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JUNALUSKA

BYRD PRINTING CO.
ATLANTA

Almost nothing had been written
of Cherokee history until 1897-
'98, and many details and inci-
dents in the life of Junaluska are
not recorded. A full account of
the battle of Horseshoe Bend and
many causes of the removal to
the West are given because of
the important part they play in
his life. I acknowledge my in-
debtedness to Mr. James Mooney,
United States Ethnologist, and
to others who have written short
appreciations of Lake Junaluska.

Maude McCulloch,
Waynesville, N. C.

<U JL

JUNALUSKA

S a rule Indian children are unnamed
until several months old, and then
are generally named by one of the
grandparents. Some names are de-
rived from some circumstance of
birth, others from a dream, and
many— particularly among the Cher-
okee— are hereditary. Any of these may be
changed repeatedly in after life.

In early life Junaluska was known as GiiY-
kala'ski. The name refers to something habitu-
ally falling from a leaning position. He was
born about the year 1758, and no one knows
why this name was given him.

The Creeks were hereditary enemies of the
Cherokee. On the outbreak of the Creek war
in 1813, Gul'kala'ski raised a party of warriors
to go down, as he boasted, "to exterminate the

JUNALUSKA

Creeks." John Preston Arthur, in his "His-
tory of Western North Carolina," states that,
1 'at first, he failed to keep his promise." Not
meeting with success, he announced the result,
according to the Cherokee custom, at the next
dance after his return in a single word, detsinu'-
lahufigu', "I tried, but could not," given out as
a cue to the song leader, who at once took it as
the burden of his song. Thenceforth Gul'kala'-
ski was known as Tsunu'lahufi'ski, "One who
tries, but fails. " Tsunu'lahufr\ski was cor-
rupted by the whites to Junaluska.

Tsunu'lahufi'ski distinguished himself as a
great warrior at the battle of Horseshoe Bend,
Tallapoosa County, Alabama, where the Creeks
were reported to have collected in great force.
At this place, known to the Creeks as Tohopki
or Tohopeka, the Tallapoosa river made a bend
so as to inclose some eighty or one hundred
acres in a narrow peninsula opening to the
north. On the lower side was an island in
the river. Across the neck of the peninsula the
Creeks had built a strong breastwork of logs,
behind which were their houses, and behind
these were a number of canoes moored to the
bank for use if retreat became necessary. The
fort was defended by a thousand warriors, with
whom were also about three hundred women

JUNALUSKA

and children. General Andrew Jackson's force
numbered about two thousand men, including,
according to his own statement, five hundred
Cherokee. He had two small cannon. The mas-
sacre occurred on the morning of March 27,
1814.

General Jackson detailed General Coffee, with
the mounted men and nearly the whole of the
Indian force, to cross the river at a ford about
three miles below and surround the bend in
such manner that none could escape in that
direction. Jackson, with the rest of his force,
advanced to the front of the breastwork and
planted his cannon upon a slight rise within
eighty yards of the fortification. He then di-
rected a heavy cannonade upon the center of
the breastwork, while the rifles and muskets
kept up a galling fire upon the defenders when-
ever they showed themselves behind the logs.
The breastwork was very strongly and com-
pactly built, from five to eight feet high, with
a double row of portholes, and so planned that
no enemy could approach without being exposed
to a crossfire from those on the inside. After
about two hours of cannonading and rifle fire
to no great purpose, a company of spies and a
party of the Cherokee force crossed over to the
peninsula in canoes and set fire to a few of their

JUNALUSKA

buildings there situated. They then advanced
with great gallantry toward the breastwork
and commenced firing upon the enemy. Find-
ing that this force, notwithstanding the deter-
mination they displayed, was wholly insufficient
to dislodge the enemy, Jackson determined to
take possession of their works by storm.

Coffee had taken seven hundred mounted
troops and about six hundred Indians, of whom
five hundred were Cherokee and the rest
friendly Creeks, and had come in behind, hav-
ing directed the Indians to take position se-
cretly along the bank of the river to prevent
the enemy from crossing.

According to the official report of Colonel
Gideon Morgan, who commanded the Cherokee,
and who was himself severely wounded, the
Cherokee took the places assigned them along
the bank in such regular order that no part
was left unoccupied, and the few fugitives who
attempted to escape from the fort by water
"fell an easy prey to their vengeance." Finally,
seeing that the cannonade had no more effect
upon the breastwork than to bore holes in the
logs, some of the Cherokee plunged into the
river, and swimming over to the town brought
back a number of canoes. A part crossed in
these, under cover of the guns of their compan-

JUNALUSKA

ions, and sheltered themselves under the bank
while the canoes were sent back for reenforce-
ments. In this way they all crossed over and
then advanced up the bank, where at once they
were warmly assailed from every side except
the rear, which they kept open only by hard
fighting.

The Creeks had been fighting the Americans
in their front at such close quarters that their
bullets flattened upon the bayonets thrust
through the portholes. This attack from the
rear by five hundred Cherokee diverted their
attention and gave opportunity to the Tennes-
seeans, Sam Houston among them, cheering
them on, to swarm over the breastwork. With
death from the bullet, the bayonet and the
hatchet all around them, and the smoke of their
blazing homes in their eyes, not a Creek war-
rior begged for his life. When more than half
their number lay dead upon the ground,
the rest turned and plunged into the river,
only to find the banks on the opposite side
lined with enemies and escape cut off in
every direction. Very few ever reached the
bank, and that few were killed the instant they
landed. From two hundred and fifty to three
hundred of the enemy were buried under water
and were not numbered with the dead that were

8 JUNALUSKA

found. Some swam for the island below the
bend, but here too a detachment had been
posted and "not one ever landed."

Jackson says: "The enemy, although many
of them fought to the last with that kind of
bravery which desperation inspires, were at
last entirely routed and cut to pieces. The bat-
tle may be said to have continued with severity
for about five hours, but the firing and slaugh-
ter continued until it was suspended by the
darkness of night. The next morning it was
resumed and sixteen of the enemy slain who
had concealed themselves under the banks."

About three hundred prisoners were taken,
of whom only three were men. Jackson states
that not more than twenty Creeks could have
escaped. The defenders of the Horseshoe had
been exterminated.

On the other side the loss was twenty-six
Americans killed and one hundred and seven
wounded, eighteen Cherokee killed and thirty-
six wounded, five friendly Creeks killed and
eleven wounded. It will be noted that the loss
to the Cherokee was out of all proportion to
their numbers, their fighting having been hand
to hand work without protecting cover. In view
of the fact that only a few weeks before Jackson
had been compelled to retreat before the

JUNALUSKA

Creeks, and that two hours of artillery and rifle
fire had produced no result until the Cherokee
turned the rear of the enemy by their daring-
passage of the river, there is truth in the claim
of Junaluska that they saved the day for Jack-
son, and thus there was fulfilled in a measure the
boast of Junaluska that he would ' ' exterminate
the Creeks," because he rendered such val-
uable assistance to Jackson in breaking the
chief arm of that intrepid nation in the battle
of Horseshoe Bend. In view of that achieve-
ment his name now signifies ' ' The Undaunted. ' '
In the number of men actually engaged and the
immense proportion killed, this ranks as the
greatest Indian battle in the history of the
United States, with the possible exception of
the battle of Mauvila, fought by the same In-
dians in DeSoto's time. The result was deci-
sive. The Creek war was at an end.

Not many years passed before the Cherokee
began to hear the first low muttering of the
coming storm that was soon to overturn their
whole governmental structure and sweep them
forever from the land of their birth. In No-
vember, 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected
President of the United States. He was a fron-
tiersman and Indian hater. His position was
well understood, and there is good ground for

io JUNALUSKA

believing that the action at once taken by
Georgia was at his suggestion. A month after
his election, Georgia passed an act annexing
that part of the Cherokee country within her
chartered limits and extending over it her juris-
diction ; all laws and customs established among
the Cherokee were declared null and void, and
no person of Indian blood or descent residing
within the Indian country was henceforth to be
allowed as a witness or party in any suit where
a white man should be defendant. The act was
to take effect June 1, 1830. The whole territory
was soon after mapped out into counties and
surveyed by state surveyors into "land lots"
of 160 acres each, and "gold lots" of 40 acres,
which were put up and distributed among the
white citizens of Georgia by public lottery, each
white citizen receiving a ticket. Every Cher-
okee head of a family was, indeed, allowed a
reservation of 160 acres, but no deed was given,
and his continuance depended solely on the
pleasure of the legislature. Provision was made
for the settlement of contested lottery claims
among the white citizens, but by the most strin-
gent enactments, in addition to the sweeping
law which forbade anyone of Indian blood to
bring suit or to testify against a white man, it
was made impossible for the Indian owner to

JUNALUSKA 11

defend his right in any court or to resist the
seizure of his homestead, or even his own dwell-
ing house, and anyone so resisting was made
subject to imprisonment at the discretion of a
Georgia court. Other laws directed to the
same end quickly followed, one of which made
invalid any contract between a white man and
an Indian unless established by the testimony
of two white witnesses — thus practically can-
celing all debts due from white men to Indians
— while another obliged all white men residing
in the Cherokee country to take a special oath
of allegiance to the state of Georgia, on pen-
alty of four years' imprisonment in the pen-
itentiary, this act being intended to drive out
all the missionaries, teachers, and other edu-
cators who refused to countenance the spolia-
tion. About the same time the Cherokee were
forbidden to hold councils, or to assemble for
any public purpose, or to dig for gold upon
their own lands.

The purpose of this legislation was to render
life in their own country intolerable to the
Cherokee by depriving them of all legal protec-
tion and friendly counsel, and the effect was
precisely as intended. In an eloquent address
upon the subject before the House of Represen-
tatives, the distinguished Edward Everett

12 JUNALUSKA

clearly pointed out the encouragement which it
gave to lawless men : "They have but to cross
the Cherokee line ; they have but to choose the
time and the place where the eye of no white
man can rest upon them, and they may burn
the dwelling, waste the farm, plunder the prop-
erty, assault the person, murder the children
of the Cherokee subject of Georgia, and though
hundreds of the tribe may be looking on, there
is not one of them that can be permitted to bear
witness against the spoiler." Senator Sprague,
of Maine, said of the law that it devoted the
property of the Cherokee to the cupidity of
their neighbors, leaving them exposed to every
outrage which lawless persons could inflict, so
that even robbery and murder might be com-
mitted with impunity at noonday, if not in the
presence of whites who would testify against it.
The jjrediction was fulfilled to the letter. The
Cherokee appealed to President Jackson, but
were told that no protection would be afforded
them. Despairing of any help from the Presi-
dent, the Cherokee addressed an earnest me-
morial to Congress, which memorial evidenced
the devoted and pathetic attachment with which
the Cherokee clung to the land of their fathers.
Attempt after attempt was made to induce the
Cherokee, to remove to the West, but they re-

JUNALUSKA 1 3

fused to be convinced that justice, prosperity,
and happiness awaited them beyond the Mis-
sissippi.

The national paper, "The Cherokee Phoe-
nix," was suppressed and its office plant seized
by a guard. Their chief, Gu'wisguwf (John
Ross), was arrested, all his private papers be-
ing taken at the same time, and conveyed into
Georgia, where he was held for some time with-
out charge against him, and at last released
without apology or explanation.

The Cherokee were nearly worn out by con-
stant battle against a fate from which they
could see no escape. A treaty was finally drawn
up and signed on December 29, 1835.

Briefly stated, by this treaty of New Echota,
Georgia, the Cherokee Nation ceded to the
United States its whole remaining territory
east of the Mississippi for the sum of five mill-
ion dollars and a common joint interest in the
territory already occupied by some Cherokee
who had moved to the West to Indian Territory,
now Oklahoma, with an additional smaller tract
adjoining on the northeast, in what is now Kan-
sas. Improvements were to be paid for, and
the Indians were to be removed at the expense
of the United States, and subsisted at the ex-
pense of the government for one year after

14 JUNALUSKA

their arrival in the new country. The removal
was to take place within two years from the
ratification of the treaty.

It was agreed that a limited number of
Cherokee who should desire to remain behind
in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama,
and become citizens, having first been adjudged
''qualified or calculated to become useful cit-
izens," might so remain, together with a few
holding individual reservations under former
treaties. This provision was allowed by the
commissioners, but was afterward stricken out
on the announcement by President Jackson of
his determination "not to allow any preemp-
tions or reservations, his desire being that the
whole Cherokee people should remove to-
gether. ' '

Provision was made for payment of debts due
by the Indians out of any moneys coming to
them under the treaty ; for the reestablishment
of the missions in the West; for pensions to
Cherokee wounded in the service of the gov-
ernment in the war of 1812 and the Creek war ;
for permission to establish in the new country
such military posts and roads for the use of
the United States as should be deemed neces-
sary; for satisfying Osage claims in the west-
ern territory and for bringing about a friendly

JUNALUSKA 15

understanding between the two tribes ; for the
commutation of all annuities and other sums
due from the United States into a permanent
national fund, the interest to be placed at the
disposal of the officers of the Cherokee Nation
and by them disbursed, according to the will
of their own people, for the care of schools and
orphans, and for general national purposes.

The principal officers of the Nation were not
present when this treaty was drawn up. Gu'-
wisguwi' and the national delegates presented
protests with signatures representing nearly
16,000 Cherokee, but the treaty was ratified by
a majority of one vote over the necessary num-
ber, and steps were at once taken to carry it
into execution.

The history of this Cherokee removal of
1838, as gleaned from the lips of actors in the
tragedy, exceeds in weight of grief and pathos
any other passage in American history. Even
the much-sung exile of the Arcadians falls far
behind it in its sum of death and misery.

Junaluska accompanied the exiles of 1838, but
afterward returned to his old home in western
North Carolina. He was often heard to say:
"If I had known that Jackson would drive us
from our homes, I would have killed him that
day at the Horseshoe." In recognition of his

16 JUNALUSKA

services the state legislature, by special act, in
1847 conferred upon him the right of citizen-
ship and granted to him three hundred and
thirty-seven acres of land in Graham County,
near the present Kobbinsville.

Junaluska died about the year 1858, aged
more than one hundred years. They laid him
under the trees in the land of his birth, and
"over his bed the wild vines lovingly wove a
coverlid of softest green. All his woodland
friends gather about his couch. Forest and
hill and flower and cloud sing the songs he
loved. All day the sunlight lays its wealth in
bars of gold at his feet, and at night the moon-
light things and the shadow things come out to
play. ' ' By his side they laid Nicie, his wife. A
monument was erected to his memory in 1910,
but the greatest and most enduring monuments
of this far-famed East Cherokee chief are
Mount Junaluska, bathed in the everlasting
sunshine of the land of the sky or wrapped in
mantles of untrodden snow, and Lake Juna-
luska, which nestles at its base and from its
depths reflects as a vast mirror the incompar-
able splendors of the surrounding hills, lofty
mountains and gorgeous sunsets.

mp'

They laid him under the trees.

Pag-e 16

LAKE
JUNALUSKA

NORTH CAROLINA

LAKE JUNALUSKA

HE Laymen's Missionary Movement
of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
South, at its Convention in Chatta-
nooga, Tennessee, in April, 1908,
took into consideration the question
of establishing at the most suitable
place a great permanent Assembly
such as would meet the growing need of the
Church for rest, recreation, conference, train-
ing and inspiration. The Executive Committee
of the Movement was empowered to establish
such an Assembly. The Executive Committee
appointed a Committee on Location to look thor-
oughly into such questions as healthfulness,
beauty, comfort, accessibility, water and water-
power and to report. This Committee visited
various places, and, after long and careful ex-
amination into the elements which enter into
the location for such an Assembly, reported in
favor of Richland Valley, Haywood County,
North Carolina. On the basis of this report the
Executive Committee took up the whole ques-
tion and confirmed with gratifying unanimity
the choice of their Committee on Location.

20 LAKE JUNALUSKA

A gigantic pair of compasses, with one point
on the apex of Mount Junaluska, and the other
at Baltimore, on the northeastern border of the
Southern Methodist territory, would describe a
circle extending from the shore of Lake Erie
to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, and from
the border of the Atlantic Ocean to beyond St.
Louis, Missouri. There is no place east of the
Mississippi with the necessary qualifications
which is more accessible to our Southern peo-
ple than Lake Junaluska.

It is in the center of the most beautiful and
fertile section of the mountains, lying on the
apex of the Blue Eidge range, twenty-eight hun-
dred feet above sea level. Within a radius of
fifty miles are many lofty peaks lifting their
heads into the ethereal blue, while numerous
lesser eminences give a pleasing contrast and
add to the beauty of the scene. From Point
Junaluska toward the gates of the sunset one
sees the mountains standing round about like
the mountains round about Jerusalem, and
Mount Junaluska, the grandest of them all, in
the center of the group, pierces the sky.

At Lake Junaluska the climate is sufficiently
bracing to make vigorous exercise of body and
mind a joy, and to insure nightly repose with
the drapery of your couch about you, while

LAKE JUNALUSKA 21

much of the world is seeking relief from the
stifling airs of the lowlands.

Scattered about this region are numerous
springs of cool, pure, sparkling water gushing
from the mountains hard by, and Eichland
Creek, a bold stream, once divided the bound-
ary of more than a thousand acres into two
nearly equal parts.

Such a region of enchantment was the home
of the Cherokee, whose progeny still linger in
peaceful possession near by, and this was the
enchanted spot selected by the Laymen's Mis-
sionary Movement of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South, to gather the tribes from every
part of the Church year after year.

To appreciate Lake Junaluska fully, one
should read the history of the Cherokee who
roamed these mountains. They have left a
memory and traditions behind them which still
linger in this district. The whole country is
haunted ground, and the landscapes, beautiful
in themselves, become twice glorified by the
glamour thrown around and about them by the
genius of the story-teller.

The Committee saw this valley prepared by
the Great Architect and Builder, and, shutting
their eyes, caught a vision of a new-born lake,
along whose shores multitudes would hear and

22 LAKE JUNALUSKA

answer the same call that once men heard by
Galilee, to the world's remaking.

In the summer of 1913, they halted Richland
Creek in its flow through an upland valley, and
in three weeks the valley bore on its breast as
charming a lake as any that reflect the skies of
Scotland, England, Switzerland or Italy. It
laved the feet of mountains which saw in its
mirror for the first time how beautiful they
were. The water, churned almost into mist,
dashed over the spillway, making one of the
most beautiful waterfalls to be seen among the
mountains.

Around the lake the landscape architect
threw a looped girdle of winding road over six
miles in length. He also threw loop after loop
around the hills, from various points of which
the most beautiful views appear.

Down at the water's edge they built a cir-
cular steel auditorium capable of seating forty-
five hundred. A number of cottages and public
buildings were erected, some on breeze-swept
heights, others nestling down among the shady
coves. Beautiful for location is Junaluska Inn,
the pride of the Junaluskans.

The United States Bureau of Fisheries
stocked Lake Junaluska with fishes, and fisher-
men have every reason to rejoice with the com-

LAKE J U N A LU S K A 23

ing of summer, for it brings promise of rare
sport along its banks. There we have the royal
basses and many other fishes in an abundance
that makes every follower of Izaak Walton
happy.

The "Oonaguska," a double-decked steamer
with a passenger capacity of over two hundred,
was launched on August 22, 1914. The ' ' Oona-
guska" and a smaller launch make excursions
around the lake. Often these excursions are
made at night, when the moon like a queen
comes forth from the slow opening curtains of
the clouds, and over the lake, the vales, the
hills, the mountains, her silver mantle throws.

Many enjoy boating, and at any time one
can look out and see numerous boats gliding
over the surface of the water. Swimming,
horseback riding, autoing, tennis, basket-ball,
croquet, baseball, bowling and other sports are
enjoyed by the guests and lake-dwellers. On
October 24, 1916, a Golf Club was organized,
and over one hundred acres of land was selected
by experts for a golf course.

Lake Junaluska is within easy reach of many
neighboring places of interest by mountain
trails, carriages, automobiles, or trains.

A TRIP TO
MOUNT JUNALUSKA

NORTH CAROLINA

A TRIP TO
MOUNT JUNALUSKA

HE trip to Mount Junaluska, eight
miles away, is often taken by tramp-
ing parties, who, in the early morn-
ing, before the sun far ascends the
eastern slope, are wending their
way over vale and hill. One is
compelled to exclaim,

"Earth's crammed with heaven,
And every common bush afire with God."

They follow the trail up the mountain side,
over babbling brooks, through dense forest
shade beneath canopies where filtering sun-
beams strain their way through incense-mak-
ing boughs— on, until they merge from the
shadows and enter a scantily wooded section,
from which point can be seen the forests man-
tling the mountain sides with their dark green
coats, mottled here and there with lighter green,
and in the valley below the town of Waynes-
ville, beautiful for situation. Myriads of small
winged creatures — birds, bees, butterflies — give
glad animation and fill the air with music.

28 MOUNT JUNALUSKA

The air of these uplands is a perfect tonic to
wasted energies, and the elixir of life seems to
flow with new vigor through torpid veins.

"Within a quarter of a mile of the summit is
Bogohama (Water-of-Life), a crystal spring,
with temperature forty-five degrees, surrounded
by giants of the forest, rhododendron in pro-
fusion, and flowers indigenous to the clime.
Here the trampers, with a bountiful supply of
lunch, ask "good digestion to wait on appetite
and health on both."

From this point they make their way to the
top, on which Eagle's Nest Hotel is perched.
Here one gets a breath of the ozone-laden air as
it comes direct from the top of the Balsams,
and eyes feast upon an enchanting panorama
of overpowering sublimity. Yonder is Plott's
Balsam and Jones' Knob, and toward Great Di-
vide, a myriad of peaks.

Fortunate the sojourner on this high moun-
tain platform to see the sun rise, sometimes
over a billowy sea of clouds stirring in the
dawn around those mountain masses out of
which the peaks appear, and set, sinking over
the peaks softened into the alpenglow of pink
and purple, and the shooting pillar of light long
after it is dusk below.

LAKE JUNALUSKA 29

THER wonderful trips are to Bal-
sam, Cherokee, Old Bald, Pisgah,
Mount Mitchell, and should one de-
sire to spend a day or so in the midst
of the wildest mountain scenery, the
Southern Railway penetrates into
the very heart of the Nantahalas,

far-famed for the magnificent grandeur of their

scenery.

Lovely is the autumn time in the Lake Juna-
luska region. The summer 's green is first sup-
planted by a robe of barbaric splendor, reveal-
ing all the hues of the rainbow. After a few
visits of Jack Frost, these colors become still
more vivid, and the forests seem to blaze with
the glory of the changing season. Then the col-
ors become somewhat more subdued, and the
sourwoods and the blackgums, which have been
holding aloft the fiery cross of revolt, are recon-
ciled to their fate, and await patiently the re-
turn of spring. The mountains then are a more
somber brown, with long threads of balsam and
white pine woven into the pattern of their
quieter robes. As years go by permanent Juna-
luskans will enjoy seeing Nature pour new
glory on the woods from her beakers of rich-
est dyes.

30 LAKE JUNALUSKA

HILE opportunities for boating, fish-
ing, swimming, mountain-climbing,
and excursions to neighboring points
are pleasures not to be lightly es-
teemed by those who are in the habit
of spending the most of their time in
solving the stern problems of life,
yet recreation is not the main object for which
the Assembly was established.

The old Jewish Church had its holidays and
festivals. Among the legitimate factors in the
work of exerting the desired influence and
bringing about desired results was the social
feeling centering in the innate and universal
propensity of men and women to meet together,
to look each other in the eye, to exchange opin-
ions, and to engage in those other amenities
which are so highly prized.

The camp-meetings of the last century were
partly an answer to the demand of the Church
to express normally the age-old social feeling
of humanity. Among the most prized inheri-
tances possessed by those who attended these
camp-meetings are memories interwoven with
social experiences.

The successor of the old-time camp-meeting
is, in a sense, the modern Chautauqua. The

■ ■ ■

LAKE JUNALUSKA 31

Methodist Pjpiscopal Church, South, had long-
needed the Southern Assembly. Lake Junaluska,
designed to be the meeting place of the best
order of conferences, the homes of the best peo-
ple, the association of high-minded men, wo-
men and children, is destined to become one of
the great prides and influences of our land.

There is a feast for those who enjoy the high-
est intellectual entertainment. At Lake Juna-
luska we have had some of the ablest speakers
in the world, men of extraordinary power to
instruct, move and inspire large audiences. A
number of gifted musicians have charmed their
hearers. In the not distant future educational
buildings will surmount some of the most beau-
tiful forest-clad hills.

And, greatest of them all, Lake Junaluska
combines with physical, social and intellectual
refreshment, edification and inspiration for the
spiritual man. The concerted action of the lead-
ers of our great Church is behind the establish-
ment of the Southern Assembly. Missionary,
Epworth League, Sunday-school and Evangel-
istic meetings have been conducted at Lake
Junaluska since the year of its opening — 191o.
The moral value in Christian life and service of
this great Southern Chautauqua cannot be esti-
mated. Lake Junaluska is in deed and in truth

32 LAKE JUNALUSKA

the central powerhouse from which currents of
spiritual influence go out to all parts of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, South.