Julius Rosenwald Fund 1917 1936

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JULIUS ROSENWALD
FUND

REVIEW OF

TWO DECADES

1917-1936

BY
EDWIN R. EMBREE

PRESIDENT OF THE FUND

CHICAGO
1936

CONTENTS

Page

Two DECADES OF THE JULIUS ROSENWALD FUND 1

Charter and Organization 2

Financial Problems. 4

Policies 9

Programs 12

DETAILED ACCOUNTS OF THE SEVERAL PROGRAMS:

I. Negro School Building Program 22

II. Negro University Centers .26

III A. Negro Private Colleges 28

III B. Negro State Colleges, Institutes, and High

Schools 30

IV. Negro Fellowships 32

V. Negro Health 36

VI. Other Negro Activities 38

VII. Medical Services . 40

VIII. Library Service . . 42

IX. General Education 44

X. Social Studies 44

XI. Race Relations 46

XII. Rural Education 48

XIII. Miscellaneous Gifts 48

XIV. Administration 48

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Balance Sheet as of June 30, 1936 50

Cash Receipts and Disbursements, 1917-1936 51

TRUSTEES 52

OFFICERS 53

PUBLICATIONS 54

JULIUS ROSENWALD FUND

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURES

DURING THE Two DECADES OF ITS LIFE

1917-1936

I. Negro School Building

Program $5,165,281

II. Negro University Centers 1,276,508

III. Negro Colleges and High

Schools 822,083

IV. Negro Fellowships 437,615

V. Negro Health 857,507

VI. Other Negro Activities 257,860

Total Negro Activities $ 8,816,854

VII. Medical Services 994,794

VIII. Library Service 653,118

IX. General Education. . . 902,317

X. Social Studies... . 279,883
XL Race Relations 331,289

XII. Rural Education 60,453

XIII. Miscellaneous Gifts 620,496

Total General Activities $ 3,842,350

XIV. Administration 576,879

Grand Total $13,236,083

Of this total, $4,039,051 was expended during the early
period, 1917-1927, almost exclusively on the Negro school
building program, and $9,197,032 was expended during the
second period, 1928-1936, on the enlarged activities.

TWO DECADES

OF THE

JULIUS ROSENWALD FUND

THE life of the Fund has covered two distinct
periods of approximately a decade each. During
the first period, from its creation in 1917 through
the year 1927, the Fund was devoted to a special program
of helping to build schoolhouses for Negroes in the
southern states and was administered directly by its
founder, Julius Rosenwald. During the second period,
the Fund was enlarged into a general foundation under
the control of an active and responsible Board of Trustees
and under the direction of a group of officers who gave
their full time to the work. In this period the activities
of the Fund were expanded to include various aspects of
Negro education and welfare and also programs in
medical economics, library service, general education,
social studies, race relations, and, more recently, a
special effort in rural education.

In order that our activities over the entire period might
be reviewed, the officers prepared and presented to a
recent meeting of the trustees of the Fund detailed re-
ports of expenditures and services since the establishment
of the trust on October 30, 1917. It seems appropriate
to take advantage of the material assembled for the
trustees to give also a public accounting of our steward-
ship.

The table on the opposite page gives a list of the
expenditures by the Fund for all of its philanthropic
activities from its incorporation to the close of the past
fiscal year, June 30, 1936. Of the total payments of

[1]

approximately thirteen and a quarter million dollars
($13,236,083) slightly less than one third ($4,039,051)
was expended during the first period (1917 to 1927),
almost exclusively on the school building program,
while more than two thirds ($9,197,032) was expended
during the eight years of the second period (July 1, 1928,
to June 30, 1936) on its enlarged activities. On pages
22 to 49 are given detailed reports, consisting of financial
tables and verbal statements, of the expenditures and
services under the various programs which the Fund has
undertaken.

CHARTER AND ORGANIZATION

The Julius Rosenwald Fund was incorporated on
October 30, 1917, under the laws of the State of Illinois
as a corporation not for profit. It was authorized to
receive and disburse funds for philanthropic causes,
the purpose as stated in the charter being, "for the
well-being of mankind/' The corporation was estab-
lished at the initiative of Julius Rosenwald, Chicago
merchant and philanthropist, who furnished the original
endowment and from time to time contributed addi-
tional large sums. While Mr. Rosenwald was the
founder and chief patron, gifts have from time to time
been received from other donors, for example, from the
estate of Theodore Max Troy of Jacksonville, Florida,
$20,195; from the Rosenwald Family Association,
$69,119; and from the Carnegie Corporation for support
of the program of library extension, $200,000. Small
gifts have also been received from individuals who were
interested in one or another of the activities of the Fund.

The gifts from Mr. Rosenwald were chiefly in the
form of shares of the capital stock of Sears, Roebuck
and Co. These gifts of stock, together with stock

[2]

dividends upon them, reached a total of 227,874 shares,
which at one time in the autumn of 1928 had a market
value of slightly more than forty million dollars.

The management of the Fund has from the beginning
been vested in a Board of Trustees. This board at the
outset consisted of four persons: Mr. Rosenwald and
three members of his immediate family. At the re-
organization of the Fund in 1928, the board was enlarged
and now consists of eleven members chosen from the
nation at large. The board is an autonomous body with
full responsibility, within the laws of the State of
Illinois, for the management of the corporation, includ-
ing the election of succeeding trustees. (A list of present
and past trustees of the Fund is given on page 52.)

In organizing the Fund, Mr. Rosenwald incorporated
a provision which is unusual in such a trust: namely,
that the endowment should not be treated as a perpetuity
but might be expended at any time in the discretion of
the trustees and must be entirely expended within
twenty-five years of the founder's death. Mr. Rosenwald
was suspicious of the bureaucratic and reactionary
attitude that easily develops in the trustees of large
endowments held in perpetuity. He was opposed to
the influence of the dead hand in philanthropy or in
other human affairs. At the inauguration of the en-
larged Board of Trustees in 1928, Mr. Rosenwald wrote
to them as follows:

I am not in sympathy with [the] policy of
perpetuating endowments and believe that more
good can be accomplished by expending funds as
Trustees find opportunities for constructive work
than by storing up large sums of money for long
periods of time. By adopting a policy of using
the Fund within this generation, we may avoid

[3]

those tendencies toward bureaucracy and a formal
or perfunctory attitude toward the work which
almost inevitably develop in organizations which
prolong their existence indefinitely. Coming
generations can be relied upon to provide for
their own needs as they arise.

In accepting the shares of stock now offered,
I ask that the Trustees do so with the understand-
ing that the entire fund in the hands of the Board,
both income and principal, be expended within
twenty-five years of the time of my death.

No act of Mr. Rosenwald's life aroused more interest
and discussion than his stand against perpetual endow-
ments. More comment, even than upon the creation of
the foundation itself, was caused by the stipulation that
the Fund should expend its total resources principal as
well as income upon current needs and should exist
for not more than one generation. This principle of
using funds while needs were clear and interest fresh
Mr. Rosenwald maintained in his own giving not only
but urged as national policy in many speeches and
articles, particularly in two papers published in The
Atlantic Monthly respectively in May, 1929, and in
December, 1930*.

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS

The problem of dissolving endowments is not as
acute today as it was nine brief years ago when Mr.
Rosenwald stipulated a short and vigorous life for the
Fund. Crashing markets, limits on credit, and appalling
human needs have shattered endowments, have aroused
a surging public opinion in favor of using as contrasted
to hoarding, and have offered so many crying appeals
for philanthropic funds that there is no difficulty in

*Reprints of these articles, as of other pamphlets issued from time to time by the
Fund, will be sent free to anyone on application to the Secretary, Julius Robenwald
Fund, 4901 Ellis Avenue, Chicago.

[4]

expending all that is available. The pendulum has
swung so far to the other extreme that the question now
is as to conserving endowments especially those of
universities, hospitals, and such permanently needed
institutions so that there may be some continuity of
program and of leadership.

In the case of the Julius Rosen wald Fund, the re-
organized Board received its commission from its
founder just as the market was in the midst of its
tremendous upswing and when financiers and statesmen
were prophesying a permanent new era of prosperity.
During this period, with the vigorous approval of the
founder, the Fund expanded its programs and greatly
increased the size and scope of its appropriations. Still,
during 1928 and 1929, we could not keep pace in our
spending with the rapid rise in the market value of our
securities let alone begin to make any inroads upon
our capital values. During the eighteen-month period
from April, 1928, through September, 1929, the trustees
appropriated over five million dollars; yet during the
same period, in addition to cash income currently
received, the market value of our securities rose from
$20,000,000 to $35,000,000, an increase on paper of three
times as much as we had appropriated. Our donations
were also largely on paper, for the great bulk of the
appropriations were payable gradually over periods of
five to seven years, or were payable only after fixed con-
ditions had been met, many of these conditions requiring
efforts which would necessarily cover several years.

Then came the crash and the succeeding dismal ebb
of values which did not turn until the spring of 1933.
Commitments which had been made when our securities
had a market value of about $200 per share fell due when
these same securities could be sold only at a fraction of

[5]

that figure. Furthermore, the needs in all the fields of
our interest increased and multiplied. Unless we were
to abandon institutions and movements with which we
had identified ourselves, we not only had to meet past
pledges but were also under obligation to continue to
help in every way possible by additional resources and
fresh stimulus.

It is fitting and proper even in a factual report to
salute the courage and the persistent devotion to pro-
grams which the trustees showed during the dark years,
especially from 1931 through 1934. At a time when the
pattern was fright, timidity, rigid hoarding of whatever
one might still have left, the Fund, while necessarily
reducing new appropriations, did not withhold pay-
ments due, did not cut important personnel, did not
cease contributing leadership and also money to the
movements it was sponsoring. It is in fact probable
that the Fund's influence was greater during the depres-
sion era than during any other period in its history.

It is not to be denied that during the mid-depression
years a great deal of financial negotiating had to be done
in order to avoid complete dissipation of resources and
thus an ending of aid and influence at just the time when it
seemed most needed. Here are some of the things we did.

In the case of pledges to endowments of institutions
we arranged to pay not the capital but interest for a
period of years until the principal could be turned over
with less loss to the Fund. On such capital gifts totaling
$611,583, we paid interest at the rate of 5 per cent per
annum for periods varying from three to five years.
(All these capital grants have now been paid, although
a part of one of them, the sum of $166,667 to Provident
Hospital, Chicago, was paid after the close of the fiscal
year covered by this report.)

[6]

In the case of certain large pledges for current expense
as for example for county library demonstrations in
the southern states it proved convenient to the bene-
ficiaries as well as to us to spread these payments over
a longer period than originally contemplated, thus
reducing the costs in the mid-depression years but not
necessarily reducing the total amounts to be paid.

Two of the larger foundations in New York came most
generously to the assistance not so much of the Fund as
of institutions which would have suffered if continued
contributions had not been forthcoming. The General
Education Board, interested as we are in Negro educa-
tion, made a number of emergency grants totaling
$257,000 to various Negro schools and colleges, thus
relieving the Fund of the need of additional grants or
in some cases making possible postponement of our pay-
ments on current pledges without hardship or loss to
the institution concerned. (All of those grants which
were made on a repayment basis have been repaid and
all of the pledges which were postponed because of the
emergency grants of the General Education Board have
since been paid in full.) The Carnegie Corporation,
which has long had a special interest in library service,
made grants totaling $200,000 in 1932 and 1933 directly
to the Fund to enable it to carry on with undiminished
vigor its program of library extension in southern counties .

By herculean efforts (which are pleasanter to look
back upon than they were to go through) we struggled,
on the one hand, to avoid sudden dissipation of our
resources and, on the other hand, to avoid decreasing
the total help available to institutions and causes which
needed us more than ever before. We continued our full
force of executive officers and counseling staff. In fact,
we increased both the extent and the vigor of our

[7]

intellectual services since necessarily we could not
increase our financial aid. But even in money our con-
tributions were substantial right through the depression.
For the five years from July 1, 1931, to June 30, 1936,
the Fund paid out on account of its philanthropic
activities a total of $4,207,127, an average of approxi-
mately $840,000 a year. Our payments during the past
fiscal year, July 1, 1935, to June 30, 1936, amounted to
a total of slightly more than one million dollars
($1,079,983).

In order to avoid sacrifice of securities, a part of our
payments during these years were financed by bank
loans rather than by sale of stock. These loans have
now been entirely repaid.

To meet pledges and to continue active contributions
the Fund has naturally had to expend a considerable
portion of its capital. In addition to expending the
total of our income from year to year, we have con-
sumed somewhat more than two thirds of the securities
which make up our endowment. While during the
depression stocks had to be sold at unexpectedly low
figures, the use of capital and the continuation of
vigorous programs were in accordance with the desire
and instructions of the founder as well as in accordance
with the best judgment of the trustees.

With pledges paid and debts cleared the Fund enters
another era with resources modest compared with the
period of 1928 and 1929 but substantial when compared
with the days of 1932 and 1933- As of November, 1936,
the capital of the Fund in cash and securities has a value
of approximately seven million dollars.

The stipulations of the founder and the judgment of
the Board both look toward continued expenditure of
principal as well as income. Since we must complete

[8]

our work within twenty-five years of Mr. RosenwalcTs
death (which occurred January 6, 1932) the possible life
of the Fund is not beyond January 6, 1957, or about
twenty more years. It is likely that the policies of the
Board and opportunities for useful expenditures will
bring the corporation to a close still earlier.

POLICIES OF DISBURSEMENT AND OF DIRECT EFFORT

During the period of large resources the Fund carried
out its programs largely through gifts to other agencies :
public school systems, universities, health agencies,
special organizations and committees. But during the
depression years we had such small funds that outside
grants had to be curtailed and our influence was exerted
chiefly through studies, experiments, and consultant
services of our own staff. We found these direct efforts
so effective that even with enlarged resources we are
continuing to make them a large factor in our programs.
This policy is by no means new in foundation history.
The Russell Sage Foundation and the Carnegie Founda-
tion for the Advancement of Teaching, among the older
trusts, have exerted their chief efforts through the
studies and activities of their own staffs. Many of the
newer and smaller foundations also have emphasized
this procedure.

Foundations have a field of usefulness in America
through both methods. The larger trusts are almost
forced to a policy of disbursement, since it would be
cumbersome and inefficient for them to organize under
their own auspices staffs and services sufficient to expend
the huge sums annually available to them. Further-
more, the large foundations can transform institutions
and movements by the very magnitude of the new
resources they are able to contribute. Rockefeller gifts,

[9]

for example, made possible such notable achievements
as the creation of a great university in the capital of the
Mid- West, the enlargement of public health facilities on
a world-wide scale, the transformation of standards in
medical education throughout America, the creation of
a notable medical center in the Far East, the enlargement
of the scope of research and teaching in the social
sciences. Carnegie gifts established library service on
a high plane throughout the country, greatly enriched
certain medical centers, and are now enlarging the
facilities of the nation in creative art and in popular art
appreciation. The smaller foundations, on the other
hand, cannot donate sums large enough in themselves
to affect greatly the nation-wide needs of universities,
research institutes, or service agencies. These smaller
trusts, however, can often exert important influence by
their own direct efforts.

Direct effort involves a different kind of responsibility
from a program of disbursement. In giving away money
a foundation need only assure itself of the general sound-
ness and effectiveness of the recipient institutions;
responsibility for all action and operation is left to the
agencies which accept the gifts. But when a foundation
makes its own studies and experiments, when it
promotes demonstrations or publishes findings and
recommendations under its own name, it assumes a
heavy and direct responsibility. It must assure itself
not only of the integrity but also of the wisdom and
incisive intelligence of its staff and its operating agen-
cies. This is an obligation which foundation trustees
are usually willing to delegate to other organizations.

There is, however, a good deal to be said for direct
effort. Foundations as organized in America have been
peculiarly free of political pressures and private jeal-

[10]

ousies. They should be in a better position than most
other agencies to study problems objectively and to
promote fresh attacks on social complexes. Such studies
can also be conducted by universities, but foundations
can more readily help to translate research into action.
Foundations can quickly and effectively assemble wise
groups of investigators and consultants. They can with
least risk to themselves or to society make carefully
controlled social and educational experiments. They
are in a strong position to promote demonstrations and
to urge consideration of new methods of handling public
problems which otherwise are in danger of being ob-
scured by tradition, prejudice, and vested interest.

The choice between the two policies is not so much a
question of the superiority of one method over the other
as of expediency and effectiveness for the given founda-
tion. The educational and social institutions of the
nation are greatly enriched and strengthened by the
magnificent donations which after careful study are
bestowed by the larger foundations. The public weal
can probably also be advanced by a continuation of the
studies, experiments, and consultation services carried
on under the direct responsibility of independent trusts.

While the Julius Rosenwald Fund will not cease to
make grants to other agencies, its trustees have voted
to continue "aggressive programs of investigation,
experiment, demonstration, and stimulation" in the
several fields in which it works.

[11]

THE PROGRAMS OF
THE FUND

THE chief efforts of the Julius Rosen wald Fund have
been to better the condition of Negroes, especially
through education, and to improve race relations.
Negroes, who make up one tenth of the population
of the nation and one third of the population of the
South, have been peculiarly handicapped and depressed
throughout American history. This position has been
distressing in itself and a drag upon the general progress
of the nation. In so far as the education, health, and
general living conditions of this great group are im-
proved, to that degree the national standard is raised
and the orderly growth of the whole country is assured.
The Fund has believed that it could make its best
contribution to American progress through aid to this
special group. We have done a number of things outside
the Negro field, but activities in behalf of Negroes have
consumed twice as much of our money and of our
thought as all other programs.

While we have been working intensively with one
racial problem, Negro-white relations in the United
States, we have given attention to questions of racial
and cultural clash wherever they occur. As the world
is becoming more closely bound together through rapid
communications and mutual ties and as the various
nations and groups are growing more tense in their
struggles for survival and supremacy, the question of
how the peoples of the earth may live together har-
moniously and cooperatively becomes increasingly vital.
While we have not engaged in programs of action

[12]

outside the United States, we have given a good deal of
study to the problems of race and culture in their general
implications.

Education has been the chief instrument we have used
in efforts both within and without the racial field. The
tremendous power of education in developing a people
has never been used to the full. Any improvements that
can be made either in given institutions or in the
educational process in general represent clear gains. We
have pursued other important programs, especially in
health and medical services, but education has been our
major interest.

THE SCHOOL BUILDING PROGRAM

The first and greatest undertaking of the Fund has been
cooperation with southern states and local districts in
building schoolhouses for Negroes. This effort, as a
matter of fact, was started by Mr. Rosenwald personally
several years before he created the foundation. Using
Tuskegee Institute and its president, Booker T.
Washington, as administrative agents, Mr. Rosenwald
agreed to contribute to the building of any schoolhouse
for Negroes that might be erected in the vicinity of
Tuskegee provided (a) it were made a unit of the regular
public school system, and (b) the Negroes of the com-
munity gave evidence of their desire for schooling by
making substantial contributions themselves either in
money or in labor.

In 1913 the first "Rosenwald School" was erected in
Macon County, Alabama, a few miles from Tuskegee,
at a total cost of $942. Of this sum the Negroes of the
community raised $150 to purchase the land and gave
labor estimated to be equivalent to $132. White
citizens contributed $360 and Mr. Rosenwald gave the
remaining $300. Additional co-workers in this partner-

[13]

ship were the state and county authorities who agreed to
maintain the school as a part of the public school system.

Thus was started a cooperative effort which continued
for twenty years, from 1913 until 1932, when this special
building program was discontinued by the Fund.
During these twenty years 5,357 public schools, shops,
and teachers' homes were built in 883 counties of 15
southern states at a total cost of $28,408,520, toward
which Mr. Rosenwald and the Fund contributed
$4,366,519, the remainder coming from tax funds, con-
tributions by white friends and from the Negroes them-
selves. In addition to the Fund's contributions to the
buildings, this program included another eight hundred
thousand dollars to related services, such as school
libraries, transportation to consolidated schools, exten-
sion of school terms, and repairs and beautification of
existing schools.

This is the largest of the programs with which the
Fund has been associated. It has consumed over five
million dollars ($5,165,281), more than one third of our
total expenditures, and during the early years it was our
only activity. Through it the school building situation
of Negroes in the southern states has been transformed.
The value of the "Rosenwald Schools" alone at the
conclusion of the work in 1932 was twice that of all
Negro rural school property at the beginning of the
effort in 1913. And of course this Rosenwald program
gave impetus to much building and much educational
effort quite outside the particular items to which the
Fund contributed. This is a striking illustration of the
power of a simple program promoted aggressively and
persistently over a period of years.

This special program was brought to an end in 1932,
not because it was thought that adequate provision had

[14]

been made for Negro schools. Far from it. The valua-
tion of school plant available to Negroes today through-
out the South is estimated at $37 per pupil as contrasted
with $157 per pupil for the white population. And
annual expenditures for education in the 13 southern
states for which records are available is an average of
$12.57 per Negro pupil as contrasted with an average of
$44.31 per white pupil. The program was concluded
lest by continuing it longer the southern states might
come to rely too heavily on outside aid for Negro
schools and so be delayed in assuming full responsibili-
ties for the schools of this section of the population as a
regular and integral part of the public provisions for the
education of all the people.

HIGHER EDUCATION FOR NEGROES

With the reorganization of the Fund in 1928, an early
decision was to enlarge our efforts in Negro education
beyond the special program of rural school buildings.
The most notable of the Fund's efforts in higher educa-
tion was aid in the development of four university
centers of high rank for the education of professional
personnel and other leaders of the race. A total of
approximately one and a quarter million dollars has
been contributed by the Fund to the university centers
in Washington, Atlanta, Nashville, and New Orleans.
These centers are well distributed geographically and
now represent at least solid foundations for the building
of distinguished institutions.

The Fund has also contributed in smaller amounts to
fourteen additional Negro colleges under private aus-
pices. The purpose here was not only to strengthen
promising institutions, but also to help differentiate a
secondary group of institutions on which church boards

[15]

and others might concentrate their efforts and their
giving. In the past hundreds of little private schools
and colleges have been inadequately supported by a
scattering of gifts sufficient at best to develop only a
few institutions of real worth and of acceptable intel-
lectual standards.

In addition the Fund has made gifts to seven state
colleges for Negroes, to industrial high schools in five
cities, and to a number of summer institutes for the
training of preachers, teachers, and agricultural workers.

The other major effort in higher education has been
through fellowships to unusually promising Negroes.
During the past eight years, from 1928 to 1936, funds
amounting to a total of $437,615 have been expended
upon 389 individuals to enable them to engage in
advanced study, in special field work, or in other
experiences which would further qualify this selected
group for distinguished service. These fellowships were
used also as a means of preparing personnel for institu-
tions or for movements in which the Fund was especially
interested and for which even partially trained personnel
was sorely lacking.

HEALTH AND OTHER NEGRO ACTIVITIES

The needs of the Negroes in health are fully as great
as in education and the neglect of this group in all forms
of health service is appalling. Immediately on the
reorganization of the Fund in 1928, an aggressive pro-
gram was started to improve hospitals, health services,
and public protection for this group.

We recognized that we could not begin to meet the
needs in money for adequate development of facilities
which had been shamefully neglected for this tenth of
America's population. Our aim rather was to stimulate

[16]

public agencies and to help create a few institutions
which might serve as models and might offer profes-
sional training for doctors and nurses. In spite of this
restriction of purpose to stimulation and demonstration,
the field is so large and the lack of institutions and
agencies so great that $857,507 has been put into this
division of the work.

Chief activities have been (a) aid in the development
of a dozen hospitals scattered throughout the country
both North and South which now have something
approaching adequate facilities not only for the care of
the sick but also for the advanced training and experi-
ence of Negro doctors and nurses; (b) grants to initiate
the appointment of Negro public health nurses in
southern counties and cities, a program which has
recently been successfully extended to include the ap-
pointment of Negro physicians as assistant health
officers in several states and cities; (c) intensive cam-
paigns of attack on two great contagions which are the
chief plagues of Negroes in America tuberculosis and
syphilis; (d) efforts to work out effective programs of
health education for schools and colleges.

Another field of basic importance is that of economic
status and economic opportunity. Change here is
dependent upon the general economic forces of the
nation and upon habits and prejudices so deep that only
time and the concerted efforts of many cooperating
groups can bring any solution. The need, however,
has been so great that we have been forced to take
interest even though we have not made any large
financial contributions. We have underwritten con-
ferences on economic conditions, attended by both white
and colored leaders; we have made studies and called to
public attention the unfortunate position of Negroes in

[17]

certain economic situations, particularly in farm tenancy
and in the trade unions; we have shown to public
authorities the economic plight of this group and have
tried to see to it that in the government provisions for
relief and recovery Negroes were given adequate con-
sideration and fair treatment.

PROGRAMS OUTSIDE THE NEGRO FIELD

While approximately two thirds of the Fund's
expenditures have gone to institutions and activities in
behalf of Negroes, we have by no means restricted our-
selves to this group. Many of our programs have been
in fields affecting the general population.

One of the first activities undertaken by the reorgan-
ized Board in 1928 was a program in the better dis-
tribution of medical services, especially to persons of
moderate means. For the past eight years we have made
one of our most aggressive programs in this field.
Our greatest interest has been not in contributions to
outside agencies, but in careful study of the whole
question of medical economics and in counseling with
groups and agencies who desired (a) to improve their
medical services through better organization or (b) to
spread the uneven and unpredictable costs of sickness by
group participation and the use of the insurance
principle.

A series of studies and publications has been issued
and widely disseminated. These are designed to inform
professional groups and the public of the new problems
and new experiments in medical services now developing
in the United States. The American Hospital Associa-
tion has been enabled through consultant service to
extend and improve the plans of voluntary hospital
insurance ("group hospitalization") which have been

[18]

growing in many cities. Support has been given to a
few demonstrations of pay clinics, hospital services at
low cost, and other forms of organized medical services.
Contributions to medical services have amounted to
approximately one million dollars ($994,794).

A special program was carried out for a number of
years in improving and extending library services, the
chief feature of which was cooperation with eleven
counties in seven southern states in demonstrating the
feasibility and desirability of library service on a
county-wide basis to all the people, rural and urban,
colored and white. Supplementary grants were made to
state library commissions and to the support of library
schools at Emory University and at Hampton Institute.
While we shall continue to stimulate and aid the build-
ing up of supplementary reading materials in schools,
the general program of library extension has been
brought to a close. It is felt that the demonstrations
have been successfully made and a considerable impetus
given to the library movement generally in the South.

In early years of the reorganized board when our
funds were large we undertook programs in two very
extensive fields: social studies and general education,
together with the mental sciences which deal with child
development and the learning processes. We made a
number of gifts to institutions and to special studies in
these fields which present fruitful opportunities to any
foundation. It soon became apparent, however, that
the Fund could not carry on wise and helpful programs
in these great areas and at the same time do justice to
the subjects more central to our interests. During the
years of activity in these fields we expended $279,883 on
general social studies and $902,317 on general education
and the mental sciences.

[19]

While almost all of the work of the Fund is indirectly
in the realm of better race relations, a part of our
activity looks directly to that end, for example, con-
tributions to the Commission on Interracial Coopera-
tion, fellowships for the investigation of social problems
by southern white students and professors, departments
of Negro life and race relations in southern universities,
studies of race and culture in other parts of the world as
well as in America. To these direct efforts in the field
of race relations, the Fund has expended about one third
of a million dollars ($331,289).

RURAL EDUCATION

From our original interest in Negro schools and from
many other of our activities we have been led to an
intensive effort to improve rural education. Our interest
today is not in buildings, but in the content and influence
of education. While our efforts are not confined to the
schools of any single race, our emphasis continues to be
on the South. That is the region of our historic interest
and acquaintance. It is one of the predominantly rural
areas of the country. Furthermore, lack of wealth and
the vexing racial difficulties make efforts there peculiarly
important to the development of that region and to the
well-rounded growth of the nation as a whole.

We began efforts in this field by intensive studies of
conditions and schools in rural communities of three
southern states. Under the auspices of a Council on
Rural Education, composed of southern and national
leaders in education and public life, we are studying and
testing by experiments and demonstrations in a series
of public schools and teachers' colleges the proper
methods and procedures of a more vital education for
rural areas.

[20]

In the diversified programs which we have supported
the unifying threads are our belief in education as an
effective means of personal and social growth and our
belief that society can make real progress only as the
several groups of the population advance together and
work together for the common good.

Race problems and many other questions of national
progress are especially acute in the rural South. We are
concerned that rural life shall not lose the character and
satisfaction which it has by nature. Life in America
during recent generations has tended to grow thin and
bare because a swift upsurge of urban industrialism has
depleted and degraded the country-side. In the revival
of interest in rural life the school seems the most effective
means of giving necessary knowledge and proper point
of view. In so far as education can revive the ideals and
practices of humane living, especially in the country,
in so far as both the white and colored races can work
together for a common progress, especially in the South,
to that degree all of the several efforts of the Fund will
come to realization.

DETAILED REPORTS

On the following pages are given detailed accounts of
expenditures and services in the various programs for
the two decades of our existence, that is, from the date
of founding in 1917 to the close of the past fiscal year,
June 30, 1936. The several programs follow the order
and the numbering used in the master table of expendi-
tures which appears opposite page one of this report. In
each case a table of expenditures under the given pro-
gram is placed on the left-hand page while some
discussion of the more important items appears on the
following pages.

[21]

I. NEGRO SCHOOL BUILDING PROGRAM

1. Construction: Schoolhouscs, Teachers' Homes, and

Shops $4,174,120*

2. Special School Projects 24,170

3. Building Plans and Specifications 9,722

4. Interstate Service for Schoolhouse Planning 14,750

5. State Building Agents 42,100

6. Shop Equipment and Supervisors of Shop Work. . . . 43,997

7. Initiating Bus Transportation to Consolidated

Schools 142,141

8. Extension of School Terms 88,671

9. Rosenwald Day Programs 11,130

10. Studies of Schools and New Developments 50,707

11. Fellowships for Southern School Officials 16,009

12. Development of Curriculum Materials on the Negro. 5,000

13. Libraries for Elementary and High Schools 94,621

14. Rehabilitation of Rural Schools 6,919

15. Administration of the School Program:

(Salaries of S. L. Smith and staff, and Maintenance

of Nashville Office, 1920-36) 441,224

$5,165,281

*In addition Mr. Rosenwald gave personally during the early years, $192,399,
making contributions from Rosenwald sources to school buildings a total of $4,366,519*

[22]

I. NEGRO SCHOOL BUILDING PROGRAM

From the time of its beginning under Mr. Rosenwald in 1913 (four
years before the creation of the Fund which has since carried on the
work), the program of schoolhouse building had a steady growth
until July 1, 1932, when the Fund concluded its special activity in
this field. During the twenty-year period a total of 5,357 completed
buildings had been created with Rosenwald aid, located in 883
counties of 15 southern states. The total cost of these buildings was
$28,408,520 of which $18,104,155 (64%) came from tax funds,
$1,211,975 (4%) from personal contributions of white friends,
$4,366,519 (15%) from the Julius Rosenwald Fund (including
$192,399 from Mr. Rosenwald personally) and $4,725,871 (17%) in
a flood of small contributions from Negroes themselves striking
evidence of the desire of the members of this race for schooling for
their children.

The following table gives the statistics of these schools classified
by states:

NEGRO PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDINGS AIDED BY THE FUND

Number of Pupil

State Buildings Capacity Total Cost

Alabama 407 40,410 $1,285,060

Arkansas 389 46,980 1,952,441

Florida 125 22,545 1,432,706

Georgia 261 37,305 1,378,859

Kentucky 158 18,090 1,081,710

Louisiana 435 51,255 1,721,506

Maryland 153 15,435 899,658

Mississippi 633 77,850 2,851,421

Missouri 4 1,260 257,959

North Carolina 813 114,210 5,167,042

Oklahoma 198 19,575 1,127,449

South Carolina 500 74,070 2,892,360

Tennessee 373 44,460 1,969,822

Texas 527 57,330 2,496,521

Virginia 381 42,840 1,894,006

Totals 5,357 663,615 $28,408,520

Of the buildings erected, 4,977 were schoolhouses, 217 were
teachers' homes, and 163 were shops. The schools have a teacher
capacity of 14,747 and a pupil capacity of 663,615- These
"Rosenwald Schools" represent an investment almost twice as
great as the value of all Negro public schools standing in these
states when the work was started in 1913-

The school program included many supplementary features in

[23]

addition to the construction of buildings. Brief comment follows
on the more important of these items, the numbering at the begin-
ning of each paragraph referring to similar numbers on the table of
expenditures on page 22.

2. Special school projects included allocations to replace or
repair buildings or equipment destroyed by floods in 1928 in Florida
and in 1929 in Arkansas. Grants were made also (a) to a movable
school bus operated from Tuskegee to demonstrate extension teach-
ing methods to improve health, farming, and home-making and
(b) to the Negro school in Warm Springs, Georgia, primarily
because of the special interest and cooperation of PresioentRoosevelt.

3, 4, and 5- In the promotion of school construction a great deal
of attention was given to plans and specifications. In addition to
simple standard plans issued freely and widely by the Fund, aid was
given in establishing at Peabodv College, Nashville, a permanent
department and service of schoolhouse planning. During the early
years of the program part of the salaries of Negro state building
agents were provided by the Fund to maintain an official jxrsonnel
for promoting Negro school building and for supervising con-
struction.

6 and 7- The Fund cooperated with the several southern states
in developing facilities and supervision for handcrafts and shop
work. It also aided in initiating bus services for the transportation
of Negro children (as was already being done for white children)
to the steadily increasing number of consolidated schools. Aid was
given on 270 busses in 128 counties of 13 southern states, in which
10,000 Negro pupils were transported.

8. In efforts to bring the Negro schools up to a standard eight
or nine months' term, the Fund agreed to help in selected schools
and counties in the cost of extending the term by one or two
additional months. Such aid to a total of $88,671 was given by the
Fund for extending school terms in 324 schools of eleven states.
The movement to increase the length of school terms was greatly
retarded by the depression. It is encouraging, however, that in
many of the states and counties Negro school terms were not more
greatly reduced than those for white schools. As educational funds
increase again there is evidence that, in many sections at least, the
school terms will be advanced for white and colored alike.

9. At the suggestion of southern officials, advantage has been
taken of the picturesaue popularity of Mr. Rosenwald to institute a
"Rosenwald Day" in Negro schools (recently, interestingly enough,
spreading to white schools also). This "Day" is used to re-arouse
community interest in schools, to clean up and beautify the school
buildings and grounds, and often to raise collections for needed
repairs or additions to equipment. The Fund supplies the incidental
expenses involved bv the several state departments of education in
issuing circulars and programs for this annual school festival.

[24]

10, 11, and 12. During the period 1929 to 1933 careful studies
were made of accomplishments in the school program, on the basis
of which many new proposals were made. These fresh projects,
which were initiated under the direction of Clark Foreman, included
such features as general library extension (developed as a separate
program which is reported on pages 42 and 43) and a study of actual
school accomplishment in the Negro schools of three states. With
a view to increasing the knowledge and interest of white educators
a series of fellowships was provided for special courses in the prob-
lems of Negro schools, given chiefly at George Peabody College
for Teachers, Nashville. Another effort, carried on under the
direction of Professor Charles S. Johnson of Fisk University, has
been to assemble and make available for use in school texts more
nearly adequate information about the Negro in American life.

13. During the past decade the Fund has cooperated in furnishing
supplementary reading materials for pupils and their parents in the
form of small school libraries. The paucity of books in the average
rural community is appalling. Often in Negro schools even text-
books are not available, and outside of school lessons reading is
almost non-existent. To attempt to get some reading material into
use in these schools and communities the Fund has assembled and
paid one third of the cost of school libraries, ranging from little
sets costing a total of $36 (of which the Fund pays $12, the school
$12, and the state department of education $12) to sets available
both to elementary schools and to high schools valued at $120, for
which the expense is also divided equally between the Fund, the
school, and the state department. During the past year, in addition
to the regular school libraries, a set of thirteen books by and about
Negroes costing $15 was similarly made available to both Negro
and white high schools. Some 2,663 school libraries have been
distributed, containing a total of over 200,000 books a substantial
addition to the reading materials available to southern rural com-
munities.

14. Although the Fund has concluded its special program of aid
in the building of schools, we have continued to promote the repair
and beautification of buildings and grounds.

15. The administration of the school program has been, since
1920, under the direction of S. L. Smith and a staff at the southern
office of the Fund in Nashville, Tennessee. Mr. Smith and his
associates have served as consultants on many phases of school
development, especially for Negroes, and in the whole educational
system of the South. The total expenses for this consulting service,
for the direction and supervision of the programs, and for the
maintenance of the southern office has amounted during the period
from 1920 to June 30, 1936, to $441,224.

[25]

II. NEGRO UNIVERSITY CENTERS

A. WASHINGTON

1. Howard University $ 286,479

2. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History 2,500

B. ATLANTA

3. Atlanta University 62,569

4. Spelman College 106,944

5. Morehouse College 118,744

6. Atlanta School of Social Work 25,500

7. Morris Brown University 5,000

C. NASHVILLE

8. Fisk University 213,970

9. Meharry Medical College 252,000

D. NEW ORLEANS

10. Dillard University 202,802

$1,276,508

[26]

II. NEGRO UNIVERSITY CENTERS

Since 1928 one of the Fund's major efforts has been in helping to
create at four centers, strategically placed throughout the South,
institutions of highest standard which are thus able to offer careers
to distinguished Negro scholars and to prepare the potential leaders
of the race. These centers are Washington, Atlanta, Nashville, and
New Orleans.

Howard University in Washington has made great headway in
scholarly standing, in national prestige and in financial support.
The professional schools in medicine, dentistry, law, and theology
are creditable; the work of individual professors is distinguishca.
During the past eight years Congressional appropriations have
added four million dollars to the investment in physical plant;
the annual budget has increased from $600,000 in 1927-28 to $950,000
in 1934-35.

The Atlanta group of colleges (formerly a series of institutions
under denominational auspices: Baptist, Congregational, Northern
Methodist, and African Methodist) is now confederated into a
strong university center under the aegis of Atlanta University.
A new library common to the whole group of colleges, entirely new
buildings for Atlanta University, and complete renovation of the
buildings and grounds of the other institutions, make an impressive
and serviceable physical plant in which $1,500,000 has been invested
during the past eight years. The endowments and the faculties
of the confederated group of colleges have been greatly stengthened.

Fisk University has become one of the really important institu-
tions of the South, regardless of race. The new library, the new
science building, and the renovation of buildings and campus have
transformed its physical equipment. Its faculty has distinguished
members and its student body is excellent. Meharry Medical College
in its new buildings adjoining the Fisk campus may become an
organic part of this university, thus not only adding an important
professional school but strengthening the whole range of study and
instruction in the biological sciences.

Dillard University, arising from a merger of two small denomina-
tional colleges, stands today in handsome new buildings with a
brilliant young faculty. Although only beginning, it gives promise
of becoming an unusually fine university in the deep South.

These four centers are the result of concerted cooperation, both
financial and intellectual, by many different agencies. As contrasted
with the gifts from the Fund, totaling about one and one quarter
million dollars, over twenty million dollars have come to these
centers from other sources (including Congressional appropriations
to Howard) during the past eight years.

[27]

Ill A. NEGRO PRIVATE COLLEGES

1. Bennett College for Women, Greensboro, North

Carolina $ 15,000

2. Bethune-Cookman College, Daytona Beach, Florida . 9,000

3. Cardinal Gibbons Institute, Institute, Maryland 6,000

4. Fort Valley Normal and Industrial School, Fort Valley,

Georgia 6,000

5. Lincoln Institute, Shelby County, Kentucky 4,000

6. Lincoln University, Chester County, Pennsylvania . . . 91,342

7. Livingstone College, Salisbury, North Carolina 2,500

8. Morgan College, Baltimore, Maryland 10,000

9. Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural School,

St. Helena's Island, South Carolina 6,000

10. Philander Smith College, Little Rock, Arkansas 4,000

11. St. Augustine's College, Raleigh, North Carolina. . . 17,500

12. Talladega College, Talladega, Alabama 35,000

13. Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, Mississippi 8,000

14. Wiley College, Marshall, Texas 22,500

15- Methodist Episcopal Church, Joint Educational Survey. 4,916

16. Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary

Schools, for surveys and meetings 4,084

$245,842

[28]

Ill A. NEGRO PRIVATE COLLEGES

In its gifts to private colleges, the Fund has attempted to support
only those institutions which gave promise of exceptional service in
setting standards and in continuing to influence the general stream
of public education. Following the Civil War, church boards and
philanthropic individuals rushed to the building up of hundreds of
private schools for the freedman throughout the South. At one
time a single church board was supporting 300 such institutions.
The Bureau of Education survey made in 1916 recorded 625 private
Negro schools and colleges surviving at that time, many of them
pitiable shambles of poor buildings, inadequate support, and low
standards.

Clearly no such number of separate institutions could be adequately
supported by church boards or general philanthropy. Nor were
they needed (or even desirable) if the states and counties were to be
encouraged to build up an adequate system of schools and colleges.
The policy of the Fund has been set rigorously toward getting all of
the institutions of elementary and secondary grade (and the bulk of
the colleges) transferred to the public educational system, and
toward differentiating a small group of colleges which are worthy
of continued support by private agencies in order that they may do
educational pioneering and set standards.

Our gifts to individual colleges were considered in conference with
the church boards concerned (especially the Congregational,
Methodist, and Episcopal boards) and were made with the definite
and deliberate aim of aiding these boards to concentrate upon
adequate support of a small number of institutions.

Notable progress has been made in reducing the number of private
institutions and in strengthening those which remain. Several of
the important colleges previously under denominational direction
have become independent corporations. Many others have been
turned over to public support. A smaller number, no longer needed,
have been merged with stronger institutions or dropped completely.
Gradually there is emerging a select group of colleges which may
continue an important leadership if the available philanthropic
funds (small enough at best and heretofore scattered over hundreds
of schools and colleges) are concentrated on the small number of
really first-rate institutions.

Ill B. NEGRO STATE COLLEGES,
SUMMER INSTITUTES, AND HIGH SCHOOLS

A. STATE COLLEGES

1. Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College,

Huntsville $ 38,358

2. Alabama Teachers College, Montgomery 21,642

3. Arkansas State College, Pine Bluff 33,000

4. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College,

Tallahassee 13,755

5. North Carolina Colored Normal School, Fayette-

ville 29,472

6. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial Teachers

College, Nashville 73,530

7. Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, Peters-

burg 81,000

$290,757

B. SUMMER INSTITUTES

1. Institutes for Preachers $ 20,085

2. Institute for Teachers, Athens, Georgia 1,000

3. Institutes for Agricultural Extension Agents 33,691

4. Gulfside Assembly, Mississippi 28,000

$ 82,776

C. INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOLS

1. Columbus, Georgia $ 21,266

2. Greenville, South Carolina 9,936

3. Little Rock, Arkansas 65,000

4. Maysville, Kentucky 25,000

5. Winston-Salem, North Carolina 50,000

6. Architectural and Other Consultant Fees 31,506

$202,708

NOTE: The payments under the three headings above, plus the payments reported
under III A. NEGRO PRIVATE COLLEGES, give a grand total of $822,083 as
reported in the master table for the whole of Section III. NEGRO COLLEGES
AND HIGH SCHOOLS.

[30]

Ill B. NEGRO STATE COLLEGES,
SUMMER INSTITUTES AND HIGH SCHOOLS

NEGRO STATE COLLEGES

The contributions, totaling $290,757, to seven state colleges for
Negroes were made to improve the physical plants. In every case
the grant was made at the request of the Department of Education
of the given state and represented cooperation in the efforts of the
several states to build these institutions into worthy state colleges.
With improved plants and the somewhat larger public support they
are now receiving, these colleges must next turn to the revising and
enriching of their educational programs, especially for the proper
preparation of the prospective farmers and rural teachers who make
up a large part of their student body.

SUMMER INSTITUTES

The gifts to summer institutes, totaling $82,776, were for brief
in-service courses for preachers, teachers, and farm agents.

INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOLS

In five cities the Fund helped, by total gifts of $202,708, to build
industrial high schools for Negroes. While the shop features, which
we were emphasizing, have not all been used extensively or wisely,
the group as a whole are good general high schools with excellent
buildings and fair shops. They are a distinct contribution to second-
ary schools for this race in southern cities.

The Dunbar High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, is the most
successful of the projects. Having the enthusiastic interest and sup-
port of the Superintendent and the Department of Education of the
city, this school which enrolls 1,800 students has become an unusu-
ally fine combination of general high school, junior college, and
teacher training center. The shop work has extended into general
manual education and is closely integrated into the general teaching
of this exceedingly active institution.

[31]

IV. NEGRO FELLOWSHIPS

1. Fellowships classified as to subjects of study as follows:
Agriculture 43 individuals for a total of $ 48,226

The Arts

(painting, sculpture,

dramatics) 6 " " " 12,060

Music 28 " " i 34,485

Literature 7 " " " 24,894

Accounting and Business

Administration 14 " " " 6,384

Education 12 12,478

Home Economics 33 " " " 27,876

Library Administration.. . 34 " " " 32,100

Physical Sciences
(chemistry, physics,
mathematics, engineer-
ing) 16 " " " 12,881

Biology and Medical

Sciences 6 " " " 6,644

Social Sciences 27 " " " 31,360

Medicine and Surgery.... 45 " " " 68,946

Nursing 24 " 4i " 14,397

Hospital Administration

and Health Service 13 " " " 8,023

Liberal Arts 18 " " " 11,069

Law 3 " " " 1,800

Social Work 40 29,189

Trades and Vocational

Guidance _20 14,310

389 $397,122

2. Grants-in-aid and special payments 40,493

$437,615

[32]

IV. NEGRO FELLOWSHIPS

Fellowships have been an important activity of the Fund since its
reorganization. Our aims in the fellowships have been (a) to give
opportunities to unusually talented individuals in any field, and
(b) to prepare teachers and other personnel for institutions which
we were helping to develop. During the eight-year period, July 1,
1928, to June 30, 1936, a total of $437,615 had been paid on fellow-
ships to 389 individuals (many of them receiving grants for more than
one year) and on 18 special grants-in-aid to special groups of
students.

The following arc the institutions at which two or more of the
fellows have studied:

University of Chicago 55 University of Iowa 4

Columbia University 41 University of Wisconsin 4

Hampton Institute 29 Tuskegee Institute 4

Iowa State College 19 Oberlin College 4

Cornell University 17 Atlanta School of Social Wk. .4

Fisk University 11 Connecticut Agr. College. . . .3

University of Illinois 10 Lewis Institute 3

George Williams College, Boston University 3

Chicago 9 Mass. Inst. of Technology ... 3

University of Michigan .... 9 Bradley Polytechnic Inst 3

University of Minnesota ... 9 Carnegie Inst. Technology. . .3

Harvard University 9 University of Vienna 3

Western Reserve University. . 7 Beloit College 2

Howard University 6 New York university 2

N.Y. School of Social Work. . 6 Henry Phipps Institute 2

Northwestern University. ... 5 University of Pennsylvania. . .2

Ohio State University 4 Simmons College 2

Kansas Agricultural College . 4 London School of Economics . 2

Yale University 4 Pratt Institute, Brooklyn .... 2

In addition, a number of the fellows, especially those in the fine
arts, studied outside formal institutions. A total of 14 of the fellows
studied under private auspices in Europe in addition to the two
listed as in formal residence at the London School of Economics and
the three at the University of Vienna. Three fellows engaged in
field investigations in Africa and three in Haiti and the other West
Indian Islands and one in Brazil. The fellows in medicine and nurs-
ing studied at a wide variety of hospitals, chiefly in the North.

Among the interesting grants have been the following:
James Weldon Johnson, now professor of creative literature at Fisk

University, was enabled to devote two years to writing from

which came his most recent books: Black Manhattan, Along This

Way, and Negro Americans, What Now?
Clarence Cameron White had two years of study in Paris during

[33]

which he did a great deal of composing, including the opera,
"Ouanga."

Charles Wesley Buggs, now assistant professor of biology at Dillard
University, completed the more recondite of his scientific research
on our fellowships. A number of other members of the brilliant
faculty of this new university also had a year or more of their
advanced study under special grants.

Percy L. Julian has held for the past two years the post of research
assistant in chemistry at DePauw University, one of the few
Negroes on the regular faculty of any of the northern universities.

A. W. Dent of Flint-Goodridge Hospital, New Orleans; Dr. Henry
M. Minton of Mercy Hospital, Philadelphia; Dr. Clyde A.Lawlan
of Provident Hospital, Chicago, as well as many of the members
of the very able medical staff of Provident Hospital (in affiliation
with the University of Chicago) received parts of their advanced
education and experience on fellowships.

Dr. Walter H. Maddux, following special preparation, is now with
the United States Children's Bureau.

Dr. Franklin O. Nichols was aided in his educational work with
the National Tuberculosis Association.

Abram L. Harris of Howard University pursued a part of his ad-
vanced economic studies under a fellowshipatColumbia University .

Horace Mann Bond, dean of Dillard University, D. O. W. Holmes,
professor of education and dean of the graduate school of Howard
University, William S. Braithwaite, poet and anthologist, Kelly
Miller, formerly dean of the college of Howard University,
George S. Haynes, one of the secretaries of the Federal Council of
Churches in America all of these men received grants for study
or for special work.

Monroe N. Work, director of records and research at Tuskegee and
editor of the Negro Year Book, was enabled to complete important
research and acquaint himself with modern research methods and
facilities in a year's fellowship at the University of Chicago.

Marian Anderson, one of the leading concert singers of the day, had
a year in Europe in 1930-31 at a turning point in her career.

Ruby Elzy and James William Bowers of "Porgy and Bess" had a
significant part of their musical education on our fellowships.

Frederic Hall of Dillard University and Warner Lawson and John
Wesley Work of Fisk arc among other notable holders of fellow-
ships in music.

Augusta Savage, for whom we made possible two years of study in
Paris, is a distinguished sculptress.

Katherine Dunham, a teacher and composer of the dance, had a year's
study in Haiti and other West Indian islands in Negro dance
patterns.

William E. Scott, who worked in Haiti, and Richmond Barth^, who
held a fellowship for two years in New York City, are well-known
painters, the latter increasingly successful also in sculpture.

[34]

Willis J. King, president of Gammon Theological Seminary, who
studied at Oxford, is a distinguished scholar in the field of reli-
gious history.

Allison Davis, professor of anthropology at Dillard University, who
studied at the London School of Economics, and Ralph J. Bunche,
associate professor of political science at Howard, who studied in
Europe and did field research in Africa, are among the brilliant
younger scholars.

Charles S. Johnson and Mordecai Johnson, distinguished university
figures, were aided in special work.

Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and W. E. B. DuBois are among
writers who have held fellowships.

Thirty-four of the librarians who have helped make possible the
great improvement in library service in .Negro institutions
received their advanced professional training with our aid.

Personnel, numbering in total 82 persons, in various branches of
medicine, and in hospital service and public health nursing key
people in the recent developments in Negro health received
special training under our fellowships.

Through fellowships, awarded in conference with Charles S. John-
son, we have helped build up a distinguished corps of students of
social problems at Fisk and elsewhere.

In agriculture, home economics, and the trades and industries, we
have trained a total of 96 individuals who hold important posi-
tions as teachers in these subjects in state colleges, industrial high
schools, and other institutions in which we have been especially
interested.

In addition to the regular fellowships, special grants-in-aid were
given in eighteen instances. These grants-in-aid were usually to an
institution in order to enable it to develop personnel for a particular
purpose or to accomplish some special task. Examples are (a) an
allocation of $3,300 to the Alabama State Department of Education
for the training of school supervisors, (b) $800 to Meharry Medical
College which was used to make possible the completion of the
medical course by seven senior students, (c) $750 to enable seven
individuals to take a special course in the administration of coopera-
tives, (d) $1,857 to enable ten individuals to take the special course
in management of government housing and resettlement projects.
In other cases small allocations were made to individuals to enable
them to complete items of work necessary to some definite goal.
Examples are an allocation of $50 to Charles Seebree to enable him
to exhibit his art work and $350 to Ambrose Caliver (who later was
appointed specialist in Negro education in the United States Office
of Education) to enable him to complete a piece of educational
research.

[35]

V. NEGRO HEALTH

1. Public Health Nurses $ 97,332

2. Institutes for Physicians 1,013

3. National Negro Health Week 10,433

4. Health Education for Teachers 15,000

5. Tuberculosis, Studies and Demonstrations of Control

Measures 74,820

6. Syphilis Control Demonstrations in Alabama, Georgia,

Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. . 72,883

7. Hospitals and Clinics

a. Provident Hospital, Chicago $130,614

b. Flint-Goodridge Hospital, New Orleans. . 4,575

c. Provident Hospital, Baltimore 24,629

d. Mercy Hospital and School for Nurses,

Philadelphia 31,076

e. Knoxville Hospital, Knoxville, Tenn 50,000

f. Charity Hospital, Savannah, Georgia. . . . 50,000

g. State Negro Sanitarium, Arkansas 8,000

h. Hampton Institute Dixie Hospital and

Hampton School of Nursing 99,045

i. St. Phillips Hospital, Richmond, Va 40,000

j. Good Samaritan Hospital, Charlotte,

North Carolina 15,000

k. L. Richardson Memorial Hospital, Greens-
boro, North Carolina 17,000

1. St. Agnes Hospital, Raleigh, N. C 15,000

m. Spartanburg General Hospital, Spartan-
burg, South Carolina 40,000

n. Tuomcy Hospital, Sumtcr, S. C 25,000

o. Michael M. Shoemaker Center, Cincinnati 1,860

p. Harlem Birth Control Clinic 10,000

561,799

8. Consultation Services 24,227

$857,507
[36]

V. NEGRO HEALTH

The general strategy of the Negro health program as conducted
since 1928 includes:

(1) Enlisting the facilities and prestige of the United States Public
Health Service (through a member of its staff designated as the
Fund's consultant in Negro health) to arouse and extend the interest
of southern health departments and other agencies in Negro health
needs and in practical steps toward meeting them; also enlisting
other important national agencies such as the National Tuberculosis
Association and the National Organization for Public Health Nurs-
ing to supplement the Public Health Service.

(2) Aid in developing a limited number of hospitals for Negroes,
conducted as demonstrations of high standards and as training cen-
ters for Negro physicians, nurses, and administrators.

(3) Encouraging the use in health departments and voluntary
agencies of Negro physicians and nurses, particularly public healtn
nurses, and assisting in establishing satisfactory training for them.

(4) Developing practicable methods of health education for school
teachers, school children, and communities, according to policies
and levels of expense suited to southern conditions.

The greatest amount of our contributions has gone into the devel-
opment of sixteen hospitals and clinics widely distributed through-
out the North and the South. The most notable single institution is
Provident Hospital, Chicago, which in direct affiliation with the
University of Chicago has built up a remarkably fine Negro medical
staff and is in a position to offer post-graduate instruction and
experience to physicians and health workers generally.

The employment of Negro public health nurses has proceeded by
leaps and bounds and is now an established practice in southern
counties and northern cities. The campaigns against the great
scourges of tuberculosis and syphilis have proved that it is possible
and financially feasible to control these plagues. With the enlarge-
ment of public health appropriations which are already apparent,
campaigns against these diseases are likely to be put into effect
increasingly. In the control of contagious diseases it is especially
clear that the well-being of the whole population is dependent upon
the health of each group.

[37]

VI. OTHER NEGRO ACTIVITIES

A. NATIONAL AGENCIES

1. National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People $ 11,000

2. National Urban League 4,000

3. Boy Scouts of America 7,500

4. Young Men's Christian Association

a. Evanston, Illinois $17,500

b. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 25,000

c. Orange, New Jersey 25,000

d. Toledo, Ohio 25,000

e. Youngstown, Ohio 25,000

f. Special Activities in Chicago 6,375

g. National Council 15,250

139,125

B. ECONOMIC STATUS

5. Conferences on Economic Status of Negroes 13,897

6. Negro Relief and Recovery 45,882

C. MISCELLANEOUS

7. Nursery School for Colored Children 10,000

8. Negro Musical Festival in Chicago 5,000

9. Community Employment Service, Atlanta, Georgia. . 21,456

$257,860

[38]

VI. OTHER NEGRO ACTIVITIES

The largest single activity in this program has been the assistance
given to Negro Y.M.C.A. buildings. These gifts were a continua-
tion of a program started by Mr. Rosenwald in 1911. During the
seventeen years from 1911 to 1928 Mr. Rosenwald had given $25,000
to each of twenty-one Y.M.C.A. branches. Since 1928 the Fund has
contributed a total of $117,500 to five additional buildings. In addi-
tion, grants have been made to the National Council of the Y.M.C.A.
and to the special activities of the Association in Chicago.

These activities are a contribution on a national scale to the needs
of the urban Negro population which has increased so rapidly during
recent years. The work of these Y.M.C.A. branches is described in
a report made by George R. Arthur and published in 1934 by the
Association Press, New York, under the title Life on the Negro
Frontier.

Other national agencies which have received support from the
Fund are the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People, the National Urban League, and the Boy Scouts of America.

Expenditures (totaling $45,882) in Negro relief and recovery have
helped to turn public attention to Negro needs and rights. A special
effort in this program was directed toward the achievement of some-
thing approaching equity in the distribution of emergency funds.

Conferences of white and Negro leaders, including government
officials, have been held on economic conditions among Negroes
with a view to seeing if improvements could be brought about. The
Fund cooperated in extensive recent studies, chiefly financed from
other sources, (a) of Negroes in industry, with a special view to
altering the discrimination against Negro workers by trade unions,
and (b) of cotton tenancy (a problem by no means confined to
Negroes, involving as it does a population of approximately five
and a half million white tenants and share croppers and three million
Negroes). The Collapse of Cotton Tenancy , published by the University
of North Carolina Press, gives in readable and popular form a sum-
mary of findings and recommendations with respect to southern
farm conditions.

[39]

VII. MEDICAL SERVICES

1. Consultation Services and Administration of the Medical

Program $227,402

2. Public Information Services 14,577

3. Medical Studies and Publications 85,347

4. Committee on the Costs of Medical Care 90,000

5. Pay Clincs

University of Chicago $250,000

Institute for Mental Hygiene, Pennsylvania
Hospital 1,561

Union Health Center, New York 20,000

271,561
6. Middle-Rate Hospital Services

Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. . 128,571
The two hospitals in Keokuk, Iowa 3,808

132,379

7. Local Projects in Chicago 22,063

8. American Social Hygiene Association, demonstration of

public education in syphilis control 4,850

9. Dr. Bronson Crothers, Children's Hospital, Boston, for

demonstrations in the care of nervous and crippled
children 146,615

$994,794

[40]

VII. MEDICAL SERVICES

Throughout the eight years of the work in medical services, the
chief aim has been to make good medical care more widely and
easily available to persons of moderate and low incomes. To this
end we have studied and encouraged (1) plans which make it pos-
sible for people to budget the uneven and unpredictable costs of
sickness through insurance or taxation, (2) plans which will reduce
the costs of medical care and improve its quality through better
organization of professional services. Methods by which we have
pursued these ends include the following:

1. Studies of the economic, administrative, and social aspects of
medical services.

2. Studies and appraisals of new plans and experiments in group
payment and in organized medical services.

3. Advisory and consultant service to professional groups, com-
munity agencies, and medical institutions with respect to
existing or proposed plans.

4. Financial aid to a few selected plans or experiments.

5. Dissemination of our own studies and reports, and of informa-
tion concerning the social and economic aspects of medical
service to physicians, other professional groups, and to the
public.

6. Consultation and conference with other agencies active in this
field to promote coordination of work and an effective division
of labor.

The Fund's officers (a) took a substantial part in the initiation,
organization, and researches of the Committee on the Costs of
Medical Care (to which the Fund contributed $90,000); (b) in coop-
eration with other foundations and agencies, gave wide distribution
to this committee's studies and reports; (c) participated with the
American Hospital Association in the recent development of vol-
untary insurance for hospital care ("group hospitalization") now
established in some sixty cities; (d) carried on studies in the financial
and community aspects of hospitals through the American Hospital
Association and in education in hospital administration through the
University of Chicago; (e) made studies and carried out practical
programs in public health, rural hospitals, and public meaical care
through participation in the work ot the President's Committee on
Economic Security, the United States Public Health Service, and
voluntary agencies; (f) served as coordinating influences in the work
of foundations and other organizations interested in medical
economics.

[41]

VIII. LIBRARY SERVICE

1. County Library Demonstrations:

a. Charleston County, South Carolina $80,000

b. Coahoma County, Mississippi 10,200

c. Davidson County, North Carolina 16,833

d. Hamilton County, Tennessee 74,152

e. Jefferson County, Texas 12,000

f. Knox County, Tennessee 24,374

g. Mecklenburg County, North Carolina 40,000

h. Richland County, South Carolina 68,750

i. Shelby County, Tennessee 58,500

j. Walker County, Alabama 37,147

k. Webster Parish, Louisiana 34,819

1. Survey of Library Demonstrations 7,500

$464,275

2. State Library Commissions in Alabama, Arkansas,

South Carolina, and Tennessee 21,000

3. Emory University Library School 59,000

4. Hampton Institute Library School 16,000

5. Southern Library Institutes and Conferences 5,708

6. Charleston Museum, South Carolina (demonstration of

extension service in books and exhibits) 7,000

7. Negro City Libraries in Atlanta, Mobile, Richmond,

and New York 18,077

8. Negro College Libraries (additions to books at 43 col-

leges) 54,975

9. Southern Library Field Representative 7,083

$653,118

[42]

VIII. LIBRARY SERVICE

During the past eight years the Fund has given a total of $653,118
to general library service, including demonstrations of library exten-
sion in eleven counties of seven southern states, aid to library schools
for both white and colored librarians, contributions to Negro col-
lege and city libraries, and support of state library commissions.

The demonstrations of county- wide library service (into which
the Fund has put $464,275) have been more successful than could
reasonably have been expected in view of the fact that they covered
the very worst years of the depression and that they represented new
service for which public tax funds were required in large amounts.
The ten county libraries which were able to carry through their
programs (Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, being unable to
meet its share of the obligation beyond the first two years) are now
firmly established and give every evidence of continuing and enlarg-
ing their services through an indefinite future. Even the counties
which, because of the depression, were compelled to drop the special
extension program, retain a keen interest in library work which will
find expression as conditions permit. The whole idea of active
county-wide library service has received impetus throughout the
South.

A review of these demonstrations, made by Louis R. Wilson,
formerly of the University of North Carolina, now Dean of the
Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago, and b;
Edward A. Wight, appears in a volume, County Library Service in tl
South, published by the University of Chicago Press.

Cooperative efforts in the building up of Negro college libraries
were carried on from 1928 through 1934. A total of $54,975 was
contributed in sums ranging from $125 to $2,500 to 43 Negro colleges
and normal schools in sixteen states to help them assemble more
nearly adequate collections of books. A survey recently made shows
that the 43 colleges with which the Fund cooperated in this special
program have expended a total of $2,081,000 on books and equip-
ment during the past eight years, and that they have at present
471,000 carefully selected volumes in libraries, now in every case
administered by trained librarians.

Items in the general library field include also (a) aid in establish-
ing state library commissions in four southern states, (b) coopera-
tion in building up the library schools of Emory University (for
white students) and Hampton Institute (for colored students}, and
(c) aid in the further development of four city libraries for Negroes.

[43]

IX. GENERAL EDUCATION

1. National Advisory Committee on Education $100,000

2. American Council on Education Committee on

National Problems and Plans 41,403

3. Educational and Mental Hygiene Conferences 29,454

4. Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene,

for Child Study in Toronto 62,500

5. Institute for Psychoanalysis, Chicago 11,000

6. Child Study Association of America, for Demonstra-

tions of Play Schools 35,000

7. Winnetka Public Schools, for Demonstrations of Child

Guidance 15,000

8. University of Chicago, for High School and Child Study 39,500

9. Swarthmore College, endowment 363,658

10. Bryn Mawr College and Harvard University 28,909

11. Literacy Campaigns, Support of National Committees

and Contributions to Special Campaigns in Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina 175,893

$902,317

X. SOCIAL STUDIES

1. New School for Social Research, New York $37,500

2. University of Pennsylvania Study of Unemployment. 75,000

3. Fellowships in Mental and Social Sciences 66,383

4. Survey Associates, Contribution to the Development of

the Magazine, Survey Graphic 23,000

5. International City Managers Association, American

Legislators Association, National Municipal League,
Illinois and Metropolitan Housing Commissions for
studies and efforts in improving state and city
services 62,500

6. International Conference of Social Work, Association

of Community Chests and Councils, and Bureau of
Jewish Social Research, for studies and demonstra-
tions of various aspects of social work 8,000

7. New York State Department of Labor, for demonstra-

tion of public labor exchanges 7>SOO

$279,883

[44]

IX. AND X. GENERAL EDUCATION
AND SOCIAL STUDIES

During prosperous years the Fund began work in these two larce
fields. It soon became clear, however, that we could not do aoc-
quate work in these subjects and at the same time do justice to pro-
grams more central to our interests.

During the period of pur activity we made contributions to a
number of significant institutions and causes, but our efforts in these
fields necessarily present a ragged appearance since we were un-
able to round out programs. Our contribution, for example, to
Swarthmore College stands out in an isolation which it would not
have if we had been able to continue gifts to a series of institutions
which are making notable contributions to scholarship and to edu-
cational methods.

Several of the appropriations were of strategic importance. For
example, the National Advisory Committee and the Committee on
Problems and Plans of the American Council on Education have
made notable contributions to educational thinking and planning.
The studies at Toronto in child development under the Canadian
National Committee for Mental Hygiene have been unusually
fruitful.

On the other hand, the contributions to campaigns against illit-
eracy involved sums disproportionate to the amount of accomplish-
ment. It is true that we helped Louisiana emerge from the unenvi-
able position of America's most illiterate state. But South Carolina
(another state with which we were cooperating) immediately fell
into this bottom position although with a somewhat reduced
percentage of illiteracy.

In the Social Studies the fellowships helped develop some brilliant
younger students. The contributions to the Survey Graphic have
helped to build up this important national magazine. The aid to
such institutions as the New School for Social Research, the Indus-
trial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and
the various public service agencies have been contributions to
significant causes.

It is not for lack of opportunities in these large fields that we have
withdrawn from them. It is for just the opposite reason. Really
useful work in such great realms would require much greater funds
and a much larger investigating and administrative personnel than
we arc again likely to have.

[45]

XL RACE RELATIONS

1. Fellowships in Social Studies for Southern Students. . .$ 41,107

2. Southern Regional Committee of the Social Science

Research Council, grants-in-aid for social studies by

southern professors 3,597

3. George Peabody College for Teachers Department of

Negro School Administration 41,000

4. Y.M.C.A. Graduate School, Nashville Library and

Department of Race Relations 65,000

5. Teachers College, Columbia University Lectures on

Negro Education and Race Relations 4,000

6. Commission on Interracial Cooperation 72,326

7. Study of Negro Life and Education by Dr. Schricke. . . 20,000

8. Studies of Mexican Schools 6,565

9. Studies of Race at the University of Hawaii 8,000

10. Special Investigations and Conferences 26,766

11. Reports and Publications 42,928

$331,289

[46]

XL RACE RELATIONS

All of the work in this field represents attacks on a single set of
problems: the creating of public opinion and the development of
leadership in behalf of tolerant and intelligent attitudes toward
divergent races and cultures.

Through a program of fellowships the Fund enabled fifty able and
promising young white men and women of the South to study the
social and economic problems of their region. These grants were
unusually helpful in view of the lack of great university centers in
the South and in view of the paucity of southern funds for the sup-
port of advanced study. The fellowships were made available to a
group somewhat younger than is usually considered for this type
of award and were not restricted to academic subjects. In many
cases students just completing their undergraduate college course
were given opportunity not only to study general sociology, eco-
nomics, and political science, but also to delve realistically into
problems of farm tenancy, taxation systems, race relations, and
educational practices. Through the Southern Committee of the
Social Science Research Council the Fund has likewise begun a series
of erants-in-aid to enable professors in southern universities to work
realistically on regional problems.

At George Peabody College for Teachers and at the Y.M.C.A.
Graduate School of Nashville, aid was given in establishing depart-
ments respectively of Negro School Administration and Race Rela-
tions, so that the teachers and school officials, and the social and
religious workers graduating from these institutions might become
intelligent about the interracial problems with which they would
have to deal. Special series of lectures were also supported at
Teachers College, Columbia University, because of the presence
there of many educators whose work is in the South.

For the past eight years the Fund has supported the important
work of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation which has done
so much to bring the leaders of the races into understanding and
cooperation. Since it is evident that prosperity, health, education,
and even cultural and spiritual growth in the South is possible only
as both races contribute, the work of the Interracial Commission
is peculiarly significant.

The Fund has also made a number of studies and reports under its
own auspices. Since we are active in one racial situation it is
natural and proper that we should take an interest in similar ques-
tions outside the specific items of Negro-white relations in America.
Such action is illustrated in the support of the studies being carried
on at the University of Hawaii, and in our surveys of education in
various parts of the world where education is one of the instruments
of adjustment in racial and cultural clash.

[47]

XII. RURAL EDUCATION

1. Field investigations, experiments, and demonstrations

in southern rural schools, both white and colored. . .$ 58,733

2. Preparation of reading materials more directly adapted

to rural needs 1,720

$ 60,453

XIII. MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS

Gifts to various charities in which Mr. Rosenwald was interested
made during the early years of the Fund, 1917 to 1927:

1. Associated Jewish Charities of Chicago $540,000

2. United Charities of Chicago 35,000

3. American Social Hygiene Association 12,000

4. A number of small gifts to various institutions and

individuals 33,496

$620,496

XIV. ADMINISTRATION

1. Chicago Office, salaries of executive officers and main-

tenance of central administrative staff $472,652

2. Remodeling and maintenance of property at 4901 Ellis

Avenue, used as central office 38,944

3. Retiring allowances, contributions to retirement fund

for officers and staff 65,283

$576,879

[48]

XII. RURAL EDUCATION

As a direct outgrowth of its school building program and many
other of its activities, the Fund is now centering its attention on a
major effort to improve the content of education in rural areas, with
special emphasis upon the South but without differentiation as to
race. The work so far has consisted of realistic studies and experi-
ments in school work in rural communities of Georgia, Louisiana,
and Arkansas. Field work has been carried out by fourteen young
students and teachers, half of them white and half colored. In addi-
tion to direction by the officers of the Fund, plans have been made
and policies formulated by a Council on Rural Education consisting
of twenty prominent educators, social students, and leaders from
both South and North. As this effort is in its early stages its accom-
plishments may more properly be recorded in later reports than in
this review of the past two decades.

XIII. MISCELLANEOUS GIFTS

In the early years of the Fund, Mr. Rosen wald used such of the
income as was not required for the school building program for
donations to various charities in which he was personally interested.

XIV. ADMINISTRATION

The administration of the central office of the Fund has consumed
$576,879, slightly more than four per cent of the total expenditures.
It is fair to remember that in the work of a small foundation a great
deal of the effort of the executive officers goes into the creative work
of the several programs, into studies, writings, and consultation,
rather than into administration in any formal sense. On the other
hand, it is also fair to point out that the figure given above includes
only the costs of the central office in Chicago. The administration
of the school building program is charged separately against the
southern office in Nashville. Similarly, the salaries and expenses of
the planning and consultative officers in the special field of medical
economics are charged separately against the program of medical
services. The contributions, however, toward retiring allowances
for all officers and staff, regardless of location or specialinterest, are
included in the figure given above for central administration.

[49]

BALANCE SHEET

JUNE 30, 1936
ASSETS

Cash $ 328,307.90

Securities at Market Value 5,313,976.50 (1)

Building, 4901 Ellis Avenue 1 . 00

Accounts Receivable, Advances and
Inventories 6,270.81

Total Assets $5,648,556.21

LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH
LIABILITIES

Appropriations Payable Current
Pledges $ 577,854.49

Appropriations Payable Funded

Pledges 166,667.00

$ 744,521.49

NET WORTH

Working Capital $ 50,000.00

Authorizations Outstanding 32,500.00

Reserve for Payments Due Judge
Mack 35,000.00

Capital 4,786,534.72

Total Net Worth $4,904,034. 72

Total Liabilities and Net Worth $5,648,556. 21

(1) 71,932 shares of Sears, Roebuck and Company stock at closing

value of June 30, 1936 $73.875.

Total stock owned by the Fund amounted to 227,874 shares re-
ceived from Julius Rosenwald and from stock dividends. Of this
sum, 155,942 shares have been sold as shown on the Cash Receipts
and Disbursements Statement, leaving 71,932 shares on hand on
June 30, 1936.

[50]

CASH RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
STATEMENT

OCTOBER 30, 1917 - JUNE 30, 1936
RECEIPTS

Julius Rosenwald Gifts in cash

during early years of the Fund . . $ 622,613 - 34

Sale of 155,942 shares of Sears, Roe-
buck & Company Stock at aver-
age $46.40 7,234,998.02

Fractional Shares of Stock Sold. . . 1,521 .05

Dividends Received 5,674,562. 21

Interest Received 8,972.75

Carnegie Corporation Gift 200,000.00

Rosenwald Family Association
Gift 69,119.61

Estate of Theodore Max Troy

Bequest 20,195.22

Richard Homberger Trust 3,760.45

Miscellaneous Income 6,539.91

Refunds on Contributions of Prior

Years 22,317.92

$13,864,600.48

DISBURSEMENTS

Payments on Philanthropic Pro-
grams $13,236,082.78

Interest Paid 272,787.73

Accounts Receivable, Advances
and Inventories 6,270. 81

Judge Julian W. Mack Payments
in accordance with Trust Agree-
ment 20,000.00

Hyde Park-Kenwood Bank Net

funds in closed bank 1,151.26

13,536,292.58

Cash Balance, June 30, 1936 $ 328,307.90

[51]

TRUSTEES

The following arc the present trustees* of the Fund:

LESSINO J. ROSEN WALD, Chairman Philadelphia

JOHN J. Coss New York

EDWIN R. EMBREE Chicago

ROBERT M. HUTCHINS Chicago

CHARLES S. JOHNSON Nashville

CHARLES H. JUDD Chicago

LEONARD M. RIESER Chicago

WILLIAM ROSENWALD New York

ALFRED K. STERN Chicago

FRANK L. SULZBEROER Chicago

In addition, the following individuals have served as trustees
during the periods indicated by the dates following their names:

JULIUS ROSENWALD 1917 to 1932

MRS. JULIUS ROSENWALD 1917 to 1928

ARMAND S. DEUTSCH 1917 to 1926

HARRY W. CHASE 1928 to 1933

ADELE R. LEVY 1928 to 1932

FRANKLIN C. MCLEAN 1928 to 1934

BEARDSLEY RUML 1928 to 1933

EDGAR B. STERN 1928 to 1932

HAROLD H. SWIFT 1928 to 1931

W. W. ALEXANDER 1930 to 1935

MURRAY SEASONGOOD 1930 to 1934

MARION R. STERN 1931 to 1935

EDITH R. STERN 1932 to 1934

*At the close of the period under review one vacancy on the board of eleven trustees
was not filled.

[52]

OFFICERS

The present executive officers are as follows :

EDWIN R. EMBREE President

MARGARET SARGENT SIMON Secretary

DOROTHY A. ELVIDGE Comptroller

WILLIAM ROSENWALD Treasurer

NATHAN W. LEVIN Assistant Treasurer

MICHAEL M. DAVIS Director for Medical Services

C. RUFUS ROREM Associate for Medical Services

M. O. BOUSFIBLD Associate for Negro Health

CLIFFORD E. WALLER Consultant in Negro Health

FRANKLIN C. McLsAN Consultant in Negro Health

S. L. SMITH Director of Southern Office

GARTH AKRIDGB Special Field Agent

JAMES F. SIMON Associate in Rural Education

GEORGE I. SANCHEZ Associate in Rural Education

In addition, the following have served as officers during the
periods indicated:

JULIUS ROSENWALD, President 1917 to 1927

LBSSING J. ROSENWALD, Treasurer 1917 to 1934

FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSON, Secretary 1922 to 1926

ALFRED K. STERN, Director 192? to 1935

CLARK FOREMAN, Director for Studies 1928 to 1935

WILLIAM B. HARRELL, Secretary and Comptroller. . . 1928 to 1929
GEORGE R. ARTHUR, Associate for Negro Welfare. .1928 to 1934
CLYDE D. FROST, Associate for Medical Services 1929 to 1932
TALIAFERRO CLARK, Consultant in Negro Health . . 1929 to 1933

FRED McCuisTiON, Associate in Southern Office 1930 to 1932

W. F. CREDLB, Associate in Southern Office 1931 to 1932

[53]

PUBLICATIONS

Bulletins and reports, published by the Fund in the regular course
of its work in various fields, are available on application to the
Secretary of the Julius Rosenwald Fund, 4901 Ellis Avenue, Chicago.
The following are among the bulletins recently published:

EDUCATION
EVERY TENTH PUPIL, the story of Negro schools in the South.

SCHOOL MONEY IN BLACK AND WHITE, a booklet of charts and car-
toons on discrimination in school finance.

A NEW SCHOOL IN AMERICAN SAMOA, sketch of an attempt to adapt
education to the needs of a rural island people.

EDUCATION FOR ALL THE PEOPLE DIVIDED WE FALL, an outline of
the interdependence of all groups in the growth of a region.

RURAL EDUCATION, a discussion of sound education for rural life.
JULIUS ROSENWALD FUND, annual reviews of the work of the Fund.

MEDICAL SERVICES

NEW PLANS OF MEDICAL SERVICE, examples of organised local plans
of providing or paying for medical services in the U. S.

ANNUAL MEDICAL SERVICE IN PRIVATE GROUP CLINICS. By C. Rufus
Rorem.

How Do PHYSICIANS AND PATIENTS LIKE THE MIDDLE-RATE PLAN
FOR HOSPITAL CARE? By C. Rufus Rorem, Clyde D. Frost, and
Elizabeth Richards Day.

GROUP PAYMENT FOR MEDICAL CARE THE STANOCOLA EMPLOYEES'
MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION, BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA.
By C. Rufus Rorem and J. H. Musser.

A PICTURE BOOK ABOUT THE COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE.

THE AMERICAN APPROACH TO HEALTH INSURANCE. By Michael M.
Davis.

How EUROPEANS PAY SICKNESS BILLS. By Michael M. Davis.

HOSPITAL FACILITIES IN RURAL AREAS. (Reprints of Articles.)
HEALTH SECURITY AND THE AMERICAN PUBLIC. By Michael M. Davis.

THE CONTROL OF SYPHILIS IN SOUTHERN RURAL AREAS. By Taliaferro
Clark.

MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE NEGRO. By M. O. Bousfield.

[54]

BOOKS

The following books written by officers of the Fund or bearing
upon phases of the Fund's interest are available through book stores
or from the publishers :

EDUCATION AND RACE RELATIONS

BROWN AMERICA, the story of a new race. By Edwin R.
Embree. (The Viking Press, New York.) $2.50.

ISLAND INDIA GOES TO SCHOOL, a study of education in the Dutch
East Indies. By Edwin R. Embree, Margaret Sargent Simon,
W. Bryant Mumford. (The University of Chicago Press.) $2.00.

SHADOW OF THE PLANTATION, a study of Negro life in a rural county
of the deep South. By Charles S. Johnson. (The University of
Chicago Press.) $2.50.

LIFE ON THE NEGRO FRONTIER, a survey of Negroes in cities and of
the service to them of the Y.M.C.A. By George R. Arthur.
(Association Press, New York.) $2.00.

THE COLLAPSE OF COTTON TENANCY, a summary of field studies and
statistical surveys, 1933-35- By Charles S. Johnson, Edwin R.
Embree, W. W. Alexander. (The University of North Carolina
Press.) $1.00.

ALIEN AMERICANS, a study of race relations. By B. Schrieke. (The
Viking Press, New York.) $2.50.

COUNTY LIBRARY SERVICE IN THE SOUTH, a study of the Rosenwald
County Library Demonstration. By Louis R. Wilson and Edward
A. Wight. (University of Chicago Press.) $2.00.

MEXICO: A REVOLUTION BY EDUCATION. By George I. Sanchez.
(The Viking Press, New York.) $2.75.

MEDICAL SERVICES

PAYING YOUR SICKNESS BILLS. By Michael M. Davis. (University
of Chicago Press.) $2.50.

THE CRISIS IN HOSPITAL FINANCE. By Michael M. Davis and C.
Rufus Rorem. (University of Chicago Press.) $2.50.

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