Full text of "Juvenal"

See other formats

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.

We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at |http : //books . google . com/

JPS^

UIX J

THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

IN MEMORY OF

PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL

AND

MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL

COLLEGE SERIES OF LATIN AUTHORS

EDITED BY
CLEMENT LAWRENCE SMITH and TRACY PECK

JUVENAL

H. P. WRIGHT

COLLEGE SERIES OF LATIN AUTHORS

JUVENAL

EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES ON THIRTEEN
SATIRES, AND INDICES,

HENRY PARKS WRIGHT

PRorBSsoR OP Latin in Yalb Collbgr

Boston, U.S.A., and London

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS

(Cbt 9t(eiuntiii |ltr0«

1901

Entered at Stationers^ Hall

GIFT

\90l

PREFACE

The text of this edition is substantially that of BUcheler
(1893), but changes have been made freely in punctuation
and orthography. Deviations from Biicheler's text which
affect the meaning are noticed in the Critical Appendix.

In the text edition will be found all that has come down
to us from Juvenal, including the new verses of Satire 6 dis-
covered in 1899 by Mr. Winstedt in the Bodleian Library. It
did not seem best to include in the annotated edition Satires
2, 6, and 9, which from the nature of their subjects are not gen-
erally read with undergraduate students. Some of the read-
ings of the Bodleian MS. are noticed in the Critical Appendix.
While this MS. corresponds in general with the w class, it not
infrequently retains the readings of the Codex Fithoeanus^ and
in a few cases may alone have preserved a correct tradition.

The commentary owes much to the editions of Heinrich,
Mayor, Lewis, Friedlander, and Duff, also to Frtedlander's
Sittengeschichte^ and his edition of Martial. In preparing
that part of the Introduction which treats of language and
style, important help has also been received from Kiaer,
and from the dissertations of Weise and of Lupus.

I am under obligations to Professor Morris of Yale for

many suggestions regarding syntax, to Mr. Winstedt of

Oxford for readings of the Bodleian MS., and especially to

the Editors of the Series for their uniform patience and

for invaluable assistance in every part of the work.

H. P. W.
New Haven, Conn.
January 29, 1901.

M695337

GIFT

CONTENTS

Life and Writings of Juvenal ix

Sources — Date and Place of Birth — Family and Circum-
stances — Military Service — Political Ambition — Banish-
ment — The Satires — Moral Standard — Religion and
Philosophy — Personal Names in the Satires — Studies of
Older Poets — Manuscripts and Scholia

Language and Style xxiii

Syntax — Order and Use of Words

Versification and Prosody xxxvii

Ancient Sources for the Life of Juvenal xl

Biography of the Codex Pitkoeanus — Inscription at Aqui-
num — References in Ancient Writers

Chronological Table xliii

Text and Notes i

Critical Appendix 223

Index to Introduction and Notes 227

A facsimile of the text on the first page of the Codex Pitkoeanus,
reduced about one-third, faces page i.

An Index of Proper Names is placed at the end of the text edition.

SI NATVRA NEGAT, FACIT INDIGNATIO VERSVM
QVALEMCVMQVE POTEST.

INTRODUCTION

LIFE AND WRITINGS

Sources

1. We have very little trustworthy information about
Juvenal. The only sources from which any facts of his
life can be derived are : ( i ) the ancient biographies ; (2 )
a dedicatory inscription ; (3) three epigrams of Martial ;
and (4) a few passages in his own writings.

2. Numerous lives of Juvenal (vitae) ^ are preserved in
the manuscripts, at the beginning or end. These are not
independent biographies, but have all come from one origi-
nal, the best representative of which is the one found on
an added leaf at the end of the codex Fithoeanus^ and writ-
ten by a later hand.^ These vitae generally agree that
Juvenal was born at Aquinum, that he was the son or
foster-son of a wealthy freedman, that he practised decla-
mation till about middle life, and that he was banished in
consequence of offense given to an actor by some verses
now contained in Satire 7. They differ chiefly as to the
time and place of his banishment, and the circumstances-
of his death. The statements regarding his birthplace, his
rhetorical studies, and the position of his father are not
inconsistent with anything found in the satires, and have
probably been derived from a reliable source.

1 Twelve are printed by J. Diirr in Das Leben Juvenals^ Ulm, 1888, pp. 22-25.

2 See p. xl.

X INTRODUCTION

3. A tablet^ dedicated to Ceres by some person whose
name was Juvenal was found at Aquinum. The original
stone is now lost, and the inscription, defective in some
parts, is preserved by copies only. As the praenomen of
the person who made the dedication is wanting, it is uncer-
tain whether the tablet was put up by the poet or by some
other member of his family. But as it was discovered at
Aquinum, which Juvenal often visited (3. 319), and was
consecrated to Ceres, whom he honored (3. 320) and every-
where speaks of with respect (14. 219 ; 15. 141), and that
evidently not long after the death of Vespasian ; and more-
over since the tablet contains nothing that contradicts what
is known about Juvenal from other sources, it is a reasonable
inference that the Juvenal of the inscription is the poet. If
this be admitted, we learn from this source that, at the time
when the dedication was made, Juvenal had served as tribune
of a Dalmatian cohort, had been duumvir quinquennalis at
Aquinum, and vidiS Jiamen of the deified Vespasian.

4. The references to Juvenal in the epigrams of Martial ^
show that the two poets were friends, and that in or shortly
before the years 92 and loi Juvenal was living in Rome,
where at the latter date he was busily engaged in the weari-
some duties of a client. Martial (VII. 91. i) calls hivafacun-
dus, an epithet probably given to him in recognition of his
rhetorical skill, since it is unlikely that he had become
known as a poet four years before the death of Domitian.

5. From his own writings the period to which his literary
career belongs can be approximately fixed. The sixteen
satires are divided into five books, and it is quite certain
that the books are arranged in the order of their publica-
tion. Book I (Satires 1-5) contains mention of the con-
quest of the Orcades by Agricola in 84 (2. 161), of the death

1 See p. xli.

2 VII. 24 ; VII. 91 ; XII. 18. See p. xU.

INTRODUCTION xi

of Domitian in 96(4. 153), and of the trial of Marius Priscus
in 100 (i. 49). It represents society as it existed under
Domitian, and many of the illustrations are taken from
that period, but it does not follow that any of the satires
of this book were written during the lifetime of that
emperor, and the book could not have been published
before 100. It probably was not finished till several
years after that date, as no reason is known for assuming
any considerable interval between Books I and II. Book
II (Satire 6) was not published before 116. Friedlander
has proved that the comet that forboded destruction to
the Armenian and Parthian kings (vs. 443) was one
visible at Rome in November 115, and the victories of
Trajan over the Armenians and Parthians, said to have
been portended by it, were not completed till the spring
of 1 1 6. The earthquake which destroyed Antioch in 115*
is likewise referred to in vss. 445-447. Book III (Satires
7-9) appeared in the early years of the reign of Hadrian,
whose praise is celebrated in the beginning of Satire 7,
and evidently before 121, when the emperor set out from
Rome to make his journey through the provinces. The
mention in 8. 120 of Marius Priscus as having lately robbed
the province of Africa does not necessarily show that this
satire was written before the publication of Book II, as a
man already nearly sixty could easily use nuper of an event
that had occurred from eighteen to twenty years earlier. Two
passages in Book V (Satires 13-16) fix its- date after the
year 127. In 13. 16-17 Calvinus, now sixty years old, is
said to have been born in the consulship of Fonteius, i.e. of
Fonteius Capito, consul in 67. Again, the events described
in Satire 15 are said (vs. 27) to have been enacted lately
in the consulship of Juncus, i.e, of Aemilius Juncus, consul
in 127. There is nothing in Book IV (Satires 10-12) to
determine its date, but it was probably produced between

xii INTRODUCTION

Books III and V, />. between the years 121 and 127. The
satires therefore belong to a period covering about thirty
years included in the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian.

Date and Place of Birth

6. The exact date of JuvenaPs birth is unknown.
According to the tradition of the vitae he practised
declamation till about middle life, and did not give his
satires to the public till somewhat later. The earliest
seem to be the productions of a n^an of maturity and
experience. A short vita ^ attached to a MS. of the fifteenth
century, in the library of the Barber ini palace at Rome,
places his birth in the consulship of Claudius Nero and
L. Antistius, />. in the year 55. This biography bears

'evidence of being a late production and may not go back
to an authentic source, but the date of birth given in it
cannot be far wrong. Friedlander thinks that Juvenal
did not begin to write before about no, and that he was
born not long before or not long after 60. Aquinum has
been generally accepted as his birthplace. Umbricius
(3. 319), addressing Juvenal, uses the expression tuo Aquino,
This may mean only that Juvenal was fond of the place
and often visited it,* but the tablet put up by the poet
was found at Aquinum, and the vitae generally agree that
he was born there.

Family and Circumstances

7. Whether JuvenaPs father was or was not a wealthy
freedman, he was evidently in easy circumstances. He
owned an estate at Aquinum (6. 57) and was able to give

1 See Diirr, p. 28.

2Cf. Tiburis umbra tut, Hor. C.l.y.21.

INTRODUCTION xiii

his son the usual education of a Roman boy of good family.
This included training in the schools of the grammaticus
and the rhetor (i. 1 5-1 7). In rhetoric Juvenal probably had
the instruction of Quintilian, who taught in Rome from a.d.
70 to 90 and whom he mentions several times with great
respect. That he kept up his rhetorical studies for many
years is shown both by the statement of the vitae and by
the rhetorical style of the satires.

8. Juvenal belonged to the middle class. Any expres-
sions in his writings that seem to imply that he was of low
rank (as i. loi ; 4. 98 ; 8. 44-46) evidently mean no more
than that he was connected with the client class and not
with the wealthy aristocracy. He had a house in the city
(11. 190; 12. 87), an ancestral estate (6. 57) at Aquinum,
and a farm at Tibur (i i. 65) from which his table at Rome
was well supplied (11.65-76). Though he lived frugally
(11. 131-148), he does not anywhere imply that he had not
enough to satisfy his wants, or that, in his later years at
least, he was not contented with what he possessed. More-
over, he could not have held high civil and priestly office
in his native Aquinum if he had not had, for a country
town, a large income.^

Military Service

9. The inscription, if it was put up by the poet, furnishes
evidence of his military experience, and there are passages
in the satires that make such service seem probable. He
criticises (1.58; 7.92) the elevation of unworthy men to
high position in the army through the influence of power-
ful friends, and laments (14. 197) the slow advancement of

1 The duoviri qutnquennales were the highest officials in a municipium.
They were elected every fifth year, and their duties corresponded to those of
the censors at Rome.

xiv INTRODUCTION

deserving men through the regular channel of promotion.
He shows in Satire i6 a personal knowledge of the daily
life of a soldier in camp. He had been in Egypt, as he
himself says (15. 45), and knew the habits and peculiarities
of its people from his own observation. He displays great
familiarity with Britain also (2. 161; 4. 127, 141 ; 10. 14),
and it is not unlikely that a military experience of some
years had given him the opportunity to visit these and other
distant countries. If he practised declamation till middle
life he could not have risen to a tribunate by long service
as a common soldier or centurion. It is more probable
that, like Agricola (Tac. Agr, 5), he got his first military
experience as aide to some general, and on the basis of this
was appointed to the command of an auxiliary cohort.

Political Ambition

10. The general tone of the earlier satires makes it
well-nigh certain that Juvenal had once been ambitious for
political advancement at Rome, and had been deeply disap-
pointed in his efforts to secure the influence of wealthy
patrons in his favor. His hatred of the rich and power-
ful, which is a most prominent characteristic of the first
three books, and his bitterness toward foreigners who
secure the places that belong to native Romans, seem to
have been prompted by personal experience, and betray
the conviction that he had not received the recognition
that he thought his due.

Banishment

11. That Juvenal suffered banishment in some form is
stated in all the 7ntae. These likewise agree that the
occasion of his banishment was three verses on the influ-

INTRODUCTION XV

ence of histriones in securing appointments in the army,
composed against Paris, an actor. According to the vita
of the codex Pithoeanus these verses were not at first pub-
lished, but being afterwards inserted in his writings (7. 90-
92) they were thought to be directed against an actor of the
day whose friends were receiving promotion, and in conse-
quence Juvenal was sent at the age of eighty, under the form
of a military command, to the extremity of Egypt, where he
soon died. Upon what foundation any part of this story rests,
it is impossible to say. It must have been well known in the
fifth century, since Sidonius Apollinaris, a Christian writer
of that time, thought Juvenal sufficiently described by the
expression ^^ trait histrionis exsuL^^ Paris, on whom the
verses are said to have been written, was a celebrated actor
under Domitian, and died in 83. As Satire 7 was pub-
lished in Hadrian's reign, the actor who is said to have
been offended by them at the time of their publication
must have lived in the reign of that emperor ; and follow-
ing this account we must believe that Juvenal in his old
age was sent to a remote military post as prefect of a
cohort by Hadrian. An emperor who banished for his
sarcastic criticism and afterwards put to death the archi-
tect who had built Trajan's forum, may have banished
Juvenal for a slight offense given even in a satire which
begins with a flattering compliment to himself ; but it is
highly improbable that a man too old for service should
have been intrusted with an important military command.
If the banishment took this form, it is far more likely that
it occurred under Domitian, and it has been suggested that
Juvenal's bitterness against Crispinus would be explained
if we suppose that he was the instrument of its execution.
The whole story does not seem like an invention. There
is nothing in the satires to have suggested it, though the
statement that he was sent to Egypt may have been an

xvi INTRODUCTION

inference from Satire 15. That he suffered exile in some
form at some period of his life may be accepted as probable,
and it may have been for the reasons given ; but it is also
quite possible that, if he was exiled, the reason quickly
passed out of mind, or perhaps had not been generally
known even in his own day, and the explanations that
have been handed down to us may be due simply to
later attempts to find in the satires some occasion for
his banishment.

The Satires

12. The satires of Juvenal deal largely with social life
at Rome in his own day, and express the feelings of one
who had evidently long been familiar with the city. They
are worthy of study, not only as unsurpassed examples of
personal satire, but also for the vast amount of informa-
tion which they furnish regarding the manners, morals,
and beliefs of that period. Beyond other ancient writers
Juvenal had the power to draw vivid pictures from real life,
sometimes introducing all the details, as in the description of
the distribution of the sportula (i. 95-126), more often con-
densing everything into a few lines. It must be admitted
that his purpose seems to be rather to condemn the evils
of his day than to reform them. Indeed he writes as one
who saw no hope of reform. Indignation at the corrupt
state of morals drove him to satire (i. 79) ; disappointment
had embittered his feelings, and he naturally exaggerated
the evils that he saw around him, and looked at things on
their darkest side, but he seems honest in his hatred of sin,
and nowhere depicts vice in order to make it alluring.

13. The last two books lack the strength and earnest-
ness of the earlier satires. In them he deals no longer
with the life of the period, but with general topics, and
draws his illustrations from history and mythology. But

INTRODUCTION xvii

some of the finest passages are found in these books, and
Satires lo and 13 are generally considered worthy of being
ranked with the best. Moreover, most of the general char-
acteristics of Juvenal's style are found as frequently in the
last two books as in the first three, and the tendency to
employ declamation, which has been urged as a ground for
suspecting the genuineness of the later books, is by no means
absent from the earlier ones. The theory of Ribbeck, that,
with some exceptions, these books are not the work of
Juvenal but of an inferior writer who tried to imitate his
style, has not been received with favor. These satires
belong to a later period of the poet's life, when his bitter
and intolerant spirit had been subdued by lapse of time,
and when his natural powers had lost their former vigor.

Moral Standard

14. Juvenal had one standard with which he compared
the men and morals of his own age and found them want-
ing. This standard was the austere and simple life of the
ancient Romans. He despises foreigners both because they
are not Romans and because their influence has debased
the old national life. This explains his disgust with the
Romans of his own day. They have hopelessly degenerated
from this ancient standard of simplicity and abstinence,
and the old Roman spirit has vanished. He is filled with
indignation at the rich nobleman who is given over to
gambling, forgery, and every vice, who drives on a public
road and spends whole nights in dissipation, because he
has lost the honest manhood of his ancestors. When he
condemns flattery, avarice, luxury, and gluttony, it often
seems to be not so much because they are wrong and mean,
as because they are characteristic vices of foreigners and
of the degenerate nobility.

xviii INTRODUCTION

Religion and Philosophy

IS' Naturally, then, Juvenal has respect for the old
national faith and hates all foreign religions. He treats
with derision the Greek fables that represent the gods
in human form, with human necessities and weaknesses
(13.39-52,83; 14.261,271; 16. 5), and considers the Greek
stories about the under-world too absurd even for children
to believe (2. 149-152). The Jewish worship, with its sab-
baths and prayer to an unseen god, he regards as a narrow-
minded foreign superstition (14. 96-106). But he speaks
with respect of a common creator (15. 148) and offers sacri-
fices to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, as well as to his own
Lares, for the safe return of his friend Catullus (12. 83-92).
He says with evident sincerity that man is dearer to the gods
than he is to himself (10.350), that the gods have given
him a reverential spirit (15. 143) and have placed in his
breast a conscience to scourge him when he does wrong
(13. 192-198). He believes that the gods will avenge per-
jury and crime (13. 247-249), and affirms that he who
cherishes even the wish to sin incurs the guilt of the deed
and will not escape punishment (13. 208-210).

16. Juvenal did not profess to have much acquaintance
with the philosophy of the schools (13. 120-123), but he
knew their main distinctions, and his sympathies were with
the Stoics rather than the Epicureans. Like the Stoics, he
believed in the unchangeable decrees of fate (7. 200 ; 12. 63)
and the providential care of the gods (10. 347), and like
them he commended the endurance of hardship for its own
sake and a contempt of death (10. 357-362). But, in gen-
eral, for him philosophy is simply the highest wisdom, which
shows man how to live. It frees us from our errors and
teaches us what is right (13. 187-189), enables us to conquer
misfortune (13. 20), forbids revenge (13. 184-187), and is

INTRODUCTION xix

never inconsistent with nature (14. 321). For philosophy
he everywhere shows genuine respect, but as he despises
all forms of hypocrisy, so he detests shameless men who
pose as philosophers for their private ends.

Personal Names in the Satires

17. The first book represents Rome as it was under
Domitian, and the illustrations of this book, as well as
those of the two following, are drawn mainly from that
period, and, to a less extent, from the reign of Nero.
Juvenal could not openly attack prominent men of his
own day without great danger. This danger he proposed
to avoid (i. 170) by assailing those already in their tombs.
He introduces Crispinus, Latinus, Massa, Carus, Veiento,
Paris, who had lived under Domitian ; Tigellinus, Lucusta,
from the time of Nero, and Narcissus, Posides, and Pallas,
wealthy freedmen of Claudius. But while careful to avoid ,
giving offense to those who had it in their power to do him
injury, he does not hesitate to speak freely of those still
living, if they are under condemnation, as Marius Ptiscus,
or if they are of low rank, as Machaera, Vettius, Basilus,
and Paulus. When the same name in Martial and Juvenal
refers to one man, he is always one who was dead when
Juvenal wrote, or in a condition to do him no injury. In
case of men of low rank he would have no reason for wishing
to withhold the real name. As a rule, any personal name in
the satires everywhere represents the same type of character.
Of the literary men of his day, Juvenal mentions Statins and
Quintilian, but is silent about Tacitus, Pliny, and Martial ;
and Pliny, who boasts of his wide acquaintance with men
interested in literature, nowhere in his letters makes any
reference to Juvenal.

XX INTRODUCTION

Studies of Older Poets

i8. Juvenal's literary studies included Homer, Lucilius,
Vergil, Horace, Ovid, and Seneca, of whom the satires con-
tain frequent reminiscences. In a few cases he has admitted
their expressions with slight change into his verses,^ though
he is by no means to be considered an imitator of the older
poets. But between the writings of Juvenal and Martial
there are striking resemblances; they treat often of thp
same subjects, many personal names are common to both,
and they employ many similar words and expressions.
They were intimate friends, but Martial was the earlier
writer. His epigrams were completed and published before
Juvenal had brought out his first book, and probably before
any of the satires had been written. It seems evident, then,
that Juvenal was so familiar with the writings of Martial
that his own language and thought were not infrequently
influenced by them.* The two poets may well be read side
by side, since each furnishes the best illustrations and par-
allels to the other.

Manuscripts and Scholia

19. The best manuscript of Juvenal is one now preserved
in the library of the medical school in Montpellier, where it
is No. 125. It was once in the possession of Pierre Pithou,
whose edition of Juvenal and Persius ws^s published in
1585, and from him it is czXl^d Fithoeanus. This MS. con-
tains the texts of both Persius and Juvenal, with notes on
the margin (scholia Pithoeand), The first hand (/^) belongs
to the ninth century. To this have been added corrections,
variants, and glosses by four different hands from the ninth

1 See notes on 1.7313. 143; 3. 198; 3.279; 5.138; 10.25; "-82.

2 H. L. Wilson, in American Jotirnal of Philology, July, 1898, pp. 193-209.

INTRODUCTION xxi

down to the eleventh century. All these are classed together
under/. The variants include practically all that are pre-
served in other MSS. and sOme that are not elsewhere found.
In many places P is the only MS. that has kept the correct
reading, and its authority outweighs that of all the other
MSS. taken together.

20, All other MSS. which give the text in full are much
inferior and are put together in one class (w). They are
valuable chiefly for the aid they furnish in restoring the
reading where P is illegible, or where it has become corrupt
from the errors of copyists. In two of the MSS. of this class
this note is found: Legi ego Niceus Romae apud Servium
tnagistrum et emendavu Nicaeus made this recension near
the close of the fourth century.

Mr. E. O. Winstedt has recently collated a Bodleian MS.
of the eleventh century which contains thirty-six verses of
Satire 6, not found in any other known MS.^ Of these
verses, thirty-four are found after vs. 365, and two after
vs. 373. The lack of the former passage in all other
existing MSS. may be due to the omission of a page by the
scribe of the archetype from which they have descended.
The value of this MS. has not yet been determined. If
the new verses are genuine,* it must have descended from a
MS. which antedated the archetype of P and w, which had
lost them, and it may be necessary to recognize it as the
representative of a third class among the Juvenal MSS.

21. It has been generally believed that all the inferior
MSS. have come down from the recension of Nicaeus, but
that P goes back to a purer source. Biicheler, however,
thinks that all existing MSS. have come from a codex of the
Nicaean recension, containing many variants, and that
copyists followed sometimes the text and sometimes the
variants. The inferior MSS. do not transmit a text which

i See Class, Rev.y 1899, May, pp. 201-208, and June, pp. 266-268.

xxii INTRODUCTION

can be clearly separated from that of P, Moreover, all
the MSS. (except some that are still more incomplete)
stop abruptly in the middle of a sentence with verse 60
of Satire 16. Therefore all existing MSS. must have come
from one imperfect original which ended with that verse.

22. There are other important sources for portions of
the text. The Schedae Arovienses, or Aarau Fragments,^ con-
sist of five leaves which were rescued from the covers of
manuscript rolls in the library of the town of Aarau in
Switzerland, where they are still kept. They contain about
425 verses from Satires 2, 3, 6, and 7. The codex from
which they were taken belonged to the same recension as
F^ and closely resembled that MS. in external appearance.
So far as preserved, each page of the Aarau Fragments
agrees throughout with the corresponding page of /*, con-
taining precisely the same verses and the same scholia.

The Bobbio Palimpsest,* No. 5750 in the Vatican
library, consists of two leaves from a very old codex of
Juvenal and Persius. It contains fifty-two verses of Juvenal
(14. 323-15. 43), with several scholia, and fifty-two verses
of Persius (i. 53-104). By this fragment the reading of
jP at 15. 27, luncoj is confirmed.

The Florilegium Sangallense? No. 870 in the abbey
library of St. Gall in Switzerland, contains 282 verses
from Juvenal. This furnishes the new reading at 8. 148,
mulio consul^ which has been accepted by Biicheler and
Mayor.

23. There are two sets of scholia. The scholia handed
down in the inferior MSS. bear the name of Cornutus.
These are very full, but they contain little that is of much

1 H. Wirz, in Hermes^ XV. 437-448 ; R. Beer, SpiciUgiutn luvenalianum, pp.
24-32.

2 G. Goetz, luvenalis et Per sit Fragmenta Bobiensia. Jena, 1884.
8 Chr. Stephan, Rhein. Mus., XL. 263-282.

INTRODUCTION xxiii

value. The Scholia Pithoeana are found in P and in a MS.
without the text in the library of St. Gall. They were once
preserved also, as far as 8. 197, in a MS. used by G. Valla in
the fifteenth century, now lost, and were by Valla ascribed
to Probus. They are based on an ancient commentary
produced in the fourth century, and sometimes contain
information not elsewhere found. They are also valuable
sources for text criticism. Sometimes the lemmata and
the notes of the scholiast come to the support of readings
which, would otherwise be uncertain, and sometimes they
preserve or suggest older readings which the MSS. have
lost.

LANGUAGE AND STYLE

24. JuvenaPs style was greatly influenced by his long
practice in declamation. In several satires the subjects
are such as might have been discussed in the rhetorical
schools. He strives to add emphasis by rhetorical devices,
as by exaggerated statements, by the lavish employment of
illustrations, or the repetition of the same idea in different
forms. He freely introduces questions, exclamations, com-
parisons, and is fond of strong contrasts. He frequently
turns suddenly aside from the subject under treatment to
follow out a thought which has been suggested. Such
digressions may be contained in a few words, but more
often they extend over several verses. The satires abound
in rhetorical sententiae^ many of which are so commonplace
that they have sometimes been rejected as interpolations.
Some characteristics of his style may be traced to the
language of everyday life, as the frequent use of diminu-
tives ; some are peculiarities of the period to which he
belonged.

xxiv INTRODUCTION

SYNTAX
The Connection of Words and Sentences

25. Conjunctions are often omitted.

New thoughts are introduced with great abruptness, without connec-
tives ; as 3. 197, 223; 7. 150, 215 ; 8. 146, 254, 259. In the enumeration
of the different courts of the cena in Satire 5, and of the different
classes of men ruined by obtaining the objects of their ambition in
Satire 10, the transitions are made almost invariably without connect-
ing particles. The conjunctions most often omitted are :

(tf) Causal: 4.34 licet hie considere; non est cantandum; i. 169
tecum prius ergo voluta haec animo ante tubas ; galeatum sero duelli
paenitet.

{p) Adversative : 10. 18 egregias Lateranorum obsidet aedes tota
cohors ; rarus venit in cenacula miles ; 5. 39 inaequales beruUo Virro
tenet phialas ; tibi non committitur aurum.

(c) The conditiofial particle is sometimes w^anting in vehement and
abbreviated speech, the assumed case being stated as a fact ; as 3. 100
rides, maiore cachinno concutitur ; 13. 227 ilia nihil nocuit, cura graviore
timetur proxima tempestas.

26. Anaphora, The place of a copulative conjunction is
supplied by the repetition of the same word at the begin-
ning of succeeding clauses. The repeated words are most
often pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions.

(d) Sometimes two or three words are repeated ; as 7. 184 veniet
qui fercula docte conponat, veniet qui pulmentaria condit ; 7. 222 dum-
modo non per eat — 225 dummodo non pereat.

(b) When three or more members are thus joined, the common word
may be found in aU but the last, which is connected by et ; as 3. 26 dum
nova canities, dum prima et recta senectus, dum superest Lachesi quod
torqueat, et pedibus me porto meis. In 3. 166-167 the copulative and
the repeated word are both found in the last clause.

27. Two substantives or pronouns at the end of a verse
are not infrequently joined by que . . . que; as

5.49 si stomachus domini fervet vinoque ciboque ; 10. 152 opposuit
natura Alpemque nivemque.

INTRODUCTION xxv

28. Juvenal employs the imperatives iij;^/^^, respice, and
accipe as forms of transition ; as

14. 275 aspice portus et plenum magnis trabibus mare ; 3. 268 respice
nunc alia ac diversa pericula nocds ; 7. 36 accipe nunc *artes. Cf. also
ctspiceres 15. 56, and operas pretium est 14. 281.

The conjunction itaque is nowhere found in Juvenal.

The Accusative

29. An accusative of a proper name is used with vivere
to denote an attribute of the substantive idea contained in
the verb ; as

2. 3 qui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt, i.e. live a Bacchanalian
life ; 1 2. 1 28 vivat Pacuvius, quaeso, vel Nestora totum, i,e. live a life
quite as long as Nestor's.

The accusative of * the part concerned ' is found twice, 8. 4 umeros
minorem, and 8. 16 attritus Catinensi pumice lutnbum.

The Dative

30. With similis^ dissimilis (except 10. 192 dissimilemque
sui) and diversus the dative only is used ; as

II. I94similisque triumpho praetor sedet ; 3. 18 speluncas dissimiles
veris ; 10. 3 illis multum diversa.

31. With aptus^ maturus, and utilis Juvenal employs the
dative of the gerundive ; as

15. 145 exercendis pariendisque artibus apti ; 8. 169 maturus bello
Armeniae Syriaeque tuendis amnibus ; 14. 72 utilis et bellorum et pacis
rebus agendis.

The Ablative

32. The place where is very frequently denoted by the
ablative without in; as

13.41 et privatus adhuc Idaeis luppiter antris ; 13.69 examenque
apium longa consederit uva culmine delubri ; 5. 85 ponitur exigua feralis
cena/a/^//a.

xxvi INTRODUCTION

33. A noun of place depending on the preposition in
may limit another substantive, some form of the verb being
implied; as

10. 136 summo tnstis captivus in arcu ; 15.50 multaeque in /route
coronae.

34. The ablative without a preposition is used to denote
the place whence with verbs which in other authors usually
have prepositions {aby de, ex) ; as

3. 181 hie aliquid plus quam satis est interdum aliena sumitur area ;
3. 270 fenestris vasa cadant ; 10. 43 sceptro quae surgit ebumo ; 12. 104
f urva gente petita.

35. Flenus, which in the earlier writers usually takes the
genitive, is in Juvenal found with the ablative only ; as

I. 33 lectica Mathonis plena ipso; 4.48 cum plena et litora multo
delatore forent ; 5. 66 maxima quaeque domus servis est plena superbis ;

8. 72 inflatum plenumque Nerone propinquo ; 3. 187 plena domus litis ;
10. 191 senectus plena malis ; 10. 242 plenaeque sororibus urnae.

36. The ablative is used with the comparative minor or
maior^ meaning too small for or too great for ; as

3. 203 lectus erat Codro Procula minor ; 4. 66 accipe privatis maiora
focis; 15. 140 infans et minor igne rogi. The same usage is found in
Horace, Ep. I. 17. 40 parvis animis et parvo corpore maius; Ep. I.
10.42-43; 20. 21.

Prohibitions

37. In prohibitions the present subjunctive is regularly
used ; as

14. 203 neu credas ponendum aliquid discriminis inter unguenta et
corium. The imperative is found twice : 6. 666 et nulli credite mensae ;
9.130 ne trepida. Noli with the infinitive occurs twice: i. 126 noli
vexare ; 6.414 committere noli; and cave with the subjunctive once:

9. 120 cave sis (but here the reading is uncertain). The perfect sub-
junctive is found once with the second, and once with the third person :
14. 48 nee tu pueri contempseris annos ; 5. 139 nullus tibi parvulus aula
luserit Aeneas.

INTRODUCTION xxvii

38. Prohibitory ne is used once with the imperative (9. 130)» once
with the second person singular of the present subjunctive (15. 89), and
twice with the third person singular of the present subjunctive (i. no;
2. 42). An emphatic non is sometimes used in negative exhortations ;
SIS 3.54; 6.484; 16.28. Nee occurs frequently in place of neve; as
6. 486; II. 186; 16. 9. Neu is found only once (14. 203).

The Infinitive

39. (a) An infinitive of purpose is used after a verb of
giving, in

14. 30 ad moechum dat eisdemyjrrr^ cinaedis.

(b) The infinitive sometimes depends on an adjec-
tive; as

4. 1 10 saevior illo Pompeius tenui iugulos aperire susurro ; 8. 67
dignique molam versare.

No example of the so-called * historical infinitive * is found in
Juvenal.

The Future Participle

40. The future participle is used to denote purpose,
generally with a verb of motion ; as

7. 116 surgis tu pallidus Aiax dicturus dubia pro libertate bubulco
iudice ; 8. 130 ire parat nummos raptura Celaeno.

41. The future participle may also stand in simple agree-
ment with a substantive to express :

{p) Simple future time; as 1.44 Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad
aram {^hen about to speak) ; 3. 72 viscera magnarum domuum domini-
<\\ie fiituri ; 14. 59 hospite venturo {when a guest is coming) \ 4.88 de
pluviis locuturi,

iff) Destiny (sure tOy doomed /f?) ; as 1. 18 stulta est cXexaQiitvai periturae
parcere chartae ; 4. 10 sanguine adhuc vivo terram subitura sacerdos.

(c) Characteristic or capacity (ready to^ likely to, able to) ; as 4. 50
non dubitaturi fugitivum dicere piscem ; 10. 144 laudis titulique cupido
h<usuri^^\% cinerum custodibus; 11.95 clarum Troiugenis _/&r/^ra et
nobile fulcrum ; 16. 28 et se excusaturos non sollicitemus amicos.

xxviii INTRODUCTION

The Subjunctive with Quamquam and Quamvis

42. Quamquam, which is regularly used with the indica-
tive in writers before the silver age, in Juvenal always
takes the subjunctive when joined with a finite verb ; as

II. 205 quamquam solida hora supersit ad seztam ; 13. 172 sed illic,
quamquam eadem adsidue spectentur proelia, ridet nemo. In 4. 60 it is
combined with a participle, and in 4. 79 with an adverbial phrase. Tacitus
and Pliny the Younger generally use the subjunctive with quamquam.

43« Quamvis, which in the Augustan poets often takes the
indicative, is used only with the subjunctive in Juvenal ; as

13. 3 improba quamvis gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit uma..

ORDER AND USE OF WORDS

Order of Words

44. A word having a common relation to two other
words which are joined by a copulative or disjunctive
particle generally stands between the first connected
word and the particle : —

(a) A substantive limited by two adjectives or genitives ; as 8. 28
rarus civis et egregius ; 11. 161 eadem est y ini pairia atque
ministri.

{d) A genitive common to two substantives ;as 14. 20 Ant ip hates
trepidi laris ac Polyphemus; 14. 109 f allit enim vitium specie inrtutis
et umbra.

(r) A verb common to two substantives; as 3.286 quem luna
solet deducere vel breve lumen candelae; 7. 105 quod lecto gaudet
et umbra.

(d) The object of two verbs ; as 4. 46 quis enim proponere talem
aut e m e r e auderet ? 1 5. 1 50 mutuus ut nos adf ectus p e t e r e auxiiium
et praestare iuberet.

{e) The common word may also stand after the conjunction ; as
14.299 quod Tagus et rutila volvit Pactolus harena ; 13.219
templum et violati numinis aras.

INTRODUCTION xxix

45. A favorite position for the subject is at the end of
the sentence (1.6; 14. 35), and a subject common to both
parts of a compound sentence often stands with the last
verb at or near the end of the sentence ; as

14. 194-195 sed caput intactum buxo naresque pilosas adnotet et
grandes miretur Laelius alas.

46. The antecedent often stands in the relative sentence,
generally at or near the end ; as

3. 267 nee habet quem porrigat ore trienUm ; 13. 94 dummodo vel
caecus teneam quos abnego numtnos.

47« A substantive and its agreeing adjective may stand :
(a) at the beginning and end of the verse ; as

10. 168 unus Pellaeo iuveni non sufficit orbis,

10. 182 ipsum conpedibus qui vinxerat Ennosigaeum,

{b) at the beginning and end of the second half ; as

10. 31 sed facilis cuivis rigidi censura cachinni.

10. 117 quem sequitur custos angustae vernula capsae,

10. 178 prandente et mctdidis cantat quae Sostratus tUis.
13. 109 nam cum magna tntUae superest audacia causae.

Note. — Such leonine verses, suggestive of rhyme (like those under c), are
quite common in Juvenal, and are somewhat frequent in Cicero's hexameters.
The same arrangement of words is sometimes found in the Sapphic verse, and in
the Asclepiad {e.g. Hor. C. I. 22 and I. i), and in the dactylic pentameter of the
elegiac couplet.

48. Anastrophe, As in all other writers, the preposition
cum follows a personal pronoun, but Juvenal never places
it after a relative pronoun ; as

I. loi vexant limen et ipsi nobiscum ; 10. 235 nee vultum agnoscit
amici, cum quo praeterita cenavit nocte.

In only a few cases do other prepositions follow their
nouns or pronouns :

(a) a monosyllabic preposition standing between the noun and its
modifier : 1 1 . 1 13 litore ab Oceani.

XXX INTRODUCTION

{i) dissyllabic prepositions (extra^ tn/ra, ultra) : 8. 199 Aiuc ultra
quid erit nisi ludus ? 8. 240 tan turn muros intra toga contulit ; 14. 202
ablegandae Tiberim ultra ; 16. 16 miles ne vallum litiget extra ; 16. 26
molem aggeris ultra ut veniat.

This is a favorite position of the preposition in Lucretius and Tacitus.
See Munro on Lucr. 3. 140, and Fumeaux's Tac. Ann. Intr. p. 56
(ch. V. § 77).

Juvenal never separates the parts of a compound word by tmesis.

The Verb

49. Ellipsis of the verb is very common in Juvenal.
As in other writers, the substantive verb, especially in the
forms est and sunt^ is often omitted, not only in principal
but also in subordinate sentences ; as

3. 180 hie ultra vires habitus nitor ; 13. 26 rari quippe boni ; 8.44
* vos humiles/ inquis, * volgi pars ultima nostri ' ; 1. 1 semper ego auditor
tantum ? 8. 61 nobilis hie, cuius clara f uga ante alios et primus in
aequore pulvis. This verb may be omitted in indirect questions ; as
7. 141 respicit haec primum qui litigat, an tibi servi octo, decem comites.

50. The verb is frequently omitted for the sake of
brevity when it is sufficiently indicated by the qualifying
words, as a subject, or object, or a noun with a preposi-
tion ; as

13. 181 nempe hoc indocti {sc. loquuntur); 5.56 flos Asiae ante
ipsum {sc. Stat).

51. The adverbs ^2/^ (*to what purpose t ') and unde are
used without a verb in exclamatory questions with the accu-
sative, or with the infinitive, with or without the dative of
the personal pronoun ; as

8. 9 effigies quo tot bellatorum ? 8. 142 quo mihi te solitum falsas
signare tabellas? 14. 56 unde tibi frontem libertatemque parentis?
14. 135 sed quo divitias haec per tormenta coactas? 15. 61 quo tot
rixantis milia turbae, si vivunt omnes ? Cf. Hor. S. II. 7. 116 unde
sagittas ? Ep. I. 5. 12 quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti?

INTRODUCTION xxxi

52. In phrases introduced by unde^ inde, hinc, the verb
is almost always omitted; as

I. 150 unde ingenium par materiae ? 3. 236 inde caput morbi ; i. 144
hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus.

53. The words of a speaker are introduced without
inquit ; as 7. 158; 10. 72.

54. In expressions of price the verb denoting the cost
or worth is omitted ; as

3. 166 magno hospitium miserabile; 8. 258 pluris enim Decii quam
quae servantur ab illis.

55. Enallage, When two verbs are connected in coordi-
nate sentences, sometimes the tense or the mode of one is
changed for no apparent reason beyond the necessities of
the verse ; as

I. 155 taeda lucebis in ilia — et latum media sulcum deduds harena;
7. 185 veniet qui fercula docte conponaty veniet qui pulmentaria condit ;
15. 169 quorum non sufficit irae occidisse aliquem, sed pectora bracchia
voltum crediderint genus esse cibi.

Substantives^ Adjectives^ and Pronouns

56. Besides verbals in -tor and -trix^ other substantives
are also used as adjectives ; as

3. 1 10 filia virgo ; 4. 33 tnunicipes siluros ; 14. 271 municipes lagonas ;
7. 107 camites libelli; 7. 212 citharoedi magistri; 14. 247 leo alumnus ;
15. 22 cum remigibus /<?/•«>.

This use of substantives is colloquial. It is rather common in
Plautus, as servos homo (often), flliola virgo, anus uxores, virago
ancilla; but is rare in Augustan writers.

57- Besides the more common substantive uses of adjec-
tives, Juvenal occasionally employs as substantives adjec-
tives in the singular masculine, either in the nominative or
in an oblique case ; as

3.240 dives; 3. 145 /a«/^r; j.i^ felix; 12.122 aeger ; 14. iii
avarus ; 15.79 mortuus ; 3.127, 299 pauperis; 13.55 "^^^to. An

xxxii INTRODUCTION

adjective used in place of a substantive may even be modified by
another adjective; as 7.30 dives avarus ; 7.170 veteres caecos.

58. An attribute that properly belongs to a person may
be transferred to an object with which that person is closely
related, or an instrument by which some action is per-
formed ; as

13.93 Isis et irato feriat mea lamina sistro ; 8. 248 si lent us pigra
muniret castra dolabra. The idea of a person is suggested by the adjec-
tive when no person is mentioned : 13. 99 quid praestat esuriens Pisaeae
ramus olivae ? 8. 1 58 cum pervigiles placet instaurare popinas.

59. An adjective sometimes denotes not a quality
belonging to an object, but the effect produced on other
objects; as

7. 206 gelidas cicutas (because it brings the chill of death) ; 4. 58
deformis hiems {i.e. which makes the landscape unsightly) ; cf. Hor.
C. I. 5. 7 nigris ventis.

60. In order to give prominence to the quality, which
would be regularly denoted by an adjective or a genitive
of quality, this may be expressed by an abstract noun,
limited by the genitive of the thing to which the quality
belongs; as

4. 81 Crispi iucunda senectus (genial old Crispus) ; 13. 184 mite
Thaletis ingenium (mild-tempered T7tales)\ 5. 11 sordes farris canini
(filthy dog-bread) ; 4. 107 Montani venter {big-bellied Montanus) ; 4. 39
spatium admirabile rhombi (a turbot of wondrous size). Cf. Hor. C. III.
21. II prisci Catonis virtus; S. II. i. 72 mitis sapientia Laeli. Such
periphrastic expressions are frequent in Homer.

61. Number, A singular substantive is used for the
plural :

(a) in a collective sense; as i. 120 densissima centum quadrantes
lectica petit ;

(b) with an adjective of plural signification ; as 4. 47 cum plena et
litora multo delatore f orent ; 3. 142 quam multa magnaque paropside
cenat? 3. 232 plurimus aeger.

INTRODUCTION xxxiii

62. The plural sometimes denotes only what is generally
expressed by the singular ; as

12. 120 non sperat tragicae biriiw^i piacula cervae ; 13. 179 sed corpore
trunco invidiosa dabit minimus solacia sanguis.

63. For the sake of variety, or for metrical reasons, one
substantive in the singular, or one in the plural, is placed
among a list of several that are of the opposite number ; as

10. 64 fiunt urceoli pelves sartago matellae ; 7. 1 1 oenophorum tripodes
armaria cistas ; 11. 138-140 sumine cum magno lepus atque aper et
pygargus et Scythicae volucres et phoenicoptenis ingens et Gaetulus
oryx ; 14. 318 in quantum sitis atque fames et frigora poscunt.

64. Proper names in the singular or plural are used to
denote persons of a certain class ; as

7.94 quis tibi Maecenas («>. literary patron) ? 5. 149 Virro sibi et
reliquis Virronibus {i.e. guests who fare like Virro).

(a) So also, and very often, two or more proper names, generally
in the singular; as

3. 29 Artorius et Catulus {i.e. swindlers) ; 8. 38 Creticus aut Camerinus
(/>. a man of noble lineage) ; 11. 34 Curtius et Alatho {i.e. ranting petti-
foggers) ; 3. 79 Maurus, Saj-matay Thrax (i.e. barbarians).

65. Proper names from mythology or from the poets
are used in the sense of appellatives ; as

I. 61 Autotnedon (i.e. a charioteer, a * Jehu') ; 4. 133 Prometheus {i.e.
a skilful potter) ; 5. 139 parvulus Aeneas {i.e. a little son ; cf. Verg. Aen.
IV. 328) ; 16. 26 Pylades (i.e. a true friend).

66. Juvenal is fond of indirect designations in place of
well-known proper names. He employs for this purpose :

(a) a simple substantive phrase; as 1.20 magnus Auruncae alum-
nus (i.e. Lucilius) ; 3. 137 hospes numinis Idaei (i.e. P. Cornelius Scipio
Nasica) ; 10. 112 generum Cereris (i.e. Pluto) ; 13. 185 dulcique senex
vicinus Hymetto (i.e. Socrates) ; 7. 25 Veneris marito (i.e. Vulcan, the
flames).

(b) an appellative defined by a participial clause ; as 3. 7 1 dictum a
vimine collem (i.e. the Viminal) ; 5. 45 zelotypo iuvenis praelatus larbae
(i.e. Aeneas) ; 10. 171 a figulis munitam urbem (i.e. Babylon).

xxxiv INTRODUCTION

(c) a relative sentence ; as 3. 138 qui servavit trepidam flagranti ex
aede Minervam (i>. L. Caecilius Metellus) ; 8. 265 quae imperii fines
Tiberinum virgo natavit (i.e. Cloelia); 10. 109 ad sua qui domitos
deduxit flagra Quirites (luf. Caesar) ; 10. 257 alius cui fas Ithacum
lugere natantem (/.^. Laertes) ; 3. 25 fatigatas ubi Daedalus exuit alas
{i^, Cumae) ; 12.72 apex cui Candida nomen scrofa dedit (/.^. Mons
Albanus).

67. A noun designating a place or an event may denote
the occupants or participants ; as

8. 59 rauco ctrco (i.e. the spectators at the circus) ; 3. 16 mendicat
silva (i.e. the Jews who fill the grove) ; 5. 82 convivia (i.e. the guests at
the banquet) ; 8. 132 omnem Titanida/i/^^xm (i.e. the combatants).

68. That which distinguishes or is peculiar to a person
or thing may stand for that person or thing ; as

10. 45 officia and 13. 33 vocalis sportulay for clientes ; 10. 270
aratruntj for arator ; 3. 96 personay for mimus ; 15. 30 syrma and 7. 72
cothurnuSy for tragoedia,

69. The material stands for the thing made, or a part
for the whole ; as

10.27 auruniy for * golden cup'; 13.80 calamus^ for * arrow';
14. 194 buxuniy for a comb made of boxwood ; 14. 267 puppis and
14. 276 trabs for navis.

70. Genitives in i and ii. The genitive singular of sub-
stantives in ius and ium is formed by Juvenal sometimes
in I, but more often in ii : 4. 31 Palati ; 8. 102 Parhasii ;
3. 125 servitiu

Note. — The form in ii is quite frequently used in Propertius and
Ovid and the poets who follow them. Its earliest appearance in poetry
is perhaps Vergil, Aen. III. 702 fluvii ; and Moretum 88 apii. {^Navigii
ratiOy Lucr. V. 1006, is doubtless spurious.)

71. TTie Pronoun is. The masculine and feminine of the pronoun
is do not occur: cf. 14. 54 corripies nimirum et castigabis {sc. eum).
The neuter ^V/ is found four times : 3.182; 6.449; 7.162; 10.183.

INTRODUCTION XXXV

Diminutives

72. Diminutives came into the literature from the popu-
lar speech, and are common in those writers who have
borrowed freely from the language of everyday life. They
are especially frequent in comedy and satire.

I. Substantives.

73* (a) A large proportion of the diminutive substantives in Juvenal
have lost their diminutive signification^ and hardly differ in meaning
from the primitives from which they were formed; as 3. 161 sarcinulae
(* the wife's fortune ' ) = sarcinae^ which is used in the same sense in
Martial II. 11. 8; 10. %2 fornacula (to which the adjective magna is
joined) =fornax ; i. 160 labellum = labrum; 3. 28 bacillum — baculum.

(b) In a few cases the diminutive has come to have a special mean-
ing which the primitive does not have; as 1.95 sportula {*dole')
from sportat * basket * ; 8. 5 auricula (the external ear) from aurisy
the organ of hearing; 10. 134 buccula (cheek-piece of a helmet) from
buccaj * cheek.'

(c) Many are pure diminutives, denoting that objects are small in
size or quantity ; as 11. 79 holuscula (holus)y * a few vegetables * ; 3. 102
igniculus (ignis\ * a little fire * ; 15. 79 particula (pars), * a small part.'

Diminutives are also used to express :

(el) Fondness or endearment: 11. 143 tirunculus (tiro), of a pet
slave ; 11. 153 casula (casa) of the cottage where one lived as a child.

(e) Pity, on account of one's lot : 3. 253 servulus, * poor little slave '
(who has so much to carry).

(/) Contempt, because the object is of inferior character or quality,
or is so exceedingly small : 4. 98 fraUrculus, * low-bom brother ' ; 7. 1 19
petasunculusy * mean little ham ' ; i. 40 unciolamy *a paltry twelfth.*

(g) Occasionally the sentence shows that a diminutive is employed
to give a comic coloring to the expression: 10. 117 vernula, * pigmy-
slave ' ; 1 3. 40 virgunculay * girl-goddess.'

II. Adjectives.

74« (<*) Some diminutive adjectives differ but little in meaning
from their primitives : 11. 135 rancidulus (= rancidus) ; 13. 213 misellus
(= miser).

xxxvi INTRODUCTION

(I) Many are pure diminutives indicating that the quality expressed
by the primitive exists in a diminished degree : 3. 204 parvultu, * very
small * ; 5. 73 improbulutn^ * a trifle rash ' ; 1 1. no Uvidulus, * inclined
to be envious/

Diminutive adjectives are also used to express :

(d) Pity : 10. 268 vetulus {pos), * the poor old ox.'

(^) Contempt : 10. 355 candidulusy white enough to do for a sacrifice.

Interrogatives

75. Juvenal avoids the use of interrogative particles ;
num and utrum are not found ; nonne occurs but four times,
and the interrogative -ne thirteen times. The particle is
regularly omitted with the first member of a disjunctive
question ; as

1. 154 quid refert, dictis ignoscat Mucins an non? 10.99-100 huius
qui trahitur praetextam sumere mavis, an Fidenarum Gabiorumque
esse potestas ?

76. The pronoun uter does not occur, but in its place
quis is employed ; as

8. 195 finge tamen gladios inde atque hinc pulpita poni ; quid satius ?
10. 338-340 quid placeat die ; ni parere velis, pereundum erit ante lucer-
nas ; si scelus admittas, dabitur mora parvula.

77. In questions, both direct and indirect, quis (not qui^
is used (except 1 1. 33 die tibi qui sis) ; as

7. 63 quis locus ingenio ? 14. 178 quis metus aut pudor est umquam
properantis avari ? 1 5. 1 1 9 quis modo casus inpulit hos ?

78. A sudden question, introduced by quis enim or quid
eninij is thrown in to suggest a reason for what has been
stated or implied ; as

1 . 48 et hie damnatus inani iudicio ? quid enim salvis infamia num-
mis ? 7. 158 mercedem appellas ? quid enim scio ? meaning ' You have

INTRODUCTION xxxvii

no right to dun me for tuition, for I have not learned anything.'
Juvenal has no example of quid enim ? standing alone ; cf, Hor.
S. I. I. 7.

Pleonasm

79. As if to give greater emphasis or to make a better
sounding phrase, two verbs, adjectives, or substantives are
often used where one would suffice :

(a) Verbs : 8. 37 cavebis et metius ; 10. 29 moverat protuUratque,

(b) Adjectives : 3. 268 alia ac diver sa ; 8. 80 atnbiguae incertaeque,

(c) Substantives : (i) appellatives : 10. 113 reges ettyranni; 4. 84 clade
et peste ; (2) proper names used to denote a class : 3. 29 Artorius et
Catulus ; 10. 108 Crassos^ Pompeios. Of these there are sometimes
three or more: 5. 109 quae mittebantur a Seneca^ quae Fiso bonus,
quae Cotta solebat largiri; 7.94-95.

VERSIFICATION AND PROSODY

VERSIFICATION

80. Caesura, (a) The most frequent caesura in JuvenaPs
hexameter, as in that of every Roman poet, falls after the
thesis of the third foot (penthemimeral) ; as

3. 23 res hodie minor est || here quam fuit atque eadem eras.

(d) A division of the verse into three parts by caesuras
after the third half foot (trithemimeral), and after the
seventh (hephthemimeral) is common ; as

3. 215 ardet adhuc |j et iam accurrit || qui marmora donet.

(c) The hephthemimdral caesura alone is rare, as is also
the combination of the feminine caesura with the trithe-
mimeral :

14. 256 monstro voluptatem egregiam || cui nulla theatra.

4. 120 in laevum || con versus || ab illi dextra iacebat.

xxxviii INTRODUCTION

{d) The diaeresis at the end of the fourth foot, called
the bucolic caesura, is more common in Juvenal than in
any other Latin poet. It is usually accompanied by the
penthemimeral caesura ; as

3. 212 si magna Asturici || cecidit domus || horrida mater.

81. Elision is frequent, but never occurs at the end of
the verse.

Long vowels and diphthongs are often elided. Monosyllables very
rarely suffer elision; as 3.215; 5.59; 10.75, 217. In 11. 161 there
are five cases of elision, and verses with two and three elided syllables
are not infrequent.

82. Hiatus is allowed in eleven undisputed cases, always
at the principal caesura.

The hiatus occurs once after the second thesis, seven times after
the third, and three times after the fourth ; as

1 2. 36 testiculi ; adeo medicatum intellegit inguen.

3. 70 hie Andro, ille Samo, hie Trallibus aut Alabandis.

5. 1 58 quis melior plorante gula ? ergo omnia fiunt.

83. Spondaic Verses. There are thirty-three spondaic lines in
Juvenal. One (5. 38) closes with three spondees ; in all the others
the fourth foot is a dactyl. One (3.273) ends with a monosyllable,
and fifteen with a trisyllable. In seventeen the fifth and sixth feet are
contained in a quadrisyllable.

PROSODY

84. Final Syllables. Final / of mihi, tibi, sibi is long only
when the ictus falls upon it. The same is true of final a
of verbs and adverbs, and of substantives of the third
declension.

Ergo (3. 281) is an exception. Final o is made short in v^ilanda
(3- 232). Final i of ubi and ibi is short in the simple words, but long in
the compounds ubique and ibidem.

85. Genitives in -ius. The vowel i of alterius is by
necessity short in dactylic verse. In other genitives in /W,
excepting ilttus 6. 608, it is always long.

INTRODUCTION XXXIX

86. Position, A final syllable ending in a short vowel is not
lengthened before a mute and liquid in the following word,
nor before z: cf, 5. 45 ; 'S- "4; i- 12, 71 ; 16. 24, 25. A
final syllable ending in a is lengthened before sp in 8. 107.

87. Synizesis always takes place in dein^ deinde^ deerat^
deesset^ deerit ; also in the dative and ablative plural of idem
(except 14. 30) and generally in the nominative, dative, and
ablative plural of deus,

88. The vowel i is made consonantal only once, 4. 37. A few words
are shortened by syncope; 3. 263 striglibus ; 3.310 and 13. 186 vincla;
8. i'53 and 16. 20 npanipli.

ANCIENT SOURCES
FOR THE LIFE OF JUVENAL

The Biography of the Codex Pithoeanus

lunius luvenalis, libertini locupletis incertum est filius an
alumnus, ad mediam fere aetatem declamavit, animi magis
causa quam quod se scholae aut f oro praepararet. deinde pau-
corum versuum satura non absurde conposita in Paridem pan-
tomimum poetamque eius semenstribus militiolis tumentem
genus scripturae industriose excoluit. et tamen diu ne mo-
dico quidem auditorio quicquam committere est ausus. mox
magna frequentia magnoque successu bis ac ter auditus est,
ut ea quoque quae prima fecerat inferciret novis scriptis

quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio. tu Camerinos
et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas ?
praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos.

erat tum in deliciis aulae histrio multique fautorum
eius cottidie provehebantur. venit ergo luvenalis in.suspi-
cionem, quasi tempora figurate notasset, ac statim per
honorem militiae quamquam octogenarius urbe summotus
est missusque ad praefecturam cohortis in extrema parte
tendentis Aegypti. id supplicii genus placuit, ut levi atque
ioculari delicto par esset. verum intra brevissimum tempus
angore et taedio periit.

ANCIENT SOURCES xli

The Inscription at Aquinum

[Cere]ri sacrum

[D. Iu]nius luvenalis

[trib.] coh [I] Delmatarum

II vir quinq. flamen

divi Vespasiani

vovit dedicav[itq]ue

sua pec.

References in Ancient Writers
Martial, VII. 24. 1-6 (a.d. 92).

Cum luvenale meo quae me committere temptas,
quid non audebis, perfida lingua, loqui ?

te fingente nefas Pyladen odisset Orestes,
Thesea Pirithoi destituisset amor,

tu Siculos fratres et maius nomen Atridas
et Ledae poteras dissociare genus.

VII. 91. 1-2.

De nostro, facunde, tibi, luvenalis, agello
Saturnalicias mittimus ecce nuces.

XII. 18. 1-9 (a.d. ioi).

Dum tu forsitan inquietus erras
clamosa, luvenalis, in Subura
aut collem dominae teris Dianae,
dum per limina te potentiorum
sudatrix toga ventilat vagumque
maior Caelius et minor fatigant,
me multos repetita post decembres
accepit mea rusticumque fecit
auro Bilbilis et superba ferro.

xlii ANCIENT SOURCES

Ammianus Marcellinus, XXVIII. 4. 14.

Quidam detestantes ut venena doctrinas, luvenalem et
Marium Maximum curatiore studio legunt, nulla volumina
praeter haec in profundo otio contrectantes, quam ob
causam non iudicioli est nostri.

RuTiLius Namatianus, I. 603-604.

Huius vulnificis satura ludente Camenis
nee Turnu» potior nee luvenalis erit.

SiDONius Apollinaris, Carm. IX. 269-273.

Non qui tempore Caesaris secundi
aeterno incoluit Tomos reatu,
nee qui consimili deinde casu
ad vulgi tenuem strepentis auram
irati fuit histrionis exsul.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Augustus, 27 B.C.-14 a.d. <

Tiberius, 14-37.

Tiberius withdraws to Capri a.d. 27

Fall of Sejanus 31

Caligula, 37-41.

Claudius, 41-54.

Death of Messalina and Silius 48

Nero, 54-68.

Murder of Britannicus 55

Murder of Agrippina 59

Burning of Rome and Persecution of the Christians .... 64

Conspiracy of Piso 65

Death of Seneca, Lucan, and Lateranus 65

Death of Paetus Thrasea and Barea Soranus 66

Triumphs of Nero at the Greek Games 66-67

Death of Corbulo 67

Revolt of Vindex and Galba 68

Quintilian returns to Rome with Galba 68

Galba, 68-69.

Otho, 69.

Vitellius, 69.

Vespasian, 69-79.

Capture of Jerusalem 70

Quintilian begins to lecture on Rhetoric 70

Death of Helvidius Priscus * • 75

Erection of the Colosseum 77-8o

xliv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Titus, 79-81.

Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii and Death of the

Elder Pliny 79

Statins writes the Thebaid 80—92

DoMiTiAN, 81-96.

War with the Chatti 83

Death of Paris 83

Quintilian retires from Teaching 90

Nerva, 96-98. *

Trajan, 98-117.

Trial of Marius Priscus 100

Hadrian, i 17-138.

D. IVNII IWENALIS

SATVRARVM

LIBER PRIMVS

SATVRA I

Semper ego auditor tantum ? numquamne reponam
vexatus totiens rauci Theseide Cordi ?

I. Introductory. — This satire
forms a sort of preface to Book I.
Juvenal tells us why he became a
poet, and why he was impelled to
write satire. He wrote poetry to
be avenged, and the evils of his
age were so gross that he could
write about nothing else. He real-
izes the danger to which the writer
of personal satire is exposed, and
states at the close his method of
dealing with perilous subjects. A
graphic description of the distribu-
tion of the sporiula is given in
vss. 95-126, and there are many
pictures showing the degradation
of society about the close of the
first century. Some verses of the
satire have been imitated by Byron
in English Bards and Scotch Re-
viewers. It could not have been
published before a.d. 100 (vs. 49);
see Intr. 5.

I -2 1. Juvenal writes poetry
chiefly to get even with the poets
to whose verses he has been forced
to listen.

I. auditor: at the recitations
of poets. For the omission of the
verb (ero)y see Intr. 49. — num-

quamne reponam, shall I never
pay him back ? i.e. by writing some-
thing to which he will have to
listen; cf. Sen. Ep, 81. 9 non
dicimus reposuit beneficium aut
solvit: nullum enim nobis placuitf
quod aeri alieno convenit, verbum.
The custom of reading literary
productions to an audience before
their publication was introduced at
Rome by Asinius J*ollio. The de-
sign was to encourage writing and
improve the works by criticism.
That attendance on these recita-
tions had now become an irksome
duty, both Juvenal and Martial
attest ; cf. 3. 9; Mart. III. 44, 45,
50. Pliny (Ep. I. 13) regrets that
men come together so reluctantly
to listen, but thinks it his duty to
attend whenever invited.

2. rauci: on account of the
great length of the poem which
could not be finished at one read-
ing(hence totiens) ; cf. Plin. Ep. IV.
27.1; VIII. 21.4. — Theseide: an
epic poem upon Theseus; cf.
AefteiSf Achilleis. — Cordi : an
unknown poet ; not the Cordus of
Martial (II. 57. 4; V. 23. 8 ; 26. i)

IVVENALIS

inpune ergo mihi recitaverit ille togatas,
hie elegos ? inpune diem consumpserit ingens
Telephus aut summi plena iam margine libri
scriptus et in tergo necdum finitus Orestes ?
nota magis nuUi domus est sua quam mihi lucus
Martis et Aeoliis vicinum rupibus antrum
Vulcani ; quid agant venti, quas torqueat umbras
Aeacus, unde alius furtivae devehat aurum
pelliculae, quantas iaculetur Monychus ornos,
Frontonis platani convulsaque marmora clamant

3. mihi : on the quantity of final
/, see Intr. 84. — togatas {fabu-
las)y comedies. In the togatae the
scenes and characters were Italian,
in th^palliatae the scene was laid in
some Greek city, generally Athens.

4. diem consumpserit : cf.
Mart. X. 70. 10 auditur toto saepe
poeta die. — ingens : of the length
of the poem; cf. Mart. III. 50. 3
affertur protinus ingens liber.

5. Telephus, Orestes : common
subjects of tragedy. Telephus,
king of Mysia, while attempting
to prevent the Greeks from plun-
dering his coast, was wounded by
Achilles. He was told by the ora-
cle that the wound could be healed
only by the one who had inflicted
it, and Achilles was induced to
heal it by the rust of his spear;
cf. Hor. Epod. 17.S] A.P. 96.

6. in tergo : usually the writing
was on only one side of the papy-
rus. The other side in old books
was sometimes used for scribbling
paper ; cf. Mart. IV. 86. n ; VIII.
62. Books written on both sides
were called opisthographi ; Plin.
Ep. III. 5. 17. This tragedy is so
long that every column is filled, and
the margin full to the end of the
book (summi libri), the back even
is covered, and yet the end of the

play has not been reached. — Ore-
stes: for the position, see Intr. 45.
7-14. By frequent attendance
on the recitations of poets I have
become familiar with the subjects
about which they write. I have
heard over and over again their
descriptions of a storm, of the tor-
ments of Hades, of the Argonautic
expedition, and of the combat of
the Centaurs and Lapithae.

7. lucus Martis: the grove of
Mars in Colchis where the golden
fleece was guarded by a sleepless
dragon ; cf. Mart. XII. 53. 5 ut ma-
gnus draco queni canunt poetae
custodetn Scythici fuisse luci.

8. antrum Vulcani : Hiera,
the most southern of the Lipari
Islands, called Vulcani domus by
Vergil (Aen. VIII. 422) and still
called Vulcano.

10. Aeacus: one of the three
judges of the dead. — alius : Jason ;
cf. 10. 257 alius cuifas Ithacum lu-
gere natanUm. — furtivae, stolen ;
ci. HoT.Ep. I. 13. 1 4 glomus furti-
vae lanae.

11. Monychus: a centaur ; Ov.
Met. XII. 499.

12. Frontonis : any wealthy
patron of men of letters who
furnishes a place where they may
recite their productions ; cf. 7.

SATVRA I

semper et adsiduo ruptae lectore columnae.
exspectes eadem a summo minimoque poeta.
et nos ergo manum ferulae subduximus, et nos
consilium dedimus Sullae, privatus ut altum
dormiret. stulta est dementia, cum tot ubique
vatibus occurras, periturae parcere chartae.
cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo,
per quem magnus equos Auruncae flexit alumnus,
si vacat ac placidi rationem admittitis, edam.
Cum tener uxorem ducat spado, Mevia Tuscum

40-42; Plin. Ep, VIII. 12. 2 do-
mum suam recitantibus praebet. —
platani : growing within the peri-
style. The oriental plane-tree was
highly valued for its shade. —
marmora : including fountains,
statues, and other works of art in
the peristyle.

13. adsiduo lectore: ablative
of means, the leading idea being
in the adjective. It is the never-
endingness of the reader that is
too great a strain on the marbles,
as it is on the poet's temper ; of.
vs. 49 dis iratis ; Hor. C. III. 6.
29 non sine conscio marito.

14. eadem: no poet, good or
bad, presents anything new.

15-18. 1, too, have flinched under
the ferule, and have declaimed on
great themes, therefore I may as
well waste paper as anybody.

15. ferulae: cf. Hor. Ep. II. i.
70 plagosum Orbilium ; Mart. X.
62. \o ferulae tristes sceptra pae-
dagogorum. See Intr. 7, and, on
the schools of the rhetor and the
grammaticus, 7. 1 50-243.

16. privatus ut altum dormi-
ret : i.e. I have urged him in dec-
lamations in the school of the
rhetor to resign the dictatorship
and retire to private life. Sulla's
withdrawal from the dictatorship

was a favorite subject for declama-
tion ; Quint. III. 8. 53. — privatus :
i.e. holding no office. Under the
emperors privatus was one who
did not belong to the imperial fam-
ily; cf. 12. 107 nulli servire para-
tum private. — altum : the accusa-
tive singular neuter of an adjective
joined with a verb to denote man-
ner; cf. 14. 295 aestivum tonat,

17. cum . . . occurras, when one
meets everywhere (cf. Mart. III. 44.
10-16) so many bards,

18. periturae: i.e. that some
other poet is sure to spoil if I do
not; Intr. 41 b\ cf. Mart. II. i. 4
brevior quod mihi charta perit.

20. Auruncae alumnus : Intr.
66 a. Lucilius, the founder of
Roman satire, was born at Suessa
Aurunca (now Sessa), a town in
southern Latium near the Cam-
panian border.

22-80. The evils of the present
time are so monstrous that one must
write satire for very indignation.

22. tener, effeminate ; cf . 1 2. 39
teneris Maecenatibus. — Mevia,
a Mevia. From the time of Nero
to the time of Septimius Severus
women sometimes fought with
wild beasts in the arena. — Tus-
cum aprum : cf. Mart. XII. 14. 9
Tuscis insidiemur apris.

4 IVVENALIS

iigat aprum et nuda teneat venabula mamma,

patricios omnis opibus cum provocet unus

quo tondente gravis iuveni mihi barba sonabat, 25

cum pars Niliacae plebis, cum verna Canopi

Crispinus Tyrias umero revocante laceraas

ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum

nee sufferre queat maioris pondera gemmae,

difficile est saturam non scribere. nam quis iniquae 30

tam patiens urbis, tam ferreus, ut teneat se,

causidici nova cum veniat lectica Mathonis

plena ipso, post hunc magni delator amici

23. nuda mamma: t.e, in the
costume of an Amazon.

24. provocet, rivals; cf. Sen.
Ep. 120. 19 Licinum drvittis, Api-
cium centSf Maecenatem deliciis
provocant.

25. quo tondente . . . sona-
bat: i,e, who was nothing but a
barber when I was a youth. This
was perhaps Cinnamus, a barber
addressed by Martial (VII. 64).
Verse 25 is found again at 10. 226.

26. pars Niliacae plebis, one
of the Egyptian rabble. — verna
Canopi, born in Canopus^ a city at
one of the mouths of the Nile,
noted for its dissolute morals.

27. Crispinus (Intr. 17): at-
tacked again in Satire 4. Notwith-
standing his low origin he became
a favorite of Domitian and a
member of his council (4. 108), and
was princeps equitum (4. 32). He
was remarkable for his extravagant
dress (i. 27 ; 4. 31), for his jewelry
(i. 29), and for his perfumery (4.
108-109). — umero revocante :
he hitches up the elegant purple
lacerna, which he has purposely
allowed to fall away. He does
this to attract attention, just as he
displays his rings by waving his

hand to and fro as if he could not
bear the heat. The lacerna was
generally worn over the toga. It
was often, however, as here, worn
in place of the toga, especially at
the public games.

28. aestivum aurum, summer
ringy as if Crispinus had rings of
lighter weight for summer.

29. pondera gemmae: cf. Mart.
XI. 37. I quid tola gemtnam prae-
cingere libra te iuvat?

30. iniquae : where the least
deserving are most prosperous;
cf. 3. % pericula saevae urbis.

31. patiens, tolerant; he sees
what he does not approve, but says
nothing. — ferreus, iron-hearted ;
nothing can make any impression
on him.

32. causidici, a pettifogger^ a
pleader who would undertake any
case for direct remuneration. —
nova lectica : Matho assumed a
style of living beyond his means in
order to gain clients, and became
bankrupt in consequence; 7. 129.
In II. 34 Juvenal calls him bucca^
a ranter.

33. plena ipso : referring not
so much to his bulk as to his self-
important manner; this lectica

SATVRA I 5

et cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa

quod superest, qucm Massa timet, quern munere

palpat 35

Carus et a trepido Thymele summissa Latino?
cum te summoveant qui testamenta merentur
noctibus, in caelum quos evehit optima summi
nunc via processus, vetulae vesica beatae ?
unciolam Proculeius habet, sed Gillo deuncem, 40

partes quisque suas ad mensuram inguinis heres.
accipiat sane mercedem sanguinis et sic
palleat ut nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,

was large enough for two, but
Matho filled it. For the ablative,
see Intr. 35. The lectica (palan-
quin) had the form of a lectus^
and was furnished with a soft
mattress (i. 159). It was covered
with a roof, and had curtains or
sometimes windows at the sides
(3. 242 ; 4. 21). It was supported
by litter poles (asseres, 3. 245 ; 7.
1 32), which rested on the shoulders
of the lecticarii. — magni delator
amici : some informer (not men-
tioned by name, perhaps because
still living, i. 170) who has be-
trayed a friend in high position,
and who is an object of terror
even to other informers. Massa,
Carus, and Latinus were all dela-
tores under Domitian (Intr. 17), by
whom delation was especially en-
couraged. On delator es^ see Meri-
vale's History of the Romans^ chh.
xliv and Ixii. — magni amici :
cf. 3. 57 a magno timearis amico ;

4. 20 magnae amicae ; 4. 74 and

5. 14 magnae amtcittae.

34. rapturus : connected by et
to delator and used with it to
describe the subject implied ; Intr.
41 c. — comesa, despoiled; cf. 4.
150-154.

35. Massa : i.e. Baebius Massa,
accused by Pliny and Senecio of
plundering the province of Baetica,
and condemned ; Plin. Ep. VII.
33. 4 ; Tac. Agr, 45. Martial (XII.
29. 2) calls him fur nummorum.
— palpat, pacifies.

36. Carus : Mettius Carus, who
brought about the condemnation
of Senecio (Plin. Ep. I. 5. 3 ; VII.
19. 5; Tac. Agr. 2) and drew up
an accusation against Pliny which
was found in Domitian *s scriniutn
after his death ; Plin. Ep. VII. 27.
14. — Thymele: an actress; cf.
8. 197 ; Mart. I. 4. 5. — sum-
missa, sent secretly. — Latino : a
favorite actor in mimes under
Domitian ; cf. Mart. II. 72. 3; III.
86.3; V. 61. 11; IX. 28.

37. summoveant, push out of
their way, a word technically
applied to the lictors, who cleared
the way for the magistrates ; cf. 3.
124; Hor. C. II. 16. 10; S. I. 9.
48. — testamenta, legacies'.

38. optima : i.e. shortest and
surest.

40. unciolam: Intr. 73/. The
Roman duodecimal system (cf. the
divisions of the asy diesy libra, pes)
was often used in inheritances.

6 IVVENALIS

aut Lugdunensem rhetor dicturus ad aram.

quid referam quanta siccum iecur ardeat ira, 45

cum populum gregibus comitum premit hie spoliator

pupilli prostantis et hie damnatus inani

iudieio ? quid enim salvis infamia nummis ?

exsul ab oetava Marius bibit et fruitur dis

iratis, at tu vietrix provineia ploras. 50

haee ego non eredam Venusina digna lueerna ?

haee ego non agitem ? sed quid magis ? Heracleas

44. Lugdunensem : Caligula
established at Lugdunum (now
Lyons) a rhetorical contest, in
which the defeated contestants
had to give prizes to the victors,
and those who did worst suffered
disgraceful punishments ; cf . Suet.
Calig. 20 eos autem qui maxim e
displicuissenty scripta sua spongia
linguave delere iussos^ nisi ferulis
obiurgari aut flumine proximo
mergi maluissent. — dicturus :
Intr. 41 a.

45. iecur : regarded as the seat
of the passions; cf. Hor. C. I. 13.
4 meum fervens difficili bile tumet
iecur,

46. comitum, clients ; cf. 7. 44
et magnets comitum disponere voces.

47. prostantis, driven to a life
of shame by the dishonesty of his
guardian. — hie, another^ some
notable swindler who has managed
by legal technicalities to hold on
to his plunder.

48. quid enim : Intr. 78. —
infamia : it involved the loss of
certain civic privileges.

49. *ab oetava : the ninth was
the usual hour for the cena ; Mart.
IV. 8. 6 imperat exstructos frangere
nona toros. — Marius : Marius
Priscus, who was tried in the senate
in January A.D. 100 for crimes com-
mitted while proconsul of Africa ;

cf . 8. 1 20 cum tenuis nuper Marius
discinxerit Afros, Pliny and Taci-
tus conducted the case for the pro-
vincials, and the emperor Trajan
presided. Pliny gives an account
of the trial in Ep. II. 1 1. Marius,
having been convicted of extortion,
was condemned to pay into the
Roman treasury 700,000 sesterces,
which he had taken as a bribe, and
was banished, but he kept the
greater part of his plunder. — frui-
tur dis iratis : because he fares
better in banishment than he did
at Rome. Cf. vs. 13 n.

50. vietrix : verbal substantive
used as an adjective. — ploras :
because, after being plundered, it
had spent its money to get redress
and had got nothing ; cf. 8. 94 sqq.

51. Venusina lucema: i.e. of
satire such as Horace wrote, —
lucema: cf. Hor. Ep. II. i. 112
prius orto sole vigil calamuni et
chartas et scrinia posco.

52. haee ego : Intr. 26 a. —
agitem, assail. — quid magis :
(sc. agitem) y i.e. what subject shall
I take up rather than these .^ —
Heracleas, /^<f9f J upon Heracles.
Shall I spend my time on a Hera-
clea or a Diomedea when Rome is
ruled by folly and vice ? On
spondaic verses in Juvenal, see
Intr. 83.

SATVRA I

aut Diomedeas aut mugitum labyrinth i
et mare percussum puero fabrumque volantem,
cum leno accipiat moechi bona, si capiendi
ius nullum uxori, doctus spectare lacunar,
doctus et ad calicem vigilanti stertere naso ?
cum fas esse putet curam sperare cohortis
qui bona donavit praesepibus et caret omni
maiorum censu, dum pervolat axe citato
Flaminiam puer Automedon ? nam lora tenebat
ipse, lacernatae cum se iactaret amicae.
nOnne libet medio ceras inplere capaces
quadrivio, cum iam sexta cervice feratur

53. mugitum labyrinthi : i.e.
the story of Theseus and the
Minotaur ; cf. Cat. 64.

54. puero : Icanis ; abl. of in-
strument. — f abrum : Daedalus ;
cf. 3. 25 fatigatas ubi Daedalus
exutt alas.

55. leno : i.e, the avaricious
husband who profits by his wife's
dishonor ; cf. Hor. C III. 6. 25-32.
If the wife cannot legally receive
the legacy from the adulterer, the
husband is named as heir, and re-
ceives the property, which he can
deliver to her.

56. doctus, practiced. — lacu-
nar, paneled ceiling ; cf. Hor. C.
II. 18. 2.

- 58. curam, the command. The
youth who has squandered all his
ancestral property upon horses,
and disgraced himself by shame-
ful conduct on a frequented thor-
oughfare now hopes to retrieve
his fortune by getting a commis-
sion in the army as praefectus or
tribunus (Intr. 9). The fondness
of the nobility for horses is noticed
again in 8. 146-157.

59. donavit : cf. Hor. Ep. I. 1 5.

32 quidquid quaesierat ventri dona-
ret avaro. — caret, has run through.

61 . Flaminiam : the via Flami-
nia, the great road toward the
north, extending to Ariminum (now
Rimini) on the Adriatic. — puer
Automedon, a young Automedon^
i.e. a skilful driver (Intr. 65).
Automedon was the charioteer of
Achilles ; Hom. //. XIX. 392-399 ;
Verg. Aen. II. 477.

62. ipse: the youth. He him-
self drove, "which was not thought
consistent with the dignity of a
Roman. — se iactaret : i.e. showed
off his skill in horsemanship be-
fore his mistress, who wore a man's
cloak.

63. medio quadrivio: at the
street crossing, not able to restrain
himself till he reaches home. —
ceras: i.e. tabulas ceratas^ note-
books; cf. 14. 191.

64. iam sexta : the number of
lecticarii (vs. 33 n) was in propor-
tion to one's means. This forger
is doing a prosperous business; he
has already reached the sixth lit-
ter-bearer; soon we shall see him
with eight.

8 IVVENALIS

hinc atque inde patens ac nuda paene cathedra 65

et multum referens de Maecenate supino
signator falsi, qui se lautum atque beatum
exiguis tabulis et gemma f ecerit uda ?
occurrit matrona potens, quae molle Calenum
porrectura viro miscet sitiente rubetam 70

instituitque rudes melior Lucusta propinquas
per famam et populum nigros efferre maritos.
aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum,

65. hinc atque inde, on both
sides. — nuda = aperta^ with the
curtains drawn open ; t:f . Cic. Phil.
II. 24. 58 aperta lectica, — cathe-
dra : a chair used by women ; Hor.
S. I. 10. 91 ; Mart. III. 63. 7. Ju-
venal uses the word here for sella,
to show his contempt for the occu-
pant.

66. multum de Maecenate :
the partitive genitive is more idio-
matic ; cf. 3. 123 exiguutn de
veneno, but 1 2. 46 multum caelati.

— supino, sprawling; cf. 12. 39
teneris Maecenatibus.

67. signator falsi : one who at-
tests with his seal a forged docu-
ment, a forger of wills ; cf. 8. 142
falsas signare tabellas. The com-
mon reading \sfalso, which is diffi-
cult to explain if it is joined with
signatory and if joined with what
follows (so Munro and the Bod-
leian MS., Intr. 20) it adds noth-
ing to exiguis tabulis et gemma uda.

— lautum, grand. — beatum,
wealthy.

68. exiguis tabulis : the will is
brief, since he receives the whole
estate. — gemma, seal. — uda : to
keep the wax from sticking to it.

69. matrona potens : i.e. a
woman of rank and influence ;
Hor. A. P. 116. — Calenum : a
celebrated wine from Cales (now

Calvi) in Campania ; Hor. CL. I.
20. 9.

70. porrectura : going to get
him wine she mixes poison with it.

— sitiente : i.e. when his eager-
ness puts him off his guard.

— rubetam : the bramble toad,
wrongly supposed to be poison-
ous ; PHn. N. H. XXV. 123 sunt
et ranis venena, rubetis maxime.

71. iTiStitMit, instructs. — rudes,
innocent. — Lucusta : a skilful
compounder of poisons in the time
of Claudius and Nero, by whose
aid Agrippina removed Claudius
(5. 148), and Nero, Britannicus.

72. per famam et populum:
i.e. in full view of the people and
indifferent to what they may say.

— nigros : discolored by poison.

— efferre : to carry out for burial ;
Mart. VIII. 43. I effert uxores
FabiuSi Chrestilla m^aritos.

T^. aude aliquid dignum : cf.
Sen. Oed. 900 aliquid aude scele-
ribus dignum tuis. — aude : it takes
courage, your crimes may be dis-
covered. — Gyaris : Gyaros (10.
170), orGyara(nowGioura), a small
desolate island in the Aegean Sea,
was a place of deportation for
state criminals under the emperors ;
cf. 13. 246 maris Aegaei rupem
scopulosque frequentes exsulibus
magnis.

SATVRA I

si vis esse aliquid. probitas laudatur et alget.
criminibus debent hortos praetoria mensas 75

argentum vetus et stantem extra pocula caprum.
quem patitur dormire nurus corrupter avarae,
quern sponsae turpes et praetextatus adulter ?
si natura negat, facit indignatio versum
qualemcumque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus. 80

Ex quo Deucalion nimbis tollentibus aequor
navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit
paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa
et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas,
quidquid agunt homines, votum timor ira voluptas 85
gaudia discursus, nostri farrago libelli est.
et quando uberior vitiorum copia ? quando
maior avaritiae patuit sinus ? alea quando

74. alget, shivers,
. 75. criminibus debent : Intr.
25 ^. Honesty ends in beggary,
but crime succeeds. — hortos,//^«j^-
ure grounds ; cf . 7. 79 in hortis mar-
moreis ; 10. 16 Senecae praedivitis
hortos. — pTAetoriaL, pa/aces ; cf. 10.
161 praetoria regis. — mensas : see
note on orbibus vs. 137.

76. stantem extra pocula : i.e.
embossed upon the cup.

78. praetextatus : before he has
put on the toga virilis ; cf. 14. 5
heres bullattis.

79. facit indignatio versum :
Intr. 12.

80. Cluvienus: a side hit at
some inferior poet.

81-86. The subject of my satire
is human life, with all its passions
and follies.

81. ex quo,/r^w the time whe^t,
defining the time of agunt vs. 85 ;
cf. Hor. C. III. 3. 21. — Deuca-
lion : the story of the deluge is
told in Ov. Met. I. 260-415.

82. montem : in Ovid's account
Deucalion and Pyrrha come to
Mount Parnassus and consult the
oracle of Themis. — sortes : i.e.
the response of the oracle ; future
events were sometimes foretold by
drawing lots.

83. saxa : which they were
directed by the oracle to throw
behind them ; Ov. Met. I. '^^^.

86. discursus : running to and
fro, as for social formalities and in
pursuit of office or wealth; Plin.
Ep. I. 9. 7 strepitum istutn inanem-
que discursum et multum ineptos
labores relinque ; VIII. 23. 5 quo
discursu, qua vigilantia aedilitatem
petiit. — farrago, medley.

87-126. There has never been a
better field for satire than that
furnished by Rome at the present
day.

88. patuit : i.e. in order to
receive. — sinus : the fold of the
toga across the breast formed a
sort of pocket, in which the purse

IVVENAUS

hos animos ? neque enim loculis comitantibus itur

ad casum tabulae, posita sed luditur area. 90

proelia quanta illic dispensatore videbis

armigero. simplexne furor sestertia eentum

perdere et horrenti tunieam non reddere servo ?

quis totidem erexit villas, quis fercula septem

secreto cenavit avus ? nunc sportula primo 95

limine parva sedet turbae rapienda togatae.

ille tamen faciem prius inspicit et trepidat ne

94. quis avus : who in the time
of our forefathers ? — totidem
villas : cf . 1 4. 27 5. Cicero, besides
his residence on the Palatine and
several lodges on the great roads,
had at least eight villas. The
younger Pliny, who did not think
himself extravagant, mentions
seven that belonged to him and
implies that he possessed several
more. — fercula, courses. Sue-
tonius (Aug. 74) says Augustus
gave three courses, and, at his
most sumptuous dinners, six.

95. sportula : Intr. 73 b. This
subject is suggested by the pre-
ceding question. Formerly the
client was occasionally invited to
the table of his patron and partook
with him of a frugal meal, now the
patron dines sumptuously and
alone, while the client has to put
up with the meagre (parva) spor-
tula^ and is admitted only to the
vestibulum (primo limine).

96. sedet, is placed. — turbae
rapienda togatae : cf. Mart. VI.
48. I sop hos clamat turba togata.
The clients clad in the toga are
present in great numbers at the
patron's house and each is eager
to get his portion first.

97. ille : the patron. — tamen :
meagre as it is he is very careful
not to give it to one whom he

. cannot identify.

and other articles were carried;
cf. Sen. Ep. 20. 10 non licet divitias
in sinu positas contemnere ? Some,
comparing verse 150, interpret:
*When were the sails of avarice
more widely spread.!*'

89. hos animos, its present
spirit; sc. habuit (Intr. 50). —
loculis : a case having several com-
partments for keeping money for
daily expenses, jewelry, keys, and
other small articles of value ; 10.
46; II. 38.

90. tdibviXsL^j the gaming table. —
area (11. 26 f errata area; 14.
259 aerata arca)y in contrast with
loculis, is the treasure chest, or
safe. Now one risks not merely
the money he carries with him, but
stakes all that he has in his strong
box at home.

91. dispensatore : a steward,
generally a slave, who kept the
accounts and was cashier.

92. armigero : money is the
weapon with which the contest is
carried on ; when that fails the
gambler is defenseless. In 14. 5
the dice are called arma. — sim-
plexne furor, is it any common
kind of madness? cf. 14. 284 non
unus mentes agitat furor.

93. non reddere : having lost
so much in gambling, he cannot
give to his slave the clothing which
he is under obligation to furnish.

SATVRA I

suppositus venias ac falso nomine poscas.
agnitus accipies. iubet a praecone vocari
ipsos Troiugenas, nam vexant limen et ipsi
nobiscum. * da praetori, da deinde tribuno/
sed libertinus prior est. * prior ' inquit * ego adsum.
cur timeam dubitemve locum defendere, quamvis
natus ad Euphraten, molles quod in aure fenestrae
arguerint, licet ipse negem ? sed quinque tabernae
quadringenta parant. quid confert purpura maior
optandum, si Laurenti custodit in agro
conductas Corvinus oves, ego possideo plus
Pallante et Licinis ? * exspectent ergo tribuni,

105

98. suppositus, in the place of
another.

99. praecone: a slave who acted
as nomenclatory who knew all his
master's clients, and perhaps kept
a list to prevent imposture.

100. Troiugenas: (8. 181; 11.
95) ironically of the Romans who
boasted of their ancestry, and
claimed that the founders of their
families had come to Italy with
Aeneas ; cf. 8. 56 Teucrorum proles.
— et ipsi, even these.

loi. nobiscum: Intr. 8. — da
praetori: addressed to the dispen-
sator by the patron who will not
keep the magistrates waiting. The
praetor is noticed first since he is
of higher rank.

102. sed libertinus prior est :
words of Juvenal.

104. fenestrae : i.e. he had
come to Rome as a slave from
some eastern country where the
men wore ear-rings.

105. sed . . . parant : i.e. though
of foreign birth I own five shops
which provide me with the coveted
400,000, the census of an eqtus. —
tabernae : for banking or the
sale of goods ; cf. 3. 304 n.

1 06. quadringenta : sc. sestertia.
— purpura maior: i.e. the latus
clavus of the senator.

108. conductas oves : he has
not money enough to stock his
pastures, but keeps for hire sheep
that belong to others. — Corvinus :
any man of noble family now in
straitened circumstances. That
this ancient family had lost its
property is proved by the fact that
Nero granted a yearly pension of
500,600 sesterces to M. Valerius
Messala Corvinus; Tac. Ann.
XIIL 34.

109. Pallante : a very wealthy
freedman of Claudius and brother
of the Felix mentioned in Acts
xxiii and xxiv. — Licinis, the
Liciniy i.e. men like Licinus (14.
306), a freedman who gained the
favor of Augustus, by whom he
was made procurator of Gaul, his
native country, where, by his extor-
tions, he amassed great wealth.
The influence of favorite freed-
men with the Roman emperors,
especially with Claudius, was very
great, and many of them became
immensely wealthy. Besides Pal-
las, Juvenal mentions among the

IWENALIS

vincant divitiae, sacro ne cedat honori no

nuper in banc urbem pedibus qui venerat albis,

quandoquidem inter nos sanctissima divitiarum

maiestas, etsi funesta pecunia templo

nondum habitat, nullas nummorum ereximus aras,

ut colitur Pax atque Fides Victoria Virtus 115

quaeque salutato crepitat Concordia nido.

sed cum summus honor finito conputet anno,

sportula quid referat, quantum rationibus addat,

quid facient comites, quibus hinc toga, calceus hinc est

et panis fumusque domi ? densissima centum 120

quadrantes lectica petit, sequiturque maritum

languida vel praegnas et circumducitur uxor.

hie petit absenti nota iam callidus arte

ostendens vacuam et clausam pro coniuge sellam.

wealthy freedmen of this emperor
Posides (14. 91) and Narcissus (14.
329) ; Intr. 17.

no. sacro honori, the sacred
office (of tribune) ; cf. Liv. II. 33.
I ut plebi sui magistratus essent
sacrosancti ; Plin. Ep. I. 23. i
potestas sacrosancta.

111. pedibus albis: Pliny (iV;
H. XXXV. 199) says that chalk
(cretd) was used for marking the
feet of slaves on sale that had been
brought from beyond the seas.

112. divitiarum maiestas: cf.
Hon Ep. I. 6. 37 regina pecunia.

116. salutato crepitat nido:
storks seem to have made their
nests in the temple of Concord;
the clattering sound made by the
stork on its return to the young in
the nest is ascribed to the god-
dess herself ; cf. Ov. Met. VI. 97
ipsa sibi plaudat' crepitante ciconia
rostro. — Concordia : for the posi-
tion, see Intr. 46.

117. summus honor: i.e. the

highest magistrate, the consul ; cf.
vs. no.

118. rationibus, his income.

119. comites: (cf. vs. A'^gregi-
bus comitum) his own clients, who
depend upon the sportula for
their sustenance. In Martial (II.
18; X. 10) men of rank and
wealth, who themselves have
clients, do not hesitate to attend
as clients on other more wealthy
patrons, but no mention Ls made
of their receiving the sportula by
any writer except Juvenal.

120. panis fumusque: cf. vs.
1 34. — densissima lectica, a dense
throng of litters ; Intr. 61 a ; cf. 8. 58
plurima palma. — centum quad-
rantes : the usual amount of the
sportula J equal to about 25 cents.

1 23. hie : another presents an
empty sella.

1 24. clausam : with the curtains
closely drawn ; see vs. ^'^ n. — pro
coniuge : pretending that his wife
is within.

SATVRA I

* Galla mea est * inquit, * citius dimitte. moraris ? 125
prefer, Galla, caput, noli vexare, quiescet/

Ipse dies pulchro distinguitur ordine rerum :
sportula, deinde forum iurisque peritus Apollo
atque triumphales, inter quas ausus habere
nescio quis titulos Aegyptius atque Arabarches, 130
cuius a9 effigiem non tantum meiere fas est.
vestibulis abeunt veteres lassique clientes

126. noli vexare: Intr. 37. —
quiescet,^{7» will find she'* s asleep.
His assurance, we may suppose,
removes all suspicion.

127-146. The client attends his
patron's morning salutatio^ and
forms one of his escort during the
business hours of the day, but on
his return the door is shut against
him by the rich man, who dines
sumptuously and without guests.

127. dies distinguitur : a fuller
outline of the day's duties is given
in Mart. IV. 8.

128. sportula : the first two
hours of the day were devoted to
the salutatio; Mart. IV. 8. i pri-
ma salutantes atque altera conterit
hora. From the present passage
it appears that the sportula was
given in connection with the salu-
tatioy probably just after it. But
Martial, in III. 7. 3 and X. 70. 13
(written several years earlier),
speaks of receiving it in the after-
noon, at the time of the bath.
There is no real inconsistency in
these statements. It is not neces-
sary to assume that, at any time,
all patrons followed exactly the
same plan regarding the distribu-
tion of the sportula, or that the
prevailing practice did not change
from time to time. — deinde : af-
ter the salutatio the clients accom-
pany their patron to the forum for
the business of the day. A statue

of Apollo stood in the forum of
Augustus (Plin. N, H. VII. 183),
probably near the tribunal. The
deity has heard so much law there
that he is jestingly called iuris
peritus; cf. Mart. II. 64. 8 ipse
potest fieri Marsua causidicus,

129. triumphales : sc. statuas.
Statues of distinguished Roman
generals were set up in this forum
by Augustus (Suet. Aug. 31), and
in the midst of them now stands
the statue of some Egyptian officer.
Both Mayor and Friedlander think
that this was Tiberius Julius Alex-
ander, who, as prefect of Egypt,
was the first to proclaim Vespasian
emperor, a.d. 69, and was general-
in-chief under Titus at the siege of
Jerusalem. It is not improbable
that his statue was placed in the
forum of Augustus. He was an
able officer, but Juvenal speaks of
him with contempt because he was
an Egyptian.

132. vestibulis abeunt : after
the business of the day is over,
the clients accompany their patron
home, each hoping for an invita-
tion to dine with him, but they go
away from his door again disap-
pointed, and purchase their vege-
tables and firewood from the
money given them as sportula.
— veteres : i.e. who have seen so-
many years of service ; 5. 64 veteri
clienti; 7. I'jo veteres caecos.

IVVENALIS

votaque deponunt, quamquam longissima cenae

spes homini ; caulis miseris atque ignis emendus.

optima sil varum interea pelagique vorabit 135

rex horum vacuisque toris tantum ipse iacebit.

nam de tot pulchris et latis orbibus et tam

antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa.

nuUus iam parasitus erit. sed quis ferat istas

luxuriae sordes ? quanta est gula quae sibi totos 140

ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum ?

poena tamen praesens, cum tu deponis amictus

turgidus et crudum pavonem in balnea portas.

hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus

et nova nee tristis per cunctas fabula cenas ; 145

ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis.

133. longissima: the hope of
an invitation to dinner is the one
that a man clings to longest ; cf .
Mart. II. 14; XII. 82.

136. rex, patron; 5. 14 ; 7. 45. —
vacuis toris : cf . 5. 1 7 vacuo lecto.
In a dining-roon> arrangted to ac-
commodate a great number of
guests, he dines alone.

137. orbibus: circular tables
made from citrus wood, and hav-
ing each a single leg, generally of
ivory; ii., 122 latos nisi sustinet
orbes grande ebur. For the citrus
tree and the tables made from it,
see Pliny, N. H. XIII. 91-102.
The value depended chiefly upon
the beauty of the veins and the
color of the wood, but partly also
on the size, since the circular
top consisted generally of a single
cross-section of the tree. The
largest made from a single piece
of wood was about four feet in
diameter. A single individual
sometimes possessed a great
number; Seneca had 500.

138. comedunt: pi. to include
the whole class ; all such niggardly
patrons.

140. luxuriae sordes : i.e. such
a combination of luxury and
meanness; cf. Plin. Ep. II. 6. 7
memento nihil magis esse vitanduni
quam istam luxuriae et sordiutn
novam societatem. — g\i\9Ly gluttony.

141. ponit, serves. — convivia,
social enjoyment ; cf. Cic. de Sen,
45 maiores accubitionem epulareni
amicorumy quia mtae coniunctioneni
haberety convivium nominaverunt.
A wild boar was sometimes brough t
whole upon the table at a Roman
banquet.

143. turgidus, with distended
paunch. — crudum, undigested.

144. hinc subitae mortes: on
the ellipsis of the verb, see Intr. 52.

145. nova nee tristis, startling^
but causing no sadness. — per
cunctas cenas, told at every din-
ner table. — fabula, the story.
Men put off making their wills in
order to receive, as long as possi-

SATVRA I

Nil erit ulterius quod nostris moribus addat
posteritas, eadem facient cupientque minores.
omne in praecipiti vitium stetit. utere velis,
totos pande sinus, dices hie forsitan *unde 150

ingenium par materiae ? unde ilia priorum
seribendi quodeumque animo flagrante liberet
simplicitas?' cuius non audeo dicere nomen ?
quid r^ert, dictis ignoscat Mucius an non ?
'po^e Tigellinum : taeda lucebis in ilia, 155

qua stantes ardent qui fixo pectore fumant,

ble, the attentions of their friends,
all of whom expected legacies. In
the present case death was sudden,
and there was no time for a will.
The friends, angry at their disap-
pointment, express joy at the death
of such an old glutton. Not to be
mentioned in a friend's will was
a slight. Pliny {Ep, VII. 20. 6)
says that he and Tacitus were usu-
ally named in the same wills and
received the same sums.

1 47-1 71. If it is not safe to as-
sail the living, I will venture to
deal with those who are already in
their tombs.

147. ulterius: cf. 15. 118 ulte-
rius nil aut gravius cultro timet
hostia. — moribus, immoralities,

148. minores, our descendants ;
8. 234 ; 14. 189.

149. in praecipiti stetit, has
reached its highest point; no coming
age can possibly surpass our own in
corruption. — utere velis : words
of Juvenal, addressed to himself.

1 50. The conclusion of the satire
takes the form of a dialogue be-
tween the poet and a friend who
shows him the dangers to which
the writer of personal satire is
exposed at the present day. —
unde ingenium : Intr. 52.

151. materiae ? unde : for the

hiatus, see Intr. 82. — priorum : of
former writers of satire, referring
especially to Lucilius.

1 53. simplicitas, outspokenness.

— cuius . . . nomen : this ques-
tion and the following are the
response of Juvenal, given in the
spirit of Lucilius. The question
in vs. 1 53 cannot be an exact quo-
tation from Lucilius, since in his
time the final o of verbs was long.

154. Mucius : i.e. P. Mucius
Scaevola, an enemy of the Scipios,
and very likely attacked by Luci-
lius in his satires ; cf. Pers. 1. 114-
115.

155. 1^0x1^^ portray. The protasis
of a conditional sentence may be
expressed by an imperative or its
equivalent ; cf. 3. 137 sqq. ; 13. 21 5.

— Tigellinum (Intr. 17): any
man of the present day like Tigel-
linus in character and power.
Tigellinus was the worst of the
favorites of Nero, and the partner
in many of his crimes. — taeda in
ilia : referring to the torture of
the Christians under Nero (Tac.
Ann. XV. 44). The victims were
smeared with pitch, bound stand-
ing to a stake, and burned as
torches. — lucebis, you will shine.,
give light.

1 56. fixo : fastened to the stake.

IVVENALIS

et latum media sulcum deducis harena.'
qui dedit ergo tribus patruis aconita, vehatur
pensilibus plumis atque illinc despiciat nos ?
* cum veniet contra, digito compesce labellum :
accusator erit qui verbum dixerit **hic est."
securus licet Aenean Rutulumque ferocem
committas, nulli gravis est percussus Achilles
aut multum quaesitus Hylas urnamque secutus :
ense velut stricto quotiens Lucilius ardens
infremuit, rubet auditor cui frigida mens est
criminibus, tacita sudant praecordia culpa,
inde irae et lacrimae. tecum prius ergo voluta
haec animo ante tubas ; galeatum sero duelli

i6o

165

157. latum sulcum deducis:
i.e, as your charred body is dragged
off through the sand. So the
scholiast : cum per arenam tra-
keretuTj sulcum corpore suo fecit.
— deducis : for the change of
tense, see Intr. 55.

158-159. The reply of Juvenal.
Do you mean to say, then, that I
must be silent when one who has
gained wealth by crimes looks
down upon me from his lecttca
with haughty contempt?

159. pensilibus plumis : upon
the soft couch of the lecttca which
hangs upon the litter poles.

160. labellum : Intr. 73 a.

161. accusator, an informer ;
the guilty man is suspicious ; if he
hears you say only so much as
* here he comes ' he suspects that
you know about his crimes. He
will see that you are quietly put
out of the way. — verbum : used
of more than one word ; cf . Plant.
Aul. 547 illud mihi verbum non
placet * quod nunc habes.'*

163. committas: match one
against another in your verse. It

is safe enough to write about those
who lived centuries ago, or who
perhaps never lived at all. You
may describe the battles of Aeneas
and Turnus, the wounding of
Achilles (by Paris), or the loss of
Hylas (who was carried off by the
nymphs while drawing water from
a fountain), and no one will be
offended.

165. ardens, burning with in-
dignation.

166. rubet: i.e. from rage and
shame. — frigida, sudant : his
troubled conscience gives him now
a chill, now a fever.

168. inde . . . lacrimae: cf.
Ter. And. 126 hinc illae lacrumae.

— voluta, weigh carefully.

169. ante tubas : before the
signal to attack is given ; cf. Verg.
Aen. XI. 424 cur ante tubam tremor

. occupat artus ? — galeatum : the
Roman soldier, on the march,
carried his helmet suspended from
his shoulder by a strap, and put it
on just before he went into battle.

— duelli : archaic for belli. Other
archaic forms in Juvenal are in-

SATVRA III

paenitet/ experiar quid concedatur in illos
quorum Flaminia tegitur cinis atque Latina.

17
170

SATVRA III

Quamvis digressu veteris confusus amici,
laudo tamen, vacuis quod sedem figere Cumis
destinet atque unum civem donare Sibyllae.
ianua Baiarum est et gratum litus amoeni
secessus. ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae ;

duptratar^. 29; 10. 138 ; defendur
15. 157 ;>^^ 5- "2.

171. Flaminia : cf. vs. 61 n. —
Latina : 5. 55 ; this road separated
from the Via Appia not far
from the Porta Capena, and re-
joined it at Casilinum. By the
laws of the Twelve Tables the
dead could not be buried or burned
within the walls ; Cic. Leg. II. 58
hominem mortuoni in urbe ne sepe-
lito neve urito. Tombs were built
along the most frequented roads
near the city.

III. On Rome. — Umbricius,
an old friend of Juvenal, is repre-
sented as setting out with his "house-
hold for Cumae. At the gate he
halts to talk a while with Juve-
nal, and, to justify his abandon-
ment of his native city, he describes
the disadvantages and dangers of
Rome, in which an honest man
cannot prosper, and a poor man
cannot live in safety. This satire
was closely copied by Dr. John-
son in his satire on London.

1-9. I commend my friend for
his determination to abandon Rome
with its dangers and vexations.

1 . confusus, troubled. — amici :
Umbricius ; vs. 21.

2. vacuis: cf. 10. 102 vacuis Vlu-
bris. Compared with Rome, Cumae

seemed almost deserted. — Cumis :
in Campania, the oldest Greek
colony of Italy, situated near the
coast and about four miles north
of Baiae. Here in a cavern in the
rock dwelt the Sibyl ; Verg. Aen.
VI. 42 sqq.

3. unum civem : the addition
of one family will make a notice-
able increase in the population of
a town so small.

4. ianua Baiarum : travelers
from Rome pass through Cumae
just before reaching Baiae. —
amoeni secessus: genitive of
definition. Cf. Hor. Ep. I. 1.83
nullus in orbe sinus Bcriis prae-
lucet amoenis. The advantages
claimed for Cumae are: (i) its
quietness (vacuis); (2) its near-
ness to Baiae, the most fashion-
able Roman watering-place (ianua
Baiarum); and (3) its delightful
situation (gratum litus).

5. Prochytam : (now Procida) a
small island near Cape Misenum. —
Suburae : the most crowded and
most noisy part of the city (11.
^iferventi Subura ; Mart. XII. 18.
2 clamosa Subura) and the most
immoral. It occupied the valley
between the Esquiline, Viminal,
and Quirinal. In this quarter or
some other like it, the poor man
must live if he remains at Rome.

IVVENALIS

nam quid tarn miserum, tam solum vidimus, ut non
deterius credas horrere incendia, lapsus ,
tectorum adsiduos ac mille pericula saevae
urbis et Augusto recitantes mense poetas ?
sed dum tota domus raeda componitur una,
substitit ad veteres arcus madidamque Capenam.
hie ubi nocturnae Numa constituebat amicae,
nunc sacri fontis nemus et delubra loeantur
ludaeis quorum eophinus faenumque supellex ;
omnis enim populo mereedem pendere iussa est
arbor et eieetis mendicat silva Camenis.

7-8. The treatment of the sub-
jects mentioned here occupies the
last part of the satire ; incendia,
197-222; lapsus tectorum, 190-
196; pericula Urbis, 232-314.

8. mille : i.e. milk alia. For an
indefinitely large number Juvenal
often uses milU^ but the earlier
sescenti once only (7. 178). — sae-
vae : cf. I. 30 iniquae.

9. Augusto recitantes : put
last to complete the climax, as if
all other evUs were light compared
with this. Juvenal was an unwill-
ing listener in any season; cf. 1. 1 n.

10-20. While his goods are
being stowed away in the raeda,
in which he is to make his journey,
Umbricius stops near the Porta
Capena, and goes with Juvenal
down to the valley of Egeria, which
is now profaned by beggars.

10. raeda : a strong four-
wheeled wagon, of Gallic origin,
drawn by two or four horses, and
used to transport both passengers
and baggage ; cf. Hor. S. I. 5. 86.
With some exceptions wagons
were not allowed in the city be-
tween sunrise and the tenth hour
of the day. But, as vs. 316 shows,
Umbricius sets out just before

sunset. The wagon, therefore,
may have been loaded at the gate,
or, late in the afternoon, in the
city near the house where Umbri-
cius had lodged.

1 1 . veteres arcus : the arches of
the gate. — Capenam : the Porta
Capena was a gate in the Servian
wall at which the Via Appia began.
It is called madidam from the
dripping of an aqueduct, the Aqua
Marcia, which was carried over it ;
cf. Mart. III. 47. I Capena grandi
porta qua pluit gutta,

12. nocturnae constituebat
amicae, used to make appoint-
ments to meet his mistress (Egeria)
by night ; cf. Liv. I. 19. 5 simulat
sihi cum dea Egeria congressus
nocturnos esse,

14. eophinus faenumque : ac-
cording to Friedlander, a basket
filled with hay in which to keep
the food for the Sabbath, since the
Jew was forbidden to make a fire
on the Sabbath ; Exodus xxxv. 3.
Cf . 11.70 calentiafaeno ova. The
common interpretation is : a bas-
ket for provisions and a bundle of
hay for a bed.

16. silva : see Intr. 67. The
Camenae were four Italian pro-

SATVRA III

in vallem Egeriae descendimus et speluncas
dissimiles veris. quanto praesentius esset
numen aquis, viridi si margine cluderet undas
herba nee ingenuum violarent marmora tofum. 20

Hie tune Vmbrieius *quando artibus' inquit *honestis
nuUus in urbe loeus, nulla emolumenta laborum,
res hodie minor est here quam fuit, atque eadem eras
deteret exiguis aliquid, proponimus illuc
ire, fatigatas ubi Daedalus exuit alas, 25

dum nova canities, dum prima et recta senectus,
dum superest Lachesi quod torqueat, et pedibus me
porto meis nullo dextram subeunte bacillo.
cedamus patria. vivant Artorius istic

phetic nymphs, of whom Egeria
was one.

18. dissimiles veris : not like
natural caves. — veris: Intr. 30.
— praesentius, more real; cf.
II. Ill templorum maiestas' prae-
seniior. We can easily imagine
that a nymph dwells by a stream
with natural banks, but not by
one adorned with slabs of mar-
ble.

20. violarent, desecrate ; cf . 11.
116 nullo violatus luppiter auro.

21-57. The discourse of Umbri-
cius, which occupies the rest of
the satire, begins with an expres-
sion of his determination to leave
Rome while he still retains his
bodily vigor, since only dishonor-
able men can succeed there.

21. artibus honestis : for hon-
orable occupations there is no
place. In vss. 1 26-1 30 and 1 60-1 62
he suggests some of the opportu-
nities which he considers honorable
and would be willing to accept.

23. eadem {sc. res) eras, etc.,
and this will also wear away some-

thing to-morrow from the scanty
sum that now remains.

25. Daedalus : according to
the tradition which Vergil followed,
Daedalus in his flight from Crete
landed at Cumae, and consecrated
his wings to Apollo; Aen. VI. 14-
19 ; Intr. 66 c.

26. nova canities : he has a few
grav hairs, and (prima senectus)
is fust beginning to realize that
he is becoming an old man, but
(recta) he is not yet bowed with
age and (nullo bacillo) needs no
staff. On the anaphora, see Intr.
26 b.

27. quod torqueat : here the
Fates are represented as spinning
the thread of life as long as life
continues. In llor, £pod. 13. 15
the thread of Achilles* life has
already been spun at his birth, and
his destiny fixed.

28. bacillo : Intr. 73 «.

29. Artorius, Catulus: any men
who try to gain wealth and promi-
nence by dishonorable means;
Intr. 64 a.

IVVENALIS

et Catulus, maneant qui nigrum in Candida vertunt, 30
quis facile est aedem conducere flumina portus,
siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver,
et praebere caput domina venale sub hasta.
quondam hi cornicines et municipalis harenae
perpetui comites notaeque per oppida buccae, 35

munera nunc edunt et verso poUice vulgus
cum iubet, occidunt populariter ; inde reversi
conducunt foricas ; et cur non omnia ? cum sint
quales ex humili magna ad fastigia rerum
extollit quotiens voluit Fort una iocari. 40

31. quis = quibus. — facile
est : />. they have no scruple
about ; cf. ii. 17 haud difficile est.
They are quite willing to take con-
tracts to build or repair temples,
to collect the river and harbor dues,
to cleanse the sewers, or to Con-
duct funerals, and then to go into
bankruptcy in order to defraud
the state.

33. praebere caput venale, to
be sold upy i.e. to have their goods
seized and sold for the benefit of
their creditors. Having takei^ the
contracts and given security by
pledging their goods, they em-
bezzle the money received from
the state and become bankrupt
after putting the greater part of
their property beyond the reach
of the law. What is left is sold
sub hasta. Another interpretation
of praebere caput venale is to
sell slaves at auction ; caput being
used for man or person. With
this interpretation et simply adds
another device to those already
named. With the former expla-
nation it introduces as a climax
the disgraceful ending of them all.
— domina sub hasta : a spear
was set up as the sign of a public

auction, called domina because it
conferred on the purchaser domi-
nium ^ or rightful ownership.

34. cornicines: trumpeters at
gladiatorial contests in the country
towns. By their contracts they
have now become wealthy enough
to give gladiatorial shows them-
selves.

36. verso pollice : i.e. with
their thumbs turned downwards,
the sign by which the people ex-
pressed their wish that the wounded
gladiator should receive no mercy.
Post, Am. Journal of Philol. xiii
(1892), pp. 213-225.

37. populariter, to gain the
favor of the people, whose wishes
the editor generally followed.

38. conducunt foricas: when
their day of honor is over no
employment is too low for them if
there is any profit in it. — et cur
non omnia : i.e. and why should
they not undertake anything how-
ever base, since they are the sort
Fortune loves to exalt when she
is in a merry humor.? Bucheler
places the point of interrogation
after non, joining omnia with the
words following, since they are in
all respects such as.

SATVRA III

quid Romae faciam ? mentiri nescio ; librum,

si malus est, nequeo laudare et poscere ; motus

astrorum ignore ; funus promittere patris

nee volo nee possum ; ranarum viscera numquam

inspexi ; ferre ad nuptam quae mittit adulter, 45

quae mandat, norunt alii ; me nemo ministro

fur erit, atque ideo nulli comes exeo, tamquam

mancus et exstinctae corpus non utile dextrae.

quis nunc diligitur nisi conscius et cui fervens

aestuat occultis animus semperque tacendis ? 50

nil tibi se debere putat, nil conferet umquam,

41. quid Romae faciam: cf.
Mart. III. 38. — librum nequeo
laudare : cf. Mart. XII. 40. i reci-
tas mala carmina^ laudo.

42. poscere : i.e. ask for the
loan of a copy in order to flatter
the author. — motus astrorum
ig^oro : I cannot impose on the
credulous by pretending to tell the
future by the stars.

43. promittere, to foretell^ i.e.
to the son who is in a hurry to get
his father's property.

44. ranarum viscera inspexi :
perhaps to get poison ^i. 70), per-
haps for purposes of divination.

45. quae mittit : i.e. his letters
and gifts.

46. quae mandat : i.e. messages
that he thinks it not safe to put in
writing.

47. nulli comes exeo : I cannot
be an accomplice in extortion, and
therefore no proconsul or pro-
praetor takes me into a province
as a comes. Comites were the
personal staff of a provincial gov-
ernor. They were called also co-
hors ; cf. 8. 127 n. They were
selected by the governor, and a
dishonest officer would avoid hon-
est comites.

48. mancus . . . dextrae, like
some cripple whose right hand is
palsied^ a useless trunk, — exstinc-
tae dextrae : gen. of quality con-
nected by et to mancus. — cor-
pus non utile : an appositive with
the implied substantive to which
mancus and exstinctae dextrae
belong ; cf . 1 . 33 delator et rapturus.

49. diligitur : i.e, is treated as
if he were highly esteemed. —
conscius, as is shown by the fol-
lowing verse, implies a knowledge
of some secret crime, a confidant ;
Mart. VI. 50. 5 vis fieri dives^ con-
scius esto. — cui is perhaps a dis-
syllable here and in 7. 211, as it
certainly is four times in Martial's
hendecasyllables {e.g. I. 104. 22
sed norunt cui serviant leones)^ but
Juvenal seems to have had no
prejudice against spondaic verses.
— fervens aestuat : he is fever-
ishly anxious and yearns to dis-
close the secret, but is kept back
by fear; cf. i. 166-167.

51. nil tibi debere: he feels
under no special obligations to
you, since you can do him no
harm by disclosing his secret. For
the quantity of final / in tibi, see
Intr. 84.

IVVENALIS

participem qui te secret! fecit honesti :

carus erit Verri qui Verrem tempore quo vult

accusare potest, tanti tibi non sit opaci

omnis harena Tagi quodque ip mare volvitur aurum, 55

ut somno careas ponendaque praemia sumas

tristis et a magno semper timeari^ amico.

Quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris,
et quos praecipue fugiam, properabo fateri,
nee pudor opstabit. non possum, ferre, Quirites, 60
Graecam urbem. quamvis quota portio faecis Achaei ?
iam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes
et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas .
obliquas nee non gentilia tympana secum
vexit et ad circum iussas prostare puellas. 65

53. cams erit Verri : an extor-
tioner like Verres will treat his ac-
complice with great respect. —
Verri : the notorious propraetor
of Sicily, B.C. 73-71, prosecuted
by Cicero.

54. tanti non sit : let no amount
of wealth tempt you to share a
guilty secret, and thus lose your
peace of mind. For this use of
non, see Intr. 38. — opaci Tag^ :
Martial (I. 49. 15-16) mentions the
shady banks and golden sands of
the Tagus.

56. ponenda : i.g. which you
must soon give up ; but the scholi-
ast says : quod deponere debeas. —
praemia, bribes given to keep you
silent, hush-money.

57. timearis : he fears lest you
betray him, and will not feel secure
until he has accomplished your
death.

58-125. Foreigners, and espe-
ciadly Greeks, have supplanted the
poor Romans, and now hold all
desirable positions.

60. pudor : i.e, shame at being
obliged to admit that Roman citi-
zens have been displaced by for-
eigners. — Quirites : an honorable
title, but they are no longer worthy
of it.

61. Graecam urbem : Rome de-
based by Greek influences. —
quota portio, what fraction of the
whole? — faecis: ci. Cic. Att. I.
1 6. 1 1 apudsordem urbis et faecem ;
Lucan VII. 405 Romam mundi
faece repletam. — Achaei : Greeks
are bad enough, but the Asiatics,
who constitute the larger part of
the rabble, are still worse.

62. Orontes: chief river of Syria,
near Antioch. It represents the
Syrians, who have long been pour-
ing into Rome, with their barbar-
ous speech, customs, music, and
vices.

* 63. chordas obliquas : the sam-
buca^ a harp with triangular frame
and slanting strings.

64. nee non, and likewise. —
gentilia, their national.

SATVRA III

ite, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra !

rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine,

et ceromatico fert niceteria coUo.

hie alta Sicyone, ast hie Amydone relieta,

hie Andro, ille Samo, hie Trallibus aut Alabandis 70

Esquilias dietumque petunt a vimine eollem,

viseera magnarum domuum dominique futuri.

ingenium velox, audaeia, perdita, sermo

promptus et Isaeo torrentior. ede quid ilium

esse putes. quern vis hominem seeum attulit ad nos : 75

66. picta, embroidered. — mitra :
an eastern headdress, consisting of
a cloth wound about the head so
as to form a cap.

67. trechedipna : rpcx^Senrvo^
in Plutarch is applied to a parasite
who hastens to dinner. The neu-
ter occurs only here, and denotes
some fashionable Greek article
which the Roman fop wears to a
dinner party. The scholiast says :
vestimenta parasitica^ vel gallicu-
las graecas currentium ad cenam.
Everything which the fashionable
young Roman has must be Greek
and called by a Greek name. He
puts on his Tpex^Seiirvat and wears
viKTiT^ipia on his neck anointed with
K-fipbifxa. Cf . the lover's Greek in
Lucr. IV. 1160 sqq.

68. ceromatico : K^iptaim was an
unguent used by Greek wrestlers.
— niceteria : prizes gained in the
Greek gymnastic exercises, which
were more gentlemanly than the
traditional exercises of the Ro-
mans, hunting and the * martial*
sports of the Campus; cf. Hor.
C. I. 8; S. II. 2. 10; Ep. I. 18.49.

69. Sicyone : in the Pelopon-
nesus near Corinth. — Amydone:
in Macedonia.

70. Andro, Samo : islands in
the Aegean. -^ Samo, hie : hiatus

at the caesura ; Intr. 82. Cf. Verg.
Aen. I. 16. — Trallibus, Ala-
bandis : cities in Asia Minor
near the Maeander. Greeks have
flocked to Rome from all regions
where Greeks dwell.

7 1 . Esquilias : many wealthy
families had their residences on
the Esquiline and Viminal. — dic-
tum a vimine eollem : Intr. 66^.
Vtmindlis is not admissible in dac-
tylic verse.

72. viscera : i.e. the intimates. —
futuri : Intr. 41 b.

73. ingenium velox : they can
adapt themselves readily to any
circumstances. — audacia per-
dita : they shrink from nothing
because it is disgraceful. — sermo
promptus : they are never at a
loss for words.

74. Isaeo : for Isaei sermone.
Isaeus was an Assyrian rhetorician
who visited Rome about a.d. 100,
and of whose readiness as an ex-
tempore speaker Pliny has left
an account in Ep. II. 3. — ede =
die ; cf. vs. 296 and i. 21. ^— quid
ilium esse putes: i.e. in what
profession do you think you will
find him }

75. quemvis hominem : there
is no art or craft in which he is not
an adept.

24 IVVENALIS

grammaticus rhetor geometres pictor aliptes
augur schoenobates medicus magus, omnia novit
Graeculus esuriens ; in caelum, iusseris, ibit.
in summa noh Maurus erat neque Sarmata nee Thrax
qui sumpsit pinnas, mediis sed natjis Athenis. 80

horum ego non fugiam conchylia ? me prior ille
signabit fultusque toro meliore recumbet,
advectus Romam quo pruna et -cottona vento ?
usque adeo nihil est, quod nostra infantia caelum
hausit Aventini baca nutrita Sabina ? 85

quid quod adulandi gens prudentissima laudat
sermonem indocti, faciem deformis amici,
et longum invalidi collum cervicibus aequat
Herculis Antaeum procul a tellure tenentis,
miratur vocem angustam, qua deterius nee 90

ille sonat quo mordetur gallina marito ?

76. grammaticus: see 7. 21511. would be asked to sign first, and
— rhetor: 7. 150 n. — aliptes = would be given the most honor-
unctory the anointer at the bath. able places at the table.

77. schoenobates, rope-dancer; 83. pruna et cottona : Pliny
cf. 14. 266 quiqtie solet rectum de- (N. A^. XIII. 51) says that Syria
scendere funem. produces small figs called cottana^

78. Graeculus: Intr. 73 /i — and likewise pruna in Damasco
in caelum ibit : i.e. volabit. — monte nata ; i.e. Damascus plums,
iusseris : ior si iusseris ; Intr. 25 c. or damsons.

79. in summa : like ad sum- -84. usque adeo nihil est, is it
mam, in a word. — Maurus, Sar- so absolutely nothing that I was
mata, Thrax : Intr. 64 a. born and reared at Rome }

80. qui sumpsit pinnas : i.e. 85. baca Sabina : the olive.
Daedalus; Intr. 66 c. 86. quid quod, what of the fact

81. conchyliaif purple garments, that? or, nay more.

as in 8. loi conchylia Coa ; so pur- 87. indocti, stupid. — defor-

pura (Cat. 64. 49), a purple cov- mis, coarse featured.

erlet. 88. cervicibus, the brawny neck.

82. signabit : as a witness to a 89. Antaeum : the giant whose
document ; cf. Plin. Ep. I. 9. 2 ille strength depended on his contact
me ad signandum testamentum r'o- with his mother earth. Hercules
gavit. — recumbet : at the table ; lifted him from the earth and
cf. Hor. S. II. 8. 20-24. Those crushed him in the air.
considered of most consequence 91. marito: Intr. 46.

SAT.VRA III 25

haec eadem licet et nobis laudare, sed illis

creditur. an melior, cum Thaida sustinet aut cum

uxorem comoedus agit vel Dorida nuUo

cultam palliolo ? mulier nempe ipsa videtur, 95

non persona loqui ; vacua et plana omnia dicas

infra ventriculum et tenui distantia rima.

nee tamen Antiochus nee erit mirabilis illic

ayt Stratocles aut cum moUi Demelrius Haemo :

natio comoeda est. rides, maiore cachinno 100

concutitur ; flet, si lacrimas conspexit amici,

nee dolet ; igniculum brumae si tempore poscas,

accipit endromidem; si dixeris *aestuo/ sudat.

non sumus ergo pares : melior, qui semper et omni

nocte dieque potest aliena sumere vultum 105

a facie, iactare manus, laudare paratus,

si bene ructavit, si rectum minxit amicus,

92. illis creditur : the Greeks elusion are both stated as inde-
flatter so skilfully that they are pendent clauses (Intr. 25 r), you
thought to be sincere. laughs he shakes his sides with more

93. an melior : does the actor violent laughter. Compare the
on the stage play a part better ? words of Gnatho (Tef. Eun. 252-
Even the best actors are nothing 2^'T^ynegat quis, nego ; aityoio; po-
remarkable in Greece (illic), for stremo imperavi egotnet mihi omnia
every Greek is constantly playing adsentari ; and Mart. XII. 40. 1-2
a part in his intercourse with other mentiriSy credo ; recitas mala car-
men ; of this, vss. 100-108 give mina, laudo ; cantas^ canto ; bibis^
examples. The meretrix (Thais), Pontiliane, bibo.

the uxoTy and the ancilla (Doris) 102. igniculum : Intr. 73 r.

are* the common female characters 103. endromidem: a thick

in comedy. wrapp)er with which athletes cov-

99. Stratocles, Demetrius : ered themselves after violent ex-
according to Quintilian (XI. 3. ercise; cf. Mart. IV. 19; used also
178), these were among the best as protection against cold and rain,
actors in comedy at Rome. Anti- 105. sumere vultum : takes
ochus and Haemus (found also his expression from the face of
in VI. 198) are mentioned by Juve- another.

nal only. 106. iactare manUs : used in

100. natio comoeda est, it is Quintilian (XL 3. 179) of the ges-
a nation of actors. — rides, con- tures of the actor Demetrius (vs.
cutitur : the condition and con- 99).

IVVENALIS

si trulla inverse crepitum dedit aurea fundo.
praeterea sanctum nihil est nee ab inguine tutum,
non matrona laris, non filia virgo, neque ipse
sponsus levis adhuc, non filius ante pudicus ;
horum si nihil est, aviam resupinat amici.
scire volunt secreta domus atque inde timeri.
et quoniam coepit Graecorum mentio, transi
gymnasia atque audi facinus maioris abollae.
stoicus occidit Baream delator amicum
discipulumque senex ripa nutritus in ilia,
ad quam Gorgonei delapsa est pinna caballi.
non est Romano cuiquam locus hie, ubi regnat
Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Hermarchus,
qui gentis vitio numquam partitur amicum,
solus habet. nam cum facilem stillavit in aurem

no. matrona laris: iox mater
familias. — filia virgo : Intr. 56.

III. sponsus : betrothed to the
daughter. — levis = imberbis.

114. \xzxis\^ pass over^ i.e. let us
say nothing about; cf. 7. 190 ex-
empla novorum fatorum transi;
10. 273 regem transeo Ponti.

115- gymnasia : />. * mere "pren-
tice work.' — facinus maioris
abollae : crimes of such propor-
tions as to throw the others into
the shade. The note of the scho-
liast is : praetermitte minora eorum
vitia et veni ad maiora. The
abollay a thick double cloak, was
a common overgarment; 4. 76.
In Mart. IV. 53. 5 it is the cloak
of a cynic.

116. occidit: caused his death
by his testimony. — Baream : i.e.
Barea Soranus, a man of integrity,
and his daughter Servilia were
condemned to death under Nero.
The stoic P. Egnatius Celer, for-
merly his client, was the chief

witness against him, and for this
betrayal of his friend was amply
rewarded; Tac. Ann. XVI. 30-

32.

117. discipulum: Tac. Hist.
IV. 10 cuius se magistrum ferebat.
— ripa in ilia : according to the
scholiast, this refers to the city of
Tarsus on the Cydnus, which is
said to have received its name
from the raptrSs (wing or Aoof) of
Pegasus.

118. Gorgonei caballi, tAe Gor-
gonian nagy the winged horse
Pegasus, which sprang from the
bleeding body of the Gorgon Me-
dusa, when she was beheaded by
Perseus. Celer was born in Bery-
tus in Phoenicia (Dio Cass. 62. 26)
but may have been brought up and
educated at Tarsus.

120. Protogenes, Diphilus,
and Hermarchus represent any
Greeks who have gained influence
at Rome by the arts before men-
tioned ; Intr. 64 a.

SATVRA III

^xiguum de naturae patriaeque veneno,

limine summoveor, perierunt tempora longi

servitii ; nusquam minor est iactura clientis. 125

Quod porro officium, ne nobis blandiar, aut quod
pauperis hie meritum, si curet nocte togatus
currere, cum praetor lictorem impellat et ire
praecipitem iubeat, dudum vigilantibus orbis,
ne prior Albinam et Modiam collega salutet ? 130

divitis hie servo cludit latus (ingenliorum
filius ; alter enim quantum in legione tribuni
accipiunt, donat Calvinae vel Catienae,
ut semel aut iterum super illam palpitet ; at tu,
cum tibi vestiti facies scorti placet, haeres 135

et dubitas alta Chionen deducere sella.

122. solus habet: but keeps
him all to himself; Intr. 25 ^. —
facilem, willing. — stillavit, has
dropped.

123. exiguum de veneno: cf.
I. 66 n.

124. summoveor: cf. i. 3711:
I, the old client, am displaced by
the new.

125. servitii : service as a client
seems slavery to him when he finds
that it is not rewarded. — minor
est : />. is considered a matter of
less consequence. — V9XXMt9>.^thr ow-
ing overboard, loss ; cf. 13. 8 and

177-

126-136. What duty or service
has a poor man here a chance to
render when men of rank and
wealth are his rivals }

1 26. nobis : i.e. Romans, as
opposed to Greeks.

127. nocte: before daybreak;
cf. 5. 19-23, and Plin. Ep. III. 12.
2 officia antelucana, — togatus :
cf. I. 96. The clients, dressed in
the toga, were expected to be at the

patron's house by sunrise for the
morning salutatio.

128. praetor: cf. i. 1 01, where
the praetor is present to receive
the sportula.

1 29. orbis : childless women of
great wealth represented in the
next verse by Albina and Modia.
They receive great attention from
those who hope to be named in
their wills.

131. hie filius: this one, the
son of freebom parents, accom-
panies the slave of some rich man
and gives him the place of honor ;
cludere latus, like tegere latus (Hor.
S. II. 5. 18) is to walk on the left,
or more exposed side.

1 32. alter : the servus. — enim :
for he has money and you are
poor, therefore he takes the more
honorable place. — quantum : the
exact amount is unknown, but
Pliny (N. H. XXXIV. 11) was
indignant that a candelabrum
sometimes cost as much as the
year's pay of a military tribune.

IVVENALIS

da testem Romae tam sanctum quam fuit hospes
numinis Idaei, procedat vel Numa vel qui
servavit trepidam flagranti ex aede Minervam :
protinus ad censuni, de moribus ultima fiet 140

quaestio. * quot pascit servos ? quot possidet agri
iugera ? quam multa magnaque paropside cenat ? '
quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area,
tantum habet et fidei. iures licet et Samothracum
et nostrorum aras, contemnere fulmina pauper 145

creditur atque deos dis ignoscentibus ipsis.
quid quod materiam praebet causasque iocorum

137-146. However upright he
may be, a poor man is not believed
even under oath.

137. da testem: cf. 1. 155 n. —
hospes numinis Idaei : see Intr.
66 a. In B.C. 204 the image of
Cybele (a meteoric stone which
fell from heaven) was > brought
from Pessinus to Rome, since the
priests had found by consulting
the Sibylline books that if this
should b>e done the foreign invader
might be driven out of Italy. The
Delphic oracle directed that when
the goddess was brought to Rome,
eatn^ qui vir optimus Romae essei^
hospttio exciperety and P. Cornelius
Scipio Nasica was selected by the
senate for this honor ; Liv. XXIX.
10, II, and 14.

138. Numa : the founder of the
religious institutions of Rome. —
qui servavit (Intr. 66 c) : the
Pontifex Maximus, L. Caecilius
Metellus, who in B.C. 241 saved
the palladium from the burning
temple of Vesta, but lost his sight
in consequence; Plin. JV. H. VII.
141.

141. pascit: cf. Petr. 57 viginti
ventres pasco et canetn,

142. paropside : properly a

quadrangular side-dish, here used
generally, a dish for the table, of
any kind, as in St Matt. xxiiL 25,
where it is translated * platter.*
On the use of the singular, see
Intr. 61 b.

143. area : cf. i. 90 n. A man's
word is taken just in proportion to
hb wealth; character counts for
nothing; ciF. Hor. S. I. i. 62 tanti
quantum habeas sis ; and the verse
of Lucilius : quantum habeas^ tan-
tum ipse sies tantique habearis.

144. Samothracum aras: the
'gods of Samothrace were the

Cabiri. Their worship was very
secret and therefore regarded with
great awe.

145. aras : iurare takes, mostly
m poetry, an accusative of the ob-
ject sworn by ; Verg. Aen. XII.
197 ; but cf. 13. 1^ per solis radios
iurai. — contemnere fulmina :
people believe that the poor man»
even when under the most solemn
oath, is not kept back from per-
jury by fear of punishment, and that
the gods look lightly on his crime.

1 47-1 53. The poor man is also
laughed at for his old clothes.

147. quid q\io6.ynay more; cf.
86 n.

SATVRA III

omnibus hie idem, si foeda et scissajaeerna,

si toga sordidula est et rupta calceus alter

pelle patet, vel si consuto vulnere crassum 150

atque recens linum ostendit non una cicatrix ?

nil habet inf elix paupertas durius in se

quam quod ridiculos homines facit. * exeat ' inquit

* si pudor est, et de pulvino surgat equestri

cuius res legi non sufficit, et sedeant hie 155

lenonum pueri quocumque ex fornice nati,

hie plaudat nitidi praeconis filius inter

pinnirapi cultos iuvenes iuvenesque lanistae/

sic libitum vano, qui nos distinxit, Othoni.

quis gener hie placuit censu minor atque puellae 160

sarcinulis impar ? quis pauper scribitur heres ?

148. lacerna: cf. i. 27 n.

149. sordidula, slightly soiled ;
Intr. 74 b.

1 50. vulnere, the rent.

151. non una, more than one. —
cicatrix : i.e. the seam.

153-159. He is excluded from
the best places at the public
games.

1 53. exeat : if he takes a seat
among the equites he is put out
without ceremony by the designa-
tor. Martial describes similar
scenes in V. 8, 14, and 25.

155. legi non suf&cit: the
Roscian law, proposed by the trib-
une L. Roscius Otho, 67 B.C., pro-
vided that the first fourteen rows
of seats in the theatre, behind the
orchestra, should be given to the
equites. This privilege was after-
wards extended to all who had the
equestrian census.

157. praeconis filius : the busi-
ness of the praeco was not con-
sidered more respectable than that
of gladiator or trainer, but it

yielded a large income; Mart. V.
56; VI. 8.

1 58. piiiniTaLpiJeather-snatcher.
The word is not round elsewhere.
Varro (Z. Z. V. 142) mentions gladi-
ators called Samnites, who wore
pinnae. The pinnirapus was
probably a gladiator matched
against a Samnite, whose crest he
tried to seize. These sons of dis-
reputable fathers possessed the
requisite census and therefore sat
among the equites (cf. Hor« Epod.
4. 15), but knights who lost their
property lost also their equestrian
rank and privileges.

160-189. A poor man has no
chance to rise in a city where it
costs so much to live even in a
modest way.

r6o. gener, as a son-in-law. —
censu minor : that has an inferior
income.

161. sarcinulis (Intr. 73 ^), the
fortune ; oi. 6. 146; Mart. II. n.
8. — heres : a Roman was ex-
pected to remember his friends in

IWENALIS

quando in consilio ^st aedilibus ? agmine facto
debuerant olim tenues migrasse Quirites.
haud facile emergunt quorum virtutibus opstat
res angusta domi, sed Romae durior illis 165

conatus : magno hospitium miserabile, magno
servorum ventres, et frugi cenula magno.
fictilibus cenare pudet, quod turpe negabis
translatus subito ad Marsos mensamque Sabellam
contentusque illic Veneto duroque cucuUo. 170

pars magna Italiae est, si verum admittimus, in qua
nemo togam sumit nisi mortuus. ipsa dierum

his will (cf. I. 145 n), but the rich
do not leave their property to the
poor.

162. in consilio : i.e. as assessor
or legal adviser to a magistrate
that had to make judicial deci-
sions, as the praetor and the prae-
fectus urbi. The poor man is not
called in to give advice even to a
police magistrate. There is no
other allusion to an assessor of an
aedile.

163. oWvciy long ago.

164. emergunt: sc. from pov-
erty. It is not easy for the poor to
rise an)rwhere, but at Rome the
attempt is more difficult, because
there everything costs an extrava-
gant price. Though he has only a
wretched lodging the poor citizen
must keep slaves, use silver table-
ware and appear in public in the
toga. Horace, a simple bachelor,
had three slaves to wait on him at
dinner ; S. I. 6. 1 16.

1 66. magno: on the anaphora,
see Intr. 26 b, and on the omission
of the verb, Intr. 54.

1 70. Veneto : Venetia produced
wool of third rate quality; Mart.
XIV. 155. 2. — duro : coarse and
therefore cheap. — cucullo : the

cucullus was sometimes fastened to
th§ lacerna or paenula^ and some-
times was worn as a separate arti-
cle of dress, being made large
enough to cover the head and
upper part of the body ; cupuUo
has been thought by some inap-
propriate here, since Juvenal has
just been speaking of food and
dishes, but the verse is to be con-
nected closely with the following.
If you live among the Marsi you
may wear a coarse mantle and dis-
pense altogether with the toga, as
people generally do in the country.
There even the officials on a holi-
day wear nothing better than white
tunics.

172. nemo togam sumit : the
toga was expensive and inconve-
nient, and discarded when possible ;
cf. II. 204. Plmy {Ep. V. 6. 45)
mentions among the advantages
of his Tuscan villa nulla necessitas
togae. In Martial's home at Bil-
bilis ignota est toga (XII. 18. 17).
One of the conditions of a happy
life (Mart. X. 47. 5) is toga rara.
— nisi mortuus: the dead body
was arrayed in the toga ; cf. Mart.
IX. 57. 8 pal lens toga mortui tri-
bulls.

SATVRA III

festorum herboso colitur si quando theatre

maiestas tandemque redit ad pulpita notum

exodium, cum personae pallentis hiatum 175

in gremio matris formidat rusticus infans,

aequales habitus illic similesque videbis

orchestram et populum, clari velamen honoris

sufficiunt tunicae summis aedilibus albae.

^c^ultfa vires habitus nitor, hie aliquid plus 180

^ Sfaiiy n satis est interdum aliena sumitur area.

'. '^r^mune id yitium est, hie vivimus ambitiosa

paupertate omnes. quid te moror ? omnia Romae
cum pretio. quid das, ut Cossum aliquando salutes ?
. ut te respiciat clauso Veiento labello ? 185

172-179. A vivid description of
a holiday in a country town.

173. herboso theatro: i.e. in a
natural theatre where the audience
sits upon the grass on the slope
of a hill. — si quando : the exo-
dium was not brought out at every
festival.

174. notum, familiar, which
has been acted in the town often
before.

175. exodium: the whole per-
formance here consists of what
would be only an interlude or
afterpiece in the city. — personae
hiatum : the mask was made with
widely extended mouth. The piece
was probably an Atellan play. —
pallentis, ghastly.

176. in gremio matris: every-
body wishes to see the play, and
there is no one to take care of the
baby at home.

178. orchestram et populum :
the orchestra at Rome was occu-
-pied by the senators. The corre-
sponding part of the country
theatre, i.e. the places near the
stage, would be ^led by the decu-

riones or members of the munici'
pal senate, but their dress is not
unlike that of the people who sit
behind them. Even the magis-
trates of the town do not wear the
toga.

180. hie: at Rome. — ultra vi-
res, beyond one's means.

181. aliena sumitur area : i.e.
is paid for with borrowed money.
— area : for the ablative, see
Intr. 34.

182. id: see Intr. 71. — ambi-
tiosa, ostentatious.

183. omnia Romae eum pre-
tio, everything at Rome has a price.
Jugurtha called Rome urbem vena-
lem (Sail. lug. 35. 10). You cannot
be admitted to the salutatio of a
wealthy patron without feeing the
slaves.

184. Cossum: any nobleman;
cf.8. 21.

185. elauso labello: after all
your trouble he does not answer
your greeting with so much as a
word. — Veiento: i.e. Fabricius
Veiento (4. 1 13), an informer under
Domitian.

IVVENALIS

ille metit barbam, crinem hie deponit amati ;
plena domus libis venalibus ; aeeipe et istud
fermentum tibi habe : praestare tributa elientes
eogimur et cult is augere peculia servis.

Quis timet aut timuit gelida Praeneste ruinam
aut positis nemorosa inter iuga Volsiniis aut
simplicibus Gabiis aut proni Tiburis arce ?
nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam I

magna parte sui ; nam sic labentibus obstat
vilicus, et veteris rimae cum texit hiatum, j
secures pendente iubet dormire ruina.

190

:.i. ■
•#*:

186. metit barbam : the day on
which the beard of a Roman was
shaved for the first time was cele-
brated as a festival. Here a simi-
lar honor is extended to a favorite
slave when his long locks are cut.
On such an occasion the clients
are expected to be present.

187. libis: sacrificial cakes,
which are provided for all the
guests. To refuse one would be
discourtesy ; but the slaves ex-
pect a tip (venalibus). For the
ablative, see Intr. 35. — accipe:
sc. libum.

188. fermentum: as leaven to
help you digest it.

189. peculia : slaves were per-
mitted to save out of their allow-
ance, and in this way often ac-
quired property enough to purchase
their freedom.

190-196. The houses are built
so insecurely that one is in con-
stant danger from their downfall.

190. Praeneste (now Pales-
trina): about 22 miles southeast
of Rome, on a mountain slope,
noted for its refreshing atmos-
phere. Horace (C III. 4. 22) calls
it frigidum, and Vergil {Aen. VII.
682), altutn. The name is gener-

ally neuter. — ruinam, tJie falling
of houses ; cf . vs. 7 lapsus tecto-
rum. The poorer classes at Rome
lived in tenement houses called
insulae, about the construction of
which we have scanty informa-
tion. They were carried up to
a great height (vs. 269 n), were
often cheaply built, and rendered
still more insecure by the neglect
of necessary repairs. The falling
of such buddings was a constant
source of danger.

191. Volsiniis: one of the
twelve allied cities of Etruria.

192. Gabiis : the ruins of Gabii
(10. 100 ; Hor. Ep. 1. 11. 7) lie be-
tween Rome and Palestrina. — Ti-
buris (now Tivoli) : on the Anio,
called pronifm here and supinuni
in Horace (C. III. 4. 23), from its
situation on the slope of the hill.

193. tibicine, /r<;/.

194. sic : i.e. tenui tibicine, —
labentibus, the falling walls.

195. vilicus : i.e. insularius^ the
agent of the landlord. He covers
the crack so that you cannot see
it, and tells you that everything is
now safe.

196. pendente ruina : cf. 11. 13
iam perhtcente ruina.

SATVRA III

vivendum est illic ubi nulla incendia, nulli

nocte metus. iam poscit aquam, iam frivola transfert

Vcalegon, tabulata tibi iam tertia fumant :

tu nescis ; nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, 200

ultimus ardebit quem tegula sola tuetur

a pluvia, moUes ubi reddunt ova columbae.

lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex

ornamentum abaci nee non et parvulus infra

cantharus, et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiro, 205

iamque vetus Graecos servabat cista libellos,

et divina opici rodebant carmina mures.

nil habuit Codrus, quis enim negat ? et tamen illud

perdidit infelix totum nihil, ultimus autem

aerumnaejes^ cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem 210

197. illic : i.e. in a country town
like those mentioned above.

198-231. When a poor man is
burned out he loses all, but the
rich man, after such misfortune,
receives contributions till he gets
more than he had before.

199. Vcalegon : one of the oc-
cupants of the burning house.
The name was suggested by Verg.
Aen. II. 311 iam proximus ardet
Vcalegon. He lives in the next
story below. — tibI : see Intr. 84.

200. trepidatur expresses the
sudden panic which occurs when
an alarm of fire is given.

201. ultimus ardebit : if the
house burns down the poor man
who lives in the garret will be the
last to get warning, and will save
nothing.

203. Codro: any poor man who
meets with this misfortune. —
Procula minor, too small for Pro-
cula ; Intr. 36; cf. 4. 66; 15. 140.
Procula was probably a dwarf.

204. abaci : the sideboard on

which the urceoli are arranged for
display. — parvulus : ^ntr. 74 b.

205. cantharus : a large cup
with two handles. — recubans
Chiro : a reclining statuette of
the Centaur Chiron. The sugges-
tion that it supported the abacus^
like the pardus of ii. 123, is not
consistent with recubans. — sub
eodem marmore : ue. the abacus.
Marble was common at Rome,
and a marble abacus would not be
Jjeyond the means of a poor man
like Codrus.

206. iam : to be joined with
vetus ; cf . 8. 1 53 iam senis.

207. divina carmina : i.e. Grae-
cos libellos. — opici : another form
of osciy equivalent here to barbari ;
barbarian because they show no
respect for Greek literature.

208. quis enim : Intr. 78.

209. ultimus cumulus : the add-
ed burden which makes more than
he can bear ; like our " last straw."

210. nudum : he was burned
out and lost everything.

IVVENALIS

nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque iuvabit.
si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida mater,
pullati proceres, differt vadimonia praetor,
tum gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem.
ardet adhuc, et iam accurrit qui marmora donet,
conferat inpensas ; hie nuda et Candida signa,
hie aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti,
haec Asianorum vetera ornamenta deorum,
hie libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam,
hie modium argenti. meliora ac plura reponit
Persicus orborum lautissimus et merito iam
suspectus, tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes.

215

212. Asturici: a cognomen ex
virtute (like Africanus^ Numidi-
cusj etc.), standing for any man of
wealth and distinction; here for
the builder or former owner of a
great house, which still bears his
name ; cf. Mart. III. 5. 6. When
such a house bums to the ground
the people vie with each other in
expressions of sympathy. His
loss is treated as a public mis-
fortune, the matron appears with
hair disheveled (horrida), the
nobles are arrayed in the garb of
mourning (pullati), the praetor
adjourns his court.

2 1 3. diCFert vadimonia : puts
off the day when the defendant
must appear.

215. ardet adhuc : while his
house is still burning, contribu-
tions of marble, of money, and of
works of art are brought in, till he
is better off than he was before.
— iam accurrit: Intr. 81. •

217. Euphranoris : a Greek
sculptor and painter of the fourth
century B.C. — Polycliti (cf. 8. 103):
a Greek sculptor of the time of
Pericles. The finest productions

of Greek art had been stolen from
the provinces by dishonest magis-
trates, and brought to Rome ; cf .
8. 100-107.

218. haec, another i a rich wom-
an; hie would be expected here,
and Owen, Class. Rev. XI. (1897),
p. 403, suggests that haec may have
been introduced from the abbrevia-
tion for this pronoun, which stood
for all genders, by a copyist who
wrongly supposed that the word
agreed with Vetera ornamenta.
The Bodleian MS. (Intr. 20) has
hie. Mayor adopts Roth's con-
jecture, phaecasiatorum^ from ^ai-
KdffLovt a white shoe. — ornamenta
deorum : plundered from some
temple.

219. libros: it was fashionable
to have books as well as works of
art ; cf. 206. — forulos, book-ccues.
— mediam Minervam : an image
of Minerva to stand among the
books.

221. Persicus : the present
owner. — orborum : used here, as
elsewhere in Juvenal, of wealthy
persons without children, who are
the prey of legacy-hunters; Per-

SATVRA III

si potes avelli circensibus, optima Sorae
aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur,
quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum,
hortulus hie puteusque brevis nee reste movendus
in tenuis plantas faeili diffunditur haustu.
vive bidentis amans et eulti vilieus horti,
unde epulum possis eentum dare Pythagoreis.
est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu
unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae.

Plurimus hie aeger moritur vigilando ; sed ipsum
languorem peperit cibus inperfectus et haerens
ardenti stomacho ; nam quae meritoria somnum

225

230

sicuSy the richest of childless men ;
hence the eagerness of his friends
to assist him. Hence also the sus-
picion that he set fire to his own
house; he knew that he would
be the recipient of valuable gifts
from those who hoped to receive
a legacy. In Mart. III. 52 Ton-
gilianus has lost by fire a house
which cost him 200,000 sesterces;
a contribution is at once raised
among his friends which amounted
to 1,000,000, and Martial asks :
non potes ipse videri incendisse
tuam domum ?

223. circensibus : the circen-
sian games formed a chief attrac-
tion at Rome for all classes ; the
people are said to care for noth-
ing except bread and the races
of the circus (10. 81); the defeat
of the favorite color fills the city
with gloom like that following the
battle of Cannae (11. 193-202);
the chief regret of the man who
runs away to avoid his creditors is
that he loses for a whole year the
circensian games (n. 53). Sora,
which retains its ancient name un-
changed, Fabrateria, and Frusino

(now Frosinone) were small towns
in Latium. An excellent house
can be purchased in a country
town for the yearly rent of a dark
hole in Rome.

226. brevis, shallow. — nee
reste movendus : from which
you can dip the water, and do not
need to draw it with rope and
bucket.

229. centum Pythagoreis : the
Pythagoreans were popularly be-
lieved to subsist on vegetables.
Cf. 15. 173.

231. dominum lacertae : com-
pare Martial's description of his
farm (XI. i8).

232-238. The streets are so
noisy at night that a poor man
has no chance to sleep.

232. plurimus aeger : Intr.
61 b. — vigilando, from loss of
sleep. For quantity of final <?, see
Intr. 84.

233. inperfectus, undigested.
Indigestion causes the disease
which sleeplessness aggravates till
the result is death.

234. meritoria, hired lodgings,
rooms rented for short periods.

IVVENALIS

acjmittunt ? magnis opibus dormitur in urbe. 235

inde caput morbi. raedarum transitus arto

vicorum inflexu et stantis convicia mandrae

eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis.

si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur

dives et ingenti curret super ora Liburna 240

atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus ;

namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra.

ante tamen veniet : nobis properantibus opstat

unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos

qui sequitur ; f erit hie cubito, f erit assere duro 245

alter, at hie tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam.

235. magnis opibus : abl. of
price ; rooms in a quiet quarter of
the city cost a fortune ; cf. Mart.
XII. 57. 4 nee quiescendi in urbe
locus est pauperi ; and 28. dormire
quotiens libuity imus ad villam.
The noise in the streets at night
would be greater because the pas-
sage of wagons was forbidden dur-
ing the greater part of the day.

236. inde caput: on the ellip-
sis of the verb, see Intr. 52.

237. stantis : in the narrow and
winding street which is filled with
heavily loaded wagons the drove
has come to a standstill. — con-
vicia : the abuse heaped upon the
animals and on one another by the
drivers. — mandrae : objective-
gen. ; properly an enclosure for
cattle, then the animals them-
selves; cf. Mart. V. 22, 7.

238. Druso : perhaps the em-
peror Tiberius Claudius Drusus,
who was by nature lethargic ; Suet.
Claud. 8 and 33. — vitulis mari-
nis: Plin. N. H. IX. 42 nullum
animal graviore somno premitur.

239-267. The poor man, who
must go on foot, is exposed to

many annoyances and dangers in
the streets by day.

239. officium: duty to his pa-
tron, as attendance on the salutatio.

240. ingenti Libuma: in his
spacious lectica, which is borne by
Libumian slaves. — curret, he will
glide along. — super era, above
our heads.

241. obiter leget: Pliny {Ep.
III. 5. 15, 16) gives an account of
his uncle's literary activity when
riding in his sella; cf. Sen. Ep. 72.
2 quaedam sunt quae possis et in
cisio scribere.

242. clausa fenestra: the lec-
tica was sometimes closed by draw-
ing a curtain, and sometimes it
was furnished with windows of
mica or glass ; 4. 21.

243. ante tamen veniet : al-
though he goes with so little effort,
yet he wull reach his destination
before we do.

244. unda : used also by Vergil
{G. II. 462) of a surging crowd.

245. assere : a litter pole ; cf. i .
33 n; and 7. 132.

246. tignum : a long piece of «
timber carried on the shoulder. —

SATVRA III

pinguia crura luto, planta mox undique magna
calcor, et in digit o clavus mihi militis haeret.
nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula fumo ?
centum convivae, sequitur sua quemque culina. 250

Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res
inpositas capiti, quas recto vertice portat
servulus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem.
scinduntur tunicae sartae modo, longa coruscat
serraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum 255

metre tarn : an earthenware jar.
The metreta was a Greek measure
of about nine gallons.

248. clavus militis : soldiers
wore the caligae militares^ the soles
of which were filled with heavy
nails. The injury inflicted by
these hobnails in a soldier's boot
is mentioned again in 16. 25.

249. sportula : probably not
used here in the ordinary sense,
but rathfir of a banquet, perhaps
of some association, to which each
guest carried his own portion, cena
collattcia^ SeiTvov dxA (TTvpiSoi
(Heinrich). Duff quotes a passage
from Suet. Claud. 21, where the
word is used with this meaning.
Many understand this passage to
refer to the distribution of the
sportula in food, in the early after-
noon, at the patron's house, or to
a crowd of clients going from the
patron's house to a cook shop to
purchase food with the money just
received from the sportula. But it
would hardly take a Corbulo to
carry home the amount of food
that a patron would give to a
client, or that could be purchased
with 100 quadrantes. — fumo :
from the culina. Each man is
accompanied by his slave, who
bears a culina (portable kitchen),
in which the food is kept hot.

251. Corbulo, a Corbulo^ a man
as strong as Corbulo. Perhaps
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, a dis-
tinguished general under Claudius
and Nero, -is meant, whom Tacitus
(Ann. XIII. 8) calls corpore in-
gens.

. 253. servulus : Intr. 73 e. —
cursu ventilat ignem, fans the
fire by his rapid pace.

254-267. Here follow three pic-
tures that are to be taken together,
(i) In a crowded street through
which are passing wagons loaded
with timber and stone, a poor man,
on his way home to the cena^ is
crushed to death beneath a load
of marble which is overturned.
(2) His slaves at home, ignorant
of his death, are busily preparing
for his return. (3) The shade of
the unfortunate victim is sitting,
amazed and hopeless, on the bank
of the Styx.

254. sartae modo, recently
patched. — coruscat : the long
beam lies upon two trucks, and
the front end, high over the horses
or oxen, sways to and fro as the
wagon advances. Wagons carry-
ing material for the public build-
ings were allowed to pass through
the streets at any hour.

255. serraco : a heavy wagon
with two or four wheels.

IVVENALIS

plaustra vehunt, nutant alte populoque minantur.

nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat

axis et eversum fudit super agmina montem,

quid superest de corporibus ? quis membra, quis ossa

invenit ? obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver 260

more animae. domus interea secura patellas

iam lavat et bucca foculum excitat et sonat unctis

striglibus et pleno componit lintea guto.

haec inter pueros varie properantur, at ille

iam sedet in ripa taetrumque novicius horret 265

porthmea nee sperat caenosi gurgitis alnum

infelix nee habet quem porrigat ore trientem.

Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis :
quod spatium tectis sublimibus unde cerebrum

257. qui saxa portat : Mart. V.
22. 8 quae trahi multo marmora
fune vides. — saxa Ligustica :
marble from Luna (marmor Lu-
nense)^ on the border between
Liguria and Etruria, used exten-
sively in the public buildings of
imperial Rome. The modern Car-
rara marble, employed in sculpture,
is a finer variety from the same re-
gion.

258. agmina : the army of men
in the street. — montem : the
mountain-like blocks of marble.

260. obtritum perit more ani-
mae, crushed to atotns^ vanishes
like a breath.

261. interea: while this is tak-
ing place in the street, his slaves
(domus), knowing nothing as
yet about his death (secura),
make preparations for the cena
and the bath which precedes it.

263. striglibus : syncopated for
strigilibus^ Intr. 88 ; cf. Petr. 91
video Gitona cum linteis et strigi-
lihus. These were flesh scrapers.

made usually of metal or bone
(hence sonat), and used during and
after bathing to remove oil and per-
spiration. — g^to : a craet for oil.
264. iUe : the master for whose
return they are preparing.

266. porthmea : Charon. — nee
sperat alnum : only those who
had received due rites of burial
could be ferried across the Styx in
Charon's boat ; Verg. Aen. VI.

325-330-

267. trientem : a small coin
was often placed in the mouth of
the dead man, with which to pay
his fare to Charon. Juvenal, here
as elsewhere, treats with derision
the Greek superstitions about the
lower world; Intr. 15.

268-314. The streets are full of
dangers at night. If you escape
the vessels thrown from the win-
dows, you will be insulted by
drunken bullies, or attacked by
highwaymen.

269. quod spatium: the three
indirect questions introduced by

SATVRA III

testa ferit, quotiens riraosa et curta fenestris 270

vasa cadant, quanto percussura pondere signent

et laedant silicem. possis ignavus haberi

et subiti casus inprovidus, ad cenam si

intestatus eas : adeo tot fata quot ilia

nocte patent vigiles te praetereunte fenestrae. 275

ergo optes votumque feras miserabile tecum,

ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves.

ebrius ac petulans qui nullum forte cecidit

dat poenas, noctem patitur lugentis amicum

Pelidae, cubat in faciem, mox deinde supinus ; 280

ergo non aliter poterit dormire ; quibusdam

somnum rixa facit. sed quamvis improbus annis

quod, quotiens (vs. 270), and
quanto (vs. 271) all depend upon
respice. — spatium : distance to
the top. The height of newly built
insulae was limited by Augustus to
seventy feet. That this rule was
sometimes violated or evaded may
be inferred from its renewal by
Nero and the stricter regulation
of Trajan, who placed the limit
at sixty feet.

270. testa : a tile from the roof.
— fenestris: Intr. 34.

272. silicem : even the basalt
pavement is injured. Silex is a
common name for the flinty vol-
canic stone with which many of
the Roman streets were paved. —
ignavus et inprovidus : i.e. care-
less and not taking proper pre-
caution against accident.

273. ad cenam si : for the
rhythm, see Intr. 83.

274. intestatus: it is not safe
to go out to dinner without first
making your will, for on your way
home after dark your life will be in
danger from every open window.
The upper stories of houses in the

city had windows on the street
side, as well as on that toward the
court.

275. vigiles: i.e. where the oc-
cupants of the rooms are still
awake (Intr. 58) ; cf. pervigiles
popinas (8. 1 58) ; pervigilique toro

(15-43).

277. contentae : sc. fenestrae,
— patulas defundere pelves, to
throw out the contents of their capa-
cious slop-jars.

279. dat poenas: i.e. he is so
troubled at his failure that he can-
not sleep. He is as restless as
Achilles after the death of Patro-
clus; Hom. It. XXIV. 10 HWor
hrl irXevpds Ko.ro.K€.iyMVo^i B^hXort 5*
avT€ VTTioSf dWore di irpiyiH^s; cf.
Proverbs iv. 16 * For they sleep not
except they have done mischief,
and their sleep is taken away unless
they cause some to fall.*

281. ergo: on the quantity of
final <7, see Intr. 84. — aliter: i.e.
unless he has knocked somebody
down.

282. improbus annis : inso-
lent because he is young.

IVVENALIS

atque mero fervens, cavet hunc quem coccina laena

vitari iubet et comitum longissimus ordo,

multum praeterea flammarura et aenea lampas. 285

me, quem luna solet deducere vel breve lumen

candelae cuius dispense et tempero filum,

contemnit. miserae cognosce prooemia rixae,

si rixa est ubi tu pulsas, ego vapulo tantum.

Stat contra starique iubet. parere necesse est ; 290

nam quid agas, cum te furiosus cogat et idem

fortior ? * unde venis ? ' exclamat * cuius aceto,

cuius conche tumes ? quis tecum sectile porrum

sutor et elixi vervecis labra comedit ?

nil mihi respondes ? aut die aut accipe calcem. 295

ede ubi consistas, in qua te quaero proseucha ? *

283. coccina laena: the laena
was a cloak of thick woolen cloth,
with a long nap. It was much
worn by all classes in Juvenal's
time as a protection against the
weather. The scarlet cloak, the
long line of attendants, and the
bronze candelabrum show the man
of wealth and rank. The drunken
youth knows enough to keep clear
of him.

285. lampas : there were no
street lamps at Rome, nor, at this
time, in any other city. In Martial
(VIII. 75. 7), the Gaul, returning
home late at night, is accompanied
by a slave bearing a small lamp.

286. deducere, to escort on my
way.

287. dispense : allow myself a
definite portion for each time. —
tempero : do not let it burn too
fast.

288. prooemia, /r^/«^^.

289. tu pulsas, ego vapulo : cf .
Ter. Ad. 213 ego vapulando^ ille ver-
berando^ usque ambo defessi sumus.

290. starique iubet, and orders
a halt.

292. unde venis: a common
form of salutation (cf. Hor. S. I.
9. 62), given here in an insulting
tone. — aceto : sour wine, which,
mixed with water, formed posca^
the ordinary drink of the poorer
classes at Rome ; cf . Plaut. M. G.
836.

293. ^OTTMVCi^ leek. It was either
sectile (or sectivum^ 14. 133), cut
when young and tender ; or capita-
turn^ allowed to grow to a head.

294. sutor, cobbler. He taunts
him also with having been in low
company. — vervecis lal)ra : a
sheep*s head cost little, but it was
holiday fare for the poor man.

295. nil mihi respondes : Mart.
V.61.7; VI. 5. 3; X.41.4.

296. ubi consistas, where do
you stand {sc. to beg) ? cf . 5. 8. —
proseucha : properly a Jewish
place for prayer in a town where
there was no synagogue ; in what
prayer-house am I to look for you J

SATVRA III

dicere si temptes aliquid tacitusve recedas,

tantumdem est : feriunt pariter, vadimonia deinde

irati faciunt. libertas pauperis haec est :

pulsatus rogat et pugnis concisus adorat 300

ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti.

nee tamen haec tantum metuas. nam qui spoliet te

non derit clausis domibus, postquam omnis ubique

fixa catenatae siluit compago tabernae.

interdum et ferro subitus grassator agit rem ; 305

armato quotiens tutae custode tenentur

et Pomptina palus et Gallinaria pinus,

sic inde hue omnes tamquam ad vivaria currunt.

qua fornace graves, qua non incude catenae ?

maximus in vinclis ferri modus, ut timers ne 3^0

vomer deficiat, ne marrae et sarcula desint.

implying that he has become a
Jewish proselyte; cf. 14. 96-106.

298. tantumdem est, // is pre-
cisely the same,

300. adorat, he begs as a favor.
Nero, when emperor (Tac. Ann.
XIII. 25; Suet. Ner. 26), and Otho,
before he was made emperor
(Suet. 0th. 2), took part in disor-
derly scenes like the one here
described.

302. haec tantum: these insults
are not the only dangers on the
street to which you are exposed :
you may be robbed and murdered.

304. catenatae tabernae : ta-
bernae, or shops for the sale of
goods, occupied the ground floor
of houses in the business quar-
ters of the city. The front of the
shop was closed at night by shut-
ters, which were securely fastened
by bars and chains. In some of
the tabernae at Pompeii there are
grooves in the front basement wall
to receive the bottom of the shut-

ters and hold them fast. Return-
ing home at night, when the
houses and shops are closed and
the streets deserted, you may be
surprised at any moment by a rob-
ber, or may be murdered without
warning. The passage refers
plainly to robberies on the street,
and not to burglaries.

305. subitus grassator: 4. 133
sMtusque Prometheus.

307. Gallinaria pinus : a pine
forest not far from Cumae.
When the soldiers drive the ban-
ditti from their lurking places in
the country, they flock to Rome, a
place especially adapted to their
business.

308. sic tamquam,^»^/^;^ if. —
vivaria : the wealthy Romans had
vivaria for fish both from salt
(4. 51) and fresh water, and for
game of various kinds. For the
figurative use of the word, cf.
Hor. Ep. I. I. 79.

310. vinclis : Intr. 88.

IWENALIS

felices proavorum atavos, felicia dicas

saecula quae quondam sub regibus atque tribunis

viderunt uno contentam carcere Romam.

His alias poteram et pluris subnectere causas. 315
sed iumenta vocant et sol inclinat, eundum est ;
nam mihi commota iam dudum mulio virga
adnuit. ergo vale nostri memor, et quotiens te
Roma tuo refici properantem reddet Aquino,
me quoque ad Helvinam Cererem vestramque Dianam 320
converte a Cumis. saturarum ego, ni pudet illas,
auditor gelidos veniam caligatus in agros/

312. proavorum atavos, remote
ancestors ; cf. Hor. C I. i. i atavis
edite regibus.

313. regibus atque tribunis :
in the time of the kings and of
the early republic.

314. uno carcere: the Mamer-
tine prison, built by Ancus Martius
(Liv. I. 33. 8), which can still be
seen beneath a church near the
arch of Septimius Severus.

315-322. Umbricius takes leave
of Juvenal and sets out on his
journey.

315. causas: i.e. reasons why I
leave Rome; cf. vss. 2 [-25.

316. iumenta, m»/<f J ; cf. mulio
vs. 317. The raeda is waiting, it
is toward sunset, and the driver is
getting impatient. He sets out on
his journey of more than 100 miles
at the close of the day. In the
summer months the Romans often
traveled at night ; cf. 5. 54-55;
10. 20.

319. tuo Aquino: see Intr. 3
and 6. Aquinum (now Aquino)
was a town of Latium, on the Via
Latina, not far from the border
of Campania. — refici: cf. Hor.
Ep. I. 18. 104 me quotiens reficit
gelidus Digentia rivus.

320. Helvinam Cererem : see
Intr. 3. The origin of the epithet
is not known. Mommsen (C/Z.
X. 5382) derives it from the gens
Helvia or Elvia. The scholiast
says : ibi namque apud Aquinum
colunt numina earum dearum quae
colunt in Gallisy referring probably
to the Helvii^ a people of Gaul.

322. auditor, listener ; cf. i. i.
If the common reading, adiutor^
be retained, which Biicheler re-
stored in his last edition (1893),
the meaning will be that he will
furnish him material for other
satires, as he has done for this. —
caligatus : wearing heavy country
boots, ccUigae rusticae.

SATVRA IV

Ecce iterum Crispinus, et est mihi saepe vocandus
ad partes, monstrum nulla virtute redemptum
a vitiis, aegrae solaque libidine fortes
deliciae ; viduas tantum spernatur adulter,
quid refert igitur quantis iumenta fatiget
porticibus, quanta nemorum vectetur in umbra,
iugera quot vicina f oro, quas emerit aedes ?
nemo malus felix, minime corrupter et' idem
-incestus, cum quo nuper vittata iacebat

IV. The Council of Domi-
TIAN. — The satire consists of two
parts: (i) The denunciation of
Crispinus (1-33); (2) the meeting
of the council of Domitian to de-
liberate on the question, what is
to be done with a huge turbot
which has been presented to the
emperor (37-154). The first part
has very little to do with the sec-
ond, and Ribbeck sets it aside as
spurious. It is more likely, how-
ever, that Juvenal wrote it for a
different purpose, and afterward
prefixed it here as an introduction.
X^wis suggests that it may have
been the beginning of a poem on
Crispinus which was never com-
pleted. The satire was published
after Domitian's death (vss. 153-
154), i.e. after a.d. 96.

With the * Council of the Turbot *
should be compared the funereal
banquet described by Dio Cassius,
67.9.

1-27. The upstart Crispinus
purchased a mullet for 6000 ses-
terces, and that too for his own
eating.

I. iterum: this can hardly re-
fer to I. 26-29, since Satire i is
an introduction and probably writ-

ten later than the other satires of
this book. The reference may be
to some poem not preserved. —
iterum Crispinus : cf. Plin. Ep.
V. 20. I iterum Bithyni. — vocan-
dus ad partes : must be sum-
moned upon the stage to play his
part. After the introduction Cris-
pinus has a very unimportant part
in this satire (vss. 108-109), and
is mentioned elsewhere by Juvenal
only in i . 26-29.

2. nulla virtute, not a single
manly quality.

4. deliciae, a voluptuary. — vi-
duas tantum, single women only.

6. porticibus: Mart. XII. 57.
23 intra limen clusus essedo cursus.
In 7. 178-180 the lord takes a drive
in his porticus in rainy weather.
— vectetur: i.e. in the lectica.

7. vicina fore: where land
would naturally bring an exorbi-
tant price.

9. cum quo : Intr. 48. — vittata
sacerdos : i.e. a vestal. The vitia
was a ribbon or fillet which bound
the infula round the forehead, its
ends hanging down at the sides
of the head. It was worn by
priests and vestals, and by victims ;
cf. Lucr. I. 87 sq.

IVVENALIS

sanguine adhuc vivo terram subitura sacerdos.
sed nunc de factis levioribus ; et tamen alter
si f ecisset idem, caderet sub iudice morum ;
nam quod turpe bonis Titio Seioque, decebat
Crispinum. quid agas cum dira et foedior omni
crimine persona est ? muUum sex milibus emit,
aequantem sane paribus sestertia libris,
ut perhibent qui de magnis maiora loquuntur.
consilium' laudo artificis, si munere tanto
praecipuam in tabulis ceram senis abstulit orbi ;
est ratio ulterior, magnae si misit amicae,
quae vehitur cluso latis specularibus antro.

10. terram subitura: Intr. 41
b. If a vestal was guilty of un-
chastity, she was to be entombed
alive. This punishment was re-
vived by Domitian, and was duly
carried out in the case of Corne-
lia; Plin. Ep. IV. II.

12. idem: referring to factis
levioribus. — sub iudice : 7.13
si dicas sub iudice ' vidi * ; i o. 69 sed
quo ceciditsub crimine ? Wox. A. P.
78 sub iudice lis est. — iudice mo-
rum, the censor^ i.e. Domitian, who
became perpetual censor ; Dio
Cass. 67. 4 TifiriT^s 5tA plov irpuyros
Kal fiSvoi Kal IdiunC^p Kal a&roKpard-
pup ix^ipoTovi^dri ; Suet. Dom. 8.

13. quod turpe bonis: 8. 181
quae turpia cerdoni, Vole^os Bru-
tunique decebunt. — Titio Seio-
que: names used by the Roman
jurists as examples to denote any
persons engaged in litigation (cf.
John Doe and Richard Roe) ; here,
with bonis, meaning any good men.

14. dira, detestable. — foedior
omni crimine, too black for any
accusation.

1 5. persona, character. — mul-
lum : the red mullet, which is still

abundant in the Mediterranean,
weighing ordinarily from two to
three pounds. Mullets of an un-
common size brought almost
incredible prices. The largest
elsewhere mentioned. (Sen. Ep.
95. 42) weighed four and one-half
pounds, and was sold for 5000
sesterces.

16. aequantem sestertia li-
bris : i.e. paying six thousand ses-
terces for a mullet of six pounds.

18. artificis: a master in the
art of legacy hunting. — si mu-
nere : if by his present he has in-
duced a childless old man to change
his will and make him chief heir.

19. praecipuam : i.e. primam.
Acron, on Hor. ,5". II. 5. 53, says :
prima cera secundo versu heredis
continet nomen.

20. ratio ulterior, a further rea-
son. — magnae amicae: cf. 1.33.

21. cluso latis specularibus:
cf. 3. 242 clausa lectica fenestra ;
and I. 33 n. She rides in a closed
lectica, so as to appear respectable.
The very wealthy used lapis specu-
laris (muscovite or common mica)
and sometimes glass for windows

SATVRA IV

nil tale exspectes : emit sibi. multa videmus
quae miser et frugi non fecit Apicius. hoc tu
succinctus patria quondam, Crispine, papyro ?
hoc pretio. squamae ? potuit fortasse minoris
piscator quam piscis emi ; provincia tanti
vendit agros, sed maiores Apulia vendit.
qualis tunc epulas ipsum gluttisse putamus
induperatorem, cum tot sestertia, partem
exiguam et modicae sumptam de margine cenae,
purpureus magni ructarit scurra Palati,
lam princeps equitum, magna qui voce solebat
vendere municipes fracta de merce siluros ?

(specularia). Panes of glass have
been found in Pompeii.

23. Apicius : even Apicius was
frugal compared with Crispin us.
According to Seneca {ad Helv. 10.
9), Apicius spent in gluttony 100,-
000,000 sesterces (Mart. III. 22,
says 60,000,000) and, finding that
he had only 10,000,000 left, poi-
soned himself to escape starvation.
He is mentioned again as an ex-
ample of a gourmand in 11. 3. —
hoc: sc.fecisti; Intr. 50.

24. patria papyro : PIiny(iV. H.
XIII. 72) says the Egyptians made
clothes from papyrus.

25. squamae : sc. emptae sunt.
— minoris piscator quam piscis :
in Martial X. 13 Calliodorus sold
a slave for 1200 sesterces and with
the money purchased a dinner,
the chief dish of which was a four-
pound mullet.

27. sedi, andindeed ; coWoqmdX,
frequent in Martial; see Fried-
lander on Mart. 1. 117. 7. — maio-
res Apulia vendit : land in Apulia
was considered inferior. Horace
praises it (C. III. 16. 26), but
Apulia was his native country.

29. induperatorem: archaic for
imperatoremy which cannot be
used in dactylic hexameter, and
meaning Domitian, who is called
pontifex summus (vs. 46), Atrides
(vs. 65), and dux magnus (vs. 145).

31. purpureus: cf. i. 27 Tyrias
lacernas. — scurra Palati : as if
he were court jester. — Palati :
Augustus built his house on the
Palatine and his example was fol-
lowed by other emperors. Their
residence was called Palatium^
hence our * palace.'

32. princeps equitum : Crispi-
nus is so called probably because
he was praefectus praetorioy which
officer was taken from the equites,
and is called (Veil. II. 127.3) P^i^-
ceps equestris ordinis.

33. vendere siluros: ue. he once
retailed salt fish brought from his
native Canopus. — municipes :
Intr. 56; cf. 14. 271 municipes lovis
lagonasy and Mart. X. 87. 10 Cad-
mi municipes lacernas. — fracta,
broken by accident, damaged. —
siluros : Pliny {N. H. IX. 44) states
that siluri of remarkable size were
found in the Nile.

IVVENALIS

incipe, Calliope, licet et considere : non est
cantandum ; res vera agitur. narrate, puellae 35

Pierides. prosit mihi vos dixisse puellas.

Cum iam semianimum laceraret Flavius orbem
ultimus et calvo serviret Roma Neroni,
incidit Adriaci spatium admirabile rhombi
ante domum Veneris, quam Dorica sustinet Ancon, 40
implevitque sinus ; nee enim minor haeserat illis
quos operit glacies Maeotica ruptaque tandem
solibus effundit torrentis ad ostia Ponti
desidia tardos et longo frigore pingues.
destinat hoc monstrum cumbae Unique magister 45

pontifici summo. quis enim proponere talem

34. Calliope : the epic muse.
There is no other address to any
muse in Juvenal. — licet consi-
dere: it was customary to stand
when singing or reciting before an
audience. — non est cantandum :
i^. it is only a plain statement of
facts, and requires no special in-
spiration.

37-1 54. A fisherman of Ancona,
having caught a huge turbot,
presents it to Domitian. The
emperor, having no dish large
enough to hold it, hastily sum-
mons his council to advise him
what to do. The difficulty is
solved by that expert glutton,
Montanus, who proposes that a
special dish be manufactured for
the occasion, and the council is
dissolved.

37. semianimum, half stran-
gled ; here a quadrisyllable; Intr.
88. — laceraret, was mangling,
like a wild beast. — Flavius ul-
timus : Domitian.

38. calvo Neroni : Domitian, a
Nero in character; cf. Suet. Dom.
18 calvitio ita offendebatur ut in

contumeliam suam traheret si cut
alii ioco vel iurgio obiectaretur.

39. spatium admirabile rhom-
bi : see Intr. 60.

40. Dorica : because settled by
refugees from Sicily. — sustinet,
bears aloft. The temple of Venus
at Ancona (cf. Cat. 36. 13) stood
probably on the lofty site which
is now occupied by the cathedral.

— Ancon : so named from the
bend {ii'^Kibv = elbow) in the Adri-
atic coast.

41. sinus : the object of imple-
vit, joined loosely also with incidit,
which generally takes in with the
accusative.

42. Maeotica: of the Palus
Maeotist Sea of Azov.

43. solibus : plural because the
effect is produced by the sun dur-
ing many days.

46. pontifici summo : Domi-
tian. The emperors from Augustus
on held the office oi pontifex maxi-
mus. — proponere, to offer for sale.

47. et litora, ei^en the seashore.

— multo delatore : i. 33 n ; Intr.
61 b. On the ablative, see Intr. 35.

SATVRA IV

aut emere auderet, cum plena et litora multo

delatore forent ? dispersi protinus algae

inquisitores agerent cum remige nudo

non dubitaturi fugitivum dicere piscem s©

depastumque diu vivaria Caesaris, inde

elapsum veterem ad dominum debere reverti.

si quid Palfurio, si credimus Armillato,

quidquid conspicuum pulchrumque est aequore toto

res fisci est, ubicumque natat. donabitur ergo, 55

ne pereat. iam letifero cedente pruinis

autumno, iam quartanam sperantibus aegris,

stridebat deformis hiems praedamque recentem

servabat ; tamen hie properat, velut urgeat auster.

utque lacus suberant, ubi quamquam diruta servat 60

ignem Troianum et Vestam colit Alba minorem,

51. vivaria : cf. 3. 308 n.

53. Palfurio, Armillato (Intr.
64 a) : said by the scholiast to
have been informers under Do-
mitian. On spondaic verses, see
Intr. 83.

55. fisci : the imperial treasury,
as distinguished from the aera-
rium, the public treasury.

56. ne pereat: i.e. lest the in-
formers confiscate it. — letifero :
autumn was the season of the si-
rocco. Hor. S. II. 6. 18-19 plum-
beus auster y autumnusque gravis^
Libitinae quaestus acerbae.

57. quartanam: sc.febrim. The
colder weather leads them to hope
that their disease will take a milder
form. Cicero {ad Fam. i6. ii. i)
tells Tiro that he hopes he will
become stronger since his fever
has become a quartan. Celsus (3.
15) says: qimrtana neminem iugu-
lat.

58. deformis hiems : Intr. 59 ;
cf. Hor. C, II. 10. 15 informes

hientes ; Verg. G. IV. 135 tristis
hiems.

59. auster : this would taint the
fish; cf. Hor. iS". II. 2. 41 at vos,
praesentes Austria coquite horum
obsonia.

60. ut lacus suberant, when the
lakes lay below him. He goes as
rapidly as possible to the villa of
Domitian, situated high up on the
Alban hills near the modern Al-
bano, on the west side of lacus
Albanus (now lago di Albano).
A short distance to the southeast
was lacus Nemorensis (now lago
di Nemi). — quamquam diruta:
Intr. 42.

61. ignem Troianum: Alba
Longa was founded by Ascanius,
who transferred thither the Trojan
fire brought by Aeneas from Troy
to Lavinium. The city was de-
stroyed by Tullus Hostilius, but
the temples were spared; Liv. I.
29. — minorem : inferior to the
temple of Vesta at Rome.

IVVENALIS

obstitit intranti miratrix turba parumper.
ut cessit, facili patuerunt cardine vaivae ;
exclusi spectant admissa obsonia patres.
itur ad Atriden. turn Picens * accipe ' dixit 65

' privatis maiora focis. genialis agatur
, iste dies, propera stomachum laxare sagina,
et tua servatum consume in saecula rhombum.
ipfee capi voluit/ quid apertius ? et tamen illi
surgebant cristae ; nihil est quod credere de se yo

non possit cum laudatur dis aequa potestas.
sed derat pisci patinae mensura. vocantur
ergo in consilium proceres, quos oderat ille,
in quorum facie miserae magnaeque sedebat
pallor amicitiae. primus clamante Liburno 75

62. miratrix turba: 5. 21 salu-
tatrix turba ; 15. 8 1 victrix turba,

63. facili cardine : such a vis-
itor gained ready admission.

65. Atriden: i.e. the Roman
Agamemnon.

66. maiora, too great for (Intr.
36) ; cf . 3. 203. — genialis, devoted
to your genius^ i,e, a day of festivity;
cf. Hor. C. III. 17. i^genium mero
curabis et porco bimestri.

67. laxare, to distend.

68. saecula : often used of the
reign of an emperor in Pliny ; Ep.
X. I. 2 digna saeculo tuo ; X. 97.
2 ; cf. Tac. Agr. 3.

69. quid apertius: i.e. what
could be more plainly a piece
of flattery.? Yet Domitian was
pleased with it; his crest rose.

71. dis = deorum potestati ; cf.
3. 74 sermo Isaeo torrentior. — dis
aequa potestas : Domitian by his
own order was addressed as domi-
nus et deus noster (Suet. Dom. 13) ;
cf. Mart. V. 8. I edictutn domini
deique nostri.

72. patinae mensura: i.€. a
dish large enough ; Intr. 60. Cf .
Mart. XIII. 81 quamvis lata gerat
patella rhombum^ rhombus latior
est tamen patella.

73. proceres : prominent men,
generally of senatorial rank (patres
64), selected chiefly from the so-
called friends of the emperor (cf.
amicitiae 75; comes 84; amici
88), formed a sort of privy council,
which he consulted on important
matters. Friedlander I.^ 1 1 7-1 30.

74. magnae pallor amicitiae :
Domitian hates his advisers and
they, well knowing his capricious
cruelty, are in constant fear lest
they say something which may
cost them their lives.

75. Liburno: probably the
messenger who summons the
council. On receiving the sum-
mons Pegasus snatches up his
cloak and hastens to the emperor's
palace. But on clamante Li-
burno the scholiast says : qui ad-
missionibus praeerat.

SATVRA IV

' currite, iam sedit ' rapta properabat aboUa
Pegasus, attonitae positus modo vilicus urbi.
anne aliud turn praef ecti ? quorum optimus atque
interpres legum sanctissimus omnia, quamquam
temporibus diris, tractanda putabat inermi
iustitia. venit et Crispi iucunda senectus,
cuius erant mores qualis facundia, mite
ingenium. maria ac terras populosque regenti
quis 'comes utilior, si clade et peste sub ilia
saevitiam damnare et honestum adferre liceret
consilium ? sed quid violentius aure tyranni,
cum quo de pluviis aut aestibus aut nimboso
vere locuturi fatum pendebat amici ?

76. abolla : cf. 3. 1 1 5 n; here the
military cloak which the praef ectus
urbi wore as commander of the
cohortes urbanae.

yy. Pegasus: the praefectus
urbi. — vilicus : Domitian regard-
ed Rome as his estate, and the
prefect was like a slave under the
order of a master. According to
the scholiast, Pegasus was the son
of a captain of a trireme, and re-
ceived his name from the figure-
head upon his father's ship.

79. interpres leg^m : Pegasus
was a prominent jurist. — quam-
quam temporibus : Intr. 42.

80. inermi iustitia: his treat-
ment of offenders was mild, though
it was a time when the severest
measures were demanded.

81. Crispi iucunda senectus:
Intr. 60. Vibius Crispus, now
eighty years of age (vs. 92), was
once the foremost pleader of his
time, and had gained such a for-
tune by his eloquence that his
wealth was proverbial (Mart. IV.
S4. 7 divUior Crispd). He had
been one of the amici of Vespasian

(Tac. Dial. 8). It was Crispus
who made the well-known reply to
a person inquiring whether any-
one was with Domitian, ne musca
quidem (Suet. Dom. 3).

82. mite ingenium : in apposi-
tion with Crispi senectus, but
implying, from its position, that
his character and his eloquence
alike lacked strength and vigor;
cf. Quint. X. I. 119 Vibius Crispus
compositus et iucundus et delecta-
tioni natus.

84. comes: not identical with
amicus. For each expedition of
the emperor outside of Italy comi-
tes were selected from the list of
the amici. Friedlander I.^ 121. —
clade et peste : i.e. Domitian ;
the misfortune for the author of
it ; Intr. 79 <:.

86. violentius, mo7'e irritable ^
more ready to take offense. It was
not safe for Domitian *s friends to
disagree with him, even about the
state of the weather.

87. cum quo : Intr. 48. On
spondaic verses, see Intr. 83.

88. locuturi: see Intr. 41 <z.

IVVENALIS

ille igitur numquam derexit bracchia contra

torrentem, nee civis erat qui libera posset 90

verba animi proferre et vitam inpendere vero.

sic multas hiemes atque octogensima vidit

solstitia, his armis ilia quoque tutus in aula.

proximus eiusdem properabat Acilius aevi

cum iuvene. indigno quem mors tam saeva maneret 95

et domini gladiis tam f estinata ; sed olim

prodigio par est in nobilitate senectus ;

unde fit ut malim fraterculus esse gigantis.

profuit ergo nihil misero, quod comminus ursos

figebat Numidas Albana nudus harena 100

venator. quis enim iam non intellegat artes

patricias ? quis priscum illud miratur acumen,

Brute, tuum ? facile est barbato inponere regi.

91. vitam inpendere vero: cf.
Lucan II. 382 patriae impendere
vitam.

93. his armis, in such armor ;
i.e. by always complying with the
humor of the emperor and cau-
tiously avoiding any expression of
his own opinion.

94. Acilius : M'. Acilius Glabrio,
also an old man like Crispus (eius-
dem aevi).

95. iuvene : his son, consul with
Trajan in 91. He was exiled and
put to death by Domitian ; Suet.
Dom. 10.

96. olim est : here = iam du-
dum est ; in this sense mostly post-
Augustan.

97. prodigio par, nothing less
than a portent, — in, in connectiofi
with.

98. malim: if of low birth he
would escape the emperor's jeal-
ousy. — fraterculus: Intr. 73 /
— fraterculus gigantis : i.e. a

person without ancestry (Intr. 8).
The giants were sons of earth.

99. erg^, as we see^ since he
was, nevertheless, put to death by
Domitian's order. — comminus,
in close contest

100. figebat, transfixed. — Al-
bana harena: traces of this am-
phitheatre are still to be seen.

loi. venator, huntsman^ one
who fights with wild animals in
the arena. — artes : by which they
hope to escape the jealousy of the
emperor.

103. facile est . . . regi : it was
easy to deceive a king of the
ancient type, as Brutus did Tar-
quinius Superbus (Liv. I. 56). —
barbato regi : cf . 5. 30 capillato
consuUy and Hor. C. 11. 1 5. 1 1 in-
tonsi Catonis. According to Varro
(de Re Rust. II. 11), barbers were
introduced at Rome in B.C. 300.

104. nee melior vultu : as pale
as the others (vs. 75), though being

SATVRA IV

nec melior vultu quamvis ignobilis ibat

Rubrius, offensae veteris reus atque tacendae, 105

et tamen inprobior saturam scribente cinaedo.

Montani quoque venter adest abdomine tardus,

et matutino sudans Crispinus amomo

quantum vix redolent duo funera ; saevior illo

Pompeius tenui iugulos aperire susurro, no

et qui vulturibus servabat viscera Dacis

Fuscus, marmorea meditatus proelia villa,

et cum mortifero prudens Veiento Catullo,

qui numquam visae flagrabat amore puellae,

grande et conspicuum nostro quoque tempore mon-

strum, 115

caecus adulator dirusque a ponte satelles.

of low birth he had less reason
to fear (vs. 97).

105. Rubrius : i^. Rubrius Gal-
lus, a general of Vespasian. What
his offense was is a matter of con-
jecture.

106. inprobior, more shame-
less. He rebuked others for their
vices, though himself guilty of an
offense not to be named. — ci-
naedo, a sensualist. No particular
person is meant.

107. Montani venter : Intr.
60; cf. vss. 136-143.

108. matutino amomo : a proof
of his bad taste and extravagance.
The ashes in the funeral urn were
perfumed with amomum ; Ov. Tr.
III. 3. 69. — Crispinus: cf. vss.
1-27.

no. Pompeius: of him noth-
ing further is known. — iugulos
aperire susurro, to cut people's
throats with a whisper^ i.e. by a
secret accusation without any
proof. — aperire: cf. Hor. Epod.
17. 71 ense pectus Norico recludere.

The infinitive depends upon
saevior; Intr. 39 b.

1 1 2. Fuscus : Cornelius Fuscus
was prctefectus praetorio under
Domitian. — meditatus proelia,
planning campaigns. He liked
the excitement of military life.
Tacitus (Hist. II. 86) says of him :
non tarn praemiis periculorum
quam ipsis periculis laetus. He
led an expedition against the
Dacians in 86. The army was
surprised and defeated, and Fuscus
was slain; Tac. Agr. 41; Suet.
Dom. 6.

113. Veiento: cf. vs. 129 and
see 3. 185 n. — Catullo : Catullus
Messalinus ; cf. Tac. Agr, 45, cited
on vs.- 145. He is said by Pliny
{Ep. IV. 22. 5) to have been blind
and by nature cruel.

1 16. a ponte satelles, a minion
from the bridge^ a beggar. Pons
{5. 8) denotes a beggar's station,
and aliquis de ponte (14. 134) is a
beggar. Juvenal does not mean
that Catullus had been a beggar,

IVVENALIS

dignus Aricinos qui mendicaret ad axes

blandaque devexae iactaret basia raedae.

nemo magis rhombum stupuit ; nam plurima dixit

in laevum con versus, at illi dextra iacebat 120

belua. sic pugnas Cilicis laudabat et ictus

et pegma et pueros inde ad velaria raptos.

non cedit Veiento, sed ut fanaticus oestro

percussus, Bellona, tuo divinat et ' ingens

omen habes' inquit *magni clarique triumphi. 125

regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno

excidet Arviragus. peregrina est belua, cernis

erectas in terga sudes ? * hoc def uit unum

Fabricio, patriam ut rhombi memoraret et annos.

* quidnam igitur censes ? conciditur ? * * absit ab illo 130

dedecus hoc * Montanus ait ; * testa alta paretur,

but that being blind and of a
servile disposition he was fitted
by nature to be a beggar, was
worthy to follow that calling, and
practise the tricks common to it.
Beggars naturally gathered on
frequented roads, at those places
where travelers would have to go
slowly, as at bridges or on the
slope of a hill.

117. Aricinos: Aricia was on
the Via Appia about sixteen miles
from Rome. The clivus Aricinus
was a well-known resort for beg-
gars; Mart. II. 19. 3; XII. 32. 10.

118. devexae : when it recedes
down the hill.

121. sic: i.e. though unable to
see them. — Cilicis : a gladiator
from Cilicia; cf. Hor. ^. II. 6. 44.

1 22. pegma : a kind of machine
for the thea^tre or amphitheatre
containing platforms which could
be suddenly raised or lowered at
pleasure. By this means actors

were able to rise in the air; as
Icarus (Suet. Nero 12); Hercules
carried to the skies by a bull
(Mart. Sped. 16 b). — velaria =
vela^ awnings to protect the audi-
ence from the sun.

123. fanaticus, one inspired;
cf. Hor. A. P. 454. — oestro : for
furorey frenzy, inspiration of
prophets, like fiavla.

127. Arviragus: Intr. 9. No
chieftain of Britain of this name
is mentioned by any other ancient
writer. Shakespeare gives the
name to one of the sons of Cym-
beline. Tacitus {Agr. 12) states
that war chariots were used by
some of the peoples of Britain.

1 29. Fabricio : i.e. Veiento ; cf .
vs. 113 n.

130. quidnam igitur censes,
we//, then, what do you propose ? —
conciditur, is it to be cut up f

133. debetur, is needed. — Pro-
metheus (Intr. 65) : some worker

SATVRA IV 53

quae tenui muro spatiosum colligat orbem.

debetur magnus patinae subitusque Prometheus.

argillam atque rotam citius properate, sed ex hoc

tempore iam, Caesar, figuli tua castra sequantur/ 135

vicit digna viro sententia. noverat ille

luxuriam imperii veterem noctesque Neronis

iam medias aliamque famem, cum pulmo Falerno

arderet. nulli maior fuit usus edendi

tempestate mea ; Circeis nata forent an 140

Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo

ostrea callebat primo deprendere morsu,

et semel aspecti litus dicebat echini.

surgitur et misso proceres exire iubentur

consilio, quos Albanam dux magnus in arcem 145

traxerat attonitos et festinare coactos

tamquam de Chattis aliquid torvisque Sycambris

in clay equaling Prometheus in from Circei were * natives/ Pliny

skill ; referring to the fable of the quotes Mucianus saying that none

origin of man ; Hor. C. I. i6. 13. were found sweeter or more tender

137. noctes iam medias: cf. than these. Lucrine oysters had
Suet. Nero 27 epulas a medio die been brought from other localities
ad mediam noctem protrahebat. and fattened in the beds of Lake

138. aliam famem: the appe- Lucrinus. Horace(^/^^. 2.49)and
tite for a second meal when the Martial, in many places, speak of
revels have been continued far these as the best. Rutupiae was
into the night ; see Friedlander a town and harbor on the south-
on Petr. 65. — Falerno : a choice east coast of Britain, now Rich-
Campanian wine. borough, where there are still

139. usus edendi, practice in remains of many Roman build-
eating. He could tell where an ings. On Juvenal's acquaintance
oyster came from by its flavor, and with Britain, see Intr. 9.

name the native shore of a sea- 145. Albanam in arcem : cf.

urchin at sight. Tac. Agr. 45 intra Albanam arcem

142. ostrea: oysters were a sententia Messalini strepebat

favorite delicacy of the Romans, 147. Chattis, Sycambris : pow-

Pliny(iV. ZT. XXXII. 59) says: f«»j erful and warlike German tribes.

palma mensarum diu iam tribua- Domitian celebrated a triumph

tur illis. Those from the three for victories which he claimed over

localities here named were all the Chatti in 84, and assumed the

ranked among the best. Oysters title Germanicus, which appears

IVVENALIS

dicturus, tamquam ex diversis partibus orbis
anxia praecipiti venisset epistula pinna,
atque utinam his potius nugis tota ilia dedisset
tempora saevitiae, claras quibus abstulit urbi
inlustresque animas impune et vindice nuUo.
sed periit postquam cerdonibus esse timendus
coeperat. hoc nocuit Lamiarum caede madenti.

150

SATVRA V

Si te propositi nondum pudet atque eadem est mens,
ut bona summa putes aliena vivere quadra,

upon his coins ; Suet. Dom. 6.
This is the triumph to which
Tacitus refers in Agr. 39, for
which, he says, the pretended cap-
tives had been purchased.

148. ex diversis partibus or-
bis, from opposite quarters of the
earth.

149. praecipiti pinna, on hur-
ried wing.

153. cerdonibus (8. 182), work-
ing men^ sometimes with a name
to indicate the trade; Mart. III.
59. I sutor cerdOf a cobbler. These
represent the lower classes as the
Lamiae do the nobility^ Juvenal
means that Domitian could murder
the nobility without resistance, but
that when he began to treat the
lower classes with cruelty, the re-
sult was his assassination. Aelius
Lamia was one of Domitian's
victims ; Suet. Dom. 10.

Domitian was assassinated Sep-
tember 18, A.D. 96. Among his
murderers were Stephanus, stew-
ard of Domitilla, Clodianus, an
adjutant, Maximus, a freedman,
Saturius, head chamberlain, and
several from the gladiatorial
school; Suet. Dom. 17.

V. A Poor Guest at a Rich
Man*s Table. — A poor client,
Trebius, after months of weari-
some attendance on his patron
Virro, gets an invitation to dine
with him. The ignominious treat-
ment which he receives is minutely
described. Though the rich guests
have the best which the market
affords, everything set before
Trebius is of inferior quality.
That poor guests were sometimes
treated in this way is evident from
Mart. III. 60, IV. 68, VI. 11, and
Pliny Ep. II. 6.

i-ii. Better be a beggar than
dine with the rich and submit to
insults that a court jester would
not endure.

- I. propositi, plan of life. —
nondum : i.e. after go long trial of
it. — eadem est mens: cf. Hor.
Ep. I. I. 4 non eadem est mens.

2. aliena vivere quadra, to live
on another^ s bread ; cf. Plaut.
Pers. 58 quasi mures semper edere
alienum cibum. A quadra was a
piece from a loaf marked on the
top so as to be broken into four
parts ; cf. Mart. III. 77. 3 sectae
quadra placentae.

SATVRA V

si potes ilia pati quae nee Sarmentus iniquas
Caesaris ad mensas nee vilis Gabba tulisset,
quamvis iurato metuam tibi credere testi.
ventre nihil novi frugalius. hoc tamen ipsum
defecisse puta quod inani sufficit alvo :
nulla crepido vacat ? nusquam pons et tegetis pars
dimidia brevior ? tantine iniuria cenae,
tam ieiuna fames, cum possit honestius illic
et tremere et sordes farris mordere canini ?

Primo fige loco, quod tu discumbere iussus
mercedem solidam veterum capis officiorum.
fructus amicitiae magnae cibus ; imputat hunc rex,
et quamvis rarum tamen imputat. ergo duos post

3. Sarmentus, Gabba: exam-
ples of court buffoons with whom
the emperors amused themselves
and their guests at table. Both
lived in the time of Augustus. A
scurra Sarmentus is mentioned in
Hor. S. I. 5. 52. Gabba*s wit is
referred to in Mart. I. 41. 16 qui
Gabbam salibus tuts posses vincere.

— iniquas : where the guests did
not all fare alike.

5. iurato : perfect passive parti-
ciple with an active signification.
A man with so little self-respect
could not be believed under oath.

6. frugalius,x»<?r^ easy to satisfy.

7. puta, suppose. — inani alvo :
of. Hor. S. I. 6. 1 27 inani ventre.

8. nulla crepido vacat : i.e. is
there no beggar's stand unoccu-
pied } • — crepido : steps of a public
building. These would be favorite
stations for beggars, as are the
entrances to churches in Rome at
the present day. — pons : 4. 1 16 n.

— tegetis : a beggar's mat ; cf . 9.
140.

9. dimidia brevior: i.e. only

half long enough for a bed. —
iniuria cenae, tAe insult of a din-
ner. The insolent treatment of
an inferior guest is called contu-
melia in Plin. Ep. II. 6. 5.

10. itiuiiAf ravenous. — possit:
the subject is to be supplied from
fames; cf. i. 74 probitas alget.
Most MSS. have possisy the final
syllable of which is long. — illic :
on the crepido or pons.

1 1 . tremere : with cold. —
sordes farris canini: Intr. 60.

12-23. The lowest place at
Virro's table, given you only to
fill a vacancy, pays up all social
obligations.

12. fige: i.e. impress this on
your mind. — discumbere iussus :
invited by your patron to dine
with him ; cf . Verg. Aen. I. 708
toris iussi discumbere pictis.

13. mercedem solidam, pay-
ment in full.

14. amicitiae magnae : cf. 4.
74. — imputat, charges against
you ; by this favor he makes you
his debtor.

IVVENALIS

si libuit menses neglectum adhibere clientem,

tertia ne vacuo cessaret culcita lecto,

' una simus ' ait. votorum summa. quid ultra

quaeris ? habet Trebius propter quod rumpere somnuui

debeat et ligulas dimittere, sollicitus ne 20

tota salutatrix iam turba peregerit orbem,

sideribus dubiis aut illo tempore quo se

frigida circumagunt pigri serraca Bootae.

Qualis cena tamen ? vinum quod sucida nolit
lana pati : de con viva Cory ban ta videbis. 25

iurgia proludunt, sed mox et pocula torques

17. vacuo : i.e. not yet filled,
perhaps because the person first
invited is not able to come. —
culcita : a cushion for the left
elbow of the guest to rest upon.

18. una simus : i.e. let me have
the pleasure of your company at
dinner; cf. Ter. Heaut. 162 aput
me sis volo.

19. Trebius: cf . vs. 135.

20. debeat : the invitation puts
him under obligation. — ligulas :
the straps with which the shoe
was fastened over the instep. —
ligulas dimittere, to leave his
shoes untied.

2 1 . peregerit orbem : the client
sometimes visited more than one
patron.

22. sideribus dubiis : when the
stars are dim, just before daybreak.
The salutatio began at sunrise. —
illo tempore quo : i.e. earlier still,
while the stars are bright.

23. frigida : because situated so
far to the north. — pigri: cf.
Mart. VIII. 21. 3 pigra Bootae
plaustra, Bootes, the herdsman,
is called b\\fk hitiav^ late settings in
Hom. Od. v. 272. The constella-
tion approaches the horizon in the
northwest in an upright position,

and therefore occupies several
hours in setting. It is called tar-
dus ^ Cat. 66. 67 ; and sertiSy Prop.
IV. 5. 35. — serraca: the Ursa
Major, which in the latitude of
Rome never sinks below the hori-
zon, but revolves around the pole
(circumagunt).

24-155. Description of the din-
ner, interrupted by a brief address
to Virro (107-113).

24-75. '^^^ service. Vile wine
in a cracked glass cup is handed
you by an ugly Moorish outrunner,
while Virro is served with the best
old wine in jeweled cups by a beau-
tiful eastem cupbearer. Your
black bread, too, is hard and
moldy. The tender white bread
is kept for better men than you.

24. sucida lana: wool just
sheared ; cf. Mart. XI. 27. 8 sucida
vellera. Such wool with oil or
wine was used for fomentations;
Plin. N. H, XXIX. 30. • The
wine offered you is so poor that
even the wool would reject it.

25. de conviva: cf. 7. 197
Jies de rhetoi'e consul. — Cory-
banta : the guest becomes as wild
and noisy as a priest of Cybele.

26. iurgia proludunt, disputes

SATVRA V

saucius et rubra deterges vulnera mappa,

inter vos quotiens libertorumque cohortem

pugna Saguntina fervet commissa lagona.

ipse capillato diffusum consule potat 30

calcatamque tenet bellis socialibus uvam,

cardiaco numquam cyathum missurus amico ;

eras bibet Albanis aliquid de montibus aut de

Setinis, cuius patriam titulumque senectus

delevit multa veteris fuligine testae, 35

quale coronati Thrasea Helvidiusque bibebant

form the prelude; but a bloody
fight soon follows, which will en-
tertain the guests.

27. rubra: proleptic. — mappa :
guests usually brought their own
napkins (Mart. XII. 29), partly for
the purpose of taking home food
and presents {pLiFQilibpyYra). The
host also appears to have furnished
napkins for use at the table ; Mar-
quardt, Privatleben^ p. 313.

29. Saguntina : for the pottery
of Saguntum, cf. Plin. N. H.
XXXV. 160; Mart. XIV. 108.—
lagona : a vessel made of earth-
enware, with one handle and a flat
bottom, resembling a jug but hav-
ing a wider mouth ; used chiefly
for wine.

30. ipse : the master, rex (vs. 1 4).
— capiUato consule : before bar-
bers were known at Rome, ue. be-
fore B.C. 300; cf. 4. 103 barbato
regi^ and Mart. III. 62. 2 sub rege
Numa condita vina bibis. A label
(tituluSf vs. 34) on the amphora
indicated the names of the con-
suls in whose term it was filled. —
diffusum, bottled^ i.e. drawn off
from the dolium and put into the
amphorae.

31. bellis socialibus : suggested
perhaps by Hor. C. III. 14. 18
cadum Marsi memorem duelli.

32. cardiaco, suffering with
heartburn. Wine was the only
known remedy for the cardiacus
morbus; Plin. N.H, XXIII. 50.—
cyathum, a ladleful ; as a meas-
ure, the cyathus was one-twelfth
of a sextarius. — missurus : con-
clusion of the condition implied in
cardiaco.

33. Albanis : cf . 13. 214 Albani
veteris pretiosa senectus.

34. Setinis : from Setia in Lati-
um (now Sezze); cf. 10. 27 lato
Setinum ardebit in auro. — titulum
delevit : the wine is so old that
the date on the amphora o.'acaxioX
be read. The apotheca in which
the wine was stored was sometimes
built where the smoke could pass
through it, since this was thought
to improve the flavor ; cf. Hor. C.
III. 8. II amphorae fumum bibere
institutae consule Tullo,

36. coronati : sc. with garlands,
without which no Roman banquet
was complete. — Thrasea Helvi-
diusque : Paetus Thrasea and his
son-in-law Helvidius Priscus, both
stoics, were two of the most promi-
nent among those who were un-
friendly to the empire. Nero put
Thrasea to death in 66 and ban-
ished Helvidius. The latter was
put to death by order of Vespasian.

IVVENALIS

Brutorum et Cassi natalibus. ipse capaces
Heliadum crustas et inaequales berullo
Virro tenet phialas : tibi non committitur aurum,
vel si quando datur, custos adfixus ibidem,
qui numeret gemmas, ungues observet acutos.
da veniam, praeclara illi laudatur iaspis ;
nam Virro, ut multi, gemmas ad pocula transfert
a digitis, quas in vaginae fronte solebat
ponere zelotypo iuvenis praelatus larbae.
tu Beneventani sutoris nomen habentem
siccabis calicem nasorum quattuor ac iam
quassatum et rupto poscentem sulpura vitro.

37. Brutorum : i.€. Decimus and
Marcus.

38. Heliadum crustas : em-
bossed work of amber. The tears
of the Heliades became amber;
Ov. Met II. 364 sqq. — crustas
= pocula crustata, — inaequales :
made rough, studded. For the
very exceptional rhythm, see Intr.

«3.

39. phialas : the phiala was a
shallow vessel, resembling a saucer,
without a handle, often made of
gold or silver and elaborately or-
namented.

41. ungues acutos : with which
you might stealthily remove the
gem.

42. da veniam : not the words
of the custos (40) but of the poet.
Do not be offended because he
sets a watchman over you ; the
beautiful jasper on that cup is
much admired.

44. in vaginae fronte : on that
part of the scabbard which is most
exposed to view when it hangs by
the side. Vergil says of Aeneas
(Aen. IV. 261) illi stellcttus iaspide
fulva ensis erat.

45. praelatus : by Dido; cf. Aen.
IV. 36 and 196-218. See Intr.
66 b. Aeneas, a hero, put his
jewels on his sword; Virro had
his on his cups. Each ornamented
that which he most highly prized.
Cf. Mart. XIV. 109. 2 quot digitos
exuit iste calix!

46. Beneventani sutoris : Va-
tinius of Beneventum, originally a
shoemaker, became a favorite of
Nero and acquired great wealth;
Tac. Ann. XV. 34. His name
was given to a kind of drinking
cup with four noses ; cf. Mart. X.
3.4; XIV. 96.

47. nasorum quattuor : geni-
tive of quality.

48. poscentem sulpura: your
cup is cracked and ought to be
exchanged, as broken glass, for
sulphur matches. This is better
than the explanation of the scho-
liast, that the cup ought to be
mended with a sulphur cement.
In Mart. I. 41. 4 the peddler gives
sulphur matches for broken glass,
and in Mart. X. 3. 4 it is broken
Vatinian cups that are thus taken
in exchange.

SATVRA V

si stomachus domini fervet vinoque ciboque,

frigidior Geticis petitur decocta pruinis. 50

non eadem vobis poni modo vina querebar ?

vos aliam potatis aquam. tibi pocula cursor

Gaetulus dabit aut nigri manus ossea Mauri

et cui per mediam nolis occurrere noctem,

clivosae veheris dum per monumenta Latinae : 55

flos Asiae ante ipsum, pretio maiore paratus

quam fuit et TuUi census pugnacis et Anci

et, ne te teneam, Romanorum omnia regum

frivola. quod cum ita sit, tu Gaetulum Ganymedem

respice, cum sities. nescit tot milibus emptus 60

pauperibus miscere puer ; sed forma, sed aetas

digna supercilio. quando ad te pervenit ille ?

quando rogatus adest calidae gelidaeque minister ?

49. vinoque ciboque : see Intr.

27.

50. decocta : wine was mixed
with hot water or with cold ; of.
Mart. XIV. 105 frigida non deerit
non deerit ccUda petenU. To get
the water pure it was boiled and
then cooled with snow.

52. cursor Gaetulus: an Afri-
can runner, brought in to help at
a banquet, will be a cupbearer
good enough for you; cursores
were slaves that ran before the
carriages (Mart. III. 47. 14 ; XII.
24. 7), or were sent as messengers
(Tac. Agr. 43).

54. cui nolis occurrere: be-
cause he looks like a villain who
would rob and perhaps murder
you ; not, as Ruperti says, because
he is so lean and black that you
would take him for a ghost. — per
noctem : cf. 3. 316 n.

55. clivosae : ascending the
hill, where the carriages would go

slowly. — monumenta Latinae :
cf. I. 171 n.

56. flos Asiae: cf. 11. 147. —
ante ipsum : the waiters passed
before the couches, between the
guests and the table. On the
ellipsis of the verb, see Intr. 50.

57. TuUi census : cf. Hor. C.
IV. 7. 15 dives Tullus et Ancus.
See Intr. 64 a.

59. frivola, paltry possessions ;
cf. 3. 198. — cum ita : Intr. 81.

60. respice, look to him as the
man you must depend on to get
anything ; cf . Liv. IV. 46. 8 ;
Hor. Ep. I. I. 105. — tot milibus
emptus: such slaves sometimes
brought fabulous prices ; Antony
purchased two for 200,000 sester-
ces; Plin. N,I/. VII. 56.

62. digna supercilio, justify
his disdain. — ille: your black
Ganymede, the cursor Gaetulus
(vs. 52).

63. calidae : cf. 50 n.

60 IVVENALIS

quippe indignatur veteri parere clienti,

quodque aliquid poscas et quod se stante recumbas. 65

maxima quaeque domus servis est plena superbis.

ecce alius quanto porrexit murmure panem

vix fractum, solidae iam mucida frusta farinae,

quae genuinum agitent, non admittentia morsum.

sed tener et niveus moUique siligine fictus 70

servatur domino, dextram cohibere memento,

salva sit artoptae reverentia. finge tamen te

improbulum, superest illic qui ponere cogat :

* vis tu consuetis, audax conviva, canistris

impleri panisque tui novisse colorem ? ' 75

' scilicet hoc fuerat propter quod saepe relicta

coniuge per montem adversum gelidasque cucurri

Esquilias, fremeret saeva cum grandine vernus

luppiter et multo stillaret paenula nimbo/

66. servis plena : Intr. 35. basket^ will you ? a command in

68. vix fractum, broken into the form of a question ; cf. Bent-
pieces with difficulty. — solidae,/» ley on Hor. S. II. 6. 92 vis non
solid lumps. — mucida frusta: interrogantis modo est ut vin,
cf. 14. 128 mucida caerulei panis sed orantisy hortantisy flagitantis^
frusta. iubentis.

69. quae genuinum agitent, 76-79. You say to yourself:
to torment the grinders. 'This insulting treatment is all that

70. fictus, formed into loaves. I get for my constant attendance

72. salva sit : show proper re- on Virro's morning receptions.*
spect for it by not touching the 77. per montem ... Esquilias,
bread baked in it. It was not up the steep slope of the chilly Es-
meant for you. — artoptae: a quiline; cf. 3. 71. — gelidas:
bread-pan in which the finest bread it is called also aquosas (Prop. V.
was baked ; cf. Plant. Aul. 400 ego 8. i). The hill was bleak and the
hincartoptam ex proxumo utendam visits of Trebius were made early
peto. — finge tamen, suppose^ how- in the morning.

ever ; 8. 195. 79. luppiter: often used by the

73. improbulum (Intr. 74 b\ a poets for the sky ; cf. Hor. CI. i.
little reckless y and venturing to tsJce 25 sub love frigido. — paenula :
a piece from the wrong basket. — a thick, close-fitting over-garment,
superest : a slave stands over you. usually of dark color, without

74. vis tu . . . impleri, stuff sleeves, worn in bad weather or
yourself with bread from your own on a journey.

SATVRA V

Aspice quam longo distinguat pectore lancem 80

quae fertur domino squilla, et quibus undique saepta
asparagis qua despiciat convivia cauda,
dum venit excelsi manibus sublata ministri.
sed tibi dimidio constrictus caipmarus ovo
ponitur exigua feralis cena patella. 85

ipse Venafrano piscem perfundit : at hie qui
pallidus adfertur misero tibi caulis olebit
lanternam ; illud enim vestris datur alveolis quod
canna Micipsarum prora subvexit acuta,
propter quod Romae cum Boccare nemo lavatur, 90
quod tutos etiam facit a serpentibus atris.

80-106. The first course. Virro
has a fine lobster, asparagus, oil
from Venafrum, and a choice mul-
let ; but you get a crab, a cabbage
soaked in lamp oil, and a pike fat-
tened in the sewers. The cena
regularly included (i) the gustus
or gustatio^ composed of dishes
that would stimulate the appetite,
as salad, cabbage, eggs, and some
kinds of fish ; (2) the cena proper,
the chief part of the meal, served
in courses (fercula) ; (3) mensae
secundacy dessert, consisting of
fresh and dried fruits and pastry.
In this description Juvenal omits
the gustaHo.

81. squilla, lobster. — saepta,
garnished.

82. asparagis: cf. 11. 69. —
despiciat convivia, looks down
with disdain upon the guests.

84. constrictus, meagrely gar-
nished. — cammarus, a crab or
shrimp. A cammarus is set be-
fore the poor client also in Mart.
II. 43. 12.

85. feralis cena : at the novem-
dialCf on the ninth day after
burial, food of the simplest kind

was placed on the tomb. — pa-
tella : Intr. 32.

86. Venafrano :Venafrum(now
Venafro) a small town in Samnium
on the Via Latina, produced the
best olive oil in Itsdy ; cf. Plin. AT.
J/.XY.S; Hor. C. II. 6. 15.

87. pallidus, wilted; cf. Mart.
XIII. 17 pallentes caules. — olebit
lanternam : Natta, in Hor. S. I.
6. 124, anoints himself with oil fit
only for the lamps.

89. canna, reed boat. Such
boats were used on the Nile ; Plin.
N.ff. VII. 206 (naves) fiunt in Nilo
expapyro ac scirpo et harundine. —
Micipsarum : Micipsa was king of
Numidia ; Sail. lug. 5. The plural
stands for the Numidians or the
people of Africa in general.

90. cum Boccare : i.e. with a
Moor or African. Boccar was the
name of a king of Mauretania;
Liv. XXIX. 30.

91. This verse is not found in
/*, and might be omitted without
loss. The poor quality of the oil
furnished to Trebius has already
been fully set forth in the preced-
ing verses.

IVVENALIS

muUus erit domini, quern misit Corsica vel quern

Tauromenitanae rupes, quando omne peractum est

et iam defecit nostrum mare, dum gula saevit,

retibus adsiduis penitus scrutante macello 95

proxima, nee patimur Tyrrhenum crescere piscem.

instruit ergo focum provincia, sumijtur illinc

quod captator emat Laenas, Aurelia vendat.

Virroni muraena datur, quae maxima venit

gurgite de Siculo ; nam dum se continet auster, 100

dum sedet et siccat madidas in carcere pinnas,

contemnunt mediam temeraria lina Charybdim :

vos anguilla manet longae cognata colubrae,

aut glacie aspersus maculis Tiberinus, et ipse

vernula riparum, pinguis torrente cloaca 105

et solitus mediae cryptam penetrare Suburae.

92. muUus : cf. 4. 15 n.

93. Tauromenitanae rupes:
Tauromenium(now Taormina) was
a town on the east coast of Sicily.

94. nostrum mare : the Tuscan
sea. — gviXdit gluttony ; cf. i. 140;
11.39.

95. scrutante : cf . Sen. Ep. 89.
22 gula hinc maria scrutatur, hinc
terras,

96. Tyrrhenum, in the Tuscan
sea.

97. instruit focum provincia :
i.e. the delicacies of the kitchen
must now be brought from foreign
parts.

98.' captator, legacy-hunter. He
buys the fish and sends it as a
present to Aurelia, a rich and
childless widow, and she, out of
avarice, or because she has many
such presents from other capta-
tores, sends it to the market.

99. muraena: an eel found in
the Mediterranean, considered a

delicacy by the Romans,' and often
kept in their vivaria.

100. g^rgite de Siculo: cf.
Mart. XIII. 80. I quae natat in
Siculo grandis muraena profundo.

— auster : often accompanied by
rain; cf. Ov. Met. I. & pluvius
auster.

loi. madidas : from the storm
which has now subsided. — in
carcere : suggested by the descrip-
tion of the cave of the winds in
Verg. Aen. I. 50-63.

102. contemnunt: cf. 10. 123
Antoni gladios potuit contemner e.

— lina, nets ; cf. 4. 45.

104. Tiberinus : a fish from the
Tiber, probably the lupus (pike) ;
cf. Hor. S. II. 2. 31. It was
marked with spots as if frost-bitten,
and had been fattened upon the
filth from the sewers.

105. vernula, a native. — tor-
rente, rushing; cf. Plin. N. H.
XXXVI. 105 cursu praecipiti tor-

SATVRA V

Ipsi pauca velim, facilem si praebeat aurem :
* nemo petit, modicis quae mittebantur amicis
a Seneca, quae Hso bonus, quae Cotta solebat
largiri ; namque et titulis et f ascibus olim
maior habebatur donandi gloria, solum
poscimus ut cenes civiliter. hoc face et esto,
esto, ut nunc multi, dives tibi, pauper amicis.*

Anseris ante ipsum magni iecur, anseribus par
altilis, et flavi dignus ferro Meleagri

rentium modo. The main channel
of the cloaca maxima began in the
valley of the Sabura (cf. 3. 5 n) and
passed beneath the forum and the
Velabrum to the Tiber. It received
not only the sewage, but also the
surface water from the adjacent
slopes.

107-113. I should like to have
a few words with Virro himself:
You are not expected to show un-
usual generosity, but when you
invite guests, treat yourself as you
treat them.

107. pauca velim : sc. dicer e ;
cf. Plant. M. G. 375 paucis verbis
U volo. — facilem aurem : cf . 3.
122, and Prop. III. 21. 15 nimium

faciles aurem praebere ptiellae.

108. nemo petit : i.e. no one
expects you to give. — modicis
amicis, ^^«^j in humble circum-
stances ; cf. vilibus amicis (vs. 146)
and minoribus amicis (Plin. Ep. II.
6.2).

109. Seneca, Piso: Intr. 79 c.
Martial also (XII. 36. 8) mentions
Seneca and IHso as examples of
liberality. — Piso : the conspirator
against Nero who suffered death
in A.D. 65. Tacitus (Ann. XV. 48)
speaks of his liberality toward his
friends.

112. cenes civiliter : />. treat
your guests as one citizen treats

another; treat them as your equals;
cf. Eutrop. 10. 16 lulianus civilis
Jn cunctos.

113. dives tibi, pauper ami-
cis : i.e, dine as expensively as
you please when you are alone,
and be as parsimonious as you
please when you entertain your
friends ; but when you entertain
them fare as they do. Pliny (Ep.
II. 6. 3) says : cunctis rebus exaequo
quos mensa et toro aequavi; and
again (4) liberti met non idem quod
ego bibunty sed idem ego quod liberti.

1 14-145. The main courses.
While Vifro and his rich guests
feast on goose's liver, capon, wild
boar, and truffles, you are merely
an idle spectator. If, however,
you were rich and childless you
would be treated like a prince.

114. anseris iecur: cf. Mart.
XIII. 58 aspice quam tumeat ma-
gno iecur ansere maius. Geese were
fattened in such a way that the
livers attained an unnatural size,
like the Strasburg geese of modern
times.

115. altilis : a fattened fowl, a
capon. — flavi : a common epithet
of a hero; Homer (//. II. 642) has
^y^f MeX^a7po». — dignus ferro :
i.e. equal in size to the Calvdo-
nian boar which Meleager slew;
Ovid Met. VIIL 270 sqq.

IVVENALIS

spumat aper. post hunc tradentur tubera, si ver

tunc erit et facient optata tonitrua cenas

maiores. * tibi habe frumentum * Alledius inquit,

*o Libye, disiunge boves, dum tubera mittas/

structorem interea, nequa indignatio desit, 120

saltantem spectes et chironomunta volanti

cultello, donee peragat dictata magistri

omnia ; nee minimo sane discrimine refert

quo gestu lepores et quo gallina secetur.

duceris planta velut ictus ab Hercule Cacus 125

et ponere foris, si quid temptaveris umquam

hiscere, tamquam habeas tria nomina. quando propinat

1 16. spumat : a bold use of the
standing epithet of the boar ; Lucr.
V. 985; Verg. Aen. I. 324; Mart.
XI. 69. 9; XIV. 70. 2. An easier
reading is fumat^ but cf. Mart.
XIV. 221. 2. — aper: cf. 1. 141 n.
— hunc : i.e. aprum. — tubera :
14. 7 tubera terrae. Pliny (N. H,
XIX. 37) says thunder causes truf-
fles to grow, and that they are
most tender in the spring.

119. disiunge boves: Africa
was a grain-growing country, and
sent its produce to Rome. Alledius,
some epicure, is willing to dispense
altogether with the grain if he can
get a supply of truffles.

1 20. structorem : properly the
slave who arranges {struo) the
dishes (cf. 7. 184 qui fercula docte
conponat)i but who also performs
the duties of the carver {carptor or
scissor) \ cf. II. 136, and Mart. X.
48. 15 quae non egeant ferro struc-
toris, — interea : while Virro is
enjoying his dinner you may amuse
yourself by watching the carver.

T2I. chironomunta : a Latin-
ized form of xctpoi'OMovKra, moving
the hands in time, gesticulating; cf.

Petr. 36 processit statim scissor, et
ad symphoniam iia gesticulatus
laceravit obsonium ut putares esse-
darium hydraule cantante pugnare.

122. dictata magistri : he has
taken lessons of a teacher. For a
description of a school of carving
where the learners practised on
wooden models, see 11. 1 36-1 41.

123. sane : ironical, it makes,
of course, a vast difference.

125. duceris planta, you will
be dragged out by the heels, as
Cacus was by Hercules ; V^erg.
Aen. VIII. 26^ pedibusque informe
cadaver protrahitur ; Liv. I. 7 Ca-
cus ictus clava,fidem pastorum ne-
quiquam invocans, tnorte occubuit.

127. hiscere : i.e. to take any
part in the conversation. —^ tria
nomina : free citizens had three
names ; slaves had only two. Tre-
bius is free (vs. 161), but he re-
ceives such servile treatment that
Juvenal addresses him sarcastic-
ally as if he were a slave. — pr6-
pinat : in Martial the o is common
in quantity. — propinat tibi, drink
to your health ; drink from the cup
and then pass it to you.

SATVRA V

Virro tibi sumitve tuis contacta labellis
pocula ? quis vestrum temerarius usque adeo, quis
perditus, ut dicat regi * bibe * ? plurima sunt quae 130
' non audent homines pertusa dicere laena.
quadringenta tibi si quis deus aut similis dis
et melior fatis donaret homuncio, quantus,
ex nihilo quantus fieres Virronis amicus.
*da Trebio, pone ad Trebium. vis, f rater, ab ipsis 13s
ilibus ? ' o nummi, vobis hunc praestat honorem,
vos estis fratres. dominus tamen et domini rex
si vis tu fieri, nuUus tibi parvulus aula
luserit Aeneas nee filia dulcior illo ;
iucundum et carum sterilis facit uxor amicum. 140

sed tua nunc Mycale pariat licet et pueros tres
in gremium patris fundat semel, ipse loquaci

128. tibi : see Intr. 84.

130. perditus, reckless.

131. audent : archaic and poetic
use of the indicative after sunt
quae ; cf. 14. i plurima sunt quae
monstrant. — pertusa laena, with
a hole in their cloak ; see note .on
3- 283.

132. quadringenta (sestertia) :
see I. 105 n. If you become sud-
denly rich Virro will treat you
with great attention, hoping to be
made your heir. — tibi : cf . vs.
128 n.

133. melior fatis : that made
you poor. — homuncio, some little
man, in contrast with deus; cf.
Ter. Eun. 590-591 at quem deum I
ego homuncio hoc nonfacerem ?

134. ex mhiXOt from a nobody ;
cf. vs. 25 n.

135. vis ab ilibus, will you have
a piece from the loin ? cf. Mart. X.
45. 4 ilia Laurentis cum tibi demus
apri. — frater: cf. Horace's ad-
vice i^Ep. I. 6. 54) to the ambitious

politician : frater, pater adde ; ut
cuique estaetas, ita quemque facetus
adopta.

137. vos estis fratres : so Mar-
tial (VIII. 81.6) says of Gellia's
pearls : hos fratres vocat, hos vocat
sorores. — dominus et domini
rex : if you wish to become a pa-
tron, and even the patron of one
who himself has clients, you must
be not only rich but childless.

138. parvulus Aeneas (Intr.
65) : taken from Verg. A en. IV.
328 si quis mihi parvulus aula
luderet Aeneas.

139. luserit: see Intr. 37.

141. nunc: as things now are,
i.e. while you are poor. — Mycale :
your low-born wife. As you have
no property to leave to any one,
Vurro will not object to your chil-
dren, but will even show them
special attention. Heinrich and
Friedlander take Mycale for a
concubine, whose children could
not inherit.

IVVENALIS

gaudebit nido, viridem thoraca iubebit

adferri minimasque nuces assemque rogatum,

ad mensam quotiens parasitus venerit infans. 145

Vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis,
boletus domino, sed quales Claudius edit
ante ilium uxoris, post quem nihil amplius edit.

Virro sibi et reliquis Virronibus ilia iubebit
poma dari, quorum solo pascaris odore, 150

qualia perpetuus Phaeacum autumnus habebat,
credere quae possis subrepta sororibus Afris :
tu scabie frueris mali, quod in aggere rodit

* '1 43- gaudebit nido : will amuse
himself with your children's prat-
tle. — thoraca : the little breast-
plate in which the child plays sol-
dier.

144. nuces : nuts were used for
playthings by children as marbles
are at the present day.

145. ad mensam : i.e, the table
of Virro.

146-148. Virro has mushrooms
fit for an emperor, but you get
those that you eat at the risk of
your life.

146. vilibus amicis : cf. vs. 108
n. — zxiZV^xX^s, of uncertain qual-
ity ; some mushrooms are poison-
ous and these look like that kind.

147. boletus: a mushroom of
the better kind. The poor client
at the table of his patron in Mart.
III. 60. 5 says: sunt tibi boleti^
fungos ego sumo suillos. — sed, and
that too; colloquial ; cf. 4. 27 n. —
quales Claudius edit : Claudius
was fond of boleti^ and Agrippina,
his fourth wife, caused his death
(A.D. 54) by giving him one that
had been prepared with poison by
Lucusta ; cf. i. 71 n; Suet. Claud.
44; and Mart. I. 20. 4 boletum
qualem Claudius edit^ edas.

149-155. The dessert. To the
better guests fruit is served that
reminds them of the gardens of
Alcinous, but you get an apple
such as is given to a trained mon-
key.

149. Virronibus : Intr. 64.

151. perpetuus autumnus, the
never-ending harvest. In the gar-
dens of Alcinous, king of the
Phaeaceans, were apples all the
year round; Hom. Od. VII. 117-
121. Cf. Mart. X. 94. 2 regius
Alcinoi nee mihi servit ager.

1 52. sororibus Afris : the Hes-
perides.

153. scabie mali (Intr. 60), a
scrub apple; cf. 4. 39. — quod
rodit : a scholiast explains : quale
simia manducat. An ape, dressed
like a soldier and set upon a goat,
is made to go through the move-
ments of a cavalryman to amuse
the soldiers and idlers ; cf. Mart.
XIV. 202. 1 callidus emissas eludere
simius hastas. — aggere : the ram-
part of Servius Tullius, extending
from the Colline to the Esquiline
gate. It had now become a public
promenade; cf. Hor. .S". I. 8. 15.
Beyond this was the Praetorian
camp.

SATVRA V 67

qui tegitur parma et galea metuensque flagelli
discitab hirsuta iaculum torquere capella. 155

Forsitan impensae Virronem parcere credas.
hoc agit ut doleas ; nam quae comoedia, mimus
quis melior plorante gula ? ergo omnia fiunt,
si nescis, ut per lacrimas effundere bilem
cogaris pressoque diu stridere molari. 160

tu tibi liber homo et regis con viva videris :
captum te nidore suae putat ille culinae, -
nee male coniectat ; quis enim tam nudus ut ilium
bis ferat, Etruscum puero si contigit aurum
vel nodus tantum et signum de paupere loro ? 165

spes bene cenandi vos decipit. * ecce dabit iam
semesum leporem atque aliquid de clunibus apri ;
ad nos iam veniet minor altilis/ inde parato
intactoque omnes et stricto pane tacetis.

154. metuens flagelli: cf. 7. 163. nudus, destitute. — iXlMm

210 metuens virgae^ and 14. 19 n. bis ferat : i^. would accept his

156-173. Virro subjects you to invitation to such a dinner a sec-

this treatment not to save expense, ond time.

but that he and his better guests 164. Etruscum aurum : the

may enjoy your vexation. imllay which was worn by free-born

158. plorante gula : an actor Roman boys till the toga virilis
in mime or comedy was often in- was assumed. All pueri ingenui
troduced at the cena to amuse the wore bullaey which were made of
company. But no comedy or gold for the sons of the wealthy,
mime could afford so much real and of leather for the children of
entertainment as the disappointed the poor; cf. 13.33; 14- 5- The
glutton. For the hiatus, see Intr. custom came from Etruria.

82. 166. ecce dabit : you say to

159. effundere bilem, «/<f«/_y^«r yourself.

indignation, 168. minor altilis : i.e. a capon

160. presso stridere molari, too small for the better guests ; cf.
grind your tightly compressed teeth, Plin. Ep, II. 6. 2 ceteris vilia et

162. captum, enslaved^ op- minuta ponebat.

posed to liber (vs. 161); cf. Mart. 169. ^XxioXo^tightly graspedyX^Q

IX. 10. 4 liber non potes etgulosus the drawn sword of a soldier ready

esse. — nidore culinae : cf . Mart. for action. — tacetis : you wait

1. 92. 9 pasceris et nigrae solo nidore expectantly in silence for what you

culinae, will never receive.

IVVENALIS

ille sapit qui te sic utitur. omnia ferre
si potes, et debes. pulsandum vertice raso
praebebis quandoque caput nee dura timebis
flagra pati, his epulis et tali dignus amico.

170

LIBER TERTIVS

SATVRA VII

Et spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum.
solus enim tristes hac tempestate Camenas
respexit, cum iam celebres notique poetae

171. et = etiam . — pulsandum :
you will soon be acting the part of
a clown (vertice raso), ready to
take any kind of abuse. In vss.
3 and 4 he has said that Trebius
already bears insults which court
jesters would not endure.

173. flagra pati : t\e. to suffer
the punishment of a slave.

VII. On the Neglect of
Literary Men. — The satire
deals with the wretched condition
of those who depend for their
support upon literary pursuits,
owing to the lack of patronage
and the small rewards given for
intellectual efforts. The introduc-
tion (1-35) is not in harmony with
the satire, (i) It contains the
assurance that the poet need no
longer fear lack of patronage,
since the emperor is the poet*s
friend; while in verses 94-97 it
is asserted that great patrons of
poetry no longer exist. (2) The
introduction deals with poets only,
while the satire includes also his-
torians, lawyers, orators, teachers
of rhetoric, and grammarians. The
introduction, which may have been

written later than the satire, de-
scribes the hopeful condition of
poetry on the accession of a new
emperor. Friedlander has shown
that this emperor is Hadrian, and
that the passage in Pliny (Pan.
47) that has been quoted to prove
that this satire was published
under Trajan, refers to a revival
of interest in philosophy and
oratory.

1-35. The hope of the poet is
in the favor of the emperor
alone.

1. spes et ratio: i.e. hope of
reward, and incentive. — studio-
rum : used by Juvenal only here
and in vs. 17, and in both places
of poetry, as the context shows ;
cf. Plin. £p. VII. 4. 4. — Cae-
sare : Hadrian.

2. Camenas : cf. 3. 16 n. In
poetry the Camenae are often
identified with the Muses.

3. respexit, has looked with
favor upon ; cf. Hor. C. I. 2. 36.
Even poets of repute, because they
have found no patron, are com-
pelled to seek an income from
debasing occupations ; cf . Mart.
V. 16.

SATVRA VII

balneolum Gabiis, Romae conducere furnos
temptarent, nee foedum alii nee turpe putarent
praecones fieri, cum desertis Aganippes
vallibus esuriens migraret in atria Clio,
nam si Pieria quadrans tibi nullus in umbra
ostendatur, ames nomen victumque Machaerae
et vendas potius commissa quod auctio vendit
stantibus, oenophorum tripodes armaria cistas
Alcithoen Pacci, Thebas et Terea Fausti.
hoc satius quam si dieas sub iudice * vidi '
quod non vidisti, faciant equites Asiani

4. Gabiis : for any insignificant
country town, as in 3. 192, and 10.
100; cf. Hot. £p. I. 11. 7 Gabiis
desertior vicus, — furnos, bakeries.

6. praecones, criers^ auction-
eers. Their business often yielded
a good income ; cf . 3. 1 57 nitidi
praeconis JiliuSy and Hor. £p. I. 7.
56 sqq. ; but none of the occupa-
tions mentioned here would be con-
sidered suitable for a respectable
Roman citizen. — Aganippes:
fountain of the Muses on Mt.
Helicon.

7. atria, auction rooms ; cf. Cic.
Quinct. 12 ab atriis Liciniis atque
a praeconum consessu ; Cic. Agr.
I. 7 in atriis auctionariis. — Clio :
the only other muses mentioned in
Juvenal are Terpsichore (vs. 35)
and Calliope (4. 34).

8. Pieria in umbra : i.e. in the
secluded life of a poet ; cf. vs. 173,
and Mart. IX. 84. 3 hctec ego Pieria
ludebam tutus in umbra. — qua-
drans nullus, not even a farthing ;
cf. Mart. II. 44. 9 quadrans mihi
nullus est in area.

9. ames, you must satisfy your-
self with. — Machaerae: 2i praeco.
Intr. 17.

10. commissa : where the bid-

ders engage in a contest ; cf . com-
mittere proelium, certamen^ etc.

1 1 . stantibus : i.e. the crowd
standing around at a public sale.
— oenophorum : a wine vessel
with handles, serving the same
purpose as the amphora. For
the number, see Intr. 63. — arma-
ria : upright cases (cupboards) to
be fixed against the walls, used
for clothing and household uten-
sils. — cistas : the cista was a small
metal box or casket, generally
cylindrical.

12. Alcithoen, etc.: second-
hand books of no value except
for old paper. Their authors
Paccius and Faustus are any poor
tragic poets. For the story of Al-
cithoe, see Ov. Met. IV. i sqq.

13. hoc satius quam : i.e. it is
better to be even a baker or an
auctioneer than to get money by
rascality, as our rich upstarts often
do. — vidi: cf. 16. 30.

14. faciant : for the mood, see
Intr. 42. — equites Asiani : i.e.
slaves from the province of Asia
who, having gained their liberty,
have acquired by questionable
methods the equestrian income ;
cf. I. 102-106.

IVVENALIS

quamquam et Cappadoces faciant equitesque Bithyni, 15
altera quos nudo traducit Gallia talo.
nemo tamen studiis indignum ferre laborem
cogetur posthac, nectit quicumque canoris
eloquium vocale modis laurumque momordit.
hoc agite, o iuvenes. circumspicit et stimulat vos 20
materiamque sibi duels indulgentia quaerit.
siqua aliunde putas rerum spectanda tuarum
praesidia atque ideo croceae membrana tabellae
impletur, lignorum aliquid posce ocius et quae
componis, dona Veneris, Telesine, marito, 25

aut elude et positos tinea pertunde libellos.

15. The text is corrupt ; the first
syllable of Bithyni is nowhere else
found short (cf. 10. 162; 15. i),and
a conjunction is needed to intro-
duce quos (vs. 16), since Juvenal
cannot, of course, mean that the
Bithynians came from Galatia.
Weise proposes : faciant equites
Bithyni et; cf. 13. 160; 14. 143.

16. altera Gallia: ix, Galatia. —
traducit, sends across the sea. If
gallicajXYit readingof /*, be retained,
the meaning will hewhom a low shoe
exposes to ridicule ; cf . 8. 17.

18. nectit . . . modis, joins elo-
quent language to harmonious meas-
ures.

19. laurum momordit : i.e. in
order to gain inspiration ; cf. Tib.
II. 5. 63 sic usque sacras innoxia
laurus vescar.

20. hoc agite, do your best ; an
expression used to arouse to ear-
nest action.

21. sibi : see Intr. 84. — ducis :
i.e. of the emperor ; cf. 4. 145 and
Tac. Dial. 9 pulchrum id quidem,
indulgentiam principis ingenio
mereri. For the position of the
subject, see Intr. 45.

22. aliunde : sc. than from the
emperor.

23. praesidia: the word used
by Horace to characterize the pat-
ronage of Maecenas; C. I. i. 2.— r
croceae membrana tabellae, the
parchment of the saffron-colored
leaf. The reference is to a book
in modern form consisting of
leaves of parchment; cf. Mart.
I. 2. 3 quos artat brevibus mem-
brana tabellis. Of such a book
Martial says (vs. 4): me manus
una capit. Parchment was more
durable than papyrus, and both
sides of the leaf were used for
writing. A book of this form
could be much more easily read
and consulted than a papyrus roll,
and was more convenient for use
on a journey.

25. dona Veneris marito: i.e.
consign to the flames ; Intr. 66 a.

26. elude: in the scrinium. —
tinea pertunde : i.e. let them be
perforated by the bookworm ; cf.
Mart. VI. 60. 7 quam multi tineas
pascunt diserti ; Ov. P. I. i. 72
conditus ut tineae carpitur ore
liber.

SATVRA VII

frange miser calamum vigilataque proelia dele,

qui facis in parva sublimia carmina cella,

ut dignus venias hederis et imagine macra.

spes nulla ulterior ; didicit iam dives avarus 30

tantum admirari, tantum laudare disertos,

ut pueri lunonis avem. sed defluit aetas

et pelagi patiens et cassidis atque ligonis.

taedia tunc subeunt animos, tunc seque suamque

Terpsichoren odit facunda et nuda senectus. 35

Accipe nunc artes. ne quid tibi conferat iste
quem colis et Musarum et ApoUinis aede relicta,

27. frange calamum : cf. Mart.
IX. 73. 9 frange leves calatnos et
scinde libellos. — vigilata proeUa :
poems about battles on which you
have spent wakeful nights; cf.
Ov. Fast. IV. 109 carmen vigila-
turn.

28. cella, garret. The cella of
Santra (Mart. VII. 20. 20) was
reached by * two hundred ' steps ;
and that of Martial (VIII. 14. 5-6)
was non tola clusa fenestra^ and
too cold to be comfortable for
Boreas.

29. venias, appear in public. —
hederis : chaplets of ivy, sacred to
Bacchus, one of the deities who in-
spired poets ; cf. vs. 64, and Hor.
C. I. 1 . 29 doctarum hederae prae-
mia frontium. — imagine : busts
of prominent literary men were
often placed in libraries. — macra :
to represent the poet, emaciated
from poverty and overwork.

30. ulterior : i.e. beyond an ivy-
crowned bust. — dives avarus :
Intr. 57. The rich man admires
and praises the poet, but never
aids him; cf. i. 74 probitas lauda-
tur et alget.

31. disertos, the eloquent^ used
here of poets ; oi. facunda (vs. 35).

32. lunonis avem : the pea-
cock. — defluit aetas : that period
of life is passing which one can
devote to commerce, war, or agri-
culture, the only respectable occu--
pations that were remunerative.

33. patiens cassidis: cf. 11. 5
dum membra sujiciunt galecte.

34. taedia: disappointment that
life has yielded so little. — seque
suamque : Intr. 27.

35. Terpsichoren odit : is dis-
gusted with the calling which has
brought him no return. — facunda
et nuda senectus : i.e. the aged
poet in destitute circumstances.
For the position of senectus, see
Intr. 45.

36-97. The rich are no longer
patrons of literature. The poet
may be favored with a chance to
recite his verses, but even the
most popular poet will starve un-
less he produce some burlesque
for the stage.

36. artes: i.e. schemes of the
wealthy.

37. colis, courty as your literary
patron. — Musarum et ApoUinis
aede : the temple of Apollo on
the Palatine was dedicated B.C. 28,
on which occasion Horace wrote

IVVENALIS

ipse facit versus, atque uni cedit Homero

propter mille annos. et si dulcedine famae

succensus recites, Maculonis commodat aedes. 40

haec longe ferrata domus servire iubetur,

in qua sollicitas imitatur ianua portas.

scit dare libertos extrema in parte sedentis

ordinis et magnas comitum disponere voces :

nemo dabit regum quanti subsellia constant 45

et quae conducto pendent anabathra tigillo

quaeque reportandis posita est orchestra cathedris.

C. I. 31 Qutii dedicatum poscit
Apollinem vates ? In it was placed
the statue of Apollo by Scopas,
with figures of the nine Muses.
Connected with the temple was
the Palatine Library, in two sec-
tions, one for Greek and the other
for Latin writers. Thb library
contained busts of celebrated
authors, and here literary produc-
tions were often recited.

38. ipse facit versus: he pre-
tends to be a poet himself, and is
therefore exempt from any obliga-
tion to give money to a fellow-
poet. — uni cedit Homero: he
yields the first place to Homer
only, and that on the ground of
time, i.e. not because he considers
him a better poet.

40. Maculonis commodat ae-
des, he puts at your disposal the
house of MaculOf some private
house at present unoccupied, and
very likely often used for this pur-
pose ; maculosasy a conjecture of
Heinrich based on a note of the
scholiast, has been adopted by
many editors.

41. longe, out of the way^ to be
joined with domus, an out-of-the-
way house^ as in Mart. IIL 58. 51
rus hoc vocari debet y an domus
longe ? a town house away from

town ; cf . Draeger, Histor. Syntax^
L III.

42. imitatur ianua portas : the
door is barricaded and reminds
one of the gate of a city in time of
siege.

43. extrema in parte ordinis :
the freedmen are placed at the
ends of the rows, and the heavy
voiced clients are distributed where
their services will be most effectual.
The applause was given by shouts
of approval : Pers. i. 49 euge^ belle;
Hor. A. P. ^2% pulchre, bene, recte;
Mart. I. 3. 7 sophos. Pliny {Ep, IL
14) condemns the practice of fur-
nishing hired applauders for the
speakers in the courts ; cf. 13. 32
Faesidium laudat vocalis agentem
sportula.

45. subsellia: benches in the
body of the house. ■

46. pendent : i.e, the rows of
seats rise one above another. —
anabathra (Intr. 46) : tiers of seats
in the rear. — tigillo, timber,

47. reportandis posita cathe-
dris, furnished with chairs that
must be returned^ because hired
for the occasion. — orchestra :
comfortable chairs for the more
honorable part of the audience
were placed immediately in front
of the reader.

SATVRA VII

nos tamen hoc agimus tenuique in pulvere sulcos

ducimus et litus sterili versamus aratro.

nam si discedas, laqueo tenet ambitiosi 50

consuetude mali ; tenet insanabile multos

scribendi cacoethes et aegro in corde senescit.

sed vatem egregium, cui non sit publica vena,

qui nil expositum soleat deducere nee qui

communi feriat carmen triviale moneta, 55

hunc, qualem nequeo monstrare et sentio tantum,

anxietate carens animus facit, omnis acerbi

impatiens, cupidus silvarum aptusque bibendis

fontibus Aonidum. neque enim cantare sub antro

Pierio thyrsumque potest contingere maesta 60

paupertas atque aeris inops, quo nocte dieque

48. hoc agimus, to this we give
all our thought ; yet the result is
no more than we should get by
ploughing the sand on the shore.

49. sterili, that yields no return ;
cf. 203 vanae sterilisque cathedrae;
12. 96 quis gallinam inpendat amico
tarn sterili,

51. insanabile scribendi ca-
coethes, the incurable passion for
writings like a disease which has
become chronic. Jahn rejects 51
and changes ambitiosi to ambitio-
sutn,

53. vatem egregium, a really
great poet. — publica vena, ordi-
nary talent ; cf. Hor. C. II. i8. lo
ingeni benigna vena.

54. nil expositum : i.e. nothing
of the sort which any man might
write. — deducere, to spin out ;
cf. Hor. Ep. II. I. 225 tenuideducta
poemata Jilo. — nee qui . . . mo-
neta, and who does not coin a com-
monplctce poem with the current
stamp ; cf. Hor. A. P. $g signatum
praesente nota producere nomen.

56. nequeo monstrare, / am
unable to point out, i.e. among the
living, since lack of patronage
does not allow any such poet to
exist at the present day.

57. omnis acerbi impatiens :
i.e. too sensitive to bear anything
that embitters life; cf. Tac. Ann.
IV. 3. 2 Drusus impatiens aemuli ;
VI. 25. 3 Agrippina aequi impa-
tiens.

58. cupidus silvarum : he must
get his inspiration from nature
and the Muses; cf. Hor. CI. i.

30-34.

59. Aonidum, the Muses ; zi.
Ov. Met. V. 333 poscimur Aonides.
Aonia was the district about Mt.
Helicon ; cf. vs. 6 n. — sub antro
Pierio : cf. vs. 8.

60. thyrsum : a staff carried by
Bacchus and his attendants. It
was surmounted with a pine cone,
and wreathed with ivy or vine
leaves. — maesta paupertas: ix.
the poet, poor and therefore dis-
couraged.

IVVENALIS

corpus eget : satur est cum dicit Horatius ' euhoe/
quis locus ingenio, nisi cum se carmine solo
vexant et dominis Cirrhae Nysaeque feruntur
pectora vestra duas non admittentia curas ?
magnae mentis opus nee de lodice paranda
attonitae, currus et equos faciesque deorum
aspicere et qualis Rutulum confundat Erinys.
nam si Vergilio puer et tolerabile desset
hospitium, caderent omnes a crinibus hydri,
surda nihil gemeret grave bucina : poscimus ut sit
non minor antiquo Rubrenus Lappa cothurno,
cuius et alveolos et laenam pignerat Atreus ?

62. satur est : his wants are all
supplied ; cf. C. II. 18. 14 saits
beatus unicis Sabinis^ and Epod. i.
31 satis superque me benignitas tua
ditavit. — cum dicit * euhoe * : i.e.
when he writes such poetry as the
hymn to Bacchus, C. II. 19; cf.
vs. 5 euhoey recenti mens trepidat
metUf and vs. 7 euhoey parce Liber,
parce gravi metuende thyrso.

63. quis locus : Intr. 77. —
locus, opportunity.

64. dominis Cirrhae Nysae-
que : Apollo and Bacchus. Cirrha
was the port of Delphi; cf. 13. 79
Cirrhaei spicula vatis, and Mart.
I. 76. II quid tibi cum Cirrha?
Nysa was the place where Bacchus
was reared ; cf. Verg. Aen. VI. 805
Liber agens celso Nysae de vertice
tigres.

65. duas curas : i.e. about writ-
ing poetry and getting one*s daily
bread.

66. opus, task. — lodice : a
small coarse blanket.

67. zXXonXX.'di^, perplexed.

68. aspicere : sc. in fancy, so
as to be able to describe, as Ver-
gil did. — Erinys (13. 51 ; 14.

285): Alecto, who was sent by Juno
to arouse Turnus to make war
against Aeneas when Lavinia had
been promised him in marriage;
cf. Aen. VII. 406-474.

69. puer, a slave.

70. a crinibus ; ix. from the
locks of Alecto. When Alecto
appeared to Turnus in her true
form, tot Erinys sibilat hydris
(Aen. VII. 447) et geminos erexit
crinibus anguis (vs. 450).

71. surda . . . bucina, her si-
lenced trumpet would pour forth no
deep moan; Aen. VII. 513 cornu
recurvo Tartaream incendit vocem,
and 519 qua bucina signum dira
dedit.

72. antiquo cothurno: cf. Hor.
C. II. I. 12 Cecropio cothurno. Co-
thurnus, the tragic buskin, is used
metaphorically for tragedy (Intr.
68). — Rubrenus Lappa : some
tragic poet of the day.

73. alveolos: cf. 5. 88. — lae-
nam : see 3. 283 n. — pignerat :
while writing his tragedy Atreus,
he is compelled to pawn his dishes
and his cloak to get the necessaries
of life.

SATVRA VII

non habet infelix Numitor quod mittat amico :

Quintillae quod donet habet, nee defuit illi 75

unde emeret multa pascendum carne leonem

iam domitum ; constat leviori belua sumptu

nimirum et capiunt plus intestina poetae.

contentus fama iaceat Lucanus in hortis

marmoreis, at Serrano tenuique Saleio 80

gloria quantalibet quid erit, si gloria tantum est ?

curritur ad vocem iucundam et carmen amicae

Thebaidos, laetam cum fecit Statins urbem

promisitque diem ; tanta dulcedine captos

adficit ille animos tantaque libidine vulgi 85

auditur ; sed cum f regit subsellia versu,

esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendit Agaven.

74. infelix : he feels poor when
he thinks of helping a friend. —
Numitor : 8. 93.

77. iam domitum: and there-
fore bringing a higher price.
Wolves, bears, panthers, lions, and
other animals were brought in
great numbers to Rome, and were
owned by many private individuals.

79. Lucanus, nephew of Sen-
eca the philosopher, was very
wealthy and lived in luxury. He
took part in the conspiracy of
Piso against Nero, and, although
he turned informer and betrayed
his accomplices, suffered death by
the order of the emperor. He
left an unfinished epic in ten books,
Pharsalia^ upon the civil war be-
tween Caesar and Pompey.

80. marmoreis : />. ornamented
with marble statues. — Serrano:
Serranus and Saleius (Bassus) are
both mentioned by Quintilian (X.
f. 89 and 90) among epic poets.
The latter is highly praised by
Tacitus (Dial. 5, 9 and .10.) —
tenul, of sUnder means.

82. curritur: people run in
crowds. — amicae, popular.

83. Thebaidos: an epic, in
twelve books, upon the expedition
of the Seven Heroes against
Thebes. Statius spent twelve
years in the composition of this
work, which was completed in the
latter part of Domitian*s reign. He
probably recited portions of it be-
fore the whole was published.
Statius is not elsewhere mentioned
by any ancient writer.

84. diem : i.e. for reading the
Thebaid.

86. fregit subsellia : by the
loud applause.

87. intactam, virgin^ i.e. which
has not yet been acted. — Aga-
ven : though a tragic subject, must
stand here for a pantomime, i.e. a
kind of play, without dialogue, in
which the action consisted of ges-
ticulation and dancing by a panto-
mimus while the text of the play
was sung by a chorus accompanied
by an orchestra. The subjects of
pantomime were often taken from

IVVENALIS

ille et militiae multis largitur honorem,

semestri digitos vatum circumligat auro.

quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio. tu Camerinos 90

et Baream, tu nobilium magna atria curas ?

praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos.

baud tamen invideas vati quem pulpita pascunt.

quis tibi Maecenas, quis nunc erit aut Proculeius

aut Fabius ? quis Cotta iterum, quis Lentulus alter ? 95

tunc par ingenio pretium, tunc utile multis

pallere et vinum toto nescire Decembri.

tragedy. Agave tore in pieces her
son Pentheus, king of Thebes,
when he attempted to keep the
Theban women from celebrating
the festival of Bacchus.

88. ille : i,e. Paris. There were
several actors of this name. The
one here mentioned lived under
Domitian and suffered death in 83
by order of the emperor *on ac-
count of his intimacy with the em-
press. Martial composed his epi-
taph (XI. 13), from which it
appears that he came from Egypt
{sales Nili)y and was a great
favorite with the people.

89. semestri auro: i.e. the
ring gained by six months' service
as tribune. Young men of noble
families were not infrequently ap-
pointed tribunes for six months
only; cf. Plin. Ep. IV. 4. 2 hunc
rogo semestri tribunatu splendidio-
rem facias. The tribune had the
right to wear the gold ring of the
equiteSf and this privilege as well
as the equestrian rank was re-
tained after the period of service
had expired.

90. quod non dant: i.e. posi-
tions in the army. An actor has
more influence with the emperor
than the nobles have. — Cameri-
nos : the Camerini (8. 38) and the

Bareae (3. 1 16) were noble families;
Intr. 64 a.

92. praefectos facit : see Intr.
9. — Pelopea, Philomela : like
Agave^ vs. 87, names of panto-
mimes. Pelopea was daughter of
Thyestes,and mother of Aegisthus.
This passage (vss. 90-92) is said
in the vitae to have been the cause
of Juvenal's banishment; see Intr.
2 and II.

94. Proculeius : brother of Te-
rentia, the wife of Maecenas. He
was liberal in the treatment of his
own family (Hor. C. II. 2. 5-8) and
may have been a patron of litera-
ture. See Intr. 79 ^.

95. Fabius, Cotta : patrons of
Ovid. — Lentulus : there is no
other mention of any patron of
literature of this name.

96. tunc: i.e. when there were
such patrons of literature. When
talent was rewarded, it was of some
advantage to poets to grow pale
from much study (pallere), and to
abstain from the dissipations of
the Saturnalia. This festival be-
gan December 17, and lasted five
days (Mart. IV. 88. 2 et iam
Saturni quinque fuere dies)^ and
sometimes seven (Mart. XIV. 72
Saturni septem dies\ but its spirit
affected the whole month.

SATVRA VII

Vaster porro labor fecundior, historiarum
scriptores ? perit hie plus temporis atque olei plus,
nullo quippe modo millesima pagina surgit loo

omnibus et crescit multa damnosa papyro ;
sic ingens rerum numerus iubet atque operum lex.
quae tamen inde seges ? terrae quis fructus apertae ?
quis dabit historico quantum daret acta legenti ?

* Sed genus ignavum, quod lecto gaudet et umbra.* 105
die igitur quid eausidieis civilia praestent
officia et magno comites in fasce libelli.

98-104. The historian is less
appreciated than the slave who
reads to you the daily paper.

98. porro, m the next place. —
fecundior, more remunerative.

99. perit . . . olei plus, on this
more time and more oil are wasted ;
cf. the proverbial expression et ope-
ram et oleum perdere. Work by.
lamplight was done by the Ro-
mans generally in the morning
rather than in the evening.
Schools opened before sunrise;
cf. vss. 222-227. Pliny {Ep. III.
5. 8 and 9) states that Vespasian
began work before daybreak, and
that his uncle, the elder Pliny,
commenced his day's work, in
winter, never later than two in
the morning, and often earlier.
Phrases like haec scripsi ante
lucem {Q./r.ll. 3) are not uncom-
mon in Cicero; cf. Hor. £p. II. i.
112 prius orto sole calamum posco.

100. modo, limit. — millesima
pagina surgit : i.e. the work
grows till the thousandth page is
reached.

102. operum lex: i.e. the na-
ture of historical composition;
every event must be fully treated.

104. acta : i.e. the acta diurna^
a daily official record of events of
interest, such as births, deaths,

funerals, fires, edicts of magis-
trates, decrees of the senate, and
reports of trials. The publication
of the acta began with Julius
Caesar in 59 B.C. They were
posted in a public place, and
copies were distributed by private
enterprise. Some idea of their
contents may be obtained from a
parody read by the actuarius at
the supper of Trimalchio, Petr. 53.
105-149. The lawyer may boast
of his income to keep off his credit-
ors, but he will get few clients and
beggarly fees unless he lives in a
style that may involve bankruptcy.

105. sed genus ignavum : but,
you say, poets and historians are
an indolent set; it is not strange
that their studies are not appreci-
ated. — quod lecto gaudet: i.e.
not actively engaged in the forum,
as the lawyers are. — lecto: for
reading and writing. — gaudet :
Intr. 44 c.

106. eausidieis : cf. i. 32 n. On
advocates at Rome, see Friedlan-
der I.^ 290-297. — civilia oflicia,
services to their fellow-citizens. —
praestent, bring in.

107. magno in fasce, iW a ^^a/
bundle. — comites (Intr. 56): which
they carry with them to attract at-
tention.

IVVENALIS

ipsi magna sonant, sed turn cum creditor audit

praecipue, vel si tetigit latus acrior illo

qui venit ad dubium grandi cum codice nomen.

tunc inmensa cavi spirant mendacia foUes

conspuiturque sinus : veram deprendere messem

si libet, hinc centum patrimonia causidicorum,

parte alia solum russati pone Lacertae.

consedere duces, surgis tu pallidus Aiax

dicturus dubia pro libertate bubulco

iudice. rumpe miser tensum iecur ut tibi lasso

figantur virides, scalarum gloria, palmae.

quod vocis pretium ? siccus petasunculus et vas

io8. magna sonant: they boast
of their business, especially in the
presence of those whom they owe.

109. tetigit latus, has given him
a nudge.

no. qui venit . . . nomen,
who comes with a big account-book
to collect a doubtful debt. This is
another creditor of the lawyer,
more eager than the first because
his bill has long gone unpaid
(dubium).

111. cavi folles, the inflated
windbags.

112. conspuitur sinus: this
was considered a charm for avert-
ing the wrath of Nemesis, who
punished arrogance ; cf. Plin. N.
H. XXVIII. 36 veniam a deis spei
alicuius audacioris petimus in si-
num spuendo.

113. patrimonia, fortunes (not
necessarily inherited); cf. 12. 50
faciunt patrimonia quidam. One
hundred lawyers do not have a
larger income than one popular
driver in the circus. Martial (X.
74. 5-6) says that Scorpus, a vic-
torious charioteer, received in one
hour fifteen heavy bags of gold.

114. russati, who wears the red;
cf. II. 198. The ioMi factiones in
the circus were named according
to color, albata, russata, veneta^
J>rasina. — Lacertae : the name
of a charioteer.

115. consedere duces : an imi-
tation of Ov. Met. XIII. 1-2,
where he begins to describe the
contest between Ajax and Ulysses
for the armor of Achilles. —
duces : i.e. iudices. — pallidus :
anxious about the result of the
trial ; cf . 10. 82 pallidulus.

1 16. dicturus : Intr. 40. — du-
bia pro libertate: i.e. in behalf
of one whose freedom is disputed.

118. palmae: with which the
doors of successful pleaders were
sometimes adorned ; cf . Mart. VII.
28. 6 excolat et geminas plurima
palma fores. The poor advocate
lives in an attic, and the palm
branches may decorate his stairway.

119. petasunculus: Intr. 73/
Clients from the country some-
times brought their advocates pres-
ents from the farm ; cf. Mart. IV.
46. — vas pelamydum : a kit of
small salted tunnies.

SATVRA VII

pelamydum aut veteres, Maurorum epimenia, bulbi 120

aut vinum Tiberi devectum, quinque lagonae.

si quater egisti, si contigit aureus unus,

inde cadunt partes ex foedere pragmaticorum.

Aemilio dabitur quantum licet, et melius nos

egimus. huius enim stat currus aeneus, alti 125

quadriiuges in vestibulis, atque ipse feroci

bellatore sedens curvatum hastile minatur

eminus et statua meditatur proelia lusca.

120. epimenia, a monWs pro-
visions.

121. Tiberi devectum : in con-
trast with foreign and Campanian
wines, which were brought up the
Tiber. — lagonae : cf . 5. 29 n.

122. quater: i.e. in an excep-
tionally laborious case, bringing in
an actual fee in gold. — aureus : a
Roman gold coin. The aureus of
Augustus contained 126 grains of
gold, and was equivalent to about
five dollars. That of Nero con-
tained only 112 grains of gold and
was worth proportionately less.

123. pragmaticorum, attor-
neys; men skilled in law, who
gave legal advice but did not plead.
The advocates were trained in
rhetoric but might have little legal
knowledge; hence they often de-
pended upon the pragmaiici for
the points of law on which their
arguments were based ; cf. Quint.
XII. 3. 4.

124. Aemilio: any lawyer of
wealth and position. Because he
is wealthy and influential his clients
expect to pay liberally for his ser-
vices. — quantum licet, as much
as the law allows. By the lex
Cincia, B.C. 204, a person was for-
bidden to receive money or a gift
for pleading a case. In the reign
of Claudius the law was so changed

that a fee not in excess of 10,000
sesterces might be taken ; Tac.
Ann. XI. 5 and 7. Pliny (Ep. V.
13. 8) never received a fee or a
present for pleading a case.

125. huius: to be joined with
in vestibulis. — currus : in which
some ancestor is represented as
riding in triumph ; cf . 8. 3 stantis
in curribus Aetnilianos. — alti
quadriiuges, a stately team of four.

1 26. ipse : Aemilius himself. —
feroci bellatore sedens: cf.
Mart. IX. 68. 6 causidicum medio
cum faber aptat equo. The de-
scription is meant to be ludicrous.
A lawyer is represented mounted
on a spirited war horse charging
against an unseen enemy with a
crooked spear. The spear shaft
may have become bent by accident,
or by its own weight through lapse
of time and neglect.

128. eminus: as if aiming at an
object a spear*s throw distant. —
meditatur proelia, is practising
an attack ; cf. 4. 1 1 2. — lusca, one-
eyed. Mayor says : ' For certainty
of aim one eye is closed ' ; but who
would have his own statue made
in that way.? Friedlander sug-
p:ests that tlie statue may have
been of bronze with colored stones
for eyeballs, one of which has
fallen out.

IVVENALIS

sic Pedo conturbat, Matho deficit, exitus hie est

Tongilii, magno cum rhinocerote lavari 130

qui solet et vexat lutulenta balnea turba

perque forum iuvenes longo premit assere Maedos

empturus pueros argent um murrina villas ;

spondet enim Tyrio stlattaria purpura filo.

et tamen est ilHs hoc utile, purpura vendit 135

causidicum, vendunt amethystina ; convenit illi

et strepitu et facie maioris vivere census ;

sed finem inpensae non servat prodiga Roma.

fidimus eloquio ? Ciceroni nemo ducentos

nunc dederit nummos, nisi fulserit anulus ingens. 140

respicit haec primum qui litigat, an tibi servi

129. sic: t.g. by attempting a
similar display in order to gain
clients and to exact from them
large fees. — conturbat, gets hope-
lessly in debt. — deficit, fails. —
exitus, end. On Matho, cf. i. 32
n, and 11. 34.

130. cum rhinocerote : with an
oil flask made of the horn of a
rhinoceros ; cf. Mart. XIV. 52.

131. vexat . . . turba, crowds the
baths with his gang of dirty clients.

132. iuvenes Maedos: i.e. his
Thracian litter bearers. The
Maedi dwelt among the moun-
tains near the source of the Axius.
— premit, presses down upon. —
assere : cf. i. 33 n; 3. 245.

133. empturus, going out to
purchase; Intr. 40. Cf. the shop-
ping tour of Mamurra, Mart. IX.
59. — pueros : see vs. 69 n. —
argentum, silver plate. — mur-
rina : vases made of murra, prob-
ably a variety of agate with shades
of red or purple. Murrina were
first brought to Rome in 61 B.C.
by Pompey, from the East, and

the genuine were very expensive ;
cf. Plin. N. H. XXXVII. 18-20.

134. spondet, gains him credit.
The seller is not afraid to trust
one who wears fine clothing. —
stlattaria : from stlatta, a pirsftical
ship. It may mean sea-borne, i.e.
foreign^ costly^ or, better, deceptive^
ensnaring^ like a ship sailing under
false colors. A scholiast explains
it by illecebrosa,

135. hoc: i.e. such appearance
of wealth. — vendit : i.e. gets him
paying clients.

136. amethystina : sc. vesH-
tnenta, robes of the color of ame-
thyst, i.e. violet-blue; cf. Mart. I.
96. 7 atnethystinasque tnulierum
vocat vestes.

^i 37. strepitu : the noisy show of
wealth. — maioris: i.e. than they
possess.

138. finem non servat, observes
no limit; every extravagance must
be followed by a greater, until the
result is bankruptcy.

141. servi octo: i.e. bearers of
his lectica ; cf . i . 33 n.

SATVRA VII

octo, decern comites, an post te sella, togati
ante pedes, ideo conducta Paulus agebat
sardonyche, atque ideo pluris quam Gallus agebat,
quam Basilus. rara in tenui facundia panno. ms

quando licet Basilo flentem producere matrem ?
quis bene dicentem Basilum ferat ? accipiat te
Gallia vel potius nutricula causidicorum
Africa, si placuit mercedem ponere linguae.

Declamare doces ? o ferrea pectora Vetti, 150

cum perimit saevos classis numerosa tyrannos.
nam quaecumque sedens modo legerat, haec eadem

stans
perf eret atque eadem cantabit versibus isdem ;

142. comites, clients^ as in i.
119. — togati ante pedes: cf.
anteambuloy Mart. II. i8. 5; III.
7. 2.

143. conducta sardonyche : i.^.
with a glittering ring hired for the
occasion. — Paulus, Gallus, Ba-
silus (Intr. 64 a) : any poor causi-
dici.

144. pluris : for a larger fee.

146. flentem producere ma-
trem : />. when will he have an
important case and an opportunity
to produce in court the mother of
his client, in order to move the
hearts of the indices?

147. accipiat te Gallia : i.e. go
there to practise your profession.
The provincials were much given
to litigation, and able to pay large
fees. Some of the foremost advo-
cates in Rome came from Gaul,
Spain, and Africa.

150-214. Pity the poor teacher
of rhetoric. He listens day after
day to the same old stuff, yet must
often go to law to get the scanty
compensation which he has earned.

Quintilian's fortune was due solely
to good luck.

1 50. declamare : instruction in
rhetoric was designed to prepare
young men for the practice of law
and for public life. — ferrea : be-
cause he can listen unmoved to so
many appeals. — Vetti : a rhetori-
cian. According to Pliny {N. H.
XXIX. 8) there was a physician
Vettius Valens, who was also dis-
tinguished in oratory.

151. perimit tyrannos: i.e. in
their declamations they denounce
tyrants and justify their assassina-
tion. Tyranny and tyrannicide
were common subjects for decla-
mation. — numerosa, large^ but
perhaps with a suggestion of its
earlier meaning, tuneful^ sing-song;
cf . cantabit, vs. 1 53.

152. sedens modo legerat:
sc. classis. They had read their
exercises to the teacher while
seated, they will speak them be-
fore him while standing ; cf. Plin.
Ep. VI. 6. 6 dicenti mihi sollicitus
adsistit, adsidet recitanti

IVVENALIS

occidit miseros crambe repetita magistros.

quis color et quod sit causae genus atque ubi summa 15s

quaestio, quae veniant diversae forte sagittae,

nosse volunt omnes, mercedem solvere nemo.

* mercedem appellas ? quid enim scio ? ' * culpa docentis

scilicet arguitur quod laevae parte mamillae

nil salit Arcadico iuveni, cuius mihi sexta 160

quaque die miserum dirus caput Hannibal implet,

quidquid id est de quo deliberat, an petat urbem

a Cannis, an post nimbos et fulmina cautus

circumagat madidas atempestate cohortes.

quantum vis stipulare et protinus accipe : quid do, 165

1 54. crambe repetita : the con-
stant repetition of the same sub-
ject; 8ls Kpdfififi ddvaros was an
old proverb.

155- Q'lis color: i.g. in what
light one should present the case
so as to make the admitted facts
seem favorable to his side. —
summa. quaestio : the chief point.

156. quae diversae sagittae:
t.g. what arguments are likely to
be brought up on the other side.

158. mercedem, /ge. — appel-
las, dun; cf. Cic. jPAi/. II. 71 ap-
pellatus esdepecunia. — quid enim
scio: Intr. 78.

1 60. nU salit: cf. Pers. 3. iii
cor tibi rite salit? The heart was
sometimes considered the seat of
intelligence; Cic. Ttisc. I. 19 alii
in cordey alii in cerebro dixerunt
animi esse sedem et locum. — Ar-
cadico iuveni : the Arcadians had
a reputation for simplicity of char-
acter and lack of intelligence;
Pers. 3. 9 Arcadiae pecuaria ruder e
dicas.

161. dirus Hannibal : another
favorite subject for declamation ;
cf. 10. 167. For the epithet, cf.

Hor. C. III. 6. 36 ; IV. 4. 42 ;
Epod. 16. 8.

162. id: Intr. 71. — an ... an :
each particle introduces a distinct
question. Hannibal deliberates
whether he shall attack the city,
after Cannae; or, he deliberates
whether he shall wheel about his
cohorts, etc. The latter question
is explained by the statement of
Livy (XXVI. II) that, in B.C. 211,
on two successive days the two
armies were drawn up in line
ready for battle, but on each day
an engagement was prevented by
a violent tempest. Hannibal, think'
ing this an unfavorable omen, de-
liberates whether he shall abandon
the attack.

165. quantum. . .Siccvp^^name
any sum you will, and take it at
once. — quid do ut, what shall 1
give on condition that ; a repetition
of the preceding offer, with a
statement of the terms. Quid do
ut or ne is colloquial ; cf. 3. 184
quid das ut Cossum aliquando
salutes? Ter. Phor. 633 quid vis
dari tibi in manum ut erus his
desistat litibus ?

SATVRA VII

ut totiens ilium pater audiat ? ' haec alii sex

vel plures uno conclamant ore sophistae

et veras agitant lites raptore relicto ;

fusa venena silent, malus ingratusque maritus,

et quae iam veteres sanant mortaria caecos. 170

ergo sibi dabit ipse rudem, si nostra movebunt

consilia, et vitae diversum iter ingredietur,

ad pugnam qui rhetorica descendit ab umbra

summula ne pereat qua vilis tessera venit

frumenti. quippe haec merces lautissima. tempta 175

Chrysogonus quanti doceat vel PoUio quanti

lautorum pueros : artem scindes Theodori.

166. totiens : i.e. as often as I
have done.

167. sophistae = rhetores.

168. veras lites, real lawsuits^
entered upon in order to collect
their fees. — relicto : they aban-
don for the time their fictitious
cases, of which vss. 168-170 con-
tain examples. These may have
been based on the stories of Paris,
Medea, Jason, and Pelias.

170. veteres caecos, those long
blind; Intr. 57. — mortaria: Intr.
46.

171. sibi: see Intr. 84. — ru-
dem : cf. Hor. Ep. I. i. 2. When
a gladiator was discharged from
service he received the rudis^ a
wooden sword. Juvenal says the
rhetorician who needs to go to law
to get his paltry fee had better give
up his profession altogether and
turn to some other mode of life.

.173. ad pugnam : i.e. to a con-
test in the courts. — rhetorica ab
umbra, from his scholastic seclu-
sion ; cf . vs. 8 Pieria in umbra.

174. ne pereat: depending upon
descendit. — tessera frumenti,
grain ticket. Citizens at Rome,

except senators, were furnished
monthly with a certain amount of
grain (probably five modii each) by
the state, sometimes gratuitously,
but generally at a price much below
the market value. This was sup-
plied without cost to the poor
citizens, who received tickets called
tesserae /rumentariaej with which
they could get the grain without
payment. A citizen might sell his
ticket. The value would be small,
but the rhetorician gets hardly
enough to purchase one. — venit,
is sold, i.e. by the person entitled
to receive it.

175. tempta: i.e. look into the
matter and see ; an imperative in
the protasis of a conditional sen-
tence; cf. I. 155 n.

176. Chrysogonus : 6. 74. —
Pollio: 6. 423; Mart. IV. 61. 9.
Both were musicians. The music
teacher is much better paid than
the rhetorician ; cf . Mart. V. 56. 9.

177. artem, text-book (on rheto-
ric). — scindes, and you will
tear up. — Theodori : an eminent
Greek rhetorician^ of the time of
Augustus; Quint. III. i. 17.

IVVENALIS

balnea sescentis et pluris porticus in qua
gestetur dominus quotiens pluit — anne serenum
exspectet spargatque luto iumenta recenti ? i8o

hie potius, namque hie mundae nitet ungula mulae ;
parte alia longis Numidarum fulta columnis
surgat et algentem rapiat cenatio solem.
quanticumque domus, veniet qui fercula docte
conponat, veniet qui pulmentaria condit. 185

hos inter sumptus sestertia Quintiliano,
ut multum, duo sufficient ; res nulla minoris
constabit patri quam filius. * unde igitur tot
Quintilianus habet saltus ? * exempla novorum
fatorum transi : felix et pulcer et acer, 190

felix et sapiens et nobilis et generosus,

178. balnea sescentis : on the
omission of the verb, see Intr. 54.
The rich man does not waste his
money on his son's teachers; he
needs it for his luxuries. — sescen-
tis : so. milibus sestertium ; see
note on 3. 8. — porticus : a walk
or drive covered by a roof sup-
ported on two rows of columns.
This would afford protection from
sun and rain ; cf. 4. 6 ; Mart. 1. 1 2. 5
hie rudis aestivas praestabat porti-
cus umbras.

182. Numidarum columnis :
Numidian marble, of a yellowish
color, now called giallo antico ; cf .
Hor. C II. 18. 3-6 non trabes
Hytnettiae premunt columnas ulti-
ma recisas Africa.

183. algentem rapiat solem :
the winter dining-room faces the
south in order to catch the sun ;
cf. Hor. C. II. 15. 14-16, where
the/ar//V«j, built for summer, ^a-
cam excipiebat Arcton. — rapiat :
because at this season it receives
the sun*s rays for a short time only.

184. quanticumque domus :
see Intr. 54. — qui fercula con-
ponat : i.e. the structor who pre-
pares and serves the courses {fcr-
cula)^ and is also the carver; dF. 5.
120-124; ir. 136-141. On the
anaphora, see Intr. 26 a.

185. condit : see Intr. 55.

"■■ 186. Quintiliano : i.e. even for
the most distinguished rhetorician.
187. ut multum, as an ample
fee; cf. Mart. X. 11. 6.

189. s^XXM^y forest pasture lands.

1 90. transi : i.e. pass over cases
of unexpected good luck ; cf. 3.
114 n. Juvenal says Quintilian
got his property because he was a
favorite of fortune. — felix : see
Intr. 57. The lucky man, like the
ideal wise man of the Stoics, is en-
dowed with all good qualities, apd
is at once the foremost lawyer in
the forum and the foremost athlete
on the Campus Martius.

192. lunam : the Itma or lunula
was an ivory crescent worn on the
patrician shoe. — alutae : a kind

SATVRA VII

adpositam nigrae lunam subtexit alutae ;

felix orator quoque maximus et iaculator,

et si perfrixit, cantat bene, distat enim quae

sidera te excipiant modo primos incipientem 195

edere vagitus et adhuc a matre rubentem.

si Fortuna volet, fies de rhetore consul ;

si volet haec eadem, fiet de consule rhetor.

Ventidius quid enim ? quid TuUius ? anne aliud quam

sidus et occulti miranda potentia fati ? 200

servis regna dabunt, captivis fata triumphum.

felix ille tamen corvo quoque rarior albo.

paenituit multos vanae sterilisque cathedrae,

sicut Lysimachi probat exitus atque Secundi

of soft leather prepared by the use
of alum (alumen), used especially
for the shoes of Roman women.

194. si perfrixit: if he has
caught a cold hoarseness adds rich-
ness to his voice. — distat quae
sidera : it makes all the difference
in the world under what star you
were born ; cf. vs. 200, and 16. 3
secundo sidere.

197. de rhetore, out of a rheto-
rician; cf. 5. 25 de cofwiva Cory-
banta videbis ; and Plin. Ep. IV. 1 1 .
2 Fortunay facis ex senatoribus pro-
fessor es, ex prdfessoribus senatores.

199. Ventidius: i.e, P. Ven-
tidius Bassus of Picenum, who had
been brought to Rome in B.C. 89,
a captive with his mother in the
triumph of Cn. Pompeius Strabo.
Having gained his liberty, he rose,
chiefly by the aid of Julius Caesar,
till he became consul in 43. He
had been a mule driver, and it was
said of him : mulas qui fricabat
consul factus est; cf. Gell. XV. 4.
Having been sent by Antony as
his legatus against the Parthians,
he defeated Labienus and Pacorus,

the Parthian leaders, and himself
rode in triumph in 38, fifty-one
years after he had been carried as
a captive in the triumph of another.
— TuUius : />. Servius Tullius,
sixth king of Rome, whose mother
was a slave ; cf. 8. 259.

200. sidus : i.e. examples of
what a lucky star can bring. —
potentia fati : Intr. 16.

201. servis: as iti the case of
Tullius. — captivis : as in the
case of Ventidius.

202. corvo albo: cf. 6. 165 ni-
gra simillima cycno.

203. sterilisque cathedrae : cf .
Mart. I. 76. 13 a/ circum pulpita
nostra et steriles cathedras basia
sola crepant, — cathedrae : of the
teacher of rhetoric.

204. Lrysimachi : presumably
some rhetorician well known at
this time. The scholiast says:
rhetoris apud Athenas qui suspendio
perit — Secundi Carrinatis : a
rhetorician banished from Rome
under Caligula. The scholiast
adds : veneno peritj cum fugeret
paupertatem.

IVVENALIS

Carrinatis ; et hunc inopem vidistis, Athenae, 205

nil praeter gelidas ausae conferre cicutas.
di, maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram
spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum ver,
qui praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis
esse loco* metuens virgae iam grandis Achilles 210
cantabat patriis in montibus et cui non tunc
eliceret risum citharoedi cauda magistri ;
sed Rufum atque alios caedit sua quemque iuventus,
Rufum, quem totiens Ciceronem AUobroga dixit.
Quis gremio Celadi doctique Palaemonis adfert 215

205. hunc : Secundus Carrinas ;
not, as some have supposed, Soc-
rates, who was not a teacher of
rhetoric.

206. nil ausae conferre : not
having the courage to be just to a
man friendless and in want. —
gelidas, chilling^ deadly ; Intr. 59.

207-2 1 o. Blessed be the memory
of our ancestors who treated teach-
ers with reverence.

207. di: sc. date ox dent ; Intr.
50. — umbris : i.e. manibus. —
sine pondefe : a noun with a
preposition used instead of an ad-
jective ; cf. Ov. Met. I. 26 ignea
convexi vis et sine pondere caeli.
It was a common wish for the
dead that the earth might press
lightly upon them; cf. Mart. V.
34. 9-10, and the formula of se-
pulchral inscriptions s • T • T • L
\sit tibi terra levis).

208. spirantis, fragrant. It
was the custom of ancient, as it
is of modem times, to decorate
tombs and graves with flowers.

210. metuens virgae : Achilles,
though grown to the stature of a
man, reverenced his teacher Chiron
and had a wholesome fear of pun-
ishment, but in our day the teacher

gets beaten by his own pupils ; cf .
Plaut. Bacch. 438-448. — grandis :
cf. Hor. Epod. 13. 11 nobilis ut
grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno.

211. patriis in montibus: on
Mount Pelion in Thessaly. — cui :
cf. 3. 49 n.

213. Rufum : some rhetorician
not otherwise known. If his pu-
pils called him the AUobrogian
Cicero, he was, of course, a Gaul,
as the scholiast says.

2 1 5-243. The grammaticusi9,res
even worse. But a fraction of his
trifling fee ever gets to him, yet he
must be at his desk before day-
light and submit to the unreason-
able demands of parents.

215. gremio: money was car-
ried in the sinus of the toga ; cf .
14. 327 sinondum implevigretnium.
— Celadi: nothing is known of
him. — Palaemonis: a distin-
guished grammarian of the time
of Claudius and Nero. He was
wealthy and noted for his profli-
gacy ; Suet, de Gram. 23. In the
school of the grammaticus boys
studied the Greek and Latin
poets. The authors most read
at this time were Homer (who
held the first place), Menander,

SATVRA VII

quantum grammaticus meruit labor ? et tamen ex hoc

quodcumque est, — minus est autemquamrhetoris aera, —

discipuli custos praemordet acoenonoetus,

et qui dispensat, frangit sibi. cede, Palaemon,

et patere inde aliquid decrescere, non aliter quam 220

institor hibernae tegetis niveique cadurci,

dummodo non pereat mediae quod noctis ab hora

sedisti qua nemo faber, qua nemo sederet

qui docet obliquo lanam deducere ferro ;

dummodo non pereat totidem olfecisse lucernas 225

quot stabant pueri, cum totus decolor esset

Flaccus et haereret nigro fuligo Maroni.

rara tamen merces quae cognitione tribuni

the Greek tragic and lyric poets,
Horace and Vergil.

217. aera, tuition-fee ; small as
this is, some large slices are taken
off before he gets it.

218. discipuli custos: i.e. pae-
dagogus. — praemordet, gets the
first bite. — acoenonoetus = com-
muni carens sensu (scholiast), here
in the sense of unfeeling.

219. qui dispensat: t\i%dispen-
sator ; see i. 91 n. He, too, takes
out his commission.

221. institor, peddler - huckster ;
Hor. C. III. 6. 30 seu vocat institor.
— tegetis, quilt. — nivei cadurci:
coverlet of white Cadurcian linen.
The Cadurci, a people of Gallia
Narbonensis, were famous for the
manufacture of bed linen.

222. mediae noctis ab hora,
from midnight- i.e. from a very
early hour, but not to be under-
stood literally; cf. 14. 190 media
de node. The school began before
daylight; Mart IX. 68. 3-4 non-
dum cristati rupere silentia galli :
murmur e iam saevo verberibusque

tonus ; and XII. 57. 4 negant vitam
ludimagistri mane. Cf. vs. 99 n.

223. sedisti, have been at your
desk.

224. obliquo ferro : i.e. the card
with its crooked teeth.

225. dummodo non pereat :
on the anaphora, see Intr. 26 a. —
non: in post-Augustan writers
sometimes used for ne after dum-
modo (provided that). — non per-
eat : i.e. be not an utter waste.

227. Flaccus, Maroni: the
text-books are Horace (cf . Hor. Ep.
I. 20. 17) and Vergil ; cf. Quint. I.
8. 5 optimek institutum est, ut ab
Homero atque Vergilio lectio inci-
peret. Friedlander, however, un-
derstands this of busts of Horace
and Vergil, blackened by the
smoke which rises from the lamps.

228. cognitione tribuni egeat :
even this scanty fee you must gen-
erally go to law to get. The tri-
bunus plebis seems to have had
some sort of judicial authority
under the empire ; cf. 11. 7 ; Tac.
Ann. XIII. 28.

88 IVVENALIS

non egeat. sed vos saevas imponite leges,

ut praeceptori verborum regula constet, 230

ut legat historias, auctores noverit omnes

tamquam ungues digitosque suos, ut, forte rogatus

dum petit aut thermas aut Phoebi balnea, dicat

nutricem Anchisae, nomen patriamque novercae

Anchemoli, dicat quot Acestes vixerit annis, 235

quot Siculi Phrygibus vini donaverit urnas.

exigite ut mores teneros ceu pollice ducat,

ut si quis cera vultum facit ; exigite ut sit

et pater ipsius coetus, ne turpia ludant,

ne faciant vicibus ; non est leve tot puerorum 240

observare manus oculosque in fine trementis.

* haec ' inquit * curas, et, cum se verterit annus,

accipe victori populus quod postulat aurum/

229. vos : i^. the parents. — Anchemolus with his step-mother :
leges, conditions. ♦ What was the name of his step-

230. ut . . . constet, that the mother, and where was she born ? '
teacher be faultless in his use of Acestes was the king of Sicily
language. who twice received and entertained

231. historias : works of gen- Aeneas and the Trojans (Phrygi-
eral information necessary to ex- bus). Vergil (V. 73) says Acestes
plain references to history, my- was aevi maturus : * Give his exact
thology, geography, etc. age.* In I. 195 it is stated that he

233. thermas : public baths. — had given wine to the Trojans at
Phoebi balnea : private baths, their departure : * How many gal-
npt elsewhere mentioned ; cf. Mart. Ions ? '

I. 59. 3 redde Lupi nobis tenebrosa- 238. cera vultum facit : the

que bcUnea Gryllt. teacher must fashion the morals

234. nutricem Anchisae, etc. : of his pupils as the artist models the
these are examples of absurd wax to form an image. — exigite
questions which may be put to the ut : Intr. 26 a.

teacher to puzzl^ him, all sug- 242. inquit : this word is often

gested by passages in the Aeneid used in the sense of * says one,'

In VII. 1-2 Caieta is the nurse of *they say*; 3. 153 ; 14. 153.

Aeneas, and this suggests the 243. accipe aurum : receive for

question, * Who was the nursq of your whole year*8 services as much

Aeneas's fathpr? ' In X. 389allu- as is given to the winning jockey

sion is made to the incest of after a race.

SATVRA VIII

Stemmata quid faciunt ? quid prodest, Pontice, longo
sanguine censeri, pictos ostendere vultus
maiorum et stantis in curribus Aemilianos
et Curios iam dimidios umerosque minorem
Corvinum et Galbam auriculis nasoque carentem ? 5
quis fructus generis tabula iactare capaci

VIII. On Pride of Birth. —
The purpose of the satire is to
show that high birth is honorable
only when accompanied by per-
sonal worth. If one's life is dis-
graceful, noble ancestors serve
only to make his worthlessness
more conspicuous. Some of the
follies and vices of the nobility are
noticed, and examples given of
patricians who have betrayed the
state or sought its overthrow, and
of plebeians and slaves who have
saved it. The satire is in the
form of an epistle, and is addressed
to Ponticus, of whom nothing is
known.

1-38. Noble ancestors do not
make one truly noble who is per-
sonally unworthy. The only true
nobility is virtue.

1. stemmata quid faciunt,
what do pedigrees amount to ? The
ancestral portraits (imagines) fash-
ioned in wax were arranged in
niches (armaria) against the wall
of the atrium and connected by
lines so as to form a sort of gen-
ealogical tree (stemma); cf. Plin.
A^. If. XXXV. 6 stemmata vero
lineis discurrebant ad imagines
pictas ; Mart. IV. 40. i atria Pi-
sonum stabant cum stemmate toto.
— longo sanguine censeri, to be
rated at a long line of ancestors.

2. pictos vultus: cf. imagines

pictas in the passage from Pliny
quoted above.

3. stantis in curribus: i.e.
bronze or marble statues of them
riding in triumphal chariots ; cf.
vs. 143; 7. 125. — Aemilianos:
i.e. noble ancestors like P. Cor-
nelius Scipio Aemilianus, who de-
stroyed Carthage. He was the
son of L. Aemilius Paulus and
received the name Aemilianus on
his adoption by the son of the
elder Scipio Africanus.

4. Curios: among the Curii
was Curius Dentatus. who fought
against P3rrrhus. — iam dimidios,
mutilated ; cf. 1$. S dimidio Mem-
none ; Mart. X. 2. 10 dimidios
Crispi mulio ridetequos. — umeros
minorem, his shoulders gone. For
the syntax of umeros, see Intr. 29.
The accusative of *the part affected'
is rarely used with adjectives.

5. Corvinum, Gsilbam : the
gens Valeria^ in which Corvinus
was a cognomen, was one of the
oldest patrician families; cf. Cic.
Fl. 25; liv. VII. 26; Aul. Gell.
IX. II. 10. For the claims of the
gens Sulpicia^ of which the Galba
family was a branch, cf. Suet. G.
2 imperator vero etiam stemma in
atrio proposuerity quo paternam
originem ad lorvem^ mater nam ad
Pasiphaam Minois uxorem referret.
— auriculis: see Intr. 73 ^.

IVVENALIS

Corvinum, posthac multa contingere virga
fumosos equitum'cum dictatore magistros,
-si coram Lepidis male vivitur ? effigies quo
tot bellatorum, si luditur alea pernox
ante Numantinos, si dormire incipis ortii
luciferi, quo signa duces et castra movebant ?
cur Allobrogicis et magna gaudeat ara
natus in Herculeo Fabius lare, si cupidus, si
vanus et Euganea quantumvis mollior agna,
si tenerum attritus Catinensi pumice lumbum
squalentis traducit avos emptorque veneni

7. multa virga, through many
a branch (of the family tree); Intr.
61 b. — contingere, to reach ;
cf. II. 62 contingens sanguine cae-
lum. — virga : the lines which
jom the imagines ; cf. Pers. 3. 28
stemmate quod Tusco ramum mil-
lesime ducis. This verse is wanting
in most MSS., but is found in P
and was known to the scholiast,
who explained multa virga by
multis fasciSus. There seems to
be no reason for mentioning Cor-
vinus a second time.

8. fumosos: blackened by the
smoke from the hearth (focus),
which in olden time was in the
middle of the atrium.

9. male vivitur : cf . Valer. Max.
II. 9. I quid prodest /oris esse stre-
nuumy si domi male vivitur ? — effi-
gies quo: Intr. 51.

10. pernox, all night long; cf.
14. 46 cantus pernoctantis parasiti.

1 1 . Numantinos : the agnomen
Numantinus was given to Scipio
Aemilianus (vs. 3) after his cap-
ture of Numantia in B.C. 133.

12. castra movebant: were
breaking camp and on the march.

13. Allobrogicis: Q. Fabius
Maximus, for a victory over the

AUobroges in B.C. 121, was called
Allobrogicus. — mag^a ara: the
ara maxima of Hercules in the
forum Boarium, said to have been
dedicated to Hercules by Evander
(Tac. Ann. XV. 41) or built by
Hercules after he had slain the
giant Cacus (Ov. Fctst, I. 581).

14. in Herculeo lare, in the
household of Hercules ; cf. 14. 20.
The Fabian gens claimed descent
from Hercules and the daughter
of Evander. On the anaphora, si,
si, si, see Intr. 26.

1 5. Euganea : the Euganei were
an ancient people living between
the Alps and the Adriatic Sea
until they were driven out by the
Veneti; cf. Liv. I. i. The wool
of this region was celebrated ; cf.
Plin. N. H. VIII. 190 alba Circum,
padanis nulla praefertur ; Mart-
XIV. 155.

16. Catinensi: Catina or Ca-
tana (now Catania) was a town at
the foot of Mount Aetna, where
pumice stone from the volcano was
abundant. — pumice : used for
smoothing the skin ; cf. Plin. N'.
H. XXXVI. 154. —lumbum : see
Intr. 29.

17. squalentis, rugged, in con-

SATVRA VIII

frangenda miseram funestat imagine gentem ?
tota licet veteres exornent undique c«rae
atria, nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus.
Paulus vel Cossus vel Drusus moribus esto.
hos ante effigies maiorum pone tuorum,
praecedant ipsas illi te consul e virgas.
prima mihi debes animi bona, sanctus haberi
iustitiaeque tenax factis dictisque mereris ?
agnosco procerem. salve Gaetulice, seu tu
Silanus, quocumque alio de sanguine, rarus
civis et egregius patriae contingis ovanti ;
exclamare libet, populus quod clamat Osiri
invento. quis enim generosum dixerit hunc qui
indignus genere et praeclaro nomine tantum
insignis ? nanum cuiusdam Atlanta vocamus,

trast with moUior and tenerum.
— traducit: cf. 11. 31. — emptor
veneni : />. to remove some one
whose property he is to inherit ;
cf. 13. 154 mercatorem veneni.

18. funestat: he disgraces the
unhappy family by having his
image broken, when it is discov-
ered, some time after his death,
that he had been guilty of murder.

21. Paulus, a Paulus.

22. hos, illi : referring to mori-
bus. — ante effigies pone: i.e.
esteem character above pedigree.

23. praecedant virgas : think
more of character than of the dis-
play of power.

^ 24. mihi debes : i.e. I have a
right to expect of you ; Intr. 84.

25. iustitiae tenax: cf. Hor. C.
III. 3. I iustum et tenacem pro-
positi. — mereris : a question in
place of a conditional sentence ; cf.v
I. iSSn.

26. agnosco procerem: t.e. I
recognize in you the real noble-

man. — procerem : the singular
is very rare.

27. quocumque sanguine : no
matter what your origin.

28. civis : Intr. 44 a.

29. exclamare libet : i.e. your
native country rejoices as the
Egyptians do when they rediscover
Osiris. The sacred bull Apis was
regarded as the incarnation of
Osiris. When this animal reached
a certain age he was drowned in a
sacred fountain, and another bull
was sought into which the soul of
Osiris had passed. — quod cla-
mat : i.e. evp-fiKayiMv^ avyxo-^pofJ^v.

30. generosum : possessed of
a noble nature.

31. indignus: Intr. 49.

32. Atlanta : names are often
given jestingly, because of their
inappropriateness, as when we call
a dwarf, Atlas. Mental and physi-
cal oddities were kept for amuse-
ment by many Romans ; cf. Quint.
II. 5. 11; Plin. Ep. IX. 17.

IVVENALIS

Aethiopem Cycnum, pravam extortamque puellam

Europen ; canibus#pigris scabieque vetusta

levibus et siccae lambentibus ora lucernae 35

nomen erit pardus tigris leo, si quid adhuc est

quod fremat in terris violentius ; ergo cavebis

et metues ne tu sic Creticus aut Camerinus.

His ego quern monui ? tecum est mihi sermo, Rubelli
Blande. tumes alto Drusorum stemmate, tamquam 40
f eceris ipse aliquid propter quod nobilis' esses,
ut te conciperet quae sanguine fulget luli,
non quae ventoso conducta sub aggere texit.
* vos humiles * inquis, * vulgi pars ultima nostri,
quorum nemo queat patriam monstrare parentis, 45

ast ego Cecropides/ vivas et originis huius

33. pravam, crooked. — extor-
tam, deformed.

35. siccae : i.e. which once con-
tained oil.

.36. pardus, panther.

37. cavebis et metues (Intr.
79 a) : the future indicative to ex-
press an exhortation. Lane 1624.

38. sic, on the same principle.
A worthless cur may be called

**Lion*; see to it lest you, as in-
appropriately, bear a noble name,
which will only make more notice-
able, by contrast, your own worth-
lessness. — Creticus aut Cameri-
nus : Intr. 64 a.

39-70. You, Rubellius Blandus,
may boast of royal descent and
yet be only a useless blockhead,
just as a horse of noble ]>edigree
may be fit only to turn a mill.

39. sermo, afe^o words. — Ru-
beUi Blande : just who is meant
is uncertain. The only Rubellius
Blandus of whom we have any
account married, a.d. 33, Julia,
granddaughter of Tiberius, and by

her had a son Rubellius Plautus.
Verse 42 seems to show that Juve-
nal had in mind their son. Lip-
sius, therefore, proposed Plaute ;
but the passage does not apply
well to Rubellius Plautus, who
was a man of excellent charac-
ter; Tac. Ann. XIV. 22 omnium
ore Rubellius Plautus celebratury
cui nobilitas per matrem ex Julia
familia. Weidner thinks that the
Blandus here mentioned was a
brother of Rubellius Plautus, who
received his father's cognomen,
but of whom we have no further
information.

42. ut Xonciperet depends on
feceris aliquid : i.e. as if it were
due to some merit of yours that
you have a mother of royal de-«
scent and not a poor woman work-
ing for hire at the loom.

43. ventoso aggere : cf . 5. 1 53 n.

44. ultima, the lowest. See
Intr. 8.

46. ego Cecropides : i.e. I am
descended from an ancient family

SATVRA VIII 93

gaudia longa f eras, tamen ima plebe Quiritem

f acundum invenies ; solet hie defender e causas

nobilis indocti ; veniet de plebe togata

qui iuris nodps et legum aenigmata solvat ; 50

hie petit Euphraten iuvenis domitique Batavi

custodes aquilas armis industrius ; at tu

nil nisi Cecropides, truncoque simillimus Hermae ;

nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine quam quod

illi marmoreum caput est, tua vivit imago. 55

die mihi, Teucrorum proles, animalia muta

quis generosa putet nisi fortia. nempe volucrem

sic laudamus equum, facili cui plurima palma

fervet et exsultat rauco victoria circo ;

nobilis hie, quocumque venit de gramine, cuius 60

clara fuga ante alios et primus in aequore pulvis.

sed venale pecus Coryphaei posteritas et

of kings. Cecrops was the myth- are superior only in the fact that

ical founder of Athens. you are a live blockhead, while he

47. Quiritem : used in the sin- is marble,
gular in poetry and late prose. 56. Teucrorum proles : in ridi-

49. nobilis indocti : I ntr. 57. — cule of those Romans who pre-
de plebe togata : i.e. from the tended to trace their ancestry back
common people who fill up the to the companions of Aeneas ; cf.
ranks of the clients ; cf. i . 96 turbae i. 100 ipsos Troiugenas.

togatae ; also Mart. VI. 48. i. 58. facili :/>. winning with ease.

50. iuris nodos, knotty points — palma : palm of victory.

of law. — legum aenigmata, ///^ 59. rauco: cf. 11. 197 fragor

obscure words of the statutes. auretH percutit ; Mart. X. 53. i

51. petit Euphraten : t.e. serves clamosi gloria circi. — circo (Intr.
against the Parthians and Arme- 67): used for the spectators, who
nians. — Batavi : a German tribe become hoarse by shouting.

near the mouth of the Rhine, de- 61. clara fuga, whose speed is

feated in 69, in an attempt to free distinguished. — primus pulvis :

itself from the dominion of Rome. i.e. whose dust rises in advance of

53. simillimus Hermae : i.e. all the others.

as inactive and useless as a stone 62. venale pecus, a herd for
image. — Hermae (Intr. 30): a j^z/^. ^- Coryphaei, Hirpini: fa-
quadrangular pillar terminating mous race horses, the former not
at the top in a head or bust. elsewhere mentioned. According

54. nullo discrimine : i.e. you to an inscription described by I^ip-

94 IVVENALIS

Hirpini, si rara iugo victoria sedit ;

nil ibi maiorum respectus, gratia nulla

umbrarum ; dominos pretiis mutare iubentur 65

exiguis, trito ducunt epiraedia collo

segnipedes dignique molam versare nepotes.

ergo ut miremur te, non tua, privum aliquid da

quod possim titulis incidere praeter honores

quos illis damus ac dedimus, quibus omnia debes. 70

Haec satis ad iuvenem quem nobis fama superbum
tradit et inflatum plenumque Nerone propinquo ;
rarus enim ferme sensus communis in ilia
fortuna. sed te censeri laude tuorum,
Pontice, noluerim sic ut nihil ipse futurae 75

laudis agas. miserum est aliorum incumbere famae,
ne conlapsa ruant subductis tecta columnis.
stratus humi palme's viduas desiderat ulmos.

sius, it appears that Hirpinus won 69. titulis, inscriptions ; 5. no;

first place 131 times, second place 10. 143.

56 times, and third place 36 times ; 70. illis : your ancestors.

cf. Mart. III. 63. 12 Hirpini vete- 71-145- Honor your high birth

res qui bene novit avos. by doing honorable deeds. Noble

63. rara, rarely ^ seldom^ for the ancestors will only make your own
adverb rart?/ cf. 10. 18. disgrace more shameful if your

64. ibi : i^. on the race course life is ignoble,
pedigree is nothing; no favor 71. 9i&y with respect to.

comes there from shades of de- 72. plenum Nerone propin-

parted ancestors. quo (Intr. 35): i.e. thinking of

66. trito, galled. — epiraedia : nothing else. Rubellius was de-
a Gallic word ; the thongs with scended from Tiberius, and Nero
which the horse is attached to the from Drusus, the brother of Tibe-
raeda; the traces. The hybrid com- rius.

position of the word (from ^ir/ and 73. sensus communis : i.e. the

raeda)y is noticed by Quintilian (I. feeling which a man, as a member

5. 68). of society, ought to have with

67. versare: Intr. 39^. — ne- respect to others.

potes, descendants of fleet sires. 74. fortuna, condition of life.

The inferior MSS. have Nepotis, 75. nihil futurae laudis : i.e.

the name of a miller. nothing that will hereafter be

68. privum, that you have done considered praiseworthy.
yourself. 78. viduas, unwedded, on whicl\

SATVRA VIII

esto bonus miles, tutor bonus, arbiter idem

integer ; ambiguae si quando citabere testis 80

incertaeque rei, Phalaris licet imperet ut sis

falsus et admoto dictet periuria tauro,

summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori

et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas.

dignus morte perit, cenet licet ostrea centum 85

Gaurana et Cosmi toto mergatur aeno.

exspe'ctata diu tandem provincia cum te

rectorem accipiet, pone irae frena modumque,

pone et avaritiae, miserere inopum sociorum.

ossa vides rerum vacuis exsucta medullis. 9cr

respice quid moneant leges, quid curia mandet,

praemia quanta bonos maneant, quam fulmine iusto

no vines have been trained ; cf.
Hor. C. IV. 5. 30 vitem viduas
ducit a4 arbor es ; Epod. 2. lo; Cat.
62. 49-54 ; Ov. Met. XIV. 663 ul-
mus caelebs sine pcUmite. — desi-
derat, feels the need of.

79. estQ: the o is here short,
but has its regular length in vs. 164.
— tutor : guardian of youth. —
arbiter, arbitrator. The arbiter
was given more discretion than the
iudex^ and decided the case ac-
cording to equity.

80. ambiguae incertaeque : cf.
Intr. 79 b.

8 1 . • Phalaris : the tyrant of Agri-
gentum, who tortured his victims
to death by burning them in a
brazen bull; called by Cicero {Ver.
IV. 73) crudelissimus omnium ty-
rannorum. — Phalaris imperet :
cf. Hor. C. III. 3. 3 non voltus in-
stantis tyranni mente quatit solida.

83. animam, life. — pudori,
honor; cf. Hor. C. IV. 9. ^opeius-
que leto flagitium timet.

84. Vivendi causas: among

these Pliny {^Ep. I. 12. 3) mentions
optimam conscientiam,, optimam
famam, maximam auctoritatem.

85. perit : perfect tense. The
man who prefers life to honor is
dead already, though he live in
luxury ; cf. Seneca Ep. 93. 4 alter
post mortem quoque est^ alter ante
mortem periit.

86. Gaurana : Mons Gaurus
was near Lake Lucrinus, which was
famous for its oysters ; cf. 4. 142 n.
— Cosmi : a well-known perfumer
at Rome, whose name occurs often
in Martial. — aeno, caldron, the
vessel in which his perfumes were
prepared.

87. exspectata diu : the ambi-
tion of a nobleman who wished to
better his fortunes was to get a
province.

^. frena : cf. Hor. Ep. I. 2. 63.

89. sociorum, the provincials.

90. vacuis exsucta medullis :
for vacua exsuctis medullis; cf.
Hor. Epod. 5. 37 exsecta medulla;
Cat. 66. 23 exedit cura medullas.

IVVENALIS

et Capito et Numitor ruerint damnante senatu
piratae Cilicum. sed quid damnatio confert ?
praeconem, Chaerippe, tuis circumspice pannis,
cum Pansa eripiat quidquid tibi Natta reliquit,
iamque tace ; furor est post omnia perdere naulum.
non idem gemitus olim neque vulnus erat par
damnorum sociis florentibus et modo victis.
plena domus tunc omnis, et in gens stabat acervus
nummorum, Spartana chlamys, conchylia Coa,
et cum Parrhasii tabulis signisque Myronis
Phidiacum vivebat ebur, nee non Polycliti

93. Capito : Cossutianus Capi-
to, son-in-law of Tigellinus (i.
155), was governor of Cilicia in
A.D. 56. He was accused of
extortion in the following year,
and making no defense was con-
demned by the senate ; Tac. Ann.
XIII. 33. Qiiintilian (VI. i. 14)
mentions the trial, and says his
accuser spoke Greek. Capito was
afterwards restored through the
influence of Tigellinus, and in 66
accused Paetus Thrasea, who had
assisted the Cilicians against him ;
cf. 5. 36 n, and Tac. Ann. XVI.
21. — Numitor i perhaps the one
mentioned in 7. 74, otherwise un-
known.

94. piratae Cilicum : i.e. pirates
of the pirates. The Cilicians were
notorious pirates, but the Roman
governors surpassed even them.
— quid damnatio confert : cf .
I. 48.

95. praeconem circumspice :
i.e. sell what little you have left
before that too is stolen, and then
hold your tongue. If you go to
Rome to make accusation and
even gain your case, you will not
get enough to pay your fare. —
Chaerippe : some provincial who

has suffered under dishonest gov-
ernors, perhaps the accuser of
Capito; Quint. VI. i. 14.

96. Pansa, Natta : any provin-
cial governors.

98. vulnus damnorum: the feel-
ing of injury caused by spoliation.
— par : iu:. as great as it now is.

1 01. Spartana: probably to
denote the color; cf. Hor. C. II.
18. 7 nee Laconicas mihi trahunt
honestae purpuras clientae. —
chlamys : a light Greek mantle. —
conchylia Coa : garments of Coan
purple ; cf. Hor. C. IV. 13. 13 Coae
purpurae. Silk loosely woven,
so as to be almost transparent,
was manufactured in the island of
Cos.

102. Parrhasii : a celebrated
painter who lived at Athens about
B.C. 400. Some of his works seem to
have been at Rome in the time of
Horace ; cf . C. IV. 8. 6. — Myro-
nis : a sculptor, an older contem-
porary of Phidias and Polyclitus.
Copies of the discobolus of Myron
stUl exist.

103. Phidiacum ebur : the
Zeus of Phidias at Olympia, and
his Athene at Athens surpassed
all other works of ancient art.

SATVRA VIII

multus ubique labor, rarae sine Mentore mensae.

inde Dolabellae atque hinc Antonius, inde

sacrilegus Verres referebant navibus altis

occulta spolia et plures de pace triumphos.

nunc sociis iuga pauca bourn, grex parvus equarum,

et pater armenti capto eripietur agello,

ipsi deinde Lares, si quod spectabile signum,

si quis in aedicula deus unicus ; haec etenim sunt

pro summis, nam sunt haec maxima, despicias tu

forsitan inbellis Rhodios unctamque Corinthon,

despicias merito ; quid resinata iuventus

los

The marble sculptures of the
Parthenon were produced under
his direction. — vivebat : cf. Hor.
C. IV. 8. 14; Verg. Aen. VI. 848
vivos ducent de marmore voltus.
— ebur : *>. statues of ivory and
gold, chryselephantine. — Poly-
cliti : cf. 3. 217 n.

104. labor, work; cf. Mart. IV.
39. 5 Mentoreos habes labores. —
Mentore : ix. a cup of Mentor's
workmanship. Mentor was the
most celebrated artist in silver-
chasing. Some of his works were
destroyed at the burning of the
temple of Diana at Ephesus in
B.C. 356.

105. Dolabellae : three of this
name plundered the provincials :
a Cn. Dolabella in Macedonia;
another Cn. Dolabella in Cilicia,
and P. Dolabella, son-in-law of
Cicero, in Asia on his journey to
Syria. — DoUabellae atque : Intr.
82. The MSS. have Dolabella
atque hinc^ which lacks one syl-
lable to make a verse. — Anto-
nius : C. Antonius, colleague of
Cicero in the consulship, was
guilty of extortion in Macedonia ;
and his brother, M. Antonius,
called Creticus, despoiled Sicily.

106. sacrilegus : Verres was
accused, among other charges, of
stealing the statues of the gods
from the temples; cf. Cic. Ver.
IV. (de signis) passim,

107. occulta : i.e, which they
dared not exhibit. In this word
final a is made long by position;
Intr. 86. — plures . . . trium-
phos : />. there was brought home
in time of peace treasure enough
to adorn many triumphs.

no. Lares : after the oxen and
horses have been seized, and the
little farm taken, even the house-
hold gods will not be spared. —
spectabile, worth looking at.

111. aedicula, the shrine^ of the
home. — unicus, single^ solitary.

112. pro summis : i.e. in place
of the treasures they once pos-
sessed (vss. 100-104). — maxima :
i.e. the highest prizes now left to
the plunderers.

113. .unctam, perfumed. The
people of Rhodes and Corinth live
in luxury ; you may despoil them
without opposition.

114. quid : i.e. what harm. — re-
sinata : resin, like pumice stone
(vs. 16), was used to remove hairs
from the skin and make it smooth.

IVVENALIS

cruraque totius facient tibi levia gentis ? 115

horrida vitanda est Hispania, Gallicus axis

Illyricumque latus ; parce et messoribus illis

qui saturant urbem circo scaenaeque vacantem ;

quanta autem inde feres tarn dirae praemia culpae,

cum tenuis nuper Marius discinxerit Afros ? 120

curandum in primis ne magna iniuria fiat

fortibus et miseris. tollas licet omne quod usquam est

auri atque argenti, scutum gladiumque relinques

et iaculum et galeam ; spoliatis arma supersunt.

quod modo proposui, non est sententia, verum est : 125

credite me vobis folium recitare Sibyllae.

si tibi sancta cohors comitum, si nemo tribunal

vendit acersecomes, si nullum in coniuge crimen

116. vitanda: because they are
warlike and dangerous. — axis :
cf. 14. 42 n.

117. latus, seacoast. — messori-
bus illis : i.e. the Africans ; cf.
vs. 120. Rome depended for its
grain supply chiefly upon Africa ;
cf. 5. 1 19 n.

118. circo: cf. 3.223 n; 10.81 ;
II. 53. — vacantem, while it de-
votes its leisure.

119. quanta: i.e. quantula. —
tam dirae : because plundering
Africa would interfere with the
supply of grain for Rome.

1 20. tenuis, poor; proleptic ; cf.
Intr. 5; I. 49 n. — discinxerit,
stripped ; money was carried in the
girdle; cf. 7. 215 n; 14. 297 zonam
laeva morsuque tenebit.

122. miseris, desperate.

123. relinques: />. you cannot
take away.

125. sententia, rhetorical com-
monplace.

126. folium Sibyllae: cf. 3. 2 n,
and Serv. Aen. III. 444 in foliis

autem palmarum Si^yllam scribere
solere testatur Varro. The original
Sibylline books were destroyed
when the temple of Jupiter Capi-
tolinus was burned, B.C. 83. A
new collection of oracles which
had been made was carefully re-
vised by the direction of Augustus,
and those considered genuine were
deposited in the temple of Apollo
on the Palatine.

127. cohors comitum : 3. 47 n.
The comites were young men who
accompanied the governor chiefly
to get some experience in the pub-
lic service. Cicero took with him
into Cilicia, as comites^ his own
son, the son of his brother, and a
relative of his friend Atticus. If
there was no opportunity to make
anything out of the provincials,
the comites sometimes returned
disappointed; cf. Cat. 10. —tri-
bunal vendit : i.e. is bribed to
influence your decisions.

128. acersecomes, Longlocks
(dKepffeKdfAtls, with unshorn hair),

SATVRA VIII

nec per conventus et cuncta per oppida curvis

unguibus ire parat nummos raptura Celaeno, 130

tu licet a Pico numeres genus, altaque si te

nomina delectant, omnem Titanida pugnam

inter maiores ipsumque Promethea ponas ;

de quocumque voles proavum tibi sumito libro.

quod si praecipitem rapit ambitio atque libido, 135

si frangis virgas sociorum in sanguine, si te

delectant hebetes lasso lictore secures,

incipit ipsorum contra te stare parentum

nobilitas claramque facem praeferre pudendis.

omne animi vitium tanto conspectius in se 140

an epithet of Phoebus, //. XX. 39 ;
here meaning a favorite slave ; cf .
3. 186. Compare this with Juve-
nal's description of his own slaves,
1 1 . 1 49 tonsi recUque capilli. — con-
iuge : it was customary for the
governor of a province to leave
his family at home, but the cus-
tom was sometimes disregarded
and many evils resulted from the
presence in the provinces of the
wives of the magistrates ; cf. Tac.
Ann. III. 33 ; IV. 19.

129. conventus : for judicial
purposes the province was divided
into several districts or circuits,
called conventus. In each the
governor appeared at certain ap-
pointed times, to hear complaints
and administer justice.

130. raptura: Intr. 40. — Ce-
laeno (Verg. Aen. III. 211), like a
harpy.

131. licet numeres genus, /^^/2
you may trace your descent. — Pico :
the first mythical king of Latium,
son of Satumus and father of Fau-
nus ; cf. Verg. Aen. VII. 48 Fauno
Picus pater t isque parentem te, Sa-
turne, re/ert.

132. omnem Titanida pugnam
(Intr. 67), the whole battle of the
Titans^ i.e. all the Titans who
fought with Jove.

133. Promethea : son of the
Titan lapetus ; creator of man
(Plato, Protag. 11 ; Hor. C. I. 16.
13 ; Ov. Met. I. 82) and also his
friend and benefactor.

134. libro \i.e. any mythological
work containing names of gods
and heroes.

135. praecipitem: sc. te ; cf.
Verg. Aen. VI. 594 praecipitem
adegit.

137. hebetes lasso : i.e. if you
delight in cruel executions.

138. contra te stare, to rise up
in judgment against you.

139. facem praeferre puden-
dis, to hold a torch before your
disgraceful deeds; cf. Sail. lug.
85. 23 maiorum gloria posteris
quasi lumen est^ neque bona neque
mala eorum in occulto patitur.

140. conspectius, more notice-
able ; the higher one's rank, so
much the more glaring his dis-
grace; cf. Sail. Cat. 51. 13 /« maxu
mafortuna minuma licentia est.

100

IVVENALIS

crimen habet, quanto maior qui peccat habetur.
quo mihi te solitum falsas signare tabellas
in templis quae fecit avus, statuamque parentis
ante triumphalem ? quo, si nocturnus adulter
tempora Santonico velas adoperta cucuUo ?
' ' Praeter maiorum cineres atque ossa volucri
carpento rapitur pinguis Lateranus, et ipse,
ipse rotam adstringit sufflamine mulio consul,
nocte quidem, sed luna videt, sed sidera testes
intendunt oculos. finitum tempus honoris
cum fuerit, clara Lateranus luce flagellum
sumet et occursum numquam trepidabit amici
iam senis ac virga prior adnuet, atque maniplos

150

142. quo mihi : see Intr. 51 ;
cf. Ov. A. A. I. 303 quo tibi pre-
tiosas sutnere vestes? quae fecit
avus is grammatically subordinate
to signare, but the thought is :
What is it to me that your grand-
father built the temple which you
disgrace ? — falsas signare ta-
bellas : cf. I. 67. He stealthily
substitutes a forged will in place
of the genuine. Temples were
used as places of safe deposit for
wills and other valuables ; cf. 14.
260 ad ingilem ponendi Castora
nummi ; Suet. Aug. loi.

145. Santonico : from the San-
tones, a people of Aquitania; cf.
Mart. XIV. 128 Gallia Santonico
vesHt te bardocucullo . — cucuUo,
a hood ; often used to conceal the
face ; cf . 3. 1 70 n.

146-182. Lateranus, of ^consular
rank, is fond of driving, fre-
quents low resorts, and leads a
life that would bring a slave to
the ergastulum.

146. praeter maiorum cine-
res : i.e. along one of the fre-
quented roads leading out of

Rome, which were bordered with
tombs ; cf. i. 171 n. The passion
of the young nobles for driving
has been noticed before (i. 60).

147. carpento : a light covered
carriage with two wheels, often
used by women. — Lateranus :
cf . 10. 1 7 Lateranorum aedes. Plau-
tius lateranus suffered death, A.D.
65, for his part in Piso's conspira-
cy ; cf. Tac. Ann. XV. 49 and 60.

148. sufflamine, drag chain^
brake. The word is used figura-
tively in 16. 50. — mulio consul :
see Intr. 22 and 56. The MSS.
reading is multo sufflamine con-
sul.

149. testes : cf. Prop. II. 9. 41
sidera sunt testes.

150. tempus honoris : i.e. his
consulship.

153. virga adnuet : i.e. he sa-
lutes with his whip as a common
coachman would. — maniplos :
Intr. 88. — maniplos solvet, etc. :
when he returns to the stables he
will untie the bundles of hay. He
is so fond of horses that he de-
lights to do the work of a groom.

SATVRA VIII

101

solvet et infundet iumentis hordea lassis^^^^

interea, dum lanatas robumque iuvencum 155

more Numae caedit, lovis ante altaria iurat

solam Eponam et facies olida ad praesepia pictas.

sed cum pervigiles placet instaurare popinas,

obvius adsiduo Syrophoenix unctus amomo

currit, Idumaeae Syrophoenix incola portae, 160

hospitis adfectu dominum regemque salutat,

et cum venali Cyane succincta lagona.

defensor culpae dicet mihi * f ecimus et nos

haec iuvenes.' esto : desisti nempe nee ultra

f ovist i errorem. breve sit quod turpiter audes ; 165

155. interea : />. while his con-
sulship lasts. — lanatas: cf. 15.
II. — robum: Festus, p. 264
* robum * rubro colore et quasi rufo
sign\ficari, ut bovem quoque rustici
appellant^ tnanifestutn est.

157. Eponam: the protecting
divinity of horses. The scholiast
says: dea mulionum est. Later-
anus sacrifices, as the consul is re-
quired to do, but, even before the
altar of Jove, he thinks of noth-
ing but horses and stables.

158. pervigiles (Intr. ^%)^ kept
open all night ; cf. 3. 275 vigiles fe-
nestrae. — instaurare, to resort
again to. — popinas : disreputable
shops where food and drink were
sold ; cf. Hor. .S*. II. 4. 62 immundis
popinis. They were visited mostly
by slaves and the lower classes,
(11. 81), and were gathering places
for idlers, newsmongers, vaga-
bonds, and criminals (vss. 173-

176).

1 59. Syrophoenix : the host.
Syrophoenice was a division of
Syria, including Phoenicia.

160. Idumaeae portae prob-
ably denotes one of the gates of

Rome ; this is the explanation of
the scholiast : tabernarius qui
prope portam manet. Since Idu-
maeus sometimes means Jewish^
Owen, Class. Rev. VII. (1893),
p. 402, supposes that Idutnaea
porta signifies the gate at the
Jewish quarter of the city, i.e.
the porta Capena ; cf. 3. 14.

161. hospitis adfectu, with the
obsequious air of an innkeeper.

162. Cyane : either the hostess
or the waitress. — succincta :
girded up ready to serve j cf. Hor.
S. II. 6. 107 veluti succinctus cur-
sitat hospes. — lagona : cf. 5. 29 n.

163. defensor culpae : one
who is disposed to palliate such
faults. — f ecimus haec iuvenes :
cf. Plaut. Bacch. ^10 feci ego istaec
itidem in adulescentia ; Mart. IV.
78. 9 haec faciant sane iuvenes.

164. nempe, that is to say. The
poet seizes on the word iuvenes
and interprets it in his own way
with desisti. 'Just so, — when
we were young; that is to say,
you Ve stopped. Lateranus keeps
on.* — liltra : beyond the period
of youth.

102

IVVENALIS

quaedam cum prima resecentur crimina barba.

indulge veniam pueris : Lateranus ad illos

thermarum calices inscriptaque lintea vadit

maturus bello, Armeniae Syriaeque tuendis

amnibus et Rheno atque Histro. praestare Neronem 170

securum valet haec aetas. mitte Ostia, Caesar,

mitte, sed in magna legatum quaere popina ;

invenies aliquo cum percussore iacentem,

permixtum nautis et furibus ac fugitivis,

inter carnifices et fabros sandapilarum 175

et resupinati cessantia tympana galli.

aequa ibi libertas, communia pocula, lectus

non alius cuiquam, nee mensa remotior ulli.

quid facias talem sortitus, Pontice, servum ?

166. cum prima barba: c£. 3.
186 n.

168. thermarum : here proba-
bly the same as the thertnipolia
of Plautus {Trin. 1013), which
were identical with the popinae.

— inscripta lintea : awnings in
front of the popina inscribed with
the names of the articles for sale
within.

169. maturus bello, of suitable
age for war. — tuendis amnibus :
see Intr. 31.

170. amnibus : the Euphrates
and Tigris, the natural bound-
aries of the Roman Empire on the
east as the Rhine and Danube
were on the north and northeast.

— praestare securum, to guaran-
tee the safety of.

171. haec aetas : i.e. the age of
Lateranus. — mitte Ostia : send
your general to Ostia to set sail for
his command beyond the sea, but
your messenger will find him in
some crowded popina^ spending
his time in dissipation with cut-

throats and vagabonds. — Ostia:
the port of Rome, at the mouth of
the Tiber ; cf . 1 2. 75 n. It is Some-
times, as here, neut. pi.; cf. Liv.
XXII. 37. I classis Ostia accessit.

173- percussore, assassin. —
iacentem, at table with.

175. sandapilarum: a cheap
open coffin or bier on which the
dead bodies of the poor were car-
ried out to burial ; cf. Mart. VIII.
75. 14. The business of under-
takers and those who had to do
with funerals was thought degrad-
ing; cf. 3. 32.

176. resupinati galli : the priest
of Cybele, lying drunk on his back.
— cessantia, silent.

177. aequa libertas: i.e. all
are on a level in the popina ; the
noble ranks no higher than the
runaway slave.

178. aliuSy special. — remotior,
separate^ reserved.

179. talem sortitus servum:
i.e. if you chanced to have a slave
that frequented such a place.

SATVRA VIII

103

nempe in Lucanos aut Tusca ergastula mittas. i8o

at vos, Troiugenae, vobis ignoscitis, et quae
turpia cerdoni, Volesos Brutumque decebunt.

Quid si numquam adeo foedis adeoque pudendis
utimur exemplis ut non peiora supersint ?
consumptis opibus vocem, Damasippe, locasti 185

sipario, clamosum ageres ut Phasma Catulli.
Laureolum velox etiam bene Lentulus egit,
iudice me dignus vera cruce. nee tamen ipsi
ignoscas populo ; populi frons durior huius
qui sedet et spectat triscurria patriciorum, 190

180. nemptf wAy. — Lucanos,
yimr estate in Lucania. The plu-
ral of the name of a people is
sometimes used to denote an estate
situated among them ; cf . Plin. Ep.
V. 6. I cum audisses me aestate
Tuscos meos petiturum ; Hor. C.
III. 4. 22 vestery CamenaCy vester
in arduos tollor Sabinos. — erga-
stula: slaves that could not be
managed in the city were sent into
the country and kept in fetters.
At night they were confined in the
ergastulum ; cf. 14. 24. During
the day they were generally kept
at hard labor in the fields; cf. 11.
80 in magna compede fossor. Their
condition was not unlike that of
convicts' who work in a modem
chain gang.

181. Troiugenae: cf. 56 n ; i.
100 n. — vobis ignoscitis : you
pardon in yourselves the crimes for
which you would torture a slave.

182. cerdoni: cf. 4. 153 n. —
Volesos, Brutum : any nobles
of ancient stock.

V 183-210. Other nobles still more
degraded act in pantomime or
enter the arena.

185. Damasippe : any noble-
man who has squandered his for-

tune and who degrades himself by
going upon the stage. The name
was familiar from the spendthrift
in Hor. S. II. 3.

186. sipario: a theatre curtain,
by metonomy for the stage. —
Phasma, The Ghost, — C^XmWV,
a writer of mimes in the time of
Caligula, Claudius, and Nero ; cf.
13. 1 1 1, and Mart. V.30. ^facundi
scaena Catulli.

187. Laureolum: also a play
of Catullus. The principal char-
acter was a robber chief who long
eluded his pursuers but was finally
caught and crucified.

188. dignus vera cruce: in
one case at least the part was taken
by a condemned criminal who was
actually crucified on the stage;
Mart. Spect, 7. 4 non falsa pendens
in cruce Laureolus. — nee igno-
scas populo : i.e. the people who
look on are by no means free from
blame.

189. frons durior : their brow
is hardened, i.e. their shameless-
ness is very great.

190. triscurria, gross buffoon-
eries (tri'Scurrd) ; tri is intensive,
as in Plaut. Rud. 735 trifurcifer ;
Pers. 266 triparcus.

104

IVVENALIS

planipedes audit Fabios, ridere potest qui
Mamercorum alapas. quanti sua funera vendant
quid refert ? vendunt nuUo cogente Nerone,
nee dubitant eelsi praetoris vendere ludis.
finge tamen gladios inde atque hinc pulpita poni,
quid satius ? mortem sic quisquam exhorruit ut sit
zelotypus Thymeles, stupidi collega Corinthi ?
res baud mira tamen citharoedo principe mimus
nobilis. baec ultra quid erit nisi ludus ? et illic
dedecus urbis habesj nee murmillonis in armis
nee clipeo Gracchum pugnantem aut falce supina ;
damnat enim tales habitus, sed damnat et odit,

195

191. planipedes : the actors in
mimes appeared without cothur-
nus or soccus.

192. Mamercorum : a noble
family belonging to the gens Ae-
tnilia. — alapas: noisy blows given
to the clown ; cf. 5. 171 ; Mart. V.
61. II quam dtgnus eras alapis
Latini. — quanti, for what com-
pensation. They do not do it now
to save their lives, as nobles did
under Nero. — sua funera: i.e.
their moral degradation. Juvenal
is not speaking here of the arena.
Gladiatorial contests are first
brought in at vs. 199.

193. nuUo cogente Nerone :
Nero did compel senators and
knights to fight in the arena ; cf.
Dio Cass. 61. 17 ; Suet. Ner. 12.

194. celsi : the tribunal upon
which the officer sat who presided
at the entertainment was over one
of the entrances to the orchestra.
At this time the public games were
managed by the praetors ; 10. 36.

195. finge . . . poni : i.e. sup-
pose an emperor did compel them
to go upon the stage or suffer
death for disregard of his order.

196. quid= utrum ; see Intr.76.

197. zelotypus : i.e. the jealous
husband. — Thymeles: cf. i. 36.
In the mime the female parts were
taken by women. — Corinthi:
an actor who took the part of the
stupidusj a standing character in
the mime, corresponding to the
parasite of comedy.

198. principe : i.e. Nero ; cf.
vs. 220. — mimus: an actor in
mimes.

199. haec ultra : see Intr. 48 b.
— quid erit nisi ludus : i.e. be-
yond this there will be nothing
more disgraceful, except ^the gladi-
atorial school and the arena.

200. murmillonis : a gladiator
with a fish (fiopfidpos) represented
on his helmet, and armed in Gallic
fashion. His opponent was gen-
erally a retiariusy but sometimes a
> Threx ; cf. Suet. Dom. 10 Threcem
mirmilloni parem, munerario im-
parem.

201. Gracchum : an appositive
with dedecus. — falce supina :
I.A with a curved sword {siccL)^ the
characteristic weapon of the Threx.

202. sed : see 4. 27 n.

SATVRA VIII

105

nec galea faciem abscondit : movet ecce tridentem ;
postquam vibrata pendentia retia dextra
nequiquam effudit, nudum ad spectacula vultum
erigit et tota fugit agnoscendus harena.
credamus, tunicae de faucibus aurea cum se
porrigat et longo iactetur spira galero.
ergo ignominiam graviorem pertulit omni
vulnere cum Graccho iussus pugnare secutor.
Libera si dentur populo suffragia, quis tarn
perditus ut dubitet Senecam praeferre Neroni ?
cuius supplicio non debuit una parari
simia nec serpens unus nec culleus unus.

205

203. nec galea : the murmilloy
the Threxy and the secutor (vs. 210)
were fully armed with shield and
sword, and a helmet that covered
the entire face. The retiarius
wore the tunic only, and had
neither helmet nor shield. He
carried in one hand a net, and in
the other a trident (tridens or
fuscina^ cf. 2. 143). In the com-
bat he tried to throw the net over
his antagonist and then dispatch
him with the trident. Failing to
entangle him in the net (nequi-
quam effudit), as he is not armed
for a close encounter, he must
quickly retreat (fugit) and make
ready for another assault.

204. vibrata dextra, from his
right hand moving to and fro while
he is watching for a favorable op-
portunity to catch his adversary.

205. effudit, has thrown out.
— spectacula, the spectators ; Intr.
67.

206. agnoscendus : he adopted
the costume of the retiarius that
he might be easily recognized.

207. credamus, let us believe ity
i.e. that we see a nobleman fight-

ing as a retiarius. — aurea : evi-
dence of wealth and rank.

208. spira : a band attached to
the net, by which it was drawn
back after an unsuccessful throw.
— galero : a guard of leather or
metal worn on the left arm and
reaching above the shoulder.

209. ignominiam: the secutor^
who pursues the fleeing retiarius,
thinks it less disgraceful to be
vanquished by a skillful gladiator
than to conquer an unskilled
nobleman ; cf. Sen. Prov. 3. 4
ignominiam iudicat gladiator cum
inferiore componi.

211-230. Nero added to his
many crimes by writing poetry
and acting in tragedy.

211. suffragia : cf. 10. 77. Sen-
eca was of equestrian family and
provincial origin.

213. non una: see 5. 151 n.

214. simia: the parricide was
scourged and sewed up in a leather
bag (culleus; cf. 13. 155 corio
bovis) with an ape, a serpent, a
dog, and a cock, and drowned in
the sea or in a river. One such
punishment would be too little for

106

IVVENALIS

par Agamemnonidae crimen, sed causa facit rem 215
dissimilem. quippe ille deis auctoribus ultor
patris erat caesi media inter pocula, sed nee
Electrae iugulo se poUuit aut Spartani
sanguine coniugii, nuUis aconita propinquis
miscuit, in scaena numquam cantavit Orestes, 220

Troica non scripsit. quid enim Verginius armis
debuit ulcisci magis aut cum Vindice Galba,
quod Nero tam saeva crudaque tyrannide fecit ?
haec opera atque hae sunt generosi principis artes,
gaudentis foedo peregrina ad pulpita cantu 225

prostitui Graiaeque apium meruisse coronae.

Nero, who caused the death of his
mother Agrippina, and of many
other near relatives.

215. Agamemnonidae: dative
after par ; cf. 3. 74 ; 10. 247. Ores-
tes kUled his mother Clytaemnes-
tra, at Apollo's command, to avenge
the death of his father. — causa,
motive. Nero murdered his mother
at the instigation of Poppaea.

217. media inter pocula: fol-
lowing the account of Agamem-
non's death given by Homer Od.
XI. 409-411 ^>CK.6. fioi AtyiaSos
TcA^ai ddvarbv re fji^y re Hicra aifv

deiiryla-a-ai. In the tragic poets a
bath is the scene of the murder ;
Aesch. A^, 1 128. — nee . . . aut :
sometimes found in poetry for
ngc . . . ftfc ; cf. 14. 174 ; Verg. Aen.
IV. 339.

218. Electrae : Orestes did not
murder his sister Electra, as Nero
did Antonia, his adoptive sister,
nor his wife Hermione, as Nero
did Octavia and Poppaea. — Spar-
tani coniugii : Hermione, the
daughter of Menelaus and Helen.

219. coniugii: iox coniugis ; cf.

spectacula^ vs. 205 n. — aconita
propinquis : Nero poisoned Bri-
tannicus and other relatives.

220. numquam cantavit Ore-
stes : cf. Suet. Nero 21 tragoedias
quoque cantavit per sonatus, heroum
deorumque item heroidum ac dea-
rum personis effectis ad similitudi-
nem oris sui et feminae.

221. Troica: an epic poem by
Nero ; cf. Dio Cass. 62. 29. — quid
magis : ix. than his acting and his
poetry "i The revolt against Nero
began in the provinces, and was
led by Vindex in Gaul and Galba
in Spain. Verginius Rufus, gov-
ernor of upper Germany, did
not openly rebel against Nero.
He refused the offer of his sol-
diers to make him emperor after
the death of Vindex, and again
after the death of Otho. He
died in 97 and was honored
with a public funeral, Tacitus
pronouncing his funeral oration ;
Plin. Ep, II. I.

226. prostitui, to dishonor him-
self. — apium : with which vic-
tors at the Nemean games were
crowned.

SATVRA VIII

107

maiorum effigies habeant insignia vocis,

ante pedes Domiti longum tu pone Thyestae

syrma vel Antigonae personam vel Melanippae,

et de marmoreo citharam suspende colosso. 230

Quid, Catilina, tuis natalibus atque Cethegi
inveniet quisquam sublimius ? arma tamen vos
nocturna et flammas domibus templisque paratis,
ut bracatorum pueri Senonumque minores,
ausi quod liceat tunica punire molesta. 235

sed vigilat consul vexillaque vestra coercet ;

227. insignia vocis : t.e. pnzes
gained in song. Nero visited
Greece in 66 and remained till the
beginning of 68. He was allowed
to be victor in the whole circle of
Greek games, and returned with
more than 1800 crowns of vic-
tory.

228. Domiti: some distinguished
ancestor. Nero belonged to the
gens Domitia, and was called L.
Domitius Ahenobarbus till his
adoption in 50 by his great-uncle
and step-father, Claudius Nero. —
Thyestae, Antigonae, Mela-
nippae : tragic characters in which
Nero appeared.

229. syrma : a tragic robe with
a long train ; cf. 1 5- 30 ; Hor. A. P.
215 traxitque vagus per pulpita
vestetn.

230. de marmoreo colosso :
from the colossal marble statue of
some ancestor. The colossal
statue of Nero, placed in the ves-
tibule of the dotnus aurea, was of
brass; Plin. N. H. XXXIV. 46.

231-268. The noble-born Cati-
line aimed at the destruction of
the state, which Cicero, a novus
homoy preserved. The saviors of
Rome have often been persons of
ignoble birth.

231. Catilina : of the gens
Sergiuy which was patrician and
claimed descent from Sergestus, a
Trojan who came to Italy with
Aeneas ; Aen. V. 121 Sergestus-
que dotnus tenet a quo Sergia no-
men. — natalibus, birth^ a mean-
ing peculiar to the Silver Age. —
Cethegi : the chief accomplice of
Catiline, of the gens Cornelia^
which was also patrician; cf. 10.
287-288.

234. ut bracatorum pueri : i.e.
as if you were descended from
Rome's ancient foes. — bracato-
rum : from bracae, breeches ; early
Roman name for the inhabitants
of Gallia Narbonensis; Plin. A''.
H. III. 31 Narbonensis provincioy
Bracata antea dicta. — Senonum :
the Gauls who captured Rome in
the time of Camillus ; Liv. V. 35.
— minores, descendants ; cf. i.
148.

235. tunica molesta: a gar-
ment covered with pitch or other
inflammable material, which was
put on criminals and set on fire ;
cf. I. 155 n and Mart. X. 25. 5;
called also tunica ardens by Ter-
tullian. Under Nero many Chris-
tians were tortured to death in this
way ; cf. Tac. Ann.XN. 44.

108

IVVENALIS

hie novus Arpinas, ignobilis et modo Romae

municipalis eques, galeatum ponit ubique

praesidium attonitis et in omni monte laborat.

tantum igitur muros intra toga eontulit illi 240

nominis ac tituli, quantum in Leucade, quantum

Thessaliae eampis Oetavius abstulit udo

eaedibus adsiduis gladio ; sed Roma parentem,

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit.

Arpinas alius Volscorum in monte solebat 245

poscere mercedes alieno lassus aratro,

nodosam post haec frangebat vertice vitem,

237. novus Arpinas: Cicero,
bom at Arpinum (now Arpino),
was the first member of his family
to hold acunile office (nozms homo).

238. municipalis eques, only a
country knight. He was of eques-
trian rank in his native munici-
piuniy and calls himself {Mur. 17)
equitis Romanifilius. — galeatum,
helmetedy Le. ready for battle; i.
169 n.

239. attonitis, the terrified in-
habitants. — in omni monte : i.e.
in all parts of the city.

240. tantum toga eontulit :
Cicero, though only a civilian,
gained as great glory from [Cati-
line's overthrow as Octavian did
at Actium or Philippi. — muros
intra : Intr. 48 b.

241. quantum in is metrically
incorrect. The reading of the in-
ferior MSS., quantum non, is not
correct in sense, since Cicero and
Augustus received the same honor.
In place of in Jahn suggested sibi ;
Munro, turn in; Biicheler, sub.
Owen, Class. Rev. IX. (1895),
p. 347, proposes to read viy and
translates : " Cicero won as much
glory, the man of peace (toga) in
Rome (muros intra) as Augustus

won in war (m) at Actium (Leu-
cade)." — Leucade: an island a
few miles below Actium.

242. Thessaliae eampis : Phi-
lippi was not in Thessaly, but the
Roman poets generally represented
this battle as fought on the same
field as the battle of Pharsalus ; see
Meri vale's History of the Romans^
note at the end of ch. xxvi. —
udo : cf. Hor. C. II. i. $arma uncta
cruoribus.

244. libera: but no longer so
when Octavian received the same
title.

245. Arpinas alius: i.e. Gaius
Marius, who was of lowest origin ;
Tac. Hist. II. 38 e plebe infima.
His parents supported themselves
by their daily labor ; Plut. Mar. 3.

246. poscere mercedes: i.e.
to work for wages.

247. frangebat vertiee vitem,
had the vine branch broken over his
head; cf . 6. 515 hie frangit ferulas^
rubet ille flagello^ hie scutica. —
vitem : the centurion's staff was
the vine branch, with which sol-
diers were punished. Marius en-
tered the army as a common sol-
dier. By merit alone he rose to
the highest position, was seven

SATVRA VIII

109

si lentus pigra muniret castra dolabra.

hie tamen et Cimbros et summa pericula rerum

excipit et solus trepidantem protegit urbem ; 250

atque ideo, postquam ad Cimbros stragemque volabant

qui numquara attigerant maiora cadavera corvi,

nobilis ornatur lauru coUega secunda.

plebeiae Deciorum animae, plebeia fuerunt

nomina ; pro totis legionibus hi tamen et pro 255

omnibus auxiliis atque omni pube Latina

sufficiunt dis infernis Terraeque parenti ;

pluris enim Decii quam quae servantur ab illis.

ancilla natus trabeam et diadema Quirini

et fasces meruit, regum ultimus ille bonorum. 260

times consul, and in a great crisis
saved Rome.

248. dolabra : a combined ax
and pick used for making stock-
ades and excavating. Marius
served first in the war against the
Celtiberians, when Scipio besieged
Numantia; Plut. Mar. 3.

249. rerum, of the state.

250. excipit, meets.

251. stragem : heaps of dead
bodies on the battle field.

252. maiora, more gigantic.
Writers agree that the Germans
were men of great stature ; cf . Tac.
Ger. 4 ; Agr. 11.

253. nobilis collega: i.e. Ca-
tulus, who was allowed to share
the triumph for the victory over
the Cimbri at Vercellae, B.C. loi.
Marius and Catulus both deserved
great credit for this victory, which
was gained by their united armies.
Both had been consuls the previ-
ous year when Marius defeated
the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae.
but now Marius was consul and
Catulus only proconsul. Plutarch

says (Mar. 2j) that the chief credit
was given to Marius, both on ac-
count of his previous victory and
his superior rank.

254. Deciorum : cf. 14. 239. P.
Decius Mus, in B.C. 340, at the bat-
tle near Vesuvius, in the Latin
war, devoted himself to death to
save the Roman army ; Liv. VIII.
9. His son sacrificed his life in the
same manner at the battle of Sen-
tinum in the war against the Sam-
nites and Gauls, B.C. 295 ; Liv. X.
28. The formula of devotion is
given in Liv. VIII. 9.

2 57 . sufficiunt, suffice to appease
the wrath of.

258. pluris : for the ellipsis of
the verb, see Intr. 54.

259. ancilla natus: Servius
Tullius was the son of a female
captive; Liv. I. 39; cf. 7. 201. —
trabeam : a kind of toga worn by
kings. It was white and orna-
mented with horizontal purple
stripes. — diadema : a fillet or
band to encircle the head, a sym-
bol of kingly power.

110

IVVENALIS

prodita laxabant portarum claustra tyrannis
exsulibus iuvenes ipsius consulis et quos
magnum aliquid dubia pro libertate deceret,
quod miraretur cum Coclite Mucius et quae
imperii fines Tiberinum virgo natavit :
occulta ad patres produxit crimina servus,
matronis lugeftdus ; at illos verbera iustis
adficiunt poenis et legum prima securis.

Malo pater tibi sit Thersites, dummodo tu sis
Aeacidae similis Vulcan iaque arma capessas,
quam te Thersitae similem producat Achilles,
et tamen, ut longe repetas longeque revolvas

265

270

261 . laxabant : the imperfect of
an act attempted but not accom-
plished.

262. iuvenes consulis : i.e. the
sons of Brutus, the first consul,
who, with other nobles, conspired
to betray the city to the exiled
Tarquins, while a slave (vs. 266)
disclosed their conspiracy to the
senate ; cf. Liv. II. 5.

263. dubia, imperiled.

264. Coclite : Horatius Codes,
the defender of the Sublician
bridge; Liv. II. 10. — Mucius:
Mucius Scaevola, who burned off
his right hand in the presence of
King Porsena ; Liv. II. 12.

265. virgo : i.e. Cloelia, who
escaped from Porsena's camp and
swam across the Tiber to Rome ;
Liv. II. 13; Intr. 66 c.

266. crimina: of the sons of
Brutus. — servus : i.e. Vindicius.
He was liberated, elevated to citi-
zenship, and received money from
the treasury ; Liv. II. 5.

267. matronis lugendus : the
Roman matrons mourned for a
year the death of Brutus ; Liv. 11.
7. Livy does not say that they

mourned for Vindicius, nor does
Juvenal say so. The slave was
worthy of the honor given to
Brutus hirtiself, but the unworthy
sons of Brutus died as traitors. —
verbera . . . securis : they were
beaten with rods and then be-
headed (liv. II. 5), and this was
the first legal execution.

268. leg^m : the laws of a free
state contrasted with the arbitrary
power of the kings.

269-275. At best your remote
ancestor was either a shepherd or
an outcast.

269. Thersites (Intr. 65) : the
most ill-favored and impudent man
among the Greeks before Troy;
Hom. //. II. 216. He is again
contrasted with Achilles in 11.
30-31 .

270. Vulcania arma : i.e. the
armor of Achilles made by Vulcan
after that worn by Patroclus had
been taken by Hector.

272. tamen, «//^r a//. — ut: con-
cessive. — repetas, tra^t youi^ lin-
eage. — revolvas : i.e. unroll the
scroll that contains the genealog-
ical record.

SATVRA X

111

nomen, ab infami gentem deducis asylo ;
maiorum primus, quisquis fuit ille, tuorum*
aut pastor fuit^aut illud quod dicere nolo.

275

LIBER QVARTVS
SATVRA X

Omnibus in terris quae sunt a Gadibus usque
Auroram et Gangen pauci dinoscere possunt
vera bona atque illis multum diversa, remota
erroris nebula, quid enim ratione timemus
aut cupimus ? quid tarn dextrq pede concipis ut te
conatus non paeniteat votique peracti ?
evertere domos totas optantibus ipsis

273. asylo : cf. Liv. I. 8.

275. quod dicere nolo : Plu-
tarch (/^om. 9) says that slaves,
debtors, and murderers took
refuge in the asylum.

X. On the Vanity of Hu-
man Wishes. — The one thought
of the satire is that the gratifica-
tion of ambition does not bring
happiness. The blessings that
men most earnestly desire and
pray for frequently become curses.
Great power, eloquence, military
glory, long life, and personad
beauty have often proved fatal
gifts. The conclusion, then, is that
he is wisest who prays only for
health and virtue, and leaves it to
the gods to bestow whatever else
they deem best. Juvenal was
closely followed by Dr. Johnson
in his satire on the same subject.

1-27. The things which men
most desire often prove their ruin.

I. Gadibus: (modem Cadiz)

situated on an island beyond the
Strait of Gibraltar, often put for
the extreme limit of the known
world on the west. — usque :
often used without «</ before the
accusative of names of towns ; with
the accusative of other names of
localities it occurs first in Livy
XLIV: 5. 6, and is found occa-
sionally in post- Augustan writers.

3. illis : dative with diversa
(Intr. 30) ; cf. Hor. £p. I. 18. 5.—
illis multum diversa: i.g. vera
mala.

4. quid enim : Intr. 78.

5. tam dextro pede : i,e. so aus-
piciously. To set out with the left
foot first was considered unlucky.
Vitruvius (III. 3. 4) says temples
should be built with an odd num-
ber of steps, so that one might put
the right foot on the first step, and
also enter the temple with the
same foot forward.

7. optantibus ipsis : i.e, in an-
swer to their own prayers.

112

IVVENALIS

di faciles. nocitura toga, nocitura petuntur
militia, toruens dicendi copia multis
et sua mortif era est f acundia ; viribus ille
confisus periit admirandisque lacertis.
sed plures nimia congesta pecunia cura
strangulat et cuncta exsuperans patrimonia census
quanto delphinis ballaena Britannica maior.
temporibus diris igitur iussuque Neronis
Longinum et magnos Senecae praedivitis hortos
clausit et egregias Lateranorum obsidet aedes
tota cohors : rarus venit in cenacula miles.

8. di : see Intr. 87. — faciles,
indulgent^ easily moved by vows ;
cf. Hor. S, I. I. 21-22 neque se
fore posthac tarn facilem dicatvotis
ut praebeat aurem ; Mart. I. 103.
4 riserunt faciles et tribuere dei. —
nocitura : Intr. 41 c,

9. torrens dicendi copia, an
impetuous volume of speech ; cf . 3.
73 sermo promptus et Isaeo torren-
tior,

10. ille : some man well known;
the scholiast says Milo of Croton,

•whose hands were held fast in a
tree which he tried to rend, and
who, unable to escape, was de-
voured by wolves.

1 1 . periit : the final syllable re-
tains its original quantity ; cf.
Allen's Remnants of Early Latin^
Introd. § 57.

14. ballaena Britannica: cf.
Hor. C, IV. 14. 47 beluosus qui
remotis obstrepit Oceanus Britan-
nis. Whales from the northern
ocean are not infrequently seen
as far south as Britain.

15. temporibus diris: cf. 4. 80.
Great wealth, under an emperor
like Nero, placed the life of the
possessor in jeopardy, since on a
charge of treason the property

could be confiscated. Nero's
reign of terror began in 62, and
among those to sufterwas C. Cas-
sius Longinus, a renowned jurist,
who was banished to Sardinia on
the pretext that he had, among his
ancestral images, one of Cassius,
the murderer of Caesar, inscribed
dux partium (Tac. Ann. XVI.
7), but his great wealth was the
real reason for the charge against
him. Seneca, the philosopher,
and Plautius Lateranus were ac-
cused of complicity in Piso's con-
spiracy and put to death ; cf. Tac.
Ann. XV. 60.

16. praedivitis : within four
years after the elevation of his
pupil Nero to the throne, Seneca
had amassed wealth to the amount
of 300,000,000 sesterces ; Tac.
Ann. XIII. 42.

17. Lateranorum aedes: cf.
8. 147. The palace of the Late-
rani was on the Caelian hill, where
the church of St. John Lateran
now stands.

18. tota cohors : a tribune of
the praetorian guard surrounded
Seneca's villa with soldiers to
prevent his escape; Tac. Ann.
XV. 60. — rarus : see 8. 63 n. For

SATVRA X

113

pauca licet portes argenti vascula puri
nocte iter ingressus, gladium contumque timebis
et motae ad lunam trepidabis harundinis umbram :
cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator,
prima fere vota et cunctis notissima templis
divitiae, crescant ut opes, ut maxima toto
nostra sit area foro. sed nulla aconita bibuntur
fictilibus ; tunc ilia time, cum pocula sumes
gemmata et lato Setinum ardebit in auro.

lamne igitur laudas quod de sapientibus alter
ridebat, quotiens de limine moverat unum

the omission of the conjunction,
see Intr. 25 ^. — in cenacula :
the poor man who lives in an
attic (cf. 3. 201) is not likely to be
accused of treason. Varro says
(Z. L. v. 162) that after it became
the- custom to dine in the upper
part of the house, all that part was
called cenacula.

19. puri, plairti unembossed ;
cf. leve (14. 62) ; the opposite is
cculatum (12. 47) or asperum (14.
62), chased. On a journey some
persons preferred to carry their
own plate rather than use such
ware as might be furnished at the
inns.

20. nocte iter ingressus : cf.
3. 316 n. — centum, the pike of
some highwayman.

2 1 . ad lunam, in the m oonlight;
cf. Verg. Aen. IV. 513 messae ad
lunam quaeruntur herbae.

22. vacuus, with empty purse ;
/«<im> frequently has this meaning.

23. templis : locative ablative.

24. crescant ut, ut sit: in
apposition with divitiae. The
clauses express more fully the
content of the vota, already ex-
pressed in a word by divitiae.

25. area, money chesty i.e. our

bank account; cf. i. 90 n. The
bankers, whose places of business
were around the forum, received de-
posits and made payments much as
modern bankers do. — nulla aco-
nita . . . fictilibus : i.e. the poor
need not fear poison ; Sen. Thyest.
453 venenum in auro bibitur.

26. fictilibus : cf. 3. 168. — po-
cula gemmata: costly drinking
cups were adorned with jewels ;
cf. 5. 43.

27. Setinum : an expensive
wine, the favorite wine of Augus-
tus; cf. 5. 34 n; Plin. N. H. XIV.
61. — in auro : Intr. 69.

28-55. ^* ^* ^ot strange that one
philosopher laughed and another
wept over the follies of man-
kind.

28. igitur: since men are so
eager to obtain that which causes
their ruin. — alter : Democritus
(B.C. 460-357) of Abdera in Thrace,
a celebrated philosopher, one of
the founders of the atomic theory.
He took a cheerful view of human
life, and was popularly regarded
as having always laughed at the
follies of mankind.

29. moverat protuleratque :
Intr. 79 a.

114

IVVENALIS

protuleratque pedem, flebat contrarius auctor ? 30

sed facilis cuivis rigidi censura cachinni :
mirandum est unde ille oculis suffecerit umor.
perpetuo risu pulmonem agitare solebat
Democritus, quamquam non essent urbibus illis
praetextae trabeae fasces lectica tribunal. 35

quid si vidisset praetorem curribus altis
exstantem et medii sublimem pulvere circi
in tunica lovis et pictae Sarrana ferentem
ex umeris aulaea togae magnaeque coronae
tantum orbem quanto cervix non sufficit ulla ? 40

quippe tenet sudans banc publicus et, sibi consul

30. contrarius auctor: Hera-
clitus of Ephesus, who flourished
near the close of the sixth century.
He was of a gloomy disposition,
and in contrast with Democritus
was called the * weeping philoso-
pher.* — auctor, authority^ teacher ;
cf. Hor. C. I. 28. 14 non sordidus
auctor naturae verique.

31. rigidi, austere. — rigidi
cachinni : for the position of the
noun and attribute, see Intr. 47 b.
— censura, reproof.

34. essent: for the mood, see
Intr. 42. — urbibus illis: those
of his country and time.

35. praetextae : the robe of the
highest magistrates. — trabeae
(cf. 8. 259 n): a kingly robe, worn
also by the equites as a robe of
state (cf. Tac. Ann. III. 2 trabeati
equites)^ and by the augurs. — lec-
tica : cf. I. 33 n. — tribunal: of
the praetor, who was often in-
fluenced by bribery; cf. 13. 4.

36-46. These verses contain a
description of the procession at
the opening of the circensian
games. It set out from the Capi-*
tol and passed through the Forum,

the Vicus Tuscus, the Velabrum,
and the Forum Boarium, to the
principal entrance of the Circus
Maximus. The praetor, whose
most important duty was the man-
agement of the games, presided,
riding in a triumphal chariot and
having the insignia of a triumph-
ing general; cf. 11. 194 similis
triumpho.

38. tunica lovis : called tunica
palmata^ embroidered with figures
of palm branches. — pictae togae :
the gold-embroidered purple toga.
The tunica palmata^ toga picta^ and
the sceptre (vs. 43) were kept in
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
— Sarrana, Tyrian, to denote the
color, from Sarra or Sara, the
ancient name of Tyre.

39. aulaea, hangings, referring
to the size and weight. — coro-
nae : a gilded crown representing
a garland of oak leaves.

40. tantum . . . ulla : i.e. such
an encircling crown as no neck is
able to support.

41. sudans : on account of the
weight of the crown. — publicus
servus : a slave belonging to the

SATVRA X

115

ne placeat, curru servus portatur eodem.
da nunc et volucrem, sceptro quae surgit eburno,
illinc cornicines, hinc praecedentia longi
agminis officia et niveos ad frena Quirites,
defossa in loculos quos sportula fecit amicos.
tunc quoque materiam risus invenit ad omnis
occursus hominum, cuius prudentia monstrat
summos posse viros et magna exempla daturos
vervecum in patria crassoque sub aere nasci.
ridebat curas nee non et gaudia vulgi,
interdum et lacrimas, cum Fortunae ipse minaci
mandaret laqueum mediumque ostenderet unguem.
Ergo supervacua aut quae perniciosa petuntur ?

state. Public slaves were em-
ployed in the care of the public
buildings (Tac. Hist. I. 43) and
served as assistants to the magis-
trates and priests {Gell. XIII. 13).
On coins a figure of victory gener-
ally carries the crown. — sibi ne
placeat, that he be not too much
elated ; cf. Mart. IV. 59. 5 ne tibi
regali placeasy Cleopatra^ sepulcro.
— consul : to make a stronger
contrast with servus. Under the
republic the consul presided at the
circensian games.

43. volucrem : the eagle, with
expanded wings (surgit), carried
by a general riding in triumph. —
sceptro : Intr. 34.

44. praecedentia : in advance
of his chariot.

45. officia : used concretely of
the attendants ; Intr. 68. — niveos
Quirites : i.e. his clients in white
togas; cf. I. 96; 7. 142.

46. defossa in loculos : the
sportula for which they have no
immediate need has been stowed
away in their money drawers ; cf.
I. 89 n. — sportula : Intr. 73 ^.

49. daturos : Intr. 41 ^.

50. vervecum : the people of
Abdera, like the Boeotians, were
proverbially stupid ; cf. Mart. X.
25. 4 Abderitan-ae pectora plebis
habes. Their stupidity, like that
of the Boeotians, was ascribed to
the heavy atmosphere ; Hor. Ep.
II. I. 244 Boeotum in crasso aere
natum.

53. mandaret laqueum : i.e, if
Fortune threatened he bade her
'• be hanged.' — medium osten-
deret unguem : to point at with
the middle finger (Pers. 2. 33 in/ami
digito) was to treat with scorn ; cf.
Mart. II. 28. 2 digitum porrigito
medium.

54. aut quae perniciosa: the
MSS. have aut perniciosa, which
lacks one long syllable to make
a complete verse. The question,
' What useless or injurious things
do men seek } * is answ^ered in vss.
56-345. The answer to the ques-
tion of vs. 55, * What is it right to
pray for ? * may be found in the
last division of the satire, vss. 346-
366.

116

IVVENALIS

propter quae fas est genua incerare deorum ? 55

Quosdam praecipitat subiecta potentia magnae
invidiae, mergit longa atque insignis honorum
pagina. descendunt statuae restemque sequuntur ;
ipsas deinde rotas bigarum inpacta securis
caedit et inmeritis franguntur crura caballis. 60

iam strident ignes, iam foUibus atque caminis
ardet adoratum populo caput et crepat ingens
Seianus ; deinde ex facie toto orbe secunda
fiunt urceoli pelves sartago matellae.
pone domi laurus, due in Capitolia magnum 65

cretatumque bovem : Seianus ducitur unco

55. incerare: the terms of a
vow to a deity were sometimes
written out upon a tablet and
hung upon his image.

56-113. What has been said
generally of the folly of human
ambition is now applied specifi-
cally to the more common objects
of pursuit. This division of the
satire treats of political power, of
which Sejanus and the members
of the so-called first triumvirate
are cited as examples.

'56. praecipitat, hurls down.

57. mergit, ruins; cf. 13. 8
ut mediocris iacturae te mergat
onus ; Lucr. V. 1008 nunc rerum
copia mersat. — honorum pagina :
i.e. an inscription in which the
honors to be recorded are numer-
ous and fill up many lines, so that
the whole looks like a page, in
contrast with a meagre inscription
of a few lines.

58. restem sequuntur : j>. are
dragged off; cf. i. 164 urnam
secutus ; an 8. 18. The downfall
of a person in high position was
followed bv the destruction of his
statues.

59. bigarum : triumphal chariot
in which the image of the great
man stands ; cf. 7. 125 ; 8. 3.

61 . strident, roar. — ignes :
with which the images of Sejanus
are melted down. — caminis, /»r-
naces.

62. adoratum : the images of
Sejanus were worshiped; Tac.
Ann. IV. 2. Sejanus was prefect
of the praetorian guard, a great
favorite of the Emperor Tiberius,
and second only to him in the
state. He became ambitious of ab-
solute power, and was condemned
and executed in a.d. 31.

64. urceoli (3. 203) : jugs for
serving the hot and cold water at
table ; cf. Mart. XIV. 105. —pel-
ves: 3. 277. — sartago: for the
number, see Intr. 63.

65. laurus : the day of his over-
throw was a day of rejoicing, when
the doorposts were wreathed with
laurel ; cf. 12. 91.

66. cretatum : whitened with
chalk where it was not naturally
white. Perfectly white victims
were not easily obtained. — duci-
tur unco : i.e. is drawn by a hook

SATVRA X

117

spectandus. gaudent omnes. * quae labra, quis illi
vultus erat ! numquam, si quid mihi credis, amavi
hunc hominem. sed quo cecidit sub crimii\e ? quisnam
delator quibus indicibus, quo teste probavit ? ' 70

* nil horum ; verbosa et grandis epistula venit
a Capreis/ * bene habet, nil plus interrogo. sed quid
turba Remi ? ' * sequitur fortunam ut semper et odit
damnatos.. idem populus, si Nortia Tusco
favisset, si oppressa foret secura senectus 75

principis, hac ipsa Seianum diceret hora
Augustum. iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli
vendimus, effudit curas ; nam qui dabat olim

fastened under the chin, to the
Scalae Getnoniae.

67-88. Remarks of the people
about Sejanus after they have
heard of his downfall.

67. quis vultus : Intr. 77.

69. crimine, charge. — quis,
quibus, quo : three interrogatives
with one verb; cf. 12. 48 n, and
Madv. 492 a.

70. delator : i . 33 n ; 4. 48. —
indicibus, proofs.

71. verbosa epistula : Tiberius
sent to the senate a long and ob-
scure letter, censuring Sejanus
and intimating that he ought to be
kept in custody. When Sejanus
entered the senate he was received
with marked attention, but after
the emp>eror's letter had been read
he was taken at once to prison,
and on the same day was con-
demned and executed ; Dio Cass.
58. 9, 10; Suet. Tib. 65.

72. Capreis : now Capri, an
island in the bay of Naples, oppo-
site Sorrentum (Sorrento). On
this island Tiberius lived in seclu-
sion from A.D. 27 to 33. During the
last eleven years of his life he did

not enter Rome. — bene habet
(sc. se) : if the emperor did it it is,
of course, all right.

73. turba Remi : cf. Hor. C I.
I. 7 mobilium turba Quiritium,
Remus is often used by the poets
as the ancestor of the Romans,
instead of Romulus.

74. Nortia: an Etruscan god-
dess of Fortune, who had a temple
at Volsinii; cf. Liv. VII. 3. 7 in
teniplo Nortiae Etruscat deaf. —
Tusco : i.e, Sejanus, who was born
at Volsinii; Tac. Ann, IV. i.

7 5.. si oppressa : on the elision,
see Intr. 81. — oppressa foret se-
cura, had been caught off his guard.

— senectus principis, the aged
emperor ; Intr. 60 ; df. 4. 81 Crispi
iucunda senectus. Tiberius was
now in his seventy-second year.

'J']. Augustum : i.e. emperor.

— suffragia vendimus : Tiberius
deprived the people of the right to
vote ; Tac. Ann. I. 1 5.

78. vendimus : referring to the
frequent bribery of voters when
this privilege was enjoyed. —
curas: i.e. about the welfare of
the state. — qui dabat, etc. : i.e.

118

IVVENALIS

imperium fasces legiones omnia, nunc se

continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, 80

panem et circenses/ 'perituros audio multos.'

* nil dubium, magna est fornacula/ * pallidulus mi

Bruttidius meus ad Martis fuit obvius aram ;

quam timeo victus ne poenas exigat Aiax

ut male defensus. curramus praecipites et, 85

dum lacet in ripa, calcemus Caesaris hostem.

sed videant servi, ne quis neget et pavidum in ius

cervice obstricta dominum trahat/ hi sermones

tunc de Seiano, secreta haec murmura vulgi.

visne salutari sicut Seianus, habere 90

who once elected the officers that
ruled the state and commanded
the armies.

79. imperium : military com-
mand.

81. panem: supplied through
the public distribution of grain (7.
174 n) and the sportula. — panem
et circenses : an expression often
quoted which well characterizes
the desires of the Roman people
under the empire. — perituros
multos : with Sejanus perished
his children and many of his rela-
tives and friends; Tac. Ann. V. 9;
VI. i-io.

82. fornacula : Intr. 73 a> —
pallidulus : Intr. 74 c.

83. Bruttidius : probably Brut-
tidius Niger, an orator in the reign
of Tiberius ; Tac. Ann. III. 66.
— ad Martis aram : there was
an altar of Mars in the Campus
Martius; cf. Liv. XXXV. 10. 12.

84. victus Aiax : i.e. Tiberius.
The speaker is troubled lest Tibe-
rius take vengeance upon all who
are suspected of sympathy with
Sejanus, and proposes to show his
loyalty by insulting the dead body ;

victus refers to the defeat of Ajax
in his contest with Ulysses for the
arms of Achilles, and is not appli-
cable to Tiberius. The speaker
fears that the emperor, not having
been properly supported (male
defensus), as he thought, by the
senate, may now, in his vengeance,
act as madly against those whom
he thinks his enemies as the de-
feated Ajax did.

86. in ripa: the body of Seja-
nus lay for three days on the bank
of the Tiber, where it was insulted
by the people, and was then thrown
into the river; Dio Cass. 58. 11. 5.
— calcemus: cf* Sen. Tr. an. ir.
1 1 quo die Seianum senatus deduxe-
raty populus in frusta divisit.

87. videant servi: Tiberius
evaded the law which forbade
slaves to testify against their mas-
ters by ordering that the slaves
should Jje purchased by the actor
publicus ; cf. Tac. Ann. II. 30. — in
ius, to judgment ; Tac. Ann. IV.
21 trahere in ijis Vrgulaniam.

88. hi sermones : see Intr. 49.
90. visne salutari : i.e. do you

wish to have such crowds at your

SATVRA X

119

tantundem atque illi summas donare curules,
ilium exercitibus praeponere, tutor haberi
principis angusta Caprearum in rupe sedentis
cum grege Chaldaeo ? vis certe pila cohortes,
egregios equites et castra domestica. quidni
haec cupias ? et qui nolunt occidere quemquam,
posse volunt. sed quae praeclara et prospera tanti
ut rebus laetis par sit mensura malorum ?
huius qui trahitur praetextam sumere mavis,
an Fidenarum Gabiorumque esse potestas
et de mensura ius dicere, vasa minora
frangere, pannosus vacuis aedilis Vlubris ?
ergo quid optandum foret, ignorasse fateris

morning receptions as Sejanus
had? cf. Tac. Ann. IV. 74 and
Dio Cass. 58. 5. 2.

91. summas curules (sc. sellas),
the highest curule offices. The
higher officers were now practi-
cally appointed by the emperor,
and during the absence of Tibe-
rius, Sejanus had almost imperial
power.

92. tutor : Tiberius lived away
from Rome, and Sejanus managed
the business of the state for him
much as a guardian does the busi-
ness of his ward.

94. grege Chaldaeo : Tiberius
was greatly influenced by the pre-
dictions of the astrologers, espe-
cially after his retirement to Capri.
He had himself studied their art
at Rhodes ; cf. Tac. Ann. VI. 20.
— vis: i.e. wish to control. —
pila cohortes: the praetorian
cohorts.

95. egregios equites : equites
from the praetorian guard (Fried-
lander). — castra domestica: the
praetorian camp. Sejanus in-
creased the power of the praetori-

ans by bringing the cohorts to-
gether into a permanent camp
just outside the walls.

97. quae praeclara . . . malo-
rum : i.e. what success is worth so
much that one is willing to have
the accompanying evils equal to
the prosperity ?

100. Fidenarum, Gabiorum,
Vlubris: three examples of in-
significant country towns. Fidenae,
on the Tiber above the Anio, was
once an important city. On Gabii,
see 3. 192 n. Vlubrae (Hor. Ep.
I. II. 30) was near the Pontine
marshes ; cf. Cic. Fam. VII. 18. 3
— potestas, town officer. Would
you rather be Sejanus or the
magistrate of an almost deserted
country town and decide the most
trifling cases t cf. Hor. S. I. 5. 34.

loi. de mensura: the aedile
was a supervisor of weights and
measures, and must destroy meas-
ures that were too small ; cf . Pers.
i. 130.

102. pannosus, meanly clad ;
cf. 7. 145. — vacuis : cf. 3. 2 n. —
aedilis: cf. 3. 179.

120

IVVENALIS

Seianum ; nam qui nimios optabat honores

et nimias poscebat opes, numerosa parabat 105

excelsae turris tabulata, unde altior esset

casus et inpulsae praeceps inmane ruinae.

quid Crassos, quid Pompeios evertit, et ilium

ad sua qui domitos deduxit flagra Quirites ?

summus nempe locus nulla non arte petitus no

magnaque numinibus vota exaudita malignis.

ad generum Cereris sine caede ac vulnere pauci

desceftdunt reges et sicca morte tyranni.

Eloquium aut famam Demosthenis aut Ciceronis
incipit optare et totis quinquatribus optat 115

quisquis adhuc uno parcam colit asse Minervara,

105. numerosa tabulata, story
above story.

106. altior : />. from a greater
height ; cf. Hor. C II. lO. lo celsae
graviore casu decidunt turres.

107. praeceps : a substantive ;
cf. I. 149. — inmane: predicate
adjective. — ruinae : subjective
genitive, the crash of the falling
structure.

108. Crassos, Pompeios : i.e.
such men as Crassus and Pompey ;
Intr. 64 a. — ilium : Julius Caesar ;
Intr. 66 c.

109. ad sua flagra, under his
lash.

no. nulla non, every.

111. magna vota : prayers for
great things; cf. Hor. C. I. 4. 15
spem longam. — vota exaudita^
the hearing of their prayers. —
malignis : they grant what is
sought in prayer, knowing that it
will bring disaster.

112. ad generum Cereris: see
Intr. 66 a.

113. reges et tyranni: Intr. 79 c.
1 14-132. The schoolboy dreams

of the eloquence of Demosthenes

and Cicero, but both orators were
put to death because they were
eloquent.

115. quinquatribus: a festi-
val, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria,
celebrated originally for one day
only, March 19, i.e. the fifth day
after the ides (Varro, Z. L. VI. 14
quod erat post diem quintum iduSy
vocatur quinquatrus), in later
times lasting five days (March 19-
23). Ovid wrongly derives its
name from the length of the festi-
val; Fast. III. 810 nomina qmu
iunctis quinque diebus habent. It
became a holiday season and at
this time schoolboys had a short
vacation ; cf. Hor. Ep. II. 2. f97.

116. quisquis uno colit asse :
i.e. the schoolboy who has made
but once his trifling offering, of an
as, to Minerva on the Quinquatrus.
In the elementary school the boy
received instruction from a littera-
tor in reading, writing, and arith-
metic. From this he went to the
school of the grammaticus (7.215-
243), and thence to the school of
the rhetor (7. 150-214).

SATVRA X 121

quem sequitur custos angustae vernula capsae.

eloquio sed uterque perit orator, utrumque

largus et exundans leto dedit ingenii fons.

ingenio manus est et cervix caesa, nee umquam 120

sanguine causidici maduerunt rostra pusilli.

* o fortunatam natam me consule Romam ' :

Antoni gladios potuit contemnere, si sic

omnia dixisset. ridenda poemata malo

quam te, conspicuae divina Philippica famae, 125

volveris a prima quae proxima. saevus et ilium

exitus eripuit, quem mirabantur Athenae

torrentem et pleni moderantem frena theatri.

dis ille adversis genitus fatoque sinistro,

quem pater ardentis massae fuligine lippus 130

a carbone et forcipibus gladiosque paranti

incude et luteo Vulcano ad rhetora misit.

117. custos capsae : called cap- nere : suggested by Cic. PAi/. II.
sarins. The capsa vtas a small ii8 contempsi Catilinae gladtosy
cylindrical box or case in which non pertimescam tuos.

books and writing materials were 126. volveris, art unrolled^ i.e.

carried. — angustae capsae : Intr. read. — a prima proxima : f>. the

47 3. — vernula: Intr. 73^. second Philippic; see vs. 247 n.

118. perit: the contracted per- This speech was never delivered,
feet; cf. 6. 295, and periii, 10. 11. but its publication cost Cicero his '

119. largus . . . fons: for the life. — ilium: Demosthenes, who
position, see Intr. 47 a. took poison that he might not fall

1 20. ingenio : dative. The man into the hands of Antipater.

of genius is contrasted with the 128. torrentem, impetuous; cf.

pettifogger. — manus et cervix: 3. 74; 10. 9. — theatri : of Diony-

Cicero's head and right hand were sus, completed by Lycurgus about

cutoff and placed by Antony before 330 B.C., in which popular assem-

the rostra. blies were often held.

122. fortunatam. . . Romam: 129. fa to sinistro: Intr. 16.
cf. Intr. 47r. The verse is probably 130. pater: the father of De-
from a poem mentioned by Cicero, mosthenes was the owner of a
Fam. I. 9. 23 scripsi etiam versi- sword factory and a man of wealth.
hus tres libros de temporibus meis. Juvenal speaks of him as if he
Quintilian twice quotes this line were an armorer working at the
(IX. 4. 41; XI. I. 24). anvil. — lippus, half blinded,

123. Antoni gladios contem- 132. ad rhetora misit: not

122

IVVENALIS

Bellorum exuviae, truncis adfixa tropaeis
lorica et fracta de casside buccula pendens
et curtum temone iugum victaeque triremis 13S

aplustre et summo tristis captivus in arcu
humanis maiora bonis creduntur. ad hoc se
Romanus Graiusque et barbarus induperator
erexit, causas discriminis atque laboris
inde habuit ; tanto maior famae sitis est quam 140

virtutis. quis enim virtutem amplectitur ipsam,
praemia si tollas ? patriam tamen obruit olim
gloria paucorum et laudis titulique cupido
haesuri saxis cinerum custodibus, ad quae
discutienda valent sterilis mala robora fici, 14s

quandoquidem data sunt ipsis quoque fata sepulcris.
expende Hannibalem : quot libras in duce summo
invenies ? hie est, quem non capit Africa Mauro

literally true, since the son was
only seven years of age at his
father's death.

133-187. Some are ambitious
for military glory, but how little
that is worth is shown by the ex-
amples of Hannibal, Alexander,
and Xerxes.

133. tropaeis: ^.tropaeum was
formed by fixing the arms taken
from the enemy upon the trunk of
a tree (truncis) at the place where
the conquered enemy had turned
to flight (rp^Tw). In Verg. Aen.
XI. 5-1 1 is a minute description of
the tropaeum set up by Aeneas
after the victory over Mezentius.

134. buccula: Intr. 73 b.

135. curtum temone iugum:
i.e. a yoke with the broken-off end
of the pole attached to it.

136. aplustre : an ornament
placed on the stern of a ship and
somewhat resembling in shape the

extended wing of a bird. — tristis
captivus : captives in chains rep-
resented in bas relief upon the tri-
umphal arch. — captivus in arcu :
see Intr. 33.

138. induperator: see 4. 29 n.

139. causas, incentives.

141. quis enim, etc.: cf. Ov. ex
Pont. II. 3. II nee facile invenias
multis in milibus unum virtutem
pretium qui putet esse sui.

142. olim, at times.

143. tituli haesuri: inscriptions
cut ineffaceably in the stone. Intr.
41 c.

145. sterilis fici : i.e. the capri-
ficus which grew around sepul-
chres ; cf. Hor. Epod. 5. 17 sepulcris
caprificos erutas. Its destructive
force is noticed also by Martial X.
2. 9 marmora Messalae findit capri-
ficus.

146. fata, doom.

148. non capit, has not room

SATVRA X

123

percussa oceano Niloque admota tepenti,

rursus ad Aethiopum populos aliosque elephantos ? 150

additur imperils Hispania : Pyrenaeum

transilit. opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque :

diducit scopulos et montem rumpit aceto.

iam tenet Italiam, tamen ultra pergere tendit.

* actum' inquit 'nihil est, nisi Poeno milite portas 155

frangimus et media vexillum pono Subura/

o qualis facies et quali digna tabella,

cum Gaetula ducem portaret belua luscum.

exitus ergo quis est ? o gloria, vincitur idem

nempe et in exsilium praeceps fugit atque ibi magnus 160

for. A small urn could now con-
tain all that remains of him for
whom Africa was once too small.
— Mauro percussa oceano :
beaten by the Atlantic, i.e. on the
west. On the east it reaches to
the Nile, and on the south to the
country of the Ethiopians.

150. rursus, b<uk^ i.e. toward
the south. — ad alios elephan-
tos : from one region that pro-
duced elephants (in Mauritania) to
another in Ethiopia.

151. Pyrenaeum: on spondaic
verses in Juvenal, see Intr. 83.
Other spondaic lines in this satire
are 88, 304, and 332.

152. transilit, he leaps overy to
denote how rapidly and easily he
passed on in his conquests from
Spain to Gaul ; cf. Hor. C. I. 3. 24
rates transiliunt vada. — Alpem :
the singular is very rare, but cf.
Ov. A, A. III. 150; Luc. 1.688. —
Alpemque nivemque : Intr. 27.

153. rumpit aceto: Livy(XXI.
37. 2) says Hannibal built a fire
upon rocks that impeded his prog-
ress, and when they had become
hot poured vinegar on them to

soften them, so that they could
be cut away. Pliny mentions this
method of splitting rocks {N. H.
XXIII. 57).

154. tenet, has reached ; cf. Li v.
I. 37. 4. — tendit, strives.

156. Subura (cf. 3. 5 n) : the
most densely peopled quarter of
Rome, meaning here, * right in the
heart of the city.'

158. Gaetula belua : Livy says
he rode on his only remaining
elephant. — luscum : in the spring
of 217, after crossing the Apen-
nines he was afflicted with oph-
thalmia and lost the sight of one-
eye; Liv. XXn. 2. II.

160. nempe, z&^^'. — in exsilium
fugit : some years after the battle
of Zama he left Carthage secretly
and repaired to the court of Antio-
chus, king of Syria, whom he
aided in his contest with Rome.
After the defeat of Antiochus,
B.C. 190, Hannibal escaped to
Prusias, king of Bithynia. Juve-
nal represents him as a client of
Prusias making his morning salu-
tatio as clients did at Rome ; cf . 5.
19-23» 76-79-

124

IVVENALIS

mirandusque cliens sedet ad praetoria regis,
donee Bithyno libeat vigilare tyranno.
finem animae quae res humanas miscuit olim
non gladii, non saxa dabunt nee tela, sed ille
Cannarum vindex et tanti sanguinis ultor
anulus. i demens et saevas curre per Alpes,
ut pueris placeas et declamatio fias.
unus Pellaeo iuveni non sufficit orbis ;
aestuat infelix angusto limite mundi
ut Gyari clausus scopulis parvaque Seripho ;
cum tamen a figulis munitam intraverit urbem,
sarcophago contentus erit. mors sola fatetur
quantula sint hominum corpuscula. creditur olim
velificatus Athos et quidquid Graecia mendax

165

170

161. prSLetoria., pa/ace.
163. quae . . . olimy wAicA o?tce
set the whole world in commotion.

166. anulus : more than thirty
years after the battle of Cannae,

' Hannibal, to avoid being surren-
dered to Rome, took poison (Li v.
XXXIX. 51. 8X which he is said to
have carried in a ring; cf. Aur.
Vict, de Vir. III. 42. 6. — i et
(sometimes i nunc et) is a fre-
quent formula of Juvenal for iron-
ically commanding to do some-
thing which, if what has been said
is true. Is hardly conceivable; cf.
vs. 310; 6. 306; 12. 57.

167. ut declamatio fias : that
Hannibal was a favorite subject
for declamation has already been
seen in 7. 1 61-164.

168. unus . . . orbis : Intr. 47 a.
— Pellaeo iuveni : Alexander the
Great, born at Pella, the capital of
Macedonia.

169. aestuat, chafes.

170. Gyari, Seripho : small
islands in the Aegean to which

state criminals were banished un-
der the empire ; cf. i. 73 n.

1 7 1 . a figulis munitam urbem :
Intr. 66 b. Alexander died in
Babylon in his thirty-third year.

172. sarcophago, coffin. The
.word means flesh eatings and was

applied to a limestone that was
supposed to have the property of
consuming the flesh of dead
bodies.

173. quantula, how insignifi-
cant. — corpuscula, the diminu-
tive bodies ; cf. Ov. Met. XII. 615
de tarn magno restat Achille nescio
quidf parvam quod non bene com-
pleat urnam.

174. velificatus Athos : the
fleet of Mardonius had been
wrecked off Athos B.C. 493, and
when Xerxes came westward with
his great expedition, he is said by
Herodotus (VII. 22-24) to have cut
a canal through this isthmus to
avoid a similar misfortune. Juve-
nal ridicules the story as only a
Greek myth, but traces of such a

SATVRA X

125

audet in historia, constratum classibus isdem 17s

suppositumque rotis solidum mare.; credimus altos
defecisse amnes epotaque flumina Medo
prandente et madidis cantat quae Sostratus alls ;
ille tamen qualis rediit Salamine relicta,
in Corum atque Eurum solitus saevire flagellis 180

barbarus, Aeolio numquam hoc in carcere passos,
ipsum conpedibus qui vinxerat Ennosigaeum —
mitius id sane, quod non et stigmate dignum
credidit ; huic quisquam vellet servire deorum ? —
sed qualis rediit ? nempe una nave, cruentis 185

canal are still to be seen. The
distance across the isthmus near
the point where it joins the main-
land is about a mile and one half.
— Graecia mendaa:: cf. 14. 240
si Graecia vera. The Greeks
naturally magnified the power of
the Persians, to make their own
victory over them seem greater.

175. isdem: see Intr. 87.

176. suppositum rotis: the
bridge over the Hellespont is
mentioned by Herodotus {VII.
34).

177. defecisse amnes : Herod-
otus names the Scamander (VII.
43), the Melas (VII. 58), and the
Lissus {VII. 108), among the rivers
that were exhausted by the army
of Xerxes.

178. madidis alis, with moist
(or drooping) wings, i.e. with which
he cannot make high flights ; cf.
Ov. Met. I. 264 madidis notus evolat
alis. The scholiast says Sostratus
was a poet who described the
deeds of Xerxes, and he under-
stands madidis alis to mean the
sweating armpits of the poet who
recites with great earnestness. —
quae, whatever, in short.

179. Salamine : where in B.C.

480 the fleet of Xerxes was de-
feated by Themistocles.

180. Corum, Eurum: north-
west and southeast winds. — fla-
gellis: see 14. 19 n. Herodotus
does not say that Xerxes scourged
the winds.

181. Aeolio in carcere: cf.
Verg. Aen. I. 51-63.

182. conpedibus : when a storm
had broken his bridge of boats
Xerxes ordered the sea to be
scourged with 300 lashes, and fet-
ters to be thrown into it ; Herod.
VII. 35 ; VIII. 109. — Ennosi-
gaeum, the Earth Shaker, one of
the Homeric names of Poseidon.

183. id : on the use of the pro-
noun is, see Intr. 71. — stigmate :
Herodotus (VII. 35) mentions the
story of the branding of the Helles-
pont, but implies that it may not
be true.

184. huic servire, to be a slave
to such a master. Branding was a
punishment inflicted upon slaves.

185. sed: resumptive, taking
up the question of vs. 179 after
the interruption, — but, I say,
after having come with such im-
mense preparations to conquer
Greece, in what style did he return }

126 IVVENALIS

fluctibus ac tarda per densa cadavera prora.
has totiens optata exegit gloria poenas.
"" * Da spatium vitae, multos da, luppiter, annos.'
hoc recto vultu, solum hoc et pallidas optas.
sed quam continuis et quantis longa senectus 190

plena mails ! deform em et taetrum ante omnia vultum
dissimilemque sui, deformem pro cute pellem
pendentisque genas et talis aspice rugas
quales, umbriferos ubi pandit Thabraca saltus,
in vetula scalpit iam mater simia bucca. 195

plurima sunt iuvenum discrimina, pulchrior ille
hoc atque ille alio, multum hie robustior illo :
una senum facies. cum voce trementia membra
et iam leve caput madidique infantia nasi,
frangendus misero gingiva panis inermi ; 200

usque adeo gravis uxori natisque sibique
ut captatori moveat fastidia Cosso.
non eadem vini atque cibi torpente palato
gaudia. nam coitus iam longa oblivio, vel si
coneris, iacet exiguus cum ramice nervus 205

Juvenal says he escaped from 189. recto vultu, pallidus : i.e.

the battle of Salamis with a single in health, in sickness,

ship. According to Herodotus he 191. plena malis : Intr. 35.

watched the battle from the shore 192. dissimilem sui (Intr. 30) :

(VIII. 90), and after the defeat unlike the face he once had.

marched with a part of his forces 194. Thabraca : on the coast

to the Hellespont, but left in of Numidia. Apes abounded in

Greece an army of 300,000 men the northern regions of Africa;

under Mardonius (VIII. 113). of. Herod. IV. 194.

186. tarda, impeded. 197. multum robustior: cf. 12.

187. has poenas : i.e. such as 66 n.

befell Hannibal, Alexander, and 201. natisque sibique : Intr. 27.

Xerxes. 202. captatori : who can put

188-239. We pray for long life, up with almost anything, with the

but old age has no enjoyment, prospect of a fortune,

since the powers of body and mind 203. torpente palato : since he

have become enfeebled. has lost the sense of taste.

SATVRA X 127

et quamvis tota palpetur nocte, iacebit.
anne aliquid sperare potest haec inguinis aegri
canities ? quid quod merito suspecta libido est
quae venerem adfectat sine viribus ? aspice partis
nunc damnum alterius. nam quae cantante voluptas, 210
sit licet eximius, citharoedo sive Seleuco
et quibus aurata mos est fulgere lacerna ?
quid refert magni sedeat qua parte theatri
qui vix cornicines exaudiet atque tubarum
concentus? clamore opus est ut sentiat auris 215

quem dicat venisse puer, quot nuntiet horas.
praeterea minimus gelido iam in corpore sanguis
febre calet sola, circumsilit agmine facto
morborum omne genus, quorum si nomina quaeras,
promptius expediam quot amaverit Oppia moechos, 220
quot Themison aegros autumno occiderit uno,
quot Basilus socios, quot circumscripserit Hirrus
pupillos, quot longa viros exsorbeat uno

209. partis alterius : i.e. the kept among their slaves one whose

sense of hearing. especial duty it was to watch the

211. Seleuco: some popular ^^r^/^^/d: and announce the hours,
musician. 217. iam in : on the elision, see

212. aurata: embroidered with Intr. 81.

gold. — lacerna: see i. 27 n. 218. agmine facto: 3. 162.

213. qua parte theatri: he 221. Themison : may stand for
could not hear even if he were in any physician at Rome with a good
the orchestra. practice. Pliny {N, H, XXIX. 6)

216. venisse, has come to call. and Seneca (Ep. 95. 9) mention a

— puer : the cubicularius ; cf. distinguished physician of this

Cic. Ver. II. 3. 8. — quot nuntiet name. It was common for physi-

horas : cf. Mart. VIII. 67. i horas cians and actors to assume the

quinque puer nondum Hbi nuntictt, names of those who had been

Time was measured among the particularly prominent in the same

Kom2ins hy t\iQ solarium (sundial) profession. — autumno: cf. 4. 56

or the clepsydra (water clock). letifero autumno.

There were clocks in some private 222. Basilus: a pettifogger of

houses, but people depended that name is mentioned at 7. 145.

mainly upon the instruments set — socios, partners. — Hirrus : a

up in public places. Some persons dishonest guardian.

128 IVVENALIS

Maura die, quot discipulos inclinet Hamillus,

percurram citius quot villas possideat nunc 225

quo tondente gravis iuveni mihi barba sonabat.

ille umero, hie lumbis, hie eoxa debilis ; ambos

perdidit ille oeulos et luseis invidet ; huius

pallida labra eibum aeeipiunt digitis alienis,

ipse ad eonspeetum eenae didueere rietum 230

suetus hiat tantum eeu puUus hirundinis, ad quern

ore volat pleno mater ieiuna. sed omni

membrorum damno maior dementia, quae nee

nomina servorum nee vultum agnoseit amiei

eum quo praeterita eenavit noete, nee illos 235

quos genuit, quos eduxit. nam eodiee saevo

heredes vetat esse suos, bona tota feruntur

ad Phialen ; tantum artifieis valet halitus oris,

quod steterat mult is in eareere fornieis annis.

ut vigeant sensus animi, dueenda tamen sunt 240

funera natorum, rogus aspieiendus amatae

eoniugis et fratris plenaeque sororibus urnae.

haee data poena diu viventibus, ut renovata

semper elade domus multis in luetibus inque

perpetuo maerore et nigra veste seneseant. 245

rex Pylius, magno si quidquam eredis Homero,

226. This verse has already ap- 240. ut : this concessive use of

peared at i. 25. ut is rare in Juvenal; cf. 8. 272;

235. cum quo: see Intr. 48. 13. 100.

236. saevo, «««a/wra/. *' 242. sororibus: for the ablative,

237. SMOSy his awn children. If see Intr. 35.

they were passed over without 245. nigra : the color of mourn-

mention the will was void. ing; cf. 3. 21-^ pullati proceres.

240-288. Although the mental 246. rex Pylius: Nestor. In

faculties retain their vigor, yet //. I. 250 he is said to have lived

many bereavements and misfor- through two generations (yeveai)

tunes befall the aged man, from and to be ruling over the third,

which a timely death would have According to Herodotus (II. 142.

exempted him. 2) three generations made a

SATVRA X

129

exemplum vitae fuit a cornice secundae.
felix nimirum, qui tot per saecula mortem
distulit atque suos iam dextra conputat annos,
quique novum totiens mustum bibit. oro, parumper 250
attendas quantum de legibus ipse queratur
fatorum et nimio de stamine, cum videt acris
Antilochi barbam ardentem, cum quaerit ab omni
quisquis adest socius, cur haec in tempora duret,
quod facinus dignum tam longo admiserit aevo. 255

haec eadem Peleus raptum cum luget Achillen,
atque alius cui fas Ithacum lugere natantem.
incolumi Troia Priamus venisset ad umbras
Assaraci magnis sollemnibus Hectore funus

century. Reckoning in this way
Nestor would have been from sev-
enty to ninety at the time of the
Trojan war. In Ovid (Met. XII.
187-188) he is made to say that
he has lived through two centuries
and is living in the third.

247. a cornice secundae : cf.
vs. 126 a prima pr ox ima ; Hor. .S".
II. 3. 193 ad Achille secundus. The
crow was supposed to be very
long-lived ; cf. Hor. C. III. 17. 13
annosa comix ; Pliny {N. If. VII.
153) mentions a statement of
Hesiod that the crow lives to nine
times the age of man.

248. saecula, generations.

249. dextra conputat annos:
i.e. he is more than a century old.
The units and tens were expressed
by different positions of the fin-
gers of the left hand, and the
hundreds and thousands (below
10,000) were counted in a similar
way on the right. Marquardt,
Privatleben I. p. 98.

250. mustum : the unfermented
juice of the grape. — bibit. || oro:

for the frequency of the * bucolic '
diaeresis in Juvenal, see Intr. 80 d.

252. stamine, thread of life ; cf.
3. 27, and the frequent use in
poetry oifilum and subtegmen.

253. Antilochi barbam arden-
tem : i.e. when he sees the dead
body of his son, now grown to be
a man, burning on the funeral
pyre. Antilochus, while rescuing
his father, was slain by Memnon.

254. socius, /r*?«fl^; Intr. 46. —
cur, etc. : cf. Prop. III. 5. 50 ^
morSf cur mihi sera venis ?

256. haec eadem: Intr. 50. —
raptum, snatched away by death.

257. alius : Laertes. — cui fas :
he had a right to mourn Ulysses
as dead, since he had been so
long absent that no one at home
thought him alive. — Ithacum:
Ulysses ;cf. 14.287; i5.26;Intr.66^.

258. incolumi Troia : Priam
lived to see Hector slain, and his
kingdom overthrown, and he died
at last by the hand of the enemy.

259. Assaraci: grandfather of
Anchises. — funus, dead body.

130 IVVENALIS

portante ac reliquis fratrum cervicibus inter 260

Iliadum lacrimas, ut primes edere planctus

Cassandra inciperet scissaque Polyxena palla,

si foret exstinctus diverse tempore, quo non

coeperat audaces Paris aedificare carinas..

longa dies igitur quid contulit ? omnia vidit 265

eversa et flammis Asiam ferroque cadentem.

tunc miles tremulus posita tulit arma tiara

et ruit ante aram summi lovis ut vetulus bos,

qui domini cultris tenue et miserabile collum

praebet ab ingrato iam fastiditus aratro. 270

exitus ille utcumque hominis, sed torva canino

latravit rictu quae post hunc vixerat uxor.

festino ad nostros et regem transeo Ponti

et Croesum, quem vox iusti facunda Solonis

respicere ad longae iussit spatia ultima vitae. 275

260. reliquis fratrum : cf. Liv. writers. — canino latravit rictu :

XLII. 65 reliquis peditum^ and cf. Ov. Met XIII. 568 rictuque in

Tac. Ann. XV. 70 reliqui coniura- verba parato latravit^ conata loqui.

torum. — cervicibus, on their 273. regem Ponti: Mithrida-

shoulders. tes, who after ruling more than

262. scissa palla: beating the fifty years, was defeated by the

breast and rending the garments Romans and deserted by his army,

were signs of grief ; cf. 13. 132. and died by the hand of a faithful

265. Tonga dies, ^«^/^,* length Gallic soldier. — transeo: cf. 3.
of days.* 114 n.

266. Asiam : Troy and the re- 274. Croesum : the story of
gion subject to it. his interview with Solon is told by

267. tremulus: with age. — Herodotus (I. 30-33). Croesus,
tulit arma: cf. Verg. Aen. II. judging himself the most blest
509-51 1 arma diu senior desueta of mortals, was displeased because
trementibus aevo circumdat ne- Solon did not name him among
quiquam umeris, et inutile fer- the happiest men he knew. But
rum cingitur. — tiara : his royal Solon told him : * In everything
diadem. we must have regard to the end.'

268. vetulus : Intr. 74 d. Croesus remembered this when he

270. ab aratro: see Intr. 68. was defeated and taken prisoner

271. utcumque, at any rate, by Cyrus, and by relating the story
used without a verb, as an indefi- to Cyrus saved his own life ; Herod,
nite adverb in Livy and later I. 86-87.

SATVRA X

131

exsilium et career Minturnarumque paludes

et mendicatus victa Carthagine panis

hinc causas habuere ; quid illo cive tulisset

natura in terris, quid Roma beatius umquam,

si circumducto captivorum agmine et omni 280

bellorum pompa animam exhalasset opimam,

cum de Teutonico vellet descendere curru ?

provida Pompeio dederat Campania febres

optandas, sed multae urbes et publica vota

vicerunt ; igitur fortuna ipsius et urbis 285

servatum victo caput abstulit. hoc cruciatu

275. spatia ultima : a figure
from the race course ('the last
laps'). One cannot tell who is
the victor in the race before the
finish.

276. exsilium et career : the
contest of Marias against Sulla,
his flight in his seventieth year
from Rome, his imprisonment
and exile all came during the
last two years of his life. — Min-
tumarum paludes: after escap-
ing from Sulla's cavalry, he lay
concealed in the marshes near
Minturnae.

277. victa Carthagine : when
the praetor sent word to him not
to land in Africa, Marius replied :
'Tell him you have seen Gaius
Marius sitting an exile amid the
ruins of Carthage*; Plut. Mar.
40. 5-7.

279. quid beatius: the neuter
is not infrequently used of persons,
especially with a comparative and
the ablative, as if to include every
possible example ; cf. Cic. Tusc.
III. 27 Tarquinio quid impuden-
tiusf So also nihilj 'absolutely
no one,' as Plin. Ep. II. 9. 4 kabet
azmnculum C. Septicium^ quo nihil
verius novi.

280. circumducto : i.e. in the
triumphal procession.

281. opimam, sated with vic-
tory. For the hiatus after pompa,
see Intr. 82.

282. Teutonico: see 8. 253 n.
— vellet, was just upon the point
of, Marius returned to power
and died in his seventh consul-
ship, but his name suggests the
misfortunes and crimes of the civil
war with Sulla rather than his
great victory over the enemies of
Rome.

283. febres : this was at Naples
the year before Caesar crossed the
Rubicon, when Pompey was in
prosperity. Velleius (II. 48.2) says
that all Italy offered vows for his
restoration; cf. Cic. Tusc. I.
86.

286. servatum : he recovered
from this disease to be defeated
(victo) two years after at Pharsa-
lus, and to be killed and beheaded
(caput abstulit) in Egypt. — hoc
cruciatu caruit : even Catiline
and his companions met a death
less disgraceful, because their
bodies were not mutilated. Len-
tulus and Cethegus were stran-
gled in prison, and Catiline fell in

132 IVVENALIS

Lentulus, hac poena caruit ceciditque Cethegus
integer, et iacuit Catilina cadavere toto.

Formara optat modico pueris, maiore puellis
murmure, cum Veneris fanum videt anxia mater 290
usque ad delicias votorum. *cur tamen ' inquit

* corripias ? pulchra gaudet Latona Diana/
sed vetat optari faciem Lucretia qualem
ipsa habuit, cuperet Rutilae Verginia gibbum
accipere atque suam Rutilae dare, filius autem 295
corporis egregii miseros trepidosque parentes
semper habet ; rara est adeo concordia formae

atque pudicitiae. sanctos licet horrida mores
tradiderit domus ac veteres imitata Sabinos,
praeterea castum ingenium vultumque modesto yy>

sanguine ferventem tribuat natura benigna
larga manu — quid enim puero conf erre potest plus
custode et cura natura potentior omni ? —
non licet esse viro. nam prodiga corruptoris
improbitas ipsos audet temptare parentes ; 305

tanta in muneribus fiducia. nullus ephebum
deformem saeva castravit in arce tyrannus,

battle. Dio*s statement (37. 40) 294. Rutilae : some woman with

that Catiline's head was sent to a humpback.

Rome is not confirmed by any 295. suam :sc.y&rt>»i from 293.

other author. The stories of Lucretia and Vir-

288. cadavere toto : cf. Suet. ginia are told by Livy (I. 57-58 ;

Nero 49 Nero nihil pritis aut III. 44-51).

magis a comitibus exegerat quam 296. miseros . . . habet, keeps

. . . ut quoquo modo totus crema- his parents in constant distress and

retur. anxiety.

• 289-345. The desire of personal 299. Sabinos : proverbial for
beauty and the dangers to which their simplicity and chastity.

it is exposed. 302. plus : sc. quam vultum tno-

290. murmure : cf. Pers. 2. 9 desto sanguine ferventem.

sub lingua murmurat. 303. custode : including the

291. usque ad delicias voto- paedagogus and all who have to
rum, even to fanciful petitions. do with the boy*s training.

SATVRA X 133

nec praetextatum rapuit Nero loripedem nee

strumosum atque utero pariter gibboque tumentem.

i nunc et iuvenis specie laetare tui, quem 310

maiora exspectant discrimina. fiet adulter

publicus, et ppenas metuit quascumque mariti

irati debet, nec erit felicior astro

Martis, ut in laqueos numquarri incidat. exigit autem

interdum ille dolor plus quam lex uUa dolori 315

concessit ; necat hie ferro, secat ille cruentis

verberibus, quosdam moechos et mugilis intrat.

sed tuus Endymion dilectae fiet adulter

matronae. mox cum dederit Servilia nummos,

fiet et illius quam non amat, exuet omnem 320

corporis ornatum ; quid enim uUa negaverit udis

inguinibus, sive est haec Oppia sive CatuUa ?

deterior totos habet illic femina mores.

* sed casto quid forma nocet ? * quid prof uit immo

Hippolyto grave propositum, quid Bellerophonti ? 325

erubuit nempe haec ceu fastidita repulsa,

nec Stheneboea minus quam Cressa excanduit, et se

310. i nunc, etc. : cf. vs. 166 n. slighted. — repulsa : ablative with

313. felicior astro Martis: cf. erubuit.

3. 74 sermo Isaeo torrentior. 327. Stheneboea : called also

314. laqueos: referring to the Anteia, wif e of Proetus. — Cressa:
net in which Mars was caught by the Cretan woman, i.e, Phaedra,
Vulcan; Horn. C?^. VIII. 266-369. daughter of Minos and wife of

324. sed . . . nocet, but y you Theseus. — se concussere, r<wj^</
say^ how does beauty harm one who themselves to vengeance. Hippoly-
is chaste? cf. Ov. Met. II. 572 tus, son of Theseus, having re-
formamihi nocuit. — immo, rather pelled the advances of his step-
letusash. mother, was falsely accused by

325. grave propositum, hisseri- her to his father, and killed by the
ous purpose of living a chaste life. agency of Neptune. Bellerophon,

326. haec must be the woman for a similar rebuff to Stheneboea,
who tempted Hippolytus, as vs. 327 was sent to accomplish tasks sup-
shows, though this is the more posed to be impossible, as the de-
remote of the two examples. — stmction of the Chimera ; Hom.
ecu fastidita, as if she had been II. VI. 1 52-205.

134 IVVENALIS

concussere ambae. mulier saevissima tunc est,
cum stimulos odio pudor admovet. elige quidnam
suadendum esse putes cui nubere Caesaris uxor 330
destinat. optimus hie et formosissimus idem
gentis patriciae rapitur miser exstinguendus
Messalinae oculis ; dudum sedet ilia parato
flammeolo Tyriusque palam genialis in hortis
sternitur et ritu decies centena dabuntur 335

antique ; veniet cum signatoribus auspex.
haec tu secreta et paucis commissa putabas ?
non nisi legitime vult nubere. quid placeat die :
ni parere velis, pereundum erit ante lucemas ;
si scelus admittas, dabitur mora parvula, dum res 340
nota urbi et populo contingat principis aurem.
dedecus ille domus sciet ultimus ; interea tu
obsequere imperio, si tanti vita dierum

329. pudor, sense of shamey at 336. signatoribus : witnesses
being slighted. to the marriage contract. — au-

330. («) cui : ue. C. Silius, who ispex : Cicero {deDiv, I. 28) speaks
was loved by Messalina, wife of of the presence of the auspices at
Claudius. While the emperor was weddings.

absent at Ostia they were publicly 337. tu : i.e. Silius.

married ; Tac. Ann. XI. 26. 338. vult : sc. Messalina ; she

331. formosissimus: cf. Tac. will be satisfied with nothing less
Ann. XI. 12 SiliuMy iuveniutis than the legal forms of marriage.
Romanae pulckerrimum. — quid: for utruniy see Intr. 76.

332. exstinguendus, only to be — quid placeat : addressed to
destroyed. Silius. Your beauty will be the

334. Tyrius, cffvered with pur- cause of your death in either case.
pie. — genialis : sc. lectus. — in If you refuse Messalina, you perish
hortis : probably of LucuUus on before nightfall. If you comply,
the Pincian hill ; Tac. Ann. XI. i. you will have a few days' respite,

335. ritu antiquo refers proba- till the emperor hears of your
bly to the custom,not to the amount, crime.

though this seems to have been a 339. velis, erit : Intr. 55. —

not uncommon sum for a dowry ante lucemas : Le. before even-

among the higher classes. — decies ing; cf. Mart. X. 19. 18 seras

centena: sc.miliasestertium. The tutior ibis ad lucernas.

abridged form is common, and 343. tanti {est) : sc. ut obsequaris

often decies alone is used. or ut scelus admittas ; ci. ^- S^y 5- 9*

SATVRA X ]35

paucorum. quidquid levius meliusve putaris,
praebenda est gladio pulchra haec et Candida cervix. 345

Nil ergo optabunt homines ? si consilium vis,
permittes ipsis expendere numinibus quid
conveniat nobis rebusque sit utile nostris.
nam pro iucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di ;
carior est illis homo quam sibi. nos animorum 350
inpulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti
coniugium petimus partumque uxoris, at illis
notum qui pueri qualisque f utura sit uxor,
ut tamen et poscas aliquid voveasque sacellis
exta et candiduli divina tomacula porci, 355

orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.
fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem,
qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores,
nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 360

Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores
et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapalli.

344. quidquid, whichever of the theless, that you may also have
two ; d. quidf vs. 338. some prayer to offer.

345. praebenda est cervix: 355. candiduli: Intr. 74 e. —
Claudius ordered the execution of tomacula : a kind of sausage.
Silius. Narcissus, his favorite Martial (I. 41. 9-10) says they
freedman, had Messalina also put were carried about the streets for
to death, as if by the emperor's sale, in hot ovens.

command. 356. mens sana in corpore

346-366. Be content to let the sano: cf. Hor. C. I. 31. 17-19

gods send what they deem best. frui paratis et valido mihiy Latoe^

Pray for health, reason, and cour- dones et^precory Integra cum tnente;

age, and seek happiness through Sen. Ep. 10. 4 roga bonam mententy

virtue. bonam valetudinem animiy deinde

347. permittes : cf. Hor. C. 1. 9. tunc corporis.

9 permitte divis cetera. For the 360. nesciat irasci, is incapable

future, see 8. 37 n. — expendere, of wrath.

to determine; see Intr. 15 and 16. 362. pluma: cf. Mart. XII.' 17.

354. tamen et : take submis- 8 dormit et in pluma purpureoque

sively what the gods send ; never- toro. — Sardanapalli : according

136

IVVENALIS

monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare ; semita certe
tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae.
nullum numen habes si sit prudentia ; nos te,
nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus.

365

SATVRA XI

Atticus eximie si cenat, lautus habetur :
si Rutilus, demens. quid enim maiore cachinno
excipitur vulgi quam pauper Apicius ? omnis
convictus thermae stationes, omne theatrum

to Diodorus Siculus II. 23-27, the
last king of Nineveh, who sur-
passed all his predecessors in licen-
tiousness and effeminacy.

363. tibi : see Intr. 84.

365. numen, divine power. —
prudentia, foresight; what we
call good luck comes in conse-
quence of proper precaution, and
ill luck, from our own neglect.
The goddess Fortuna exists only
in our imagination. Verses 365-
366 are repeated with slight varia-
tion in 14. 315-316. For habes
there is a variant, abest., with
which the meaning would be : * All
the deities are on our side if we
have foresight.*

XI. On Plain Living. — On
the last day of the Megalesian fes-
tival, April 10, Juvenal invites his
friend Persicus to dine with him.
He describes the plain country
fare at his table, contrasting it
with the wanton luxury at the
dinners of the rich, and inciden-
tally gives a pleasing picture of the
simple life of the Romans in the
early days. To this he prefixes an
introduction (1-55) on the foolish-
ness of the man who spends on

his appetite more than his re-
sources allow.

1-55. One should live accord-
ing to his means and know what
he can afford. By borrowing and
dissipation men are driven to vol-
untary exile to escape their credit-
ors.

1. Atticus, an Atticus^ i.e. any
rich man. — eximie, uncommonly
well. — lautus habetur, is said
to live in splendid style.

2. Rutilus, a Rutilusy i.e. any
man who has squandered his for-
tune and is now poor. — demens,
out of his senses.

3. pauper Apicius : cf. 4. 23 n.
He poisoned himself because he
was reduced to 10,000,000 sester-
ces.

4. convictus, banquets^ in writ-
ers of this age ; cf. Mart. XII.
Praef bibliothecasy theatra^ convic-
tus. — thermae, public baths ; cf .
7. 233 ; natural places for news
and gossip. — stationes : places of
public resort, generally furnished
with seats, where people gathered
for business or conversation; cf.
Plin. Ep. I. 13. 2 plerique in sta-
tionibus sedenty tempusque audiendi
fabulis conterunt.

SATVRA XI

137

de Rutilo. nam dum valida ac iuvenalia membra
sufficiunt galeae dumque ardet sanguine, fertur
non cogente quidem sed nee prohibente tribune
scripturus leges et regia verba lanistae.
multos porro vides quos saepe elusus ad ipsum
creditor introitum solet exspectare macelli,
et quibus in solo vivendi causa palato est.
egregius cenat meliusque miserrimus horum
et cito casurus iam perlucente ruina.
interea gustus elementa per omnia quaerunt
numquam animo pretiis opstantibus ; interius si
attendas, magis ilia iuvant quae pluris ementur.
ergo baud difficile est perituram arcessere summam

5. de Rutilo, are talking about
Rutilus ; Intr. 50.

6. sufficiunt galeae : i.e. fit
him for military service ; cf. 7. 33
aetas patUns cassidis atque ligonis ;
and 8. 169 maturus bello. — fertur,
is impelled by his own nature.
Freemen often became gladiators
after they had squandered their
fortunes. It would seem, from
this passage, that the tribune had
the right to intercede to annul the
agreement of a citizen with a la-
nistaj and possibly the right, in
some cases, to compel him to
make such agreement.

7. sed nee, but not . . . either.

8. leges, terms of the contract.
— regia verba: the gladiator took
a solemn oath to submit to any-
thing which the lanista might re-
quire. — lanistae : 3. 1 58.

10. macelli: the general mar-
ket where provisions of all sorts
were offered for sale ; cf. Ter.
Eun. 255-257. The Macellum
Liviae had been built by Augustus
on the Esquiline, and the Macel-
lum Magnum by Nero on the

Caelian, — perhaps the site of the
circular church of St. Stephen.

11. Vivendi causa : 8. 84 n.

12. egregius: comparative of
the adverb egregie. The one most
deeply involved in debt spends
most upon his dinner.

13. casurus (Intr. 41 b) : like an
old building sure to fall, through
the cracked walls of which the light
already shines; cf. 3. ig6 pendente
ruina. The future participle is
connected by et with the adjective
miserrimus, and both agree with
the implied subject of cenat.

14. interea : so long as the
final crash is delayed. — gustus,
dainties. — elementa omnia : i.e.
air, water, land.

15. animo, desire.

16. ^Tn^TitVLTyare to be purchased;
the delight is in anticipation rather
than in actual enjoyment.

17. baud difficile est : i.e. they
have no scruple about parting with
family plate or even a mother's
image ; cf. 3. 31 quis facile est. —
perituram : which they will soon
squander; Intr. 41 a.

138

IWENALIS

lancibus oppositis vel matris imagine fracta,
et quadringentis nummis condire gulosum
fictile ; sic veniunt ad miscellanea ludi.
ref ert ergo quis haec eadem paret ; in Rutilo nam
luxuria est, in Ventidio laudabile nomen
sumit et a censu famam trahit. ilium ego iure
despiciam qui scit quanto sublimior Atlans
omnibus in Libya sit montibus, hie tamen idem
ignoret quantum ferrata distet ab area
sacculus. e caelo descendit ^v&Ol a-eatnov,
figendum et memori tractandum pectore, sive
coniugium quaeras vel sacri in parte senatus
esse velis ; neque enim loricam poscit Achillis
Thersites, in qua se traducebat Vlixes ;

18. oppositis, pawned, mort-
gaged ; cf. Cat. 26 villula opposita
ad milia quindecim et ducentos. —
fracta: he breaks an image of
his mother that it may not be rec-
ognized, and then sells it for old
silver.

19. nummis: t.e. sestertiis. —
condire, to fill with dainties.

20. fictile : cf. 3. \(&fictilibus ce-
nare ; he has pawned his silver
and must eat from earthenware. —
miscellanea, hotchpotch, the nour-
ishing but coarse fare of the gladi-
atorial school (ludus gladiatorius).

21. ergo: as I have already
said ; cf. vss. 1-2.

22. laudabile nomen : e.g. libe-
ralitas. The subject of est and
the two verbs following is to be
found in haec eadem paret ; liv-
ing in such style is extravagance in
a Rutilus, but in a Ventidius it is
called by a better-sounding name ;
cf. 4. 13 and 8. 182.

24. qui scit : only a defining
clause, hence the indicative. The

subjunctive ignoret gives the con-
dition of despiciam.

25. omnibus, any other ; cf. vs.
66 toto grege mollior ; 10. 232;
14. 68 omni sine labe.

26. ignoret: i.e. supposes that
one with only a purse of money
can purchase anything that he
desires, just as if he had a large
deposit with the bankers.

27. sacculus : the purse of the
poor, while ferrata area (i. 90 n)
is the large strong box which holds
the money of the rich. — e caelo
descendit : i.e. it was, at any rate,
of divine origin. — yvMOt ocavrdv :
an inscription at Delphi, ascribed
to many different sources. Juvenal
extends it beyond the nosce ani-
mum tuum of Cicero Tusc. I. 52,
and makes it include the measure
of one*s abilities and resources;
vs. 35.

29. coniugium: i.e. that you
may wed one of your station. —
in parte senatus : seek only those
offices which you are able to fill.

SATVRA XI

139

ancipitem seu tu magno discrimine causam
protegere adfectas, te consule, die tibi qui sis,
orator vehemens an Curtius et Matho buccae.
noscenda est mensura sui spectandaque rebus
in summis minimisque, etiam cum piscis emetur,
ne muUum cupias cum sit tibi gobio tantum
in loculis. quis enim te deficiente crumina
et crescente gula manet exitus, aere paterno
ac rebus mersis in ventrem faenoris atque
argenti gravis et pecorum agrorumque capacem ?
talibus a dominis post cuncta novissimus exit
anulus, et digito mendicat PoUio nudo.
non praematuri cineres nee funus acerbum

31. Thersites : cf. 8. 269-271 ;
even he was not vain enough to
claim the arms of Achilles. — tra-
ducebat, exposed himself to ridi-
cule ; cf. 8. 17 squalentis traducit
avos.

32. ancipitem causam, a cause
whose issue is critical. — magno
discrimine, of great moment.

33. adfectas : on account of the
parenthesis this is not parallel with
quaeras and veils, but forms an
antecedent sentence to die tibi qui
sis. — qui : this form of the inter-
rogative occurs here only, in Juve-
nal ; Intr. 77.

34. vehemens : the position of
the word in Juvenal's verse (cf. 9.
II; 1 3. 1 96) does not show whether
he treated it &s a trisyllable or as
a dissyllable, — probably the latter
(Lachmann on Lucretius, II. 1024).
— Matho: cf. I. 32; 7. 129; see
Intr. 64 a. — buccae (appositive
with Curtius and Matho), mere
bags of wind ; cf. 3. 35, and cavi
follesy 7. III.

37. muUum: cf. 4. 15 n. —
gobio tantum in loculis: i.e.

only money enough for a goino^ a
small fish; Plant. Fers. 317 boves
bini hie sunt in crumina.

38. quis enim: Intr. 78. —
deficiente crumina: the phrase
is borrowed from Hor. Ep. I. 4.
II. — crumina, purse f a. leathern
bag supported by a strap that went
around the neck ; Plant. Asin. 657
hie istam colloca cruminam in collo.

39. ^\9iy gluttony.

41. argenti, silver plate.

42. talibus dominis : i.e. those
once possessing flocks and estates
which they have now squandered.
— exit: passes out of their pos-
session.

43. anulus : the badge of eques-
trian rank. The loss of the eques-
trian census involved also loss of
rank and the privileges belonging
thereto, as the right to wear the
gold ring and the tunic with a
purple stripe, and to occupy a
knight's place in the theatre;
Friedlander P. 249.

44. acerbum, untimely ; cf.
Plant. Asin. 595 acerbum funus
filiae faciety and the note of Ser-

140

IVVENALIS

luxuriae, sed morte magis metuenda senectus. 45

hi plerumque gradus : conducta pecunia Romae

et coram dominis consumitur ; inde ubi paulum

nescio quid superest et pallet faenoris auctor,

qui vertere solum Baias et ad ostrea currunt.

cedere namque foro iam non est deterius quam 50

Esquilias a ferventi migrare Subura.

ille dolor solus patriam fugientibus, ilia

maestitia est, caruisse anno circensibus uno.

sanguinis in facie non haeret gutta, morantur

pauci ridiculum et fugientem ex urbe Pudorem. 55

Experiere hodie numquid pulcherrima dictu,
Persice, non praestem vitae tibi moribus et re,

vius on Verg. Aen. VI. 429 acerbo
= immaturo : translatio a pontis
est. The worst punishment of
gluttony is not a premature death,
but old age spent in want and
often among strangers.

46. conducta, borrowed ; cf.
Hor. .S". I. 2. 9 conductis nummis.

47. dominis : i.e. the creditors,
the real owners. — paulum nescio
quid, a little something.

48. pallet : lest he lose the
whole. — faenoris auctor : i.e.
faenerator.

49. qui vertere solum: who
voluntarily exile themselves ; cf .
QXc. pro Caec. 100 quia volunt ali-
quant poenam subterfugere aut ca-
lamitatenit eo solum vertunt, hoc est,
sedem ac locum mutant. — Baias :
cf. 3. 4 n. — ad ostrea : i.e. the
Lucrine oysters ; cf. 4. 142 n ; Hor.
Epod. 2. 49. — currunt : when they
have spent at Rome all that can
be borrowed there, they run away
to avoid their creditors, but only
to hasten to the pleasantest region
of Italy, where the luxury is even
greater than at Rome.

50. cedere foro, to quit the
forum, i.e. to get out of the reach
of one's creditors. The forum
was the place of business of bank-
ers and usurers. It is not consid-
ered now more dishonorable to
defraud one's creditors than to
move from one quarter of the city
to another.

5 1 . Esquilias : ci.gelidas Esqui-
liasy 5. 77. — ferventi, swarming.

— Subura : cf. 3. 5 n.

53. anno uno: cf. vs. 72 parte
anni ; ablative to denote a period
within which a thing takes place.

— circensibus : cf. 3. 223 n.

54. sanguinis non gutta : we
are no longer capable of blushing.

— morantur . . . Pudorem :
Shame is fleeing from the city, a
general laughing-stock, and few
there be that care to detain her.

56-63. Dine with me and you
will find that I practise what I
preach.

57. Persice : a friend of Juve-
nal to whom this satire is ad-
dressed, but not otherwise known.

— non praestem : i.e. whether I

SATVRA XI

141

si laudem siliquas occultus ganeo, pultes

coram aliis dictem, puero sed in aure placentas.

nam cum sis conviva mihi promissus, habebis 60

Euandrum, venies Tirynthius aut minor illo

hospeSy et ipse tamen contingens sanguine caelum,

alter aquis, alter flammis ad sidera missus.

fercula nunc audi nullis ornata macellis.

de Tiburtino veniet pinguissimus agro 6$

haedulus et toto grege mollior, inscius herbae

necdum ausus virgas humilis mordere salicti,

do not put in practice those prin-
ciples that sound so well in speech.
— vitae moribus, manner of life.

58. siliquas, pulse^ the green
pods of leguminous vegetables, as
peas and beans ; cf. Hor. Ep. II. i.
1 23 vivit siliquis et pane secundo.
— occultus ganeo, a glutton on
the sly. — pultes : a thick porridge
made oi far (spelt) ^ which served
in place of bread among the poorer
classes. It was the common food
of the early Romans.

59. dictem: i.e. order him to
get. — in aure : cf. Hor. S. I. 9.
9 in aurem dieere nescio quid
puero. — placentas, cakes , made
of wheat flour mixed with cheese
and honey.

60. sis conviva promissus :
you have accepted an invitation to
dine with me. Proniitto was a
frequent term for accepting an in-
vitation to a meal ; Plaut. Most.
1004 promisi foras : ad cenatn ne
me te vocare censeas ; Cic. de Or.
II. 27 ad fratrem promiserat ; Sen.
S. 2. 12 ego illi ad prandium pro-
misissem, ad cenam renuntiassem ;
Plin. Ep. I. 15 heus tu promiUis
ad cenam nee venis. — mihi : see
Intr. 84. — habebis Euandrum :
i.e. you will have in me a frugal

host, like Evander who entertained
Hercules and Aeneas.

61 . Tirynthius : Hercules ; cf .
Verg. Aen. VIII. 228. Evander
entertained Hercules wh^ he was
returning from Spain with the
oxen of Geryon ; Liv. I. 7, Verg.
Aen. VIII. 359-365-

62. hospes : Aeneas. — con-
tingens caelum : through Venus,
his mother.

63. alter aquis: Aeneas, ac-
cording to tradition, was lost in
the waters of the Numicius at the
time of his victory over the Rutuli.
— alter flammis : Hercules per-
ished in flames on Mount Oeta.

64-89. The frugal meal has been
furnished from my own estate, but
once it would have been a holiday
feast when a dictator was guest.

64. fercula: see i. 94 n. —
nullis ornata macellis, like dafes
inemptas (Hor. Epod. 2. 48), means
that his provisions have come from
his own garden and farm.

65. Tiburtino agro: Juvenal's
estate at Tibur ; cf . vilica vs. 69 ;
see Intr. 8.

66. toto grege : i.e. than, any
other in the whole flock. — in-
scius herbae, that has never tasted
grass ; has not yet been weaned.

142

IVVENALIS

qui plus lactis habet quam sanguinis, et montani

asparagi, posito quos legit vilica f uso.

grandia praeterea tortoque calentia faeno 70

ova adsunt ipsis cum matribus, et servatae

parte anni quales fuerant in vitibus uvae,

Signinum Syriumque pirum, de corbibus isdem

aemula Picenis et odoris mala recentis

nee metuenda tibi, siccatum frigore postquam 75

autumnum et crudi posuere pericula suci.

haec olim nostri iam luxuriosa senatus

cena fuit. Curius parvo quae legerat horto

ipse focis brevibus ponebat holuscula, quae nunc

squalidus in magna fastidit compede fossor, 80

68. montani : growing wild, in-
ferior to that which grew in gar-
dens.

69. legit vilica: cf. Mart. IX.
60. 3 PraenesHno te vilica Ugit in
horto. — fuse, spindle f with which
fibres of wool or flax were twisted
into threads. The process of
spinning with the distaff and spin-
dle is minutely described by Catul-
lus in 64. 311-319.

70. torto faeno : in which they
were brought. Eggs were some-
times carried in hay ; cf. Mart.
III. 47. 14 tuta faeno cursor ova
portahat.

72. parte anni (cf. 53 n) : i.e.
through the winter till April (vs.
193), when the Megalesian games
took place. Grapes were pre-
served in air-tight vessels, or in
sawdust ; Plin. iV. H. XV. 62-67.

73. Signinum, Signian^ i.e.
from Signia (now Segni), an an-
cient town of Latium ; cf. Plin.
N. H. XV. 55 Signina quae alii a
colore testacea appellant. — Syrium :
a variety which came originally
from Syria. It grew best in the

region of Tarentum. Columella
(V. 10. 18) says the best pears
were those from Signia, and the
Tarentine, which are called Syrian.
— isdem : i.e. that contain the
pears ; Intr. 87.

74. aemula Picenis : cf. Hor.
S. II. 4. 70 Picenis cedunt pomis
Tiburtia suco. Picenum, a district
in the eastern part of Italy, was
famous for its apples, pears, and
olives ; cf. Hor. S. II. 3. 272.

76. autumnum : i^. their hard-
ness and acidity, explained by the
words crudi pericula suci, dan-
gers of the unripe juice»

7 7 . iam luxuriosa, quite extrav-
agant in comparison with the fru-
gal style of living of early times.

78. Curius : i.e. M*. Curius
Dentatus, who raised and cooked
his own vegetables. Even the fet-
tered slave to-day would refuse
such fare as the conqueror of
Pyrrhus thought good enough for
himself.

79. holuscula : Intr. 73 c,

80. in magna compede : Intr.
33. — fossor : the laborer who

SATVRA XI

143

qui meminit calidae sapiat quid vulva popinae.
sicci terga suis rara pendentia crate
moris erat quondam festis servare diebus,
et natalicium cognatis ponere lardum
accedente nova, si quam dabat hostia, carne.
cognatorum aliquis titulo ter consulis atque
castrorum imperiis et dictatoris honore
functus ad has epulas solito maturius ibat
erectum domito referens a monte ligonem.
cum tremerent autem Fabios durumque Catonem
et Scauros et Fabricium, postremo severos
censoris mores etiam coUega timeret,
nemo inter curas et seria duxit habendum

digs up the ground with a spade.
The hardest work in the fields was
performed by slaves from the
ergastulutttj who worked in fetters ;
cf. 8. 180 n.

81. meminit : he used to visit
such places before he was sent to
the ergastulum, — popinae: an
eating house which was frequented
by slaves and the lower classes;
cf. 8. 172-178.

82. crate: a frame suspended
from the ceiling in the kitchen,
having its slats far apart (rara),
that the air might freely pass
through it. On this the chine
(terga) was hung and here it was
dried and cured (sicci) by the
smoke from the fire. This verse
closely resembles Ov. Met. VIII.
648 sordida terga suis nigro pen-
dentia tigno. '

84. natalicium, on birthdays. —
lardum, bacon.

85. nova came, fresh meat.
When a victim was sacrificed the
greater part of it was kept to be
eaten.

89. a monte : from the field on

the hillside where he has been at
work bringing the rough land
under cultivation. Though he
has been three times consul and
even dictator, he himself toils in
the fields, and on the birthday of
some relative he leaves his work
early, carrying his hoe upon his
shoulder, to attend the birthday
festival.

90-119. So long as men stood
in awe of the censors, their house-
hold furniture was simple, but the
gods then were nearer to men.

90. Fabios, Catonem, Scau-
ros, Fabricium : distinguished
censors of the early times; Intr.
64 a. — durum Catonem : cf.
Mart. XI. 2. I durique severa Ca-
tonisfrons.

92. censoris mores : Juvenal
probably has in mind the censor-
ship (B.C. 204) of C. Claudius Nero
and M. Livius Salinator, who had
long been personal enemies. In
the muster of the equites, to which
both belonged, each censor com-
pelled his colleague to sell his horse;
Val. Max. XL 9. 6; liv. XXIX. 37.

144

IVVENALIS

qualis in Oceano fluctu testudo nataret,

clarum Troiugenis factura et nobile fulcrum, 95

sed nudo latere et parvis frons aerea lectis

vile coronati caput ostendebat aselli,

ad quod lascivi ludebant ruris alumni.

tales ergo cibi qualis domus atque supellex.

tunc rudis et Graias mirari nescius artes loo

urbibus eversis praedarum in parte reperta

magnorum artificum frangebat pocula miles,

ut phaleris gauderet equus caelataque cassis

Romuleae simulacra ferae mansuescere iussae

imperii fato, geminos sub rupe Quirinos, 105

ac nudam effigiem clipeo venientis et hasta

94. testudo (Intr. 46) : couches
were often veneered with tortoise
shell ; cf. Mart. XII. 66. 5 gem-
mantes prima fulgent testudine
lecti ; IX. 59. 9 testudineum hexa-
clinon. See Marquardt, Privatle-
ben, p. 310.

95. Troiugenis : cf. i. 100 n. —
factura : Intr. 41 c. — fulcrum :
i.e. the head of the couch, the raised
end of the couch frame on which
the pillows were placed, and iden-
tical with frons aerea of vs. 96 ;
W. C. F. Anderson, Class. Rev.
III. (1889), pp. 322-324.

96. nudo : i.e. not ornamented ;
frons and latus are parts of the
lectusy but frons aerea is made the
subject to give it prominence.
This was the only part of the
little couch that had any ornamen-
tation at all. — nudo latere : abla-
tive of quality, connected by et
with parvis.

97. vile: of common workman-
ship. — coronati : with a garland
of vine leaves.

98. ad quod, around which. —
ruris alumni : country children.

^ 100. tunc rudis : the Roman
soldier had then no appreciation
of works of art. To him cups of
gold or silver of the finest work-
manship were valuable only for
the metal ©f which they were
made.

loi. urbibus eversis suggests
the capture of Corinth, B.C. 146,
and the wanton destruction of
works of art there by the soldiers.

102. magnorum artificum : cf.
8. 102-104.

103. phaleris, trappings. — cac-
lata cassis : the helmet of the
soldier was often ornamented with
figures in relief. Here there are
three pictures: (i) the wolf, (2)
Romulus and Remus, (3) Mars
descending from heaven to visit
Rhea Silvia and hanging in mid-
aiV

106. clipeo, hasta : generally
connected with venientis as abla-
tives of accompaniment, coming
with shield and spear. Owen, Class.
Rev.Yll. (1893), P- 403» construes
clipeo et hasta with nudam, bare
of shield and speary i^. without the

SATVRA XI

145

pendentisque dei perituro ostenderet hosti.
ponebant igitur Tusco farrata catino :
argenti quod erat solis fulgebat in arrais.
omnia tunc quibus invideas si lividulus sis.
templorum quoque maiestas praesentior, et vox
nocte fere media mediamque audita per urbem
litore ab Oceani Gallis venientibus et dis
officium vatis peragentibus. his monuit nos,
banc rebus Latiis curam praestare solebat
fictilis et nullo violatus luppiter auro.
ilia domi natas nostraque ex arbore mensas
tempora viderunt ; hoc lignum stabat ad usus,
annosam si forte nucem deiecerat Eurus.

usual shield and spear, comparing
Ovid's account of Mars appearing
to Rhea Silvia , Fast. 3. i depositis
clipeo paulisper et hasta. Cf. Hor.
C. I. 14. 4 nudum remigio.

loy. perituro : Intr. 41 d.

108. Tusco catino : cf. Pers.
2. 60 Tuscum fictile ; Mart. XIV.
98. 2 Tuscis fictilibus. Much of
the earthenware at Rome came
from Etruria. — farrata, porridge^
preparations of spelt, equivalent to
pultes vs. 58. — catino : a deep
dish, generally of earthenware, in
which meat and vegetables were
served; Hor. S. I. 6. 115 domum
me ad porri et ciceris refero lagani-
que catinum.

no. si lividulus sis: one at
all inclined to be envious (Intr.
74 b) would envy their plain fare
and cheap furniture, because of the
happiness that went with them.

III. praesentior: cf. 3. 18 n.
The gods in those times of sim-
plicity came nearer to men, and
made known their will by unmis-
takable signs. '— vox audita {esi) :
cf. Liv. V. 32. 6 M. Caedicius de

plebe nuntiavit tribunis se in Nova
Via, ubi nunc sacellum est supra
aedem Vestae^ vocem noctis silentio
audisse clariorem humana, quae
magistratibus did iuberet Gallos
adventare.

113. litore ab Oceani: on the
anastrophe, see Intr. 48 a. — dis :
see Intr. 87.

114. his, by such signs.

116. fictilis, made of clay ; cf.
Cic. Div. I. 16 in fasUgio lovis
optimi maximiy qui turn erat fictilis ;
Sen. Contr. II. i. i^fictiles ubifue-
runt dei. — violatus,/>r^«^^ (cf . 3.
20), as though costly material dis-
honored the god, since men would
think more of the image than of
the god represented; cf. Luc. IX.
519 pauper adhuc deus est^ nullis
violata per aevum divitiis delubra
tenens.

117. natas, produced. — nostra
ex arbore : i.e. not the costly
citrus from Africa.

1 18. hoc lignum, timber of this
kindy i.e. suitable for making
tables. — stabat, was stacked away.

119. nucem f walnut tree.

146

IVVENALIS

at nunc divitibus cenandi nulla voluptas,

nil rhombus, nil damma sapit, putere videntur

unguenta atque rosae, latos nisi sustinet orbes

grande ebur et magno sublimis pardus hiatu

dentibus ex illis quos mittit porta Syenes

et Mauri celeres et Mauro obscurior Indus,

et quos deposuit Nabataeo belua saltu

iam nimios capitique graves, hinc surgit orexis,

hinc stomacho vires ; nam pes argenteus illis

anulus in digito qudd ferreus. ergo superbum

convivam caveo qui me sibi comparat et res

despicit exiguas. adeo nulla uncia nobis

est eboris, nee tessellae nee calculus ex hac

1 20

125

130

1 20-161. The rich must have
costly tables and delicate slaves to
serve, but I have no carver and
my rude waiters are home-bred.

122. unguenta, rosae: cf. 15.
50. No Roman banquet was
complete without perfumes and
garlands. — latos orbes: cf. i.
137 n; Mart. II. 43. 9 tu Libycos
Indis suspendis dentibus orbes.
The wealthy Romans had large
circular tables, each supported
by one solid leg, hence called
monopodia,

1 23. ebur et pardus = pardus
eburneus^ i.e. the support of the
table, made of ivory, carved to
imitate a panther rampant.

124. Syenes: a city on the
border of Egypt and Ethiopia,
through which the traffic from
Ethiopia passed. The valley of
the Nile just below this city forms
a narrow pass not inappropriately
called porta. If Juvenal was ban-
ished to Upper Egypt, as is stated
in the vitae^ he must have been
familiar with this region.

126. Nabataeo : the Nabataei

occupied the region bordering on
Arabia Petraea, but no elephants
are found there. The word seems
to be used for eastern, as in Ov.
Met. 1.61 ad Auroram Nabataea-
que regna. The permanent tusks
of the elephant are not cast off. —
belua : i.e. the elephant, as in 10.
158.

127. hinc: from such costly
tables. — orexis, keen appetite.

128. vires, strength^ tone. —
illis : i.e. divitibus. Table legs of
silver are now as commonplace
as iron finger rings, which were
worn by those who had no right
to wear gold.

130. caveo : i.e. I do not invite.
— qui comparat : who compares
my furniture and food with his,
and despises me because I am
frugal.

132. tessellae, dice ; different
from tali, which were marked on
foui* sides only. The dicebox
V92& fritilltis (14. 5). — calculus,
man or pawn ; used in playing the
ludus latrunculorum, a game re-
sembling chess.

SATVRA XI

147

materia, quin ipsa manubria cultellorum

ossea. non tamen his uUa umquam obsonia fiunt

rancidula aut ideo peior gallina secatur. 135

sed nee structor erit eui cedere debeat omnis

pergula, discipulus Trypheri doctoris, apud quem

suraine cum magno lepus atque aper et pygargus

et Scythicae volucres et phoenicopterus ingens

et Gaetulus oryx hebeti lautissima ferro 140

caeditur et tota sonat ulmea cena Subura.

nee frustum capreae subducere nee latus Afrae

novit avis noster, tirunculus ac rudis omni

tempore et exiguae furtis imbutus ofellae.

plebeios calices et paucis assibus emptos 145

porriget incultus puer atque a frigore tutus.

133. cultellorum: see Intr. 83.

135. rancidula, in the least offen-
sive ; Intr. 74 a.

136. structor : of. 5. 120 n ; here
the same as scissor ; the carver who
has learned his art in the school
of some teacher of carving, where
he has practised upon wooden
models (vs. 141 ulmea cena).

137. pergola : a veranda or
booth, open at the sides, used as
a lecture room, here the school it-
self (Intr. 67). — Trypheri: the
teacher. — apud quem : in whose
schoolroom.

138. pygargus: according to
Pliny (A^. ^. VIII. 214) a species
of capra,

139. Scythicae volucres,/i^<zj-
ants, called phasianae aves from
the river Phasis in Colchis. For
the plural, see Intr. 63. — phoeni-
copterus, flamingo.

140. oryx: a one-homed wild
goat ; Plin. N. H. VIII. 214 ; XI.
255. — lautissima cena: summing
up the foregoing items.

141. Subura : cf. 3. 5 n.

142. subducere, to purloin. —
Afrae avis, Guinea fowl, men-
tioned by Horace {Epod, 2. 53)
among the delicacies of the city.

143. noster: my slave who
serves as waiter. — tirunculus
(Intr. 73 ^) : a beginner, and in-
expert in thieving ; in this unlike
the servants of the wealthy. —
omni tempore, always,

144. imbutus, practised. He
has learned to steal only the poor
bits, because, where he was waiter,
there was nothing better. — ofel-
lae, meat bcUl, consisting of meat
chopped and highly seasoned ;
cf . Mart. X. 48. 1 5 quae non egeant
ferro siructoris ofellae ; and XII.
48. ly me meus ad subitas invitet
amicus ofellas.

145. plebeios, etc. : i.e. common,
in contrast with cups like those
described in 5. 38-45; cf. Mart.
XIV. 94. I plebeia toreumata ; IX.
59. 22 Mamurra asse duos calices
emit.

146. incultus: not elegantly
dressed. — a frigore tutus: not

148 IVVENALIS

non Phryx aut Lycius, non a mangone petitus

quisquam erit, et magno : cum posces, posce Latine.

idem habitus cunctis, tonsi rectique capilli

atque hodie tantum propter convivia pexi. 150

pastoris duri hie est filius, ille bubulci.

suspirat longo non visam tempore matrem,

et casulam et notos tristis desiderat haedos,

ingenui vultus puer ingenuique pudoris,

quales esse decet quos ardens purpura vest it, 155

nee pupillares defert in balnea raucus

testiculos, nee vellendas iam praebuit alas,

erassa nee opposito pavidus tegit inguina guto.

hie tibi vina dabit diffusa in montibus illis

a quibus ipse venit, quorum sub vertiee lusit ; 160

namque una atque eadem est vini patria atque ministri.

forsitan exspeetes ut Gaditana eanoro

incipiant prurire ehoro, plausuque probatae

ad terram tremulo descendant elune puellae.

like the cupbearers of the wealthy, 153. casulam : Intr. 73V.

half naked, or dressed in some 1 54. ingenui : his face and his

material too delicate to keep them modest bearing show that he has

warm. not been spoiled by vice. They

147. Phryx, Lycius: fashion- are such as a freebom youth
able cupbearers came from Asia should have.

Minor; cf. 5. y^flos Asiae. 155. quos: the antecedent is

148. et magno : scpretio. P has the subject of esse. — ardens pur-
in magno (sc. poculo)^ to be joined pura : i.e. the toga praetexta^ worn
with cum posces; but Juvenal by freebom boys. For ardens, cf.
means that his guests are to order Verg. Aen, IV. 262.
everything in Latin. — Latine : the 159. vina: Juvenal's wine is
slaves from the East understood not from Greece or Campania. —
Greek, but were less acquainted diffusa : cf. 5. 30 n.

with Latin. Juvenal's cupbearer 161. patria : Intr. 44 a. This

is a native of Italy and does not verse has five elided syllables ;

know Greek. Intr. 81.

149. tonsi rectique: i.e. their 162-182. Instead of wanton
hair is not long and curled. dances, readings from Homer and

150. propter convivia, because Vergil will furnish our entertain-
/ have company. ment.

SATVRA XI 149

spectant hoc nuptae iuxta recubante marito, 165

quod pudeat narrare aliquem praesentibus ipsis,

inritamentum veneris languentis et acres

divitis urticae ; maior tamen ista voluptas

alterius sexus, magis ille extenditur, et mox

auribus atque oculis concepta urina movetur. 170

non capit has nugas humilis domus. audiat ille

testarum crepitus cum verbis, nudum olido stans

fornice mancipium quibus abstinet, ille fruatur

vocibus obscenis omnique libidinis arte,

qui Lacedaemonium pytismate lubricat orbem ; 17s

namque ibi fortunae veniam damus. alea turpis,

turpe et adulterium mediocribus : haec eadem illi

omnia cum faciant, hilares nitidique vocantur.

nostra dabunt alios hodie convivia ludos :

conditor Iliados cantabitur atque Maronis 180

altisoni dubiam facientia carmina palmam.

quid refert tales versus qua voce legantur ?

171. non capit, does not allow. dinner party the guests were en-
— ille : the rich man. tertained in various ways. Pliny

172. testarum, castanets. (Ep. I. 15. 2), chiding a friend be-

173. mancipium, slave. cause he did not keep his promise

175. Lacedaemonium orbem : to dine with him, says: audisses
mosaic pavements of round or comoedos vel lectorem vel lyristen
oval pieces of marble from Tae- vely quae tnea liber alitas^ omnes.
iraros. — pytismate: wine taken 181. dubiam palmam: cf. 6.
in the mouth and then spit out. ^^^inde Maronem atque alia parte
Cicero, speaking of Antony's revels in trutina suspendit Homerum ;
atVarro*svilla,says(/'^/7.II. 105): Quint. X. 1.85 Vergilius omnium
natabant pavimenta vino ; cf. also eius generis poetarum Graecorum
Hor. C II. 14. 26 mero tinguet pavi- nostrorumque haud dubie Homero
mentum superbo. — lubricat, makes proximus.

slippery. 182. qua voce : cf. 7. 82 curri-

176. ibi, in such case. — fortu- tur advocem iucundam.

nae: /.^. the wealthy ; cf. 8. 74. 183-208. Forget all care and

177. mediocribus : i.e. poor sp>end the holiday w^ith me. Let
men and those of low rank. — illi : young men put on the toga and
i.e. the rich. watch the races in the circus; we

180. conditor Iliados : at a will bask in the sun at home.

150

IVVENALIS

Sed nunc dilatis averte negotia curis
et gratarp requiem dona tibi : quando licebat
per totum cessare diem ? non faenoris ulla 185

mentio nee, prima si luce egressa reverti
nocte solet, tacito bilem tibi contrahat uxor
umida suspectis referens multicia rugis
vexatasque comas et vultum auremque calentem.
protinus ante meum quidquid dolet exue limen, 190

pone domum et servos et quidquid frangitur illis
aut perit, ingratos ante omnia pone sodales.
interea Megalesiacae spectacula mappae
Idaeum soUemne colunt, similisque triumpho
praeda caballorum praetor sedet ac, mihi pace 195

immensae nimiaeque licet si dicere plebis,
totam hodie Romam circus capit, et fragor aurem

185. non: sc. x/r, in a negative
exhortation ; Intr. 38. ,^

186. nee: for neve; see Intr>

38.

191. pone, put away all thought
of. — domum : i.e. domestic cares.

192. pent, is spoiled; of. i. 18 ;
4.56.

193. interea : while we are
enjoying our repast. — Megale-
siacae : the ludi Megalenses were
instituted in honor of Cybele, /i€-
7<£Xi7 fi'^riPf the mother of the gods,
whose image was brought to Rome
during the Second Punic War ;
Liv. XXIX. II ; cf. 3. 137 n. The
games continued seven days, be-
ginning on April 4, and the races
were held on the last day. Cybele
was also called Mater Idaea^ hence
Idaeum soUemne. The superin-
tendence of these games belonged
originally to the curule aediles
(Liv. XXXIV. 54), but under
Augustus it was given to the

praetors. — spectacula, spectators;
cf . 8. 205 n. — mappae : the signal
for starting the race was given by
dropping a white cloth ; Mart. XII.
29. 9 cretatam praetor cum vellet
mittere mappam.

194. Idaeum: cf. 3. 138. —
triumpho : Intr. 30.

195. praeda caballorum : the
games cost him so much that his
property is consumed.

197. totam Romam : the popu-
lation of Rome at this time was
perhaps a million. The estimates
of different writers vary from 700-
000 (Merivale) to 4,000,000 (Lip-
sius). They are based upon (i)
the number of houses in the city;
(2) the space occupied by it ; (3)
the number of grain tickets distril>
uted ; and (4) the amount of grain
brought to Rome. For a discus-
sion of the subject, see Friedlander
I.* 51-60. The Circus Maximus
after it was restored and enlarged

SATVRA XI

151

percutit, eventum viridis quo colligo panni.
nam si deficeret, maestam attonitamque videres
banc urbem veluti Cannarum in pulvere victis 200

consulibus. spectent iuvenes, quos clamor et audax
sponsio, quos cultae decet adsedisse puellae :
nostra bibat vernum contracta cuticula solem
effugiatque togam. iam nunc in balnea salva
fronte licet vadas, quamquam solida hora supersit 205
ad sextam. facere hoc non possis quinque diebus
continuis, quia sunt talis quoque taedia vitae
magna ; voluptates commendat rarior usus.

by Claudius, contained, according
to Pliny, seats for 250,000 specta-
tors. It was three stadia in length
and one in width j Plin. iV. H.
XXXVI. 102.

198. viridis panni : cf. 7. 114 n.
Green was the favorite color, and
the defeat of the green would
cause as much dejection in the
city as a defeat of the Roman
army; cf. Plin. Ep. IX. 6.

201. consulibus: L. Aemilius
Paulus and C. Terentius Varro.

202. sponsio, bet.

203. bibat solem : cf. Mart. X.
12. 7 i precor et totos avida cute
combibe soles. Among the Romans
walking or reclining in the sun
was thought conducive to health,
especially for those advanced in
life; cf. Cic. de Sen. 57 calescere
apricatione ; Pers. 5. 179 aprici
senes ; Plin. Ep. III. i. 8 in sole
ambulat ; III. 5. 10 iacebat in sole.
— contracta, wrinkled.

204. effugiatque togam : cf. 3.
' 172 n. The Romans appeared in

the toga at the public games, but
at home this inconvenient garment
was not worn. — balnea : the bath
regularly preceded the cena. —
salva fronte, without shame. He
would, feel ashamed to go to the
bath on ordinary days before the
usual time, i.e. the eighth hour;
Mart. IV. 8. 5, and XI. 52. 3 ; but
this is a holiday, and the city is
mostly deserted.

205. solida hora : cf. Liv. I. 19.
6 desunt dies solido anno. — super-
sit : Intr. 42.

206. quinque diebus: the ex-
pression is used to denote a rather
short period of time, * about a
week *; cf. Hor. -S". I. 3. 16; Ep. I.
7. I. Quinque not infrequently
stands for an undefined small num-
ber, ^y^rw several; i. 105; 7. 121;
cf. mtlley 3. 8 n.

208. commendat, enhances.

152

IVVENALIS

SATVRA XII

Natali, Corvine, die mihi dulcior haec lux,
qua f est us promissa deis animalia caespes
exspectat. niveam reginae ducimus agnam,
par vellus dabitur pugnanti Gorgone Maura,
sed procul extensum petulans quatit hostia funem
Tarpeio servata lovi frontemque coruscat,
quippe ferox vitulus templis maturus et arae
spargendusque mero, quern lam pudet ubera matris
ducere, qui vexat nascenti robora cornu.

XII. On the Escape of a
Friend from Shipwreck. —
Catullus has been saved from ship-
wreck, and in gratitude for his
preservation Juvenal offers sacri-
fices to the deities of the Capitol
and to his own household gods.
He describes the sacrifices and
dangers through which Catullus
has passed, and closes with a
scathing satire on legacy-hunters.

I -1 6. This day I celebrate with
sacrifices on account of the safe
return of Catullus, regretting that
my offerings are not more ample.

1. natali die dulcior: cf. Hor.
C. IV. II. 17 sanctiorque paene
natali propria. — Corvine : a
friend of Juvenal, otherwise un-
known. — haec lux: i,e. the day
on which he offers sacrifices in
honor of his friend's return.

2. promissa deis : now offered
in fulfilment of a vow made when
Catullus set out. — caespes : an
altar of turf, as in Hor. C. I. 19.
13 hie vivum mihi caespitem, and
III. 8. 4 in caespite vivo.

3. exspectat,dEze;a//x. — niveam :
white victims were sacrificed to the
gods above, black to the gods of

the underworld. — reginae : i>.
Juno Regina. — ducimus : to the
altar; cf. 10. 65.

4. par vellus : i.e. a similar
victim; cf. verse 112 ebur for
elephant. — pugnanti Gorgone
Maura : i.e. Minerva, who bore
the head of Medusa on her shield;
Intr. 66 b.

5. procul extensum, drawn
out at full length.

6. Tarpeio : i.e. Capitolino. Ju-
piter, Juno, and Minerva were
worshiped in the same temple on
the Capitoline. — coruscat : tran-
sitive, tosses.

8. mero : wine was poured on
the head of the victim between the
horns ; Verg. Aen. IV. 60-61 ipsa
tenens dextra pater am ^ pule her rima
Didoy eandentis vaceae media inter
cornua fiindit. Verses 7-9 recall
Horace's description of his victim
to be offered on the return of Au-
gustus, C. IV. 2. 54-56 me tener
solvet vitulus^ relicta matre qui
largis iuvenescit herbis in mea vota.

9. ducere, to drain. — vexat,
butts. — robora, the oak-trees; cf.
Verg. G. III. 232 irasei in eornua
discit arbor is obnixus truneo.

SATVRA XII

153

si res ampla domi similisque adfectibus esset,
pinguior HispuUa traheretur taurus et ipsa
mole piger, nee finitima nutritus in herba,
laeta sed ostendens Clitumni pascua sanguis
iret et a grandi cervix ferienda ministro
ob reditum trepidantis adhuc horrendaque passi
nuper et incolumem sese mirantis amici.
nam praeter pelagi casus et fulminis ictus
evasit. densae caelum abscondere tenebrae
nube una subitusque antemnas inpulit ignis,
cum se quisque illo percussum crederet et mox
attonitus nullum conferri posse putaret
naufragium velis ardentibus. omnia fiunt
talia tam graviter, si quando poetica surgit

I o. res, property. — adfectibus,
love; for the case, see Intr. 30.
This use of adfectus belongs to the
Silver Age ; cf. Plin. ^/. II. i. 8 ille
mihi tutor relictus adfectum paren-
tis exhibuit.

1 1 . HispuUa : a fat woman ; 6.
74. If my estate were large (as it
is not), I should ofiFer to Jove, not
a calf, but a fat ox.

12. mole, bulk.

13. laeta pascua: cf. Hor. C.
IV. 4. 13 laetis caprea pascuis
intenta. — Clitumni : the valley
of the Clitumnus (now Clitunno),
a small river in Umbria, was cele-
brated for its excellent pastures.
The large white cattle that were
fattened here were reserved for
sacrifice ; cf. Verg. G. II. 146-148
hinc albif Clitumney greges et
maxima taurus victim a, saepe tuo
perfusi flumine sacro^ Romanos ad
temp la deum dux ere triumph os. —
sanguis, cervix represent the ani-
mal to be sacrificed (taurus vs. 11),
and emphasize characteristics of

tlje choicest victim, its rich blood
and thick neck.

14. iret: sc. to the altar. —
ministro : the assistant of the
priest. The ablative with ab is /
used with the gerundive in a few /
instances, instead of the dative, to '
denote agent (Lane 2243).

17-61. Catullus escaped the
dangers of the storm, but not till
he had thrown overboard much of
his cargo, and cut away the mast.

19. nube una : i.e. the whole
sky was covered with one black
cloud. — ignis, flash of lightning.

20. mox attonitus : i.e. when he
recovered from the first shock he
was terrified with the thought that
no wreck could be compared in
horror with a burning ship.

23. tam graviter : the thought
of talia is repeated in another
form ; everything takes place such
as I have described, just so dis-
agreeably. — poetica, in a poem ;
cf. Sen. de Ira, II. 2. 5 ad conspec-
tum mimici naufragii.

154

IVVENALIS

tempestas. genus ecce aliud discriminis audi

et miserere iterum, quamquam sint cetera sortis 25

eiusdem pars dira quidem sed cognita multis

et quam votiva testantur fana tabella

plurima ; pictores quis nescit ab Iside pasci ?

accidit et nostro similis fortuna CatuUo.

cum plenus fluctu medius foret alveus et iam 30

alternum puppis latus evertentibus undis

arboris incertae, nuUam prudentia cani

rectoris cum ferret opem, decidere iactu

coepit cum ventis, imitatus castora qui se

eunuchum ipse facit cupiens evadere damno 35

testiculi ; adeo medicatum intellegit inguen.

* f undite quae mea sunt ' dicebat * cuncta ' Catullus

24. aliud : i.e. shipwreck and
loss of property.

25. sint : for the mood, see Intr.
42. — cetera, all the rest

27. votiva tabella: persons res-
cued from shipwreck often sus-
pended some tablet, in fulfilment
of a vow, in the temple of the deity
to whom they believed they owed
their preservation, especially in
that of Isis or Neptune ; cf . Tib.
I. 3. 27-28 nam posse mederi picta
docet temp lis multa tabella tuts;
Hor. C. I. 5. 13.

28. ab Iside : i.e. by painting
votive tablets to put up in her
temple. The worship of Isis was
introduced at Rome in the time of
Sulla, and although violently op-
posed on account of its impure
tendencies, it became exceedingly
popular under the empire.

30. fluctu : for the ablative, see
Intr. 35. — medius, up to the mid-
dle,

31. 9\XtmMVCi\9Lt\iSt now one side y
now the other. — evertentibus un-

dis : ablative absolute, giving the
reason for incertae.

32. arboris incertae, of totter-
ing mastf predicate genitive of
quality after foret, and connected
by et with plenus fluctu. —
nuUam : sc. et. — prudentia, shill.

33. rectoris, helmsman. — de-
cidere : used of persons who, in-
stead of going to law, settle their
disputes by compromise. — iactu :
cf. iactura clientis^ 3. 125. He be-
gan to compromise with the winds
by throwing overboard a part of
the cargo.

36. testiculi ; adeo : this is the
only instance in Juvenal of hiatus
at this caesura; see Intr. 82. —
medicatum: sc. esse. The ca-
storeum of the beaver is a sub-
stance found in two sacs near the
organs of reproduction. It was
once largely employed for derange-
ments of the nervous system, but
is now little used. This fable about
the beaver is found in several
ancient writers.

SATVRA XII

155

praecipitare volens etiam pulcherrima, vestem

purpuream teneris quoque Maecenatibus aptam,

at que alias quarum generosi graminis ipsum 40

infecit natura pecus, sed et egregius fons

viribus occultis et Baeticus adiuvat aer.

ille nee argentum dubitabat mittere, lances

Parthenio factas, urnae cratera capacem

et dignum sitiente Pholo vel coniuge Fusci ; 45

adde et bascaudas et mille escaria, multum

caelati, biberat quo callidus emptor Olynthi.

sed quis nunc alius, qua mundi parte quis audet

argento praeferre caput rebusque salutem ?

non propter vitam faciunt patrimonia quidam, 50

39. Maecenatibus: for effemi-
nate persons like Maecenas ; Intr.
64; cf. I. 66 J Mart. X. 73. 3 qua
(toga)velletApicius uti^ vdlet Mae-
cenas,

40. alias : sc. vestgs. — qua-
rum: to be joined with pecus,
whose very flock the quality of the
noble pasturage has dyed. The
natural color. of the wool of Bae-
tica (modem Andalusia) was a red-
dish yellow; Plin. N, H. VIII.
191 ruUlivelleris ; Mart. XII. 98. 2
aurea vellera. The water of the
river Baetis(now Guadalquivir) was
supposed to produce this color.

43. argentum, silver plate. —
mittere, to throw overboard. Cf.
Hor. C, III. 24. 47 in mare proxi-
mutn gemmas et lapides aurum et
inutile mittamus.

44. Parthenio : the scholiast
says a caelator. If so, Parthenio
is dative of agent, but Friedlander
understands Parthenio factas
to mean made for Partheniusy i.e.
Domitian's famous freedman of
that name. — urnae : the urna as
a measure was equal to twenty-

four sextarii, or one-half of an am-
phora. This would be nearly three
gallons.

45. Pholo : one of the centaurs.
He gave to Hercules a cup (0-1:1^
<f>€u>v) holding three lagonae ; cf.
Stesichorus Fr. 7 (Bergk). — con-
iuge Fusci : otherwise unknown ;
cf. 9. 117 quantum Saufeia bibebat,

46. bascaudas : a word of Celtic
origin, English baskets^ here per-
haps vessels covered with wicker-
work ; cf. Mart. XIV. 99 barbara
de pictis veni bascauda Britannis.

— escaria : sc. vasa^ meat dishes.

— multum caelati, a great amount
of chased ware.

47. emptor Oljmthi : i.e. Philip,
father of Alexander the Great,
who took Olynthus by bribery,
B.C. 348 ; cf. Hor. C. III. 16. 13
diffidit urbium portas vir Mcuedo
muneribus.

48. qua, quis: two interroga-
tive words in one sentence, who
daresy and in what part of the world?
Cf. 10. 69 n, and Cic. Rose, Com.
21 quis quem fraudasse dicaturf

50. patrimonia: see 7. 113 n.

156

IVVENALIS

sed vitio caeci propter patrimonia vivunt.
iactatur rerum utilium pars maxima, sed nee
damna levant, tunc adversis urgentibus illuc
reccidit ut malum ferro summitteret, ac se
explicat angustum : discriminis ultima, quando
praesidia adferimus navem factura minorem.
i nunc et ventis animam committe dolato
confisus ligno, digitis a morte remotus
quattuor aut septem, si sit latissima, taedae ;
mox cum reticulis et pane et ventre lagonae
aspice sumendas in tempestate secures,
sed postquam iacuit planum mare, tempora postquam
prospera vectoris fatumque valentius Euro
et pelago, postquam Parcae meliora benigna

51. vitio, avarice, — propter
patrimonia: only to amass for-
tunes.

52. rerum utilium : />. things
reaJly useful, as stores of provi-
sions. — nee : with the signification
of ne . . . quidetn ; cf. 2. 152 n€c
pueri credunty and 13. 211 (Lane

1658).

53. levant ; sc. navem. — ad-
versis, distress, danger. — illuc
reccidit, was brought to such ex-
tremity.

54. se explicat angustum, ex-
tricates himself in his straitened
circumstances.

55. discriminis ultima : cf. 1 5.
95 ; the neuter word limited by a
partitive genitive is sometimes plu-
ral in poetry and late prose (Lane
1248).

56. factura minorem : Intr.
41 f. The case becomes desperate
when the safety of the ship in-
volves the loss of a part of it.

57. i . . . committe : cf. 10. i66n.

58. digitis taedae : i.e. finger-

breadths of pine timber. Digitus as
a measure was the sixteenth part
of a foot. — a morte remotus:
cf. 14. 289 qui tabula distinguitur
unda. Anacharsis, on being told
that the side of a ship was four
fingers thick, said : * Just so far are
those who sail on the sea distant
from death * (Diog. Laert. I. 103).

60. reticulis, bread bags; cf.Hor.
S. I. 1.47 reticulum panis. — ven-
tre lagonae: i.e. the big-bellied
wine jar; Intr. 60 ; cf. 4. 107 Mon-
tani venter. — lagonae : 5. 29 n.

61. aspice secures, look after
the axes. — sumendas in tem-
pestate, to be used in case of a
storm. These suggest the dangers
that may come before the voyage
is over.

62-82. After the storm had sub-
sided, by such means as were at
hand he managed to reach the
haven at Ostia.

62. tempora: sc.j««/; Intr. 49.

63. vectoris, the traveler y limit-
ing both tempora and fatum.

SATVRA XII

157

pensa manu ducunt hilares et staminis albi 65

lanificae, modica nee multum fortior aura

ventus adest, inopi miserabilis arte cucurrit

vestibus extentis et, quod superaverat unum,

velo prora suo. iam deficientibus Austris

spes vitae cum sole redit. tunc gratus lulo 70

atque novercali sedes praelata Lavino

conspicitur sublimis apex, cui Candida nomen

scrofa dedit, laetis Phrygibus miserabile sumen,

et numquam visis triginta clara mamillis.

tandem intrat positas inclusa per aequora moles 75

65. ducunt, spin; the wool was
drawn down ifrom the distaff {co-
ins) and twisted into thread by
whirling the spindle (fusus 1 1. 69) ;
cf. Cat. 64. 312 dexter a turn leviter
deducens fila. — staminis albi
lanificae, making from the wool
their white thread ; cf. 3. 27; 10.
252 ; staminis is objective genitive.
The white thread, suggestive of
life and happiness, shows that the
Parcae are now favorable ; black
symbolizes sorrow and death ;
Mart. VI. 58. 7 si mihi lanificae
ducunt non pulla sorores stamina ;
Hor. C. II. 3. 1 6 //a atra,

66. multum fortior : the accu-
sative to denote the degree of dif-
ference is rare ; cf. 10. 3, 197, and
6. 210 longe minus utilis.

67. inopi miserabilis arte : the
mast and most of the sails are
gone, and they make their way by
such poor expedients as ingenuity
can suggest.

69. suo contrasts the ship's one
surviving sail with the makeshift
sails used in the emergency. —
Austris: they were rain-bringing
winds; cf. 14. 268.

71. novercali : i.e, named in
honor of his stepmother Lavinia.

— sedes praelata, preferred as a
home ; cf. Verg. Aen. I. 270-271
regnumque ab sede Lavini trans-
fer et, et Longam multa vi muniet
Albam. — Lavino : from Lavinum,
a shorter form of Lavinium ; cf.
Verg. Aen. I. 2 Lavinaque venit
litora.

72. apex: i.e. Mount Alba, ris-
ing over 3000 feet above sea level,
a conspicuous object to one ap-
proaching Ostia from the sea. —
cui, etc. : Intr. 66 c. — nomen : i.e.
Alba, built by Ascanius in fulfil-
ment of the prophecy of Tiberinus,
Aen. VIII. 42-48.

73. laetis, rejoicing at the sight,
since it marked the fulfilment of
the prediction. — Phrygibus, Tro-
jans. — miserabile: in an active
sense, taking pity on, bringing a
blessing to; cf. 15. 143 n. An-
other reading is mirabile, and the
scholiast explains both. — sumen,
a sow (with young).

74. numquam visis : a sight
never seen before.

75. intrat, reaches. — positas,
built. — inclusa : sc. by the piers
(moles). The portus Augusti,
about two miles north of Ostia,
was constructed by Claudius to

158

IVVENALIS

Tyrrhenamque pharon porrectaque bracchia rursum

quae pelago occurrunt medio longeque relinquunt

Italiam ; non sic igitur mirabere portus

quos natura dedit. sed trunca puppe magister

interiora petit Baianae pervia cumbae

tuti stagna sinus, gaudent ibi vertice raso

garrula securi narrare pericula nautae.

Ite igitur, pueri, Unguis animisque faventes,
sertaque delubris et farra imponite cultris

provide a safe and convenient har-
bor for the grain fleets. He exca-
vated a basin and connected it with
the Tiber by a canal. Two piers
were built far out into the sea.
Near the entrance, between them,
was a breakwater with a light-
house ; Suet. Claud. 20. Accord-
ing to the scholiast on this passage,
Trajan added an inner basin, the
interiora stagna (vs. 80), which
the magister seeks.

76. Tyrrhenam, on the Tus-
can sea. — pharon, lighthouse ;
the celebrated lighthouse near
Alexandria was on the island of
Pharos. — porrecta rursum: the
piers extend .out into the sea and
then curve inward so as to form a
large anchorage with a narrow en-
trance; cf. Suet. Claud. 20 por turn
Ostiae exstruxit^ circutnducto dex-
tra sinistraque bracchio. The ba-
sins of Claudius and Trajan are
still to be seen at Porto. The canal
thus built still forms an important
arm of the Tiber, but as the delta
advances several feet annually,
these ruins are now two miles from
the sea.

78. non sic mirabere, etc. : i.e.
all natural harbors must yield to
this work of art.

79. trunca, crippled^ since mast
and sails are gone.

80. Baianae pervia cumbae:
i.e. navigable even for the small
pleasure boats that sail on the
Lucrine Lake, which, from its calm-
ness, is called stagnum in Mart.
III. 20. 20 Lucrino nauculatur in
stagno.

81. vertice raso : it was the
custom of those rescued from
shipwreck to shave their heads on
reaching land, often to fulfil a vow^.
This was sometimes to show their
obligation to the deities for the
rescue, and sometimes to excite
sympathy.

82. garrula : because they gave
them so much to talk about ; Intr.

58.

83-130. For his safety T offer
sacrifices, but not in order to get
named in the will of a man who
has three children. Many put up
votive tablets when a rich and child-
less old man is ill. No victim is too
precious for the legacy-hunter to
promise, not even his own daughter.

83. pueri: slaves who are to
prepare the sacrifice. — Unguis
animisque faventes : i.e. moving
in silence and with a reverentisd
spirit ; abstaining from all irrev-
erent words and thoughts ; cf . Hor.
C. III. 1.2; Ov. Met. XV. 677.

84. delubris : of the Capitoline
deities mentioned in verses 3-6. —^

SATVRA XII

159

ac mollis ornate focos glaebamque virentem. 85

iam sequar et sacro, quod praestat, rite peracto

inde domum repetam, graciles ubi parva corons*

accipiunt fragili simulacra nitentia cera.

hie nostrum placabo lovem Laribusque paternis

tura dabo atque omnis violae iactabo colores. 90

cuncta nitent, longos erexit ianua ramos

et matutinis operatur festa lucernis.

nee suspecta tibi sint haec, Corvine. Catullus,

pro cuius reditu tot pono altaria, parvos

tres habet heredes. libet exspectare quis aegram 95

et claudentem oculos gallinam inpendat amico

tarn sterili ; verum haec nimia est inpensa, coturnix

farra: i,e, mola sal say which was
sprinkled on the victim, the altar,
and the sacrificial knife; cf. Ser-
vius on Aen, II. 133.

85. mollis focos : the altars
made of turf ; cf . vs. 2 festus caespes.

86. sacro, quod praestat : the
sacrifice to the Capitoline deities
(vss. 3-9), which was more impor-
tant than that to the Lares.

88. fragili, crumbling^ when
placed over the fire to be melted
and made ready for use. — nitentia
cera : the images of the Lares,
made of marble or wood, were pol-
ished with wax ; cf. Hor. Epod, 2.
66 renidentes Lares.

89. nostrum lovem : an image
of Jupiter kept among his Penates,
and naturally the special protector
of his house.

90. omnis violae colores : i.e.
violets of every color ; cf. Plin.
iV. /^. XXI. 27 earum plura genera^
purpureae luteal albae.

91. longos ramos: cf. 10. 65
poru dotni laurus.

92. matutinis, lighted before

daybreak. The city was often il-
luminated at the time of festivals;
Friedlander 11.^ 275-276. — ope-
ratur, performs its part in the serv-
ices.

93. nee suspecta sint: />. do
not have any suspicion that I am
trying to get my name in the will
of Catullus. He is not childless.
This suggests the subject of legacy-
hunters and an attack upon them,
with which the satire closes. —
tibi : Intr. 84.

95. libet exspectare, / should
like to know.

96. claudentem oculos : i.e.
just ready to die. — gallinam : cf.
13. 233 Laribus cristam promittere
gain. — inpendat, lay out the value
of

97. sterili, unprofitable; cf. Mart.
X. 18. 3 turba tamen non deest^ steri-
lem quae curet amicum. — nimia
est inpensa : a hen indeed would
be too costly to be thought of. —
coturnix, quail, a bird of no value
among the Romans, as they did
not consider it fit to be eaten.

160

IVVENALIS

nulla umquam pro patre cadet, sentire calorem
si coepit locuples Gallitta et Pacius orbi,
legitim#fixis vestitur tota libellis
porticus, exsistunt qui promittant hecatomben,
quatenus hie non sunt nee venales elephant!,
nee Latio aut usquam sub nostro sidere talis
belua eoneipitur, sed furva gente petita
arboribus Rutulis et Turni paseitur agro,
Caesaris armentum, nulli servire paratum
private, siquidem Tyrio parere solebant
Hannibali et nostris dueibus regique Molosso

los

98. pro patre : i.e, for a man
who has children, to inherit his
property. — cadet : will fall as a
victim at the altar ; cf. Hon C. III.
18. 5 si tener cadit Aaedus. — ca-
lorem, the heat offet'er.

99. orbi, who are childless ; plu-
ral to agree with both nouns,though
the verb coepit, from the necessity
of the verse, is made singular to
agree with the nearer. Nothing
further is known of the persons
named.

100. legitime, in proper form.
— libellis : tablets containing vows
for the patient^s recovery.

loi . porticus : of some temple ;
cf. 10. 55 ^^««^tf incerare deo^'um.

102. quatenus, inasmuch as;
they vow a hecatomb of oxen,
since elephants cannot be procured
here. The general negation, non,
is repeated distributively with
nee . . . nee, and the negation
is not destroyed. Madvig. 460.
Obs. 2 {b\

103. usquam : i.e. anywhere
else. — sub nostro sidere : in
northern or European regions, op-
posed to Africa.

104. eoneipitur, bredy produced.
— furva gente : i.e. the people of

Africa and India,- cf. 11. 124-125.
For the ablative, see Intr. 34.

105. Tumi: king of the Rutuli,
whose residence was at Ardea.
From this passage it appears
probable that a herd of elephants
belonging to the emperor was
kept in this region. The right
to keep elephants belonged exclu-
sively to the emperors. The first
prrvatus who owned one after the
overthrow of the republic was
Aurelian, afterwards emperor, who
received it as a present from the
king of Persia; Friedlander II.*

356.

106. armentum: an appositive
with belua.

107. privato : cf. i. 16 n. —
siquidem : i.e. inasmuch as they
are descended from those ele-
phants which Hannibal and Scipio
and Pyrrhus led into battle. —
Tyrio: Carthage was a Phoenician
colony.

108. Molosso : the Molossiwere
a people of Epirus, of which Pyr-
rhus was king. Pyrrhus first
brought elephants into Italy, B.C.
281; Plin. N. H. VIII. 16. Han-
nibal employed them in the Second
Punic War; Liv. XXI. 28. The

SATVRA XII

161

horum maiores ac dorso ferre cohortis,

partem aliquam belli et euntem in proelia turrem. no

nulla igitur mora per Novium, mora nulla per Histrum

Pacuvium, quin illud ebur ducatur ad aras

et cadat ante Lares Gallittae victima sola

tantis digna deis et captatoribus horum.

alter enim, si concedas, mactare vovebit 115

de grege servorum magna aut pulcherrima quaeque

corpora, vel pueris et frontibus ancillarum

inponet vittas et, siqua est nubilis illi

Iphigenia domi, dabit banc altaribus, etsi

non sperat tragicae furtiva piacula cervae. 120

laudo meum civem, nee comparo testamento

mille rates ; nam si Libitinam evaserit aeger,

delebit tabulas inclusus carcere nassae

Romans first used them in battle
against Philip of Macedon, B.C.
200; Liv. XXXI. 36. 4.

no. belli et: for the hiatus, see
I ntr. 8 2 . To avoid this som e inferior
MSS. have bellique et, — turrem :
i.e. a tower of wood filled with
armed men.

111. nulla mora: sc. est If
it were possible, therefore, to pro-
cure elephants, Novius, who is
ready to vow anything, would not
hesitate to promise them. — per
Novium, so far as Novius is con-
cerned.

112. ebur: used for the ele-
phant which produces it, as vellus
(vs. 4) is used for lamb.

114. deis : i.e, the Lares.

115. alter: verses 125 and 128
show that it is Pacuvius. — si
concedas: />. if you allow him to
offer the sacrifice.

116. grege, ^«^.

117. ancillarum: see Intr. 83;
andcf. vs. 121.

118. vittas : used for infula^ the
fillet of wool placed upon the head
of the victim ; see 4. 9 n.

1 19. Iphigenia : Intr. 65. He
will sacrifice even his own daughter,
as Agamemnon did.

120. furtiva, stealthily substi-
tuted for the maiden. — piacula,
expiatory offering ; Intr. 62.

121. laudo meum civem: my
countryman is wiser than Aga-
memnon, who sacrificed his daugh-
ter merely to save a thousand ships.
What was the whole fleet of the
Greeks worth compared with a fine
inheritance ? In //. II. the num-
ber of ships is 1 186; elsewhere it
is generally given as 1000 ; cf.
Aesch. Ag, 45 ; Eur. Andr, 106.

1 22. Libitinam : the goddess of
funerals, in whose temple all things
necessary for funerals were kept ;
cf. Hor. C, III. 30. 7 multaque pars
mei vitabit Libitinam.

123. tabulas: the tablets of
his will. — nassae: a fish trap.

162

IVVENALIS

post meritum sane mirandum atque omnia soli

forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit, ille superbus t2s

incedet victis rivalibus. ergo vides quam

grande operae pretium faciat iugulata Mycenis.

vivat Pacuvius quaeso vel Nestora totum,

possideat quantum rapuit Nero, montibus aurum

exaequet, nee amet quemquam nee ametur ab uUo. 130

LIBER QVINTVS

SATVRA XIII

Exemplo quodcumque malo committitur ipsi
displicet auctori. prima est haec ultio quod se

a basket of wickerwork so con-
structed that the fish could get in,
but cotild not get out again.

1 24. meritum mirandum : />.
the vow to sacrifice his daughter,
to which the patient thinks he owes
his life.

125. breviter : a line would do ;
cf. I. 68 exiguis tabulis.

127. iugulata Mycenis: the
sacrifice of his Iphigenia, as she
has already been called in vs.
119.

128. Nestora: cognate accusa-
tive; Intr. 29.

129. quantum rapuit Nero:
Tacitus states {Ann, XV. 45) that
Nero pillaged Italy and the prov-
inces, appropriating to his own use
the vast amounts of gold that had
accumulated in the temples at
Rome, and in Greece and Asia,
taking ofif even the images of the
gods. Suetonius, Ner. 32, says
his motto was hoc agamus ne quis
quidquatn habeat.

XIII. Consolation for Loss
OF Property through Fraud.

— Calvin us, to whom the satire is
addressed, had entrusted a deposit
of 10,000 sesterces (vs. 71) to a
friend, who, when called upon for
the money, denied upon oath that
he had ever received it. To deny
a deposit was one of the five par-
ticular sins which the Christians
bound themselves by oath not to
commit; Plin. Ep, ad Tr, 97. 7.
This shows that it was not un-
common.

1-22. The judge may acquit the
guilty man, but he is tortured by
his own conscience, and public
opinion condemns him. Do not
show excessive grief over a trifling
loss. A man sixty years of age
ought to have learned by this time
how to bear misfortunes.

1. exemplo : ablative of manner.

— exemplo malo : i^. so as to fur-
nish a bad precedent.

2. displicet auctori: cf. Sen.
Ep, 42. 2 nee ulla maior poena ne-
quitiae est quam quod stbi ac suis
displicet. — ultio, punishment. —
se iudice : by the verdict of his
own conscience.

SATVRA XIII

163

iudice nemo riocens absolvitur, improba quamvis

gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna.

quid sentire putas omnes, Calvine, recenti

de scelere et fidei violatae crimine ? sed nee

tam tenuis census tibi contigit ut mediocris

iacturae te mergat onus, nee rara videmus

quae pateris ; easus multis hie eognitus ae iam

tritus et e medio fortunae ductus aeervo.

ponamus nimios gemitus. flagrantior aequo

non debet dolor esse viri nee vulnere maior.

tu quamvis levium minimam exiguamque malorum

particulam vix ferre potes, spumantibus ardens

visceribus, sacrum tibi quod non reddat amicus

depositum ? stupet haec qui iam post terga reliquit

sexaginta annos Fonteio consule natus ?

4. praetoris urna: the urn into
which the ballots of the iudices
were cast. It is fallax^ since it
gives an unjust verdict, either
because a false return of the votes
has- been made by the praetor, or
because he has influenced the
indices to make a wrong decision.
Each index was given three tab-
lets, inscribed with a {fibsolvo)y c
(condemno)y N. L. (non liquet),
respectively, one of which he cast
into the urn. — vicerit : Intr. 43.

5. sentire,/?^/. Juvenal makes
four suggestions calculated to af-
ford Cal vinus some comfort : (i ) the
man's conscience condemns him;
(2) you have the sympathy of
everybody ; (3) your income is such
that you can stand the loss; and
(4) your misfortune is one that is
common.

8. iacturae, loss; the throwing
overboard of a part of the cargo to
save the ship; cf. vs. 177, and 3.
125 n.

10. tritus: an everyday affair.
— e medio aeervo : i.e, it is only
an ordinary misfortune, not one
selected especially for you.

11. flagrantior aequo, more in-
tense than is reasonable ; cf. 1 1. 88.

1 2. viri : i.e. of one worthy to be
called a man. — vulnere maior :
i.e. out of proportion to the loss.

14. spumantibus ardens vi-
sceribus, with vitals hot and foam-
ing ; cf. I. 45 siccum iecur ardeat
ira,

15. sacrum: because received
under oath and in the presence of
a deity.

17. Fonteio consule: L. Fon-
teius Capito, consul in a.d. 67. If
Calvinus, now over 60, was bom
in his consulship, the satire was
written not earlier than 127 '(Intr.
5). Another Fonteius Capito was
consul in a.d. 59, but he is named
in the Fasti after his colleague, and
his name alone would not therefore
be taken to designate the year.

164 IVVENALIS

an nihil in melius tot rerum proficit usu ?
magna quidem, sacris quae dat praecepta libellis,
victrix fortunae sapientia ; ducimus autem 20

hos quoque f dices, qui ferre incommoda vitae
nee iactare iugum vita didicere magistra.
quae tam festa dies, ut cesset prodere furem
perfidi^im fraudes atque omni ex crimine lucrum
quaesitum et partes gladio vel pyxide nummos ? 2$

rari quippe boni. numera : vix sunt totidem quot
Thebarum portae vel divitis ostia Nili.
nunc aetas agitur peioraque saecula ferri
temporibus, quorum sceleri non invenit ipsa
nomen et a nullo posuit natura metallo. 30

nos hominum divumque fidem clamore ciemus,
quanto Faesidium laudat vocalis agentem
sportula ? die, senior bulla dignissime, nescis

18. in melius : cf. Plin. ^/. IX. iruXos, Horn. //. IV. 406. The

39. I reficienda est mihi aedes Cere- Nile was said to have seven

ris in praediis in melius et in mains. mouths ; Cat. 1 1 . 7 septemgeminus

— tot rerum usu: i.e. so much Nilus. — diwitis, /erti/ieing.

knowledge of the world. 28. nunc aetas, etc. : sc. peior ;

20. victrix fortunae sapientia : cf. 15. 134, and Smith's Horace^
Intr. 16 ; cf. Sen. Ep. 7 1. 30 sapiens Introd. 119^. The present age is
quidem tnncit virtute fortunam. — so degenerate that no metal is base
sapientia, /^/7^j^/(^. enough to supply a name. This

21. incommoda, trials, is the reading of P\ other MSS.

22. nee iactare iug^m, not to have »^;i/z ^/0^, which would mean
chafe under the yoke. — vita ma- an age so much worse than the iron
gistra : i>. by actual experience. that we must number it, but can-

23-70. Cheating is now the rule. not give it an appropriate name.

The day is past when men were — saecula : in Ovid the ages of

honest, and the underworld needed the world are four; in Hesiod

no judge. A really honest man five, the age of heroes coming

to-day is a wonder. between the bronze and the iron.

25.' pyxide : a box, here put for 31. fidem, assistance.

the poison which it contains. 33. sportula (Intr. 68) : i.e, the

26. numersit count them ; see i. clients to whom the sportula is
155 n. given. When Faesidius pleads, his

27. Thebarum portae : Thebes, clients attend to applaud. If th^y
in Hoeotia, had seven gates, iirrd- fail to show him this attention

SATVRA XIII

165

quas habeat veneres aliena pecunia ? nescis

quem tua simplicitas risum vulgo moveat, cum 35

exigis a quoquam ne peieret et putet ullis

esse aliquod numen templis araeque rubenti ?

quondam hoc indigenae vivebant more, priusquam

sumeret agrestem posito diademate falcem

Saturnus fugiens, tunc cum virguncula luno 40

et privatus adhuc Idaeis luppiter antris,

nulla super nubes convivia caelicolarum

nee piier Iliacus formosa nee Herculis uxor

ad cyathos, etiam siccato nectare tergens

bracchia Vulcanus Liparaea nigra taberna ; 45

prandebat sibi quisque deus, nee turba deorum

they may be dropped from his list,
and lose the sporttUa. Pliny, Ep,
II. 14. 4-5, says the sportula was
distributed in the court room, and
that clients who applauded there
were called laudiceni,^ — senior,
poor old man, — bulla dignis-
sime : a man with such faith in
human nature shows the simplic-
ity of childhood, and ought to
put on the bulla^ which freebom
children wear; cf. 5. 164 n.
34. veii^reSi fascination,

36. putet : sc. ut (from ne).

37. rubenti : sc, with the blood
of victims.

38. hoc more : />. in this state
of innocence which Calvin us as-
cribes to the present age.

40. Saturnus fugiens : Saturn
ruled the world till the Titans were
overthrown by Jupiter, when he
fled to L^tium, where he became
king and taught the people agri-
culture ; Verg. Aen, VIII. 319-320
primus ab aetkerio venit Saturnus
Olympo arma loins fugiens et re-
gnis exsulademptis. — virguncula :
Intr. 73^.

41. privatus adhuc : iV. was
not yet king of the gods; cf. i.
16 n ; 6. 15 love nondum barbato.
— Idaeis: on Mount Ida in
Crete, where Jupiter was brought
up. — antris : Intr. 32.

43. puer Iliacus : Ganymedes ;
Mart. III. 39. I Iliaco similem pue-
rum ministro. — Herculis uxor:
Hebe.

44. ad cyathos, as cupbearer ;
cf. Hor. C. I. 29. 7 puer quis ad
cyathum statuetur ? — siccato : cf .
5. 47 siccabis calicem. — tergens
bracchia Vulcanus : Vulcan is
not here cupbearer, but one of the
guests who comes to the banquet
directly from his workshop and
enjoys the nectar for a time before
he. thinks to wipe the soot from
his arms.

45. Liparaea : cf. i. 8 n. For
the ellipsis of the verb (erat or
-erant) in vss. 40-45, see Intr. 49,
and for the asyndeton, Intr. 25.

46. prandebat sibi, dined at
home. The prandium was a sim-
ple midday meal. Juvenal means
to suggest that banquets and late

166

IVVENALIS

talis ut est hodie, contentaque sidera paucis
numinibus miserum urgebant Atlanta minori
pondere ; nondum aliquis sortitus triste profundi
imperium aut Sicula torvus cum coniuge Pluton,
nee rota nee Furiae nee saxum aut vulturis atri
poena, sed infernis hilares sine regibus umbrae,
inprobitas illo fuit admirabilis aevo
credebant quo grande nefas et morte piandum
si iuvenis vetulo non adsurrexerat et si
barbato cuicumque puer, licet ipse videret
plura domi f raga et maiores glandis acervos ;
tam venerabile erat praecedere quattuor annis,

dinners were then unknown. —
turba deorum talis : cf . Sen. Ep.
fr. 39 ignobilem deorum iurbam.

47. paucis numinibus : to the
gods of that time have now been
added the many foreign deities
whose worship has been intro-
duced at Rome, the numerous
progeny of Jupiter, and the deified
emperors, all of whom help to
make a heavy load for poor old
Atlas; cf. Petr. ly faciltus possis
deum quam hominem invenire ;
Aug. C. D. IV. 8.

49. aliquis : i.e. Neptune, as
alius is used for Jason, i. 10. —
profundi: the ocean, not the
lower world.

50. Sicula cum coniuge:
Proserpina, while -gathering flow-
ers near Henna in Sicily, was car-
ried off by Pluto in his chariot
into the lower world ; Ov. Met. V.
391-408. The world was not yet
divided by lot (sortitus) between
Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. —
Pluton : sc. erat.

$1. rota: the wheel of Ixion.

— saxum : the stone of Sisyphus.

— vulturis: the vulture that fed

upon the liver of Tityos ; Hor. C.
III. 4. 77-79 incontinentis nee
Tityi iecur reliquit ales^ nequi-
tiae additus custos. In the age
of heroes there were no criminals
and hence no need of judges and
endless punishments in the world
below.

53. illo aevo quo, in the age
when. — admirabilis : dishonesty
was a wonder at a time when dis-
respect for age was thought a
crime worthy of death.

55. adsurrexerat: cf. Leviti-
cus xix. 32 * Thou shalt rise up
before the hoary head, and honor
the face of the old man.*

$6. licet videret: elsewhere
licet takes, in regular sequence,
the present or perfect subjunctive.
In later Latin it even takes the
indicative.

57. plura domi fraga : the
fruits of the earth which they
gathered for food constituted their
only wealth.

58. quattuor annis : the slight
advantage in age of the iuvenis
who is just beginning to show
signs of a beard over the puer

SATVRA XIII

167

primaque par adeo sacrae lanugo senectae.
nunc si depositum non infitietur amicus, 60

si reddat veterem cum tota aerugine foUem,
prodigiosa fides et Tuscis digna libellis
quaeque coronata lustrari debeat agna.
egregium sanctumque virum si cerno, bimembri
hoc monstrum puero vel mirandis sub aratro 65

piscibus inventis et fetae comparo mulae,
sollicitus, tamquam lapides effuderit imber
examenque apium longa consederit uva
culmine delubri, tamquam in mare fluxerit amnis
gurgitibus miris et lactis vertice torrens. 70

Intercepta decem quereris sestertia fraude

who has not yet put on the toga
virilis was enough to ensure re-
spect and reverence.

61. cum tota aerugine: i.e.\i
he has not even yielded to the
temptation to use the money, but
has left it to grow rusty in the
bag. — foUem : ia money bag
made of leather; cf. 14. 281 tenso
folle,

62. prodigiosa: so uncommon
as to be a portent. — Tuscis libel-
lis : books of the Etruscan sooth-
sayers in which strange events
were recorded; the Etruscorum
libri of Cicero de Div. II. 50.

63. lustrari =procurari; any-
thing so extraordinary must be a
prodigy, the evil portended by
w^hich ought to be averted by a
proper expiatory offering.

64. bimembri, hybrid ; cf. bi-
membres centauri, Sil. III. 41.

65. hoc monstrum: i.e. the
good man, whose appearance is
so rare that it must be treated like
any other strange occurrence ; cf .
Cic. de Div. II. 61 si, quod rarofit^
id portentum putandum est, sapien-

tern esse portentum est; saepius enint
niulam peperisse arbitror quam sa-
pientem fuisse. All the prodigies
here mentioned are found in Livy :
bimembri puero, XXVII. 11. 5
cum elephanti capite puerum na-
tum ; sub aratro piscibus inven-
tis, XLII. 2. 5 in Gallico agro^
qua inducer etur aratrum^ sub ex-
sistentibus glebis pisces emersisse ;
fetae mulae, XXXVII. 3. 3
mulam peperisse; lapides effu-
derit imber, XXX. 38. 8 pluit
lapideo imbri ; examen apium
culmine delubri, XXI. 46. 2 exa-
men apum in arbore praetorio in-
minente consederat ; lactis vertice
torrens, XXXIV. 45. 7 Nareamni
lac fluxisse.

^. uva: for the metaphor, cf.
Verg. a IV. 558 ; and Hom. //.
II. 89 j8oTpu56v.

71--85. You complain of the
loss of a deposit of ten thousand
sesterces. There are those who
have kept more than twenty times
that sum, and then taken the most
solemn oath that they had never
received it.

168

IVVENALIS

sacrilega. quid si bis centum perdidit alter
hoc arcana modo ? maiorem tertius ilia
summam, quam patulae vix ceperat angulus arcae ?
tam facile et pronum est superos contemnere testes, 75
si mortalis idem nemo sciat. aspice quanta
voce neget, quae sit ficti constantia vultus.
per Solis radios Tarpeiaque fulmina iurat
et Martis frameam et Cirrhaei spicula vatis,
per calamos venatricis pharetramque puellae • 80

perque tuum, pater Aegaei Neptune, tridentem,
addit et Herculeos arcus hastamque Minervae,
quidquid habent telorum armamentaria caeli.
si vero et pater est, * comedam ' inquit * flebile nati
sinciput elixi Pharioque madentis aceto/ 85

Sunt in fortunae qui casibus omnia ponant

73. arcana : deposited privately
and without witnesses; cf. vs. 75.

74. angulus arcae: i>. his
chest with every corner filled.

75. facile et pronum : cf. 9. 43
an facile et pronum est ; see Intr.
79 b, — contemnere: cf. 3. 145
contemnere fulmina atque deos.

77. constantia, steadiness.

78. Tarpeia fulmina : i>. the
thunderbolts of Jupiter Capitoli-
nus ; cf . 1 2. 6 Tarpeio lovi.

79. frameam : according to
Tacitus (Germ. 6), a German word
equivalent to hasta. — Cirrhaei
vatis: Apollo» so called from
Cirrha, the port of Delphi; 7.

64.

80. calamos, arrows ; Intr. 69.
— venatricis puellae : Diana.

81. pater Aegaei : cf. Verg.
Aen, III. 74 Neptuno Aegaeo. Pi.Cr
cording to Homer (//. XIII. 21)
the palace of Poseidon was in the
depths of the sea, near Aegae.

83. quidquid telorum : what-
ever weapons, in short. — arma-
mentaria, arsenals.

84. comedam : i.e. if I am not
speaking the truth I will eat my
own son, as Thyestes did his.

85. Phario, Egyptian. Pharos
was an island near Alexandria,
famous for its lighthouse ; 12.76
n. — Phario aceto : cf. Mart.
XIII. 122 amphora Niliaci non
sit tibi vilis aceti.

86-119. Some believe in chance
and swear falsely without fear.
Others believe in deities, but, when
under temptation, silence their
fears by such false reasoning as
this : * It is better to get wealth by
perjury and suffer the penalty, than
to be poor. The wrath of the gods
is slow, punishment will certainly
be long delayed, and I may escape
altogether.* Then they boldly per-
jure themselves while Jove utters
not a word.

SATVRA XIII

169

et nuUo credant mundum rectore moveri
natura volvente vices et lucis et anni,
atque ideo intrepidi quaecumque altaria tangunt.
est alius metuens ne crimen poena sequatur.
hie putat esse deos et peierat, atque ita secum :
* decernat quodcumque volet de corpore nostro
Isis et irato feriat mea lumina sistro,
dummodo vel caecus teneam quos abnego nummos.
et phthisis et vomicae putres et dimidium crus
sunt tanti. pauper locupletem optare podagram
nee dubitet Ladas, si non eget Anticyra nee *
Archigene ; quid enim velocis gloria plantae
praestat et esuriens Pisaeae ramus olivae ?

87. nuUo rectore, without a
ruler ; ablative absolute.

88. lucis, of day.

91. hie : i.e. alius (vs. 90). — et :
i.e. and yet ; the contrast between
the two incongruous facts being
shown by simply placing them side
by side ; ci. i. 74 et alget.

93. Isis: cf. 12. 28 n. This
Egyptian goddess was at this time
a popular deity at Rome. — irato
sistro : Intr. 58. The sistrum was
a sort of rattle used in the religious
ceremonies of Isis; cf. Mart. XII.
29. 1 9 sistrata turba. Several sistra
were found in the Isis temple at
Pompeii.

94. quos abnego : which I swear
I have never received. — num-
mos : Intr. 46.

95. dimidium crus, a broken

96. sunt tanti, are a low price
to pay ; cf. Cic. Cat. II. 15 esttnihi
tantiy Quiritesy huius invidiam fal-
sae tetnpestatem subire ; and I. 22
sed est tanti^ dummodo ista privata
sit calamitas. — locupletem poda-

gram: i.e. wealth and the gout
which accompanies high living ;
see Intr. 58.

97. Ladas: any swift runner.
There were two victors at Olym-
pia by this name. One died in the
moment of victory, and was made
famous by Myron's statue of him ;
cf. Cat. 58*». 3 non Ladas ego pinni-
pesve Perseus ; Mart. II. 86. 8, and
X. 100. 5 habeas licebit alteram pe-
demLadae. — Anticyra : the helle-
bore, which grew at Anticyra, in
Phocis, was much used as a remedy
for mental diseases ; cf. Hor. S. II.
3. 166 naviget Anticyramy and A. P.
300.

98. Archigene (6. 236 ; 14.
252): a celebrated physician, who
practised at Rome in the time of
Trajan.

99. esuriens ramus: Intr. 58.
The prize at Olympia was an olive
wreath, which hsui no intrinsic
value, and would not help to sus-
tain life. — Pisaeae : i.e. Olym-
pian, from Pisa, a city of Elis, near
Olympia.

170 IVVENALIS

ut sit magna tamen, certe lenta ira deorum est ; loo
si curant igitur cunctos punire nocentes,
quando ad me venient ? sed et exorabile numen
fortasse experiar ; solet his ignoscere. multi
committunt eadem diverse crimina fato :
ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hie diadema/ 105

sic animum dirae trepidum formidine culpae
confirmat, tunc te sacra ad delubra vocantem
praecedit, trahere immo ultro ac vexare paratus.
nam cum magna malae superest audacia causae,
creditur a multis fiducia. mimum agit ille, no

urbani qualem fugitivus scurra CatuUi :
tu miser exclamas ut Stentora vincere possis,
vel potius quantum Gradivus Homericus : 'audis,
luppiter, haec nee labra moves, cum mittere vocem
debueris vel marmoreus vel aeneus? aut cur 115

icx>. lenta ira : cf. Hor. C, III. you to the altar, and gives you no

2. 32 pede Poena claudo, and EccU- peace tUl he has taken his oath.
siasUs viii. 1 1 * Because sentence i lo. fiducia : confidence in one's

against an evil work is not executed own innocence. — mimum agit

speedily, therefore the heart of the ille, he is acting a play.
sons of men is fully set in them to iii. urbani, witty. — CatuUi

do evil.* (8. i86 n) : a writer of mimes. Two

102. sed et, moreover. — exo- titles of his plays are preserved,
rabile, easily moved by prayer. the Phasma and Laureolusy the

103. his: such trifling offenses latter of which is probably referred
as refusing to pay back a little to here.

money to one who already has more 1 1 2. Stentora : the shout of the

than he needs. brazen-voiced Stentor (//. V. 785)

104. diverse fato, with opposite was equal to that of fifty other
consequences. men ; but Mars, when wounded by

107. vocantem, summoning Diomedes (//. V. 859) roared like
him ; Intr. 7 1 . nine or ten thousand.

108. praecedit : when, by such 113. Gradivus : Mars. — Ho-
reasoning, he has fully determined mericus, in Homer.

to commit the crime, he is so ready 114. nee labra moves : even if

to go to the altar that he outstrips you are nothing but a graven im-

you on the" way. — trahere ac age, how can you keep from crying

vexare : in his apparent eagerness out at such hypocrisy ?

to acquit himself, he actually drags 1 1 5. aut cur : if you do not,

SATVRA XIII

171

in carbone tuo charta pia tura soluta
ponimus et sectum vituli iecur albaque porci
omenta ? ut video, nullum discrimen habendum est
effigies inter vestras statuamque Vagelli/
Accipe quae contra valeat solacia ferre
et qui nee Cynicos nee Stoica dogmata legit,
a Cynicis tunica distantia, non Epicurum
suspicit exigui laetum plantaribus horti.
curentur dubii medicis maioribus aegri :
tu venam vel discipulo committe Philippi.
si nullum in terris tarn detestabile factum
ostendis, taceo, nee pugnis caedere pectus
te veto nee plana faciem contundere palma,
quandoquidem accepto claudenda est ianua damno.

125

what is the use of our sacrificing
to you ?

116. in carbone: i.e. in your
censer. — charta : the paper in
which the incense was wrapped.

118. omenta, caul ; cf. Cat. 90.
6 omentum inflamma pingue lique-
faciens.

119. vestras: i.e. of you gods.
— Vagelli : mentioned again as a
stupid rhetorician, 16. 23 mulino
corde Vagelli.

1 20-1 61. You need no great
physician ; your case is light com-
pared with what many suffer.

120. accipe : Intr. 28.

121. et, even. — qui nee C3mi-
cos legit : i.e. one who is no
philosopher, but has only plain
common sense. See Intr. 16.

1 22. a Cynicis tunica distan-
tia: i.e. differing in dress only,
implying that there was no impor-
tant difference in their doctrines ;
but this is the judgment of one
who pretends that he has not read
the teachings of either. — tunica :

the Cynics carried simplicity of
dress to the extreme, and wore a
heavy cloak only (Hor. Ep. I. 17.
25 quem duplici panno patient i a
velat) dispensing with the tunic. —
non suspicit, does not look for
guidance to.

1 23. laetum plantaribus horti :
cf. 14. 319.

1 24. dubii aegri, cases of criti-
cal illness ; Intr. 57.

125. venam committe: cf. 6.
46 pertundite venam. Bleeding
was a common remedy for certain
diseases ; cf. Cels. III. 18. — disci-
pulo Philippi: i.e. to a doctor's
apprentice. Philippus represents
any physician of the day. There
was a celebrated physician of
that name in the service of
Alexander.

1 29. claudenda est ianua : the
house is closed to visitors when
death enters it, and the loss of
money is considered as great a
calamity as the death of a
friend.

172

IVVENALIS

et maiore domus gemitu, maiore tumultu 130

planguntur nummi quam f unera ; nemo dolorem

fingit in hoc casu, vestem diducere summam

contentus, vexare oculos umore coacto :

ploratur lacrimis amissa pecunia veris.

sed si cuncta vides simili fora plena querella, 135

si decies lectis diversa parte tabellis

vana supervacui dicunt chirographa ligni,

arguit ipsorum quos littera gemmaque princeps

sardonychum, loculis quae custoditur eburnis,

ten — o delicias — extra communia censes 140

ponendum, quia tu gallinae filius albae,

nos viles pulli nati infelicibus ovis ?

130. tumultu ) commotion f mani-
festation of grief.

132. vestem diducere sum-
mam, to rend the top of his gar-
ment^ and not tear it from top to
bottom. At the loss of a friend we
display the usual signs of mourn-
ing, though the grief is often
feigned. Cf. Mart. I. 33. 1-2
amissum non flet^ cum sola est^
Gellia patrem ; si quis adest^ ius-
sae prosiliunt lacrimae. For the
loss of property the grief is sincere.
— diducere contentus : Intr. 39^.

133. umore coacto: cf. Verg.
Aen. II. 196 lacrimis coactis.

135. cuncta fora: besides the
Forum Romanum, because of the
growth of the city and of legal
business, Julius, Augustus, Vespa-
sian, Nerva, and Trajan had built
separate fora.

136. diversa parte, on the other
side; cf. 7. 156. — tabellis : tablets
on which the obligation is written.

137. vana, forged. — superva-
cui, worthless, — chirographa,
bond^ given under one's own hand.

— ligni : the tablet of wood covered
with a thin layer of wax. When
the defendant and his lawyers have
heard the tablet read over ten
times by the claimant's attorneys,
they finally pronounce it a forgery,
though the handwriting (littera)
and the seal (gemma), which is
treated by its owner as something
very precious (loculis quae custo-
ditur) show that the document
is genuine. Verse 137 is repeated
at 16. 41 with slight variation.

138. arguit, convict. — prin-
ceps sardonychum, prince of
sardonyx stones^ i.e. most costly
among them all, and sure there-
fore to be carefully guarded.

140. extra communia ponen-
dum : i.e. ought to be exempt
from the evils to which the rest of
mankind are subject.

141. gallinae filius albae : a
child of fortune; white was es-
teemed a lucky color; cf. the
legend of the white hen dropped
by an eagle in Livia's lap; Plin.
N. H. XV. 136; Suet. Galb. i.

SATVRA XIII

173

rem pateris modicam et mediocri bile ferendam,

si fiectas oculos maiora ad crimina. confer

conductum latronem, incendia sulpure coepta 145

atque dolo, primes cum ianua colligfit ignes ;

confer et hos veteris qui toUunt grandia templi

pocula adorandae robiginis et populorum

dona vel antiquo positas a rege coronas ;

haec ibi si non sunt, minor exstat sacrilegus qui 150

radat inaurati femur Herculis et faciem ipsam

Neptuni, qui bratteolam de Castore ducat —

an dubitet, solitus totum confiare Tonantem ? —

confer et artifices mercatoreraque veneni

et deducendum corio bo vis in mare, cum quo 155

clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis.

haec quota pars scelerum, quae custos Gallicus urbis

144. si fiectas oculos : i.e, as
will be evident if you turn your
eyes to greater crimes. What if
some villain had been hired to rob
you or bum your home ?

146. ianua coUigit ignes : so
as to make it more difficult to save
life and property ; cf . 9. 98 can-
delam adponere valvis.

147. grandia, massive,

148. adorandae robiginis: i.e.
of venerable antiquity.

1 50. minor sacrilegus : taking
this in connection with vs. 1 53 we
may understand that he has to be a
temple robber on a smaller scale,
not because he is less wicked,
but from lack of opportunity. He
would melt down a gold image of
Jupiter if he could get it, but when
he cannot he will scrape off the
gilding from the face of Neptune
or take the gold leaf from Castor.
But it is not easy to reconcile vs.
153 with minor sacrilegus, and,
of course, no temple robber ever

melted down a Jupiter often
enough to call it his custom.
Munro suggests an dubitet? soli-
tumsty etc.

1 54. artifices veneni, the com-
pounders of poison, who for money
furnish to others the «means of
destroying life. — mercatorem,
the purchaser who wishes to poison
some one who stands in his way.

155. deducendum, the one who
ought to be launched. The gerun-
dive is connected by et with the
preceding substantives, and forms
part of the object of confer. On
the punishment of the parricide,
cf. 8. 214 n. — cum quo : Intr. 48.

157. quota pars: />. how small
a part ? cf. 3. 61 quota portio faecis
Achaei? — custos urbis: i,e.
prctefectus urbi. C. Rutilius Galli-
cus held this office under Domi-
tian (Stat. Silv. I. 4) perhaps suc-
ceeding Pegasus (4. 77). The pow-
ers of the praefectus urbi under the
empire came to be much the same

174

IVVENALIS

usque a lucifero donee lux occidat audit ?
humani generis mores tibi nosse volenti
sufficit una domus ; paucos consume dies et i6o

dicere te miserum, postquam illinc veneris, aude.
quis tumidum guttur miratur in Alpibus aut quis
in Meroe crasso maiorem infante mamillam ?
caerula quis stupuit Germani lumina, flavam
caesariera et madido torquentem cornua cirro ? 165

nempe quod haec illis natura est omnibus una.
ad subitas Thracum volucres nubemque sonoram
Pygmaeus parvis currit bellator in armis,

as those of the praetor urbanus,
and from his decision there was
no appeal except to the emperor.

158. donee lux occidat: far
beyond the usual hour, since there
were so many cases waiting to be
heard.

160. una domus : i.e. the court
of the city prefect.

162-173. No one is surprised at
that which is common in any
locality.

162. tumidum guttur, the goi-
tre ySiiW common among the peo-
ple who dwell in the high Alpine
valleys.

163. Meroe: a district of Ethi-
opia included between the rivers
Astapus (Blue Nile) and Astabo-
ras (Atbara) and that part of the
Nile between their mouths. If
Juvenal was banished to upper
Egypt he may have observed this
peculiarity, which no other writer
mentions.

164. caerula lumina : the blue
eyes and blond hair of the Ger-
mans are often noticed by Roman
writers ; cf. Tac. Germ. 4 truces et
caerulei oculi^ rutilae comae ; Hor.
Epod. 16.7 /era caerulea Germania
pube.

165. madido: i.e. with spuma^
a kind of soap with which the hair
was sometimes dyed. — madido
. . . cirro, twisting the moist ring-
lets into knots ; cf. Tac. Germ. 38
obliquare crinem nodoque substrin-
geret of the Suebi ; Mart. Spec. 3.
9 crinibus in nodum torti venere
Sicambri. — torquentem agrees
with caesariem, which has the
usual position in Juvenal for a
substantive wdth which two adjec-
tives agree; Intr. 44 a.

166. nempe quod, why no onCy
since ; nemo stupuit is implied in
quis stupuit vs. 164.

167. ad, to meet. — subitas,
suddenly appearing. — Thracum
volucres : i.e. the cranes ; cf.
Verg. G. I. 120 Strymoniae grues ;
Ov. A. A. III. 182 Threiciam
gruem.

168. Pygmaeus : in Homer
(//. III. 3-6) the Pygmies dwell
near the banks of Oceanus and
are attacked by cranes that mi-
grate thither at the approach of
the northern winter. They are
generally located either at the
sources of the Nile (Aristotle
Hist. An. VIII. 12) or in India
(Plin. N H. VI. 70).

SATVRA XIII 175

mox inpar hosti rapt usque per aera curvis
unguibus a saeva fertur grue. si videas hoc 170

gentibus in nostris, risu quatiare ; sed illic,
quamquam eadem adsidue spectentur proelia, ridet
nemo, ubi tota cohors pede non est altior uno.
* Nullane peiuri capitis f raudisque nefandae
poena erit ? ' abreptum crede hunc graviore catena 175
protinus et nostro — quid plus velit ira ? — necari
arbitrio : manet ilia tamen iactura nee umquam
depositum tibi sospes erit, sed corpore trunco
invidiosa dabit minimus solacia sanguis.
* at vindicta bonum vita iucundius ipsa/ 180

nempe hoc indocti, quorum praecordia nuUis
interdum aut levibus videas flagrantia causis ;
quantulacumque adeo est occasio sufficit irae :
Chrysippus non dicet idem nee mite Thaletis
ingenium dulcique senex vicinus Hymetto, 185

qui partem acceptae saeva inter vincla cicutae

171. illic ridet nemo: no one 184. Chrysippus: pupil of
laughs at Pygmy warriors in a land Cleanthes, and his successor as
where all the people are Pygmies. head of the Stoic school. —

172. adsidue, continually. — mite Thaletis ingenium : see
spectentur : Intr. 42. Intr. 60. — Thaletis : Thales of

174-192. How would the punish- Miletus, first of the seven sages,

ment of the perjurer bfenefit you ? and founder of Greek philosophy.

It would not restore your lost de- 185. senex: Socrates (Intr. 66a),

posit, and revenge is characteristic who was in his seventieth year at

of a weak and ignoble soul. the time of his death. — Hymetto:

177. iactura: see vs. 8 n. a mountain near Athens famous

178. trunco, headless. for its honey (dulci); cf. Hor. C.

179. invidiosa dabit solacia: II. 6. 14 ubi non Hymetto mella
will give you consolation at the decedunt.

price of the hatred of your fellow- 186. partem noUet dare : i.e.

men. See Intr. 62. he was of such a forgiving dispo-

181. nempe hoc indocti, yes^ sition that he had no wish to do

ignorant people say so ; Intr. 50. evil even to the man by whose

183. quantulacumque, how- unjust accusation he was about to

ever slight, suffer death. — vincla : Intr. 88.

176

IVVENALIS

accusatori nollet dare, plurima felix

paulatim vitia atque errores exuit omnes,

prima docet rectum sapientia. quippe minuti

semper et infirmi est animi exiguique voluptas 190

ultio. continuo sic coUige, quod vindicta

nemo magis gaudet quam femina. cur tamen hos tu

evasisse putes, quos diri conscia facti

mens habet attonitos et surdo verbere caedit

occultum quatiente animo tortore flagellum ? 195

poena autem vehemens ac multo saevior illis

quas et Caedicius gravis invenit et Rhadamanthus,

nocte dieque suum gestare in pectore testem.

Spartano cuidam respondit Pythia vates

189. ssipientisif pAi/osopAy ; cf.
vs. 20. — minuti, dwarfed^ mean,

190. infirmi, weak. — exigfui,
narrow.

192-235. But why do you think
that the criminal whom the law
does not reach will go unpun-
ished? Conscience is his judge
and tormentor. To the end of
his days he will be tortured by the
thought of the wrong he has done
you.

194. habet attonitos, holds in
constant dread, — surdo, silent ;
cf. 7. 71 surda bucina.

195. occultum . . . flagellum,
their torturing conscience brandish-
ing an unseen scourge; cf. Lucr.
III. 1018-1019 mens sibi conscia
factis praemetuens adhibet stimulos
torquetque flagellis.

196. vehemens, heavy. — multo
saevior illis : the tortures of con-
science are worse than any pun-
ishments invented by man or by
the judges in the world below.

197. Caedicius : the scholiast
says Caedicius was a cruel courtier

of Nero, which is very unlikely.
An advocate of that name is men-
tioned in 16. 46. — Rhadaman-
thus : one of the three judges of
the dead.

199. Spartano cuidam : the
story of Glaucus is found in Herod-
otus VI. 86. A certain Milesian,
having heard of the reputation of
Glaucus for honesty, changed half
of his estate into silver, and de-
posited it with him, where he felt
certain that it would be secure.
Years after his sons came to claim
the money. Glaucus pretended
that he had no recollection of any
deposit, but requested them . to
come to him again in four months.
Meanwhile he went to Delphi, and
inquired of the oracle whether he
should not persist in his denial.
He was told that the entire family
of the perjurer would be destroyed.
He sent, therefore, for the sons
of the Milesian, and restored the
money, but three generations later
not a single descendant of Glaucus
was left in Sparta.

SATVRA XIII 177

baud inpunitum quondam fore quod dubitaret 200

depositum retinere et fraudem iure tueri

iurando. quaerebat enim quae numinis esset

mens et an hoc illi facinus suaderet Apollo.

reddidit ergo metu, non moribus, et tamen omnem

vocem adyti dignam templo veramque probavit 205

exstinctus tota pariter cum prole domoque

et quamvis longa deductis gent^ propinquis.

has patitur poenas peccandi sola voluntas.

nam scelus intra se tacitum qui cogitat ullum,

facti crimen habet : cedo si conata peregit. 210

perpetua anxietas nee mensae tempore cessat

faucibus ut morbo siccis interque molares

difficili crescente cibo, sed vina misellus

exspuit, Albani veteris pretiosa senectus

displicet ; ostendas melius, densissima ruga 215

cogitur in frontem velut acri ducta Falerno.

2cx>. quondam, in time to cotne. and to commit the crime are vir-

— dubitaret retinere, he thought tually the same.*

I of retaining. The inclination of 210. cedo: an old imperative,

dubito toward the affirmative is meaning 'give, tell'; ^i7a;,/rdy/, i/"

very unusual : cf. Cic. Att. XII. 49. he has accomplished his attempt?

I cum dubitet Curtius consulatum 211. nee: cf. 12. 52 n.

peter e ; Verg. Aen. IX. 191; Tac. 213. difficili, troublesome. —

Ann. IV. 57. 5. crescente cibo : cf. Sen. Ep. 82.

204. metu, non moribus, /r^/i 21 non in ore crevit cibus, and Ov.

fear of the consequences^ not from Her. 1 5. 226 crescit et invito lentus

principle. — tamen: although he in ore cibus, — sed: cf. 4. 27 n.

returned the deposit, yet he was cut Setina (sc. vina; cf. $. 34 n) is a

off, and all his family to the remot- plausible conjecture of Withof for

est connection. sed vina. — misellus : Intr. 74 a.

207. quamvis longa, however 214. Albani senectus: Intr.

remote. 60.

209. qui cogitat . . . habet: 215. ostendas: hortatory sub-
he who harbors the wish to com- junctive serving as the protasis of
mit a crime incurs the guilt of the a conditional sentence ; cf. 1. 1 55 n.
deed. The Pythia said to Glaucus: — melius : sc. vinum. — ruga :
rh ireifni07jyai rod 0€od Kal t6 iroiij- Intr. 61 a.
aat tffov S^paffBai, * to tempt the god 216. Falerno : cf. 4. 138 n.

178 IVVENALIS

nocte brevem si forte indulsit cura soporem

et toto versata toro iam membra quiescunt,

continue templum et violati numinis aras

et, quod praecipuis mentem sudoribus urget, 220

te videt in somnis ; tua sacra et maior imago

humana turbat pavidum cogitque fateri.

hi sunt qui trepidant et ad omnia fulgura pallent,

cum tonat, exanimis primo quoque murmure caeli,

non quasi fortuitus nee ventorum rabie sed 225

iratus cadat in terras et iudicet ignis.

ilia nihil nocuit, cura graviore timetur

proxima tempest as velut hoc dilata sereno.

praeterea lateris vigili cum febre dolorem

si coepere pati, missum ad sua corpora morbum 230

infesto credunt a numine ; saxa deorum

haec et tela putant. pecudem spondere sacello

balantem et Laribus cristam promittere galli

non audent ; quid enim sperare nocentibus aegris

concessum ? vel quae non dignior hostia vita ? 235

217. cura, solicitude. lightning were produced by friction

2 1 8. iam, finally. of the clouds ; cf . Min. Felix 5. 9 nim-

220. sudoribus: cf. i. 167. biscollidentibustoniiruamugireyru-

221. sacra, supernatural. — tilare fulgora.fultnina praemicare.
maior humana : cf. Plin. Ep. VII. 226. iratus ignis (Intr. 58): the
27. 2 offertur ei mulieris figura hu- thunderbolt of an angry deity; cf.
mana grandiar pulchriorque. Hor. C. I. 3. 40 iracunda fulmina^

223. ad omnia fulgura, at every and vs. 93 irato sistro,

flash of lightning; d. Suet. Cal. 51 227. ilia : sc. tempestas. — nihil

ad minima tonitrua et fulgura nocuit : Intr. 25 ^.

conivere, caput obvolvere^ at vero ad 229. vigili: which banishes

maior a proripere se e strato sub sleep; Intr. 59.

lectumque condere solebat. 232. tela: i.e. with which they

224. exanimis : half dead with punish guilty men.

fright at the very first rumbling 233. cristam galli : i.e. a crested

sound in the sky. cock ; Intr. 60; cf. 12. 96 quis ae-

225. fortuitus: a trisyllable; cf. gram gallinam inpendat ? Acock
ManU. I. 182. — ventorum rabie : was a common offering to Aescu-
it was believed that thunder and lapius.

SATVRA XIII 179

mobilis et varia est ferme natura malorum ;

cum scelus admittunt, superest constantia : quid fas

atque nefas, tandem incipiunt sentire 'peractis

criminibus. tamen ad mores natura recurrit

damnatos, fixa et mutari nescia. nam quis 240

peccandi finem posuit sibi ? quando recepit

eiectum semel attrita de fronte ruborem ?

quisnam hominum est quem tu contentum videris uno

flagitio ? dabit in laqueum vestigia noster

perfidus et nigri patietur carceris uncum 245

aut maris Aegaei rupem scopulosque frequentes

exsulibus magnis. poena gaudebis amara

nominis invisi, tandemque fatebere laetus

nee surdum nee Tiresian quemquam esse deorum.

236-249. This man who has 244. dabit . . . vestigia, will

wronged you will come at last to put his feet into a snare,

a bad end, and you will then see 245. patietur carceris uncum :

that the gods are neither deaf nor he will be strangled in prison and

blind. his body dragged with the uncus

236. malorum, of bad men. to the bank of the Tiber (10. 66).

237. superest constantia : they 246. aut Aegaei rupem : or he
have abundance of courage. will be banished to some island of

238. incipiunt sentire : when the Aegean (cf. i. 73 n), where he
the deed is done they are over- will be a companion of distin-
whelmed with a sense of guilt. guished exiles.

This, however, soon passes away, 247. poena gaudebis amara :

and they go on from bad to worse, hardly consistent with verses 181-

until they meet with execution or 192, where revenge is said to be

banishment. characteristic of those only who

240. damnatos : which their are weak and ignorant,
conscience disapproves. 249. Tiresian : Intr. 65. Tire-

242. attrita, hardened. — fronte : sias, the famous Theban seer, was

cf. 14. 56 n. blind.

180

IVVENALIS

SATVRA XIV

Plurima sunt, Fuscine, et fama digna sinistra
et nitidis maculam haesuram figentia rebus,
quae monstrant ipsi pueris traduntque parentes.
si damnosa senem iuvat alea, ludit et heres
bullatus parvoque eadem movet arma fritillo.
nee melius de se cuiquam sperare propinquo
concedet iuvenis, qui radere tubera terrae,
boletum condire et eodem iure natantis
mergere ficedulas didicit nebulone parente
et cana monstrante gula. cum septimus annus

XIV. On the Training of
Children. — This satire is di-
rected against the corrupting influ-
ence of the example of vicious
parents upon their children. More
than half of it is devoted to avarice
and to the crimes which men com-
mit and the dangers to which they
expose themselves in order to gain
wealth.

1-58. Children learn many vices
from their parents ; therefore every-
thing that is corrupting should be
banished from the home. Your
son will resemble you, not only in
face, but in character, and you may
some day disinherit him for being
just what your influence has made
him.

1. Fuscine : unknown. The
name appears only in the first line.
The same is true of Volusius (i 5.
i) and Gallius (16. i).

2. nitidis rebus, on a fair
reputation. — haesuram, lifelong;
Intr. /[lb.

3. monstrant, tradunt : Intr.
79 a. For the mood, see 5. 131 n.

4. damnosa : cf. Mart. XIV. 18
alea parva nuces et non damnosa

videtur ; Prop. v. 8. 46 semper
damnosi subsiluere canes.

5. bullatus : i.e. while yet a child ;
cf. 5. 164 n. The bulla was laid
aside when the toga virilis was as-
sumed; cf. I. y% praetextatus. —
eadem arma : i.e. tesserae or tali ;
cf. II. 132 n. In I. 92 the dispen-
satory who accompanies his master
to the gaming table and carries
his money, is called armiger.

6. melius: i^. better than the*
result in the former case. — pro-
pinquo, relative.

7. radere, to peel. — tubera
terrae: cf. 5. 116 n.

8. boletum, mushroom; 5. 147 n.
— eodem : i.e. the same as the
tubera and the boletus.

9. mergere, to dip. — ficedulas,
fig-peckers^ the modem beccaficoy a
small bird valued for its delicate
flavor. Ficedula is not found else-
where with short ^, hence Lach-
mann (Lucr. p. 204) conjectured
ficellas. — nebulone . . . gula
(hendiadys), the hoary gluttony of
a good-for-nothing father furnish-
ing him the example ; cf. mon-
strant vs. 3.

SATVRA XIV

181

transient puerum, nondum omni dente renato,
barbatos licet admoveas mille inde magistros,
hinc totidem, cupiet lauto cenare paratu
semper et a magna non degenerare culina.
mitem animum et mores modicis erroribus aequos
praecipit atque animas servorum tt corpora nostra
materia constare putat paribusque elementis,
an saevire docet Rutilus, qui gaudet acerbo
plagarum strepitu et nullam Sirena flagellis
conparat, Antiphates trepidi laris ac Polyphemus,
tunc felix, quotiens aliquis tortore vocato
uritur ardenti duo propter lintea ferro ?
quid suadet iuveni laetus stridore catenae,

1 1 . nondum . . . renato, dg/org
his second teeth have all appeared ;
cf. Plaut. Men. 1115 Mes. Quot
eras annos gnatus ? Men. Septu-
ennis, nam tunc denies tnihi cade-
bant primulum.

12. barbatos, bearded, and there-
fore wise. Philosophers, especially
Stoics and Cynics, were accustomed
to wear long beards ; Pers. 4. i
barbatum haec crede magistrum
dicere, of Socrates. Though you
commence at the very beginning
of his education, and give him any
number of wise teachers, they can-
not correct the evil principles which
he has already learned at home.

13. lauto paratu, in splendid
style,

1 5. erroribus : i.e. on the part of
his slaves. — aequos, indulgent.

16. praecipit : sc. Rutilus (vs.
18). — nostra materia : of the
same matter as our own ; cf. Sen.
Ep. 47. 10 vis tu cogitare istuniy
quetn servutn tuum vocas, ex iisdem
seminibus ortuntt eodem frui caelo,
aeque spirare^ aeque vivere, aeque
mori ?

18. Rutilus : i.e. any cruel mas-
ter, not the spendthrift of Satire
II. For the position, see Intr. 45.

19. Sirena: the Sirens charmed
everybody who listened to their
song. No music charms Rutilus
so much as the crack of the whip.
— flagellis : scourges made of
leather thongs or knotted cords
and used chiefly for the punishment
of slaves; cf. 5. 154; 10. 180.

20. Antiphates ac Polyphe-
mus (Intr. 64 a) : i.e. a cruel
tyrant among his slaves. Antipha-
tes was king of the Laestrygones,
who were cannibals ; Hom. Od. X.
80-132. Polyphemus was the one-
eyed Cyclops who devoured the
companions of Ulysses in his cave ;

Od. IX. 176-555.

21. aliquis: i.e. servus. — tor-
tore, executioner.

22. uritur : he is branded be-
cause two towels have been lost
through his carelessness.

23. quid suadet : i.e. what does
his delight in clanking chains sug-
gest ? — iuveni, his son ; cf . 3. 1 58 ;
8. 262; 10. 310.

182

IVVENALIS

quem mire adficiunt inscripta, ergastula, career ?
rusticus exspectas ut non sit adultera Largae 25

filia, quae numquam maternos dicere moecho^
tam cito nee tanto poterit eontexere eursu,
ut non ter deeies respiret ? eonseia matri
virgo fuit, eeras nunc hae dietante pusillas
implet et ad moeehum dat eisdem ferre einaedis. 30
sie natura iubet : veloeius et eitius nos
eorrumpunt vitiorum exempla domestiea, magnis
cum subeunt animos auctoribus. unus et alter
forsitan haec spernant iuvenes, quibus arte benigna
et meliore luto finxit praecordia Titan, 35

sed reliquos fugienda patrum vestigia dilcunt

24. mire adficiunt, wonder-
fully delight. — inscripta, brands.
Slaves were usually branded on
the forehead; Mart. II. 29. 9. —
ergastula : see 8. 180 n. The read-
ing inscriptty branded slaves, in
place of inscripta, was suggested
by H. Richards, Class. Rev. II.
(i 888), p. 326, and has been adopted
by Weidner and Duff. Cf. Mart.
VIII. 75. 9 quattuor inscripti por-
tabant vile cadaver.

-25. rusticus exspectAS, are j/ou
simple enough to hope ? Cf . Hor.
Ep. I. 2. 42 rusticus exspectat, dum
defluat amnis. This punctuation
was proposed by Doederlein and
has been followed by most editors.
Macleane and Lewis place the
■ mark of interrogation after rusti-
, cus, joining rusticus with career,
* a country bridewell,' and read in-
scripta ergastula, * branded gangs.'
— Largae : mentioned only here.

27. tanto cursu, at such a rapid
rate.

28. respiret, stop to get her
breath.

29. virgo : while unmarried she
was the confidante of her mother.
— ceras : wax tablets, which were
used for letters. Very small
tabellae were employed for love
letters ; cf. Mart. XIV. 8 and 9. —
nunc : i.e. when she is herself
married. — hac : i.e. her mother.

30. eisdem : i.e. the same who
once served her mother. On the
form, see Intr. 87. — ferre : an in-
finitive to denote purpose, instead
of the gerundive ferendas ; Intr.

39-

32. magnis auctoribus, with
weighty authority.
' 33. subeunt, steal in upon. —
unus et alter : here and there a
youth with a disposition prone to
virtue does not follow the evil ex-
ample of his father.

35. praecordia, diaphragm,
heart, — Titan : i.e. Prometheus,
who, according to the myth, made
men and animals from clay (Hor.
C. I. 16. 13); son of the Titan
lapetus. For the position of the
subject, see Intr. 45.

SATVRA XIV 183

et monstrata diu veteris trahit orbita culpae.

abstineas igitur damnandis. huius enim vel

una potens ratio est, ne crimina nostra sequantur

ex nobis geniti, quoniam dociles imitandis 40

turpibus ac pravis omnes sumus, et Catilinam

quocumque in populo videas, quocumque sub axe,

sed nee Brutus erit Bruti nee avunculus usquam.

nil dictu foedum visuque haec limina tangat

intra quae pater est ; procul, a procul inde puellae 45

lenonum et cantus pernoctantis parasiti.

maxima debetur puero reverentia ; siquid

turpe paras, nee tu pueri contempseris annos,

sed peccaturo obstet tibi filius infans.

nam siquid dignum censoris fecerit ira 50

quandoque et similem tibi se non corpore tantum

nee vultu dederit, morum quoque filius et qui

omnia deterius tua per vestigia peccet.

37. monstrata diu, long before 43. Bruti avunculus : Servilia,
them as an example ; cf. vs. 911. — the sister of Cato Uticensis, was
orbita, r«/, well-worn path. the mother of Brutus.

38. igitur : i.e. for your chil- 45. procul inde : cf. Verg. Aen.
dren*s sake. — huius refers to ab- VI. 258 procul o procul este pro-
stineas damnandis. fani; 2l. formula used to warn

39. ratio, motive. away the uninitiated from solemn

40. dociles imitandis, easily rites which they must not see.
taught to imitate. 46. pernoctantis, who stays all

41. turpibus ac pravis : Intr. night ; cf. 8. 10 si luditur alea
79 b, — Catilinam : named by Ju- pernox.

venal four times as an example of 48. paras, plan^ meditate. — nee

depravity. The world will never contempseris annos: do not

lack for men like Catiline, but when think that, because he is young,

will it see another Brutus or Cato ? it will make no difference what

Cf. Sen. Ep. 97. 10 omne tempus he sees or hears (Intr. 37).

Clodios, non omne Catones feret. 49. peccaturo obstet : Intr. 82.

42. axe, sky; properly the axis There is another reading obsistat,
around which the sky seems to by which the hiatus is avoided,
turn ; then, by metonomy, the sky 51. quandoque, some day. — si-
itself or a portion of it; cf. 8. 116 milem tibi : Intr. 30.

Gallicus axis. 53. omnia : cognate accusative.

184

IVVENALIS

corripies nimirum et castigabis acerbo

clamore ac post haec tabulas mutare parabis. 55

unde tibi frontem libertatemque parentis,

cum facias peiora senex vacuumque cerebro

iam pridem caput hoc ventosa cucurbita quaerat ?

Hospite venturo cessabit nemo tuorum.
* verre pavimentum, nitidas ostende columnas, 60

arida cum tota descendat aranea tela ;
hie leve argentum, vasa aspera tergeat alter '
vox domini furit instantis virgamque tenentis.
ergo miser trepidas ne stercore foeda canino
atria displiceant oculis venientis amici, 65

ne perfusa luto sit porticus, et tamen uno
semodio scobis haec emendat servulus unus :

54. corripies, reprove. On the
omission of the object, see Intr. 7 1 .

55. tabulas mutare : i.e, so as
to disinherit him ; cf. 12. 123 dele-
bit tabulas.

56. unde tibi frontem : Intr.
51. On the quantity of final / in
tibiy see Intr. 84 ; cf. also vss. 141,
1 58, 319. — frontem parentis : i.e.
a father's right to command \frons
here is the seat of authority, in 1 3.
242, of shame.

57. vacuum cerebro, brainless,

58. cucurbita: (i) a gourd; {2)
a cupping glass y so called from its
shape. It was used to relieve
cases of mental derangement ;
called ventosa, perhaps because
the air rushes in when the instru-
ment is removed.

59-85. You take great pains to
remove that which will offend the
eye of a guest ; do you not care to
banish that which will corrupt the
morals of a son ? His value to
his country will depend on your
training. FuU-fiedged birds of

prey seek the food which they
have tasted in the nest.

59. hospite venturo : Intr. 41a.

60. pavimentum : a floor made
by placing together small pieces of
stone in a bed of cement. It was
often wrought in mosaic by inlay-
ing variously colored marbles. —
nitidas : proleptic ; i.e. }et the col-
umns glisten. — columnas : marble
columns of the peristyle or portico;
cf. Hor. C. II. 18. 4 columnas ul-
tima recisas Africa.

61. arida, shriveled.

62. leve = purum (lo. 19),
plainy unembossedy contrasted with
aspera, which is the same as cae-
lata, chased ; cf. Verg. Aen. V. 267.

63. vox furit, are the furious
words of. Verses 60-62 form a
sort of cognate object of furit ;
cf. Cic. ad Q.fr. II. i. 3 furebat a
Racilio se contumaciter inurbaneque
vexatum.

66. porticus : cf. 4. 6; 7. 178 n.
— et tamen : and yet, though you
make yourself unhappy about it.

SATVRA XIV 185

illud non agitas, ut sanctam filius omni
aspiciat sine labe domum vitioque carentem ?
gratum est quod patriae civem populoque dedisti, 70
si facis ut patriae sit idoneus, utilis agris,
utilis et bellorum et pads rebus agendis.
plurimum enim intererit quibus artibus et quibus hunc tu
moribus instituas. serpente ciconia puUos
nutrit et inventa per devia rura lacerta : 75

illi eadem sumptis quaerunt animalia pinnis.
vultur iumento et canibus crucibusque relictis
ad fetus properat partemque cadaveris adfert :
hie est ergo cibus magni quoque vulturis et se
pascentis, propria cum iam facit arbore nidos. 80

sed leporem aut capream famulae lovis et generosae
in saltu venantur aves, bine praeda cubili
ponitur : inde autem cum se matura levarit
progenies, stimulante fame festinat ad illam
quam primum praedam rupto gustaverat ovo. 85

Aedificator erat Cretonius et modo curvo

67. scobis, sawdustf which costs 72. rebus agendis : Intr. 31.
nothing; cf. Hor. .S". II. 4. 81 vs7t- 74. instituas, train,

bus in scopisy in mappis, in scobe 75. devia, unfrequented,

quantus consistit sumpfus ? — haec 77. iumento . . . relictis: i.e.

emendat, removes this blemish. flying from the carcasses of ani-

68. illud non agitas, do you mals, and of slaves on the cross,
give no thought to this? — sane- to its nest.

tam,/»r^. — omni sine : in coUo- 78. ietus, its young.

quial language for sine ulla^ found 79. magni, /«//-^r<w«.

often in Plautus and Terence. 81. famulae lovis, the attend-

70. gratum est : it is some- ants of Jove ^ the eagles; cf. Hor.
thing worthy of appreciation. C. IV. 4. i ministrum fulminis

71. patriae idoneus : patria, alitem.

found only in Py may be correct ; 82. hinc : i.e. from the hare and

cf. Auct. ad Her. III. 5 res humi- roe. — cubili = in nido.

lis contemnere oportere nee idoneas 83. inde : out of the nest.

dignitate sua iudicare. But the 86-95. Cretonius had a passion

ablative with idoneus is exceedingly for biulding, and spent in this way

rare. a good part of his property; his

186

IVVENALIS

litore Caietae, summa nunc Tiburis arce,

nunc Praenestinis in montibus alta parabat

culmina villarum Graecis longeque petitis

marmoribus vincens Fortunae atque Herculis aedem, 90

ut spado vincebat Capitolia nostra Posides.

dum sic ergo habitat Cretonius, inminuit rem,

fregit opes, nee parva tamen mensura relictae

partis erat. totam banc turbavit filius amens,

dum meliore novas attollit marmore villas. 95

y Quidam sortiti metuentem sabbata patrem

nil praeter nubes et caeli numen adorant,

nee distare putant humana carne suillam

son surpassed him, and foolishly
squandered all the father had left.
87. Caietae : (now Gaeta) be-
tween Terracina and Minturnae, a
pleasant seashore resort. It is here
joined with Tibur (Tivoli), and
Praeneste (Palestrina), as Baiae is
in Hor. C. III. 4. 22-24 seu mihi
frigidum Praeneste seu Tibur su-
pinum seu liquidae placuere Baiae;
cf. Mart. X. 30. 8. Many fashion-
able Romans had country houses
at Tibur and Praeneste.

89. culmina, roofs; cf . Mart. IV.
64. \ocelsae culmina delicata villae.
— Graecis marmoribus : for the
great variety of foreign marbles in
Rome, see Plin. N, H. XXXVI.
44-63; Middleton*s Ancient Rorne,
I., ch. I, and Pullen's Ancient
Roman Marbles.

90. Fortunae : at Praeneste. —
Herculis : at Tibur.

91. Posides : named among the
freedmen of Claudius by Suetonius
{Claud. 28); see Intr. 17. Pliny
(N. Zr..XXXI. 5) mentions warm
baths near Baiae, called from him
Posidianae aquae. Probably the
mansion, which is here compared
with the Capitolium, was at Rome.

92. dum sic habitat, while he
housed himself in this style,

93. fregit, shattered.

94. turbavit, destroyed ; cf. 7.
129 conturbat.

95. novas villas: cf. i. 94 n.
quis totidem erexit villas avus?
and 14. 274 propter centum villas.

96-106. If the father, having an
outward respect for the Jewish re-
ligion, reverences the Sabbath, and
abstains from pork, the son will go
further, and become a Jewish prose-
lyte. See Intr. 1 5. Tacitus (Hist.
V. 1-9) gives an account of the
Jews and their religion as viewed
by a Roman.

96. sortiti . . . patrem : whose
lot it is to have a Jewish father.

97. nil praeter nubes : the Jews
had no visible representation of
deity, and as they raised their eyes
to heaven in prayer, they were
thought to worship the clouds and
the sky by those who were accus-
tomed to see images of the gods
in the temples ; cf . Tac. Hist. V.
5 nulla simulacra urbibus suisy ne-
dum templis sinunt.

98. carne : distare (to be unlike)
regularly takes the ablative with

SATVRA XIV

187

qua pater abstinuit, mox et praeputia ponunt ;
Romanas autem soliti contemnere leges loo

ludaicum ediscunt et servant ac metuunt ius
tradidit arcano quodcumque volumine Moyses,
non monstrare vias eadem nisi sacra colenti,
quaesitum ad fontem solos deducere verpos.
sed pater in causa, cui septima quaeque fuit lux «05
ignava et partem vitae non attigit ullani,^

Sponte tamen iuvenes imitantur cetera, solam
inviti quoque avaritiam exercere iubentur.
fallit enim vitium specie virtutis et umbra,
cum sit triste habitu vultuque et veste severum, no
nee dubie tamquam frugi laudetur avarus,
tamquam. parcus homo et rerum tutela suarum
certa magis quam si fortunas servet easdem
Hesperidum serpens aut Ponticus. adde quod hunc, de

ab (11. 26; 13. 122), or the dative,
as in Hor. C. IV. 9. 29 distat iner-
tiae virtus.

99. praeputia ponunt, are cir-
cumcised.

100. contemnere leges : Taci-
tus {Hist. V. 5) says that proselytes
are taught contemnere deos, ext$ere
patriam, parentes liber os fratres
vilia habere.

102. arcano volumine: the
Pentateuch.

103. non monstrare, dedu-
cere : appositives with ludaicum
ius ; cf. Tac. Hist. V. 5 apud ipsos
fides obstinata^ sed adversus omnes
alios hostile odium.

104. verpos, the circumcised.
106. ignava : cf. Tac. Hist.

V. 4 septimo die otium placuisse
ferunt, quia is finem laborum
tulerit ; dein blandiente inertia sep-
timum quoque annum ignaviae
datum.

107-160. Every vice except
avarice the young copy willingly ;
in this alone they are trained
against their will, and are taught
to practise meanness, first in small
things, then in great.

109. enim : they practise it un-
willingly, for it looks to them like
a virtue. — specie virtutis : cf .
Hor. A. P. 25 decipimur specie
recti.

111. tamquam frugi : cf . Hor.
S. I. 3. 49 parcius hie vivity frugi
dicatur.

112. tutela: abstract for con-
crete ; Hor. C. IV. 14. 43 tutela
praesens Italiae.

114. Hesperidum serpens:
the hundred-headed serpent sent
by Here to guard the golden
apples of the Hesperides. — Pon-
ticus: the dragon that guarded
the golden fleece. — adde quod :
cf. 15.47.

188

IVVENALIS

quo loquor, egregium populus putat adquirendi 115

artificem ; quippe his crescunt patrimonia fabris,

sed crescunt quocumque modo, maioraque fiunt

incude adsidua semperque ardente camino.

et pater ergo animi f elices credit avaros ;

qui miratur opes, qui nulla exempla beati 120

pauperis esse putat, iuvenes hortatur ut ilia

ire via pergant et eidem incumbere sectae.

sunt quaedam vitiorum elementa : his protinus illos

inbuit et cogit minimas ediscere sordes ;

mox adquirendi docet insatiabile votum. 125

servorum ventres modio castigat iniquo

ipse quoque esuriens, neque enim omnia sustinet

umquam
mucida caerulei panis consumere frusta,

115. adquirendi artificem, a
master in the art of getting. On
spondaic verses in Juvenal, see
Intr. 83.

116. quippe, etc.: to be sure
such workmen make a fortune,
but it is done in dishonorable
ways (quocumque modo) and by
untiring industry.

118. csLTninOf forge ; 10.61.

119. et pater ergo: and the
money-loving father, too, thinks
the covetous are the only happy
ones, and trains his sons in ava-
rice. — animi felices, happy at
heart ; the only example in Juve-
nal of the rather frequent locative
animi ; cf. Verg. Aen. IV. 529 in-
felix animi.

1 20. beati pauperis : of a man
in moderate circumstances who is
happy.

121. iuvenes: see vs. 23 n.

122. sectae, course of life.

123. protinus: he straightway
teaches them the first principles of

evil, and trains them to be nig-
gardly in the smallest matters.
Verses 126-133 contain examples
of such minimae sordes.

125. mox : when they are older.
— votum, desire.

1 26. modio iniquo : cf. Liv. V.
48. 9 pondera ab Gallis adlata
iniqua. From Seneca Ep. 80. 7 it
appears that the monthly allow-
ance of grain (far) for a slave
was five modii. The avaricious
master uses a measure that is too
small. It was one of the duties
of country magistrates to break
measures that were too small ; 10.
loi . — castigat, pinches.

127. ipse quoque : he even goes
hungry himself in order to save. —
neque sustinet : with an infinitive,
he cannot bear to. Poor as it is,
he is too stingy to let it all be
eaten at the first meal.

128. mucida frusta: cf. 5. 68;
Mart. VIII. 6. 4 mucida vina. —
caerulei : i.e. from the mold.

SATVRA XIV

189

hesternum solitus medio servare minutal

Septembri nee non differre in tempora cenae 130

alterius eonehem aestivam eum parte lacerti

signatam vel dimidio putrique siluro,

filaque sectivi numerata includere porri ;

invitatus ad haec aliquis de ponte negabit.

sed quo divitias haec per tormenta coactas, 135

cum furor baud dubius, cum sit manifesta phrenesis,

ut locuples moriaris, egentis vivere fato ?

interea pleno cum turget sacculus ore,

crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crevit,

et minus banc optat qui non babet. ergo paratur 140

altera villa tibi, cum rus non sufficit unum,

et proferre libet fines, maiorque videtur

1 29. servare, to keep over ; cf .
Mart. I. 103. 7 deque decern plures
semper servantur olivae ; and III.
58. 42 nee cevara servat crasHnas
dapes mensa. — minutal, hash; cf.
Mart. XI. 31. II.

130. Septembri: t.e. in the
very worst season at Rome ; cf. 4.
56 letifero autumno. — in tempora
cenae alterius, till dinner-time to-
morrow. *

131. conchem: conchis and
porrum occur together (3. 293)
and conchis and lacertus (Mart.
VII. 78. 1-2) as examples of
cheap food. — lacerti : an inferior
sea-fish.

132. signatam: kept under
seal, so th^t he may know if a
slave has taken anything from it.
— putri : already kept too long. —
siluro : a river fish of small value ;
4. 33.

13^. fila, slices ; cf. Mart. XI.
52. 6 p orris fila reseda suis. —
sectivi porri : 3. 293 n. — nume-
rata : after he has counted them.

134. aliquis de ponte: a beg-
gar ; cf. 4. 1 16 n and 5. 8 n.

135. quo divitias : Intr. 51.

136. phrenesis, insanity; cf.
Cels. 3. 18 phrenesis tum demum
esty cum continua dementia esse
incipit.

137. ut locuples . . . fato, to
live in the condition of a beggar in
order to die rich.

138. interea, etc. : while they
are being trained against their will
to save, money begins to accumu-
late, and its possession begets
avarice, which grows with the in-
crease of wealth. — pleno ore :
i.e. full, mouth and all; cf. i. 5.
plena margine.

1 39. crescit amor nummi : cf .
Hor. C. III. 16. 17 crescentem se-
quitur cura pecuniam maiorumque
fames.

141. XMSy farm; 16.36.

142. maior videtur: cf. Hor.
S. 11. 6. % o fi angulus tile proxi-
mus accedaty qui nunc denormat
age Hum.

190

IWENALIS

et melior vicina seges, mercaris et banc et

arbusta et densa montem qui canet oliva.

quorum si pretio dominus non vincitur uUo, 145

nocte boves macri lassoque famelica coUo

iumenta ad virides buius mittentur aristas,

nee prius inde domum quam tota novalia saevos

in ventres abeant, ut credas falcibus actum.

dicere vix possis quam multi talia plorent 150

et quot venales iniuria fecerit agros.

sed qui sermones, quam foedae bucina famae !

* quid nocet haec ? * inquit • tunicam mihi malo lupin i

quam si me toto laudet vicinia pago

exigui ruris paucissima farra secantem/ 155

scilicet et morbis et debilitate carebis,

144. arbusta, vineyards in
which the vines were trained on
trees. — qui canet oliva: the
leaves of the olive are grapsh-
green on the upper side, and
hoary on the under side.

145. quorum : introducing an
adversative sentence : But if their
owner cannot be induced to sell,
you proceed to injure his property,
that it may seem to him less de-
sirable. Your cattle get into his
field at night. They are lean
(macri), half starved (famelica),
and weary from the day's work
(lasso), and therefore so ravenous
(saevos) that they leave nothing.

148. nov^Wz.^ the growing crop.

151. venales fecerit: i.e. has
brought into the market. It does
not follow from this that there
were not strict laws among the
Romans for the punishment of
such injuries, but the poor farmer
is at a great disadvantage if he
attempts to settle a dispute with a
rich and powerful neighbor by

legal process, and he naturally
prefers to submit to imposition;
cf. Hor. C. II. 18. 2^-1% quid quod
usque proximos revellis agri ter-
minos et ultra limites clientium
salis avarus ? pellitur paternos in
sinu ferens deos et uxor et vir
sordidosque natos.

152. sed qui sermones: cf.
10. 88 hi sermofies tunc de Seiano ;
but, you say, public apinion will
condemn the rich man for this
base treatment of a weak neigh-
bor. He replies : * Public opinion
cannot harm me. I do not desire
the good opinion of my neighbors
if I must be poor in order to gain
it'

153. tunicam mVo lupini
quam, / would rather have a bean
pod thany like our * I don't care a
straw for '; cf. Stat. Silv. IV. 9. 30
bulborum tunicae.

1 55. paucissima farra, a scanty
crop of spelt,

156. scilicet, of course^ intro-
ducing an ironical sentence.

SATVRA XIV

191

et luctum et curam effugies, et tempora vitae
longa tibi posthac fato meliore dabuntur,
si tantum culti solus possederis agri
quantum sub Tatio populus Romanus arabat.
mox etiam fractis aetate ac Punica passis
proelia vel Pyrrhum inmanem gladiosque Molossos
tandem pro multis vix iugera bina dabantur
vulneribus ; merces haec sanguinis atque laboris
nuUis visa umquam meritis minor aut ingratae
curta fides patriae ; saturabat glaebula talis
patrem ipsum turbamque casae, qua feta iacebat
uxor et infantes ludebant quattuor, unus
vernula, tres domini ; sed magnis fratribus horum

1 60

165

160. sub Tatio: ue. in the
earliest times. Tatius was the
mythical Sabine king who ruled
jointly with Romulus. Mommsen
{^History of Rome., ch. iv.) says that
the old Roman territory did not in-
clude more than 115 square miles.
There were private individuals in
Juvenal's time whose possessions
exceeded this amount. See Fried-
lander I.^ 218-219.

161-188. The Romans of the
old type were frugal and taught
their sons to despise wealth and
luxury.

161. mox, afterwards. Pyr-
rhus and Hannibal lived four or
five centuries after the time of
Tatius. — fractis aetate : cf . Hor.
«S. I. I. 5 multo iam fractus mem-
bra labore.

162. Molossos: cf. 12. 108
regi Molosso.

163. vix iugera bina: as a
bounty or pension to veteran
soldiers when settled in colonies
two iugera (about an acre and a
quarter) of land were given, and

this seemed a generous recom-
pense. This was believed to have
been the amount of land allotted
to each citizen by Romulus ; cf.
Varr. ^. ^. I. 10. 2 bina iugera a
Romulo primum divisa dicebantur
viritim; Plin. N. H. XVIII. 7
bina tunc iugera populo Romano
satis erant.

165. meritis minor: too small
to compensate for the service ; cf .
13. 12 vulnere tnaior.

1 66. curta iid^s : i.e. a scanty
discharge of its obligations. — sa-
turabat, was quite enough for. —
glaebula talis: i.e. the iugera
bina.

168. unus vernula, tres do-
mini : his three small children
and one little home-bom slave are
playing together before the house,
and in like manner the elder
brothers, both freeborn and slave,
were working side by side in the
field.

169. magnis, grown up ; cf. vs.
79. — horum refers to both ver-
nula and domini.

192

IVVENALIS

a scrobe vel sulco redeuntibus altera cena
amplior et grandes f umabant pultibus ollae :
nunc modus hie agri nostro non suffieit horto.
inde fere scelerum causae, nee plura venena
miscuit aut ferro grassatur saepius ullum
humanae mentis vitium quam saeva cupido
inmodici census, nam dives qui fieri vult,
et cito vult fieri ; sed quae reverentia legum,
quis metus aut pudor est umquam properantis avari ?
* vivite contenti casulis et coUibus istis,
o pueri ' Marsus dicebat et Hernicus olim
Vestinusque senex, * panem quaeramus aratro,
qui satis est mensis ; laudant hoc numina ruris,
quorum ope et auxilio gratae post munus aristae
contingunt homini veteris fastidia quercus.

170

175

180

1 70. altera cena, a second sup-
per. The children have had their
supper before the laborers on the
farm return home.

171. pultibus : cf. II. 58 n.

173. inde : i.e. from this desire
to possess a great amount of prop-
erty, suggested in the preceding
verse. — causae,* incentives. On
tjjje ellipsis of the verb, see Intr. 52.
— nee . . . aut : 8. 217 n.

174. miscuit, grassatur : for
the change of tense, see Intr. 55.

175. saeva : because it spurs on
to crime.

177. et, also. — reverentia le-
gum, etc. : no reverence for law,
no fear of punishment, nor any
sense of honor deters from crime
the man who is in haste to become
rich.

178. quis metus: Intr. 77. —
properantis avari : Intr. 57.

1 79. istis : which you now pos-
sess.

180. Marsus : the Marsi (3.
169) lived on Lake Fucinus, the
Vestini were northeast of them
and extended to the Adriatic, the
Hemici were in Latium and their
capital was Anagnia (Liv. IX. 42,
11). These are mentioned as rep-
resentatives of the simple and hon-
est country people of -ancient Italy.
Juvenal says they were not covet
ous, but desired only enough to
supply their wants ; they lived con-
tented, and were grateful to the
gods that they had so much to
enjoy.

183. ope et auxilio : Intr. 79.

184. veteris fastidia quercus:
cf. Lucr. V. 1 41 6 sic odium coepit
glandis. According to the poets,
in early times men lived in caves
and fed on acorns ;.cf. 13. 57 licet
ipse videret plura domi fraga et
maiores glandis acervos. After-
ward they learned to build houses
and cultivate the fields.

SATVRA XIV

193

nil vetitum fecisse volet quern non pudet alto 185

per glaciem perone tegi, qui summovet Euros

pellibus inversis : peregrina ignotaque nobis

ad scelus atque nefas, quaecumque est, purpura ducit.*

haec illi veteres praecepta minoribus, at nunc

post finem autumni media de nocte supinum 190

clamosus iuvenem pater excitat : * accipe ceras,

scribe, puer, vigila, causas age, perlege rubras

maiorum leges, aut vitem posce libello,

sed caput intactum buxo naresque pilosas

185. fecisse : the perfect infini-
tive, expressing the present or
abiding result of a completed ac-
tion, is often found with, volo and
similar verbs; cf. 6. 492 soloecismum
liceat fecisse marito ; cf. also 6.
67^ feci, *I am guilty.*

186. per glaciem, in icy weather.
— perone : a boot worn by hunt-
ers, shepherds, and laborers, in
rough and muddy weather ; cf.
Pers. 5. 102 peronatus arator. —
summovet, keeps off ; cf. Sen.
Cons. Helv. 10. 2 frig us summoveri
vult.

187. pellibus inversis : with
skins turned inside out, for greater
comfort ; the usual way of wearing
them in ancient times. One who
is not ashamed to dress in this
style will not be tempted to be dis-
honest. Skins of animals are con-
trasted with purple clothing in
Lucr. V. 1423 tunc igitur pelles,
nunc aurum et purpura curis ex-
ercent hominum vitam.

188. quaecumque est : they
have heard of purple and of the
evil effects of luxury, but it is not
yet known among them.

189-255. Now the father trains
his son to value money above all
else, and, having started him in his
career of money-getting, he can-

not hold him in check. It will iiot
be strange if, in the end, the son,
to get money, becomes a murderer,
and that, too, of his own father.

189. minoribus, children ; i.
148; 8. 234.

190. post finem autumni : i.e.
when the days were short and the
nights long, and when it was com-
mon among the Romans to work
by lamplight, especially in the
morning; cf. 7. 99 n and Plin.
Ep. III. 5. 8. — media de nocte,
soon after midnight; cf. 7. 222
mediae noctis ab hora. — supinum :
cf. Hor. S. I. 5. 19 stertit supinus.

191. clamosus, with shouts. —
ceras, tablets ; vs. 29 and i. 63 n.

192. causas* age : i.e. prepare
speeches upon imaginary cases, as
a rhetorical exercise. — rubras
leges : the titles and first few
words of laws were often orna-
mented with minium (vermilion);
cf. Pers. 5. 90 Masuri rubrica, * the
canon of Masurius.'

193. vitem posce : i.e. apply for
a centurion's commission. The
vine branch was the centurion's
staff ; cf. 8. 247. — libello, peti-
tion.

194. sed : but a petition is not
enough. When you present it
you must show by your personal

194

IVVENALIS

adnotet et grandes miretur Laelius alas ;
dime Maurorum attegias, castella Brigantum,
ut locupletem aquilam tibi sexagesimus annus
adferat. aut longos castrorum ferre labores
si piget et trepidum solvunt tibi cornua ventrem
cum lituis audita, pares quod vendere possis
pluris dimidio, nee te fastidia mercis
ullius subeant ablegandae Tiberim ultra,
neu credas ponendum aliquid discriminis inter
unguenta et corium ; lucri bonus est odor ex re

'95

appearance that you have the stuff
in you for a good centurion. Cen-
turions had the reputation of be-
ing big and coarse ; cf. Hor. S. I.
6. 73 magni pueri tnagnis e cen-
turionibus orti ; Pers. 3. ']'] ali-
quis de gente hircosa centurionutn.
The boy's rough appearance would
be his best recommendation. —
buxo, comb ; Intr. 69 ; Mart. XIV.

25-

195. Laelius: some officer of
high rank to whom the petition is
to be presented. For the position,
see Intr. 45.

196. attegias, huts. — castella
Brigantum : the state of the
Brigantes was said by Tacitus
(Agr. 17) to have been the most
populous in Britain. Eboracum
(York) was its chief town.

197. locupletem aquilam: the.
eagle of the legion was in charge
of the first centurion of the first
cohort (centurio primi pili). This
was generally the highest position
which an ordinary soldier could
reach. Such centurions, when they
retired from the army, often pos-
sessed a large amount of property ;
cf. Mart. I. 31. 3 grata Pudens tne-
riti tulerit cum praemia pili ; also
VI. 58. 10.

199. cornua : the cornu was a
large curved trumpet, the lituus
was a trumpet with a straight stock
and slightly curved at the end ; cf .
Hor. C. I. I. 23 ; II. i. ^8. Signals
for the cavalry were sounded on
the lituus.

200. pares, buy.

201. pluris dimidio : i.e. at a
profit of fifty per cent.

202. Tiberim ultra : for the
anastrophe, see Intr. 48 b. Per-
sons engaged in offensive occupa-
tions, e.g. dealers in leather, were
allowed to carry on their business
only in the region across the Tiber;
cf. Mart. VI. 93. 1-4 tarn male
Thais olet quam non detracta cani
transtiberina cutis.

203. neu : see Intr. 38 ; never
mind the nature of the business if
it is lucrative ; the chief aim is to
get money.

204. lucri bonus est odor :
suppose the goods are offensive,
the money ms^de by handling them
will not be offensive ; probably a •
reminiscence of the story of Vespa-
sian, Suet. 23 pecuniam ex prima
pensione adm avit ad nares sciscitans
num odore offenderetur^ et illo ne-
gante * atqui ' inquit ♦ e lotio est.^

205. ilia sententia : contained

SATVRA XIV

195

qualibet. ilia tuo sententia semper in ore 205

versetur dis atque ipso love digna poeta :
unde habeas quaerit nemo, sed oportet habere,
hoc monstrant vetulae pueris repent ibus assae,
hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta puellae/
talibus instantem monitis quemcumque parentem 210
sic possem adfari : ' die, o vanissime, quis te
festinare iubet? meliorem praesto magistro
discipulum. securus abi : vinceris ut Aiax
praeteriit Telamonem, ut Pelea vicit Achilles,
parcendum est teneris, nondum implevere medullas »15
maturae mala nequitiae. ^um pectere barbam
coeperit et longi mucronem admittere cultri,
falsus erit testis, vendet periuria summa
exigua et Cereris tangens aramque pedemque.

in vs. 207, of unknown origin, but
which, the father says, is good
enough to have been written by
Jove himself. — in ore versetur,
let it be on your lips.

206. dis: see Intr. 87.

207. unde habeas, etc.: cf. Sen.
Ep, 115. 14 non quare et unde^
quid habeas tantum rogant.

208. repentibus : i.e. not yet
old enough to walk. — assae, dry
nurses^ old female slaves that took
care of the children.

212. festinare: sc. to fill your
children with the passion of ava-
rice. — praesto, /guarantee.

213. vinceris : as Ajax and
Achilles surpassed their fathers in
bravery, so your son will surpass
you in avarice.

215. parcendum est teneris,
you must spare the young, the
direction of Vergil {Geor. II. 363)
about the care of the young vines.
Do not expect too much of your

son when very young. Fully de-
veloped wickedness comes only
with time. In a few years he will
not shrink from any crime to which
avarice prompts him.

216. maturae mala nequitiae
seems to be required by the con-
nection of thought. Biicheler puts
a colon after medullas and re-
tains the reading of P. naturae
mala nequitia est, the meaning of
which is not clear ; naturae, found
in nearly all MSS., may have arisen
from the error of a copjrist.

217. longi cultri = novaculae.

218. summa cxig^a,/^?r a tri-
fling bribe.

219. et, even. Ceres was hon-
ored at the Eleusinian Mysteries,
and an oath by her, as by the
mystic Cabiri (3. 144), was espe-
cially solemn ; Intr. 3. — tangens
aram (cf. 13. 89) ; to make the
oath seem more sacred, as one
takes a public oath now with his

396 IVVENALIS

elatam iam crede nurum, si limina vestra 220

mortifera cum dote subit. quibus ilia premetur

per somnum digitis ? nam quae terraque marique

adquirenda putas, brevior via conferet illi ;

nullus enim magni sceleris labor. " haec ego numquam

mandavi ** dices olim *• nee talia suasi." 225

mentis causa malae tamen est et origo penes te.

nam quisquis magni census praecepit amorem,

et laevo monitu pueros producit avaros,

et qui per fraudes patrimonia conduplicari,

dat libertatem et totas effundit habenas 230

curriculo, quem si revoces, ^bsistere nescit

et te contempto rapitur metisque relictis.

nemo satis credit tantum delinquere quantum

permittas ; adeo indulgent sibi latius ipsi.

cum dicis iuveni stultum qui donet amico, 235

qui paupertatem levet attoUatque propinqui,

hand upon a Bible ; cf . Plant. Rud. plied in curriculo (Intr. 68), though

1333 tange aram kanc Veneris, — curriculus is a regularly formed

aramque pedemque : Intr. 27 ; diminutive from currusy and is no-

cf. vs. 222. liced by the Roman grammarians.

220. elatam: cf. i. 72 n. — subsistere nescit: like horses

221. mortifera: because it Ls to which the reins have been given,
large, and will tempt her husband your son is now beyond control ;
to murder her to get possession of you cannot stop or guide him.

it. — quibus ilia premetur digi- 232. metis relictis, past the

tis, with what {i.e. whose) fingers turning post. The metae were

will she be strangled? placed at each end of the low wall

224. nullus labor : wealth may (spina) which ran lengthwise down
be gained by crime without toil. the centre of the circus.

225. olim, some day. 233. credit, thinks. — tantum

226. causa, the source. . . . quantum, only so much as. —

228. laevo monitu, sinister delinquere, to do wrong,
counsels. — avaros : proleptic. 235. cum dicis : subordinate to

229. conduplicari : depending doces. The antecedent of qui is
upon some verb of teaching to be the subject of stultum (esse).
supplied from praecepit. This 236. levet attollatque : Intr.
verse is omitted in many MSS. 19 a. — attollat, raises up, re-

231. quem : i.e. the person im- moves.

SATVRA XIV

197

et spoliare doces et circumscribere et omni

crimine divitias adquirere, quarum amor in te

quantus erat patriae Deciorum in pectore, quantum

dilexit Thebas, si Graecia vera, Menoeceus, 240

in quorum sulcis legiones dentibus anguis

cum clipeis nascuntur et horrida bella capessunt

continue, tamquam et tubicen surrexerit una.

ergo ignem, cuius scintillas ipse dedisti,

flagrantem late et rapientem cuncta videbis. 245

nee tibi parcetur misero, trepidumque magistrum

in cavea magno fremitu leo toilet alumnus.

nota mathematicis genesis tua, sed grave tardas

exspectare colus ; morieris stamine nondum

abrupto. iam nunc obstas et vota moraris, 250

iam torquet iuvenem longa et cervina senectus.

237. circumscribere, to de-
fraud ; 10. 222 ; 15. 136 circum-
scriptorem.

239. Deciorum : the Decii (8.
254 n) died to save the honor of
their country ; the miser risks life
to save his money.

240. si Graecia vera : cf. 10. 174
quidquid Graecia tnendax audet in
historia. — Menoeceus, son of
Creon, in the war of the Seven
against Thebes, slew himself when
Tiresias had prophesied that the
Thebans would conquer if the last
of the race of Cadmus should
willingly suffer death to appease
Mars for the slaying of the dragon.
Verses 241-243 confirm the doubt
expressed in si Qraecia vera, i.e.
if we are to believe the stories of
a people who affirm as true that
which is impossible, as that legions
of armed men once sprang from
the soil.

241. quorum: the antecedent
is implied in Thebas. The story

of the Sparti, and of their combat
with one another, is found in Ov.
Met. III. 104-130.

244. ergo carries us back to
the sentence ending with omni
crimine divitias adquirere (vs.
238), before the examples of the
Decii and Menoeceus were intro-
duced.

247. leo alumnus : Intr. 56.
Your son will get rid of you as the
trained lion dispatched his keeper
in the cage ; cf. Mart. Spect. lo. i
laeserat ingrato leo perfidus ore
magistrum.

.248. mathematicis, astrologers;
cf- 3- 43; 10. 94. Your nativity
has been calculated by them, you
say, and they have foretold a long
life. He cannot wait for the fates,
but will take you off by poison. —
grave, burdensome.

249. colus, stamine : cf. 3. 27 ;
10. 252 ; 1 1. 69 n ; 12. 65 n.

250. vota, his wishes.

251. cervina senectus: Pliny

198

IVVENALIS

ocius Archigenen quaere atque eme quod Mithridates
composuit ; si vis aliam decerpere ficum
atque alias tractare rosas, medicamen habendum est,
sorbere ante cibum quod debeat et pater et rex/ 255

Monstro voluptatem egregiam, cui nulla theatra,
nulla aequare queas praetoris pulpita lauti,
si spectes quanto capitis discrimine constent
incrementa domus, aerata multus in area
fiscus et ad vigilem ponendi Castora nummi 260

ex quo Mars Vltor galeam quoque perdidit et res
non potuit servare suas. ergo omnia Florae

(iV. H. VII. 1 53) quotes a statement
of Hesiod, not elsewhere found,
that the life of the stag is four
times that of the crow, and the
life of the crow nine times that of
man. The supposition that the
stag is long-lived is erroneous.

252. Archigenen : a celebrated
physician at Rome in the reign of
Trajan; 13. 98. — quod Mithri-
dates composuit : cf . Plin. N, H.
XXIX. 2^Mithridatiufn antidotum
ex rebus LIIII componitur. He
took so many antidotes that when,
at last, he tried to end his life by
taking poison, it had no effect
(Aul. Gell. XVII. 16).

253. aliam . . . rosas : i.e. to
live another year. For fresh roses
and ripe figs as marking respec-
tively the coming of spring and
autumn, cf. Cic. Verr. II. 5. 27,
and Hor. Ep, I. 7. 5.

255. et pater et rex : the father's
life is as much in danger from his
son, who is in haste to possess his
property, as the king's from those
who wish to deprive him of his
throne.

256-302. The adventures of one
in pursuit of wealth furnish better

amusement than the theatre or the
circus.

257. praetoris pulpita : cf. 8.
194; 10. 36; II. 193 n.

259. aerata area: cf. i. 90 n;
10. 25.

260. fiscus: under the empire
this word is generally used to de-
note that part of the public revenue
which belongs to the emperor, as
in 4. 55. Here it is the private
property of any individual. — vi-
gilem : because a guard was sta-
tioned there. The temple of Cas-
tor and Pollux was in the forum
Romanum, and near this were the
shops of the bankers (ar^^«/(flr«).
Three Corinthian columns of this
temple are still standing. The
depositor left his money with a
banker, who deposited it in a neigh-
boring temple for safe keeping;
cf. 8. 142 n. It appears from this
passage that the temple of Mars
Vltor, in the forum of Augustus,
had lost the confidence of bank-
ers as a place of safe de|>osit, be-
cause it had once been robbed.

262. Florae . . . aulaea : the /udt
Florales were celebrated April 28-
May 3, the ludi Ceriales April 1 2-

SATVRA XIV

199

et Cereris licet et Cybeles aulaea relinquas ;
tanto maiores humana negotia ludi.
an magis oblectant animum iactata petauro
corpora quique solet rectum descendere funem,
quam tu, Corycia semper qui puppe moraris
atque habitas Coro semper toUendus et Austro,
perditus ac vilis sacci mercator olentis,
qui gaudes pingue antiquae de litore Cretae
passum et municipes lovis advexisse lagonas ?
hie tamen ancipiti figens vestigia planta
victum ilia mercede parat, brumamque famemque
ilia reste cavet : tu propter mille talenta

265

270

19, the ludi Megalenses April 4-10.
Plays were acted at these festivals.

264. humana negotia : i,e, the
struggles of men to get wealth ;
Intr. 49.

265. petauro : no definition of
t\i^ petaurum has been given which
can be reconciled with all the pas-
sages in which the word occurs.
Here it seems to be a spring board
from which the performers (pe-
tauristae) threw themselves. See
Petr. 53 ; Mart. II. 86. 7, and XI.
21.3.

266. rectum funem, tight rope.

267. Corycia puppe : Intr. 69.
Corycus was a city of Cilicia, near
which grew the best saffron (sacci
olentis); cf. Mart. IX. 38. 5 Cory
cio nimbo ; III. 65. 2 ; Hor. ^.11.
4. 68 Corycio croco. The ship is
called Corydan because it goes to
Cilicia to trade.

268. Coro : a west-northwest
wind ; 10. 180 ; Plin. N. H. II. 1 19
ab occasu solstitiali corns. — tol-
lendus : with the force of a future
passive participle» about to be tossed;
cf. vs. 314 aequanda. — Austro : cf.
12. 69 n.

271. passum : (irompando) wine
made from grapes spread out to
dry, raisin wine ; cf. Mart. XIII.
iq6 Passum. Gnosia Minoaegenuit
vindemia Cretae hoc tibi, quod mul-
sum pauperis esse solet. — muni-
cipes lovis : i.e. Cretan. Accord-
ing to the myth, Rhea gave birth
to Jupiter in Crete. — municipes
lagonas : Intr. 56 ; cf. 4. 33 muni-
cipes siluros ; Mart. X. 87. 10 Cctdmi
municipes lacernas. — lagonas :
cf. 5. 29 n.

273. hTMTCidiTtiyCold. — brumam-
que famemque ; Intr. 27 ; bru-
mamque . . . cavet is an amplified
repetition of victum . . . parat.

274. ilia reste cavet : the rope-
dancer {Junambulusy trxoiPO^TTiSt
3. 77) risks his life to get a living,
and to keep off starvation and
cold, but you to gain an amount of
wealth that is altogether unneces-
sary. Rope-dancing was a popu-
lar amusement at Rome. Terence
(Prol. Hecyr. 1-5) says the audi-
ence left the first representation of
that play to see a rope-dancer. A
painting found at Herculaneum
represents the rope-dancer in a

200

IVVENALIS

et centum villas temerarius. aspice portus 275

et plenum magnis trabibus mare : plus hominum est iam

in pelago. veniet classis quocumque vocarit

spes lucri, nee Carpathium Gaetulaque tantum

aequora transiliet, sed longe Calpe relicta

audiet Herculeo stridentem gurgite solem. 280

grande operae pretium est, ut tense foUe reverti

inde domum possis tumidaque superbus aluta,

Oceani monstra et iuvenes vidisse marines.

non unus mentes agitat furor, ille sororis

in manibus vultu Eumenidum terretur et igni, 285

hie bove percusso mugire Agamemnona credit

variety of attitudes and perform-
ing many difficult feats.

275. centum villas : cf. vss. 86-
95, and I. 94 n. — aspice : Intr. 28.

276. plenum modifies both por-
tus and mare; of. 8. 129; 11.39-
40. — trabibus : Intr. 69 ; on the
case, see Intr. 35.

278. Carpathium (aequor) : the
sea around the island Carpathus
(modern Scarpanto) between Crete
and Rhodes ; Hor. C. I. 35. 8 Car-
pathium pelagus, — Gaetula : seas
on the northern coast of Africa.

279. transiliet : Hor. C, I. 3.
24 non tangenda rates transiliunt
vada. — Calpe : Calpis (Gibraltar)
and Abyla on the opposite coast
were called the pillars of Hercules.
Calpg is ablative.

280. Herculeo gurgite : ix. the
ocean, far beyond the Strait of
Gibraltar. — stridentem : he goes
so far west that he can actually
hear the glowing sun hiss as it
sinks into the water.

281. est : the subject is vidisse
(283), and ut possis is the purpose
of. vidisse. — tense foUe, with
well-filled money bag; cf. 13. 61 n.

282. 9\vX9L^purse of soft leather.
In 7. 192 it means the patrician
shoe.

283. Oceani monstra : cf. Hor.
C. I. 3. 18 monstra natantia. —
iuvenes marines : i,e. Tritons and
Nereids and such inhabitants of
the sea as sailors from these dis-
tant regions might choose to de-
scribe.

284. non unus furor: cf. i. 92
simplex furor. Insanity shows
itself in various forms, and one
form is avarice ; cf. Hor. S. II. 3.
82 sqq, — ille : Orestes, in his mad-
ness, sees the Furies pursuing him
with flaming torches (igni). -^so-
roris in manibus: his sister
Electra holds him on the couch ;
Eur. Or. 260-264.

285. Eumenidum : cf. 7. 68 ;
13. 51.

286. hie : Ajax, when driven in-
sane, because the arms of Achilles
were not adjudged to him, attacks
the cattle, thinking that he is slay-
ing Agamemnon and Odysseus ;
Soph. Ai. 53-57.

287. Ithacum : 10. 257; 15. 26.
— parcat tunicis licet : though

SATVRA XIV 201

aut Ithacum : parcat tunicis licet atque lacernis,

curatoris eget qui navem mercibus implet

ad summum latus et tabula distinguitur unda,

cum sit causa mali tanti et discriminis huius 290

concisum argentum in titulos faciesque minutas.

occurrunt nubes et f ulgura : * solvite f unem '

frumenti dominus clamat piperisve coempti,

* nil color hie caeli, nil fascia nigra minatur ;

aestivum tonat.' infelix hac forsitan ipsa 295

nocte cadet fractis trabibus fluctuque premetur

obrutus et zonam laeva morsuque tenebit.

sed cuius votis modo non suffecerat aurum

quod Tagus et rutila volvit Pactolus harena,

frigida sufficient velantis inguina panni 300

exiguusque cibus, mersa rate naufragus assem

dum rogat et picta se tempestate tuetur.

he does not tear his clothes, as in- 294. color caeli : i.e. the omi-

sane persons do, yet he is not less nous darkness of the sky. — nil

mad. — lacernis: i. 27 n. minatur, forebodes no danger. —

288. curatoris : the guardian fascia : bank of clouds,
appointed by the praetor over an 295. aestivum tonat, // is only
insane person (furiosus) ; cf. Hor. a summer shower, not a dangerous
Ep. I. I. 102 curatoris egere, and storm; cf. i. i6naltum dormiret.
1 5. 1 47 cuius egent ; with egere the The voyage is begun after the close
ablative is much more common. of the season of safe navigation.

289. tabula distinguitur unda : 297. zonam, money belt; cf.
is separated from the water only Plant. Trin, 862 sector zonarius^
by the thickness of the vessel's cut-purse. He holds his money
side ; cf. 12. 58 n. belt by his teeth and his left hand,

290. cum sit causa : he is evi- while he swims with his right,
dently insane, since his incentive 298. cuius : the antecedent is a
to such risk of life is nothing but dative to be supplied with suffi-
money. cient(vs. 300). — modo, yesterday.

291 . concisum argentum : sil- 299. Tagus, Pactolus : the
ver cut and stamped. — titulos, former in Spain (3. 55), the latter
legends. — facies minutas : />. in Lydia, both famous for their
tiny images of the emperors; St. golden sands; cf . Cat. 29. i^amnis
Mark xii. 16 * Whose is this image aurifer Tagus ; Hor. Epod. 15. 20
and superscription ? ' tibi Pactolus fluat.

292. solvite funem : i.e. put 302. picta tempestate : a ship-
out to sea. wrecked sailor often exhibited a

202

IVVENALIS

Tantis parta malis cura maiore metuque
servantur. misera est magni custodia census,
dispositis praedives amis vigilare cohortem 305

servorum noctu Licinus iubet, attonitus pro
electro signisque suis Phrygiaque columna
atque ebore et lata testudine. dolia nudi
non ardent Cynici ; si fregeris, altera fiet
eras domus, atque eadem plumbo commissa manebit. 310
sensit Alexander, testa cum vidit in ilia
magnum habitatorem, quantp felicior hie qui

painting of a scene like that
through which he had passed, in
order to excite sympathy, and get
assistance ; cf . 1 2. 27 n, also Pers.
\,%^fractate in trabe pictum^ and
6. 32. — sc tuetur, supports him-
self.

303-331. The rich are ever anx-
ious about the safety of their
possessions; Diogenes with noth-
ing to lose is happier than Alex-
ander, and nature requires but a
moderate sum.

304. misera est : i.e. makes one
wretched; Intr. 59; cf. Sen. Ep.
115. 16 maiore tormenio pecunia
possidetur quam quaeritur ; Hor.
C. III. 16. 17 crescentem sequitur
cura pecuniam.

306. attonitus : the wealthy
man is wild with fright lest his
costly possessions be burned. He
furnishes his slaves with fire
buckets (amis) and has them
watch his property by night.
There were seven cohorts of
vigiles at Rome whose duty it was
to protect citizens from lawless-
ness and to prevent and extinguish
fires, but the rich man has also
his own private watchmen. Hor.
S.\. I. 76-77 vigilare metu exani-
mem, noctesque diesque formidare
malosfuresj incendia.

307. electro, amber ; 5. 38 ca-
paces Heliadum crustas, — signis,
statues; cf. Cic. £>iv. I. 77 ante
signum lovis Statoris concidit —
Phrygia columna (pavonazzetto) :
marble columns from Synnada ;
cf. Hor. C in. 1. 41 quod si dolen-
tern nee Phrygius lapis delenit.

308. ebore : furniture made or
adorned with ivory ; 11. 123 latos
sustinet orbes grande ebur, —
testudine : couches or other fur-
niture inlaid with tortoise shell;
II. 94 n. — dolia: the dolium was
an earthenware vessel of great size,
with a wide opening at the top.

309. Cynici : i,e. Diogenes. His
house does not bum, as it is made
of clay. If it is destroyed, an-
other like it can be made in a day,
and even (atque) the one he has
will serve after it has been mended
with lead.

311. testa in ilia: Plutarch in
his life of Alexander (ch. 14)
gives the story of the meeting
of Alexander and Diogenes at
Corinth, and of the request of
Diogenes to the king not to stand
between him and the sun, but he
does not mention the dolium.

312. felicior: sc.esset; Intr. 49.

313. totum orbem : cf. 10. 168
unus Pellaeo iuveni non sufficitorbis.

SATVRA XIV

203

nil cuperet quam qui totum sibi posceret orbem

passurus gestis aequanda pericula rebus.

nullum numen habes si sit prudentia; nos te, 315

nos facimus, Fortuna, deam. mensura tamen quae

sufficiat census, si quis me consulat, edam :

in quantum sitis atque fames et frigora poscunt,

quantum, Epicure, tibi parvis suffecit in hortis,

quantum Socratici ceperunt ante penates ; 320

numquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit.

acribus exemplis videor te cludere ? misce

ergo aliquid nostris de moribus, effice summam

bis septem ordinibus quam lex dignatur Othonis.

haec quoque si rugam trahit extenditque labellum, 325

sume duos equites, fac tertia quadringenta.

si nondum inplevi gremium, si panditur ultra,

314. passurus: Intr. 41 a. —
aequanda : i.e. that will, be as
great as ; cf . vs. 268 n.

315. numen, divinity. This
verse and the following are re-
peated from 10. 365-366. If we
have wisdom for our guide there
will be no such thing as chance.

318. in quantum, to what ex-
tent, as much as, for quantum. — •
frigora: on the change of num-
ber, see Intr. 63.

319. parvis in hortis : cf. 13.
123 exigui horti ; Epicurus pur-
chased his garden in Athens for
80 minae (about $1500). In it he
lived and taught his pupils, and at
his death he left it to the school.

320. ceperunt, was able to hold ;
cf. 10. 148. — ante : before the time
of Epicurus. — penates, home.
Socrates was temperate in all
things, his style of living being
hardly better than that of a slave.

321. ^di^i^TiXidi, philosophy ; SQQ
Intr. 16.

322. acribus, hard.

323. summam : i.e. 400,000 ses-
terces, the equestrian census; cf.
I. 106; 3. 154; 5. 132. Combine
the simplicity of former times
with the style of living of our
own day. Accumulate property
enough to make you a knight, or
twice or three times that sum. If
you are not satisfied with this, you
are a victim of avarice and no
amount will satisfy you.

324. lex Othonis : cf . 3. 1 55 n.

325. extendit labellum: i.e.
makes you pout, because it does
not satisfy.

326. tertia quadringenta: the
census of a senator according to
Suet. Aug. 41 senatorum censum
ampliavit ac . . . duodecies sestertio
taxavit. — quadringenta : see
Intr. 83, and cf. vs. 329.

327. gremium : 7. 215 ; the fold
of the toga where the purse was
carried, the pocket, called sinus in
1.88.

204

IVVENALIS

nec Croesi fort una umquam nee Persica regna
sufficient animo nec divitiae Narcissi,
indulsit Caesar cui Claudius omnia, cuius
paruit imperiis uxorem occidere iussus.

330

SATVRA XV

Quis nescit, Volusi Bithynice, qualia demens
Aegyptos portenta colat ? crocodilon adorat
pars haec, ilia pavet saturam serpentibus ibin.

328. Croesi : king of Lydia,
famous for his wealth; 10. 274.
— Persica regna : cf. Hor. C. II.
12. 21 dives Achaemenes ; III. 9. 4
Persarum rege beatior.

329. Narcissi: Intr. 17; one
of the favorite freedmen of
Claudius. He became the em-
peror's secretary and had great
influence over him, and is said
to have accumulated a fortune of
400,000,000 sesterces.

331. uxorem : Messalina, the
third wife of Claudius. She was
put to death in the name of the
emperor by Narcissus, on account
of her marriage with Silius; cf.
lo- 329-345 ; Tac. Ann. XI. y]-
38.

XV. On the Religious Fa-
naticism OF Egypt. — Juvenal
dwells upon the details of an
event which, as he informs us,
occurred in Egypt in his own day.
Between two neighboring cities in
the valley of the Nile a religious
feud existed, which on the occa-
sion of a festival developed into a
bloody quarrel. The party which
was finally victorious seized upon
one of the enemy and in their
frenzy tore him in pieces and
feasted upon his raw flesh. The

Egyptians were naturally hated
by the Romans after the war with
Cleopatra, and Juvenal takes ad-
vantage of the opportunity here
offered to say many harsh things
against them. From vs. 45 it
appears that he had been in
Egypt and^that his condemnation
of the Egyptians was therefore
based on personal observation.
The besl part of the satire is that
which treats of the nobler traits of
human nature and of the origin
of civil society (vss. 131-158). It
was written not long after a.d. 127
(see vs. 27 n).

I -1 3. The Egyptians hold many
animals sacred, but feed on human
flesh.

1. Volusi : nothing is known
of the person to whom this satire
is addressed ; cf. 14. i n.

2. Aegyptos portenta colat :
cf. Cic. de Nat. Dear. III. 39
omne fere genus besHarum Aegyptii
consecraverunt. — portenta, mon-
sters. — crocodilon adorat : those
who dwelt about Thebes consid-
ered crocodiles sacred, but the
people of Elephantine even ate
them; Herod. II. 69.

3. ibin : the ibis seems to have
been generally venerated in Egypt.
Herodotus (II. 75) says it was hon-

SATVRA XV

205

effigies sacri nitet aurea cercopitheci,
dimidio magicae resonant ubi Memnone chordae
atque vetus Thebe centum iacet obruta portis.
illic aeluros, hie piscem fluminis, ilHc
oppida tota canem venerantur, nemo Dianam.
porrum et caepe nefas violare et frangere morsu;
o sanctas gentes quibus haec nascuntur in hortis
numina ! lanatis animahbus abstinet omnis
mensa, nefas illic f etum iugulare capellae :
camibus humanis vesci licet, attohito cum
tale super cenam facinus narraret Vlixes
Alcinoo, bilem aut risum fortasse quibusdam

ored by the Egyptians because it
destroyed the flying serpents that
came from Arabia ; cf . Cic. de Nat.
Deor. I. loi ibes maxim am vim
serpentium conficiunt.

4. cercopitheci, long-tailed ape ;
Mart. XIV. 202 Simius, si mihi
Cauda forety cercopithecus eram.

5. Memnone : the colossal
statue of Memnon (so-called, but
in fact that of the Egyptian king
Amenophis III) still exists among
the ruins of Thebes. On it are
found many Latin and Greek in-
scriptions dating from a.d. 65 to
196, put there by those who had
heard the musical tones that issued
from it at sunrise. Tac. Ann. II.
61 Memnonis saxea effigies^ ubi ra-
diis solis icta est, vocalem sonum
reddens. Strabo (XVII. i. 46)
visited the statue with Aelius
Gallus, and heard the sounds. In
Juvenal's time it was in a muti-
lated condition (dimidio ; cf. 8. 4).
It was restored, probably by Sep-
tiihius Sevenis (Spart. Sev. 17).

6. centum portis : Hom.//. IX.
383 ^irar6/uirvXot.

7. aeluros, cats ; a conjecture

of Brodaeus, which has been gen-
erally adopted, /'has aeruleosj
the inferior MSS. caeruleos, sea-
fish. But the Egyptians,, so far
as we know, did not worship sea-
fish, while the cat is often men-
tioned among the sacred animals
of Egypt, especially in connection
with the dog; cf. Herod. II. 66-
67 ; Cic. de Leg. I. 32 qui canem et
faelem ut deos colunt.

9. porrum et caepe : cf. Plin.
N. H. XIX. 1 01 alium caepasque
inter deos in iure iurando habet
Aegyptus.

II. lanatis : 8. 155.

13-32. The stories of cannibal-
ism told by Ulysses to the Phae-
acians seemed incredible to most
listeners who were not intoxicated,
but I relate a story not less in-
credible about that which has actu-
ally occurred, and in our own age.

14. tale facinus: i.e. of eating
human flesh. — super cenam: a
common expression in Silver Latin
instead of the earlier inter cenam ;
cf. Plin. Ep. IV. 22. 6; Suet. Aug.
77; Flor. II. 13. 69 super mensas
et pocula.

206

IVVENALIS

moverat ut mendax aretalogus. * in mare nemo
hunc abicit, saeva dignum veraque Charybdi,
fingentem inmanes Laestrygonas atque Cyclopas ?
nam citius Scyllam vel concurrentia saxa
Cyaneis plenos et tempestatibus utres
crediderim aut tenui percussum verbere Circes
et cum remigibus grunnisse Elpenora porcis.
tam vacui capitis populum Phaeaca putavit ? '
sic aliquis merito nondum ebrius et minimum qui
de Corcyraea temetum duxerat urna;
solus enim haec Ithacus nullo sub teste canebat.
nos miranda quidem sed nuper consule lunco

16. aretalogus : originally one
who recited glorious deeds (dperai).
Augustus introduced aretalogi at
his banquets ; Suet. Aug. 74. They
evidently told incredible stories
and were known for their garru-
lousness; cf. Porphyrio on Hor.
S. 1. I. 120 Crispinus carmina
scripsit sed tam gdrrule ut aretalo-
gus diceretur,

17. dignum vera Charybdi :
cf. 8. 188 dignus vera cruce. —
Charybdi, Scyllam : cf. Horn.
Od. XII. 73-259.

18. Laestrygonas : Od. X. 81-
132. — Cyclopas: Od. IX. 106-566.

19. citius, etc. : I could sooner
believe stories of Scylla and Circe,
than those about monsters like the
Laestrygones and Cyclops, who ate
men.

20. Cyaneis : the Cyaneae w^ere
two rocky islands at the entrance
of the Pontus Euxinus, that, ac-
cording to the fable, clashed to-
gether to crush vessels attempting
to pass between them. The n\o7-
KraX<t the islands against which
Ulysses was warned by Circe, were
placed by Homer in the Sicilian
waters; O^. XII. 59-72. Cyaneis

is dative, in sense the same as the
genitive, the clashing rocks of the
Cyaneae, the latter being the name
of the cliffs of which saxa are the
component parts (Munro). — tem-
pestatibus : Intr. 35. — utres :
Od. X. 1-76.

22. Elpenora: Homer does not
say that Elpenor was one of the
twenty-two companions of Eurylo-
chus that were changed into swine
by Circe's wand; Od. X. 135-468.
A year later, when Ulysses, on the
point of resuming his journey,
aroused his companions from sleep
early in the morning, Elpenor, still
stupid from the effects of wine,
fell from the roof of Circe's palace,
and was killed ; Od. X. 552-560.

24. sic aliquis merito : Intr.
50.

25. Corcyraea: Scheria, the
island of the Phaeacians, was
identified with Corcyra ; cf. Mart.
VIII. 68. I Corcyraei pomaria
regis, and XIII. 37. i Corcyraei
de frondibus horti.

26. solus : since all his com-
panions had perished. — Ithacus :
cf. 10. 257; 14. 287.

27. lunco : i.e. Aemilius Juncus,

SATVRA XV

207

gesta super calidae referemus moenia Copti,

nos vulgi scelus et cunctis graviora cothurnis ;

nam scelus, a Pyrrha quamquam omnia syrmata

volvas, 30

nullus apud tragicos populus facit. accipe nostro
dira quod exemplum feritas produxerit aevo.

Inter finitimos vetus atque antiqua simultas,
inmortale odium et numquam sanabile vulnus
ardet adhuc, Ombos et Tentyra. summus utrimque 35
inde furor vulgo, quod numina vicinorum
odit uterque locus, cum solos credat habendos
esse deos quos ipse colit. sed tempore festo

who was consul with Julius Severus
in A.D. 1 27 ; see Intr. 5 and 22.

28. super : i.e. south of. —
Copti : a city of Upper Egypt, ten
miles north of Thebes, through
which merchandise came to Alex-
andria from Arabia and India by
way of Berenice on the Red sea ;
Plin. iV.^. V. 60; VI. 102.

29. vulgi : not of one man, but
of a whole people. — graviora ;
i.e. more revolting. — cothurnis :
see Intr. 68, and 7. 72 n.

30. a Pyrrha : i.e. from the
time of the deluge of Deucalion.
— syrmata : 8. 229 n ; Intr. 68. —
volvas: see 10, 126 n. For the
mood, see Intr. 42.

31. apud tragicos, in the tragic
poets.

33-92. In a bloody fight, grow-
ing out of religious hatred between
the people of Ombi and Tentyra, a
captive was cut in pieces by his
enemies, and his flesh devoured.

33. vetus, of long standing. —
antiqua, of remote origin. Anti-
quus generally denotes that which
existed long ago, but does not
now exist, ancient^ opposed to no-
vus; vetus means old^ opposed to

recens. But the two adjectives
are often joined with the same
substantive, antiquus pointing to
the remote beginning, and vetus
indicating the long existence. This
combination is frequent in Plautus,
as Trin. 381 historiam veterem at-
que antiquam ; Most. 476 scelus
antiquotn et vetus ; cf. Plin. Ep. III.
6. 3 cus vetus et antiquum.

35. Ombos (now Kum Ombu),
Tentyra (now Denderah) ; two
cities about 100 miles apart, the
former south and the latter north
of Coptos. Moreover, there were
several important cities lying be-
tween. They were, therefore, not
neighboring cities, and it is not
likely that any such conflict as is
here described occurred between
them. It is possible that the peo-
ple of Tentyra, who hated the
crocodile, had a religious quarrel
with some less important town of
crocodile worshipers, and that Ju-
venal substituted for them the
Ombites, who were well-known
worshipers of the crocodile. Om-
bos and Tentyra are in apposition
with finitimos vs. 33.

36. vicinorum : Intr. 83.

208

IVVENALIS

alterius populi rapienda occasio cunctis

visa inimicorum primoribus ac ducibus, ne 40

laetum hilaremque diem, ne magnae gaudia cenae

sentirent positis ad templa et compita mensis

pervigilique toro, quern nocte ac luce iacentem

Septimus interdum sol invenit. horrida sane

Aegyptos, sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi, 45

barbara famoso non cedit turba Canopo.

adde quod et facilis victoria de madidis et

blaesis atque mero titubantibus. inde virorum

saltatus nigro tibicine, qualiacumque

unguenta et flores multaeque in fronte coronae : 50

hinc ieiunum odium, sed iurgia prima sonare

incipiunt animis ardentibus ; haec tuba rixae.

39. alterius populi : probably
the Ombites, since Ombi was super
ntoenia Copti (vs. 28), and Tentyra
was not. It appears also, from
verses 75-76, that the Ombites
were the people which celebrated
the festal period, and that the Ten-
tyrites attacked them. But the
reading of vs. 75 is uncertain.

42. positis ad compita mensis:
cf. Mela I. 57 (speaking of the
Egyptians) cibospalam et extra tecta
sua capiunt. — compita, the cross-
ways.

43. pervigili : occupied all night
long; cf. 8. \^Z pervigiles popinasy
and 3. 275. — toro: i.e. on which
the revelers reclined at the feast.

44. horrida sane Aegyptos,
Egypt is uncivilized^ to be sure.

45. quantum ipse notavi : the
statement in the vitae that Juvenal
was sent to Egypt is perhaps based
on this expression ; Intr. 1 1 .

46. Canopo : near Alexandria,
noted for its profligacy; i. 26 n.
It seems unnatural to contrast

Egypt with Canopus, which was a
part of Egypt. But Canopus con-
tained a larger element of for-
eigners, and, though in Egypt,
was essentially a foreign city.
Besides, Juvenal had Upper Egypt
in, mind when he wrote : in profli-
gacy the barbarian crowd does not
fall behind notorious Canopus.

47. adde quod: cf. 14. 114. —
madidis : cf. 6. 297 madidum
Tarentum.

48. inde : i.e. on the side of the
Ombites.

49. qualiacumque, such as they
were.

50. in fronte coronae : Intr. 33.

51. hinc ieiunum odium : the
Tentyrites were driven on by ha-
tred and hunger. — iurgia prima :
cf. 5. 26 iurgia proludunt.

52. haec tuba : i.e. this insult-
ing language was the trumpet call
to a general combat ; cf . 3. 288
miserae prooemia rixae. They be-
gin with angry w^ords, blows follow,
then they fight with stones ; finally

SATVRA XV 209

dein clamore pari concurritur, et vice teli

saevit nuda manus. paucae sine vulnere malae,

vix cuiquam aut nulli toto certamine nasus 55

integer, aspiceres iam cuncta per agmina vultus

dimidios, alias fades et hiantia ruptis

ossa genis, plenos oculorum sanguine pugnos.

ludere se credunt ipsi tamen et puerilis

exercere acies, quod nulla cadavera calcent. 60

et sane quo tot rixantis milia turbae,

si vivunt omnes ? ergo acrior impetus, et iam

saxa inclinatis per humum quaesita lacertis

incipiunt torquere, domestica seditioni

tela, nee hunc lapidem, qualis et Turnus et Aiax, 65

vel quo Tydides percussit pondere coxam

Aeneae, sed quem valeant emittere dextrae

illis dissimiles et nostro tempore natae.

nam genus hoc vivo iam decrescebat Homero,

the Ombites take weapons, and 61. quo : Intr. 51.

the Tentyrites are put to flight. 63. inclinatis lacertis : stoop-

53. clamore pari : i.e. with ing down and reaching out their
shouts on both sides. — vice, in arms (to gather the stones).
place of. 64. domestica seditioni tela,

54. saevit nuda manus, the weapons ready at hand for a
naked hand does the cruel work. quarrel.

55. vix cuiquam aut nulli, to 65. qualis : object of torserunt
few or none. to be supplied from torquere ; not

57. dimidios, mutilated ; vs. 5 such a stone as Turnus hurle$l
dimidio Memnone. — alias : i.e. at Aeneas (Aen. XII. 896-902),
bruised beyond recognition, wholly nor such as Ajax threw at Hector
changed; cf. Hor. C IV. 10. 6 (//. VII. 268-270), nor one like that
quotiens te speculo videris alterum ; with which Diomedes wounded
Tac. Ann. I. 43 vos, quorum alia Aeneas (//. V. 302-308).

nunc oray alia pectora contueor. 68. illis dissimiles : Intr. 30.

58. plenos sanguine : Intr. 35. 69. genus hoc decrescebat :

59. puerilis exercere acies : the race was on the decline, even
engaged in battles that are only in Homer's time. Two men of
child's play. his day could not lift the stone

60. calcent : the subjunctive hurled by Diomedes ; //. V. 303.
gives the reasoning of the com- In the time of Vergil it had be-
batants. come so degenerate that twelve

210 IVVENALIS

terra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos ; 70

ergo deus quicumque aspexit, ridet et odit.

a deverticulo repetatur fabula. postquam

subsidiis aucti, pars altera promere ferrum

audet et infestis pugnam instaurare sagittis.

terga fugae celeri praestant instantibus Ombis 75

qui vicina colunt umbrosae Tentyra palmae.

labitur hie quidam nimia formidine cursum

praecipitans capiturque. ast ilium in plurima sectum

frusta et particulas, ut multis mortuus unus

sufficeret, totum corrosis ossibus edit 80

victrix turba, nee ardenti decoxit aeno

aut veribus ; longum usque adeo tardumque putavit

exspectare focos, contenta cadavere crudo.

hie gaudere libet quod non violaverit ignem

quem summa caeli raptum de parte Prometheus 85

picked men could not bear the have instantibus omnes or orbes or

stone thrown by Turnus ; Aen, combisy which Mercer emended to

XII. 899. Pliny (N, H. VII. 73) instantibus Ombis, a^adi this is the

says the stature of man is con- reading of the recently collated

stantly diminishing, and Horace Bodleian MS. ; Intr. 20.

(C. III. 6. 46-48), that every gen- 77. hie, at this juncture.

eration is morally worse than the 79. frusta et particulas : Intr.

one before it. 79 c.

70. pusillos, mere dwarfs. 80. corrosis ossibus, gnawing

71. quicumque aspexit : i.e. if his bones.

any deity has ever thought man 81. nee ardenti . . . veribus,

worthy of his notice. nor did they cook him in a hot

72. a deverticulo, after this caldron or on a spit. — decoxit,
digression. boiled, is the appropriate verb for

73. aucti (sc.Ji»»/), pars altera: aeno, and joined by zeugma with
i.e. the Ombites. — promere fer- veribus.

rum, to draw the sword. 82.'^ngum usque adeo, so

75- terga praestant: cf. Tac. very long.

^S^' 37 armatorum paucioribus 83. focos : i.e. fire.

terga praestare. — Ombis : (from 84. hie, at this point. — non

an adjective Ombus) the people of violaverit, did not desecrate ; cf.

Ombi, for Ombitis. The last two vs. 9, also 3. 20; 11. n6.

and one-half feet of this verse are 85. Prometheus: cf. 4. 133;

wanting in/*. Some inferior MS S. 8. 133.

SATVRA XV 211

donavit terris' ; elemento gratulor, et te

exsultare reor. sed qui mordere cadaver

sustinuit, nil umquam hac came libentius edit ;

nam scelere in tanto ne quaeras et dubites an

prima voluptatem gula senserit.; ultimus autem 90

qui stetit, absumpto iam toto corpore, ductis

per terram digitis aliquid de sanguine gustat.

Vascones, haec fama est, alimentis talibus olim

produxere animas ; sed res diversa, sed illic

fortunae invidia est bellorumque ultima, casus 95

extremi, longae dira obsidionis egestas.

huius enim, quod nunc agitur, miserabile debet

exemplum esse cibi, sicut modo dicta mihi gens

post omnis herbas, post cuncta animalia, quidquid

cogebat vacui ventris furor, hostibus ipsis 100

pallorem ac maciem et tenuis miserantibus artus,

86. et te exsultare reor, and the Iberus, continued faithful to
thaUf tooy art glad of ity I know. — Sertorius even after his death,
te ; i.e. elementum ; some refer it In 72 B.C. it was besieged by the
to Volusius. forces of Pompey, and the citizens

87. mordere sustinuit, has were reduced to such extremities
brought himself to eat ; cf . 14. 1 27 that they killed and ate the weaker
sustinet consumere. members of their own families

89. ne quaeras : see Intr. 38. (Val. Max. VII. 6. extr. 3).

— an prima senserit, whether 94. produxere animas, pro-

the first glutton only has had longed their lives, — sed, sed : see

pleasure, Intr. 26.

90. autem, why. 95. fortunae invidia, the spite

92. aliquid de sanguine: cf. of fortune. — bellorum ultima,
I. 66 n. the extremities of war ; cf. 12.

93-130. This atrocity ha» been 55 n.

surpassed by nothing done by a 97. miserabile debet esse :

despairing people in time of war i,e. this case of cannibalism (in

and starvation, or by the most Calagurris) ought to be regarded

savage tribes. with pity.

93. Vascones : a people in the 98. sicut, since. — mihi : the
northeastern part of Spain. They dative of agent. For quantity of
dwelt between the Iberus and the final 1, see Intr. 84. — gens : i.e.
Pyrenees. Calagurris (now Cala- the Vascones.

horra), a city of the Vascones near 100. cogebat : sc. edere.

212

IVVENALIS

membra aliena fame lacerabant, esse parati

et sua. quisnam hominum veniam dare quisve deorum

urbibus abnueret dira atque inmania passis

et quibus illorum poterant ignoscere manes, 105

quorum corporibus vescebantur? melius nos

Zenonis praecepta monent, nee enim omnia quidam

pro vita facienda putant, sed Cantaber unde

Stoicus antiqui praesertim aetate Metelli ?

nunc totus Graias nostrasque habet orbis Atl\enas, 1 10

Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos,

de conducendo loquitur iam rhetore Thyle.

nobilis ille tamen populus quem diximus, et par

virtute atque fide sed maior dade Zacynthos

102. fame : always with long e
in the ablative, like a noun of the
fifth declension. — esse : from edo.

103. et sua, even their awn.

107. Zenonis praecepta : ix,
the Stoic philosophy. The Stoics
held that one should even take
his own life rather than do or suf-
fer that which was dishonorable.
— quidam : as the Stoics and
Cynics. But both sects allowed
the eating of human flesh under
some circumstances.

108. unde Stoicus : i.e. whence
could he derive the teachings of
the Stoic philosophy ? The Vas-
cones were not part of the Canta-
bri, but the two wer^ neighboring
peoples and of similar character.

109. antiqui Metelli : Q. Cae-
cilius Metellus Pius, consul B.C.
80, carried on the war against Ser-
torius 79-72 and had a triumph
for his victories in Spain in 71.
Calagurris was besieged about 200
years before Juvenal wrote this
satire. Antiquus was used by the
writers of the silver age of any-

thing which belonged to the time
of the republic , cf. Tac. Dial. 16-17.
no. Graias nostrasque Athe-
nas : i.e. Greek and Roman cul-
ture; cf. Val. Max. II. i. 10 quas
AthenaSf quant scholam huic dome-
sticae disciplinae praetulerim ?

111. Britannos: cf. Tac. Agr.
21 iam vera principum filios libe-
ralibus artibus erudire, et ingenia
Britannorum studiis Gallorutn
anteferrey ut qui mode linguam
Romanam abnuebant^ eloquentiam
concupiscerent.

112. Thyle : the fleet of Agric-
ola (Tac. Agr. 10) came in sight
of Thule, probably one of the
Shetland islands. Juvenal uses
the word vaguely for the most
distant land lying toward the
northwest; cf. Verg. G. I. 30
ultima Thule. In the remotest
corner of the world men are now
talking about hiring a teacher of
rhetoric.

114. maior clade : since so
cruelly treated by the victor. —
Zacynthos (generally Saguntum)

SATVRA XV

213

tale quid excusat : Maeotide saevior ara 115

Aegyptos. quippe ilia nefandi Taurica sacri
inventrix homines — ut iam quae carmina tradunt
digna fide credas — tantum immolat ; ulterius nil
aut gravius cultro timet hostia. quis modo casus
inpulit hos ? quae tanta fames infestaque vallo 120

arma coegerunt tam detestabile monstrum
audere? anne aliam terra Memphitide sicca
invidiam facerent nolenti surgere Nilo?
qua nee terribiles Cimbri nee Brittones umquam
Sauromataeque truces aut inmanes Agathyrsi, 125

hac saevit rabie inbelle et inutile vulgus,
parvula fictilibus solitum dare vela phaselis

was taken by Hannibal in B.C. 219,
after a siege of eight months
(Polyb. III. 17. 10 ; Liv. XXI. 7),
and destroyed, all the adult males
being put to death.

115. tale quid excusat: has
some such excuse to offer.

116. ilia Taurica, that Tauric
goddessj identified by the Greeks
with Artemis, who was worshiped
in the Tauric Chersonese (now the
Crimea), and on whose altar ship-
wrecked sailors were sacrificed.
The Maeotae dwelt around the
Palus Maeotis (the modem Sea of
Azov).

117. ut . . . credas : !>. allow-
ing that you believe true all that
poets hand down. — carmina :
like the Iphigenia in Tauris of
Euripides.

118. ulterius cultro: ue. they
do not fear that their bodies will
be eaten.

119. quis casus: Intr. 77. —
modo,y«j/ now ; 6i. nuper vs. 27.

120. hos: />. the Egyptians. —
quae tanta fames: what desperate
hunger occasioned by a long siege t

121. monstrum, rn'm^.

1 22. aliam : i.e. by any more
dreadful crime. If the Nile, by
refusing to rise, should produce a
famine and reduce the people to
despair, could they, in order to
throw odium on the Nile, which
caused their distress, devise any-
thing worse than cannibalism.^ —
Memphitide, Egyptian.

124. qua : refers to rabie vs.
126. — Cimbri: a Celtic people
who defeated several Roman
armies, and were finally conquered
by Marius in B.C. loi ; cf. 8. 253 n.

— Brittones = Britanni; cf.Hor.
C. III. 4. 33 visam Britannos ho-
spitibus feros.

125. Sauromatae : the Sar-
matae, a people east of the Tanais.

— -que, aut: for variety instead
of necy nee. — Agathyrsi : dwell-
ing on the river Maris, now Marosh
(Herod. IV. 49) in modem Tran-
sylvania; Verg. ^^«. IV. 1^6 picti
Agathyrsi.

1 26. rabie inbelle : Intr. 82.

127. fictilibus : Strabo says
boats made of clay were used in

214

IVVENALIS

et brevibus pictae remis incumbere testae.

nee poenam sceleri invenies nee digna parabis

supplicia his populis, in quorum mente pares sunt 130

et similes ira atque fames. Mollissima corda

humano generi dare se natura fatetur,

quae lacrimas dedit ; haec nostri pars optima sensus.

plorare ergo iubet causam dicentis amici

squaloremque rei, pupillum ad iura vocantem 135

circumscriptorem, cuius manantia fletu

ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli.

naturae imperio gemimus cum funus adultae

virginis occurrit vel terra clauditur infans

et minor igne rogi. quis enim bonus et face dignus 140

arcana, qualem Cereris vult esse sacerdos,

the Delta. — phaselis: a light
boat resembling in shape the pod
of the kidney bean (^dcn^Xos) ; Verg.
G, IV. 289 circum pictis vekitur
sua rura phaselis.

128. testSLC, earthenware ioat.

130. pares et similes : whom
wrath and starvation would drive
to the same crime, i.e. cannibalism.

131-174. Nature endowed man
with the spirit of sympathy and
mutual helpfulness, biit in cruelty
toward his fellows he surpasses
even the wild beasts.

132. natura fatetur: cf. 10. 172
mors sola fatetur,

133. quae lacrimas dedit : i.e.
in giving us tears ; a relative sen-
tence of coincident action ; Lane
1826. — haec : i,e. the capacity for
sympathy.

1 34. causam . . . rei, the woe-
begone appearance of a friend
pleading his cause^ and of a person
under accusation ; for the position
of que, cf. 13. 28 n. Persons on
trial often appeared in court with

some of the signs of mourning,
in order to gain the sympathy of
the iudices ; Mart. II. 36. 3 barba
reorum.

136. circumscriptorem : the
tutor who has cheated his ward
out of his property; cf. 14. 237
spoliare et circumscribere.

137. puellares, ^V/m^. — faci-
unt incerta : i.e. make the sex
uncertain.

140. TtiinoTj too little for ; Intr.
36 ; cf. 3. 203 n. Pliny (N, ff. VII.
72) says it is the custom of na-
tions generally not to bum the
bodies of children who die before
they have cut their teeth. — quis
enim : Intr. 78. — face dignus
arcana : i,e. worthy of being initi-
ated into the Eleusinian mysteries.
On the fifth day of the festival a
procession with torches went from
Athens to Eleusis, where it ar-
rived late at night (Eur. /<?«, 1076).
Purity in act and thought was re-
quired of all initiates.

141. Cereris: Intr. 3.

SATVRA XV

215

ulla aliena sibi credit mala ? separat hoc nos

a grege mutorum, atque ideo venerabile soli

sortiti ingenium divinorumque capaces

atque exercendis pariendisque artibus apti 145

sensum a caelesti demissum traximus arce,

cuius egent prona et terram spectantia. mundi ,

principio indulsit communis conditor illis

tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos

adfectus pet ere auxilium et praestare iuberet, 150

dispersos trahere in populum, migrare vetusto

de nemore et proavis habitata^ linquere silvas,

aedificare domos, laribus coniungere nostris

tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos

ut collata daret fiducia, protegere armis 155

lapsum aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem,

142. aliena sibi : i.e. do not
concern him ; Ter. Heaut. tj homo
sum } humani nihil a me alienum
puto. — sibi : see Intr. 84. — mala :
sc. of his fellow-men.

143. grege mutorum : cf. 8. 56
animalia muta. — venerabile, rev-
erential ; though some think the
word has its ordinary passive force.
There is no undisputed example in
Juvenal of an adjective in -bills
with an active meaning; cf. 12.

73 n-

144. divinorum capaces: />.
capable of understanding divine
things.

145. pariendis artibus apti :
Intr, 31.

146. sensum : i.e. a feeling
of heavenly origin. — a caelesti
arce : man's divine origin is shown
by his capacity to know God and
to practise the arts, and by his
erect look toward heaven ; cf . Cic.
Leg. I. 24-27.

1 47 . cuius : genitive with egent ;

cf. 14. 288 n. — prona et terram
spectantia : cf. Ov. Met i. 84
pronaque cum spectent animalia
cetera terram.

149. animas, the breath of life.
— animum, the rational soul;
Non. p. 426 animus est quo sapi-
mus, anima qua vivimus.

150. adfectus : man endowed
with intellect has a fellow-feeling
for his brother. This led men to
abandon their primitive barbarism,
and to live in families with com-
fortable dwellings and to come
together into communities for mu-
tual security and defense.

151. in populum, into a com-
munity.

153. aedificare domos : cf.
Lucr. V. loii inde casas postquam
ac pellis ignemque pararunt.

155. collata fiducia : confidence
that comes from union; cf. Lucr.
V. 1019 tunc et amicitiem coeperunt
lunger e aventes finitimi inter se nee
laedere nee violari.

216 IVVENALIS

communi dare signa tuba, defendier isdem

turribus atque una portarum clave teneri.

sed iam serpentum maior concordia; parcit

cognatis maculis similis fera. quando leoni i6o

fortior eripuit vitam leo ? quo nemore umquam

exspiravit aper maioris dentibus apri ?

Indica tigris agit rabida cum tigride pacem

perpetuam, saevis inter se convenit ursis.

ast homini ferrum letale incude nefanda 165

produxisse parum est, cum rastra et sarcula tantum

adsueti coquere et marris ac vomere lassi

nescierint primi gladios extendere fabri.

aspicimus populos quorum non sufficit irae

occidisse aliquem, sed pectora bracchia vultum 170

crediderint genus esse cibi. quid diceret ergo,

vel quo non fugeret, si nunc haec monstra videret

Pythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui

tamquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen ?

157. signa, signals; cf. i. 169; 168. nescierint, did not know

14. 199. — defendier: archaic for how. — cxtendetCy to Aammer outj

defendi ; cf. i. 169 n. — isdem : to forge ; cf. Tib. 1. 3- 47 nee ensem

see Intr. 87. immiti saevus duxerat arte faber.

159. maior : sc. than among Juvenal is fond of recalling the
men. Hox. Epod. 7. 11-12 neque golden age; cf. 6.1-24; 13-38-59.
hie lupis mos nee fuit leonibusy 171. crediderint : on the change
numquam nisi in dispar feris. of mood, see Intr. 55.

160. cognatis maculis, ^'Wr^^ 172. haec monstra: i.e. such
spotSy i.e. a beast whose spots are horrors as I have described.

like its own. — similis, of like 173. Pythagoras: 3. 229 n.

species. 174. tamquam homine, as if

164. convenit, there is harmony. from human fleshy i.e. lest it might

166. produxisset to have formed. contain souls that had once ani-
— parum est : men are not sat- mated human bodies, according to
isfied now to kill an enemy with his doctrine of metempsychosis,
the sword ; his body must also be — non omne legumen : accord-
eaten. — cum y although. ing to tradition Pythagoras di-

167. coquere t to forge. — lassi: rected his followers to abstain
i>. weary with making. from beans.

SATVRA XVI

217

SATVRA XVI

Quis numerare queat felicis praemia, Galli,
militiae ? nam si subeuntur prospera castra,
me pavidum excipiat tironem porta secundo
sidere. plus etenim fati valet hora benigni
quam si nos Veneris commendet epistula Marti
et Samia genetrix quae delectatur harena.

Commoda tractemus primum communia, quorum
baud minimum illud erit, ne te pulsare togatus
audeat, immo etsi pulsetur, dissimulet nee

XVI. On the Advantages of
A Military Life. — The satire is
incomplete; the plan proposed in
vs. 7 is not fulfilled, and the whole
ends abruptly (vs. 60) with an
unfinished sentence. It is more
likely that it was written by Juve-
nal than by an imitator. The
thought and style are not unwor-
thy of the poet. Moreover, vs. 2
is quoted by Priscian (VIII. 31
and 82), and vss. 6 and 42 by Ser-
vius (on Aen. I. 16, and II. 102)
as from Juvenal.

1-6. You can hardly enumerate
the rewards that fall to the soldier
who is favored by fortune.

1. i€\xz\^XDJCL\\SA^yOfltuky mili-
tary service. — Galli : unknown ;
cf. 14. I n.

2. nam si: the emphasis is
on felicis and prospera. I say
< lucky,* for if I could be sure of
joining a lucky regiment, would
that I might begin as a timid raw
recruit ; nam is found in all MSS.,
but Priscian, who twice quotes this
passage, read quod si.

3. excipiat: optative. — porta:
sc. castrorum. — secundo sidere :
cf. 7. 194 distat enim quae sidera te
excipiant.

4. plus valet : luck does more
for the soldier than the favor of
Mars, though gained through the
influence of Venus, his mistress,
and Juno, his mother.

6. Samia : Samos was cele-
brated for the worship of Juno;
cf. Verg. Aen. I. 15 quam luno
fertur terris magis omnibus unam
posthabita coluisse Samo. Herodo-
tus (III. 60) says the Heraeum at
Samos was the largest temple
which he had seen.

7-34. If you are a soldier, no
civilian dares injure you, or even
resent it if you injure him.

7. commoda communia, the
advantages that are shared alike by
all soldiers. As no advantages are
afterwards mentioned that are not
common to all, it is evident that
the satire is incomplete.

8. ne : a purpose is implied.
This advantage is considered as
a motive for entering the service.
— togatus, a civilian^ opposed to
a solc^er ; cf . paganum vs. 33.

9. nee audeat : he dares not
make complaint before the prae-
tor, who will name, as iudex, a
centurion who v/ill hear the case
in camp, and, under these circum-

218

IVVENALIS

audeat excussos praetori ostendere dentes

et nigram in facie tumidis livoribus offam

atque oculum medico nil promittente relictum.

Bardaicus iudex datur haec punire volenti

calceus et grandes magna ad subsellia surae

legibus antiquis castrorum et more Camilli

servato, miles ne vallum litiget extra

et procul a signis. iustissima centurionum

cognitio est igitur de milite, nee mihi derit

ultio, si iustae defertur causa querellae.

tota cohors tamen est inimica, omnesque manipli

consensu magno efficiunt curabilis ut sit

vindicta et gravior quam iniuria. dignum erit ergo

declamatoris mulino corde Vagelli,

cum duo crura habeas, offendere tot caligas, tot

stances, no civilian can hope for a
fair trial.

10. excussos dentes: cf. 3. 301.

11. livoribus, black and blue
spots. — offam, bruise.

12. nil promittente: i.e. mak-
ing no promise that he Mrill save
it. — relictum, not yet lost.

13. Bardaicus calceus : denot-
ing a kind of military shoe, so
called from the Bardaei, a people
on the lUyrian coast; cf. Mart.
IV. 4. 5 lassi vardaicus quod evo-
cati. The coarse shoe and the
big shanks (3. 247 planta magna)
stand for the centurion (14. 194-
195) who has been named iudex
in this supposed trial between a
civilian and a soldier.

1 5. Camilli : who saved Rome
from the Gauls.

16. vallum extra: for the anas-
trophe, see Intr. 48 b, — litiget,
be involved in a lawsuit.

17. iustissima : ironical. If the
soldier is found guilty, which is

very unlikely, he will receive only
a tnfling ]>enalty.
18. derit: Intr. 87.

20. cohors tamen: tamen co-
horSf the reading of F, is possible
vnxh. synizesis of cohors. The word
is not unf requently a monosyllable
{ckors or cors) in MSS. and in-
scriptions ; cf. Mart. III. 58. 12. —
manipli : Intr. 88.

21. curabilis: i.e. hard to bear,
like a troublesome disease that
needs the attention of a doctor;
cf. Plaut. Trin. 44 culpam castiga-
bilem.

22. vindicta : the same as ultio
(vs. 19), the satisfaction which the
civilian gets from the soldier. He
may possibly get redress, but the
abuse which the soldiers give him
in camp, and his chagrin at the
light punishment of his assailant,
are worse than the original injury.

23. mulino corde, mulish un-
derstanding; cf. Cat. 83. 3 mule,
nihil sentis. — VageUi: cf. 13. 119

SATVRA XVI

219

milia clavorum. quis tam procul absit ab urbe 25

praeterea, quis tam Pylades, molem aggeris ultra

ut veniat ? lacrimae siccentur protinus, et se

excusaturos non sollicitemus amicos.

* da testem ' iudex cum dixerit, audeat ille

nescio quis pugnos qui vidit dicere *vidi,' 30

et credaiii dignum barba dignumque capillis

maiorum. citius falsum producere testem

contra paganum possis quam vera loquentem

contra fortunam armati contraque pudorem.

Praemia nunc alia atque alia emolumenta notemus 35
sacramentorum. convallem ruris aviti
improbus aut campum mihi si vicinus ademit
et sacrum effodit medio de limite saxum,

24. duo crura : it seems most
natural to take duo in contrast
with tot : since you have only two
legs, it is folly to provoke a con-
test with so many. There is no
one to take your part, while the
whole camp takes the part of the
soldier. — caligas : heavy leathern
1»oots worn by the Roman soldiers,
including the centurions.

25. clavorum : cf. 3. 248 n.

26. quis tam Pylades (Intr.
65) : if any one will go to camp to
give evidence against a. soldier, his
friendship must be equal to that
of Pylades for Orestes. — molem
aggeris ultra (Intr. 48 d) : i.e. to
the praetorian camp, which was be-
yond the a^er (cf . 5. 1 53 n ; 8. 43)
though close to the city.

28. excusaturos : who will be
ready to offer some excuse, and
not come; Intr. 41 c. — non sol-
licitemus: Intr. 38.

29. da testem, produce your
witness ; cf. 3. 137.

30. pugnos, blows. — dicere

* vidi ' : cf. 7. 13 j» dicas sub iudice

* vidi * quod non vidisti.

31. credam dignum barba :
i.e. I will believe that he has the
courage of the early Romans, who
wore their hair and beards uncut ;
cf. 4. 103 barbato regi^ and 5. 30
capillato consuie.

33. paganum : a countryman
(from pagus) is here contrasted
with armati, and means a civilian.
It is often used in this sense after
the time of Augustus ; cf. Plin. Ep.
ad Tr. 86. zetmilitesetpagani; Tac.
Hist. I. 53 inter paganos corruptior
miles.

34. pudorem, honor.

35-50. Another advantage of
the soldier: he is free from the
vexatious delay of the civil courts.

36. sacramentorum : the sol-
dier's oath, taken on entering the
service, stands here for military
service ; Tac. Hist. I. 5 miles
urbanus longo Caesarum Sacra-
mento inbutus.

38. sacrum saxum : the bound-

220

IVVENALIS

quod mea cum patulo coluit puis annua libo,

debitor aut sumptos pergit non reddere nummos 40

vana supervacui dicens chirographa ligni,

exspectandus erit qui lites incohet annus

totius populi. sed tunc quoque mille ferenda

taedia, mille morae; totiens subsellia tantum

stemuntur, iam facundo ponente lacernas 45

Caedicio et Fusco iam micturiente parati

digredimur, lentaque fori pugnamus harena.

ast illis quos arma tegunt et balteus ambit,

quod placitum est ipsis praestatur tempus agendi,

nee res atteritur longo sufflamine litis. 50

Solis praeterea testandi militibus ius
vivo patre datur. nam quae sunt parta labore

ary stone or terminus (Hor. C II.
18. 23-26) under the protection of
the god Terminus, to whom, at the
Terminalia (February 23), sacri-
fices were offered; Hor. Epod. 2.
59. Whoever removed such bound-
ary stone was accursed. Cf. Deu-
teronomy xxvii. 17 < Cursed be he
that removeth his neighbor's land-
mark/

39. mea puis annua, my an-
nual offering of pulse, — libo, sacri-
ficial cake ; cf. 3. 187. Only blood-
less sacrifices were offered on the
Terminalia.

40. pergit non reddere, per-
sists in refusing to pay back.

41. vana chirographa: having
had the money, and signed the
obligation for its payment (chiro-
grapha), he tries to prove that this
obligation was not legally made,
and so invalid (vana). This verse
is repeated from 13. 137.

42. qui lites incohet annus :
according to Servius on Aen. II.
102, this is equivalent to annus

litium^ i.e. the part of the year
during which courts are held.
When this season is reached, the
lawsuits of a whole nation are be-
gun, and he must take his turn.

45. sternuntur: i.e. with cush-
ions by the apparitores. — lacer-
nas : I. 27 n. He would appear
in the toga in court.

46. Caedicio (13. i97)et Fusco:
advocates of the opposite parties.
Both are ready for the trial, but it
is again postponed.

48. balteus : a sword belt pass-
ing over one shoulder and under
the opposite arm ; cf . Verg. Aen.
XII. 941 umero cum culparuit alta
balteus.

50. sufilamine, drag^ delay; in
8. 148 it is a drag chain, or brake.

51-60. The soldier can make a
will during the lifetime of his father.

52. parta labore militiae : the
property of the son acquired
through military service was called
peculium castrense, and this he
might dispose of by will.

SATVRA XVI

221

militiae, placuit non esse in corpore census

omne tenet cuius regimen pater, ergo Coranum '

signorum comitem castrorumque aera merentem 55

quamvis iam tremulus captat pater ; hunc favor aequus

provehit et pulchro reddit sua dona labori.

ipsius certe ducis hoc referre videtur

ut qui fortis erit, sit felicissimus idem,

ut laeti phaleris omnes et torquibus, omnes 60

53. census f property.

54. omne . . . pater, aver which
the father holds complete control. —
Coranum : the name may have
been suggested by Herts'. II. 5.

57.

56. tremulus : on account of
age ; 10. 267. — captat, pays court
tOy that he may get something in
his will; cf. 5. 9iS; 10. 202; 12.
114. — hunc favor aequus pro-
vehit, deserved favor brings him
promotion. The MSS. all have
labor ^ which makes no sense ;yaz/<7r
is a conjecture of Ruperti.

57. '^yjXz\ixo^ meritorious, — sua
dona, suitable rewards.

58. ducis: probably the em-
peror; cf. 4. 145; 7. 21.

60. phaleris : bosses of bronze
or silver, attached to a strap and
worn across the breast as an orna-
ment. — torquibus, chains ; cf .
Aen. V. 558-559 it pectore summo
flexilis obtorti per collum circulus
auri. Such decorations were be-
stowed by the general upon sol-
diers who had distinguished them-
selves in battle. In 11. 103
phalerae are trappings of horses.
— omnes: sense and syntax are
defective, and it is idle to conjec-
ture what Juvenal intended to add,
or perhaps did add.

CRITICAL APPENDIX

P = Codex Pithoeanus, firkt hand.

p = Codex Pithoeanus, coirections by later hands.

B = Codex Bodleianus, Canon. Lat. 41.

ta = all or a majority of the inferior MSS.

m= some of the inferior. MSS.

S = Scholiast.

SATIRE I

67 signator falsi P signaior /also pw signator, /also B signator,
/also Munro signato /also Madvig 68 fecerit PSBm fecerat p

106 purpura maior p purpuraematorV 114 habitat PB habitas^ia
126 quiescet P quiescit^^a 143 crudumpo; crudusV 145 etPB
«fpo» 150 dices PB dicas pa» Biicheler 155 lucebis pa; luce-
HtV 1 56 pectore PB gutture pw 1 57 deducis p deducit Pm
169 animo ante tubas P animante tuba p

SATIRE III

18 praesentius N.Heinsius prestantius 1^ iQaquisP aquae ta
37 cum iubet P quem lubet p quemlibet Bm 38 cur non ? omnia cum
jiW Biicheler 61 Achaei (u AchaeaeV AcAcae B 131 servo P
servipo) 141 agri pa» agrosF 218 haec Asianorum PS /ecasi-
anorum pm hie Asianorum B 227 ^iffunditur ta defunditkr P
240 Liburna P Liburno p 246 tignuib PB lignum pai 259 de pa»
e PB 322 auditor P adiutor pw Biicheler

SATIRE IV

3 aegrae S ctegra P aeger pa» 4 deliciae viduas P delicias
viduae p 9 vittata Pw vitiata S 25 pretio P pretium pa»

33 fracta Sp facta P 43 torrentis S torpentis Pa» 67 sagina
Biicheler saginamV saginisSf^to saginae Jahn 148 tamquamex
Biicheler tamquam et P tamquam diversis pa»

224 CRITICAL APPENDIX

SATIRE V

4 Gabba P Galba pw lo possit P possis pu» 38 beruUo PS
berillos p« 42 illi P Ulic pw 43 ut p« et P 70 fictus P
/actus 'pta 80 distinguatP distendati^m 116 spumat P fumat
p(tf tradentur P raduntur pa» 142 semel P j/'m»/ pa;

169 tacetis pw iacetis P

SATIRE VII

12 Alcithoen m Alcitheon V Biicheler 16 Gallia pa; gallicaV
Biicheler 22 spectandaP expectandata 24 impleturpa; impUn-
tur P Biicheler (The plural seems to be an error of the copyist
like the plurals tnoveant 10. 202, operaniur 12. 92, cupient 14. 13.)
40 Maculonis P Maculonus pw maculosas Heinrich (suggested by the
scholiast's note) 80 Saleio S SaUno P Salino pm Serano B

99 peril P petit pw 100 nuUo quippe modo PB (The verse

is quoted in this form by Servius on Aen. iv. 98 and by the scho-
liast on Lucan I. 334.) namque oblita modi pw 136 illi P Scheda
Aroviensis Florilegium Sangallense illis i^ta 151 cum Pa; cui

Jahn 159 leve P leva p leva in <a 165 quid P Priscian quodpcj
177 scindes Jahn scindens PSo; 193 ioculator Bm 198 fict P fies pa;
214 quern P qui put 236 Siculi P Siculuspu)

SATIRE VIII

7 Corvinum P Fabricium mS Owen posthac P posse ac Withof
post hunc Macleane Owen post haec Weidner 8 fumosos P famo-
sos p 33 pravam P parvam Bm 38 sic H. lunius si P sis a;
67 nepotes P Nepotis pa; 68 privum Salmasius primum Pa;
88 accipieto; ^^«^w/P Biicheler 9orerumP regump 105 Dola-
bellae Ruperti Dolabella Pa; Biicheler atque hinc Pa; atque

dehinc Lachmann 148 sufflamine mulio Florilegium Sangallense
(cf. scholiast's note on vs. 157 quia mulio est qui consul fertur) viulto
sujfflamine ^(a 155 robum Florilegium Sangallense ***«/»» P

torvum^ia i59unctusP uduspm 226 grataeque F 239 monte
PS gentepm 241 quantum in P quantum nonpu) See commen-
tary. 270 Vulcaniaque pa; Vulcanique P

SATIRE X

35 praetexta etrabeae P praetexta trabeae Florilegium Sangallense
praetexta et trabeae pm 46 loculos P loculis a; 54 aut quae

CRITICAL APPENDIX 225

Bucheler aut perniciosa Pw out si Ellis aut vel Doederlein aut ut
Munro Mayor See commentary. 64 matellae P patellae pw

70 indicibus PB indiciis p 93 angusta pw augusta P Bucheler
116 parcam P partam pcu 150 aliosque cu Priscian altosque Y

' (with a gloss praeter Indicos) 295 suam pw suum P Bucheler

365 habes Pm abest p

SATIRE XI

16 ementur P emuntur pw 55 et fugientem m Priscian effu-

gientem Pw 57 vitae P vita to tibi Bucheler «** P vel pm
nee B 91 postremo P rigidique ta 93 habendum pw haben-
dam P Biicheler 94 Oceano P Oceani p« 106 venientis P

fulgentis-^ nitentis Merry (Class. Rev. II. 85) 118 hoc P hos ta
130 comparatw comparetV 148 etmagnopcu inmagnoV erit:
in magna eum posees Biicheler 184 licebat P lieebit pta

SATIRE XII

32 arboris incertae PB arbor is incerto pm arbori incertae Lach-
mann 33 cum ferret w comferet P 59 taedae P taeda pw
62 iacuitm tacuiiV 73 iniserabile PS m irabile pSm g^ Pacius^
orbi Bucheler 104 furva (*> fulva pS 116 aut m utV et p(i>

SATIRE XIII

18 proficit P profieis pw usu Pw usus Jahn 26 numera P
numero pw numeres Schurzfleisch 28 nunc P nona pw 65 mi-
randis P mirantipBm mirantism 107 confirmatm confirmant
Pw 119 Vagelli S agelliV bacellip bacilli m. 125 venam p
veniam P 188 exuit^ omnes Bucheler 208 sola oi saeva P vo-
luntas w voluptas PB 213 sed vina Pw Setina Herel and With of
237 quid Florilegium Frisingense quod Pw Biicheler

SATIRE XIV

9 ficedulas Pw ficellas Lachmann 24 inscripta pw scripta P

inscripti Richards See commentary. 43 usquam pw umquatn P
Biicheler 45 pater Pm puerm 49 obstet P abstetp obsistatu>

71 patriae (tf /«/r/^ P Bucheler 113 fortunascu yi^r/wwa P Biicheler
121 ilia via P illam viam pw Priscian 122 pergant w Priscian
peragant P Bucheler 131 aestivam P aestrvi pw 149 habeant

226 CRITICAL APPENDIX

PBm abeunt m 199 trepidum P trepido pa; 208 repenti-

busassaeP poscentibus assemw poscentihts asse B 21$ medullas:
Bucheler 216 maturae m naturae PBm Bucheler nequitiae pw
nequitia est P Bucheler 217 longi pw longae P Bucheler 229 con-
duplicari Pw conduplkare m 296 cadet ta cadit P

SATIRE XV

7 aeluros Brodaeus aeruleosV caeruleos (aBvicYkQler 27 luncoP
Bobbio Palimpsest Junto a 75 fugaeceleriP fugasceleri-^ prae-
stant instantibus Ombis Mercer B praestanUbus omnibus instans pm
praestant instantibus omnes or orbes or combis m 77 hit poi hinc PB
104 urbibus P viribus p» ventribus H.Valesius 107 omnia qui-
dam PB omnia^ quaedam poi 145 pariendis Bucheler B ***

iendisV capiendis^ 168 extendere P extundere ipm. excudereB
Servius on Georg, II. 539

SATIRE XVI

I Qalli P Galle pa» 20 cohors tamen m tamen cohors P

23 mulino P mutinensi pB muiinensi or mutinensis w 24 cali-
gas tot Dempster and Mercer caligatos Pa; 38 et P at ^ aut ut
45 lacernas P lucernas p 56 favor Rupert! labor Pw

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

a final: lengthened before jr/,
Intr. 86.

abacus : 3. 204.

Abdera: 10. 50.

ablative : of instrument, i . 54 ; of
means, 1. 13 ; of period of time,
1 1. 53 ; of place whence without
prep., Intr. 34; of place where
without iftj Intr. 32 ; of price,
3. 235 ; of quality, 1 1. 96 ; with
a^with a gerundive, 12. 14; with
dg for partitive gen., i . 66 ; with
distare^ I4'98; with idoneus,
14.71; with minor or maiory
Intr. 36; vAth plgnusy Intr. 35.

abolla : 3. 1 1 5 ; 4. 76.

abstract noun used for an adjec-
tive : Intr. 60.

accipe : as form of transition, Intr.
28.

accusative: cognate, Intr. 29;
14' 53; o^ degree of difference,
10. 197 ; 12.66; of part affected,
Intr. 29; 8.4, 16; with iurare^

3- US-

acerbus : 1 1 . 44.

acersecomes : 8. 128.

Achilles: 11.30; Achilles and
Patroclus : 3. 279.

acoenonoetus : 7.218.

a cornice secunda : 10. 247.

acta diurna : 7. 104.

actors in comedy : 3. 99.

ad cyathos : 1 3. 44.

adfectusy love: 12. 10.

aajective: denoting effect pro-
duced, Intr. 59; used as sub-
stantive, Intr. 57.

ad lunam : 10. 21.

advocates : from the provinces,
7. 147; gifts to, 7. 119 and 124.

Aeacus: i. 10.

aedile : in country towns, 10. loi.

Aemiliani : 8. 3.

Aemilius Juncus : 1 5. 27.

Aeneas parvulus : 5. 138.

Afra avis : 1 1. 142.

Agamemnon : death, 8. 217.

Aganippe : 7. 6.

Agathyrsi: 15. 125.

Agave : 7. 87.

age of heroes : 13. 51.

«^^^^- 5-I53-

agreement: verb, singular, with

two subjects, 12.99.
Agrippina, wife of Claudius: 5.147.
Ajax and Ulysses: 7. 115.
Alabanda : 3. 70.
alapae : 8. 192.
Alba : 12.72; Albana harena :

4. 100 ; Albanutn vinum : 5. 33.
Alcinous: gardens of, 5- 151'
Alcithoe: 7. 12.
Alecto : 7. 68 and 70.
Alexander: 10. 168.
alia fames : 4. 1 38.
aliptes: 3. 76.
aliquis de ponte : 14.134.
a//W, wholly changed : 15.57.
Allobrogicus : 8. 1 3.
Alpis: singular, jo. 152.
altilis : 5. 115.
aluta: soft leather, 7.192; purse,

14. 282.
amber: 5.38.
amethystina: 7. 136.
amomum ; 4. 108.
Amydon : 3. 69.
anaphora : Intr. 26.
anastrophe : Intr. 48.
Ancona : 4. 40.
Andros : 3. 70.

228

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

anima and animus: 15. 149;

animi: locative, 14. 119.
annus litium : 16. 42.
anseris iecur : 5, 1 14.
Antaeus: 3.89.

antecedent : position of, Intr. 46.
ante lucernas : 10. 339.
Anticyra : 13.97.
Antilochus: death, 10. 253.
Antiochus, actor in comedy :

3- 99.

Antiphates: 14.20.

antiquus and vetus : 15. 33.

antiquus : of the time of the repub-
lic, 15. 109.

Antonii: 8. 105.

Aonides : 7. 59.

ape as cavalr3rman : 5. 1 53.

apes: 10. 194.

Apicius : 4. 23.

apium : 8. 226.

aplustre: 10. 136.

Apollo : temple of, 7. 37.

apotheca : 5. 34.

applause : at recitations and courts,
7.43; of clients, 13.33.

appositives : 10. 24.

Aquinum : 3. 319 ; tablet found at,
Intr. 3, and p. xli.

arbiter : 8. 79.

arbusta: 14. 144.

area: 1.90; 10. 25.

Arcadicus iuvenis : 7. 160.

archaic forms: i. 169.

Archigenes : 13. 98 ; 14. 252.

aretalogus : 15. 16.

Aricinus clivus : 4. 117.

armaria: 7. 11.

armiger: 1.92; 14.5.

ArmUlatus : 4. 53.

Arpinas : Cicero, 8. 237 ; Marius,
8. 245.

artopta: 5. 72.

Arviragus : 4. 127.

Asiani equites : 7. 14.

asperum : of silver, 14. 62.

aspice : as form of transition, Intr.
28.

assae : 14. 208.

asseres : i . 33.

assessor: 3. 162.

astrologers: influence upon Tibe-
rius, 10. 94.
asyndeton : Intr. 25.
Athenae, culture : 1 5. 1 10.
Athos: canal at, 10. 174.
Atrides : Domitian, 4. 65.
attribute transferred : Intr. 58.
auctor, teacher : 10. 30.
Augustus : 10. 77.
aureus, gold coin : 7. 122.
Auster: 5.1 00; 12.69.
Automedon, skilful driver : i. 61.
axis, sky: 14. 42.

baca Sabina : 3. 85.

Baebius Massa: i. 35.

Baetica: wool of, 12.40.

ballaena Britannica: 10. 14.

balteus: 16.48.

bankers: 10. 25.

barbatus: of a philosopher,

14. 12.
barbers: introduced at Rome,

4.103; 16.31.
Bardaicus calceus : 16. 13.
Barea Soranus : death of, 3. 116.
bascauda : 12. 46.
Batavi: 8. 51.
bath : 1 1 . 204.
Bellerophon : 10. 327.
bigae: 10. 59.
-bilis: adjectives in, with active

meaning, 15.143-
Bithynus : quantity of, 7. 15.
bleeding: as a remedy, 13. 125.
Bobbio Palimpsest : Intr. 22.
Boccar : 5. 90.

Bodleian manuscript: Intr. 20.
boletus: 5. 147.
books: I. 6.
Bootae serraca : 5. 23.
boundary stone : 16. 38.
bracati: 8. 234.

branding of slaves : 14. 22, 24.
bridge over the Hellespont:

10. 176, 182.
Brigantes: 14. 196.
Brittones : 15. 124.
Bruttidius: 10.83.
bucolic caesura : Intr. 80 (</).
bulla: 5. 164; 13.33.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

229

bullatus: 14. 5.

burial : importance of, 3. 266 sq.

Cabiri : 3. 144.

cacoethes scribendi : 7. 51.

Cacus and Hercules: 5. 125.

cadere: of a victim, 12. 98.

Caecilius Metellus: 3. 138.

Caedicius: 16. 46.

caelatum: 14.62; cculata cassis:
II. 103.

ciuspes: 12.2.

caesura : Intr. 80.

Caieta: 14.87.

calculus: 11. 132.

Calenutn vinum : i . 69.

caligae: militaresy 3.248; 16.24;
rusticagy 3. 322.

Calliope : 4. 34.

Camenae : 3. 16; 7. 2.

canna: 5.89.

Canopus : i. 26 ; 15. 46.

cantharus : 3. 205.

capillato cansule : 5. 30.

Capito, Cossutianus : 8. 93.

Capitoline deities : 12. 6.

Capri: 10.72.

caprificus: 10.145.

capsa: 10. 117.

captator: 5. 9i8 ; 10. 202.

cardiacus: 5. 32.

Carducian linen : 7. 221.

Carpathian sea: 14. 278.

carpentutn: 8. 147.

Cassius Longinus: 10. 15.

castor eum : 12. 36.

catenatae tabcrnae : 3. 304.

cathedra: 1.65.

Catiline : death of, 10. 286 ; exam-
ple of depravity, 14.41.

Catina: 8. 16.

catinus: 11. 108.

Catullus Messalinus: 4. 113.

Catullus, writer of mimes : 8. 186 ;
13. III.

Catulus, colleague of Marius:
8. 253.

causidicus : 1.32.

cedereforo: 11.50.

cedo^ old imperative : 13. 210.

Celaeno: 8. 130.

cella^ garret : 7. 28.

cena collaticia : 3. 249.

cenaculum ; 10. 18.

cenare civihter : 5. 1 1 2.

censors of early times: 11. 90, 92.

centurion: 14.194; 16.13; ccn-

turio primi pili : 14.197.
cercu: 1.63; 14. 29.
cercopithecus : 15.4.
cerdo: 4.153-
ceroma : 3. 68.
Charybdis : 15. 17.
Chatti: 4. 147.
chirographa: 13. 137.
Chiron, statuette : 3. 205.
chironomunta : 5. 121.
chlamys : 8. loi.
Christians : torture of, i- »55.
chronology of the Satires ; Intr. 5.
Chrysippus: 13.184.
Chrysogonus : 7- 176.
Cicero: 8. 237-241.
Cilix, gladiator: 4. 121.
Cimbri : 1 5. 1 24.
Circe : 15. 22.

circensian games : 3. 223 ; 10. 36.
circuit courts : 8. 129.
circumscriptor : 1 5. 1 36.
circus : favorite color in, 11. 198 ;

Circus Maximus, 11. 197 ; rau-

cus circus^ 8. 59.
Cirrha: 7.64.
cista: 7. 11.
Claudius: freedmen of, i. 109;

death of, 5. 147.
Clio: 7.7.

cloaca maxima : 5. 105.
Cloelia: 8.265.
clown: 5. 171.
cludere latus : 3. 1 31 .
Cluvienus, inferior poet : i . 80.
Coa conchy Ha: 8. loi.
cock: as sacrifice, 13. 233.
cohors or chors : 16. 20.
colloquialisms : Intr. 56, 72 ; 4. 27 ;

7.165; 14.68.
color: in rhetoric, 7. 155.
colus : 14. 249.
comites : clients, i . 46 ; i . 1 1 9 ; of

a provincial governor, 3. 47 ;

8. 127; of the emperor, 4; 84.

230

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

command : in form of a question,

5-74.
communis sensus : 8. 73.
compita: 15.42.
cone his : 14. 131.

conchy liay purple garments: 3.81.
Concord : temple of, 1. 116.
conjunctions omitted: Intr. 25.
consciusy a confidant : 3. 49.
conspiracy of Piso : 5. 109.
conspuitur sinus: 7. 112.
conventus : 8. 129.
convicia : y2.yj.
convictus : 1 1 . 4.
convivia : 1. 141.
cophinus : 3. 14.
Coptus: 15. 28.
Coranus : 16. 54.
Corbulo, Roman general : 3.251.
Cordus, unknown poet: i. 2.
Cornelius Fuscus: 4. 112.
cornuy trumpet: 14. 199.
coronatus: 5. 36.
Corus: 14. 268.
Corvinus, a poor nobleman :

I. 108.
Coryphaeus, race horse : 8. 62.
Cosmus, perfumer : 8. 86.
Cossutianus Capito : 8. 93.
cothurnus : 7. 72.
cottona : 3. 83.
coturnix : 12.97.
couches veneered : 1 1. 94.
council of the emperor : 4. 73.
country people of Italy : 14. 180.
cratnbc rcpctita: 7. 154.
cranes: 13. 167.
cratis: 11. 82.
crepido : 5. 8.

creta: i. iii ; cretatus bos^ 10. 66.
Crispinus: i. 27.
crocodiles : worship of, 1 5. 2.
Croesus: 14.328; Croesus and

Solon: 10. 274.
crumina .* 1 1 . 38.
cucullus : 3. 170; 8. 145.
cucurbiia: 14. 58.
cui : perhaps a dissyllable, 3. 49 ;

7.211.
culcita: 5. 17.
Cumae : 3. 4.

cumba Baiana : 12. 80.
cupbearers : 11. 147, 148.
curabilis: 16. 21.
curator: 14. 288.
Curii : 8. 4.

Curius Dentatus : 11. 78.
curriculus : 14.231.
cursores : 5. 52.
custos: 10. 303.
Cyaneae : 1 5. 20.
cyathus: 5. 32.

Cybele: brought to Rome, 3. 137.
Cyclops : 15. 18.

Cynics : 1 5. 107 ; simplicity of
dress, 13. 122.

Daedalus : flight of, 3. 25.

Damasippus : 8. 185.

dative : of a^ent, 1 5. 98 ; of gerun-
dive with aptusy etc., Intr. 31 ;
with similisy etc., Intr. 30.

decidercy to compromise : 1 2. 33.

decies: 10. 335.

Decii : 8. 254.

declamations : subjects for, 7. 1 51,
161, 162.

decocta : 5. 50.

decuriones : 3.178.

delcUor : i . 33.

delta of the Tiber : 12. 76.

Demetrius : 3. 99.

Democritus : 10. 28.

deportation: 1.73; 10.170.

Deucalion: 1.81.

dcxtra computare : 10.249.

dextropede : 10. 5.

diadema : 8. 259.

dice : 1 1 . 1 32.

differre vadimonia : 3. 213.

digitus^ finger-breadth : 12. 58.

dimidius : 8. 4.

diminutives : Intr. 72-74.

Diogenes and Alexander : 14. 31 1.

dirus Hannibal : 7. 161.

discingere: 8. 120.

discumberc iussus: 5. 12.

discursus: 1.86.

dispensator : i . 9 1 .

distare: construction with, 14. 98.

Dolabellae : 8. 105.

dolabra : 8. 248.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

231

dolium : 14. 308.

Domitian : assassination of, 4, 153.

dowry : amount of, 10. 335.

dubitare retinere^ to think of re-
taining: 13. 200.

ducere, to spin : 12. 65.

dummodonon: 7.225.

duodecimal system : i. 40.

dux, the emperor: 7. 21.

dwarfs: kept for amusement,
8.32.

gbur etpardus: 11. 123.

Egeria : 3. 16.

Egnatius Celer : 3. 116.

egregius : adverb, 11. 12.

electrum : 14. 307.

elephants: brought into Italy,

12.108; the right to keep,

12. 105.
Eleusinian mysteries : 15. 140.
elision: Intr. 81.
ellipsis : after quo and unde^ Intr.

51 ; after unde, inde, hincy Intr.

52; in expressions of price,

Intr. 54 ; of est and sunt, Intr.

49 ; of inquity Intr. 53 ; of the

verb for brevity, Intr. 50.
Elpenor: 15. 22.
eminus: 7. 128.
emptor Olynthi : 12.47.
enallage : Intr. 55.
endromis: 3. 103.
entertainment at a banquet : 5. 1 58 ;

II. 180.
Epicurus: garden of, 14. 319.
epiraedia : 8. 66.
Epona: 8. 157.

equestrian rank : loss of, 11. 43.
ergastulum : 8. 180.
Esquiliae : 3. 71 : 5.77.
estS: 8. 79.
et: connecting incongruous facts,

13- 91-
Etruscum aurum : 5. 164.
Euganei: 8. 15.
Enphranor: 3.217.
Evander: 11. 61.
exodium : 3. 175.
ex quo : i. 81.
extendere labellum : 14. 325.

Fabian gens : 8. 14.
Fabrateria : 3. 223.
Fabridus Veiento : 3. 185.
facile est: 3. 31.
. faciles di: 10.8.
factiones in the circus : 7. 114.
faenum: 3. 14; 11.70.
Falernum : 4. 138.
falx supina : 8. 201.
fames : ablative of, 15. 102.
famulae lavis : 1 4. 8 1 .
farrata: 11. 108.
Fates: 3. 27.
faventes Unguis : 1 2. 83.
feigned grief : 13. 132.
female characters in comedy:

3-93-
fenestra clausa : 3. 242.'
fercula, courses : i . .94.
ferulae: i. 15.
ficedula: 14.9.
fictUis: II. 116.
Fidenae : 10. 100.
figs : marking the coming of

autumn, 14. 253.
final syllables: quantity of, Intr.

84.
fiscus: 4. 55; 14. 260.
flagellum: 14.19; of conscience,

13. 195.
Flaminia Via: 1.61.
flavus: of a hero, 5. 115.
Florilegium Sangallense : Intr. 22.
flos Asiae : 5. 56.
focus: 8.8.

/»//<>, money-bag: 13.61.
Fonteius Capito : 13.17.
fora: at Rome, 13. 135.
foreign deities at Rome: 13.47.
foreign marbles : 14. 89, 307.
fortuitus : trisyllable, 13. 225.
forum of Augustus: i. 128, 129.
fossor: 11. 80.
fracti aetate .'14.161.
fragilisy crumbling : 12. 88.
framea : 13. 79.
freedmenof the emperor Claudius :

I. 109.
frons: 14. 56.
Fronto, patron of men of letters :

I. 12.

232

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

Frusino : 3. 223.

fulcruniy head of the couch:

11.95.
funambulus : 14.274.
Fury : 7. 68, 70.
fuscina : 8. 203.
Fuscus, causidicus : 16. 46.
fusus: II. 69.
future indicative in exhortation :

8.37-
future participle : Intr. 40 and 41.

Gabba, scurra : 5. 3.

Gabii: 3. 192; 7.4.

Gades : 10. i.

Galba : 8. 5.

galeatus : 8. 238.

galerus : 8. 208.

Gallia altera: 7. 16.

Gallicus, praefectus urbi : 1 3. 1 57 .

gallinaefilius albae: 1.3. 141.

Gallinaria pinus : 3. 307.

genealogical tree : 8. i.

genialis : 4.66.

genitive : in i and «, Intr. 70 ; in
ius^ quantity of the penult, Intr.
85 ; objective, 3. 237 ; of defi-
nition, 3. 4 ; of quality, 3. 48;
predicate, 12.32; subjective,
10. 107 ; with egerCy 14. 288.

gerundive: as future passive par-
ticiple, 14. 268 ; as object,

13- 155-
giallo antico: 7. 182.
Glabrio : 4. 94.
gladiator's oath : 11. 8.
Glaucus : story of, 13. 199.
'^v(a9t. (reavrbv : 11. 27.
gobio: 11.37.
goitre: 13. 162.
golden age : 14. 184; 15. 168.
Gorgo : 1 2. 4.
grain: allowance for a slave,

14. 126.
grammaticus : school of, 7. 215.
grapes: how preserved, 11.72.
Greek fleet at Troy : 1 2. 1 2 1 .
Greeks : transforming Rome, 3. 61.
gremium^ pocket: 7. 215 ; 14. 327.
grief : signs of, 10. 262.
gula^ gluttony: 5. 94.

gutus: 3. 263.

Gyaros, place of deportation:
1.73-

Haemus, actor in comedy: 3. 99.

Hannibal: conquests, 10.152;
death, 10. 166 ; defeat and exile,
10. 160; subject for declama-
tion, 7. 161 ; 10. 167.

hederae: 7. 29.

Helvidius Priscus : 5. 36.

Heraclitus : 10. 30.

Heraeum at Samos : 16. 6.

Hercules: 11. 61.

Hermes : 8. 53.

Hemici: 14. 180.

Hesperidum serpens: 14. 114.

hiatus : Intr. 82.

Hippolytus : 10. 327.

historiae: 7. 231.

historical infinitive : Intr, 39.

hoc agere: 7. 20, 48.

homuncio: 5. 133.

honorum pagina : 10.57.

Horace : quoted by Juvenal, 7. 62 ;
used as school-book, 7. 227.

Horatius Codes : 8. 264.

horologia: 10. 216.

hortatory subjunctive as protasis :
13.215.

horti: i. 75.

hours : how announced, 10. 216.

human sacrifices: 15. 116.

/; vowel made consonantal, Intr.

88.
i nunc et: 10. 166.
iactare manus : 3.106.
iactura^ loss : 3. 125 ; 13.8.
ibis : 15.3.

idoneus: with the ablative, 14. 71.
Idumaea porta : 8. 160.
iecur^ seat of the passions : i. 45.
illuminations : 1 2. 92.
imagines: 7. 29.
impatiens acerbi: 7. 57.
imperative as protasis: i. 155-
imperfect : of act attempted, 8. 261 .
incerare genua deorum : 10. 55.
incidere: with accusative, 4. 41.
infamia : i . 48.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

233

infinitive : after a verb of giving,

Intr. 39 (a) ; depending on an

adjective, Intr. 39 (d).
infula: 12. 118.
in melius : 13. 18.
inquity * they say ' : 7. 242.
insanity: of Ajax, 14.286; of

Orestes, 14. 284.
inscriptay brands : 14. 24.
inscripta lintea: 8. 168.
institor : 7. 221.
insulae : 3. 190, 269.
insularius : 3. 195.
interrogatives : Intr. 75-78; two

or more with one verb, 10.69;

12.48.
is: the pronoun, Intr. 71.
Isaeus, a rhetorician : 3. 74.
Isis : worship of, at Rome, 12. 28 ;

13- 93-
itaque : Intr. 28.
iudex morum: 4. 12.
iugera bina: 14. 163.
iumenta: 3. 316.
luppiter, sky : 5. 79.
iurare: with accusative, 3. 145;

iuratusy 5. 5.
iuvenisy son : 14. 23.
Ixion : punishment, 13.51.

jeweled cups : 5. 42, 45.

Jewish religion as viewed by a
Roman : 14. 96, 97, 100, 106.

Juvenal : banishment, Intr. 1 1 ;
date and place of birth, Intr. 6 ;
language and style, Intr. 24;
manuscripts, Intr. 19-21 ; mili-
tary service, Intr. 9 ; moral stand-
ard, Intr. 14; philosophy, Intr.
16; political ambition, Intr. 10;
prosody, Intr. 84-88; relations
with Martial, Intr. 4, and p.
xli; religion, Intr. 15; satires,
Intr. 12, 13; chronology of,
Intr. 5; personal names in,
Intr. 17; scholia, Intr. 23 ; social
position, Intr. 8; sources for
his life, Intr. i, and p. xl ;
studies in older poets, Intr. 18 ;
training, Intr. 7; versification,
Intr. 80-83.

labor, work of art : 8. 104.
lacerna: i. 27.
Lacerta, auriga: 7. 114.
lacertus : 14. 131.
lacunar: i. 56.
Ladas: 13.97.
laena : 3. 283.
Laestrygonians : 15.18.
lagona : 5. 29.
Lamiae : 4. 1 53.
lamplight : work by, 7. 99.
Lateranus : 8. 147 ; Lateranorum

aedes: 10. 17.
Latina Via: i. 171.
Latin us, an actor: i. 36.
Laureolus : play of Catullus, 8. 187.
Uctica: 1.33.
Ucticarii: i. 33; i. 64.
legacy-hunter: 5.98.
lenta ira : of the gods, 13. 100.
Uq alumnus : 14. 247.
leonine verses : Intr. 47 n.
levis : of silver, 14. 62.
libdlus: 12. 100.
Libitina : 12. 122.
libum : 3. 187.
Liburna, Uctica : 3. 240.
Libya: 11. 25.
licet: with imperfect subjunctive,

13. 56.

Licinus, freedman of Augustus:

I. 109.
lightning : fear of, 13. 223.
lignum, wax tablet : 13. 137.
ligulae : 5. 20.
litter ator: 10. 116.
litter bearers : i. 33; 7. 132.
lituus : 14. 199.
loculi: 1.89.
lodix : 7. 66.

longe, out of the way : 7. 41.
Lucan : 7. 79.

Lucani, estate in Lucania : 8. 180.
Lucilius: i. 20.
lucri bonus est odor: 14. 204.
Lucrine oysters : 4. 142.
Lucusta, compounder of poisons :

I. 71.
ludi: Ceriales, 14.262; Florales,

14.262; Megalenses, 11. 193;

14. 262.

234

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

Lunense marmor : 3. 257.
lunula: 7. 192.
luscus: 7. 128.
Lysimachus : 7. 204.

macellum: 11. 10.

Maculonis aedes : 7. 40.

madidis cUis : 10.178.

Maeotae: 15. 116.

magna ara: 8. 13.

Mamerci: 8. 192.

Mamertine prison : 3. 314.

man: divine origin of, 15. 146.

mandare laqueum : 10. 53.

mandra : 3. 237.

manuscripts of Juvenal: Intr.

19-21.
mappa: 5.27 ; 11. 193.
marble: i. 12; 3. 205 ; 14. 89;

Numidian, 7. 182 ; Phrygian,

14' 307 J marmor Lunense^

3- 257.
Marius: 8. 247 ; 10. 276, 282.
Marius Priscus : trial of, i . 49.
Mars : grove of, i. 7 ; altar of, 10. 83.
Marsi: 14. 180.

material for thing made : Intr. 69.
Matho: i. 32.
media Minerva: 3. 219.
media nox : 7. 222 ; media de node,

14. T90.
medium unguem ostendere : 10. 53.
Megalesian games : 1 1 . 193.
Meleager : 5. 1 1 5.
Memnon : statue of, 1 5. 5.
Menoeceus : death of, 14. 240.
mens sana in corpore sano : 10. 356.
Mentor : 8. 104.
meritoria : 3. 234.
Meroe: 13. 163.
Messalina, wife of Claudius :

14- 331-
Messalinus: 4. 113.
metae: 14. 232.
Metellus, general against Ser-

torius: 15. 109.
meter e bar bam : 3. 186.
metonomy : Intr. 68.
metreta : 3. 246.
Mettius Carus : i . 36.
Micipsae : 5. 89.

mUle, for an indefinitely large

number: 3.8.
mimes : 8. 186.
minor sacrilegus : 1 3. 1 50.
minoresj descendants: i. 148;

8. 234.
minutal: 14. 129.
miscellanea : 11. 20.
miserabilis : active, 12.73.
Mithridates : death of, 10. 273 ;

antidotes of, 14. 252.
mitra : 3. 66.
mittere^ to throw overboard:

12.43.
mode or tense, change of : Intr. 55.
mola salsa : 1 2. 84.
Molossi : 12. 108.
Monychus, centaur : i . 1 1 .
mosaic pavements : 1 1. 175 ; 14. 60.
motus astrorum : 3. 42.
Mucius Scaevola: i. 154; 8. 264.
mullus : 4. 15.
muraena : 5. 99.
murmillo : 8. 200.
murrina: 7. 133.
Muses in Juvenal : 7. 7.
mustum : 10. 250.
Myron : 8. 102 ; his statue of

Ladas, 13.97.

Nabataei : 1 1 . 1 26.

Narcissus : 14. 329.

nassa: 12, 123.

-ne interrogative : Intr. 75.

ne prohibitory : Intr. 38.

necy for ne quidem : 12. 52.

nempe: 8. 164.

Nero: ancestry of, 8. 228 ; colossus
of, 8. 230 ; plunders the temples,
12. 129 ; revolt against, 8. 221 ;
victor in the Greek games,
8. 227.

Nestor: length of life, 10. 246.

neuter plural : limited by a parti-
tive genitive, 12. 55.

neuter: used of persons, 10. 279.

Nicaean recension : Intr. 20.

niceteria : 3. 68.

nomenclator : i . 99.

non: repeated in tiec . . . nec^
12. 102.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

235

nonne : Intr. 75.

Nortia : 10. 74.

noun of place : denoting the occu-
pants, Intr. 67.

noun with in: limiting another
noun, Intr. 33.

ntn^a canities : 3. 26.

nffvemdiale: 5.85.

ftum and utrum : Intr. 75.

Numantinus: 8. II.

number: changed for sake of
variety, Intr. 63 ; plural for
singular, Intr. 62 ; singular for
plural, Intr. 61.

numerosus : 7 . 1 5 1 .

nuts for marbles : 5. 144.

Nysa: 7.64.

oenophorum: 7. 11.

ofella: 11. 144.

offensive occupations : 14. 202.

official 10.45.

oil of Venafrum : 5. 86.

oleum perdere : 7.99.

olim — iam dudum : 4. 96.

Ombi: 15.35,39.

omentum : 13. 118.

opici: 3. 207.

opisthographi : 1.6.

opponere, to pawn : 11. 18.

or^s, tables : i. 137; 11. 122.

ordi: 3. 129, 221.

orchestra : 3. 178 ; 7. 47.

Orontes : 3. 62.

oryx : 11. 140.

Osiris : search for, 8. 29.

Ostia: neut. pi., 8. 171.

Otho's law: 3. 155.

oysters: 4. 142.

Pactolus: 14. 299.

pctenula : 5. 79.

paganus: 16.33.

pagina honorum : 10. 57.

Palaemon : 7. 215.

Palatine Library : T.yj-

Palatium : 4.31.

Palfurius : 4. 53.

Pallas, freedman of Claudius :

I. 109.
palmae: 7. 118.

panem et circenses : 10. 81.

pantomimes : 7. 87.

papyrus : used for clothing, 4. 24.

parcendum est teneris : 14.215.

parchment: 7.23.

Paris, actor: 7.88.

paropsis : 3. 142.

Parrhasius : 8. 102.

parricide : punishment of, 8. 214.

possum : 14. 271.

pcttrimonia : 7. 11 3.

Patroclus, 3. 279.

patrons of literature: 7.94 and

95;

pavtmentum : 14. 00.

pears: 11. 73-

peculium : of a slave, 3. 189 j

castrensCj 16. 52.
Pegasus, jurist : 4. 77.
Pegasus, winged horse : 3. 1 18.
pegma: 4. 122.
Penates, home: 14. 320.
perfect infinitive with volo : 14.185.
pergula: 11. 137.
periit: 10. 11 ; contracted perfect,

8.85; 10. 118.
pero: 14. 186.
Persica regna: 14. 328.
persona, mask: 3. 175.
personal names in the Satires :

Intr. 17.
pervigiles : 8. 1 58.
petaurum : 14. 265.
Phaedra: 10. 327.
Phalaris: 8.81.
phalerae: 16.60.
Pharos: 12. 76; 13. 85.
phaselus: 15. 127.
Phasma, a play of Catullus : 8. 186.
pheasants: 11. 139.
phiala : 5. 39.
Phidias: 8. 103.
Philip, of Macedon: 12. 47.
Philippi : 8. 242.
Philippic, the Second of Cicero:

10. 126.
Pholus, centaur : 12.45.
phrenesis: 14.136.
Phrygia columna: 14. 307.
Picenum : fruit of, 11. 74.
Picus : 8. 131.

236

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

Pieria in umbra : 7.8.

pillars of Hercules : 14. 279.

pinnirapus : 3. 158.

Piso, patron of poets : 5. 109.

Pithoeanusy codex: Intr. 19.

placenta: 11. 59.

planipedes : %.\^\,

platanus : i. 12.

plena ore : 14.138.

plenus : with ablative, Intr. 35.

pleonasm : Intr. 79.

Pliny the Elder ; 3. 241.

pluris dimidio : 14.201.

PoUio, musician: 7. 176.

Polyclitus: 3. 217.

Polyphemus: 14.20.

Pompey : defeat and death,

10. 286 ; public prayers for,

10.283.
Ponticus serpens: 14. 114.
poor farmer: disadvantage of,

14.145, 151.
popina: 8. 158; 11. 81.
populariter: 3.37.
population of Rome: 11. 197.
porrum: 3.293; 14. 131.
Porta Capena: 3. 11.
Porta Syenes: 11. 124.
portents : 13. 63, 65.
poriicus : 4. 6 ; 7. 178.
portus Augusti: 12.75.
posca : 3. 292.

Poseidon: palace of, 13.81.
Posides, freedman of Claudius:

14.91.
position : Intr. 86.
potestasy magistrate : 10. 100.
pottery of Saguntum : 5. 29.
praebere caput venale : 3. 33.
praeceps : i. 149; 10.107.
praeco: i. 99; 3. 157; 7.6.
praefectus urbi : 13. 157.
praemiuy bribes : 3. 56.
Praeneste : 3. 190.
praesentius : 3.18.
praesidia : 7. 23.
Prctetexta: 10. 35.
praetextatus : 1.78.
praetoria, \^2i\3lcqsi 1.75.
praetorian camp : 10. 95.
pragmatici: 7. 123.

prandiutn: 13.46.
prima senectus : 3. 26.
princeps equitum : 4. 32.
prvvatus: I. 16; 13.41.
prizes at Olympia : 13. 99.
procer : in singular, 8. 26.
Prochyta : 3. 5.
procul inde : 14. 45.
prodigies: 13.63,65.
prohibitions : Intr. 37, 38.
Prometheus: 4. 133; 8. 133; 14.35.
promittere: 11.60; to foretell,

3-43-
pronoun ts : Intr. 71.
proper names: as appellatives.

Intr. 65; indirect designation of,
Intr. 66 ; to denote a class, Intr.
64.

proptnare : 5. 127.

proseucha : 3. 296.

provocarcy to rival : i. 24.

prudentia : 10. 365.

pruna: 3.83.

public slaves : 10.41.

puerlliacus: 13.43.

puis: II. 58.

pumex : 8. 16.

punishments in the world below :

13- 51-
purum : of silver, 10. 19 ; 14.62.
pygargus: 11. 138.
Pygmies: 13. 168.
Pylades and Orestes : 16. 26.
Pyrrha: 1.82.

Pythagoreans: 3.229; 15.174.
pytisma: 11. 175.
pyxis: 13.25.

quadra : 5. 2.

quamquam : with an adverbial
phrase, Intr. 42 ; with a partici-
ple, Intr. 42 ; with the subjunc-
tive, Intr. 42.

quamvis: with the subjunctive,
Intr. 43.

quantity of final syllables: Intr.
84.

quartana : 4. 57.

quatenus : 12. 102.

que . . . que: at end of a verse,
Intr. 27.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

237

question : in place of a conditional

sentence, 8. 25.
quid censes : 4. 130.
quid do ut: 7. 165.
quid quod: 3. 86.
Quinquatrus : 10. 1 1 5.
quinque^ for an undefined small

number: 11. 206.
Quintilian ; 7. 190.
Quiris : in singular, 8. 47.
quis enim : in a sudden question,

Intr. 78.
quis for qui: Intr. 77.
quis for uter : Intr. 76.
quota : 3. 61 .
quota pars : 1 3. 1 57.

race horses : 8. 62.

race of men : decline of, 1 5. 69.

raeda : 3. 10.

rarus for raro : 8. 63.

recitations: i. i ; hall for, 7. 40-47.

recta senectus : 3. 26.

recumbere : 3.82.

/iemi turba : 10. 73.

reponercj to pay back : I. i.

residences of the wealthy: 3. 71.

resinatus : 8. 114.

respice: as form of transition,

Intr. 28.
restem sequi: 10. 58.
retiarius : 8. 203.
revolvasy read : 8. 272.
rexy patron : i. 136.
rhetor : school of, 7. 1 50.
rhetoric: instruction in, 7. 150.
rhetorical contest at Lugdunum :

1.44.
rhinoceros y oil flask : 7. 130.
rivers : drained by army of Xerxes,

10. 177 ; with golden sands,

14. 299.
robum : 8. 155.
Roman territory : extent of in early

times, 14. 160.
Rome: population of, 11. 197.
rope-dancer: 14.274.
Roscian law : 3. 1 55.
roses : marking the coming of

sprmg, 14. 253.
Rubellius Blandus : 8.

39-

rubeta: i. 70.
rubrae leges : 14.192.
Rubrius Gallus : 4. 105.
rudis : 7. 171.

sac cuius : 11. 27.

sacramentum : 16. 36.

scuculay the ages of the world :
13. 28.

saeculunty reign : 4. 68.

saffron : 14. 267.

sagittae diver sae : 7. 156.

Saguntum: taken by Hannibal,
15. 114 ; pottery of, 5. 29.

Salamis: battle of, 10. 185.

Saleius Bassus : 7. 80.

salutatio: i. 128 ; 5. 21, 22.

sambuca : 3. 63.

Samos : 3. 70.

Samothracum arae: 3. 144.

sandapila: 8. 175.

Santonicus cucullus : 8. 145.

sarcophagus: 10.172.

Sardanapallus : 10. 362.

Sarmatae: 15. 125.

Sarmentus, scurra : 5. 3.

Sarrana: 10. 38.

satelles a ponte : 4. 116.

Saturnalia : 7. 96.

Schedae Arovienses : Intr. 22.

schoenobates : 3.77.

scholia : Intr. 23.

Scipio Nasica: 3. 137.

scurrae : 5. 3.

Scylla: 15. 17.

Secundus Carrinas : 7. 204.

secutoTy gladiator : 8. 203.

sedj and indeed : 4. 27 ; resump-
tive, 10. 185.

Sejanus : death, 10.86; fall,
10.62; 10.71; power, 10. 91,92;
worship, 10. 62.

se iudice : 13. 2.

Seneca : 5. 109; death, 10. 15, 18 ;
wealth, 10. 16.

sensus communis : 8. 73.

sepulchral inscriptions : 7.207.

serracum : 3. 255.

Serranus, epic poet : 7. 80.

servarcy to keep over: 14. '129.

servus publicus : 10.41.

238

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

sescentif for an indefinitely large

number: 3.8.
Setinum vinum : 5. 34; 10. 27.
shipwreck : paintings of, 14. 302.
shops: 3.304.
Sibyl: 3.2.

Sibylline books : 8. 126.
Siculus gurges : 5.100.
Sicyon : 3. 69.
signa: signals, 15. 157 ; statues,

14. 307.
signare: 3.82.
signator falsi : i . 67 .
silex: 3. 272.
siliquae ; 1 1 . 58.
silurus: 4.33; 14.132.
sine omni: 14. 69.
sifu pondere : used as an adjective,

7. 207.
sinusy pocket : i. 88.
siparium : 8. 186.
Siren: 14. 19.
sistrum : 13. 93.
Sisyphus: punishment, 13.51.
skins of animals for clothing:

14. 187.
slaves: sold at fabulous prices,

5.60; branded, 14.24; testi-
mony of, 10. 87.
soldier^s land bounty : 14. 163.
solem bibere : 11. 203.
Sora: 3.223.

sortes^ response of the oracle : i. 82.
Spartana: 8. loi.
spatia ultima : 10.275.
spira : 8. 208.

spondaic verses : Intr. 83 ; 3. 49.
sportula: 1.95, 119, 120, 128.
spuma: 13. 165.
spumare: 5. 116.
stag: life of, 14, 251.
stamen : of the Fates, 10. 252 ;

12.65; M-249-
stationes : 1 1 . 4.
Statins : 7. 83.
stemma : 8.1.
Stentor: 13. 112.
Stheneboea : 10. 327.
stigma : 10. 183.
stlattaria: 7. 134.
Stoics: 15. 107.

storks' nests in temple of Con-
cord: 1. 116.

Stratocles : 3. 99.

street lamps : 3. 285.

strigilis: 3.263.

structor, carptor : 5.120; 7.184;
II. 136.

studia, poetry : 7. i.

stupidus: 8. 197.

std> hasta : 3. 33.

sub iudice : 4. 12.

subject : position of, Intr. 45.

sub nostra sidere: 12. 103.

substantive and its adjectives :
position of, Intr. 47.

substantives used as adjectives :
Intr. 56; I. 50.

Subura: 3. 5 ; 10. 156.

succinctus: 8. 162.

sucida lana : 5. 24.

sufflamen: 8. 148; 16. 50.

suffragia vendimus : 10. 77, 78.

Sulla: subject for declamation,
I. 16.

sulphur matches : 5. 48.

sumere vultum : 3. 105.

summer ring: 1.28.

summovere : 1.37.

sun bath : 11.203.

sunt quae: with the indicative,

5- 131-
super cenam : 15. 14.
Sycambri : 4. 147.
Syene: 11. 124.
Syncope : Intr. 88.
Synizesis : Intr. 87.
Synnada : marble from, 14. 307.
Syrium pirum : 11.73.
syrma : 8. 229.
Syrophoenice : 8. 159.

tabella : book, 7. 23 ; writing of

agreement, 13. 136.
tabernae: i. 105; 3.304.
table legs : of ivory, 1 1 . 1 23 ; of

silver, 11. 128.
tablet at Aquinum : Intr. 3, and p.

xU.
tablets, for love letters : 14. 29 ;

oi iudices, 13. 4.
tabulas mutare : 14.55.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

239

Tagus: 3.54; 14.299.

tali: II. 132.

tame animals at Rome : 7. 77.

tangere aram : 14. 219.

tanti sunt : 13. 96.

Tarpeius : i.e, Capitolinus, 12.6;
Tarpeia fulmina : 13. 78.

Tarsus: 3. 117.

Tatius: 14. 160.

Taurica: 15. 116.
Tauramcnitanae rupcs : 5. 93.

Telephus: i. 5.

temple : of Apollo, 7« 37 ; o^ Cas-
tor and Pollux, 14. 260; of Con-
cord, 1. 116; of Juno at Samos,
16. 6 ; of Mars Ultor, 14. 260.

temples as places of safe deposit :
8. 142 ; 14. 260.

temporibus dirts : 10. 15.

Tentyra: 15.35, 39-

terga prae stare : 15.75.

Terminalia : 16. 38, 39.

Terpsichore : 7. 7.

tessellae: 11. 132.

tesserae frumentariae : 7. 174.
tudo: 11.94.

Teucrorum proles : 8. 56.

text-books : 7. 215, 227.

Thales: 13. 184.

theatre of Dionysus: 10. 128.

Thebaid of Statius : 7.83.

Thebes: in Boeotia, 13.27; in
Egypt, 15-6.

Theodorus, rhetor: 7. 177.

thermae: 7.233; 8.168; 11. 4.

thermipolia : 8. 168.

Thersites : 8. 269 ; 11. 31.

Theseis : of Cordus, i. 2.

thorax: 5. 143.

Thrasea and Helvidius : 5. 36. •

Threx, gladiator : 8. 203.

Thule : 1 5. 11 2.

Thymele, an actress : i. 36.

thyrsus: 7. 60.

Tiberius : absence from Rome,
10. 72 ; belief in astrology,
10. 94.

Tibur : 3. 192.

Tigellinus, favorite of Nero :
I. 155.

time: how measured, 10. 216.

Tiresias: 13. 249.

tirunculus : 1 1 . 1 43.

Tirynthius, Hercules: 11. 61.

Titans: 13.40.

Titius Seiusque : 4. 13.

Htulus : inscription, 8. 69 ; label,

5- 30. 34.
Tityos: punishment, 13. 51.
tmesis: Intr. 48.
toga: discarded, 3. 172 ; worn at

games, 11. 204 ; picta^ 10. 38.
/^^«tz/a^, comedies : 1.3.
togata plebs : 8. 49.
togatus: 3. 127 ; civilian, 16.8.
tomacula : i o. 3 5 5.
tombs : outside the city, i. 171.
too great for, too small for : Intr.

36.

torques : 16. 60.

trabea: 8. 259 ; 10. 35.

Tralles : 3. 70.

transilit Pyrenaeum : 10.152.

transire, to say nothing about:

3. 114.
transtiberinus : 14. 202.
travel : by night, 3. 316.
trechedipna : 3. 67.
tria nomina: 5. 127.
tribunal: at the public games,

8. 194 ; of the praetor, 10. 35.
tribunatus semestris : 7. 89.
tribune: i. no; the pay of,

3- 132.
triscurria: 8.190.
triumph of Domitian : 4. 147.
Troicay epic of Nero : 8. 221.
Troiugenae: 1. 100.
Trojan fire: 4. 61.
tropaeum : 10.133.
truffles : 5. 116.
Tulli census : 5. 57.
tunica: lupiniy 14.153; molesta^

8. 235 ; palmata, 10. 38.
turba : deorum, 13. 46; togata^ 1. 96.
Tuscan ware : 11. 108.
Tusci libelli : 1 3. 62.
tutela: 14. 112.
tutor: 8. 79.

una simus : 5. 18.
underworld : 3. 266 sq.

240

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

unde vents : 3. 292.

unus et alter : 1 4. 33.

urceoli: 10. 64.

urn of the praetor : 13. 4.

urna^ as a measure : 1 2. 44.

usque: with the accusative, 10. i.

«^i^ concessive : 10.240.

utcumque: without a verb» 10. 271.

uter: Intr. 76.

utrum and num. : Intr. 7 5.

uva : of a swarm of bees» 13. 68.

Vagellius: 13. 119.

Vascones: 15.93.

Vatinii calices : 5. 46.

Vcalegon : 3. 199.

vehemens : quantity of, 11.34.

velaria : 4. 1 22.

vena publica : 7. $3.

venator: 4. loi.

Venetia : wool of, 3. 170.

Ventidius Bassus : 7. 199.

Venusina lucerna : i. 51.

verbum : of more than one word,

I. 161.

Vercellae : triumph for victory at,
8. 253.

Vergil : absurd questions on,
7. 234 ; quotied by Juvenal,
5. 138 ; 14. 215; used in schools,
7. 227 ; compared with Homer,

II. 181.

Verginius Ruf us : 8.221.
vernula: 5. 105.
Verres : 3. 53 ; 8. 106.
verso pollice : 3.36.
vertere solum : 11. 49.
vert ice raso : 12.81.
Vestini: 14. iSo.
vetus and antiquus : 1 5. 33.
Vibius Crispus : 4. 81.

victims: from the Clitumnus,
12. 13 ; white and black, 12. 3.

victus Aiax ; 10. 84. ^

znduaj without vines : 8. 78.

vigiles: 14. 306.

vUicuSy insularius : 3. 195.

villas: of the Romans, 1.94;
14.87,95.

vindicta: 16. 22.

Vindicius : 8. 266. .

viola : 1 2. 90.

violare, to desecrate : 11. 116.

virga : 8. 7.

vitae : Intr. 2, and p. xl.

vitiSf centurion's staff : 8. 247 ;
14. 193.

vitta: 4.9; 12. 118.

vivaria : 3. 308.

Vivendi causae : 8. 84.

vivere: of sculpture, 8. 103.

Vlubrae : 10. 100.

volo : with perfect iniinitiVe, 1 4. 1 85.

Volsinii : 3. 191.

voUva tabella : 12. 27.

voxfurit: 14.63.

Vulcani antrum : 1.8.

vulnus damnorum : 8. 98.

wagons : when not allowed in
Rome, 3. 10.

waiters : 5. 56.

watchmen : private, 14. 306.

whole for part : Intr. 69.

wife of Pluto : 13. 50.

windows : 3. 274 ; 4. 21.

wine : used in sacrifices, 12. 8.

wives of magistrates in the prov-
inces : 8. 1 28.

zeugma: 15.81.

zona, money belt : 14. 297.

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Juvenal"

See other formats