the  Date,  and  not  that  of  the  delivery  " 
(Elph.  123,  citing  Styles  v.  Wardle,  4  B.  &  C.  908;  7  D.  &  R.  507 :  Vf, 
Habendum  :  Last  Past  :  Co.  Litt.  46  b  and  Hargrave's  note  (8)  thereon : 
Woodf.  160). 

"  Date,"  though  sometimes  used  as  the  shortened  form  of  "  Day  of  the 
Date,"  is  not  its  sjmonym;  but  means,  the  particular  time  on  which  an 
instrument  is  given,  executed,  or  delivered  (Howard^s  Case,  1  BAym. 
Ld.  480;  2  Salk.  625:  Armitt  v.  Breatne,  2  Raym.  Ld.  1076 :  Fetvtress  v. 
Annan,  9  Dowl.  828,  834,  836).     Sv,  From  the  day  of  the  date. 

The  "  date"  of  a  Bill  of  Ex.,  or  Note,  is  the  date  expressed  on  its  face; 
not  the  time  when  it  is  actually  issued  (  Williams  v.  Jarrett,  5  B.  &  Ad. 
32).     VfAr  Sight. 

DAUGHTER. — May  be  construed  as  a  word  of  limitation;  V. 
2  Jarm.  400  et  seq. 

"  It  cannot  be  said  that  the  word  '  Daughters  '  is  at  all  more  appro* 
priate  to  describe  illegitimate  daughters,  than  the  word  '  Children ' 
would  be  to  describe  illegitimate  children  "  (per  Wood,  V.  C,  Be  Her- 
bert, 29  L.  J.  Ch.  870;  IJ.  &  H.  123).  And  though  in  Laker  v.  Ifar- 
dem  (45  L.  J.  Ch.  315;  1  Ch.  D.  644)  Bacon,  V.  C,  held  that  a  gift 
to  '^my  daughters  "  meant  existing  illegitimate  daughters,  inasmuch  as 
testator  had  always  treated  them  as  his  daughters  and  had  no  legitimate 
children ;  yet  it  has  been  submitted  that  that  case  cannot  be  supported 
and  is  undistinguishable  from  Dorin  v.  Dorin  (2  Jarm.  234,  n  (o)  :  Va, 
Kelly  V.  Hammond,  26  Bea.  36.  For  Dorin  v.  Dorin,  V.  Children). 
V.  Son:  Nephew. 

V.  Grand-daughter:   Other  Daughters. 

DAY-  —  "  The  Jewes,  the  Chaldeans^  and  Babylonians,  begin  the  day 
at  the  rising  of  the  sun ;  the  Athenians  at  the  fall ;  the  Umbri  in  Italy 
beginne  at  midday;  the  Egyptians  and  Romanes  from  midnight;  and  so 
doth  the  law  of  England  in  many  cases  "  (Co.  Litt.  135  a;  Vf,  lb.  134b). 
The  English  Day  begins  as  soon  as  the  clock  begins  to  strike  twelve  p.m. 
of  the  preceding  day  {Williams  v.  Nash,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  886;  28  Bea.  93: 
8.  36  (2),  Interp  Act,  1889).    Sv,  Lay  Days  :  Running  Days. 

Qui,  8.  9  and  by  its  subs.  4,  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes  Act, 
1885,  "  'Day,'  means,  the  period  between  6  a.m.  and  the  succeeding 
9  P.M.";  so,  of  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891  (s.  141);  but  qu4  P.  H.  Scot- 
land  Act,  1897,  "  *Day'  and  'Daytime,'  mean  between  9  a.  m.  and 
6  p.  M."  (s.  3). 

Sometimes  "  Day  "  is  defined  as  from  6  A.  m.  to  10  P.  M.  (8  &  9  V. 
c.  29,  8.  2). 

Vh  4  Encyc.  111. 


DAY  462  DAYS 

"Daytime,  witbin  which  Distress  for  Rent  must  be  made,  is  from 
Sunrise  to  Sunset  (Tutton  v.  Darke,  5  H.  &  K  647;  29  L.  J.  Ex.  271; 
36  L.  T.  0.  S.  361);  but  the  Court  declined  to  define  "Sunrise"  or 
"  Sunset  " ;  Svth  obs  of  Pollock,  C.  B.,  6  H.  &  N.  654  FjT,  By  Day  : 
Night. 

A  legal  day  sometimes  comprehends  several  natural  days,  —  e,g,  an 
Assize  Day,  Quarter  Sessions  Day,  Term  Day,  Session  Day  of  Parliament 
(Doe  d.  Wrangham  v.  Hersey,  3  Wils.  274:  Whitaker  v.  Wisbey,  12  C.  B. 
44;  21  L.  J.  C.  P.  116  ;  16  Jur.  411).     F^  Beerhouse  Act,  1830,  s.  32. 

Though,  generally,  Fractions  of  a  day  are  not  regarded  (Markfi  v. 
Frogley,  cited  Soldier),  yet  for  some  purposes  this  may  be  done ;  F. 
Combe  v.  Pitt,  3  Burr.  1434:  Thomas  y.  Desanges,  2  B.  &  Aid.  586: 
Godson  V.  Sanctuary,  4  B.  &  Ad.  263,  264:  Chick  v.  Smith,  8  Dowl. 
340 :  Campbell  v.  Strangeu-ays,  3  C.  P.  D.  105;  47  L.  J.  M.  C.  6 :  Clarke 
V.  Bradlaugh,  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  678;  7  Q.  B.  D.  151. 

A  contract  to  receive  a  Cargo,  e.g.  of  Coals,  at  the  rate  of  so  much 
"per  Day,"  does  not  connote  a  greater  exigency  than  Working  Day 
(Harper  v.  McCarthy,  2  B.  &  P.  N.  R.  258);  but  in  that  case  a  wet  day 
Mas  excluded  from  computation. 

V.  Clear:  Days:  Night:  Lawful  Day:  One  Day:  Time:  With-' 
OUT  Day:  Passing:  Peremptory. 

DAY   OF  DATE. —  V.  Date:  From  the  day  op  the  date. 

DAY  OF  HEARING.  —  This  phrase  in  R.  104,  Co.  Co.  Rules,  1867, 
which  formerly  regulated  a  demand  for  a  jury,  meant  the  day  originally 
appointed  for  the  hearing  (Fletcher  v.  Baker,  43  L.  J.  Q.  B.  112;  L,  R. 
9  Q.  B.  370:  E.  v.  Leeds  Co.  Co.,  16  Q.  B.  D.  691). 

V.  Return  Day. 

DAY   OF   NOMINATION '•  In  relation  to  the  election  of  County 

Councillors,  the  *  Day  of  Nomination '  shall  he  deemed  to  be  the  day 
on  which  the  names  of  the  persons  nominated  are  fixed  on  the  Town  Hall, 
or  other  conspicuous  place  "  (Loc  Grov  Act,  1888,  s.  100). 

DAYS.  —  "  The  general  rule  of  law  is,  that  *  Days  '  mean,  consecutive 
days,  except  Sunday  is  the  first  or  last  day,  but  in  mercantile  cases  it  is 
sometimes  otherwise,  because  mercantile  contracts  are  to  be  construed 
with  reference  to  mercantile  usage  "  (per  Alderson,  B.,  Broton  v,  John- 
son, C.  &  M.  444).  Vf,  Morris  v.  Barrett,  29  L.  J.  C.  P.  102;  7  C.  B. 
N.  S.  139 :  B.  v.  Middlesex  Jus.,  17  L.  J.  M.  C.  111. 

"  Where  a  certain  number  of  days  is  to  be  allowed  for  the  delivery  of 
goods  under  a  Contract  of  Sale,  they  are  to  be  counted  as  consecutive 
daj'^s  and  include  Sundays,  unless  the  contrary  be  expressed,  or  an  usage 
to  that  effect  be  shown.  Extra  day  in  Leap  Year  counts  by  itself  and 
is  not  reckoned  as  one  with  the  previous  day :  42  &  43  V.  c.  59  "  (Benj. 
674,  citing  Brown  v.  Johnson,  10  M.  &  W.  331;    11  L.  J.  Ex.  373: 


DAYS  468     DAYS  OF  GRACE 

Cochran  v.  Retberg,  3  Esp.  121 :  Vf,  Hodgins  v.  Hancock^  14  M.  &  W.  121. 
Note,  — The  statute  cited  repeals  40  H.  3,  which  provided  that  the  extra 
day  in  Leap  Year  and  the  day  preceding  should  be  reckoned  as  one  day). 

There  is  no  absolute  rule,  —  except  where  the  phrase  is  "  Clear 
Days,"  —  in  computing  time  from  an  act  or  event  that  the  day  is  to  be 
inclusive  or  exclusive;  it  depends  on  the  reason  of  the  thing  according 
to  circumstances  (Lester  v.  Garland,  15  Ves.  248) ;  but  the  general  rule 
may,  probably,  be  stated  to  be  that  where  anything  is  to  be  done  so  many 
days  before  or  after  something  else,  one  day  is  reckoned  inclusively  and 
one  exclusively  {R,  v.  West  Riding  Jus.^  4  B.  &  Ad.  685).     Cp  From. 

An  Act  of  Bankry  by  goods  seized  under  a  fi.fa,  being  "  held  by  the 
sheriff  for  21  days,"  s.  1,  Bankry  Act,  1890,  means,  21  whole  da^'s,  and 
the  day  of  seizure  is  excluded  (Re  North,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  264;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  694;  72  L.  T.  854). 

Application  for  a  Case,  s.  2,  20  &  21  V.  c.  43,  had  to  be  made 
"  within  3  days  "  after  the  Justices'  decision  (now  7  days,  by  the  Eules 
under  8.  33,  Sum  Jur  Act,  1879);  in  that  matter,  though  the  last  day 
is  a  Sunday  it  has  to  be  counted  (Peacock  v.  The  Queen^  27  L.  J.  C.  P. 
224 ;  4  C.  B.  N.  S.  264:  —  does  the  rule  in  the  apply  to  the  Transmission 
of  the  case  ?  V,  Transmit).  So,  where  Eecognizance  had  to  be  en- 
tered into  "  within  2  days  "  after  Notice  of  Appeal,  Sunday,  though  the 
last  day,  was  counted  (Ex  p»  Simpkin,  29  L.  J.  M.  C.  23).  Su,  Wynne 
V.  Ronaldson,  12  L.  T.  711:  R.  v.  Middlesex  Jus.,  17  L.  J.  M.  C.  Ill; 
7  Jur.  396:  Within. 

V,  At  Least  :  Clear. 

When  Sunday,  Christmas-day,  &c  are  to  be  "excluded," — e,g.  Parlia- 
mentary Elections  Act,  1868,  s.  49;  Corrupt  and  Illegal  Prac.  Prev.  Act, 
1883,  s.  40  (6) ;  R.  3,  Addl.  Gen.  Rules  (Parliamentary),  1875,  —all  the 
Sundays,  &c  of  a  prescribed  sequence  of  days  are  to  be  eliminated  in 
computing  them  (Southampton  Case,  Pegler  v.  Gumey,  19  L.  T.  647; 
L.  R.  4  C.  P.  237,  238).  So,  of  Municipal  Elections  (Iloices  v.  Turnery 
46  L.  J.  C.  P.  650;  1  C.  P.  D.  670). 

Where  by  the  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882,  "  the  time  limited  for  doing  any 
act  or  thing  is  less  than  3  days,  Non-business  days  are  excluded  "  (s.  92). 
V,  Business  Days. 

In  a  Charter-Party  providing  for  Lay-days,  "  the  word  *  Days  '  alone, 
would  mean  days  as  reckoned  in  each  particular  port "  (per  Esher,  M.  R., 
Neilson  v.  Wait,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  89;  16  Q.  B.  D.  70).  V.  Demurrage 
Days:  Lay  Days:  Running  Days:  Working  Day:  Weather 
Working  Day. 

DAYS  OF  GRACE.  —"  Where  a  Bill  (of  Exchange)  is  not  payable 
On  Demand  the  day  on  which  it  falls  due  is  determined  as  follows: 
(1)   Three  days,  called  Days  of  Grace,  are,  in  every  case  where  the  Bill 
itself  does  not  otherwise  provide,  added  to  the  time  of  payment 


DAYS  OF  GRACE     464  '        DE  INJURIA 

as  fixed  by  the  Bill,  and  the  Bill  is  due  and  payable  on  the  last 
Day  of  Grace  :  Provided  that 

(a)  When  the  last  Day  of  Grace  falls  on  Sanday,  Christmas 

Day,  Good  Friday,  or  a  day  appointed  by  B.oyal 
proclamation  as  a  Public  Fast  or  Thanksgiving 
Day,  the  Bill  is,  except  in  the  case  hereinafter  pro- 
vided for,  due  and  payable  on  the  preceding  business 
day; 

(b)  When  the  last  Day  of  Grace  is  a  Bank  Holiday  (other 

than  Christmas  Day  or  Good  Friday),  under  the 
Bank  Holidays  Act,  1871,  and  Acts  amending  or 
extending  it,  or  when  the  last  Day  of  Grace  is  a  Sun- 
day and  the  second  Day  of  Grace  is  a  Bank  Holiday, 
the  Bill  is  due  and  payable  on  the  succeeding  business 
day. 

(2)  Where  a  Bill  is  payable  at  a  fixed  period  after  date,  after  sight, 

or  after  the  happening  of  a  specified  event,  the  time  of  payment 
is  determined  by  excluding  the  day  from  which  the  time  is  to 
begin  to  run  and  by  including  the  day  of  payment. 

(3)  Where  a  Bill  is  payable  at  a  fixed  period  after  sight,  the  time 

begins  to  run  from  the  date  of  the  acceptance  if  the  Bill  be 
accepted,  and  from  the  date  of  noting  or  protest  if  the  Bill 
be  noted  or  protested  for  non-acceptance,  or  for  non-delivery." 
(s.  14,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882)  :  these  provisions  as  to  "  Days  of  Grace  " 
relate  also  to  Promissory  Notes  (s.  89,  lb.). 

A  Bight  of  Action  does  not  accrue  until  after  the  expiration  of  the 
whole  of  the  last  Day  of  Grace,  although  a  right  to  Protest  and  to  give 
Notice  of  Dishonour  accrues  immediately  on  refusal  of  payment  (Ketir 
nedy  v.  Thomas,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  759;  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  761;  71  L.  T.  144; 
42  W.  R.  641).     F.  DiSHONOuBED. 

DAYTIME.     FIDay. 

DE  BENE  ESSE.— "To  take  or  do  a  thing  de  bene  esse,  is  to 
allow  or  accept  for  the  present  till  it  comes  to  be  more  fully  examined, 
and  then  to  stand  or  fall  according  to  the  merit  of  the  thing  in  its  own 
nature,  so  that  valeat  quantum  valere  potest  "  (Cowel). 

DE    DONIS.  —  Statute  de  Donis;   V.  Westminster. 

DE  INJURIA.  — The  Replication  De  Injuria  (more  fully,  De  in^ 
jurid  sud  propria  absque  tali  causa,  — "  of  his  own  wrong,  and  without 
the  cause  in  the  said  last-mentioned  plea  alleged "),  was  a  General 
Keplication  putting  in  issue,  in  general  terms,  all  the  material  aver- 
ments of  the  Plea.  Vh,  and  as  to  its  use,  Crogatt^s  Case,  8  Eep.  66  b, 
and  notes  thereto  by  Fraser,  in  his  edition  of  the  Exports,  1826 :  Selhy  y. 


DE  INJURIA  465       DEAD  FREIGHT 

BardonSy  3  B.  &  Ad.  2 :  for  an  example  of  the  Replication,   V,  Steplien 
on  Pleading,  3  ed.,  162-164. 

This  Heplication  Las  become  obsolete  since  s.  79,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act, 
1852,  and  its  utility  is  now  supplied  by  the  Joinder  of  Issue. 

DEACON. — "It  appertaineth  to  the  oflBce  of  a  Deacon  (in  the 
Church  where  he  shall  be  appointed  to  serve)  to  assist  the  Priest  in 
Divine  Service,  and  specially  when  he  ministereth  the  Holy  Com- 
munion and  to  help  him  in  the  distribution  thereof,  and  to  read  Holy 
Scriptures  and  Homilies  in  the  church;  and  to  instruct  the  youth  in  the 
Catechism;  in  the  absence  of  the  Priest,  to  baptize  infants;  and  to 
preach  if  he  be  admitted  thereto  by  the  Bishop.  And  furthermore,  it  is 
his  office  (where  provision  is  so  made)  to  search  for  the  Sick,  Poor,  and 
Impotent  people  of  the  parish,  and  to  intimate  their  estates,  names,  and 
places  where  they  dwell  unto  the  Curate,  that  by  his  exhortation  they 
may  be  relieved  with  the  alms  of  the  parishioners  or  others  "  (Church  of 
£ng..  Ordination  Service)  ;  "  Curate  "  here  means  the  Rector,  or  Vicar, 
who  has  the  Cure  of  Souls  (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  109,  whvf  hereon).     Cp 

SUBDEACON. 

DEAD.  —  Where  there  is  a  gift  over  to  a  prescribed  Class  on  the 
death  of  a  Tenant  for  Life,  and  that  is  followed  by  a  gift  over  to  the 
same  Class  —  on  the  bankruptcy  of  the  tenant  for  life 'Mn  the  same 
manner  as  if  he  was  naturallf/  dead,''  —  this  divesting  would,  it  seems, 
rather  apply  to  the  Tenant  for  Life  than  to  the  Class,  so  that  the  period 
for  ascertaining  the  Class  would  not  be  accelerated,  and  members  of  the 
Class  coming  into  being  after  the  bankruptcy  would  be  entitled  to  partici- 
pate {Re  Bedson,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  644;  28  Ch.  D.  523:  Vthc,  Blackman  v. 
Fysh,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  671). 

V,  Death:  Die:  Deceased. 

DEAD  BODY.  —  Leaving  a  living  child  in  a  secret  place  to  die  from 
exposure  or  want,  is  not  a  "  Secret  Disposition  of  the  Dead  Body  "  of 
the  Child  within  s.  60,  24  &  25  V.  c.  100  (R.  v.  May,  31  J.  P.  356). 
V.  Dispose  of,  at  end. 

r.  Cadaveb. 

DEAD  FREIGHT..—  "  The  term  « Dead  Freight  '  denotes  an  agreed 
sum  to  be  paid  in  respect  of  space  not  filled  according  to  charter,  or  dam- 
ages provided  for  by  a  charter,  in  the  event  of  the  freighter  not  loading 
a  full  cargo  "  (1  Maude  &  P.  389,  citing  Biriey  v.  Gladstone,  3  M.  &  S. 
205  :  Phillips  r.  Eodie,  15  East,  547 :  Pearson  v.  Goschen,  17  C.  B.  N.  S. 
052 ;  33  L.  J.  C.  P.  265 :  Vf,  McLean  v.  Fleming,  L.  It.  2  Sc.  &  D. 
App.  128,  considered  in,  Gray  v.  Carr,  40  L.  J.  Q.  B.  257;  L.  R. 
6  Q.  B.  522 :  Clink  v.  Radford,  cited  Cease). 

dO 


DEAD  RENT  466  DEALER 

DEAD  RENT.  —  Dead  Rent  in  a  mining  lease  is  "a  rent  payable 
whether  the  mines  be  worked  or  not"  (Woodf.  411).  FjfCopinger& 
Munro  on  Rents,  19,  20, 

DEAD   STOCK.—  V.  Live  and  Dead  Stock. 

DEAD  WALL.  — "  ^V^le^e  a  Wall  is  without  any  honse  or  building 
behind  it  and  is  merely  intended  to  fence  off  or  separate  the  road  from 
the  space  of  ground  b}'  the  side  of  it  having  no  windows  or  doors,  that, 
I  think,  is  a  'Dead  Wall/  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act "  (per  Maule, 
J.,  Amell  V.  Land.  &  JV:  JT.  Ei/,  12  C.  B.  718;  the  Act  was  a  Local 
Paving  Act  in  which  "  Dead  Wall  "  was  scarcely,  if  at  all,  affected  by  its 
context). 

DEAD  WEIGHT.  —  A  guarantee  by  a  Shipowner  of  a  Ship^s  carry- 
ing capacity  being  so  much  "Dead  Weight, '^  is  a  guarantee  of  the 
vessel's  carrying  capacity  with  reference  to  the  contemplated  Voyage, 
and  the  description  of  the  Cargo  proposed  to  be  shipped,  so  far  as  that  de- 
scription was  made  known  to  the  owner  "  (per  Ld  Macnaghten,  Mackill  v. 
Wrighty  14  App.  Ca.  120:  So,  Carnegie  v.  Conner,  cited  Cargo). 

Oral  evidence  may  be  received  to  show  the  force  of  this  phrase  {Cun- 
ningham V.  Dunn,  3  C.  P.  D.  443;  48  Ij.  J.  C.  P.  62). 

DEAD   YEAR T.  Year. 

DEAF.  — Quel  Elementary  Education  (Blind  and  Deaf  Children)  Act, 
1893,  56  &  67  V.  c.  42,  "  ^Deaf,'  means,  too  deaf  to  be  taught  in  a  class 
of  hearing  children  in  an  elementary  school  **  (s.  15). 

DEAL   IN.  —  " Shall  have  dealt  in";   V,  Previously. 

DEAL  WITH.  —  Where  Tonnage  was  imposed  upon  coals  brought 
into  a  district  and  was  payable  before  the  owner  "  sells,  delivers,  or  deals 
witJi,"  them;  held,  that  coals  brought  into  the  district  for  the  owner's 
own  use  were  liable  to  the  tax  (iV.  U.  Ry  v.  KingstonruponrHuU^  55 
J.  P.  518;  7  Times  Rep.  302;  following  Wilson  v.  KingstonruponrHuU^ 
14  W.  R.  638). 

"  In  any  way  deal,  or  transact  business,  with  "  ;  V.  Mills  v.  Dunliam, 
cited  Customer. 

Where  a  consequence  follows  on  an  alleged  Offence  being  "  dealt  with  " 
by  a  competent  tribunal,  that  provision  does  not  only  apply  when  there 
has  been  a  Conviction,  it  equally  applies  if  the  charge  is  dismissed 
(Exp.  Brown,  37  S.  J.  27).     Fl  Summarily. 

DEALER.  —  V.  Dealing. 

"  Dealer  in  Gold,  or  Silver,  Wares  ";  Stat.  Def.,  s.  14,  7  &  8  V.  c.  22. 

"  Dealer  in  Marine  Stores,"  "  Dealer  in  Old  MeUls  ";    V.  s.  3,  25  &  26 

V.  c.  ai;     8.  3,  27  &  28  V.  c.  91 ;    s.  3,  30  &  31  V.  c.  119;    s.  3,  30  & 


DEALER  467  DEATH 

31  V.  c.  128.     The  first  def  of  "  Dealer  in  Old  Metals  "  is  given  in  s.  3, 
Old  Metal  Dealers  Act,  1861,  24  &  25  V.  c.  110,  to  which  the  subsequent 
defs  refer,  and  which  also  defines  "  Old  Metals  "  as  the  articles  therein 
enumerated.     Vf^  s.  538,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894. 
"  Dealer  in  Tobacco  "  ;   V.  Retaileb. 

DEALING.  — ''I  take  it  that  the  strict  definition  of  'dealing'  is 
'distributing.'  A  Dealer  is  one  who  distributes"  (per  Alderson,  B., 
Alle7i  V.  Sharpy  17  L.  J.  Ex.  212),  or,  in  other  words,  one  who  trades, 
buys,  or  sells  (Berks  v.  Bertolet,  13  Peun.  St.  524). 

Any  person  on  unlicens^d  premises  "  for  the  purpose  of  illegally  dealing 
in  Intoxicating  Liquor,"  s.  17,  37  &  38  V.  c.  49,  includes  a  Buyer  as 
well  as  a  Seller  (McKenzie  v.  Day,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  289;  62  L.  J.  M.  G. 
49;  68  L.  T.  345;  41  W.  R.  384;  57  J.  P.  216). 

"  Conduct,  Dealings,  and  Property  " ;   V.  Conduct. 

V.  Contract:  Trade:  Mutual:  Ordinary  Course. 

DEAN.  —  A  Dean  holds  a  Dignity  in  the  Church  without  Cure  of 
Souls,  and  may  sometimes  be  a  Corporation  Sole  (1  Bl.  Com.  469) :  he 
is  generally  the  head  of  a  Corporation  Aggregate  with  a  Chapter  (lb.). 
"  A  Dean  and  Chapter  are  the  council  of  the  Bishop,  to  assist  him  with 
their  advice  in  the  affairs  of  religion,  and  also  in  the  temporal  concerns 
of  his  See"  (lb.  382).  Vf,  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  Part  2,  ch.  4:  Grant  on 
Corporations,  581.     Cp  Rural  Dean. 

Stat.  Def.,  35  &  36  V.  c.  8,  s.  2. 

"  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Truro  ";  F.  50  &  51  V.  c.  12,  s.  2. 

"  Dean  of  Guild  ";  Scot.  18  &  19  V.  c.  88,  s.  36. 

DEAR  :  DEARLY-BELOVED.  —  As  to  the  value  of  these  expres- 
sions in  devises,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  a  Besulting  Trust  to  the 
heir ;    V.  1  Jarm.  570. 

V.  Beloved  Wife. 

DEAR  SIR.  — -''  Dear  Sir,"  at  the  commencement  of  a  letter  sent  to 
one  of  the  contracting  parties  and  which  letter  contains  the  terms  of  a 
Contract,  will  be  read  as  the  Name  of  that  party  so  as  to  be  a  good  Note 
of  the  Contract  if  the  letter  is  enclosed  in  an  envelope  addressed  to  such 
party  (Pearce  v.  Gardner,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  688;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  457;  76 
L.  T.  441;  45W.  R.  518). 

DEATH.  —  Where  a  life  interest  is  to  cease  on  the  re-marriage  or  re- 
cohabitation,  or  bankry,  of  the  Tenant  for  Life,  or  other  event,  and  there 
is  a  gift  over  which  (by  an  imperfection  of  language)  is  expressed  to 
take  effect  on  the  happening  of  one  or  more  of  those  events,  the  gift  over 
is  read  as  taking  effect  at  the  termination  of  the  life  interest  by  either 
event,  or  by  the  death  of  the  tenant  for  life  {Luxford  v.  Cheeke,  3  Lev. 


DEATH  468  DEBENTURE 

126:  Jones  v.  Westcomh,  1  Eq.  Ca.  Ab.  245;  Pr.  Ch.  316:  BainJbridge  v. 
Cream,  16  Bea.  25 :  Joel  v.  Milhy  3  K.  &  J.  467  :  Brown  v.  Hammond, 
Johns.  210:  Wardroper  v.  Cutfield,  33  L-  J.  Ch.  §05;  12  W.  R.  458: 
JS'aton  V.  Hewitt,  2  Dr.  &  Sm.  184;  7  L.  T.  496:  Underhill  v.  Roden, 
45  L.  J.  Ch.  266;  2  Ch.  D.  494:  Re  Stanford,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  273;  34 
Ch.  D.  362;  55  L.  T.  765;  35  W.  R.  191 :  1  Jarm.  802-^04).  Note.  — 
These  cases  were  followed  doubtingly  by  Stirling,  J.,  in  Re  Tucker^  56 
L.  J.  Ch.  449;  56  L.  T.  118;  35  W.  R.  344;  and,  willingly,  by  Kay,  J., 
in  Re  Dear,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  659,  and  Re  Cane,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  36  :  —  SembU, 
the  application  of  the  rule  (itself  a  strong  step  originally)  depends  on 
each  context,  V.  Re  TredweU,  1891,  2  Ch.  640;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  657;  65 
L.  T.  399;  Suthc,  Jackson  v.  Battley,  36  S,  J.  516,  521.  Vf,  Re  Ake~ 
royd,  1893,  3  Ch.  363;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  32.  Scarb<yrou(fh  v.  Scarborough 
(58  L.  T.  851)  shows  that  File  v.  Salter  (5  Sim.  411)  is  now  of  very 
little  authority. 

V.  Widow. 

A  gift  to  two  or  more  equally  for  life  and  "  on  their  deaths,"  over; 
means,  that  the  gift  over  does  not  take  effect  till  the  death  of  the  sur- 
vivor of  the  life  beneficiaries ;  and  that,  on  the  death  of  either  of  them, 
the  income  thereby  set  free  goes  to  the  survivors  or  survivor  until  the 
death  of  the  last  survivor  {Re  BuUer,  74  L.  T.  406:  Fearce  v.  Rdmeades, 
3Y.&  G.  246). 

Presumption  of  Death ;   V.  Presumption. 

"  In  case  of  death  ";    F.  Chitty,  Eq.  Ind.  8055,  8056. 

Death  "  by  Poison  ";    F.  Poison. 

V.  Dead:  Die:  Die  without  issue:  At:  At  his  death:  At 
THEIR  death:  Civil  Death:  Mortality:  Passing:  Venial. 

DEATH    DUTIES Stat.  Def.,  Finance  Act,  1894,  s.  13  (3). 

DEBATES.  — F.  Quarrels. 

DEBENTURE.  —  This  word  seems  to  have  originated  from  "  Deben- 
tur  mihi,"  with  which  various  old  forms  of  Acknowledgments  com- 
menced (per  Chitty,  J.,  Levy  v.  Abercorris  Co,  67  L.  J.  Ch.  204;  37 
Ch.  D.  260;  36  W.  R.  411).  In  a  previous  case  (Edmonds  v.  Blaina  Co, 
b%  L.  J.  Ch.  817;  36  Ch.  D.  216;  57  L.  T.  139;  35  W.  R  798),  the 
same  learned  judge  said,  "  So  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  term  *  Debenture ' 
has  never  received  any  precise  legal  definition.  It  is,  comparatively 
speaking,  a  new  term.  I  do  not  mean  a  new  term  in  the  English  Ian* 
guage,  because  there  is  a  passage  in  Swift  (quoted  in  Latham's  Diction- 
ary), where  the  term  *  Debenture  '  is  used."  *'  Debenters  "  were,  on  the 
24th  Dec  1647,  ordered  to  be  given  to  the  "  Souldiery  *'  of  the  Parliament 
for  the  arrears  of  their  pay  (cap.  113,  Ordinances  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, printed  in  Scobell's  Collection,  p.  148,  where,  in  the  Title  to  the 
Ordinance,  the  word  is  spelt  "  Debentures  "  ).  "  Debenture  **  is  also  used 
in  the  Act  of  Oblivion,  12  Car.  2,  c.  11,  s.  15,  and  in  41  G.  3,  c.  75, 


DEBENTURE    469    DEBENTURE 

8.  7.  Vfy  for  still  earlier  use  of  this  word,  Palmer  Co.  Prec.  Part  3,  p.  1 
tt  seq. 

"No  one  seems  to  know  exactly  what  'Debenture*  means"  (Buckl. 
192,  citing  British  India  Steam  Nav.  Co  v.  Inl.  Bev,,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  517 ; 
7  Q.  B.  D.  166,  in  whc  Grove,  J.,  said,  — this  is  "  a  word  which  has  no 
definite  signification  in  the  present  state  of  the  English  language": 
Be  Florence  Land  Co,  Ex  p.  Moor,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  137;  10  Ch.  D.  630). 
It  should  rather  be  said  that  no  one  has  yet  laid  down  an  exhaustive 
definition  of  a  Debenture.  The  British  India  Steam  Nav.  Co^s  case 
shows  that  it  is  not  true  to  say  that  a  Debenture  is  necessarily  an  obliga- 
tion under  seal,  or  a  charge  on  any  property.  Faute  de  mieux,  it  is  sug- 
gested that,  a  Debenture  is  a  written  Obligation  or  Acknowledgment 
in  an  impersonal  form,  and  with  conditions  more  elaborate  than  those  of 
a  Promissory  Note,  given  by  or  for  a  Corporation  or  a  Company  to  secure 
a  sum  of  money.  Thus,  in  the  British  India  Steam  Nav,  Co^s  case, 
Lindley,  J.,  said,  —  "  Now,  what  the  exact  meaning  of  *  Debenture  '  is  I 
do  not  know.  I  do  not  find  any  particular  definition  of  it,  and  we  know 
that  there  are  various  classes  of  instruments  called  'Debentures.'  You 
may  have  Mortgage  Debentures,  which  are  charges  of  some  kind  on 
property;  you  may  have  Debentures  which  are  Bonds;  you  may  have  a 
Debenture  which  is  nothing  more  than  an  Acknowledgment  of  debt; 
you  may  have  an  instrument,  like  this,  which  is  something  more —  it  is 
a  statement  by  two  Directors  that  a  Company  will  pay.  I  think  any 
instruments  of  that  sort  may  be  Debentures."  So,  in  Brown  v,  Inl,  Bev. 
(64  L.  J.  M.  C.  211),  Charles,  J.,  said,  —  "  A  Debenture,  though  never,  I 
believe,  legally  defined,  is  included  under  one  or  other  of  the  three  descrip- 
tions laid  down  by  Bowen,  L.  J.,  in  English  &  Scottish  Trust  v.  Brun- 
ton  (1892,  2  Q.  B.  700;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  136),  as,  —  '  (1)  a  simple 
Acknowledgment  under  Seal  of  the  debt;  (2)  an  Instrument  acknowl- 
edging the  debt  and  charging  the  property  of  the  Co  with  repayment; 
(3)  an  Instrument  acknowledging  the  debt,  charging  the  property  of  the 
Co  with  repayment,  and  further  restricting  the  Co  from  giving  any  prior 
charge.*  *' 

A  Covering  Deed  by  a  Co  would  seem  to  be  a  "  Debenture  "  within 
the  exception  in  s.  17,  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1882  (per  Kay,  J.,  Bossy.  Army 
&  Navy  Hotel  Co,  bb  L.  J.  Ch.  697;  34  Ch.  D.  43;  36  W.  11.  40:  dis- 
senting from  decision  of  Field,  J.,  in  Brocklehurst  v.  Bailway  Printing 
Co,  W.  N.  (84)  71 :  Va,  per  North,  J.,  Bichards  v.  Kidderminster,  1896, 
2  Ch.  212;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  602;  44  W.  R.  605);  and  the  Debentures  based 
on  such  a  deed  would  be  within  the  section  {Boss  v.  A.  &  N.  IL  Co, 
sup).  An  Agreement  charging  the  Undertaking  in  favour  of  certain 
therein-named  persons  pan  passu  {Edmxmds  v.  Blaina  Co,  56  L.  J.  Ch. 
816;  36  Ch.  D.  216;  36  W.  R.  798),  or  in  favour  of  an  individual  (Levy 
v.  Abercarris  Co,  67  L.  J.  Ch  202;  37  Ch.  D.  260;  36  W.  R.411),  is 
within  the  exception.     Edmonds  v.   Blaina  Co  and  Levy  v.  Abercarris 


DEBENTURE    470  DEBENTURE  STOCK 

Co  were  approved  in  Re  Standard  Manufacturing  Co  (1891,  1  Ch.  627; 
60  L.  J.  Ch.  292),  which  also  over-ruled  Jenkinson  v.  Brandley  Co  (19 
Q.  B.  D.  568),  and  determined  that  s.  17,  Bills  of  S.  Act,  1882,  is  not 
restricted  to  Debentures  of  a  Co  ejusdem  generis  with  *^  Mortgage,  or 
Loan  "  Companies,  but  includes  the  Debentures  of  any  Incorporated  Co. 
Va,  Welsted  y,  Swansea  Bank,  5  Times  Rep.  332:  Bead  v.  Joannon, 
69  L,  J.  Q.  B.  544;  25  Q.  B.  D.  500.  A  Charge  on  specific  goods  is  not 
a  Debenture  {Re  Cunningham,  28  Ch.  D.  682;  33  W.  R.  387). 

Vf,  Topham  v.  Greenside  Co,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  583;  36  W.  R.  464;  37 
Ch.  D.  281;  58  L.  T.  274:  Bill  of  Sale:  Company, 

JVb^e.  For  present  provisions  as  to  registration  of  a  Co's  Debentures, 
r.  Comp  Act,  1900,  s.  14. 

Quk  Land  Debentures  (Ir)  Act,  1865,  28  &  29  V.  c.  101,  "  *  Deben- 
ture,' means,  a  Debenture  charged  upon  land  under  this  Act  "  (s.  3). 

Vh,  Manson  on  Debentures:  Cavanagh  on  Money  Securities,  ch.  27: 
4  Encyc.  142-153 :  Interest  in  Land. 

In  Ireland  it  has  been  held  that  a  Policy  on  the  life  of  a  debtor  would 
pass,  under  a  Will,  as  a  "  Debenture  "  (Phillips  v.  Eastwood,  L.  &  G.  t. 
Sug.  270 ;  1  Jarm.  770) ;  but,  in  England,  Debenture  Stock  (into  which 
Debentures  had,  since  the  Will,  been  converted)  was  held  not  to  pass 
under  bequest  of  "  all  My  Debentures  in  the  A.  Ry  "  (Re  Lane,  49  L.  J. 
Ch.  768;  14  Ch.  D.  856;  cited  with  approval  by  Kay,  J.,  Re  Gray,  36 
Ch.  D.  210;  but  not  regarded  as  satisfactory  by  FitzGibbon,  L.  J.,  in 
Dillon  V.  Arkins,  17  L.  R.  Ir.  639).     FjT  Share. 

A  Trustee's  Power  of  Investment  in  "  Debentures  or  Debenture  Stock"  of 
any  Rj'^  or  other  Co,  includes  "any  nominal  debentures  or  nominal  debent- 
ure stock  issued  under  the  Local  Loans  Act,  1875  "  (s.  5  (3),  Trustee  Act, 
1893).  By  subs.  5  of  that  section,  a  Power  of  Investment  in  the  "  Shares, 
Stock,  Mortgages,  Bonds,  or  Debentures,"  of  any  Incorporated  Co,  in- 
cludes Mortgage  Debentures  "  duly  issued  under,  and  in  accordance  with, 
the  provisions  of  the  Mortgage  Debenture  Act,  1865."     V.  Mortgage. 

DEBENTURE  STOCK.  —  F.  Part  III.,  Comp  C.  Act,  1863,  26 
&  27  V.  c.  118:  Vh,  per  James,  L.  J.,  AUree  v.  Hawe,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  866; 
9  Ch.  D.  349,  explained  Re  Bodman,  1891,  3  Ch.  135;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  31; 
65  L.  T.  522;  40  W.  K  60:  Re  Mersey  Ry,  1895,  2  Ch.  287;  64  L.  J. 
Ch.  625:  72  L.  T.  785. 

Quk  Ry  Comp  Securities  Act,  1866,  29  &  30  V.  c.  108,  "  *  Debenture 
Stock,'  includes.  Mortgage  Preference  Stock  and  Funded  Debt,  and  any 
Stock  or  Shares  representing  Loan  Capital  of  a  Ry  Co,  by  whatever 
name  called  "  (s.  2). 

Under  a  bequest  of  "  Debenture  Stock  or  Shares  "  in  a  Co,  Debentures 
will  pass  if  the  testator  has  no  Debenture  Stock  (Re  Nottage,  1895,  2  Ch. 
657;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  695;  73  L.  T.  265;  44  W.  R.  22). 

V.  Share:  Stock. 


DEBT  471  DEBT 

DEBT.  —  A  "Debt"  is  a  sum  payable  in  respect  of  a  Liquidated 
Money  Demand,  recoverable  by  action  {Rawley  v.  Rawley,  1  Q.  B.  D. 
460;  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  675)  :  the  word  can  but  seldom  be  construed  to 
include  Damages  for  Breach  of  Covenant  {Wilson  v.  Knubley,  cited 
Specialty  :  Sv^  Varlo  v.  Faden,  cited  Debts  :  Westcott  v.  Hodges^  5  B. 
&  Aid.  12).     V.  Liquidated  Demand. 

But  in  8.  4,  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1878,  **  Debt  "  is  not  confined  to  an  ex- 
isting debt;  F.  Authority  OR  LicExsE.  So,  a  Contingent  Debt  may 
be  included  in  the  word  "  debt "  {Mortimore  v.  Inl,  Eev,,  cited  Defi- 
nite). 

A  Jdgmt  Debt  "  is  the  highest  of  all  Debts  "  (per  Watson,  B.,  Hod- 
soil  V.  Baxter,  E.  B.  &  E.  885),  and  may  be  specially  indorsed  on  a  Writ 
(Grant  v.  Easton,  13  Q.  B.  D.  302;  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  68). 

Money  payable  under  an  Order  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  was  held  a 
«  Debt,"  within  s.  113,  Bankry  Act,  1849  (Lees  v.  Newton,  L.  R,  1  C.  P. 
658;  35  L.  J.  C.  R  285). 

A  Married  Woman's  "debts  contracted  by  her  Before  marriage," 
8.  19,  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882,  are  not  confined  to  Common  Law  debts  but, 
include  debts  contracted  by  her  during  a  previous  coverture,  and  for  which 
only  her  then  Separate  Estate  was  liable  (Jay  v.  Robinson,  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  367;  25  Q.  B.  D.  467;  63  L.  T.  174;  38  W.  R.  550). 

A  Call  on  Shares  is  not  a  Debt  until  actually  made  (Be  Kershaw,  45 
Ch.  D.  320;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  9 ;  63  L.  T.  203;  39  W.  R.  23). 

A  Dividend  declared  by  a  Co,  is,  after  its  due  date,  a  Debt  from  the 
Co  to  the  Shareholder  (Be  Severn,  &c  By,  1896,  1  Ch.  559;  65  L.  J.  Ch. 
400;  74  L.  T.  219 ;  44  W.  R.  347). 

Interest  which  could  only  be  given  by  way  of  Damages,  is  not  a  "  Debt  " 
within  s.  92,  1  &  2  V.  c.  110  (Ex  p.  Charman,  W.  N.  (87)  184 :  Sv,  Ber^ 
rningham  v.  Burke,  9  Ir.  Eq.  Rep.  86). 

Costs  of  Execution  are  not  part  of  "  the  Debt  owing  "  within  s.  6  (1  a), 
Bankry  Act,  1883  (Salisbury  v.  Bay,  8  C.  B.  N.  S.  193;  29  L.  J.  C.  P. 
225:  Be  Long,  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  360 ;  20  Q.  B.  D.  316;  58  L.  T.  664 ;  36 
W.  R.  346). 

"  Debts  due,  or  growing  due,  to  the  bankrupt  In  the  Course  of  his 
Trade  or  Business,"  s.  44  (2,  iii),  Bankry  Act,  1883*;  V.  WUmot  y.  Alton^ 
cited  Debts  due. 

"  Debt  provable  in  Bankruptcy  "  ;  F.  Hardy  v.  Fothergill,  13  App.  Ca. 
351;  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  44;  37  W.  R.  177;  59  L.  T.  273;  Vthe,  Be  Midland 
Coal  Co,  1895;  1  Ch.  267;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  279;  71  L.  T.  705;  43  W.  R. 
244:  Seaton  v.  Deerhurst,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  853 ;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  430;  72 
L.  T.  453  ;  43  W.  R.  436.  Vh,  Buckwell  v.  Norman,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  622 ; 
67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  435;  78  L.  T.  248;  46  W.  R.  339:  Debt  or  Liability: 
Liability:  Certain  Time:  Bankry  Act,  1883,  s.  168. 

"All  Debts  Owing  or  Accruing,^*  s.  61,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854, — 
B.  1,  Ord.  45,  R.  S.  G. ;  —  to  obtain  a  Garnishee  Order  under  this  phrase 


DEBT  472  DEBT 

there  must  be  (1)  a  "Debt";  but  (2)  it  may  be  either  "Owing  or  Ac- 
cruing." 

1.  Johnson  v.  Diamond  (24  L.  J.  Ex.  217;  11  Ex.  73)  is  the  first  case 
on  this  phrase;  and  it  was  there  held  that  money  that  might  become  pay- 
able under  a  Bond  of  Indemnity  is  not  a  "  Debt."  This  case  well  illus- 
trates the  principle  of  what  is  a  "  Debt "  within  the  phrasoi  yiz.  a 
liquidated  money  obligation  for  which,  speaking  generally,  an  action  will 
Ije  (  Webster  v.  Webster,  31  Bea.  393),  but  which  obligation  may  be  either 
legal  or  equitable  (per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  Webb  v.  Stenton,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
588;  11  Q.  B.  D.  618;  48  L.  T.  268);  but  for  a  Debt  to  be  garnished  it 
must  be  due  to  the  judgment  debtor  alone,  and  not  to  him  jointly  with 
some  other  person  (Macdonald  y.  Tdcquah  Co,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  376;  13 
Q.  B.  D.  535;  32  W.  R.  760). 

Therefore,  neither  of  the  following  is  a  "  Debt "  within  the  phrase ;  — 
Damages,  though  after  verdict,  until  judgment  obtained  (Jones  v,  Thomp- 
son^ 27  L.  J.  Q.  B.  234;  E.  B.  &  E.  63):  verdict  on  a  Marine  Policy 
{Dresser  v.  Johns,  28  L.  J.  C.  P.  281;  6  C.  B.  N.  S.  429)  :  amount  of  a 
Presentment  allowed  by  a  Grand  Jury  in  Ireland  {Cdssin  v.  Shortall,  Ir. 
Kep.  11  C.  L.  157):  unascertained  claim  on  a  Fire  Policy  (^aiu/ci^  v. 
Lithgow,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.518;  12  Q.  B.  D.  b25i),  or  on  a  Notice  to  Treat 
under  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845  (Richardson  v.  Elmit,  2  C.  P.  D.  9) :  Moneys 
in  the  hands  of  a  County  Court  Registrar  (Z>oZ/7^tn  v.  Lai/ton,  48  L.  J. 
C.  P.  426;  4  C.  P.  D.  130),  or  of  a  Clerk  of  the  Peace  (D'Arcy  v.  Carra- 
gher,  18  L.  R.  Ir.  817:  Sv,  20  lb.  189),  or  of  the  Police  (Jervis  v.  Peel^ 
1  Times  Rep.  206),  or  of  a  Trustee  in  Bankruptcy  {Boyse  v.  Simpson,  8  Ir. 
Com.  Law  Rep.  523 :  Hunter  v.  Greensill,  42  L.  J.  C.  P.  65;  L.  R.  8  C.  P. 
24),  or  of  a  Trustee  for  the  benefit  of  the  debtor's  Crs  {Roberts  v.  Jones, 
61  L.  J.  Q.  B,  523;  66  L.  T.  617;  40  W.  R.  573),  or  of  a  Liquidator 
{Mack  V.  Ward,  W.  N.  (84)  16),  or  of  a  Mortgagee  as  the  surplus  of  a 
sale  of  the  mortgaged  property  {Chatterton  y.  Watney,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  536; 
17  Ch.  D.  259;  44  L.  T.  391):  Moneys  payable  on  a  contingency  {How- 
ell V.  Metrop.  Dust  Ry,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  158;  19  Ch.  D.  508;  45  L.  T.  707: 
Richardson  v.  JSlmit,  sup):  Rent,  or  instalments  of  an  Annuity,  not  3'et 
due  {Jone^  v.  Thompson,  sup;  Sv,  as  to  Annuities,  Nash  v.  Pease,  47  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  766) :  Trust  income  not  in  the  hands  of  the  Trustees  {Webb  v.  Sten- 
ton,  sup :  V»  espy  jdgmt  Lindley,  L.  J.,  over-ruling  Re  Cowan,  49  L.  J. 
Ch.  402  ;  14  Ch.  D.  638)  :  an  Apportioned  Part  of  current  Rent  {Bamett 
v.  Eastman,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  517) :  Salary  or  Pension  not  yet  payable  {Hail 
V.  Pritchett,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  15;  3  Q.  B.  D.  215  :  Booth  v.  Trail,  53  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  24;  12  Q.  B.  D.  8 ;  49  L.  T.  471;  32  W.  R.  122).  The  Half-pay 
of  an  Army  Officer  {Birch  v.  Birch,  52  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  88;  8  P.  D.  163: 
Lucas  V.  Harris,  18  Q.  B.  D.  127),  or  an  Annual  Gratuity  from  the  East 
India  Company  under  s.  93,  53  G.  3,  c.  155  {Innes  v.  East  India  Co,  25 
L.  J.  C.  P.  154;  17  C.  B.  351),  or  a  Custom-house  or  Revenue  Officer's 
Superannuation  (45  &  46  Y.  c  72,  s.  3),  or  the  Wages  of  Seamen  (17  & 


DEBT  478  DEBT 

18  V.  c.  104,  8.  233),  or  Workmen  (33  &  34  V.  c.  30),  are  not  attachable 
at  all ;  nor  are  moneys  held  for  a  married  woman  who  is  restrained  from 
anticipation  {Chapman  v.  Biggs^  W.  N.  (83)  92). 

But,  speaking  generally,  "  money  in  the  hands  of  a  man  who  cannot 
refuse  to  pay  it  somehow  or  another,  is  a  'Debt,'  and  if  so,  it  can  be 
attached  "  (per  Coleridge,  C.  J.,  Booth  v,  Trail^  sup).  Therefore,  the 
over-due  Superannuation  allowance  of  a  retired  Police  Constable  ( Booth 
V.  TmiZ),  or  County  Court  Judge  (  WlUeock  y.  Terrellj  3  Ex.  D.  323),  or 
Civil  Servant  (Sansom  v.  Sanaom,  48  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  25;  4  P.  D.  69), 
or  a  commutation  of  a  pension  (Crowe  v.  Price,  22  Q.  B.  D.  429),  are 
**  Debts  "  and  attachable.  So  is  over-due  Rent  (Mitchell  v.  Lee,  36  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  154;  L.  K.  2  Q.  B.  259);  or  an  ascertained  amount  due  on  a  Guar- 
antee (Bouch  V.  Seoenoaks,  &c  Ry,  48  L.  J.  Ex.  338;  4  Ex.  D.  138) ;  or 
proceeds  of  a  Call  on  Shareholders,  when  made  to  provide  for  a  debt  due 
to  the  judgment  debtor  {Exp.  Turner,  2  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  354).  So,  money 
deposited  for  a  special  purpose  is,  after  the  death  of  the  depositor,  a  Debt 
owing  to  his  exors,  even  though  the  depositee  have  an  independent  cross- 
claim  against  the  depositor  (Stumore  v.  Campbell,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  314;  61 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  463 ;  66  L.  T.  218;  40  W.  R.  101). 

But  a  Garnishee  Order  does  not  make  the  Garnishor  a  ''  Creditor  "  of 
the  Garnishee  (Be  Combined  Weighing  Co,  cited  Cbeditob),  and  there- 
fore the  amount  garnished  is  not  a  "  Debt "  due  to  the  garnishor  which, 
in  his  hands,  may  be  garnished  (Cooper  v.  Lawson,  6  Times  Rep.  34). 

Ab  to  whether  a  Legacy  can  be  attached,  V.  Vyae  v.  Brown,  13  Q.  B.  D. 
199;  Chitty's  Arch.,  14  ed.,  929;  and  V,  lb.  930  as  to  whether  money  in 
the  hands  of  a  Sheriff  can  be  attached,  but  Cp,  Dolphin  v.  Layton,  sup. 
As  to  when  cheque  has  been  given  for  the  debt  sought  to  be  attached,  V, 
Cohen  Y.Hale,  3  Q.  B.  D.371;  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  496:  Elwell  y.  Jackson, 
1  Times  Rep.  454. 

2.  The  phrase  an  "  Accruing  "  Debt,  was  much  discussed  in  Webb  v. 
Stenton  (sup:  F.  espy  jdgmt  Brett,  M.  R.).  That  case  and  Jones  y. 
Thompson,  much  referred  to  in  it,  show  that  an  "  Accruing  "  does  not 
mean  a  future  debt,  or  one  that  very  probably  will  soon  arise.  "  It  must 
be  something  which  the  law  recognizes  as  a  *  Debt ' "  (per  Brett,  M.  R., 
Webb  V.  Stenton).  It  must  therefore  be  **  debitum  in  prsBsenti  ";  but  it 
maybe  "solvendum  in  futuro,"  and  then  it  is  an  "Accruing"  debt. 
Accordingly  an  actually  existing  debt,  payable  by  instalments,  not  yet 
due,  is  an  "  Accruing  Debt "  and  attachable  (Tapp  v.  Jones,  44  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  127;  L.  R.  10  Q.  B.  591).  It  seems  a  little  difficult  to  reconcile 
with  the  reasoning  of  that  case,  the  Irish  decision  that  money  secured  by 
a  current  Promissory  Note  is  not  attachable  as  an  "  Accruing  Debt " 
(Pyne  v.  Kinna,  11  Ir.  Rep.  C.  L.  40). 

Vh,  Ann.  Pr. :  1  Encyc.  398-400. 

"  Action /or  the  recovery  of  any  Debt,"  s.  6,  7  &  8  V.  e.  96 ;  V.  Thom^as 
V.  Hudson,  14  L.  J.  Ex.  283;  14  M.  &  W.  363. 


DEBT  474  DEBT.  &c. 

"Debt  or  Incnmbrance  Affecting  the  land,"  in  respect  of  which 
money  paid  in  under  8.  69,  Lands  C.  G.  Act,  1845;  V.  Re  Derby  Muni- 
cipal EstateSf  3  Ch.  D.  289. 

"Debt  contracted  after  the  Passino"  of  the  Act;  F.  Contracted. 
Stat.  Def.,  Debtors  Act  (Ir),  1872,  35  &  36  V,  c  67,  s.  4,  whva  for 
"  Debt  contracted  before  the  Passing." 

"Debt  incurred  by  Fraud  or  Breach  of  Trust";  V,  Breach  of 
Trust. 

"Debt  of  Honour";    V.  Honour. 

V.  Debts:  Debts  Due:  Due:  Sum  Certain:  Certain  Time: 
Attachment  for  Debt:  Authority  or  License:  Income:  Cred- 
itor: Civil  Debt:  Offence. 

DEBT,  CLAIM,  OR  DEMAND.  — S.  1,  22  &  23  V.  c.  49;  V.  E. 

V.  Stepney,  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  145;  L.  R  9  Q.  B.  383:  West  Ham  v.  St. 
Matthew,  Bethnal  Green,  1896,  A.  C.  477;  Qo  L.  J.  M.  C.  201:  Man- 
chester S.  &  L.  By  y.  Doncaster,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  117;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  75; 
75  L.  T.  472;  45  W.  R.  82;  62  J.  P.  819:  — S.  4,  lb.,  F.  Commence- 

MENT. 

A  Receipt  for  any  "  Debt,  Account,  Claim,  or  Demand,"  qu4  Stamp 
Act,  1815,  did  not  include  a  legal  claim  for  Unliquidated  Damages 
(Boyle  V.  Brandon,  13  M.  &  W.  738). 

DEBT,   DEFAULT,  OR    MISCARRIAGE A  special  promise 

"  to  answer  for  tbe  Debt,  Default,  or  Miscarriage,  of  Another,  "  to  be 
binding,  has  to  be  in  writing  (s.  4,  Statute  of  Frauds).  It  is  submitted 
that  these  words,  "  (1)  Debt,  (2)  Default,  or  (3)  Miscjirriage, "  mean, 
(1)  Actual  Present  Debt,  (2)  Default  in  the  performance  of  a  present  or 
future  Duty,  whether  contractual  or  otherwise,  or  (3)  Wrongful  Act, 
entailing  civil  responsibility. 

1.  "  Debt,"  means,  a  Debt  already  contracted  (Read  v.  Nash,  1  Wils. 
305:  per  Ellenborough,  C.  J.,  Castling  v.  Aubert,  2  East,  330,  331)  by 
the  other  person. 

2.  "  Default,"  means,  Default  in  the  performance  of  a  present  or  future 
Duty,  whether  contractual  or  otherwise.  "  If  there  was  a  contract  with 
reference  to  a  liability,  — not  existing  at  the  time  by  reason  of  the  debt 
not  being  due  at  the  time  but  being  payable  in  futuro, — that  would 
come  under  the  word  'Default,'  and  there  would  be  no  difficulty  about 
that"  (per  Wi lies,  J.,  Mountstephen  v.  Lakeman,  L.  R.  7  Q.  B.  202; 
41  L.  J.  Q.  B.  75;  on  app.  L.  R.  7  H.  L.  17;  43  L.  J.  Q.  B.  188). 
But  "default,"  in  the  section,  also  applies  "  to  a  promise  to  answer  for 
another  with  respect  to  the  non-performance  of  a  Duty,  though  not 
founded  upon  a  contract "  (per  Holroyd,  J.,  Kirkham  t.  Marter,  2  B.  & 
Aid.  617),  e.g,  a  promise  to  indemnify  one  who  has  become  bail  for  a 
third  person  (Green  v.  Cresswell,  10  A.  &  E.  463;  9  L.  J.  Q.  B.  63): 


DEBT.  &.C.  476  DEBTOR 

Va,  Birkmyr  v.  Darnell,  1  Salk.  27 ;  1  Sm.  L.  C.  834 ;  nom.  Bourkmire  v. 
Damelly  3  Salk.  15;  nom.  Buckmyr  v.  Damally  2  Rajm.  Ld.  1085;  nom. 
Burkmire  v.  Darnel,  Holt,  606;  nom.  Burkmire  v.  Darnell,  6  Mod.,  6  ed., 
248 :  Default. 

3.  "Miscarriage,"  means,  a  Wrongful  Act,  entailing  civil  responsi- 
bility. In  the  extract  from  the  jdgmt  of  Holroyd,  J.,  in  Kirkham  v. 
Marter  (sup)  he  classed  "Miscarriage"  with  "Default";  but  it  is 
submitted  that  that  reading  tepds  to  make  "  Miscarriage "  redundant, 
whereas  the  full  phrase  seems  to  appropriate  each  of  its  three  substan- 
tives to  its  separate  meaning.  This  is  brought  out  in  the  jdgmt  of 
Abbott,  C.  J.,  in  Kirkham  v.  Marter,  as  follows, — "The  word  'Mis- 
carriage '  has  not  the  same  meaning  as  the  word  *  Debt '  or  *  Default ' ; 
it  seems  to  me  to  comprehend  that  species  of  wrongful  act  for  the  conse- 
quence of  which  the  law  would  make  the  party  civilly  responsible.  The 
wrongful  riding  the  horse  of  another  without  his  leave  and  thereby 
causing  its  death,  is  clearly  an  act  for  which  the  party  is  responsible  in 
damages ;  and,  therefore,  in  my  judgment  falls  within  the  meaning  of 
'Miscarriage.' " 

Vk,  generally,  1  Sm.  L.  C.  334:  De  Colyar  on  Guarantees,  ch.  2: 
Add.  C.  Book  2,  ch.  4,  s.  1:  Chitty  on  Contracts,  ch.  17:  Leake,  209: 
Kosc.  N.  P.  476-482 :  Guarantee  :  I  will  see  you  paid. 

DEBT  OR  LIABILITY.  — Alimony  is  not  a  "Debt  or  Liability" 
within  s.  37,  Bankry  Act,  1883  {Linton  v.  Linton,  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  529; 
15  Q.  B.  D.  239 :  Re  Hawkins,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  26).  Vf,  Debt  :  Lia- 
bility: Creditor. 

Giving  a  Bill  or  Note  for  an  existing  debt,  or  giving  a  new  Bill  or 
Note  for  an  old  one,  is  "  incurring"  a  "  Debt  or  Liability"  within  s.  13  (1), 
Debtors  Act,  1869  (E.  v.  Fierce,  66  L.  J.  M.  C.  86;  66  L.  T.  632;  61 
J.  P.  790). 

Married  Woman's  "  Debts  and  other  Liabilities,"  s.  4,  M.  W.  P.  Act, 
1882;  V.  Be  Ann,  1894,  1  Ch.  649;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  334;  Vthc,  per  Keke- 
wich,  J.,  Be  Hughes^  cited  Feme. 

V.  Incapable. 

DEBT  UPON  RECORD.  — Crown  Dues  recoverable  "as  a  Debt 
upon  Kecord,"  e.g.  Assessed  Taxes  under  6  &  6  W.  4,  c.  20,  s.  13,  must 
be  recovered  by  Scire  Facias,  Extent,  or  Information ;  not  in  a  popular 
action  of  Debt  {ArG.  v.  SeweU,  4  M.  &  W.  77 ;  7  L.  J.  Ex.  246). 

DEBTOR.  —  The  power  to  examine  a  "Debtor"  as  to  what  debts 
were  due  to  him  (s.  60,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1854)  did  not  extend  to  a 
Corporation,  to  which,  obviously,  an  oath  could  not  be  administered 
{Dickson  v.  Neath  &  Brecon  By,  38  L.  J.  Ex.  67 ;  L.  E.  4  Ex.  87.  But 
now,  V.  R.  32,  Ord.  42,  E.  S.  C.). 


DEBTOR  476  DEBTS 

"Debtor,"  s.  4,  Bankry  Act,  1883;  V.  Exp.  Blain,  5  Morr.  Ill:  Be 
Pearson,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  263;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  585;  67  L,  T.  367:  Be  A.  B. 
&  Co,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  541;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  375;  82  L.  T.  169;  affd  Id 
H.  L.  nom.  Cooke  v.  Voider,  70  L.  J.  Q.  B.  181:  Be  Clark,  1896, 
2  Q.  B.  476;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  684:  Wms,  Bank.  2.  Probably,  not  only 
qu4  that  section  but  throughout  the  Act,  "  Debtor, "  means,  a  Debtor 
subject  to  the  Bankry  Laws  in  England.  Thus,  neither  the  doctrine  of 
Reputed  Ownership  {Gorringe  v.  Irwell  Works,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  85;  34 
Ch.  D.  128),  nor  the  direction  in  s.  46  (2),  that  the  Sheriff  is  to 
retain  the  proceeds  of  a  fi.  fa,  for  fourteen  days  (Be  Withemsea 
Brickworks,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  185;  16  Ch.  D.  337;  43  L.  T.  713:  Cp 
Put  in  Forqe),  is  applicable  to  a  Co  incorporated  under  Comp  Act, 
1862. 

"  Debtor,"  R.  52,  Ord.  25,  Co.  Co.  Rules,  1889,  includes  a  married 
woman  {Aylesford  v.  G,  W.  By,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  626;  41  W.  R.  42), 

Stat.  Def.  — Judgments  Act,  1864,  27  &  28  V.  c.  112,  s.  2,  — Scot. 
2  &  3  V.  c.  41,  s.  3 ;  10  &  11  V.  c.  50,  s.  14;  19  &  20  V.  c.  79,  s.  4; 
31  <&  32  V.  c.  101,  s.  3;    57  &  58  V.  c.  44,  s.  18. 

"  Deceased  Debtor's  Estate  ";  F.  Deceased. 

"  Goods  of  a  Debtor  "  taken  in  execution,  s.  11,  Bankry  Act,  1890, 
does  not  include  the  goods  of  a  debtor  which,  by  s.  1,  Landlord  and 
Tenant  Act,  1709,  8  Anne,  c.  18,  are  impounded  until  the  landlord  is 
paid,  and  whose  claim  the  sheriff  is  justified  in  paying  {Be  Mackenzie, 
1899,  2  Q.  B.  566;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1003 ;  81  L.  T.  214). 

DEBTS.  —  "  The  expression  in  a  Will,  'all  my  just  Debts,'  includes 
all  the  testator*s  debts  whenever  and  wherever  contracted,  and  therefore 
includes  a  debt  contracted  by  him  after  the  making  of  the  Will,  and  con- 
tracted in  a  country  other  than  that  of  his  domicil,  and  secured  upon 
property  in  that  country  "  (Wms.  Exs.  1584,  citing  Maxwell  v.  Maxwell, 
L.  R.  4  H.  L.  506;  39  L.  J.  Ch.  698).  It  also  includes  all  Liabilities 
which  the  testator's  personal  estate  would  be  liable  to  discharge  (F. 
Lomas  v.  Wright,  2  My.  &  K  769;  3  L.  J.  Ch.  68:  Stone  v.  Parker, 
1  Dr.  <&  Sm.  212;  29  L.  J.  Ch.  874 :  Alsop  v.  Bell,  24  Bea.  469),  includ- 
ing unliquidated  damages  for  a  breach  of  covenant  (Bermingham  v. 
Burke,  9  Ir.  Eq.  Rep.  86).  And  would  not  the  construction  be  the  same 
•  if  the  word  "  just "  were  omitted? 

"  Debts, "  directed  by  a  testator  to  be  paid  out  of  Residue,  do  not  in- 
clude rent  of,  or  damages  for  dilapidations  to,  Leaseholds  specifically 
bequeathed  (Hawkins  v.  Hawkins,  13  Ch.  D.  470). 

"Just  Debts,"  in  a  Will  of  a  womau  married  before  M.  W.  P.  Act, 
1882;  F.  Be  De  Burgh  Lawson,  41  Ch.  D.  568;  58  L.  J.  Ch.  561;  37 
W.  R.  797. 

The  term  "  Debts,"  or  "  Just  Debts,"  includes  a  Mortgage  Debt;  and 
therefore  a  testamentary  direction  to  pay  "Debts,"  or  ''Just  Debts^" 


DEBTS  477  DEBTS 

woald  include  a  mortgage  debt  in  exoneration  of  the  mortgaged  property 
but  for  8.  1,  30  &  31  V.  c.  69,  which  section  has  entirely  done  away  with 
that  reasoning  (Be  Newmarck,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  28;  9  Ch.  D.  12,  espy 
jdgmt  of  Jessel,  M.  K.).      V.  Subject  to. 

"Debts,"  in  Finance  Act,  1894;  V.  Money's  Worth. 

Under  a  bequest  of  *'  Debts,"  a  Bank  Balance,  and  a  Bill  of  Exchange 
deposited  at  the  bankers,  will  pass  {Carry,  Carry  1  Mer.  541,  n:  Parker 
V.  Marchanty  12  L.  J.  Ch.  387;  1  Phill.  356);  and  so  will  an  unascer- 
tained residuary  personal  estate  to  which  the  testator  may  be  entitled  at 
his  decease  {Bainbridge  v.  Bainbridgey  7  L.  J.  Ch.  4;  9  Sim.  16).  The 
reasoning  of  the  last  casie  would  seem  to  support  the  statement,  that  a 
share  of  a  residuary  estate,  or  a  legacy,  to  which  a  testator  may  be  en- 
titled at  his  decease,  would  pass  under  a  bequest  by  him  of  "  Debts." 
The  bequest  of  a  debt  due  on  a  particular  security  will  pass  only  the 
principal,  not  arrears  of  interest  {Hamilton  v.  Lloyd,  2  Ves.  416).  Vf 
Wms.  Exs.  1064. 

Although  Damages  recovered  for  breach  of  covenant  are  not  a  Debt, 
within  3  &  4  W.  &  M.  c.  14  {Wilson  v.  Knvhley,  7  East,  128),  yet  such 
damages  are  within  a  testamentary  charge  of  "  Debts  "  on  Realty  {Morse 
V.  Tucker,  5  Hare,  79;  15  L.  J.  Ch.  162).  So,  the  liability  to  such 
damages  has  to  be  provided  for  in  an  Administration  Action  {Fletcher  v. 
Stevenson,  3  Hare,  360;  13  L.  J.  Ch.  202),  and  such  a  liability  is  within 
3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  104,  charging  realty  of  a  deceased  person  with  his ''  Debts  " 
{Ex  p.  Hamer,  2  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  366;  21  L.  J.  Ch.  832),  and  is  also 
within  the  exception  from  the  Accumulations  Act,  1800,  39  &  40  G.  3, 
c.  98,  by  s.  2  whereof  Accumulations  may  be  made  for  payment  of 
"Debts"  {Varlo  v.  Faden,  1  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  211 ;  29  L.  J.  Ch.  230; 
27  Bea.  255),  and  which  exception  applies  as  well  to  tho  debts  of  the 
grantor  as  to  those  of  third  persons  {Barrington  v.  LiddeU,  2  D.  G.  M. 
&G.480;  22L.  J.  Ch.  1). 

"  The  expression  '  Debts  due '  is  sometimes  used  in  bankry  proceed- 
ings to  include  all  demands  which  can  be  proved  against  a  bankrupt's 
estate,  although  some  of  them  may  not  be  strictly  debts  at  all  "  (per 
Hellish,  L.  J.,  Exp.  Kempe,  43  L.  J.  Bank.  52;  9  Ch.  383).  V,  Debts 
due:  In  the  Course. 

The  Preferential  payments  in  Bankry  over  "all  other  Debts,"  s.  1, 
51  &  52  V.  c.  62,  have  not  priority  over  a  bankrupt's  property  com- 
prised in  a  security,  because  the  security  prevents  the  property  from 
being  assets  in  the  bankry  until  the  creditor's  claim  thereon  has  been 
satisfied  {Richards  v.  Kidderminster,  1896,  2  Ch.  212;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  502; 
74  L.  T.  483 ;  44  W.  R.  505). 

"  Debts,"  s.  97,  Administration  and  Probate  Act  (Victoria),  1890 ;  V. 
Master  in  Equity,  Victoria  v.  Pearson,  13  Times  Rep.  105:  Real 
Estate,  last  par. 

V.  Book  Debts:  Debt:   Mutual, 


DEBTS  DUE  478  DECEIVE 

DEBTS  DUE-  — This  phrase  in  s.  18  (1,  8),  Bankry  Act,  1883, 
means,  all  claims  to  which  a  debtor  is  liable  and  which  are  provable  in 
his  bankry  {Flint  v.  Barnard,  5S  L.  J.  Q.  B.  63;  22  Q.  B.  D.  90:  FA, 
Exp,  Kempcy  9  Ch.  383;  43  L.  J.  Bank.  50).  V.  Debts:  Liability: 
Fairly  Estimated. 

"  Debts  due,  or  growing  due,"  s.  44  (iii),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  do  not 
include  a  Claim  which  is  not  yet  a  Debt  but  may  become  a  debt  ())er 
Russell,  C.  J.,  WUmot  v.  Altony  4o  W.  R.  12,  113 ;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  669; 
66  lb.  42;  1896,  2  Q.  B.  254;  1897, 1  Q.  B.  17). 

Bequest  of  "  Debts  Due  " ;  V.  Essington  y.  Vashony  3  Mer.  434 : 
WUliams  y.  Williams,  2  Bro.  C.  C.  87 :  Devaynes  y.  Noble,  1  Mer.  541 : 
Mayhery  v.  Brooking^  2o  L.  J.  Ch.  87;  T  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  673 ;  4  W.  R. 
155:  Theobald,  179. 

Sale  of  "  Debts  due  ";   F.  Payment. 

F.  Due  :  Payable. 

DECEASE.— F.  Die. 

DECEASED.  —''  Deceased  person,*'  or  "  The  deceased,"  qui  Part  1, 
Finance  Act,  1894,  means,  a  person  dying  after  1st  Aug  1894  (ss.  22  (1  a), 
24).  "  The  deceased,"  s.  19,  Finance  Act,  1896,  means  the  same  as  "  de- 
ceased person "  in  s.  24,  t.e.  a  person  dying  after  1st  July  1896  {Re 
Gibbs,  1898,  1  Ch.  625;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  282;  78  L.  T.  289;  46  W.  R. 
477). 

A  "Deceased  Debtor's  Estate^'*  s.  125  (5),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  com- 
prises only  such  property  as  was  his  at  the  time  of  his  death  ;  therefore, 
it  does  not  comprise  property  which  the  debtor  has  yoluntarily  settled 
and  which,  if  he  were  a  Hying  bankrupt,  might  be  avoided  under  s.  47 
{Re  Gould,  m  L.  J.  Q.  B.  333 ;  19  Q.  B.  D.  92),  nor  the  proceeds  of  an 
execution  retained  by  the  sheriff  under  s.  11  (2),  Bankry  Act,  1890 
(  Watkins  y.  Barnard,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  521 ;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  771 ;  46  W.  R. 
156) ;  nor  does  a.  45,  Bankry  Act,  1883,  apply  to  aid  such  an  Estate 
{Hasluck  y.  Clark,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  699;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  486;  80  L.  T. 
454;  47W.  R.  471). 

F.  Dead. 

DECEIT.  —  "  *  Deceit,'  deceptio,  fraus ,  dolus,  Is  a  subtle,  wily  shift 
or  device,  having  no  other  name:  hereto  may  be  drawn  all  manner  of 
craft,  subtilly,  guile,  fraud,  wilinesse,  slight,  cunning,  covin,  collu&ion, 
practice,  and  offence  used  to  deceive  another  man  by  any  means,  which 
hath  none  other  proper  or  particular  name  but  Offence  "  (Cowel :  Vf, 
Fasley  y.  Freeman,  cited  Naked).  Cp,  Cosening  :  Covine  :  Fraud  : 
Cheat. 

DECEIVE. — It  is  hardly  possible  for  any  one  now-a-days,  to  tell 
Fortunes  for  money,  without  also  intending  "to  deceive  or  impose^** 


\ 


DECEIVE  479  DECK 

within  8.  4,  5  G.  4,  c.  83  (Penni/  v.  Hanson,  18  Q.  B.  D.  478;  56  L.  J. 
M.  C.  41 ;  56  L.  T.  235;  35  W.  R.  379;  51  J.  P.  167 ;  16  Cox  C.  C. 
173;  3  Times  Eep.  409). 
V,  Calculated  to  deceive. 

DECERN.  — A  Scotch  equivalent  for  "Decree  "  (30  &  31  V.  c.  101, 
8.  3 ;  60  &  61  V.  c.  38,  s.  3). 

DECIDE.  — "If  my  Trustees  shall  decide  "  to  sell;  V.  Minors  y. 
Battison,  1  App.  Ca.  428;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  2. 

An  Appeal  may  be  "  decided,"  qui  an  Order  for  Costs,  though  dis* 
missed  for  want  of  jurisdiction  (B.  v.  Padwick,  8  E.  &  B.  704;  27  L.  J. 
M.  C.  113). 

"  To  be  decided  " ;   V.  General  Line  op  Buildings. 

Party  "  decided  against "  ;  V.  Tobin  v.  Cleart/y  Ir.  Rep.  8  C.  L.  366. 

DECISION.  — The  "Decision"  of  a  Local  Authority,  referred  to  in 
8.  268,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  means  its  demand  for  payment  of  the  expenses 
therein  referred  to  (R.  v.  Loc  Gov  Bd,  52  L.  J.  M.  C.  4;  10  Q.  B.  D. 
309).      Vff  as  to  this  section,  Note  to  2ud  par.  Dispute. 

"Cause  of  Appeal,"  s.  269  (2),  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  has  the  same  mean- 
ing  as  "Decision  of  the  Court  "  in  subs.  1  of  the  same  section  (B,  v. 
Barnct,  45  L.  J.  M.  C.  105;  1  Q.  B.  D.  558). 

"  Decision  or  Order  "  of  a  Co.  Co.  in  Bankry,  R.  143,  Bankry  Rules, 
1870,  was  perfect,  qui  Appeal,  when  pronounced  (A'x  p.  Hookey,  4  D.  G. 
F.  &  J.  456:  Ex  p.  Whitton^  Re  Greaves,  13  Ch.  D.  881  j  49  L.  J. 
Bank.  31). 

"  Decision  "  is  a  popular,  and  not  a  technical,  word,  and  means  little 
more  than  a  concluded  opinion.  It  does  not,  by  itself,  amount  to  Judg- 
ment, or  Order  (s.  19,  Jud.  Act,  1873);  as  used  in  s.  29,  Loc  Gov  Act, 
1888,  a  "  Decision  "  is  an  exercise  of  a  consultative  jurisdiction,  and 
is  not  appealable  (Re  Dover  and  Kent  Co.  Co.,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  725;  60 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  435 ;  65  L.  T.  213 ;  39  W.  R.  465 ;  65  J.  P.  647). 

A  decision  by  Friendly  Socy  Arbitrators,  until  set  aside,  remains  a 
"  Decision  "  within  s.  22  (rf),  38  &  39  V.  c.  60,  notwithstanding  mis- 
conduct by  the  arbitrators  (Bache  v.  Billingham,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  107 ; 
63  L.  J.  M.  C.  1 ;  69  L.  T.  648;  42  W.  R.  217 ;  58  J.  P.  181).  V. 
Dispute. 

DECK.—  F.  From  the  Deck. 

"  Deck  Cargo  at  Merchant's  Risk  ";  V,  Diederichsen  v.  FarquharsoUj 
cited  Conditions  as  per  Charter-Pa rty. 

Qui  Part  3,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894  (unless  the  context  otherwise 
requires),  "  *  Upper  Passenger  Deck,'  shall  mean  and  include,  the  Deck 
immediately  beneath  the  Upper  Deck,  or  the  Poop  or  Round-house 
and*  Deck-house  when   the   number  of  passengers,    whether  cabin   or 


DECK  480  DECLARE 

Steerage  Passbngebs,  carried  in  the  Poop  Round-house  or  Deck- 
house exceeds  one  third  of  the  total  number  of  steerage  passengers  which 
the  ship  can  lawfully  carry  on  the  deck  next  below ;  and 

'*  *  Lower  Passenger  Deck,'  shall  mean  and  include,  the  Deck  next  be- 
neath the  Upper  Passenger  Deck,  not  being  an  Orlop  Deck  "  (s.  268, 
subss.  5,  6). 

DECLARATION.  —In  all  Acts  of  Parliament,  "  *  Statutory  Decla- 
ration,' shall,  unless  the  contrary  intention  appears,  mean  a  Declaration 
made  by  virtue  of  the  Statutory  Declarations  Act,  1836  "  (s.  21,  Interp 
Act,  1889).     Cp,  Oath. 

"  Declarations, "  s.  3  (6),  Conr  &  L.  P.  Act,  1881,  means,  Statutory 
Declarations  (per  Eay,  L.  J.,  Tie  Stuart  and  Seadon,  1896,  2  Ch.  328 ; 
65  L.  J.  Ch.  576). 

"  Declaration, "  qnk  Drainage  (Ir)  Act,  1846,  9  &  10  V.  c.  4,  means, 
**  the  declaration  required  to  be  made  by  the  Commrs  previously  to  the 
commencement  of  any  Works  under  "  5  &  6  V.  c.  89,  8  &  9  V.  c.  69,  or 
that  Act  (s.  44).     V.  Drainage. 

"Declaration  of  Trust,"  "is  usually  taken  to  include  any  form  of 
words,  —  whether  spoken  or  written,  and,  if  written,  whether  under 
hand  only  or  under  seal,  —  whereby  an  intention  is  effectually  mani- 
fested, by  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  give  efiEect  to  such  intention, 
that  certain  specified  property,  whether  real  or  personal,  shall  be  held 
and  used  or  applied  by  the  person  or  persons  in  whom  the  title  thereto 
at  Law  is  vested,  for  the  benefit,  —  either  simply  and  absolutely,  or  in  a 
specified  and  restricted  manner,  —  of  some  other  person  or  persons " 
(4  Encyc.  158)..    Cp,  Disposition  :  Gift. 

"  Declaration  of  Use,"  "  in  its  common  acceptation,  differs  in  two 
respects  from  the  closely  analogous  phrase  'Declaration  of  Trust': 
(1)  The  word  *  Use '  is  restricted  to  refer  only  to  Real  Estate,  whereas 
'  Trust '  is  extended  to  all  kinds  of  property ;  and  (2)  *  Use '  was  of 
common  occurrence  in  times  when  there  existed  no  method  by  which  the 
moral  rights  and  claims  of  the  Cestui  que  Use  could  be  enforced,  whereas 
the  word  *  Trust,'  when  employed  in  pari  materid  with  *  Use/  has  always 
contained  within  it  a  necessary  implication  that  the  rights  and  claims  of 
the  Cestui  que  Trust  would  be  enforced  in  Courts  of  Equity,  and  now, 
since  the  coming  into  operation  of  the  Jud.  Act,  1873,  in  Courts  of  Law 
also.  Moreover,  since  the  Statute  of  Uses,  the  word  *  Use  '  has  been  com- 
monly restricted  to  denote  Uses  which  are  capable  of  being  executed 
into  Legal  Estates  by  the  statute  "  (4  Encyc.  159,  160).  Vf  4  Cru. 
Dig.  118. 

» 

DECLARE.  —In  order  to  "  declare  such  Admixture,"  s.  3,  35  &  36  V. 
c.  74,  it  is  sufficient  to  state  that  the  article,  e.f/.  mustard,  is  not  sold 
as  pure;    it  is  not  necessary  to  specify  the  nature  and  proportioH   of 


DECLARE  481  DECREE 

the  substances  admixed  {Pope  v.  Tearle,  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  129;  L.  R. 
9  C.  P.  499). 

"Where  a  person  by  deed  'declares'  that  he  will  do  a  thing,  it 
amounts  to  a  covenant  bj  him  to  do  it "  (Elph.  426,  citing  Richardson 
y.  Jenkins,  1  Drew.  477). 

Where  a  Go's  Articles  prohibit  a  Director  from  being  Interested  in 
a  contract  unless  he  "  declare  his  interest "  therein,  that  means,  that  he 
must  declare,  "  not  merely  the  existence  of  an  interest  but,  the  nature 
of  that  interest  "  (per  Ld  jChelmsford,  Imperial  Credit  Assn  y.  Coleman^ 
L.  R.  6  H.  L.  200;  42  L.  J.  Ch.  644). 

V.  Agreed  and  Declared:  Acknowledge:  Precatory  Trust, 

DECLARED.  —  V.  Hereafter  valued  and  declared:  Herein. 

DECLARING   THE    RIGHTS "Judgment  or  Order  Declaring 

the  Rights,"  R.  2  (1),  Ord.  55,  R.  S.  C.;  — F.  Rolls  v.  RolU,  30  S.  J. 
201:  Re  Brandram,  25  Ch.  D.  369;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  331:  Re  Rhodes,  31 
Ch.  D.  499:  Bates  v.  Moore,  38  Ch.  D.  381 :  Re  Evans,  64  L.  T.  627. 

DECLINING  TRUSTEE.  — A  person  may  be  a  "  Declining  Trus- 
tee  "  as  well  after  having  acted  as  if  he  has  never  accepted  the  trust 
(Travis  v.  lUingivoHh,  34  L.  J.  Ch.  664;  2  Dr.  &  Sm.  344:  Vli  Lewin, 
777).  And  the  better  opinion  is  that  the  phrase  "  if  any  Trustee  shall 
refuse  or  decline  "  includes  also  one  who  disclaims  (Lewin,  777 ;  So  lb. 
766,  767).    Cp  Continuing  Trustee. 

It  has  been  held  that  a  payment  of  the  trust  money  into  Court  under 
the  Trustee  Relief  Act,  stamps  the  trustee  with  the  character  of  a  "  Re- 
fusing or  Declining  Trustee  "  (Lewin,  777,  citing  Re  Williams,  4  K.  &  J. 
87) ;    Va  Retiring  Trustee. 

DECORATION.  — r.  Military  Decoration. 

DECORATIVE   REPAIR.^r.  Trnantablb  Repair. 

DECREE.  —  A  Decree  is  the  final  Order  of  a  Court  in  a  Suit,  e,g. 
prior  to  the  Jud.  Act,  1873,  a  Chancery  Decree.  "  Decree  "  closely  re- 
sembles, but  is  not  identical  with,  "  Judgment."  "  The  final  decision 
of  a  Divorce  proceeding  is  termed  a  *  Decree  ' ;  the  proceeding  itself  is 
usually  styled  a  *  Cause,*  or  *  Suit.'  "  ..."  In  strict  language  the 
Decree  is  not  called  a  *  Judgment,'  nor  is  the  Suit  called  an  *  Action  *  '* 
(per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Re  Binstead,  cited  Final  Judgment).  Vf  4  Encyc. 
167-171. 

Stat.  Def.  —  Scot.  19  &  20  V.  c.  56,  s.  47 ;  30  &  31  V.  c.  126,  s.  3; 
56  &  56  V.  c.  17,  s.  3;  60  &  61  V.  c.  38,  s.  3.  — /r.  11  &  12  V.  c.  28, 
8.18;     27  &  28  V.  c.  99,  s.  3. 

"Decree  or  Order"  whereby  property,  "upon  the  Sale  thereof^  is 

31 


DECREE  482  DEDUCE 

transferred  to,  or  vested  in,  a  Purchaser, "  —  and  therefore  liahle  to  ad 
val.  Duty  "  as  a  Conveyance  on  Sale,"  s.  54,  Stamp  Act,  1891,  —  in- 
cludes an  Extract  of  Decree,  within  s.  8,  Heritable  Securities  (Scot) 
Act,  1894,  57  &  58  V.  c.  44,  because  such  a  Decree  transfers  or  vests 
the  property  irredeemably  in  the  Creditor  having  security  thereon;  and  it 
does  so  in  the  prescribed  mode  which  is  equivalent  to  a  Sale  {ltd.  Rev. 
V.  Tod,  1898,  A.  C.  399;  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  42;  78  L.  T.  571).  In  that 
case  counsel  stated  that  ad  vaL  Duty  on  a  Foreclosure  Decree  had  never 
been  demanded,  but  Ld  Macnaghten  replied  tjiat  there  was  no  analogy 
between  an  English  Foreclosure  Decree  and  a  Scotch  Extract  of  Decree, 
and  added,  in  his  jdgmt,  "  I  think  it  better,  at  present,  to  say  nothing 
about  it. "  Now,  by  s.  6,  Finance  Act,  1898,  "  Conveyance  on  Sale  "  in- 
cludes a  Foreclosure  Order,  the  ad  val.  Duty  being  on  the  value  of  the 
property  as  stated  in  the  Order. 

No  Appeal  unless  amount  '*  decreed  or  ordered  "  exceeds  £50,  s.  31, 
31  &  32  V.  c.  71 ;   V.  The  Fymaord,  34  L.  T.  918, 

DEDICATION.  —  As  to  what  is  a  sufficient  Dedication  of  a  High- 
way;  V.  R.  v.  Hawkhurst^  7  L.  T.  268;  26  J.  P.  724. 

DEDUCE. — "K  we  are  to  examine  the  word  critically,  it  is  quite 
clear  that  when  you  speak  of  deducing  a  Title,  as  meaning  to  express 
either  the  delivery  of  the  abstract  or  showing  the  deeds,  it  is  not  alto- 
gether an  appropriate  expression  or  strictly  correct.  The  deducing  the 
Title]  —  the  appropriate  use  of  that  expression  would  be  this  :  I  deduce 
my  title  from  my  great-grandfather ;  I  do  not  deduce  my  title  by  send- 
ing you  a  document  or  by  showing  you  the  deeds.  By  sending  you  the 
abstract  and  showing  you  the  deeds,  T  show  you  how  I  deduce  my  title; 
bijt  according  to  the  strict  meaning  of  the  words  *  Deducing  the  Title,' 
it  is  stating  from  whom  or  from  what  source  the  party  draws  forth  his 
Title  "  (per  Kindersley,  V.  C,  Oakden  v.  Fike,  34  L.  J.  Ch.  622 ;  13 
W.  R.  673).  But  the  practical  meaning  of  the  phrase  is,  to  draw  out 
and  exhibit  the  Title  by  an  abstract,  and  to  prove  the  abstract  by  show- 
ing the  documents  {Southby  v.  Hutt^  2  My.  &  C.  213).    V.  Abstract. 

The  ad  val.  fee  to  Solicitors  for  "  Deducing  Title,"  and  perusing  and 
completing  conveyance  (Sch  1,  Part  1,  Solrs  Rem  Ord)  is  payable  if 
those  three  things  are  done,  although  the  Solicitor  may  not  have  pre- 
pared the  contract  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Re  Lacey,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  289 ;  25  Ch.  D. 
301;  32  W.  R.  233;  49  L.  T.  755:  Vf,  Re  Read,  1894,  3  Ch.  238;  63 
L.  J.  Ch.  831;  71  L.  T.  189;  42  W.  R.  601).  There  is  no  "Deducing 
Title  "  where  purchaser  gives  notice  that  he  requires  no  Abstract  and 
accepts  the  vendor's  title  {Re  La^cey,  sup),  or  where  in  fact  no  title  is 
shown  to  the  purchaser  (Re  Harris,  Powell  v.  Goodale,  b^  L.  T.  477 ; 
31  S.  J.  365) ;  e,g.  where,  on  a  sale  of  Leaseholds  by  the  original  lessee, 
there  is  a  short  statement  of  the  dates  and  particulars  of  the  leases  with 


DEDUCE  483  DEDUCTION 

a  reference  to  a  general  form  containing  the  covenants  (  Welby  v.  StUl, 
J 894,  3  Ch.  641;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  931;  71  L.  T.  426 ;  43  W.  R.  73). 

Cp  InVKSTI GATING   TiTLE. 

DEDUCTION.  —  "  The  Court  always  holds  that  Income  Tax  is  not  a 
Deduction  "  (per  Wood,  V.  C,  Turner  v.  Mullineux^  IJ.  &  H.  334).  In 
a  contract  touching  the  paj^ment  of  taxes  charged  on  premises,  the  inci- 
dence of  the  Income  Tax  cannot  be  shifted,  not  even  in  the  case  of  an 
annuity  which  is  payable  *'  clear  of  all  taxes  and  assessments  "  (ss.  73, 
103,  Income  Tax  Act,  1842 :  A-G.  v.  Shield,  28  L.  J.  Ex.  49;  3  H.  &  N. 
834).  But  Wills  are  not  mentioned  in  the  sections  just  mentioned;  and 
therefore  in  a  Will  it  is  competent,  by  apt  words,  to  exonerate  income 
from  Income  Tax  (Festing  v.  Taylor,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  41).  N^ote.  By 
some  such  cumbersome  machinery  as  that  indicated  by  Kekewich,  J., 
Be  Farker-Jervis  (1898,  2  Ch.  652  ;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  686),  provision,  even  in 
a  Settlement,  may  be  made  for  an  Annuity  to  be  paid  clear  of  Income 
Tax. 

There  are  2  classes  of  cases  in  reference  to  the  question  as  to  when  a 
phrase  in  a  Will,  or  an  Act  of  Parliament,  giving  an  annuity  without 
"  deduction,"  will  exonerate  the  annuitant  from  Income  Tax:  — 

1.  When  the  word  "  Deduction  "  is  associated  and  construed  with  the 
word  "  Taxes  "  : 

2.  When  not. 

1.  A  devise  of  a  life  interest  in  real  estate  accompanied  with  a  direc- 
tion to  the  Trustees  "  to  pay  and  defray  all  taxes,  parliamentary,  paro- 
chial, or  otherwise,  affecting"  the  same;  held,  that  the  Trustees  were 
bound  to  pay  the  Income  Tax  (Lovat  v.  Leeds,  31  L.  J.  Ch.  503;  2  Dr. 
&  Sm.  62).     V.  Affecting. 

So  a  rent-charge  payable  to  A.  B.  "  without  any  deduction  or  abate- 
ment whatsoever  on  account  of  any  taxes,  charges,  or  assessments, 
already  or  to  be  hereafter  taxed,  charged,  assessed,  or  imposed  on  the 
hereditaments  or  the  said  rent-charge,  or  the  said  A.  B.  in  respect 
thereof  by  the  authority  of  Parliament  or  otherwise  however,"  is  pay- 
able free  of  Income  Tax  {Festing  v.  Taylor,  3  B.  &  S.  217,  235 ;  31 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  36;  32  lb.  41;  10  W.  R.  246;  11  lb.  70). 

So  too  ot  an  annuity  or  Clear  yearly  sum  given  **  free  from  all  deduc- 
tions in  respect  of  any  present  or  future  taxes,  charges,  assessments,  or 
impositions,  or  other  matter,  cause,  or  thing,  whatsoever  "  {Re  Banner- 
man,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  449;  21  Ch.  D.  105). 

So,  too,  Bacon,  V.  C,  held  that  a  testamentary  gift  of  **  a  clear  annual 
income "  from  which  "  no  deduction  shall  be  made  for  the  legacy  tax 
or  any  other  matter,  cause,  or  thing,  whatsoever,"  was  payable  free  of 
Income  Tax  (Peareth  v.  Marriott,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  821:  ^{;^Ac  considered 
inf). 

Yet,  where  a  Charity  was  incorporated  by  a  special  Act  at  a  time  when 


DEDUCTION  484  DEDUCTION 

Income  Tax  was  not  payable,  which  Act  directed  an  annual  salary  to  be 
paid  to  the  Chaplain  "  without  deduction  or  abatement  for  taxes," 
Byrne,  J.,  held  that  the  Wardens  of  the  Charity  were  bound  to  de- 
duct the  Income  Tax  subsequently  imposed  by  the  Income  Tax  Act, 
1842  (Lund  v.  Liverpool  School  for  Indigent  Blind,  1898,  2  Ch.  669 ;  67 
L.  J.  Ch.  680 ;  79  L.  T.  68 ;  47  W,  R.  6;  62  J.  P.  728). 

2.  But  as  was  obser%'ed  by  Kay,  J.,  in  Gleadoxo  v.  Leetham  (inf),  in 
all  the  three  first  named  cases  "  the  word  *  deduction '  was  construed  by 
the  word  'taxes'  which  was  associated  with  it."  It  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand how  that  principle,  or  the  case  of  Wall  v.  WaU  (inf)  can  be  recon- 
ciled with  Peareth  v.  MaiTnott,  (sup) ;  for  the  only  mention  of  taxes  in 
Peareth  v.  Marriott  was  "  Legacy  Tax, "  which  is  scarcely  ejusdem  generis 
with  Income  Tax,  and  was  moreover  there  used  in  reference  not  only  to 
the  annuity  but  also  to  ordinary  legacies;  whilst  in  Wall  v.  Wally 
'•  Taxes  "  was  the  controlling  word  in  the  clause.  With  the  exception, 
however,  of  Peareth  v.  Marriott,  the  cases  on  this  subject  seem  well  to 
branch  out  into  the  two  classes  laid  down  in  Gleadow  v.  Leetham,  When 
Peareth  v.  Marriott  went  before  the  Court  of  Appeal  on  another  point, 
the  determination  of  which  precluded  the  necessity  of  deciding  the  point 
now  under  discussion,  at  the  end  of  his  judgment  Jessel,  '^L  K.,  threw 
out  a  dictum  from  which  it  may  be  gathered  that  he  considered  the 
words  in  the  Will  in  that  case  did  not  exonerate  from  income  tax  (52 
L.  J.  Ch.  221;  22  Ch.  D.  182).  Assuming  that  dictum  to  be  correct, 
Peareth  y.  Marriott  would  no  longer  form  an  exception,  but  would  range 
amongst  the  cases  here  grouped  in  Class  2. 

In  Wall  V.  Wall  (15  Sim.  513;  16  L.  J.  Ch.  305)  a  gift  of  an  annuity 
to  testator's  widow  "  Clear  of  all  taxes  and  deductions,"  was  held  not 
exonerated  from  income  tax,  the  maxim  of  the  V.  C.  being  "  the  thing 
that  is  given  is  the  thing  that  is  to  pay  the  tax." 

So,  too,  of  an  annuity  to  testator's  widow  "  free  from  legacy  duty  and 
other  deductions  "  (Sadler  v.  Rlckards,  4  K.  &  J.  302). 

So,  too,  of  an  annuity  "  clear  of  every  deduction,"  or  "  clear  of  legacy 
duty  and  every  other  deduction  whatsoever,"  or  "  without  any  deduction 
for  legacy  duty  or  otherwise  "  (Letlibridf/e  v.  Thurlow,  15  Bea.  334 ;  21 
L.  J.  Ch.  538). 

So,  too,  of  an  annuity  "  payable  without  any  deduction  whatsoever  " 
(Ahadam  v.  Abadam,  33  Bea.  475;  33  L.  J.  Ch.  593;  12  W.  R.  615). 

So,  too,  of  an  annuity  to  testator's  widow  of  a  "  clear  yearly  sum,"  "  to 
be  paid  free  from  all  deductions  and  abatements  whatsoever  "  (Gleadow  v. 
Leetham,  22  Ch.  D.  269;  52  L.  J.  Ch.  102). 

But  an  exception  to  the  principle  of  the  cases  in  Class  2  is  where  the 
testfitor  has  used  the  word  "  deduction,"  or  a  similar  expression^  with  an 
obvious  meaning  that  it  should  include  and  exonerate  an  annuitant  from 
Income  Tax,  in  which  case  the  annuity  would  be  exonerated  (Turner  v. 
Mullineux,  sup;  whcv  explained  in  Gleadow  v.  Leetham,  sup:    Vf,  Ke 


DEDUCTION  485  DEED 

Buckle,  1894,  1  Ch.  286;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  330;  70  L.  T.  115;  42  W.  R. 
229). 

Legacy  Duty  is  a  Deduction  (36  G.  3,  c,  52,  s.  6  :  Barksdale  v.  Gilliat, 
1  Swanst.  562:  Smith  v.  Anderson,  4  Russ.  352 ;  6  L.  J.  0.  S.  Ch.  105: 
JX  Stow  V.  Davmport,  5  B.  &  Ad.  359 :  Be  De  Hoghton,  1896,  1  Ch. 
855;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  590;  65  lb.  528),  and  so  is  a  rateable  part  of  Estate 
Duty  under  s.  14  (1),  Finance  Act,  1894  {Be  Farker-Jervis,  1898, 2  Ch. 
643;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  682;  79  L.  T.  403:  Be  Maryon- Wilson,  1900,  1  Ch. 
665;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  310;  82  L.  T.  171 ;  48  W.  R.  338):  but 

Succession  Duty  is  not.  And  therefore  where  a  person  covenanted  to 
pay,  within  twelve  months  after  his  death,  £10,000  **  free  from  all  deduc- 
tions whatsoever,"  only  that  sum  was  payable,  and  the  payees,  if  any  one, 
had  to  provide  for  the  Succession  Duty  (Be  Iliggins ,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  235; 
31  Ch.  D.  142;  54  L.  T.  199;  34  W.  R.  81).     V.  Fbeb  fbom  Incum- 

BUAMCES. 

As  to  what  expressions  will  exempt  Legatees  from  payment  of  Legacy 
Duty,  Vfy  Clear:  n  (p),  1  Jarm.  186,  187:  Watson  Eq.  1345,  1346. 

A  Joint UBB  **  free  from  all  Taxes  and  Deductions,  except  Property 
Tax  and  Legacy  or  Succession  Duty,"  exempts  the  Jointuress  from  an 
apportionment  of  Estate  Duty  under  s.  14,  Finance  Act,  1894,  —  the 
phrase  being  an  **  Express  Provision  "  exonerating  her  within  that  sec- 
tion, for  it  contains  an  exhaustive  description  of  the  taxes  and  deduc- 
tions to  which  the  jointure  would  be  liable  {Fitzhardinge  v.  Jenkinson, 
80  L.  T.  376) ;  and  the  same  conclusion  was  reached  where  a  Settlement 
(dated  1861)  provided  for  a  Jointure  **  without  any  deduction  whatsoever, 
except  in  respect  of  Income  Tax  "  (Be  Parker-Jervis^  sup). 

"  Free  from  all  Deductions  whatsoever,  except  Land  Tax,"  in  an  In- 
closure  Act,  did  not  include  Corn  Rent  (Mitchell  v.  Fordham,  6  B.  &  C. 
274 :  Sv,  Cliatfield  v.  Buston,  cited  Outgoing). 

What  are  allowable  "  Deductions  "  under  s.  17,  Coal  Mines  Regn  Act, 
1872,  35  &  36  V.  c.  76;  V.  Bourne  v.  Netlierseal  Co,  57  L.J.  Q.  B.  306; 
20  Q.  B.  D.  606 ;  36  W.  R.  405 ;  52  J.  P.  453 ;  affd  14  App.  Ca.  228. 

Reducing  a  Seaman's  wages  because  he  has  been  disrated  for  miscon- 
duct, is  not  a  "  Deduction  "  within  s.  171,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1854,  repld 
8.  132,  Mer  S.  Act,  1894  {The  Highland  Chief,  1892,  P.  76 ;  61  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  61;  66L.  T.  468). 

Deductions  from  Wages,  quk  the  Truck  Acts ;  V.  Payment  :  Mate- 
rials: Conteact  to  supply:  Willis  v.  Thorp,  cited  Otheb:  and 
hereon.  Truck  Act,  1896,  ss.  1,  2,  3. 

F".  Taxes:  Outgoing:  Legacy:  Specific:  Incumbrance. 

DEED.  — "  *^  Deed,*  factum.  This  word  (deed)  in  the  understand- 
ing of  the  Common  Law  is  an  instrument  written  in  parchment  or  paper, 
whereunto  ten  things  are  necessarily  incident,  viz.  First,  writing. 
Secondly,  in  parchment  or  paper.     Thirdly,  a  person  able  to  contract. 


DEED  486  DEED 

Pourthlj,  by  a  sufficient  name.  Fifthly,  a  person  able  to  be  contracted 
with.  Sixthly,  by  a  sufficient  name.  Seventhly,  a  thing  to  be  con- 
tracted for.  Eighthly,  apt  words  required  by  law.  l^inthly,  sealing. 
And  tenthly,  Delivbr7.  A  deed  cannot  be  written  upon  wood,  leather, 
cloath,  or  the  like,  but  onely  upon  parchment  or  paper,  for  the  writing 
upon  them  can  be  least  vitiated,  altered,  or  corrupted"  (Co.  Litt.  35  b). 
As  to  the  9th  of  the  above  requirements  (Sealing)  it  would  seem  that  wax 
or  a  wafer  must  be  used  (FA,  Nationcd  Prov,  Bank  of  England  v.  Jack- 
son^ 33  Ch.  D.  1);  a  mere  circle  enclosing  the  words  "L.  S."  (place  for 
Seal)  is  insufficient  {Re  Balkls  Co,  36  W.  R.  392 ;  68  L.  T.  300 ;  4  Times 
Bep.  204).  To  a  Deed  Poll,,  the  5th  and  6th  of  the  above  requirements 
would  not  be  applicable ;  indeed  in  Goddard^s  Case  (2  Bep.  5)  it  is  laid 
down  that  "  there  are  but  three  things  of  the  essence  and  substance  of  a 
Deed,  — (1)  Writing,  on  paper  or  parchment,  (2)  Sealing,  and  (3)  Deliv- 
ery "  (^Va  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Fait).  And  so  in  old  Pleading  "Deed" 
"  implies  the  ensealing  and  delivery  "  {Maidwell  v.  Andrews^  1  Leon.  310). 
A  Deed  imports  a  Consideration;   V.  Broom's  Maxims,  7  ed.,  570. 

A  Contract  is  not  essential  to  a  Deed;  and,  therefore,  a  Power  of 
Attorney  under  Seal  to  transfer  government  stock  is  a  "  Deed  **  within 
2  G.  2,  c.  25  {R,  V.  Lyon,  2  Russ.  Cr.  745:  R.  v.  Fauntleroij,  2  Bing.  413). 
"  Deed  "  "  is  clearly  not  confined  to  Contracts  "  (per  Bovill,  C.  J.,  R.  v. 
Morton,  L.  R.  2  C.  C.  R.  27)  ;  but,  observe,  that  in  that  case,  and  on 
the  same  page  of  the  report,  Blackburn,  J.,  said,  **  The  definition  of  a 
Deed  cited  from  Spelman  seems  to  me  the  best,"  ue,  **  Script  am  solemne 
quo  firmatur  donum,  cortcessio,  pactum,  contmctus,  et  hvjusmodi  *'  (Spelm. 
Factum).  At  any  rate,  where  the  phrase  is  "  any  Deed,  Bond,  or  Writ- 
ing Obligatory,"  s.  20,  Forgery  Act,  1861,  it  does  not  include  a  Letter 
of  Orders  under  the  seal  of  a  Bishop,  but  is  limited  to  something  which 
passes  a  pecuniary  interest  (aS^.  G.  L.  R.  2  C.  C.  R.  22 ;  42  L.  J.  M.  C. 
58;  21  W.  R.  629;  28  L.  T.  452). 

As  to  the  difference  between  an  Indenture  and  a  Deed  Poll,  V.  Co. 
Litt.  229  a,  Vth,  2  Bl.  Cora.  295 :  Wms.  R.  P.  125 :  8  &  9  V.  c.  106,  s.  5. 

FA,  4  Cru.  Dig. :  4  Encyc.  171-175.    Cp,  Instrument. 

"Deed,"  in  Scotch  Conveyancing;  Stat.  Def.,  8  &  9  V.  c.  35,  8.  10; 
21  &  22  V.  c.  76,  s.  36 ;  23  &  24  V.  c.  143,  s.  2 ;  31  &  32  V.  c.  101, 
S.3;    37  &  38  V.  c.  94,  s.  3. 

"  Deed  or  Conveyance,"  e.g.  in  a  clause  prescribing  mode  of  transfer  of 
shares,  is  probably  a  synonym  for  the  same  thing,  so  that  the  transfer 
would  have  to  be  effected  by  deed  {HUfblewhite  v.  M^Morine,  6  M.  &W. 
200 ;  9  L.  J.  Ex.  217  :  Socitte  Generale  de  Paris  v.  Walker,  13  App.  Ca. 
20). 

Deed  "  not  otherwise  charged  " ;  V.  Clayton  v.  Biirtenshaw,  5  B.  &  C. 
41 ;  7  D.  &  R.  800 :   Wilsm  v.  Smith,  12  M.  &  W.  401 ;  13  L.  J.  Ex.  113. 

**  Deed  or  Writing,'*  "Deed,  or  Note  in  Writing";  T.  In  Writing: 
Instrument  nar  Writing. 


DEED  487  DEEMED 

"  Deed  of  Arrangeikent " ;  Stat.  Def .,  Deeds  of  Arrangement  Act, 
1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  67,  8.  4;  61  &  62  V.  c.  61,  s.  4;  63  &  54  V. 
c.  24,  8.  4. 

Cp  Scheme. 

**  Deed  of  Entail"-,  Scot.  31  &  32  V.  c.  101,  8.  3. 

"Deed  of  Settlement y**  quk  Comp  (Mem  of  Assn)  Act,  1890,  "in- 
cludes any  Contract  of  Copartnery,  or  other  instrument,  constituting  or 
regulating  the  company,  and  not  being  an  Act  of  Parliament,  a  Boyal 
Charter,  or  Letters  Patent "  (s.  3).  A  Deed  of  Settlement  constituting 
a  Co,  though  modified  by  Act  of  Parliament,  remains  an  instrument  "  not 
being  an  Act  of  Parliament "  within  that  def  (Re  Reiwrswnary  Interest 
Socy,  1892,  1  Ch.  616;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  379;  ^Q  L.  T.  460;  40  W.  K 
389). 

Note,  —  A  Dped  or  other  Writing,  except  a  Testament,  speaks  from 
its  Execution  {V,  From  henceforth). 

DEEMED.—  V.  DeBeauvoirv.  Welch,  7  B.  &  C.  278. 

Chairman's  declaration  of  result  of  voting  "  shall  be  deemed  "  conclu- 
sive, s.  61,  Comp  Act,  1862 ;  F.  Young  v.  S.  African  Coy  cited  Conclusive 
Evidence. 

When  a  thing  is  to  be  ''  deemed  "  something  else,  it  is  to  be  treated  as 
that  something  else  with  the  attendant  consequences,  but  it  is  not  that 
something  else  (per  Cave,  J.,  R.  v.  Norfolk  Co.  Co.,  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  380)  ; 
therefore,  an  Attornment,  within  s.  6,  Bills  of  Sale  Act,  1878,  and  which 
thereby  ''  shall  be  deemed  to  be  a  Bill  of  Sale,  "  requires  registration 
to  perfect  its  validity  as  though  it  were  a  Bill  of  S.,  but  it  is  not  a  Bill  of 
S.  and,  therefore,  need  not  be  (indeed  it  could  not  be)  In  accordance 
WITH  THE  FORM  prescribed  by  s.  9,  Bills  of  S.  Act,  1882  ( Green  v.  Marsh, 
1892,  2  Q.  B.  330;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  442;  66  L.  T.  480;  40  W.  K  449; 
b^  J.  P.  839). 

"  Deemed  to  be  Liquidated  Damages  " ;  Fl  Lavrrence  v.  Willcocks,  cited 
Liquidated  Damaoes. 

"  When  a  statute  enacts  that  something  should  be  *  deemed '  to  have 
been  dons  which,  in  fact  and  truth,  was  not  done,  the  Court  is  entitled  and 
bound  to  ascertain  for  what  purposes  and  between  what  persons  the  statu- 
tory fiction  is  to  be  resorted  to  "  (per  James,  L.  J.,  Ex  p.  Walton,  50 
L.  J.  Ch.  662;  17  Ch.  D.  756)  ;  and,  therefore,  where  s.  23,  Bankry  Act, 
1869,  provided  that  on  Disclaimer  in  bankry  of  an  Onerous  Lease  it 
should  "  be  Deemed  to  have  been  surrendered,"  the  meaning  was  that, 
such  "  deemed  surrender  "  was  only  operative  as  between  the  Lessor  and 
the  Bankrupt  and  his  estate,  without  prejudice  to  the  Lessor's  rights 
against  any  other  person  under  or  by  virtue  of  the  Lease  {S.  C). 

DEEMED   TO  BELONG V.  jdgmt  of  Coleridge,  C.  J.,  Milnes 

V.  Huddersfield,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  12;  12  Q.  B.  D.  443. 


DEEMED  488  DEFAULT 

DEEMED  TO  HAVE  BEEN   SURRENDERED S.23,BaDkrj 

Act,  1869;  V.  Deemed:  Hill  v.  U.  &  W.  India  Dock  Co,  9  App.  Ca. 
448 ;  53  L.  J.  Ch.  842 ;  51  L.  T.  163;  32  W.  R. 925;  48  J.  P.  788;  RA, 
Ee  Cocky  Ex  p.  Shilson,  20  Q.  B.  D.  346. 

DEEMED  TO   PASS T.  Passing. 

DEFACE.  —  If  a  pab-driver's  employer  (or  anyone  else)  writes  on 
the  driver's  License  anything,  whether  true  or  false,  other  than  the  par- 
ticulars required  by  s.  8,  6  &  7  V.  c.  86,  he  "  defaces  "  the  license  within 
that  section  {HurreU  v.  EUis,  15  L.  J.  C.  P.  18;  2  C.  B.  295:  Rogers  v. 
Macnamara,  23  L.  J.  C.  P.  1;  14  C.  B.  27:  Norris  v.  Birch,  1895, 
1  Q.  B.  639;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  91 ;  72  L.  T.  491 ;  43  W.  R.  271;  11  Times 
Rep.  172) ;  and,  if  prejudicial  and  done  by  the  employer,  it  is  a  "  Matter 
of  Complaint "  within  s.  22  (Norris  v.  Birch,  sup).  * 

DEFAMATION T.  Libel:  Slander. 

Note. '  The  jurisdiction  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  ii\  suits  for  Defa- 
mation was  taken  away  by  Phillimosb's  Act. 

DEFAULT.  —  "Default  is  a  French  word,  and  defalta  is  legally 
taken  for  non-appearance  in  Court "  (Co.  Litt.  259  b).   Vf,  Defabturk. 

"  I  do  not  know  a  larger  or  looser  word  than  *  Default.'  Abstracted 
from  other  words,  What  does  it  mean  ?  In  the  expressions  *  Judgment 
by  Default,'  and  'a  Juror  making  Default,'  we  understand  it  differ- 
ently. In  its  largest  and  most  general  sense  it  seems  to  mean,  '  Fail- 
ing ' "  (per  Eyre,  C.  J.,  Doe  d.  Dacre  v.  Dacre,  1  B.  &  P.  258,  in 
whc  that  large  sense  was  adopted  qu^  "  In  default  of  such  Sons,  "  on 
whv,  Andrew  v.  Andrew^  inf). 

"  *  Default '  would  seem  to  embrace  every  failure  by  the  defendant  to 
perform  his  contract  unless  prevented  by  superior  force  over  which  he 
had  no  control,  such  as  stress  of  weather  "  (per  Fitzgerald,  J.,  Caffarini 
V.  Walker^  9  Ir.  Rep.  C.  L.  437),  or  unless  hindered  by  the  plaintiff's 
non-performance  of  some  condition  precedent  (Randall  v.  Thorrty  W.  N. 
,  (78)  150),  or  unless  there  has  been  a  waiver  of  performance,  which  waiver 
(in  the  case  of  an  obligation  to  pay  money)  may  be  by  parol  though  the 
obligation  be  under  seal  (Albert  v.  Grosvenor  Investment  Co,  37  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  24;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  123 ;  8  B.  &  S.  664;  Svthc,  Williams  v.  Stem, 
cited  Default  in  Payment.  As  to  other  cases,  V.  Littler  v.  Holland^ 
3  T.  R.  590:   Gwynne  v.  Davy,  1  Mac.  &  G.  857). 

"  Default,  is  a  purely  relative  term,  just  like  Negligence.  It  means 
nothing  more,  nothing  less,  than  not  doing  what  is  reasonable  under  the 
circumstances;  —  not  doing  something  which  you  ought  to  do,  having 
regard  to  the  relations  which  you  occupy  towards  the  other  persons  in- 
terested in  the  transaction  "  (per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  Re  Young  and  Harston, 
31  Ch.  D.  174  J  53  L.  T.  837 ;  34  W.  R.  84 ;  50  J.  P.  245 ;  approved  by 


DEFAULT  489  DEFAULT 

Collins,  L.  J.,  Re  Woods  and  Lewis,  1898,  2  Ch.  211;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  476). 
There  is,  therefore,  no  "  default "  in  a  Vendor  if  delay  in  Completion 
arises  through  an  obscure  blot  on  his  Title  (Be  Woods  arid  Lewis,  sup)  ; 
nor  is  there  anj  longer  a  "  default,"  by  a  Trustee  in  Bankry  (s.  102  (5), 
Bankry  Act,  1883)  in  paying  money  found  due  from  him,  if  and  when 
the  money  is  paid,  even  though  it  be  paid  for  him  by  a  third  party  (Ee 
latum,  Exp.  Barker,  6  Times  Kep.  574). 

"Default  by  a  Trustee,"  &c,  s.  4  (3),  Debtors  Act,  1869;  V.  Fidu- 
ciABY  Capacity:  Possession. 

"  Make  default  in  performance  " ;  F.  Doe  d.  Palk  v.  Marchetti,  cited 
Done. 

V,  Debt,  Default,  or  Miscarriage  :  Wilful  Default. 

"Act,  Default,  Permission,  or  Sufferance";  V.  Permission:  By 
whose. 

Judgment  "  by  Default,"  means,  one  obtained  by  non-resistance  (per 
Jervis,  C.  J.,  Prew  v.  Squire,  10  C.  B.  915) ;  therefore,  a  Jdgmt  on  De- 
murrer was  not  by  Default  (Taylor  v.  Rolf,  5  Q.  B.  337 ;  13  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
39:  Frew  v.  Squire,  10  C.  B.  912;  20  L.  J.  C.  P.  175). 

"  Wrongful  Act  or  Default^''  s.  242,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1854,  does 
not  include  a  mere  error  in  judgment  {The  Famenoth,  7  P.  D. 
207). 

A  Covenant  by  a  mortgagor  for  Quiet  Enjoyment  ^^  after  Default," 
means  only  that,  before  default,  the  mortgagee  is  to  rest  on  his  own  title 
as  against  strangers;  and  the  Statute  of  Limitations  runs  as  against  the 
mortgagee  from  the  date  of  the  mortgage  (Doe  d.  Foylance  v.  Lightfoot, 
11  L.  J.  Ex.  151;  8  M.  &  W.  553). 

"  A  Covenant  for  Quiet  Enjoyment  against  persons  claiming  '  hy  or 
through  his  Default,'  would,  it  appears,  be  broken  by  an  entry  by  par- 
ties whose  title  he  had  it  in  his  own  power  to  bar ;  —  e,g.  if  he  were  tenant 
in  tail  in  possession,  and  the  entry  were  made  by  remainderman  (Cavan  v. 
Fulteney,  2  Ves.  544) ;  —  and  such  a  covenant  has  been  held  to  extend  to 
claims  in  respect  of  arrears  of  Quit  Bent,  although  they  accrued  due  be- 
fore he  acquired  the  estate  (  V.  Howes  v.  Brushfield,  3  East,  491) :  the 
decision,  however,  is  disapproved  by  Ld  St.  Leonards  (Sug.  602). 
But  the  omission  by  the  covenantor  to  acquire  from  other  parties  a 
valid  title,  although  he  knew  the  defect,  is  not  a  'Neglect  or  Default' 
within  the  meaning  of  such  a  covenant  (V.  Woodhouse  v.  Jenkins, 
9  Bing.  431;  2  Moore  &  S.  599 :  Ireland  v.  Bircham,  2  Sc.  207  ;  2  Bing. 
N.  C.  90)."  Dart,  885:  Va,  Elph.  488-490:  2  Piatt,  311:  ^Neglect 
or  Default. 

"  Negligence  and  Default,"  in  a  Bill  of  Lading  or  Contract  for  Towage ; 
V.  Neglect  or  Default  :  Negligence. 

"For,"  or  "In,"  "Default  of  Issue,"  or  "  In  Default  of"  objects  of 
preceding  limitation;  V,  Doe  d.  Dacm  v.  Dacre,  sup  :  Biddulph  v.  Lees, 
28  L.  J.  Q.  B.  211 ;  E.  B.  &  E.  289:  Die  without  issue. 


DEFAULT  490         DEFEASANCE 

"The  words  'in  default  of  his  having  a  Sok/  or  words  of  preciselj 
the  same  import,  have  been  uniformly  held  to  mean  this,  —  That  the  es- 
tates are  not  to  go  over  so  long  as  there  is  any  Male  Issue,  and  that  the 
estates  are  by  Necessary  Implication  to  go  to  the  male  issue  in  regular 
course  of  hereditary  descent  so  long  as  there  should  be  any  left.  To 
effectuate  this  purpose  an  Estate  Tail  is  by  Necessary  Implication  deemed 
to  be  given  to  the  person  whose  Issue  are  so  to  take  "  (per  James,  L.  J., 
Andrew  v.  Andreie,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  234 ;  1  Cli.  D.  417). 

"  No  Default  of  Election,  or  Vacancy,"  in  a  Committee  of  Manage- 
ment, to  prevent  continuing  members  from  acting ;  V,  Lane  v.  Norman^ 
66  L.  T.  83 ;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  149;  40  W.  R.  268. 

V.  In  Default:  Making  Default:  Failure. 

DEFAULT  IN  PAYMENT. — This  phrase  means,  non-payment  at 
the  due  time  and  place  (  Williams  v.  Stem,  49  L.  J.  Q.  B.  663 ;  5  Q.  B.  D. 
409 :  Thorn  v.  City  Rice  Mills,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  297 ;  40  Ch.  D.  357 :  5  Times 
Rep.  172).     r.  Payment:  Fiduciary  Capacity:  Solicitor. 

DEFEASANCE.  —  "  'Defeasance,'  Defeisaniia,  is  fetched  from  the 
French  word  defaire,  i.e.  to  defeat  or  undoe  "  (Co.  Litt.  236  b),  "  A 
Defeasance  is  a  Condition  relating  to  a  deed,  or  to  an  obligation,  recog- 
nizance, statute,  or  the  like,  which  being  performed  by  the  obligor,  or 
recognisor,  the  act  is  disabled  and  made  void  as  if  it  had  never  been 
done;  which  differeth  from  a  Condition  only  in  this,  that  this  (a  Condi- 
tion) is  always  made  at  the  same  time  and  annexed  to  or  inserted  in  the 
same  deed;  but  that  (a  Defeasance)  is  always  made  in  a  deed  by  itself, 
and  for  the  most  part  made  after  the  deed  whereunto  it  hath  relation  " 
(Touch.  396:  Vf,  2  Bl.  Com.  327,  342:  Termes  de  la  Ley:  4  Cru.  Dig. 
89,  90,  96:  Colthirst  v.  Bcjushin,  Plowd.  33  a).  "As  I  have  always 
understood,  a  'Defeasance'  is  something  which  defeats  the  operation  of 
a  deed  or  document.  If  it  is  contained  in  the  same  deed,  it  is  called  a 
*  Condition ' "  (per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  Re  Storey,  Ex  p,  Popplewell,  52 
L.  J.  Ch.  42;  21  Ch.  D.  73;  cited  with  approval  by  Esher,  M.  R., 
Blaiberg  v.  BeckeU,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  36;  18  Q.B.D.  96;  55  L.  T.  876; 
35  W.  R.  34). 

Head  strictly,  the  extracts  just  given  from  the  Touchstone  and  from 
the  jdgmt  of  Sir  Geo.  Jessel,  would  seem  to  show  that  a  Defeasance  dif- 
fers only  from  a  Condition  in  the  mode  and  manner  of  its  creation.  But 
that  can  hardly  be  so.  A  Defeasance  defeats  or  puts  an  end  to  an  in- 
strument; a  Condition  restrains  or  qualifies  it.  And  thus  in  the  case 
cited.  Ex  p.  Popplewell,  Lindley,  L.  J.,  said:  "The  agreement, — i.e.  a 
parol  agreement  not  to  register  a  Bill  of  Sale,  —  was  obviously  not  a 
Defeasance.  Was  it  a  Condition  ?  "  A  Defeasance  therefore  may,  in 
the  language  of  the  Touchstone,  be  said  to  be  a  Condition ;  but  it  is  a 
Condition  of  a  special  sort,  —  drastic  but  narrow  in  its  operation. 


DEFEASANCE  491  DEFECT 

A  Policy  deposited  as  a  collateral  security  to  a  Bill  of  Sale,  is  not  a 
"  Defeasance  or  Condition  "  requiring  registration  under  s.  10  (3),  Bills 
of  S.  Act,  1878  {Carj)enter  v.  Deeriy  23  Q.  B.  D.  566). 

"  Defeasance,"  in  the  prescribed  form  of  a  Bill  op  Sale  (s.  9,  Bills  of 
S.  Act,  1882),  means,  the  putting  an  end  to  the  security  by  realizing  the 
goods  for  the  benefit  of  the  mortgagee,  —  e.g.  powers  of  lawful  seizure 
and  sale  and  reasonable  appropriation  of  the  proceeds  (Consolidated 
Credit  Corp  v.  GosTiej/,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  61;  16  Q.  B.  D.  24:  Lumleyv. 
Simvwns,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  759 ;  34  W.  R.  759).  It  "  is  not  strictly  a  Defeas- 
ance, because  the  stipulation  is  in  the  same  deed;  it  means  a  Condition 
in  the  nature  of  a  Defeasance  "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Blaiberg  v.  Beckett^ 
sup,  whv).  But  a  security  is  not  defeated  by  payment  of  the  debt; 
and,  therefore,  an  agreement  to  exhaust  all  other  remedies  before  enforc- 
ing a  Bill  of  S.  is  not  a  "  Defeasance "  (Heseltine  v.  Simmons^  1892, 
2  Q.  B.  547;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  5;  67  L.  T.  611;  41  W.  B.  67).  Cp  Main- 
TENANCE,  at  end. 

The  Touchstone,  in  the  passage  already  cited,  says  that  a  Defeasance 
"  is  always  made  in  a  Deed  by  itself."  But  it  would  seem  that  a  De- 
feasance may  be  made  without  a  deed.  The  Defeasance  endorsed  on  a 
Warrant  of  Attorney  to  enter  up  judgment  was  geneniUy  under  hand 
only  (Chitty's  Forms,  9  ed.,  490).  But  it  would  seem  that  there  cannot 
be  a  Defeasance  without  a  separate  document  (per  Esher,  M.  li.,  Blaiberg 
V.  Beckett,  sup).  And  so  in  Ex  p.  Popplewell  (sup),  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls  said  :  "  The  agreement  in  question  was  a  parol  agreement.  It  can- 
not therefore  be  a  Defeasance."  But  a  Condition  may  be  by  parol  (Ex  p. 
Southam,  43  L.  J.  Bank.  39 ;  L.  R.  17  Eq.  578). 

Estate  in  "  Defeasance  of  "  an  Estate  Tail,  s.  15,  Fines  and  Re- 
coveries Act,  1833;  V.  Milbank  v.  Vane,  1893,  3  Ch.  79;  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
629;  68  L.  T.  735. 

V.  Condition  :  Forfeit  dre. 

DEFEAT.  —  Intent  to  defeat  or  delay  Creditors ;  V.  Intent  :  Morris 
V.  Cook's  Estate,  1895,  A.  C.  625;  64  L.  J.  P.  C.  136:  Vaizey,  ch.  21, 
8.  4  :  Wms.  Bank.  19. 

DEFECT.  —  "  *  Defect,'  means  a  lack  or  absence  of  something  essen- 
tial to  completeness  "  (per  Bruce,  J.,  Tate  v.  Latham,  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
351). 

"  Defects  in  an  Estate  may  be  either  — 

a.  Patent,  — that  is,  such  as  may  be  discovered  by  ordinary  vigi- 
lance on  the  part  of  a  purchaser;  e.g.  the  existence  of  an  open 
footpath  over  the  property  (Bowles  v.  Bound,  5  Ves.  508),  or 
the  ruinous  state  of  buildings  (  Grant  v.  Munt,  Cooper,  G.  177 : 
Keates  v.  Cadogan,  10  C.  B.  591;  20  L.  J.  C.  P.  76;  16 
L.  T.  0.  S.  367) ;   or, 


DEFECT  492  DEFECT 

b.  Latent,  —  that  is,  such  as  the  greatest  attention  (Sug.  333)  would 
not  enable  him  to  discover;  e,g,  the  existence  of  defects  in  a 
ship's  bottom  when  sold  afloat  (  V.  Mdllah  v.  Mottetix^  Peake, 
156)."     Dart,  101,  102. 

Unfitness  or  inadequacy  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used,  is  a 
*  Defect  in  the  Condition  "  of  Machinery  within  s.  1,  Employers'  Lia- 
bility Act,  1880,  43  &  44  V.  c.  42,  though  the  machinery  may  be,  in  itself, 
perfect  {Heske  v.  Samuelson,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  45 ;  12  Q.  B.  D.  30 ;  49  L.  T. 
474),  e.g,  if,  being  dangerous,  it  is  unguarded  (Morgan  v.  HutchinSy  59 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  197;  6  Times  Rep.  219 :  Tate  v.  Latliatn,  1897, 1  Q.  B.  502; 
66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  349;  76  L.  T.  336;  45  W.  R.  400).  So  is  an  unsound 
combination  of  sound  Plant  (Cripps  v,  Judge^  51  L.  T.  182;  33  W.  R. 
35;  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  517;  13  Q.  B.  D.  583:  WMin  v.  Ballard,  55  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  395;  17  Q.  B.  D.  122;  54  L.  T.  532;  34  VV.  R.  455;  50  J.  P.  597), 
or  a  negligent  system  or  mode  of  using,  or  want  of  proper  safeguards  in 
using,  sound  machinery  (Smith  v.  Baker,  1891,  A.  C.  325;  60  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  683;  40  W.  R.  392;  65  L.  T.  467;  55  J.  P.  660:  Stanton  v. 
Scrutton,  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  405).  But  not  a  mere  temporary  obstruction, 
e,g.  a  substance  negligently  placed  on  a  roadway  (McGiffen  v.  Palmer's 
Ship  Building  Co,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  25 ;  10  Q.  B.  D.  5 :  Thomas  v.  Quar- 
termaine,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  439;  17  Q.  B.  D.  414;  55  L.  T.  360 ;  34  W.  R. 
741:  Pegram  v.  Dixon,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  447);  nor  mere  dangerousness 
when  not  used  with  ordinary  care  ( Walsh  v.  Whitelegy  57  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
586;  21  Q.  B.  D.  371;  36  W.  R.  876),  nor  dangerousness  caused 
by  the  unauthorised  and  unknown  removal  of  a  sufficient  protec- 
tion, such  as  a  removable  trap-door  or  cover  (Penton  v.  Cosh,  Times, 
4th  Feb  1891),  or  the  removal  of  such  a  protection  in  and  for  carry- 
ing on  the  business  (Willetts  v.  Watts,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  92;  61  L. 
J.  Q.  B.  540;  66  L.  T.  818;  40  W.  R.  497-;  56  J.  P.  772:  suthe, 
Tate  V.  Latham,  sup) ;  nor  insufficient  packing  of  goods  on  a  trolly 
(Corcoran  v.  East  Surrey  Ironworks  Co,  58  L.  J.  Q.  B.  145).  Vh^ 
Ways:  Works. 

The  omission  of  the  date  of  an  accident  from  Notice  of  injury  under 
the  Employers'  Liability  Act,  1880,  is  a  "  defect  or  inaccura^g  "  within 
s.  7  (Carter  v.  Drysdale,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  557;  12  Q.  B.  D.  91;  32  W.  R. 
171),  so  also  is  the  omission  to  state  the  cause  of  the  injury  if  such  omis- 
sion be  not  misleading  (Stone  v.  Hyde,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  452;  9  Q.  B.  D. 
76). 

As  to  construction  of  a  Go's  Article  validating  acts  of  Directors  not- 
withstanding "  defect '''  in  their  Appointment;  V,  Dawson  v.  African, 
Sec  Co,  1898,  1  Ch.  6;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  47;  77  L.  T.  392;  46  W.  R. 
132. 

"Defects  latent  on  beginning  of  Voyage,  or  otherwise";  F.  Wai- 
kato  V.  New  Zealand  Shipping  Co,  cited  Otherwise. 

Latent  Defect  in  an  Exception  limiting  warranty  that  a  Ship  is  Sea- 


DEFECT  493  DEFENDER 

worthy;   r.  The  Cargo  ex  Laertes,  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  108;  12  P.  D. 
187;  57  L.  T.  602;  36  W.  R.  111. 

"  Defect  in  Substance  " ;  V.  Substance. 

V,  Formal:  Faults:  Holder  in  due  course. 

DEFEtiCEn  —  "  *  Defence'  commeth  of  the  word  defendo''  (Co.  Litt. 
127  b);  and  as  applied  to  a  Pleading  it  does  not  mean  a  "Justifica- 
tion," which  is  the  ordinary  signification,  but  a  "  denial  "  (3  VA.  Com. 
29G,  cited  in  Hargrave's  note  to  Co.  Litt.  127  b).  Vf,  R.  x.  Rhodes, 
cited  Stage. 

"Any  Defence,"  s.  1,  31  &  32  V.  c.  86;  V.  Fellas  v.  Neptune  Mar. 
Insrce,  48  L.  J.  C.  P.  370;  5  C.  P.  D.  34. 

"  Last  Defence  ";   V.  Last. 

"  Statutory  Defence";   V.  Statutory. 

"  The  Defence  Acts,  1842  to  1873  ";    F.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

DEFEND.  —  "* Defend,'  signifies,  in  our  ancient  laws  and  statutes, 
as  much  as  to  forbid  and  prohibit"  (Cowel).     V.  Sue. 

DEFENDANT.  —Notwithstanding  that  s.  100,  Jud.  Act,  1873,  enacts 
that  "  Defendant,"  includes  a  person  "  served  with  notice  of,  or  entitled 
to  attend,  any  Proceedings,"  —  the  word  does  not  include  a  person 
merely  brought  in  as  a  Third-Party  {Eden  v.  Weardale  Co,  64  L.  J.  Ch. 
384 ;  28  Ch.  D.  333 ;  33  W.  R.  241 :  Street  v.  Gover,  46  L.  J.  Q.  B.  682; 
2  Q.  B.  D.  498).  But  when  the  Third-Party  has  been  treated  as  an 
"  Opposite  Party  "  and  has  been  ordered,  at  plaintiffs  instance,  to  answer 
Interrogatories,  he  becomes  a  Defendant  and  entitled  to  an  Order  to 
interrogate  the  PlaintiEf  under  R.  1,  Ord.  31  {Eden  v.  Weardale  Co, 
36  Ch.  D.  287) :   T.  Opposite  Party. 

Other  Stat.  Defs.,  generally,  define  "  Defendant,**  as  a  person  against 
whom  Proceedings  are  instituted,  or  directed,  F".  6  &  7  W.  4,  c.  106, 
s.  44;     26  &  27  V.  c.  119,  s.  3;     45  &  46  V.  c.  31,  s.  2. 

Qu^  Scotland,  the  def  is,  Defender  or  Respondent,  V,  38  &  39  V. 
c.  17,  s.  109,  c.  63,  s.  33 ;  41  &  42  V.  c.  16,  s.  106,  c.  49,  s.  74,  c.  74, 
s.  74;  46  &  46  V.  c.  49,  s.  62;  63  &  64  V.  c.  21,  s.  39 ;  or,  more  fully, 
qua  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893  (s.  62),  "  Defender,  Respondent,  and  Claim- 
ant in  a  Multiplepoinding,"  or,  in  criminal  matters,  "Panel,  Respond- 
ent, or  person  charged,"  57  &  58  V.  c.  27,  s.  21,  c.  41,  s.  26. 

Qui  Jud.  Act  (Ir)  1877,  "  Defendant "  includes  "  every  person  served 
with  any  Writ  of  Summons  or  Process,  or  served  with  notice  of,  or 
entitled  to  attend,  any  Proceedings  "  (s.  3);  qui  27  &  28  V.  c.  99,  "  De- 
fendant," means,  "  also  the  person  or  party  whose  body,  goods,  or  chattels, 
may  be  liable  to  be  taken  under  any  decree,  dismiss,  renewal,  or  order, 
of  the  Civil  Bill  Courts  "  (s.  3). 

DEFENDER.  —  Is  the  Scotch  equivalent  for  Defendant,  and,  gen- 
erally, includes  a  Respondent;   V.  13  &  14  Y.  c.  36;  s.  63;     31  &  32  V- 


DEFENDER  494  DEFINITIVE 

c.  100,  B.  2.  Quk  Citation  Amendment  (Scot)  Act,  34  &  35  V.  c.  42, 
the  word  "  means  and  includes,  the  person  or  persons  named  in,  and 
called  upon  to  answer,  any  summons,  complaint,  decree,  and  warrant,  or 
other  order  or  writ  or  proceeding,  in  the  Small  Deht  Courts  "  (s.  5). 

DEFICIENCY As  used  in  s.  133,  Lands  C.  C.  Act,  1845;   F. 

Works. 

DEFINED    BOUNDARY.  — r.  R.  v.  Nortlwivram,  cited  Place. 

DEFINED  CHANNEL.  —  Suhterranean  waters  can  only  be  the  sub- 
ject of  riparian  rights  when  flowing  in  Defined  and  Elnown  Channels. 
**  Defined, "  means  a  contracted  and  bounded  channel,  although  the  course 
of  the  stream  may  be  undefined  by  human  knowledge.  "  Known  "  means 
the  Knowledge,  by  reasonable  inference,  from  existing  and  observed  facts 
in  the  natural  or  pre-existing  condition  of  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
"  Known  "  in  this  rule  of  law  is  not  synonymous  with  "  Visible,"  nor  is 
it  restricted  to  knowledge  derived  from  exposure  of  the  channel  by  exca- 
vation {Black  V.  Ballymena  Commrs^  17  L.  R.  Ir.  459). 

F/^,  As  to  Subterranean  Waters,  Acton  v.  Blundell,  12  M.  &  W.  324; 
13  L.  J.  Ex.  289:  Chasemore  v.  Richards,  29  L.  J.  Ex.  81 ;  7  H.  L. 
Ca.  349,  389:  Bradford  v.  Pickles,  cited  Illegally. 

DEFINITE.  —  "  Definite  and  Certain  Principal  Sum,"  "  definite  and 
Certain  amount  of  Stock " ;  V.  Settlement.  Cp,  Cektain  :  Sum 
Certain. 

"  Definite  and  Certain  Sum  of  Money,"  qui  ad  vol.  Stamp  on  Mtge, 
means,  moneys  numbered;  it  has  no  relation  to  certainty  or  uncertainty 
of  obligation.  Therefore,  a  security  to  pay  £100  if  something  happens, 
is  for  the  "  definite  and  certain  "  sum  of  £100,  though  it  is  only  payable 
on  a  contingency  {Mortiinore  v.  Inl,  Rev,j  2  H.  &  C.  838;  33  L.  J.  Ex. 
263 ;  10  L.  T.  ^bb) ;  so,  a  security  to  pay  £100  if  something  happens 
or  £200  if  something  else  happens,  is  one  for  £200  {Maxwell  v.  Inl,  Rev,, 
4  Kettie,  1121);  so,  of  a  security  indemnifying  a  surety,  though  he 
may  never  be  called  upon  to  pay  ( Canning  v.  Raper,  22  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
87;  1  E.  &  B.  164).  But  none  of  the  following  are  included  in  the 
phrase,  — Interest  {Barkers.  Smark,  10  L.  J.Ex.200;  7M.  &W.690); 
Expenses,  not  even  though  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  renewal  of  a 
lease  {Doe  d.  Scrutton  v.  Snaith,  8  Bing.  146:  Wroughton  v.  Turtle,,  13 
L.  J.  Ex.  67  ;  11  M.  &  W.  661);  Costs  {Lysaght  v.  Warren,  10  Ir.  L.  R. 
269);  Banker's  Commission  {Frith  v.  Rotherham,  15  L.  J.  Ex.  133); 
Policy  Premiums  {Lawrence  v.  Boston,  21  L.  J.  Ex.  49;  7  Ex.  28). 

DEFINITION.  — r.  Mean. 

DEFI N ITI VE.  —  "  Definitive  Publication  "  of  an  Order  of  the  Charity 
Commrs,  s.  8,  23  &  24  V.  c.  136 ;  V.  Exp.  Nicholls,  34  L.  J.  Ch.  169. 

"  Definitive  Sentence  ";  V.  Esnoufy.  AG.  Jersey,  62  L.  J.  P.  C.  26 ; 
8  App.  Ca.  304. 


DEFORCEMENT       495        DEL  CREDERE 

DEFORCEMENT. — "  'By  wrong  him  deforces,'  Deforciare  is  a 
Word  of  Art,  and  cannot  be  expressed  by  any  other  word;  for  it  signifieth, 
to  withhold  lands  or  tenements  from  the  right  owner"  (Co.  Litt.  331  b; 
Ta,  lb.  277  b:  Jacob:  3  Bl.  Com.  172).  ^Deforceob.  Cp,  Disseisin: 
Intbusion. 

DEFORCEOR.  —  "Is  hee  that  overcommeth  and  casteth  out  with 
force;  and  he  differeth  from  a  Disseisor,  first,  in  this,  that  a  man  may 
disseise  another  without  force,  which  act  is  called  simple  Disseisin, 
Britton,  cap.  53;  —  then  because  a  man  may  deforce  another  that  never 
was  in  possession,  as  if  many  have  right  to  lands  as  common  heires  and 
one  keepeth  them  out,  the  law  saith,  that  he  deforceth  them,  although 
that  he  never  disseised  them.  .  .  .  And  a  Deforceor  dififereth  from  an 
Intrudor,  because  that  a  deforceor  keeps  out  the  right  heire  as  aforesaid, 
and  a  man  is  made  an  intrudor  by  a  wrongfull  entrie  onely  in  lands  or 
tenements  void  of  a  possessor  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).     Vf  Deforcement. 

DEFRAUD.  — F.  Intent. 

DEGRADE.  — r.  Disgbade. 

DEGREE.— Qu^  Customs,  "Degree"  of  Proof  Spirit,  •'does  not 
include  a  fraction  of  the  next  higher  Degree  "  (62  &  63  V.  c.  9,  s.  2, 
c.  39,  8.  1). 

DE  JURE.  — De  jure,- De  facto;  V.  A-O.  v.  Ewelme  Hosp.y  17 
Bea.  388,  389;  22  L.  J.  Ch.  854,  855. 

DEL  CREDERE.  — "A  Del  Credere  Agent,  like  any  other  Agent, 
is  to  sell  according  to  the  instructions  of  his  Principal,  and  to  make 
such  contracts  as  he  is  authorised  to  make  for  his  Principal ;  and  he  is 
distinguished  from  other  agents  simply  in  this, — That  he  guarantees 
that  those  persons  to  whom  he  sells  shall  perform  the  contracts  which  he 
makes  with  them;  and,  therefore,  if  he  sells  at  the  price  at  which  he  is 
authorised  by  his  Principal  to  sell,  and  upon  the  credit  which  he  is  au- 
thorized by  his  Principal  to  give,  and  the  customer  pays  him  according 
to  his  contract,  then,  no  doubt,  he  is  bound,  like  any  other  agent,  as 
soon  as  he  receives  the  money,  to  hand  it  over  to  the  Principal "  (per 
Hellish,  L.  J.,  Exp,  White,  Re  Nevill,  6  Ch.  403 ;  40  L.  J.  Bank.  73; 
24  L.  T.  45;  19  W.  R.  488).  Notwithstanding  the  decision  of  Mans- 
field, C.  J.,  in  Grove  v.  Dubois  (1  T.  R.  112),  and  what,  on  that  author- 
ity, was  said  in  Houghton  v.  Matthews  (3  B.  &  P.  489),  it  is  now  settled 
that  a  Del  Credere  Agent  is  not  responsible  to  his  Principal  for  the  cus- 
tomers tfi  the  first  instance]  his  special  liability  only  imports,  that  if 
the  customer  does  not  pay  he  (the  agent)  will  (Hornby  v.  Lacy^  6  M.  &  S. 
166:  Morris  Y.  Cleasby,  4  lb.  574,  575:  BramweU  v.  SpUler,  21  L.  T. 
672,  espy  jdgmt  of  Smith,  J.).    This  last  case  shows  that  the  Agent 


DEL  CREDERE        496  DELINEATED 

cannot,  in  his  own  name,  sue  the  customer,  merely  because  he  has  as- 
sumed special  liability  to  his  principal. 

FA,  Add.  C.  869:  Leake,  441 :  4  Encyc.  200. 

DELAY.  —Intent  to  defeat  or  delay  Creditors ;  V.  Defeat, 

"Prosecute  without  delay  ";  V.  Prosecute. 

Where  a  Shareholder  has  a  right  to  have  a  Transfer  of  his  Shares 
registered  "  teithout  Delay, "  he  cannot  call  for  such  registration  if  there 
be  an  unpaid  Call  on  the  Shares  disentitling  him  to  transfer  (Be  Fhcenix 
Insrce,  7  W.  R.  440). 

V.  Ukreasonable  Delay  :  Wilful  Delay. 

DELAY  IN  TRANSIT.  — A  delay  by  a  carrier  in  not  starting 
goods  on  their  destination,  is  a  "  delay  in  transit"  {Brown y,  Matichester 
S.  &  L.  Ry,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  699 ;  63  lb.  124;  9  Q.  B.  D.  230;  8  App. 
Ca.  703  :  FA,  Sheridan  v.  Mid.  G.  W.  Ry,  24  L.  K  Ir.  146).  Cp 
Owner's  Risk. 

DELEGATE.  —  To  "  delegate  "  to  another,  is  not  to  denude  yourself. 
"In  my  opinion  the  word,  in  its  general  sense  and  as  generally  used, 
does  not  imply,  or  point  to,  a  giving  up  of  authority,  but  rather  the 
conferring  of  authority  upon  some  one  else  "  (per  Wills,  J.,  Huth  v. 
Clarke^  69  L.  J.  M.  C.  120;  25  Q.  B.  D.  391,  referring  also  to  the  use  of 
the  word  in  s.  201,  P.  H.  Act,  1876). 

DELEGATION.  — F.  Subrogatjon. 

DELF.  — "  *Delfe,'  is  a  Quarry  or  Mine  where  Stone  or  Coal  is 
digged  "  (Cowel)  ;  but  Cowel  adds  that,  "  Camden  mentions  a  Charter  of 
Edw.  4  wherein  mention  is  made  of  a  Mine  or  Delfe  of  Copper." 

"  The  word  *  Delfs '  probably  means  open  pits  or  diggings  "  (A-G. 
Isle  of  Man  v.  Mylchreest,  48  L.  J.  P.  C.  44;  4  App.  Ca.  308). 

V.  Ordelf. 

DELINEATED.^ In  Dowling  v.  Pontypool  Ry  (43  L.  J.  Ch.  761; 

L.  R.  18  Eq.  714)  the  words  "  lands  delineated  upon  the  Deposited  Plans," 
in  the  usual  clause  for  compulsory  acquirement  of  land,  were  considered 
at  great  length;  and  it  was  held  that  they  were  not  limited  to  lands 
surrounded  by  lines  on  every  side,  but  included  lands  so  sketched,  repre- 
sented, or  shown,  that  the  owners  would  have  notice  that  their  property 
might  be  taken:  Vthc,  approved  Finch  y,  Lond,  &  S.  W,  Ry^  69  L.  J.  Ch. 
458;  44Ch.  D.  330.  But  the  interpretation  of  "delineated"  given  by 
Hall,  V.  C,  in  Dowling  v.  Pontypool  Ry  was  "  as  wide  as  it  could  possibly 
bear  "  (per  Fry,  L.  J.,  Protheroe  v.  ToUenham  Ry,  1891,  3  Ch.  290),  in 
whlc  it  was  held  that  when  a  Co  seek  to  obtain  power  to  acquire  a  lim- 
ited portion  only  of  land  not  broken  up  into  closes,  they  must  clearlj 
"  delineate,'*  i,e,  show  on  their  plans,  the  portion  they  mean  to  acquire. 


DELIVER  497  DELIVERED 

DELIVER.— F.Deliveey:  Carry  Out:  Set  up. 

"An  Award  may  be  *  delivered '  without  being  in  writing"  (Blundell 
V.  Brettarghj  17  Ves.  240) ;  "  for  a  man  is  said  to  deliver  a  message  as 
well  as  a  letter,  and  there  is  an  oral,  as  well  as  a  manual,  tradition  " 
{Gates  V.  Bromil,  1  Salk.  75  j  6  Mod.  160).  In  the  latter  case  the  words 
were,  so  that  the  Award  should  be  "  made  and  ready  to  be  delivered  to 
the  parties,"  and  yet  (herein  following  Cocks  v.  Macclefield,  Dyer,  218, 
pi.  5)  the  Court  held  that  the  Award  might  be  by  paroL  Cp  Served. 
Vh  Eussell  on  Arb.,  7  ed.,  248. 

"  Deliver  Notice  unto  "  a  person ;    F.  Served. 

"  Send  out,  deliver,"  &c  Spirits;   V.  Send. 

When  a  passenger  has  to  "  deliver  up  "  his  ticket  on  demand,  or  pay 
his  fare,  he  is  not  released  from  that  duty  by  having  inadvertently  torn 
up  his  ticket  {Hanks  v.  Bridgmany  1896, 1  Q.  B.  253;  ^b  L.  J.  M.  C. 
41;  74  L.  T.26). 

DELIVERABLE  STATE — Qui  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "Goods 
are  in  a  *  Deliverable  State,' when  they  are  in  such  a  state  that  the 
Buyer  would,  under  the  contract,  be  bound  to  take  Delivery  of  them  " 
(subs.  4,  s.  62). 

DELIVERANCE.  —  Qui  Scotch  Bankry  Acts,  "Deliverance,"  in- 
cludes "  any  Order,  Warrant,  Jdgmt,  Decision,  Interlocutor,  or  Decree  " 
(19  &  20  V.  c.  79,  s.  4). 

DELIVERED.  —  Freight,  on  goods,  e.g.  cotton,  at  so  much  per  cubic 
feet  "  delivered,"  is  to  be  calculated  on  the  measurement  of  the  goods  as 
put  on  board,  and  not  when  unloaded  {Gibson  v.  Sturge,  10  Ex.  622;  24 
L.  J.  Ex.  121:  Buckle  v.  Knoop,  36  L.  J.  Ex.  223;  L.  R.  2  Ex.  333); 
semble,  otherwise  where  the  phrase  is  "  Net  Weight  delivered  "  {Coult* 
hurst  V.  Sweet,  L.  R.  1  C.  P.  649). 

"  Whenever  a  Statement  of  Claim  is  delivered,"  R.  4,  Ord.  20,  R.  S.  C, 
—  that  means,  where  Statement  of  Claim  is  act ualli/ deliveredy  as  dis- 
tinguished from  being  filed  under  R.  10,  Ord.  19  (per  North,  J.,  Gee  v. 
Belt,  36  Ch.  D.  160;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  718;  56  L.  T.  306;  36  W.  R.  806: 
Kingdon  v.  Kirk,  37  Ch.  D.  141 :  67  L.  J.  Ch.  328;  5S  L.  T.  383;  36 
W.  k430:   FAAnn.  Pr.).     F.  Alter. 

DELIVERED   IN    EXECUTION Land  is '<  actually  delivered  in 

execution,"  within  s.  1,  27  &  28  V.  c.  112,  as  soon  as  a  sheriff  under  an 
elegit  delivers  it  to  the  execution  creditor  {Re  Hobson,  65  L.  J.  Ch.  764; 
33  Ch.  D.  493;  55  L.  T.  256;  34  W.  R.  786:  Vf,  Champneys  v.  Btir^ 
landj  19  W.  R.  148;  23  L.  T.  684),  or  as  soon  as  a  Receiver  is  appointed 
{Hatton  V.  Haywood,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  372;  9  Ch.  229;  30  L.  T.  279;  22 
W.  R.  356:  Anglo-Italian  Bank  v.  Da  vies,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  833;  9  Ch.  D. 
276;  27  W.  R.  3;  39  L.  T.  244:  Ex  p.  Evans,  Be  Watkins,  49  L.  J. 

82 


DELIVERED  498  DELIVERY 

Bank.  7;  13  Ch.  D.  262;  41  L.  T.  566;  28  W.  R.  127:  Re  Pope,  55 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  622;  17  Q.  B.  D.  743;  bb  L.  T.  369;  34  W.  R.  654,  693),  or 
a  Sequestrator  is  in  the  receipt  of  the  rents  and  profits  {Re  Rush,  39 
L.  J.  Ch.  759;  L.  R.  10  Eq.  442).     V.  Seizube. 

A  Reyebsion,  or  Remaindeb,  though  legal,  cannot  be  "  delivered  in 
exon  "  so  as  to  authorise  an  Order  for  Sale  {Re  Harrison  and  Bottondeyj 
1899,  1  Ch.  465;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  208;  80  L.  T.  29;  47  W.  R.  307). 

An  Equitable  Leasehold  Interest  cannot  be  "actually  delivered  in 
exon  "  {Re  Newcastle,  L.  R.  8  Eq.  700). 

A  Judgment  entered  up  under  s.  13,  1  &  2  V.  c.  110,  creates  no  Charge 
on  land  until  the  land  has  been  "  actually  delivered  in  exon  *'  {Hoodr- 
Barrs  v.  Cathcart,  1895,  2  Ch.  411;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  461;  43  W.  R.  686). 

Vh,  Dan.  Ch.  Pr.  745 :  Fisher,  486. 

DELIVERY.  — The  "Delivery"  of  an  Abstbact  of  Title  does  not 
need,  to  make  it  complete,  any  o£Per  of  the  deeds  for  examination.  ^  An 
abstract  is  delivered  whenever  a  number  of  sheets  of  paper  (call  it  what 
you  will)  is  delivered  to  the  purchaser,  which  contains,  with  sufficient 
clearness  and  sufficient  fulness,  the  effect  of  every  instrument  which 
constitutes  part  of  the  title  of  the  vendor  "  (per  Kindersley,  V.  C^  Oak- 
den  V.  Pike,  34  L.  J.  Ch.  622;  13  W.  R.  673). 

Delivery  of  a  Bill  op  Exchange;  V.  s.  21,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882, 
and  (of  a  Note)  ss.  84,  89,  lb.  Speaking  generally,  "  Delivery,"  of  a 
Bill  or  Note,  "  means  transfer  of  possession,  actual  or  constructive,  from 
one  person  to  another  "  (s.  2,  lb.). 

Fraudulent  "Conveyance,  Gift,  Delivery,  or  Transfer";  V.  Convey- 
ance. 

"  As  a  Deed  may  be  delivered  to  the  partie  without  words,  so  may  a 
Deed  be  delivered  by  words  without  any  act  of  deliverie,  —  as  if  the 
writing  sealed  lyeth  upon  the  table  and  the  Feoffor  or  Obligor  saith  to  the 
Feoffee  or  Obligee  *  Goe  and  take  up  the  said  writing,  it  is  sufficient  for 
you,'  or  *  it  will  serve  the  turne,'  or,  *  Take  it  as  my  Deed,'  or  the  like 
words,  —  it  is  a  sufficient  delivery"  (Co.  Litt.  36a;  Vth,  Hargrave's 
note :  Touch.  58,  59).  "  The  mere  affixing  the  seal  does  not  render  the 
document  a  Deed;  but  as  soon  as  there  are  acts  or  words  sufficient  to 
show  that  it  is  intended  by  the  party  to  be  executed  as  his  deed  presently 
binding  on  him,  it  is  sufficient.  The  most  apt  and  expressive  mode  of 
indicating  such  an  intention  is  to  hand  it  over,  saying,  <  I  deliver  this 
as  my  Deed ' ;  but  any  other  words,  or  acts,  that  sufficiently  show  that  it 
was  intended  to  be  finally  executed  will  do  as  well "  (per  Blackburn,  J., 
Xenos  V.  Wickham,  L.  E.  2  H.  L.  312;  36  L.  J.  C.  P.  313;  16  L.  T. 
800;  16  W.  R.  38).  Note :  As  to  what  is  a  good  Delivery  of  a  Deed, 
or  evidence  of  it,  Vf,  Doe  d.  Gamons  v.  Knight,  5  B.  &  C.  671 :  Hud- 
son V.  Revett,  7  L.  J.  0.  S.  C.  P.  145;  5  Bing.  368:  Tupper  v.  Foulkes, 
30  L.  J.  C.  P.  214;  9  C.  B.  N.  S.  809:  R.  v.  Longnor,  2  L.  J.  M.  C. 


DELIVERY  499  DELIVERY 

62;  4  B.  &  Ad.  647  :  —  On  the  contrary,  V.  Grendit  v.  Baker,  Yelv.  7: 
Powell  V.  Land,  &  Prov,  Bank,  37  S.  J.  476.  In  Goodright  v.  Strn- 
phan  (Cowp.  201),  mere  acknowledgment  of  the  rights  of  the  parties 
under  the  deed  was  held  sufficient. 

Delivery  of  a  Deed  as  an  Escrow^  is  where  a  Deed  is  delivered  on  a 
Condition  ;  if  the  Condition  is  performed,  the  Deed  becomes  absolute ; 
but  until  then  it  is  an  Escrow,  ue.  in  suspense  ( Waikiiis  t.  Na^hy  44 
L.  J.  Ch.  605;  L.  R.  20  Eq.  262,  and  cases  there  cited).  Vf,  Touch.  58, 
59:  Co.  Litt.  36a:  4  Cru.  Dig.  29-31:  per  St.  Leonards,  C,  Nash  v. 
Fbjn,  1  J.  &  La  T.  175:  per  Williams,  J.,  Kidner  v.  Keith,  15  C.  B. 
N.  S.  43:  Whelan  y.  Palmer,  39  Ch.  D.  655,  656;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  787: 
London  Freeltold  Co  v.  Suffield,  1897,  2  Ch.  621;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  790; 
77  L.  T.  445;  46  W.  R.  102. 

Deposit  of  Shares  **  in  Escrow  " ;  V.  Spitzel  v.  Chinese  Corp,  80  L.  T. 
349,  35L 

Delivery  of  Goods  to  a  tradesman  so  as  to  bo  exempt  from  Distress; 
V.  Clarke  v.  MilwaU  Dock  Co,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  378;  17  Q.  B.  D.  494; 
54  L.  T.  814;  34  W.  R.  698:  and  as  to  what  is  "  Delivery  "  of  goods  on  a 
Contract  for  Sale,  V.  Add.  C.  522-525:  Rose.  N.  P.  547-564:  what  to 
perfect  a  gift,   V.  Gift. 

Qak  Sale  of  Goods,  the  rule,  —  ever  since  the  elaborate  jdgmt  of 
Parke,  J.,  in  Dixon  v.  Yates  (5  B.  &  Ad.  339)  —  is  "  that  the  delivery 
of  a  part  may  be  a  delivery  of  the  whole  if  it  is  so  intended;  but  that  it 
is  not  such  a  delivery  unless  it  is  so  intended,  and  I  rather  think  that 
the  onus  is  upon  those  who  say  it  was  so  intended  "  (per  Ld  Blackburn, 
Kemp  V.  Falky  7  App.  Ca.  586;  52  L.  J.  Ch.  174).     V.  Acceptance. 

Qu4  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "  *  Delivery,'  means,  voluntary  transfer 
of  possession  from  one  person  to  another  "  (subs.  1,  s.  62). 

"  Delivery  or  Transfer  ...  of  Goods  or  Documents  of  Title,"  s.  25  (1), 
Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  connotes  an  actual,  physical,  transfer,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  mere  continuance  in  possession  (Nicholson  v.  Harper, 
1895,  2  Ch.  415;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  672;  73  L.  T.  19;  43  W.  R.  550).  So, 
of  the  same  expression  in  s.  9,  Factors  Act,  1889  (Kitto  v.  Bilbie,  72 
L.  T.  266;  11  Times  Rep.  214;  on  which  latter  section,  Vf,  Shenstone  v. 
Hilton,  cited  Buy  :  Hull  Ropes  Co  v.  Adams,  T6  L.  T.  446;  44  W.  R. 
108;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  114). 

Delivery  of  Lands;   V,  Livery. 

"  Delivery  Okder,"  qu^  Stamp  Act,  1891;    V.  s.  69. 

''  Delivery  which  is  essential  to  a  Pledge  may  be  effected  without  a 
physical  change  of  possession  "  (per  Eekewich,  J.,  Grigg  v.  National 
Guardian  Co,  1891,  3  Ch.  206;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  13,  citing  MiUs  v.  Charles^ 
woHh,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  530;  25  Q.  B.  D  421;  revd  in  H.  L.  nom.  Charles- 
worth  V.  MilU,  1892,  A.  C.  231;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  830,  without  affecting 
this  point).      J/ Actual. 

"  Personal  Delivery  "  of  Voting  Papers;   V.  Pebsoxal  Delivery. 


DELIVERY  500  DEMAND 

"  The  Placb  of  Delivery  "  of  Milk,  s.  3,  42  &  43  V.  c.  30,  is  where 
the  seller  delivers,  or  has  agreed  to  deliver,  it,  even  though  it  be  sent 
from  a  distance  and  the  purchaser  has  agreed  to  pay  all  the  carriage 
(Filshie  v.  Evington,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  200;  66  L.  T.  199;  40  W.  R.  380; 
66  J.  P.  312;  8  Times  Rep.  306). 

T>elivery  of  a  Will,  means  the  same  as  Publication;  and  consists 
in  executing  it  in  the  presence  of  two  witnesses,  and  declaring  it  to  be 
your  Will.  That  is  sufficient  for  the  execution  (by  Will)  of  a  Power 
requiring  an  instrument  ^delivered'"  (per  Romilly,  M.  R..  Smith  v. 
Adkins,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  628;  L.  R.  14  Eq.  402:  Va,  Mason  v.  Uetfwoad^ 
7  L.  J.  Ch.  145:  Curteis  y.  Kenrick,  7  L.  J.  Ex.  169;  3  M.  &  W.  461 : 
Mackinley  v.  Sison,  8  Sim.  568) .  V.  Signed,  Sealed,  and  Dsliyk&ed. 
V,  Deliver. 

DEMAND. — "If  a  man  release  to  another  all  tnaner  of  demands, 
this  is  the  best  release  to  him  to  whom  the  release  is  made,  that  he  can 
have"  (Litt.  s.  508;    Vth^  Termes  de  la  Ley,  Demaund). 

"  •  Demandy  Demandum,  is  a  Word  of  Art,  and  in  the  understanding 
of  the  Common  Law  is  of  so  large  an  extent,  as  no  other  one  word  in  the 
law  is,  unlesse  it  be  clameum,  whereof  Littleton  maketb  mention,  Sect. 
445  "  (Co.  Litt.  291  b).  But  in  Parkins  v.  Hinde  (Cro.  Elia.  161),  it 
was  held  that  a  lease  by  a  parson  at  a  rent  to  include  **  all  Exactions 
and  Demands"  did  not  preclude  the  lessor  from  recovering  his  tithes; 
and  the  Court  said,  "  that  the  words  shall  discharge  the  lessee  of  all 
rents  and  services,  but  not  of  suit  at  court,  or  such  things  as  are  not 
then  in  demand."      Vf,  Stiles  v.  Miller,  Owen,  39;  1  Leon.  300:  Jacob. 

Mere  delivery  of  a  Solicitor's  Bill  is  a  sufficient  "  Demand,"  entitling 
him  to  Interest  thereon  under  R.  7,  Solrs  Rem  Ord  {Blair  v.  Cordner,  56 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  642;  19  Q.  B.  D.  516);  but  it  must  be  to  the  "Person 
Liable,"  which  a  person  who  has  merely  the  conduct  of  an  action  for 
the  Administration  of  the  client's  estate  is  not,  — the  **  Person  Liable  *' 
to  pay  a  deceased  client's  Bill  of  Coats  is  his  Personal  Representative 
(Re  McMurdo,  1897, 1  Ch.  119;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  67;  75  L.  T.  576;  45  W.  R 
244). 

A  Demand  *'  In  Writino  "  for  a  Sum  Certain,  under  the  latter  part 
of  8.  28,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  42  (or,  sembfe,  under  R.  20,  Sch  2,  Bankry  Act, 
1883),  need  not  be  in  any  particular  form,  or  specify  the  exact  sum  due, 
so  long  as  it  contains  a  distinct  demand  of  payment  (Mowatt  v.  Londes-^ 
borough,  4  E.  &  B.  1;  23  L.  J.  Q.  B.  38,  177 :  GeaJce  v.  Ross,  44  L.  J. 
C.  P.  315:  semblej  thlc  over-rules  hereon  HUIy,  South  Staffordshire  Ry^ 
43  L.  J.  Ch.  556;  L.  R  8  Eq.  154,  although  approved  by  Jessel,  M.  R., 
Ward  V.  Eyrey  49  L.  J.  Ch.  659).  But  a  general  notice  on  an  Invoice  of 
goods  that  interest  on  the  price  will  be  charged  after  a  stated  period,  is 
not  a  "  Demand  "  within  the  section  (  Williams  y.  Trench^  61  L.  J.  Ch.  22 : 
F/,  L,  C,  &  D.  Ry  v.  S.  E.  Ry,  1893,  A.  C.  429;  63  L,  J.  Ch.  93;  69 


DEMAND  501  DEMESNE 

L.  T.  637:  Tautz  v.  Archdale,  11  Times  Kep.  452:  Instrument).  A 
claim  for  interest  which  is  made  for  the  first  time  on  a  Writ,  is  not  such 
a  Demand  (Bhymn&y  Ry  t.  Rhymney  Iron  COf  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  414;  25 

Q.  B.  D.  146).       Vf  CUBRKNT. 

V.  Claim:  Debt,  Claim,  or  Demand:  Incumbrance:  On  De- 
mand; Take  or  Demand. 

A  "  Demand  "  of  Money,  &c,  within  the  Black  Act  (and,  semble^ 
within  the  Acts  replacing  it,  e.(/.  s.  45,  24  &  25  V.  c.  96),  "  must  he 
something  more  than  asking:  it  is  a  requisition  in  the  shape  of  forcing  " 
(per  Eyre,  C.  J.,  R.  v.  Robinsofiy  East  P.  C.  1114),  or,  as  one  of  the  other 
judges  in  that  case  said,  **  Holding  out  a  threat  at  the  same  time  to 
enforce  it,"  or,  as  was  held  in  R.  v.  WcUton  (32  L.  J.  M.  C.  79),  some- 
thing to  unsettle  the  mind,  and  take  away  the  free  will  of  the  demandee. 
But,  semble,  if  money  is  demanded  which  the  demander  knows  the  de- 
mandee does  not  possess,  there  is  no  such  criminal  "  Demand "  (R,  v. 
Edwards,  6  C.  &  P.  515). 

^  Demand  '*  of  Bent,  in  a  Be-Entry  Clause  in  a  Lease,  or  of  Bates ; 
V.  Lawfully  demanded. 

DEMERIT.  —  A  power  to  punish  according  to  a  person's  "  Demerit,** 
imports  only  that  he  shall  he  punished  in  the  ordinary  course  of  justice^ 
by  Indictment  (4  Inst.  171 :  Dwar.  673). 

DEMESNE.  — ''  'Demains,  according  to  the  common  speech,  are  the 
Lord's  chief  Manor  place  with  the  lands  thereto  belonging;  teme 
dominioalesy  which  he  and  his  ancestors  have  from  time  to  time  kept 
in  their  own  manual  occupation  for  the  maintenance  of  themselves  and 
their  families ;  and  all  the  parts  of  a  Manor,  except  what  is  in  the  hands 
of  freeholders,  are  said  to  be  demains.  Copyhold  lands  have  been  ac- 
counted demains,  because  they  that  are  the  tenants  hereof  are  judged  in 
law  to  have  no  other  estate  but  at  the  will  of  the  lord;  so  that  it  is  still 
reputed  to  be,  in  a  manner,  in  the  lord's  hands ;  but  this  word  is  often- 
times used  for  a  distinction  between  those  lands  that  the  lord  of  the 
manor  hath  in  his  own  hands,  or  in  the  hands  of  his  lessees  demised  at  a 
rack-rent,  and  such  other  land  appertaining  to  the  Manor  which  belong- 
eth  to  free  or  copyholders;  Bract,  lib.  4,  tract.  3,  c.  9  :  Fleta,  lib.  5,  c.  5 ' 
(Jacob,  where  it  is  said  to  be  derived  from  dominium,  and  not,  as  some 
have  supposed,  from  de  manu.  Cp  the  Eng.,  *in  hand,'  and  Lat.  in 
manu  as  used  in  the  Civil  Law).     Cp  •Terra  Assisa,'  sub  Assissus. 

"  Britton,  205  b  (Bk.  III.  ch.  15),  says,  *  Demeyne  proprement  est 
tenement  qe  chescun  tient  severalment  en  fee.' 

"  The  Demesnes  pass  by  a  conveyance  of  the  Manor  of  which  they  form 
part  (Touch.  92).  It  is  therefore  of  importance  on  the  sale  of  a  Manor 
to  except  any  lands  belonging  to  the  vendor  within  the  Manor,  which 
are  not  intended  to  be  sold,  as  they  may  be  demesne  land. 


DEMESNE  502  DEMISE 

"  Kelham,  Diet.,  gives  Demeigne^  demenie,  demeine,  meaning  *  own/ 
a  sense  in  which  the  word  demesne  (or  some  other  form  of  the  same 
word)  is  frequently  used  in  the  Year  Books  and  other  early  documents. 
Prof.  Skeat  (Etym.  Eng.  Diet.)  connects  it  with  domifiium,  and  says 
^demesne*  is  a  false  spelling,  probably  due  to  confusion  with  old  Yr. 
mesnee^  or  maisnie^  a  household  "  (Elph.  570,  571).  Vf^  Termes  de  la 
Ley,  Demaines:  Cowel,  Demaine. 

"  Demesne  Lands,"  properly  signifies,  lands  of  a  Manor  which  the  lord 
either  has,  or  potentially  may  have,  in  propriis  mauUms  (A-G,  v.  Par- 
sons, 1  L.  J.  Ex.  103;  2  Cr.  &  J.  279).  Vh,  Carnarvon  v.  VUlebals,  14 
L.  J.  Ex.  233;  13  M.  &  W.  313. 

An  Exception,  in  a  Power  to  Lease,  of  the  Demesnes  of  a  Manor,  includes 
its  Copyholds  (Winter  v.  Loveday^  Garth.  428:  Vth,  Sug.  Pow.  736). 

"Tenant  in  Demesne,"  s.  1,  32  H.  8,  c.  37,  means  only,  Tenant  in 
Occupation  (per  Burrough,  J.,  Meriton  v.  GUbee,  8  Taunt.  162). 

"  Demesne  Land, "  in  Ireland  and  especially  qu4  s.  58  (2),  Land  Law 
(Ir)  Act,  1881 ;  V.  Griffin  v.  Taijlar,  16  L.  B.  Ir.  197:  Ee  Moore  and 
Battj  32  lb.  68 :  Re  Magner  and  Hawkes,  32  lb.  2S5 :  Be  Hewson  and 
Listoioel,  32  lb.  700. 

"  Land  which  when  first  demised  was  Demesne,"  s.  5  (1  by  ii),  59  & 
60  V.  c.  47;    V.  Re  Magner  and  Hawkes,  1900,  2  I.  K  465. 

"  In  his  demesne  as  of  fee " ;  as  to  the  force  of  this  expression,  V,  Co, 
Litt.  17  a. 

V.  Ancient  Demesne. 

"Son  Assault  demesne,"  is  a  justifying  Defence  to  an  action  for 
Assault,  whereby  the  deft  alleges  that  the  assault  was  the  plaintiff's 
"  own,"  "  de  son  tort  demesne  "  ;    V,  Cowel. 

DEMISE.—"  Here, "  Westm.  2,  c.  48,  "  as  in  many  other  places,  « de- 
mise '  is  applyed  either  to  an  estate  in  Fee  Simple,  Fee  Tail,  or  for  Term 
of  Life,  and  so  commonly  it  is  taken  in  many  writs  "  (2  Inst.  483; 
continuing.  Coke  uses  "  Demise  "  and  "  Conveyance  "  as  synonymous). 
Referring  thereto  counsel  {Greenaway  v.  Adams^  12  Ves.  397)  said,  — 
"The  strict  technical  import  of  'Demise,*  from  the  verb  ^ dimitto/  is 
any  transfer  or  conveyance;  though  by  habit  it  is  generally  used  to 
denote  a  partial  transfer  by  way  of  lease." 

"  By  the  word  *  demise  '  everything  is  inferred  that  is  necessary  to 
constitute  an  actual  demise "  (per  Perrin,  J.,  Knox  v.  Gildea,  11  Ir. 
L.  R.  482). 

This  word  in  a  Lease  implies  a  covenant  by  the  Lessor  for  Title  and 
one  for  Quiet  Enjoyment,  unless  there  be  an  express  qualifying  covenant 
(Touch.  165:  per  Ld  St.  Leonards,  Monypenny  v.  Monypenny,  9  H.  L. 
Ca.  139:  Liney.  Stephenson,  5  Bing.  N.  C.  183;  7  L.  J.  C.  P.  263: 
Williams  V.  Burrell,  14  L.  J.  C.  P.  98 ;  1  C.  B.  402:  Add.  C.  603: 
Woodf.   183:  Dart,    636:   Elph.  422,   424).     So  also  even  of  a  Parol 


DEMISE  503  DEMOLISH 

Tenancy  qui  the  covenant  for  Quiet  Enjoyment  {Bandi/  v.  Cartivright, 
22  L.  J.  Ex.  285 ;  8  Ex.  913 :  Hall  v.  London  Brewery,  31  L.  J,  Q.  B. 
257 ;  2  B.  &  S.  737 :  Bat/nes  v.  Llot/dy  1895,  1  Q.  B.  820 ;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
411 ;  Svthlc,  on  app.,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  610;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  787). 

But,  at  least  in  the  case  of  a  lease  or  letting  of  Leaseholds,  this  im- 
plied covenant  for  Quiet  Enjoyment  is  limited  to  the  duration  of  the 
Lessor's  interest  (Swan  v.  Stranskam,  Dyer,  257  a :  Adams  v.  Gibney, 
6  Bing.  656:  Penfold  v.  Abbot,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  67;  11  W.  R.  169: 
Schwartz  v.  Locket,  34  S.  J.  80,  73:  Baynes  v.  Lloyd,  sup). 

As  regards  the  implied  covenant  for  Title,  this  word  "  imports  a  Power 
of  letting "  (Holder  v.  Taylor,  Hob.  12)  ;  i,e,  it  is  distinct  from  the 
covenant  for  Quiet  Enjoyment  (per  Kussell,  C.  J.,  Baynes  v.  Lloyd, 
sup),  and  means  only  that  the  Lessor  can  grant  some  lease  under  which 
the  Lessee  can  enter  (Vh  Sd  S,  J.  444).  But  the  authorities  are  in 
conflict  as  to  whether  this  covenant  for  Title  can  be  implied  by  any  other 
word  than  **  demise,"  still  less  under  a  mere  parol  tenancy.  "  Hart  v. 
Windsor  (12  M.  &  W.  68,  85)  is  an  authority  that  the  word  *  lei '  has 
the  same  effect  as  Memise';  and  that  any  other  equivalent  word  would 
have  the  same  effect "  (per  Brett,  J.,  Mostyn  v.  West  Mostyn  Coal  Co, 
1  C.  P.  D.  152 ;  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  405)  :  but  a  directly  contrary  opinion 
was  expressed  by  Bussell,  C.  J.,  in  Baynes  y.  Lloyd,  and  therein,  semble, 
he  was  supported  by  the  Court  of  Appeal,  though  their  actual  decision 
was  that,  assuming  a  covenant  in  the  absence  of  the  word  "  demise  "  yet, 
it  would  be  limited  to  the  duration  of  the  Lessor's  interest.     Vf  Let. 

"  On  the  demise  of  a  brewery,  with  the  exclusive  privilege  of  supply- 
ing ale,  it  would  seem  that  no  covenant  can  be  implied  with  respect  to 
such  a  privilege  from  the  word  *  demise  *  "  (Woodf.  187,  citing  Hinde  v. 
Gray,  1  M.  &  G.  195 ;  1  Sc.  N.  R.  123;  9  L.  J.  C.  P.  253). 

An  instrument  is  not  a  Demise  or  Lease,  although  it  contain  the  usual 
words  of  demise,  if  its  contents  show  that  such  was  not  the  intention  of 
the  parties  (Taylor  v.  Caldwell,  32  L.  J.  Q.  B.  164 ;  3  B.  &  S.  826) ; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  an  Agreement  only  may  sometimes  be  a  Lease 
(V.  Lease). 

DEMISED.  —  A  covenant  to  repair ''the  demised,"  or  " the  said," 
Buildings,  does  not  extend  to  buildings  subsequently  erected  (Cornish 
V.  Cleife,  34  L.  J.  Ex.  19;  3  H.  &  C.  446). 

DEMOLISH. — "Demolish  or  Pull  Down  or  Destroy,  or  Begin  to 
demolish  pull  down  or  destroy,"  s.  11,  24  &  25  V.  c.  97;  —  this  phrase 
means  a  total  destruction,  ^  or  the  commencement  of  a  demolition  or 
destruction,  the  purpose  being  to  effect  a  complete  demolition  and 
destruction  if  there  is  no  interruption  "  (per  Lindley,  J.,  Drake  v. 
FooHit,  50  L.  J.  M.  C.  143;  7  Q.  B.  D.  201,  citing  i?.  v.  Thomas, 
4  C.  &  P.  237:  R.  v.  Price,  6  lb.  510:  E.  v.  Batt,  6  lb.  329:  E.  v. 


DEMOLISH  504  DEMURRAGE 

Howell^  9  lb.  437:  JR.  v.  Adams,  C.  &  M.  299).  And  a  like  meaning  is 
to  be  given  to  "  feloniously  demolished  pulled  down  or  destroyed,  wholly 
or  in  part,"  in  s.  2,  7  &  8  G.  4,  c.  31  {Drake  v.  Foottit,  sup).  A  sub- 
stantial destruction  is  a  demolition,  even  though  a  small  part  of  the 
building  be  left  uninjured  (Jt.  v.  Langford,  C.  &  M.  602) ;  and  that  it 
was  effected  by  fire  is  immaterial  (R.  v.  Harrisy  lb.  661). 

S.  11,  24  &  25  V.  c.  97  amplifies,  and  takes  the  place  of,  s.  2,  52 
G.  3,  c.  130,  where  the  offence  prescribed  is  if  any  one  "  shall  unlawfully 
and  with  force  demolish  or  pull  down,  or  begin  to  demolish  or  pull 
down,  any  Erection  and  Building  or  Engine  "  used  in  any  Trade  or 
Manufactory;  on  which  it  was  held  that  "Engine  "  must  there  be  held 
as  ejusdem  generis  with  "  Erection  and  Building,"  and  that  "  demolish 
or  pull  down  "  could  only  hyperbolically  be  applied  to  minute  things, 
e,g.  factory  frames,  and  that  "  begin  to  demolish  or  pull  down  "  "  denotes 
that,  to  complete  the  act  would  require  a  continuance  of  force  operat- 
ing upon  the  subject-matter"  (per  Abbott,  J.,  Orgill  v.  Smithy  cited 
Engine). 

V.  Destboy  :  Take  down  :  Unnecessary  Inconvenience. 

DEMONSTRATIVE.  —  A  Demonstrative  Legacy,  is  General  in  its 
phrase  but  Specific  in  its  fund,  e.g,  £10  out  of  a  Bank  balance,  or  10 
lambs  of  a  named  fiock  (Wms.  Exs.  1021 :    Theobald,  15). 

DEMURRAGE. —  The  strict  meaning  of  "Demurrage"  is  the 
agreed  amount  to  be  paid  by  the  Charterer  of  a  Ship  for  each  day  taken 
in  loading  or  discharging  beyond  the  respective  times  fixed  for  those 
operations  :  "  the  word  *  Demurrage  '  appears  to  me  to  be  more  applica- 
ble to  delay  in  time  after  the  expiration  of  Sk  fixed  time  than  to  delay 
after  the  expiration  of  a  reasonable  time.  That  is  the  principle  which 
underlies  the  authorities;  it  is  that  upon  which  Loekhart  v.  Falk 
(44  L.  J.  Ex.  105 ;  L.  K.  10  Ex.  132)  proceeded;  and  it  appears  to  me 
to  be  a  reasonable  one.  I  do  not  think  that  the  term  can  be  easily 
applied  to  time  after  the  expiration  of  a  reasonable  time  "  (per  Fry,  L.  J., 
Dunlop  V.  Balfour,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  507 ;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  363),  e.g.  where 
the  Loading  or  Discharge  is  to  be  "  in  the  Customary  manner."  But 
sometimes,  —  e.g.  where  a  Cesser  Clause  (exonerating  the  Charterer) 
is  accompanied  by  a  Lien  on  Cargo  for  "  freight,  dead  freight,  demurrage, 
and  average, "  or  such  like,  —  "  Demurrage  "  will  include  Detention 
other  than  that  which  is  technically  demurrage  (F.  per  Brett,  J.,  Kish 
V.  Cory,  L.  R.  10  Q.  B.  559,  560;  44  L.  J.  Q.  B.  207;  32  L.  T.  670; 
23  W.  K.  880:  per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  Clink  v.  Radford,  cited  Cease: 
Carver,  ss.  648,  649).  On  the  other  hand,  where  the  lien  is  not  co- 
extensive with  the  Charterer's  liability,  the  Cesser  Clause  will  not, 
under  "  Demurrage,"  include  damages  for  a  Detention  not  covered  by  the 
lien  {Loekhart  v.  Falky  Dunlop  v.  Balfour,  sup). 


DEMURRAGE         505       DEMY  SANCUE 

"  A  Demurrage  Contract  in  which  the  daj^s  are  fixed,  is  a  tontract  by 
the  Freighter  that  if  the  ship  is  detained  beyond  the  specified  number  of 
days  allowed  as  Running  Days  and  Demurrage  Days,  he  will  pay 
demurrage  in  respect  of  any  days  during  which  the  ship  is  detained  over 
and  above  the  days  mentioned.  The  only  Condition  which  is  to  exist 
before  the  freighter  is  bound  to  pay  demurrage  is  that  the  days  allowed," 
e.g.  for  the  Discharge  of  the  Cargo,  "should  have  commenced  to  run  and 
should  have  run  out "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Budgett  v.  Binnington,  1891, 
1  Q.  15.  35;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1:  Vf,  Tits  v.  Byers,  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  511; 
1  Q.  B.  D.  244 :  Porteous  v.  Watney,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  643;  3  Q.  B.  D.  543: 
Straker  v.  Kidd,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  365;  3  Q.  B.  D.  223).  Anything  to 
excuse  the  Freighter  after  the  Days  have  run  out  must  be  by  way  of 
Confession  and  Avoidance ;  and  he  cannot  avoid  his  liability  unless  he 
proves  that  the  delay  arose  from  the  Shipowner's  fault,  —  Le,  fault  by 
himself  or  his  servants,  or  by  circumstances  over  which  he  had  Control 
{Budgett  v.  Binnington^  sup).  That  principle  is  applicable  for  deter- 
mining what  is  a  sufficient  excusal  to  a  Contractor  for  the  non-perform- 
ance by  him  of  his  contractual  obligation  under  every  kind  of  contract 
(per  Lindley,  L.  J.,  lb,), 

Vh,  Abbott,  268-307:  Carver,  ss.  608-651:  4  Encyc.  205-213: 
Days  :  Lay  Days  :  Running  Days  :  Working  Day  :  Turn  :  Usual 
AND  Customary  Manner. 

DEMURRAGE  DAYS.  —  "Days  are  sometimes  given  in  favour  of 
the  charterer  which  are  called  *  Demurrage  Days.*  Those  are  days  be- 
yond the  'Lay  Days,'  but  during  which  the  amount  that  he  has  to  pay 
for  the  use  of  the  ship  is  a  fixed  sum  "  (per  Esher,  M,  R.,  Neilsen  v. 
Wait,  16  Q.  B.  D.  70 ;  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  89). 

V.  Demurrage  :  Days. 

DEMURRANT.  —  Means,  residing ;  F.  Royal  Palace. 

DEMURRER.  —  "  'Demurrer,'  is  when  any  Action  is  brought  and 
the  Defendant  pleadeth  a  plee  to  which  the  plaintife  answereth  That  hee 
will  not  answer  for  that  it  is  not  a  sufficient  plee  in  the  law,  and  the  de- 
fendant saith  to  the  contrary  That  it  is  a  sufficient  plee ;  and  thereupon 
both  parties  doe  submit  the  cause  to  the  judgement  of  the  Court,  —  then 
it  is  called  a  Demurrer,  for  that  they  goe  not  forward  in  pleading,  but 
abide  upon  the  judgement  of  that  point,  and  is  said,  in  the  Latine  used 
in  the  Records,  Moratur  in  Lege*'  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vf,  Jacob: 
4  Encyc.  213. 

Note.  Demurrers  in  the  High  Court  were  abolished  and  proceedings 
in  lieu  thereof  provided  by  Ord.  25,  R.  S.  C:   V.  Issue  of  Fact. 

DEMY  SANGUE.  —  Demy  Sanke,  or  Demy  Sangue;  F.  Half- 
Blood. 


DENARIATA  TERRy€     506  DEODORIZE 

DENARIATA  TERR^.  — An  acre  (Elph.  572,  citing  Spelm.  Far- 
deUa) ;  Sv,  Elph.  598. 

DENE.  —  "  Some  say  that  dene  or  denney  whereof  dena  commeth,  is 
properly  a  valley  or  dale.  JDena  sUvcBj  and  the  like,  as  drofderij  or 
drufden^  or  druden,  signifieth  a  thicket  of  wood  in  a  valley ;  for  dnif,  or 
druj  siguifieth  a  thicket  of  wood,  and  is  often  mentioned  in  Domesday. 
And  sometimes  dena  or  denna  signifieth,  as  villa  and  dennCy  a  Towue  " 
(Co.  Litt.  4  h :   r.  Combe). 

DENIZEN.  —  "  'Denizen,'  op  'Donaison,'  is  where  an  Alie!^  borne 
becommeth  the  Kings  subject,  and  obtaineth  the  Kings  Letters  Patent 
for  to  enjoy  all  priviledges  as  an  Englishman  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  F/J 
Co.  Litt.  129  a:  Calvin^ s  Case,7'Rej).25:  Collinffwoody.Pace,  IVentr. 
422 :  Anthony  v.  Seger,  1  Hagg.  Con.  9 :  Cowel :  Natitralizatiox. 

DEN  MAN.  —  Lord  Denman's  Acts, — The  Chimney  Sweepers  and 
Chimneys  Regulation  Act,  1840,  3  &  4  V.  c.  85 :  The  Evidence  Act, 
1843,  6  &  7  V.  c.  85. 

Mr.  Denman's  Acts,  —The  Criminal  Procedure  Act,  1865,  28&  29  V. 
c.  18  :  The  Evidence  Further  Amendment  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  Y.  c.  6S. 

DENOMINATIONAL    FOUNDATION An  Endowed  school, 

having  no  instrument  of  foundation  or  statutes  or  written  regulations,  is 
not  a  Denominational  Foundation  within  32  &  33  V.  c.  56,  s.  19,  or  36  & 
37  V.  c.  87,  s.  7  (St.  Leonard^  Trustees  v.  Charity  Commrs,  54  L.  J.  P.  C. 
30 ;  10  App.  Ca.  304). 

DENY. —  V.  Christian  Religion. 

DEODAND.  —  "  'Whatever  personal  chattel  is  the  immediate  occa- 
sion of  the  death  of  any  reasonable  creature,  which  is  forfeited  to  the 
King,  to  be  applied  to  pious  uses,  and  distributed  in  alms  by  his  high 
almoner'  (Jacob:  V.  Spelm.:  Chitty,  Prerog.  153:  3rd  Inst.  cap.  9). 
For  two  curious  examples  in  which  a  horse  and  a  tree  were  deodands,  F. 
Y.B.30  &31  Edw.  L;  Record  Publ.  App.  II,  528,  529"  (Elph.  572). 
Vf,  B.  V.  Broivnlow,  11  A.  &  E.  119:  R,  v.  Eastern  Counties  Ry,  10  AL 
&  W.  58:  1  Bl.  Com.  300-302:  Termes  de  la  Ley.  Cowel  says,  "  *Deo- 
dand'  is  a  thing  given,  or  rather  forfeited  as  it  were,  to  God  for  the  paci- 
fication of  his  wrath,  in  case  of  Misadventure  whereby  any  Christian  man 
cometh  to  a  violent  end,  without  the  fault  of  any  reasonable  creature." 

Deodands  were  abolished  by  9  &  10  V.  c.  62. 

DEODORrZE.  —  Quk Metrop  Man.  Act,  1858, 21  &  22  V.  c.  104, "  deo- 
dorize "  includes  "  any  process  whereby  the  solid  suspended  matters  in 
Sewage  may  be  precipitated,  or  separated,  from  the  liquid  before  the  dis- 
charge thereof,  —  or  whereby  the  noxious  or  offensive  properties  of  Sew- 
age may  be  neutralized  "  (s.  32). 


DEPART  607  DEPENDANT 

DEPART-  — "  To  Depart,"  in  a  Marine  Insurance,  means  that  **  the 
ship  should  not  only  have  broken  ground  on  the  day  named,  but  that 
she  should  then  be  out  of  the  port,  or  at  sea  "  (1  Maude  &  P.  502,  citing 
Moir  V.  Royal  Exchange  Assrce,  4  Camp.  84;  3  M.  &  S.  461;  6  Taunt. 
241).  In  Van  Baggen  v.  Baines  (23  L.  J.  Ex.  213;  9  Ex.  523),  the  case 
just  cited  was  contrasted  with  that  then  under  consideration  in  which  the 
word  used  was  "  Leave."     Vf^  Sail:  Final  Sailing:  Despatch. 

"  Depart  with  Convoy  " ;   V.  Convoy. 

"Departs  aut  of  England,''  s.  4  (<£),  Bankry  Act,  1883;  F.  Yate 
Lee,  44,  45:  Wms.  Bank.  19  :  Robson,  135 :  Baldwin,  83.  Q),  Abscond: 
Absent. 

"  Departs  from  his  dwelling-housej"  s.  4  ((f),  Bankry  Act,  1883;  V. 
Yate  Lee,  46:  Wms.  Bank.  19:  Robson,  136:  Baldwin,  83. 

V,  Departing  United  Kingdom. 

DEPART   THIS    LIFE F.  Die. 

DEPARTING  UNITED  KINGDOM.  — A  disqualification  of 
Trustees  on  "  departing  the  United  Kingdom  from  whatever  cause  or 
motive,  or  under  whatsoever  circumstances,"  does  not  apply  to  a  tempo- 
rary  absence  abroad  {Re  Moravian  Socy^  26  Bea.  101 ;  4  Jur.  N.  S.  703). 

DEPARTURE.  —  "  A  Departure  in  Pleading  is  said  to  be  when  the 
second  plea  containeth  matter  not  pursuant  to  his  former,  and  which 
fortifieth  not  the  same,  and  thereupon  it  is  called  decessiis,  because  he 
departeth  from  his  former  plea  "  (Co.  Litt.  304  a).  Vf  Termes  de  la 
Ley. 

This  Departure  is  now  provided  against  by  R.  16,  Ord.  19,  R.  S.  C,  on 
tthv  Ann.  Pr. 

"  Departure  in  despight  of  the  Court " ;  V.  Termes  de  la  Ley :  De- 
fault. 

DEPENDANT.  — Qu^  Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897,  « 'Depend- 
ants,' means  (in  England  and  Ireland)  such  members  of  the  workman's 
family,  specified  in  the  Fatal  Accidents  Act,  1846,  9  &  10  V.  c.  93,  as 
were  wholly,  or  in  party  dependent  upon  the  earnings  of  the  workman  at 
the  time  of  his  death;  and  (in  Scotland)  such  of  the  persons,  entitled  ac- 
cording to  the  law  of  Scotland  to  sue  the  Employer  for  damages  or  sola* 
tium  in  respect  of  the  death  of  the  Workman,  as  were  wholly,  or  in  part, 
dependent  upon  the  earnings  of  the  workman  at  the  time  of  his  death  " 
(subs.  2,  8.  7).  As  to  who  is  so  "  dependent  "  is  a  question  of  fact  for  the 
jury  (Simmons  ▼.  Wliite,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  1005;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  507;  80 
L.  T.  344;  47  W.  R.  513).  A  father  is  "in  part"  dependent  on  his 
child,  however  young,  if  the  wages  of  the  child  form  part  of  the  common 
fund  for  keeping  up,  and  are  a  help  to  maintain,  the  Home  {S.C.:  Davies 
V.  Main  Colliery  Co,  80  L.  T.  674;  affd  in  H.  L.  nom.  Main  Colliery  Co 


DEPENDANT  508  DEPOSIT 

V.  Davies,  1900,  A.  C.  358;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  755;  83  L.  T.  83;  16  Times 
Rep.  460) ;  but  the  Dependants  "must  be  *  Dependants '  in  the  proper 
sense  of  the  word,  and  not  merely  persons  who  derive  a  benefit  from  the 
earnings  of  the  deceased  "  (per  Homer,  L.  J.,  Simmons  v.  White^  sup). 
Cp  Attendant.      K.  Child,  p.  306:  Pabent. 

Note  I  As  to  the  Judge's  power  to  apportion  the  Compensation,  F. 
Daniel  v.  Ocean  Coal  Co,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  250;  69  L.  J.  Q-  B.  567;  82  L.  T. 
523;  48  W.  K.  467. 

DEPENDENCY.  —V,  Retenue. 

DEPENDENT.  — "  The  doctrine  of  Dependent  Relative  Revocation^ 
is  based  on  the  principle  that  all  acts  by  which  a  Testator  may  physically 
destroy  or  mutilate  a  Testamentary  Instrument  are,  in  their  nature,  equiv- 
ocal. They  may  be  the  result  of  accident,  or,  if  intentional,  of  various 
intentions.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  in  each  case  to  study  the  act  done 
by  the  light  of  the  circumstances  under  which  it  occurred  and  the  decla- 
rations of  the  testator  with  which  it  may  have  been  accompanied;  for 
unless  it  be  done  animo  revocandi  it  is  no  Revocation.  What,  then,  if 
the  act  of  destruction  be  done  with  the  sole  intention  of  setting  up  and 
establishing  some  other  Testamentary  Paper  for  which  the  destruction  of 
the  Paper  in  question  was  only  designed  to  make  way  ?  It  is  clear  that, 
in  such  a  case,  the  animus  revocandi  had  only  a  conditional  existence, 
the  Condition  being  the  validity  of  the  Paper  intended  to  be  substituted  " 
(per  Wilde,  J.  0.,  Powell  v.  Powell,  cited  Destroy).     V,  Revoke. 

DEPENDING.  — r.  Pending. 

DEPOSIT.  — A  "  Deposit "  is  equivalent  to  an  Earnest,  and  is  for- 
feited on  breach  by  depositor  of  his  agreement;  even  when  the  word  is 
found  in  the  following  common  collocation,  —  "  as  a  Deposit  and  in  part 
payment  of  the  purchase  money  ";  so  that,  on  the  contract  going  off,  by 
reason  of  such  breach,  the  deposit  cannot  be  recovered  back,  unless  there 
be  circumstances  which  render  it  inequitable  for  the  deposit  to  be  re- 
tained by  the  depositee  {Howe  v.  Smith,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  1055 ;  27  Ch.  D.  89, 
wAc— together  with  Cornwall  v.  Henson,  1899,  2  Ch.  710;  68  L.  J.  Ch. 
749;  81  L.  T.  113;  48  W.  R.  42,  revd  on  the  facts,  1900,  2  Ch.  298;  69 
L.  J.  Ch.  581  — leaves  Palmer  v.  Temple,  8  L.  J.  Q.  B.  179;  9  A.  &E. 
508,  of  but  little  practical  value.  Vf,  Soper  v.  Arnold,  14  App.  Ca.  429: 
Forfeit).  Note  :  V.  jdgmt  of  Fry,  L.  J.,  Howe  v.  Smith,  sup,  for  his- 
tory and  meaning  of  "  Deposit." 

An  incurably  Bad  Title,  precluding  Specific  Performance,  will  not 
entitle  a  Purchaser  to  recover  his  deposit,  if  the  Conditions  of  Sale  are 
such  that  the  Vendor  has  committed  no  breach  of  contract  {Corrall  v. 
Cattell,  8  L.  J.  Ex.  225 ;  4  M.  &  W.  734 :  Scott  v.  Alvarez,  1895,  2  Ch. 
603;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  821 ;  73  L.  T.  43;  Is  W.  R.  694).     Note:  No  action 


DEPOSIT  609  DEPRAVE 

lies  agaiast  the  Vendor's  Solicitor  to  recover  Deposit  paid  to  him  (JEllis 
y.  Goulton,  1893, 1  Q.  B.  350;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B.  232).     V.  Investigating. 

Money,  or  Valuable  Thing,  "  deposited  "  "  to  abide  the  Event  "  of  a 
Gaming  Contract,  s.  18,  8  <&  9  V.  c.  109,  means,  Money,  &c,  won  or 
lost  on  such  a  contract ;  therefore,  a  Depositor  may  repudiate  and  recover 
back  his  own  deposit  at  any  time  before  it  has  been  actually  appropriated 
to  the  contract  {Varney  v.  Hickman,  5  C.  B.  271;  17  L.  J.  C.  P.  102: 
Martin  v.  Hewson,  10  Ex.  737;  24  L.  J.  Ex.  174),  even  though  the 
Event  has  gone  against  him  {Hasfelow  v.  Jackson^  8  B.  &  C.  221: 
Hampden  v.  Walsh,  1  Q.  B.  D.  189 ;  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  238 :  Biggie  v.  Higgs, 
2  Ex.  D.  422;  46  L.  J.  Ex.  721:  Trimble  v.  Hill,  5  App.  Ca.  342;  49 
L.  J.  P.  C.  49:  Universal  Stock  Exchange  v.  Straehan,  1896,  A.  C.  166; 
eo  L.  J.  Q.  B.  429;  74  L.  T.  468;  44  W.  R.  497;  60  J.  P.  468).  But 
Money  deposited  with  one  of  the  parties  to  a  Wager  becomes  appropriated 
immediately  after  the  Event,  and  is  irrecoverable  whatever  be  the  Event 
(Strachan  v.  Universal  Stock  Exchange  No,  £,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  697;  65 
L.  J.  Q,  B.  178:  Sv  Cover).     V.  Illegal:  JR.  v.  Hohbs,  cited  Event. 

V.  Loan:  Pledge. 

A  statutory  power  authorizing  a  Trustee  Company  to  "  deposit "  moneys 
in  its  control  with  any  Banking  Co,  does  not  authorize  a  permanent  de- 
posit by  way  of  investment  {Perpetual  Exors  Assn  v.  Swan,  1898,  A.  C. 
763;  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  141). 

A  mere  deposit  of  Deeds  is  not  a  Conveyance. 

"  Accumulation  or  Deposit "  ;  V.  Accumulation. 

" Deposit "  Offensive  Matter;  V.  L.  B.  &  S.  By  v.  Hayward^s  Heathy 
80  L.  T.  266. 

DEPOSITED.— F.  Deposit:  Expose. 
V,  Expressly  fob  safe  custody. 

"Deposited  Map";  Stat.  Def.,  62  &  63  V.  c.  19,  Sch  s.  1.  F. 
Delineated:  Plan. 

DEPOSITION.  — Qui  Fugitive  Offenders  Act,  1881,  44  &  46  V. 
c.  69;  V.  s.  39. 

DEPRAVE.  —  "Common  and  notorious  Depravers  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,"  Canons  1603,  No.  27;  "The  terms  'deprave  or  de- 
praver,' in  their  more  ancient  signification,  are  now  little  used;  hut 
their  meaning  in  the  16th  century  may  he  well  collected  from  1  Edw.  6, 
c.  1,  where  we  find  these  expressions  applied  to  the  sacrament  of  the 
Holy  Communion:  —  *  Whatever  person  shall  deprave,  dispise,  or  con- 
tempne,  the  saide  moste  hlessed  Sacrament  hy  any  contemptuouse  wordes, 
or  by  anny  wordes  of  depravinge  dispisinge  or  reviling,  shall  suffer 
imprisonment " "  (per  Cairns,  C,  delivering  jdgmt  of  P.  C.  in  Jenkins 
V.  Cook,  45  L.  J.  P.  C.  8 ;  1  P.  J).  80).  It  was  in  that  case  held  that  a 
person  who  had  published  "  Selections  from  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 


DEPRAVE  510  DERIVE 

ment**  (omitting  chapters  and  parts  of  chapters),  as  appropriate  for 
family  devotions,  was  not  a  **  Depraver  "  of  the  Common  Prayer  within 
the  Canon.     V,  Common  and  Notorious. 

DEPRECIATION.—  V.  Bishop  v.  Smyrna  Bij,  cited  Profits. 

DEPRIVATION.  — "  'Deprivation/  is  when  a  Bishop,  Parson,  Vicar, 
Prebend,  &c,  is  deprived  or  deposed  from  his  Preferment  for  any  matter 
in  fact  or  in  law  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  Vf,  Jacob :  Phil.  Ecc.  Law, 
838, 1082 :  per  Cockburn,  C.  J.,  MaHin  v.  Mackonochie^  3  Q.  B.  D.  751. 

Cj}  DiSGRADB. 

DEPRIVED.  — r.  Relinquish. 
"  Liable  to  be  deprived  ";  V.  Liable. 

DEPUTY.  — "  'Deputie,'  is  hee  that  occupieth  in  another  mans 
right,  whether  it  bee  Office  or  any  other  thing;  and  his  forfeiture  or 
misdemeanour  shall  cause  the  Officer,  or  him  whose  Deputy  he  is,  to  lose 
his  Office  or  thing  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).     Vf,  Cowel:  Jacob. 

DERELICT.  — Derelict  Goods;  V.  Fugitive  Goods. 

Derelict  Land  ;  Fl  Imperceptible. 

Derelict  Ship,  is  a  Ship  abandoned  {The  Aquila,  1  Rob.  C.  40,  41): 
and  where  the  Master  and  Crew  leave  a  ship  to  save  their  lives,  her  legal 
character  of  Derelict  is  not  affected  by  their  intention,  if  they  can,  to 
obtain  assistance  to  save  her  {The  Coromandely  Swabey,  205).  FA,  The 
Magdalen,  31  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  22 :  The  Aineriquey  L.  E.  6  P.  C.  468: 
The  Cleopatra,  47  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  72  ;  3  P.  D.  145.  Vf,  4  Encyc 
223-226:  Castaway:  Derelict  Vessels  (Report)  Act,  1896. 

"  Derelict  becomes  Wreck  of  the  Sea  when  it  is  cast  by  the  sea  upon 
the  land"  (Maclachlan  on  Merchant  Shipping,  3  ed.,  640).  Note^  that 
"Derelict"  is  included  in  the  definition  of  "Wreck"  qui  Merchant 
Shipping  Acts. 

That  a  ship  is  "  Derelict,"  generally  increases  the  Salvage  {The  Janet 
CouH,  1897,  P.  59;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  34). 

DERIVATIVE V.  Primary. 

DERIVATIVE  LEASE.  — As  to  whether  "Derivative  Lease"  and 
"  Underlease  "  are  convertible  terms;  V.  Brumfit  v.  Morton,  3  Jur.  X.  S. 
1198;  30  L.  T.  O.  S.  98.     V.  Underlease. 

DERIVE.  — In  determining  that  the  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853  {V.  Suc- 
cession) does  not  apply  to  a  bond  fide  sale,  the  vendor  not  being  a 
Predecessor  from  whom  the  interest  of  the  purchaser  "  is  derived " 
{V,  s.  2),  Jessel,  M.  R.,  said:  — "  How  can  you  say  that  the  interest  of 
the  purchaser  is  *  derived  from '  the  veftdor  ?  He  does  not  derive  his 
interest  from  the  vendor ;  he  derives  it  from  his  own  money  which  bought 


DERIVE  611        DESCENDANTS 

the  property.  You  would  not  say,  if  you  were  talking  of  a  horse  you 
had  bought,  that  you  derived  your  interest  in  that  horse  from  the  horse- 
dealer.  You  would  say  you  bought  it  with  your  money  "  {JFryer  v.  Mor- 
land,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  820;  3  Ch.  D.  675).  In  Zetland  v.  Ld  Advocate 
(3  App.  Ca.  515),  Ld  Hatherley  said  that  "derived,"  in  the  section 
cited,  "  has  somewhat  of  a  metaphorical  aspect.  You  have  to  say  that 
the  donor  points  to  so  many  fountain  heads,  but  he  leaves  it  to  the  law 
to  say  which  is  to  '  derive '  the  title  to  the  interest  under  the  settle- 
ment." 

Income  is  "  derived  from  lands  of  the  Crown,  held  under  Lease  or 
License,"  s.  16  (iii).  New  South  Wales  Land  and  Income  Tax  Assess- 
ment Act,  1895,  if  either  of  the  processes  whereby  the  ultimate  money 
income  is  made  is  derived  from  the  lands,  e,g,  the  extraction  of  ore  from 
the  soil  (Commrs  of  Taxation  v.  Kirk,  1900,  A.  C.  688;  69  L.  J.  P.  C. 
87;  83  L.  T.  4;  over-ruling  Re  Tindal,  18  (N.  S.  W.)  L.  R.  378).  In 
Kirk's  case,  the  P.  G.  said,  their  lordships  "  attach  no  special  meaning 
to  the  word  *  derived,*  which  they  treat  as  synonymous  with  ^Arising  or 
accruing.'  "  On  the  other  hand,  the  cases  on  "  Carry  On  "  or  "  £x£r- 
ciSE ''  a  Business  were  distinguished. 

"  Derive  a  Revenue  " ;   V,  Revenue. 

DESCEND. — A  devise  of  Fee  Simple  estates  to  testator's  sons  A. 
and  B.  equally,  "  to  descend  to  the  heirs  of  A.  and  B.  for  ever,  but  in  the 
event  of  both  dying  without  issue,  then  to  be  equally  divided  between  my 
daughters  " ;  held,  that  "  descend  "  aptly  controlled  the  devolution  to  the 
lineal  heirs  or  descendants  of  A.  and  B.,  and  therefore  that  A.  and  B. 
took  Estates  Tail  with  cross  remainders  between  them,  and  not  estates 
in  fee  with  executory  devises  over  (Fat/  v.  Fai/j  5  L.  R.  Ir.  274). 

V,  Descent. 

DESCENDANTS.  —  "  'Descendants'  mean  children  and  their  chil- 
dren  and  their  children  to  any  degree,  and  it  is  diflBcult  to  conceive  any 
context  by  which  the  word  *  Descendants '  could  be  limited  to  mean  chil- 
dren only  "  (per  James,  L.  J.,  Ralph  v.  Carrick,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  808;  11 
Ch.  D.  873) ;  and  per  Brett,  L.  J.,  in  the  same  case,  — "  The  prima  facie 
meaning  of  '  Descendants,'  in  ordinary  parlance,  is  all  descendants  of 
any  degree,  and  not  only  children,  and  I  know  of  no  authority  for  saying 
that  in  any  legal  document  the  word  'Descendants'  is,  merely  because 
it  is  in  collocation  with  the  word  'parent,*  to  have  any  other  meaning 
than  it  has  in  ordinary  parlance."  "  Descendants  "  is,  therefore,  not  in 
all  respects  an  exact  equivalent  for  Issue;  though,  generally  speaking 
and  when  unaffected  by  the  context,  it  is  so  (2  Jarm.  101:  Fa,  Re  Ei/ton, 
W.  N.  (76)  142:  Offspring). 

Notwithstanding  the  strong  observation  of  James,  L.  J.,  just  quoted, 
it  had  been  previously  held,  under  a  bequest  to  "  Descendants  "  of  A. 
"  in  such  proportions  as  each   may  be   entitled,"  under  the  Statute  of 


DESCENDANTS         512  DESCRIPTION 

Distributions,  that  a  child  of  A.  took  in  exclusion  of  grand-children^ 
"  descendants  "  being  there  controlled  by  a  context,  a  thing  of  which  the 
L.  J.  thought  it  difficult  to  conceive  (Smith  v.  Pepper,  27  Bea.  86,  whc 
was  not  cited  in  Ralph  v.  Can^ick,  Fa,  Craik  v.  Lamb^  14  L.  J.  Ch. 
84;  1  Coll.  489:  Personal  Representatives). 

Vfj  2  Jarm.  98-100:  Wms.  Exs.  976 :  Family:  Name:  Next  of  Kin. 

In  the  absence  of  a  controlling  context, — *'  Where  there  is  a  gift  to 
A.  for  life,  remainder  to  the  Descendants  of  A.,  it  is  clear  that,  if  Real 
Estate,  it  is  an  Estate  Tail ;  if  Personal  Estate,  it  gives  him  the  absolute 
interest  "  (per  Kindersley,  V.  C,  Bird  v.  Webster^  1  Drew.  340;  22  L.  J. 
Ch.  484).     f/IssuE. 

Under  the  circumstances  in  Best  v,  Stonehewer  (34  L.  J.  Ch.  26,  349; 
34  Bea.  66;  2  D.  G.  J.  &  S.637)  it  was  held  (Knight-Bnice,  L.  J.,  diss.) 
that  "  Descendants  "  meant  Collateral  Descendants.     Cp  Lineal. 

DESCENDIBLE  FREEHOLD.  — This  phrase  suffices  to  include 
estates  Pur  autre  vie  (Carroll  v.  Cooke,  1  Jebb  &  Sy.  33). 

DESCENT.  —  "  « I>iscents.*  This  word  commeth  of  the  Latine  word 
discendere^  id  est,  ex  loco  superiorein  inferiorem  movere;  and  in  legall 
understanding  it  is  taken  when  land,  &c,  after  the  death  of  the  ancestor, 
is  cast  by  course  of  law  upon  the  heire,  which  the  law  calleth  a  discent  '* 
(Co.  Litt.  237  a;   Vf  lb.  13  b). 

Note.  For  the  Eules  of  Descent  of  lands  in  Feb  Simple  prior  to 
1834,  V.  2  BL  Com.  ch.  14:  Jacob,  Descent : —  In  and  since  1834,  V. 
Inheritance  Act,  1833,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  106:  Wms.  R.  P.,  Part  1,  ch.  4: 
Goodeve,  ch.  5 :  Challis  on  Real  Property,  ch.  16 :  11  Encyc  74.  To  these 
Rules,  Borough  English,  and  Gavelkind,  were  and  are  exceptions. 
Consider  also  the  e£Eect  of  the  establishment  of  the  Real  Represent- 
ative. 

**  Descent "  is  not  always  used  in  its  strict  legal  sense;  it  may  mean 
''a  single  step  in  the  scale  of  genealogy"  {Bickley  v.  Bickley,  L.  B. 
4  Eq.  216;  36  L.  J.  Ch.  817). 

V.  Descend  :  Devolution  :  Pedigree. 

DESCRIBE. —  A  Provisional  Specification  of  a  Patent  "must  de- 
scribe the  Nature  of  the  Invention,"  s.  5  (3),  Patents,  &c  Act,  1883,  but 
the  complete  specification  "  must  particularly  describe  and  ascertain  the 
Nature  of  the  Invention  "  (subs.  4,.  lb.)  ;  — "It  is  obvious  that  the  former 
may  be  much  more  general  aud  less  detailed  in  its  terms  than  the  latter  " 
(per  Ld  Herschell,  Vickers  v.  Siddell,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  105;  15  App.  Ca.  496). 

DESCRIBED. —r.  As  Described:  Set  forth. 

DESCRIPTION.— r.  Like:  Nature:  Trade  Description. 
"  Every  acknowledged  dictionary  in  the  English  language  would  sanc- 
tion as  an  accurate  definition  of  ^Description/  —  a  representation  that 


DESCRIPTION         613  DESERTED 

gives  to  another  a  view  of  the  thing  intended  to  be  represented  "  (per 
!Miller,  J.,  Ee  Fitzpatrick^  19  L.  R.  Ir.  210).  From  that  premiss  the 
learned  judge  reasoned  to  the  conclusion  that,  every  Occupation  of  the 
Grantor  of  a  Bill  of  Sale  must  be  stated. 

The  **  Description  "  of  a  person  is  that  which  tells  what  he  is ;  and 
where  a  statute  requires  that  the  name,  place  of  abode,  and  description, 
of  a  person  be  given,  and  only  the  name  and  place  of  abode  are  given, 
there  is  a  total  omission  of  the  "  description, "  not  an  "  inaccurate  descrip- 
tion "  (R.  V.  Tugwdl,  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  704;  37  L.  J.  Q.  B.  275;  9  B.  &  S. 
367);  such  an  omission  by  an  Attesting  Witness  to  a  Bill  of  Sale  invali- 
dates the  document  {Sims  v.  TroUope^  1897,  1  Q.  B.  24;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
11;  75  L.  T.  351;  46  W.  R.  97). 

A  grantee  whether  under  a  Bill  of  Sale  or  any  other  document,  may 
be  described  in  any  way  which  is  capable  of  subsequent  ascertain- 
ment (Mauffhan  v.  Sharpe,  34  L.  J.  C.  P.  19;  17  C.  B.  N.  S.  443:  SiM' 
mens  V.  Woodwardy  1892,  A.  C.  100 ;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  252).  Vf,  Address  : 
Residence:  Addition. 

Note.  The  Bills  of  S.  Act,  1878,  has  no  provision  requiring  the  name 
of  the  Grantor  to  be  stated  ( Central  Bank  of  London  v.  Hawkins,  62 
L.  T.  901:  Stokes  v.  Spencer,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  483;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  792;  83 
L.  T.  199;  49  W.  R.  13) ;  nor,  where  there  is  nothing  to  mislead,  does  the 
Bills  of  S.  Act,  1882,  require  the  full  statement  of  the  Grantor's  Christian 
name  {Doums  v.  Salmon,  bl  L.  J.  Q.  B.  454;  20  Q.  B.  D.  775). 

As  to  the  Description  of  the  Vendor  in  a  V.  &  P.  contract,  V.  Pro- 
prietor:  —  of  the  subject-matter,  V.  Et  Cetera:  My:  Note:  The. 

"  To  limit  description  of  his  Workmen  ";    V.  Threat. 

The  "  Description  "  of  the  "  Situation  "  of  the  house  or  shop,  quk 
Notice  under  s.  7,  Wine  and  Beerhouse  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  V.  c.  27, 
will  suffice  if  it  be  given  in  such  a  way  that  the  premises  can  be  iden- 
tified; it  is  very  much  a  question  of  fact  for  the  Justices.  That  particu- 
larity which  is  needed  where  the  premises  are  in  a  large  town,  is  not 
applicable  to  a  small  village  {B,  v.  Penkridge  Jus.,  61  L.  J.  M.  C.  132; 
66L.  T.371;  56  J.  P.  87). 

The  implied  Condition  (as  distinct  from  a  Collateral  Warranty)  on  a 
**  Sale  of  Goods  by  Description,"  s.  13,  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "  applies 
in  all  cases  where  the  purchaser  has  not  seen  the  article  sold,  and  relies  on 
the  description  g^iyen  to  him  by  the  vendor.  I  think  it  would  most  fre- 
quently apply  to  unascertained  goods,  but  it  does  not  follow  that  it  may 
not,  in  some  cases,  apply  to  specific  goods  "  (per  Channell,  J.,  Varley  v. 
Whipp,  1900,  1  Q.  B.  513;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  333;  48  W.  R.  363). 

DESCRI PTI VE.  —  Descriptive  Name ;   V.  Fancy  Word. 

DESERTED:  DESERTION:  DESERT.  — These  words  in  the 
Matrimonial  Causes  Act,  1857  (20  &  21  V.  c.  85:  and  F.  ss.  16,  27,  31), 

83 


DESERTED  614  DESERTED 

mean  continual  absence  from  Cohabitation  (or,  semble,  not  commenciDg' 
cohabitation,  De  Laubenque  v.  JDe  LaubenquSy  1899,  P.  42;  68  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  20),  contrary  to  the  will,  or  without  the  consent,  of  the  partj  cfaarg- 
ing  it,  and  without  reasonable  Cause  {Ward  v.  Ward,  27  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
63;  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  185:  Cudlipp  v.  Cudlippy  27  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  64:  Thomp- 
son V.  Thompson,  lb.  65:  Haviland  v.  HavUand,  32  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A. 
65:  WUliams  v.  WilliamSy  SS  L.  J.  P.  M,  &  A.  172;  3  Sw.  &  Tr.  547: 
Yeatman  v.  Yeatman,  37  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  37;  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.489)  :  and 
there  is  no  such  consent  if  the  separation  be  caused  by  ill-treatment  {Graves 
V.  Graves,  33  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  66;  3  Sw,  &  Tr.  350 :  Mackenzie  v.  Mac- 
kenzie, cited  Eeasonable  Cause),  or  the  false  and  persistent  accusation 
of  an  unnatural  offence  (Russell  v.  Russell,  1895,  P.  315;  64  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  105;  73  L.  T.  295;  44  W.  R.  213),  or  adultery  {Farmer  v.  Farmer, 
53  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  113;  9  P.  D.  245:  Garcia  v.  Garcia,  57  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  101;  13  P.  D.  216;  59  L.  T.  524;  52  J.  P.  584:  Edwards  v. 
Edwards,  62  L.  J.  P,  D.  &  A.  33),  or  be  obtained  by  fraud  {Crahb  v. 
Crahb,  37  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  42;  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  601;  16  W.  R.  650);  but 
merely  living  with  another  woman  and  introducing  her  as  wife,  but 
without  ceasing  cohabitation  with  the  real  wife,  is  not  desertion  by  a 
husband  (  Ward\.  Ward,  sup:  Farmer  v.  Farmer,  sup) ;  secus,  if  there  is 
a  separation  caused  by  the  husband's  refusal  to  give  up  an  adulterous  liaison 
{Pizzala  v.  Pizzala,  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  91,  n;  12  Times  Rep.  451 :  Koch 
V.  Koch,  1899,  P.  221;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  90;  81  L.  T.  61).  So  ab- 
sconding, with  the  wife's  consent,  to  escape  a  criminal  prosecution  or 
other  trouble,  is  not  Desertion  {Townsend  v.  Toumsend,  42  L.  J.  P. 
&  M.  71;  L.  R.  9  P.  &  D.  129);  secus,  where  there  is  no  such  consent 
{I>rew  V.  Drew,  57  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  64;  13  P.  D.  97;  58  L.  T.  923; 
36  W.  R.  927 :  Wynne  v.  Wt/nne,  1898,  P.  18;  67  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  5). 
Vf,  Fitzgerald  v.  Fitzgerald,  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  694;  38  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
14;  17W.  R.  264. 

**  *  Desertion  *  is  not  to  be  tested  by  merely  ascertaining  which  party 
left  the  matrimonial  home  first.  The  party  who  intends  to  bring  the 
Cohabitation  to  an  end  and  whose  conduct  in  reality  causes  its  termi* 
nation,  commits  the  act  of  Desertion;  e.g,  there  is  no  substantial  differ^ 
ence  between  the  case  of  a  husband  who  intends  to  put  an  end  to  the 
state  of  Cohabitation  and  does  so  by  leaving  his  wife,  and  that  of  a  hus- 
band who,  with  the  like  intent,  obliges  his  wife  to  separate  from  him  " 
(per  Barnes,  J.,  Sickert  v.  SickeH,  1899,  P.  278;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
114;  81  L.  T.  495 :   Vf,  Mellows  v.  Mellows,  31  L.  J.  N.  C.  441). 

When  husband  and  wife  are  living  separate  under  an  agreement  to 
separate,  there  is  no  Desertion  {CraJbh  v.  Crahb,  sup:  Buckmaster  ▼. 
Buckmaster,  38  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  73;  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  713 :  Parkinson  v. 
Parkinson,  39  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  14;  L.  R.  2  P.  &  D.  26) ;  but  it  must  be 
a  perfected  agreement  {Nott  v.  NoU,  36  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  10;  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D. 
251),  and  with  the  real  concurrence  of  the  wife,  and  with  some  justified- 


DESERTED  515  DESERTED 

tion  {Dagg  v.  Dagg,  51  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  19;  7  P.  D.  17;  30  W.  R.  431). 
Non-payment  of  an  allowance  under  such  an  agreement  will  not  convert 
separation  into  desertion  {Pape  v.  Pape^  20  Q.  B.  D.  76;  57  L.  J.  M.  C. 
3;  36  W.  R.  125).  This  last  case  was  on  "  deserted,"  as  used  in  s.  1,  49 
&  50  V.  c.  52;  and  Stephen,  J.,  said:  — "  'Desertion,'  at  any  rate,  im- 
plies that  the  parties  were  living  together  at  the  time  when  the  desertion 
took  place." 

Non-compliance  with  decree  for  Restitution  of  Conjugal  Rights  con- 
stitutes Desertion  (47  &  48  V.  c.  68 :  Vth,,  Bigwood  v.  Bigwood,  57  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  80;  13  P.  D.  89;  58  L.  T.  642;  36  W.  R.  928:  Itussell  v. 
Bussell,  sup). 

A  wife  who,  without  a  justifying  cause,  refuses  sexual  intercourse,  and 
refuses  to  live  with  her  hushand  unless  he  will  undertake  to  refrain 
therefrom,  is  guilty  of  Desertion  (iSyne/e  v.  Si/nge,  1900,  P.  180;  69 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  106 ;  83  L.  T.  224 ;  affd,  1901,  P.  317 ;  70  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
97 ;  85  L.  T.  83).      V.  Reasonable  Excuse. 

A  bond  fide  offer  to  resume  cohahitation  will  put  an  end  to  "  Deser- 
tion," if  made  before  the  statutory  two  years  have  expired,  otherwise  not 
{Cargill  v.  CargUl,  27  L.J.  P.  &k.  69 :  Harris  v.  Harrisy  31  lb.  6;  15 
L.  T.  448:  Basing  v.  Basing,  33  L.  J.  P.  M.  &  A.  150;  3  Sw.  &  Tr. 
516);  but  such  an  offer  is  nugatory  if  the  husband  be  actually  cohabit- 
ing with  another  woman  {Edwards  v.  Edwards,  sup),  secus,  if  such 
cohabiting  has  been  discontinued  {Lodge  v.  Lodge,  59  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
84;  15  P.  D.  159).     Vf,  Martin  v.  MaHin,  78  L.  T.  568. 

It  was  at  one  time  suggested  that  "  deserted,"  in  s.  31,  20  &  21  V.  c.  85, 
meant  something  equivalent  to  leaving  the  other  party  destitute  {Ifaswell 
Y.  Haswell,  29  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  21;  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  502).  That,  qu4  a  con- 
jugal offence,  was  obviously  unsound,  and  has  not  been  supported  (  Yeat- 
man  v.  Yeatman,  sup). 

Note,  Semble,  "  Desertion  "  by  a  Petitioner  is  no  bar  to  his  or  her 
obtaining  Judicial  Separation  {Duplany  y,  Duplany,  1892,  P.  53;  61 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  49 :  Synge  v.  Synge^  sup). 

By  s.  21,  20  &  21  V.  c.  85,  "a  wife  deserted,"  in  order  to  obtain  a 
Protection  Order,  was  one  who  "  is  maintaining  herself  by  her  own  in- 
dustry or  property."  Desertion,  in  that  connection,  means  "  not  only  that 
the  husband  has  absented  himself,  but  has  left  his  w^ife  unprovided  for, 
and  such  desertion  must  continue  at  the  time  of  making  the  Order ;  and 
a  horva  fide  offer  of  the  husband  to  return  and  provide  for  his  wife,  would 
take  away  her  right  to  have  such  an  Order  made  "  (per  J.  0.,  in  Cargill 
v.  Cargill,  sup:  Jones  y.  Jones,  43  W.  R.  424;  11  Times  Rep.  317), 
even  (as  it  should  seem)  though  the  separation  had  been  caused  by  the 
husband's  cruelty  {Vf,  Henty  ▼.  Henty,  33  L.  T.  263:  Stickland  v. 
Stickland,  25  W.  R.  114).  That  ruling  is,  semble,  applicable  to  "  Deser- 
tion "  in  8. 1,  49  &  50  V.  c.  52,  repld  s.  4,  58  &  59  V.  c.  39.  To  these 
sections  the  doctrine  of  Cral^  v.  Crabb  and  Pape  v.  Pope  (sup),  is  ap- 


DESERTED  516  DESERVING 

plicable  (R.  V.  Leresche,  1891,  2  Q.  B.  418;  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  153;  40  W.  E. 
2;  65  L.  T.  602:  Sv,  Bradshaw  v.  Bradshawj  cited  Cohabitation). 
But  if  there  has  been  an  agreed  temporary  separation,  —  e.g.  for  the 
wife's  confinement,  —  and  afterwards  the  husband  refuses  cohabitation 
and  support,  that  is  **  Desertion  "  within  these  sections  {Ckudley  v. 
Chydley^  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  97) ;  secuSy  if  the  husband  has  ofEered  such 
cohabitation  as  is  within  his  means  for  the  time  being  {Jones  y.  Jones, 
sup).  Note :  It  is  not  necessary  to  fix  the  actual  date  when  the  Deser- 
tion began  ( Wilkinson  v.  Wilkinson,  58  J.  P.  415) ;  and,  so  long  as  it 
continues,  it  is  a  Continuing  Offence,  and  the  time  for  making  the 
Complaint  does  not  run  from  the  day  the  husband  left  (Heard  t.  Heard, 
18%,  P.  188;  65  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  Ill ;  60  J.  P.  426).  F.  Bunking 
Away  :  Cp  Pebsistent. 

"  Desertion, "  s.  1,  49  &  50  V.  c.  52,  is  a  question  of  fact  for  the  Jus- 
tices, having  regard  to  the  legal  meaning  of  "  Desertion  "  (B.  v.  Bir- 
wistle,  58  L.  J.  M.  C.  158) ;  who  must  enquire  into  all  the  facts,  and 
not,  e.ff,  accept  proof  of  a  husband's  refusal  to  take  in  and  proyide  for  his 
wife,  and  shut  out  proof  of  previous  facts  (  Wassell  v.  Wassell,  81  L.  T. 
496;  68  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  127). 

"  Desertion  "  of  a  wife,  in  the  statutes  relating  to  Poor  Law  Bemoval, 
means  no  more  than  living  apart.  The  meaning  of  the  word  in  s.  3,  24 
&  25  Y.  c.  55,  "  is  that  where  the  wife  has  been  residing  in  a  different 
place  from  her  husband  for  a  prolonged  period,  she  shall  be  considered 
for  Poor  Law  purposes  as  not  being  bound  by  the  marriage  tie,  and  as 
living  apart "  (per  Cockbum,  C.  J.,  B,  v.  Maidstone,  49  L.  J.  M.  C.  26; 
5  Q.  B.  D.  31).  Accordingly  a  married  woman  is  none  the  less  "  de- 
serted "  by  her  husband  within  that  section,  because  he  allows  and  pays 
her  2s.  6d.  a  week  (R.  v.  St.  Mary,  Islington,  39  L.  J.  M.  C.  137;  L.  R. 
5  Q.  B.  445;  34  J.  P.  646);  nor  even  if  the  separation  be  caused  by  the 
wife's  adultery  {B,  v.  Maidstone,  sup),  unless  she  take  herself  off  in  her 
husband's  absence  and  without  his  consent  {B.  v.  Cookham^  9  Q.  B.  D. 
522). 

Cp  Living  Apart. 

Abandonment  or  Desertion  of  a  Child ;    V.  Abandonment. 

To  "  desert  "  a  Ship  "  is  used  in  the  statute  (s.  9,  7  &  8  V.  c.  112)  in  a 
bad  sense,  and  means  abandoning  the  service  without  sufficient  cause  " 
(per  Crompton,  J.,  Edward  v.  Trevellick,  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  12;  4  E.  &  B. 
59).  So,  if  a  Mariner  has  permission  to  leave  but  refuses  to  return, 
that  is  a  Desertion  {The  Bulmer,  1  Hagg.  Adm.  163).  Vf,  McDonald  v. 
Jopllng,  7  L.  J.  Ex.  220 ;  4  M.  &  W.  285:  The  Pearl,  5  Rob.  C.  224: 
Ncave  v.  Pratt,  2  B.  &  P.  N.  R.  408  :  Abbott,  797-804     V.  Wages. 

Military  or  Naval  Desertion ;   F.  4  Encyc.  228-230. 

DESERVING.  — A  bequest  to  " Deserving"  objects  is  bad,  as  being 
too  indefinite;  but  one  to  "Charitable  and  Deserving"  objects  is  good, 


DESERVING  517  DESIRABLE 

the  sentence  being  governed  by  **  Charitable  "  (Be  Sutton^  54  L.  J.  Ch. 
613;  2S  Ch.  D.  464;  33  W.  K  519).     Vfy  as  to  «  Deserving,"  Be  Wall, 
Pomeroy  v.  WiUway^  42  Ch.  D.  510 ;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  172 ;  61  L.  T.  357. 
V,  Relations. 

DESIGN.  — Qui  Patents,  Designs,  and  Trade  Marks  Act,  1883, 
**  'Design/  means,  any  Design  applicable  to  any  article  of  manufacture, 
or  to  any  substance  (artificial  or  natural,  or  partly  artificial  and  partly 
natural),  whether  the  Design  is  applicable  for  the  Pattern,  or  for  the 
Shape  or  Configuration,  or  for  the  Ornament,  thereof,  or  for  any  two  or 
more  of  such  purposes, — and  by  whatever  means  it  is  applicable,  whether 
by  printing,  painting,  embroidering,  weaving,  sewing,  modelling,  cast- 
ing, embossing,  engraving,  staining,  or  any  other  means  whatever, 
manual,  mechanical,  or  chemical,  separate  or  combined :  —  not  being  a 
Design  for  a  Sculpture  or  other  thing  within  the  protection  of  the 
Sculpture  Copyright  Act  of  the  year  1814,  54  G.  3,  c.  56  "  (s.  60).  "  The 
object  of  that  Interpretation  Clause  was  to  make  the  word  '  Design '  as 
extensive  as  it  reasonably  ought  to  be.  It  was  not  intended  to  draw  a 
hard-and-fast  distinction  between  the  Design  being  <  applicable  for  the 
Pattern,'  or  'for  the  Shape,  or  Configuration,'  or  «for  the  Ornament.' 
I  do  not  think  you  can  say  that  '  Pattern  '  as  it  is  used  in  that  section, 
necessarily  and  always,  excluded  the  'Shape'  or  'Configuration,'  and 
that  nothing  could  be  included  in  'Shape'  or  'Configuration'  which 
might  not  fail  to  be  considered  under  'Pattern';  or,  again,  that  the 
'  Ornament  thereof  might  not  be  part  of  the  Pattern  and  included  under 
the  word  '  Pattern.'  The  words  have  not  a  sharply  defined  meaning,  but 
the  intention  is  to  include  '  any  Design  '  applicable  to  any  class  of  goods, 
and  whether  'applicable  for  a  Pattern,'  or  'for  the  Shape,  or  Configura- 
tion, or  Ornament,'  or  some  or  all  of  them  "  (per  Ld  Herschell,  Heath  v. 
BoUason,  1898,  A.  C.  499;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  565;  79  L.  T.  1). 

r.  New  Design. 

DESIGNATION.— "Designation  of  a  Landlord";  F.  Gtrngh  v. 
Gaugh,  cited  Landlobd. 

DESIRABLE.—  r.  Opinion. 

The  statement  by  a  Vendor  that  the  property  offered  for  sale  is  let  to 
a  "  Desirable  Tenant,"  is  "  not  a  guarantee  that  the  tenant  will  go  on 
paying  his  rent,  but  it  is  a  guarantee  of  a  different  sort  and  amounts,  at 
least,  to  an  assertion,  as  a  specific  fact,  that  nothing  has  occurred  in  the 
relations  between  the  landlord  and  the  tenant  which  can  be  considered 
to  make  the  tenant  an  unsatisfactory  one.  A  tenant  who  had  paid  his 
last  quarter's  rent  by  dribblets  under  pressure,  must  be  regarded  as  an 
undesirable  tenant"  (per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  Smith  y.  Land,  &c  Corp,  2& 
Ch.  D.  15, 16;  51  L.  T.  718;  49  J.  P.  182). 


DESIRE  518         DESTINATION 

DESIRE. —  r.  Precatory  Trust:  Appropriate. 

Bequest  of  a  fund  to  be  distributed  among  Charitable  Institutions, 
"  but  I  desire  that  A.  and  B.  shall  benefit  most  largely  ** ;  the  efEect  is 
that  neither  A.  nor  B.  can  be  left  out  of  the  distribution,  and  that  each 
must  have  more  than  any  other  of  the  Institutions,  —  though  it  is  not 
necessary  that  A.  and  B.  should  have  equal  amounts  (Armitage  t.  Gor- 
don, 15  Times  Rep.  453). 

If  a  contracting  party  "shall  desire"  to  terminate  contract;  F.  Sun 
Insrce  v.  ITartj  58  L.  J.  P.  C.  69. 

V.  View. 

DESIROUS  OF  BEING  OISCHARQEO.  — Trustees  who  hare 
paid  their  trust  fund  into  Court  thereby  retire  (  K  Ebtiking  Trustee), 
and  cannot  afterwards  be  treated  as  "  desirous  of  being  discharged," 
so  as  to  execute  a  power  of  appointing  new  Trustees  (Be  Bailey ^ 
3  W.  R.  31). 

DESIROUS  OF  WORKING.  — An  owner  "desirous of  working" 
minerals,  s.  78,  By  C.  C.  Act,  1845,  means,  one  who  is  really  so  desir- 
ous (Mid.  By  v.  Bobinson,  cited  Mine). 

DESK.  — In  Be  Bobson  (7  Times  Rep.  512),  it  was  conceded,  with- 
out argument,  that  a  bequest  of  **  My  old  mahogany  Desk,"  passed  the 
testator's  Bureau.     Vf  Contents. 

DESPATCH.  —  V,  Possible:  Pbompt  Despatch:  Customary: 
Usual  Despatch:  Due  Diligence. 

"  Despatch  Money,"  meanS|  "  Money  earned  by  the  use  of  greater 
promptitude  than  the  contract  provided  for  "  (per  Kennedy,  J.,  Mcuxoy 
V.  West,  15  Times  Rep.  84). 

Despatch  Money  at  so  much  per  hour  "  for  all  time  saved,"  or  "  for 
every  hour  saved,"  in  a  Discharge  Clause  of  a  Charter-Party ;  F.  Laing 
V.  Holloway,  47  L.  J.  Q.  B.  512;  3  Q.  B.  D.  437 ;  26  W.  R.  769 :  The 
Glendevon,  1893,  P.  269 ;  %2  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  123. 

DESPATCHED "The  Ship  shall  be  despatched  from"   A.;  — 

"despatched,"  means,  "really  sailing  on  the  voyage"  (per  Martin,  B., 
Sharp  v.  Gms^  1  H.  &  N.  806).     Vf,  Sail  :  Depabt. 

DESTINATION.  —  "Now  what  is  meant  by  sending  goods  'to  their 
Destination '  ?  It  seems  to  me  that  it  means  sending  them  to  a  particu- 
lar place,  to  a  particular  person  who  is  to  receive  them  there ;  and  not, 
sending  them  to  a  particular  place  without  saying  to  whom  "  (per  Brett, 
M.  R.,  Exp,  MUes,  15  Q.  B.  D.  43). 

Ship's  "  Place  of  Destination  " ;  V.  Attwood  v.  Case,  45  L.  J.  M.  C. 
20 ;  1  Q.  B.  D.  134. 


DESTITUTE  619        DESTRUCTIVE 

DESTITUTE. — A  man  is  not  "destitute,"  in  the  sense  of  being 
entitled  to  Poor  Law  Relief,  simply  because  he  has  no  food  or  money,  if 
he  is  able-bodied  and  physically  well  and  can  get  a  sufficiency  of  work  for 
his  maintenance, — but  will  not  work  because  he  is  on  Strike  {A-G.  v. 
Merthyr  Tydvil^  cited  Idle  and  Disorderly  Person). 

DESTROY:  DESTROYING.  — The  phrase  "otherwise  destroy- 
ing  "  a  Will  so  as  to  revoke  it,  s.  20,  Wills  Act,  1837,  has  to  be  read  as 
ejusdem  generis  with  the  words  immediately  preceding  it,  —  "  burning, 
tearing,"  —  that  is,  there  must  be  "  destruction,  in  the  proper  sense  of 
the  word,  of  the  substance  or  contents  of  the  Will,  or,  at  least,  complete 
effacement  of  the  writing,  e.g.  by  pasting  over  it  a  blank  paper;  and  not 
a  '  destroying  '  in  a  secondary  sense,  as  by  cancelling  or  incomplete  ob- 
literation. These,  unless  they  prevent  the  words,  as  originally  written, 
from  being  apparent,  —  that  is,  apparent  by  looking  at  the  Will  itself, 
—  are  plainly  excluded  by  the  statute.  Glasses  have  been  used  for  dis- 
covering what  the  words  attempted  to  be  obliterated  originally  were  " 
(1  Jarm.  142.  Vh,  Cheese  v.  Lovejoy^  cited  Revoke:  Margary  v.  Rob^ 
insoriy  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  44 ;  12  P.  D.  8).     V.  Tear:  Cp  Cancel. 

When  a  Will  is  executed  in  Duplicate,  the  destruction  of  one  of  them 
ammo  revocandt,  is  a  destruction  of  both ;  but  evidence  of  declarations 
by  the  testator  that  he  has  so  destroyed  one  part  is  inadmissible  (Atkin- 
son V.  Morris,  1897,  P.40j  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  17;  45  W.R.  293;  76 
L.  T.  440). 

A  Destruction  by  Mistake,  may  be  cured  by  admitting  the  draft  of  the 
Will  to  probate  {Beardsley  v.  Lacey,  78  L.  T.  26;  67  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
36). 

A  Destruction  solely  with  the  view  to  Revive  a  previous  Will,  is  not 
a  Revocation  of  the  Will  destroyed  {Powell  v.  Powell,  35  L.  J.  P.  &  M. 
100 ;  L.  R.  1  P.  &  D.  209:  Cossey  v.  Cossey,  82  L.  T.  203 ;  69  L.  J. 
P.  D.  &  A.  17).    V.  Dependent. 

V.  Demolish  :  Spoil  :  Cut  Down. 

DESTRUCTION To  take  Estovers  "  without  Destruction,"  must 

have  a  "  reasonable  exposition, "  so  that  the  grantee  may  take  Estovers 
conveniently  and  sufficiently  for  his  necessary  use  {Stampe  y.  Burgesse^ 
2  Rolle,  73,  74). 

"  Waste  and  Destruction  " ;    V.  Waste. 

F.  Destroy. 

DESTRUCTIVE.  —Boiling  Water  held  to  be  "  Destructive  MaUei^ 
within  s.  5,  1  V.  c.  85,  repealed  (E,  v.  Crawford,  2  C.  &  K.  129);  but  not 
a  "  Destructive  Substance  "  within  s.  29, 24  &  25  V.  c.  100  {E.  v.  Martin, 
62  Law  Times,  372). 

"  Poison,  or  other  Destructive  Thing " ;  K  E.  v.  Cluderoy^  cited 
Poison. 


DETAIL  620       DETENTION.  Ac. 

DETAII r.NATUBB. 

DETAIN-  —  "  Detain  " ;  in  Detinite,  means  that  the  defendant  with- 
holds the  goods,  and  prevents  plaintiff  from  having  possession  of  them 
{Clements  v.  Flight,  16  M.  &  W.  42  ;  16  L.  J.  Ex.  11). 

V.  Lawfully  detained. 

DETAINER.— F.  Forcible  Detainee. 
DETAINMENTS.  — r.  Restraints  op  Kings. 

DETENTION.  — Hostile  "Detention,"  in  a  Marine  Insurance,  is 
equivalent  to  Seizure  (Johnston  v.  Mogg,  52  L.  J.  Q.  £.  343;  10  Q.  B.  D. 
432). 

Where  a  contract  for  carriage  exempts  the  carrier  from  damage  by  rea- 
son of  **  detention  "  of  the  goods,  that  means  something  which  prevents 
the  carrier  from  delivering  at  the  proper  time;  and  does  not  cover  a 
wrongful  detention  by  him  {Gordon  v.  G.  W.  Ey,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  58; 
8  Q.  B.  D.  44). 

"  Eeasonable  and  Probable  Cause  "  for  detaining  a  Ship;  V,  Reason- 
able Cause. 

Fl  Detinue:  Apprehension:  Demurrage. 

DETENTION   BY   DEFAULT F.  Default. 

DETENTION  BY  ICE,  FROST,  &c.—" Detention  by  Ice  not 
to  be  reckoned  as  Laying  Days,"  in  a  Charter -Party,  means  prevention 
of  "  access  to  the  ship  by  reason  of  ice  from  any  one  of  the  storing 
places  from  which  merchandize  is  to  be  conveyed  direct  to  the  ship  " 
(per  Willes,  J.,  and  adopted  by  Ex.  Cham,  in  Ifudson  v.  Ude^  L.  R. 
3  Q.  B.  415) ;  and,  therefore,  where  a  ship  was  to  proceed  to  Sulinah  and 
there  load  grain  or  seed  with  a  provision  as  to  laying  days  for  loading, 
"  Detention  by  Ice  not  to  be  reckoned  as  laying  days,"  and  the  port  itself 
and  sea  immediately  outside  were  free  from  ice,  yet  the  River  Danube, 
down  which  the  grain  had  to  be  brought,  was  impeded  with  ice;  it  was 
held  that  there  was  a  "  Detention  by  Ice  "  within  the  meaning  of  the 
Exception  {Hudson  v.  Ede,  36  L.  J.  Q.  B.  273;  37  lb.  166;  8  B.  &  S. 
639;  9  lb.  480;  L.  R.  3  Q.  B.  412;  "  it  is  no  use  to  say  that  that  was  a 
very  strong  decision, — it  has  been  recognized  in  H.  L.,"  per  Esher, 
M.R.,  Smith  v.  Bosario  Nitrate  Co,  1894,  1  Q.  B.  178:  Va,  Fumess  v. 
Forwood,  cited  AcciDENTy.  But  Hudson  v.  Ede  rather  lays  down  an 
exception  than  a  general  rule ;  for  the  general  rule  is,  that  the  convey- 
ance of  goods  to  the  place  of  loading  is  no  part  of  the  loading.  Accord- 
ingly where  a  ship  had  to  proceed  to  Cardiff  East  Bute  Dock,  and  there 
load,  "  Detention  by  Frost, "  &c,  not  to  be  reckoned  as  lay  days ;  and  the 
freighters'  agents  were  prevented  from  getting  the  goods  to  the  East 
Bute  Dock  by  reason  of  the  freezing  over  of  the  canal  from  their  whaif 


DETENTION.  &c.        521      DETERMINATION 

to  tbat  dock,  it  was  held  that  tbis  time  was  to  be  reckoned  as  lay  days 
{Kay  V.  Field,  52  L.  J.  Q.  B.  17;  10  Q.  B.  D.  241:  Ta,  Grant  v.  Cover- 
dale,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  462;  9  App.  Ca.  470 :  The  Alne  Holme,  1893,  P.  173; 
62  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  51;  68  L.  T.  862;  41  W.  R.  672).     Cp  Strike. 

V.  ICE-BOUND. 

DETENTION    BY   RAILWAYS An  Exception  in  a  Cbarter- 

Party  of  "Detention  by  Railways,"  connotes  simply,  wbetber,  in  point 
of  fact,  tbere  bas  been  such  a  Detention;  its  cause  is  immaterial,  e,g,  if 
it  were  imposed  on  the  Charterer  by  a  Ry  Co  as  a  legitimate  punishment 
for  bis  having  kept  unloaded  at  bis  works  more  of  the  Company's  trucks 
than  their  rules  allowed  (Letricheux  v.  Dutdopj  19  Sess.  Ca.  4th  Ser, 
209). 

DETERIORATE. —  "Affect  or  deteriorate"  Water;  V.  Filthy 
Wateb. 

DETERMINABLE.  — A  Demise  for,  say,  3  years  "  determinable  "  on 
a  prescribed  Notice,  means,  tbat  such  notice  may  be  given  so  as  to  ex- 
pire at  the  end  of  any  year  of  the  tenanc}' ;  but  if  it  be  added  "  other- 
wise the  tenancy  to  continue  from  year  to  year  until  the  term  shall  cease 
by  Notice  to  Quit  at  the  usual  times,"  that  connotes  a  demise  for  3  years 
certain,  determinable  then  or  at  the  end  of  some  subsequent  year  by  the 
prescribed  notice  (Jones  v.  Nixon,  31  L.  J.  Ex.  505;  1  H.  &  C.  48). 

Determinable  at  7,  14,  or  21  years ;   V.  Ob. 

DETERMINABLE    FUTURE  TIME A  Bill  of  Ex.  (s.  11),  or 

Promissory  Note  (s.  89),  is  payable  at  a  "  Determinable  Future  Time," 
within  the  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882,  "which  is  expressed  to  be  pay- 
able — 

(1)  At  a  fixed  period  after  date  or  sight. 

(2)  On  or  at  a  fixed  period  after  the  occurrence  of  a  specified  event 

which  is  certain  to  happen,  though  the  time  of  happening  may 
be  uncertain." 

DETERMINATION — "Determination"  of  an  Action;  V.  Bur- 
nahy  v.  Earle,  43  L.  J.  Q.  B.  209;  L.  R.  9  Q.  B.  490. 

"  Determination  "  of  a  Complaint,  s.  3,  20  &  21  V.  c.  43;  V.  Diss  v. 
Aldrich,  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  183;  2  Q.  B.  D.  179;  41  J.  P.  132:  JVest  v. 
Fotts,  34  J.  P.  760.  Vf,  Summary  Jur  Act,  1879,  42  &  43  V.  c.  49, 
s.  33. 

An  Acquittal  by  Justices  is  not  an  "  Order,  Conviction,  Judgment,  or 
Determination"  from  which  a  "person  who  shall  think  himself  Ag- 
GBiKVEO  "  thereby  can  appeal  to  Quarter  Sessions,  under  s.  106,  High- 
way Act,  1835  (B,  V.  London  Jus.,  69  L.  J.  M.  C.  146 ;  26  Q.  B.  D.  357). 

A  Letter  from  the  Charity  Commrs,  to  a  parish  Council,  giving  their 


DETERMINATION      522  DETRIMENT 

Opinion  on  a  question  submitted  under  s.  70  (2),  Loc  Gov  Act,  1894,  is 
a  "Determination"  by  them  under  that  provision  (A-G.  v.  HugJie^ 
81  L.  T.  679). 

The  "  Determination  "  of  a  Term  or  Estate  is  the  same  thing  as  its 
"  Termination  '* ;  and  does  not  only  mean  premature  extinction,  but  the 
coming  to  an  end  in  any  way  whatever  (a%.  Aubyny.  St,  Aiihyriy  30  L.  J. 
Ch.  920;  1  Dr.  &  Sm.  611).  To  the  same  effect  is  the  statutory  inter- 
pretation of  "  Determination  of  Tenancy"  for  the  purposes  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Holdings  (England)  Act,  1882,  which  by  s.  61,  "means  the 
cesser  of  a  contract  of  tenancy  by  reason  of  effluxion  of  time,  or  from  any 
other  cause  " ;  and  where  a  custom  authorizes  the  retention  of  part  of  the 
land  of  a  farm  for  a  period  beyond  the  prescribed  term  of  letting,  the 
"  Determination  of  the  Tenancy,"  qui  that  Act,  is  not  accomplished  till 
that  further  period  has  expired  {R,  v.  Maconochie,  34  S.  J.  64:  BeFaul, 
59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  30;  24  Q.  B.  D.  247;  61  L.  T.  835;  54  J.  P.  (yU): 
But  where  such  a  custom  only  extends  to  the  farm-house  and  buildings, 
the  time  for  the  Determination  of  the  Tenancy  under  that  Act  is  not  ex- 
tended {Black  V.  Clay,  1894,  A.  C.  368;  71  L.  T.  446:  Morleyy,  Carter, 
1898,  1  Q.  B.  8;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  843;  77  L.  T.  337;  46  W.  R.  77).  lli, 
Beavan  v.  Delahay,  1  Bl.  H.  5 :  Knight  v.  Bennett,  3  Bing.  366,  367. 
F.  End  :  Expiration. 

"  Determination  of  Tenancy  " ;  Other  Stat.  Def.,  50  &  51 V.  c.  26,  s.  4. 
—  Scot.  46  &  47  V.  c.  62,  s.  42. 

"  Sooner  Determination,"  rejected  as  insensible;    V.  Tebh. 

DETERMINE. —  V.  Determination:  Hear. 

Notice  of  the  death  of  the  Obligor  to  a  running  Guarantee,  is  not  a 
notice  to  "  determine  "  the  obligation,  within  a  proviso  enabling  its  de- 
termination {Re  Silvester,  1895,  1  Ch.  673;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  390;  72  L.  T. 
283;  43  W.  R.  443). 

As  to  what  is  a  sufficient  Notice  to  determine  a  Lease;  V.  Bury  y. 
Thompson,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  696;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  500;  72  L.  T.  187;  43 
W.  R.  338;  11  Times  Rep.  267:  and  what  sufficient  quk  a  mere  Ten- 
ancy, V.  Farrance  v.  Elkington,  2  Camp.  591 :  Gardner  v.  In^am, 
61  ii.  T.  729:  General  Assrce  v.  Worsley,  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  253;  72  L.  T. 
358 :  Redman,  384-386. 

V.  Cease. 

DETINUE.  —  Detinue  (now  generally  phrased,  Detention  of  Goods) 
is  an  Action  "  that  lies  against  him  who  having  goods  and  chattels 
delivered  to  him  to  keep,  refuses  to  re-deliver  them:  Fitz.  Nat.  Brev. 
138  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).     F.  Detain. 

Vh  Rose.  N.  P.  981-984.     Cp  Trover. 

V.  Detention. 

DETRIMENT. —  V.  Material  Detriment. 


DETRIMENTAL        523  DEVIATE 

DETRIMENTAL.  —  Carrying  on  a  Business  which  is  only  danger- 
ous, is  not  a  breach  of  a  Lessee's  covenant  against  carrying  on  a  busi- 
ness which  is  "  Detrimental  or  a  Nuisance  to  surrounding  occupiers  " 
(per  Hawkins,  J.,  Lepla  v.  Bogers,  37  S.  J.  11). 

DEVASTAVIT.  —  A  Devastavit  is  a  Mismanagement  of  the  Estate 
of  a  deceased  person  by  his  Legal  Ebpkesentativbs  "  in  squandering 
and  misapplying  the  Assets,  contrary  to  the  duty  imposed  on  them ; 
for  which  they  shall  answer  out  of  their  own  pockets  as  far  as  they  had, 
or  might  have  had,  Assets  of  the  deceased "  (Wms.  Exs.  1690  et  seq, 
whv). 

DEVELOP. — Development  of  Tbafficj  V,  Beman  v.  Buffordy 
1  Sim.  N.  S.  570. 

"  Convey  Traffic  in  a  proper  and  convenient  manner,  and  so  as  fairly 
to  develop  the  Traffic  of  the  District,"  in  a  contract  between  two  Ry 
Companies;  V,  Clomviel  Traders  v.  Waterford  &  Limerick  By,  4  B,j  & 
Can  Traffic  Ca.  92:  Mid.  G.  W.  By  v.  Dublin  &  Meath  By,  lb.  145. 

DEVIATE.  — To  "deviate  in  any  respect"  from  the  Certified  Plan 
of  an  old  domestic  building,  s.  43  (ii),  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  is  not 
confined  to  the  Ground-plan  of  the  building  but  includes  any  alteration 
in  the  character  or  outline  of  the  building,  and  any  alteration  which  will 
impose  a  greater  burden  upon  anybody  who  is  affected  by  the  building, 
—  e,g,  an  alteration  of  the  height  of  the  building,  or  of  the  cubic  space 
or  dimensions  of  its  rooms  {Faynter  v.  Watsoriy  1898,  2  Q.  B.  31; 
67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  640;  46  W.  R.  655;  62  J.  P.  467). 

^^  Deviation,**  as  used  in  Railway  Acts,  means,  shifting  the  work  in 
its  integrity  from  one  site  to  another  which  may  be  deemed  more  suit- 
able; it  does  not  imply  a  right,  not  only  to  alter  the  situation  of  the 
work  but  in  doing  so,  to  dispense  with  a  half  or  two-thirds  of  it  {Herron 
V.  Bathmines  Commrs,  1892,  A.  C.  498).     V,  Lateral. 

Line  of  "  Deviation,"  qu4  Ry  Acts,  "  and  particularly  8  &  9  V.  c.  20, 
8.  15,  is  to  be  taken  with  reference  to  the  Line  of  Railway  only,  i,e.  that 
the  Line  of  Ry  actually  laid  down  shall  not  deviate  more  than  100  yards 
from  the  line  laid  down  and  Delineated  in  the  parliamentary  plans,  — 
the  medium  filum  vice  of  each  being  the  commencement  and  termination 
in  measuring  those  100  yards  "  {Doe  d.  Armistead  v.  N.  Staffordshire  By, 
16  Q.  B.  537;  20  L.  J.  Q.  B.  253,  condensing  and  giving  force  to  jdgmt 
of  Alderson,  B.,  in  Doe  d.  Payne  v.  Bristol  &  Exeter  By,  6  M.  &  W.  345, 
346). 

In  a  Marine  Insurance,  or  Charter  Party,  "  Deviation  "  is  any  un- 
excused  departure  from  the  usual  course  of  proceeding  towards  the 
terminus  of  the  voyage  (1  Am.  452) ;  or,  in  other  words,  **  a  voluntary 
departure,  without  necessity  or  any  reasonable  cause,  from  the  regular 
and  usual  course  of  the  specific  voyage  "  (Park,  ch.  17).     Vk^  Hammond 


DEVIATE  624  DEVISE 

V.  Beidf  4  B.  &  Aid.  73,  on  wJicv,  Gambles  v.  Ocean  Insrce,  1  Ex.  D.  8, 
141 ;  45  L.  J.  Ex.  366:  Solli/  v.  WJiitmore,  5  B.  &  Aid.  45:  Harrower 
V.  Hutchinson,  10  B.  &  S.  469;  39  L.  J.  Q.  B.  229;  L.  R.  5  Q.  B.  584 ; 
22  L.  T.  684 :  Glynji  v.  MargeUon  and  Coffin  v.  Aldridge  cited  Liberty 
TO  call:  The  Dunbeth,  1897,  P.  133;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  66: 
Hyderabad  Co  v.  WtOougUy,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  530;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  862: 
Fhelps  V.  Hill,  1891,  1  Q.  B.  605;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  382:  Abbott,  406- 
410:  4  Encyc.  24^247. 

Change  of  Voyage  and  Deviation,  contrasted;   V.  8  Encyc.  178. 

DEVICE.— To  catch  fish;   V.  To  Place:  Rod  and  Line. 
V.  Distinctive. 

DEVISE.  — "The  words  'Devise'  and  'Bequeath'  are  terms  of 
known  use  in  our  law,  the  former  from  Glanville's  time  and  earlier. 
In  their  ordinary  sense  they  signify  the  declaration  of  a  man's  will 
concerning  the  succession  to  his  own  property  after  his  death.  Such  a 
'  devise  '  or  ^  bequest '  operates  (on  subjects  which  either  by  common,  or 
statute,  law  or  custom  can  so  be  disposed  of)  by  virtue  of  the  Will,  and 
of  that  alone.  On  the  other  hand,  an  Appointment  under  a  Limited 
Power  operates  by  virtue  of  the  instrument  creating  the  Power;  the 
executioD,  when  valid,  is  read  into,  and  derives  its  force  from,  that  in- 
strument. If  the  execution  of  the  Power  must,  or  may,  be  by  Will,  it 
must  be  a  Will  duly  executed  and  attested  as  such  according  to  law,  and 
the  word  '  Will '  in  the  statute  (Wills  Act,  1837)  extends  to  such  a 
testamentary  appointment.  But,  that  condition  being  complied  with, 
the  execution  operates  in  the  same  way  after  the  death  of  the  appointor 
as  if  the  instrument  were  not  testamentary.  Before  the  Wills  Act,  the 
law  as  to  General  Powers  was  the  same.  ^  A  mere  general  devise  or 
bequest,  however  unlimited  in  terms,  would  not  comprehend  the  subject 
of  the  power  unless  it  referred  to  the  subject  or  the  power  itself,  or  gen- 
erally to  any  power  vested  in  the  testator  (1  Sug.  Pow-,  6  ed.,  385).' 

"  It  follows,  we  think,  legitimately  from  these  premises  that  the  words 
*  devise  or  bequest '  when  used  in  the  Wills  Act  without  any  indication  of 
any  intention  that  they  should  apply  to  Appointments  under  Powers, 
ought,  prima  facie,  to  be  understood  in  their  ordinary  sense,  namely,  as 
referring  to  a  gift  by  Will  of  the  testator's  own  property  and  nothing 
else  "  (per  Selborne,  C,  in  delivering  the  jdgmt  of  the  Court  of  App.  in 
Holyland  v.  Leioin,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  530;  26  Ch.  D.  266).  It  was  accord- 
ingly held  in  that  case  (in  approval  of  the  rule  in  Griffiths  v.  Ga/e, 
13  L.  J.  Ch.  286;  12  Sim.  354)  that  a  testamentary  exercise  of  a  Limited 
Power  of  Appointment  was  not  saved,  by  s.  33,  Wills  Act,  1837,  from 
lapsing  as  regards  children  or  issue  of  the  appointor  dying  in  his  or  her 
lifetime;  but  the  Court  pointed  out  that  the  case  would  have  been  differ- 
ent had  the  power  been  a  general  one,  because  s.  27  of  the  Wills  Act 


DEVISE  525  DEVISEE 

makes  the  subject  of  a  testamentary  execution  of  a  General  Power  part 
of  the  property  of  the  testator.  Vf^  Ecdes  v.  Cheyne,  2  K.  &  J.  676: 
Freme  v.  Clement^  50  L.  J.  Ch.  801;  18  Ch,  D.  489:  but  Freme  v. 
Clement  was  disapproved  in  Holyland  v.  LewiUj  26  Ch.  D.  266. 

A  "  *  Devise  '  is  where  a  man  in  his  testament  giveth  or  bequeatheth 
his  goods  or  his  lands  to  another  after  his  decease  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley). 
"  A  Devise,  or  Legacy,  is  where  a  man  in  his  testament  doth  give  any- 
thing to  another;  the  first  of  these  terms  is  properly  applied  to  the  gift 
of  lands  and  the  last  to  the  gift  of  goods  or  chattels;  and  therefore  a 
devise  strictly  is  said  to  be  where  a  man  in  his  testament  doth  give  his 
lands  to  another  after  his  decease ;  and  a  legacy  is  said  to  be  where  a 
man  in  his  testament  doth  give  any  chattel  to  another  to  have  after  the 
death  of  the  testator;  but  the  word  is  promiscuously  applied  to  the  one 
and  to  the  other"  (Touch.  400.  Notei  The  word  "Bequeath"  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  in  use  when  the  Touchstone  was  written;  and  where 
we  should  now  write  "Bequest,"  the  Touchstone  gives  the  word 
"Legacy").  It  is  still  true  that  "Devise"  and  "Bequeath"  may  be 
used  promiscuously,  and  that  if  a  testator  **  Devise  "  goods  they  will 
pass,  and  so  he  may  "  Bequeath  "  lands  or  houses :  that  is  to  say,  where 
the  property  dealt  with  is  clear,  the  intention  will  not  be  defeated 
because  the  wrong  verb  is  used  {V.  Whicker  v.  Jffume,  14  Bea.  518; 
1  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  506;  21  L.  J.  Ch.  406:  Gi/ett  ▼.  WUltams,  2  J.  &  H. 
436:  Barrington  v.  Ltddell,  2  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  500:  0' Toole  v.  Browne, 
cited  Estate:  Jackson  v.  Hosie,  27  L.  R.  Ir.  450).  But  when  the 
subject  of  the  gift  is  expressed  ambiguously  the  meaning  will  be  aided 
by  the  verb.  Thus,  where  a  testator  "  gave,  devised,  and  bequeathed  " 
everything  to  A.  for  life,  and  after  her  death  "  gave,  devised,  and  be- 
queathed the  whole  of  his  Effects  which  might  be  then  remaining  "  to 
B.,  it  was  held  that  the  realty  passed  (Phillips  v.  BecU,  26  Bea.  25 : 
Hall  V.  HaUy  1892,  1  Ch.  361;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  289;  40  W.  R.  277.  Sv, 
Camfield  v.  Gilbert^  3  East,  516:  Be  Williams,  Williams  v.  Acton, 
35  S.  J.  24).  And  on  the  other  hand,  where  the  testator  "  gave, 
bequeathed,  and  disposed  of"  all  his  residuary  "estate,  effects,  and 
property,"  —  words  large  enough  to  comprise  realty,  —  yet  there  it  was 
held  that  the  realty  did  not  pass,  and  in  arriving  at  that  conclusion  the 
Court  (int.  al.)  strongly  relied  on  the  absence  of  the  word  "  devise  " 
from  the  operative  words  (Coard  v.  Holdemess,  24  L.  J.  Ch.  388;  20  Bea. 
147:   F.  IJarm.  736,  737). 

V,  Bequeathed. 

Qu4  Small  Holdings  Act,  1892,  b&  &  56  V.  c.  31,  "  Devise,"  in  Scot- 
land,  "  means.  Mortis  causa  disposition  "  (s.  21). 

DEVISED.—  F.  As  Devised. 

DEVISEE.  —  Ordinarily,  a  Devisee  is  one  to  whom  Realty  is  given 
by  Will ;  and  Legates  is  one  to  whom  Personalty  is  so  given. 


DEVISEE  626  DIE 

Qui  Trustee  Act,  1850,  "  'Devisee'  shall,  in  addition  to  its  ordinary 
signification,  mean  the  heir  of  a  devisee,  and  the  devisee  of  an  heir,  and 
generally  any  person  claiming  an  interest  in  the  lands  of  a  deceased 
person,  not  as  heir  of  such  deceased  person  but,  by  a  title  dependent 
solely  upon  the  operation  of  the  laws  concerning  Devise  and  Descent " 

(8.  2). 

Qnk  Trustee  Act,  1893,  "  '  Devisee  '  includes  the  heir  of  a  devisee,  and 
the  devisee  of  an  heir,  and  any  person  who  may  claim  right  by  devolu- 
tion of  title  of  a  similar  description  "  (s.  50). 

DEVOIRE.  —  "  ^  Devoire,'  is  as  much  to  say  as  a  Duty  "  (Termes  de 
la  Ley,  referring  to  its  use  in  2  Bich.  2,  c.  3). 

DEVOLUTION.  —  "  Devolution  of  estate  by  operation  of  law,"  R.  2, 
Ord.  17,  R.  S.  C;   V.  Wallis  v.  SmUh,  51  L.  J.  Ch.  577;  46  L.  T.  473. 
"  Devolution  by  Law,"  in  Sucn  Dy  Act,  1853;   V.  Disposition. 
V.  Devolve:  Descent. 

DEVOLVE.  —  "To  *  devolve '  means  to  pass  from  a  person  dying  to  a 
person  living;  the  etymology  of  the  word  shews  its  meaning  "  (per  Leach, 
M.  R.,  Parr  v.  Parr,  1  My.  &  K.  648;  2  L.  J.  Ch.  167).  Vh,  Swan  v. 
Holmes,  19  Bea.  476:  Fazakerley  v.  Ford,  1  A.  &  E.  897;  2  L.  J.  0.  S. 
K.  B.  Ill;  4  Sim.  390:  Cope  v.  De  la  Warr,  42  L.  J.  Ch.  870;  8  Ch. 
982. 

"  To  devolve  to  her  Issue  at  her  death  ";  F.  Stonor  v.  Curwen,  5  Sim. 
264. 

A  Bankrupt's  discharge  was  suspended  until  he  had  paid  the  Trustee 
enough  to  pay  his  Crs  55.  in  the  £,  on  which  being  done  his  Discharge 
to  become  operative;  before  such  payment  he,  as  a  residuary  legatee, 
became  entitled  to  a  sum  more  than  enough  to  pay  the  balance  then  un- 
paid of  the  composition ;  held,  that  the  Trustee  was  entitled  to  the  whole 
of  such  sum  for  the  benefit  of  the  Crs,  because  even  that  portion  of  it 
which  was  in  excess  of  the  balance  of  the  composition  had  "  devolved  " 
upon  the  bankrupt  "  before  his  Discharge,"  within  s.  44  (i),  Bankry  Act, 
1883  (Be  Hawkins,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  890;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  458;  66  L.  T. 
737;  40  W.  R.  484,  Fry,  L.  J.,  diss.). 

V.  Devolution. 

"  Devolve  upon  " ;   F.  Acquire. 

DIAGONAI "Diagonal  Line";   V.  s.  41,  London  Bg  Act,  1894. 

DICTIONARY.  —  As  to  a  document  furnishing  its  own  dictionary, 
F.  Hill  V.  Crook,  and  other  cases,  cited  Child. 

DIE.  —  In  the  leading  case  of  Edwards  v.  Edwards  (21  L.  J.  Ch.  324; 
15  Bea.  357),  Romilly,  M.  R.,  propounded,  from  the  prior  decisions,  four 
rules  of  construction  for  determining  the  meaning  of  a  gift  over  in  case 
of  death:  — 


DIE  527  DIE 

1.  Where  there  is  an  immediate  gift,  —  (as  to  a  future  gift,  F.  2  Jarm. 
766),  — to  A.,  and  if  he  shall  die,  then  to  B.,  —  that  means,  if  A.  shall 
die  during  the  life  of  the  testator  (Va,  Re  Luddy^  53  L.  J.  Ch.  21;  25 
Ch.  D.  394:  Re  RosSj  32  S.  J.  289):  and  the  consequence  is,  that  on 
surriving  the  testator,  A.  will  take  an  ahsolute  interest,  and  not  a  life 
interest  with  remainder  to  B. 

2.  Where  there  is  a  gift  to  A.,  and  if  he  shall  die  without  leaving  a 
child  or  without  leaving  issue  (as  the  case  may  he)  then  to  B.,  —  that 
means,  if  at  any  time^  whether  hefore  or  after  the  death  of  the  testator, 
A.  shall  die  without  leaving  a  child,  &c,  the  gift  over  to  B.  will  take 
effect. 

3.  Where  there  is  a  gift  to  A.  for  life,  and  after  his  decease  to  B.,  and 
if  B.  shall  die,  then  to  C,  — that  means,  if  B.  shall  die  before  the  death 
of  A.,  the  tenant  for  life,  the  gift  over  to  C.  will  take  effect,  otherwise 
not :  and  if  the  tenant  for  life  and  B.  should  have  died  in  testator's  life- 
time, then  it  would  seem  to  follow  that  the  gift  over  to  C.  will  take  effect 
on  the  death  of  the  testator. 

4.  Where  there  is  a  gift  to  A.  for  life,  and  after  his  decease  to  B.,  and 
if  B.  shall  die  without  leaving  a  child^  or  without  leaving  issue  (as  the 
case  may  be)  then  to  C,  —  that  also  means,  if  B.  shall  die  before  the 
death  of  A.,  the  tenant  for  life,  the  gift  over  to  C.  will  take  effect, 
otherwise  not. 

These  canons  of  construction,  after  having  been  followed  for  upwards 
of  20  years  in  a  number  of  cases  and  pronounced  by  so  high  an  authority 
as  Lord  Justice  James  as  "very  simple,  intelligible,  and  beneficial," 
came  under  review  in  the  H.  L.  in  O^Mahoney  v.  Burdett  (44  L.  J.  Ch. 
66  n;  L.  R.  7  H.  L.  388),  and  in  Ingram  v.  Soutten  (44  L.  J.  Ch.  b^-, 
L.  R.  7  H.  L.  408).  Their  Lordships  practically  confirmed  the  first 
three  propositions  of  Edwards  v.  Edwards^  but  disapproved  of  the  fourth. 
Lord  Hatherley  in  0  ^Mahoney  v.  Burdett^  said,  —  "  It  seems  to  me  that 
there  is  no  reason  for  distinguishing  the  fourth  rule  from  the  second." 
That  sentence,  when  the  reasoning  is  closely  followed,  seems  to  sum  up 
the  ratio  decidendi  of  the  two  cases  in  the  House  of  Lords,  with  the  result 
that  the  2nd  and  4th  Rules  of  Edwards  y.  Edwards  should  be  blended 
together  into  the  following  proposition:  — 

Where  there  is  a  gift  to  A.  (whether  preceded  or  not  by  a  life 
estate)  and  if  he  shall  die  witJiout  leaving  a  child  or  without  leaving 
issue  (as  the  case  may  be),  then  to  B.,  —  that  means,  if,  at  any  timcj 
A.  should  die  without  leaving  a  child,  &c,  the  gift  over  to  B.  will  take 
effect. 

Vfy  Die  Without  Issue:  Olivant  v.  Wright^  1  Ch.  D.  346:  Besant 
v.  CoXy  6  Ch.  D.  604:  Re  Hayward,  61  L.  J.  Ch.613;  19  Ch.  D.  470 : 
Re  Parry,  b6  L.  J.  Ch.  237;  31  Ch.  D.  130;  64  L.  T.  229;  34  W.  R. 
363:  and  as  to  Rule  No.  1,  Re  Elliott,  22  Ch.  D.  236;  62  L.  J.  Ch. 
222 :  Wms.  Exs.  1126 :  2  Jarm.  ch.  48 :  and  as  to  the  Rules  relating  to 


DIE  628  DIE  WITHOUT  ISSUE 

words  referring  to  Death  coupled  with  a  contingency,  2  Jarm«  ch.  49. 
Cp  Payable. 

As  to  supplying  the  complement  to  such  elliptical  phrases  as  "  If  I 
die,"  "  If  A.  dies,"  or  "  In  the  event  of  A.  dying  ";  V.  Abbott  v.  Middle 
ton,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  110;  7  H.  L.  Ca.  ^^\  21  Bea.  143:  JEastioood  v.  JLoch- 
woody  36  L.  J.  Ch.  673;  L.  R.  3  Eq.  487 :  1  Jarm.  488;  2  Ih.  21. 

Annuity  to  wife,  and  ''  in  the  event  of  her  death  "  to  he  continued  to 
the  children ;  the  wife  died  in  testator's  lifetime ;  held,  that  the  phrase 
did  not  only  provide  against  a  lapse,  hut  also  that  the  annuity  was  pay- 
able to  the  children,  —  i.e.  the  phrase  meant,  '*  if  she  shall  be  dead  at 
my  decease,  or  on  her  death  afterwards"  {Wilkins  y.  JodreU^  cited 
Maixtexaxce). 

In  the  event  of  A.  (a  woman)  "  not  marrying  or  dying ^ "  means  if  she 
shall  die  unmarried  (Hawkins  v.  Hawkins^  4  L.  J.  Ch.  9). 

"Dying,"  held  not  to  import  futurity;  secus,  of  "shall  die"  (Cauit- 
hurst  V.  Carter,  15  Bea.  421;  21  L.  J.  Ch.  555). 

V.  Dead  :  Death. 

As  to  what  is  a  "  Die,"  qui  Gold  and  Silver  Wares  Act,  1844;  7  &  8 
y.  c.  22,  V.  s.  14;  —  qui  Stamp  Duties  Management  Act,  1891,  54  &  55 
V.  c.  38,  r.  s.  27. 

DIE   BY   HIS   OWN    HANDS A  life  policy  contained  a  proviso 

avoiding  it  (int.  cU,)  in  case  the  assured  should  "  die  by  his  own  hands." 
The  assured  threw  himself  into  the  Thames  and  was  drowned.  The  jury 
found  that  he  intended  to  destroy  his  life  and  knew  that  he  should 
thereby  do  so,  but  that,  at  the  time  of  committing  the  act,  he  was  not 
capable  of  judging  between  right  and  wrong  ;  held,  that  he  had  died 
by  his  own  hands,  and  that  the  policy  was  avoided  (Borrodaile  v. 
Hunter,  12  L.  J.  C.  P.  225;  5  M.  &  G.  639). 

F.  Suicide. 

DIE  WITHOUT  CHILDREN. —  Read  "without  having  had  a 
child"  (Be  Hambleton,  W.  N.  (84)  157);  but  in  Be  Booth  (1900,  1  Ch. 
768;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  474;  48  W.  R.  566)  a  gift  to  a  married  woman  "  for 
her  own  absolute  use,  but  should  she  die  without  child  or  children,"  then 
over;  "  without "  was  construed  "  without  Leaving,"  so  that,  the  devisee, 
instead  of  taking  absolutely  on  her  giving  birth  to  a  child,  took  abso- 
lutely subjeot  to  the  Executory  Gift  over,  in  the  event  of  her  not  having 
any  child  who  should  survive  her  or  (  V.  s.  10  (1),  Conv  Act,  1882)  who 
should  attain  21  in  her  lifetime.     VfT^rm  without  issue. 

DIE  WITHOUT   HAVING   BEEN    MARRIED.  —  F.  Without 

HAVTNQ  BEEN  HARRIED. 

DIE  WITHOUT  ISSUE.— "In  any  Devise,  or  Bequest,  of  Real 
or  Personal  Estate  the  words  *  Die  without  Issue,*  or  ^Die  withoitt  leav- 


DIE  WITHOUT  ISSUE  529  DIE  WITHOUT  ISSUE 

ing  Issue^^  or  ^  Have  no  Issue^*  or  any  other  words  which  may  import 
either  a  want,  or  failure,  of  Issue  of  any  person  in  his  lifetime  or  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  or  an  indefinite  failure  of  his  issue,  shall  be  construed 
to  mean  a  want  or  failure  of  issue  in  the  lifetime  or  at  the  tinie  of  the 
death  of  such  person)  and  not  an  indefinite  failure  of  his  issue,  unless 
a  contrary  intention  shall  appear  by  the  Will,  by  reason  of  such  person 
having  a  prior  estate  tail,  or  of  a  preceding  gift;  being,  without  any  im- 
plication arising  from  such  words,  a  limitation  of  an  estate  tail  to  such 
person  or  issue,  or  otherwise :  Provided  that  this  Act  shall  not  extend  to 
cases  where  such  words  as  aforesaid  import  if  no  issue  described  in  a  pre- 
ceding gift  shall  be  born,  or  if  there  shall  be  no  issue  who  shall  live  to 
attain  the  age  or  otherwise  answer  the  description  required  for  obtaining 
a  vested  estate  by  a  preceding  gift  to  such  issue  "  (s.  29,  Wills  Act,  1837, 
which  Act  came  into  operation  on  1st  Jan  1838). 

"  Thus,  if  (in  a  Will  since  1837)  Real  Estate  be  devised  to  A.  and  his 
heirs,  or  to  A.  indefinitely,  with  a  limitation  over  to  take  effect  on  the 
death  of  A.  without  issue,  or  without  having  or  leaving  issue, — A.  will 
not  (as  before)  take  an  estate  tail  with  remainder  over,  but  an  estate  in 
fee,  with  an  executory  devise  over  in  the  event  of  his  death  without 
issue  living  at  his  detith, 

"  So,  if  the  devise  be  to  A.  for  life,  with  a  limitation  over  on  his  death 
without  issue,  —  A.  will  not  (as  before)  take  an  estate  tail  but  an  estate 
for  life  only,  with  the  like  executory  devise  over. 

"  Again,  if  Personal  Estate  be  given  to  A.,  with  a  bequest  over  to  B. 
upon  the  death  of  A.  without  issue,  —  the  gift  over  will  not  (as  before)  be 
void  for  remoteness,  but  will  take  effect  as  a  contingent  executory  bequest 
upon  the  death  of  A.  without  issue  living  at  his  death  "  (Hawk.  215;  Fl 
p.  216,  lb.,  as  to  whether  such  expressions  as  ''  In  Default, "  or  "  On 
Failure  of  Issue  "  are  within  s.  29,  Wills  Act :  Fa,  Neville  v.  Thacker^ 
23  L.  R.  Ir.  344,  369.  Vf  as  to  effect  of  the  section,  2  Jarm.  493-496, 
532-^5). 

S.  29  of  the  Wills  Act  includes  the  phrase  **  die  without  leaving  Male 
Issue"  {Upton  y.  Hardman,  Ir.  Rep.  9  Eq.  167:  Ee  Edwards^  1894, 
3  Ch.  644;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  179 ;  43  W.  R.  169  :  Vh  Theobald,  620). 

Prior  to  the  Wills  Act,  just  cited,  the  words  "  Die  without  issue  "  did 
not  for  all  purposes  mean  the  same  as  "  Die  without  leaving  issue."  As 
applied  to  Beal  Estate  these  phrases  were  synonymous ;  and  imported 
an  indefinite  failure  of  issue  (Hawk.  205,  213,  and  cases  there  cited),  and 
were  "exactly  equivalent  to  *on  the  extinction  of  the  heirs  of  his  body,' 
and  that  is  held  by  implication  to  express  an  intention  that  the  heirs  of 
the  body  of  the  devisee  for  life  shall  take,  and  therefore  these  words  give 
the  devisee  for  life  an  Estate  Tail  "  (per  Ld  Blackburn,  Bowen  v.  Leuns, 
64  L.  J.  Q.  B.68;  9  App.  Ca.  890,  whv  as  to  the  susceptibility  of  this 
construction  to  contextual  variation,  and  for  an  application  of  such  rule 
of  construction).     Vf  Andrew  v.  Andrew,  cited  Default. 

84 


DIE  WITHOUT  ISSUE  530  DIFFERENCE 

But  in  regard  to  Personal  Estate  a  wide  practical  difference  obtains, 
in  Wills  made  prior  to  the  Wills  Act,  as  regards  the  phrases  under  con- 
sideration. Thus  if  in  such  a  Will,  Personalty  be  given  to  A.  with  a 
limitation  over  in  the  event  of  A.  dying  "  Without  Issue,"  that  would 
mean  an  indefinite  failure  of  issue,  and  A.  would  take  the  absolute  inter- 
est, the  gift  over  being  void  for  remoteness  {Candy  v.  Campbelly  2  CI.  &  F. 
421 :  8  Bligh,  N.  S.  469 :  Hawk.  206) ;  whilst  if  the  words  were  "  without 
leaving  Issue  "  they  would  import  a  failure  of  issue  ai  ike  death  of  the 
person  spoken  of  and  A.  would  take,  subject  to  a  contingent  executory 
bequest  over  in  the  event  of  his  dying  without  issue  living  at  his  death 
{Forth  V.  Chapman^  1  P.  Wms.  663,  and  notes  thereon,  Tudor,  L.  C. 
R  P.,  3  ed.,  682). 

For  a  minute  discussion  of  the  construction  of  words  importing 
failure  of  issue;  V.  Jarm.  chs.  40,  41:  Theobald,  chs.  41,  42.  Va 
Watson  Eq.  1400. 

V,  Die  :  Die  withoxtt  children  :  Leaving  :  On. 

"  Where  a  Remainder  is  limited  in  « default,'  or  *  for  want '  of  the 
object  or  objects  of  the  preceding  limitation,  these  words  mean,  '  on  the 
failure  or  determination  of  the  prior  estate  or  estates ' ;  and  do  not  (as 
literally  construed  they  would)  render  the  ulterior  estate  contingent  on 
the  event  of  such  prior  object  or  objects  not  coming  into  existence.  In 
short  they  signify  all  that  is  comprehended  in  the  word  'Kemainder,' — 
being  merely  an  expression  employed  by  the  testator  in  carrying  on  the 
series  of  limitations  "  (1  Jarm.  800). 

Observe  that  s.  29,  Wills  Act,  stated  at  length  at  the  commencement 
of  this  definition,  relates  only  to  Wills,  As  regards  Deeds,  and  docu- 
ments other  than  Wills,  the  following  are  the  rules,  — 

1.  ^  The  words  '  Die  without  Issue  '  are  construed  to  mean,  the  death 
of  the  Propositus,  and  the  failure  of  his  Issue,  at  any  time,  either  before, 
at,  or  after  his  death  " :  — 

2.  "  A  limitation  *  to  A.  and  his  heirs,'  followed  by  a  gift  over  if  A. 
dies  'without  Issue,'  or  '  without  Heirs  of  his  Body,'  confers  an  Estate 
Tailou  A.":  — 

3.  **  An  estate  in  Fee  Simple  is  not  cut  down  to  an  Estate  Tail  by  a 
gift  over  *  in  default  of  such  Issue,'  or  *  without  Leaving  Issue '  "  (Elph. 
247-250,  whv  for  the  authorities:  Va,  Arthur  v.  Walker,  1897,  1  I.  R. 
83,  where  the  last  two  rules  are  adopted,  and  the  last  one  applied). 

Vh,  Chitty  Eq.  Ind.  8056-8077. 

DIFFERENCE.  —  A  "Difference,"  in  a  contract,  is  a  contention 
over  a  question  of  truth  or  fact  or  law,  as  distinguished  from  a  non-agree- 
ment over  a  question  of  valuation  (Collins  v.  Collins,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  184; 
26  Bea.  306:  Boss  v.  Helsham,  36  L.  J.  Ex.  20;  L.  R.  2  Ex.  72 ;  4  H.  & 
G.  645:    F.  Arbitration: 'Adjustment).  ■ 

A  question  of  construction  is  a  ''  Difference,"   within  Arb  Act,  188S^ 

t 
\ 


DIFFERENCE  681  DIGNITY 

(  Van  Eeghen  ▼.  Jones^  Times,  22nd  Feb  1890).  So,  a  refusal  in  toto 
to  pay  a  Ky  Co's  charge  on  the  ground  that  it  is  unjust,  is  a  "  Differ- 
ence," within  an  Arbitration  clause  (Lond,  &  N.  W.  Ry  v.  Donellan^ 

1898,  2  Q.  B.  7;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  681;  78  L.  T.  575:  Mid.  By  v.  Loseby, 

1899,  A.  C.  133;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  326;  80  L.  T.  93)  ;  but  in  order  to  oust 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court  to  enforce  such  a  charge,  there  must  have  been 
a  real  dispute  before  action  brought  (Lond,  &  iVl  W.  Ry  v.  BUlingtonj 
1899,  A.  C.  79;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  162;  79  L.  T.  503).     Vf,  Required. 

*^  Differences^"  b.  11,  Com  L.  Pro  Act,  1854,  includes  a  question  of  law 
{Randegger  v.  Holmes^  L.  B.  1  C.  P.  679 :  Seligman  v.  Le  Boutillierj  lb. 
681).  Vh,  RandeU  v.  Thompsony  1  Q.  B.  D.  748;  45  L.  J.  Q.  B.  713 : 
Deutsche  Springstnff  Gesellscha/t  v.  Briscoe^  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  4. 

Consent  Order  of  Eef erence  of  **  all  Matters  in  Difference  " ;  V,  Dar* 
lington  Wagon  Co  v.  Harding,  cited  Equitalent. 

Vff  Cause  :  Consent. 

"  Difference,"  s.  33,  Tramways  Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  78;  F.  R.  v. 
Croydon  TramvHiys  Co,  56  L.  J.  Q.  B.  125;  18  Q.  B.  D.  39 ;  56  L.  T.  78; 
35  W.  R.  299;  51  J.  P.  420;  3  Times  Rep.  32 :  Bristol  Trams  Co  v. 
Bristol,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  441 ;  25  Q.  B.  D.  427 ;  63  L.  T.  177;  38  W.  R. 
693;  m  J.  P.  53. 

** Difference"  whereby  the  making  an  Award  is  "hindered";  F. 
Hinder. 

"  Difference  ...  or  any  other  Question  " ;   F  Question. 

V,  Dispute. 

Stock  Exchange  **  Differences  " ;   F.  Gaming  Contract. 

Dl FFERENT.  — "  Different  Tenements  " ;   F.  Divide. 

DIFFERENTIAL  DUES.  — Harbour  ''Differential  Dues"  are  de- 
fined  by  8.  2,  24  &  25  Y.  c.  47;  by  s.  10  lb.  they  were  abolished  on  and 
after  Ist  January  1862. 

DIFFICULT. — F.  Inexpedient  :  Impartialitt. 
"  Difficult  point  of  law,"  s.  119,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888 ;   F.  Hunt  v.  Goldhy, 
40  S.  J.  405. 

DIFFICULTY.  — **  In  case  any  difficulty  shall  arise  in  the  execution  " 
of  a  Resolution  for  an  Insolvent's  Arrangement  with  Creditors,  s.  351, 
20  &  21  V.  c.  60 ;  —  such  a  clause  does  not  include  an  Impossibility,  e.g. 
where  a  proposal  for  arrangement  is  rendered  abortive  by  the  death  of  the 
Insolvent  {Re  J/.,  Ir.  Rep.  11  Eq.  46). 

"  Financial  Difficulty  " ;    F.  Notice  of  Suspension,  sub  Notice. 

DIG.  — F.  Seaech. 

DIGNITY. — Dignity  means,  "Honour  and  Authority:  reputation, 
&c.    Dignities  may  be  divided  into  Superior  and  Inferior :  as  the  titles 


DIGNITY  532  DIOCESE 

of  Duke,  Earl,  Baron,  &c,  are  the  highest  names  of  dignity;  and  those 
of  Baronet,  Knight,  Serjeant  at  Law,  &c,  the  lowest"  (Jacoh).  F/*, 
3  Cru.  Dig.  Title  26 :  Cruise  on  Dignities. 

An  hereditary  dignity  is  an  Imcorpobeal  Hereditament.    V.  Honour. 

A  Dignity  in  the  Church  is  where  a  Spiritual  Person  hath  a  Function 
which  hath  also  a  Jurisdiction,  e,f]f.  Bishop,  Dean,  &c  (Boughton  v.  GotLs- 
ley^  Cro.  Eliz.  663).  Therefore,  neither  a  Parson,  Vicar,  Chaplain,  Pro- 
vost, Precentor,  or  a  Gospeller  holds  a  Dignity  {Ih.),  In  that  case  it 
was  said  that  "  an  Archdeacon  is  not  a  name  of  Dignity" :  Sv  Arch- 
deacon. 

V.  Tenement. 

DILAPIDATION.— Dilapidation  is  "a  wastful  destroying,  or  let- 
ting of  Building  run  to  mine  and  decay,  for  want  of  reparation  "  (Cowel). 

An  Ecclesiastical  Dilapidation  ''  is  where  an  Incumbent  of  a  Bene- 
fice suffers  the  Parsonage  House  or  Outhouses  to  fall  down,  or  be  in 
decay,  for  want  of  necessary  reparation ;  or,  it  is  the  pulling  down,  or 
destroying,  any  of  the  houses  or  buildings  belonging  to  a  Spiritual  Liv- 
ing, or  destroying  of  the  Woods,  trees,  &c,  appertaining  to  the  same ;  for 
it  is  said  to  extend  to  the  committing,  or  suffering,  any  Wilful  Waste 
in  or  upon  the  Inheritance  of  the  Church"  (Jacob,  citing  Degge's  Par- 
son's Counsellor,  89).  FA,  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  Part  6,  ch.  5:  Cripps  Law 
of  the  Church  and  Clergy,  Book  2,  ch.  1,  s.  7 :  4  Encyc.  249-251. 

Dilapidations  as  between  Landlord  and  Tenant ;  V.  Woodl  ch.  16, 
s.  9 :  Gibbons  on  Dilapidations. 

DILIGENCE.  —  F.  Due  Diligence  :  Reasonable  Diligence. 

DILIGENTLY.— r.  Faiblt. 

DILUTE.  —  To  ''dilute''  a  drink  means  to  make  it  less  strong, 
whether  by  adding  thereto  a  weaker  drink  or  by  adding  water;  and  there- 
fore a  Beer  Retailer  is  (under  s.  8  (2),  48  &  49  V.  c.  61)  guilty  of  "  dilut- 
ing" strong  beer  by  mixing  therewith  a  weaker  beer  {Crofts  v.  Taylor, 
66  L.  J.  M.  C.  137;  19  Q.  B.  D.  624;  67  L.  T.  310 ;  36  W.  R.  47;  61  J.  P. 
632,  789).     Cp.  Adulteration. 

DINNER.—"  Public  Dinner  " ;   V.  Public  Ball. 

DIOCESE. —  A  Diocese  is  the  limited  territorial  space  assigned  to  a 
Bishop,  as  especially  that  in  which  he  is  to  exercise  his  functions: 
"probably,  the  word  *See'  has  strictly  a  more  confined  meaning  than 
'Diocese.'  The  primary  reason  why  a  Diocese,  —  in  other  words,  a 
limited  territorial  space,  —  was  originally  assigned  to  a  Bishop  was,  not 
because  his  functions  or  duties  were  confined  to  that  space  but,  because 
as  the  superintendence  of  the  Bishop  was  found  to  be  more  effectual  when 
exercised  principally  oyer  a  limited  extent,  a  territorial  district  (termed 


DIOCESE  533     DIRECT  TAXATION 

a  Diocese)  was  assigned  to  bim  as  the  limits  within  which  he  should 
principally  exercise  his  authority  "  (per  Komilly,  M.  R.,  Natal  Bp.  v. 
Gladstone,  L.  R.  3  Eq.  30 ;  nom.  Colenso  v.  Gladstone^  36  L.  J.  Ch.  16). 
Stat.  Def.  —  Church  Discipline  Act,  1840,  3  &  4  V.  c.  86,  s.  2  (on  whv 
B.  v.  Cantffrbury,  ArcJibp,,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  346;  6  E.  &  B.  546);  Church 
Building  Act,  1861, 14  &  15  V.  c.  97,  s.  29 ;  33  &  34  V.  c.  91,  s.  2 ;  Pub- 
lic Worship  Regn  Act,  1874,  37  &  38  V.  c.  85,  s.  6. 

DIPLOMA Medical  "Diploma";  Stat.  Def.,  49  &  60  V.  c.  48, 

8.27. 

DIRECT.  — r.  Precatory  Trust. 

"  ^yhere  a  testator  directs  his  dehts  to  be  paid,  that  imposes  upon  his 
Exors  or  Trustees  a  Duty  to  pay  them,  which  enables  them  to  sell  the 
Real  Estate  for  that  purpose  "  (per  Cotton,  L.  J.,  Be  Head  and  Mac-^ 
donald^  59  L.  J.  Ch.  606,  607) ;  secus,  if  the  words  are  "  to  adjust  and 
pay  all  claims  made  upon  my  estate  "  (S,  C.  59  L.  J.  Ch.  604 ;  46  Ch.  D. 
310;  63  L.  T.  21;  38  W.  R.  657).     Vf,  Charge  op  Debts. 

A  limitation  to  A.,  her  heirs,  exs,  ads,  and  assigns  ''  for  her  own 
use  and  benefit,  or  otherwise  as  she  shall  direct"  does  not  give  A.,  a 
Power  of  appointment  distinct  from  the  ordinary  power  of  disposition 
incidental  to  ownership  {Fozwell  v.  Van  Grutten^  44  S.  J.  377).  Vf^ 
Crockett  v.  Crockett^  6  Hare,  326:  2  Phill.  663:  Goodtitle  v.  Ottoai/y 
2  Wils.  K.  B.  6. 

By  8.  18,  Transfer  of  Land  Act,  1874  (Western  Australia),  the  Commr 
of  Titles,  on  an  application,  "  shall  direct "  the  Registrar  to  register  a 
Certificate  of  Title  if  he  (the  Commr)  finds  no  transaction  affecting  the 
land  on  the  Register,  and  thereupon  s.  19,  provides  that  the  Commr 
"  shall  direct "  Notice  of  Application  to  be  advertised,  and,  if  there  be 
no  Caveat  within  the  time  prescribed  in  the  advertisement,  the  land  is  to 
be  brought  under  the  operation  of  the  Act ;  —  Admittedly,  under  s.  18, 
the  Commr  must  have  some  power  of  enquiry  respecting,  and  some  dis- 
cretion as  to  accepting  or  rejecting,  an  Application ;  a  similar  rule  ap* 
plies  as  to  s.  19,  for  the  Commr  is  "  not  a  mere  Machine,  as  the  literal 
force  of  the  words  would  make  him  "  (Manning  v.  Commr  of  Titles,  69 
L.  J.  P.  C.  59;  15  App.  Ca.  195).     Vf  Shall. 

DIRECT  COMMUNICATION.  — The  question  whether  a  pro- 
posed  New  Street  will  "afford  Direct  Communication"  between  two 
streets,  s.  9  (4),  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  is  one  of  fact  for  the  London 
County  Council  whose  determination,  unless  perverse,  will  not  be  over- 
ruled (Woodham  v.  London  Co.  Co,,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  863;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
707;  78  L.  T.  553;  62  J.  P.  342). 

DIRECT  TAXATION.— If,  at  the  time  of  payment,  the  ultimate 
incidence  of  a  tax  is  uncertain,  the  imposition  is  not  "  direct,"  but  indi- 


DIRECT  TAXATION    534  DIRECTLY 

rect  taxatioD ;  and  therefore  a  Stamp  Duty  on  exhibits  to  be  used  in 
an  action,  is  not  ''  Direct  Taxation  "  within  s.  92  (2),  British  North 
America  Act,  1867,  and  its  imposition,  by  Act  of  Quebec,  44  V.  c.  9,  i» 
ultra  vires  (A-G.  Quebec  v.  Reedj  54  L.  J.  P.  C.  12;  10  App.  Ca.  141). 
But  a  tax  on  Banks  and  Insurance  Companies  situate  out  of,  but  carrying 
on  business  in,  the  Province,  is  "Direct  Taxation"  (^Toronto  Bank  v. 
Lambe^  12  App.  Ca.  575;  56  L.  J.  P.  C.  87);  so,  of  a  License  Fee  on 
Brewers  or  Distillers  {Brewers  Assn.  v.  A^G,  Ontarto,  1897,  A.  C.  231; 
66  L.  J.  P.  C.  34 ;  76  L.  T.  61 ;  13  Times  Rep.  197).  In  the  two  latter 
cases  the  P.  C.  adopted  the  following  definition  by  John  Stuart  Mill,  — 
"  A  Direct  Tax,  is  one  which  is  demanded  from  the  very  person  who  it  is 
intended  or  desired  should  pay  it.  Indirect  Taxes  are  those  which  are 
demanded  from  one  person  in  the  expectation  and  intention  that  he  shall 
indemnify  himself  at  the  expense  of  another;  such  as  the  Excise,  or 
Customs." 
K  Civil  Eights. 

DIRECTED.  — " Directed  and  required  ";   F.  Eequiked. 
"  Duly  directed  " ;   V.  Duly. 

DIRECTION.  —  "  By  his  direction  ";  V.  Refusal. 

Qnk  Notice  of  Action,  a  Contractor  executing  works  under,  and  having 
to  Conform  to,  the  orders  of  a  Surveyor  to  a  Local  Authority,  is  "  acting 
under  the  Direction  "  of  such  Authority  {Newton  v.  EUiSy  24  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
337j  5E.&B.115). 

"  Special  Directions  " ;   F".  Spbcial. 

Policy  on  Ship  to  "  sail  to  and  touch  and  stay  at  any  Ports  in  any 
Direction  ";  V.  Leathly  v.  HuiUer,  7  Bing.  617  ;  9  L.  J.  0.  S.  Ex.  118. 
Cp,  Liberty  to  call. 

DIRECTION    IN  WRITING As  used  in  s.  76,24  &  25  V.c  96; 

r.  R.  V.  Christian,  43  L.  J.  M.  C.  1 ;  L.  R.  2  C.  C.  K  94  :  R.  v.  Broivnlow, 
39  L.  T.  479.     JVote:  the  section  is  repealed  by  Larceny  Act,  1901. 

DIRECTLY.  —  This  word,  as  applied  to  the  time  of  doing  an  act, 
would  seem  synonymous  with  Immediately  ;  — "  It  does  not  mean  i«- 
stanter"  (per  Cresswell,  J.,  Duncan  v.  Topham^  8  C.  B.  231;  18  L.  J. 
C.  P.  310 ;  but  "  '  directly '  clearly  means  something  different  from  a 
contract  to  be  performed  within  a  reasonable  time  "  (per  Coltman,  J.,  lb., 
8  C.  B.  230).  Fa,  Add.  C.  126 :  Benj.  678 :  Blackb.  226 :  Foethwith  : 
Possible. 

The  addition  or  omission  of  the  words  "  Directly  or  Indirectly,"  to  the 
offence  of  an  Officer  of  a  Corporation  being  "  Interested  in  "  a  contract 
with  his  Corporation,  seems  to  be  immaterial  {Todd  r,  Robinson,  54 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  47;  14  Q.  B.  D.  739). 

"  Directly  or  Indirectly  "  carry  on  Business;   V.  Carry  on. 


DIRECTLY  AFFECT    685  DIRECTOR 

DIRECTLY  AFFECT.  — An  Agreement  "not  to  trade,  act,  or  deal 
in  any  way,  so  as  either  directly  or  indirectly  to  affect "  A.,  is  personal 
to  A.  and  cannot  be  assigned  (Davies  v.  Davies,  36  Ch.  D.  359;  56  L.  J. 
Ch.  962;  36  W.  K  86). 

"  Parties  directly  affected  by  the  Appeal,"  R.  2,  Ord.  58,  R.  S.  C. ;  V. 
Re  Salmouy  Priest  v.  Upplebyy  42  Ch.  D.  351;  61  L.  T.  146;  38  W.  R. 
150;  5  Times  Rep.  478.  It  is  doubtful  whether  an  Official  Receiver  is 
a  party  "  directly  affected  "  by  a  Bankry  Appeal  (Re  Webber^  59  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  581;  24  Q.  B.  D.  313;  62  L.  T.  485;  38  W.  R.  195). 

Person  or  Body  Corporate  "  directly  affected  "  who  may  appeal  under 
8.  39,  Endowed  Schools  Act,  1869,  32  &  33  V.  c.  56 :  V.  Re  Shafto^s 
Charity,  3  App.  Ca.  872;  47  L.  J.  P.  C.  98;  38  L.  T.  793:  Re  Hatjdon 
Bridge  School,  3  App.  Ca.  872 :  Re  Sutton  Coldfield  Grammar  School, 
7  App.  Ca.  91;  51  L.  J.  P.  C.  8;  45  L.  T.  631;  30  W.  R.  341:  ReHem^ 
woHh  Grammar  School,  12  App.  Ca.  444;  56  L.  T.  212;  35  W.  R.  418; 

3  Times  Rep.  439:  Re  Chrisfs  Hasp.,  15  App.  Ca.  172;  59  L.  J.  P.  C. 
52:  Re  Colchester  Grammar  School,  1898,  A.  C.  477;  67  L.  J.  P.  C.  86; 
78  L.  T.  509.  Vf,  Tudor  Char.  Trusts,  628-630 :  Educational  Endow- 
ment. 

r.  Affect. 

DIRECTOR. — The  Directors  of  a  Co,  are  "the  persons  having  the 
direction,  conduct,  management,  or  superintendence,"  of  its  affairs 
(7  &  8  V.  c.  110,  s.  3).  "  The  term  « Board'  has  two  meanings :  —  the 
'Board'  consisting  of  all  the  memhers;  or,  a  'Board'  consisting  of  a 
Quorum "  (Barker  v.  Allan,  5  H.  &  N.  72).  In  Norman  v.  Mitchell 
(2  W.  R.  447)  "  Board  of  Directors  "  was  held  to  include  a  provisional 
board. 

"  A  Director  is  simply  a  person  appointed  to  act  as  one  of  a  Board, 
with  power  to  bind  the  Co  when  acting  as  a  Board,  —  but  having  other- 
wise no  power  to  bind  them  "  (per  Hellish,  L.  J.,  Re  Marseilles  Exten^ 
sion  Ry,  41L.  J.  Ch.  348;  7  Ch.  161;  25  L.  T.  858;  20  W.  R.  254). 
Therefore  a  Company's  Articles,  providing  that "  the  Directors,  whenever 
they  may  think  fit,  may  call  an  extraordinary  general  meeting, "  do  not  au- 
thorise any  of  the  directors,  of  their  own  authority,  to  call  such  a  meeting ; 
but  mean  that  the  Directors  at  a  Board  Meeting  may  do  so  (Browne  v. 
XaTrt»t^a<£,57L.J.Ch.292;  37Ch.D.  1;  58L.T.137;  36W.R.289: 
Vf,  Re  Haycrafi  Co,  1900,  2  Ch.  230;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  497;  83  L.  T.  166; 
following  UArcy  v.  Tamar  Ry,  36  L.  J.  Ex.  37;   L.  R.  2  Ex.  158; 

4  H.  &  C.  463).     V.  Quorum. 

As  to  a  Co  being  estopped  from  saying  that  transactions  were 
not  done  by  the  "Board";  Fl  Bargate  v.  Shortridge,  6  H.  L.  Ca. 
297. 

A  Promissory  Note  by  "  We,  the  Directors,"  &c,  binds  the  makers 
personally  (Button  v.  Marsh,  L.  B.  6  Q.  B.  361 ;  40  L.  J.  Q.  B.  175) ;  so 


DIRECTOR  686  DISABLED 

of  a  Building  Society  Deposit  Note  (^Richardson  v.  WUliamsan,  Xi.  K. 
6  Q.  B.  276;  40  L.  J.  Q.  B.  145).     Cp,  Secretary. 

A  Director  is  hardly  a  Trustee;   F.  Trust. 

"Director,"  s.  7,  Comp  Winding-up  Act,  1890;  V.  Be  New  I^ar 
Consols,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  673;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  695. 

"  Any  Directors  " ;   F.  Isle  of  Wight  By  v.  Tahourdin,  cited  Any. 

"Vacating  Directors,"  Art.  62,  Table  A,  Comp  Act,  1862,  refers  to 
Directors  validly  appointed,  as  distinguished  from  merely  de  fa^cto 
Directors  {John  Morley  Bg  Co  v.  Barras,  1891,  2  Ch.  386;  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
496;  64  L.  T.  866;  39  W.  R.  619).     F.  Casual. 

Stat.  Def.  —  Comp  C.  C.  Act,  1846,  s.  3 ;  30  &  31 V.  c.  108,  s.  1 ;  46  & 
47  V.  c  47,  s.  2.  — Scot.  8  &  9  V.  c.  17,  s.  3. 

DISABILITY.  —  "  'Disabilitie  '  is  when  a  man  by  any  act  or  thing, 
by  himself  or  his  ancestor  done  or  committed,  or  for  or  by  any  other  cause, 
is  disabled  or  made  incapable  to  doe,  to  inherit,  or  to  take  benefit  or  advan- 
tage of,  a  thing  which  otherwise  he  might  have  had  or  done"  (Termes  de 
la  Ley).     Vf,  Cowel:  Jacob:  Legal  Disability:  Cannot. 

Quk  Naturalization  Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  14,  "Disability,"  means, 
**  the  status  of  being  an  Infant,  Lunatic,  Idiot,  or  Married  Woman  " 

(8.  17). 

DISABLE. — In  an  indictment  for  shooting,  wounding,  &c,  "with 
intent  to  Maim,  disfigure,  or  disable,"  "  '  disable '  is  to  do  something 
which  creates  a  permanent  disability,  and  not  merely  a  temporary  injury  " 
(Arch.  Cr.  806:  B.  v.  Boi/ce,  1  Moody,  29).     Q),  Disfigure. 

"  Wholly  disabled  " ;   F.  Wholly. 

"  Injury  which  does  not  disable  "  Workman  from  earning  FtUl  Wages^ 
a.  1  (2  a),  Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897;  F.  Chandler  v.  Smith,  1899, 
2  Q.  B.  606;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  909;  81  L.  T.  317;  47  W.  R.  677:  Fomphreg 
V.  Southwark  Press,  cited  Partial  Incapacitt. 

DISABLED  FROM  ACTING.  —  A  Member  of  a  Local  Board  who 
ceases  to  be  a  Member  for  either  of  the  causes  mentioned  in  K.  64,  Sch  2^ 
P.  H.  Act,  1875,  will,  until  his  re-election,  remain  ^  disabled  from  act« 
ing,"  within  R.  70  of  the  same  Sch  {Fletcher  v.  Hudson,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
48;  7Q.  B.  D.  611). 

But  acting  after  becoming  "  disqualified  "  (s.  53,  Mun  Corp  Act,  1835; 
s.  41,  Mun  Corp  Act,  1882),  does  not  comprise  a  case  where  a  Member 
had  been  concerned  in  a  contract  with  his  Board  but  which  Contract  has 
come  to  an  end  at  the  time  of  his  acting  {Lewis  v.  Carr,  46  L.  J.  Ex. 
314;  1  Ex.  D.  484;  herein,  semble,  over-ruling  Nicholson  v.  Fields,  31 
L.  J.  Ex.  233;  7  H.  &  N.  810,—  F.  jdgmt  Bramwell,  L.  J.,  Fischer 
V.  Hudson,  sup).  Lewis  v.  Carr  seems,  however,  one  of  those  cases 
which  when  cited  are  distinguished;   F.  Fletcher  v.  Hudson, 

F.  Disqualified.     Q?,  Incapable:  Incapacitated. 


DISADVANTAGE       687      DISBURSEMENTS 

DISADVANTAGE.  — r.  Undue  Pbeferskob. 

DISAFFOREST. — To  disafforest  is  to  deprive  a  Foekst  of  its  pe- 
culiar character  and  privileges.     Vh.  4  Encjc.  265. 

DISAGREEABLE.  — A  Boys'  School  is  likely  to  cause  a  ''disagree- 
able "  noise,  even  if  not  an  "  injurious  or  offensive  "  noise  or  a  Nui- 
sance, within  a  restrictive  covenant  as  to  user  {Wanton  v.  Coppard^ 
1899,  1  Ch.  92;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  8;  79  L.  T.  467;  47  W.  R.  72).  Vfy  Doe 
d.  Biah  v.  Keeling ^  cited  Business  :  Annoyance. 

DISBOSCATIO.  —  "  A  conversion  of  Wood  Grounds  into  Arable  or 
Pasture;  an  Assarting"  (Cowel).     F.  Assart. 

DISBURSEMENTS.  —  An  unpaid  liability,  for  Necessaries,  in- 
curred by  a  master  of  a  Ship^  is  a  ''  Disbursement "  within  s.  10,  Admi- 
ralty Court  Act,  1861,  24  V.  c.  10  {The  Fairport,  62  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A. 
21;  8  P.  D.  48);  for  which  **  Disbursement "  he  had  no  maritime  Lien 
(T?ie  Sara,  58  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  57;  14  App.  Ca.  209;  over-ruling  The 
Mary  Ann,  35  L.  J.  Adm.  6;  L.  B.  1  A.  &  E.  8,  and  the  cases  following 
it),  but  that  ruling  was  rectified  by  s.  1,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1889,  on 
vhw^  Morgan  v.  Castlegate  S.  S.  Co,  cited  Lien,  sub  "  Maritime  Lien." 

The  Disbursements  referred  to  in  s.  1,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1889,  52 
&  53  V.  c.  46  (repld  s.  167,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894),  mean,  "  Dis- 
bursements which  the  Master  makes  in  respect  of  things  necessary  for 
the  ship  for  the  purpose  of  the  Voyage  which  he  as  Master  is  bound  to 
carry  out,  where  the  owner  is  not  present  and  cannot  be  communicated 
with,  and  which  the  Master  therefore  is,  necessarily,  himself  obliged 
to  procure  in  order  to  discharge  his  duty"  (per  Esher,  M. B.,  ITie 
OrierUa,  1895,  P.  49;  64  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  33;  71  L.  T.  711;  7  Asp. 
529 :  Vh,  Morgan  v.  Castlegate  S.  S.  Co,  sup :  The  Eipon  City,  1897, 
P.  226;  66  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  110;  77  L.  T.  98). 

"  Disbursements "  in  a  Marine  Policy,  frequently  means,  OaTnr 
{Roddick  v.  Indemnity  Insrce,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  380;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  733; 
72  L.  T.  860).  '' '  Disbursements,'  is  well  understood  at  Lloyd's  to  be 
a  compendious  term  used  to  describe  any  interest  which  is  outside  the 
ordinary  and  well-known  interests  of  'Hull,'  'Machinery,'  'Cargo,'  and 
'Freight ' "  (per  Bigham,  J.,  Buchanan  v.  Faher,  4  Com.  Ca.  226,  227). 

"  Disbursements  warranted  free  from  all  Average  " ;  F.  Lawiher  v. 
Black,  17  Times  Rep.  8. 

A  payment  of  Probate  Duty,  and  a  fortiori  one  of  Estate  Duty,  is  not  a 
"  Disbursement  ^  by  a  Solicitor  within  s.  37,  Solrs  Act,  1843  {Re  King- 
don  &  Wilson,  46  S.  J.  502,  over-ruling  Re  Lamh^  23  Q.  B.  D.  5;  58 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  455);  but  a  payment  as  an  agent,  -^e^g.  hostile  Costs,  — is 
not  {Re  Remnant^  11  Bea.  603;  18  L.  J.  Ch.  874).  The  principles  for 
determining  what  are  a  Solicitor's  **  Disbursements  "  were  admirably  laid 


DISBURSEMENTS     538  DISCHARGE 

down  in  the  joint   certificate  of  the   Taxing  Masters  in  Re  Remnant 
(sap),  as  follows  :  — 

1.  "  Such  payments  as  the  Solicitor,  in  due  discharge  of  the  duty  that 
he  has  undertaken,  is  hound  to  make  so  long  as  he  continues  to  act  as 
Solicitor,  whether  his  client  furnishes  hin^  with  money  for  the  parpose 
or  with  money  on  account,  or  not,  as, — e,g.  Fees  of  the  Officers  of  the 
Court,  Fees  of  Counsel,  Expenses  of  Witnesses,  —  And  also  such  pay- 
ments in  general  husiness,  not  in  suits,  as  the  Solicitor  is  looked  upon 
as  the  person  hound  hy  custom  and  practice  to  make,  as,  —  e,g.  Coun- 
sel's Fees  on  Ahstracts  and  Conveyances,  Payments  for  Registers  in 
proving  pedigree.  Stamp  Duty  on  Conveyances  and  Mortgages,  Charges 
of  Agents,  Stationers  or  Printers  employed  by  him  —  are  by  practice, 
and  we  think  properly,  introduced  into  the  Solicitor's  Bill  of  Fees  and 
Disbursements. 

2.  "  But  payments  which  the  Solicitor  is  not  either  by  law  bound  to 
make,  or  by  custom  looked  upon  as  the  person  to  make,  as,  —  e.g.  Purchase- 
Moneys,  or  Interest  thereon.  Moneys  paid  into  Court,  Damages  or  Costs 
paid  to  Opponent  parties.  Bills  due  to  the  Solicitors  of  Trustees  Mort- 
gagees or  other  parties.  Legacy  or  Besiduary  Duties  (  Fa,  Re  Haigh^  12 
Bea.  307;  19  L.  J.  Ch.  79),  —  or  other  payments  of  a  like  description, 
which  the  Solicitor  makes  as  Agent  on  the  order  of  the  client  and  not  in 
discharge  of  his  own  duty  or  liability  as  Solicitor^  are  hy  practice,  and 
we  think  properly,  charged  in  the  Cash  Account. 

3.  "  We  also  think  that  the  question,  whether  such  payments  are  Pro- 
fessional Disbursements  or  otherwise,  is  not  affected  hy  the  state  of  the 
cash  account  between  the  solicitor  and  the  client,  and  that,  for  instance. 
Counsel's  Fees  would  not  the  less  properly  be  introduced  into  the  Bill  of 
Costs  as  a  Professional  Disbursement,  because  the  client  may  have  given 
money  expressly  for  paying  them ;  and  that  Purchase-Money  or  Damages 
would  not  be  properly  so  introduced,  notwithstanding  the  Solicitor  may 
have  advanced  the  money  out  of  his  own  funds." 

The  charges  of  a  Country  Solr's  London  Agent  for  work  done  in 
London  are  not  Disbursements;  qu4  the  client,  the  work  done  by  the 
London  Agent  is  as  though  it  was  done  by  the  Country  Solicitor  him- 
self, and  must  be  set  forth  in  detail  in  the  Bill  {Re  Pomeroy  and 
Tanner,  1897,  1  Ch.  284;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  158;  75  L.  T.  625;  45  W.  K, 
245). 

V.  Actual  Costs  and  Expenses. 

Dl SCENT.  —  V.  Descent. 

DISCHARQE.  -—  Master  or  Mistress  is  not^  without  Justices'  consent, 
to  Put  away  or  "  in  any  way  to  discharge  "  a  Parish  Apprentice,  s.  9, 
66  O.  3,  c.  139;  but  a  mere  agreement  to  discharge  the  Indentures  on 
payment  of  a  sum  of  moneys  is  not  a  "  Discharge  "  within  the  section, 


DISCHARCE  589  DISCLAIMER 

until  actual  payment  {E,  v.  Gwinear,  3  L.  J.  M.  C.  81;  1  A.&  E.  152; 
3  N.  &  M.  297). 

"  In  Discbarge  " ;   V.  For  :  Ix  Discharge. 

Discharge  of  Cargo;   V.  Carver,  Part  3,  ch.  13:  Customary.  . 

Port  of  Discbarge ;    V.  Port  :  Final  Port. 

"  Discbarge  of  Duties  ";    V,  Accident. 

"  Attempt  to  discbarge  Loaded  Arms  " ;   V.  Attempt. 

V.  Release  :  Prevent  :  Full  Discharge. 

DISCHARGED. —  Seaman  " discbarged,"  s.  167,  Mer  Shipping 
Act,  1854,  repld  s.  162,  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894;  V.  Tindtey,  Davison^ 
61  L.  J.  M.  C.  107;  66  L.  T.  372. 

Qui  8.  10,  Militia  Act,  1882,  45  &  46  V.  c.  49  (by  its  subs.  3),  "  'rfw- 
charged  with  Disgrace, '  means,  discharged  with  ignominy,  discharged  as 
incorrigible  and  worthless,  or  discharged  on  account  of  a  conviction  for 
felony  or  a  sentence  of  penal  servitude." 

DISCHARQINQ V.  Load. 

DISCIPLINE.  ^The  discipline  of  School  Children  is  not  confined 
to  school  hours ;  therefore,  a  schoolmaster's  delegated  power  to  administer 
reasonable  corporal  punishment,  extends  to  act  done  by  a  pupil  out  of 
school  (Cleari/  v.  Booth,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  465;  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  87;  68  L.  T. 
349;  41  W.  R.  39).     V.  Assault. 

Qui  Grammar  Schools  Act,  1840,  3  <&  4  V.  c.  77,  "  *  Discipline '  or 
'Management'  of  a  School,  shall  mean  and  include,  all  matters  respect- 
ing the  conduct  of  the  Masters  or  Scholars,  the  method  and  times  of 
Teaching,  the  Examination  into  the  proficiency  of  the  Scholars,  of  any 
school ;  ayd  the  ordering  of  Ke turns  or  Reports  with  reference  to  such 
particulars,  or  any  of  them  "  (s.  25). 

DISCLAIMER.  —  "Disclaimer  diselamare,  is  compounded  of  de  and 
clamOf  and  signifieth  utterly  to  renounce "  (Co.  Litt.  102  a) :  F/>  Termes 
de  la  Ley:  Doe  d.  Gray  v.  StanioUy  5  L.  J.  Ex.  253;  1  M.  <&  W.  695. 

The  conduct  of  the  parties  may  (even  quk  the  Legal  estate  in  realty) 
work  a  Disclaimer,  though  a  Deed  is,  generally,  desirable  {Re  Grordorij 
46  L.  J.  Ch.  794;  6  Ch.  D.  531 :  Re  Birchall,  40  Ch.  D.  436) ;  so  of  a 
release  though  it  could  not  convey  any  interest  ( Wellesley  v.  Withers^ 
cited  Release). 

A  Trustee's  Disclaimer  cannot  be  partial,  —  he  must  accept  for  all  in 
all  or  not  at  all;  e.g,  he  cannot  accept  quk  land  in  America  and  disclaim 
qui  land  in  England  {Re  Lord  and  FuUerton,  1896, 1  Ch.  228;  65  L.  J. 
Ch.  184). 

To  amend  Specification  of  a  Patent  "  by  way  of  Disclaimer,"  connotes 
its  renunciation;  therefore^  in  an  action  for  Infringement  or  Bevocation 
of  a  Patent,  there  cannot  be  a  "  Correction  or  Explanation  **  by  way 


DISCLAIMER  540     DISCONTINUANCE 

of  Disclaimer,  for  those  words  (which  are  in  subs.  1,  a.  18)  are  absent  from 
8.  19,  Patents,  &c  Act,  1883,  which,  qu4  such  an  action,  is  the  section 
applicable  (Re  Owm,  1899, 1  Ch.  157;  68  L.  J.  Ch.  63;  79  L.  T.  458; 
47  W.  R.  180). 

Vh.  4  Encyc.  272--275. 

DISCLOSE:    DISCLOSURE To  ''disclose"  an  Offence,   s.  6, 

5  &  6  Y.  c.  39,  is  not  to  state  it  or  confess  to  it;  but  to  make  the  offence 
known  for  the  first  time  (-R.  v.  Skeen^  28  L.  J.  M.  C.  91;  Bell,  C.  C.  97 : 
E.  V.  Gunnelly  16  Cox,  C.  C.  157;  55  L.  T.  786;  51  J.  P.  279). 

"  Disclose  a  Defence  upon  the  merits,"  s.  27,  Com.  L.  Pro.  Act,  1852, 
means  not  merely  to  say  there  is  a  Defence,  but  to  show  what  the  nature 
of  it  is  (  Whilei/  v.  WUet/,  27  L.  J.  C.  P.  305;  4  C.  B.  N.  S.  653 :  War- 
rington V.  Leake,  25  L.  J.  Ex.  27;  11  Ex.  304). 

F.  Full  Disclosure. 

"  A  Disclosure  of  the  Alteration  "  in  an  article  of  Food,  s.  9,  Sale  of 
Food  and  Drugs  Act,  1875,  need  not  **  disclose  the  precise  character  or 
extent  of  the  alteration  "  (per  Russell,  C.  J.,  Spiers  &  Fond  v.  Bennett, 
1896,  2  Q.  B.  65;  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  144;  74  L.  T.  697;  44  W.  R.  510;  60 
J.  P.  437 :  Vthc,  for  an  example  of  a  sufficient  Disclosure).  V.  Abstrac- 
tion:  Skimmed  Milk. 

DISCOMFORT.  —  A  covenant  against  doing  anything  to  the  "  Dis- 
comfort "  of  a  neighbourhood,  semhle,  connotes  the  same  as  "  Axnoy-. 
ANCE  " :   V.  per  O'Brien,  C.  J.,  Pembroke  t.  Warren,  cited  Offexsite. 

DISCONTINUE.  —  Lessee's  covenant  to  afford  no  ground  for '^  dis- 
continuing "  the  License  of  the  premises;  V.  Bryant  v.  Hancock,  1899, 
A.  C.  442;  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  889. 

DISCONTINUANCE.  —  '' « Discontinuance '  is  an  ancient  word  in 
the  law  "  (Litt.  s.  592).  "  A  discontinuance  of  estates  in  lands  or  tene- 
ments is  properly  (in  legall  understanding)  an  alienation  made  or  suf- 
fered by  tenant  in  taile,  or  by  any  that  is  seized  in  auter  droit,  whereby 
the  issue  in  taile,  or  the  heire  or  successor,  or  those  in  reversion  or 
remainder,  are  driven  to  their  action,  and  cannot  enter"  (Co.  Litt. 
325  a).     Vf,  Termes  de  la  Ley :  3  Bl.  Com.  171. 

"  Discontinuance "  of  an  Action,  had,  at  one  time,  a  much  more 
limited  meaning  than  as  used  in  Ord.  26,  R.  S.  C,  where  the  word  is  used 
in  a  broad  sense;  under  !R.  1  of  that  Ord.  a  pit  is  not  entitled,  as  of 
right,  to  take  a  Nok-suit  at  any  time  before  verdict,  but  must  "  discon- 
tinue "  as  there  provided,  and,  if  he  goes  to  trial,  he  will  have  to  sub- 
mit to  jdgmt  against  him,  and  can  only  bring  a  new  action  by  leave  of 
the  Judge  {Fox  v.  Star  Newspaper,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  636;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
454;  78  L.  T.  311;  46  W.  K  340;  affd  in  H.  L.,  1900,  A.  C.  19;  69 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  117;  81  L.  T.  662;  48  W.  R.  321).     F.  Without  day. 


DISCONTINUANCE     641  DISCRETION 

Note :  That  in  the  County  Court  it  is  in  the  power  of  the  Judge  to  direct 
a  Nou-suit  (88.  88,  90,  93,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888). 

"  Discontinuance  of  Possession,"  s.  3,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27;  V.  Leigh  y. 
Jack,  5  Ex.  D.  264;  49  L.  J.  Ex.  220 :  LiUledaZe  v.  Liverpool  College^ 
1900,  1  Ch.  19;  69  L.  J.  Ch.  87;  81  L.  T.  564;  48  W.  R.  177. 

V,  Dispossession. 

DISCOUNT.  —  In  an  agreement  to  "  underwrite  "  Shares  at  so  much 
"  Discount,"  "  Discount "  means  "  Commission,"  and  the  agreement  does 
not  mean  that  the  shares  are  to  be  issued  at  a  discount  (Re  Licensed 
Victuallers^  Asm,,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  467;  42  Ch.  D.  1;  5  Times  Rep.  369). 

F.  Underwrite  :  Otherwise. 

A  Commercial  arrangement  to  accept  a  pre-payment  **  under  Discount  " 
at  so  much  per  cent  per  annum,  means  a  rebate  of  Interest  at  that  rate, 
and  not  a  true  or  mathematical  discount  (Be  Lands  Securities  Co^  1896, 
2  Ch.  320;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  587;  44  W.  R.  514;  74  L.  T.  400). 

DISCOVERED.  —  "Discovered  or  Opened,"  in  a  Lease  of  Mines; 
F.  Quarrington  v.  Arthur,  11  L.  J.  Ex.  418;  10  M.  &  W.  335. 

DISCOVERT.  —  For  the  purposes  of  the  Statute  of  Limitations  re- 
specting a  personal  tort,  married  women  became  "  discovert "  (s.  7,  21 
Jac.  1,  c.  16)  by  the  operation  of  the  M.  W.  P.  Act,  1882  (Lowe  v.  Fox, 
15  Q.  B.  D.  667;  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  561;  affd  12  App.  Ca.  206;  56  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  480).  Vfj  as  to  the  effect  of  this  word  as  used  in  that  section,  Hich- 
ards  V.  Richards,  2  B.  &  Ad.  447. 

F.  Coverture. 

DISCOVERY F.  Offence. 

Discovery  of  Documents,  in  the  possession  of  the  Opposite  Party  to  an 
Action ;  Vh,  Ord.  31,  R.  S.  C,  on  whv  Ann.  Pr. :  Bray  on  Discovery : 
4  Encyc.  275-279. 

DISCREET.  — An  "  honest  Discreet  Person  "  for  Weigh-master,  s.  3, 
4  Anne  (Ir),  c.  14, ''  means  a  person  come  to  years  of  Discretion,  in  the 
legal  sense  of  the  term  "  {Honan  v.  Vereker,  10  Ir.  L.  R.  74). 

DISCREETEST. —  F.  Chiefest  and  Discreetest. 

DISCRETION.  —  "  Discretion,  is  the  herb  of  grace  that  I  could  wish 
every  Commissioner  of  Sewers  well  stored  withal.  But  note  that  "  (in  23 
H.  8,  c.  5)  "  the  word  *  Wisdom  '  is  coupled  with  it,  and  the  word  *  Good ' 
is  annexed  to  them  both,  as  best  shewing  of  what  pure  metal  they  should 
be  made  of,  —  after  your  good  wisdom  and  discretion.  There  be  several 
degrees  of  Discretion,  —  Discretio  generalise  Discretio  legalis,  Discretio 
specialis,  — 


DISCRETION  542  DISCRETION 

"  Discretio  generalis,  is  required  of  every  one  in  everything  that  he  is 
to  do,  or  attempt; 

"  Legalis  Discretion  is  that  which  Sir  E.  Coke  meaneth  and  setteth  forth 
in  Rooked s  and  Keighlejfs  Cases  (inf),  and  this  is  merely  to  administer 
justice  according  to  the  prescrihed  rules  of  the  law; 

"  The  third  Discretion  is  where  the  laws  have  given  no  certain  rule  .  .  . 
and  herein  Discretion  is  the  absolute  judge  of  the  cause,  and  gives  the 
rule"(Callis,  112, 113). 

"  Discretion/^  as  to  the  Fines  under  23  H.  8,  c.  5,  is  I>iscretio  legalis 
{Hetley  v.  Boyer,  2  Bulst.  197,  198;  Cro.  Jac.  336). 

"  Where  something  is  left  to  he  done  according  to  the  Discretion  of  the 
authority  on  whom  the  power  of  doing  it  is  conferred,  the  discretion  must 
be  exercised  honestly  and  in  the  spirit  of  the  statute,  otherwise  tlie  act 
done  would  not  fall  within  the  statute.  *  According  to  his  Discretion,' 
means,  it  is  said,  according  to  the  rules  of  reason  and  justice,  not  private 
opinion  (Bookers  Case,  5  Rep.  100  a :  Keighley^s  Case^  10  Rep.  140  b : 
JSastwick  v.  Citt/  of  London^  Style,  42,  43 :  per  Willes,  J.,  Lee  t.  Bade  Bf/y 
L.  R.  6  C.  P.  676;  40  L.  J.  C.  P.  288) ;  according  to  law  and  not  humour; 
it  is  to  be  not  arbitrary,  vague,  and  fanciful,  but  legal  and  regular  (per 
Ld  Mansfield,  B,  v.  WUkeSy  4  Burr.  2839);  to  be  exercised  not  capri- 
ciously, but  on  judicial  grounds  and  for  substantial  reasons  (per  Jessel, 
M.  R.,  Be  Taylor,  4  Ch.  D.  160;  46  L.  J.  Ch.  400;  and  per  Ld  Black- 
burn, Doherty  v.  Allmariy  3  App.  Ca.  728).  And  it  must  be  exercised 
within  the  limits  to  which  an  honest  man  competent  to  the  discharge  of 
his  office  ought  to  confine  himself  (per  Ld  Kenyon,  Wilson  v.  Bastall, 
4  T.  R.  767) ;  that  is  within  the  limits  and  for  the  objects  intended  by 
the  legislature  "  (Maxwell,  147,  148,  whv  to  151  for  cases  in  illustra^ 
tion).     V.  May:  Opinion. 

You  cannot  lay  down  a  hard-and-fast  rule  as  to  the  exercise  of  Judicial 
Discretion,  for  the  moment  you  do  that  "  the  discretion  of  the  Judge  is 
fettered  "  (per  Brett,  M.  R.,  The  Friedeberg,  64  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  75 ;  10 
P.  D.  112:  Vf,  per  Bowen,  L.  J.,  Jones  v.  Curling,  63  L.  J.  Q.  B.  373; 
13  Q.  B.  D.  262). 

The  wide  "  Discretion  "  as  to  Costs  given  by  R.  1,  Ord.  65,  R.  S.  C, 
and  to  the  Ry  Commrs  by  s.  28,  36  &  37  V.  c.  48,  does  not  authorise  an 
Order  on  the  defendant  to  pay  any  part  of  the  plaintiff's  costs  when  the 
defendant  has  succeeded  absolutely  (Foster  v.  G,  W.  By,  61  L.  J.  Q,  B. 
233;  8  Q.  B.  D.  615:  Dicks  v.  Yates,  60  L.  J.  Ch.  809;  18  Ch.  D.  76: 
Witt  V.  Corcoran,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  603;  2  Ch.  D.  69:  Vh,  notes  to  R.  1, 
Ord.  65,  Ann.  Pr.). 

An  Order  to  "  allow  Costs,"  under  s.  116  (2),  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  is  one 
which  is  "  left  to  the  Discretion  of  the  Court,"  within  s.  49,  Jud.  Act, 
1873  (Bazett  v.  Morgan,  cited  Allow). 

The  **  free  and  unqualified  discretion  "  to  refuse  or  grant  Licenses, 
which  is  given  to  Justices  by  the  Beer  Dealers  Retail  Licences  (Amend- 


DISCRETION  543  DISCRETION 

ment)  Act,  1882,  45  &  46  Y.  c.  34,  is  absolute  as  well  as  regards  the 
renewal  of  an  old,  as  the  grant  of  a  new,  license  (B,  v.  -Kay,  52  L.  J. 
M.  C.  90;  10  Q.  B.  D.  213)  •  so  of  their  "  discretion  "  under  the  Alehouse 
Act,  1828,  9  G.  4,  c.  61,  s.  1  (Sharps  v.  Wakefield^  1891,  A.  C.  173;  60 
L.  J.  M.  C.  73;  64  L.  T.  180;  39  W.  R.  561;  65  J.  P.  197).  Vf, 
Legal  Peoceedings. 

V,  At  discretion  :  Pleasure. 

The  Court  will  not,  in  the  absence  of  misconduct,  interfere  with  a 
"  discretion "  given  to  Trustees,  as  regards  the  mode  of  Investment  of 
Trust  Funds  {Brophy  v.  Bellamy,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  183;  8  Ch.  798,  and 
cases  there  cited :  Lewin,  728) ;  but  during  actual  administration  by  the 
Court  it  may  exercise  a  control  {Bethel  v.  Abraham^  43  L.  J.  Ch.  180; 
L.  R.  17  Eq.  24:  Brophy  v.  Bellamy,  sup:  Re  Gadd,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  396; 
23  Ch.  D.  134). 

A  mere  "  discretion  "  as  to  investments  will  not  authorise  an  invest- 
ment on  personal  security  (Pocock  v.  Reddington,  5  Ves.  794 :  Potts  v. 
Britton^  L.  R.  11  Eq.  433 :  Bethel  v.  Abraham,  sup;  Lewin,  335).  Nor, 
semble,  will  a  mere  "  discretion  "  justify  Trustees  in  investing  in  un- 
authorised securities  (Bethel  v.  Abraham,  sup) ;  seeus,  if  the  power  were 
exercisable  in  their  "  uncontrolled  discretion  "  (Re  Brovm,  54  L.  J.  Ch. 
1134;  29  Ch.  D.  889).  Where  the  words  authorised  investments  "in 
such  stock,  funds,  or  shares,  as  the  trustees  in  their  absolute  discretion 
may  think  fit,"  the  Court,  acting  for  the  protection  of  infants,  refused  to 
sanction  an  appropriation  of  securities  for  the  satisfaction  of  a  legacy, 
such  securities  being  partly  in  Preference  Stocks  which  were  liable  to 
be  paid  off,  and  were  accordingly  not  of  a  permanent  character  (Stewart 
V.  Sanderson,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  337;  L.  R.  10  Eq.  26). 

Income,  to  be  applied  by  Trustees,  "  in  their  uncontrolled  and  irresponr 
sible  discretion,"  for  the  Maintenance  of  a  husband  or  wife,  or  one  of 
them,  may,  in  the  absence  of  mala  fides,  be  all  paid  by  them  to  the  hus- 
band, though  the  wife  is  unable  to  live  with  him  in  consequence  of  his 
intemperate  habits  (Tabor  v.  Brooks,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  130;  10  Ch.  D.  273). 
So,  where  income  was  to  be  applied  by  trustees,  "  in  their  discretion,  and 
of  their  uncontrollable  authority ^^^  to  or  for  the  benefit  of  the  testator's 
lunatic  wife,  the  H.  L.  held  that,  in  the  absence  of  nuda  fides,  the  trustees 
had  an  absolute  discretion  as  to  whether  or  not  they  would  so  apply  any, 
and  if  any  what,  part  of  the  income  ;  and  that  the  Court  could  not  inter- 
fere with,  and  ought  not  to  express  any  opinion  on,  the  exercise  of  such 
discretion  (Gisbome  v.  Gisbome,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  556;  2  App.  Ca.  300). 
Vf,  Re  Bullock,  cited  Apply. 

Cp,  Think  fit, 

A  direction  to  Trustees  to  sell  "  at  their  absolute  and  unfettered  discre- 
tion "  "  is  not  equivalent  to  a  direction  that  the  trustees  may  sell,  or  not, 
at  their  absolute  discretion.  In  the  first  case,  the  time  and  mode  of  sale 
are  in  their  discretion;  but  it  is  not  open  to  them  to  take  into  consideration 


DISCRETION  544        DISHONOURED 

the  reduction  in  income  of  the  Tenants  for  Life  and  to  decide  that  thr 
will  abstain  from  following  the  directions,  because  the  tenants  for  le 
will  then  get  a  better  income  "  (per  North,  J.,  Be  Atkins,  81  L.  T.  i^). 

"  A  Devise  of  property  to  the  discretion  of  A.  passes  the  fee,  and  does 
not  merely  confer  a  power;  so  a  devise  at  the  disposition  of  A.  carries  the 
fee.  It  is  equivalent  to  a  devise  to  A.  to  give  and  sell  at  his  pleasure. 
There  is  no  difference  between  a  devise  that  A.  shall  do  with  the  land  at 
his  discretion,  and  a  devise  of  the  land  to  K.  to  do  with  it  at  his  discre- 
tion "  (Sug.  Pow.  104). 

"  The  Age  of  Discretion,  is  called  the  age  of  14  yeares;  for  at  this  age 
the  Infant  which  is  married  within  such  age  to  a  woman  may  agree^  or 
disagree,  to  such  marriage  "  (Litt.  s.  104). 

V.  Discreet. 

DISEASE.  —  For  the  purpose  of  furnishing  an  excuse  for  what  would 
otherwise  be  a  crime,  "  Voluntary  Drunkenness  is  not  regarded  as  a  Dis- 
ease affecting  the  mind*,  but  Involuntary  Drunkenness,  and  diseases 
caused  by  voluntary  drunkenness,  fall,  so  far  as  they  affect  the  mind, 
within  that  term  "  (Steph.  Cr.  22). 

V.  Ill  :  Infirmity  :  Ikjurt  :  Sickness  :  Contagious  :  Infectious  : 
Caused  by. 

Stat.  Def.  —  Diseases  of  Animals  Act,  1894,  57  &  58  V.  c.  57,  s.  59. 

DISFIGURE.  — In  an  indictment  for  an  assault  (24  &  25  V.  c.  100, 

s.  18),  to  "  disfigure  "  is  to  do  some  external  injury  which  may  detract 
from  the  personal  appearance  (Arch.  Cr.  804). 
Cp,  Disable:  Maim. 

DISFRANCHISEMENT.  — " 'Disfranchisement,'  signifies  taking 
a  Franchise  from  a  man  for  some  reasonable  cause  "  (per  Mansfield, 
C.  J.,  Symmers  v.  The  King,  2  Cowp.  502). 

DISGRACE.  — ''  Discharged  with  disgrace  " ;   V.  Discharged. 

DISGRADE.  —  **  *Disgrading/  is  when  a  man  having  taken  upon 
him  a  Dignity,  Temporall  or  Spirituall,  is  afterwards  thereof  deprived  " 
(Termes  de  la  Ley).     Vh,  Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  1086.     Q?,  Deprivation. 

DISHERISON.  —  This  is  an  old  synonym  for  Disinheriting  (Cowel : 
Jacoh) . 

DISHONESTY.—  V.  Fraud. 

DISHONOURED.  —  A  Bill  of  Exchange  is  dishonoured  by  Non- 
Acceptance  — 

"  {a)  When  it  is  duly  presented  for  Acceptance,  and  such  an  Acceptance 
as  is  prescribed  by  this  Act  is  refused,  or  cannot  be  obtained;  or 


DISHONOURED        545  DISPENSARY 

(b)  Wlien  presentment  for  Acceptance  is  excused^  and  the  Bill  is  not 
accepted  " 
(s.  43,  Bills  of  Ex.  Act,  1882). 

A  Bill,  or  Note,  is  dishonoured  hy  NorirPayment  — 
"  (a)  When  it  is  duly  presented  for  payment,  and  payment  is  refused 
or  cannot  be  obtained:  or 
(b)  When  presentment  is  excused  and  the  Bill  (or  Note)  is  overdue 
and  unpaid  " 
(ss.  47,  89,  lb.). 

In  a  Notice  of  Dishonour  to  say  that  a  Bill  of  Exchange  has  been 
**  dishonoured,"  implies  a  due  presentment  and  that  it  has  not  been  paid 
by  the  Acceptor  (Lewis  v.  GompertZj  9  L.  J.  Ex.  182;  6  M.  &  W..399 : 
Shelton  v.  Braithwaite,  7  M.  &  W.  438).     Cp,  Hoxourbd. 

For  the  Rules  as  to  Notice  of  Dishonour;  V.  ss.  48,  49,  50,  Bills  of  Ex. 
Act,  1882;  and  as  to  s.  49  (12  ft),  V.  Fielding  v.  Carry,  1898,  1  Q.  B. 
268;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  7;  77  L.  T.  463;  46  W.  R.  97. 
V.  Days  of  Grace. 

DISMES.  —  "  Dismes  are  Tithes  "  (Elph.  573). 

DISORDERLY.  — Disorderly  ^ot«c«;  —  "  The  following  houses  are 
Disorderly  Houses,  that  is  to  say,  common  bawdy  houses,  common  gam- 
ing houses,  common  betting  houses,  disorderly  places  of  entertainment  " 
(Steph.  Cr.  122).  A  house  kept  as  a  Brothel  is  none  the  less  a  Dis- 
orderly House  because  no  indecency  or  disorderly  conduct  is  perceptible 
from  its  exterior  (B.  v.  Bice,  35  L.  J.  M.  C.  93;  L.  R.  1  C.  C.  R.  21). 
Vf,  Arch.  Cr.  1138,  1139.     Vh.  Eligible. 

In  a  Notice  of  Objection  to  the  Renewal  of  an  Alehouse  License,  *'  Dis- 
orderly House  "  refers  to  the  character  that  has  attached  to  the  house, 
and  not  to  that  of  the  applicant  who,  if  a  new  tenant,  may  be  irreproach- 
able (B.  V.  Miskin  Higher  Jus.,  1893,  1  Q.  B.  275;  67  L.  T.  680;  41 
W.  R.  252;  57  J.  P.  263) ;  and  it  is  good  proof  that  a  house  is  of  a 
"  Disorderly "  character  that  there  are  against  it  three  convictions  of 
former  occupiers  {B,  v.  Glamorganshire  Jus,,  9  Times  Rep.  81). 

Disorderly  Inn; — ''A  Disorderly  Inn  is  an  Inn  kept  in  a  disorderly 
manner  and  suffered  to  be  resorted  to  by  persons  of  bad  character  for  any 
improper  purpose  "  (Steph.  Cr.  125).      Vf,  Rose.  Cr.  702. 

Disorderly  Person;   V.  Idle  and  Disorderly  Person. 

Disorderly  Places  of  EnteHainmmt ;  V.  25  G.  2,  c.  36,  ss.  2,  4 ;  21 G.  3, 
c.  49,  ss.  1,  2;  stated  Steph.  Cr.  124, 125. 

DISPARAGEMENT.—  Vh,  Co.  Litt.  80a;  Termes  de  la  Ley. 

DISPATCH.—  F.  Despatch:  Despatched. 

DISPENSARY.  — ''The  main  purpose  of  a  'Dispensary'  is  the  dis- 
tribution of  Medicine  "  (per  Ld  Watson,  Dilworth  v.  Commr  of  Stamps,  • 
1899,  A.  C.  107;  68  L.  J.  P.  C.  4).     V.  Hospital. 

86 


DISPENSARY  546  DISPOSAL 

Qnk  Dispensary  Houses  (Ir)  Act,  1879,  42  &  43  V.  c.  25,  "  'Dispen- 
sary,' means,  a  dispensary  house  for  the  Medical  Officer  of  any  Dispensary 
District  appointed  under  the  Medical  Charities  Acts  " ;  and  "  *  Dispensary 
Besidence,'  means,  a  dvrellinghouse  for  any  such  Medical  Officer"  (s.  2). 

DISPENSE.  — Medicine  dispensed;   V.  Medicine. 

DISPLACE.  —  If  a  master  agrees  to  make  compensation  if  he  ''  dis- 
place "  his  servant,  he  will  be  liable  thereon  if  he  voluntarily  does  anything 
that  puts  it  out  of  his  power  to  continue  the  employment,  — e.g.  transfers 
his  business  {Stirling  v.  Maitland^  34  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1;  5  B.  &  S.  840). 

DISPONE.  —  As  to  the  importance  of  "dispone"  in  the  operative 
words  of  a  Scotch  Conveyance;  V,  Alexander  v.  Kirkpatnckj  L.  R. 
2  H.  L.  Sc.  397. 

In  the  prohibitory  clause  of  a  Scotch  Entail  "  dispone  "  has  the  same 
meaning  as  "  alienate "  {Re  Queensberry  Leases^  1  Bligh,  339).  V. 
Alienation. 

DISPONEE.— Stat.  Def.,  Scot.  10  &  11  V.  c.  48,  s.  22;  31  &  32 
V.  c.  101,  8.  3. 

DISPONER.—  V.  Settlor. 

Stat.  Def.  — iSco^  10  &  11  V.  c.  48,  s.  22,  c.  49,  s.  12;  31  &  32  V. 
c.  101,  s.  3. 

DISPOSAL.  — "  Disposal  "  frequently,  if  not  generally,  is  ufied  in  the 
sense  of  regulating,  ordering,  conducting,  and  government  {Baggett  t. 
Meux,  13  L.  J.  Ch.  232). 

A  direction  that  a  fund  is  to  be  at  the  "  Disposal "  of  its  donee,  will 
generally  negative  the  notion  of  a  trust  which  might  otherwise  be  gathered 
from  the  terms  of  the  Will  {Lambe  v.  Eames,  40  L.  J.  Ch.  447;  C  Ch. 
697:  Ee  Adanis  and  Kensington,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  87;  27  Ch.  D.  394 :  Mor- 
rin  V.  Morrin^  19  L.  R.  Ir.  37 ;  but  see  these  cases  distinguished  in  Re 
Haly,  23  L.  B.  Ir.  130:   FA,  1  Jarm.  402).     Vf,  Precatory  Trust. 

So,  this  word  will  sometimes  cut  down,  or  help  to  cut  down,  what, 
without  it,  might  be  an  absolute  gift.  Thus  where  a  testator  gave  his 
residue  to  his  wife  "  for  her  own  absolute  use  and  benefit  and  disposal^" 
with  a  gift  over  of  what  should  "  remain  undisposed  of  "  by  her;  it  was 
held  that  the  wife  took  a  life  interest  with  power  of  disposal  by  act  inter 
vivos  {Re  Founder,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  113;  56  L.  T.  104).  In  the  course  of 
his  jdgmt  in  that  case,  Kay,  J.,  said, ''  If  he  meant  her  to  take  absolutely 
there  was  no  use  in  referring  to  *  Disposal.' "  But  in  Re  Jones  (1898, 
1  Ch.  438;  67  L.  J.  Ch.  211 ;  78  L.  T.  74;  46  W.  R.  313),  Byrne,  J.,  dis- 
tinguished the  gift  there  from  that  in  Re  Founder,  and  held,  that  a  gift 
to  a  wife  "  for  her  absolute  use  and  benefit,  so  that,  during  her  lifetime 
for  the  purpose  of  her  maintenance  and  support,  she  shall  have  the  fullest 


DISPOSAL  647  DISPOSE  OF 

power  to  sell  and  dispose  of  my  said  estate  absolutely, "  with  a  gift  over 
of  **  such  parts  of  my  said  estate  as  she  shall  uot  have  disposed  of,  as 
aforesaid,"  was  an  absolute  gift,  and  that  the  gift  over  failed.  But  can 
the  two  cases  be  distinguished  ?  Vf,  Espinasse  v.  Luffingham,  3  J.  & 
LaT.  186:  Anon.^  Kelynge,  W.  6:  Dispose  of:  Disposition:  Left. 

A  bequest  to  a  wife  "  to  and  for  her  own  absolute  use  and  di8|>osal 
during  her  life,**  is  an  absolute  gift  and  not  one  merely  for  life  {Be  Bushy 
W.  N.  (85)  61). 

V.  Sole. 

The  ^Disposal  "  of  Chattels  may  be  perfected  by  gift  and  manual  de- 
livery {Farington  v.  Parker,  L.  R.  4  Eq.  116). 

DISPOSE  OF.  — A  devise  to  A.  "to  dispose  of,"  or  "give,"  at 
pleasure  passes  the  fee  (Jennor  and  Hardiest  Case^  1  Leon.  283:  Time- 
well  V.  Perkins,  2  Atk.  103:  Bridgetcater  v.  Bolton,  6  Mod.  Ill:  Doed. 
Herbert  v.  Thomas,  3  A.  &  E.  123). 

.  A  Power  enabling  a  woman  "  to  dispose  of  "  property  "  as  she  thinks 
fit,"  when  following  a  life  interest  to  her  which  she  is  restrained  from 
alienating,  would  seem  only  exercisable  by  Will  and  not  by  writing 
inter  vivos  {Archibald  v.  Wright,  7  L.  J.  Ch.  120;  9  Sim.  161).  F. 
Leave. 

But  a  gift  of  real  and  personal  estate  to  a  wife,  "  for  the  term  of  her 
natural  life,  to  be  disposed  o/* as  she  may  think  proper  for  her  own  use 
and  benefit,  according  to  the  nature  and  quality  thereof,"  and  "  in  the 
event  of  her  decease,  should  there  be  anything  remaining  of  the  said 
property  or  any  part  thereof, "  then,  as  to  "  the  said  part  or  parts  thereof," 
over;  held,  that  the  wife  had  no  power  of  disposition  by  Will;  and  that 
on  her  death  the  gift  over  took  effect :  the  Court  of  Appeal  also  expressed 
a  strong  opinion  that  the  wife  took  only  a  life  estate  in  the  property,  with 
the  power  of  enjoying  the  property  in  specie  (Re  Tfiomson,  Herring  v. 
Barrow,  49  L.  J.  Ch.  622;  14  Ch.  D.  263:  Sv,  Re  Mortlock,  26  L.  J. 
Ch.  671;  3  K.  &  J.  456;  30  L.  T.  O.  S.  90). 

Where  there  is  a  gift  in  fee,  but  in  case  the  donee  shall  die  "  and  shall 
not  have  disposed  of  and  parted  with  "  the  property,  then  over;  the  limi- 
tation over  is  valid  and  will  take  effect  in  opposition  to  any  testamentary 
disposition  by  the  donee,  because  those  words  connote  a  conveyance  that 
'  would  have  its  complete  effect  and  operation  in  his  lifetime: — that 
would  bo  so  if  "  parted  with  "  were  the  sole  phrase  used,  and  its  apposi- 
tion to  "  dispose  of  "  colours  that  latter  phrase  which,  probably,  without 
such  colouring,  would  mean,  a  perfect  disposition  in  the  donee's  lifetime, 
especially  when  the  phrase  is  "shall  not  have  disposed  of,"  which, 
semhle,  means  "  shall  not  already  have  disposed  of  "  {Doe  d.  Stevenson  v. 
Gl<rver,  14  L.  J.  C.  P.  169;  1  C.  B.  448). 

"Dispose  of"  lands,  ss.  127,  128,  Lands  C.  G.  Act,  1845,  means 
"  Tbaxsfeb  " ;  and  does  not  relate  to  the  mere  application  of  the  lands 


DISPOSE  OF  648  DISPOSITION 


to  a  purpose  other  than  that  for  which  they  were  acquired  {Agtleyy.  Man" 
Chester,  S.  &  L.  Ry,  27  L.  J.  Ch.  478 ;  2  D.  G.  &  J.  453). 

V,  Negotiate. 

Not  "  to  grant  away,  assign,  or  let,  charge,  or  dispose  of/  in  a  covenant 
in  a  Lease;  V,  Croft  v.  Lumley,  25  L.  J.  Q.  B.  73,  223,  27  lb.  321; 
6  H.  L.  Ca.  672. 

"Assigning  ...  or  disposing  of  the  land  leased";   V,  Assigk. 

''  Absolutely  sell  and  dispose  of '';   V,  Absolutely  sell. 

r.  Alienation :  Disposition:  Hereinbefokb :  Transfeb. 

Hiding  the  Dead  Body  of  a  child  between  the  bed  and  the  mattress, 
was  to  "  dispose  of "  it,  within  s.  14,  9  G.  4,  c.  31  (B,  v.  Goldtharpe, 

2  Moody,  244). 

Attempt  to  sell  or  dispose  of;   F.  Attempt. 

DISPOSING  POWER.  —  Wliere  an  obligation  is  Charged  on 
property  over  which  a  person,  e,g.  a  Jdgmt  Debtor,  has  "  any  Disposing 
Power,"  (s.  13,  Judgments  Act,  1838),  the  meaning  is  that  the  prop- 
erty to  be  charged  is  confined  to  such  as  the  person  could  honestly, 
and  without  breach  of  duty,  have  charged  {Kinderley  v.  JerviSy  25  L.  J. 
Ch.  638;  22  Bea.  1 :  Beavan  v.  Oxford,  25  L.  J.  Ch.  299;  6  D.  G.  M. 
&  G.  492:  per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Re  Leavesley,  1891,  2  Ch.  1;  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
385;  approving  jdgmt  of  Erie,  J.,  WaUs  v.  FoHer,  23  L.  J.  Q.  B.  34o; 

3  E.  &  B.  743).  Therefore,  a  Charging  Order  under  the  section  cited 
"  puts  the  Creditor  who  has  obtained  it  precisely  in  the  position  of  an 
ordinary  Execution  Cr,  as  defined  in  Whit  worth  v.  Gaugain,**  13  L.  J. 
Ch.  288;  15  lb.  433;  3  Hare,  416;  1  Phill.  728  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Re 
Leavesley^  sup),  and  his  priority  is  not  displaced  by  want  of  Notice  to 
trustees  or  other  holders  of  the  property  {Beavan  v.  (htfordj  sup :  Kin- 
derley  v.  Jervis,  sup:  Pickering  v.  Ufracombe  Ry,  37  L.  J.  C.  P.  118; 
L.  K.  3  C.  P.  235) ;  nor  is  the  Order  invalidated  by  the  lunacy  of  the 
person  against  whom  it  is  obtained  {Re  Leavesley,  sup). 

The  power  which  a  settlor  had  to  defeat  his  voluntary  settlement  by  a 
sale,  27  Eliz.  c.  4,  was  not  a  **  Disposing  Power  "  {Beavan  v.  Oxford, 
sup) ;  such  a  power  was  taken  away  by  56  &  57  V.  c.  21. 

V.  A.GREED. 

DISPOSITION.  —  "A  devise  at  the  disposition  of  A.  carries  the  fee  *^ 
(Sug.  Pow.  104:   Fjf  Discretion). 

"  Sale,  Mortgage,  or  other  Disposition  "  of  heritable  estate,  so  as  to 
attract  Legacy  Duty  under  48  G.  3,  c.  149,  Sch,  Part  3;  F.  A-G.  y. 
Wyndham,  1  H.  &  C.  663;  32  L.  J.  Ex.  1:  Cp,  Denn  v.  Diamond, 
cited  Sale. 

"Sale,  Pledge,  or  other  Disposition,"  s.  9,  Factor's  Act,  1889;  V. 
Kitto  V.  BUhie,  cited  Delivery:  Taylor  ▼.  Kymer,  3  B.  &  Ad.  320: 
Shenstone  v.  Hilton,  cited  Buy. 


DISPOSITION  549      DISPOSSESSION 

A  mere  Declabation  of  Trust  is  Dot  a  ''  Disposition  "  within  s.  40, 
Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1833  {Green,  v.  Faterson,  32  Ch.  D.  95; 
56  L.  J.  Ch.  181;  54  L.  T.  738 ;  34  W.  R.  724),  because  by  that  section 
a  Disposition  to  bar  an  Entail  must  be  one  ^  effectual  to  pass  a  Legal 
Estate  in  fee  simple  "  (per  Stirling,  J.,  Carter  v.  Carter,  65  L.  J.  Ch. 
90;  1896,  1  Ch.  62).  But  a  Declaration  of  Trust  by  a  Married  Woman, 
by  deed  acknowledged  and  her  husband  joining,  is  a  sufficient  Disposi- 
tion to  give  her  a  Separate  Estate  in  her  Freeholds  (Pride  v.  BiM, 
41  L.  J.  Ch.  105;  7  Ch.  64;  25  L.  T.  890;  20  W.  R.  220),  and  such  a 
Declaration  is  a  valid  Disposition,  in  Equity,  of  Copyholds,  under  s.  77, 
Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1833  {Carter  v.  Carter,  sup). 

Generally,  a  Declaration  of  Trust  is  a  Disposition  of  property,  at  least 
in  Equity  (per  Jessel,  M.  R.,  BicJuirds  v.  Dellnidge,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  459; 
L.  R.  18  Eq.  11).     V.  Dispositions. 

"  Disposition  "  and  "  Devolution  by  Law  "  are  contrasted  in  s.  2,  Sucn 
Dy  Act,  1853  (  V.  Succession),  and  the  Predecessor  is  determined  by 
considering  whether  the  Succession  is  by  "  Disposition  "  or  by  '*  Devolu- 
tion by  Law  "  (Zetland  v.  Ld  Advocate,  3  App.  Ca.  505),  in  which  case 
(p.  520)  Selborne,  C,  said,  that  '^  Devolution  by  Law,  takes  place  when- 
ever the  title,  is  such  that  an  heir  takes  under  it  by  descent  from  an 
*  Ancestor '  according  to  the  rules  of  law  applicable  to  the  descent  of 
heritable  estates."  Vf,  on  "  Disposition, "  A-G.  v.  Sibthorp,  28  L.  J. 
Ex.  9:  Bmj/brooke  v.  A-G.,  9  H.  L.  Ca.  150;  31  L.  J.  Ex.  177:  A-G. 
V.  Montefiore,  21  Q.  B.  D.  461;  59  L.  T.  534;  4  Times  Rep.  668. 
.  *•  Disposition,"  s.  21  (1),  Finance  Act,  1894;  V.  A-G.  v.  Dodington^ 
cited  Settlement. 

"  Disposition  of  Property  " ;    Fl  Dispositions  :  Evasion. 

**  Disposition  "  of  Realty,  s.  4,  6  Anne  (Ir),  c.  2\  V.  Re  &  Byrne, 
15  L.  R.  Ir.  189,  373. 

Qu4  Local  Registration  of  Title  (Ir)  Act,  1891,  54  &  55  V.  c.  66, 
**  *  Disposition,'  includes,  Transfer  and  Charge"  (s.  95). 

F.  Voluntaby  Disposition:  Possession,  Order,  or  Disposition. 

DISPOSITIONS.  — As  to  meaning  of  "  Dispositions  "  of  property 
within  s.  153,  Comp  Act,  1862;  V.  Re  Oriental  Bank,  54  D.  J.  Ch.  322; 
28  Ch.  D.  634;  52  L.  T.  167. 

"  Dispositions  of  Lands,"  s.  47,  Fines  and  Recoveries  Act,  1833 ;   F. 
Bankes  v.  Small,  36  Ch.  D.  716;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  832;  57  L.  T.  292;  35  - 
W.  R.  765;  3  Times  Rep.  740:  Disposition. 

DISPOSSESSION.  —  "  Dispossession,  or  Discontinuance  of  Posses- 
sion," s.  3,  Real  Property  Limitation  Act,  1833,  means  the  Abandon- 
ment of  possession  by  one  entitled  to  it  (Rimington  v.  Cannon,  22  L.  J. 
C  P.  153 ;  12  C.  B.  18),  followed  by  actual  possession  by  another  (Smith 
v.  Lloyd,  23  L.  J.  Ex.  194;  9  Ex.  562:  McDonnell  v.  McKinty,  10  Ir. 


DISPOSSESSION       550  DISPUTE 

L.  R.  614)  ;  ignorance  on  the  part  of  the  rightful  owner  that  such  adrerse 
possession  has  heen  taken  making  no  difference  {Rains  v.  Buxton^  49  L.  J. 
Ch.  473;  14  Ch.  D.  537;  28  W.  R.  954). 

Acts  of  user  which  do  not  interfere,  and  are  consistent,  with  the  pur- 
pose to  which  the  owner  intends  to  devote  the  land,  do  not  amount  to 
Discontinuance  of  Possession  by  him  (Leigh  v.  Jack,  5  Ex.  D.  264 ;  49  L.  J. 
Ex.  220);  Dispossession  " involves  an  aninvus possidendi  with  the  inten- 
tion of  excluding  the  owner  as  well  as  other  people  "  (per  Lindley,  M.  R^ 
Littledale  v.  Liverpool  College^  69  L.  J.  Ch.  89,  cited  Discontixuaxce). 

Small  acts  by  the  rightful  owner  will  disprove  **  Dispossession  or  Dis- 
continuance," —  e.g,  small  repairs  {Leigh  v.  Ja^ck^  sup),  or,  as  regards  a 
boundary  wall,  an  inscription  claiming  it  (Phillijpson  v.  (ribbon^  40  L-  J". 
Ch.  406;  6Ch.428). 

Vh^  Watson,  Eq.  574,  575;  and  for  a  full  examination  of  the  cases  on 
"  Dispossession  "  and  "  Discontinuance,"  F.  35  S.  J.  715,  742,  750. 

V.  Disseisin:  Discontinuance. 

DISPUTE.  —  A  clause  providing  for  an  Arbitration  "should  any 
Dispute  arise,"  includes  Disputes  of  law  as  well  as  of  fact  {Forwood  v. 
Watneg,  49  L.  J.  Q.  B.  447) ;  and  also  a  non-feasance,  e.g.  the  withhold- 
ing a  certificate  {Re  Hohenzolhm  Co,  54  L.  T.  596;  2  Times  Rep.  294, 
470).  So,  in  a  contract  of  services,  qua  a  claim  for  wrongful  dismissal 
{Renshaw  v.  Queen  Anne  Mansions  Co^  1897, 1  Q.  B.  662;  66  Hi.  J.  Q.  B. 
496;  76  L.  T.  611;  45  W.  B.  487;  explaining  Davis  v.  Starry  58  L.  J. 
Ch.  808;  41  Ch.  D.  242:  Renshaw  v.  (?.  A.  M,,  followed  in  rarrt/  v. 
Liverpool  Malt  Co,  1900, 1  Q.  B.  339;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161 ;  81  L.  T.  621). 
V/t,  s.  4,  Arb  Act,  1889. 

So,  the  recovery  by  a  Local  Authority  of  Expenses  summarily,  "  or' 
(in  case  of  dispute)  by  Arbitration,"  s.  150,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  means 
that  if  there  is  a  dispute  of  any  kind  (and  it  is  duly  notified)  the  Local 
Authority  must  go  to  arbitration  and  cannot  otherwise  recover  the  ex- 
penses {Sandgate  v.  Keene,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  831;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  775: 
Vthc,  West  HaHlepool  v.  Robinson,  77  L.  T.  387;  46  W.  R.  218;  62  J.  P. 
35) ;  and  the  amount  of  the  Award  must  be  recovered  summarily  under 
8.  150,  or  (if*  under  ^50)  in  the  Co.  Co.  under  s.  261  {Re  WUlesden  and 
Wright,  1896,  2  Q.  B.  412;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  567;  75  L.  T.  13;  44  W.  R, 
676;  60  J.  P.  708).  Notei  As  to  what  is  a  suflficient  written  Notice  of 
such  Dispute,  under  s.  257,  F.  Folkestone  v.  Brooks,  Same  v.  Ladd,  1893, 
3  Ch.  22;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  863;  69  L.  T.  403.  S.  268,  P.  H.  Act,  1875, 
gives  Appeal  against  these  Expenses  to  the  Loo  Gov  Board,  and  thereon, 
and  as  to  that  being  the  only  Appeal,  V.  Derbg  v.  Grudgings,  cited 
Apportion:  Walthamstowx,  Staines,  1891,  2  Ch,  606;  60  L.  J.  Ch. 
738;  (^  L.  T.  430. 

A  claim  based  on  a  non-agreement,  as  well  as  one  based  on  an  actual 
conflict  ad  idem,  is  a  "Dispute"  {Clemson  v.  Ifulbard,  45  L.  J.  M.  C. 


DISPUTE  551  DISPUTE 

69;  24  W.  R.  312;  40  J.  P.  725;  followed  in  Charles  v.  Plymouth  Worls 
Mtgeesy  inf :  Grainger  v,  Aynsley^  60  L*.  J.  M.  C.  51;  6  Q.  B.  D.  182; 
29  W.  R.  242;  45  J.  P.  142 :  decided  on  bs.  3  and  4,  38  &  39  V.  c.  90). 
Where  such  a  **  Dispute  "  relates  to  a  Workman  absenting  hiraself,  the 
whole  absence  up  to  proceedings  brought  is  but  one  Dispute  and  cannot 
be  split  up  so  as  to  recover  before  Justices  two  amounts  of  damages 
{James  v.  Evans,  1897,  2  Q.  B.  180;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  742;  77  L.  T.  78; 
45  W.  R.  654;  61  J.  P.  631). 

As  to  meaning  of  "  Dispute  "  for  the  purpose  of  the  Building  Socie- 
ties Acts;  V,  47  &  48  V.  c.  41,  s.  2,  interpreted  by  Western  Sulmrban 
and  Notting  Hill  Bg  Socy  v.  Martin,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  382 ;  17  Q.  B. 
D.  609,  54  L.  T.  822;  34  W.  R.  630;  2  Times  Rep.  672:  Municipal 
Permanent  Bg  Socy  v.  Richards,  39  Ch.  D.  381;  58  L.  J.  Ch.  8.  V. 
Capacity. 

For  the  Building  Society  cases  apart  from  legislative  interpretation; 
V.  as  regards  Societies  Incorporated  under  the  Act  of  1874,  Wright  v. 
Monarch  Bg  Socy,  46  L.  J.  Ch.  649;  5  Ch.  D.  726:  Hack  v.  London 
Prov.  Bg  Socy,  52  L.  J.  Ch.  541;  23  Ch.  D.  106;  31  W.  R.  392:  Mu- 
nicipal Bg  Socy  v.  Kent,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  290 ;  9  App.  Ca.  260:  and,  as 
regards  Unincorporated  Societies,  Mulkem  v.  Lord,  48  L.  J.  Ch.  745; 
4  App.  Ca.  182;  27  W.  R.  510:  Morrison  v.  Glover,  19  L.*  J.  Ex.  20; 
4  Ex.  430 :  B.  v.  Trafford,  24  L.  J.  M.  C.  20 ;  4  E.  &  B.  122 :  Farmer 
V.  Giles,  30  L.  J.  Ex.  65;  5  H.  &  N.  753. 

A  ^'  Dispute,"  within  those  Acts  or  the  Friendly  Societies  Acts  and  a 
Society's  Rules,  must  be  one  relating  to  the  internal  affairs  of  a  Society 
arising  between  the  Officers  and  its  Members;  and,  therefore,  does  not 
include  a  controversy  as  to  whether  a  person  is  a  Member  or  not  (Pren- 
tice V.  London,  L.  R.  10  C.  P.  679;  44  L.  J.  C.  P.  353;  33  L.  T.  251 : 
Willis  V.  WelU,  1892,  2  Q.  B.  225 ;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  606 ;  67  L.  T.  316; 
41  W.  R.  64;  56  J.  P.  775:  Vthc,  Stone  v.  Liverpool  Marine  Socy,  63 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  471);  in  this  respect  s.  10  (1),  Friendly  Soc  Act,  1895, 
repld  s.  68,  Friendly  Soc  Act,  1896,  makes  no  difference  (Palliser  v. 
Dale,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  257;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  236;  76  L.  T.  14;  45  W.  R. 
291). 

"  Dispute  "  seems  not  to  have  received  any  statutory  interpretation  for 
the  purposes  of  the  Friendly  Societies  Acts:  Vh,  Be  United  Patriots 
Socy,  48  L.  J.  M.  C.  55;  4  Q.  B.  D.  29;  27  W.  R.  339;  39  L.  T.  622: 
Huckle  V.  WiUon,  2  C.  P.  D.  410;  26  W.  R.  98:  Ex  p.  Wooldridge, 
26  J.  P.  469:  Jones  v.  Slee,  32  Ch.  D.  585;  55  L.  J.  Ch.  908;  55  L.  T. 
129;  34  W.  R.  692;  2  Times  Rep.  625:  Stone  v.  Liverpool  Marine  Socy, 
sup :  R.  V.  Richardson,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  323 ;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  212 ;  58  J.  P. 
640. 

"  Dispute,"  ss.  3,  4,  Employers  and  Workmen's  Act,  1875,  38  &  39  V. 
c.  90;  V,  Charles  v.  Plymouth  Works  Mtgees,  60  L.  J.  M.  C.  20;  64 
L.  T.  466;  39  W.  R.  122;  hh  J.  P.  469. 


DISPUTE  652  DISTANCE 

"  Dispute,"  8.  48,  Savings  Bank  Act,  1863,  26  &  27  V.  c.  87;   F.  Be 
Cardiff  Savings  Bank,  4  Times  Rep.  10. 
**  Sum  in  Dispute  " ;   V.  Sum  Claimed. 
F.  Diffsbexcb:  Decision. 

DISPUTE  AS  TO   THE  AMOUNT A  statutory  direction  to 

refer  to  arbitration  any  "  Dispute  as  to  the  Amount,"  will  be  confined  to 
questions  of  amount  only,  and  will  not  embrace  a  case  where  the  liability 
is  in  dispute  (JB.  v.  Metropolitan  Commrs  of  Sewers j  22  L.  J.  Q.  B.  234 ; 
1  £.  &  B.  694:  Bradby  v.  Southampton,  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  239 ;  4  £.  &  B. 
1014:  R.  V.  Burslem,  29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  242;  1  E.  &  E.  1077:  and  V.  per 
Willes,  J.,  in  thlo  for  obs  on  Bradford  v.  Hopwood,  6  W.  R.  818). 

DISQUALIFICATION V.  House  of  Commons. 

F.  Qualification. 

DISQUALIFIED.  — A  person  is  "disqualified  "  for  an  Office  if  per- 
sonally ineligible,  or  he  may  be  so  disqualified  if  some  condition  prece- 
dent to  his  election  or  appointment  has  not  been  fulfilled  {Howes  v. 
Turner,  45  L.  J.  C.  P.  550 ;  1  C.  P.  D.  670). 

''Become  disqualified";  F.  Disabled  from  acting. 

The  Disqualifications  of  Municipal  Councillors  are  prescribed  by  ss.  12 
and  39,  45  &  46  Y.  c.  50 ;  and  as  to  Penalty,  V.  s.  41,  lb.  A  person  dis- 
qualified for  Election  is  Disqualified  for  Nomination  {Harford  y.  Lyns- 
key,  cited  Candidate). 

"  Disqualified  by  Sex  ";   V.  Sex. 

V.  Qualified  to  elect:   Duly. 

DISRAELI'S  ACT.  — The  Representation  of  the  People  Act,  1867, 
'30  &  31  V.  c.  102. 

DISSEISIN.  —  **  Disseisina  is  a  putting  out  of  a  man  out  of  seisin, 
and  ever  implyeth  a  wrong.  But  dispossessing  or  ejectment,  is  a  putting 
out  of  possession,  and  may  be  by  right  or  by  wrong"  (Co.  Litt  153  b; 
Va,  lb.  181  a :  3  Bl.  Com.  169:  Taylor  v.  Horde,  1  Burr.  108-111 :  Doe 
d.  Atkyns  v.  Horde,  2  Cowp.  701). 

"  Ee-Disseisin  "  is  a  repetition  of  the  offence  (Cowel). 

Cp,  Defo&cemekt:    Dispossession:    Ouster:    Abate.     V.  Resti- 

'  TUTION. 

DISSENT.  —  Notice  of  Dissent,  s.  161,  Comp  Act,  1862;  T.  Notice. 

DISSENTER.— r.  Recusant:  Protestant. 

DISSOLUTE. — Dissolute  Person;   F.  Inferior  Tradesman. 

DISSOLUTION.  —  F.  Instrumknt  of  Dissolution. 

DISTANCE By  the  Parliamentary  Voters  Registration  Act,  1843, 

6  V.  c.  18,  s.  76,  distances  for  the  purposes  of  that  Act  are  to  be  "  measured 


DISTANCE  553  DISTINCT 

in  a  straight  line  on  the  horizontal  plane."  That  rule  is  now  applicahle 
to  all  Acts  of  Parliament  passed  since  the  31st  Dec  1889  (s.  34,  Interp 
Act,  1889).  Indeed,  without  enactment,  it  would  seem  a  universal  rule 
for  all  Acts,  without  distinction  (XaA;0  y.  ^B^i^Zer,  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  273; 
25  L.  T.  0.  S.  128;  19  J.  P.  692:  Jewdl  v.  Stead,  26  L.  J.  Q.  B.  294; 
6E.  &B.  350). 

A  similar,  though  more  amplified,  rule  obtains  for  the  general  measuiv 
ing  of  distance.  This  rule  was  laid  down  by  the  Exchequer  Chamber  in 
Mouflet  V.  Cole  (42  L.  J.  Ex.  8;  L.  R.  8  Ex.  32),  wherein  the  prior 
authorities,  somewhat  conflicting,  were  cited;  and  it  is  now  established 
that,  where  there  are  no  special  controlling  words,  distance  is  not  to  be 
measured  by  the  nearest  available  mode  of  access,  but ''  as  the  crow  flies," 
i.e.  by  the  shortest  line  that  can  be  drawn  from  one  place  to  another  on 
a  map  without  regard  to  the  curvature  or  inequalities  of  the  surface  of 
the  earth;  and  where  the  distance  is  to  be  ascertained  between  houses, 
the  measurement  is  to  be  taken  from  the  nearest  point  of  the  one  house 
to  the  nearest  point  of  the  other,  without  regard  to  where  the  doors  are 
situated.  Vfy  Dui^an  ▼.  Walker,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  867 ;  Johns.  446.  Sv, 
Myers  v.  Land.  &  S,  W.  By,  cited  Mile. 

So,  qu^  an  Agreement  not  to  practise  as  a  Solicitor  within  a  stated 
distance  of  a  Town,  the  measurement  has  to  be  taken  from  the  stipu- 
lator's office  to  the  nearest  part  of  the  town,  and  not  to  its  centre  {Cattle 
V.  Th<yrpe,  W.  N.  (1900)  83). 

Where,  in  order  to  secure  proper  Ventilation  of  Buildings,  a  Distance 
from  buildings  is  prescribed  which  is  to  be  left  clear,  that  means  that 
every  part  of  each  bg  must  have  that  distance  left  clear,  although  in 
some  other  way  an  open  space  which  might  be  regarded  as  sufficient  may 
have  been  provided  (Anderton  v.  Birkenhead,  32  L.  J.  M.  G.  137;  13 
C.  B.  N.  S.  603). 

For  an  example  of  a  special  provision  for  measuring  distance;  V. 
Athyns  v.  Kinniery  19  L.  J.  Ex.  132 ;  4  Ex.  776 :  Travblleb. 

F.  Prescribed. 

DISTILLER.  — Stat.  Def.,  Spirits  Act,  1880,  s.3:  " 'Distiller's  Ware- 
house,' means  an  approved  Warehouse  on  the  premises  of  a  Distiller  " 
(lb.). 

DISTI NOT.  — "  Distinct  PropeHies, "  qui  Inhabited  House  Duty ;  V. 
A'G.  v.  Westminster  Chambers  Assn,  cited  House.  Each  Flat  sepa- 
rately used  as  a  dwelling,  is  a  "  Separate  Dwelling  "  within  the  exemption 
I)rovided  by  s.  26  (2),  53  &  54  V.  c.  8,  though  its  access  is  by  a  common 
front  door,  entrance  hall,  and  staircase  {Seaman  v.  Lee,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  593 ; 
63  J.  P.  499).  Vf,  Lee  v.  Gansel,  Cowp.  8 :  Yorkshire  Insrce  v.  Clayton, 
cited  Divide. 

"  Distinct "  Trusts,  s.  5,  Conv  Act,  1882 ;  V.  Be  Hetherinytan,  56 
L.  J.  Ch.  174;  34  Ch.  D.  211 ;  55  L.  T.  806;  35  W.  R.  285. 


DISTINCT  654  DISTINCTIVE 

"  Separate  and  Distinct  Building,"  59  G.  3,  c.  60 ;  V.  R.  v.  Henley- 
upon-ThameSy  6  L.  J.  M.  C.  76;  6  A.  &  E.  294 ;  1  N.  &  P.  445.  C>, 
"  Every  Building/'  sub  Buildiko. 

''  Se[)arate  and  Distinct  Dwelling^Ifotisey "  qu4  Pauper  Settlement, 
6  G.  4,  c.  57,  8.  2;  V.  R.  v.  Usworth,  5  L.  J.  M.  C.  139;  6  A.  &  E.  261 ; 
6  N.  &  M.  811:  R.  v.  Wootton,  3  L.  J.  M.  C.  98;  1  A.  &  E.  232:  R.  v. 
RipoTiy  14  L.  J.  AL  C.  102 ;  7  Q.  B.  225:  R.  v.  HusthwaUcy  21  L.  J.  M.  C. 
189:  R.  V.  CaverwaZ/,  8  L.  J.  M.  C.  57;  10  A.  &  E.  270 :  R.  v.  St  Late- 
rencey  14  L.  J.  M.  C.  66;  6  Q.  B.  842:  R.y.Elstmck,  3  E.  &  E.  437;  30 
L.  J.  M.  C.  66. 

"  As  a  distinct  Covenant " ;   V.  Separate  Covenant. 

**  Distinct  Occasions,"  s.  603  (3),  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894;  V.  The 
Schwan,  cited  Inevitable. 

DISTINCTION.  — r.  Mark. 

DISTINCTIVE.  —  A  "  Distinctive  "  Device,  Mark,  &c,  to  constitute 
a  Trademark  (s.  10,  Trade  Marks  Registration  Act,  1876,  38  &  39 
V.  c.  91 ;  V.  now  Patents,  Designs  and  Trade  Marks  Act,  1883,  ss.  64, 
67,  but  s.  64  is  amended  by  s.  10,  61  &  52  V.  c,  60)  **  must  be  a  Mark  or 
Device  of  such  kind  as,  in  case  of  infringement,  it  shall  be  clear  what  it  is 
that  is  being  infringed,  and  that  the  mark  is  something  distinct  from  all 
other  marks  used  in  the  same  class  of  goods  "  (per  Lopes,  L.  J.,  Janies  v. 
Farn/y  55  L.  J.  Ch.  916 ;  33  Ch.  D.  392 ;  55  L.  T.  416;  36  W.  R.  67) ; 
and  that  case  establishes  that  a  device  or  mark  is  none  the  less  distinctive 
because  it  is  a  pictorial  representation  of  the  article ;  but  Colour  alone  will 
not  make  a  device  "  distinctive  "  (Re  Hansauy  51  L.  J.  Ch.  173 ;  37  Ch.  D. 
112 ;  67  L.  T.  869 ;  36  W.  R.  134).  So,  a  portrait  of  the  owner  of  a 
Trade-Mark  is  "distinctive"  {Rowland  v.  Michelly  1897,  1  Ch.  71;  6% 
L.  J.  Ch.  110)  ;  but  a  Word  or  combination  of  Letters  is  not  a  "  Device  " 
{Ex  p,  Stephens,  cited  Figures).  Vf,  Re  AndersoUy  64  L.  J.  Ch.  1084  ; 
26  Ch.  D.  409 :  Re  Hudson,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  531 ;  32  Ch.  D.  311 :  Re  Bryant 
and  May,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  763:  Re  Wright  &  Co,  1900,  2  Ch.  218;  69 
L.  J.  Ch.  589;  83  L.  T.  160. 

"  Special  and  Distinctive  Word "  in  same  sections  ;  V,  Re  Palmer, 
21  Ch.  D.  47;  24  lb.  604;  51  L.  J.  Ch.  673 :  Re  Leonard  and  Ellis,  26 
Ch.  D.  288;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  603;  32  W.  R.  630 :  Re  Wood,  32  Ch.  D.  247; 
55  L.  J.  Ch.  377  :  Burland  v.  Broxburn  Co,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  816;  42  Ch.  D. 
274;  61  L.  T.  618;  6  Pat.  Ca.  482  :  Bodega  Co  v.  OwenSy  23  L.  R.  Ir. 
371 :  per  Lds  Halsbury  and  Morris,  Perry-Davis  v.  Harhord,  15  A  pp. 
Ca.  316;  60  L.  J.  Ch.  16:  Richards  v.  Butchery  1891,  2  Ch.  622;  60 
L.  J.  Ch.  630:  Re  Hopkinson,  1892,  2  Ch.  116;  61  L.  J.  Ch.387:  Re 
Smokeless  Powder  Co,  1892,  1  Ch.  690;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  391 ;  40  W.  R.  607. 

V.  Fancy  Word  :  Word  :  Name  :  Individual. 
Name  printed,  &c  ''in  some  Particular  and  Distinctive  Manner," 


DISTINCTIVE  555  DISTRESS 

s.  64  (1  a),  Patents,  &c  Act,  1883,  amended  as  above,  does  not  connote 
that  it  is  to  be  done  in  a  precise  and  distinct  manner ;  the  manner  indi- 
cated is  one  that  is  distinctively  peculiar  (Be  Holt,  1896,  1  Ch.  711 ;  65 
L.  J.  Ch.  142,  410;  74  L.  T.  225;  44  W.  R.  369). 

DISTRESS.  —  ''A  distress  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  effectual 
remedies  for  the  recovery  of  rent.  It  is  the  taking,  without  legal  process, 
cattle  or  goods  as  a  pledge  to  compel  the  satisfaction  of  a  demand,  the 
performance  of  a  duty,  or  the  redress  of  an  injury.  The  act  of  taking, 
the  thing  taken,  and  the  remedy  generally,  having  been  called  a  Distress ; 
an  inaccuracy  which  the  older  text-writers  usually  avoided"  (Woodf. 
442):  Vh,  Bullen  on  Distress:  Redman  ch.  6:  Fawcett  217  et  seq: 
4  Encyc.  290-309:  Damage  Feasant:  Day:  Levy:  Outer  Door. 

A  power  in  gross  (apart  from  statute)  to  recover  interest,  gas  rent,  or 
other  sum  by  "  Distress  "  will  not  confer  the  peculiar  powers  of  a  Land- 
lord's Distress,  which,  in  bargains  inter  partes,  must  be  based  on  a  ten- 
ancy (Jb%  V.  Arbuthnot,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  547;  4  D.  G.  &  J.  224).  And  if 
a  statute  merely  gives  power  to  levy,  e,g,  gas  or  water  rent,  by  "  Dis- 
tress," that  will  not  give  a  Landlord's  Distress  {Exp,  Hill,  46  L.  J.  Bank. 
116 ;  6  Ch.  D.  63) ;  seeus,  if  the  statutory  power  is  to  levy  "  by  the  same 
means  as  landlords  may  recover  rent  in  arrear  "  {Ex  p,  Birmingham  and 
Staffordshire  Gas  Co,  40  L.  J.  Bank.  52;  L.  R.  11  Eq.615:  RePeake, 
53  L.  J,  Ch.  977;  13  Q.  B.  D.  753),  or  if  a  like  phrase  is  made  applicable 
to  a  Rent  Charge  {Johnson  v.  Faulkner,  2  Q.  B.  925;  11  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
103). 

In  the  power  to  levy  for  Poor  Rate  "by  Distress  and  sale  of  the 
offender's  goods  "  (43  Eliz.  c.  2,  s.  4),  "  Distress  "  means  "  Execution  "; 
and  accordingly  Beasts  of  the  Plough  may  be  taken  thereunder  {Hutchins 
V.  Chambers,  1  Burr.  579) ;  but  the  postponement  of  a  Bill  of  Sale  to  a 
"  Distress  under  a  warrant  for  the  recovery  of  Taxes,  and  Poor  and  other 
Parochial  Rates,"  s.  14,  Bills  of  S.  Act,  1882,  does  not  apply  to  an 
Execution  under  a  jdgmt  for  a  General  District  Rate,  e.g,  under  s.  261, 
P.  H.  Act,  1875  (Wimbledon  v.  Undenvood,  1892,  1  Q.  B.  836;  61  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  484;  67  L.  T.  bb\  40  W.  R.  640;  m  J.  P.  633). 

The  bailiff,  and  not  the  landlord,  is  the  ** person  making  any  Distress  " 
within  s.  49,  Agricultural  Holdings  (England)  Act,  1883,  46  &  47  V. 
c.  61,  and  is  therefore  entitled  to  the  percentage  prescribed  by  the  statute 
(PhUlips  V.  Rees,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  1;  24  Q.  B.  D.  17;  38  W.  R.  53; 
overruling  Coode  v.  Johns,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  475;  17  Q.  B.  D.  714;  bo 
L.  T.  290;  35  W.  R.  47).      F.  Agist. 

"  By  any  Distress,  Action,  or  Suit;*  s.  42,  3  &  4  W.  4,  c.  27;   V.  By. 

The  power  to  recover  Tithe  Rent  Charge  under  a  contract  made  prior 
to  the  Tithe  Act,  1891,  "  by  Distress  and  not  otherwise  "  (subs.  3,  s.  1), 
is  by  distress  alone;  no  action  therefor  can  be  maintained  (Church  v. 
Maxsted,  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  823). 


DISTRESS  556  DISTRICT 

The  New  South  Wales  statute,  5  V.  No.  17,  s.  41,  which  provides  that 
''  no  Distress  for  rent  shall  he  made,  or  levied,  or  proceeded  in,"  after  an 
Insolvency  Order  or  Sequestration,  only  applies  qua  the  assets  in  the 
Insolvency,  and  not  to  goods  belonging  to  third  parties,  e»g.  goods  in  a 
Bill  of  Sale  given  by  the  Insolvent  and  claimed  by  the  Holder  (Railton 
V.  Wood,  69  L.  J.  P.  C.  84;  16  App.  Ca.  363;  over-ruling  Cohen  v. 
Slade,  12  New  S.  Wales  Rep.  88).     Cp.  All  intents  and  purposes. 

V.  Public  Trade:  Sufficient  Distress. 

Stat.  Def.  —  Scot.  37  &  38  V.  c.  16,  s.  4.  —  /r.  61  &  62  V.  c.  47,  s.  3} 
66  &  67  V.  c.  36,  8.  3. 

DISTRESSED.— Where  the  rules  of  a  Friendly  Society  limit 
its  benefits  to  members  who  are  in  "  Distressed  Circumstances,  "  that 
phrase,  though  capable  of  many  interpretations,  means,  that  a  recipient 
must  be  one  who  has  no  sufficient  independent  means  of  livelihood  (Be 
Buck,  1896,  2  Ch.  727;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  884;  76  L.  T.  312;  46  W.  R.  106). 
F/*  Public  Charity. 

"  Distressed  Seamen  ** ;   V,  Passenger. 

DISTRIBUTE.  — "Amount  distributed  in  Dividend,"  s.  72  (1), 
Bankry  Act,  1883,  semble,  means,  the  amount  distributed  in  dividend 
out  of  Assets  realized  by  the  trustee  (per  Wright,  J.,  Be  Christie^  cited 
Kbalized). 

"Distributing  Main";  Stat.  Def.,  Electric  Lighting  (Clauses)  Act, 
1899,  62  &  63  V.  c.  19,  Sch  s.  1. 

DISTRIBUTION.  — Period  of  Distribution;   V.   Class. 
Statute  of  Distribution,  22  &  23  Car.  2,  c.  10. 

DISTRICT.—  r.  Be  HoUon,  31  L.  T.  O.  S.  187:  Blackpool  v. 
Bennetty  V,  Ply. 

"  District,"  in  a  Pleading  alleging  a  Custom;  F.  Edwards  v.  Jenkins^ 
1896,  1  Ch.  308;  65  L.  J.  Ch.  222. 

"  District "  in  which  Notices  are  to  be  posted  pursuant  to  s.  7  (1),  Land 
Law  (Ir)  Act,  1887,  50  &  51  V.  c.  33,  includes,  but  is  not  confined  to, 
the  Civil-Bill  District  {Bermingham  v.  Turner^  24  L.  R.  Ir.  336). 

"District"  in  an  Agreement  between  Kailway  Cos;  —  "We  under- 
stand the  word  *  District, '  —  in  the  expressions  *  Each  Co's  own  District,' 
and  *  the  District  of  the  other  Co,'  —  to  mean,  the  district  adjacent  to  a 
Line  from  which  Traffic  is  drawn  to  that  line;  and  if  both  Cos  draw  a 
traffic  from  the  same  district,  such  a  district  belongs  to  them  both,  and 
is  as  much  the  district  of  one  as  it  is  of  the  other  "  {Caledonian  By  v. 
N,  B.  By,  2  Ry  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  289,  290). 

F.  Pabish. 
.    Stat.  Def.  — 12  &  13  V.  c.  50,  8.  10;     13  &  14  V.  c.  52,  s.  76;     Me- 
tropolis  Gas  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V.  c.  125,  s.  4;     28  &  29  V.  c.  42,  s.  2; 


DISTRICT  657  DISTRICT 

29  &  30  V.  c.  2,  8.  4;  33  &  34  V.  c.  70,  s.  2,  c.  78,  e.  3;  Metropolis 
Water  Act,  1871,  34  &  35  V.  c.  113,  b.  3;  48  &  49  V.  c.  23,  s.  23,  c.  72, 
8.  1  (4);  53  &  54  V.  c.  70,  8.  92;  54  &  55  V.  c.  22,  s.  14;  55  &  66 
V.  c.  57, 9.  6;    57  &  58  V.  c.  57,  a.  59.  —  Scot.  26  &  27  V.  c.  108, 8.  30; 

30  &  31  V.  c.  37,  8.  2;  41  &  42  V.  c.  43,  s.  1;  Criminal  Procedure 
(Scot)  Act,  1887,  60  &  51  V.  c.  35,  s.  1 ;  66  &  66  V.  c.  54,  s.  16;  60  & 
61  V.  c.  38,  8.3.— /r.  26  &  27  V.  c.  88,8.  3;    30  &31  V.  c.  94,  s.  2;    45 

6  46  V.  c.  25,  8.  20;    61  &  62  V.  c.  63,  8.  2;    62  &  63  V.  c.  72,  8.  18. 
"  District  Assessment  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Scot.  25  &  26  V.  c.  101,  b.  3.  — 

Ir.  17  &  18  V.  c.  103,  8.  1. 

"District  Asylum";  Stat.  Def.,  Lunacy  Act,  1890,  s.  ^1.  —  Scot. 
20  &  21  V.  c.  71,  s.  3.  —  /r.  38  &  39  V.  c.  67,  s.  2.     V.  Lunatic.  • 

District  Auditory  V.  District  Auditors  Act,  1879,  42  V.  c.  6;  60  & 
61  V.  c.  72,  8.  2. 

"  District  Authority  ";  Stat.  Def.,  63  &  54  V.  c.  68,  s.  10. 

"District  Borough";  Stat.  Def.,  31  &  32  V.  c.  46,  s.  3;  35  &  36 
V.  c.  33,  Sch. 

V.  Central  Criminal  Court. 

"  District  Church  ";  Stat.  Def.,  28  &  29  V.  c.  42,  n.  2. 

"District  Committee";  Stat.  Def.,  Scot.  41  &  42  V.  c.  61,  n.  3; 
Loc  Gov  (Scot)  Act,  1889,  ss.  77-82;  55  &  56  V.  c.  54,  a.  16;  60  & 
61  V.  c.  38,  8.  3. 

Corporate  District;  F.  Corporate. 

"  District  Council  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Loc  Got  Act,  1888,  s.  100.  —  Scot. 
60  &  61  V.  c.  43,  8.  8.  —Ir.  61  &  62  V.  c.  37,  s.  22  (3). 

"  County  District " ;  V.  County. 

"  District  of  England " ;  Wales  is  such,  qui  the  Endowed  Schools 
Act,  1869  (BeMeyricke,  41  L.  J.  Ch.  187,  553;  L.  R.  13  Eq.  269; 

7  Ch.  600).     V.  England. 

English  Channel  District ;   V.  English. 

"Highway  District";  Stat.  Dei,  2o  &  26  V.  c.  61,  s.  3;  41  &  42 
V.  c.  77,  8.  38. 

**  Improvement  Act  District";  Stat.  Def.,  36  &  36  V.  c.  79,  s.  60, 
c.  94,  8.  74;     38  &  39  V.  c.  65,  s.  4;     39  &  40  V.  c.  56,  s.  37. 

"  Library  District ";  Stat.  Def.,  53  &  64  V.  c.  68,  s.  10. 

V.  Licensing. 

Local  Government  District;  V.  R.  v.  Barnes^  13  Times  Rep.  26: 
Middlesex  Co.  Co.  v.  Willesden^  12  lb.  437.  Stat.  Def.,  P.  H.  Act, 
1875,  8.  4;    39  &  40  V.  c.  56,  s.  37;    48  &  49  V.  c.  23,  s.  23. 

V.  London  District:  Metropolitan:  Municipal. 

"  Non-Corporate  District  ";  Stat.  Def.,  11  &  12  V.  c.  63,  s.  2. 

"District  O/^cc,"  and  "District  Registrar^''  of  Probate,  in  Ireland; 
V.  20&21V.  c.  79,8.2. 

r.  Parliamentary:  Petty  Sessions:  Police:  PoLLnro:  Port, 
at  end :  Prescribed. 


DISTRICT  558  DIVES'  COSTS 

*' Proclaimed  District";  Stat.  Def.,  Ir.  33  &  34  V.  c.  9,  b.  4. 

''Riparian  Nuisance  District";  Stat.  Def.,  Ir.  36  &  37  V.  c.  78, 
s.  4,  repld  Part  1,  P.  H.  Ireland  Act,  1878,  V.  s.  8. 

"  Rural  District ";  Stat.  Def.,  60  &  51  V.  c.  48,  s.  17;  51  &  52  V. 
c.  10,  8.  14. 

''Rural  Sanitary  District";  Stat.  Def.,  P.  H.  Act,  1875,  s.  5;  41 
&42  V.  c.  77,  s.  38;    50  &51  V.  c.  32,8. 1;    53  &  54  V.  c.  59,  s.  11  (3) ; 

55  &  56  V.  c.  57,  s.  5.  — /r.  46  &  47  V.  c.  60,  s.  21. 

"  Sanitary  District";  Stat.  Def.,  48  &  49  V.  c.  72,  s.  13;  53  &  54 
V.  c.  70,  8.  93.  —Ir,  47  &  48  V.  c.  59,  s.  9;    48  &  49  V.  c.  39,  s.  9; 

56  &  57  V.  c.  13,  8.  7. 

District  Surveyor;   V.  Part  13,  London  Bg  Act,  1894. 

"  Urban  District " ;  Stat.  Def.,  50  &  51  V.  c.  48,  s.  17;  51  &  52  V. 
c.  10,  8.  14;     55  &  56  V.  c.  53,  s.  27.  —  Ir.  57  &  58  V.  c.  38,  s.  12. 

"  Urban  Sanitary  District";  Stat.  Def.,  38  &  39  V.  c.  17,  s.  108; 
P.  H.  Act,  1875,  s.  5;  41  &  42  V.  c.  77,  s,  38;  50  &  51  V.  c.  32,  s.  1 ; 
53  &  54  V.  c.  59,  s.  11  (3) ;  55  &  56  V.  c.  67,  s.  5,  c.  59,  s.  9.  —  7r. 
37  &  38  V.  c.  93,  ss.  2,  3;     57  &  58  V.  c.  38,  s.  12. 

"  Ventilating  District ";  Stat.  Def.,  Coal  Mines  Regn  Act,  1887,  s.  49, 
K.  12  (k). 

DISTRINGAS V.  Stop  Order,  aub  Stop. 

DISTURB.—  V.  Molest. 

DISTURBANCE.  —  The  "  Disturbance  "of  a  Right,  e.g.  of  Fishery, 
or  of  Market,  "  is  a  very  general  phrase;"  and  may  be  effected  "  either 
by  Trespass  or  by  Nuisance,  or  in  any  other  substantial  manner  "  (per 
Rigby,  L.  J.,  Fitzgerald  v.  Firbank,  1897,  2  Ch.  96;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  529). 
Vfy  Holford  V.  FrUchardj  18  L.  J.  Ex.  315;  3  Ex.  793. 

V.  Interruption:  Annoyance:  Political. 

DISUSED   BURIAL   GROUND V.  Burial. 

DITCH.  — F.  Drain:  Pond':  Pool. 

As  used  in  23  H.  8,  c.  5,  semhle,  a  Ditch  **  is  a  kind  of  current  of 
waters  in  infimo  graduy^  useable  for  small  boats  in  winter,  but  generally 
dry  in  summer  (Callis,  81).    Cp,  Pond  :  Pool.    FA,  Fence  :  4  Encyc  319. 

As  to  the  ownership  of  ditches  between  fields;  F.  Eedman,  240,  241: 
Woodf.  655:  Marshall  y.  Taylor,  1895,  1  Ch.  641;  64  L.  J.  Ch.  416. 

DIVERT.— F.  Illegally. 

DIVES'  COSTS.  —  These  were  costs  paid  voluntarily  by  a  suc- 
cessful pit  suing  in  forma  pauperis,  and  which  he  was  allowed  to  tax 
against  his  defeated  opponent  {Carson  v.  Fickersgill^  54  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
484;  14  Q.  B.  D.  859).  Pauper  Costs  are  now  substituted:  on  whv 
R.  31,  Ord.  1(5,  R.  S.  C. 


DIVEST  559  DIVIDE 

DIVEST.  —  "  'Devest,*  is  a  word  contrary  to  'Invest';  for  as  an 
Invest  signifieth  to  deliver  the  possession  of  a  thing,  so  Devest  signifieth 
the  taking  away  of  the  possession  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley).  But,  probably, 
it  is  more  accurate  to  say  that  *'  Divest  '*  is  the  antithesis  of  "  Vest  " 
when  that  latter  word  is  used  in  the  sense  primarily  of  giving  the  prop- 
erty in  the  subject-matter,  —  such  vesting  attracting  the  possession,  or, 
at  least,  the  right  of  possession  of  the  subject-matter;  the  change  of  pos- 
session, even  coupled  with  the  right  to  possession,  not  necessarily  work- 
ing a  divesting.  Thus,  when  a  Sheriff  seizes  goods  under  a  Ji.  fa,^  the 
property  in  the  goods  remains  in  the  Execution  Debtor  though  the  pos- 
session of  them  is  held  by  the  SherifiP;  so,  of  a  Bailment  (per  Ld 
Tenterden,  Giles  v.  Grovevy  9  Bing.  280);  those  observations  being 
prefaced  by  this  remark,  —  "  Property  cannot  be  divested  out  of  one  per- 
son without  being  vested  in  another." 

As  to  what  is  an  Agreement  to  **  divest  or  alienate  "  the  right  of  the 
Occupier  to  kill  Ground  Game,  or  to  give  him  an  **  Advantage  "  for 
forbearing  to  exercise  the  right,  s.  3,  43  &  44  V.  c.  47;  V.  Sherrard  v. 
Gascoigne,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  279;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  720;  82  L.  T.  850;  48 
W.  R.  567 :  Void,  towards  end. 

DIVIDE  :  DIVIDED A  testamentary  gift "  tobe  divided  "  between 

two  or  more,  means  an  equal  division  and  creates  a  Tenancy  in  Common 
(^Chapman  v.  Peat^  1  Ves.  sen.  542:  Ackerman  v.  Burrows,  3  V.  &  B. 
54),  a  fortiori  of  the  phrase  "  Equally  to  be  divided  "  {Bidden  v.  Valr 
lier,  2  Ves.  sen.  252;  3  Atk.  731).  The  word  "Divide  "  is  so  strong 
in  this  connection  that  where  the  direction'  was  "  to  pay,  assign,  and 
divide"  a  sum  to  certain  legatees  " as  joint  tenants,*'  yet  Stuart,  V.  C, 
held  that  a  tenancy  in  common  was  created  (Booth  v.  Alington,  27  L.  J. 
Ch.  117;  5  W.  R.  811).  But  for  a  consideration  of  the  cases  where  the 
word  "  Divide  "  or  "  Divided  **  has  itself  been  otherwise  controlled  by  a 
context,  F.  2  Jarm.  260-262.  To  be  "  divided  "  amongst  Charities, 
"  by  no  means,  necessarily,  infers  equality  "  (per  Eldon,  C,  Mills  v.  Far- 
mer, 19  Ves.  490). 

"To  be  divided,"  is  of  no  value  as  a  context  to  prevent  "Effects'* 
from  including  Realty  (per  Kay,  L.  J.,  Hall  v.  Hall,  61  L.  J.  Ch.  293; 
1892,  1  Ch.  361). 

A  testamentary  direction  to  "  divide  "  realty,  does  not  per  se  give  an 
implied  power  of  sale  (Comick  v.  Fearce,  7  Hare,  477). 

"  To  pay  and  divide  ";   F.  Pay. 

Shall  not  "  divide  any  Cause  of  Action,"  s.  81,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888;  F. 
Cause  op  Action. 

"Divided  Parish";  F.  Boberts  v.  Aulton,  2  H.  &  N.  432;  nom. 
Attlton  V.  Boberts,  26  L.  J.  Ex.  380. 

The  qualified  exemption  from  Inhabited  House  Duty,  given  by  s.  13  (1), 
41  V.  c.  15,  where  a  house  is  "  divided  into  and  let  in  different  tene- 


DIVIDE  660  DIVIDEND 

ments,"  only  applies  where  the  house  is  structurally  divided  (A-G,  v. 
Westminster  Chambers  Assn,  on  whv  Grant  v.  Xfangston,  both  cases 
cited  House:  Yorkshire  Insrce  v.  Clayton,  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  82;  8  Q.  B.  D. 
421) ;  but,  semble,  "  a  carpenter's  division  may  be  just  as  effectual  as  a 
bricklayer's  "  (per  Wright,  J.,  Hoddinott  v.  Home  &  Colonial  Store»y 
1896,  1  Q.  B.  169;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  294;  74  L.  T.  79;  44  W.  R.  285). 
The  decision,  however,  in  thlc  was  that  **  let  in  different  tenements," 
means,  wholly  so  let,  and  that  the  exemption  does  not  apply  where  part 
of  the  house  is  retained  by  the  general  lessor  for  his  own  use,  and  cer- 
tainly not  to  the  part  so  retained.     V.  Dwelling-House  :  House. 

DIVIDEND.  —  ''  'Dividend,'  is  a  word  used  in  the  Statute  of  Rut- 
land, 10  Edw.  1,  where  it  is  provided  that  the  Chamberlaines  of  the 
Exchequer  shall  not  make  to  the  Sheriffes,  or  any  of  their  Baylifes, 
Dividends, — unlesse  they  first  receive  of  them  particulars,  in  which 
particulars  he  would  have  such  Dividends  parted "  (Termes  de  la 
Ley). 

"  The  word  *  Dividend '  carries  no  spell  with  it.  Applicable  to  various 
subjects,  it  is  not  intelligible  without  knowing  the  matter  to  which  it  is 
meant  as  referring  "  ;  but  its  ordinary  meaning  is,  share  of  profits  (per 
Knight-Bruce,  L.  J.,  Henry  v.  G.  N.  By,  27  L.  J.  Ch.  1;  1  D.  G.  &  J. 
606).  A  "  Preference  "  Dividend  is  substantially  interest,  to  this  ex- 
tent, that  the  failure  of  profits  wherewith  to  pay  it  in  one  year  will  prima 
facie  be  made  good  out  of  any  profits  that  may  be  made  in  a  subsequent 
year  {Henry  v.  G.  N.  By,  siip. :  Sturge  v.  Eastern  Union  By,  7  D.  G. 
M.  &  G.  158 :  Crawford  v.  N.  E.  By,  3  K.  &  J.  Z23 :  Matthews  v. 
G,  N,  By,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  375;  5  Jur.  N.  S.  284;  7  W.  R.  233;  32 
L.  T.  0.  S.  355:  Webb  v.  Earle,  L.  R.  20  Eq.  556;  44  L.  J.  Ch.  608). 
F.  Cumulative:  Profits. 

Profits  in  a  private  trading  partnership,  the  deed  of  which  provides 
that  "  Dividends  "  shall  be  made  from  time  to  time  as  the  managing 
partners  shall  direct,  are  not  "  Dividends "  within  the  Apportionment 
Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  35,  s.  5  {Jones  v.  Ogle,  42  L.  J.  Ch.  334;  8  Ch. 
192;  21  W.  R.  239).  From  the  language  of  the  L.  C.  in  that 
case,  it  would  seem  that  no  profits,  except  those  arising  in  respect 
of  a  Public  Company,  can  be  "  Dividends "  within  the  meaning 
of  the  Act,  or  otherwise  apportionable  thereunder.  Vh,  the  obs  of 
Malins,  V.  C,  in  Capron  v.  Capron,  43  L.  J.  Ch.  677;  L.  R.  17  Eq. 
288;  Va,  Be  Cox,  47  L.  J.  Ch.  735;  9  Ch.  D.  159:  Pollock  v.  Polhck, 
44  L.  J.  Ch.  168;  L.  R.  18  Eq.  329,  correcting  Whitehead  v.  Whiter 
head,  L.  R.  16  Eq.  528.  Bonuses  in  a  Public  Co  are  "Dividends" 
within  the  Act,  though  only  occasional  and  not  strictly  periodical 
{Be  Griffith,  12  Ch.  D.  655).  Where  on  death  of  a  Tenant  for  Life, 
Stock  is  sold  "  Cum  Div,*'  generally,  there  is  no  apportionment;  to 
effect  that,  there  must  be  special  circumstances  {Bvlkeley  v.  St^hensy 


DIVIDEND  561  DIVORCE 

1896,  2  Ch.  241 J  65  L.  J.  Ch.  597;  74  L.  T.  409;  44  W.  R.  490).  Vf, 
FixKD  Period:   Pbbiodigal:   Accbue. 

Stat.  Def .  —  32  &  33  V.  c.  102,  s.  46 ;  35  &  36  V.  c.  44,  s.  3 ;  Lunacy 
Act,  1890,  8.  341.  —  /r.  34  &  35  V.  c.  22,  s.  2. 

"Dividends";  F".  Annual  Proceeds:   Rents  and  Profits. 

"  An  indefinite  gift  (by  Will)  of  the  Dividends,  gives  the  absolute 
property  of  the  Stock  "  (Wms.  Exs,  1058,  citing  Pa^e  v.  Leapingwell,  18 
Ves.  463 :  Haig  v.  Swiney,  1  Sim.  &  St.  487,  490 :  Southouse  v.  Bate, 
16  Bea.  132). 

A  Bequest,  for  life,  of  "  Dividends  "  will  not  pass  unreceived  Divi- 
dends {Shore  Y.  Weekly,  3  D.  G.  &  Sm.  467;  18  L.  J.  Ch.  403:  Con^ 
stable  V.  Bull,  18  L.  J.  Ch.  302;  3  D.  G.  &  S.  411);  nor  will  "  Dividends  " 
pass  capitalized  Diviflends  (Bicketts  v.  Harling,  23  L.  T.  760).  Vf, 
Archibald  v.  Hartley,  21  L.  J.  Ch.  399. 

Societies  not  making  to  its  members  "  any  Dividend,  Gift,  Division, 
or  Bonus  in  Money,"  s.  1,  6  &  7  V.  c.  36;  V.  Royal  Coll,  of  Music  v. 
Westminster,  cited  Science. 

DIVINE  SERVICE.  — ''Here  note,  that  the  almes  and  reliefe  of 
poor  people,  being  a  worke  of  charity,  is  accounted  in  law  divine  service; 
for  what  herein  is  done  to  the  poor  for  God's  sake,  is  done  to  Gt>d  him- 
self "  (Co.  Litt.  96b).     Cp,  Alms:  Aumone:  Christian  Service. 

But  the  Collection  of  the  Offertory  in  Church,  is  not  a  "  Divine  Ser- 
vice, Rite,  or  Office,"  for  disturbing  a  Clergyman  in  which  a  person  is 
punishable  under  s.  2,  23  &  24  V.  c.  32  (Cope  v.  Barber,  41  L.  J.  M.  C. 
137;  L.  R.  7  C.  P.  393;  26  L.  T.  891). 

DIVISION SUt.  Def.,  34  &  35  V.  c.  88,  s.  2 ;    43  &  44  V.  c.  19, 

8.  5.  —  Ir.  2  &  3  V.  c.  74,  s.  4;    21  &  22  V.  c.  100,  s.  3. 

"  County,  Riding  or  Division  ";  V.  Evans  v.  Stevens,  4  T.  R.  224,459. 

"  Division  of  a  County,"  ''  Divisions  of  Lincolnshire  ";  Stat.  Def.,  Loc 
Gov  Act,  1888,  s.  100. 

"  Division  of  Manchester";  Stat.  Def.,  17  &  18  V.  c.  20,  s.  2. 

"Division  or  Place";  Stat.  Del,  Beerhouse  Act,  1830,8.  32;  Mun 
Corp  Act,  1882,  s.  246. 

Gift  over  in  case  of  death  "  before  the  division  of  my  estate  " ;  V, 
Re  Collison,  12  Ch.  D.  834;  48  L.  J.  Ch.  720. 

V.  Dividend:  Petty  Sessions. 

DIVISIONAI "Provisional  Business";  Stat  Def.,  17  &  18  V. 

c.  20,  s.  2. 

"  Divisional  Justice  " ;   T.  5  &  6  V.  c.  24,  s.  79;     6  &  7  V.  c.  m,  s.  38. 

DIVORCE.  — Divorce  was  (1)  a  Vinculo,  or  (2)  a  Mensa  et  Thoro: 
1  Bl.  Com.  440.  Since  20  &  21  V.  c.  85,  these  are  called  (1)  Divorce, 
or  (2)  Judicial  Separation.     V.  Bigamy. 


DO  662  DOCK 

D O.  —  r.  Done  :  Put. 
DO   AWAY.— r.  Assign. 

DO  OR  MAKE.  — The  words  "Do  or  make  Waste,"  Statute  of 
Marlbridge,  52  H.  3,  c.  23,  s.  2,  in  legal  understandiDg  in  this  place,  as 
well  as  in  the  Statute  of  Gloucester,  6  £dw.  1,  c.  5,  includes  as  well  per- 
missive Waste,  which  is  waste  by  reason  of  omission  or  not  doing,  as 
Waste  by  reason  of  commission,  as  to  cut  down  timber,  trees,  or  prostrate 
houses,  and  the  like;  for  he  that  suffereth  a  house  to  decay,  which  he 
ought  to  repair,  doth  the  Waste  (2  Inst.  300,  cited  Woodhouse  y»  Walker, 
49  L.  J.  Q.  B.  611 ;  5  Q.  B.  D.  404).     6>,  Done. 

V.  Without  Impeachment  of  Waste.  , 

DO  OR   SUFFER T.  Permit. 

DO  THE  NEEDFUL.  — As  to  the  authority  conferred  by  these 
words;    V.  Dawson  v.  Lawley^  4  Esp.  ^, 

DOCK.  —  Was  a  Workman  engaged  "  Isr  or  about"  a  "Dock" 
(within  the  def  of  "  Factory,"  s.  23,  58  &  59  V.  c.  37;  s.  7,  Workmen's 
Comp  Act,  1897)  if  employed  upon  a  Vessel  in  a  Dock  ?  V.  Flowers  v. 
Chambers^  1899,  2  Q.  B.  142;  OS  L.  J.  Q.  B.  648;  viith  whc  Cp  MerrUl 
V-  WUson,  1901,  1  K.  B.  35;  70  L.  J.  K.  B.  97:  Raine  v.  Jobson^  1901, 
A.  C.  404;  70  L.  J.  K.  B.  771.  Sembhy  the  question  is  now  answered 
in  the  affirmative  by  s.  104,  1  Edw.  7,  c.  22. 

He  is  so  engaged  if  he  be  unloading  a  Vessel  on  to  the  Quay  of  a  Dock 
{Woodham  v.  Atlantic  Transport  Co,  1899,  1  Q.  B.  15;  6S  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
17;  79  L.  T.  395;  47  W.  R.  106:  Lawson  v.  Atlantic  Transport  Co,  82 
L.  T.  77:  Merrill  v.  Wilson,  sup).  Semble,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  "Dock,  Wharf,  Quay,  Warehouse"  (in  the  def  of  "Factory" 
in  Workmen's  Comp  Act,  1897)  only  includes  a  locality  of  that  kind 
which  (not  being,  per  se,  a  Factory)  is  affected  by  some  of  the  provisions 
of  the  Factory  Acts  (Hall  v.  Snowden,  1899,  2  Q.  B.  136;  6S  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
645;  80  L.  T.  554;  47  W.  R.  486),  e.ff.  one  having  dangerous  machinery 
upon  it  (lb.).  Quk  all  those  Acts,  "  Dock,"  includes  the  land  bounding 
the  water,  as  well  as  the  water  itself  (Flennessi/  v.  McCahe,  1900,  1  Q.  B. 
491 ;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  173 ;  81  L.  T.  575;  48  W.  R.  231 ;  64  J.  P.  4).  Cp, 
Wharf. 

Qua  the  limitation  of  liability   of  a  Harbour  Conservancy  Author- 
ity, "  Dock,"  includes,  "  wet  docks  and  basins,  tidal  docks  and  basins^ 
locks,  cuts,  entrances,  dry  docks,  graving  docks,  gridirons,  slips,  quays, 
wharves,  piers,  stages,  landing-places,  and  jetties"  (s.  2  (4),  63  &  64 
V.  c.  32). 

Running  Powers  over  "  Docks  " ;  held,  not  to  be  a  definition  of  the 
terminus  ad  quem  but,  as  giving  the  right  to  run  over  and  use  the  whole 


DOCK  563  DOING 

of  the  railwa3r8  iu  the  Docks  and  all  the  appurtenances  thereto  (G.  uV. 
Ry  V.  G.  Central  By,  10  Rj  &  Can  Traffic  Ca.  266). 

Building  "  used  for  the  purposes  "  of  a  Dock;   F.  Pubposes. 

Arrival  in  Dock;   V.  Actual  abbival. 

DOCKYARD    PORT Stat.  Def.,  28  &  29  V.  c.  125,  s.  2. 

DOCUMENT.  —  A  Ledger, — including  a  Partnership  Ledger,  — 
is  a  "  Document,"  within  R.  191,  Divorce  Court  Rules  (Carewv.  CareWf 
1891,  P.  360;  61  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  24;  65  L.  T.  167). 

An  avouchment,  whether  written  or  printed,  of  the  character  or  quality'' 
of  a  Chattel,  is  not  a  Document  which,  if  false,  would  be  a  Forgery,  — 
e./^.  the  false  signature  of  an  artist's  name  to  a  picture  (E.  v.  Crossy 
Dears.  &  B.  460),  or  enclosing  spurious  goods  in  a  wrapper  imitating 
a  trade-mark  (B.  v.  Smith,  21  L.  J.  M.  C.  22h\  Dears.  &  B.  566). 

"  Other  Documents,"  Sch  2,  Solrs  Rem  Ord;  "  Notice,  Order,  or  other 
Document/*  s,  128^  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891;  V,  Otheb,  sub  Ejusdem 
Generis. 

A  Tithe  Apportionment  and  Parish  Map,  are  "  Documents  directed  by 
Law  to  be  kept  with  the  public  books,  writings,  and  papers  "  of  a  Parish, 
within  8.  17  (8),  Loc  Gov  Act,  1894  {Lewis  v.  Poole,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  164; 
67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  73). 

Qui  Factors  Act,  1889, "  Document  of  Title  "  is  defined  in  s.  1  (4). 

A  Pledge  of  "Documents  of  Title  to  Goods,"  to  be  operative  under 
8*  3,  Factors  Act,  1889,  must  be  by  a  "  Mercantile  Agent "  (Jnglis  v. 
Bobertson^  cited  Mebcantile  Agent). 

Qui  Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893,  "  'Document  of  Title  to  Goods '  has  the 
same  meaning  as  it  has  in  the  Factors  Acts  "  (subs.  1,  s.  62). 

Quk  Larceny  Act,  1861,  "  Document  of  Title  to  Goods,"  and  "  Docu- 
ment of  Title  to  Lands,"  are  defined  in  s.  1. 

As  to  "  Pebfect  "  Documents  of  Title ;  F.  Be  Salomon  arid  Naudszvs^ 
81  L.  T.  325. 

V.  Public  Documext  :  Shipping  Documents. 

DOQ. —  V,  Gbeyhound:  Setting  Dog:  Chattels:  Goods: 
Conteol. 

To  write  of  a  person  that  he  is  a  "  Dog  in  the  Manger,"  is,  probably, 
actionable  (per  Denman,  C.  J.,  Hoare  v.  SUverlock,  12  Q.  B.  628). 

DOG-DRAW.  — "  Is  an  apparent  deprehension  of  an  Offender  against 
Venison  in  the  Fobest  ....  where  any  man  hath  stricken  or  wounded  a 
wild  Beast  by  shooting  at  him  either  with  Cross-bow,  Long-bow,  or 
otherwise,  and  is  found  with  a  hound,  or  other  dog,  drawing  after,  him  to 
recover  the  same  "  (Cowel,  citing  Manwood,  c.  18). 

DOING. — "Doing"  may  create  a  covenant,  —  e.ff,  "Doing  suit" 
(  Vyvyan  v.  Arthur,  1  B.  &  C.  410),  so  of  the  phrase  "  Doing.  Fulfilling, 
and  Performing  "  {Boone  v.  Eyre,  2  Bl.  W.  1312). 


DOLE  564  DOMESTIC 

DOLE.  —  *^  'Dole/  a  Saxon  word  signifying  as  much  as  Pars,  or 
Portia,  in  Latine  :  it  hath  of  old  been  attributed  to  a  Meadow,  and  still 
80  called  as  'Dole-Meadow,'  4  Jac.  c.  11,  because  divers  persons  had 
shares  in  it  "  (Cowel).  Again,  "  Dole  "  is  defined  as,  **  The  share  of  any 
man  in  a  lot  meadow,  or  common  meadow  which  is  divided  yearly  and 
distributed  by  lots  among  the  owners;  F.  Co.  Litt.  4a:  Spelm.,  Doi^ei 
Pratt  V.  Groame,  15  East,  235 :  Elton  on  Commons,  31 :  Wms.  on  Rights 
of  Commons,  90.  The  owner  of  a  dole  may  have  a  freehold  in  the  soil 
(Co.  Litt.  4a,  343  b);  or  he  may  have  only  vestura  terras  {Tenants  of 
Owning' s  Casey  4  Leon.  43).  Va^  as  to  lot  meads,  Wms.  R.  P.,  App.  C  ** 
(Elph.  573). 

"  Doles  "  for  the  poor  are  a  Charity,  but  the  old  administration  of 
which  is  very  liable  to  be  varied  by  a  Charity  Commissioners'  Scheme; 
for  they  tend  '^  to  demoralize  the  poor,  and  benefit  no  one.  The  exten- 
sion of  Doles  is  simply  the  extension  of  mischief ''  (per  Jessel,  M.  K.,  He 
Campdm  Charities,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  650;  18  Ch.  D.  32T)- 

DOLQ-BOTE.  —  V.  Bote. 

DOLI   CAPAX r.  Capable. 

DOMAIN.  — r.  Demesne. 

DOMESTIC.  —  A  "  Domestic  "  is  one  who  resides  in  the  house  with 
the  master  he  serves  {Wakefield  v.  The  State,  41  Texas,  ^oS),  Cp^ 
Domestic  Servant :  Menial  Sebvant:  Servant:  Workman. 

Books  are  articles  of  "  domestic  Use  and  Enjoyment "  {Cornwall  v. 
Cornwall,  10  L.  J.  Ch.  364;  12  Sim.  303).  Articles  of  "  Domestic  Use 
or  Ornament  ** ;   V.  Household,  towards  end. 

Watering  private  horses,  or  washing  private  carriages,  is  using  the 
water  for  a  "  domestic  Use  or  Purpose,^*  within  a  W^ater  Rating  Act 
{Bushy  V.  Chesterfield  W.  TT.  Co,  21  L.  J.  M.  C.  174;  E.  B.  &  E.  176). 
Indeed  it  may  be  broadly  laid  down  that ''  water  used  for  the  amenities 
of  the  house,  —  e,g,  watering  a  pleasure-garden  attached  to  and  occupied 
with  the  house,  — may  be  legitimately  held  to  be  used  for  domestic  pur- 
poses," within  the  meaning  of  such  an  Act  (per  Smith,  J.,  in  delivering 
the  jdgmt  of  the  Court,  Bristol  W.  W.  Co  v.  Uren,  54  L.  J.  M.  C.  103 ; 
15  Q.  B.  D.  637 :  Vf,  Cooke  v.  New  River  Co,  14  App.  Ca.  698 ;  59  L.  J. 
Ch.  333:  Walker  v.  Lambeth  W.  W.  Co,  63  L.  J.  Ch.  874;  71  L.  T.  75; 
58  J.  P.  736:  W^est  Middlesex  W.  W.  Co  v.  Coleman,  and  Grand  Junc- 
tion W,  W,  Co  V.  Davies,  cited  Annual  Value). 

V.  Bath  :  Water  Rate. 

Boiler  "  used  Exclusively  for  Domestic  Purposes,"  s.  4,  45  &  46  V. 
c.  22,  s.  2;  53  &  54  V.  c.  35,  includes  one  used  partly  for  heating  the 
Office  of  a  non-resident  merchant  and  partly  for  the  Household  Purposes 
of  a  resident  care-taker  {Smith  v.  MuUer,  1894,  1  Q.*  B.  192;  70  L.  T, 
170;  58  J.  P.  167). 


DOMESTIC  ANIMAL    665  DOMESTIC  SERVANT 

DOMESTIC  ANIMAL.  — An  Animal  (whether  a  quadruped  or 
not,  17  &  18  V.  c.  60,  s.  3,  and  not  absolutely /er«  nattirce)  which  either 
by  habit  or  special  training  lives  in  association  with  man,  is  a  "  Domestic 
Animal."  Thus,  linnets  trained  as  decoy  birds  are  domestic  animals 
{Colam  V.  Fagett,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  64;  12  Q.  B.  D.  66;  48  J.  P.  263;  32 
W.  R.  289),  and  so  is  a  cock  (Bridge  v.  Parsons^  32  L.  J.  M.  C.  96; 
3  B. &  Ss  382;  11  W.  E.  424;  7  L.  T.  784;  27  J.  P.  231 :  Bates  v.  McCor- 
mickj  9  L.  T.  175).  Parrots  may  become,  but  young  unacclimatized  par- 
rots are  not,  "  Domestic  Animals  "  (Swan  v.  SaiiderSy  50  L.  J.  M.  C.  67; 
29  W.  R.  538;  45  J.  P.  522;  44  L.  T.  424) ;  nor,  senible^  is  a  performing 
bear  a  "  Domestic  Animal  "  (2^  S.  J.  746).  Neither  a  performing  ele- 
phant {FUbum  V.  People's  Palace  Co,  59  L.  J.  Q.  B.  471;  25  Q.  B.  D. 
258),  nor  a  caged  lion  (Harper  v.  Marcks,  1894,  2  Q.  B.  319;  63  L.  J. 
M.  C.  167;  42  W.  R.  605;  70  L.  T.  804;  58  J.  P.  527),  nor  a  bagged 
fox,  or  a  rat,  kept  for  the  purpose  of  being  destroyed,  nor  wild  rabbits 
caught  for  coursing  and  confined  and  fed  for  5  or  6  days  before  the  cours- 
ing meeting  (Aplin  v.  Porritt,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  57;  62  L.  J.  M.  C.  144; 
69  L.  T.  433;  42  W.  R.  95;  57  J.  P.  456),  nor  a  tame  sea-gull,  used  in  a 
photographer's  business  (Yates  y.  Higgins,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  166;  65  L.  J. 
M.  C.  31;  44  W.  R.  335;  60  J.  P.  88),  is  a  "  Domestic  Animal."  Is  a 
monkey  a  "  Domestic  Animal"  ?  Vh,  May  v.  Burdetty  16  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
64;  9  Q.  B.  101. 

V.  Wild  Animals  in  Captivity  Protection  Act,  1900,  63  &  64  V.  c.  33. 

DOMESTIC  BUILDING.  — Qu^  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  ''Domes- 
tic Building"  "  includes  a  Dwelling-house,  and  any  other  Building 
not  being  a  Public  Building  or  of  the  Wabehouse  class  "  (subs.  26, 
8.  5).     C>,  8.  39,  lb.,  quk  Part  5  of  the  Act. 

V,  Inhabited. 

DOMESTIC   ESTABLISHMENT F.  Servant. 

DOMESTIC  FACTORY.  — "Domestic  Factory"  and  "Domes- 
tic Workshop  " ;  Stat  Def.,  Factory  and  Workshop  Act,  1901,  s.  115. 

DOMESTIC   PURPOSES.  — r.  Domestic. 

DOMESTIC  REFUSE.  — r.  Refuse, 

DOMESTIC  SERVANT.  — A  "Domestic  Servant''  (Vaughan  v. 
Booths  16  Jur.  808),  or  a  Servant  on  testator's  "Domestic  Establish- 
ment "  (  Ogle  V.  Morgan,  14  Jur.  801 ;  16  lb.  277 ;  1  D.  G.  M.  &  G.  359), 
is  one  who  sleeps  in  the  dwelling-bouse  of  his  master ;  in  other  words, 
an  Indoor  Servant:  a  Gardener  who  gives  his  whole  time  to,  and  whose 
separate  house  and  the  furniture  therein  and  whose  house  services  are 
provided  by,  his  master  is  not  a  Domestic  Servant  (lb.),  Vf  House- 
hold Servant. 


DOMESTIC  SERVANT  566  DOMICIL 

An  Hotel  Page-boy,  whose  basiness  is  dusting  the  reception-rooms  in 
the  morning  but  who  is  principally  employed  as  a  messenger  and  in 
sending  off  telegrams  and  messages  for  the  guests,  is  not  **  Wholly 
employed  as  a  Domestic  Servant,"  within  s.  10,  55  &  56  V.  c.  62  {Savoy 
Hotel  Co  V.  London  Co,  Co,y  cited  Shop). 

A  Custom-house  Land  Waiter,  who  is  sometimes  employed  by  an 
Ambassador  as  his  messenger,  is  not  "  the  Domestic,  or  Domestic  Ser- 
vant "  of  such  Ambassador,  within  s.  3,  Diplomatic  Privileges  Act,  1708, 
7  Anne,  c.  12  {Masters  v.  Manhy,  1  Burr.  401). 

A  Condition,  in  defeasance  of  a  gift,  if  the  donee  marries  a  Domestic 
Servant,  is  good  {Jenner  v.  Turner,  50  L.  J.  Ch.  161;  16  Ch.  D.  188; 
43  L.  T.  468;  29  W.  R  59;  45  J.  P.  124). 

V.  Domestic  :  Me]^ial  Servant  :  Servant  :  Workman. 

DOMESTIC  WORKSHOP.  — r.  Domestic  Factory:  Workshop. 

DOMICIL:  DOMICILED.— A  person's  ""Domicir'  means,  gen- 
erally  speaking,  the  place  where  he  has  his  permanent  home  (  Whicker  v. 
Hume,  2S  L.  J.  Ch.  396,  400;  7  H.  L.  Ca.  124:  A-G.  v.^owe,  31  L.  J. 
Ex.  314,  320;  1  H.  &  C.  31);  and  in  that  aspect  "the  Roman  law  still 
holds  good  that  *  it  is  not  by  naked  assertion  but  by  deeds  and  acts  that 
a  Domicil  is  established"*  (per  P.  C,  McMullen  v.  Wadsworth,  inf). 

But  "  the  word  'Domicil '  has  many  meanings,  according  as  it  is  used 
with  reference  to  Succession,  or  for  determining  Rights  of  Belliger- 
ents, or  ascertaining  Trading  Privileges"  (per  J.  0.,  Yelvertonr*  Yel^ 
verton,  29  L.  J.  P.  &  M.  40;  1  Sw.  &  Tr.  574):  TA,  Dicey  on  Domicil, 
App.  Notes  1,  2,  and  3:  Phillimore  on  Domicil :  Foote  on  Private  Inter- 
nationalJurisprudence,  ch.  2:  Westlake  on  Private  International  Law, 
ch.  14:  4  Eucyc.  339-345:  Ee  Craignish,  1892,  3  Qi.  180:  De  Nicols 
V.  Curlier,  1900,  A.  C.  21;  69  L.  J.Ch.  109:  Re  Martin,  1900,  P.  211; 
69  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  75. 

"  I  would  venture  to  suggest  that  the  definition  of  an  acquired  Domi- 
cile might  stand  thus :  —  *  That  place  is  properly  the  domicile  of  a  person 
in  which  he  has  voluntarily  fixed  the  habitation  of  himself  and  his  family, 
not  for  a  mere  special  and  temporary  purpose,  but  with  a  present  inten- 
tion of  making  it  his  permanent  home,  unless  and  until  something  (which 
is  unexpected,  or  the  happening  of  which  is  uncertain)  shall  occur  to  in- 
duce him  to  adopt  some  other  permanent  home '  "  (per  Kindersley,  V.  C, 
Lord  V.  Colvln,  4  Drew.  376;  2^  L.  J.  Ch.  366:  Vfy  per  same  learned 
judge,  Cockrell  v.  Cockrelly  25  L.  J.  Ch.  732,  cited  by  Stirling,  J.,  Re 
Grove,  40  Ch.  D.  226 ;  58  L.  J.  Ch.  60). 

Art.  63,  Civil  Code  of  Lower  Canada  provides  that  a  Marriage  shall 
be  solemnized  at  the  place  of  the  "  Domicil,"  of  one  of  the  parties,  to  be 
established  by  a  six  months'  residence;  there  "Domicil,"  means  Resi- 
dence, and  does  not  refer  to  International  Domicil  {McMullen  v.  Wads- 
worth,  59  L.  J.  P.  C.  7 ;  14  App.  Ca.  631). 


DOMiCIL  567        DONATIO  M.  0. 

As  to  Domicil  of  an  Infant  ;  V.  Potinger  v.  Wightman,  3  Mer.  67 : 
Be  Beaumont,  1893,  3  Ch.  490 ;  62  L.  J.  Ch.  923. 

The  words  "  Domiciled  in  England,*'  s.  6  (1  <£),  Bankry  Act,  1883, 
mean,  domiciled  in  England  as  distinguished  from  Scotland  or  Ireland 
as  well  as  from  foreign  countries  {Ex  p.  Cunningham,  Re  Mitchell,  53 
L.  J.  Ch.  1067).     Vf,  Obdinaky  Residence. 

A  Joint-Stock  Company  is  only  "Domiciled  or  ordinarily  Resident 
within  the  jurisdiction,"  R.  1,  Ord.  11,  R.  S.  C,  where  its  head  office  is 
{Jones  V.  ScoUish  Ace.  Insrce,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  415;  17  Q.  B.  D.  421).  Vf, 
Reside.  As  to  the  Domicil  of  a  Co,  generally ;  F".  A-G.  v.  Jewish  Colo- 
nization Assn,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  556 ;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  692 ;  affd  70  L.  J.  Q.  B- 
101. 

DOM  I N  ANT.  —  Dominant  Tenement ;   V,  Easement. 

DOMINICALES  TERR>E T.  Demesne. 

DOMINIONS.—  r.  British  Dominions. 

DOM  US — F.  House. 

DON.  —  By  the  law  of  Quebec  no  gift  beyond  "Dons  Modiques"  is 
sustained  from  a  Husband  to  a  Wife.  The  Q.  B.  in  Quebec  held  that 
gifts  of  jewels,  and  like  personal  matters,  amounting  in  value  to  between 
(5000  and  $6000  are  *'  modest "  ones  when  referable  to  a  married  life  of 
more  than  40  years'  duration,  and  attended  for  a  large  portion  of  that 
time  by  great  prosperity ;  —  the  P.  C.  refused  to  dissent  from  that  con- 
clusion, reached  as  it  was  by  "  those  who  dwell  in  the  society  which  the 
law  affects  "  {Eddt/  v.  Eddy,  1900,  A.  C.  299;  69  L.  J.  P.  C.  ^). 

DONATIO  MORTIS  CAUSA.— "A  Donatio  Mortis  Causd  is 
thus  defined  in  the  Civil  Law  from  which  both  the  doctrine  and  the 
denomination  are  borrowed:  —  Mortis  caus4  donatio  est,  qua  propter 
mortis  fit  suspicionem ;  cum  quis  ita  donat,  ut  si  quid  humanitds  ei  con- 
tigisset,  haberet  is,  qui  accepit ;  sin  autem  supervixisset  is,  qui  donavit, 
reciperet;  vel  si  eum  donationis  poenituisset;  aut  prior  decesserit  is,  cui 
donatum  sit "  (Wms.  Exs.  681,  citing  Inst.  lib.  10,  tit.  7);  or,  in  other 
words,  "  Where  a  man  lies  in  extremity,  or  being  surprised  with  sick- 
ness, and  not  having  an  opportunity  of  making  his  Will,  but,  lest  he 
should  die  before  he  could  make  it,  he  gives  with  his  own  hands  his 
goods  to  his  friends  about  him; — this,  if  he  dies,  shall  operate  as  a 
legacy,  but,  if  he  recovers,  then  does  the  property  thereof  revert  to 
him  "  (per  Cowper,  C,  Hedges  v.  Hedges,  Pr.  Ch.  269). 

Observe,  (1)  The  Donor  must  be  in  his  last  illness  {Meredith  v. 
Watson,  23  L.  J.  Ch.  221) :  (2)  The  Gift  must  be  (a)  conditional  on  the 
donor's  death  by  his  existing  disorder,  {b)  of  Goods,  (c)  delivered. 


DONATIO  M.  C.       568  DONATIVE 

2  (b)  The  Goods  which  may  be  so  given  comprise^  of  course,  ordinary 
Chattels;  but  the  phrase,  in  this  connection,  also  includes  a  Bank 
Note  (Ashtan  v.  Dawson,  2  ColL  363,  n),  a  Bond  (lb,:  Snellgrove  v. 
Baily,  3  Atk.  214 :  Meredith  y.  WataoUy  sup),  an  acknowledgment  of 
indebtedness  {Moore  v.  Darton,  20  L.  J.  Ch.  626;  4  D.  G.  &  S.  517), 
a  Mortgage  Deed  (Duffield  v.  Eltves,  1  Bligh,  N.  S.  497),  a  Life  Policy 
(  Witt  V.  Amiss,  30  L.  J.  Q.  B.  318;  1  B.  &  S.  109),  a  Promissory  Note, 
though  not  endorsed  (Veal  v.  Veal,  29  L.  J.  Ch.  321;  27  Bea.  303),  a 
Banker's  Deposit  Note  {Be  Taylor,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  597 :  Re  Farman,  57 
L.  J.  Ch.  637),  even  though  such  Note  purports  to  be  '*  not  transferable  " 
and  the  deposit  has  to  be  drawn  by  a  cheque  which  is  not  presented  until 
after  the  donor's  death  (Be  Dillon,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  420 ;  44  Ch.  D.  76;  38 
W.  R.  369;  62  L.  T.  614).  In  thU  Lindley,  L.  J.,  said,  "T  think  it 
may  some  day  require  consideration  whether  a  man  cannot  make  such  a 
gift  of  his  own  cheque  ":  Vth,  Bromley  v.  Brunton,  37  L.  J.  Ch.  902; 
L.  R.  6  Eq.  275;  16  W.  R.  1006:  Re  Beaumont,  50  W.  R.  389:  46  S.  J. 
446. 

2  (c)  The  Delivery  may  be  antecedent  to  the  gift  {Cain  v.  Moon, 
1896,  2  Q.  B.  283;  74  L.  T.  728;  65  L.  J.  Q,  B.  587>  But  "there 
must  be  an  actual  tradition,  or  delivery,  of  the  thing  to  the  Donee  him- 
self, or  to  some  one  else  for  the  Donee's  use  "  (Wms.  Exs.  684).  Thns, 
a  delivery  to  A.  of  the  keys  of  a  dressing-case  with  directions  that,  on 
donor's  death,  the  keys  and  case  are  to  be  delivered  to  B.,  is  not  such  a 
delivery  as  is  required  to  make  a  Donatio  Mortis  Caus&  {Powell  v.  Hel- 
Hear,  28  L.  J.  Ch.  355 ;  2%  Bea.  261).  Yet,  semhle,  that  there  may  be 
symbolic  delivery  where  the  thing  is  not  capable  of  immediate  actual 
delivery  {V.  Gift:  Mustapha  v.  Wedlake,  W.  N.  (91)  201).  Still  the 
delivery  must  not  be  of  a  kind  as  really  to  amount  to  a  Nuncupativs 
Will  {Hills  v.  Hills,  8  M.  &  W.  401;  10  L.  J.  Ex.  440:  Treasury 
Solrv.  Lewis,  69  L.  J.  Ch.  833;  1900,  2  Ch.  812;  48  W.  R.  694). 

Note.  —  Where  there  is  a  Donatio  Mortis  CausA,  the  Real  and  Per- 
sonal Representatives  of  the  Donor  are  trustees  for  the  Donee,  and  bound 
to  complete  the  gift  {Duffield  v.  Elwes,  sup) ;  "  no  doubt  that  is  anomalous 
and  would  not  be  so  in  the  case  of  a  voluntary  gift  inter  vivos.  The 
Court  does  not  give  any  assistance  to  mere  volunteers  in  such  latter 
cases,  and  would  not  compel  either  the  donor  or  his  representatives  to 
perfect  "  an  imperfect  gift  other  than  a  Donatio  Mortis  Caus4  (per  Cot- 
ton, L.  J.,  Re  Dillon,  sup).     K  Volunteer. 

Vf,  Wms.  Exs.,  Pt.  11,  Bk.  11,  ch.  11,  s.  4:  1  White  &  Tudor,  390- 
413:  4Encyc.  347. 

DONATION.  — F.  Voluntary  Contributions. 

DONATIVE.—  "  'Donative,'  is  a  Benefice  meerly  given  and  col- 
lated by  the  Patron  to  a  man  without  either  a  Presentation  to  the  Ordi- 


DONATIVE  569  DONE 

nary,  or  Institution  by  his  Ordinary,  or  Induction  by  his  Commandment, 
F.  N.  B.  So  c."  (Termes  de  la  Ley),      fj Jacob. 

"A  Donative,  is  a  Spiritual  Preferment, — be  it  Church,  Chapel,  or 
Vicarage,  —  which  is  in  the  free  gift,  or  collation,  of  the  Patron,  without 
making  any  Presentation  to  the  Bishop ;  and  without  Admission,  Insti- 
tution, or  Induction  by  any  mandate  from  the  Bishop,  or  other;  but  the 
donee  may  (by  the  Patron,  or  other  authorised  by  him)  be  put  into  pos- 
session" (Phil.  Ecc.  Law,  252,  253:  Vf  Co.  Litt.  344  a).  Vh,  B.  v. 
Foley,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  108;  2  C.  B.  664.     Cp  Presentative. 

DONE.  — "  Act  Done,"  s.  2,  35  G.  3,  c.  101 ;  V,  B.  v.  St.  John,  Hack- 
ney,  4  L.  J.  M.  C.  51;  4  N.  &  M.  336 ;  2  A.  &  E.  548. 

The  rejection  of  a  Proof  of  Debt  by  a  trustee  in  Bankry,  is  an  "  act 
done  "  by  him,  within  s.  35  (2),  Bankry  Act,  1883,  and,  if  unappealed, 
will  bind  the  claimant  even  though,  before  the  rejection,  he  have  obtained 
a  jdgmt  for  the  amount  of  his  claim  (Brandon  v.  McHenrt/,  1891, 1  Q,  B. 
638;  60  L.  J.  Q.  B.  448). 

An  omission  to  do  something  which  ought  to  be  done  in  order  to 
complete  performance  of  a  duty  imposed  upon  a  public  body  under  an  Act 
of  Parliament,  or  the  continuing  to  leave  any  such  duty  unperformed, 
amounts  to  "  an  act  done  or  intended  to  be  done  "  within  the  meaning  of 
a  clause  requiring  a  Notice  of  Action  (Jolliffe  v.  Wallasey^  43  L.  J.  C.  P. 
41 ;  L.  R.  9  C.  P.  62 ;  cited  by  Privy  Council  as  laying  down  above  def,  in 
B.  V.  Williams,  63  L.  J.  P.  C.  71 :  Fa,  Butler  v.  Bray,  Ir.  Rep.  11  C.  L. 
181:  Wilson  v.  Halifax,  L.  R.  3  Ex.  114;  37  L.  J.  Ex.44:  per  Cole- 
ridge,  J.,  Newton  v.  Ellis,  5  E.  &  B.  123;  24  L.  J.  Q.  B.  337).  Su,  Act: 
Cp,  Do  OR  Make. 

The  distinction  seems  fine,  but  when  a  statute  prescribes  Notice  of 
Action  "  for  anything  done  "  and  that  the  action  is  to  be  brought  within 
a  stated  time  "  after  the  fact  committed  "  or  (as  in  s.  8,  11  &  12  V.  c.  44) 
"  after  the  act  complained  of  shall  have  been  committed,"  then  an  action 
founded  on  an  Omission  to  do  something  does  not  require  previous 
Notice,  "  there  must  be  some  positive  act  done  "  to  necessitate  that 
(  Umphelby  v.  McLean,  1  B.  &  Aid.  42 :  Boyal  Aquarium  v.  Parkinson, 
1892,  1  Q.  B.  431;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  409 ;  66  L.  T.  513;  40  W.  R.  450: 
66  J.  P.  404).     Sv  Committed. 

Slanderous  words  are  not  ''  anything  done "  within  such  provisions 
{Boyal  Aquarium  v.  Parkinson,  sup). 

Observe,  that  the  rule  in  Jolliffe  v.  Wallasey  (sup)  is  not  applicable  to 
a  clause  of  Forfeiture  in  a  Lease;  therefore,  an  Omission  by  a  Lessee 
to  repair,  is  not  "  an  Act,  Matter,  or  Thing  done,  or  caused  to  be  done," 
by  him,  within  such  a  clause  (Doe  d.  Abdy  v.  Stet^ens,  3  B.  &  Ad.  299); 
nor  will  the  non-observance  of  negative  covenants  work  a  Forfeiture  under 
the  words  "  make  default  in  Psrfobmance  "  (Doe  d.  Palk  v.  Marchetti, 
1  B.  &  Ad.  715;  9  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B.  126). 


DONE  670  DOWER 

A  thing  "  done  or  suffered^^  working  Forfeiture;    V,  Would. 

As  to  what  is  "  done  or  intended  to  be  done  "  under  P.  H.  Act,  1875, 
B.  264;  r.  Ongley  v.  Chatham,  3  Times  Rep.  706;  4  lb.  6:  — under 
8.  106,  Metiop  Man.  Act,  1862;  V.  Edwards  v.  St.  Mary,  Islington^  5S 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  165. 

Notice  and  proceedings  by  a  Local  Authority  under  s.  150,  P.  H.  Act, 
1875,  to  make-up  a  street,  &c,  is  something  "  Duly  done  or  suffered  " 
under  that  enactment,  within  s.  38  (2  6),  Interp  Act,  1889,  even  though 
no  actual  work  have  been  done  on  the  land  by  the  Authority  who,  not- 
withstanding s.  2^f  55  &  56  V.  c.  57,  may  proceed  with  the  work  and 
recover  the  expenses  under  s.  150  {Heston  &  Isleworth  v.  Chrout,  1897, 
2  Ch.  306;  66  L.  J.  Ch.  647;  77  L.  T.  118;  45  W.  R.  697).     V.  Begin. 

r.  Pursuance. 

DONE  BY. —  An  act  to  be  "  done  by  "  a  person  is,  in  general,  well 
done  by  his  agent  {R,  v.  Middlesex,  20  L.  J.  M.  C.  42;  1  L.  M.  &  P. 
621:  Charles  v.  Blackwell,  46  L.  J.  C.  P.  368;  2  C.  P.  D.  151),  unless 
it  has  to  be  done  by  Himself. 

F.  By:  Caused  by:  Damage. 

DONEC—  V.  QuAMDiu. 

DONEE.  —  Is  a  person  to  whom  property  is  given;  Donor,  the  giver. 
"Donee,"  s.  11  (1),  52  &  53  V.  c.  7;    V.  per  Channell,  J.,  A-G.  v. 
Dohree,  cited  Purchase. 

DOSSER.  —  V.  Logsdon  v.  Trotter,  cited  Common  Lodging-house. 

DOUBLE. — Double  Costs;    F.  Hashers,  Wood,  cited  Indemnity. 

In  pre-Rowland  Hill  days  when  the  use  of  envelopes  for  postal  letters 
was  costly,  a  "  Double  Letter, "  meant  a  letter  consisting  of  two  pieces 
of  paper,  e.g.  "  Double  letters  bring  cash  for  the  box  "  (Hood's  Miss 
Kilmansegg) ;  and  so  in  1  V.  c.  36,  s.  47,  it  is  defined  as  "  a  Letter 
having  one  enclosure." 

IdouhXt  Portions \   V.  Portion:  Loco  Parentis. 

Double  Rent,  s.  18,  11  G.  2,  c.  19;  V.  Redman,  600:  Fawcett,  517, 
518. 

Double  Value,  s.  1,  4  G.  2,  c.  28;  V.  Redman,  498-500:  Fawcett, 
514-516. 

DOUBT.  —  "  I  do  not  doubt  ";   V.  Precatory  Trust. 

DOWAQER.  —  "A  Widow  endowed:  but  chiefly  an  Addition, 
applyed  in  general  to  the  Widows  of  Princes,  Dukes,  Earls,  and  Per- 
sons of  Honour  "  (Cowel). 

DOWER.  —  "  Tenant  in  Dower,  is  where  a  man  is  Seized  of  certaiue 
lands  or  tenements  in  Fee  Simple^  Fee  Taile  Generall,  or  as  Heire  in 


DOWER  671  DRAIN 

Speciall  Taile,  and  taketh  a  wife  and  dieth,  —  the  Wife,  after  the  de- 
cease of  her  husband,  ehall  be  endowed  of  the  third  part  of  such  lands 
and  tenements  as  were  her  husband's  at  any  time  during  the  Coverture, 
for  terme  of  her  life,  whether  she  hath  issue  by  her  husband  or  no,  and 
of  what  age  soever  the  wife  be,  so  as  she  be  past  the  age  of  9  yeares  at 
the  time  of  the  decease  of  her  husband  '*  (Litt.  s.  36).  Vth^  Co.  Litt. 
30  b-41  a:  per  Lindley,  M.  R.,  Ee  Hocking,  1898,  2  Ch.  567 j  67  L,  J. 
Ch.  664:   Vf,  Wms.  R.  P.  ch.  11:  Goodeve,  135-141. 

By  s.  3,  Dower  Act,  1833,  Seizin  is  not  now  necessary  to  give  title  to 
Dower,  and,  by  s.  2,  a  Widow  is  dowable  out  of  Equitable  estates;  but 
by  s.  4  she  is  only  dowable  out  of  lands  not  "  absolutely  disposed  of  by 
her  husband  in  his  lifetime,  or  by  his  Will." 

Note,  As  to  how  Dower  might  have  been  barred  or  prevented,  V. 
2  Bl.  Com.  136  :  and  for  the  Conveyancing  device  of  Uses  to  Bar  Dower, 
V.  Wms.  R.  P.  252,  263. 

V,  Fbeebench:  Elope:  Jointure. 

DOWN.  —  V.  Dunum:  Take  Down. 

DRAIN.  —  The  power  which  a  Highway  Authority  has,  under  s.  67, 
5  &  6  W.  4,  c.  50,  to  make  and  cleanse  "  Ditches,  Gutters,  Drains,  or 
Watercourses,"  does  not  extend  to  a  dumbwell  or  shaft  into  which  surface- 
water  is  conducted  by  pipes,  and  from  which  it  percolates  away  through 
the  subsoil  (Croft  v.  Bickmansworth,  68  L.  J.  Ch.  14;  39  Ch.  D.  272; 
4  Times  Rep.  706).  It  was  there  conceded  that  such  a  dumbwell  was 
not  a  "  Ditch  "  or  "  Gutter  " ;  but  the  contention  was  that  it  was  a  "  Drain 
or  Watercourse";  but  in  deciding  in  the  negative  Cotton,  L.  J.,  said, 
"  I  do  not  think  the  verb  *  to  drain '  has  anything  to  do  with  it."  Fry, 
L.  J.,  said,  "  I  think  *  a  Drain  or  Watercourse '  is  applied  to  that  sort  of 
conveyance  by  which  you  direct  the  course  of  the  water,  and  where  you 
can  follow  the  course  of  the  water,  and  where  you  can  correct  any  mis- 
chief which  arises  from  an  impediment  to  a  flow  of  the  water,  where 
you  can  do  the  repairs";  and  Lopes,  L.  J.,  said,  "I  undei'stand  by  a 
'  Drain  *  something  conducting  liquid  away,  and  into  and  through  which 
liquid  may  continuously  pass  " ;  Vf^  Croysdale  v.  Sunbury-on- Thames, 
cited  Own  Profit.    F.  Watercourse. 

Broadly  speaking,  ''Drain,"  as  contrasted  with  **  Sewer,"  means,  the 
duct  that  drains  only  one  house ;  "  Sewer  "  means  the  duct  that  serves 
more  houses  than  one  (Holland  v.  Lazarus,  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  2S5',  61  J.  P. 
262:  Green  y.  Newington,  1898,  2  Q.  B.  1;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  557;  46 
W.  R.  624;  62  J.  P.  564). 

The  definitions  (adopted  from  the  P.  H.  Act,  1848,  s.  2)  of  the  P.  H. 
Act,  1875  (V.  s.  4),  are;  — 

''  'Drain,'  means,  any  drain  of,  and  used  for  the  drainage  of,  one 
building  only,  or  premises  within  the  same  Curtilage,  and  made  merely 


DRAIN  672  DRAIN 

for  the  paq)08e  of  commanicating  therefrom  with  a  cess-pool^  or  other 
like  receptacle  for  drainage,  or  with  a  sewer  into  which  the  drainage  of 
two  or  more  hiiildings  or  premises,  occupied  hj.  different  persons,  is  con- 
vej'ed :  — 

"'Sewer/  includes,  sewers  and  drains  of  erery  description,  except 
drains  to  which  the  word  '  Drain '  (interpreted  aA  aforesaid)  applies,  and 
except  drains  vested  (  V.  Vest)  in  or  under  the  control  of  any  Authority 
having  the  management  of  roads  and  not  heiug  a  Local  Authority  under 
this  Act." 

Vh,  Acton  V.  Batten,  54  L.  J.  Ch.  261;  28  Ch.  D.  283;  52  L.  T.  17; 
49  J.  P.  357:  Ferrand  v.  Hallas  Bg  Co,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  135;  62  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  479;  69  L.  T.  8;  41  W.  R.  580;  57  J.  P.  692:  Travis  v.  UtUy, 

1894,  1  Q.  B.  233;  63  L.  J.  M.  C.  48;  70  L.  T.  242;  42  W.  B.  461; 
58  J.  P.  85:  Lond.  &  N.  W.  Ry  v.  Runcorn,  1898,  1  Ch.  561;  67  L.  J. 
Ch.  28,  324;  78  L.  T.  343;  46  W.  R.  484;  62  J.  P.  643. 

For  a  District  which  has  adopted  s.  19,  P.  H.  Act,  1890,  that  section 
provides,  — 

*'  (1)  Where  two  or  more  houses,  belonging  to  different  owners,  are 
connected  with  a  Public  Sewer  by  a  Single  Private  Drain,  an  application 
may  be  made  under  s.  41  of  the  P.  H.  Act,  1875  (relating  to  complaints 
as  to  nuisances  from  drains)  and  the  Local  Authority  "  may  recover  tlie 
expenses  from  the  owner : 

"  (3)  For  the  purposes  of  this  section,  the  expression  <  Drain '  includes, 
a  drain  used  for  the  drainage  of  more  than  one  building." 

This  alteration  only  applies  to  cases  under  s.  41,  P.  H.  Act,  1875, 
"  relating  to  complaints  as  to  nuisances  from  drains  "  which  arise  in 
respect  of  houses  "  belonging  to  different  owners  "  {Eastbourne  v.  Brad- 
ford, 1896,  2  Q.  B.  205;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  571;  74  L.  T.  762;  45  W.  R. 
31;  60  J.  P.  601:  n  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  220).  Where  that  state  of  things 
exists  a  "Single  Private  Drain,"  means,  one  that  does  not  serve  the 
Public  generally,  and  each  of  the  "  different  owners  "  is  liable  to  rectify 
nuisances  arising  from  the  drains  to  his  house  up  to  their. junction  with 
a  Public  Sewer  {Eastbourne  v.  Bradford,  sup;  approving  Self  v.  Hove, 

1895,  1  Q.  B.  685;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  217;  72  L.  T.  234;  43  W.  R.  300; 
69  J.  P.  103,  and  disapproving  Hill  v.  Hair,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  906;  64 
L.  J.  M.  C.  164;  72  L.  T.  629;  43  W.  R.  651;  59  J.  P.  374:  V.  these 
cases  cited  R.  v.  Hastings,  1897,  1  Q.  B.  46;  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  80;  75 
L.  T.  377;  45  W.  R.  109;  60  J.  P.  759.  In  Seal  v.  Merthyr  Tydfil, 
1897,  2  Q.  B.  643;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  37;  77  L.  T.  303;  61  J.  P.'^551, 
Cave,  J.,  the  senior  judge  who  decided  HUl  v.  Hair,  practically  aban- 
doned it).  Note:  The  Notice  may  be  to  the  owners  jointly  {Lancaster 
V  Barnes,  1898,  1  Q.  B.  855;  67  L.  J.  Q.  B.  744;  78  L.  T.  355;  46 
W.  R.  623;  62  J.  P.  405). 

With  a  slight  addition  to  "  Drain,"  "  Drain  "  and  "  Sewer  "  are  defined 
in  8.  250,  Metrop  Man.  Act,  1855,  in  the  same  way  as  in  s.  4^  P.  H.  Act, 


DRAIN  573  DRAMATIC 

1875;  Vth,  Bateman  v.  Poplar,  56  L.  J.  Ch.  149;  33  Ch.  D.  360;  55 
L.  T.  374:  Ferrand  v.  Hallos  Bg  Co,  sup:  PUbrow  v.  St,  Leonard, 
Shoreditch,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  33,  433;  64  L.  J.  M.  C.  29, 130;  72  L.  T.  136; 
43  W.  R.  342;  69  J.  P.  68:  St.  MaHin  in  the  Fields  v.  Bird,  1895, 
1  Q.  B.  428;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  230;  71  L.  T.  868;  43  W.  R.  194.  As 
used  in  this  section,  ''  Drain  "  includes  a  rain-water  pipe  {Holland  v. 
Lazarxis,  sup). 

"Drain,"  s.  2  (16),  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891,  does  not  include  a 
Public  Sewer  (Fulham  v.  Lond,  Co.  Co,  cited  Nuisance). 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  Metrop  Man.  Act,  1862,  s.  112;  P.  H.  Act,  1890, 
ss.  11  (3),  19;    66  &  56  V.  c.  57,  s.  5.  —  Ir.  41  &  42  V.  c.  62,  s.  2. 

V.  Public  Drain:  Sewisk:  Make. 

DRAINAGE.  —  "  The  Drainage  and  Improvement  of  Lands  (Ir)  Acts, 
1863  to  1892,"  "The  Drainage  and  Navigation  (Ir)  Acts,  1842  to 
1857  ";   V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  18%. 

"  Drainage  Board  ";  Stat.  Def.,  61  &  52  V.  c.  39,  s.  6  (4). 

"Drainage  Charge";  Stat.  Def.,  61  &  52  V.  c.  39,  s.  6  (4);  Land 
Law  (Ir)  Act,  1887,  50  &  61  V.  c.  33,  s.  34;    64  &  55  V.  c.  66,  s.  96. 

DRAM.  — A  Dram,  Avoirdupois,  is  ^th  of  an  Ounce  (s.  14,  41  &42 
V.  c.  49). 

DRAMATIC  — By  s.  2,  Copyright  Act,  1842,  a  "  Dramatic  Piece" 
means,  "  every  tragedy,  comedy,  play,  opera,  farce,  or  other  scenic,  mu- 
sical or  dramatic  entertainment."  "  These  words  comprehend  any  piece 
which  could  be  called  dramatic  in  its  widest  sense;  any  piece  which,  on 
being  presented  by  any  performer  to  an  audience,  would  produce  the 
emotions  which  are  the  purpose  of  the  regular  drama,  and  whi<ch  consti- 
tute the  entertainment  of  the  audience  "  (per  Denman,  C.  J.,  Bussell  v. 
Smithy  17  L.  J.  Q.  B.  225;  12  Q.  B.  217).  Scenes  and  dresses  are, 
perhaps,  not  absolutely  essential  to  a  "  dramatic  piece  " ;  and  such  a 
composition  as  Mackay's  Song  of  "  The  Ship  on  Fire  "  when  sung  with 
considerable  expression  was,  in  the  case  quoted,  held  to  be  a  "  dramatic 
piece."  But  in  Wall  v.  Taylor,  a  composition  called  "  Will  o'  the  Wisp," 
the  part  of  which  that  was  called  "  dramatic  "  being  averse  in  which  the 
performer  departs  from  ordinary  melody,  and,  in  the  words  of  the  com- 
position, "  laughs,  ha !  ha  1  and  laughs,  ho !  ho !  "  at  which  parts  of  the 
song  some  risibility  by  the  performer  ought  to  be  indulged  in,  the  learned 
judge  (Day,  J.),  said  that  whether  it  was  a  "  Dramatic  Piece  "  was  a 
question  for  the  jury,  but  that  that  phrase  would  probably  not  include  a 
performance  where  the  performer  merely  exerted  his  vocal  powers  and  did 
not  resort  to  gesture  or  facial  expression  to  endeavour  to  move  the  emo- 
tions of  his  audience :  —  there  the  jury  found  that  "  Will  o'  the  Wisp  " 
was  not  a  "dramatic  piece"  {Times,  10  June  1882):  But  it  was  ob- 
viously a  "  Musical  Composition,"  and,  being  copyright,  its  unauthor- 


DRAMATIC  574  DRAWER 

ised  performance  gave  a  right  to  the  penalty  provided  by  s.  2,  3  &  4 
W.  4,  c.  15,  though  it  was  not  performed  at  a  "  place  of  Dramatic  Enter- 
tainment " ;  for  that  condition  attaches  only  to  the  representation  of  a 
dramatic  piece  and  not  to  the  performance  of  a  musical  composition  (Wall 
V.  Taylor,  51  L.  J.  Q.  B.  547;  52  lb.  558;  11  Q.  B.  D.  102:  Duck  v. 
Bates,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  97,  338;  12  Q.  B.  D.  79). 

A  Song,  as  generally  understood,  can,  indeed,  hardly  ever  be  a  "  Dra- 
matic Piece."  In  Clark  v.  Bishop  (25  L.  T.  908),  "  Come  to  Peckham 
Kye"  was  held  a  dramatic  piece;  and  so  in  Roberts  v.  Bigjiell  (3  Times 
Rep.  552)  of  "  Oh !  Jenny  Dear."  But  in  Ftdler  v.  Blackpool  Winter 
Gardens  Co  (1895,  2  Q.  B.  429;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  699;  73  L.  T.  242), 
Kay,  L.  J.,  said,  he  could  scarcely  believe  that  the  report  of  Roberts  v, 
Bignell  was  accurate,  and  Smith,  L.  J.,  threw  doubts  on  both  Clark  v. 
Bishop  and  Roberts  v.  Bignell.  In  Fuller  v.  Blackpool  Co  the  Court  of 
Appeal  decided  that  "  Daisy  Bell  "  was  not  a  dram.atic  piece,  but  was 
only  a  Musical  Composition,  — Esher,  M.  R.,  observing  that  a  thing 
may  be  "  Dramatic  "  without  being  a  "  Dramatic  Piece  ";  and  said  that 
if  a  Song  is  to  be  a  "  dramatic  piece  "  it  must,  at  its  publication,  be 
made  dramatic  by  its  author,  and  that  that  character  cannot  be  given  to 
it  "  by  the  mode  in  which  the  particular  performer  deals  with  it."  The 
Song  must  be  inherently  " dramatic, "  —  "I  think  that  to  constitute  a 
Song  a  '  Dramatic  Piece '  it  must  be  such  a  song  as,  for  its  proper  repre- 
sentation, acting  and,  possibly,  scenery  form  a  necessary  ingredient; 
and  that  if  neither  of  these  be  requisite  to  the  efficient  representation  of 
the  song,  it  is  not  a  dramatic  piece.'  It  is  an  entire  misnomer  to  call 
a  mere  common,  ordinary,  Music  Hall  Song,  a  '  dramatic  piece ' "  (per 
Smith,  L.  J.,  lb.). 

''An  Opera  is  a  Musical  Composition,  and  is  also  a  'Dramatic 
Piece'  "  (per  Esher,  M.  R.,  Fuller  v.  Blackpool  Co,  sup).  It  is,  how- 
ever (by  s.  4),  excluded  from  51  &  52  V.  c.  17. 

A  Pantomime  is  a  "Dramatic  Entertainment**  within  s.  2,  3  &  4 
W.  4,  c.  15  {Lee  v.  Simpson,  16  L.  J.  C.  P.  106;  3  C.  B.  871 ;  4  Dowl. 
&  L.  666). 

V.  Place:  Entebtainment :  Stage  Plat:  Part. 

DRAPER. —  V.  Hosier;  Ladies'  Gittfitter. 

DRAW  OVER  THE  COUNTER.  —  V.  Modlen  v.  SnawbaU, 
4  D.  G.  F.  &  J.  145;  31  L.  J.  Ch.  44. 

DRAWBACK.  — Qu^  Customs  Consolidation  Act,  1876,  39  &  40  V. 
c.  36,  "Drawback,"  includes  Bounty  (s.  284). 

DRAWER.  —  Drawer  of  a  Bill  of  Exchange  ;  V.  Bill  of  Exchange: 
and  as  to  the  liability  of  a  Drawer,  V.  s.  55  (1),  Bills  of  Ex.  Act, 
1882. 


DRAWING  575  DRINK 

DRAWING.  — "A  'Drawing'  (qui  a  Debenture  Sinking  Fund), 
properly  so  called,  can  only  take  place  among  several  debentures  of  even 
date  "  (per  Charles,  J. ,  Finlay  v.  Mexican  Investment  Corp,  1897, 
1  Q.  B.  517;   66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  161;  76  L.  T.  267). 

Drawings ;    V.  Book  :  Pbobationary  Dba wings. 

DRAWN.  —  Guarantee  of  all  Bills  of  Ex.  "  drawn  "  by  A.,  construed 
by  Pollock,  C.  B.,  and  Martin,  B.  (diss.  Bramwell,  B.),  as  referring  to 
future  Bills  (Broom  v.  Batchelor,  25  L.  J.  Ex.  299;  1  H.  &  N.  255). 
V.  Given. 

DREDGE.—"  Dredge,"  s.  87,  Thames  Conservancy  Act,  1894, "  neces- 
sarily involves  raising  the  gravel,  sand,  and  other  matter,  dredged,  —  for 
otherwise,  what  is  the  use  of  dredging?"  (per  Smith,  L.  J.,  Uiames 
Conservators  v.  Smeed,  66  L.  J.  Q.  B.  721).     Cp  Get. 

DRENCH.  —  "  Drenchs/'  in  Domesday,  ''  signifieth  free  tenants  of  a 
mannor"  (Co.  Litt.  6  b). 

DRIED  CHICORY.  — Quk  Excise  Act,  1860,  23  &  24  V.  c.  113, 
"  *  Dried  Chicory*  shall  be  construed  to  mean,  Chicory  which  shall  have 
been  kiln-dried,  or  dried  by  any  other  means  whatever,  and  not  com- 
pletely roasted  to  a  state  fit  for  grinding  to  powder ;  *  Roasted  Chicory,* 
shall  be  construed  to  mean.  Chicory  which  shall  have  been  completely 
roasted  to  such  state  as  last  mentioned,  whether  the  same  shall  have 
been  ground  or  reduced  to  powder  or  not;  *  Dryer  of  Chicory^*  shall  be 
construed  to  mean  and  include.  Any  person  who  shall  kiln-dry,  or  dry  by 
any  other  means,  any  Chicory,  or  other  such  vegetable  matter  as  afore- 
said; ^Roaster  of  Chicory,*  shall  be  construed  to  mean  and  include, 
Any  person  who  shall  carry  on,  or  continue,  the  process  of  drying 
Chicory,  or  other  vegetable  matter,  to  a  state  in  which  it  shall  be  fit  for 
grinding  to  powder  "  (s.  21). 

DRIFT.  —  "  *  Drift  of  the  Forest,'  is  an  exact  view,  —  taken  once, 
twice,  or  oftener,  in  a  yeare  as  occasion  shall  require,  — what  Beasts  there 
are  in  the  Forest ;  to  the  intent  that  the  Common  in  the  Forest  bee  not 
overcharged,  that  the  Beasts  of  Forreyners  that  have  no  Common  there 
may  bee  avoided,  and  that  Beasts  that  are  not  commonable  may  bee  put 
out  "  (Termes  de  la  Ley,  citing  32  H.  8,  c.  35 ;  Man  wood,  c.  15). 

Drift,  or  Hang,  Net;    V.  Net. 

DRIFTWAY.  — A  Drift  Way  is  "  a  Right  of  Way,  restricted  to  foot 
passengers,  or  restricted  to  foot  passengers  and  horsemen  or  cattle  "  (per 
Jessel,  M.  E.,  Cannon  v.  Villars,  8  Ch.  D.  421).  Vf  Way:  Bridle- 
path. 

DRINK.  —  "  Article  of  Food  or  Drink  " ;   V.  Food  :  Article. 


DRIVE  676  DRUG 

DRIVE:  DRIVER:  DRIVING.  — To  "drive"  means  "to  make 
move  ";  e.g.  to  drive  an  ox,  a  steam-en gine,  or  a  nail  (per  arg.  of  coun- 
sel in  Taylor  v.  Goodwin^  inf),  or  a  train  (McCord  v.  Cammell,  cited 
Charge  or  Coxtrol). 

A  "  Eider  "  of  a  horse  or  beast  is  included  in  the  word  "  Driver,"  in 
the  penal  clause  of  the  Highway  Act,  1H35,  s.  78  (WUliams  v.  Evans, 

I  Ex.  D.  277;  41  J.  P.  151;  35  L.  T.  864:  over-ruling  R,  v.  Bacouj 

II  Cox  C.  C.  540).     Q?,  Ride:  Over-drive. 

The  propulsion  of  a  Bicjcle  by  a  person  seated  on,  and  carried  by  it, 
is  "driving  a  Carriage"  within  the  same  section  (Taylor  y,  Goodwin^ 
4  Q.  B.  D.  228 ;  48  L.  J.  M.  C.  104;  27  W.  R.  489;  43  J.  P.  653). 

Driving  Cattle;  F.  Conducting. 

Qu4>  Markets  and  Fairs  Clauses  Act,  1847,  "  Driver, "  includes  "  the 
Carter,  or  other  |>erson  having  the  care  of  any  Cart  "  (s.  3). 

Quk  Town  Police  Clauses  Act,  1847,  "  Driver,"  or  "  Drivers,"  includes 
"  every  Conductor  of  any  Omnibus"  (s.  4  (2),  52  &  53  V.  c.  14). 

Quk  Dublin  Carriage  Act,  1853,  16  &  17  V.  c.  112,  "  Driver,"  includes 
"  Proprietor  or  any  person  engaged  at  the  time  in  driving  a  Hackney, 
Job,  Stage  Carriage,  Cart  or  Job  Horse  "  (s.  80). 

DRIVE  AWAY.—  V.  Take  and  carry  away. 

DROG.  —  Drog  Fishing;  V.  Aberdeen  Arctic  Co  v.  Sutter,  cited 
Fast  and  Loose. 

DROITS.  —  To  constitute  Wreck  of  the  Sea,  goods  must  have  touched 
the  ground  though  they  need  not  have  been  left  dry ;  goods  afloat  on  the 
high  sea  (though  within  low  water  mark)  if  they  have  not  touched  the 
ground  are  Droits  {R.  v.  Forty-Nine  Casks  of  Brandy ^  3  Hagg.  Adm. 
257:   Vf,  R.  v.  Two  Casks  of  Tallow,  lb.  294).    Vf  Sea-Coast. 

DROUGHT.  — "  It  has  been  held  in  America  that  an  Exception  of 
'  Drought,'  in  a  Charter-Party  for  a  Timber  Cargo,  does  not  excuse  a 
charterer  who  has  been  prevented  by  want  of  water  from  bringing  his 
timber  down  to  the  usual  place  of  storage"  (Carver,  292,  293,  citing 
Sorensen  v.  Keyser,  52  Fed.  Rep,  163). 

DROVER. — A  Drover,  not  only  signifies  a  Factor  of  Cattle  but, 
includes  one  who  buys  and  sells  cattle  for  himself  (Mills  v.  Hughes, 
Willes,  588). 

DRUF,  or  DRU.—  F.  Dene. 

DRUG.  — What  is  a  "Drug,"  within  s.  6,Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs 
Act,  1875,  is,  to  a  great  extent,  a  question  of  the  circumstances,  — e.g. 
Beeswax  is  sometimes  used  in  the  preparation  of  medicines,  but  when 
sold  by  a  small  country  grocer,  not  as  a  drug  but,  in  the  ordinary  way 


DRUG  577  DUBLIN 

or  his  trade,  it  is  not  a  "  drug  "  within  the  section  (Fowle  v.  Fowle^  16 
L.  T.  614;    60  J.  P.  758;    13  Times  Rep.  12).     By  s.  2  of  the  Act 
"  *Drug,'  shall  include  Medicine  for  internal  or  external  use."  Cp^  Poisox. 
Compounded  Drug;    F.  Compound. 

DRUGGIST.  —  Chemist  and  Druggist ;  V,  Apothecaey  :  Chemist. 

DRUMMER.  — Qu^  38  &  39  V.  c.  69,  "  *  Drummer,'  includes  a  Mu- 
sician  of  any  kind  receiving  pay  in  the  Militia"  (s.  2). 

DRUNK. —  V.  Drunken  Person:  On  the  Premises. 

"  Found  drank  "  ;   V.  Found. 

Drunkenness  in  a  Sailor,  justifying  a  forfeiture  of  wages,  does  not 
mean  being  on  one  or  two  occasions  the  worse  for  liquor  but,  means 
intoxication  so  repeated  or  in  such  excess  as  to  disqualify  him  from  the 
discharge  of  his  duties  {The  Lady  Campbell,  2  Hagg.  Adm.  5:  The  Roe- 
hick,  31  L.  T.  274:  The  Macleod,  50  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  6;  5  P.  D. 
254:  FA,  Abbott,  806:  Ths  Highland  Chief,  1892,  P.  76;  61  L.  J.  P.  D. 
&  A.  51). 

DRUNKEN  PERSON.  —The  offence  of  selling  intoxicants  to  a 
"  drunken  person  "  under  s.  13,  Licensing  Act,  1872,  is  committed  by  a 
sale  to  a  person  who  is  drunk,  although  he  show  no  indications  of  inso- 
briety, and  neither  the  license-holder  nor  his  servants  notice  that  he  is 
drunk  {Cundy  v.  Le  Cocq,  53  L.  J.  M.  C.  125;  13  Q.  B.  D.  207;  32 
W.  R.  769;  51  L.  T.  265;  48  J.  P.  599:  Sv,  Somerset  v.  Wade,  cited 
Suffer);  and,  qu^  this  offence,  a  publican  is  responsible  for  his  bar- 
man, even  though  he  have  no  knowledge  of  it  and  the  barman  has  been 
expressly  ordered  not  to  sell  to  a  drunken  person  (Metrop  Police  v. 
Cartman,  1896,  1  Q.  B.  655;  65  L.  J.  M.  C.  113;  44  W.  R.  637;  74 
L.  T.  726;  60  J.  P.  357).      F/ Knowingly. 

Where  two,  —  one  sober  and  one  drunk,  —  enter  Licensed  Premises 
together  and  the  sober  man  orders  and  pays  for  intoxicants  for  both,  that 
is  a  Sale  to  a  "  drunken  person,"  within  the  section  {Scatchard  v.  Johru 
son,  57  L.  J.  M.  C.  41 ;  52  J.  P.  389). 

"  Habitual  Drunkard  "  ;    V.  Habitual. 

DRY.  — "  Dry,"  e.g.  "  Dry  Arsenic  Acid,"  in  a  Patent  Specification; 
F.  Simpson  v.  Holliday,  5  N.  E.  340;  L.  R.  1  H.  L.  315;  36  L.  J.  Ch. 
811. 

"  Dry  Cleaning  Works  "  ;   V.  Non-Textile  Factories. 

DRYER.  —  "  Dryer  of  Chicory  " ;   V.  Dried  Chicory. 

DUBLIN.— r.  County. 
Dublin  Mean  Time;    V.  Time. 

"  Port  of  Dublin  Corporation  "  ;   V,  Port,  towards  end. 

87 


DUE  578     DUE  ALLOWANCE 

DUE.  —  A  Debt  is  "due  *  when  it  is  payable  (per  James^  V.  C, 
Re  European  Life  Assrce,  39  L.  J.  Ch.  326;  L.  R.  9  Eq.  122). 

A  debt  is  still  "  due  "  notwithstanding  that  the  Statute  of  Limitations 
may  have  run  against  it,  for  that  statute  only  bars  the  remedy  and  does 
not  extinguish  the  debt;  and  in  an  Account  asked  for  by  the  debtor  he 
cannot  avail  himself  of  the  statute  (Ex  p.  Cawley,  34  S.  J.  29). 

Notwithstanding  the  Apportionment  Act,  1870,  33  &  34  V.  c.  35,  s.  2, 
a  testamentary  direction  to  forgive  a  tenant  "all  rent  or  arrears  of  rent 
which  may  be  due  and  owing  from  him  at  the  time  of  my  decease,"  only 
extends  to  the  rent  due  at  the  quarter-day  immediately  preceding  the 
testator's  death  {Re  Lucas,  55  L.  J.  Ch.  101;  54  L.  T.  30).  Q?,  Re 
Mo  welly  cited  Accrur. 

Gift  over  in  event  of  death  before  a  Share  becomes  "  due  and  payable  " ; 
V.  Re  Willmott,  38  L.  J.  Ch.  275;  L.  R.  7  Eq.  532. 

On  a  weekly  hiring,  wages  are  not  "  due  "  to  a  child,  young  person,  or 
woman,  within  s.  11,  Employers  and  Workmen  Act,  1875,  until  the  end 
of  the  week;  seats,  of  piece-work  to  be  paid  for  weekly:  "  due  "  in  this 
section  means  "earned"  (Warburton  v.  Heyworthy  50  L.  J.  Q.  B.  137; 
6  Q.  B.  D.  1;  distinguishing  Gregson  v.   Watson,  34  L.  T.  143). 

But  where  Articles  give  a  Company  a  lien  upon  a  shareholder's  shares 
for  any  moneys  "due"  from  him,  that  means  "presently  payable,"  and 
gives  no  lien  for  a  current  Bill  (Jte  Stockton  Iron  Co,  45  L.  J.  Ch.  168 ; 
2  Ch.  D.  101) ;  so  the  right  to  refuse  transfer  if  shareholder  is  "  indebted  " 
to  the  Co,  cannot  be  exercised  qu^  a  Call  made  after  the  receipt  by  the 
Co  of  the  transfer  instrument  (Re  Cawley  &  Co,  58  L.  J.  Ch.  633;  -12 
Ch.  D.  209). 

Policy  insuring  principal  money  "  due  under  the  Debentures  "  of  a 
Co;    V.  Finlay  v.  Mexican  Investment  Corp,  cited  Drawing. 

Rext  is  "  due  "  "at  the  beginning  of  the  day  on  which  it  is  payable, 
though  the  tenant  has  the  whole  of  that  day  in  which  to  pay  it "  (psr 
Erie,  J.,  Dibble  v.  Bowater,  2  E.  &  B.  570) ;  therefore,  a  seizure  by  a 
landlord  on  that  day  to  prevent  a  fraudulent  removal  of  goods  to  avoid  a 
Distress,  is  justified  by  s.  1,  11  G.  2,  c.  19,  because  there  is  then  rent 
"  reserved  or  due,"  although  not  then  in  arrear  (S.  C.  2  E.  &  B.  564;  22 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  396). 

Rent  "  due  and  payable  in  advance,  if  required  ";    V.  Advance. 

Bequest  of  "  Rent,  and  Arrears  of  Rent,  due  ";    V,  Rent,  towards  end. 

F.  Debt:  Debts  due:  Found:  Money  due:  Owing:  Payable: 
Final  DrscHARGE:  Dues:  Now. 

DUE  ATTESTATION F  Attest. 

DUE  ALLOWANCE.  —  An  Agreement  to  make  "a  Due  Allow- 
ance,"  from  interest  on  a  loan,  if  tbere  should  be  a  deficiency  of  profits 
in  the  trade  for  which  the  loan  is  made,  is  so  vague  that  it  is  inoperative 


DUE  ALLOWANCE     679      DUE  DILIGENCE 

as  a  contract  for  "  a  Rate  of  Interest  varying  with  the  Profits,"  s.  1,  2iS 
&  29  V.  c.  86,  repld  s.  2  {3d),  Partnership  Act,  1890;  and  the  Lender 
is  not  to  he  postponed  to  the  other  creditors  of  the  Borrower  (Ee  Vlnce, 
1892,  2  Q.  B.  478;  61  L.  J.  Q.  B.  836;  67  L.  T.  70;  41  W.  R.  138). 

DUp  CAUSE.  —  The  "  Due  Cause  "  which  has  to  he  shown  for  the 
removal  of  an  Official  Liquidator  (s.  93,  Comp  Act,  1862),  is  not  confined 
to  ohjections  personal  to  the  liquidator,  hut  extends  to  any  cause  which 
renders  it  desirahle,  in  the  interest  of  the  Company  or  the  creditors, 
that  the  liquidator  should  he  removed  and  another  person  substituted ; 
and,  therefore,  a  duly  secured  offer  b}'  a  disputed  creditor  to  pay  in  full 
the  undisputed  creditors  of  an  insolvent  Co  if  his  nominee  be  appointed 
official  liquidator,  is  "due  cause"  for  removing  an  official  liquidator 
already  apjwinted,  and  appointing  such  nominee  instead  (Re  Adam 
Ui/ton,  Lim.y  36  Ch.  D.  299;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  127;  3  Times  Rep.  738:  Ee 
British  Nation  Assrce,  20  W.  R.  651). 

And,  probably,  that  rule  would  be  applied  to  the  interpretation  of 
"due  cause"  as  used  in  s.  141  of  the  same  Act.  No  doubt  Sir  John 
Moore  Co.  (12  Ch.  D.  325;  28  W.  R.  203)  decided  that,  under  the  latter 
section,  "  due  cause  shown  "  was  not  equivalent  to  "  if  the  Court  shall 
think,"  and  pointed  to  some  unfitness  of  the  liquidator  to  be  removed 
thereunder;  yet  the  Court  there  said  that  they  used  the  word  "  unfitness  " 
"  in  a  wide  sense  of  the  term."  And  as  it  seems  difficult  to  read  "  due 
cause"  differently  in  s.  141  from  the  way  in  which  it  is  used  in  s.  93,  it 
would  seem  that  there  would  be  an  unfitness  —  a  personal  unfitness,  — 
in  retaining  a  liquidator  under  s.  141  if  so  doing  would  be  inimical  to 
the  interests  of  the  Co  or  its  creditors.  In  that  way,  it  is  submitted, 
the  two  cases  cited  will  stand  together,  and  that  both  are  applicable  for 
determining  what  is  "  due  cause  "  under  each  of  the  sections  referred  to 
{Sv  Buckl.  358).  F.  Ee  Sunlight  Incandescent  Co,  69  L.  J.  Ch.  873; 
1900,  2  Ch.  728. 

V.  Cause:  Good  Cause:  Special. 

DUE   COURSE.. —  F.  Holder  in  due  course:  Payment  in  due 

COURSE. 

DUE  COURSE  OF  ADMINISTRATION.  —  A  direction  in  a 
Will  that  on  the  death  of  a  life  tenant  without  children,  a  fund  is  to  be 
disposed  of  "  in  a  Due  Course  of  Administration  "  does  not,  on  the  event 
happening,  give  the  fund  to  the  next-of-kin  according  to  the  statute,  but 
the  fund  falls  into  the  residue  {Scott  v.  Moore,  13  L.  J.  Ch.  283;  14  Sim. 
36:  Wms.  Exs.  988,  989). 

DUE  DILIGENCE.  —A  covenant  to  do  a  thing  "  with  all  due  and 
reasonable  Diligence  and  Despatch,"  is  not  excused  from  performance 
if  it  can  be  done;  even  though  the  jury  find  that  it  cannot  be  done  by 


DUE  DILIGENCE       580  DUE  TIME 

any  reasonable  application  of  labour,  diligence,  skill,  money,  or  other 
means  {Jervia  v.  Tomkinson,  26  L.  J.  Ex.  41 ;  1  H.  &  N.  195). 

There  is  no  general  time  rule  as  to  what  is  "  Due  Diligence  "  in  "  com- 
mencing "  litigation  after  a  Threat  respecting  a  Patent,  within  the 
proviso  to  s.  32,  46  &  47  V.  c.  57;  each  case  will  depend  on  its  own 
circumstances  {Barrett  v.  Bay,  43  Ch.  D.  435;  38  W.  R.  362:  Colley 
V.  Hart,  59  L.  J.  Ch.  308;  44  Ch.  D.  179;  62  L.  T.  424;  38  W.  R. 
501) ;  but  an  action  is  not  commenced  with  **  due  diligence,"  within 
that  proviso,  if  not  commenced  till  9  months  after  the  threat  (John- 
son V.  Ed^e,  1892,  2  Ch.  1;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  262;  66  L.  T.  44;  40  W.  R. 
437).     F.  Prosecute. 

"  Shall  with  Due  Diligence  prosecute "  proceedings  to  jdgmt,  s.  4, 
Poor  Law  (Payment  of  Debts)  Act,  1859,  22  &  23  V.  c.  49 ;  V.  Ehodes 
V.  Pateley  BHdge,  51  L.  T.  235;  48  J.  P.  168. 

"  Due  Diligence  "  by  owner  to  make  ship  Seaworthy,  connotes  the 
obligation,  not  only  on  the  owner,  but  also  on  his  agents  {Dobell  v. 
Rossmore  Co,  1895,  2  Q.  B.  408;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  777;  73  L.  T.  74;  44 
W.  R.  37). 

"Due  Diligence"  in  transshipping,  qui  a  Bill  of  Lading;  V.  Carali 
V.  Xenos,  2  F.  &  F.  740. 

F.  Reasonable  Diligence. 

DUE   INQUIRY.  — F.  Inquiry. 

DUE  NOTICE.  —  Qui  Thames  Preservation  Act,  1885,  48  &  49  V. 
c.  76,  "  *Due  Notice,'  means,  a  Notice  In  Writing  given  by  the  Con- 
servators, or  any  person  duly  authorised  in  Writing  by  them  to  act  in 
theirbehalf"(s.  29), 

V.  Notice. 

DUE  REGARD.  — ''  Due  Regard ''  to  educational  interests  of  persons 
entitled  to  privileges,  ss.  11,  39  (4),  Endowed  Schools  Act,  1869,  32  & 
33  V.  c.  bQ)  r.  Re  Sutton  Coldfield  Grammar  School,  7  App.  Ca.  91  j 
61  L.  J.  P.  C.  8;  45  L.  T.  631;  30  W.  R.  341:  Re  Hodgson's  School, 
3  App.  Ca.  857;  47  L.  J.  P.  C.  101;  38  L.  T.  790:  Rosa  v.  Charitf/ 
Comrnrs,  7  App.  Ca.  463 ;  51  L.  J.  P.  C.  106;  47  L.  T.  172:  Re  Hems- 
worth  Grammar  School,  12  App.  Ca.  444;  56  L.  T.  212;  35  W.  R.  418; 
3  Times  Rep.  439 :  Re  Christ's  Hospital,  cited  Educational  Endow- 
MfiNT.     Vf,  Tudor  Char.  Trusts,  605,  606. 

DUE  TIME.  —  After  consecration  of  the  Elements  and  before  and 
during  their  Reception  (in  the  Communion  Office),  is  a  "  Due  Time  "  for 
singing  a  Hymn,  within  s.  7,  2  &  3  Edw.  6,  c.  1  (Read  v.  Lincoln  Bp., 
1892,  A.  C.  644;  62  L.  J.  P.  C.  1;  67  L.  T.  128). 

Bequest  to  such  of  testator's  Nephews  and  Nieces  as  should  Be  living 
at  his  decease,  "  or  Born  in  Due  Time  thereafter,  as  and  when  they  shall 


DUE  TIME  681  DULY 

severally  attain  the  age  of  21  years  " ;  held,  by  Kay,  J.,  that  those  to 
take  were  all  his  nephews  and  nieces  (attaining  21)  who  were  living  at 
his  decease,  or  should  be  born  thereafter  before  any  of  them  attained  21 ; 
and  that,  this  being  a  case  of  a  gift  to  children  of  third  persons,  "  due  " 
could  not  refer  to  the  period  of  gestation,  but  had  reference  to  the  terms 
of  the  gift,  and  meant  ''born  in  time  to  participate  in  its  benefit"  (Be 
Wass,  W.  N,  (82)  168> 

DUES.  —  In  a  Lessee's  covenant  "Dues'*  has,  probably,  the  same 
meaning  as  "Duties";  thus,  where  a  lessee  covenanted  "to  pay  all 
!Eates,  Taxes,  and  Dues,  whatsoever,"  he  was  held  liable  to  the  expense 
of  curing  defective  drainage  under  P.  H.  London  Act,  1891  (per 
Stonor,  Co.  Co.  J.,  WaggeU  v.  Armytage^  100  Law  Times,  40).  Vf 
Taxes. 

Quit,  and  by,  s.  7,  Rating  Act,  1874, 37  &  38  V.c.  54,  "  «Dues,'  means. 
Dues,  Royalty,  or  Toll,  either  in  Money  or  partly  in  Money  and  partly 
in  Kind;  and  the  amount  of  Dues  which  are  reserved  in  Kind,  means 
the  Value  of  such  dues." 

Shipping  Dues;  Stat.  Del,  30  &  31  V.  c.  15,  s.  3.     V.  Pilotage. 

DUFFINQ.  —  To  charge  a  Pawnbroker  with  "  Duffing,"  t.e.  replenish- 
ing or  doing  up  damaged  pledges,  and  re-pledging  them,  — is  actionable 
{Hicklnhotliam  v.  Leach,  11  L.  J.  Ex.  341;  10  M.  &  W.  361;  2  Dowl. 
N.  S.  270). 

DULLNESS.— "Dullness  of  Intellect";  F.  Unsound  Mind. 

DULY.  —  The  addition  of  the  adverb  "  duly  "  to  a  verb  will  not,  gen- 
erally speaking,  supply  the  omission  of  a  material  fact  which  ought  to  be 
stated,  and  which  may  or  may  not  exist  independently  of  that  which  is 
averred  to  be  "  duly  "  done  {R,  v.  Lyme  Regis,  1  Doug.  79:  Everard  v. 
Paterson,  6  Taunt.  645;  2  Marsh.  304:  Williams  v.  Germaine,  7  B.  &  C. 
468 :  Brazier  v.  Jones,  8  lb.  124) ;  but  it  does  signify  that  the  action 
has  been  done  legally,  in  due  course,  and  according  to  the  provisions 
of  the  law  (Nightingale  v.  WUcoxson^  10  B.  &  C.  202:  Dudlow  v. 
Watehom,  16  East,  42). 

"  Duly  administered  " ;  V,  Perjury. 

"  Duly  and  legally  appointed  "  ;  V,  B,  v.  Anderson,  cited  Served. 

Sheriff  "duly  Arrested,"  means  that  the  Sheriff  duly  acted  under 
authority  enabling  him,  and  was  not  a  trespasser  (Butcher  v.  Steuart, 
12  L.  J.  Ex.  391;  11  M.  &  W.  857). 

"  Duly  attested  " ;  V.  Attest. 

Company  "  duly  constituted  " ;  V.  Constituted. 

•'  When  the  statute,  6  V.  c.  18,  s.  100,  speaks  of  a  Document  to  be 
transmitted  by  the  l*ost  'duly  directed'  to  the  person  to  whom  it  is  to 
be  seut^  it  can  only  contemplate  a  direction  in  the  ordinary  way,  ue. 


DULY  582  DUM 

written  on  the  outside"  (per  Coltman,  J.,  Birch  v.  EdwardSj  cited 
Duplicate). 

**  Things  duly  doney"  within  a  saving  clause  of  a  repealing  Act;  F.  R. 
V.  West  RidUig  Jus.,  45  L.  J.  M.  C.  97  ;  1  Q.  B.  D.  220:  Doxk. 

Will  "  duly  Executed  ";   V.  Writing. 

A  clause  in  a  Liease  provided  for  its  forfeiture  if  the  lessee  should  be 
"  duly  found  and  declared  a  bankrupt  "\  the  lessee  committed  an  act  of 
bankruptcy  and  was  found  and  declared  a  bankrupt,  but  the  petitioning 
creditors  were  A.  and  B.,  whereas  they  should  have  been  A.,  B,,  and  C. ; 
held,  by  Pollock,  C.  B.,  and  Piatt,  B.  (Parke,  B.,  diss.),  that  the  lessee 
was  not  "  duly  "  found  and  declared  bankrupt  (Doe  d.  Lloi/d  v.  Inglebf/y 
15  M.  &  W.  465). 

"  Duly  honoured  " ;   V.  Honoured. 

Rents  "  duly  In  Charge  ")   V.  In  Charge. 

Person  "  duly  licensed  " ;   V.  Licensed  Person:  Renewal. 

"  Having  first  duly  paid  rent  and  2^^^'formed  covenants  "  ;    F.  Having. 

"  Duly  ^atVi',"  is  not  the  equivalent  of  "  Punctually  paid";  the  first 
phrase  is  satisfied  if  the  payment  is  made  soon  enough  to  amount  to  a 
Satisfaction  (Betiabo  v.  James^  109  Law  Times,  408). 

An  applicant  for  an  Off  License  under  s.  8,  32  &  33  V.  c.  27,  need  not 
reside  in  the  premises  and  personally  conduct  the  business  there,  in 
order  that  the  house  be  "  duly  qualified  as  by  law  is  required  "  within 
subs.  4,  lb.  {R,  V.  De  Riitzen,  1  Q.  B.  D.  bo\  45  L.  J.  M.  C.  57;  24 
W.  R.  343  J  33  L.  T.  726;  40  J.  P.  150). 

"  Duly  qualified  " ;   V.  Qualified  :  Ixfamous  Conduct. 

Apprentice  to  "  duly  and  truly  serve  " ;    F.  Serve. 

A  Cheque  is  not  "  duly  stamj>edy*^  s.  54,  Stamp  Act,  1870,  repld  s.  30, 
Stamp  Act,  1891,  unless  it  is  stamped  when  drawn ;  and  if  that  be  not 
done,  no  one  else,  except  the  Banker,  can  affix  an  adhesive  stamp  on 
it  (Hohhs  V.  Cathicy  6  Times  Rep.  292).  "Properly  stamped";  V. 
Properly. 

A  Coroner's  Inquisition  "duly  taken,"  s.  2,  25  G.  2,  c.  29,  "implies, 
not  only  care  and  diligence  in  the  taking  but,  the  taking  under  such  cir- 
cumstances as  muke  it  proper  that  it  should  be  taken  "  (per  Denman, 
C.  J.,  R,  V.  Carmarthenshire  Jus,,,  10  Q.  B.  800:  R.  v.  Gloucestershire 
Jus.,  7  E.  &  B.  805;  27  L.  J.  M.  C.  16). 

DUM.  — " Du?n  also  maketh  a  limitation;  as  if  a  lease  be  made, 
dum  sola  fuerit^  or  dum  sola  et  ca^ta  vixerit.  Diimmodo  is  also  a 
word  of  limitation;  as  dummodo  solveret  talem  redditum**  (Co.  Litt. 
234  b). 

As  to  the  insertion,  or  not,  of  the  Dum  sola  et  casta  Clause  in  Separa- 
tion Deeds,  or  in  an  Order  for  Permanent  Alimony  in  Divorce  Proceed- 
ings; F.  Usual,  towards  end:  Wasteneys  v.  WasteT%eijSy  1900,  A,  C. 
446i  69L.  J.  I*.  C.83. 


DUNCE  583  DURESS 

DUNCE.  —  To  say  of  a  lawyer  that  "he  is  a  Dance,  and  will  get 
little  by  the  Law,"  is  Slaxdek;  for  "  *  Dunce,'  in  common  intendment 
and  speech,  is  taken  for  one  of  dull  capacity  and  apprehension^  and  not 
fit  for  a  Lawyer  "  (Peard  v.  Johnes^  Cro.  Car.  382). 

DUNUM. — "  Dunum  or  e^Mnasignifieth  a  hill  or  higher  ground,  and 
therefore  commonly  the  townes  that  end  in  dum^  have  hills  or  higher 
grounds  in  them  which  we  call  downs.  It  commeth  of  the  old  French 
word  dun  "  (Co.  Litt.  4  b).     Vf  Cowel. 

DUPLICATE.  —  A  "Duplicate  "  is  a  document  which  is  essentially 
the  same  as  some  other  document,  having  precisely  the  like  operation 
and  effect  {Toms  v.  Cuming y  7  M.  &  G.  88;  14  L.  J.  C.  P.  67,  espy 
jdgmt  of  Maule,  J.);  it  was,  accordingly,  there  held  that  an  Examined 
Copy  of  a  Notice  of  Objection  to  a  Voter  was  not  a  "  Duplicate  "  of  the 
Notice,  within  s.  100,  6  V.  c.  18.  There  is  no  Duplicate  Notice  within 
that  section  if  it  has  not  the  external  address  of  the  person  objected  to 
{Birch  V.  Edwards,  5  C.  B.  45 ;  17  L.  J.  C.  P.  32:  Vf,  Lewis  v.  RohertSy 
11  C.  B.  N.  S.  29;  31  L.  J.  C.  P.  52). 

"  The  Countei'parts,  or  Counterpanes,  of  an  Indenture,  are  the  two 
pieces  of  one  entire  parchment  (or  paper)  on  which  the  contract  between 
the  parties  is  engrossed  in  duplicate,  —  the  piece  sealed  by  one  party 
being  delivered  to  the  other.  The  two  parts  put,  or  considered  as  put, 
together  constitute  the  contract  by  deed.  In  common  parlance,  however, 
the  Counterpart  or  Counterpane,  sealed  by  the  party  from  whom  the 
estate,  &c,  moves,  is  called  the  Original,  and  the  Counterpart  or  Counter- 
pane, sealed  by  the  party  accepting  the  estate,  &c,  is  called  the  Coun- 
terpart When  both  Counterparts,  or  Counterpanes,  are  sealed  and  deliv- 
ered by  each  party  (which  of  late  years  has  been  frequently  done)  they 
are  commonly  spoken  of  as  *  Duplicate  Originals  *  *'  (2  M.  &  G.  518,  n  b). 
^ySEncyc.  521. 

In  the  Schs  to  the  Stamp  Acts  of  1870  and  1891,  "  Duplicate  or  Coun- 
terpart "  of  an  Instrument  is  used  as  distinguished  from  the  "  Original." 

DURESS.  —  As  to  what  is  Duress  at  Common  Law;  V.  Cuvimings 
V.  luce,  17  L.  J.  Q.  B.  105;  11  Q.  B.  117,  and  authorities  there  cited: 
Edward  v.  Trevellick,  4  E.  &  B.  63 :  Biffin  v.  Bignell,  31  L.  J.  Ex.  189; 
7  H.  &  N.  877:  Williams  v.  Bayley,  L.  E.  1  H.  L.  200;  14  L.  T.  802: 
2  lust.  482:  Termes  de  La  Ley:  Jacob:  1  Bl.  Com.  131:  Dart,  1175. 
€}>  Intimidate  :  Pkkssube. 

The  Duress  that  will  invalidate  a  Maritime  Salvage  Agreement  is 
less  than  the  Duress  required  at  Common  Law  to  Invalidate  an  ordinary 
agreement;  if  the  remuneration  demanded  is  so  exorbitant  as  to  be  in- 
equitable, that  will  be  Duress  sufficient  to  invalidate  a  Salvage  agree- 
ment {The  Bialto,  1891,  P.  175;  60  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  71:  The  Mark 


DURESS  584  DURING 

Laney  15  P-  D.  135 :  The  Medina,  45  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  81;  1  P.  D.  272 : 
The  Silesia,  50  L,  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  9;  1  P.  D.  177). 

Marriage  under  Force,  Fear,  Terror,  or  Duress;  V.  Clarke  v.  Clarke, 
65  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  13;  1896,  P.  1;  73  L.  T.  632:  ScoU  v.  Sebright,  96 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  11;  12  P.  D.  21 ;  35  W.  K  258:  Cooper y.  Cran^,  1891, 
P.  369 ;  61  L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  35;  40  W.  R.  127 :  Mice  v.  Eice,  72  L.  T. 
122. 

DURHAM.— "The  Durham  County  Palatine  Acts,  1836  to  1889"; 
V.  Sch  2,  Short  Titles  Act,  1896. 

DURING. — A  contract  for  goods  to  be  shipped " during "  specified 
months,  implies  a  continuous  act  of  shipping  (per  Ld  Hatherley,  Bowes 
V.  Shandy  46  L.  J.  Q.  B.  561;  2  App.  Ca.  455). 

**  If  both  or  either  of  the  parties  happen  during "  the  6  months  for 
commencing  proceedings  to  be  out  of  the  Jurisdiction,  s.  525  (1),  Mer 
Shipping  Act,  1854,  repld  s.  683  (2),  Mer  Shipping  Act,  1894,  "cannot 
mean  during  the  whole  of  the  time  but,  means,  during  the  cutTenei/  of 
the  6  months  "  (per  Blackburn,  J.,  Austin  v.  Olsen,  9  B.  &  S.  52;  37 
L.  J.  M.  C.  34)  ;  and  "  Parties  "  means,  "  the  person  committing  the 
offence,  and  the  person  aggrieved  "  (i^.). 

As  to  meaning  of  "  during  "  in  s.  28,  Municipal  Corp  Act,  5  &  6  W. 
4,  c.  76;  V.  jdgmt  of  Bramwell,  B.,  Lewis  v.  Carr,  46  L.  J.  Ex.  314; 
1  Ex.  D.  484. 

"During  Business  Hours  ";    F".  Business  Houbs. 

"  During  the  Continuance  ";   V,  Continuance. 

"  '  During  the  Coverture  ' :  That  is,  during  the  continuance  of  the 
marriage.  For  to  cover  in  English  is  tegere  in  Latine\  and  it  is  so 
called,  for  that  the  wife  is  sub  potestate  viri  "  (Co.  Litt.  112  a;  Va  lb. 
32  a ;  234  b).  A  consideration  of  this  reason  seems  to  establish  the 
proposition  that  coverture  does  not  necessarily,  and  always,  continue 
during  the  period  that  a  wife  retains  her  status  of  a  married  woman. 
She  is  only  under  Coverture  whilst  she  is  sub  potestate  viri.  Thus  a 
covenant  to  settle  a  wife's  property  acquired  "  during  the  Coverture  "  is 
not  operative  upon  property  acquired  after  a  Judicial  Separation  (He 
Insole,  35  L.  J.  Ch.  177;  L.  R.  1  Eq.  470:  Be  Coward  and  Adams, 
44  L.  J.  Ch.  384;  L.  E.  20  Eq.  179:  Dawes  v.  Crei/ke,  54  L.  J.  Ch. 
1096;  30  Ch.  D.  500;  53  L.  T.  292;  33  W.  R.  869:  Watte  v.  Morland, 
38  Ch.  D.  135;  57  L.  J.  Ch.  656;  59  L.  T.  185;  36  W.  R,  484);  and 
on  such  a  separation  a  restraint  on  alienation  ceases,  qud.  property 
acquired  after  it,  but  not  qu^  property  acquired  before  it  (Muntv.  Glynes, 
41  L.  J.  Ch.  639;  20  W.  R.  823:  Waiter.  Morland,  sup),  and  the 
wife's  choses  in  action,  unreduced  into  possession,  revert  to  her  (John- 
son V.  Lander,  38  L.  J.  Ch.  229;  L.  R.  7  Eq.  228).  Similar  results 
follow  whilst  a  Protection  Order,  under  s.  21,  Matrimonial  Causes  Act, 


DURING  585  DURING 

1857,  is  in  operation  {Cooke  v.  Fullevy  26  Bea.  99;  on  whcv^  Waite  v. 
Morland,  sup.  Vf,  Hill  v.  Cooper,  1893,  2  Q.  B.  85;  62  L.  J.  Q.  B. 
423).  But  it  may  be  said  that  the  results  of  the  cases  cited  in  this 
])aragraph  flow  from  the  language  employed  in  ss.  21,  25,  Matrimonial 
Causes  Act,  1857.      Vf  Fbme. 

There  is  frequently  great  difificulty  in  construing  the  words  "  during 
the  Coverture  "  when  those  words  occur  in  a  covenant  to  settle  contained 
in  an  ante-nuptial  Marriage  Settlement  and  the  wife,  at  the  time  of  the 
marriage,  is  possessed  of  other  property  than  that  mentioned  in  the  Settle- 
ment. The  question  whether  such  other  property  is  or  is  not  comprised 
in  the  words  is  one  the  determination  of  which  depends  very  much  on 
the  circumstances  of  each  case  and  especially  on  the  context.  **The 
authorities  seem  to  be  such,  upon  the  whole,  as  tend  to  show  that  the 
Settlement  should  be  taken  to  apply  only  to  property  which  should  come 
infuturo  to  the  wife,  and  not  to  that  which  was  hers  before  "  (per  Ld 
Blackburn,  Williams  v.  Mercier,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  154;  and  his  lordship 
there  points  out  how  easily  a  word  or  two  may  make  all  the  difference). 
But  in  the  same  case  (p.  152,  lb.)  Selborne,  C,  makes  the  following  obser- 
vations :  "  Then  —  i.e.  where  the  covenant  comprises  property  which  the 
husband  shall  become  entitled  to  '  in  her  right '  —  the  question  would 
be,  whether  the  words,  *  at  any  time  during  her  now  intended  coverture 
would  apply.  Surely  you  cannot  exclude  from  the  duration  of  the 
coverture  the  first  moment  of  its  inception  any  more  than  you  can  the 
last  moment  of  its  continuance.  The  moment  that  'the  marriage  is  com- 
plete by  the  performance  of  that  which  makes  the*  parties  husband  and 
wife,  that  moment  the  Coverture  begins;  and  if  at  that  moment  he 
becomes  entitled  as  her  husband,  in  her  right,  I  am  totally  unable  to 
say  that  it  is  not  during  the  intended  coverture  in  a  sense  which  the 
words  will  rightly,  grammatically,  and  reasonably  bear  "  (  Williams  v. 
Mercier,  54  L.  J.  Q.  B.  148;  10  App.  Ca.  1;  52  L.  T.  662  ;  33  W.  R. 
373;  49  J.  P.  484,  whv  for  a  discussion  of  the  cases  on  this  point;  V, 
Williams  v.  Mercier  distinguished,  Re  Gamett,  33  Ch.  D.  300.  Vf,  He 
lyEstampes,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  1117). 

In  Re  Edwards  (9  Ch.  97;  43  L.  J.  Ch.  265 :  Va,  Re  Coghlan,  1894, 
3  Ch.  76;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  671;  71  L.  T.  186;  42  W.  E.  634)  the  phrase 
"  during  the  said  intended  Coverture  "  was  read  into  a  covenant  contained 
in  a  Marriage  Settlement  to  settle  all  property  to  which  the  wife  should 
become  entitled  after  the  marriage ;  herein  adopting  Dickinson  v.  I>ill- 
wyn  (39  L.  J.  Ch.  266;  L.  R.  8  Eq.  546)  and  Carter  x.  Carter  (39  L.  J. 
Ch.  268;  L.  R.  8  Eq.  551),  and  over-ruling  Stevens  v.  Van  Voorst 
(17  Bea.  305). 

"During  Any  Coverture";  F.  Re  Harrison,  1894,  1  Ch.  561;  63 
L.  J.  Ch.  385;  70  L.  T.  868. 

It  is  very  difficult  for  a  context  to  control  "  during  their  Joint  Live^  " 
to  mean,  "  during  the  intended  Coverture,"  in  a  Covenant  to  Settle 


DURING  586  DURING 

future  property  contained  in  a  Marriage  Settlement  {Hamilton  v. 
Hamilton,  1892,  1  Ch.  396;  61  L.  J.  Ch.  220;  66  L.  T.  112;  40  W.  R. 
312,  applying  the  principle  of  Re  Tredwdl,  cited  Death). 

V,  Entitled. 

Will  "  made  during  Coverture  ";    V.  Made. 

It  has  been  said  that  **  a  Lease  to  one  generally  during  the  Coverture 
of  X,  and  B.,  would  create  but  a  tenancy  at  will,  by  reason  of  the  uncer- 
tainty of  the  duration  of  the  coverture  "  (Woodf.  167,  citing  Bac.  Abr., 
Leases,  L.  3:  Sq,). 

"During  the  JSngagement " -,  V.  Kelly  v.  London  Pavilion,  cited 
Engagement. 

"  During  her  Life '* ',  Where  on  a,  Separation  Arrangement,  property 
is  settled  on,  or  an  allowance  is  made  to,  the  Wife  "  during  her  life,  ^ 
that  means,  generally,  during  her  life  if  the  separation  shall  last  so  long 
(Nicol  V.  Nicol,  54  L.  J.  Ch,  1042;  55  lb.  437;  31  Ch.  D.  624;  54  L.  T. 
470;  34  W.  E.  283;  50  J.  P.  468;  2  Times  Rep.  280;  u;hv  for  a  review 
of  the  previous  cases,  and  especially  for  those  in  which  the  context  has 
shown  that  the  wife  was  to  take  during  the  whole  period  of  her  natural 
life,  whether  co-habitation  be  resunted  or  not).  So  of  a  Separation 
Order  under  s.  4,  41  &  42  V.  c.  19  {Haddon  v.  Haddon^  18  Q.  B.  D. 
778).  But  no  such  condition  will  be  implied  qu^  a  Separation  Arrange- 
ment between  a  man  and  his  Concubine  (Re  Ahdy,  1895,  1  Ch.  455; 
64  L.  J.  Ch.  465;  72  L.  T.  178;  43  W.  E.  323);  and  if  such  a  condi- 
tion  were  there  expressed  it  would,  probably,  be  void  (Ex  p,  Naden, 
43  L.  J.  Bank.  121;  9  Ch.  670). 

A  bequest  to  a  wife  "  during  such  time  as  she  may  live  apart  from  her 
husband  "  is  void  altogether;  for  the  words  quoted  are  part  of  the  limi- 
tation of  the  gift  and  fixes  its  duration  in  an  illegal  way  (Re  Moore, 
51  L.  J.  Ch.  936;  39  Ch.  D.  116;  59  L.  T.  681;  37  W.  E.  83). 

"  During  their  Lives")  The  bequest  of  an  annuity  to  more  than  one 
"  During  their  natural  lives  "  is  joint,  and  does  not  Lapse  by  the  death 
of  one  in  the  lifetime  of  the  testator,  and  the  survivor  will  take  the 
annuity  for  his  own  life  (Alder  v.  Lawless,  32  Bea,  72:  Vf  Joint 
Lives). 

A  devise  to  "  A.  and  his  heirs,  during  their  Lives,"  gives  A.  the  Fee 
Simple,  the  words  italicised  being  repugnant  (Doe  d.  Cotton  v.  Sten- 
lake,  12  East,  515). 

A  gift  of  Income  of  Eesiduary  Estate  "  during  the  Lives  of  my  Chil- 
dren " ;  construed  as  "  so  long  as  any  of  my  children  are  alive  '*  (per 
Kekewich,  J.,  Re  Clayden,  43  S.  J.  76). 

"  During  the  Pleasure  " ;    V,  At  Discretion. 

Distress  "  during  the  Possession  of  the  Tenant,"  where  he  holds  over, 
8.  7,  8  Anne,  c.  18;  V,  Wilkinson  v.  Peel,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  616;  64  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  178;  72  L.  T.  151;  43  W.  E.  302;  distinguishing  Nuttall  v. 
Staunton,  4  B.  &  C.  51. 


DURING  587  DURING 

Shipment  '*  during  the  Season"]   V,  Shipment. 

•*  During  the  Term,"  V,  2  Piatt,  91-95;  Woodf.  627,  722,  167.  In  a 
covenant  in  a  Lease,  "  *  During  the  said  term '  means,  during  the  whole 
term  expressed  to  be  granted,  and  not  merely  during  the  actual  continu- 
ance of  the  term  (Evans  v.  Vaughan,  4  B.  «&  C.  261 ;  3  L.  J.  0.  S.  K.  B. 
213;  6  D.  &  R.  349:  Williams  v.  Burrelly  1  C.  B.  402;  14  L.  J.  C.  P. 
98 ;  9  Jur.  282) ;  although  it  is  otherwise  where  the  covenant  is  implied 
bylaw"  (Woodf.  722). 

An  Annuity,  charged  on  the  testator's  Leaseholds  "  during  the  Term 
of  the  said  Lease,"  extends  to,  and  is  charged  upon,  every  Renewal  ob- 
tained by  the  legatee  of  the  leaseholds  (IVinslow  v.  Tighe,  2  Ball  & 
Beatty,  195);  for  "whoever  has  a  Lease  has  an  interest  in  the  Renewal; 
and  though  the  Lessors  are  not  bound  to  renew  yet,  when  done,  it  is  a 
continuation  of  the  old  lease  "  (per  Bathurst,  C,  Bawe  v.  Chichester^ 
Amb.  719). 

A  covenant  that  lessee  shall  "  during  the  Term  "  hold  discharged  from 
tithes  and  to  recoup  him  if  same  "  recovered  agiiinst  him  during  the 
terra,"  covers  tithes  for  which  action  is  brought  against  the  lessee  after 
the  term  (Lannlng  v.  Loveringy  Cro.  Eliz.  916). 

Where  Partnership  Articles  prescribe  for  events  happening  *'  during 
the  Term,"  or  "during  the  Partnership,"  that  means,  during  the  speci- 
fied term,  or  (generally)  during  the  time  the  partners  may  continue  in 
partnership  without  coming  to  any  fresh  agreement  (s.  27,  Partnership 
Act,  1890:  Essex  v.  Essex,  20  Bea.  442:  Nellson  v.  Mossend  Iron  Co,, 
11  A  pp.  Ca.  298:  Cox  v.  WUlonghhy,  13  Ch.  D.  863  ;  49  L.  J.  Ch.  237: 
Vh,  Clark  V.  Leach,  32  Bea.  14;  32  L.  J.  Ch.  290:  Lindley,  ^'  412). 
So,  of  something  to  be  done  within  a  specified  time  after  the  Expiration 
of  the  Partnership,  if  that  thing  be  not  inconsistent  with  a  Partnership 
at  Will  {Daw  v.  Herring,  1892,  1  Ch.  284;  61  L.J.  Ch.  5;  65  L.  T. 
782;  40  W.  R.  61).  But  where  the  partnership  has  expired  and  is  only 
continued  for  winding-up  purposes,  a  clause  providing  for  the  purchase 
of  a  deceased  partner's  share  is  no  longer  binding  {Myers  v.  Myers^  60 
L.  J.  Ch.  311). 

A  statement  that  a  person  has  Served  an  Office,  or  resided  in  a 
Place,  "  during "  a  stated  Tme,  does  not  mean  that  iie  has  served  or 
resided  "  in  the  course  of  "  that  time  but,  means  "  in  strict  legal  lan- 
guage, 'throughout  the  whole'  "  time  (per  Denman,  C.  J.,  R.  v.  Ander* 
son,  16  L.  J.  M.  C.  26 ;  9  Q.  B.  663). 

During  Vacation  ;    F.  Vacation- 

An  Exception  in  a  Charter-Party  of  Restraint,  &c,  "  during  the  said 
Voyage,"  was  held  not  to  apply  at  the  Loading  Port  {Crow  v.  Falk,  15 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  183 ;  8  Q.  B.  467)  ;  but  that  case  was  disapproved  in  Bruce 
V.  Nirolopulo  (24  L.  J.  Ex.  321;  11  Ex.  134),  and,  probably,  it  is  now 
settled  that,  qu4  the  Exception,  a  Ship's  Voyage  begins  when  she  starts 
from  her  Berth  to  go  to  the  Loading  Port  and  continues  during  her  pre- 


DURING  588  DUTY 

liminary  transit  thither  and  whilst  loading  there  {The  Carron  Park,  59 
L.  J.  P.  D.  &  A.  74;  15  P.  D.  203),  but,  semblcy  does  not  continue 
whilst  she  is  engaged  in  discharging  her  cargo  {The  Accomac,  cited 
Navigation).     Vf  Voyage. 

DUST.  —  A  power  to  make  a  Bye  Law  for  the  removal  of  "Dust, 
Ashes,  Rubbish,  Filth,  Manure,  Dung,  and  Soil,"  does  not  extend  to  un- 
trodden and  unsunned  Snow  (B.  v.  Woody  5  E.  &  6.  49).  Semblej  that 
Snow  may  be  "  Filth  "  (lb,).     Vf  Rubbish. 

DUTCH   TERMS F.  On  Dutch  Terms. 

DUTIES.  —  Where  a  lessee  covenants  to  bear  and  pay  all  *'  Duties  " 
respecting  the  premises  demised,  that  word  will  comprise  the  expense  of 
curing  defective  drainage,  and  such  like  work,  under  s.  96,  P.  H.  Act, 
1875  (Thompson  v.  Lapworthj  Budd  v.  Marshall,  and  Brett  v.  Rogers^ 
all  cited  Taxes).     Cp,  Dues  :  Rate  :  Taxes. 

A  direction  in  a  Will  to  pay  "  all  Estate  and  other  Duties,  other  than 
Settlement  Estate  Duties,"  includes  only  Duties  on  Property  passing 
under  the  Will ;  and  does  not  include  the  duty  on  a  gift  made  by  a  tes- 
tator within  twelve  months  of  his  death  (Re  Baxter^  42  S.  J.  611). 

The  right  to  make  Deduction  from  Income  of  "  Duties,  or  other  sums, 
paj'able  or  chargeable  on  the  same  By  virtub  of  any  Act  of  Parliament," 
s.  146,  Sch  E,  R.  1,  Income  Tax  Act,  1842,  includes  compulsory  annual 
contributions  to  a  Superannuation  Fund  under  ss.  12  and  13,  59  &  60  V. 
c.  50  (Beaumont  v.  Bowers,  1900,  2  Q.  B.  204;  69  L.  J.  Q.  B.  600 ;  83 
L.  T.  126;  48  W.  R.  557;  64  J.  P.  552), 

"  If  A.  be  accountable  to  B.  and  B.  releaseth  him  all  his  Duties,  this  is 
no  barre  in  an  action  of  Account,  for  duties  extend  to  things  certaine, 
and  what  shall  fall  out  upon  the  account  is  incertaine ;  and  albeit  the 
Latine  word  is  debita,  yet  duties  doe  extend  to  all  things  due  that  are 
certaine,  and  therefore  dischargeth  judgments  in  personall  actions,  and 
executions  also  "  (Co.  Litt.  291  a). 

"  Duties,"  qak  Taxes  Management  Act,  1880,  43  &  44  V.  c.  19;  F.  s.  5. 

Quh  Loc  Gov  Act,  1888,  "  *  Duties,'  includes  Responsibilities  and 
Obligations"  (s.  100),  —a  def  adopted  for  the  London  Gov  Act,  1899 
(V,  8.  34),  for  Loc  Gov  (Ir)  Act,  1898  (V.  s.  109),  for  62  &  63  V.  c.  50 
(V.  s.  30),  and  for  Loc  Gov  (Scot)  Act,  1889  (V,  s.  105).    Cp,  Power. 

"  Ecclesiastical  Duties  ";  Stat.  Def.,  61  &  62  V.  c,  48,  s.  13  (2,  3). 

V.  Duty. 

DUTY.  — "Duty,"  s.  22  (2),  Coroner's  Act,  1887,  is  not  confined 
to  a  strict  legal  Duty  ;  it  also  comprises  a  Duty  of  imperfect  obligation, 
e.g.  that  of  an  Honorary  Medical  Officer  (Horner  v.  Lewisj  cited  Public 
Hospital). 

V.  Sthict  Duty:  Accident. 


DUTY  689     DWELLING-HOUSE 

Qui  Stamp  Duties  Management  Act,  1891,  54  &  65  V.  c.  38,  '*  <  Duty,' 
means,  any  Stamp  Duty  for  the  time  being  chargeable  by  law  "  (s.  27). 
V.  Estate  Duty:  Probate  Duty:  Duties. 

DWELL.  —  To  "dwell,"  "dwelling,"  are  expressions  nearly,  but  not 
quite,  equivalent  to  "  Reside,"  "  Residence  ";  for  to  "  dwell "  connotes, 
more  definitely  than  "  reside, "  a  place  where  a  person  lives  and  Bleeps 
(K  per  Pollock,  C.  B.,  A-G.  v.  McLean,  1  H.  &  C.  761). 

A  person  may  "  dwell  "  in  two  or  more  places  (Butler  v.  Ableivhite,  28 
L.  J.  C.  P.  292) ;  and  a  member  of  parliament  residing  in  London  for 
about  3  months  in  the  year  would  "  dwell  "  there,  as  well  as  at  his  coun- 
try seat  (Bailey  v.  Bryant,  28  L.  J.  Q.  B.  86;  1  E.  &  E.  340).  A  man 
can,  however,  scarcely  be  said  to  "  dwell  "  at  his  place  of  business  (Ke?^ 
V.  Haynesy  29  L.  J.  Q.  B.  70:  Shields  v.  Rait,  18  L.  J.  C.  P.  120;  7  C.  B. 
116)  ;  still  less  in  a  prison  in  which  he  may  be  temporarily  incarcerated 
(Dunston  v.  Faterson,  28  L.  J.  C.  P.  97;  5  C.  B.  N.  S.  267).  But  a  Cor- 
poration can  only  "  dwell  "  where  it  carries  on  business  (Taylor  v.  CroW' 
land  Gas  Co,  24  L.  J.  Ex.  233;  11  Ex.  1 ;  3  W.  R.  368);  but  that 
means  the  principal  place  where  the  business  of  the  Corporation  is 
carried  on,  —  e,g,  the  Great  Western  Ry  Co  "  dwells  "  at  Paddington, 
and  not  at  every  station  on  its  lines  of  railway  (Adams  v.  G,  W.  By,  30 
L.  J.  Ex.  124 ;  6  H.  &  N.  404 ;  9  W.  R.  254.  Va,  Shiels  v.  G.  N.  Ry, 
30  L.  J.  Q.  B.  331 ;  9  W.  R.  739 :  Carry  on)  ;  so,  of  a  Pier  Co  (Aberyst- 
with  Pier  Co  V.  Cooper,  35  L.  J,  Q.  B.  44;  14  W.  R.  28;  13  L.  T. 
273).  But  a  mannfa^turing  joint-stock  Company  "  dwells  and  carries 
on  business  "  within  s.  74,  Co.  Co.  Act,  1888,  at  its  place  of  manufacture 
and  sale,  and  not  at  the  registered  office  of  the  company  (Keynsham  Lime 
Co  v.  Baker,  33  L.  J.  Ex.  41;  2  H.  &  C.  729:  Baillie  v.  Goodwin,  33 
Ch.  D.  605;  55  L.  J.  Ch.  849;  65  L.  T.  56;  34  W.  R.  787). 

A  person  having  no  permanent  place  of  abode  "dwells,"  within  the 
section  just  cited,  at  the  place  where  he  may  temporarily  be  (Alexander 
V.  Jones,  35  L,  J.  Ex.  78;  L.  R.  1  Ex.  133). 

V,  Dwelling-house:  Carry  On:  Inhabit. 

DWELLI NQ.  —  "  Occupied  as  a  Dwelling  "  ;   F.  Dwelling-housk. 

DWELLINQ-HOUSE.  — A  "Dwelling-house"  is  obviously  a  House 
with  the  super-added  requirement  that  it  is  dwelt  in  or  the  dwellers  in 
which  are  absent  only  temporarily,  having  animus  revertetidi  and  the 
legal  ability  to  return  (Ford  v.  Barnes,  55  L.  J.  Q.  B.  24:  Vf  Outer 
Door).  "  House  "  and  "  Dwelling-house  "  are  used  in  their  respective 
meanings  in  the  Acts  conferring  the  parliamentary  franchise,  — "  House  " 
in  s.  27,  Rep  People  Act,  1832,  and  "Dwelling-house"  in  s.  3  (2),  Rep 
People  Act,  1867.  The  latter  Act  gives  the  franchise  to  one  who  for  the 
prescribed  time  has  been  an  "  inhabitant  occupier,  as  owner  or  tenant)  of 


DWELLING-HOUSE    590    DWELLINC-HOUSE 

any  Dwelling-house."  The  word  "  Inhahitant  "  here  would  seem  to  bring 
out  more  fully  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  dwelling-house." 

The  difficulties  experienced  in  determining  the  meaning  of  "  Dwelling- 
house  "  as  used  in  the  Rep  People  Act,  1867  {Ellis  v.  Burch,  Thomjysryn 
V.  Ward,  40  L.  J.  C.  P.  169;  L.  R.  6  C.  P.  327:  Boon  v.  Howard,  43 
L.  J.  C.  P.  115 ;  9  C.  P.  277),  are  now,  to  some  extent  at  least,  set  at 
rest  by  s.  5  (2),  41  &  42  V.  c.  26,  which  provides  that  "  'Dwelling-house,' 
shall  include,  any  Part  of  a  House  where  that  part  is  Separately  occu- 
pied as  a  Dwelling."  But  even  that  does  not  include  a  Cubicle,  —  e.g, 
in  a  Police  Station,  —  not  completely  severed  from  a  Common  Dormi- 
tory, and  sharing  in  the  light,  air,  warmth,  or  ventilation  thereof  {Bar- 
nett  V.  Hickmott,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  691;  64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  407;  72  L.  T.  236; 

43  W.  R.  284;  59  J.  P.  230).  In  that  case  Russell,  C.  J.  (in  opposition 
to  Strihling  v.  Halse,  bo  L.  J.  Q.  B.  15;  16  Q.  B.  D.  246),  said,  he 
shared  the  doubt  of  Esher,  M.  R.,  as  to  **  whether  a  person  could  be  said 
to  separately  occupy  a  Bedroom  as  a  Dwelling-house  where  he  dwelt 
partly  in  the  bedroom  and  partly  in  other  rooms  for  recreation,  for  meals, 
and  other  purposes,  in  common."  The  learned  C.  J.  also  significantly 
remarked  on  the  dissent  to  Strihling  v.  Halse  expressed  in  the  Irish  case 
of  Hasson  v.  Chambers  (18  L.  R.  Ir.  (yS).  Bamett  v.  Hickmott  was 
affd  by  Esher,  M.  R.,  and  Lopes,  L.  J.  (Rigby,  L.  J.,  diss.),  in  Clutter- 
buck  V.  Taylor  (1896,  1  Q.  B.  395;  65  L.  J.  Q.  B.  314;  74  L.  T.  177; 

44  W.  R.  531 ;  60  J.  P.  278),  whlc  was  followed  and  applied  to  the  case 
of  Nuns  in  a  Convent  in  Ba'nnon  v.  Hanrahan  (1900,  2  I.  R.  4o5). 

Premises  used  as  a  Corn-store  and  Kiln  but  in  which  the  occupier 
occasionally  slept  and  where  he  always  kept  a  bed;  held,  to  be  a 
"  Dwelling-house,"  within  s.  25,  Towns  Improvement  (Ir)  Act,  1854, 
17  &  18  V.  c.  103,  although  the  occupier's  usual  residence  was  just  out- 
side the  boundary  of  the  town  (Laivson  v.  Fraser,  8  L.  R.  Ir.  55).  Cp, 
R,  V.  Exeter,  cited  Inhabitant. 

"One  Messuage  or  Dwelling-house";  V.  Rogers  v.  Hosegood,  cited 
House:  — "  A  Private  Dwelling-house  "  ;    F.  A. 

A  Covenant  prohibiting  user  otherwise  than  as  a  ^^ private  dwelling- 
house,"  would  be  broken  by  keeping  the  premises  as  an  hotel  or  lodging- 
house  ;  because  although  either  would  be  a  dwelling-house  after  a  fashion, 
neither  would  be  private  {Rolls  v.  Miller,  53  L.  J.  Ch.  682,  espy  jdgmt 
of  Lindley,  L.  J.).      V,  Private  Dwelling-house. 

Substantially  to  add  to  an  existing  dwelling-house,  is  a  breach  of  a 
lessee's  covenant  not  to  build  any  dwelling-house,  edifice,  cabin,  farm, 
or  other  building  {Domvile  v.  Colville,  Ir.  Rep.  7  C.  L.  68). 

In  Burglary,  a  "Dwelling-house,"  means  a  permanent  building  in 
which  the  owner,  or  the  tenant  or  any  member  of  the  family,  habitually 
sleeps  at  night"  (Steph.  Cr.  247;  for  the  cases,  F.  Arch.  Cr.  593-596: 
Fa-  24  &  25  V.  c.  96,  s.  53).  Lord  Coke  thought  that  Burglary  might 
be  committed  in  a  church,  "  for  ecclesia  est  domus  mansionalis  omnipo- 


DWELLiNC-HOUSE    591    DWELLING-HOUSE 

teiitis  Dei  "  (3  Inst.  64)  ;  but  Lord  Hale  thought — (lie  might  possibly  have 
spoken  more  decidedly)  — that  that  opinion  was  only  a  quaint  turn  with- 
out any  argument  (1  Hale  P.  C.  556:    V,  Sacrilege),      fj  Mansion. 

"  Dwelling-house  "  in  s.  9,  18  &  19  V.  c.  128,  means,  the  building^  so 
that  the  100  yards  therein  mentioned  have  to  be  measured  from  the  walls 
of  the  dwelling-house  itself  (Wright  v.  Wallasey,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  259; 
18  Q.  B.  D.  783;  52  J.  P.  4;  3  Times  Kep.  525). 

A  Public-house  in  which  a  man  has  taken  up  his  temporary  abode  (he 
having  no  other  place  of  abode)  is,  semhle,  his  "  Dwelling-house  "  within 
s.  6  (1  d)y  Bankry  Act,  1883  {Holrogd  v.  Gwynne,  2  Taunt.  176),  and 
certainly,  for  the  purpose  of  this  section,  a  "Dwelling-house"  need  not 
be  an  entire  house,  or  a  dwelling  self-contained,  or  on  a  vertical  pliiiie 
as  distinguished  from  a  horizontal; — rooms  which  furnish  a  8e;ara:G 
dwelling  and  are  not  mere  lodgings,  will  suffice  {Re  Ilecqnard^  24 
Q.  B.  D.  71).  But  if  a  man  has  abandoned  his  house  as  his  residence, 
it  is  no  longer  his  Dwelling-house  {Ee  Nordenfelt,  1895,  1  Q.  B.  151; 
64  L.  J.  Q.  B.  182).     Cp  Dwell. 

In  a  case  of  old-fashioned  Pleading,  proof  that  plaintiff  was  a  lodger 
occupying  two  rooms  in  a  house,  was  held  not  to  support  the  averment 
that  he  was  possessed  of  a  "  Dwelling-house  "  (Monks  v.  Dykes,  4  M.  &  W. 
567  ;  8  L.  J.  Ex.  73). 

In  Rule  1,  to  the  First  and  Second  Cases  of  s.  100,  Income  Tax  Act, 
1842,  "  Dwelling-house  "  means,  a  house  in  which  the  person  liable  to 
]pay  Income  Tax  personally  dwells;  and  therefore  though  a  servant, — 
e.g.  a  Bank  Manager, — for  the  purposes  of  a  business,  lives  in  a  part 
of  the  business  premises,  nevertheless  the  value  of  the  whole  premises 
maj'  be  deducted  in  ascertaining  the  profits  of  the  business  liable  to  tax 
(Russell  V.  Town  &  County  Bank,  58  L.  J.  P.  C.  8;  13  App.  Ca.  418: 
Vf,  Tennant  v.  Smithy  cited  Income).      V,  Profits. 

But  a  Bank  having  a  Care-Taker  living  in  it,  is  an  *^  Inhabited 
Dwelling-house  "  qu^  House  Duty,  s.  1,  14  &  15  V.  c.  36;  s.  11,  32  & 
33  V.  c.  14;  48  G.  3,  c.  55  (ChaHered  Mercantile  Bank  of  India  v.  Wil- 
son, 47  L.  J.  Ex.  153;  nom.  Bank  of  India  v.  Wilson,  3  Ex.  D.  108); 
secus,  of  a  Club  not  slept  in  at  night  (Riley  v.  Read,  48  L.  J.  Ex.  437; 
4  Ex.  D.  100),  and  so  of  School  Buildings  (Clifton  College  v.  Thompson, 
1896,  1  Q.  B.  432;  (jo  L.  J.  Q.  B.  231;  74  L.  T.  168;  44  W.  Pv.  410; 
60  J.  P.  599;  disagreeing  with  Glasgow  v.  Inl  Rei\,  18  Sc.  L.  R.  1). 
Clifton  College  case  was  followed  in  Charterliouse  v.  Gayler  (1896, 
1  Q.  B.  437;  (jo  L.  J.  Q.  B.  233;  74  L.  T.  171). 

F.  House:  Cottage:  Divide:  Servant,  at  end:  Occupied. 

Qui  London  Bg  Act,  1894,  "  Dwelling-house,"  "  means,  a  Building 
used  or  constructed,  or  adapted  to  be  used,  Wholly  or  principally  for 
Human  Habitation  "  (subs.  25,  s.  5). 

"  Dwelling-house  to  be  inhabited  by  the  Working  Class  " ;  V. 
Inhabited. 


DWELLING-HOUSE    592  DYING 

"  Dwelling-house  "  in  New  River  Go's  Act,  1852,  s.  35,  means  "  any 
house  which  is  so  far  adapted  for  the  purposes  which  a  dwelling-house  is 
usually  adapted  to,  as  to  require  water  for  domestic  purposes;  and  it  is 
not  necessary  that  all  the  house  should  be  so  adapted  "  (per  Cotton,  L.  J., 
Cooke  V.  New  River  Co,  57  L.  J.  Ch.  385;  38  Ch.  D.  m\  58  L.  T.  830; 
affd  in  H.  L.  14  App.  Ca.  698). 

'Goods  of  a  Lodger  may,  qu^  an  Insurance,  be  stated  as  in  his 
**  Dwelling-house  "  (Friedlander  v.  London  Assrce,  1  Moo.  &  R.  171), 

"  Dwelling-house,  Workshop,  or  other  Building  " ;    V.  Buildikg. 

V.  Dwell:  Live  In. 

"Dwelling-house,"  qui  the  last  Census  Act,  V.  63  V.  c.  4,  s.  4  (4); 
qui  Housing  of  the  Working  Classes,  F.  53  &  54  V.  c.  70,  s.  29  :  — qui 
Rep.  of  People,  in  Scotland,  T.  48  &  49  V.  c.  3,  s.  7  (4)  :  — qui  Land 
Law  (Ir)  Act,  1896,  F.  s.  48. 

Other  Stat.  Def.  —  Scot  44  &  45  V.  c.  22,  s.  13.  —  Ir.  29  &  30  V. 
c.  44,  s.  2. 

DWELLING  PLACE.— "Own  Dwelling-place  or  Shop,"  s.  13, 
Markets  and  Fairs  Clauses  Act,  1847,  10  V.  c.  14;  V.  Llandaff  Co  r. 
Lyndon,  30  L.  J.  M.  C.  105;  8  C.  B.  K.  S.  515 :  Ashworth  v.  HeywoHh, 
L.  R.  4  Q.  B.  316;  38  L.  J.  M.  C.  91 :  Fearon  v.  Mitchell,  41  L.  J.  M.  C. 
170 ;  L.  R.  7  Q.  B.  690  :  McHole  v.  Davies,  45  L.  J.  M.  C.  30 ;  1 Q.  B.  D. 
69:  Hooper  t.  Kenshole,  46  L.  J.  M.  C.  160;  2  Q.  B.  D.  127.    V.  Shop. 

DYE.  —  "  «To  dye  Seeds,'  means,  to  give  to  seeds,  by  any  process  of 
colouring,  dyeing,  sulphur-smoking,  or  other  artificial  means, the  appear- 
ance of  seeds  of  another  kind  "  (s.  2,  32  &  33  V.  c.  112) ;  but  that  does 
not  include  sulphur-smoking  old  clover  seeds  so  as  to  make  them  look  like 
young  clover  seeds,  for  the  seeds  do  not  thereby  resemble  another  "  kind  " 
of  seeds :  secuSf  had  the  expression  been  "  quality,"  or  "  kind,  or  sort  " 
(Francis  v.  Moos,  47  L.  J.  M.  C.  83;  3  Q.  B.  D.  341).  V.  Adulteb- 
ation:  Natuke. 

D YEI N Q.  —  "  Bleaching  and  Dyeing  Works  " ;    V.  Bleaching.  * 

DYINQ.  —  F.  Die  and  following  phrases:  Death. 

"Dying  after  the  passing  of  this  Act,"  s.  9,  Mortmain  Act,  1891, 
makes  the  Act  applicable  to  a  Will  made  before  the  Act  if  the  testator's 
death  is  after  the  Act  (Be  Bridger,  1894,  1  Ch,  297;  63  L.  J.  Ch.  186; 
70L.T.204;  42  W.  R.  179). 

"Dying  Intestate,"  s.  13,  23  &  24  V.  c.  38;  V.  Be  Johnson,  cited 
Pbesent  Right  to  bbceiye. 


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