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THE

Kansas Historical
Quarterly

KIRKE MECHEM, Editor

JAMES C. MALIN, Associate Editor

NYLE H. MILLER, Managing Editor

Volume XV
1947

(Kansas Historical Collections)

VOL. XXXII

Published by

The Kansas State Historical Society

Topeka, Kansas

22-102

Contents of Volume XV

Number 1 February, 1947

PAGK

WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 Walter Johnson, 1

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM

ALLEN WHITE Walter Johnson and Alberta Pantle, 22

A HOOSIER IN KANSAS; THE DIARY OF HIRAM H. YOUNG, 1886-1895,

PIONEER OF CLOUD COUNTY : Part Four, 1893. . .Edited by Powell Moore, 42

THE ANNUAL MEETING : Containing Reports of the Secretary,
Treasurer, Executive, Nominating and Membership Com-
mittees; Annual Address of the President, NEWSPAPER
ADVENTURE, Jess C. Denious; Remarks on Retirement,
George A. Root; Election of Officers; List of Directors of
the Society Kirke Mechem, Secretary, 81

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 104

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 105

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES . 109

Number 2 May, 1947

PAGI

SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II BEARING KANSAS NAMES,

Compiled by Harold J. Henderson, 113

With photographs of the following vessels (between pp. 120, 121) :
U. S. S. Hawkins, U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell, U. S. S.
Ottawa, and the launching of the U. S. S. Topeka.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864 : Part One, 1856 127

DIFFERENCES IN WICHITA INDIAN CAMP SITES AS REVEALED BY

STONE ARTIFACTS Arch 0' Bryant, 143

A HOOSIER IN KANSAS; THE DIARY OF HIRAM H. YOUNG, 1886-1895,
PIONEER OF CLOUD COUNTY: Part Five, 1894-1895 Concluded,

Edited by Powell Moore, 151

With photographs of Hiram H. Young, facing p. 152, and other
members of the Young family, facing p. 153.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Compiled by Helen M. McFarland, Librarian, 186

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 211

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 215

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 221

(iii)

Number 3 August, 1947

PAGE

THE BUILDING OP THE FIRST KANSAS RAILROAD SOUTH OF THE

KAW RIVER Harold J. Henderson, 225

FOLLOWING PIKE'S EXPEDITION FROM THE SMOKY HILL TO

THE SOLOMON Theo. H. Schefier, 240

With map of Pike's route through Saline and Ottawa counties, facing
p. 240, and photographs of Sentinel Rock and Rockyfern creek,
Ottawa county, facing p. 241.

THE REPORT OF THE WTANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION, 1831,

Edited by J. Orin Oliphant, 248

THE EARLY WORK OF THE LORETTINES IN SOUTHEASTERN

KANSAS Sister M. Lilliana Owens, S. L., 263

With sketches of the Catholic Osage Mission in 1865, facing p. 272,
and Saint Francis Parish in the 1890's, facing p. 273.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864 : Part Two, 1857 277

With a sketch of the governor's mansion at Lecompton, facing
p. 288.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 320

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 325

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES . . .332

Number 4 November, 1947

PAGE

CHARLES CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION Berlin B. Chapman, 337

With portraits of Wah-Shun-Gah, Chief of the Kaw Indians, facing
p. 344, and Vice -President Charles Curtis, facing p. 345.

A REPORT AND REMARKS ON CANTONMENT LEAVEN-
WORTH .- Edward R. DeZurko, 353

With drawing, "Plan of Cantonment Leavenworth, 1828," facing
p. 352, and portrait of Gen. Henry Leavenworth, facing p. 853.

WILLIAM E. BORAH'S YEARS IN KANSAS IN THE 1880's Waldo W. Braden, 360

With portraits of William E. Borah and Frank Lasley (1885),
facing p. 360, and Mr. and Mrs. William E. Borah (1895),
facing p. 861.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864 : Part Three, 1858 368

With reproduction of advertising lithograph of Sumner, Atchison
county (1858), facing p. 384, and photographs of "Home of
Gen. James H. Lane," and "House and Well Where Jim Lane
Shot Capt. Jenkins," facing p. 885.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 404

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 406

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 413

INDEX TO VOLUME XV 415

(iv)

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

February 1947

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society

Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 Walter Johnson, 1

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM

ALLEN WHITE Walter Johnson and Alberta Pantle, 22

A HOOSIER IN KANSAS; THE DIARY OF HIRAM H. YOUNG, 1886-1895,

PIONEER OF CLOUD COUNTY: Part Four, 1893. . .Edited by Powell Moore, 42

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 104

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 105

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 109

The Kansas Historical Quarterly is published in February, May, August and
November by the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kan., and is dis-
tributed free to members. Correspondence concerning contributions may be
sent to the editor. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made
by contributors.

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

William Allen White of Emporia, a distinguished native Kansan whose
voluminous writings during his fifty years as a "country editor" brought him
world fame. He was born in Emporia February 10, 1868, and died there
January 29, 1944.

Photo by Bernard Hoffman for Life magazine through whose courtesy it
is here reproduced.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XV February, 1947 Number 1

William Allen White: Country Editor,
1897-1914

WALTER JOHNSON

WHEN two run-away Emporia boys were apprehended by the
police of Kansas City in 1913 and queried as to their reason
for leaving Emporia, the older boy stated thoughtfully: "Well,
there's nothing there but William Allen White, and we got tired
of hearing of him." l Long before this event, Emporia was
known to the outside world as the home of Bill White. His politi-
cal success on the national and state scene and his ability to write
editorials that sparkled with excellent prose and pungent phrases
had made him the leading citizen of the town within a few years
from the day that he had acquired the Gazette on borrowed money.
White's great asset was his ability to express himself in a distinctive
editorial style. "Taking the hide off somebody" was his particular
delight. "We're all beef eaters, especially Bill White," an Em-
porian told Sam Blythe in 1907, "and that's what makes him the
first-class fighting man he is. ... He's a good deal of an ideal-
ist, but he can dream and fight at the same time, which, I take it,
is a good mixture for any man. He does things and says things in
his paper that make us hopping mad, but nobody ever accuses him
of doing anything for any motive except that of his own con-
science. He gets preachy, and that makes me tired. He gets per-
sonal, and that makes some others tired. Still, he's a vital force in
Kansas, and Kansas knows it. Besides, what bully stories he can
write ! How I wish he would write more of them and let somebody
else do the preaching." 2

EDITOR'S NOTE: This article is a chapter of Dr. Walter Johnson's biography William
AUen White and His America to be published by Henry Holt March 15, 1947.

Dr. Johnson is assistant professor of history at the University of Chicago. He is editor
of The Selected Letters of William Allen White, published by Holt in January, 1947.

1. The Advance, Chicago, v. 66 (November 27, 1913), p. 403.

2. Samuel G. Blythe, "William Allen White," The Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia,
v. 179, June 15, 1907, pp. 20, 22.

2 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Emporia editor remarked in 1926 that the years from 1895 to
World War I were "the most fruitful and happy years of my life." 3
A considerable portion of the money that he received from his
countless magazine articles and books was poured into improving the
Gazette, constructing an office building, and buying a home for his
family. For all of White's belief that small town papers, which
devoted themselves to local news and local color would be a success,
he had to pour a share of his outside earnings into the Gazette. If
he had spent his full time running the paper, he undoubtedly could
have earned a moderate yearly income. But to travel as extensively
as he did, to take lengthy vacations in Colorado, to own a comfort-
able home and entertain out-of-town guests with great frequency
necessitated a far larger income than the Gazette could have pro-
duced. The twentieth century trend toward more and more ex-
pensive machinery for the back shop, too, required a larger sum of
money than an ordinary Emporia editor might have had at hand.
The purchase of such machinery would have forced most editors
to borrow from the banks, but White had sufficient outside income
to free himself of any bank control of the paper.

By 1904 the Gazette, now the principal paper of Lyon county, had
a circulation of 2,000 daily and 2,000 weekly copies. Six years
later, when White was in the thick of the progressive fight, the paper
reached a 3,000 circulation. After the failure of the Emporia Re-
publican, no other daily was able to threaten White's newspaper su-
premacy. Not only did White have money coming in from outside
writing, but he was a hard working, shrewd newspaper man. "Look
at that face, pink and white, fat and sweet, as featureless and inno-
cent as a baby's bottom!", remarked a town enemy in 1899. "But
by God don't let that fool you!"

During the bitter days of the insurgent revolt against Taft,
White's political enemies, both in Emporia and in the state backed
a rival paper, the Emporia Journal. On January 16, 1909 ; the fol-
lowing editorial appeared in the Gazette:

There is something sad in the announcement of the Emporia Daily Journal
that it has printed its "last copy." Because, on the whole, Emporia has never
had a more sincere, conscientious attempt to establish an independent, uncon-
trolled daily newspaper. Editor Mickey has done his best, and his best has
had this immense advantage over the best of many other predecessors it has
been clean, honest, and unprejudiced. No one controlled him. And his in-
ability to make it go, carries with it no stigma of failure. He has fought a
\manly fight, and insofar as one wins who maintains his integrity, he has

3. To Helen Mahin, October 7, 1926.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 3

won. But those who tempted him into this venture, by telling him what
marvelous success he might achieve fighting the Gazette, deserve censure for
their treachery. They abandoned him cruelly. They gave no support to his
venture. They saw him spending his own good money and offered no help.
They should bear whatever of opprobrium attaches to his failure not he; for
his is no failure. He was talked into a foolish venture by men with axes to
grind. They found an honest man, and they left him to find out their per-
fidy. But what an old story this all is in this profession. No American town,
north, south, east or west, is too large or unfortunately too small to have
this very tragedy enacted. Every newspaper, in the nature of things, makes
enemies. To tell the truth it must make enemies. But its enemies, often, are
the best thing about a newspaper. They are its assets. They are its chief
source of strength in a town. But when they see a newspaper man about to
enter a town, they flock to him with stones, and tell him what a snap it will
be to do up the other editor. They exaggerate the other man's mistakes.
They make the new man belie v that the town is just naturally yearning
for a bright, newsy, crisp, spicy paper. These adjectives are as old as the
business. Always they are the same. They are the sticky flypaper upon which
a new editor always lights to his sorrow. And then, when once he is down,
the adjectives pull him to his death. If he is bright, his new-found friends
criticise him. If he tries to be newsy, they ask him to suppress items. If
he makes his paper crisp and different, they say he is too fresh, and if he
would make it spicy, they say he is indecent. In the end, he prints his vale-
dictory. . . .

White became convinced from his own experience with these
papers backed by his political enemies that a newspaper did not
succeed upon "its political beliefs, but upon its ability to get reli-
able news quickly to the people." White always discouraged his
progressive friends from launching a paper "as a political and not
as a business venture." When a paper was the only daily in a given
town, White firmly believed that its news columns should be opened
equally to both sides in a controversy. During an important elec-
tion over a street car franchise in 1911, for instance, White adopted
the policy of giving space one day to one side and the next day to
the other side as the only way of being fair to the community.

Although White believed that the news columns should present all
sides of a question, he was absolutely convinced that the editorial
page should have a definite point of view. At a time when many
American papers were starting to neglect their editorial page, White
gave his editorials the very best writing that he could command.
His expressive, vigorous language frequently stirred the wrath of
his opponents. In 1899, for instance, a gentleman named Luther
Severy, failing to secure the Republican nomination for mayor, ran
as an independent. White turned his scathing editorial pen on the
man, and one day as he passed Severy, Severy struck him on the

4 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

back of the head with a heavy cane and knocked him to the
ground. A bystander later called White a coward, and White struck
this fellow in the face. The crowd that quickly gathered broke up
the fight and White and Severy were taken into court for fighting
and using abusive and indecent language. Severy plead guilty,
and his fine was paid through a subscription circulated by White's
enemies. White was acquitted of any guilt in the affair. When
Severy tried to claim, however, that White was facing him when he
struck, White noted in an editorial that

Without desiring to question the veracity of the two gentlemen who swore
that Severy was standing in front of W. A. White when he struck the blow
that felled him, the Gazette desires to offer in evidence, as exhibit "A," one
head, size 7% with a large lump directly in the back, and one $35 suit of
clothes with mud down the front and not a spot behind, as exhibit "B." . . . 4

Although other Kansas editors expressed sorrow over the incident,
the rival Republican announced that it was just what White de-
served since the Gazette was "too free in its criticisms of persons and
things." 5 Then, Severy was presented with a new cane 6 in the Re-
publican office! Such physical mishaps as the Severy affair, how-
ever, never tempered the vigorous language that White used in his
editorials.

When White first started his career in country-town journalism,
papers were usually owned by a particular economic group and the
editor simply served as their mouthpiece. White, always seeking
individual freedom, was wary of placing himself in such a position.
Although he had had to borrow money to buy the Gazette, his out-
side earnings soon freed him of any responsibility to Emporia's
wealthy for the Gazette's editorial position. For the rest of his
lifetime, he carried out the following editorial creed: "What we
want, and what we shall have is the royal American privilege of
living and dying in a country town, running a country newspaper,
saying what we please when we please, how we please and to whom
we please." 7 At about the turn of the century, White was offered
all the printing of a great railroad. "It would have made me inde-
pendently rich," White recalled. But he knew that by taking it he
would have lost his freedom. He would rather work hard at editing

4. Emporia Gazette, April 8, 1899.

5. Emporia Daily Republican, April 7, 1899.

6. Ibid., April 14.

7. Emporia Gazette, December 6, 1911.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 5

and writing and be free to speak his mind than to eat the "exotic
food" of the plutocrats and have to execute their policies. 8

White was extremely sensitive to any attempts at influencing his
editorial policy. When there was a fight between two telephone
companies in Emporia, one company tried to use an intermediary
to secure a favorable editorial. In a state of indignation, White
wrote the company on May 25, 1900, that

... if you have any communication to make regarding the policy of the
Gazette, or its editorial announcements, kindly make them directly to me,
and not to some other party in this town whom you may fancy has some
influence with me. ... It is particularly annoying to me, and it must be
very annoying to anyone else, to assume that anyone is responsible for
anything in the Gazette except the man who owns it. ...

White not only believed fc that an editor should be a teacher,
preacher, philosopher, and friend to all, but he told his readers that
no honest newspaperman should truckle to his constituency. When
the readers were wrong on a question, the editor should say so and
not take the easy way out of agreeing with them. "Every paper
that amounts to anything makes people violently angry" was his
firm conviction. 9 When he was asked in 1903 to analyze why his
paper was a success, he observed that

... it seems to me that the essence of success in a newspaper is wisely
directed courage. All the struggles I have had have been due to mistakes I
make in temporizing with evil. Whenever the Gazette has been brave and fair
it has been easy enough to get money to pay off Saturday night, but when the
Gazette has acted the demagogue, it has been hard work to make the paper
go. Character is the one essential to running a successful newspaper, whether
the success is financial or political. The best epigram ever made about a
newspaper was made by the late Secretary of Agriculture Sterling Morton who
said: "A newspaper's foes are its assets and its friends its liabilities." It is
the man who wants you to keep something out that eats the vitality out of the
bank account. . . . 10

Consistency in editorial opinion was no virtue to White. He was
never reluctant to change a point of view when new facts appeared.
What he desired was to reflect the events of the day in the light of
the truth as he understood the truth. But, as he so often demon-
strated, "The Gazette has no policy today, that it will not abandon
tomorrow, if the facts change, upon which yesterday's stand was
taken." n

8. White to Frank Buxton, December 22, 1938; to writer, interview, November 27, 1941.

9. Emporia Gazette, December 27, 1902 ; October 21, 1901.

10. To the Success Company, October 9, 1903.

11. Emporia Gazette, December 19, 1913.

6 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

White could write editorials in many moods. A fellow Emporian
was once quoted as saying that

Bill, you know, considers himself a sort of moral regenerator for the town, the
State, the Republican party and the nation at times, and when he is in one
of those moods he makes the fur fly. . . . You get different lights on Bill
White. Sometimes you think he takes himself so seriously that it must be
painful to him, and at other times he seems to be as frivolous as one of our
society buds. Once in a while he writes an essay that is so solemn and so
full of high lights and uplifts that you think he has taken a running jump
and landed in a pulpit somewhere, and then he sets the town to grinning and
guessing with a paragraph like this one I find on the first page of to-day's
Gazette: "An Emporia man and an Emporia young woman are giving con-
siderable attention to the same vacant house. Their friends are looking every
morning in the mail for the invitations." 12

White frequently used the device of printing a rumor about him-
self, and then editorializing on the subject. On April 8, 1905, he
remarked that there was a rumor that he kept liquor in his cellar.
''This is a malicious and unspeakable falsehood," White declared.
"The liquor is kept in the pantry, between the dining room and the
kitchen. Why not tell the truth? It is also alleged that the editor
of the Gazette has the gout, caused by high living. Yesterday for
dinner he had home-picked sour-dock, mustard, dandelion, horse-
radish and beet-top greens, boiled bacon, and potatoes, corn bread
and onions. Would you call that high living? Another lie nailed!"

A suggestion from Kansas Bull Moosers that he run for governor
prompted the following editorial on January 13, 1914:

A number of Progressives at Lakin, more kind than considerate, yesterday
resoluted in favor of this man White, of Emporia, for governor. They wanted
him to run as a Progressive candidate. To which the Gazette says no a
thousand times no. For we are on to that man White, and without wishing to
speak disrespectfully of a fellow townsman, who, so far as we know, may be
at least outwardly decent in the simpler relations of life perhaps he pays his
debts when it is convenient, and he may be kind to his family, though that's
not to his credit, for who wouldn't be and he may have kept out of jail, one
way or another for some time ; without, as we say, desiring to speak disrespect-
fully of this man, we know that he's not the man either to run for governor
or. if such a grotesque thing could be imagined, to serve as governor.

He can't make a speech. He has a lot of radical convictions which he some-
times comes into the Gazette office and exploits, which are dangerous. He has
been jawing politicians for twenty years until he is a common scold, and he
has set up his so-called ideals so high that the Angel Gabriel himself couldn't
give the performance that this man White would have to advertise on the bills.

So, in the words of the poet, nix on Willyum Allen. The Gazette's nose is

12. S. G. Ely the, loc. cit.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 7

hard and cold on the proposition to make him governor. He is a four-flusher,
a ring-tailed, rip-snorting hell-raiser and a grandstander. He makes a big
noise. He yips and kioodles around a good deal, but he is everlastingly and
preeminently N. G. as gubernatorial timber full of knots, warts, woodpecker
holes, and rotten spots. He would have the enmity of more men who have
walked the plank politically than any other man in Kansas, and his candidacy
would issue an irrevocable charter in Kansas for the Progressive party to be
the official minority report world without end. Men and women would be
trampled to death at 7 o'clock election morning, trying to get at the polls to
cast the first vote against him and at night perfectly good citizens, kind fathers
and indulgent husbands, would risk a jail sentence to get in at least ten votes
against him as repeaters. It may be that the Progressive party needs a goat,
but the demand doesn't require a Billy-goat! Now is the time for all good
men to come to the aid of the party. But this man White is a shoulder-galled,
sore-backed, ham-strung, wind-broken, string-halted, stump-sucking old stager
who, in addition to being no good for draft and general purposes, has the
political bots, blind-staggers, heaves, pinkeye and epizootic. Moreover, he
is locoed and has other defects. . . .

This editorial prompted The Literary Digest to remark that ". . .
William Allen White, the well-known Kansas institution, acted
wisely when he defeated himself recently for the Progressive nom-
ination for governor. . . ." 13

White was not only a superb editorial writer, but he was a shrewd
businessman. Gradually, as his earnings increased, he delegated
more and more responsibility to his staff, but at all times he was
aware of what was taking place in the various parts of the office.
His business acumen was revealed when he constructed a new build-
ing for the Gazette on the lot next to where the government planned
eventually to build a post office. This gave the Gazette a vantage
point for collecting news and made its office building space a desir-
able location for rental purposes.

"The country newspaper," White once wrote in Harper's Maga-
zine, "is the incarnation of the town spirit. . . . The newspaper
is in a measure the will of the town, and the town's character is dis-
played with sad realism in the town's newspapers. A newspaper is
as honest as its town, is as intelligent as its town, as kind as its town,
as brave as its town." 14 The Gazette was primarily a local paper.
Although it carried Associated Press dispatches, the bulk of the
paper was devoted to local happenings. This did not mean, how-
ever, printing malicious gossip and scandal. White had nothing but
scorn for yellow journalism, with its scare headlines and vivid ar-
ticles on the seamy side of life, which was then flowering in the

13. Literary Digest, New York, v. 48 (March 21, 1914), p. 642.

14. Harper's Magazine, New York, v. 132 (May, 1916), p. 888.

8 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

big urban centers under the guidance of William Randolph Hearst.
An honest editor, White believed, should not print malicious gossip
until it was a matter of court record. Vile stories should be handled
in such a way that they could be read aloud in the family circle. 15

"The news is what the newspapers play up," White declared in an
editorial. "Moreover, the newspapers should be regulated. Some
day the people will appoint or elect or hire town managers, and the
business of the town managers, among other things, will be to go
after the newspapers. Details of murders, hangings, suicides, sex
crimes, highway robberies, burglaries, and crimes of violence gen-
erally should be suppressed, under the police power of the state.
. . . Newspapers could quit if they would. The community
should make them quit, and some day the good sense of the people
will organize and go after the newspapers just as it has gone after
offenders in other walks of life." 16 One phase of the new yellow
journalism that White abhorred was the growth of comic strips. He
was to keep them out of his paper until after World War I. He
proved to be a poor prophet in 1909, however, when he declared that
". . . In a year or two they will be as rare as the shinplasters of
half a century ago." 17

Anyone who objected to the policy of the Gazette was encouraged
to express his views in a column entitled "The Wailing Place."
White, however, would not publish unsigned communications nor
those which stirred religious or racial hatreds. He refused a dia-
tribe against the Catholic church one day because, as he informed
his correspondent, ". . . The Catholic Church in Emporia I do
not regard as a serious menace. ... I do not believe in stirring
up religious feeling in an otherwise quiet community, when the
community life does not seem to justify it." 18

White enjoyed nothing better than deflating Emporia's pompous
citizenry. Shortly after he acquired the Gazette, he decided to drop
the term professor because every teacher wanted the title. There
was one teacher at the Normal school who raised a rumpus with
White because the term wasn't used any longer before his name.
White, however, was unrelenting. Then, when the Spanish-Ameri-
can War came, this teacher organized a company at the Normal and
became a captain. At this point, White began to refer to him as
the professor, rather than as the captain, which made the teacher
furious.

16. Emporia Gazette, October 12, 1903.

16. Ibid., June 2, 1911.

17. Ibid., January 4, 1909.

18. To F. W. Ives, February 8, 1914.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 9

White demanded simplicity in style from all of his reporters. The
Gazette style book written by Laura M. French, the city editor,
listed as positive "dont's" such phrases as "At death's door"; "on
the sick list"; "joined in holy wedlock"; "departed this life"; "tokens
of respect"; and, "the last sad rites." Another important "don't"
for all Gazette employees was "Don't use Mr. White's name say
the Gazette, or cut it out altogether if you can't say Gazette. You
might lose your job otherwise."

As White's social viewpoint broadened, he began to alter the type
of advertising that he would publish in his paper. Around 1909, for
instance, he began to drop patent medicine advertisements. A year
before he had defended such advertising, but by 1909 he was declar-
ing that "I should like to see the whole patent medicine business
wiped off the earth. . . ."> Peruna, lemon extract, and Hos-
tetter's Bitters were among those dropped by the Gazette. By 1912,
White was informing the American Tobacco Company that he would
not accept their advertising any longer either, if it continued to
carry such phrases as "Now is the time to learn to chew if you are
ever going to." 20 It was such attitudes as these, actually costing
White the loss of considerable income, that led the Wichita Eagle
to remark that "If at times he seems to take it upon himself to be a
sort of public conscience, it is because he holds himself to stern
standards, and would have in others what he demands of himself." 21

White's editorial outpourings as well as his news columns were
devoted to making the Gazette a local interest paper. Although his
editorials on national affairs attracted widespread attention, he was
apt to write many more editorials about local people and events. A
wide variety of items were touched on in these editorials. Some-
times he would praise the flowers of a citizen or tell his readers how
to prepare this or that food. When one family lost their little daugh-
ter in 1903, he wrote a touching editorial declaring that
. . . there is something in the death of a little child, something in its in-
finite pathos that makes all human creatures mourn. Because in every heart
that is not a dead heart, calloused to all joy or sorrow, some little child is
enshrined either dead or living and so child love is the one universal emo-
tion of the soul, and child death is the saddest thing in all the world. 22

When families celebrated wedding anniversaries or contributed in
some way to the betterment of the town, they were sure to have a

19. To E. C. Franklin, November 19, 1909.

20. September 19, 1912.

21. October 29, 1905.

22. February 5, 1903; two collections of White's editorials have been published: The
Editor and His People (New York, 1924), edited by H. O. Mahin, and Forty Years On
Main Street (New York and Toronto, 1937), edited by R, H. Fitzgibbon.

10 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Gazette editorial devoted to them. These editorials, praising the
virtues of his neighbors, White considered to be

the best form of editorial expression. ... It teaches the writer to formu-
late his understanding of what are fundamental virtues in men. ... It
brings the community to a realizing sense of the worth and value of its citi-
zens. And habitually practiced for a generation, it cements to a paper,
friendships which are as much a part of its capital assets as its machinery. 23

Typical of the cementing type of editorial that he wrote was one
praising the Welsh community in Emporia: ". . . The Welsh
people of this community," he declared, "have lived here for over a
generation. They have been the best single strain of blood in our
Emporia life. . . . They are the salt of the earth, and Emporia
is a better, cleaner, kindlier town because it is the home of these
people." 24

Frequently, the editorial column became "preachy." He enjoyed
nothing quite so much as telling the women of the town how to
cook. Baked beans properly cooked, he believed, were a feast
worthy of the gods. But those housewives who substituted canned
beans for the home-cooked baked variety, he asserted, "should be
loaded into a patrol wagon and taken to jail. . . . Canned
beans are clammy and tasteless. . . . Beans are no good unless
they are cooked at home, in an oven, with a real fire in the stove.

Every once in a while, the editor of the Gazette would launch a
crusade to clean up the town. In 1897, he sallied forth against the
"joints" that were selling bootleg liquor. He printed a list of these
spots and then wrote that

. . . Day after day the joints sell liquor here each day getting a little
bolder, and the Law and Order League snores on in the sweet unconsciousness
of its dreams. . . . There is talk of a public meeting to discuss ways and
means for closing these joints. . . . Will the minister whose wealthy
church members rent buildings for saloons dare to come to this meeting and
denounce this business? . . .

A few days later he sarcastically asserted that

. . . Let's have the joints and then we can have some variety in town. An
occasional murder a nice interesting wife murder that will give us something
to talk about. . . . Let's have the joints. They are illegal. Their presence
violates the law. The dignity of the courts is torn down. Mob law is en-
couraged. Law breaking in other lines is stimulated. . . .2*

23. Fitzgibbon, op. cit., p. 50, footnote.

24. Emporia Gazette, February 11, 1911.

25. Ibid., February 25, 1911.

26. Ibid., May 5, 17, 1897.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 11

White could shift in his editorial writing from a didactic mood
to an hilarious mood with the greatest of ease. As a result, his edi-
torial column varied from day to day according to the spirit of the
editor. After preaching the need of social responsibility and the im-
portance of supporting progressive political measures for days at a
time, he would suddenly write an editorial like the following:

A new dress, called the lampshade dress, is headed this way. It looks like
a horror. . . . Yet ... It isn't what a woman wears; it's what she is
that drives us crazy. . . . Put rings in her nose, stripe her forehead, scar
her face, or put her in the plug hat of the simple child of the forest, and
she still remains the most wonderful thing our blessed Lord ever made. 27

As early as the first decade of the twentieth century, White was
being looked upon by many as the spokesman of small town Middle-
western America. Feature articles about the Emporia editor began
to appear in urban papers and nation-wide magazines, and his
views on a variety of subjects were reprinted with regularity. All
of these tendencies were greatly increased in the years between the
two World Wars, but they had started long before 1914. An article
in the New York Sun on October 20, 1910, hailed White as being
"as much a part of Kansas as her cornstalks and sunflowers," and
observed that "He thinks Kansas is the real United States, and had
rather be the mouthpiece of Kansas' thought . . . than to be
the richest man in the State or an United States Senator." By re-
maining in the small town, when his generation were flocking to the
city, he eventually became not only the spokesman for Kansas but
for much of the Middlewest. He always maintained that the reason
he stayed in Emporia was that people were more sociable and
friendly. Emporia was a personal world where neighbors' joys and
sorrows were shared with others. Furthermore, class lines were not
hard and fast like in the big city. In Emporia the town carpenter
had influence with the banker, but White asked, "Does the Bronx
plasterer have influence with J. P. Morgan?"

A man who lived a life with real neighbors, White believed, would
take more with him at death than the man who lived in a metro-
politan center filled with strangers. Moreover, he once wrote that

. . . what we can't see is how a man who can have one hundred feet of
lawn and a kitchen garden to sprinkle with the hose every evening after work,
can permit himself to be locked up in a long row of five and six story cell-
houses, with nothing to distinguish one cell-house from the other but the
number on the front door. 28

27. Ibid., June 23, 1913.

28. William Allen White, "Emporia and New York," American Magazine, New York,
v. 63 (January, 1907), p. 261.

12 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Although White received many fabulous offers as high as
twenty-five thousand dollars a year from the Chicago Tribune to
desert country journalism for big city newspapers, he chose to re-
main in Emporia. Had he gone to New York or Chicago, he would
have been only one of a number of good newspaper editors. But,
by remaining as editor of the Gazette, he was unique. Here was a
man, middle class America began to think, who refused to succumb
to the flesh pots of the wicked city. Mark Sullivan expressed this
feeling when he wrote that ". . . from the point of view of na-
tional well-being, a thousand young William Allen Whites in a thou-
sand Emporias would serve America well." 29

Although White may have enjoyed small town life, there also
seems little doubt that he was canny enough to see that by remaining
in Emporia he had a pulpit for reaching the American people unlike
any he could ever have in the city. To leave Emporia would mean
the end of his powerful influence, an influence that grew immeasur-
ably from 1914 to 1944. For all of White's enjoyment of his neigh-
bors in Emporia, the White family spent a great deal of time away
from Emporia even in the years prior to 1914. After the Gazette
was on its feet financially, the Whites were able to leave town for
long intervals and turn the paper over to the capable staff that they
had assembled. The Gazette actually served as a training center
for many future editors. Among the young Gazette reporters who
later went on to their own papers were Roy Bailey, editor of the
Salina Journal; Holla Clymer, editor of the El Dorado Times; Oscar
Stauffer, operator of a chain of papers including the Topeka State
Journal; and John Redmond, editor of the Burlington Republican.
Charles M. Vernon, one of White's favorites, later became manager
of the Los Angeles office of the Associated Press and Burge McFall
became a leading Associated Press correspondent during World
War I.

White's "boys," although many of them disagreed with his po-
litical views, were always fond of their ex-boss. Roy Bailey wrote
him on February 15, 1928:

Dear "Father" White:

One of the fine things about the graduates of the "Gazette school of Jour-
nalism" is that no matter how much they may disagree with their professor,
who taught them what they know, they always remain loyal to him, and
never allow a difference of opinion to interfere with their personal affec-
tions. . . .

29. Mark Sullivan, The Education of an American (New York, 1938), p. 116.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 13

Oscar Stauffer, whom White helped secure a post on the Kansas
City Star, told him that ". . . whether I ever amount to any-
thing more than a pimple it is to you I owe that little. You were
better to me than I deserved a hundred times." 30 Walt Mason once
remarked that

It is the sincere belief of those who work, year in and year out, with Will
White, that the world does not hold a bigger or finer man. Some of those
who work with him don't agree with him on many things, and every once in
a while they hold indignation meetings and pass resolutions to the effect that
he is off his trolley. . . . 31

White was extremely patient in teaching his young reporters how
to handle the news and how to write in simple but effective lan-
guage. Calvin Lambert, who started as a reporter on the Gazette
in 1909, recalled that

I never knew a man who had more patience with his employes. The Ga-
zette always had a flock of cub reporters, usually students, and of course
they made many mistakes and wrote abominably. He never fired a reporter,
and encouraged each of them in his work. However, at all times, Mr. White
was The Boss, and when errors appeared in the paper, he didn't hesitate to
call us down. Sometimes he stopped the press to correct errors and we never
repeated that particular blunder. . . . As a cub reporter I once had a
hectic love affair. One afternoon Mr. White called into the newsroom:
"Where's Cal?" Another reporter explained that I had gone to the Santa Fe
station to see my girl go through. Several days later Mr. White again called
for me and was informed that I again had gone to the station to see my girl
go through. "My Gawd," said the Boss, with a twinkle in his eyes, "that girl
must be going through in sections!" 32

A Gazette-trained reporter, Brock Pemberton, went into New
York City journalism and later became famous as a Broadway pro-
ducer. Brock was almost a member of the White family since his
mother was the sister of Bent Murdock of the El Dorado Republi-
can and Marsh Murdock of the Wichita Eagle. He worked as a re-
porter on the Gazette while attending college and just after he had
graduated. He left for New York in 1910. Using a letter of in-
troduction from White to Franklin P. Adams, columnist for the
New York Mail, Pemberton secured a post on the Mail. "I don't
carry much weight with the authorities on the Mail they consider
me a harmless, half-sane chump who tries to be funny ," Adams
wrote White, "but you may feel sure that I'll do all I can for
Brock." 33

30. September 15, 1911.

31. Kansas State Historical Society, Kansas Scrap-,Book, Biography, "W," v. 10, p. 438.

32. Emporia Gazette, February 1, 1944.

33. May 5, 1910.

14 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Three people assumed the responsibility of running the Gazette,
when the Whites were out of town Laura French, Walter Hughes,
and Walt Mason. When White purchased the Gazette, Hughes, a
boy of seventeen, was working as the printer's devil. Over the
years, White relied more and more on Hughes, making him busi-
ness manager of the paper from 1907 until his death in 1932. Laura
French who came to the Gazette a few weeks after White had ac-
quired it, served as city editor from 1903 to 1919. Miss French had
charge of training the cub reporters and watching the style of the
paper. White once referred to her as ". . . the best newspaper
woman that I ever knew, who trained all the boys whom we
have produced that were worthwhile. . . ." 84

The third principal member of the Gazette staff, Walt Mason, be-
came well known to the outside world. Mason was a newspaper
legend before he settled down on the Gazette. White referred to
him variously as the "poet laureate of American democracy" and
"the Homer of modern America, and particularly of Middle-Western
America, the America of the country town." 35 Walt Mason's folksy
prose-poems were widely read by pre-World War I America.
Mason's addiction for liquor had cost him job after job up until
the time that he started work on the Gazette. He had tramped all
over the West writing columns, doing all sorts of work for a hand-
out, never lasting more than a month or two at a job. "For when
he got drunk," White observed, "boy he got drunk! And he liter-
ally God damned himself out of a job by quarreling with his boss
whoever it was." 36 In 1907, when Mason left a Nebraska town to
take the Keeley cure, one citizen observed that "the town let its most
distinguished citizen go without regret."

While he was at the Keeley Institute, he read an article by White.
"It was a good article," Mason wrote later, "so full of humor and
kindliness that I thought he was a man who might understand." 37
Immediately, Mason wrote White that "I have taken all of the post
graduate work that Dr. Keeley's well known institution has to offer,
and have tried noble resolves and found myself buying sealskin
sacks for the brewer's daughter. I have tried everything but a
prohibition town and I want to come to Emporia for my board and
keep." The Whites happened to be in Colorado when the letter

34. To B. W. Crone, July 19, 1935 ; to Charles Scott, May 8, 1926.

35. W. E. Connelley, ed., History of Kansas Newspapers (Topeka, 1916), pp. 114-116;
William Allen White, "What Happened to Walt Mason," American Magazine, v. 86, Sep-
tember, 1918, p. 19.

36. To Charles Driscoll, April 5, 1932.

37. Walt Mason, "Down and Out at Forty-Five," American Magazine, v. 86, September,
1918, p. 20.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 15

came, but White told Mason to go to Emporia and help out around
the paper until he returned.

Walt Mason worked on the Gazette as no other man ever worked.
He turned in so much stuff that the printers could not run it all.
Gradually, as he conquered his craving for liquor, he began to pay
off the debts that he had accumulated over the years. He brought
to the Gazette indomitable energy, a gift for rhyming, and absolute
business honesty. He had a difficult struggle to keep away from
liquor the first year or two. Every once in a while he would tell
White that he was going to Kansas City. White would then call a
friend on the Star and ask him to meet Walt's train and stay with
him all the time to make sure that he did not get drunk. 38 Mason
later gratefully wrote that "Had it not been for the cheery sympathy
of Mr. White in those dreary- days, I'd have given up trying." 39

On October 26, 1907, when the Whites were out of town, the front
page needed more copy for the star head. Laura French asked
Mason if he couldn't fill the space. Ten minutes later he handed
her a prose rhyme:

* FAIR WEATHER SUNDAY *

* __ *

* Let us all proceed tomorrow hum- *

* bly to the house of prayer. The *

* prediction from Chicago says the *

* weather will be fair. After rain *

* that saved the wheat crop comes *

* the genial smiling sun; let us seek *

* the sanctuary when the long week's *

* work is done. When the weather *

* clerk is certain that the Sabbath *

* will be fair, there is no excuse for *

* staying from the house of praise *

* and prayer. *
***************

This verse evoked such favorable comment that he wrote more
verses for the next week's issues. When White returned, he was
overjoyed in spite of the fact that he had once laid down a rule
against poetry appearing in the Gazette. Mason wrote his rhymes
without reflection and without hesitation. White encouraged him
by stating that "No other man in all this western country has
done such good work as you have in the past year. You have got the

38. James Lawrence of the Lincoln (Neb.) Star to writer, interview December 29, 1944,

39. "Down and Out at Forty-Five," loc. cit., p. 82.

16 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

real stuff in you. . . ." 40 During 1908, White persuaded George
M. Adams to syndicate Mason's rhymes. Before long not only was
he composing his syndicated poems, but he was writing a daily short
story for the Chicago Daily News, a book review page for the
Kansas City Star, and reams of material for the Gazette. Adams
also published several books of his poems, and by 1920 Mason had
acquired enough money to retire to California, where he continued
writing his rhymes until his death in 1939.

As part of the role of a country editor, White was a booster for
Emporia throughout his lifetime. With an acute sense of responsi-
bility, he told his readers on February 27, 1911:

. . . Those who have lived during the half century now passed, put
something here beside houses and streets and trees and material things. They
put practical work in politics, in religion, in education, in business, in the so-
cial organization to make this a good town. Emporia did not just grow. To
have a clean town meant a fight, every day in the year for someone ; it meant
sacrifice for scores of men and women sacrifice of time and money and health
and strength. To have all these schools and churches meant that thousands
gave freely and in a great faith without material results in sight, that we
who now enjoy what we have, might reap where we have not sown.

This town is the child of many prayers. This town is the ideal realized
only after those who dreamed the ideal, laid them down to rest with the
dream still a dream. This town is the fruit of great aspiration, and we who
live here now, have a debt to posterity that we can pay only by still achiev-
ing, still pursuing; we must learn to labor and to wait, even as they learned
it who built here on this townsite when it was raw upland prairie. It is well
to think on these things.

When the Hutchinson News once scornfully referred to Emporia
as a town dominated by petticoats, White quickly turned the charge
to Emporia's credit by saying that this meant that the town had
no saloons, no town drunkards, no riotous living, and no whisky
paupers to support. 41 He took the lead in raising money for com-
munity projects. Although not a member of the Methodist church,
he helped them buy an organ. He headed many drives to raise funds
for the Y. M. C. A. One day when Secretary of the Treasury Wil-
liam G. McAdoo stopped in Emporia, White persuaded him to
speak at a luncheon to raise money for the "Y". "Hell," said
McAdoo, "I'll go, but I wouldn't do it for anyone else but Old Bill
White." Not only did he make a speech, but he gave a hundred
dollars to the campaign. 42 The College of Emporia also received
money from White and many times he secured bequests for the col-

40. June 24, 1908.

41. Emporia Gazette, March 29, 1897.

42. Ibid., February 1, 1944.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 17

lege from outside sources. White served as the first president of the
Current club, a men's discussion group launched in 1900, and he was
also a significant figure in the Chamber of Commerce and the Ro-
tary club.

White was a vigorous proponent of the doctrine of "Buy Emporia
Goods." On January 20, 1897, he declared that

. . . Eat nothing but biscuits made from Emporia flour. . . . Eat noth-
ing but Emporia bacon and ham, and Lyon county eggs. . . . Put on an
Emporia over-coat over an Emporia suit of clothes. If the money spent in
Kansas City for cheap tailoring were spent here thirty tailors would find
work here who are now living in the big city. . . .

Fifteen years later he urged a dry goods store to buy printing from
him because when they bought outside that money was forever lost
to Emporia. Until his death the .slogan "Buy Emporia Goods" ap-
peared from time to time in the Gazette. Yet, during the last
twenty odd years of his life, he knew that world trade was neces-
sary for American and world prosperity, and although he advocated
the lowering of protective tariffs by all nations, with delightful in-
consistency he urged all Emporians just to buy Emporia-made
goods !

"Personally White is the most unattractive man in Emporia
and that is saying much!" one person remarked in 1909. "You see
him as he comes rolling down the street on his way to the 'Gazette'
office, and you wonder that he ever did anything but sit in the shade
of a tree, and drink lemonade. His clothes look as if they had been
planned and cut out by the town tinner. His hat is the most impos-
sible structure in the world. The face is the ordinary fat man's
face, and is usually covered with a short stubble of sandy beard,
and a sheepish smile. There is a half suppressed twinkle in the eye
that suggests an overgrown boy. . . . Altogether, you would
say that the man was made of putty, were it not for a certain firm-
ness about the jaw indicating that there is steel beneath this flabby
exterior, and plenty of it, too. . . ." 43

During these years before the first great war, White used to wear
pants that had been patched and a battered hat that was jammed
down on his head of sandy colored hair. Assuming a completely
democratic attitude, he and the family drove about in an old rickety
two-seated rig drawn by their feeble horse, Old Tom, when they
could easily have afforded an automobile. The tramp poet, Harry
Kemp, observed that

43. F. L. Pinet, "William Allen White Kansan," .Kansas Magazine. Wichita, July, 1909,
p. 2.

26110

18 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Whether this exterior appearance . . . was sincere or affected in him I
never could quite tell. I am almost inclined to believe it was not done for
effect. . . . If it was an affectation, his personal attitude toward the people
with whom he came into contact was not in his office everybody loved him,
and worked for him with that easy efficiency that comes of good will and
respect. . . . 44

Whenever White was out of town, Mrs. White took charge of the
Gazette. "Mrs. White is of medium height, slight, dark-eyed and
sympathetic, intensely interested in her husband's work and of great
assistance to him," declared the Buffalo Express, on December 28,
1901. Sallie White carefully watched for news items and wrote
them herself or telephoned them to a reporter. During the first year
or two of son Bill's life, Sallie frequently deposited Bill in a waste
basket while she worked in the office. An old-time carrier boy once
recalled that whenever White left town, Mrs. White made "us step
lively and toe the mark." 45

In 1900 the Whites revealed their growing affluence by buying
"Red Rocks," a fine house that had been built of red stone shipped
from the Garden of the Gods in Colorado. They remodeled and im-
proved the house and lived in it for the rest of their lifetime. After
a serious fire in 1920, the house was rebuilt along broad and com-
fortable lines partially designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Famous
for their hospitality, the Whites had a highly amusing experience
during their second year in Emporia. In 1896, when Congressman
Charles Curtis visited Emporia, they had him to dinner and White
recalled the following incident:

We were running our house on $5 a week in those days and Sallie budgeted
everything. So she bought a chicken, cooked it, removed all the bones,
placed it in a crock and covered it with melted cheese and cracker crumbs
oh, yes, and with mushrooms. Those mushrooms ah! We debated quite a
while over whether we should buy a 75-cent can or a 35-cent can. I wanted
the 75-cent can; Sallie 's will was her way and we compromised on the cheaper
assortment. Even at that it meant I had to go without a couple of 10-cent
shaves to pay for this delicacy. Well, sir, Congressman Curtis came. Sallie
and I were quite proud. Pretty soon I could see she was trying to catch my
eye. She nodded her head toward the congressman's plate. I looked. Ye
gods! There he was deftly removing the mushrooms from his portion of
chicken, placing the discarded fleshy fungi on the side of his plate mush-
rooms for which I must sacrifice two shaves that week! The next noon when
I got home from the office Sallie met me at the kitchen door. She saw the
look on my face. "Yes," she said, "I've retrieved the mushrooms they're
waiting for you." 46

44. Harry Kemp, Tramping on Life (New York, 1923), pp. 250, 251.

45. Fred Lockley to White, November 8, 1935.

46. A. J. Carruth in the Topeka State Jowrnal, December 10, 1938.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 19

People with national and international reputations visited the
Whites in Emporia, and the townspeople became accustomed to see-
ing Edna Ferber, Ida M. Tarbell, and Anne Morgan walking the
streets of the town. "When your world is awry and hope dead and
vitality low and the appetite gone," Edna Ferber once wrote, "there
is no ocean trip, no month in the country, no known drug equal
to the reviving quality of twenty-four hours spent on the front
porch or in the sitting room of the Whites' house in Emporia.
. . ." 47 John S. Phillips of McC lure's Magazine and later the
American Magazine recalled that "I once said to the novelist W. D.
Howells . . . that my wife and I had been visiting the Whites
in Emporia and that I did not know any more delightful place to
visit in this country. Howells replied: I do not know any pleas-
anter place to visit in the world. . . ." 48

The White's two children, Bill and Mary, were as different as
the Kansas prairies and the Rocky Mountains. Bill, as a boy, was
shy, quiet, and retiring. He grew up in the Gazette office, and very
early took a route to deliver papers. In 1910, when White heard
that Ed Howe's son Gene was now working on his father's paper,
the Emporia editor wrote Gene that ". . . I shall be mighty
proud when my boy, Bill, gets that far along. I don't think Bill will
be worth very much. He is a good boy and that is the trouble.
He is too good a boy and does not make me any trouble and I am
afraid he won't make anybody else any trouble. . . ."

Mary, four years younger than Bill, was a vigorous tomboy. As
a baby she had been so frail that her parents encouraged her to be
an outdoor girl. She soon became a wild, carefree horseback rider.
White wrote Franklin P. Adams on December 8, 1914, that
. . . Mary has not sold her pony yet. She was out riding on it the other
day and some people came along with an automobile and honked and made
a loud noise and the pony sidestepped and threw her off. She got up ...
and they came back and making a loud noise and honking and the pony
bucked her off again. Her mother asked, "Well, Mary, didn't they stop
and see what was the matter?" And Mary said, "No, Mother, but what
could you expect? They were riding in a Ford!" Otherwise Mary is real
well. . . .

Mary was not a warm, affectionate child like Bill. When she would
enter the Gazette office, her father would say, "Give your old father
a kiss," but she would refuse. Bill was their grandmother's favorite.

47. Edna Ferber, A Peculiar Treasure, p. 227.

48. Goshen (N. Y.) Democrat, February 10, 1939.

20 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Madame White would place the two children in their rockers and
she would sit in hers and read the classics to them by the hour.

The White home was a pleasant place to relax after a hard day at
the Gazette office or after a hard day of writing articles and books.
Playing with the children, listening to Mrs. White read aloud, or
pounding on the piano were the chief sources of diversion. Once
when visiting George Lorimer of the Saturday Evening Post, White
became fascinated with Lorimer's phonograph record collection. He,
himself, began to collect records, and developed the lifelong habit of
relaxing by playing the records and accompanying them at the same
time on the piano. During the bitter fight between Roosevelt and
Taft in 1912, White wrote his old friend and political opponent,
Charles F. Scott, that

. . . And finally, brethren, have you got a phonograph, a Victor? You
ought to have one and you ought to get a twelve-inch record called "Schu-
bert's Unfinished Symphony" and then when you come home at night after
reading a paper like the Gazette that puts you out of sorts . . . put that
old symphony on the machine and clink it off. ... It will do you a
power of good. I am probably as intense in my convictions as any one and
probably a little more uncharitable than I should be ... but when I get
out home and get the old phonograph to going and run out Wagner's big,
beautiful pieces, I seem to get away from the cares that infest the day, and
whatever corrosion of worry and weariness that may infect my innards seems
to pass. . . , 49

White, of course, was more than just an ordinary country editor.
His consummate skill as an editorial writer distinguished his paper
from other small town journals. Furthermore, his amazing energy
led him to produce such a remarkable and varied number of maga-
zine articles and books that he gained an ever-increasing national
following. His active political career, too, in local, state, and na-
tional politics helped to distinguish him from other country editors.
Where they had only local influence and power, White by the first
decade of the twentieth century had a significant national prestige
and an ever-expanding influence. The Emporia editor enjoyed his
three careers of editing, writing, and politics so thoroughly, and he
approached each with such incomparable vitality, that he was indeed
a unique and unrivalled country editor.

After the defeat of the Kansas Bull Moose ticket in 1914, an op-
ponent of William Allen White dedicated a poem to him, which re-

49. January 9, 1912; See interview of James Francis Cooke with William Allen White,
"What Music Has Done for Me," Etude, Philadelphia, v. 56 (December, 1938), p. 779 ff.

WHITE: COUNTRY EDITOR, 1897-1914 21

veals something of the respect that the people of Kansas had for
their nationally known, roly-poly editor:

We have known you many years,

Allen White;
Read you through both smiles and tears,

Allen White;

You're a treat in every line,
But in politics you shine
In defeat you are sublime,

Allen White.

When your man is counted out,

Allen White,
You don't tear your hair and shout,

Allen White,

There has no one heard you yell
That the country's gone to hell;
Rome, for you, has never fell,

Allen White. . . .>

50. Kansas City (Mo.) Times, March 17, 1915, contribute!*' column.

A Bibliography of the Published Works
of William Allen White

WALTER JOHNSON AND ALBERTA PANTLE
I. INTRODUCTION

WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE was a voluminous writer. This
bibliography contains his books, most of the magazine articles,
and certain special newspaper features. It does not list his news-
paper editorials while he worked on various Kansas papers, including
the El Dorado Republican and the Kansas City Star, nor his edi-
torials for the Emporia Gazette from 1895 to 1943. The best of
his Gazette editorials, including "What's the Matter With Kansas?"
and "Mary White," are published in The Editor and His People
(1924), edited by H. 0. Mahin, and in Forty Years On Main Street
(1937), edited by R. H. Fitzgibbon.

This bibliography contains only those book reviews by White
which were real literary and interpretive essays. He wrote innumer-
able short reviews, that are not included, for publications such as
the Book-of-the-Month Club News and others. Titles of White's
many speeches are included in the bibliography whenever they were
reprinted in magazines or in pamphlet form. The bibliography does
not list the numerous short advertising "blurbs" that White wrote
to help launch new books, nor does it contain his intermittent syn-
dicated newspaper dispatches such as he wrote over the years for
the Bell syndicate, for the George M. Adams syndicate, and for the
North American Newspaper Alliance. White always printed his
syndicated features in the Emporia Gazette, and the Index for the
New York Times also generally lists these newspaper stories.

II. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Advertising Kansas (n. p., n. d.). 8p.

Will White on Kansas, speech given at a banquet in Kansas City (n. p., n. d.).
Broadside.

The Worst Is Yet To Come (n. p., n. d.). 4p. (Folder issued by the South-
western Bell Telephone Company.)

"Friends and Brothers" (Poem), Kansas University, University Review, Law-
rence, v. 9 (February, 1888), p. 140.

"Esther, the Gentile," ibid., v. 9 (March, 1888), pp. 161-163. (Review of
Esther, the Gentile, by Mary W. Hudson.)

DR. WALTER JOHNSON is assistant professor of history at the University of Chicago.
See, also, the footnote on page one.

ALBERTA PANTLE is a member of the Library staff of the Kansas State Historical Society.

(22)

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 23

"Summer on a Cattle Ranch," University Review, v. 10 (September, 1888), pp.
13-15.

"A Twelfth Month Idyl" (Poem), ibid., v. 10 (December, 1888), p. 102. [Re-
printed in Collection of Kansas Poetry, compiled by Hattie Homer (Topeka,
1891).]

"Mr. Howe's New Novel," University Review, v. 10 (December, 1888), pp.
111-113. (Review of A Man Story, by Edgar Watson Howe.)

"Two Recent Kansas Books," University Review, v. 10 (March, 1889), pp. 199-
202. (Review of Kansas Miscellanies, by Noble L. Prentis, and Not at
Home, by Hattie Homer.)

"The 01' Wood Pump" (Poem), University Review, v. 10 (June, 1889), p. 273.
[Reprinted in Collection of Kansas Poetry, compiled by Hattie Horner (To-
peka, 1891).]

''To the Class of Eighty-nine" (Poem), University Review, v. 11 (September,
1889), p. 19.

"A July Jingle" (Poem), ibid. t v. 11 (September, 1889), p. 19.

"The Class Song of '90," ibid., v. 11 -(June, 1890), p. 290.

"The Gradgerratin' o' Joe" (Poem), ibid., v. 12 (December, 1890), pp. 99, 100.
This poem was reprinted many times.

"Sence Idy's Gone" (Poem) in Collection of Kansas Poetry, compiled by
Hattie Horner (Topeka, 1891).

"Weakly Dick" (Poem), Current Literature, New York, v. 8 (September, 1891),
p. 127.

"The Interregnum" (Poem) in Kansas Day Containing a Brief History of
Kansas . . . , by F. H. Barrington (Topeka, Geo. W. Crane & Company,
1892), pp. 184-186.

"The Confederate Colonel as a Political Issue," Agora, Topeka, v. 2 (July,
1892), pp 27-31.

"If You Go Away" (Poem), ibid., v. 2 (July, 1892), p. 62. [Reprinted in
Rhymes by Two Friends, 1893.]

Rhymes by Two Friends, by Albert Bigelow Paine and William Allen White
(Fort Scott, M. L. Izor & Sons, 1893). 228p. Some of Mr. White's poems
were reprinted from this volume in Some Emporia Verse, compiled by J. H.
Powers (Emporia, 1910) , and Sunflowers, a Book of Kansas Poems, selected
by Willard Wattles (Chicago, A. C. McClurg & Company, 1916).

"Some Notes on the Evolution of the Girl From Greensburg," University
Review, v. 14 (April, 1893), pp. 225-228.

"Old Slug Nine" (Poem) in Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting,
Kansas Editorial Association, Convened at Hutchinson, Monday and Tues-
day, January 22 and 23, 1894 (Sterling, Junkin & Steele, 1894), pp. 20, 21.

Kansas City Star, March 24, April 20, September 2, November 9, 11, 1894,
contain samples of the feature articles or fiction stories that William Allen
White wrote while he worked for the Kansas City Star. The Star for
May 20, July 1, 15, 22, November 11, 30, December 16, 1894; February 17,
March 12, 1895, contain examples of his poetry, many of which had al-
ready been published in Rhymes by Two Friends.

"The Chords in C" (Poem), Agora, v. 3 (April, 1894), pp. 276, 277.

"Concerning 'Art for Art's Sake'," ibid., v. 3 (April, 1894), pp. 290-295.

24 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Mary Elizabeth McCabe," Kansas Newspaperdom, Hiawatha, v. 1, May, 1894,
p. 2.

"A Print Shop Incident" (Poem), Kansas Newspaper World, Hiawatha, v. 1,
October, 1894, p. 3. [Reprinted from Rhymes by Two Friends, 1893.]

"The State Administration A Weak Man in a Strong Situation," Agora, v. 4
(October, 1894), pp. 90-95.

"A Jim Street Lullaby" (Poem), Overland Monthly, New York, v. 25, Jan-
uary, 1895, p. 106. [Reprinted from Rhymes by Two Friends, 1893.]

"Little Boy Blue" (Poem), Current Literature, v. 17 (January, 1895), p. 80.

"Address Before the Editorial Association," Kansas Newspaper World, v. 1,
January, February, March, 1895, pp. 19-21.

"The Boom in Willow Creek," "The Quilting Bee Crowd," Walnut Valley
Times, El Dorado, March 8, 1895.

"Old Slugs," Newspaper West, Hiawatha, v. 2 (July, 1895), pp. 93, 94.

"Frederick Funston's Alaskan Trip," Current Literature, v. 18 (August, 1895),
pp. 120, 121. From Harper's Weekly.

The Real Issue; A Book of Kansas Stones (Chicago, Way and Williams, 1896).
212p. This is a collection of short stories that had appeared in the Kansas
City Star and various Kansas newspapers. One of the collection, "The
Regeneration of Colonel Hucks," which first appeared in the September 4,
1891, issue of the El Dorado Republican, was widely reprinted as a Re-
publican campaign document. It made Mr. White famous in Kansas in
much the manner that "What's the Matter With Kansas?" made him
famous in the nation.

"A Nocturne," The Lotus, Kansas City, Mo., v. 1 (January 15, 1896), pp. 93-95.

"Kansas Stories: The King of Boyville, The Homecoming of Colonel Hucks,"
McClure's Magazine, New York, v. 8 (February, 1897), pp. 321-330. [Re-
printed from The Real Issue, 1896.]

"Kansas: Its Present and Future," Forum, New York, v. 23 (March, 1897),
pp. 75-83.

"A Recent Confederate Victory," McClure's Magazine, v. 9 (June, 1897), pp.
701-708. [Reprinted in The Court of Boyville, 1899.]

"A Typical Kansas Community," Atlantic Monthly, Boston, v. 80 (August,
1897), pp. 171-177.

"The Martyrdom of 'Mealy' Jones: An Episode of the Swimming Hole at
Boyville," McClure's Magazine, v. 9 (September, 1897), pp. 968-973. [Re-
printed in The Court of Boyville, 1899.]

''Where 'A Lovely Time Was Had'" (Poem), The Kings and Queens of the
Range, Kansas City, Mo., v. 1 (October 15, 1897), p. 195; in Sunflowers, a
Book of Kansas Poems, selected by Willard Wattles, 1916, pp. 38-40. [Re-
printed from Rhymes by Two Friends, 1893.]

"The Business of a Wheat Farm," Scribner's Magazine, New York, v. 22
(November 1897), pp. 531-548.

"A Wilier Crick Incident" (Poem), The Kings and Queens of the Range, v. 2
(January 15, 1898), p. 14; in Sunflowers, a Book of Kansas Poems, selected
by Willard Wattles, 1916, pp. 61, 62. [Reprinted from Rhymes by Two
Friends, 1893.]

"When Johnny Went Marching Out," McClure's Magazine, v. 11 (June, 1898),
pp. 198-205.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 25

"While the Evil Days Come Not," ibid., v. 11 (August, 1898), pp. 344-352.

[Reprinted in The Court of Boyville, 1899.]
"An Appreciation of the West," McClure's Magazine, v. 11 (October, 1898), pp.

575-580.
The Court of Boyville (New York, Doubleday & McClure Company, 1899).

358p.
"Gen. Frederick Funston," Harper's Weekly, New York, v. 43 (May 20, 1899),

p. 496.
"A Victory for the People," Scribner's Magazine, v. 25 (June, 1899), pp. 717-

728. [Reprinted in Stratagems and Spoils, 1901.]
"James Sears: a Naughty Person," McClure's Magazine, v. 13 (July, 1899),

pp. 209-219. [Reprinted in The Court of Boyville, 1899.]
"Much Pomp and Several Circumstances," McClure's Mngazin, v. 13f

(October, 1899), pp. 530-542. [Reprinted in The Court of Boyville, 1899.]
"The Herb Called Heart's Ease," McClure's Magazine, v. 14 (November, 1899),

pp. 38, 39. [Reprinted in The Court of Boyville, 1899.]
"The Man on Horseback," Scribnefs Magazine, v. 26 (November, 1899), pp.

538-551. [Reprinted in Stratagems and Spoils, 1901.]
"The Mercy of Death," Scribner's Magazine, v. 27 (February, 1900), pp. 237-

250. [Reprinted in Stratagems and Spoils, 1901.]
"The Gentle Art of Knocking," Kansas Knocker, Topeka, v. 1 (April, 1900),

pp. 23, 24.

"Bryan," McClure's Magazine, v. 15 (July, 1900), pp. 232-237.
"Hanna," ibid., v. 16 (November, 1900), pp. 56-64.
"The Literature of Kansas," Topeka Daily Capital, December 2, 1900.
"Our Foreign Relations" in Kansas Day Club, Addresses . . . 1892-1901

(Hutchinson, W. Y. Morgan, 1901), pp. 18, 19.
Stratagems and Spoils; Stories of Love and Politics (New York, Charles

Scribner's Sons, 1901). 291p.

"Croker," McClure's Magazine, v. 16 (February, 1901), pp. 317-326.
"A Song for Rose-Time," Phi Beta Phi edition of the Kansas University

Weekly, March 16, 1901, p. 7.
''The Sheriff and the Chaperon," Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, v. 173,

March 30, 1901, p. 14.

"Carrie Nation and Kansas," ibid., v. 173, April 6, 1901, pp. 2, 3.
"Funston the Man From Kansas," ibid., v. 173, May 18, 1901, pp. 2, 3, 13.
"Miss Morgan's Victory," Idler, London, v. 20, August, 1901, pp. 45-54.
"Lawton the Metropolis of the Wilderness," Saturday Evening Post, v. 174,

September 7, 1901, pp. 3-5, 14, 15.
"A Most Lamentable Comedy," ibid., v. 174, September 21, 1901, pp. 1-3;

September 28, 1901, pp. 10, 11; October 5, 1901, pp. 10, 11, 17; October 12,

1901, pp. 6, 7. [Reprinted in Stratagems and Spoils, 1901.]
"A Triumph's Evidence," Scribner's Magazine, v. 30 (October, 1901), pp. 463-

475. [Reprinted in Stratagems and Spoik, 1901.]

"Theodore Roosevelt," McClure's Magazine, v. 18 (November, 1901), pp. 40-47.
"Platt," ibid., v. 18 (December, 1901), pp. 145-153.
"The New Congress," Saturday Evening Post, v. 174, December 28, 1901, pp.

5, 6.
"Cleveland," McClure's Magazine, v. 18 (February, 1902), pp. 322-330.

26 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Harrison," Cosmopolitan, New York, v. 32 (March, 1902), pp. 489-496.
"Ready Made Homes Out West," Saturday Evening Post, v. 174, April 26,

1902, p. 12.

"Uncommercial Traveling," ibid., v. 174, May 3, 1902, p. 12.
"The Building Up of the Prairie West," Collier's, New York, v. 29, May 10,

1902, p. 10.

"Cuban Reciprocity a Moral Issue," McClure's Magazine, v. 19 (September,

1902), pp. 387-394.

"How the Rain Came," Push, Topeka, v. 1 (September, 1902), pp. 4, 5.
"One Year of Roosevelt," Saturday Evening Post, v. 175, October 4, 1902, pp.

3, 4.
"A Tenderfoot on Thunder Mountain," ibid., v. 175, "The Trail," November

8, 1902, pp. 1, 2, 14, 15; "The Foot of the Rainbow," November 15, 1902,

pp. 3-5; November 22, 1902, pp. 15, 16; "The Pot of Gold," November

29, 1902, pp. 3-5, 18, 19.
"Introduction" to Troubles of a Worried Man, and Other Sketches Including

a "Take" of Verse, by Harmon D. Wilson (Topeka, 1903) .
"President's Address" in The Addresses Delivered at the Twelfth Annual

Dinner of the Kansas Day Club at Topeka, January 29, 1903 (n. p., n. d.),

pp. 3-5.
"The Politicians: Our 'Hired' Men at Washington," Saturday Evening Post,

v. 175, March 14, 1903, pp. 1-3.

"The Brain Trust," ibid., v. 175, March 21, 1903, pp. 1-3.
"The Balance-Sheet of the Session," ibid., v. 175, March 28, 1903, pp 8, 9, 22,

23.

"The President," ibid., v. 175, April 4, 1903, pp. 4, 5, 14.
"The Fair-Play Department," ibid., v. 175, May 2, 1903, pp. 1, 2.
"Swinging Round the Circle with Roosevelt," ibid., v. 175, June 27, 1903, pp.

1, 2.
"What the West Thinks of Wall Street Now," Collier's, v. 32, November 28,

1903, pp. 9, 10.

"The Country Boy," Saturday Evening Post, v. 176, December 19, 1903, p. 18.

(Review of The Country Boy, by Forrest Crissey.)
"The Four-Cornered Fight for Statehood," Collier's, v. 32, January 16, 1904, pp.

7,8.
"McKinley and Hanna," Saturday Evening Post, v. 176, March 12, 1904, pp.

1, 2.

"Grafting and Things," ibid., v. 176, May 7, 1904, p. 4.
"A Boom in the Northwest," ibid., v. 176, May 21, 1904, pp. 1-3; May 28, 1904,

pp. 1, 2.
"Fifty Years of Kansas," World's Work, New York, v. 8 (June, 1904), pp. 4870-

4872.
"A Pilgrim in the Wilderness," Century, New York, v. 68 (June, 1904), pp.

219-224. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"William Allen White on Mr. Steffens Book The Shame of the Cities',"

McClure's Magazine, v. 23 (June, 1904), pp. 220, 221.
"The Dollar in Politics; Some Modern Methods in Popular Misgovernment,"

Saturday Evening Post, v. 177, July 2, 1904, pp. 8, 9.
"The Great Political Drama at St. Louis," Collier's, St. Louis Convention

Extra, July 12, 1904, pp. 2, 3, 6.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 27

''Seconding the Motion; How a Great National Convention Became a Mani-
kin," Saturday Evening Post, v. 177, July 23, 1904, pp. 4, 5.

"The Natural History of a Gentleman; Being the Autobiography of Mr.
Herbert Spencer," ibid., v. 177, July 30, 1904, pp. 13-15.

"The Democratic Revival; a Near View of the Building of a Safe and Sane
Platform at St. Louis," ibid., v. 177, August 13, 1904, pp. 6, 7.

"Roosevelt and the Postal Frauds," McClure's Magazine, v. 23 (September,
1904), pp. 506-520.

"The Reorganization of the Republican Party ; the Great Problems Before the
Nation," Saturday Evening Post, v. 177, December 3, 1904, pp. 1, 2.

"Farmington a Tolstoyan Picture of Pennsylvania Rural Life a Generation
Ago," ibid., v. 177, January 21, 1905, p. 20.

"Why the Nation Will Endure," ibid,, v. 177, March 4, 1905, p. 12.

"What's the Matter With Kansas," Herbert's Magazine, Hiawatha, v. 4, May,
1905, pp. 2-10. This article appeared first as an editorial in the Emporia
Gazette, August 15, 1896. It was reprinted many times in newspapers
throughout the country and; in pamphlet form. Chairman Mark Hanna of
the Republican National Committee is said to have used over a million
copies in the McKinley-Bryan campaign.

"Political Signs of Promise," Outlook, New York, v. 80 (July 15, 1905), pp.
667-670.

"The Other Side," Sunflower Magazine, Eureka, v. 3, September, 1905, p. 8.

"On Bright Angel Trail," McClure's Magazine, v. 25 (September, 1905), pp.
502-515. [Reprinted in Grand Canyon of Arizona, issued by the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (n. p., 1909), pp. 63-65.]

"Scribes and Pharisees," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, September 9, 1905, pp.
1, 2. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]

"The Young Prince," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, September 16, 1905, pp.

1, 2. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]

"The Society Editor," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, September 30, 1905, pp. 1,

2. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]

"The Golden Rule," Atlantic Monthly, v. 96 (October, 1905), pp. 433-441.
"The Kansas Conscience," Reader Magazine, Indianapolis, Ind., v. 6 (October,

1905), pp. 488-493.
"The Coming of the Leisure Class," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, October

14, 1905, pp. 13, 14. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"As a Breath Into the Wind," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, October 28, 1905,

pp. 3-5, 16, 17. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"The Bolton Girl's 'Position'," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, November 11,

1905, pp. 5, 26. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"A Bundle of Myrrh," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, November 25, 1905, pp.

12, 13. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"Folk; the Story of a Little Leaven in a Great Commonwealth," McClure's

Magazine, v. 26 (December, 1905), pp. 115-132.
"Our Loathed But Esteemed Contemporary," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178,

December 2, 1905, pp. 10, 11. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"A Question of Climate," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, December 9, 1905,

pp. 5, 6. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"By the Rod of His Wrath," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, December 16,

1905, pp. 3-5, 32. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]

28 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"The Casting Out of Jimmy Myers," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, December

23, 1905, pp. 4, 5. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"A-babbled o' Green Fields," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, December 30,

1905, pp. 8, 9. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]

In Our Town (New York, McClure, Phillips & Company, 1906). 369p.

"The Tremolo Stop," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, January 6, 1906, pp. 9-11,

20-22. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"And Yet a Fool," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, January 13, 1906, pp. 8, 9.

[Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"Sown in Our Weakness," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, January 20, 1906, pp.

8, 9, 15. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"The Passing of Priscilla Winthrop," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, February

3, 1906, pp. 8, 9, 16, 17. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]
"A Kansas 'Childe Roland'," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, February 24,

1906, pp. 7-9, 30, 32. [Reprinted in In Our Town, 1906.]

"Thirty," Saturday Evening Post, v. 178, March 3, 1906, p. 3. [Reprinted in
In Our Town, 1906.]

"Reform and the Newspaper," Newspaperdom, New York, v. 18, June 28,
1906, p. 10.

"The Partnership of Society," American Magazine, New York, v. 62 (October,
1906), pp. 576-585.

"What's the Matter With America," Collier's, v. 38, October 20, 1906, pp. 18,
19; November 10, 1906, pp. 16, 17, 30; December 1, 1906, pp. 16, 17.

"Science, St. Skinflint and Santa Glaus; a Christmas Talk," American Maga-
zine, v. 63 (December, 1906), pp. 182-184.

"The Pass, and in Our Town" in Proceedings of the Kansas Editorial Associa-
tion, Fifteenth Annual Session Held in Topeka, Kansas, Monday and Tues-
day, January 21-22, 1907 (Winfield Tribune Printing Company, n. d.), pp.
46-48.

"Emporia and New York," American Magazine, v. 63 (January, 1907), pp.
258-264. [Reprinted by the Emporia Gazette in pamphlet form in 1908.]

"Roosevelt: a Force for Righteousness," McClure's Magazine, v. 28 (February,
1907), pp. 386-394.

"Monuments and Things" in Echoes of Pawnee Rock, compiled by Margaret
Perkins (Wichita, The Goldsmith-Wollard Publishing Company, 1908), p. 8.

"Lincoln and Our Democracy," Collier's, v. 40, February 15, 1908, pp. 10, 11.

"A National Responsibility," address before the City Club of Chicago, March
10, 1908, City Club Bulletin, Chicago, v. 2, March 1, 1908-June 30, 1909.

"Taft, a Hewer of Wood," American Magazine, v. 66 (May, 1908), pp. 19-32.

"A Brief for the Defendant; Being a View of the Chicago Republican Conven-
tion Through Friendly Eyes," Collier's, v. 41, July 4, 1908, pp. 9, 10.

"Twelve Years of Mr. Bryan: 1896-1908," ibid., v. 42, October 17, 1908, pp.
12, 13.

A Certain Rich Man (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1909). 434p.

"Certain Voices in the Wilderness," Kansas Magazine, Wichita, v. 1 (January,
1909), pp. 1-5.

"The Old Order Changeth," American Magazine, v. 67 (January, 1909), pp. 219-
225, (February, 1909) pp. 406-414, (March, 1909) pp. 506-513, (April, 1909)
pp. 603-610; v. 68 (May, 1909), pp. 63-70, (August, 1909) pp. 376-383; v.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 29

69 (February, 1910), pp. 449-505. [Reprinted in The Old Order Changeth,

1910.]
"The Kansas Fight," La Follette's Weekly Magazine, Madison, Wis., v. 1,

January 16, 1909, pp. 5, 13, 14.
"Rhyme to a Dream Maker" (Poem), Club Member, Topeka, v. 7, March,

1909, p. 6.
"Victor Murdock of Kansas," La Fottette's Weekly Magazine, v. 1, March 20,

1909, p. 7.
"How We Buried Him," Kansas University Graduate Magazine, Lawrence, v.

7 (April, 1909), pp. 260, 261.
"The Address of William Allen White" in Proceedings Eighteenth Annual

Session of the Kansas Editorial Association Held at Wichita, Kansas, Mon-
day and Tuesday, March Seventh and Eighth, Nineteen Hundred Ten

(Anthony, Anthony Republican Print, n. d.), pp. 42, 43.
The Old Order Changeth; a View of American Democracy (New York, The

Macmillan Company, 1910). 266p. ^
"A Poet of the People" in Uncle Walt [Walt Mason] the Poet Philosopher

(Chicago, G. M. Adams, 1910), pp. 13, 14.
"Poems" in Some Emporia Verse, compiled, done into type, printed and

bound under the supervision of J. H. Powers (n. p., 1910).
A Theory of Spiritual Progress; an Address Delivered Before the Phi Beta

Kappa Society of Columbia University in the City of New York (Emporia,

The Gazette Press, 1910). 53p. [An excerpt from this speech was printed

in the Columbia University Quarterly, New York, v. 12 (September, 1910),

pp. 408-420.]
"The Insurgence of Insurgency," American Magazine, v. 71 (December, 1910),

pp. 170-174.
"The Progressive Hen and the Insurgent Ducklings," ibid., v. 71 (January,

1911), pp. 394-399.
"The Old Problem of the Dog and the Engine," ibid., v. 71 (February, 1911),

pp. 517-520.

"When the World Busts Through," ibid., v. 71 (April, 1911), pp. 746, 747.
"The Old Songs" (Poem), Pointers, Kansas City, Mo., v. 17 (April, 1911),

p. 50.
"Storming the Citadel," American Magazine, v. 72 (September, 1911), pp.

570-575.
"A Democratic View of Education," Craftsman, New York, v. 21 (November,

1911), pp. 119-130.

"Three Years of Progress; the Ground Covered During Three Years of Politi-
cal Skirmishing," Saturday Evening Post, v. 184, February 24, 1912, pp.

3-5, 38-40.
"Free Kansas: Where the People Rule the People," Outlook, v. 100 (February

24, 1912), pp. 407-414.
"Bill's School and Mine," Kansas School Magazine, Emporia, v. 1 (January,

1912), pp. 3-5. [Reprinted in Journal of Education, Boston, v. 75 (March

7, 1912), pp. 257, 258.]
"A Eulogy of the Santa Fe and Santa Fe Men," Santa Fe Employes' Magazine,

Chicago, v. 6, May, 1912, p. 45.
"Should Old Acquaintance Be Forgot?" American Magazine, v. 74 (May, 1912),

pp. 13-18.

30 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"William Allen White on the Santa Fe Railway," Santa Fe Magazine, v. 7,
August, 1913, pp. 61, 62. [Reprinted from the Emporia Gazette.]

"As a Town Thinketh," Kansas School Magazine, v. 2 (Sept-ember, 1913),
p. 255.

"How Kansas Boarded the Water Wagon," Saturday Evening Post, v. 187,
July 11, 1914, pp. 3-5, 44, 45.

"The Strange Boy," ibid., v. 187, August 1, 1914, pp. 6, 7.

"A Prosperous Gentleman," ibid., v. 187, October 18, 1914, pp. 6-8, 52-54.

"Mr. White Comes Back," ibid., v. 187, November 14, 1914, pp. 25-27.

"The Ebb Tide: Can the Progressives Come Back?" ibid., v. 187, December 19,

1914, pp. 3, 4, 37.

"Plowing the Soul in Kansas," Colliers, v. 54, February 13, 1915, p. 15.

"A Social Quadrangle," Saturday Evening Post, v. 187, March 6, 1915, pp. 3-5,

60-62, 64-66. [Reprinted in God's Puppets, 1916.]
"The Gods Arrive," Saturday Evening Post, v. 187, April 24, 1915, pp. 5-7,

33-35, 38. [Reprinted in God's Puppets, 1916.]

"The Man Who Made the 'Star'," Collier's, v. 55, June 26, 1915, pp. 12, 13, 24, 25.
"The Republican Party," Metropolitan, New York, v. 42, July, 1915, pp. 14,

15, 63, 64.
"The Kansas Spirit Speaks" (Poem), Teaching, Emporia, v. 2, November 1,

1915, pp. 10-13. [Partially reprinted in Literary Digest, New York, v. 52,
January 29, 1916, p. 240.]

"A Poet Come Out of Tailholt," Collier's, v. 56, December 25, 1915, pp. 3, 4,
25-28.

God's Puppets (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1916). 309p.

''My Parents" in History of Butler County, Kansas, by Vol. P. Mooney (Law-
rence, Standard Publishing Company, 1916), pp. 326-329. [Reprinted in
Butler County's Eighty Years, 1855-1935, by Jessie Perry Stratford (El Dorado,
Butler County News, 1934), pp. 375-377.]

"The Quilting Bee Crowd" in History of Butler County, Kansas, by Vol. P.
Mooney (Lawrence, Standard Publishing Company, 1916), pp. 329-331.

"The Glory of the States: Kansas," American Magazine, v. 81 (January, 1916),
pp. 41, 65.

"Government of the People, by the People, for the People," Independent,
New York, v. 85 (February 7, 1916), pp. 187-190.

"The One a Pharisee," Collier's, v. 56, March 4, 1916, pp. 9-11, 30, 32-34;
March 11, 1916, pp. 18-21, 25; v. 57, March 18, 1916, pp. 19, 20, 39-43. [Re-
printed in God's Puppets, 1916.]

"The Country Newspaper," Harper's Magazine, New York, v. 132 (May,
1916), pp. 887-891.

"Who Killed Cock Robin?" Collier's, v. 58, December 16, 1916, pp. 5, 6, 26, 27.

"The Sturdy Oak," ibid., v. 60, November 12, 1917, pp. 18, 19, 28, 30.

"The Odds Against the U-Boat," ibid., v. 60, December 8, 1917, pp. 5-7.

In the Heart of a Fool (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1918). 615p.

The Martial Adventures of Henry and Me . . . With Illustrations by
Tony Sarg (New York, The Macmillan Company. 1918). 338p.

Wilson Winning the War (n. p., 1918). 4p.

'The Y. M. C. A. Huts 'Safety Valves' for Our Boys in France," Touchstone,
New York, v. 2 (January, 1918), pp. 344-350.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 31

''What Happened to Walt Mason," American Magazine, v. 86 (September,

1918), p. 19.

"What the War Did for Brewer," Yale Review, New Haven, n. s., v. 8 (Jan-
uary, 1919), pp. 243-251.
"In Germany With William Allen White," Literary Digest, v. 61, April 26,

1919, pp. 64, 66. [Excerpts.]
"William Allen White to F. H.," New Republic, New York, v. 19 (May 17,

1919), p. 88.

"America and the Peace," London Graphic, June, 1919.
"The Doughboy on Top of the World," Red Cross Magazine, Washington, v.

14 (June, 1919), pp. 45-51.
"Through American Eyes," New Europe, London, v. 11 (June 19, 1919), pp.

223-227.
"The English Tongue; An American Novelist's Plea That It May Unite Us

More in Knowledge," Book Monthly, London, v. 14 (July, 1919), pp.

547-549.
"The Highbrow Doughboy," Red Cross Magazine, v. 14, August, 1919, pp.

19-24, 63-74.
"The Peace and President Wilson," Saturday Evening Post, v. 192, August 16,

1919, pp. 15, 57, 58.

"England in Transition," Cottier's, v. 64, September 27, 1919, pp. 9, 10, 40.
"Tale That Is Told," Saturday Evening Post, v. 192, October 4, 1919, pp. 19,

158, 161, 162, 165.
"First Shot in a New Battle; or, Perhaps, the First Step Toward a New Peace,"

Cottier's, v. 64, November 22, 1919, pp. 5, 6, 14, 22.
"What Happened to Prinkipo," Metropolitan, v. 51, December, 1919, pp. 29,

30, 67-70.

"What 1920 Holds for Us All," Collier's, v. 65, January 3, 1920, p. 7.
"Ever Been in Emporia?" New Republic, v. 22 (May 12, 1920), pp. 348, 349.
"The Leaven of the Pharisees," Saturday Evening Post, v. 192, May 29, 1920,

pp. 20, 21, 77.
''Litmus Papers of the Acid Test," Survey, New York, v. 44 (June 5, 1920),

pp. 343-346.

"We Who Are About to Die," New Republic, v. 26 (March 9, 1921), pp. 36-38.
"Why I Am a Progressive," Saturday Evening Post, v. 193, April 23, 1921, pp.

3, 4, 52, 54.

"And the West Is West/' ibid., v. 193, June 18, 1921, pp. 10, 11, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52.
"The Other Side of Main Street," Collier's, v. 68, July 30, 1921, pp. 7, 8, 18, 19.
"Teaching Perkins to Play," Saturday Evening Post, v. 194, August 6, 1921,

pp. 12, 13, 69-74.

"An Antidote to Main Street," Literary Digest, v. 70, August 13, 1921, p. 24.
"Will They Fool Us Twice?" Collier's, v. 68, October 15, 1921, pp. 5, 6, 24, 25.
"Farmer John and the Sirens," Saturday Evening Post, v. 194, November 12,

1921, pp. 10, 11, 53, 54.

"The Unknown Soldier," Collier's, v. 68, November 12, 1921, p. 13.
[Editorials,] Judge, New York, vols. 81, 82, November 26, 1921-August 12,

1922.

"Tinting the Cold Gray Dawn," Collier's, v. 68, December 17, 1921, pp. 5, 6, 16.
'Those Heartbreaks in Washington," ibid., v. 68, December 31, 1921, pp. 7, 8,

19.

32 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Will America's Dream Come True?" ibid., v. 69, February 18, 1922, pp. 9, 10,

20, 29.

"The Best Minds Incorporated," ibid., v. 69, March 4, 1922, pp. 5, 6, 19, 27, 28.
"Splitting Fiction Three Ways," New Republic, v. 30, April 12, 1922, Supple-
ment, pp. 22, 24, 26. [Reprinted in The Novel of Tomorrow and the Scope

of Fiction, by Twelve American Novelists (Indianapolis, Ind., Bobbs-Merrill

Company, 1922).]
"These United States: Kansas, a Puritan Survival," Nation, New York, v. 114

(April 19, 1922), pp. 460-462. [Reprinted in These United States: a

Symposium, edited by Ernest Gruening (New York, Boni & Liveright,

1923).]
"Industrial Justice Not Peace," Nation's Business, Washington, v. 10, May,

1922, pp. 14-16.

"What's the Matter With America," Collier's, v. 70, July 1, 1922, pp. 3, 4, 18.
"The Helpful Career of Abijah P. Jenks," Judge, v. 82, July 15, 1922, pp. 3-5.
"As I See It," New York Tribune, weekly Sunday feature beginning with the

issue for July 16, 1922.
"William Allen White States His Own Case," Outlook, v. 131 (August 2,

1922), p. 560.

"A Document on 'Liberty'," Literary Digest, v. 74, August 19, 1922, p. 32.
"A Dry West Warns the Thirsty East," Collier's, v. 70, September 2, 1922, pp. 3,

4, 18, 19.
"W. A. White on the Kansas Court," Nation, v. 115 (December 27, 1922),

p. 718.
"The Solid West Free and Proud of It," Collier's, v. 70, December 30, 1922,

pp. 5, 24.
"Blood of the Conquerors," ibid., v. 71, March 10, 1923, pp. 5, 6, 30; March

17, 1923, pp. 11, 12, 27.

"Why All This Rumpus?" ibid., v. 72, August 25, 1923, pp. 5, 24.
"The Educational Service of the Library," School and Society, New York, v.

18 (November 10, 1923), pp. 554, 555. [Reprinted in Kansas Teacher,

Topeka, v. 18, January, 1924, p. 9.]

"The Supremacy of Beefsteak," Nation, v. 117 (December 26, 1923), p. 731.
The Editor and His People; Editorials by William Allen White, Selected From

the Emporia Gazette by Helen Ogden Mahin; Introduction and Footnotes

by Mr. White (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1924). 380p.
Politics: the Citizens Business (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1924).

330p.
Woodrow Wilson, the Man, His Times and His Task (Boston and New York,

Houghton Mifflin Company, 1924). 527p.
"The American Peace Award," Our World, New York, v. 4, January, 1924, p.

10.

"Patience and Publicity," World Tomorrow, v. 7, March, 1924, p. 87.
"Mary A. White," Recorder, New York, v. 2, July, 1924, pp. 2-5.
"The Abuse of the Direct Primary," Independent, v. 113, July 5, 1924, p. 18.
"William Allen White Sizes 'em Up," Collier's, v. 74, August 9, 1924, pp. 7, 8,

27. [Reprinted in Politics, The Citizens Business, 1924.]

"Simplifying the Business of Politics," Woman's Home Companion, Spring-
field, Ohio, v. 51, November, 1924, pp. 21, 22, 140.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 33

"Woodrow Wilson," Liberty, New York, v. 1, November 15, 1924, pp. 19-23;

November 22, 1924, pp. 22-26.
Calvin Coolidge, the Man Who Is President (New York, The Macmillan

Company, 1925). 252p.
Conflicts in American Public Opinion, by William Allen White and Walter E.

Myer (Chicago, American Library Association, 1925). 28p. (Reading With a

Purpose Series.)
"An Appreciation" in In the Mountains; Reproductions of Lithographs and

Wood Cuts of the Colorado Rockies, by Sven Birger Sandzen (McPherson,

Carl J. Smalley, 1925).

"Introduction" to Fodder, by Jennie Small Owen (El Dorado, Times Publish-
ing Company, 1925) .
Some Cycles of Cathay (Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press,

1925). 96p. (Half-title: The Weil Lectures on American Citizenship.)
"Annihilate the Klan," Nation, v. 120 (January 7, 1925), p. 7.
"Calvin Coolidge," Collier's, v. 75, March 7, 1925, pp. 5, 6, 38-40; March 21,

1925, pp. 13, 14, 46, 47; April 4, 1925, pp. 9, 10, 47, 48; April 18, 1925, pp.

9, 10, 44-46. [Reprinted in Calvin Coolidge, the Man Who Is President,

1925.]
"Are Human Movements Independent of Wars?" Journal of Social Forces,

Chapel Hill, N. C., v. 3 (May, 1925), pp. 593-595. [Reprinted in Some

Cycles of Cathay, 1925.]
"Mary White," McClure's Magazine, n. s., v. 1 (August, 1925), pp. 622-625.

This article written the day after Mary White's funeral and printed in the

Emporia Gazette on May 17, 1921, has been reprinted many times in books,

periodicals and newspapers.
"The Larger Cycle of American Development," Social Forces, v. 4 (September,

1925), pp. 1-5. [Reprinted in Some Cycles of Cathay, 1925.]
"The Lone Lion of Idaho," Collier's, v. 76, September 12, 1925, pp. 6, 40.
"The Man Who Rules the Senate," ibid., v. 76, October 3, 1925, pp. 10, 36, 37.
"William Allen White on the Movies," Kessinger's Mid-West Review, Aurora,

111., v. 5, October, 1925, p. 16.
"The Man the President Must Rely On," Literary Digest, v. 87, October 24,

1925, pp. 3S-42.

"William Allen White on- Ma and Pa," Kessinger's Mid-West Review, v. 5,

November, 1925, pp, 20, 21.
"An Earlier Cycle of American Development," Social Forces, v. 4 (December,

1925), pp. 281-285. [Reprinted in Some Cycles of Cathay, 1925.]
"The Mind of Coolidge," Collier's, v. 76, December 26, 1925, p. 6.
Boys Then and Now (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1926). 68p.
"Are the Movies a Mess or a Menace?" Collier's, v. 77, January 16, 1926, pp. 5,

6, 45.

"The Santa Fe," Santa Fe Magazine, v. 20, February, 1926, p. 21.
"Where Are the Pre-War Radicals?" Survey, v. 55 (February 1, 1926), p. 556.
"Boys Then and Now," American Magazine, v. 101, March, 1926, pp. 7-9,

112, 115, 116. [Reprinted in Boys Then and Now, 1926.]
"The Passing of the Free Editor." American Mercury, New York, v. 8, May,

1926, pp. 110-112.

36110

34 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"The Last of the Magic Isles," Survey, v. 56 (May 1, 1926), pp. 176-179,

212, 214, 216.

"The End of an Epoch," Scribbler's Magazine, v. 79 (June, 1926), pp. 561-570.
"The Men Who Make a Country," American Legion Monthly, New York, v. 1,

July, 1926, p. 8.
"What's the Matter With American Cooking," Pictorial Review, New York,

v. 27, July, 1926, pp. 4, 51, 52, 54.

"As Kansas Sees Prohibition," Collier's, v. 78, July 3, 1926, p. 23.
"Al Smith, City Feller," ibid., v. 78, August 21, 1926, pp. 8, 9, 42, 43.
"The Confessions of a Politician," New Republic, v. 49 (November 24, 1926),

pp. 9-11. Anonymous contribution by Mr. White.

"The Santa Fe Magazine," Santa Fe Magazine, v. 21, December, 1926, p. 39.
"Want to Be a Journalist?" American Boy, Detroit, v. 28, December, 1926, pp.

13, 28, 30.
"This Business of Writing," Saturday Review of Literature, New York, v. 3

(December 4, 1926), pp. 355, 356. (Review of The Plutocrat and Looking

Forward, by Booth Tarkington.)

"Cheer Up, America," Harper's Magazine, v. 154 (March, 1927), pp. 405-411.
"The Librarian, a Community Engineer," Libraries, Chicago, v. 32 (April,

1927), pp. 183, 184.

"They Can't Beat My Big Boy," Collier's, v. 79, June 18, 1927, pp. 8, 9, 45-47.
"Memoirs of a Three-Fingered Pianist," Woman's Home Companion, v. 54,

September, 1927, pp. 12, 13, 80, 84; October, 1927, pp. 8, 9, 84.
"To Make a Life Not Just a Living," Kansas University Graduate Magazine,

v. 26, November, 1927, pp. 5-7.

"Edward Curtis Franklin a Scholar and a Gentleman," Industrial and Engi-
neering Chemistry, Easton, Pa., v. 19 (November, 1927), p. 1297. [Reprinted

in Kansas University Graduate Magazine, v. 26, January, 1928, pp. 14, 15.]
"Observations on Youth," Rotarian, Chicago, v. 31, December, 1927, p. 17.
"William Allen White on Prohibition," as related to Augusta Hinshaw, New

York Herald Tribune Magazine, December 11, 1927, p. 8.
"Introduction" to Just Among Friends, by George Matthew Adams (New

York, W. Morrow & Company, 1928).
Masks in a Pageant (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1928). 507p. This

volume contains many of the political sketches that Mr. White had written

since 1900.

"Rights of a Columnist," Nation, v. 126 (May 30, 1928), p. 607.
"The Education of Herbert Hoover," Collier's, v. 81, June 9, 1928, pp. 8, 9,

42, 44.
"The Anti-Saloon League," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 4 (June 16,

1928), pp. 961, 962. (Review of High Pressure Politics: the Story of the

Anti-Saloon League, by Peter Odegard.)
"Battle Hum of the Republic," Collier's, v. 82, August 18, 1928, pp. 8, 9, 32,

34.
"The Passing of Reuben," World Review, Chicago, v. 7 (September 24, 1928),

pp. 21, 28. [Reprinted in Masks in a Pageant, 1928.]
"Greatheart," World Review, v. 7 (October 22, 1928), pp. 85, 86. [Reprinted in

Masks in a Pageant, 1928.]
"Introduction" to History of Emporia and Lyon County, by Laura M. French

(Emporia, Emporia Gazette Print, 1929).

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 35

"Climbing Is Hard," Public Affairs Magazine, Topeka, v. 11, January, 1929,

p. 26.
''Decline of the Kansas Day Club," Jayhawk, Topeka, v. 2, February, 1929,

p. 37.
"Governor Smith and Myself," Commonweal, New York, v. 9 (February 6,

1929), p. 402. (Communications . . . Reply to Review of Masks in a

Pageant.)

"Protecting the Sucker," Public Affairs Magazine, v. 11, March, 1929, p. 42.
"Journalism Its Good and Its Gray Side," World Review, v. 8 (March 18,

1929), p. 104.
"Mr. White Interviews Himself," Proceedings, American Society of Newspaper

Editors, April, 1929, pp. 79-91.
"We Have Ceased to Mark Time," Public Affairs Magazine, v. 11, May, 1929,

p. 23.

"The Farmer and His Plight," Survey, v. 62 (June 1, 1929), pp. 281-283.
"The Country Editor Speaks," Nation, v. 128 (June 12, 1929), p. 714. (Review

of Hello Towns, by Sherwood Anderson.)
"The Story of Channin Brothers," Public Affairs Magazine, v. 11, July, 1929,

p. 20.

"The Farmer's Plight," ibid., v. 11, August, 1929, p. 24.

"This Is the Age of Romance," Capper's, Topeka, v. 12, September, 1929, p. 21.
"The Needed Brake Is Conservatism," ibid., v. 12, November, 1929, p. 42.
"Tariff Shoe on the Other Foot," ibid., v. 12, December, 1929, pp. 35, 36.
"Divine Discontent" in Kansas Facts (Topeka, Chas. P. Beebe, 1930), v. 2,

pp. 126-128.

"We 'Backward' Westerners," Capper's, v. 12, January, 1930, p. 21.
"We're Bound for the World Court," ibid., v. 12, February, 1930, p. 22.
"The Migratory Executive," Saturday Evening Post, v. 202, March 15, 1930, pp.

10, 11, 142.
"Haitian Experience," Proceedings, American Society of Newspaper Editors,

April, 1930, pp. 103-108.
"William Allen White Talks to His Neighbors," Golden Book, New York, v. 11

(April, 1930), pp. 94-96.

"Some Observations of William Allen White," ibid., v. 11 (May, 1930), p. 68.
"Our Sky Line," Capper's, v. 12, May, 1930, p. 40.
"The D. A. R. and the Soviet," ibid., v. 12, June, 1930, p. 12.
"Edna Ferber," World's Work, v. 59, June, 1930, pp. 36-38, 90.
"Parker's Defeat a Western View," Capper's, v. 12, July, 1930, p. 22.
"Lickety Brindle," New Republic, v. 79 (July 25, 1934), p. 299. (Review of

Whatever Goes Up, by George Tyler and J. C. Thomas.)
"The New Treaty," Capper's, v. 12, September, 1930, p. 10.
"New York's Tammany Crowd," ibid., v. 13, October, 1930, p. 21.
"A Page of National History," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 7 (October

25, 1930), pp. 261-263. (Review of William Howard Taft, by Herbert S.

Duffy, The Changing Years, by Norman Hapgood, and Taft and Roosevelt :
The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide.)

"A Reader in the Eighties and Nineties," Bookman, New York, v. 72 (Novem-
ber, 1930), pp. 229-234.
"Will the South Go Wet?" Capper's, v. 13, November, 1930, p. 23.

36 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Alas Poor Harding," ibid., v. 13, December, 1930, p. 31.

"The Average American; a Study," New York Times Magazine, January 4,

1931, pp. 1, 2, 18.

"The Republic Totters," Capper's, v. 13, February, 1931, p. 35.
"Found a New Verb," ibid., v. 13, March, 1931, p. 8.
"The Futility of Reports," Review of Reviews, New York, v. 83, March, 1931,

p. 46.

"The Crooked Lawyer," Capper's, v. 13, April, 1931, p. 29.
"Playing With Fire," ibid., v. 13, May, 1931, p. 21.
"The Last of the Bourbons," ibid., v. 13, June, 1931, p. 29.
"Bloodless Bloodshed," ibid., v. 13, July, 1931, p. 23.
"Why All Men Are Mortal," ibid., v. 13, August, 1931, p. 27.
"Passing of the Soldier," ibid., v. 14, October, 1931, p. 31.
"Peace and Civilization," League of Nations News, New York, v. 8, October,

1931, p. 2.
"Here Was a Man," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 8 (November 7, 1931),

pp. 257-260. (Review of Theodore Roosevelt, by Henry F. Pringle.)
"If I Were Dictator," Nation, v. 133 (December 2, 1931), pp. 596-598.
"Hot From the Griddle," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 9 (September 3,

1932), pp. 73, 74. (Review of Beveridge and the Progressive Era, by Claude

G. Bowers.)
"A Man of Courage," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 9 (October 22, 1932),

pp. 185, 186. (Review of Graver Cleveland; a Study in Courage, by Allan

Nevins.)
"A Woman of Genius," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 9 (November 12,

1932), pp. 235, 236. (Review of Earth Horizons, by Mary Austin.)
"The Farmer Takes His Holiday," Saturday Evening Post, v. 205, November

26, 1932, pp. 6, 7, 64, 66, 68-70.

"What If Frank Harris?" Kansas Magazine, Manhattan, 1933, pp. 18-20.
"Liberalism for Republicans," Review of Reviews, v. 87, January, 1933, p. 27.
"Herbert Hoover; the Last of the Old Presidents or the First of the New?"

Saturday Evening Post, v. 205, March 4, 1933, pp. 6, 7, 53, 56.
"Some Personal Glimpses of Early Kansas Editors," Kansas Editor, Lawrence,

v. 18, March, 1933, pp. 1-4.
"When Clubwomen Are News," Clubwoman, Washington, D. C., v. 13, May,

1933, p. 7.

"Just Wondering," Kansas Magazine, 1934, pp. 86-88.

"Can Roosevelt Rule Congress?" New York Herald Tribune Magazine, Jan-
uary 7, 1934, pp. 3, 9.
"Turning Knowledge Into Votes," National Municipal Review, New York, v.

23, February, 1934, pp. 85, 86.
"Beefsteak As I Prepare It," Better Homes and Gardens, Des Moines, Iowa,

v. 12, April, 1934, p. 97.
"God Only Knows," Homiletic Review, New York, v. 107 (April, 1934), pp.

303-305.
"On Our Way But Where Are We Going?" Saturday Review of Literature,

v. 10 (April 14, 1934), pp. 625, 632. (Review of On Our Way, by Franklin

D. Roosevelt.)
"Good Newspapers and Bad," Atlantic Monthly, v. 153 (May, 1934), pp.

581-586.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 37

Fifty Years Before and After, an address given at the 62nd annual commence-
ment of the University of Kansas, June 11, 1934 (Lawrence, Department of
Journalism Press in the University of Kansas, 1934). 15p. [Also printed
by the Emporia Gazette, 1934, and in the Kansas University Graduate
Magazine, v. 32, June, 1934, pp. 13-16.]

American Youth and the American Spirit, speech delivered over the Columbia
Broadcasting System, July 27, 1934 (New York, The Crusaders, Inc., 1934.)
5p.

"From Harrison II to Roosevelt II," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 11
(September 22, 1934), pp. 121, 126. (Review of Forty-two Years in the
White House, by Irwin H. Hoover.)

Speech Before Roosevelt Memorial Association, October 28, 1934 (Emporia
Gazette, 1934). 9p.

"Introduction" to William Rockhill Nelson and the Kansas City Star, by Icie
F. Johnson (Kansas City, Mo., Burton Publishing Company, 1935).

"Captain Henry King the First Kansas Story Teller," Kansas Magazine,

1935, pp. 25-28.

"The Conflict Between the Important and the Interesting in Newspapers,"
Proceedings, American Society of Newspaper Editors, April, 1935, pp.
131-135.

"Foreword" to People of Kansas; a Demographic and Sociological Study,
by Carroll D. Clark and Roy L. Roberts (Topeka, 1936).

"Introduction" to Deeds Not Deficits; the Story of Alfred M. London, by
Richard B. Fowler (Kansas City, Mo., Punton Printing Company, 1936).

What It's All About; Being a Reporters Story of the Early Campaign of
1986 (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1936). 146p.

"In Kansas, the Landon Home State," Review of Reviews, v. 93,. April, 1936,
p. 55.

"I Cover the Pacific Water Front," Proceedings, American Society of News-
paper Editors, April, 1936, pp. 39-44.

"Some of the Problems of Christian Education," United Presbyterian, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., v. 94, April 30, 1936, pp. 11, 12.

"Landon : I Knew Him When," Saturday Everting Post, v. 209, July 18, 1936,
pp. 5-7, 68, 70, 72, 73. [Reprinted in What It's All About, 1936.]

"40 Years: New Men, Old Issues," New York Times Magazine, August 9,

1936, pp. 1, 2, 15. [Reprinted in What It's All About, 1936.]

"Books of the Fall," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 14, October 10, 1936,
pp. 16, 26.

Forty Years on Main Street, compiled by Russell H. Fitzgibbon from the
columns of the Emporia Gazette (New York, Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1937).
409p.

"Kansas and Prohibition," Kansas Magazine, 1937, pp. 50-52.

"How to Stay Out of the War," Forum and Century, New York, v. 97 (Feb-
ruary, 1937), p. 91.

"Supreme Court or Rule by Impulses," New York Times Magazine, April 25,

1937, pp. 3, 23, 25. [Reprinted in Reference Shelf, v. 11, 1937, pp. 313-315.]
Remarks at National Association of Harvard Clubs, Chicago, May 21, 1937

(Emporia Gazette, 1937). 14p.

"Duty in a Democracy," commencement address at Northwestern University,
June 12, 1937, Christian Student, Chicago, v. 38, August, 1937, pp. 3-6, 12;

38 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

as "The Eternal Bounce in Man," Vital Speeches of the Day, v. 3 (July 15,

1937), pp. 606-608; as "A Talk With Youth," Reader's Digest, Pleasantville,

N. Y., v. 31, September, 1937, pp. 1-5.
"Progressive Leader," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 16, July 10, 1937,

pp. 5, 6. (Review of Integrity: the Life of George W. N orris, by Richard

L. Neuberger and Stephen B. Kahn.)
"The Challenge to the Middle Class," Atlantic Monthly, v. 160 (August, 1937) ,

pp. 196-201.

"Imperial City," Literary Digest, v. 124, October 16, 1937, pp. 13, 14.
"What Democracy Means to Me," Scholastic, Pittsburgh, Pa., v. 31, October 23,

1937, p. 9.
"How Far Have We Come?" Survey Graphic, New York, v. 26 (December,

1937), pp. 669-672. [Reprinted in Reader's Digest, v. 32, February, 1938,

pp. 16-18.]
"A Yip From the Doghouse," New Republic, v. 93 (December 15, 1937), pp.

160-162.
"Journalism: Journalism as a Vocation" in My Vocation, by Eminent

Americans, edited by Earl G. Lockhart (New York, H. W. Wilson Company,

1938), pp. 165-171.
"Introduction" to Behold Our Land, by Russell Lord (Boston, Houghton

Mifflin Company, 1938).
A Puritan in Babylon, the Story of Calvin Coolidge (New York, The Mac-

millan Company, 1938). 460p.
"From One Country Editor to Another," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 17,

January 29, 1938, p. 5. (Review of One American and His Attempt at

Education, by Frazier Hunt.)

"It's Been a Great Show," Collier's, v. 101, February 12, 1938, pp. 16, 63-65.
"Pay Day in Politics," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 17, April 9, 1938,

pp. 10, 11. (Review of The Politicos, 1865-1896, by Matthew Josephson.)
"My K. U. a Lovely and Glamorous Life," Kansas University Graduate

Magazine, v. 36, May, 1938, p. 5.
"The Challenge to Democracy," Vital Speeches of the Day, New York, v. 4

(June 1, 1938), pp. 494-496.

"How Free Is Our Press," Nation, v. 146 (June 18, 1938), pp. 693-695.
"Caring in -a Nightmare," Survey Graphic, v. 27 (August, 1938), p. 405.
"Can We Democratize Our Machines,"- Carnegie Magazine, Pittsburgh, Pa.,

v. 22, September, 1938, pp. 105-109.

"Speaking for the Consumer," speech to the Seventh International Manage-
ment Congress, Washington, D. C., September 20, 1938 (Emporia Gazette,

1938). 14p. [Reprinted in Vital Speeches of the Day, v. 5 (November 1,

1938), pp. 47-49.]
"Moscow and Emporia," New Republic, v. 96 (September 21, 1938), pp. 177-180.

[Reply to Upton Sinclair on his criticism of the article in ibid., v. 97

(December 7, 1938), p. 132.]

"Beer Statesmanship," American Legion Magazine, v. 25, October, 1938, p. 2.
"Sullivan I and Roosevelt I," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 19, November

19, 1938, pp. 3, 4. (Review of The Education of an American, by Mark

Sullivan.)
"Education and the Greater Law," Kansas University Graduate Magazine, v.

37, December, 1938, p. 5.

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 39

"What Music Has Done For Me," edited by James Francis Cooke, Etude,
Philadelphia, v. 56 (December, 1938), pp. 779, 780.

The Changing West; an Economic Theory About Our Golden Age (New
York, The Macmillan Company, 1939). 144p.

"Contemporary Scene" in Kansas, a Guide to the Sunflower State, compiled
and written by the Federal Writers' Project of the Work Projects Adminis-
tration for the State of Kansas (New York, The Viking Press, 1939), pp. 1-3.

"A Famous Kansan Looks at Kansas" in Travel the Trails of the. Pioneers
Through Kansas, by Howard Watson (n. p., 1939), p. 3. [Reprinted from
Forty Years on Main Street, 1937.]

"The Kansas Red Scare," -Kansas Magazine, 1939, pp. 130, 131.

"Introduction" to The Rhymes of Iron quill, by Eugene F. Ware, 15th edition
(New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1939).

"Address of the President," Kansas Historical Quarterly, Topeka, v. 8 (Feb-
ruary, 1939), pp. 72-82.

"Now We Eat It 'n' Like It," Rotaiian, v. 54, February, 1939, pp. 10, 11.

Change Under Freedom, speech delivered at the Los Angeles Lincoln Club
dinner, February 12, 1939 (Emporia Gazette, 1939). 13p.

"The Farmer's Votes and Problems," Yale Review, n.s., v. 28 (March, 1939),
pp. 433-448.

"How Free Is the Press?" Collier's, v. 103, April 8, 1939, pp. 16, 88, 89.

"Shock Troops of Reform," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 19, April 8, 1939,
pp. 3, 4. (Review of Fighting Years: an Autobiography, by Oswald G.
Villard.)

"Don't Indulge in Name-Calling With Press Critics," Editor and Publisher,
New York, v. 72, April 22, 1939, pp. 14, 68.

"The American Press," Vital Speeches of the Day, v. 5 (May 15, 1939), pp.
455-457.

"How May the West Survive?" Christian Science Monitor Magazine, Boston,
May 20, 1939, pp. 1, 2, 12. [Reprinted in North American Review, New
York, v. 248, Autumn, 1939, pp. 7-17, and in The Changing West, 1939.]

What Is the Democratic Process, commencement address at Indiana State
University, June 5, 1939 (Emporia Gazette, 1939). 16p.

"Dr. Lindley's Lasting Imprint" in General Program of the Sixty-seventh
Annual Commencement of the University of Kansas, June 9 to 12, 1939
(n. p., n. d.), pp. 13-18.

"America Is Proud of You," This Week Magazine, New York, September 16,
1939, p. 2.

"Dear Freshmen," Jayhawker, Lawrence, October, 1939, p. 25.

The Hour Is Striking, speech delivered over the Columbia Broadcasting Sys-
tem, October 15, 1939 (New York, Printed by the Non-Partisan Committee
for Peace Through Revision of the Neutrality Law, 1939) . 4p.

"Taft, T. R. and the G. O. P.," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 21, October
28, 1939, pp. 3, 4. (Review of The Life and Times of William Howard Taft,
by Henry F. PringJe.)

"The Ethics of Advertising," Atlantic Monthly, v. 164 (November, 1939), pp.
665-671.

"Thoughts Amid Thanks," New York Times Magazine, November 19, 1939,
pp. 4, 23.

40 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"The Book of Josephus Daniels," New York Times Book Review, November

26, 1939, p. 1. (Review of Editor in Politics, by Josephus Daniels.)
"Books of the Decade, 1930-1940," Yale Review, n. s., v. 29 (December, 1939),

pp. 419, 420.
"Thrift and Democracy," Life Association News, New York, v. 34 (December,

1939), pp. 372, 373, 408.
"Preface" to Chase County Historical Sketches (n. p., Chase County Historical

Society, 1940).
Defense for America: The Views of Quincy Wright, Charles Seymour, Barry

Bingham [and Others}, edited by William Allen White (New York, The

Macmillan Company, 1940). 205p.
"Foreword" to Ink on My Hands, by Clayton Rand (New York, Carrick &

Evans, 1940).
"Message to Children" in The Children's Book of the Year; the Book of

Knowledge Annual (New York, The Grolier Society, 1940).
"Tribute to John Finley" in Happy Valley, History and Genealogy, by Thomas

Felix Hickerson (Chapel Hill, N. C., The Author, 1940), p. 45.
"William Smith Culbertson, Ambassador Extraordinary" in History of the

Class of 1908> Yah College, Quarter Century Record, III, 1914-1989, edited

by R. R. Smith, published for the class (New York, 1940) .
"Young Men Shall See Visions" in Literature We Appreciate, edited by

Russell Blankenship, W. H. Nash, Pauline Warner (New York, Charles

Scribner's Sons, 1940).

"Candidates in the Spring," Yale Review, n. s., v. 29 (March, 1940), pp. 433-443.
"Chains No Wizard of Efficiency Wm. Allen White Says," Interstate Merchant,

St. Louis, Mo., v. 52, March 16, 1940, p. 1.

"A Sage Looks at Swing," Time, New York, v. 35, May 20, 1940, p. 41. (Ex-
cerpts from an editorial in the Emporia Gazette?)
"We Are Coming, Father Abraham," Abraham Lincoln Quarterly, Springfield,

111., v. 1 (June, 1940), pp. 71-81. [Also printed as a separate by the Emporia

Gazette, 1940.]
"The Sporting British," Current History, New York, v. 51, June, 1940, p. 51.

[Reprinted from the Emporia Gazette, .]
"Long Marches and Hard Bivouacs," address before the annual alumni

meeting of Kansas University, June 10, 1940, Kansas University Graduate

Magazine, v. 38, June, 1940, pp. 10-12.

"Wendell Willkie," New Republic, v. 102 (June 17, 1940), pp. 818, 819.
"The Freedom That Has Made America Great," Vital Speeches of the Day,

v. 6 (August 15, 1940), pp. 642-644.
Destroyers for Great Britain, speech delivered over the Columbia Broadcasting

System, August 22, 1940 (New York, Printed by the Committee to Defend

America by Aiding the Allies, 1940) . 4p.
"Is Our Way of Life Doomed?" New York Times Magazine, September 8, 1940,

pp. 3, 20, 21.
"Thoughts After the Election," Yale Review, n. s., v. 30 (December, 1940),

pp. 217-227.
"Foreword" to Silver Overtones, by Nina Hembling (Mill Valley, Gal., New

York, The Wings Press, 1941).

PUBLISHED WORKS OF WILLIAM A. WHITE 41

"Introducing Frank Clough" in William Atten White of Emporia, by Frank C.

Clough (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1941).
"Introduction" to The Public Accepts, by I. E. Lambert (Albuquerque, Univer-
sity of New Mexico Press, 1941).
"Introduction" to Salt of the Earth, by Victor Holmes [pseud.] (New York,

The Macmillan Company, 1941).
"No References Required" in Life Begins at Seventeen, The Witan, University

of Kansas (Lawrence, 1941), p. 93.
Welding New Weapons of Democracy, address delivered at a dinner given by

The Churchman, New York, February 25, 1941 (Emporia Gazette, 1941).

(Reprinted in The Churchman, New York, v. 155, March 1, 1941, p. 10 ff .)
Choose Ye This Day, speech delivered at the University of Chicago, March

27, 1941 (Emporia Gazette, 1941). 25p.
"White on White," Saturday Review of Literature, v. 24, September 20, 1941,

p. 16. (Review of William Allen White of Emporia, by Frank C. Clough.)
"As White Sees Topeka" in Kansas Author's Club Yearbook, 1942 (Topeka,

Service Print Shop, 1942), p. 58.

The Editor Speaks (New York, Printed by the National Broadcasting Com-
pany, 1942). 2p.

"Kansas on the Move," Kansas Magazine, 1942, pp. 5-7.
"Emporia in Wartime," New Republic, v. 106 (April 13, 1942), pp. 490-492.
"Airplanes and Security," Kansas University Graduate Magazine, v. 40, May-
June, 1942, pp. 8, 9.
Youth and the World, address at Randolph-Macon College commencement,

June 8, 1942 (Emporia Gazette, 1942). 20p.

"Winning the Peace," New Republic, v. 107 (July 27, 1942), p. 120.
"Editors Live and Learn," Atlantic Monthly, v. 170 (August, 1942), pp. 56-60.
"Unity and American Leadership," Yale Review, n. s., v. 32 (September, 1942),

pp. 1-17.
"Newspaper Men at Work," New Republic, v. 107 (December 28, 1942), pp.

862, 863. (Review of Newsmen's Holiday, Harvard University, Nieman

Essays: First Series, 1942.)
Between the Devil and the Deep Sea, speech delivered at the Executive's

Club of Chicago, March 19, 1943 (Emporia Gazette, 1943) ; Executive's Club

News, Chicago, v. 19, March 30, 1943; Rotarian, v. 63, July, 1943, pp. 10-13;

under title "Be" of Good Cheer, Little Guy," in Peace Is a Process (Chicago,

Rotary International, 1944), pp. 121-124.
"Are We Well Informed," University of Chicago Round Table Transcript,

January 17, 1943. 19p. (William Allen White Participating.)
"Remarks" at a dinner of the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare, New

York, April 19, 1943 (Emporia Gazette, 1943). 7p.
"It Seems to Will White," Time, v. 41, March 8, 1943, p. 12.
"Curb Sovereignty," Rotarian, v. 62, June, 1943, pp. 25, 26.
"Foreword" to The Grounds of an Old Surgeon's Faith, by Arthur E. Hertzler

(Halstead, 1944).

A Hoosier in Kansas

The Diary of Hiram H. Young, 1886-1895

Pioneer of Cloud County

PART FOUR, 1893

Edited by POWELL MOORE

JANUARY, 1893
1 Sunday. Fine day Prof Sawdy & wife visited us to day
Also Grand Pap Groves. John went to town George went to Rice
for our mail. Received a letter from Senator Bowling. All signed
up in good shape. Charleys baby better

2 Monday. Wash day. Charley went to Clyde with Prof Sawdy.
George went to Aurora after dinner.

3 Tuesday. Went to town early in the morning. Had Dinner
with Stoner. Raised a row at the Court House with the officials for
recomfm] ending S. C. Wheeler for the Same office they recom-
[m] ended me for Home 7 P M Roads bad. Thawed.

[The following entries for January 4, 5 and 6 were written by
members of Young's family during his trip to Topeka.]

4 [Wednesday. ] Prof f Sawdy and Bill Brower called to night and
played Cards till 9 P. M. The boys belled Link & Letha [Goble]
The wedding Ceremony is now completed after sat. night "Supper."

5 [Thursday.] Husked Corn 1 da [y], Sold 19 bu. & 30 Ibs. 28^f
Per bu.

6 Friday Pretty D m cold this morning but we husked Corn
just the same Sold 25 bu. 26?f per bu $6.50 That is all for this
time.

[Young's entries are resumed here.]

3 [4] Wednesday. Went to town after noon. Went to Topeka in
the evening [C. C.] Stoner [probate judge] went with me. Arrived
in Topeka 4 A. M. Thursday.

4 [5] Thursday. Stoner Had a talk with Gov. Lewelling and as-
sured him if the appointment came to cloud co. I would be appointed
to the State board of charities

[7 Saturday.] Was in Topeka Thursday Friday and Saturday
til noon. Came up on U. P. Arrived in Concordia 6 P. M. Satur-
day evening Staid all nigh [t] with Dr McCasey

8 Sunday. Came home with Dr McCasey. Home at noon. Gave

(42)

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 43

Dr a load of straw. George & John went to town with Dr McCasey.

9 Monday. Cloudy & cool High wind north. Brought Jake
Matthews seed Hog home. He isnt worth a continental dam. Prof
Sawdy Called twice to day.

10 Tuesday. Cloudy & cold Hig[h] wind N.

11 Wednesday. Clear & cold high wind north. Went to town
and to mill. Grand pap Groves came home with me home at dark.
Paid cloud co Bank $28.00 for western School supply house

12 Thursday went to Rice for our Mail. High wind north,
fearful cold and Disagreeable Jack Matthews took his seed hog
home yesterday Truman Pierce called 9PM and took Mother
to Sawdys. Mrs Sawdy being sick.

13 [Friday.] Cloudy & cold. Went to Sawdys then home.
To Gobies then home Then to Sawdys. Then to Aurora for the
Dr Home 3 P. M. Bought Pint Whiskey at Aurora 50c. Young
Tiff Called with School Order No 19 calling for $35.00

14 Saturday. Clear & cold. Fearful High wind north. Went to
town with J Mclntosh, Charley & old Man Groves. Attended co
Alliance. Was elected President. Staid all night with Kentuck[y]
Smith Had Possum and Whiskey for Supper.

15 Sunday. Clear & cold Charley brought the boys to town I
came home with Charley Home 7 P. M.

16 Monday. Clear & warm. Went to Rice after noon with
Truman Pierce. Our water works failed. Charley took Mother to
Sawdys in the morning & brought her home in evening. Mrs Sawdy
better. Sold Bill Pierce 2 Bushels Alfalfa seed $6 per bushels
$12.00 paid Cash. Turned Boar with Sows this morning

17 Tuesday Pretty good day. A. D. Goble Called to day and
returned my chain & pinch bar Sold A. D. Goble 1 Bushel alfalfa
Seed $6.00 Paid Goble 2.00 for helping thresh. Wash day. Tru-
man Pierce Called this morning Paid him school order No. 20.
Cash $2.00

18 Wednesday. Pretty good day Charley & I went to town.
Had Mell & Fan. Shod in front $1.00 Buggy repaired 60^. cigars
25^ Dinner 25^ Pipe & well tools $2.50 Glass and putty 25^=:
$4.85 Home after dark. Charley, Lottie 45 & Mabel went to the
Center in the evening to spelling School Home 10:30 P. M

19 Thursday Pretty good day. Went to Rice after dinner with
Truman Pierce. Mr Sawdy called in the morning on his way to
town & Stop[p]ed on his way back

45. Lottie was the wife of Charles Young.

44 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

20 Friday Good day. Went to town with J. 0. Mclntosh Had
dinner with Dr John McCasey. John & George came home with
Mclntosh Bough [t] Mabel a pair Shoes Paid $2.00 Heard from
Render [son] and J. C. Potts Paid P. M. Gates [recorder of
Knights of Columbia] cash $1.50 for No 1 for Jan. 1893.

21 Saturday. Mother, Freddie Charley & Lottie went to town.
Dug up 45 feet pipe and covered it. Poor job. George went to Rice
in evening. Grand pap Groves called Twice to day. Attended al-
liance meeting at the center. Home 11:30 P M

22 Sunday Good day. Dr McCasey and family visited us to
day. George & John went to town. Mother Freddie & My self
went to Sawdys in the evening. Mrs Sawdy much improved.

23 Monday. Good day. Charley and I went to town Bought
coal 800 Ibs. 3.00 Dinner 25 cigars 10^ = 3.35 Home after
dark. Charley came down on Santa Fe. Paid Judge Stoner $5.00
expense Money to Topeka and return.

24 Tuesday. Fine day. Went to Rice after Dinner. Grand Pap
Groves called. Loaned Jack Matthews spring seat. He returned it
in the evening Charley went [to] town this morning from Soon-
over

25 Wednesday. Cloudy & cool. Disagreeable Bad day. Wind
north & north east. Charley Came home. Grand Pap Groves
brought our mail. Sawdy called Morning & evening. Jim Shafer
Called to day.

26 Thursday. Cloudy & cold. Wind north & north east, 6
Degrees above zero this morning. Jack Matthews Called in the eve.
Prof Sawdy called [in] afternoon.

27 Friday. Cloudy & Disagreeable. Charley went to town with
J. T. Henderson. I went to Rice after noon, and met J J Henley
Editor Clyde Voice. Received letters from Hon S. 0. Everly.
Daughter Alba and from Judge Adair. Attended Alliance Social
and Supper at the center. A royal good time. J. J Henley C.
Muller. Judge Stoner. Prof Sawdy F A. Thompson and the old
Man spoke. Hom[e] at midnight J J Henley and Judge Stoner
Staid all night with Jack Matthews.

28 Saturday. Cloudy and gloomy. Frosty Sleeting and Foggy.
George took Stoner & Henley to town.

29 Sunday. Clear & cold 6 Degrees below zero. F. A Thomp-
son & wife visited us to day. Charley took John & George to town
after noon.

30 Monday. Pretty fair day. Wash day. Wind north & N. E.

MOORE : A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 45

Went to Secrists after dinner Bought 45 Ibs Beef of him 45 Ibs
[@] 4 [cents] $1.80

31 Tuesday. Pleasant until a little after noon. Up to that time
wind in the South & West. Wind turned north and with it came a
blizzard of dust. Turned cold, and kept getting colder until eve-
ning the mercury Sunk 10 Degrees in one hour & 10 minits
Went to town with Truman Pierce. Home at dark. 9:30 P M wind
fearful from the north. Cold and still getting colder. 10 P. M. 4
Degrees above zero.

February, 1893

1 Wednesday. Fearful cold. 8 Degrees below Zero. Mercury
below zero all day. High wind North and North east. Prof Sawdy
called to day. 9PM. 2 degrees below Zero. This the coldest day
this winter. Cloudy.

2 Thursday. Clear & cold. Charley went to town for coal. I
went to Jack Matthews in the morning to have Shaft for wind mill
repaired. 4 Degrees below zero this morning

3 Friday Clear & cold 6 Degrees below zero this morning.
John & George came home this morning. Dan Empson & wife
called this evening.

4 Saturday, went to Rice in the after noon with Sawdy. Went
to town on train. Train 3 Hours late. Attended chapter. Staid all
night at Pacific House. 50^f.

5 Sunday. Fine day. W. H. Hagamans 46 funeral. The Boys
came to town with Team. I drove the team home. Turned fearful
cold in the evening. Home 6 P. M. 11 P. M. Fearful wind from the
north. Cold.

6 Monday. Cold. High wind N. 6 Degrees below Zero. Cold
all day. Grand Pap Groves called to day. 9 P. M. At Zero. High
wind north all day.

7 Tuesday. Clear & cold. 10 degrees below zero. Pleasant
after noon. Wash day. 8 degrees below Zero. Bright and clear.
Wash day.

8 Wednesday. Cloudy and Stormy. Sawdy, Henderson, and
E. E. Moberly called. Sold Moberly one bushel of Alfalfa Seed.
He Paid Cash. $6.00 Awful stormy. Bad day. Charley went to
town with J. 0. Mclntosh. Snowed furishly [sic] a part of the day.

9 Thursday. Warm until after noon. Wind turned north &
Blowed up cold. Hauled 1 load of corn for J. T. Henderson.

46. William Henry Hagaman was a Concordia restaurant proprietor and brother of J. M.
Hagaman, publisher of the Concordia Blade. Concordia Blade, February 10, 1893.

46 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

10 Friday. Pretty good day. Went to town after noon. Mother
& I, with wagon. Boys Drove the team home. Mother & I Staid
in town all night. I Attended chapter.

11 Saturday. Co. Alliance meeting Came home with J
Mclntosh. home at Dark. Rained a little Mother Came home
with A. D. Goble. Drew $134. School fund Deposited in cloud co
B[ank].

12 Sunday Pretty fair day warm. Boys at home all day. De-
posited in cloud co Bank $134.00 School funds On Saturday. Left
Bank book for Settlement When I started home the Bank was
closed. I went to Bank after noon for Bank book but it was not
balanced.

13 Monday. Cloudy & cold. Took John to town. Lottie went
with us. Rained. Had dinner with Dr McCasey. Bought coal
4.00 Whiskey $1.00 Gave John 5.00 Drew $12.00 from Bank
Expended to day Paper Pens & ink 65^=$10.65 Home a little
Before dark. George sick.

14 Tuesday. Cloudy & cold. High wind north. Rained last
night. Snowed some to day. A. D. Goble Called and staid for
dinner. Boys looked for Pierce's Seed Hog but failed to find him.
Jack Matthews brought our mail this evening

15 Wednesday. Fine day. Beautiful day. Wash day. Charley
went to town with Goble, and Staid in town. George finished our
corn. George went to Rice in the evening for our Mail. War times
in Topeka. 47 George mailed 6 letters this evening and got 2 valen-
tines by Mail Also received a letter from Callie Slutman in Cal.

16 Thursday. Pretty good day. Butchered a pig. Jim Shafer
and old Man Groves called to day. George went to Rice in the
evening for our mail. Attended Alliance at the center, was elected
President. Home 12 midnight. War in Topeka yesterday and to
day

17 Friday. Good day. George Hauled manure after noon.
Grand Pap Groves and Jim Shafer called. Shafer took Pierce's
Boar Hog. Davy Else went by and his old horse fell flat & turned
Davy down, nobody hurt. George went to Rice in the evening
for our Mail.

18 Saturday. Good day. Went to town with Truman Pierce.

47. The "legislative war" of 1893 was in progress. Both the Republicans and Populists
claimed a majority of the house of representatives and each party organized a separate house.
The state militia was called out. The door of Representative hall was smashed by a sledge
hammer in the struggle for possession of the hall. Kansas Historical Collections, v. 16, pp.
425-431.

MOORE : A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 47

John came home with John Stillinger. Home 6 : 30 P M John went
to church. George went to George Lamans, he being Sick.

19 Sunday, fine day. Clear and warm. Dug Thompson
called Lewis called. John went to church this fore noon. John
George Charley & Lottie went to church in the evening.

20 Monday. Pretty decent day Wash day. George took John
& Charley to town. Brought our Sulky plow home. George went to
church in the eve. Grand Pap Groves & Jack Matthews and Mrs
Bill Jones called to day.

21 Tuesday. High wind N. George helped Dan Empson Shell
corn. I went to Rice with Truman Pierce. George went to church
in the evening at the center.

22 [Wednesday.] Good day. Washingtons Birth day. George
Helped Henderson and Truman 'Pierce shell corn. Hauled 1 load
for Pierce Charley came home this eve George went to church at
the center. Dr McDonald stop[p]ed to day.

23 Thursday. Pretty good day. High wind North west. Jack
Matthews Called in the morning. Dr McCasey called in the evening.
Georgfe] cut Stalks. Charley went to town. The old Man under
the weather. Lady Matthews and Elmer Henderson Called in the
eve

24 Friday Went to Rice in the forenoon. To town after noon.
Attended chapter. Staid all night with Dr McCasey. Attended Co.
Alliance on Saturday.

25 [Saturday.] Came home with Oda Mclntosh. Home 9PM.
John & George went to church in the evening.

26 Sunday. Fine day. John went to Rice this morning. Jim
Hagaman called this after noon and Staid for Supper. Charley
went to town with him 8:30 P M

27 Monday. Snowed and blowed. High wind north. Jim
Shafer called and had dinner with us. George went to Rice in fore
noon. Bought oil and Shoes $3.00

28 Tuesday. Fair day. Wash day. Went to town with Sawdy.
Home a little after dark Subscribed for Topeka Press. $1.25 for
3 months Daily.

March, 1893

1 Wednesday. Fine Pleasant, warm, cut stalks after noon.
Greased and repaired Harness. Mothe[r] & Freddie went to Sawdys.
George Mabel & Lottie went to church in the evening. Ike Wood-
ruff moved on to his own farm. The Banta Place.

48 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

2 Thursday. Pretty fair day. George cut stalks. Freddie and
I went to Rice in the eve. George went to church at the center.
Lady Matthews called to day.

3 Friday High wind. Snowing & blowing Wind north. Dis-
agreeable day. Stormy.

4 Saturday. Mother & I went to town with Henderson. Home
after dark. Went to the School house in the evening

5 Sunday. Good day. Owen Mclntosh & Father called to day
to buy our farm. John went to church in forenoon. John George
Charley and Lottie went to church in the evening.

6 Monday. Good day. George cut stalks after noon. L. N.
Swope called this morning. John & Charley went to town this
morning. Gave John check for $5.00.

7 Tuesday. Cloudy. George cut stalks in forenoon. Rained &
misted afternoon. Rained at and during the evening. Old Man
Mclntosh stop[p]ed this morning and told me the trade between
me and his son was off; commenced to rain

8 Wednesday. Cloudy and rained. George went to Rice in the
evening for our Mail

9 Thursday. Good day. Wash day. George cut stalks after
noon. I went to Rice after noon. Bought coal for $2.30

10 Friday Went to town after dinner. Attended chapter. Staid
all night with Dr McCasey. Blew up terrible dust Storm this eve-
ning

11 Saturday. Good day came from town with Jack Matthews.

12 Sunday. High wind South. Fearful dusty. Disagreeable and
all around bad day. Boys all at home to day.

13 Monday. Cold high wind North. John & George went to
Rice in forenoon, and had cultivator shovels sharpened. Received
[word] from Western Union Telegraph co that there was a message
there for me George & I went to town after noon for the Message.
I was never more disgusted to get a dispatch from Jo Adair. I
wrote him. Fearful cold and high wind and Dust, terrible bad
day. Home 6 P. M. Thoroughly chilled. Bad cold night.

14 Tuesday. Clear and cold High wind from the north. John
at home Wash day. Boy[s] cut stalks after dinner. Paid my
Knights of Columbia double assessments and lodge dues yester day.
Gave Ed Whicher a check for $3.75 in favor of P. M. Gates Re-
corder. John went to town this after noon. I went to Truman
Pierce's in the evening to see how his sick girl was. Found her better.

15 Wednesday. Cloudy high wind South east. Dusty and

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 49

Fearful Disagreeable. Bad day. Eli Groves called. Finished cut-
ting stalks. Mrs [Minerva] Henderson called this after noon. J T
Henderson called in the evening for his wife. Both had supper
with us.

16 Thursday. Bad disagreeable day. Cold. High wind north
east. Fearful dust. About noon it commenced to Snow. Pretty
stout storm, about 2 inches of Snow. The old Man has fearful cold
and about on the lift. Received letters from Alba and Mrs. Adair

17 Friday. St. Patricks Day in the evening. Cold & clear 2
inches of Snow. Empson Public Sale to day. The old Man is feel-
ing a little better.

18 Saturday. Pretty fair day. Went to town with Jack
Matthews. Attended Alliance at the center.

19 Sunday. Good day. George took John & Charley to Rice &
Mother to Truman Pierces. George went to church in the evening
at the center. Mother will stay all night at Pierces.

20 Monday. Cloudy and cold. High wind north. Mother
Lottie and the old Man went to town. Mother and I signed a deed
to J W Adair selling our interest in the old homestead in Indiana.
For $1000.00 including our interest of debts. On the place. Had
deed acknowledged before Judge Stoner. Mother & I had Dinner
with Dr McCasey. Home 6 P. M. Loaned Jack Matthews my
wagon and Borrowed his spring wagon. Brought Jacks seeder this
evening to Sow oats tomorrow. Sent Virge Stewart 75 Ibs [of]
Alfalfa seed. Sent it to Ligonier Indiana.

21 Tuesday. Sowed oats. Fearful wind. Sowed 20 acres Jack
Matthews called in the evening Festus Sawdy called in the evening
and staid all night. Commenced to rain in the evening.

22 Wednesday. Cultivated in Oats. Cloudy misted all day.
The old Man about played out this evening Cold & Disagreeable

23 Thursday. Cloudy & cold High wind north west, spit
snow and misted. Cultivated in oats. The old Man about Petered
out. George went to church at the center in the evening

24 Friday. Pretty fair day. George Harrowed in oats. The
old Man went to Rice after noon. From there went to town. At-
tended lodge. Staid all night with Dr McCasey.

25 Saturday. Morning fine. Commenced to snow about noon
and snowed till 5 P. M Great Snow for season. Came home with
Jo Keoster Home 5 P. M.

26 Sunday. Good day. John went to Rice this morning for
coal & Mail. John went to town this after noon. Snow all gone

4-6110

50 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

27 Monday. Cloudy and cold. I, Mother, Lottie & Charley
went to town High wind north east. Bought 5 Bushels Early Ohio
Potatoes, $1.50 Per Bus. = $7.50 1 Ib. Horse Shoe Tobacco 40^.
Drew check in favor of V. A. Stewart for $31.00 for Taxes on old
farm in Ind. Total to day with dinner 15^ $39.05 George at
home alone. Charley & Lottie staid in town. Cold bad day.
Home 6 P. M.

28 Tuesday Good day. Cultivated in Oats. The old Man
fearful tiered. Hen Snavely Called to day for stalk cutter.

29 Wednesday. Cloudy & High w South. Dusty Dr McCasey
called. Finished cultivating in oats. Mabel & Fred both on the
lift both at home.

30 Thursday. Good day. Wash day. Finished Harrowing
oats. George went to Rice in the evening. Returned Jakes Harrow

31 Friday. Good day til after dinner. Plowed ground for Po-
tatoes. Planted Potatoes. Jack Matthews borrow [e]d Sulky plow
and returned it Same day. A tramp Called to day for something to
eat. Mrs Empson Called to day. Horse Medicine Man called to
day. Wind sprung up this after noon and a fearful Dust storm.
Terrible dust and wind. John came home this evening. This is the
last day of March. And at 9 P M wind just Howling. Wind north.
Planted Peas and Beets to day

April, 1893

1 Saturday. Good day. Boss day. Planted Potatoes. Boys
went to Rice after dinner. Had plow sharpened. Hitched up Flora
for the first time, was bad to get to the wagon tongue, Fearful
mean. Stubborn. Attended alliance meeting at the center in the
evening. Good meeting.

2 Sunday. High wind South Mother and I went to Thompsons
visiting. George Laman & Ira Pierce were here for dinner. Home
7 P. M. Brought some Rasberry plants from Thompson's.

3 Monday. Good day. Commenced to plow for corn. John &
Charley went to town on train. Lottie went to town with Thomp-
son's. Lottie home 5 P. M Eli Grove called to day.

4 Tuesday. Pretty fair day. Killed a hog in forenoon. George
Plowed in afternoon Clouded up about Middle of after noon.
Thundered and lightening and threatened rain but it all blowed
away. George went to Hendersons for Sausage Grinder.

5 Wednesday. Good day. I went to Rice Horse back after din-
ner. George Plowed. Lady Matthews and School Mother Called
this evening

MOORE : A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 51

6 Thursday. Fine forenoon. Wash day. Mrs Empson helped
us wash. Meaner than Hell after dinner Fearful hot. George
Plowed all day.

7 Friday. This Day opens like Hell. Fearful wind and dust
wind north west. Air full of dust. Awful, This early in the
morning. High wind and Dusty. George, Mother & Lottie went to
town after noon. Home at dark. Bought George Shoes, 3.00

8 Saturday. Good day. Eli Groves Brought our Mail.

9 Sunday. Good day Jim Collins called to day. Miss Jennie
and Harry Thompson, J. T Henderson and G W Laman were here
to day. Singing.

10 Monday. Pretty decent day in the forenoon. George took
John Charley & Lottie and the Kid to town. Lottie Started to
Lincoln Neb. George home at noon. Brought 11 conk shells Paid
$1.20 The old Man Plowed in the forenoon. Dr McCasey pulled
2 teeth out of Dick. After noon High wind and Dusty.

11 Tuesday. This the worst day I ever Saw in Kansas. Fear-
ful wind & dust. Wind South until about 5PM Then turned
west the wind blowed 2 Sections out of our wind-mill. Awful and
dre[a]dful wind and Dust 7 : 30 wind settled a little. George went
for the children at school

12 Wednesday. Clear & cool. Stiff wind west. Went to town
with Jo LeClare. Bought 2 Sections for our wind mill. Only
$8.00 Home 4:30 P. M George went to Rice in the evening.
Mother & Mabel went to Jack Matthews in the evening

13 Thursday. Cloudy & cold High wind north east. Geo.
Finished plowing 20 acres for corn. Repaired pasture fence. School
Mother Lady Empson and Sadie Matthews Called this evening.
Mr. Cole and old Gentleman looked like a tramp Called and
wanted to buy a farm. Hard looking old Man to buy land

14 Friday. Pretty decent day. Mother, Freddie and Mabel
went with the olcl man to town. Staid all night with Dr McCasey.
Attended chapter.

15 Saturday. Attended co Alliance. We all came home with
Oda Mclntosh. Oda Mclntosh staid for supper. F A Thompson
and wife stop[p]ed for Supper and we all attended Alliance at the
center Home 11: 30PM

16 Sunday. Pretty good. Children went to Sunday School
Link Goble and wife called in after noon and spent the evening.

17 Monday. Pretty good day High wind South. Commenced
to Plant corn.

52 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

18 Tuesday. Finished planting checked corn. Planted Pota-
to [e]s, onions, Beets Sweet corn. Good little rain last night.
Threatening rain this evening 8 P. M

19 Wednesday. Fearful wind all day. Tried to rain in fore
noon. Cold & Disagreeable.

20 Thursday. Clear & cold. High wind north west. Went to
town with Willit McManimee Paid windmill repairs 8.00 Shoes
3.00 Pants 3.50 Hat 3.00 Dinner & cigars 30^17.50 [?]
Home 5 P. M. George went to Tiffs school house in Shirley [town-
ship] to spelling. This has been a bad Disagreeable day. Very
cold

21 Friday. Clear & cold. High wind north west. Wash day.
George & I went to Jack Matthews after dinner for seed corn. Con-
cluded it was no better than my corn and did not get any corn.

22 Saturday. Pretty decent day. The boys went to Rice in
forenoon with corn, and for seed corn. Finally got seed of Dug
Greathouse. After noon John went to Rice and [had] lister sharp-
ened. In the evening the boys went to F. A. Thompsons to a party
Given in Honor of son Harry. J. T. Henderson Paid for alfalfa
seed $6.00

23 Sunday. Pretty good day tried hard to rain but failed.
Boys went to Pierces to singing also Sunday School.

24 Monday. Good day. John George and the old Man went
to town. Took Dudly. Home 12 noon. Paid P. M Gates re-
corder $1.50 [assessment] for the death of Sir Knight Berry.
Started lister, had to take lister to Shop. Dr McCasey Called,
this after noon. Frankie McCasey came home with me from town
and is here this eve.

25 Tuesday. Listed in corn. High wind north east. Fearful
Dust after noon. Threatened rain. Dr McCasey Called and took
his girl home. Mrs Empson Called in evening for camphor. Mother
went to Empson's in evening to see their sick baby Road agent
called (A peddler)

26 Wednesday. Cold bad day. High wind north west. George
listed corn. Notified Jack Matthews he must keep his hogs off my
alfalfa. Shot Jack Dog.

27 Thursday. Pretty decent day. Wash day. Highered Link
Goble to help Haul fodder. George went to Rice in evening for our
Mail. School Mother came to stay all night. Received letters from
Alba & Nellie. Surprising

28 Friday. Bad day. High cold wind north. Fearful wind

MOOEE : A HOOSIEB IN KANSAS 53

and cold. Old man Collins Called this evening. George listed in
corn.

29 Saturday. Cloudy and cold High wind north east. Misted
and rained a little. George went to Rice in the evening. John
came home from town. He took Examination for a certificate
This has been a bad cold disagreeable day.

30 Sunday. Bad cold day. Cloud [y] and disagreeable High
wind north.

May, 1893

1 Monday. Pretty fair day. George listed in corn. John went
to town I went down to Jakes. Grand Paps Horse sick. One sow
had pigs

2 Tuesday. Good day. Wash day. George Listed in corn.
Link, Mollie Goble and Mrs Cink Goble also Mrs Dan Empson
Called this morning. In the eve F. A. Thompson stop[p]ed as
he went by

3 Wednesday Good day Mother & I went to town after Din-
ner Drew 39.00 School funds. Home a little after dark.

4 Thursday. Good forenoon After noon it blowed fearful
Finished planting corn this forenoon. Last day of School. George
went to school this after noon. School Mother called in evening
for her pay. Paid her cash $35.00 in full for all demands.

5 Friday. Hig[h] wind North. George went to town with 6
Hogs Weight 1530 80 Ibs. off=1450 at 6.60 Per pound=$95.70
Deposited $90.00 in cloud co Bank. John came home with George
Mother & the Kids went to Gobies to a quilting. Lady [Mrs.
Samuel] Townsdin called & a huxter. Gave John & George a $1.00
each

6 Saturday. Cloudy and cold. Rained a little, fearful wind
north east. Boys sold load [of] corn 28 Bus [@] 30^=$8.40
Bought a little coal at Rice. John went to Rice in the evening with
Elmer Henderson. Lady Empson called. Grand Pap Groves Called
and I paid him Cash $1.60 for the use of Jake Matthews seeder.
Attended alliance meeting at the center.

7 Sunday. Cloudy & cool. Rained a little. Singing at Jack
Matthews this after noon.

8 Monday. Pretty decent day. Plowed alfalfa ground. Listed
in Sweet corn. Drove Dudly to Rice. Dud is a high Jumper The
meanest colt we ever hitched Received a letter from Sister Ella and
Dr. Ted. Leatha Goble Henderson & wife Called this evening

9 Tuesday. Good day. Wash day. Hauled hay. Harrowed

54 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

alfalfa ground. Dug Thompson & son were here Dudley Horse
served his mare Insurance] $2.00 Kinsley Morgan called. Also
J. T. Henderson.

10 Wednesday. Fearful wind South. Mother & George went to
town. Bought 10 Boards 14 feet long 140 feet [@] 2.25=3.15
Saw filed 25c Total=$3.40 George went to Rice in the evening.
Grand Pap Groves Called to day. Frankie McCasey came home
with Mother.

11 Thursday. Good day. Shelled corn. Shelled 685 Bushels at
iy 2 ^ per bus=$8.56 [?] Davis Bros. Jim Shafer Hauled 2 loads
Davy Sniff Secrist Hauled 2 loads J. T. Henderson one load.
George Hauled 1 load 14 loads shelled. Square with Secrist and
Henderson.

12 Friday. Good day. Shafer Hauled 2 loads of corn & 2 loads
yester day 4 loads in all. Paid him cash $3.00 George Hauled 3
loadfs] to day. 11 loads to Breed 557 Bushels at 32#=$178.25.
Must wate [sic] until first of next week for my pay. I was on Road
review with Jo Burns and 0. T. Ames, in South Lawrence. Home
6 P. M Breed Paid me $10.00 on corn. Paid Harrison J. M. $8.55
for him to pay the shellers Davis Bros. George went to a party
this evening. John came home from town.

13 Saturday. Good day. Boys went to the town of Rice in
forenoon. Went to town after noon. Drove Flora and Dave.
Bought the Boys Clothes 2 suits 1 hat and 2 Pairs Over alls.
$27.00 1 Bottle of Beer 25f cigars and Tobacco 65^ Pe[a]nuts
10^ candy 10^. Knights of Columbia Assessment no 5 $1.50 and
lodge Dues 75^ 1 Pair shoes $1.50 Total $ Meat 75# = $32.60
Home 7 P. M.

14 Sunday. Cloudy & warm. Boys took colts to Dug Thomp-
sons Pasture. Sal. Maud, Phelix & McGinty, 75^ per month for
each Sal 2 years old. Maud 2 years old Phelix & McGinty 1 year
Good day. F. A. Thompson & wife visited us to day. Also Mrs
McCasey and children. Mrs Link Goble and Mrs Matth[ew]s &
Geo. Laman were here to day. Mother went home with Fannie
[McCasey] . Frankie McCasey went home with her Mother.

15 Monday. Clear & cool. Went to Rice after Dinner. Received
check from Breed for 168.25 check to be presented before the 17th
for payment. Bought oil 85c candy 5c Paper & envelop [e]s
20^ Block on wagon brake 15^ Total $1.25

16 Tuesday. Good day. George went to Rice in forenoon. Dr
McCasey calle[d] and was here for dinner. I went with Dr to

MOOEE : A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 55

Aurora Davy Allen, and other places castrated 8 Horses Had
Some Beer in Aurora Home 9:30 P M. Dr Staid all night with us.

17 Wednesday. Good Day Mabel Freddie and I went to
town. Bought Buggie and Harness $100.00 cigar 50 Gave Mother
$1.00 Muslin 500 Total $101.55 Home 5:30 P M Mabel staid
in town. Mother, Freddie & I went to Hendersons in the evening

[18] Thursday. Wash day High wind South east. Fearful
wind and dust. J. T. Henderson wife & Son started for worlds
fair & visit in Northern Ind. Road Scraper agents Called to day. I
refused to Sign their paper.

19 Friday High wind South west. Dusty, and Disagreeable.
George went to town after dinner. John and Mabel Came home with
him. John & George went into Shirley to Exhibition. Paid Lewis
[Louis?] Lawrence Cash by- check $12.00 for Mells colt. Lady
Empson Called Twice to day.

20 Saturday. Good day. went to town after noon. Home 7
P M Judge Stoner and family called and staid all night. We at-
tended Alliance Meeting. Mrs. Goble was initiated. Home 11
P.M.

21 Sunday. Awful wind & dust South east. Boys went to Sunday
School.

22 Monday. Rained a little Just enough to lay the dust.
Mother and George went to town. Cloudy and cold. High wind
north west.

23 Tuesday. Pretty good day Wash day. helped Goble with
his pump. Went to Aurora. Wash day. J Mclntosh Called to
day.

24 Wednesday High wind North west. Dusty mean day.
George went to town and to Mill. Took Charley a load of cobs and
gave him 1 Sack flour. I went to town after noon. Bought chloro-
form 15^ Beef 500 cigar 50 Barrel salt 1.50 Total $2.05 [?]
Home 6PM Grand [pap] Groves Called also Jack Matthews.
And old Man Gobies. George went to church in the eve at the cen-
ter.

25 Thursday. Cloudy & cold Good rain last night and this
morning. Wind South east. A. D. Goble called this morning.

26 Friday Good day. George & I went to town after noon The
last day of school in town. John came home with George. I staid
in town. Attended chapter Staid all night with Dr McCasey

27 Saturday. Staid all day in town. A man died in the Central

56 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Branch Privy. I was on the coroners Jury. Attende[d] Lodge.
Staid with Charley

28 Sunday. Good day. Came down to Rice. John & Freddie
met me at Rice. George Laman, Letha Goble Harry and Jennie
Thompson Mollie & Kit Goble were here to day, to Sing

29 Monday. Good day. Commenced to plow corn. Grand Pap
Groves called to day Also Oda Mclntosh and Mat Wilcox & wife.

30 Tuesday Mother & I went to town to attend Decoration
[day services]. We had dinner with Dr McCasey. Grand & glori-
ous good rain Big rain. The only good rain this year. . . .
Home 7:30 P M. Finished plowing checked corn 1st time.

31 Wednesday. Good day. Wash day. Ground full of water
well Soaked.

June, 1893

1 Thursday. Boys commenced to cultivate listed corn. Jo.
Campbell was here this morning.

2 Friday. Went to town with Goble. Paid interest on 40 acres.
Subscribed for Advocate. Sent one Dollar in a let[t]er. Home 5
P. M A stranger came along with stud horse and 2 Jennys. He
could not find a place to stay all night So we took him in. Show
at the school house this evening.

3 Saturday. Boys Plowed & cultivated garden & Sweet corn.
Went to Rice in forenoon. Drove Dudley. Worked out land tax
in Dis. No 2 cleaned house Boys bought Shoes. Plow Shoes

4 Sunday. Pretty fair day George John Mabel & Freddie
went to Gobies after noon. Link & Letha [Goble] called also
Grand Pap Groves. Good shower of Rain this after noon.

5 Monday. Good day. Wash day. Mother & John went to
town after Dinner. George went to Dug Thompson's Pasture to See
about our colts Also the pasture. Jack Matthews called, . . .

6 Tuesday. Good day. Cleaned House & Hen House. Boys
cultivated corn after noon a little rain last night.

7 Wednesday. Good day. Boys cultivating. I went to town
with Jack Matthews, home 6 P. M. George went to Rice in the
evening

8 Thursday. Boys cultivating checked corn second time. High
wind South. Dusty and Disagreeable. Boys took red Heifer to
Jims Black Bull in the evening. Time March 8th, 1894.

9 Friday. Pretty fair day. Boys finished cultivating the
checked corn the second time. Lady Empson called to day.

10 Saturday. Good day. Boys hauled manure in fore noon.

MOORE: A HOOSIEB IN KANSAS 57

Boys went to Rice after noon. I went to town after Dinner. John
& H. R. Thompson went to town in the evening. Frankie McCasey
came home with me.

11 Sunday. Good day. Boys went to Rice & to Ed. Moberlys
and engaged him to do our Harvesting. Boys went to G. W. Lamans
after noon to Singing. Mollie & Kit Goble were here. A D Goble
and wife Called to day.

12 Monday. Good day. Wash day. Made fence. Cultivated
corn. Goble mowed our alfalfa. John brought Gobies rake in the
evening.

13 Tuesday. Good day. John Raked up alfalfa in morning.
George Plowed corn. Hauled in one load Hay in the evening.
Grand Pap Groves Called to day.

14 Wednesday. Good day. Asa Hamlin buried to day. Hauled
in alfalfa Hay after noon. Lady Empson was a caller to day

15 Thursday. Good day. Cloudy and warm. John cultivated
corn for A. D. Goble. Mother & the Kids went to town after noon.
Took Frankie McCasey home. George cultivated corn. F. Longtin
Called to day. He is the Democratic P. M. at Aurora.

16 Friday Good day. Boys cultivated corn. The old Man on
the lift. Mother & the Kids went to Letha's after noon.

17 Saturday Good day. Clear & warm. Finished plowing
listed corn the Second time. Boys went to Rice and the River after
noon. Lady Reeves Called today for Eggs & Flour.

18 Sunday. Good day. John & I went to Aurora and attended
Catholic Dedication of their new church. Home 2 P. M. George
came in later. Dr McCasey & family visited us to day. I went to
Jack Matthews in evening

19 Monday fair day. Boys sold a load of corn in Rice after
noon. Dan Empson called to day. Finished Husking corn this
forenoon.

20 Tuesday. High wind South. Wash Day. Boys went to
town and to Mill after Dinner. Lady Empson Called and returned
our ice Freezer. Broken. Fearful hot & Dry. Need rain Badly.

21 Wednesday. Cloudy & Hot Went to town with Grand Pap
Groves. Bought 100 Ibs. Twine $10.00 Beef 60# cigars 25^ =
$10.85 Home 1:30 P. M. About 2 P. M. the wind shifted from
South to North west. Blowed fearful, with the wind came the
Dust. Awful Dust Fearful wind & Dust. Terrible Dust and wind.
Enough to Drive decency out of Kan. Boys plowing corn.

58 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

22 Thursday. Good Day. Boys finished plowing checked corn
the 3rd time. The old Man went to Rice in evening.

23 Friday. Went to town after dinner with John. John brought
team home. I staid and attended chapter, a good time. Staid all
night with Dr McCasey. Good rain and fearful Hail storm in
Concordia

24 Saturday went from Concordia to Aurora. Attended camp-
fire. Good dinner. John came after me. Rained a little yesterday
evening. Swope and others Called to day. Paid my assessment to
K. C. $1.50

25 Sunday. Good day. Mother Freddie Mabel & the old
man went to Kellenbargers. Home 6 P. M.

26 Monday. Commenced to cut wheat, E. E. Moberly, Good
day.

27 Tuesday. Good day finished cutting wheat at noon. John
took Moberly home. George cultivated corn. Ladies Empson &
Goble called. Freddie went to Gobies. The old Man on the lift.
Sick.

28 Wednesday. Good day went to town. J. B. Weaver 48 spoke
to a multitude of people. Lady Empson went with me to town. John
Harvested for Goble. George for Fred Keoster.

29 Thursday Good clay. Big rain last night and to day. Mo-
berly cut oats % [day]. George went to town after dinner.

30 Friday. Biggest rain this season Moberly was here Also
John Campbell & Lewis, also John Secrist. Ground full of water
Every body Happy

July, 1893

1 Saturday. Good day. Went to town with A. D. Goble Home
2 P. M. Moberly cutting oats. Commenced to Rain about 7 P. M
Hard rain. W. A. Pierce & Daughter [Effie] stop[p]ed in. Mo-
berly started home 8:40 P. M. and still Raining Drew Cash from
Bank $5.00 Ground full of water

2 Sunday. Cloudy & warm. Lew Cabels & family visited us.
Rained a little in the evening.

3 Monday Good Day. Moberly cut Oats. Butchers from town
Killed 1 steer & 2 Heifers. John, Freddie and the old Man went to
Dug Thompsons after Dinner. Hen. Snavely called to day. Twice

[This ends Book 4 of the diary. In the back of this book is a copy
of the Frederick Young family register, printed below.]

48. Gen. James B. Weaver, Greenback candidate for the presidency, 1880, and Populist
candidate for the same office, 1892.

MOORE: A HOOSIEB IN KANSAS 59

Monday the 29th of August my Father Frederick Young [grandfather of
Hiram H. Young] died He was bora the 8th day of Nov 1778 and brought
his age to 46 yrs 11 mo and 1 da[yl. [?]

Our Grand Mother Died May 22nd 1830 Brought her age to about 74 yr.

John Young Born July 13 1804 Died September 30 1890 86 years 2
months & 17 days Born in Union Co. Penn.

Sarah Young Wife of John Young Born January 17 1811 Union County
Penn. Died April 23rd 1891 Age 81 years 3 months & 6 days.

Copy of Family Register of Frederick Young and his wife Eva
We Frederick Young and Eva Spatz were married on the 24th day of Oct.
A. D. 1803

(1) Unto us a son was born the 13th of July 1804 was christened the
19th of Aug 1804 and named John.

(2) Unto us a Daughter was born the 10th of March 1806. was christened
the 4th of May 1806 and named Elizabeth.

(3) Unto us a son was born the 17lji day of February 1808 was christened
the 6th of March 1808 and named John George. Witness at Baptism John
George Morr and his wife Catharine.

(4) Unto us a Daughter was born the 28 of Nov 1809. was baptized the
24th of Dec. 1809 and named Anna Catharine.

(5) Unto us a son was born the 9th of June 1812 was baptized the 19th
of July 1812 and named John Frederick. Witnesses the Parents.

(6) Unto us a Daughter was born the llth of July 1814 was baptized 23rd
of Oct 1814 and named Barbara. Witnesses the Parents.

(7) Unto us a son was born the 2nd day of March 1816. was baptized the
[page torn] of Aug 1816. by Rev Geo Heim. (Luth minister) and named
John Louis Witnesses John Louis Young.

(8) Unto us a son was born January 18th 1818. Was baptized March 20th
1818, By Rev Friesz. (Ref Minister) and named Benjamin. Witnesses His
Parents to wit. Frederick Young, and his wife Eva nee Spatz.

(9) Unto us a son was born Jan 5th 1820 was Baptized March 5th 1820 by
Rev Geo Heim and named Samuel Witnesses his Parents.

(10) The 17th day of Dec 1821 a son was born unto us. was baptized
Feb 17th 1822, by Rev. Schmidt and named John Jacob, Witnesses Jacob
Garman and his wife Barbara.

(11) The 9th day of May 1824 a Daughter was born unto us. was bap-
tized the 19 of May 1824 by Rev Schmidt and named Hannah. Witnesses
John Boyer and his wife Elizabeth.

My wife Eva died May 17th 1824

[Following is the beginning of Book 5 of the diary.]
July, 1893

4 Tuesday Fearful hot. Moberly cutting oats. I went To
Feifs Grove to celebration. Never was as badly sold at any cele-
bration. No speaking nothing but a money making scheme.
. . . Plenty Beer and Plenty to eat. Home 5 P. M. Went afoot.
Old Gentleman Hossler of Val[l]ey Falls called this eve

5 Wednesday. Moberly cutting Oats Horses ran away and

60 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

broke Tongue to Binder. A. D. Goble and old Man Hosier called
this evening. Also Hen. Bolen

6 Thursday. Cloudy in forenoon High wind after noon
South. Finished Harvesting Oats. George Took machine to Bolens.
John Cultivating corn for Goble.

7 Friday. Cloudy and fearful hot. Mother, Freddie & George
went to town Home 5 P. M John cultivating corn for Goble. The
old Man at home with Mabel. Plowed in the garden. Awful Hot.
Mabel went to Dan Empson after Dinner. Home 6:30 P. M

8 Saturday. Hot. Went to town. John & George went to town
with 5 Hogs weight 1365 Ibs shipped them Received cash on
Hogs $50.00 Received cash on cattle sold A. L. Demers $35.00
Deposited in cloud co Bank $75.00 Was appointed to examine
Clerk of District court records by Board of co. com. Home 7:30
P M Dr McCasey and family came 9:15 P. M and Staid all
night. I had dinner with Charley.

9 Sunday. Clear and Hot. John went to town after Dr Mc-
Caseys Instruments. Mrs McCasey and Mother went to Swopes
visiting and see the sick. John home at noon Castrated Duddly
Johns 1st Case of castration. John went to Thompsons afternoon.
Dr McCasey and family started home 5:35 P. M. Very warm.

10 Monday Went to town on train to Examine clerk [of]
District Courts Books. Worked at Monday Tuesday, Wednesday
Thursday. Came Home thursday evening. Boys commenced to
stack on Wednesday

12 Wednesday Stacked wheat

13 Thursday Hot. Boys Stacked Oats. Came home from
town on train. Link Goble stacked 2 days Will Dillin Hauled 2
day[s] Been Fearful hot all week, and Still Heating.

14 Friday Hot. Went to town with J T Acton. Attend [ed]
chapter. Received for hogs in full

15 Saturday. Fearful hot. finished The investigation of Dis-
trict clerk's records. We find them Short Over $1000.00 John and
Mabel came to town Mable staid with Charley. I came home with
John. Home about Sundown. Attended Alliance Home 12 oclock
Midnight. Paid my Knights of Columbia assessment for No 7
Subscribed or renewed my subscription to the Topeka Press Sent
the Press a check for $1.50

16 Sunday Cloudy & hot Mother Freddie and the old Man
went to Thompson. The boys went to the River after noon with
H R & Alfred Thompson. Home from Thompson about dark Mabel

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 61

in town with her Brother. Had a great game of High "5" to day.
About 8:30 P M it commenced to thunder and lightning. Fearful
Dust and wind Commenced to rain about 9 P. M and rained
about one hour. Thank God for the good rain. This rain will help
out the corn and late Potatoes.

17 Monday. Good day. Good rain last night. The Storm
last night blowed Slutmans wind mill down and did considerable
damage to Grand Mothers House. Blowed our cherry trees nearly
down Also cotton wood trees and some mulberry. Plowed Or-
chard. I was at Jack Matthews. A. D. Goble Called to day.
Mother went to Matthews. Mabel Came home with J. T. Hender-
son. Rained a little to day. Charles Muller & wife Called to day

18 Tuesday. Cloudy and warm. Sowed turnips and Plowed
oats stubble ground. George mowed weeds in orchard.

19 Wednesday. Good day. Mother Freddie and I went to
town in fore noon. Had dinner with Dr McCasey. Home 3PM.
Went to Aurora to Join the Knights of Pythias. Made application
Paid $5.00 Home 9:15 P. M George helped Jack Matthews
thresh after dinner. John Plowed. Dan & Lady Empson Called in
evening.

20 Thursday. Cloudy & Hot. George helped Jake thresh. John
Plowing Old Man Goble Called twice to day. Lady Empson
Called to day. Wash day. Wind South east. Ground Dry

21 Friday Good day. Went to Rice in fore noon. Boys helped
Jack Thresh. Lady Reeves & Miss Bell Called to day. Mrs. A. D.
Goble Called this evening.

22 Saturday. Clear & hot. John and I went to town. Attended
co Alliance. Had Dinner with Charley. George helped Dan Emp-
son thresh. Boys went to the Center this evening to Singing

23 Sunday. Hot wind South. White clouds flying through air.
Thompson's Boys and our Boys went to Kentucky Smiths on a fish-
ing excursion. This is a bad day on our corn. The corn will not
[stand] any great amount of Dry hot wind. Grand Pap Groves
Called also Mrs Naillieux and Lady Bertram.

24 Monday. South east wind. Wash day. Boys helped Goble
Thresh. Fearful hot. Hard day on the corn. Corn is being Dam-
aged by Dry & hot & Heat.

25 Tuesday. Fearful hot wind South. Went to Rice twice with
A D Goble. Got a letter from Dave Skeels. Boys helped Jim
Shafer thresh, in forenoon. Wind turned north in the evening and
fearful Dust and wind, threatened rain & thundered. Ed. Sear

62 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and wife & another Frenchman & wife Called in during the wind
and dust storm, staid till 10 P. M. Still thundering but no rain
to speak of. But need it badly. Lady Empson Called twice to day.
Commenced to Rain 10 P M and Rained all night. Jersey Heifer
bulled this evening by Jims [Bertram] black bull.

26 Wednesday. Cloudy & warm. Rained good last night. Nice
easy good rain. Every boddy is happy to day. Rained a little
to day. Ed Moberly called for his money for Harvesting. Paid
him cash 10.00 Due Moberly $17.00 George and Mother went to
town. The Corn is now assured bar [r] ing Hail and storms. We
all thank God for the good rain which came just in the nick of time.
The ground full of water Hitch to plow and went one round and
quit too wet by a large majority. Light wind east and very
cloudy. Mother & George came home a little after dar[k]. Turned
cooler toward evening, quite cool. Thundering and threatening rain.
Cloudy.

27 Thursday. Hot. School meeting was re elected School
Treasure [r]. Went to town with L N Swope. Took 1st Degree in
Knights of Pythias. Rained awful hard. Staid all night with Ike
Gennette at Iowa house.

28 Friday. In town all day Attended chapter Staid all night
with Dr McCasey.

29 Saturday. Came down to Soonover on train. Rode a part of
the way home with Sam Naillieux. Rained a good Shower in the
morning. Home 11:30 A M Family all well

30 Sunday. Cloudy and hot. H R Thompson visited with [us]
to day. Mother Freddie, Mabel and the old Man went to Truman
Pierces after noon. Came home via Secrists and Talked with [him]
about school Teacher.

31 Monday. Clear & Pleasant. Wash day. Wind north. John
plowing. Miss Myrtle Tiff and Bill Walno were here this morning
Before I was up. Signed Teachers contract for Miss Myrtle Tiff
to teach our School at $40.00 per month, for Seven months of
School. George went to Rice middle of the after noon. After noon
cool

August, 1893

1 Tuesday. Good day. Mother & I went to town. George
helped Ewingham thresh. John plowed. Home from town 6:30
P M

2 Wednesday. Cloudy & cool. Helped Goble take up his pump
in the morning, the old man Goble took his pump to town. Com-

MOORE: A HOOSIEB IN KANSAS 63

menced to plow wheat ground. George helped Ewingham finish
thres[h]ing. Mollie & Kit Goble were at Our place. Rained a
little toward evening. A school Mother Called to day in Search of
a school. John plowing Light wind east. Went to Aurora and
took Second Degree in Knights of Pythias Home 2 A. M took
Mollie & Kit Goble Home Swope went to Aurora with me

3 Thursday, good day. the old man on the lift John plowing.
Ad. Goble called in the evening John went home with him to help
him put down his pump Lady Empson Called Also a lady wash-
ing machine agent.

4 Friday Clear & hot light wind South west and west
Mother went to town after noon. Charley Sent for her George
plowed this after noon

5 Saturday. Good day. Freddie & the old Man went to town
after noon. Charleys boy born this morning Died in 3 Hours
after birth. Brought home the coffin box. Home 8:30 P M George
went to Sam Naillieux Link Goble Called this eve & brought our
Mail. A L Demers paid me cas[h] $5.00 in full for all demands
to date.

6 Sunday. Clear & Hot. John went to town. John & Mother
brought out Charleys Dead Baby which was buried in our lot at
Pleasant Ridge cemetry. Dr McCasey and family came out from
town McCaseys family visited with us to day.

7 Monday. Hot. John went to Rice in forenoon and Had
Plow Sharpened. Plowed after noon. George Helped Newingham
thresh this after noon. Grand Pap Groves Called also Lon Swope.
H. R. Thompson Called this morning

8 Tuesday. Cloudy & Hot clercked Truman Pierce's Sale
Paid me 50^ Bought shugar Bowl. George Helped Swope Thresh.
John Plowed. The old Man on the lift all day.

9 Wednesday. Good. John finished plowing wheat ground.
George & Mother went to town after noon. A. D. Goble Called
[to] day. Hot about noon.

10 Thursday. Hot. Wash day. Boys Raked up and cocked
Some alfalfa. George helped Henderson after noon. Mother was
called this after noon to George Reeves their child is very sick,
cleaned Bed bugs this after noon

11 Friday Good day. Wind north. Took Mother to Truman
Pierce's this morning Mr Pierce starts for Iowa this after noon.
Went to Rice this fore noon. George Helped Henderson this fore-
noon. Hauled alfalfa this after noon. John took Mother to George

64 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Re[e]ves. Their little Girl is sick. Looked through the corn and
I am Sorely disappointed at the out look. From present indications
Our corn will not make 20 Bushels per acre. This makes me Sick
like the dickens. Work all Summer and then loose everything. It's
enough to make a man ... to think of it. Mother at George
Reeve's the Kids and the old Man are masters of the Situation
while Mother is away from Home. Jim M. Ijames Called this eve-
ning.

12 Saturday Pretty fair day. finished hauling in and Stack-
ing alfalfa. John went to Thompsons and in to Oakland Township
this after noon and Staid all night Somewhere. Rained a little after
noon. J. A. Secrist Called this evening on School Matters. Billy
Moore Called this evening to see about threshing. George and the
old Man went to Alliance at the center but it was a failure. Mother
Came home from Reeves this morning their child a little better.
Mother about on the lift. 10 P M. All in bead, but the old Man.
And will Soon be there.

13 Sunday Good day. John Kellenbarger and wife visited us
to day. Dr Collins of Glasco called to day. Ira Arkansaw Pierce
visited with [us] and had dinner here. John Came home to day
from 0[a]kland Township. George went away with Ira Pierce this
after noon. Corn suffering for rain.

14 Monday. Went to town to Alliance meeting. Brother Ward-
all of South Dakota & Sam Scott State lecture [r] of F A & I. U.
spoke in Concordia. Also central co[mmittee]. Met. Grand Pap
Groves went with me. Home Just at dark. Had dinner with Dr
McCasey. A big day for Concordia. Thundering this evening &
threatening rain.

15 Tuesday. Cloudy & rained a little. Mother went to Geo.
Reeves. George brought her Home.

16 Wednesday. Good day Boys went to Mill left Charley
flour. I and Freddie went to town after dinner. Home before
Sundown. Returned Jack Matthews 4 bushels of wheat borrowed
last year.

17 Thursday. Good day. Cleaned up 44 bushels of wheat
Boys took it to town Sold it for 45^ per bushel. 44 50/60 [x] .45
[Total] $20.15 The cheapest I ever sold Wheat in my life. Lady
Empson Called to day Also Ida Kellenbarger. Dug Greathouse
Called to day. Also School Book agent.

18 Friday Cloudy & Hot. Cleaned and took 2 loads of wheat
85 Bushels 45^ per bus.=$38.4Q [?] Too cheap. Sewing ma-

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 65

chine agent called Also Ladies Empson & Goble called this eve-
ning. Judge Stoner Called this morning Fearful Hot to day and
this evening

19 Saturday. Clear and hot. Cleaned up a load of wheat which
John took to town. George Mother & Mabel went to town in the
buggie. The old Man and Freddie at home alone. Dry and hot.
Grand Pap Groves Called this morning. Bill Price returned our
freezer which he borrowed last night after I was in bed. Mabel
Staid in town. John had 44 bushels of wheat [@] 45^ [Total]
$19.80

20 Sunday. Good day. John went to Sunday School. After
Dinner Mother & I Hitched to the Buggy for a drive Went by way
of J. 0. Mclntosh from there to the old Roger's farm. From there
to Aurora. Rained hard at Aurora for a little while. Stop[p]ed a
few minits at Phil Miller's. From there Home. Arrived 6:30 P M
We also stop[p]ed at F. A. Thompsons, but they were not at
home, but met Harry and sister comeing home as we started from
there. Dryer than a bone at home. John went to Secrists in the
evening.

21 Monday Walked to Hoosier Peck and took train to town.
Worked on District clerks record Had Dinner with Charley Staid
all night at Iowa House

22 Tuesday. Good rain in the morning. Bought an umbrella.
worke[d] on District clerks Books staid all night at Iowa house.
Met Prof Biddison at Exchange house. Staid [at] Iowa House

23 Wednesday. County School Book Text Book convention.
Was a delegate to Said convention. Had plenty of fun. Adopted
the or rather re adop[t]ed the Same Series of books as we had for
the last five years. Came home from town with E. R. Jones Home
at Dark. Boys attended speech on Oak creek.

24 Thursday. Cloudy & cool. John took last batch of wheat to
town. Freddie & Hellen McCasey went with John. After Dinner
Mother and Mabel went to Kellenbargers George to [ok] Old
Cherry to Jim Bertrams Black Bull. If she sticks a calf will be
due May 23rd 1894 after noon. Bush Finch Hauling water from
Our well for His engine. Corn drying up. John had 26 Bushels of
wheat [@] .45 [Total] $11.70 This [is] all our wheat Last years
wheat. 240 Bushels of wheat [@] .45 [Total] $108.00 Too Cheap
Too cheap Grand Pap Groves & Octave Laterneau Called to
day. Boys went in the evening to Bill Harlins. Party

25 Friday Went to town with George. George came home. I

56110

66 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

staid and worked on District clerks Books. Attended lodge chapter.
Staid at Iowa House. 50^f

26 Saturday. Mother, John, Mabel and Freddie Came to town
to the Show. 4 Tickets $2.10 Ride to Show fair grounds 30^
Home a little before dark. John came home with Hebert. George
went to town in the evening Fearful Hot

27 Sunday. Cloudy & cool. George went to Rice in the morn-
ing for our Mail. John started for Aurora and when at Ledoux Dick
fell down, and broke the buggie tongue then run away & broke one
Single tree and one spoke. Dick and Flora rounded up in a barbed
wire fence. George went to Aurora in the evening, for Meat but
was Disap[p]ointed Dismal failure Dident have any. George
went to Swopes in the evening. Old man Goble Called in the eve-
ning Grand Pap Groves Callefd] in the morning. Mrs & Dan.
Empson Called early their baby Drank Some Lye. They were
badly scared, baby's mouth badly burnt, a close call.

28 Monday. Clear & cool. Went to town. Started 6:30 A M
Arrived home 9:30 A M 16 miles in 3 Hours Commenced to
thresh. Did not get done Took my buggie Tongue to town and
one wheel. Mad[e] 16 miles in three Hours Wheat 96 Bushels
[@] 4<* = $3.84

29 Tuesday I went to town to work on Dis. clerks record. Fin-
ished threshing. Oats 723 Bushels [@] 2^ = $14.46 Due Moore &
co for threshing $18.30 Oats 723 Bus $14.46 Wheat 96 Bus $3.84
Sold one load Oats 53 Bus. [@] 20^ = $10.60

30 Wednesday Wash day Boys cut corn. I was in town.
Came home on train in the evening. Made application for Jennie
Ward for Position at Insane Asylum.

31 Thursday. Good day. Grave yard meeting. Cleaned up
and burnt off the Grave yeard. Was elected Secretary. W. H.
Bolen President and E. Gardner Treasure [r], P M Gates and
John Kellenbarger were here for Dinner. Boys cut Corn in fore-
noon. Helped at Grave yard after noon. Cash in treasure to date
$13.15 George went to Bertrams in evening. Settled with Jim
for cutting our alfalfa Paid him Cash $1.25

September, 1893

1 Friday Cloudy & cool. Boys cut corn in forenoon. Went to
town after noon, with a load of Oats. 53 Bushels [@] 20^ $10.60
Buggie Tongue $3.50 Coffee Pot 85^ Tablets for Kids 10# Ink
5^ For Shears 80^ [Total] Expended $5.30 Boys home after dark.
Dr. Collins Dentist from Glasco was here for dinner. Lady

MOORE: A HOOSIEE IN KANSAS 67

Bell called to day Also Dan Empson. loaned him a plug of To-
bacco.

2 Saturday. Good day. Freddie and I went to Rice in the morn-
ing. Had Freddies wagon fixed. Peoples Party caucus this after-
noon. The following were elected delegate [s] to county convention
Monday. Jo. Campbell, John Campbell, J. T. Henderson, Jo Reg-
nier, and W. H. Bolen. I was elected committee man for Nelson
George went over to Hoosier Peck after Charley and Lottie. Good
turnout at the caucus. Good feeling Prevailed all around. George
Home 8 P. M

3 Sunday. Pretty Good day. Boys went to Mclntosh and Dug
Greathouse. Harry Thompson Called to day Also Link & wife.
Boys & Mabel went to the River in after noon to Babtising. Cool

4 Monday. Clear & Hot. Dusty Attended co. convention.
Was beaten for county clerk. Home 8 P. M. Charley and John went
to town. John went for Dr McCaseys mowing machine. John
helped Dr Stack hay, and did not come home. Frankie McCasey
came home with me.

5 Tuesday. Clear & hot. Wash day. Went to Aurora after noon.
Stop[p]ed at J. C. Ledoux Going to Aurora. Home before dark.
Grand Pap Groves Called Also Lady Empson. Frank [i]e Mc-
Casey went to school to day. John still in town.

6 Wednesday. Clear & hot high wind South. Mrs Swope
visited us to day. Lady Empson & Gurty Bell were here 5 or 6
time[s] to day. Also Grand Pap Groves Called Col. Dan Empson
Sick. We furnished medicine. John mowed. George run over the
neighborhood for a horse rake & finally got one for 2 hours. Then
got Jim Bertrams in the eve[ning]. Went to Aurora in the evening
Took the third Degree in the Knights of Pythias. The Boys failed
to get much fun out of the old man. The third Degree is ahem,
from away back. Home from Aurora 2 A. M next morning.

7 Thursday. Clear and hot Mowed and tried to haul hay.
High wind South. Bad mean day. Hauled one load after dark.
Grand Pap Groves Called to day. Also Old Man Mclntosh no
School to day. Our school Mother went to the fair.

8 Friday. Clear & hot. High wind South. Hauled in hay in
forenoon. Fearful high wind. Mowed and Raked hay after dinner.
Hauled one load after Supper Oda Mclntosh stop[p]ed this eve-
ning. He and Frank Richardson will start for the strip Okla-
homa 49 in the morning.

49. The Cherokee outlet, adjoining Kansas on the south, was opened to settlers at noon
on September 16. 1893.

68 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

9 Saturday. Pleasant. Fearful Hot after noon. Hauled in hay.
H. R. Thompson Called in the eve. Also J. T. Acton. Went to
Rice in evening with J. T. Acton Attended Alliance in the evening.
Home 11 P. M

10 Sunday. Clear & hot. Wind S. E. and east. Mrs McCasey
& Mrs Wolf visited us to day. George started for School this morn-
ing John took him to Town and returned Dr McCaseys machine.
Thus one of my boys Goes one by one, in a short time John will
go to Kansas City to veterinary college.

11 Tuesday [Monday?]. Clear & hot. Quiet as to wind.
Lady Bell Called this morning. Finished our Hay this morning.
J. T. Henderson Called and brought our mail. Fred Keoster Called
this evening to borrow my wagon. John returned Stillingers Rake.
Dr McCasey Called this evening Gibson Slater Called this eve-
ning & delivered a message from Mrs. Kellenbarger. Received a
letter from Alba stating old Lady Reese was Dead, and her Son
Marcellus was very low. Poor Distressed family

12 Tuesday. Clear & Hot. High wind South east. Fearful
Dusty. Went to town. Had dinner with Christ Stoner. A bottle of
Beer with John Lamb Home 5 P. M. Renkenbarger Came out
with me. Bought coffee 60^f cigars 25# = 85^ Grand Pap Groves
Called also Lady Empson and Miss G. Bell Lady Empson & Miss
Bell Staid all night. Awful Dry and Dusty. Mabel Moore 3
years old Died this morning.

13 Wednesday. Mable Moore Buried at Dis No 40 Clear &
hot wind, South. Fearful Dusty. Mother Freddie & Mabel at-
tended The funeral of Mabel Moore. Came home by Rice. Home
2:30 P. M. Mollie & Kit Goble stop [p]ed for dinner. Linkum and
Mollie crossed Bats. John went to Thompsons in the evening.
Linken & Letha Called in the evening. Bought 2 Bushels of Peaches
of Tom Travis $2.25

14 Thursday. Clear & Hot. John & I went to Ames this
morning with 7 Hogs weight 14.40 [@] 5*4 [^] = $75.60 Home
at 11: 35 A.M. Hot and Dusty. Fearful dry. Jim Bertram Called
at noon. John Raking hay for Jim this afternoon. Mother Can-
[n]ing Peaches to day. John went to Moore's in the eve. Paid
Moore cash for threshing our grain this year 723 Oats & 96 bushels
of Oats [wheat] = $18.30 For all demands to date. Threshing
Paid in full

15 Friday. . . . Wind north and Dust to beat the Devil.
Commenced to wash, but the dust beat us. I went to Rice in fore-

MOOEE : A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 69

noon and Sold 1 car of corn for 27^ Went to Rice in afternoon for
sugar $2.00 John Raked Hay after dinner and Brought wagons
from Goble Keosters. Jack Matthews Called this evening. George
came from town this evening. John went to Kellenbargers this eve-
ning.

16 Saturday. Clear & Hot Shelled corn 507 Bushels, Sold the
corn for 27$ [Total] $136.89 Paid J M. Harrison for Fred Ward
for shelling $5.05 Hauled corn Shafer Hauled 3 loads of corn to
Rice and 1 load of coal from Rice to School House. Paid Shafer
$2.50 cash. W. H. Bolen Hauled 1 load of corn for Willit McMani-
mie and one load of coal for School House, for which I paid Him
Cash 50c. We Hauled 21.10 Ibs coal for School House. Total coal
3 tons & 90 Ibs. Hauling coal 6180 Ibs coal for School House
$2.50 Bolen Returned Keoster's Wagon. Shafer returned Jack
Matthew's wagon. L. N. Swope Hauled 2 loads [of] corn for me.

17 Sunday. Cloudy & Fearful Dusty. Hig[h] wind south west.
Lottie and Mrs Parr visited us. John took George Part way to
town. Mother went to Kellenbarger's middle of the after noon.
Rained a little bit. Fearful dusty

18 Monday. Cloudy and warm. John Hauled cobs in crib 9
loads. Swope Called and I went to Rice with him Received a let-
ter from Alba. Lady Empson Called to day.

19 Tuesday. Cloudy & hot. Wind South. Mother went to
town Alone in the Buggy. John took Charley a load of cobs and
went to Mill. Will leave Charley a sack of flour. Gib Slater called
with Beef I bought for 25^f. Grand Pap Groves Called Also Tom
Clegg. Both here for Dinner Tom is selling fruit trees. I Ordered
12 Peach trees 4 Alexander 4 Waterloo and 4 Early York $1.80
Freddie came from School this after noon. Hot and Lonesome.
Dull and Dry. . . .

20 Wednesday. Cloudy. High wind south. Fearful Dusty.
John Gathered 6 Rows of corn 80 rods long & got about 8 bus.
John went [to] Rice af[ter] Dinner and to Kellenbargers in the
evening to a Party. Tom Clegg Called this evening. I started for
Aurora got as far as Swop[e]s and then turned back. Home
7:40 P. M High wind and Dusty. Disagreeable and Discouraging

21 Thursday. Clear Hot & Dusty. Freddie & I went to Rice
in the evening. Tied up and Weaned our little colts Maggie <fe
Lucy.

22 Friday. Wash day. wind north east. Grand Pap Groves
Called. John Kellenbarger & wife Called. I & Freddie went to

70 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Rice in the evening. George Came from town this evening. Lady
Emps[on] & Link Goble Called this evening. Cold wind north 9
P. M 2 of Huscher's Boys Came home from Oklahoma this eve-
ning

23 Saturday. Cloudy & cool. John & I went to town with 4
Horses to Sell Horses. But failed to sell them. Home after dark.
Went to Alliance meeting at the Center. Home from Alliance 10 : 30
P. M George Staid all night with George Layman. Bought a new
Hat $2.00

24 Sunday Pretty Decent Day. Dr McCasey & family and
James P. McCasey visited [with] us to day. F. A. Thompson and
wife visited us to day. John went to Thompsons to day. George
went to town this evening with Dr McCasey. Girty Bell was here
all day. Mrs Leath Mollie and Kit Goble Called this evening.
Wind north and north East all day & cool

25 Monday. Cloudy & cool. John gathered a load of corn.
And went to Jack Matthews in the evening. Cold enough last night
to Freeze ice High wind during the night

26 Tuesday. Cloudy & cool John went to town with H R
Thompson. I went to town Alone. Had Dinner with Dr McCasey.
Home 5:30 P. M Cloudy and Rained a little bit. sprinkled a
little Just at dark. Mother on the lift. Not well

27 Wednesday. Swopes Sale. Clerked his Sale Cloudy and
cool Attended Lodge of K. P. at Aurora. Paid my Dues up to
October 1st 1893 90^ Home at Low Twelve. Mother unwell

28 Thursday. Cloudy. John went to Rice in forenoon Took
John & Harry Thompson to Aurora The Boys will start for Kan-
sas City this evening. The boys will attend veterinary college. I
gave John $180.00 to Start on. Commenced to Rain about noon
and Rained slowly all after noon Grand Pap Groves was here for
Dinner. Home from Aurora 5 : 30 P. M.

29 Friday. Cloudy & cool Rained a good Shower this after
noon. Rained all night last night. Lady Bell Called this after
noon. Freddie came from School in the Rain. W H Bolen Called
& presented Link Gobies School order which I paid $4.00

30 Saturday. Cloudy and Hazy during forenoon. Went to
town to Central Co. Meeting. Home About 6 P. M. Mother & I
went to Gobies in the evening. A. D. Goble and wife returned from
Oklahoma to day. Home from Gobies 10:30 P M

October, 1893
1 Sunday. Cloudy & cool. Grand Pap visited us to day & had

MOORE : A HOOSIEE IN KANSAS 71

dinner with us. George at home to day. Dull and lonesome. This
is John's first Sunday from Home. Lady Bell Called in the eve-
ning. Wind north & cool. George Borrowed Grand Pap's cart and
will ride to town in the morning & home at night. Will try it for
awhile for luck. Wrote a letter to day to Dr McCasey and one to
Max Savoy at Aurora

2 Monday. Clear & cool. Wind north west. George went to
town and Home with cart & Horse Received card from John. I
went to Rice this after noon. Jo. Moore Called this after noon.
Lady Bell went away this morning

3 Tuesday Pretty fair day. Henderson called. Borrowed my
well Tools. I went to Henderson in evening & Helped him raise
his pump

4 Wednesday Good day-, warm Went to Henderson and
help[ed] him put down his pump Then went to town. Home 5:30
P. M. After Supper went to Aurora to Knights of Pythias. Home
11 P. M Lady Empson was a caller to day.

5 Thursday. High wind N. W. Cloudy & cool. Mrs. Empson
washed for us. L N Swope Called and returned my wagon wheel.
Candidates D. S. Steele and Thomas Lamay Called Steele for
sheriff and Lamay for Co. Clerk. Mean Disagreeable day. Dusty.
Grand Pap Pierce brought our mail from Rice. Rained a little.
Lady Empson Did our Ironing. Dan Called for his wife this eve-
ning. J. T. Henderson Called wanted to Borrow our wagon.

6 Friday Pretty fair day. School Mother Called for 1st month
wages. Paid her $40.00 in Gold. Lady Empson Called this morn-
ing early. Cool. Wind west and N. W. Ike & George stop[p]ed
as they went by.

7 Saturday. Pretty fair day. Mother Freddie and the Old
Man went to town Home 3 P. M. Attend [ed] Caucus at school
House for Township offices. I was nominated for Town Treasure [r] .
Attended Alliance meeting at School House. Home 10 P M

8 Sunday. Pretty day. Charley Pierce visited Freddie to day.
Freddie & Mabel went to Sunday School George went to Rice this
morning for our Mail. Lady Empson Called this Morning

9 Monday. Wash day. Speech at the center by Demers, Mosher,
Stoner and Young. Mosher & Demers Called here in the evening.
Good crowd. Hen Snavely Husked corn. All day.

10 Tuesday. Pretty good day. George went to town with the
Buggie. Lottie was to come out this evening but failed. I went to

72 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Aurora this after noon bough [t] lumber & Rivits Paid $3.00
Home at dark Hen Snavely Husked corn.

11 Wednesday. Wind changed to the north west & blowed up
cold High wind and fearful dusty and Disagreeable. Ladies Goble
and Empson Called Mrs. Goble was here for Supper Two men
looking for work stop[p]ed here at 10 A. M. They asked for Some-
thing to eat as they had no brexfast. Darned shame that Honor-
able [men] are obliged to tramp the Country for Bread. "Too Much
Confidence" Snavely Husked corn % day. Commenced to rain and
Drizzle and fizle Wind and Dust about 3:30 P M Turned our
Stock to the Straw stack this evening Dan Empson Called twice
to day. Thundering and lightning this evening 6:30 P. M

12 Thursday. Cloudy & cold. Went to Rice after dinner and
then to Pierce's Snavely Husked corn % day.

13 Friday. Clear & cool. Wind North west. Snavely Husked
corn Mrs Kellenbarger Called and was here all day. We took her
home in the evening. She was terribly surprised to find her house
full of neighbors and friends, the Supper was good. All enjoyed
them selves. Home 12 Midnight. Clear & cold. About 40 eat
[sic] Supper at Kellenbargers

14 Saturday. Good day. George & I went to town to co. Alli-
ance. I went to Clyde with Mosher our candidate for Treasure [r]
from there went to St. Joe. where I made a speech and Came home
with Sam Demers our candidate for Register [of Deeds]. Home
2 A M in the morning. Charley and Lottie came out from town

15 Sunday Pretty good day Charley and Lottie here

16 Monday High wind So. Georgfe] took Lottie & Charley
to town. Lottie came home with George Snavely Husked Corn %
day, cloudy in Evening. Took top off [of] half of clear [cellar]
and put on new Boards and then dirt. Did a good Job for an old
man.

17 Tuesday Pretty good. Finished the cellar. Went to Rice
after noon. Received letters from 0. W. Hendee, Ella Stangland
Washington D. C. Mrs. Ellison Topeka. Also John O Young
Kansas City Mo. Snavely Husked corn 1 day. Finished check corn.

18 Wednesday. Pretty good day. Mother & I went to town
This is Mother ['s] Birth day. The neighbors took Possession of our
House in the evening a grand good time all around. About 20
couples were here and all enjoyed them selves muchly. Dr & Mrs
McCasey staid all night. Snavely Husked corn.

MOORE : A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 73

19 Thursday. Pretty good day. Mrs Letha Goble was here
to day to clean up Lady Bell called. The old man Dug 2 bushels
of potatoes. Davy Cox Called for a drink of Water. Took Gobies
chairs and Table Home this morning

20 Friday. Good day. Tom Lamay & D. S Steele candidates
for Sheriff & co clerk called & had supper & staid all night Both
spoke at the center. Jo Henley & Dr Laughlin were there

21 Saturday. Tom Lamay went to town this morning. Dave
Steele took [us] to Huscher Peck. Then Steele and I went to He-
berts and Staid there for dinner. Steele was here for Supper I
went with him to Aurora where he and Lamay spoke in the evening.
Home 11:40 P. M. George Dug potatoes to day. 7 Bushels. Mother
unwell.

22 Sunday. Pretty good day. Dr & Mrs McCasey Called Also
Ira Pierce

23 Monday. Pretty good day. Repaired fence. Mother and
Mabel went to Dan's. Mrs Dan & Letha Called to day. George
Drove Mell to day.

24 Tuesday. Pretty good day. Mabel, Freddie and the old Man
went to town sold 3 bushels Turnips = 75^ Hen. Snavely Called
this after noon. Mrs. Goble Called this morning. Mother went
to Gobies this after noon.

25 Wednesday. Pretty good day. Wash day. Mrs. Letha Goble
helped us Wash. Repaired fence. Lady Empson Called this eve-
ning. Hen. Snavely & wife Called this morning. Wind changed to
north this eve. & Turned cold Dusty.

26 Thursday. Pretty good day. But cool. Went to town in
the evening. L N Swope called in the evening and went to town
with me. Attended Knights of Pythias lodge. Home even 12 Oclock
midnight.

27 Friday. Went to Rice in forenoon. Received lette[r]s from
Hendee Everly & Tom Lamay. Went to town after noon. Home
6:40 P. M. Snavely Husked corn Lady Empson Called to day

28 Saturday. Cloudy & cool. Killed a hog in forenoon. Dug
Potatoes after noon. Social at Swopes in the evening. There was
about 50 people there. Grand good Supper. Home at midnight.
Snavely Husked corn.

29 Sunday. Clear & cold. George went to Fred Wards after
noon. Hen. Snavely A. D. Goble, W. H. Bolen Jack Matthews
were here they hitched up Jumbo. I went to Oda Mclntosh after
Dinner Home a little after dark

74 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

30 Monday. Pretty decent day Snavely Husked corn Lady
Snavely Called and staid all day. Dug Sweet Potatoes.

31 Tuesday. Good day. Went to Rice after noon. Lady Emp-
son Called Hen. Snavely Husked corn Received a letter from
John

November, 1893

1 Wednesday. Pretty good day. Wash day. Mother went [to]
Mrs. Empson to Old Man Spargurs after dinner. Snavely Sick.
Loaned my wagon to Swope. Tom Lamay and D. S. Steele Called
as they went by to St Jo. I went to Henderson after Dinner. Went
to Clyde in the evening. Henderson went with me. Was chairman
of Populist meeting. P L Mo[n]tgomery from Arkansaw spoke
Home 1 A. M fearful cold High North & dusty.

2 Thursday Clear & cold high wind North. D. S. & Tom
Lamay Called. Snavely Husked corn.

3 Friday. Clear & Pleasant Snavely Husked corn Ladies
Empson & Goble Called. Also A. D. Goble. Lady Snavely Called
this evening

4 Saturday. Pretty good day. Went to town. P. L. Mont-
gomery made a speech. Snavely Husked corn. Lottie came home
with me. Attended Alliance Home 10 P. M.

5 Sunday. Good day. Warm & Pleasant. Charley & Dr. [E.
L.] Day came out from town. Dr McCasey & family visited us to
day. Dr & I went to Tom Debukes [Dubuque?] from there to
Pete Poriee from there to Aurora from Aurora to Pete Pories,
from there home. Lottie and Frankie staid all night A. D. Goble
came for water this morning. Oda Mclntosh Called this morning.

6 Monday. Pretty fair day. Cloudy. High wind South <fe
dusty. Went to Rice with old man Pierce. Sam Demers Called to
day. Lady Empson Called. Snavely Husked corn.

7 Tuesday Election day. Pretty good day. Snavely Husked
corn % day. Paid Him Cash to day $3.00 The old man awful
sick this evening. The election passed off quietly Pops looseing
votes each year. Mother went [to] town after noon with Lottie
and Fred Mabel went in the morning with George. The old man
fearful sick. Did not go to bed until midnight.

8 Wednesday. Pretty good day. Hauled 1 load of corn for
Swope. Hauled it to Aurora. Snavely Husked corn. Jim Shafer
& family called & had Supper with us. Gave Shaffer our cobs in
Hog Pen. Paid Snavely Cash $5.00 George Came home sick
this evening. Loaned Swope my wagon this evening after dark. I

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 75

received the Sad intelligence that D. S. Steele our Candidate for
sheriff is defeated. Terrible. The Alliant is responsible for this
Misfortune. The Alliant and the Joints Whiskey did the business.

9 Thursday. Good day. Wash day. All quiet since election.
The putrid carcass of the G. O. P. will now rejoice Dam em. A. D.
Goble brought Our Mail Social at Link Gobies this evening. The
old man not well Dispepsia and other Ailments is enough to
use me up in good shape.

10 Friday. Pretty good day. Went to Rice in fore noon Fear-
ful dusty. School Mother & Billius Walno Called in the evening.
Snavely Husked corn.

11 Saturday. Commenced to rain in the night. Misted and
rained till about noon, then commenced to Snow. And furioushly
all after noon. Lady Empson Called and left her Kid while her
Ladyship went visiting. This is the first Snow this season. Bad
Disagreeable day. A good day to Stay in the house.

12 Sunday. Pleasant day. Snavely Called & Hitched up Jumbo.
And then returned him and Said he was spavined. Grand Pap
Groves Called and had dinner with us. Lady Empson Called in the
evening. George went to Rice after noon for our Mail.

13 Monday Cloudy & cold north wind. Pulled turnips. Lady
Empson Called and Pulled turnips. I was at Dan Empsons to day.
Goble Ike Reeves & J L Matthews Called also Hen. Snavely.
Sadie Matthews was here for Supper. Henderson Called to day.
Also Grand Pap Groves Called. Snow all gone. Roads bad.

14 Tuesday. Clear & cold. Raw Wind from the north. Helped
A. D. Goble take up his Pump. Jack Matthews callefd] and I sold
him 2 Bushels of Turnips for 50^ A. D. Goble cold [called?] and
I sold him 2 Bushels Turnips for 50^ Snavely Husked Corn.

15 Wednesday. Good day. Snavely Husked corn % day &
finished. 19% days. Paid Balance Due Snavely to day $11.25
Went to Rice after noon. Helped Jack Matthews cut his Seed Hog
this morning. Lady Empson Called this evening. Also Jack
Matthews and Elmer Henderson. Settled in full with Snavely to
for all demands to date.

16 Thursday Pretty good day Went to town with Joe Reginer
& James T. Henderson. Filed my Bond for Town Treasure [r].
Home 5 P. M. Grand Pap Groves Called this morning & evening.
Had Oysters for Supper.

17 Friday. Fearful high wind. N Cold & Dusty. Went to Mill
for our selves & Jack Matthews. Grand Pap Groves went with me.

76 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Took Jacks Grist home. Geo. staid in town. Gave Charley 1 Sack
flour. 1 Sack of Potatoes and a chunk of Hog. meat.

18 Saturday. Pretty good day. Mother & Mabel went to town
after noon. Freddie and the old man at home alone. Burried our
turnips. Wind West. Clear & cool. George went to Beloit to play
foot "Ball" Dug Thompson & son Called to trade horses. No trade
in me.

19 Sunday Fine day. Mother Freddie and the old man went
to Thompsons. They were not at home. We went east 3 Miles
then north 3 Miles thence west home 3 Miles Making a drive of
12 Miles Home 1:15 P. M. The old man laid up with rheuma-
tism. Got it in the Shoulders awfully bad. A. D. Goble Called to
day.

20 Monday. Wash day. Went to the River for Sand. Com-
menced to Rain before I got home & continued until dark Rained
slowly. Ike. Woodruff Called for his money for cleaning School
house $1.50 order No 36. Charley Pierce Came home with Fred
to stay all night. Received a letter from John, also Nellie.

21 Tuesday. Clear & cool. High wind north west. Jack
Matthews killed a beef I was there a couple of hours George
Townsdin Called Also Grand Pap Groves & Lady Matthews. A.
D. Goble hauled water from here to day. Made Door for Horse
stable. Lady Empson Called this evening

22 Wednesday. Cloudy & cold High wind north. Went to
Aurora. Sent John $25.00 Bank exchange 10^ 1 Bottle of Beer
25# 1 cigar 5# = $25.40 Home 12:10 P. M. Archie Longtin rode
with me from Aurora to Nelson Center. Lady Empson Called
Also Hon Snavely. Also a peddler This evening clear and cold.
George Broke down the Cart.

23 Thursday. Cloudy & cool. A. D. Goble Called to day. Went
to Aurora in the evening Banquet Pythian, at Frank Leotoneaus
[Letourneau]. Made a speech. Afterward Played High (5) with
Old Man Pimet Don Atwood and the young Banker Beat them
3 out of 5 Home 2 A. M

24 Friday Cloudy and Cold Went to Rice after dinner. Re-
ceived a letter from Lawyer Welker, Albion. Dr McCasey Calle[d]
this evening. J. T. Henderson Called this morning.

25 Saturday Cloudy & cold. High wind north. Dr McCasey
Called. George went to town for our tricks [ticks?] Bed Stead,
springs, Ice chest, chair & other things Mother went to town.
Lottie came home with mother. . . . Mother & George Home a

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 77

little before dark. A. D. Goble & E. Gardner Called The old Man
at home with the Kids.

26 Sunday. Dull cloudy day. Charley & Lottie here. Grand
Pap Groves Called twice to day.

27 Monday. Dull & cloudy in the morning. Charley & Lottie
went to town Also George in the Buggy. Cleared up in the fore-
noon. Pleasant. Hauled straw. A. D. Goble hauled water from
our tank. Lottie Goes to Lincoln to day. Charley makes a darned
ass of him self. J T Henderson Called this evening

28 Tuesday. Good day. Went to town. Took Dudley to Dr
Operate on his eye. Poor job of it. Home between 5 and six P. M.
Frankie McCasey Came home with me.

29 Wednesday. Pretty good day.

30 Thursday. Thanksgiving Fearful High wind north and cold.
We went to Goble to a big dinner & Turkey roast. Big crowd.
George and Elmer Henderson went to town. Awful cold. George
Home 7 P. M

December, 1893

1 Friday. Cloudy and cold. 7 Degrees above zero. Worked at
Grove yard after noon. Grand Pap Groves Called in the morning.

2 Saturday. Wash day. Commenced to Sleet and then Snow
about 9 A. M. Continued all day. Cold. Went to town with Hen-
derson. Home at dark. Bad cold day Stormy Wind north and
north east.

3 Sunday. Pretty decent day after the storm. Mother & I went
to town after noon to turkey roast. Took Frankie McCasey home.
Ate turkey with Dr and Mrs. McCasey. Home a little after dark.
Grand Pap Groves Called to day and Borrowed 2 Envelops. He
wrote to John at Kansas City.

4 Monday. Good day. Went to Rice for our mail. Received a
letter from Lottie. Hon Snavely Called in the evening. Wash day.
Congress meets to day. Now what will they do? Wait and See.
Washed Our Buggy.

5 Tuesday. Good Day. Went to Ames & home 1:30 P. M
Washed the Buggy. Lady Empson Called in the eve. George La-
man & Anna Detrixhe were Married to Day by Judge Stoner, in
Concordia. George is a Yankee & Anna is a Belgium French. Good
luck to you George & Anna

6 Wednesday. Good day. Went to town. Sold 4 Hogs weight
9.25 4.70 per hundred = $43.45 Paid my taxes $31.14 Paid

78 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Grand Pap Groves taxes $4.57 Paid John cash $2.00 for George
Pants, cigars 30^f = $36.01 [ ?]

7 Thursday. Good day. Repaired our Cart. Mother went to
Dan Empsons after noon. J. T. Henderson Callfed] this morning

8 Friday. Good day. Went to town with load of oats 53 Bus.
Price 25^ per bus. = $13.35 [?] Home 5 P. M Bought Shoes
$2.25 over shoes 1.40 Cigars and Dinner 55^ = $4.20

9 Saturday Cloudy & cool. Mother & Freddie went to town.
George Came Home with them.

10 Sunday. Good day. Charley Pierce was here to. Moth[er]
and the Kids went to church this evening, the old man at home
alone.

11 Monday. Wash Day. Warm and pleasant. Turned colder
about 4 P. M. wind north. Oda Mclntosh Called. Grand Pap
Groves Called to day looking for Jakes Kid which was lost. They
found it asleep on the cob pile. I went to Matthews about 4 P. M.
Paid Grand Pap for the Cart we bough [t] some time ago. I Paid his
taxes $4.57 and Cash $3.43 Total $8.00

12 Tuesday. Clear & cold. High wind north east. J. T. Hen-
derson Called this evening. Also W. H. Bolen Spotted heifer
calved. Bull calf 12 Days over time.

13 Wednesday. Cloudy and cold. Old Man Goble Called this
morning Also Lady Bell. I went to Jack Matthews when I had
Dinner and helped make a gate for cemetry.

14 Thursday. Good day. Pleasant Went to town with oats
56 Bus. at 25^ = 14.00 Received a sack of fruit from California,
freight 75^. A rich present. Grand Pap Groves Called to day
Also Goble & Tom Clegg. Bought 3 grave Roots from him for $1.20
Home from town 4:15 P. M

15 Friday Went to Rice in the morning for coal Stormed for
about 1 hour. Genuine Blizzard. Went to town after noon. At-
tended lodge Paid my Dues $4.50 for this year. Staid all night
with Dr. McCasey. Grand Good Supper.

16 Saturday. Good day. Mrs McCasey and Kid came home
with me. Home at noon. Grand Pap Groves called and had dinner
with us. George went to Minneapolis with the Concordia Team to
play foot Ball. Mrs McCasey went to Jack Matthews in the eve.
Mother Mabel & Fannie went to church in the evening.

17 Sunday. Fine day. Dr McCasey came this morning &
George with him. C. C. Stoner & family visited us to day. Fedore

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 79

Leoffler Called to day to see about paying for Gyp and Kit. Head
aches

18 Monday. Fine day. Wash day. Lady Empson Called.
George went to town on train from Soonover. Young Mince Called
and wanted to buy a team of Horses. I would not Sell on credit.

19 Tuesday Nice fine day. Went to Rice for our Mail. Jack
Matthews Called this evening.

20 Wednesday. Fine day. Went to town with Hebert. Home
after Dark This my Birth Day 51 Years old. Mother went to
Henderson's

21 Thursday. Fine day. Went to Rice after noon. Lewis Hoff-
man Hurt himself to day. Is now under the care of 4 Drs. Hen
Snavely Called this eve.

22 Friday. Went to Rice in the forenoon. To town after noon.
George brought the team home. Attended chapter. Paid my Dues
for the year 1893 $3.00 Good Supper Staid all night with Dr
McCasey.

23 Saturday. In town all day. Mother & Mabel Came to town.
John [Young] & Harry Thompson Came up from Kansas City.
Harry Thompson went home this eve. John & George went to
church. Commenced to rain about 8 P. M George and Freddie
went to Rice to meet John & Harry.

24 Sunday. Cloudy & Disagreeable. Rained a little. Lewis C.
Hoffman Buried to day. very larg[e] funeral Precession. Funeral
Services by Rev Dr. Kern. John & Mrs Kellenbarger had Dinner
with us to day. Wind South.

25 Monday. Christmas Day Fine day but cool. Big dinner
at Jack Matthews. We were all there. Our Cattle got out to day.
David Henry Secrist and Ella Stoner Married yester day. Re-
ce[i]ved a letter from Alba stating she was married on the 20 of
Dec 1893

26 Tuesday. Pretty cold in the morning. Boys went to Gobels
for His Seed Hog. Turned Seed Hog with my Sows this day. Wash
day. Ladies Empson & Bell Called. Also Dr. [Harry] Thompson.
Sewing machine [man] Called. Boys went to Church at the Center
in the eve.

27 Wednesday. Cloudy & cold. High wind South east. John
& I went to Fedore Leofflers to See Some Stock. Leoffler not being
at home we went to Aurora. And Saw him there. Paid C M. Troop
[Troup] my lodge Dues $1.25 Home 1:30 P. M John went to

80 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Rice for our mail. The Boys went to church in the evening. Grand
Pap Groves Called and had dinner with [us] . I went to Henderson
in the evening.

28 Thursday. Pretty good Day. The Boys went to Fedore
Leofflers for 1 steer and one Heifer [for] which I am to allow him
$30.00 On his note. Boys home about noon. John & Mother went
to town after Dinner. Boys went to church in the evening. Hen-
derson Borrowed my wagon.

29 Friday Pretty cold this morning. F. A. H. R. & Mrs.
Thompson Called this morning. John & George went to town with
chickens. Sold them for 2^ per pound. Boys went to Church this
evening.

30 Saturday. Good day. Boy[s] hauled Hay. Freddie & I
went to town after noon. Charley came out in eve John met him
at Soonover. George went to church in eve.

31 Sunday. Good day. John Mother Fred Mabel and the
old man went to Thompson. George at home alone. Charley went
to Thompsons with us. Boys went to church in the eve.

[Part Five, the Concluding Installment, Will Appear in the
May, 1947, Issue]

The Annual Meeting

THE seventy-first annual meeting of the Kansas State Historical
Society and board of directors was held in the rooms of the
Society on October 15, 1946.

The annual meeting of the directors was called to order by Presi-
dent Jess C. Denious at 10 a. m. First business was the reading of
the annual report by the secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT, YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 15, 1946

During the past year the Historical Society has been able to resume some
of the work that had to be abandoned during the war. Material and labor
shortages delayed a few projects. Shipment of the microfilm camera was held
up nearly a year, the job of painting and repointing the exterior of the Me-
morial building was postponed for eight months, and the contract for repairing
aiid painting the interior of the building has not yet been let. However, it
is expected that most of the work authorized by the 1945 legislature will be
completed by the end of the fiscal year.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President Jess C. Denious reappointed Robert C. Rankin, Charles M. Cor-
rell and Gen. Milton R. McLean to the executive committee. The members
holding over were Judge John S. Dawson and T. M. Lillard.

BUDGET REQUESTS

Appropriation requests for the next biennium were filed with the state
budget director in October.

A 20 per cent increase in the salaries of all employees was requested. This
is less than the increase in living costs. On the average, the salaries paid by
the Historical Society are below those for comparable jobs elsewhere.

An appropriation of $38,000 was requested for additional steel stacks for
books. When the Memorial building was built the third floor above the library
was left uncompleted, pending the need for more shelving. That was thirty
years ago. Since then the library has doubled in size. The shelves are now
so badly overcrowded that it is impossible to classify or house the books prop-
erly, and many of them have been stored in the basement.

Two thousand dollars was asked for cleaning and repairing the Goss col-
lection of birds in- the museum. This is one of the finest collections of the
kind in the country. All the specimens are very old and fragile and the work
can be done only by an expert taxidermist.

An increase of $1,000 a year was requested for the "Continuation of Wild-
er's Annals." Part of this money will be used to increase the salaries of the
two annalists and part will be used for a part-time typist.

Appropriations by the 1945 legislature included $4,000 for repairing and re-
decorating corridors, offices and public reading rooms. This work will be done
this winter. Not included were the museum, the G. A. R. hall and several of

66110

(81)

82 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the offices. Some of these walls have not been painted for thirty years. Three
thousand dollars for this work was requested.

An increase of $750 a year in the contingent and maintenance fund at the
Old Shawnee Mission was requested. All labor and materials have advanced
in price and it has become impossible to maintain this property satisfactorily
on the present fund. Next summer it will be necessary to buy a new power
mower, which will come out of this appropriation.

An appropriation of $1,000 was requested for reroofing the East building
at the Mission. Bids received last spring ran all the way from $900 to $1,500.

An appropriation of $550 for repairs and maintenance at the First Capitol
building was requested. This will include bringing electricity to the property
from Fort Riley and completing repairs and painting on the buildings.

LIBRARY

During the year 2,618 persons did research in the library, an increase of
nearly 900 over the previous year. Numerous inquiries were answered by
letter and there were many requests for loans from the loan file on Kansas
subjects. In the Library of Congress catalogue, 71,398 cards were filed. From
newspapers, covering the period of May, 1945, through March, 1946, 2,181
clippings were mounted. These include many biographical sketches of Kan-
sans in the armed services as well as news stories recording postwar condi-
tions in the state.

Typed and printed genealogical records were presented by the Daughters of
American Colonists, the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Colonial
Dames and the Society of the Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims. Bound
volumes of the journals of the Woman's Relief Corps from 1885 through 1943
were given by Mrs. Ida Heacock Baker.

A Gerrit Smith collection of 55 printed broadsides, letters and pamphlets
was received from the Syracuse University library. These are of interest be-
cause of Smith's connection with John Brown and territorial Kansas. Mrs.
Florence Fox Harrop gave pamphlets and miscellaneous publications contain-
ing writings by Philip Fox, noted Kansas astronomer.

- Miss Olga House gave 42 books from the collection of her brother, the late
Jay E. House. Of particular interest is a scrap book containing theater pro-
grams of the 1880's from Topeka theaters.

PICTURES

During the year 353 pictures were classified, catalogued and added to the
picture collection. These include many photographs of Kansas-made aircraft,
ordnance works and other wartime subjects. The picture collection is in
constant use by writers and by publishers of newspapers, books and magazines.
Among those who have used pictures of early Kansas scenes are the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe railroad; Scribner's for its Album of American History;
the Kansas Industrial Development Commission; the World Book Encyclo-
pedia, and a number of newspapers.

STATE ARCHIVES

Kansas statistical rolls for 1939, consisting of 3,048 manuscript books, were
received from the state board of agriculture. Kansas mortality schedules for
1870 and 1880 were filmed, as mentioned in the report of the microfilm division.

THE ANNUAL MEETING 83

PRIVATE MANUSCRIPTS

Fifty-one manuscript volumes and 2,020 individual manuscripts were re-
ceived during the year.

Thirty-four manuscript volumes, the records of Dr. John A. Read of Te-
cumseh, were given by his sons, F. E. and A. V. Read. The volumes cover
the period 1867-1918 and include birth records, day books, ledgers, medical
formulae, etc. Two early maps of Tecumseh were included in the gift.

Angelo Scott, lola, gave 123 letters, 1883-1939, and miscellaneous papers of
his father, Charles F. Scott. Much of the correspondence refers to political
matters and includes letters from Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft,
Herbert Hoover and others of prominence in state and national affairs.

Approximately 1,600 separate items from the papers of Jay E. House were
given by his sister, Olga House, Topeka. The collection includes correspond-
ence, 1919-1926, and miscellaneous papers. Jay E. House was on the staff of
the Topeka Daily Capital from 1901 to 1919 and during that period served two
terms as mayor of Topeka.

Papers relating to the early history of Appanoose township, Franklin county,
were received from Esther Kratz. These include minutes of the Appanoose
vigilance committee, 1874, 1875, and early township records.

J. C. Mohler, secretary of the state board of agriculture, presented 195
letters, cards and statements received in his search for Kansas families who
had occupied the same farm for seventy-five years or longer. These contain
valuable information about pioneer families.

Walter McKeen, Manhattan, gave a file of birth and death notices copied
from Manhattan papers for the period 1859-1909.

Fourteen letter-press books from the office of Charles M. Hawkes were
acquired. Mr. Hawkes was a broker of Portland, Maine, and New Haven,
Conn., who carried on an extensive business in Kansas.

Judge J. C. Ruppenthal added to the Society's records of Russell county
the lists of marriages for the years 1882 and 1883.

Other donors were: Mrs. Joseph Allen, the E. A. Austin estate, Mrs. Ma-
tilda T. Fiehler Bell, Frank Blaylock, Berlin B. Chapman, Mrs. Lawrence
Claar, Marc C. Clapp, Manta J. Elder, Nathaniel C. Fleming, C. S. Gibbens,
Mrs. G. S. Graham, Grant Harrington, Martha Harvey, John H. Hazelton,
Mrs. Lyde H. Hertz, Irving Hill, Cecil Howes, Ottawa University Library,
W. B. Lowrance, Gen. Charles I. Martin, Karl A. Menninger, Bert Moore,
Nelle Puffer, Clyde K. Rodkey, Jane C. Rupp, T. L. Scudder, Beatrice Shake- ,
shaft, H. E. Smith, Bertha C. Spencer, Mrs. F. D. Steinmeyer, Rufus Rockwell
Wilson and Ruth Wright.

MICROFILM DIVISION

The microfilm camera which was ordered in May, 1945, was not received
until February, 1946. It was installed in a specially equipped and air-con-
ditioned room, and production was begun in March. By October 1, over
100.000 photographs had been made.

In one respect, the job of filming old and fragile papers is like that of a
portrait photographer. The difficult part is preparing the subject for the
camera. The fact that the papers are afterwards destroyed makes it more
important for them to be "photogenic" than for the photographer's subjects,
who at least continue to live.

84 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

In order to microfilm a newspaper file it is necessary to make it as com-
plete and perfect as possible. Usually the files of the publisher and the His-
torical Society, when thrown together, make a fairly complete run. Before
they can be consolidated into one file, which is called collating, both collec-
tions must be arranged chronologically. The collators then remove the bind-
ings and compare the collections, page by page, selecting the best. If the
same page in both is imperfect, but in different places, both pages are saved
for filming. Where the files are of different editions the home or main edition
is used, if in good condition. After the selections have been made, the pages
are cleaned and repaired. If they are at all wrinkled they must be moistened
and ironed, since an uneven surface will not photograph perfectly. When this
is done a label is prepared, showing titles and inclusive dates. The file is
then ready for filming.

Running newspapers through the camera is a comparatively simple process.
The division's best record so far is 2,500 pages in one day, about 700 pages to
a roll of film. The completed film is mailed to Chicago to be developed.
When returned, it is carefully checked. Sometimes defects appear and some
of the original papers must be photographed again. This film is developed
and is spliced into the original negative. After the negative receives a final
okay it is returned to the laboratory, where a positive is made. The positive,
which is black on white like the newspapers, is sent to the Historical Society.
The negative is stored by the film company in a special vault, as an addi-
tional guarantee that the record will be preserved. Occasionally defects ap-
pear in the positive and it must be returned for replacement. When finally
accepted, the positive is ready for use by the public.

The first newspaper selected for microfilming was the Topeka State Journal.
All Topeka papers owned by the Society are in bad condition because they
have been in constant demand by local patrons. Some of the earlier wood-
pulp volumes are so brittle and tattered that they can no longer be used. The
editors of the Journal, Oscar Stauffer and E. B. Chapman, turned over their
back files for collating last spring. By the first of October 55 reels of positive
microfilm containing about 40,000 pages of the Journal, between the years
1879 and 1908, were ready for public use in the two projectors in the news-
paper room. In a few weeks they will all be on film. This means that a 60-
year run of this important Kansas newspaper, which heretofore existed only
in two fragile and incomplete files, will soon be available in permanent and
legible microfilm reels, so compact that all may be stored on a small shelf.

There are a few Kansas newspapers which the Society has never received.
Files of some of these can now be borrowed and filmed. Two early-day
Eureka papers lent by Edwin T. Wood of Eureka and Rod W. Runyan- of
Topeka have already been copied and others are ready for the camera. In
addition, microfilm copies of the Chicago Daily Tribune, 1849 through 1865,
which contain many articles about territorial Kansas, have been purchased.

The Society has also experimented some with smaller documents. Mortality
schedules of the 1870 and 1880 federal census records for Kansas have been
filmed. Three positive copies were made, one for the Society, and two for
the Kansas Society of the D. A. R., who bought them for their genealogical
records commission in Washington and for the Wichita Public Library. Also
filmed was the annual report of the Santa Fe railroad for 1873. This is a rare
booklet, the only known copy being the one owned by the Santa Fe.

THE ANNUAL MEETING 85

NEWSPAPER AND CENSUS DIVISIONS

It was expected that the demand for birth certificates would fall off after
the closing of war plants, but there are still many requests. In fact, 289
census certificates were issued last month (September), more than in any
month for three years. They are used in making claims for old-age assist-
ance, social security, railroad retirement, pensions and insurance endowments,
and for delayed birth certificates and passports.

Thirty-four hundred patrons were served by the newspaper and census
divisions during the year. Seventy-seven hundred single issues of newspapers
and 9,560 bound volumes were consulted; 4,442 census volumes were searched
and from them 2,518 certified copies of family records were issued.

The 1946 List of Kansas Newspapers and Periodicals was published in July.
It showed the issues of 688 newspapers and periodicals being received regularly
for filing : 55 dailies, eight semiweeklies, 399 weeklies, two three times monthly.
27 fortnightlies, 20 semimonthlies, two once every three weeks, 98 monthlies,
15 bimonthlies, 28 quarterlies, 29 occasionals, three semiannuals and two an-
nuals, coming from all the 105 Kansas counties. Of these 688 publications,
125 are listed as republican, 22 democratic, and 253 independent in politics; 95
are school or college, 41 religious, 21 fraternal, 10 labor, eight industrial, 15
trade and 98 miscellaneous.

On January 1, 1946, the Society's collections contained 51,008 bound volumes
cf Kansas newspapers, exclusive of more than 10,000 bound volumes of out-
of-state newspapers dated from 1767 to 1946.

During the year, the following miscellaneous files were donated: 536 issues
cf the weekly and semiweekly New York Tribune, dated from 1859 to 1867.
from Mrs. Charles Hattery, Topeka, the X-Rays Democrat, Topeka, from H.
G. Hoskin, Burlington, Colo., and unbound issues of the Oxford Register, dated
from 1912 to 1932, from E. Esther Griswold, Oxford. Among the donors of
other miscellaneous newspapers were : Mrs. Florence Fox Harrop, Manhattan,
and E. B. Chapman, James Colvin, Mrs. M. E. Harding, John S. McBride.
N. E. Saxe and Oscar Stauffer, all of Topeka.

ANNALS OF KANSAS

The 1945 legislature appropriated $8,000 for a continuation of the Annals
of Kansas which had been brought down to 1885 by Daniel W. Wilder. Miss
Jennie Owen was employed in July, 1945, to take charge of this work. Since
January, 1946, she has been assisted by Lt. Edgar Langsdorf, who returned to
the staff after serving five years in the army. The compilation is under the
direction of the secretary, with the following acting as an advisory committee :
Fred Brinkerhoff of Pittsburg, Cecil Howes of Topeka, Dr. J. C. Malin of
Lawrence and Justice William A. Smith, of Topeka.

The new Annals has now been completed through 1890. The year 1891
has been compiled but not checked. Many of the preliminary notes for the
next five years, through 1896, have been made.

The principal source is the newspapers. The Topeka Daily Capital, the
Kansas City (Mo.) Times and the Wichita Eagle are used for general Kansas
news and for references to important local happenings. All local references
are verified in local papers. Many other publications are read for specialized
information. An example is the Kansas Farmer, official organ for farm asso-
ciations, and a source of agricultural and livestock news. Also, published

86 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

reports of various kinds must be searched. These include reports of all state
departments, reports of state-wide associations such as the bar association,
journals of the legislature, etc.

Before the work began it was necessary to determine what sources should
be consulted. This survey was made by Miss Owen and it occupied nearly
all her time for the first six months. It then took some time to organize the
re-search. In the beginning it required several months to compile one year
of the Annals. Now a year requires only about six weeks. This means that
approximately eight years of Annals can be compiled each year. This average
of course cannot be maintained when the time comes for proofreading, pre-
paring indexes and seeing the work through the press.

Life in Kansas is a great deal more complicated than it was in Wilder's
day and the job of the annalist is not quite so simple. The editors are trying
to compile a day-by-day history which will be accurate, readable, compre-
hensive, concise and unprejudiced. If they can live up to these adjectives the
Society will have made a valuable contribution to the state.

THE QUARTERLY

The Kansas Historical Quarterly is now in its fifteenth year and is once
more on a prewar schedule. The slick-paper illustrated section, begun last
year, has proved to be a popular feature.

The magazine has printed contributions from many historians. Two among
them are outstanding. Both happen to be members of the faculty of the Uni-
versity of Kansas: Dr. James C. Malin, professor of history, and Dr. Robert
Taft, professor of chemistry.

Dr. Malin, who is associate editor of the Quarterly, has printed a number
of articles which have been widely praised. They include: "An Introduction
To the History of the Bluestem-Pasture Region of Kansas; a Study in Adap-
tation to Geographical Environment"; "The Soft Winter Wheat Boom and
the Agricultural Development of the Upper Kansas River Valley" ; and a series
of articles on "Dust Storms." Dr. Malin is author of the books: John Brown
And the Legend of Fifty-Six, and Winter Wheat in the Golden Belt of Kansas.

Dr. Taft is the author of Photography And the American Scene, published
by Macmillan, a notable book on the history of photography. Among his
articles in the Quarterly are "A Photographic History of Early Kansas" and
"Additional Notes on the Gardner Photographs of Kansas." A current series,
entitled "The Pictorial Record of the Old West," has produced a number of
fan letters. Although they are not from bobby soxers but from historians and
others interested in the Old West, they are no less gratifying to Dr. Taft
and the editors.

MUSEUM

The attendance in the museum for the year was 32,893. There were 29
accessions.

A United States flag with 34 stars which had been owned by James Stanley,
a veteran of the Civil War, was given by his daughters, Mrs. Frank Cron
and Mrs. Gilbert L. Blatchley. Sanford L. Timmons presented a ditty box
used on the U. S. S. Topeka when she was flagship of the cruiser squadron
in 1903. It is a relic of the old sailing ship, Constitution. An oxchain forged
at the famous Weston Blacksmith Shop at Independence, Mo., in 1858, was

THE ANNUAL MEETING 87

presented by J. L. Cartwright, Jr., of Sedalia, Mo. Mr. Cartwright is the
son of Dr. J. L. Cartwright who was a partner in a freighting company which
in 1859 employed 500 wagons on the Western trails.

SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH

During the year the following have been subjects for extended research:
Biography: William Herbert Carruth; Joseph L. Bristow; William Jennings
Bryan; Charles Rath of Dodge City; John R. Cook. Education: History of
the Oxford High School; history of the College of Emporia; history of Wai-
den College, McPherson. General: St. Louis and San Francisco railroad;
farm-labor cooperation; Standard Oil Company; buffalo hunters; cattle in-
dustry; Kansas Editorial Association; prominent Kansas women; octagonal
houses; Smith automobiles; Western outlaws; Kansas history, 1850-1860;
United States military history; history of the oil industry; history of the
Great Plains; Mid-Continent oil field; advertising in Kansas weeklies; road
finance; Portsmouth conference.

ACCESSIONS

October 1, 1945, to September 30, 1946
Library :

Books 1,006

Pamphlets 2,198

Magazines (bound volumes) None

Archives :

Separate manuscripts 3,048

Manuscript volumes None

Manuscript maps None

Private Manuscripts:

Separate manuscripts 2,019

Volumes 51

Printed maps, atlases and charts 297

Newspapers (bound volumes) 723

Pictures 353

Museum objects 28

TOTAL ACCESSIONS, SEPTEMBER 30, 1946

Books, pamphlets, bound newspapers and magazines 426,732

Separate manuscripts (archives) 1,561,554

Manuscript volumes (archives) 28,820

Manuscript maps (archives) 583

Printed maps, atlases and charts 12,983

Pictures 22,025

Museum objects 33,266

OLD SHAWNEE MISSION

Now that the war is over the number of visitors at the Mission is increas-
ing every month. Sight-seers include many club groups from Kansas City, Mo.

Minor repairs and improvements continue to be made on the property.
The large signs on the highway in front of each building were repaired and
painted and most of the rooms in the west building were papered and painted.

88 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Society is indebted to the state departments of the Colonial Dames,
the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Daughters of American Colon-
ists, the Daughters of 1812, and to the Shawnee Mission Indian Historical
Society for their continued cooperation at the Mission.

FIRST CAPITOL

Traffic through the Fort Riley reservation was prohibited during the war
and visitors at the First Capitol building were limited to soldiers and their
families. The road is again open and the number of visitors is almost back
to prewar figures. Last summer the roof was repaired and all exterior wood-
work was repaired and painted.

PIKE-PAWNEE MONUMENT

The legislature of 1945 appropriated $1,500 to repair this monument, which
was blown down in a wind storm. Specifications for a new shaft were made
by the state architect and the work was completed early this fall. An old
pipe fence enclosing approximately five acres around the monument is badly
in need of repair. So far it has been impossible to find anyone who will bid
on this work. There are other minor repairs which will be made as soon as
conditions permit.

THE STAFF OF THE SOCIETY

The various accomplishments noted in this report are due to the Society's
splendid staff of employees. I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to
them. Special mention should be made of George Root who will retire Janu-
ary 1 after fifty-five years of service. At the afternoon meeting he will give
some recollections of his early days with the Society. I also wish to commend
the heads of departments: Helen M. McFarland, librarian; Nyle H. Miller,
microfilm director and managing editor of the Quarterly; Edith Smelser,
custodian of the museum; and Mrs. Lela Barnes, treasurer.

Respectfully submitted,

KIRKE MECHEM, Secretary.

At the conclusion of the reading of the secretary's report, Frank
A. Hobble moved that it be accepted. Motion was seconded by
John S. Dawson.

President Denious then called for the report of the treasurer, Mrs.
Lela Barnes:

TREASURER'S REPORT

Based on the audit of the state accountant for the period
August 31, 1945, to August 17, 1946.

MEMBERSHIP FEE FUND

Balance, August 31, 1945:

Cash $1,895.09

U. S. savings bonds, Series G 8,700.00

$10,595.09

THE ANNUAL MEETING 89

Receipts :

Memberships 1,223.00

Bond interest 242.50

Reimbursement for postage 521 .00

Books 3.00

1,989.50

$12,584.59

Disbursements 776.65

Balance, August 17, 1946:

Cash 3,107.94

U. S. savings bonds, Series G 8,700.00

11,807.94

$12,584.59

JONATHAN PECKER BEQUEST

Balance, August 31, 1945:

Cash $133.02

U. S. treasury bonds 950.00

$1,083.02

Receipts :

Savings account interest 1 06

Bond interest 27.27

28.33

$1,111.35

Disbursements, books 17.00

Balance, August 17, 1946:

Cash 144.35

U. S. treasury bonds 950.00

1,094.35

$1,111.35

JOHN BOOTH BEQUEST

Balance, August 31, 1945:

Cash $38.40

U. S. treasury bonds 500.00

$538.40

Receipts :

Savings account interest .56

Bond interest 14.40

14.96

$553.36

Balance, August 17, 1946:

Cash 53.36

U. S. treasury bonds 500.00

$553.36

90 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

THOMAS H. BOWLUS DONATION

This donation is substantiated by a U. S. savings bond, Series G, in the
amount of $1,000. The interest is credited to the membership fee fund.

ELIZABETH READER BEQUEST

Balance, August 31, 1945:

Cash in membership fee fund $51 . 19

U. S. savings bonds, Series G (shown in total bonds,

membership fee fund) 5,200 .00

$5,251.19
Receipts :

Interest . 130.00

$5,381.19

Balance, August 17, 1946:

Cash 181 . 19

U. S. savings bonds, Series G 5,200.00

$5,381.19

STATE APPROPRIATIONS

This report covers only the membership fee fund and other custodial funds.
It is not a statement of the appropriations made by the legislature for the
maintenance of the Society. These disbursements are not made by the treas-
urer of the Society, but by the state auditor. For the year ending June 30,
1946, these appropriations were: Kansas State Historical Society, $60,810;
Memorial building, $20,298; Old Shawnee Mission, $3,801; First Capitol of
Kansas, $1,134; Pike-Pawnee Monument, $1,500.

On motion of T. M. Lillard, seconded by John S. Dawson, the
report was accepted.

The report of the executive committee on the audit by the state
accountant of the funds of the Society was called for and read by
John S. Dawson:

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

October 11, 1946.
To the Board of Directors, Kansas State Historical Society:

The executive committee being directed under the bylaws to check the
accounts of the treasurer, states that the state accountant has audited the
funds of the State Historical Society, the First Capitol of Kansas and the Old
Shawnee Mission from August 31, 1945, to August 17, 1946, and that they are
hereby approved. JOHN S. DAWSON, Chairman.

On motion by John S. Dawson, seconded by Mrs. W. D. Philip,
the report was accepted.

The report of the nominating committee for officers of the Society
was read by John S. Dawson:

THE ANNUAL MEETING 91

NOMINATING COMMITTEE'S REPORT

October 11, 1946.
To the Board of Directors, Kansas State Historical Society:

Your committee on nominations submits the following report for officers
of the Kansas State Historical Society:

For a one-year term: Milton R. McLean, Topeka, president; Robert T.
Aitchison, Wichita, first vice-president; R. F. Brock, Goodland, second vice-
president.

For a two-year term : Kirke Mechem, Topeka, secretary ; Mrs. Lela Barnes,
Topeka, treasurer. Respectfully submitted,

JOHN S. DAWSON, Chairman.

The report was referred to the afternoon meeting of the board.
There being no further business the meeting adjourned.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY

The annual meeting of the Kansas State Historical Society con-
vened at 2:30 p. m. The members were called to order by the presi-
dent, Jess C. Denious.

The address by Mr. Denious follows:

Address of the President

NEWSPAPER ADVENTURE

JESS C. DENIOUS

'IpHIRTY-FIVE years ago a young Kansan stood at the end of
* a newly built railroad grade and was so impressed by what he
saw that the years intervening since that great moment have failed
even to dim the picture. It was a busy scene, peculiarly set down in
the quietness of a plains country. The mule skinners were yelling
curses at both men and animals, and nothing else could be heard ex-
cept the frequent thuds of earth-moving equipment. The young man
was deeply interested in the activities around the railroad construc-
tion camp, but was excited more by the thoughts that were in his
mind. He was convinced that a new empire was being created there.
Years earlier the young man had concluded that the building of a
railroad was an important civilizing influence. He had heard re-
ports of how the building of railroads had transformed certain areas,
formerly uninhabited, into fairylands of prosperity and good living.
He had an urgent desire to witness and to participate in such a de-
velopment, and was watching news reports to find out where the
next railroad building might be expected.

So one glorious day when the young man was busily engaged in

92 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the editorial department of the Wichita Beacon, a friend called for
a brief visit and said he had heard the Santa Fe was planning to
build a branch line southwest from Dodge City. The announcement
was like a siren call to the young newspaper man. No other in-
formation was needed. He started the next day for Dodge City.

The first evening of that visit to Dodge City the young man sat
in the lobby of the Harvey House and listened to a tale which de-
scribed an earlier event in that community. It is related here be-
cause it helped to form the newcomer's first impression of Dodge
City. It seemed that an evangelist had come to town and the gam-
blers and saloon keepers had chipped in to finance the evangelist's
efforts. A contributor was Luke Short, one of the community's
gentlemen gamblers. The evangelist, impressed by the gambler's
generosity, immediately resolved that the chief purpose of his meet-
ings should be the conversion of Luke Short. Repeated efforts were
made to secure his attendance at the meetings and one evening Mr.
Short appeared in the audience. With him were a number of his
associates in the gambling business. When the invitation was given
to those who wished to repent, Luke Short went forward to the
mourner's bench, bringing to the evangelist a great emotional ex-
perience. The preacher told the audience he had just witnessed the
crowning achievement of his ministry. Because of it he now felt
that his position in the hereafter was firmly established, and that
at that moment he was better prepared for heaven than he had ever
been. In responding Mr. Short said he felt the same way about it
and since all present seemed ready for heaven he believed that was
the best time for them to go. Accordingly he drew out a couple
of six shooters and began shooting out the lights. The man who
told the story that evening said the evangelist went through an
opening in the wall without first opening the window and was not
seen there again.

The next morning the visiting newsman was interviewing a
merchant in front of a shoe store when a small, but aged Mexican
passed by. He seemed unable to raise his feet from the sidewalk,
but moved with a shuffling sort of walk, dragging one foot forward
and then the other. "That is Ben Hodges," said the merchant "He
rustled some cattle on the range south of here some years ago, and
the cow hands hung him up by the heels. He has walked that way
ever since."

Well, the visitor was learning some things about Dodge City's
past but at that moment he was more concerned about its future.

THE ANNUAL MEETING 93

"Yes, the Santa Fe is going to build a new railroad southwest from
here," W. J. Fitzgerald reported. "We shall soon start getting right-
of-way for the line." Others gave the same assurance. While no
tangible evidence was at hand to show the railroad management's
intentions, yet the local people told what the visitor wanted to hear
and the mere prospect fanned his enthusiam.

There were two weekly newspapers in Dodge City. Both were for
sale. Except for the fact that neither plant had any equipment of
value, and except for the further facts that they had little circu-
lation, extremely small advertising patronage and no credit, they
were going concerns. Either one could be bought for a song but,
having only part of one song, the visitor bought a half interest in
one of the newspapers. The owner of the other half interest at that
time was W. E. Davis, then'state auditor of Kansas.

Soon Mr. Fitzgerald had organized a campaign to secure right-
of-way for the railroad, a project which was carried through suc-
cessfully and promptly. A grading crew was at work. The dream
of a new empire created by a new railroad seemed about to be real-
ized. But the business of the community had not yet been helped
in a material way. The newspaper business was not the flourishing
thing the new editor had hoped it would be. Somehow, the credit
of the newspaper seemed to increase more rapidly than its earning.
The credit improvement was accounted for by a report circulated
about town by Chalk Beeson who had owned and operated the fa-
mous Long Branch saloon in earlier days. After prohibition had
come to Kansas he became a leader in the cattle business. Beeson
had been the director of the Dodge City Cowboy Band which played
at the inauguration of Pres. Benjamin Harrison and because of a re-
markable personality he was prominent and popular in southwestern
Kansas. Mr. Beeson owned the building in which the new editor
rented quarters for his newspaper at the rate of $15 per month.
The landlord had confided to other businessmen that at the end
of the first month the editor had mailed him a check for the rent,
although he had not even called to request payment. Since he had
never had such an experience with any of his other tenants, Mr.
Beeson was inclined to recommend the new editor as a good finan-
cial risk. That recommendation from Mr. Beeson made the news-
paper's credit secure in the community, at least where very small
amounts were involved.

That first month of operating a weekly newspaper brought a
major crisis in the enterprise. Youth, ambition and opportunity

94 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

gave a rosy hue to the outlook as the young editor saw it. Confi-
dent that a great development was at hand, he was impatient to
rear there an institution that could contribute something to it and
have a part in it. Unfortunately, the three mechanical employees
did not share that outlook. Their dreams of the future were some-
what different, and apparently they saw no need of haste in build-
ing a better newspaper. The driving of the boss for better work-
manship intensified the conflict. In a conference one Saturday aft-
ernoon a compositor suggested that the new boss had brought with
him a lot of ideas and the quickest way to find out they wouldn't
work would be for him to do the printing work himself. "I'm al-
ways grateful for suggestions," said the editor, "and I think I shall
adopt the one you have just given me."

That employer never again adopted that attitude in conferences
with employees. It was a mistake. How great a mistake it was
became evident the next day when it was discovered that no one
else in the community could take their places. The editor was stuck.
Fortunately, he had had some experience in printing earlier, so he
went to work alone and for three weeks printed the newspaper with-
out assistance. It was a gruelling task involving long and anxious
hours, so one day when Muskogee Red appeared in the office he
was welcomed with open arms.

Muskogee Red was one of the last of the itinerant printers who
roamed from one printing place to another, and from community to
community. They were known as tramp printers. On their travels
they were not particularly concerned about finding work, but pre-
ferred to take up a collection among printers to provide another
day's subsistence. The interesting stories which the tramp printers
brought from other localities always seemed to compensate for the
money they took away. But this time Muskogee Red found no
printers, and was persuaded to take off his coat and provide a little
assistance for the wornout editor. By petting and promises Mus-
kogee Red was kept on the job until other help could be secured.
When at last he took his departure he carried with him the heaviest
purse he had known for many months, but the size of the purse was
no measure of the gratitude which the man he had rescued showered
upon him as long as he lived. Muskogee Red had performed one
of his most heroic missions.

The files of the newspaper ran back to 1878. As time permitted
the editor entertained himself by looking through the files, which
carried some lively reports of some of the incidents of the town's

THE ANNUAL MEETING 95

saloon fights and dance hall developments which the editor con-
cluded were quite worth reprinting. Exchanges were also reprint-
ing some things taken from their own files, but none of them seemed
to have the lilt and lift which characterized the stories of earlier
days selected from the files for reprinting in the Dodge City paper.
They made excellent copy until one day an acquaintance dropped
into the office for a little visit. The visitor said there was a lot of
commotion about town on account of some things the newspaper
was printing. He referred to what had been reprinted in the current
paper from the old files, and said that until he had read that he
could not believe any newspaper would want to recall incidents in
the lives of present residents of the town which were extremely em-
barrassing to them now that they have changed their ways of living.
The story had reported some of the capricious performances of a
dance hall character known as Lucky Lucy, or some such name.
Further inquiry revealed that Lucky Lucy of dance hall fame had
for many years been the wife of one of the prominent businessmen
of the town. The old-timers had known Lucky Lucy of the dance
hall era, and they also knew who she was at the time the story was
reprinted. Then the visitor told how other stories from the files,
which the editor had so much prized, had made things extremely
embarrassing for persons who were still residents of Dodge City.
The bound files of the paper which had been so innocently used in
securing interesting material for publication, were closed that day
and put away.

The newspaper earned a little more revenue as months went by,
but collections for commercial printing were not good. Near the
close of the first year the editor and the shop foreman had a con-
ference at which it was revealed that the concern was losing money
on commercial printing. "Then why don't you quit commercial
printing and start publishing a daily newspaper?" said the foreman,
all of which seemed like a good idea. The editor was inclined to
accept the advice, but prudence prompted him to consult some of
the businessmen before taking such a radical step.

The first conference on the subject was with George M. Hoover
who had established the first place of business ever opened in Dodge
City. The business was housed in a tent. The merchandise and
equipment included a dozen tin cups and a barrel of whisky. Mr.
Hoover had abandoned the liquor business when the prohibition
amendment was put into the Kansas constitution, and had become
president of one of the Dodge City banks.

96 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

This banker had earlier promoted a project for building a north
and south railroad through Dodge City and had lost a considerable
amount of money in the venture, but he was still a rich man, and
one who was extremely generous in supporting community enter-
prises. He had such an affectionate regard for Dodge City that he
later gave the city his entire fortune. His enthusiasm was quite
restrained, however, when the proposed daily newspaper was men-
tioned. In the conference with him the editor had suggested that
the building of the new railroad which was progressing rapidly was
certain to bring Dodge City a considerable growth, that the larger
population in prospect for the territory to the southwest offered a
good circulation field for a daily newspaper, etc. ''Don't do it,"
Mr. Hoover advised. Through the years, he said, he had known
many young men who had come to Dodge City without experience
in the ways of the plains people but full of ambition, and had
launched enterprises with the expectation that the town would grow,
that business would expand and that prosperity would rule. They
were uniformly disappointed. Mr. Hoover said, "This town is sup-
ported by the employment provided by the railroad division head-
quarters and by the cattle business. There is no field here for other
developments. This town will be no bigger and no better in 25
years than it is now, so get this notion of expansion out of your
head."

Because of Mr. Hoover's reputation as a civic leader, the editor
was not prepared for this. He was surprised and disappointed by
the attitude Mr. Hoover revealed. Only a few days was required,
however, to find that most of the other old-timers shared the opinion
of Mr. Hoover about the future of that part of Kansas.

Robert M. Wright was once asked why, with so much land avail-
able, the town company had used so little of it in making such a
narrow street of Chestnut street, at that time the principal business
street of the town. Mr. Wright had been post trader at Fort Dodge
before Dodge City was founded and had won and lost a half-dozen
fortunes. He was also the author of the book, Dodge City the Cow-
boy Capital. He was a member of the original company which laid
out the town and could have had a wider Chestnut street if he had
desired it. "Well," said Mr. Wright, "Chestnut street was made
wide enough for two bull teams to pass, and it never occurred to us
that a street wider than that would ever be needed."

Curiously enough, most of the old-timers in Dodge City had no
faith in its opportunities for growth and progress. Most of them

THE ANNUAL MEETING 97

advised the editor to follow a safer and more conservative program.
He considered their advice carefully, and then promptly launched
the daily newspaper.

The additional costs of operation brought about by a change from
a weekly to a daily newspaper were considerable. New equipment
had to be purchased, and obligations assumed for monthly payments
on notes given to supply houses. So the publisher soon found him-
self with more obligations than cash. Although Mr. Hoover, the
banker, had opposed the plan of starting a daily newspaper and
was now in a position to say, "I told you so," the circumstances
made a visit to Mr. Hoover imperative. Strangely enough, the
banker seemed not to resent the fact that his earlier advice had
been disregarded, but listened attentively as the publisher poured
out his story of why a loan oL$300 was needed. Mr. Hoover's re-
sponse will never be forgotten by that publisher. There was a sem-
blance of a smile on his face as he leaned back in his swivel chair
and said: "I have known personally every man who ever had a
newspaper in this town, and I have made loans to every one of them
without exception. The notes are still here in the bank. None of
them has been paid. But even a banker ought to be fair, and hav-
ing made loans to all the other newspaper men who have come along,
I see no reason for making an exception of you. So just sign here
and I'll give you the $300 you want."

He didn't say, "I'll lend you $300." Instead he said "I'll give
you $300," and that is what he thought he was doing.

Around any newspaper office there are interesting incidents every
day, and sometimes amusing ones. The character of the incidents,
however, has changed a great deal since the days when journalism
was a more personal matter than it is now.

The building of a new railroad line from Dodge City southwest
did not attract as much attention as similar developments closer to
population centers, but in proportion to the population involved the
results were perhaps as spectacular as those which have attended
the construction of new rail lines anywhere.

During the first ten years after the building of this railroad Dodge
City's population was doubled. It was doubled again in the next ten
years. The process might have been repeated again in the terrible
'30's except for the prolonged drought and the economic depression
extending through those years. In spite of the war activities during
the early Ws the population may again be doubled in the present
decade.

76110

98 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The building of that branch-line railroad has added much to the
agricultural resources of this state. Millions of fertile acres, for-
merly used only as cattle range, have helped to make Kansas known
as the greatest wheat-producing area of the nation.

With the discovery of natural gas which is excellent industrial
fuel and even more important as industrial raw material, with great
quantities of potter's clay, silica and other minerals, including un-
usual deposits of underground water, southwestern Kansas may yet
become a paradise for small industry.

The branch-line railroad will continue to be an influence in all
such developments.

It will continue to bring more and more of opportunity to the
resourceful and self-reliant people who now populate the area, peo-
ple who are still not too conservative to take a chance, and who are
worthy successors of that hardy race of men and women who pushed
the frontier westward from county to county in order to work out
their own salvation in their own sweet way.

So the young newspaper man, now grown older with the march
of years, who impatiently rushed to southwestern Kansas at the
mere suggestion of new railroad construction there, and who tackled
every opportunity with more rashness than wisdom, has had an ex-
perience that has been pleasant and interesting, sometimes exciting
and always satisfying. He is more than ever convinced that the
course of empire follows the development of transportation facilities.

Following the address of the president, the report of the mem-
bership committee was given by Standish Hall, chairman:

Shortly after the annual meeting last year, in conference with President
Jess Denious, Vice-President M. R. McLean and your Secretary, Kirke Me-
chem, a plan was developed to make available, in the various counties, mem-
berships in the Kansas State Historical Society. The intent was to avoid any
high-pressure sales program but rather to make it possible for those who would
naturally be interested in our work to become members.

The first step was to set up a state membership committee and the follow-
ing were asked to serve on this committee and all very graciously accepted:
D. R. Anthony, Leavenworth; Roy F. Bailey, Salina; Fred W. Brinkerhoff,
Pittsburg; R. F. Brock, Goodland; F. L. Carson, Wichita; Charles C. Durkee,
Kansas City; Frank A. Hobble, Dodge City; H. K. Lindsley, Wichita; Mrs.
Roy V. Shrewder, Ashland; Donald Stewart, Independence; J. R. Stone,
Topeka.

The next step was to select membership representatives in each county. In
some instances, where no directors or members were available, old-timers or
civic leaders were invited to serve. A great deal of interest has been shown

THE ANNUAL MEETING 99

in this program and we wish particularly to commend W. H. Montgomery,
Robert Rankin, Homer K. Ebright, Frank Hodges, Miss Ada Remington,
Walter McKeen, Herman W. Cramer, H. C. Raynesford, Cecil Kingery, Wil-
liam E. Smith, J. C. Ruppenthal, Milton R. McLean and Robert L. Smith.
Just this morning (October 15) F. H. Cron brought in eight new memberships
and promises us at least eight more.

The total results lie I think more in the state-wide interest that has been
developed than in the memberships received. We do however feel that the
number obtained is a record to be proud of and I am pleased to report that
110 new members have been added. This is the most in any recent year.

After all there is not a county that is not represented both in our news-
paper collection and in our museum and there is not a county that does not
have a number of old-timers or the children of old-timers who are sincerely
interested in our program. Your committee feels that reasonable efforts should
be made to reach these people and give them the opportunity of associating
actively with the rest of us in the Kansas State Historical Society's program.
Memories are short and the years roll by amazingly fast. It is only through
directed efforts and a well organized program such as ours that the fine his-
torical background of Kansas, of which we are all so proud, can be handed
down to our children and grandchildren in the years to come.

STANDISH HALL, Chairman.

That section of the secretary's report summarizing the work of
the microfilm division was not read at the morning meeting of the
directors but was presented at this time to the annual meeting of
the Society, and members were invited to visit the camera room at
the close of the meeting.

After reading his report on microfilming, the secretary introduced
George A. Root who will retire January 1, 1947, after fifty-five
years' service as a member of the Society's staff. Mr. Root then
spoke briefly. His remarks follow:

When I "accepted a position" with the State Historical Society in 1891, I
little dreamed I was taking a life-time job. I had planned to do other things
in the near future. However, I found the work congenial and interesting.
Something new and interesting was bobbing up every day. I had been brought
up in a printing office, and anyone who has served an apprenticeship in an
old-time office where a paper was published will never forget the hurry and
scurry on press day to get the paper out on time. My new job was different,
and while there was plenty of work to do, it was congenial. Being the only
"boy" on the job it fell to my lot to tackle anything that came along. "Variety
is the spice of life," and I confess I got plenty of it.

The Historical Society in 1891, when I began, was located in the west wing
of the state house, and occupied the southwest corner room on the ground floor.
The board of railroad commissioners was our neighbor on the east, while across
the hall to the north was the academy of science and the state board of agri-
culture. The east and west wings of the capitol were the only ones completed
at this time. A runway, built across the areaway beneath the dome, connected

100 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the two wings, and over the "corduroy road" of 2xl2s, those passing from the
east to west wing were obliged to walk.

Lyman U. Humphrey was governor at this time and served until 1893. He
was succeeded by Lorenzo D. Lewelling, who had been chosen to represent
"the first People's Party government on earth," as a Populist historian of the
hour put it. The outstanding event of his administration was the famous
"Legislative War" that occurred soon after he took office. In 1895 he was
succeeded by E. N. Morrill, banker of Brown county. John W. Leedy, another
Populist, was his successor. Then followed Wm. E. Stanley, Willis J. Bailey,
E. W. Hoch, W. R. Stubbs, George H. Hodges, Arthur Capper, Henry J.
Allen, Jonathan M. Davis, Ben S. Pauleh, Clyde M. Reed, Harry H. Wood-
ring, Alf M. Landon, Walter A. Huxman, Payne H. Ratner and Andrew
Schoeppel. This makes a total of nineteen Kansas governors I have served
under. During this time Kansas' population increased from about 1,428,000
in 1890 to 1,784,453 in 1946, while that of Topeka increased from about 31,000
in 1890 to over 79,000 in 1946.

One of the most pleasing features of my service with the Society was the
privilege and opportunity to meet so many of the old-timers who helped shape
the destinies of Kansas, when they came to attend annual meetings or dropped
in for casual visits when in Topeka. During the early 1890's the Society's
meetings were not overly attended, and I had a good chance to shake hands
and chat with many of them who have long since passed out of the picture,
and whose names are now unknown to most of the present-day generation.

Of the Society's personnel past and present I can say that it has been a
pleasure to have served the Society along with them, my service dating back
and commencing while Judge Franklin G. Adams was secretary. He was
probably the most scholarly secretary of the Society, was a pioneer of 1855,
and actively identified with Kansas during the stirring days preceding state-
hood. He served as secretary from 1876 to 1899, and was succeeded by George
W. Martin. Mr. Martin was also early in Kansas, arriving in 1857, and set-
tling for a time at Lecompton. He was a printer, published the Junction City
Union for a number of years, and also the Kansas City Daily Gazette, and
had previously been state printer for several terms. He was a vigorous writer,
bad a most picturesque vocabulary, and was said to have known more men
in Kansas politics than any other Kansas individual. Upon his death in 1914,
Wm. E. Connelley was chosen to succeed him, and served up to the time of
his death in 1930. Fred B. Bonebrake, of Topeka, was chosen to act as secre-
tary during the interim preceding the annual meeting that year. He was suc-
ceeded by Kirke Mechem, present secretary, and one I trust will serve the
Society and the state for many years to come. Mr. Bonebrake passed away
on August 15, 1943. He was a native of Shawnee county, his parents settling
at Auburn about 1859.

Since becoming a member of the working force of the Society, I have served
under every one of its secretaries, a total of more than fifty-five memorable
years. And these years have been a wonderful course in Kansas history for
me. Were it possible I should like to have been able to pass along to whom-
ever succeeds me, the scattered shreds of Kansas history I have picked up
during a busy life. I am close to the four-score mark in years; am the oldest
relic on the state's payroll in point of continuous service, but plan to retire

THE ANNUAL MEETING 101

at the close of the present year and devote the balance of my allotted years
to getting acquainted with my family and grandchildren.

One of my earliest and most interesting jobs was helping sort the McCoy
collection of manuscripts. These were letters, papers, records, etc., of the
Rev. Isaac McCoy, early Baptist missionary in Kansas. These papers were
stored in a trunk or two, a few boxes, and packages, and probably had never
been disturbed since they had been packed before the Civil War. They had
at times been stored in bams, outbuildings, etc., during the Civil War days,
hidden any place to keep them from falling into the hands of anyone who
might be apt to destroy them. As the Society had not sufficient room to
permit of sorting, a room in an old brick residence that stood on the north-
west corner of Eighth and Harrison streets was rented and the sorting done
there. A Miss Maggie Merry assisted me, and the manuscripts were placed
in chronological order by varieties. These were later bound in about 35 or
more volumes.

Following Mr. Root's remarks, the report of the committee on
nominations was called for:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS FOR DIRECTORS
To the Kansas State Historical Society: October 11, 1946.

Your committee on nominations submits the following report and recom-
mendations for directors of the Society for the term of three years ending
October, 1949:

Barr, Frank, Wichita. Lindsley, H. K, Wichita.

Berryman, Jerome C., Ashland. Means, Hugh, Lawrence.

Brigham, Mrs. Lalla M., Council Oliver, Hannah P., Lawrence.

Grove. Owen, Dr. Arthur K., Topeka.

Brock, R. F., Goodland. Owen, Mrs. Lena V. M., Lawrence.

Bumgardner, Edward, Lawrence. Patrick, Mrs. Mae C., Satanta.

Correll, Charles M., Manhattan. Payne, Mrs. L. F., Manhattan.

Davis, W. W., Lawrence. Reed, Clyde M., Parsons.

Denious, Jess C., Dodge City. Riegle, Wilford, Emporia.

Fay, Mrs. Mamie Axline, Pratt. Rupp, Mrs. Jane C., Lincolnville.

Frizell, E. E., Lamed. Schultz, Floyd B., Clay Center.

Godsey, Mrs. Flora R., Emporia. Sloan, E. R., Topeka.

Hall, Mrs. Carrie A., Leavenworth. Stewart, Mrs. James G., Topeka.
Hall, Standish, Wichita. Van De Mark, M. V. B., Concordia.

Hegler, Ben F., Wichita. Wark, George H., Caney.

Jones, Horace, Lyons. Wheeler, Mrs. Bennett R., Topeka.

Lillard, T. M., Topeka. Wooster, Lorraine E., Salina.

Respectfully submitted,

JOHN S. DAWSON, Chairman.

102 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Upon motion by John S. Dawson, seconded by Standish Hall, the
report of the committee was accepted unanimously and the members
of the board were declared elected for the term ending October, 1949.

Reports of county and local societies were called for and were
given as follows: Fred W. Brinkerhoff for the Crawford County
Historical Society ; and the Rev. Angelus Lingenf elser for the Kan-
sas Catholic Historical Society. The secretary stated that other
reports had been received by mail.

There being no further business the annual meeting of the Society
adjourned.

MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

The afternoon meeting of the board of directors was called to or-
der by Mr. Denious. He asked for a rereading of the report of the
nominating committee for officers of the Society. The report was
read by John S. Dawson, chairman, who moved that it be accepted.
Motion was seconded by Mrs. W. D. Philip and the following were
unanimously elected:

For a one-year term: Milton R. McLean, Topeka, president; R.
T. Aitchison, Wichita, first vice-president; R. F. Brock, Goodland,
second vice-president.

For a two-year term: Kirke Mechem, Topeka, secretary; Mrs.
Lela Barnes, Topeka, treasurer.

There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.

THE ANNUAL MEETING

103

DIRECTORS OF THE KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
AS OF OCTOBER, 1946

DIRECTORS FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER, 1947

Aitchison, R. T., Wichita.
Anthony, D. R., Leavenworth.
Baugher, Charles A., Ellis.
Beck, Will T., Holton.
Capper, Arthur, Topeka.
Carson, F. L., Wichita.
Chambers, Lloyd, Wichita.
Dawson, John S., Hill City.
Durkee, Charles C., Kansas City.
Euwer, Elmer E., Goodland.
Hobble, Frank A., Dodge City.
Hogin, John C., Belleville.
Hunt, Charles L., Concordia.
Knapp, Dallas W., Coffeyville.
Lilleston, W. F., Wichita.
McLean, Milton R., Topeka.
Malin, James C., Lawrence.

Miller, Karl, Dodge City.
Moore, Russell, Wichita.
Price, Ralph R., Manhattan.
Raynesford, H. C., Ellis.
Redmond, John, Burlington.
Russell, W. J., Topeka.
Shaw, Joseph C., Topeka.
Smith, William E., Wamego.
Solander, Mrs. T. T., Osawatomie.
Somers, John G., Newton.
Stewart, Donald, Independence.
Thomas, E. A., Topeka.
Thompson, W. F., Topeka.
Van Tuyl, Mrs. Effie H., Leavenworth.
Walker, Mrs. Ida M., Norton.
Wilson, John H., Salina.

DIRECTORS FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER, 1948

Bailey, Roy F., Salina.
Beezley, George F., Girard.
Bowlus, Thomas H., lola.
Brinkerhoff, Fred W., Pittsburg.
Browne, Charles H., Horton.
Campbell, Mrs. Spurgeon B.,

Kansas City.
Cron, F. H., El Dorado.
Ebright, Homer K., Baldwin.
Embree, Mrs. Mary, Topeka.
Gray, John M., Kirwin.
Hamilton, R. L., Beloit.
Harger, Charles M., Abilene.
Harvey, Mrs. A. M., Topeka.
Haucke, Frank, Council Grove.
Long, Richard M., Wichita.
McFarland, Helen M., Topeka.

Malone, James, Topeka.
Mechem, Kirke, Topeka.
Philip, Mrs. W. D., Hays.
Rankin, Robert C., Lawrence.
Ruppenthal, J. C., Russell.
Sayers, Wm. L., Hill City.
Schulte, Paul C., Leavenworth.
Simons, W. C., Lawrence.
Skinner, Alton H., Kansas City.
Stanley, W. E., Wichita.
Stone, John R., Topeka.
Stone, Robert, Topeka.
Taft, Robert, Lawrence.
Templar, George, Arkansas City.
Trembly, W. B., Kansas City.
Walker, B. P., Topeka.
Woodring, Harry H., Topeka.

DIRECTORS FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER, 1949

Barr, Frank, Wichita.
Berryman, Jerome C., Ashland.
Brigham, Mrs. Lalla M., Council

Grove.

Brock, R. F., Goodland.
Bumgardner, Edward, Lawrence.
Correll, Charles M., Manhattan.
Davis, W. W., Lawrence.
Denious, Jess C., Dodge City.
Fay, Mrs. Mamie Axline, Pratt.
Frizell, E. E., Lamed.
Godsey, Mrs. Flora R., Emporia.
Hall, Mrs. Carrie A., Leavenworth.
Hall, Standish, Wichita.
Hegler, Ben F., Wichita.
Jones, Horace, Lyons.
Lillard, T. M., Topeka.

Lindsley, H. K., Wichita.
Means, Hugh, Lawrence.
Oliver, Hannah P., Lawrence.
Owen, Dr. Arthur K., Topeka.
Owen, Mrs. Lena V. M., Lawrence.
Patrick, Mrs. Mae C., Satanta.
Payne, Mrs. L. F., Manhattan.
Reed, Clyde M., Parsons.
Riegle, Wilford, Emporia.
Rupp, Mrs. Jane C., Lincolnville.
Schultz, Floyd B., Clay Center.
Sloan, E. R., Topeka.
Stewart, Mrs. James G., Topeka.
Van De Mark, M. V. B., Concordia.
Wark, George H., Caney.
Wheeler, Mrs. Bennett R., Topeka.
Wooster, Lorraine E., Salina.

Bypaths of Kansas History

TRACK LAYING ON THE UNION PACIFIC

From the Leavenworth Weekly Commercial, June 20, 1867.

An observer thus tells how the track-laying on the Pacific railroad is done :
f 'A small car having been loaded in the same manner and with the same pre-
cision as the large ones had been, was run forward to the end of the track by
horse-power. A couple of feet from the end of the rails already laid down
checks were placed under the wheels, stopping the car at once. Before it was
stopped, a dozen men grasped a rail on each side, ran it beyond the car, laid
it down on its chairs, gauged it, and ere its clank ceased to reverberate, the
car was run over it and another pair of rails drawn out. This process was
continued as rapidly as a man would walk. Behind the car followed a man
dropping spikes, another setting the ties well under the heads of the rails, and
thirty or forty others driving in the spikes and stamping the earth under the
ties. The moment that one car was emptied of its iron, a number of men
seized it and threw it off the track into the ditch and the second followed on
with its load."

LOVE IN BLOOM

From the Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, May 13, 1868.

A newly married couple, from some place away up the Kaw, made their
appearance on the streets yesterday, who had evidently been united so re-
cently as to still be under the influence of the "gentle delirium." In passing
down Massachusetts street, in the distance of one square, they stopped four
times on- the sidewalk to kiss, and otherwise exchange compliments. 'Twas
a sweet and touching sight.

INDIANS Vs. THE UNION PACIFIC

From the Marysville Enterprise, May 16, 1868.

A band of Indians, ten or* twelve in number, attacked one of Shoemaker,
Miller & Co., trains, seventeen miles wept of Coyote [the fight took place in
present northern Gove county], at about noon today, and burned three freight
cars on a side track, tore down the telegraph poles, and destroyed a portion
of the track They also attempted to throw a construction train from the
track, but failed. A number of other Indians were seen at some distance off,
but how many was not known. Lawrence Tribune, 9th.

From the Junction City Weekly Union, May 16, 1868.

A few days after the recent attack by Indians on the construction train
west of Coyote, our Railroad friends tell us that the Indians attempted to
capture the locomotive alive. They took a large quantity of telegraph wire,
and doubling it several times, stretched it across the track, an Indian or two
holding each end. They didn't want to shoot the thing lest they might in-
jure it, and hence this strategy. . . .

(104)

Kansas History as Published in the Press

The high school career of Clyde Tombaugh, Pawnee county farm
boy who later discovered the ninth planet, Pluto, is described by
Harry Rigby, first principal of Burdett Rural High School, in an
article entitled, "The Stars Dipped Down Over Burdett," in the
September, 1946, issue of the Kansas Teacher, Topeka. While a
high school student Tombaugh constructed a home-made nine-inch
Newtonian telescope. He is now a visiting professor of astronomy at
the University of California.

Among articles of particular interest to Kansans in the September,
1946, number of the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science,
Lawrence, were: "How Lakes-Came to Kansas," by Edwin 0. Stene;
"Study of the Production of DDT," by T. T. Castonguay and R. L.
Ferm; "Kansas Mycological Notes: 1945," by S. M. Pady, C. 0.
Johnston and E. D. Hansing; "Kansas Botanical Notes: 1945," by
Frank C. Gates; "The Yellow-headed Blackbird in Douglas
County," by H. W. Setzer and R. L. Montell, and "Milkweed Floss
Collection in Kansas," by C. F. Gladfelter.

Biographical sketches of Dr. Arthur E. Hertzler, of Halstead,
famous surgeon and writer, were published in many Kansas news-
papers following his death on September 12, 1946. He was the
author of The Horse and Buggy Doctor (1938), and other books.

A number of historical articles of interest to Kansans, written by
Cecil Howes, have been printed in the Kansas City (Mo.) Times in
recent months. They include a sketch of Col. Samuel N. Wood, a
leader of Free-State settlers who was slain years later in the Stevens
county-seat war, September 16, 1946; a discussion of the purposes of
American Indian day together with a sketch concerning tribes who
settled in the area embraced by present Kansas, September 23;
"Pony Express, Planned in Kansas City, Edged Out by Telegraph
85 Years Ago," October 21 ; a sketch of the career of George A. Root,
who was a staff member of the Kansas State Historical Society for
more than 55 years, October 28; "'Lord' William Scully's Kansas
Domain Caused Absentee Landlordism Crisis," November 6;
"Dozens of Heavily Traveled Trails in Kansas Are Forgotten in
History," November 16, and "Annexation of Kansas City, Mo., to
Kansas Was Attempted at Least Three Times," December 12.

(105)

106 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Articles by Mr. Howes in the Kansas City (Mo.) Star included
"Kansas Has Neglected the Sunflower, Raised Commercially in
Other States," August 31, 1946, and a sketch on the founding of
Topeka, December 4.

An airship hoax of 50 years ago was recalled by the Le Roy
Reporter, September 20, 1946. The Reporter recounted the circum-
stances surrounding the tale of the late Alexander Hamilton of, Le
Roy and Vernon. It concerned an airship which swooped low over
the Hamilton ranch, manned by foreigners who roped a heifer from
the feed lot. Mr. Hamilton's story was printed in The Farmers
Advocate, Yates Center, April 23, 1897. Its subsequent appearance
in the metropolitan newspapers brought inquiries concerning the
"mysterious airship" from places as far distant as London.

The Smith County Pioneer, Smith Center, has entered its seventy-
fifth year of publication and issued an anniversary edition on Sep-
tember 26, 1946. The issue contains a picture of the early day
cabin of Dr. Bruce Higley, still standing on Beaver creek. It was
in this cabin in the 1870's that Dr. Higley composed the words to
the song, "Home on the Range." Articles in the anniversary issue
include a historical sketch of Smith Center, by Mrs. Florence Uhl;
"Some Early Day Happenings in the Lebanon and Salem Commu-
nities," by Ray Myers; "Pioneer Physicians and Remedies Used
in Early Days of Smith County," by Margaret A. Nelson ; "Organi-
zation of Smith County" and "Harlan Vicinity Settled by lowans
in Early Seventies."

A 96-page "Chautauqua County Honor Roll Edition," containing
pictures of more than 600 men and women who served in World
War II, was published by the Sedan Times-Star, September 26, 1946.
The issue contained individual sketches of veterans, listing the the-
aters in which each served and awards received. "Chautauqua
County Home Front Does Part in World Conflict" was the title of
one of the featured articles. Another told the story of Maj. Gen.
Clarence L. Tinker, who was lost in action in the Battle of Midway.
General Tinker attended schools at Elgin and Sedan.

Neodesha newspapers printed a number of historical sketches in
connection with the city's diamond jubilee celebration held October
30 and 31, 1946. A series of articles entitled "Diamond Jubilee"
appeared in the Neodesha News, September 26, October 3, 10, 17,
24, 31, November 7, 14, 21, 28 and December 5. Mrs. Kate Winter

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 107

Pingrey was the author of a group of historical sketches published
in the Neodesha Register, September 19, 26, October 3, 10, 17, 24,
31, November 7 and 14. The city was incorporated in 1871.

The story of the Pony Express which was operated across north-
east Kansas in 1860-1861 was reviewed by Milton Tabor in the
Topeka Daily Capital, October 13, 1946. Another feature was a
page illustrated article on Holton, entitled "Backbones of the Amer-
ican Way, Country Towns Are Here to Stay," by Rachel Snyder.

A brief description of early days on Medicine creek, Rooks county,
appeared in an article in the Rooks County Record, Stockton, Oc-
tober 17, 1946. The description is from a letter written by the late
S. S. Boggs, county surveyor, who settled in Rooks county in 1871.

The Augusta Daily Gazette issued a 24-page edition featuring
historical articles on October 21, 1946. It was printed in connec-
tion with the city's jubilee celebration, marking the seventy-fifth
anniversary of the incorporation of the municipality in 1871. Au-
gusta was named for Mrs. Augusta James, wife of C. N. James,
first postmaster and prominent citizen, the Gazette said. Articles
in the jubilee edition included a historical sketch of Augusta and
Augusta township by N. A. Yeager; stories of Augusta's school sys-
tem and early merchants, by Stella B. Haines; an early-day history
of Douglass by Daisy Shamleffer; a description of the early days
at Rose Hill; a biography of G. C. Wirth, government teamster on
the plains in the 1860's, and a biographical sketch of August Kuster,
early settler and former county official. Illustrations included por-
traits of C. N. James and Mrs. Augusta James; a 1917 view of
Haskins camp, a settlement south of Augusta during the oil boom;
the Frisco band of the late 1890's, and the baseball team about 1905.

The lola Register entered its fiftieth year of publication as a
daily newspaper on October 25, 1946. The daily Register was es-
tablished on October 25, 1897, by the late Charles F. Scott, who for
15 years previously had edited the weekly Register. The weekly
edition was discontinued several years after the daily Register was
founded. Angelo Scott is the present editor and publisher.

A story by Ralph Wallace of the teaching career of Howard R.
Barnard of LaCrosse, who founded the Entre Nous school in Rush
county in the early 1900's, was printed in The Rotarian, Chicago,
November, 1946. A condensation of the article, entitled "Great

108 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Teacher of the Plains," appeared in The Reader's Digest, Pleasant-
ville, N. Y., November, 1946. Mr. Barnard is librarian of the La-
Crosse city library.

Two articles are devoted to the late John Steuart Curry, Kansas
artist, in the Winter, 1946, number of The University of Kansas
City Review. They were written by Thomas H. Benton and S. A.
Nock. Another article on Curry's career, by John Alexander, was
published in the Kansas City (Mo.) Times, August 30, 1946.

Several historical articles appear in the 1947 issue of The Kansas
Magazine, Manhattan. They include "William Allen White: Com-
posite American," by Walter Johnson; "The High Priest of Horse
Sense," a story of the life of Walt Mason, by Harry Levinson ; "Saga
of the Plains Jack Rabbit," by Theo. H. Scheffer; "Rugged Indi-
viduals," pointing out many odd names among early-day newspa-
pers, by Cecil Howes ; "Martial Music of the Civil War," by Henry
Ware Allen; "John Steuart Curry," by Maynard Walker, and "The
Tree Apostle of Kansas," a chapter in the life of Richard Smith
Elliott, by Edwin W. Mills.

Kansas Historical Notes

Readers of the Quarterly who have been following Dr. Robert
Taft's popular series, "The Pictorial Record of the Old West," will
be glad to know that he has promised another installment for an
early issue. Dr. Taft's bread and butter happen to be derived
from his position as a chemistry professor at the University of
Kansas, and the school's record-breaking enrollment, together with
the pressure of other editorial duties, have prevented him from
completing the next article. By an odd coincidence, his story on
the paintings of Ouster's Last Stand in our November issue was
published under the same date that another article on the subject
by Don Russell appeared in The Westerners Brand Book, the offi-
cial publication of a Chicago club of Western writers. Readers
interested in the subject will want both of these articles.

The Eisenhower family home in Abilene where General of the
Army D wight D. Eisenhower was reared, is to be preserved as the
center of a $1,000,000 memorial to the Allied supreme commander
in Europe in World War II and all members of the U. S. armed
forces, according to C. M. Harger, president of the Eisenhower
Memorial Foundation. Plans for the memorial include a site em-
bracing the block in which the two-story white frame house is lo-
cated and the erection of a shrine in which General Eisenhower's
collection of war mementos, honors, and medals will be exhibited.
The Eisenhower brothers will deed the family home and grounds
to the Foundation. Approximately $50,000 has been raised by the
citizens of Abilene and Dickinson county, and the campaign for
funds is now branching out to cover the state and nation.

B. M. Ottaway of Pomona was elected president of the Franklin
County Historical Society at the annual meeting held in Ottawa,
September 6, 1946. F. H. McCune was named vice-president and
Mrs. Charles Averill, recording secretary. Miss Clara Kaiser,
corresponding secretary and treasurer, was reflected. Mrs. Laura
Penny, J. M. Conard and Edmund Lister were named to the board
of directors for three-year terms. Mr. Lister was the retiring
president.

The Clark county chapter of the Kansas State Historical Society
published Volume IV of its series entitled Notes on Early Clark
County, Kansas in September, 1946. The volume contains articles

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110 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

reprinted from the society's historical column in The Clark County
Clipper, Ashland, from September, 1942, to August, 1945 ; marriage
records of the county from July 11, 1885, to 1903, inclusive; names
of the men and women of Clark county who served in World War
II, and biographical sketches of those who gave their lives. Mrs.
Dorothy Berryman Shrewder and Mrs. Melville Campbell Harper
are editors of the series. Publication of other historical articles
was resumed in the Clipper on September 12, 1946. These stories
will appear from time to time until a sufficient number have been
printed to make a volume, when they will be reprinted as Volume
V. The society's annual meeting and "Pioneer Mixer" was held at
Ashland, November 30, 1946. Willis H. Shattuck was the principal
speaker. The newly-elected officers include: Mrs. Ethel Gardiner
Wilson, president, and Pearl G. Abell, vice-president.

The forty-sixth annual meeting of the Douglas County Old Set-
tlers Association was held in Lawrence, September 14, 1946. Offi-
cers elected were: Mrs. Lena K. Huddleston, president; Mrs. Ralph
Graber, vice-president; I. F. Eberhart, secretary; Mrs. I. F. Eber-
hart, assistant secretary; Mrs. Nellie C. Bigsby, treasurer; Dr. Ed-
ward Bumgardner, historian, and his son, Edward S. Bumgardner,
assistant historian. Col. Lathrop Read, Jr., the principal speaker,
gave an account of his war experiences. Mrs. Ida Swadley, daugh-
ter of A. B. Wade, one of the early settlers, stated that she was
born in the first house built in Lawrence.

Officers of the Chase County Historical Society were reflected
at the annual meeting held in Cottonwood Falls, September 21,
1946. They are: George T. Dawson, Elmdale, president; Henry
Rogler, Matfield Green, vice-president; Mrs. Helen Austin, Cot-
tonwood Falls, secretary; Tom R. Wells, Elmdale, treasurer, and
Mrs. Clara B. Hildebrand, Cottonwood Falls, historian. Mr. Daw-
son reappointed the following executive committee : C. W. Hawkins,
Clements; H. Jones, Cedar Point; D. M. Smith and George Miller,
Cottonwood Falls, and Mr. Rogler.

Officers of the Shawnee Mission Indian Historical Society of
northeast Johnson county elected September 23, 1946, include: Mrs.
K. S. Browne, president; Mrs. Frank Belinder, vice-president; Mrs.
James K. Parr, recording secretary; Mrs. Thomas Nail, treasurer;
Mrs. Tom Davis, curator; Mrs. John Barkley, historian; Mrs.
Arthur Wolf, corresponding secretary, and Mrs. Percy Miller, lady-
in-waiting. Mrs. A. M. Meyers was the retiring president.

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 111

W. L. Young of Council Grove was elected chairman of the Kan-
sas chapter of the American Pioneer Trails Association at a meet-
ing held in rooms of the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka,
September 30, 1946. He succeeds Dr. George W. Davis of Ottawa.

A permanent organization was formed by the Decatur County
Historical Society at a meeting in Oberlin, October 7, 1946. Officers
named were: H. Q. Banta, president; E. R. Woodward, vice-presi-
dent; Dr. A. J. Thomsen, treasurer, and Ben Miller, secretary. The
following directors were chosen: E. W. Coldren, Guy C. Allen, and
Miss Lillian Shimmick. The directors together with the officers
will comprise the executive board. The Decatur county commis-
sioners recently made available for the society's use a room in the
old high school building where historical objects and documents
will be displayed.

Clyde K. Rodkey was elected president of the Riley County
Historical Association at the annual meeting in Manhattan, Octo-
ber 9, 1946. Other officers elected were: Mrs. C. B. Knox, vice-
president; Mrs. Medora Hays Flick, secretary; Joe D. Haines,
treasurer, and F. I. Burt, curator. Directors elected for three-year
terms were: Mrs. Caroline A. Smith, Dr. N. D. Harwood and Mrs.
Flick. Walter E. McKeen was the retiring president. A major
achievement of the association for the year was its sponsorship
of a plan for a Peace Memorial building honoring the service men
and women of the county. After public discussion of the proposal,
Manhattan citizens voted on November 5 for an $800,000 bond
issue to cover the erection of a memorial building consisting of an
auditorium seating 4,000 persons, and other rooms.

Dr. 0. P. Dellinger of Pittsburg was reflected president of the
Crawford County Historical Society at the annual meeting held
in Pittsburg, October 21, 1946. Mrs. F. A. Gerkin of Girard was
named vice-president. Other officers who were reflected include:
Mrs. C. M. Paris of Pittsburg, recording secretary; Mrs. C. D.
Gregg of McCune, corresponding secretary, and Mrs. Grace Elliott
of Pittsburg, treasurer. Directors named for three-year terms were:
Oscar Anderson of Farlington, and E. B. Riordan and Frank Clay-
ton of Pittsburg. George F. Beezley of Girard was also named a
director to succeed the late H. W. Shideler of Girard. Dr. Ernest
Mahan of Kansas State Teachers' College at Pittsburg discussed
research and historical studies on Crawford county by students
of the college, Mrs. A. C. Graves described the settlement of Beulah
and Mrs. Nannie Sears presented a history of the Headlight, first

112 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

daily paper in Pittsburg, which was established by her husband,
M. F. Sears. The daily edition of the Headlight was founded in
July, 1886, and has been published continuously since April 18, 1887.

Three hundred persons attended the old settlers' reunion of the
Kiowa County Historical Society at Greensburg, October 29, 1946.
Edgar B. Corse was elected president and Mrs. Benj. 0. Weaver
was reflected secretary. Other officers named were: Henry
Schwarm, Mrs. Emma Meyer and Bert Barnes, vice-presidents,
and Mrs. Carrie Allphin, treasurer. Carey C. Morford was the
retiring president.

Mrs. T. W. Riner was elected president of the Protection His-
torical Society at the second annual meeting held November 5, 1946.
Other officers elected were: Claude Rowland, W. T. Maris, Mrs.
A. A. Carpenter and Pirl Baker, vice-presidents; Mrs. Robert C.
Swenson, recording secretary; Mrs. Howard Shrauner, correspond-
ing secretary ; Harry Large, treasurer, and Miss Ida Bare, historian.
Fred Denney was the retiring president.

Permanent officers of the newly-formed Shawnee County His-
torical Society were selected by the society's administrative council
at a meeting November 8, 1946. They are: Robert Stone, presi-
dent; Mrs. Erwin Keller, vice-president; Paul B. Sweet, treasurer;
George A. Root, secretary, and Paul Adams, assistant secretary.
Members of the administrative council are: Arthur J. Carruth, Jr.,
Mr. Root, Cecil Howes, Mr. Adams, Mr. Sweet, Paul Lovewell,
Milton Tabor, J. Glenn Logan and Mr. Stone. The first open
meeting of the society was held on December 5, 1946, the ninety-
second anniversary of the founding of Topeka. Miss Maude
Bishop, for many years a member of the Topeka High School
faculty, gave a talk on early Topeka history. Mr. Root also spoke.
In connection with the meeting, facts on the founding of Topeka
and data on the first settlers in the area now embraced in Shawnee
county were printed in an article by Milton Tabor in the Topeka
Daily Capital, December 5, 1946, and in a sketch in the Topeka
State Journal, December 5. The first issue of the Bulletin of the
Shawnee County Historical Society, edited by Cecil Howes, was
published in December. Articles in the Bulletin included: "Chron-
ology of Shawnee County," by George A. Root; "Oldest House in
Kansas," by Milton Tabor; "100 Years Ago the First Grocery Was
Started in Shawnee County," by Paul A. Lovewell, and "Ghost
Towns of Shawnee County," by Mr. Howes.

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

May 1947

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society

Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II BEARING KANSAS NAMES,

Compiled by Harold J. Henderson, 113

With photographs of the following vessels (between pp. 120, 121) :
U. S. S. Hawkins, U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell, U. S. S.
Ottawa, and the launching of the U. S. S. Topeka.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864 : Part One, 1856 127

DIFFERENCES IN WICHITA INDIAN CAMP SITES AS REVEALED BY

STONE ARTIFACTS Arch O'Bryant, 143

A HOOSIER IN KANSAS; THE DIARY OF HIRAM H. YOUNG, 1886-1895, PIONEER
OF CLOUD COUNTY: Part Five, 1894-1895 Concluded,

Edited by Powell Moore, 151

With photographs of Hiram H. Young, facing p. 152, and
other members of the Young family, facing p. 153.

RECENT ADDITIONS To THE LIBRARY,

Compiled by Helen M. McFarland, Librarian, 186

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 21 1

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 215

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 221

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

An air view of the United States Navy's heavy cruiser Wichita,
named for Wichita, Kan. The ship was commissioned February
16, 1939, and served throughout World War II.

This picture and others (between pp. 120, 121), excepting that of
the cruiser Topeka, are official U. S. Navy photographs. The view
of the Topeka (facing p. 121) was received through the courtesy of
Mayor Frank J. Warren, Topeka, and the Bethlehem Steel Co.,
Quincy, Mass.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XV May, 1947 Number 2

Ships in World War II Bearing Kansas
Names

Compiled by HAROLD J. HENDERSON
I. INTRODUCTION

AT LEAST fifty-four vessels jn World War II were named for
Kansans, or for cities, counties and rivers of the state. They
included twenty-one navy ships and thirty-three cargo vessels of
the U. S. Maritime Commission.

Of these 54 vessels five were named for war heroes, 29 for other
individuals associated with Kansas, nine for cities of the state,
eight for counties and three for rivers.

The five vessels named for war heroes were navy fighting ships,
honoring native Kansans who met death in enemy action. Five
other navy ships carried the names of Kansas cities, and eleven
navy ships bore the names of counties and rivers in the state.

Four Victory cargo vessels of the U. S. Maritime Commission also
were named for cities of the state and 29 Liberty cargo ships for
individual Kansans.

The number of navy vessels bearing names of Kansas heroes or
names associated with Kansas, by type, were: Two cruisers, one
heavy (CA) and one light (CL) ; two destroyers (DD) ; three de-
stroyer escorts (DE) ; three frigates (PF) ; two cargo, attack ves-
sels (AKA) ; five transport, attack vessels (APA) ; one barrack ship,
self-propelled (APB), and three oilers (AO).

The cruisers named for Kansas cities were the U. S. S. Wichita
and U. S. S. Topeka.

Two destroyers, U. S. S. Hawkins and U. S. S. Timmerman, were
named for marine corps heroes born in Kansas, who lost their lives
in enemy action in the Pacific and who posthumously received the
Congressional Medal of Honor. Three destroyer escorts bore the
names of navy heroes, two of them airplane pilots. These vessels

HAROLD J. HENDERSON is research director of the Kansas State Historical Society.

(113)

114 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

were: U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell, U. S. S. Tabberer and U. S. S.
Wintle.

Frigates were named for three Kansas cities: Emporia, Hutch-
inson and Abilene.

Kansas counties for which the navy named cargo, transport and
barrack ships were: Clay, Haskell, Kingman, Logan, Ottawa,
Rawlins, Sheridan and Trego.

Ships were named for these Kansas rivers: Caney, Chikaskia
and Neosho.

Names of Liberty ships were chosen from more than 60 cate-
gories. Liberty vessels were named for 29 individuals associated
with Kansas, who held the following posts or practiced these pro-
fessions :

Agriculturist, American Legion national commander, aviator,
builders who developed various natural resources, cabinet member,
missionary, educators, engineers, explorers, governors, editors, jur-
ists, pioneers and regional heroes, scientist, railroad men, senators,
nurses, women noted in American history and writers.

Four cities after which Victory ships were named were selected
as being representative of Kansas communities. The selection was
made by the naming committee of the U. S. Maritime Commission,
with the navy's approval.

The first launching of a Liberty ship named in honor of a Kan-
san was the David J. Brewer. Brewer was a Leavenworth jurist
who served on both the state supreme court and federal circuit
bench prior to more than 20 years' service as an associate justice
of the U. S. supreme court. The David J. Brewer went down the
ways November 26, 1942, followed in less than a month by the Jim
Bridger and Amelia Earhart.

The first Victory ship named for a Kansas city was the Atchison
Victory which was launched on April 22, 1944. Other Victory
vessels bearing the names of cities within the state were: Chanute
Victory, Coffeyville Victory and Salina Victory.

While Liberty and Victory ships are both cargo vessels, identical
in carrying capacity, the Liberty is somewhat easier and faster to
build and was turned out in great numbers early in the war. It was
later superseded by the Victory ship, a vessel of more refined hull
lines and 50 to 75 per cent faster than the Liberty, whose speed of
10 to 12 knots was ideal for mixed convoy work. However, the
Victory ship's additional speed, ranging from 15 to 20 knots, enabled
the vessel to move cargo considerably faster.

HENDERSON: SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II 115

The Liberty vessel is a steel, full scantling type vessel with a raked
stem and cruiser stern. The propelling machinery consists of a re-
ciprocating steam engine directly connected to a single screw.

The Victory cargo vessel is a steel, shelter deck type vessel with
a raked stem and cruiser stern. The propelling machinery consists
of cross compound turbines geared to a single screw.

Information concerning ship names, places of construction and
launching and commissioning dates used in this article was obtained
through correspondence with the bureau of naval personnel, Navy
department; director of public information, United States Maritime
Commission, and the Historical Society's newspaper clippings.

II. UNITED STATES NAVAL VESSELS

Following is a list of nav,y ships in World War II named for
native Kansans and for cities, counties and rivers of the state:

U. S. S. Wichita (CA-45), launched November 16, 1937; com-
missioned February 16, 1939; Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa., ship-
builder; named for city of Wichita.

U. S. S. Topeka (CL-67), launched August 19, 1944; commissioned
December 23, 1944; Bethlehem Steel Company, Fore River, Mass.,
shipbuilder; named for city of Topeka.

U. S. S. Timmerman (DD-828), under construction; Bath Iron
Works Corporation, Bath, Maine, shipbuilder; named in honor of
Sgt. Grant Frederick Timmerman (1919-1944) , of the marine corps,
a native of Americus, Lyon county. He was killed in action July
8, 1944, on Saipan, Marianas Islands. Sergeant Timmerman was
awarded the Medal of Honor, Bronze Star Medal, Purple Heart with
Gold Star, Presidential Unit Citation, 1943, Tarawa, Gilbert Islands;
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, American Defense Service Medal
and China Service Medal.

The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously to Sergeant
Timmerman with the following citation:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and
beyond the call of duty as Tank Commander serving with the Second Bat-
talion, Sixth Marines, Second Marine Division, during action against enemy
Japanese forces on Saipan, Marianas Islands, on 8 July 1944. Advancing
with his tank a few yards ahead of the infantry in support of a vigorous attack
on hostile positions, Sergeant Timmerman maintained steady fire from his
anti-aircraft sky mount machine gun until progress was impeded by a series
of enemy trenches and pillboxes. Observing a target of opportunity, he im-
mediately ordered the tank stopped and, mindful of the danger from the
muzzle blast as he prepared to open fire with the 75-mm., fearlessly stood up

116 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

in the exposed turret and ordered the infantry to hit the deck. Quick to
act as a grenade, hurled by the Japanese, was about to drop into the open
turret hatch, Sergeant Timmerman unhesitatingly blocked the opening with
his body, holding the grenade against his chest and taking the brunt of the
explosion. His exceptional valor and loyalty in saving his men at the cost
of his own life reflect the highest credit upon Sergeant Timmerman and the
United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his
country.

U. S. S. Hawkins (DD-873), launched October 7, 1944; commis-
sioned February 10, 1945; Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange,
Tex., shipbuilder; named in honor of First Lt. William Deane
Hawkins (1914-1943) of the marine corps, a native of Fort Scott.
He was killed in action November 21, 1943, at Tarawa Atoll, in the
Gilbert Islands, and was posthumously awarded the Congressional
Medal of Honor. Other awards received by Lieutenant Hawkins,
included: Purple Heart, 1943, Gilbert Islands; Presidential Unit
Citation, 1942, Solomon Islands; and Asiatic-Pacific Campaign
Medal, 1942-1943, Asiatic Pacific area.

The award of the Congressional Medal of Honor to the marine
lieutenant was for service as set forth in the following citation:

For valorous and gallant conduct above and beyond the call of duty as
Commanding Officer of a Scout Sniper Platoon attached to the Second Marines,
Second Marine Division, in action against Japanese-held Tarawa in the Gilbert
Islands, November 20 and 21, 1943. The first to disembark from the jeep
lighter, First Lieutenant Hawkins unhesitatingly moved forward under
heavy enemy fire at the end of the Betio pier, neutralizing emplacements in
coverage of troops assaulting the main beach positions.

Fearlessly leading his men on to join the forces fighting desperately to gain
a beachhead, he repeatedly risked his life throughout the day and night to
direct and lead attacks on pill boxes and installations with grenades and demo-
litions. At dawn on the following day, First Lieutenant Hawkins returned to
the dangerous mission of clearing the limited beachhead of Japanese resistance,
personally initiating an assault on a hostile position fortified by five enemy
machine guns and, crawling forward in the face of withering fire, boldly fired
point blank into the loopholes and completed the destruction with grenades.
Refusing to withdraw after being seriously wounded in the chest during this
skirmish, First Lieutenant Hawkins steadfastly carried the fight to the enemy,
destroying three more pill boxes before he was caught in a burst of Japanese
shell fire and mortally wounded. His relentless fighting spirit in the face of
formidable opposition and his exceptionally daring tactics were an inspiration
to his comrades during the most crucial phase of the battle and reflect the
highest credit upon the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his
life for his country.

U. S. S. Wintle (DE-25), launched February 18, 1943; commis-
sioned July 10, 1943; Navy Yard, Mare Island, CaL, shipbuilder;

HENDERSON: SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II 117

named in honor of Lt. Comdr. Jack William Wintle (1908-1942),
native of Pittsburg. He died November 13, 1942, in enemy action
in the Pacific area.

Commander Wintle received the American Defense Medal Fleet
Clasp, 1939-1941, and the posthumous award of the Navy Cross with
the following citation:

For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession during action with
enemy forces on the night of November 12-13, 1942, on which occasion the force
to which he was attached engaged at- close quarters and defeated a superior
enemy force. His daring and determination contributed materially to the vic-
tory which prevented the enemy from accomplishing their purposes.

He was assigned on April 29, 1942, as aide and flag lieutenant,
South Pacific and South Pacific Force. He was advanced to lieu-
tenant commander on June 15, 1942.

U. S. S. Tabberer (DE-418), launched February 18, 1944; com-
missioned May 23, 1944; Brown Shipbuilding Company, Houston,
Tex., shipbuilder; named in honor of Lt. (jg) Charles Arthur Tab-
berer (1915-1943), native of Kansas City. He died as a result of
enemy action in the Pacific area, the presumptive date of his death
being August 8, 1943. He was officially reported missing in action
as of August 7, 1942, having been attached to a fighting squadron
when the plane he was piloting was lost in the Pacific area.

Lieutenant Tabberer was awarded the American Defense Service
Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Area Campaign Medal, and the Distinguished
Flying Cross with the following citation:

For heroism and extraordinary achievement during action against enemy
Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands on August- 7, 1942. Leading a two-
plane section of his squadron against a hostile force of 27 twin-engined bomb-
ers, Lieutenant (junior grade) Tabberer, although viciously intercepted by Zero
fighters, gallantly pressed home his attacks until his plane was shot down. His
courageous fighting spirit and resolute devotion to duty contributed to the
destruction of at least five enemy bombers and undoubtedly played a major
role in disrupting the Japanese attack.

U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell (DE-443), launched March 19,
1944; commissioned July 31, 1944; Federal Shipbuilding & D. D.
Company, Newark, N. J., shipbuilder; named in honor of Ens.
Kendall Carl Campbell (1917-1943), a native of Garden City. He
died as a result of enemy action in the Asiatic area, the presumptive
date of his death being May 9, 1943. Ensign Kendall was officially
reported missing in action May 8, 1942, when the plane in which
he was flying failed to return from the Battle of the Coral Sea.

He was awarded the American Defense Service Medal, 1939-

118 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

1941, the Navy Cross and the Gold Star in lieu of the second Navy
Cross.
The Navy Cross was awarded with the following citation:

For extraordinary heroism and extreme disregard of his own personal
safety as pilot of an airplane of a Scouting Squadron in attacks against enemy
Japanese forces during the period of May 4-8, 1942. Participating in offensive
action against the enemy with aggressive skill and courageous determination,
in the face of tremendous anti-aircraft barrage, Ensign Campbell contributed
materially to the sinking or damaging of eight enemy vessels in the Tulagi
Harbor on May 4 and to the sinking of an enemy aircraft carrier in the
Coral Sea on May 7.

Again, on May 8, while on anti-torpedo plane patrol, he fiercely engaged
the combined attack of enemy bombing and torpedo planes and their heavy
fighter support. His conscientious devotion to duty and gallant self-command
against formidable odds were in keeping with the highest traditions of the
United States Naval Service.

U. S. S. Emporia (PF-28), launched August 30, 1943; commis-
sioned June 12, 1944; Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., Superior,
Wis., shipbuilder; named for city of Emporia.

U. S. S. Hutchinson (PF-45), launched August 27, 1943; commis-
sioned February 3, 1944; Consolidated Steel Company, Los An-
geles, Cal., shipbuilder; named for city of Hutchinson.

U. S. S. Abilene (PF-58), launched August 21, 1943; commis-
sioned October 28, 1944; Globe Shipbuilding Company, Superior,
Wis., shipbuilder; named for city of Abilene.

U. S. S. Trego (AKA-78), acquired by the navy July 4, 1944;
commissioned December 21, 1944; North Carolina Shipbuilding
Company, Wilmington, N. C., shipbuilder; named for Trego county.

U. S. S. Ottawa (AKA-101), acquired by navy January 9, 1945;
commissioned February 8, 1945; North Carolina Shipbuilding Com-
pany, Wilmington, N. C., shipbuilder; named for Ottawa county
and also for counties of the same name in three other states.

U. S. S. Neosho (AO-48), acquired by navy August 4, 1942; com-
missioned September 12, 1942; Bethlehem Steel Company, Spar-
rows Point, Md., shipbuilder; named for Neosho river.

U. S. S. Chikaskia (AO-58), acquired by navy January 10, 1943;
commissioned November 10, 1943 ; Bethlehem Steel Company, Spar-
rows Point, Md., shipbuilder; named for Chikaskia river.

U. S. S. Caney (AO-95), acquired by navy March 25, 1945; com-
missioned March 25, 1945; Marinship Corporation, Sausilito, Cal.,
shipbuilder; named for Caney river.

HENDERSON: SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II 119

U. S. S. Clay (APA-39), acquired by navy June 29, 1943; com-
missioned June 29, 1943; Western Pipe & Steel Company, San
Francisco, shipbuilder; named for Clay county and also for counties
of the same name in 17 other states.

U. S. S. Sheridan (APA-51), acquired by navy July 31, 1943;
commissioned July 31, 1943; Moore Shipbuilding Company, Oak-
land, Cal., shipbuilder; named for Sheridan county and also for
counties of the same name in four other states.

U. S. S. Haskell (APA-117), acquired by navy September 9,
1944; commissioned September 11, 1944; California Shipbuilding
Corporation, Wilmington, Cal., shipbuilder; named for Haskell
county and also for counties of the same name in two other states.

U. S. S. Logan (APA-196) , -acquired by navy October 14, 1944;
commissioned October 14, 1944; Kaiser Company, Vancouver,
Wash., shipbuilder; named for Logan county and also for counties
of the same name in nine other states.

U. S. S. Rawlins (APA-266), acquired by navy November 11,
1944; commissioned November 11, 1944; Kaiser Company, Van-
couver, Wash., shipbuilder; named for Rawlins county.

U. S. S. Kingman (APB-47), launched April 17, 1945; commis-
sioned June 16, 1945; Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Company,
Evansville, Ind., shipbuilder; named for Kingman county.

III. SHIPS OF THE UNITED STATES MARITIME COMMISSION

Following are the 29 Liberty ships named for individuals asso-
ciated with Kansas and the four Victory cargo vessels named for
cities of the state :

Mary Bickerdyke, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 1, Richmond, Cal., October 27, 1943; named in honor
of Mrs. Mary Bickerdyke (1817-1901), best known as "Mother
Bickerdyke," who achieved fame as one of the most capable and
beloved women who ministered to the sick and wounded during
the Civil War. She made enlisted men her special care and was a
champion of their rights. In 1867 she initiated a movement to get
ex-soldiers to go West and the migration of 300 families to Kansas
is attributed to her influence.

David J. Brewer, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 1, Richmond, Cal., November 26, 1942; named in
honor of David J. Brewer (1837-1910), an associate justice of the

120 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

United States supreme court for more than 20 years. He settled at
Leavenworth shortly after being admitted to the New York bar in
1858. In 1870, at the age of 33, Judge Brewer was elected to the
Kansas supreme court. His elevation to the United States supreme
court came in 1889 after service on the federal circuit court of the
eighth circuit.

Jim Bridger, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation ship-
yard, Portland, Ore., December 17, 1942; named in honor of James
Bridger (1804-1881), frontiersman and scout, who was the first
white man to visit the Great Salt Lake. He established a station,
Fort Bridger, on the Oregon trail in southwestern Wyoming in 1843.
Prior to becoming a government scout in the 1850's, he purchased
a farm near Kansas City. He retired from the plains and mountains
in 1868 and died at his home near Kansas City in 1881.

William H. Carruth, launched at California Shipbuilding Cor-
poration shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., October 31, 1943; named in
honor of William H. Carruth (1859-1924) , author and one of the
leading linguistic scholars of the West. He served the University
of Kansas, from which he was graduated, as professor of modern
languages, head of the department of German language and litera-
ture, and from 1887 to 1913 as vice-chancellor. "Each in His Own
Tongue," a poem, was his best known work.

Arthur P. Davis, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 23, 1943; named in honor of Arthur
P. Davis (1861-1933), director of the U. S. Reclamation Service
from 1914 to 1923 and known as the father of Boulder or Hoover
dam. He was hydrographer in charge of hydrographic examination
of the Panama canal route, 1898-1901, and planned and supervised
construction of more than 100 dams including Roosevelt dam and
the large reservoir on the Mokelumne river, source of water for the
San Francisco bay area. Davis was reared at Junction City and
was graduated from the Kansas State Normal School at Emporia.

Lewis L. Dyche, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Portland, Ore., November 26, 1943; named in honor of
Lewis L. Dyche (1857-1915), naturalist. He made 23 scientific
expeditions and hunted over North America from Mexico to Alaska
and Greenland, securing for the University of Kansas its extensive
collection of North American vertebrates. He was professor of
anatomy and taxidermist and curator of mammals, birds and fishes
at the university. The fish hatchery at Pratt was expanded by him.

UNITED STATES NAVAL VESSELS BEARING KANSAS NAMES

Destroyer U. S. S. Hawkins, named in honor of Marine First Lt. William
Deane Hawkins (1914-1943), native of Fort Scott, as it appeared on the day
it was commissioned, February 10, 1945.

Destroyer Escort U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell, named in honor of Ens.
Kendall Carl Campbell (1917-1943), a native of Garden City. These ships
are among several named for native-born Kansans who were honored as
heroes of the navy and marine corps.

KANSAS-NAMED SHIPS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY

The U. S. S. Ottawa, a cargo, attack vessel, was named for Ottawa county
and counties of the same name in three other states. This picture was taken
February 13, 1945, at the U. S. navy yard, South Carolina, five days after the
ship was commissioned.

Launching of the U. S. S. Topeka, a light cruiser named for the capital
city of Kansas, at the Fore River yard, Quincy, Mass., August 19, 1944. The
cruisers Wichita and Topeka are the heaviest Kansas ships afloat. The
U. S. S. Kansas, a battleship, was scrapped in 1924.

HENDERSON: SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II 121

Amelia Earhart, launched at Houston Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Houston, Tex., December 18, 1942; named in honor of
Amelia Earhart (Mrs. George P.) Putnam (1898-1937), the first
woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic and the second per-
son to make that flight alone. The famous aviatrix was a native of
Atchison. She was voted the Distinguished Flying Cross by congress
and was the first woman to receive the gold medal of the National
Geographic Society, the highest award of the society.

Wyatt Earp, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Wilmington, CaL, July 25, 1943; named in honor of
Wyatt Earp (1848-1929), frontier marshal. Earp was a hunter for
a railroad surveying party and later a professional buffalo hunter.
He gained fame for his courageous exploits as a peace officer at
Wichita, Dodge City and Tombstone, Ariz., where he encountered
some of the most notorious gunmen of the frontier.

Carl R. Gray, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Wilmington, CaL, November 9, 1943; named in honor of
Carl R. Gray (1867-1939), president of the Union Pacific Railroad
for 17 years and director of the division of operations of the United
States Railroad Administration in World War I. Successive pro-
motions in the Frisco railroad's freight department at Wichita,
marked the early path of his career which began as telegraph opera-
tor for that railroad at Oswego. He served as president of the Great
Northern and Western Maryland railroads and chairman of the
board of the Wheeling and Lake Erie prior to becoming president
of the Union Pacific in 1920.

James B. Hickok, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 2, Richmond, CaL, February 26, 1943; named in honor
of James B. Hickok (1837-1876), popularly known as Wild Bill,
frontier marshal at Hays and Abilene as well as Union scout and
spy in the Civil War. Captured and sentenced to be shot as a spy
more than once, he was successful in escapes from his Confederate
captors. He was marshal of Hays in the late 1860's and became
marshal of Abilene in 1871, when it was a shipping point for Texas
cattle.

Cyrus K. Holliday, launched at California Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion shipyard, Wilmington, CaL, November 4, 1943; named in honor
of Cyrus K. Holliday (1826-1900), father of the Santa Fe railroad.
He was with the party which selected the Topeka townsite and was
the first president of the town company. In 1859, while a member

122 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of the territorial council, Holliday secured enactment of a bill
chartering the Atchison & Topeka Railroad Company, which later
became the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. He was an
adjutant-general of Kansas in the Civil War.

Richard J. Hopkins, launched at Houston Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion shipyard, Houston, Tex., October 2, 1944; named in honor of
Richard J. Hopkins (1873-1943), judge of the United States district
court for Kansas for more than 13 years. He served in all three
branches of the Kansas state government executive, legislative
and judicial. He was speaker pro tern of the house of representa-
tives in 1909, lieutenant governor in 1911-1912, attorney general
from 1919 to 1923 and associate justice of the state supreme court
from 1923 to 1929.

John J. Ingalls, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 8, 1943; named in honor of John
James Ingalls (1833-1900) of Atchison, United States senator from
1873 to 1891. Ingalls achieved a national reputation as an author
and orator. His sonnet, "Opportunity," is ranked among the best
American poems. He was a member of the Wyandotte constitu-
tional convention and judge advocate of the Kansas militia in the
Civil War.

Martin Johnson, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., April 12, 1944; named in honor of
Martin Johnson (1884-1937), famous motion-picture explorer, who
was educated in the Independence schools. He and his wife, Osa
Leighty Johnson, were in the South Sea islands 12 years, Australia
one year, Borneo two years, and Africa five years. They made a
film record of the vanishing wild life in Africa and a sound film of
the life of the pygmies.

Vernon L. Kellogg, launched at California Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 15, 1943; named in honor of
Vernon L. Kellogg (1867-1937), one of Kansas' most distinguished
scientists and a native of Emporia. He served on the faculty at
the University of Kansas from 1890 to 1894. He was director in
Brussels of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium in 1915
and 1916 and from 1917 to 1919 was assistant to the United States
food administrator. From 1919 to 1931 he was secretary of the
National Research Council.

John Chester Kendall, launched at New England Shipbuilding
Corporation shipyard, South Portland, Maine, May 9, 1944; named

HENDERSON: SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II 123

in honor of John Chester Kendall (1877-1941), state dairy commis-
sioner of Kansas in 1907-1908. He subsequently served as profes-
sor of dairy husbandry at Kansas State Agricultural College until
1910.

James Lane, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation ship-
yard, Portland, Ore., October 30, 1943; named in honor of James
Henry Lane (1814-1866), Free-State leader and one of the first
two United States senators elected from Kansas. He was president
of the Topeka constitutional convention. In the Civil War he was
appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers by President Lincoln
with authority to raise two regiments. These troops operated in
western Missouri in 1861. He obtained enactment of congressional
measures granting lands to Kansas to aid in the construction of the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa fe and the Leavenworth, Lawrence &
Fort Gibson railroads.

Isaac McCoy, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation ship-
yard, Portland, Ore., December 2, 1943; named in honor of Isaac
McCoy (1784-1846), pioneer Baptist missionary to the Indians. In
the 1820's he advocated a plan to remove the Indians living east of
the Mississippi to new reservations in the West. He was appointed
by the secretary of war in 1830 as surveyor and agent to assist the
Indians in this removal. He surveyed or arranged for the survey
of most of the Indian reservations in Kansas and the Cherokee
outlet in Oklahoma and also devoted his efforts to establishing and
sustaining missions for the Indians.

Enos A. Mills, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation ship-
yard, Portland, Ore., December 6, 1943; named in honor of Enos A.
Mills (1870-1922), naturalist, lecturer and author, who was a native
of Linn county. He was a guide on Long's Peak, which he climbed
more than 250 times. Mills extensively explored the Rocky Moun-
tains on foot and was the father of Rocky Mountain National Park,
which was created after several years of almost single-handed cam-
paigning on his part. He was an exponent of forest conservation
and served as federal lecturer on forestry, from 1907 to 1909, being
appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt. Among his books were
In Beaver World and The Story of a Thousand Year Pine.

Ralph T. O'Neil, launched at the Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., May 19, 1944; named in honor of
Ralph T. O'Neil (1888-1940), attorney and national commander of
the American Legion in 1930-1931. He was a native of Osage City
and a graduate of Baker University. In World War I, he served

124 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

with the llth U. S. infantry, advancing to captain. He was a mem-
ber of the state board of regents from 1932 to 1940 and chairman
of the board in 1938-1939.

Vernon L. Parrington, launched at Permanente Metals Corpora-
tion, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., October 21, 1943; named in
honor of Vernon L. Parrington (1871-1929), author and historian.
He was reared in Emporia and attended the College of Emporia
where he was later an instructor from 1893 to 1897. Parrington
gained renown as the author of Main Currents in American Thought,
published in 1927 when he was professor of English at the Uni-
versity of Washington.

William Peffer, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., January 7, 1944; named in honor
of William Alfred Peffer (1831-1912) , United States senator from
1891 to 1897. He was a pioneer lawyer and newspaper editor and
became a leading Populist writer and speaker. In 1881 he assumed
the editorship of the Kansas Farmer. When the Farmer's Alliance
entered the state, the Farmer became the official paper for one
branch of the organization.

Albert A. Robinson, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., November 29, 1943; named in
honor of Albert A. Robinson (1844-1918), railroad builder and a
leading figure in the construction of much of the Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fe railroad system. He served as chief engineer and
second vice-president and general manager in his 22-year span of
service. More than half of the 9,000 miles comprising the system
when he left it in 1893, was built under his direction as chief engi-
neer, and his skill was credited with playing a vital part in the
rapid extension of the Santa Fe. He also helped in the construction
of the St. Joseph & Denver City railroad.

Charles Robinson, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation,
shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., June 28, 1943; named in honor of
Charles Robinson (1818-1894), first governor of the state of Kansas.
A physician and editor, he came to Kansas in 1854 as resident agent
of the New England Emigrant Aid Company. He conducted two
groups of emigrants who began the settlement of Lawrence. Robin-
son was elected governor in 1859 under the provisions of the Wyan-
dotte constitution but did not take office until Kansas was admitted
as a state in 1861.

Edmund G. Ross, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Portland, Ore., October 22, 1943; named in honor of

HENDERSON: SHIPS IN WORLD WAR II 125

Edmund G. Ross (1826-1907), United States senator from 1866 to
1871. He was a Free-State leader and member of the Wyandotte
constitutional convention. Ross edited newspapers at Topeka and
Lawrence before entering the senate and afterwards edited papers
at Coffeyville and Lawrence. He was appointed governor of the
New Mexico territory in 1885.

Samuel Vernon Stewart, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corpo-
ration shipyard, Portland, Ore., January 7, 1944; named in honor of
Samuel Vernon Stewart (1872-1939), who was reared in Coffey
county and served as governor of Montana from 1913 to 1921. He
attended Kansas State Normal School at Emporia two years and
received an LL. B. degree from the University of Kansas in 1898.
Stewart served as associate justice of the Montana supreme court
from 1933 until the year of his death.

Robert J. Walker, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation
shipyard, Portland, Ore., February 2, 1943; named for Robert J.
Walker (1801-1869), territorial governor of Kansas in 1857. Prior
to the governorship he had served as senator from Mississippi and
was secretary of the treasury in President Polk's cabinet. It was
Governor Walker's rejection of fraudulent returns in Oxford pre-
cinct, Johnson county, which enabled the Free-State majority to
gain control of the legislature in 1858.

William Allen White, launched at the Permanente Metals Corpo-
ration, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., May 8, 1944; named in
honor of William Allen White (1868-1944), newspaper editor and
author. He was sent to France in 1917 as an observer by the
American Red Cross. White in 1940 was founder and chairman of
the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. Among
his best known books are: The Court of Boy mile, Stratagems and
Spoils, In Our Town, A Certain Rich Man, The Old Order Changeth
and In The Heart of a Fool.

Samuel W. Williston, launched at Permanente Metals Corpora-
tion, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., October 6, 1943; named in
honor of Samuel W. Williston (1852-1918), paleontologist and phy-
sician, and also one of the world authorities on diptera. He was
reared in Manhattan and was graduated from Kansas State Agri-
cultural College, after which he was employed by Othniel C. Marsh
of Yale University as a collector in Cretaceous chalk beds of western
Kansas. He became professor of anatomy at Yale and later served
at the University of Kansas as professor of geology and vertebrate
anatomy and dean of the medical school. He was the author of

126 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Manual of North American Diptera, which has been widely used in
Europe.

Atchison Victory, launched at California Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., April 22, 1944; named for city of
Atchison.

Chanute Victory, launched at California Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., January 19, 1945; named for city
of Chanute.

Coffeyville Victory, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion shipyard, Portland, Ore., July 3, 1945; named for city of
Coffeyville.

Salina Victory, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation
shipyard, Richmond, Cal., November 24, 1944; named for city of
Salina.

Letters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864

PART ONE, 1856
I. INTRODUCTION

FOUR of Julia Louisa Lovejoy 's letters were published in vol-
ume 11 of The Kansas Historical Quarterly. They told of the
Love joys' journey to Kansas and their settling at Manhattan in
1855. The letters that follow continue the story of Mrs. Lovejoy 's
pioneer experiences, as described in her correspondence to Eastern
newspapers and in personal letters to her family in New Hampshire.
Letters from her son and husband are also included.

Not long after their arrival in the territory the Rev. Charles
H. Lovejoy was placed in charge of the Fort Riley mission. After
serving five months he was assigned to Lawrence by the Methodist
Episcopal Church conference of November, 1855. x The family,
however, remained for a time on their claim adjoining Manhattan
in order to hold it. Their first winter in the territory was un-
usually cold and in their "balloon" house 2 Mrs. Lovejoy had diffi-
culty in keeping her family from freezing. She wrapped her baby
in her furs and blankets "to keep him from perishing, near the stove."
"0 how I sighed," she wrote, "for a comfortable home, in N. E.
again." 3 In the spring of 1856 Mr. Lovejoy was sent East to solicit
funds to build a church, and when he returned in August he moved
his family to Lawrence. For two years they lived in Lawrence
when the excitement of the Border trouble was at its height.

The Methodist conference of April, 1857, transferred Mr. Lovejoy
to the Oskaloosa mission. Since there was no parsonage on the
circuit and houses were scarce, Julia and her small son, Irving,
moved to a claim at Palmyra, ten miles south of Lawrence. 4 Here
she lived in a little log cabin in the woods. With her two-year-old
son she spent many days and nights entirely alone, "in times when
strong-minded men feared for their personal safety." 5 She fared

1. Julia L. Lovejoy, "Diary," May 5, 1856. MSS. division, Kansas State Historical
Society.

2. A ready-made house shipped in. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., September, 1859. In a letter of May 30, 1857, Julia stated that this was the
claim of their son, Charles J.

Palmyra was laid out by the Palmyra Town Company in June, 1855. When Baldwin
was founded in 1858 adjoining Palmyra on the south, Palmyra's business enterprises soon
moved to the new town and Palmyra ceased to exist. A. T. Andreas and W. G. Cutler,
History of the State of Kansas (Chicago, 1883), p. 355.

5. Julia L. Lovejoy, "Diary," September, 1859.

(127)

128 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

better the next year, however, when her busband was sent to Sum-
ner, 6 at that time a thriving town on the Missouri river. On the
bluffs overlooking the river he built a frame house and moved his
family there. Julia was delighted with her home. She also en-
joyed the people of Sumner, the majority of whom had come from
New England. For the first time she felt at home in Kansas terri-
tory.

The Lovejoys were permitted to stay only two years in Sumner,
for in March, 1860, they were assigned to Olathe. 7 Only about a
dozen Methodists lived in this circuit and there was but a "faint
prospect, of a support for his family." 8 House rent was also high,
so Julia and Irving moved back to Palmyra, now called Baldwin
City. 9 On June 12, 1860, Julia wrote in her diary:

We are now dwellers in a cozy little cabin 12 by 16 feet, built of unhewed
logs, the interstices, daubed with clay, one half a window-frame -with a few
panes of glass, and aside from the annoyances of mice, and other troublesome
vermin, that by right of "pre-emption," & "pre-occupancy" infest our quiet
retreat, we should find ourselves, very pleasantly situated for this Conference-
year. Mr. Lovejoy's field of labor, is 25 miles, from the residence of his
family. . . .

Julia had long wanted to visit her family in "New Hampshire 10
and at last her desire was realized in August of 1860, when she and
Charles made the journey together. Their visit, however, was
saddened by the news of the death of their daughter, Mrs. Juliette
Whitehorn, at Manhattan in November. 11 They remained two
years in the East, returning to Kansas in March, 1862. Charles
was assigned to the Wyandotte circuit and Julia and her son again
returned to their claim at Baldwin City.

In April, 1863, Charles Lovejoy enlisted in the army, becoming
chaplain of the Seventh regiment, Kansas cavalry. 12 His son,
Charles J., had previously enlisted and was adjutant in the Twelfth
regiment, Kansas Volunteer infantry. 13 Late in the year Chaplain
Lovejoy was stationed at the Post Hospital, Corinth, Miss. Julia

6. Sumner was surveyed and platted in 1856. From 1856 to 1859 the town had a mush-
room growth, but after that it declined rapidly. It is now extinct. Sheffield Ingalls, History
of Atchison County (Lawrence, 1916), pp. 85-90.

7. Julia L. Lovejoy, "Diary," March 20, 1860.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., June 12, 1860.

10. Julia Lovejoy to her parents, July 13, 1859.

11. Juliette Whitehorn was the wife of Dr. Samuel Whitehorn. She died at Manhattan
November 20, 1860, at the age of 21. Western Kansas Express. Manhattan, December 15,
1860.

12. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1861-'65 (Topeka, 1896),
p. 214.

13. Ibid., p. 420.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 129

joined him and began teaching a school for white children during
the day and one for Negroes in the evening. This proved too stren-
uous for her and her health began to fail. Early in 1864, when the
Post Hospital was moved to Memphis and the Seventh Kansas was
ordered to Leavenworth, Julia returned to her home, reaching there
some time in February.

In the fall of that year the Lovejoy s changed their membership
to the Free Methodist church, the Methodist Episcopal church
having become too formal for Charles. 14 When the war was over
they were sent to a pastorate at Lebanon, 111. They remained one
year, then returned to Kansas, arriving in September, 1866. 15 Al-
though they continued their church work, Charles and Julia Love-
joy made their farm near Baldwin their permanent home. Here
Julia died on February 6, 1882. 16

During the early years Julia Lovejoy had been kept busy looking
after her home and family while her husband was away, sometimes
weeks at a time, on his circuit. She nevertheless found time to
keep up her correspondence for a number of newspapers. In a let-
ter to her family she wrote: "there is not one button, or patch off
of anything in my gem of a Cottage, and within less than a week,
I have sent to the press at St. Louis, Cleveland, Ohio, and Baldwin
City ten communications." 17

Some of the papers for which she wrote were: The Independent
Democrat, Concord, N. H., Granite State Whig, Lebanon, N. H.,
New York Tribune, Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass., Central Christian
Advocate, St. Louis, Mo., and the Christian Messenger, Montpelier,
Vt. She was editor of the "Ladies' Department" of The Western
Spy, Sumner, and wrote for various other Kansas papers.

Mrs. Lovejoy wrote of events taking place in the territory, the
suffering and hardships of the pioneers, relief, crops, the gold rush,
etc., but the burden of her song was the political struggle between
the Free-State and Proslavery adherents. She and her husband
were strong Abolitionists even when the name carried a stigma with
it. And the murder of Charles' cousin, Elijah P. Lovejoy, at Al-
ton, 111., by a Proslavery mob only intensified their hatred of
slavery. Julia urged her family and friends to migrate to Kansas
to help the Free-State cause. Her letters did much to attract the

14. The Western Home Journal, Lawrence, February 23, 1882; Charles H. Lovejoy to
relatives in the East, August 28, 1866.

15. Julia Lovejoy to her parents, September 10, 1866.

16. The Western Home Journal, Lawrence, February 23, 1882.
17. Julia Lovejoy to her father and mother, July 13, 1859.

9^-6009

130 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

attention of Eastern people to the struggle in the territory. They
also brought down the wrath of the Border Ruffians upon her, and
attempts were said to have been made to kill her and Mr. Love-
joy. 18 Her descriptions of Border warfare agree in the main with
historical accounts. Possibly there are some exaggerations, but she
endeavored to get the truth, saying: ". . . We always write
things just as they are, to the best of our knowledge, and if we
afterwards learn that we are misinformed, we invariably send a
correction, if the affair is of any moment." 19

At the time when Julia Love joy was writing for newspapers there
were few women correspondents in the United States. Women had
not yet been emancipated politically and it was considered unlady-
like to take part in politics. Julia had previously had little use for
women politicians and apologized for her activities. In a letter of
December 2, 1857, she wrote:

But we want to say a few things with regard to matters politically, in
this our adopted home. As much as we once hated the idea of women poli-
ticians, no true woman who has been cradled among the liberty loving peo-
ple of New Hampshire, . . . could be in Kansas, and see what we have
seen and feel what we have felt, and not wax enthusiastically zealous for
universal freedom. 20

Copies of Mrs. Lovejoy's personal letters were given to the His-
torical Society by Mrs. Ellen Emeline Webster, her grandniece.
The newspaper clippings and a diary were the gift of her son, Irving
R. Lovejoy.

II. THE LETTERS

LAWRENCE, KANSAS TERRITORY,
September 5th, 1856.

MR. EDITOR 21 I am not able to sit up but a few moments, having
had a severe attack of bilious intermittent fever, and my husband
sick with bilious fever at the same time, and our nurse, who kindly
proffered his aid, being an old gentleman upwards of 70, crippled
with rheumatism. Altogether, in these '"dark days" of crime, we
have had a sorry time of it, as every hour almost, of our sickness,
some startling intelligence of new murders and depredations saluted
our acutely nervous senses. Thanks to an ever watchful Providence,
we are both now convalescent.

Our hearts sicken at the atrocities perpetrated daily upon the

18. From unidentified newspaper clippings giving the notice of Julia Lovejoy's death,
one was written by her brother, A. C. Hardy.

19. Letter of Julia Lovejoy, dated May 26, 1859, in Zion'g Herald.

20. Letter to The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

21. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 131

innocent and unoffending. Ossawattamie has been laid in ashes,
every house burned, and four of our men killed. The gallant
Brown, while searching after his saddle, was shot dead in the street.
Fifty Ossawattamie families shelterless, are now living in their wag-
gons in the woods, endeavoring to escape these fiends in human
form Heaven and Elijah's ravens to feed them ! This was a beauti-
ful town, about the size, I think, of Lawrence. Judge Wakefield's
house and four of his neighbor's were burnt night before last. The
ruffians have burnt every Free State man's house in Leavenworth,
pressed the men into their service, at the peril of their lives, driven
the women and children, with just the clothes on their backs, into
the boats and sent them down the River. Children with no parents
to take care of them, were pushed into the boat and sent off too!
Our men have driven their army twice this week, at the North, be-
tween here and Lecompton, and near Black Jack, between this place
and Westport. At Black Jack the two armies were drawn up in line
of battle, a ravine separating them, but after viewing our brave
fellows, they concluded that running was the better part of valor,
and took to their heels, and put spurs to their horses, as though
Lucifer was hard after them, and entered Westport, (as we learned
by a lady who came in the stage yesterday from thence) and told
the people that "Lane had 10,000 men, and was coming down to
destroy the place," and they went to fortifying the town. Lane had
about four hundred men with him, all told, and they, 'tis said, num-
bered five to his one! What brave fellows these ruffians are when
they are not sucking whiskey!

Our men took a lot of teams, etc., yesterday, they had arrived
within a few miles of Lawrence, and were coming to burn the place.
A company met them, and fired once, when every man fled to Le-
compton. Not one house have our people burnt here, only the forts
that were taken honorably in war but they are burning houses,
stealing, murdering and abusing the prisoners they take, by chaining
some, threatening to scalp others and in every way make them
miserable, whilst our prisoners are treated as guests. Two seated
on their carpeted floors in their nicely furnished room, told a friend
of mine who visited them yesterday, "that when they left Platte
City to come here to fight, the ladies told them not to come back
without bringing some Yankee scalps!" They said "for the future
they should pursue a different course."

The people of Westport have great cause for alarm, for the ghosts
of murdered victims, we have no doubt, are haunting the place, and

132 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ere long their blood will be avenged! Our men have gone over the
river, to help the Delaware Indians, today. The Ruffians are steal-
ing their horses, and committing other depredations amongst them,
burning one of their houses and an Indian boy with it this will
arouse their ire, and they are a powerful tribe. Now these fellows
will find they have got somebody besides Yankees to fight! The
Sacs that passed through here, we hardly think will dare to fight us,
because they will lose their lands by so doing. A scout is now watch-
ing on Oread Mount, a few rods from my window, in the direction
of Lecompton.

All our men and teams were taken that went to Leavenworth to
get us something to eat ; when not one sack of flour could be got in
town, three men sent down the River, two killed and the teams kept.
A lady drove up to Lecompton, and told them "she wanted eleven
sacks of flour for the troops." They mistrusted nothing, as she, I
think, had been cooking for the troops with Mrs. Robinson. She
got her flour, carried it to Governor Robinson's tent, and in due time
it came safely here, but the troops will hardly grow fat upon it!
What is this to feed so great a multitude? I cannot write half the
enormities practised here I must cease or bring on a reaction of
my disease.

If any of our friends feel a disposition to contribute their mite to
aid those who are periling their lives and their all for the sake of
freedom, it will be very thankfully received. Our losses by border
ruffianism fall more heavily now in these times of scarcity for food.
Money cannot be sent safely but a check on any good Bank, St.
Louis, Chicago or any other, would answer just as well, let the sum
be ever so small. JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY.

LAWRENCE, KAN. TERRITORY,
September 19, 1856.

MR. EDITOR 22 : There have been times in life's history, when
under circumstances like those that surround us this moment it
would have been impossible for us to have written or even com-
posed our nerves sufficiently to follow one continuous train of
thought, but we have of late been so accustomed to murder and
bloodshed under the most appalling forms, we can write at the
cannon's mouth with men weltering in their gore, hard by, as we
do this morning.

The "signs of the times" betoken peace and quiet for our little

22. This letter was republished about 1887 in an unidentified paper. It may have been
first published in The Independent Democrat of Concord in 1856.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 133

city, at least for a time, after such perils, by day and by night,
as we had been through, as had well-nigh worn us out, with inces-
sant excitement, and watching our men became lax in keeping
their scouts on the lookout. Lane and his men had gone to Grass-
hopper Creek others had returned to Topeka, as our new govern-
ment [Gov. John W. Geary] had been here and promised to stand
by us, etc.

Yesterday morning, while the people were attending worship, 23
messengers came in telling us that the ruffian army, 3,000 strong, 24
was at Franklin, and soon the smoke of burning houses at Franklin
told us their whereabouts. Our men set to work at once to pre-
pare for defense, as best they could, immediately despatching a
messenger to the Government and U. S. troops at Lecompton,
twelve miles distant, and soorr every favorable position was occu-
pied, and though 100 of our Sharpe's rifles were out of town, and
our men were short of ammunition, they were told to divide their
cartridges with their neighbor till ALL WAS GONE, then take to their
bayonets, and those who had none, to use their pitchforks, as they
were liberally distributed from the stores where they were kept for
sale. I tell you, Mr. Editor, our men fight like tigers, as the sequel
proves, and has proved in all their battles, for their blood for weeks
has been at the BOILING POINT. Soon Mt. Oread, was bristling with
bayonets, and cannon peering through every port hole or along
the summit in our new fort, that looms up high on Mt. Oread, a
monument of the industry of our army during their leisure last
week.

At this stage a dense volume of black smoke told us our steam, saw
and grist mill, where we have been getting our unbolted flour to
feed the hungry multitude, was on fire at Franklin, 25 and about 4
o'clock in the afternoon the advanced guard of the enemy, 100
strong, headed by Sheriff Jones, galloped boldly toward the town,
followed by the main body with their bloody flag floating in the
breeze. 'Twas a sight sublime to see our boys, only eighty strong,
headed by the gallant Capt. Walker, gallop out to meet them, and
then wheel and turn toward town, as though running from such
overwhelming numbers, to decoy them as near as possible, and
they in full chase, when our boys turned, spread out to cover as

23. Sunday, September 14.

24. This was the territorial militia composed chiefly of Border Ruffians that Acting Gov-
ernor Woodson called into action when he declared the territory in a state of insurrection.
Andreas-Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, pp. 144-151.

25. As the disbanded soldiers were returning home they burned the sawmill near Franklin,
and on their march to Westport they stole and drove away the horses and cattle that came
in their way. Ibid., p. 151.

134 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

much space as possible, and then poured a volley of balls into
them the Missourians returned the fire and then retreated into a
ravine behind a cornfield to screen themselves as much as possible
our men then returned to town, and about twenty-five horsemen
and fifty foot-men marched out on to a high rolling prairie, and
drew themselves up in line of battle a few shots were exchanged,
when our men marched upon them, and they wheeled and fled like
frightened sheep, when our men followed hard at their heels, firing
as they went, killing three or four, and thus on and on they flew
as in a race for life, some two miles toward Franklin till they
reached their camp, when our men turned back toward town. Had
they then known our weakness, as the troops had not arrived, we
should now probably have been murdered, and our city laid in
ashes! [George W.] Dietz[l]er, just escaped from prison, shot
six times, and he says "he knows they must have taken effect."
Not a man of our company had his hair singed! Two of our boys
about the same time shot two of their scouts in a hand-to-hand
contest, as they had cocked their guns twice to shoot our boys
when the firing commenced, as our house stands a little out of
town, in a direct line from Mt. Oread fort and the enemy, expect-
ing our dwelling to be demolished by cannon balls, though built of
stone, I caught my darling babe [Irving] (now a year old) from
the bed, burning with fever, from which he has been suffering two
weeks, moaning as he went, and though just recovering from the
same fever myself and with hardly strength to walk, I rushed to
a place of safety out of town as fast as my feeble limbs could
carry me until I had walked about two miles; and as I passed
from one house to another, in my flight 'twas almost amusing, not-
withstanding the awful crisis before us to see the ruling passion
strong in such an hour. Here was one arraying herself in a nice
dress to secure it from destruction, another seizing a watch or some
other valuable to carry with them, and sir, I did clutch hold of
a bowie-knife I espied in one house, a lady friend wished me take,
but as I was rapidly making my weary way, now through bushes
and ravines, and up difficult steeps, I was afraid I would give my
own person an unlucky thrust and was right glad to get rid of it.
The scene that met our gaze beggars description women and chil-
dren fleeing on every hand to a place of safety men running to
secure the best place to fight cattle as though aware danger was
near, huddling together smoke rolling up in clouds from Franklin,
four miles distant the "smoke and flash" of our well directed

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 135

rifles, all produced a daguerreotype that will never fade from mem-
ory's vision.

Tuesday [Monday], September 15. Our government and troops
arrived yesterday and hastened down to meet the enemy and turn
them back as they hove in sight with their blood-red flag waving,
bent on our destruction. They have contented themselves during the
night in getting all the herds (from our free-state settlers), and
horses they could find in that vast bottom, stretching between
here and Franklin, and our cow we suppose among the rest, and what
we shall all do in these deplorable times heaven only knows. Will
not some of the friends of freedom help replace our lost homes, and
cow, and these other losses by ruffian hands that have brought
devastation and ruin to our homes? Last night two or three young
ladies came running into town drying bitterly, daughters of our good
brother Anderson, having run four miles from Franklin along a
bypath through the timber, bareheaded, dragging along little
children by the hand. Their house had been burned and their good,
gray-haired mother in Israel shot at, and they feared their brother's
wife, the mother of a little family, had been murdered. Think of
this, my sisters in New Hampshire, pure-minded, intelligent ladies
fleeing from fiends in human form whose brutal lust is infinitely
more to be dreaded than death itself.

Last night, about sunset, about two hundred approached the town
of Lawrence with three white flags waving ( [Ex-Sen. David R.]
Atchison was in this gang) , they were permitted to come to the foot
of Mt. Oread, when the U. S. troops met them and planted their
cannon so as to blow them to atoms if they made any attempt to
attack us, as they threatened to do, and this morning they left for
Lecompton followed by the other portion of the army that stopped
at Franklin for the night watched there by a detachment of troops.
The government thinks it is policy to let them pass on to Lecompton
unmolested. They had just left Lawrence this morning before the
troops followed them and shot a Mr. Buffum, one of our men, for
trying to rescue his horses they were stealing. 26 Oh, how our men
ached to fight them this morning and last night as they just came
from Franklin, where they had ruined so many of our people and
turned homeless on to the prairies, but the government, for good

26. "A detachment, known as the Kickapoo Rangers, belonging in Atchison and vicinity,
returned via Lecompton. On the march, within six miles of that place, a squad, leaving the
main party for purposes of plunder, came upon a lame man, David C. Buffum, plowing in the
field. They robbed him of his horse, and in answer to his protests, shot him in the abdomen,
from which wound he died shortly afterward. With his horse and a pony, also stolen, they re-
joined the main party and continued on their journey." Ibid.

136 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

reasons, no doubt, would not permit it. He gives the free state men
universal satisfaction, but we are told the ruffians tried to assassinate
him at Franklin! It looks ominous to us, after coming upon us to
destroy us, so large a force should be permitted to concentrate at Le-
compton for our own part, for the first time in all this commotion
unless help speedily comes and our governor gets a stronger force,
we have no doubt our doom is sealed ! To-day is a trying time for
our faith, My husband, by excitement and exposure, has brought on
a relapse of bilious fever, from which he has just recovered my
babe is growing worse, his fever is raging dreadfully to-day, and we
have but a few dollars left for any emergency. A few months ago
prosperity smiled upon us, but war has fallen heavily upon us and
now shall we be left single-handed and alone from all our friends to
peril our all for freedom and our New England friends stand aloof?
We have not received the first dollar from any source to help sustain
our losses, and do not expect to, as all are in trouble here, unless
our friends in the East help us a little, and hundreds are worse off
than we having no house to shelter them. We have good "claims,"
but who will buy a "claim" in this territory when war is determined
to sweep us all out?

JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY.

LAWRENCE, K. T.,
Monday, Sept. 22, 1856.

MR. EDITOR 27 : If we recollect rightly, our last thread for the
Democrat was broken off abruptly, at the shooting of Mr. Buffum,
who lingered a short time in excruciating agony, and expired, having
received the whole contents of the ruffian's rifle into his bowels, for
no crime, but endeavoring to secure his hard-earned property from
being taken before his eyes by murderous thieves. The two brothers
lived together and were trying to make them a home the other a
deaf and dumb mute. We know not what will become of him in
these perilous times. Captain Thorn, of Maine, living near by,
testifies he "had the last article of personal property he owned,
taken by them, before the troops arrived," and nothing has been re-
stored to him, or the surviving Buffum. The troops endeavoring to
arrest some of the murderous gang, a wretch, named [W. F.]
Donaldson, who was with Titus, at the taking of his fort, with horrid
oaths, declared HE should not be arrested, and fired at the troops,
hitting one of them in the shoulder, when the other soldiers rode up,

27. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 137

and with their carbines laid him dead on the spot. Then some of
the rest threw his mangled remains into their feed-box, at the back
of one of their baggage wagons, carrying him along as though he
had been a vile beast of prey ! the demoralizing effects of war!

Titus is not dead as we were informed, but has recovered from
his wounds, 28 and with murdered Jones, 29 and drunken Davy Atchin-
son, was along with this army, breathing out destruction and death
to those who treated him so kindly when a prisoner. These ma-
rauders are still committing their depredations in different parts of
the Territory. Report says, "five houses were burnt last Friday,
on 'Stranger Creek/ and also that five murders were committed ; and
among them two women, (we know not the truth of this) at Prairie
City. We saw a body of the U. S. troops, go in the direction of
the latter place, yesterday. t At the time of the murdering, and
driving out of Leavenworth, three men were together, between here
and Leavenworth, when they were fired upon by a ruffian, killing
one instantly, shooting the other through the mouth, who made his
escape, and in great pain, made his way to this place, which he
reached in two or three days, with his face blackened and burnt by
powder, and his teeth knocked out ; the ball passing out at the other
side of his face! The third man they supposed dead, as he threw
himself on the ground, but he was only wounded in the shoulder,
when they came up to him and one said, "he would make sure of
HIM," and with the breech of his gun pounded him on the head, until
he was senseless, and left him for dead. How long he lay in an
unconscious state he does not know; but when he came to himself
they were gone, and he crawled into the bushes, and managed to
keep himself secreted, day after day, crawling a little way at a
time, living on nuts and melons, not daring to speak to any one,
lest he should be a foe, until in twelve days he reached Lawrence,
fifteen miles ! This case is enough to move a stout heart. His hair
is all coming off his head, where it was mauled.

Another incident has moved my indignation as it will every son
and daughter of freedom, in the narration. When our men subdued
the little pro-slavery town of Dosocca, we are told they found two
of our men, (one belonging to the New Haven colony, who had been
taken prisoner,) chained like galley-slaves, and had actually been
made slaves of compelled to do the menial drudgery of these task-
masters! I confess, sir, I hold a near relationship to a race some-

28. Col. H. T. Titus was wounded in the head and shoulder at the capture of Fort Titus,
August 16, 1856. Andreas-Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, p. 142.

29. Sheriff Samuel J. Jones was shot, but not fatally wounded, by an unknown person on
April 23, 1856, while near Lawrence attempting to arrest Free-State men. Ibid., p. 126.

138 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

what inclined to excitability; but if this did not set the blood to
galloping through my veins with unwonted velocity, then I never
inhaled the air of the Granite Hills, consecrated to freedom forever.
. . . We never turned politician, until the wrongs of Kansas,
heaped mountain-high, compelled us to it, and as much as we hate
these gadders abroad these women-lecturers who are continually
at the old theme, "woman's rights," while the poor man at home is
in a sad plight, and perchance the crown of his hat goes, "flip flap
flip," and his pants are all out at the knee, yet, did not the state
of my sick and suffering family require my constant attention, I
would love to go "home" and try to help bleeding Kansas, whose
eyes are turned imploringly to the North, by telling my sisters in
the East, from the White Mountains to Casco Bay, from the Can-
ada-line on the North, to the remotest nook of the Granite State,
on the South, to exert their individual and associate influence, over
their husbands and brothers in favor of freedom and Fremont. We
hardly think it advisable to use coercion in the matter, as did the
good lady in the days when trap-doors were far more plenty than
now-a-days, who planned an important errand into the cellar for
her noble lord to execute, previous to his going to the ballot-box,
then deliberately shutting it and seating herself thereon, utterly re-
fused to permit him to make his egress, though he called lustily
for permission to do so, until he had pledged his word to vote for
some favorite candidate she had chosen!

There are ways without number, in which ladies in their own
proper sphere, can assist in the coming election. Let little Misses
and young ladies in their ornamental work for the parlor, have the
names of "Fremont and Jessie" wrought in choicest colors; let the
matrons in the dairy-room, make a mammoth "Fremont cheese," to
be eaten with a zest, at their annual State or County Fair. Let the
name be labelled on every free man's door-posts any way, only
keep it before the people till our object is gained, that the present
ungodly Administration may never again curse the Nation, and let
all the people say Amen. Let the name of Franklin Pierce be held
up to a Nation's scornful gaze, whom the basilisk eyes of the South
have already lured to irretrievable ruin, on whom the keen penetrat-
ing eyes of Northern freemen have been fixed, during his unprec-
edented outrages on a scattered, peeled people; and let him under-
stand a day of revenge is just at hand.

When we saw women and children fleeing from their own hearth-
stones, to escape the murderer's knife, from our "heart of hearts" we

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 139

wished that heaven would raise up some God-fearing Judith, of
apocryphal biography, if none else could be found, who would con-
front this Holofernes at the head of our enemies, and in burning,
scathing words, tell him the "Avenger of blood" is on his track, and
soon justice, human and divine, will be meted out to him. A time
will come, we doubt not, when the manly school-boy, conning his
"task" to repeat the list of "Presidents of the United States," will
wish the name of Franklin Pierce expunged from among those illus-
trious worthies, unworthy to be found in such company.

And when he vacates the "White House" for a Nation's choice,
"Fremont and Jessie," with all due deference to our "Chief Magis-
trate," we respectfully suggest that he purchase an estate in the
"Dismal Swamp" where all life long, by a "firefly lamp," he may
read the "wrongs of Kansas," traced in blood, let his covert be
those impenetrable fastnesses, where the glimmerings of the "North
Star" never come let his nightly concert be the baying of blood-
hounds close on the track of some panting fugitive, and his funeral
dirge be hissed by deadly reptiles, from their slimy bed, to quicken
the speed of the passer-by, when they hear the hated name in those
lone wilds. JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

P. S. The above is written from a sick bed ; and let none of the
friends of Julia Louisa Lovejoy attribute this to "malice afore-
thought," but the "shaking of the fever and ague," which perhaps
will "shake" out a few more items, before it passes off.

Dec. 7th/56 LAWRENCE K. T.
DEAR UNCLE AND FAMILY 30 :

Father received a letter from you last week, we were very glad
to hear from you. I was surprised to hear that you had not rec'd
any letters from us as I have written several times to you myself
and I could not understand the reason why you did not answer them.
Since the troubles have ceased our mail has been regular. I came
down here last week it having been nearly six months since I had
seen father and mother. Found them in much better health than
they had been for some time. Irving is rather unwell now the rest
of the family as well as usual. I have sold my clame on the Big
Blue and rented Fathers. I intend living here this winter. Father
wished me to say to you if you would rent your farm and come out
here it should not cost you anything after you got here. Mother says
tell Colby that Father Hardy nor none of his children have as good

30. From 18-year-old Charles J. Lovejoy to Mrs. Lovejoy's brother, Colby Hardy.

140 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

a house or live any better than she does. There are as good chances
now as ever for making claims. The Shawneese have been section-
ized, and their lands the garden of Kansas are to be opened for pre-
emption after the first day of Jan. 1857. I design taking one of
them myself. Our crops were exilent this year. The weather is
delightful, as warm as May. The Dr. [Whitehorn] and Ettie 31 are
living at Manhattan. I lieve for them tomorrow. If you have any
desire like the rest of mankind to get a pleasant home cheap and
a chance to make money, I advise you by all means to come to
Kansas. Rent your farm. Get a good place for your family and
try the coming season with us. Give my love to all the family
relations. also to Mrs. Lucindy Palmer & husband and tell them
with all my heart I wish them much joy and a happy life. Busi-
ness has returned with redoubled vigor to this country since the
troubles have ceased. I designed to have made a trip to N. H. this
fall but could not arrange my business so as to well leave. Father
has gone to Franklin to attend his appointment. He says he shall
write you a long letter soon.

Yours with respect,

CHARLIE J. LOVE JOY.

[On the last page of her son's letter Julia Lovejoy wrote:]
DEAR C[OLBY]. AND E[LIZA].: I should have answered your very
acceptable letter the hour received but was obliged to have the house
immediately for the plasterers to work on the house. We have
passed thro perilous times but now if our babe was well and our little
E[dith]. 32 did not lie in the COLD COLD grave, nothing of a tem-
poral nature would make us sad, if our friends were well. When we
write to father and mother we write to the entire family indiscrimi-
nately, we wish it so understood. how I love you all and want to
see you all, none can tell. Colby and Daniel 33 let out your farms
if you can and come here in March and take a "claim," and with the
blessing of God you may make your fortune! We have no object but
your temporal good and the cause of freedom in thought. All who
can come, will find it for their good. Months we have looked for
letters, but in vain. All write immediately, and we will tell you what
to do in coming here, if you come. I worry about father and mother
daily. must I never see them on earth? May I meet them in

31. Son-in-law and daughter, Juliette, of the Rev. Charles H. and Julia Lovejoy.

32. E'dith Lovejoy, youngest daughter of the Rev. and Mrs. Charles H. Lovejoy, died near
Lawrence on May 4, 1855, en route from Kansas City to Manhattan two months after the
family left New England for Kansas. See The Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. 11, p. 37.

33. Daniel Hardy, a brother of Mrs. Lovejoy.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 141

heaven! Love to all the family. Wilbur, Egbert, D. Scott 34 and
all come, and we will warrant you will be satisfied, if there is no
more war! The babe has fussed in my lap all the time I have been
writing.

Adieu: JULIA.

LAWRENCE K. T., Dec. 9th, 1856.
HONORED AND BELOVED PARENTS BROTHERS AND SISTERS :

We have waited in painful suspense for months to hear from you
and finally concluded some of you were dead when Colby's letter
gladened our hearts then another last night from a well-known
trembling hand that makes the eyes of all moist when we read them !
These letters are laid away sacredly to be kept in the family as a
choice memento of that dear father whom I always loved notwith-
standing my waywardness almost as my own soul. how deeply
we feel for Caroline's and Matilda's 35 family! We pray to God to
spare the blow that shall write those "little ones" motherless! We
cannot answer all the questions you ask, father, in this short letter,
for Irving is sick and has been ever since we moved here in Aug. Mr.
L. and I have been sick, the most of the time with "fever and ague"
but all are pretty well, but the babe and I think he will be running
about soon. Went alone when he was nine months old. Charles left
for Manhattan this morning with a Mr. Smith of Indiana, who has
taken our farm for the coming year. We stock it, find all to carry it
on with and have one third of the profit. Glad to do so, to have him
hold it for us, to keep it from being jumped, as Charles is a
minor. He had to sell his claim, for a tithe of its value, after he had
got a new house built, about 20 acres of corn fenced in, to prevent
having it jumped! I wish he was of age, so he could hold a claim.
He went with a Co. to survey a road from Iowa to Manhattan, hired
a man at great price, to watch our crops, but herds of cattle broke in,
and out of 500 bushels of corn there is not more than 50 left! Our
stolen horse and lost cow and Mr. L's pocket-book, and money are
still among the missing, and always will be tho his notes, and nearly
$1,000 worth of papers were brought back and carefully wrapped up
and laid beside the house! "Honor among thieves!" Our losses are
6 or 7 hundred and would have upset us in the East for awhile but we
never felt in better spirits with regard to temporalities. Charles sold
our farm horses to be taken to Illinois, a span of matched beauties,

34. Wilbur Heath, Egbert Heath and D. Scott were Mrs. Lovejoy's nephews.

35. Caroline and Matilda were Mrs. Lovejoy's sisters.

142 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

with the harness, for $365. Two hundred and fifty of this, he paid
yesterday to a pro-slavery man here for 8-city lots in Lawrence. The
slaveocrats know they must leave and are selling their claims and
city stock for half their value. One lot, no better than Charles' was
sold for eight hundred dollars. Now is the time to get improved
claims, of these fellows, for a little sum, and many at the South of us,
have left their corn in the field, houses and all for fear, and any one
who is disposed, can take possession. Kansas will be saved, we
believe, notwithstanding our defeat in the states. Wealthy men and
emigrants are pouring in weekly. Who of you will come, and by
helping freedom, help yourselves? Now is the time! Let us know
immediately. Our house is of stone, after the same model as the
Ferrisburg (Vt.) parsonage, tho larger, the entire finish of black
walnut, very nice, costing about $800. I tell you all tho we have
felt the horrors of war, if we were not in Kansas already, we would
come as soon as steam could bring us. Dear Edith's death is the
only drawback. Come on all who can. You need now have no fears
on the River. Wilbur and E[gbert] . would make their fortunes, with
God's blessing. I want to fill a sheet but must stop. Wish Dr.
W[hitehorn]. could see C[aroline]. & M[atilda]. tell us their
symptoms, that he may prescribe. He is a great Dr. in truth. Ette
is very fortunate, well and happy.

JULIA L. L.

[Part Two Will Appear in the August, 1947, Issue]

Differences in Wichita Indian Camp Sites
as Revealed by Stone Artifacts

ARCH O 'BRYANT

A DISCUSSION of Wichita Indian artifacts is not so difficult a
procedure as commonly supposed. There are plenty of ex-
amples. The writer estimates that he has viewed at least 100,000
artifacts gathered from the former camp sites of these people. Some
magnificent collections are owned in Kansas, a number by farmers
residing on the sites. Some fields are still strewn with tens of thou-
sands of pieces and chips from artifacts that no collector has trou-
bled to pick up. These broken pieces tell the story of the artifact
almost as truly as if they were whole. No effort will be made in
this paper to discuss the origin of the Wichita Indians, the limits of
their habitation, their customs, histoiy or fate. These subjects have
been covered in many writings, but it is well to state that archaeolo-
gists still hold Kansas as virtually unexplored from the standpoint
of camp site examination.

While the writer has visited many sites in south central Kansas
in the past 25 years, this discussion will confine itself chiefly to the
prehistoric and protohistoric sites of Rice, Pratt and Marion coun-
ties along with those sites known as the Zyba site in Sumner county,
the Cowley county sites north of Arkansas City and the Paint creek
site in McPherson county. Some mention will be made of ques-
tionable sites the Harper county sites dangerous to discuss be-
cause it is not certain they belong to the Wichita Indians. In gen-
eral reference to Wichita Indian sites, the Harper county sites are
excluded.

All Wichita Indian artifacts have many things in common. Typi-
cal is the triangular arrowhead, known variously as the war point,
the poison point and, erroneously by a few, as the bird point. These
points are almost paper thin in rarer specimens. In practically all
instances they are thinner than the small points of any other tribe.
The Wichita Indian point ranges from less than half an inch to two
inches in length. A few rare specimens are three inches long. Usu-
ally both surfaces of the point are worked but it is not unusual to
find a point with one or both surfaces flat with only the edges
worked. The triangular point is so typical of the Wichita Indian

ARCH O'BRYANT, a native of Marion, is city editor of the Wichita Evening Eagle.

(143)

144 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

that the conventional arrowhead of other tribes with tangs, notched
base and greater size is almost unknown. The ordinary Indian ar-
rowhead, in fact, is so rare on Wichita sites that those found are usu-
ally associated with trade or capture so far as students of Wichita
Indians are concerned. On rare instances, however, such an arrow-
head, like those found for example on an Osage Indian site, seems to
suggest Wichita Indian manufacture. One or more sides may be
flat, the material may tally with other material on the ground and
the chipping may be similar to Wichita Indian chipping. It may be
fair to assume, then, that occasionally a big arrowhead was turned
out.

Another typical artifact of the Wichita tribe is the tiny plan-
convex scraper, an artifact that is finished beautifully. The bottom
side of such scrapers is flat and usually smooth as glass. It appears
that the Indian manufacturer split his stone so as to get the flat sur-
face, placed this surface upon some flat smooth object and rounded
off the top by chipping. Such scrapers are almond shaped in most
instances, are rounded at one end and pointed at the other. There
are variations. Most of these scrapers are one to two inches long.
Some perfectly made scrapers but one-half inch long are found and
one has been located that is more than six inches in length.

The third typical artifact of the Wichita Indian sites is the lance.
The lance is practically always beveled with flat surfaces. Usually
the lance expands symmetrically from point to base. The base may
be similar to that of the conventional spear but usually the lance
terminates in either a rounded base, often too large in proportion to
the width of the blade, or the base may be pointed. Notches in such
lances are usually small with shallow indentation.

Knives usually are beveled and some specimens boast a drill ap-
pendage on one end. Relic hunters frequently refer to the Quiviran
knife. It is true that the four-sided knife appears on Wichita In-
dian sites but it is associated with this question: Is it the true four-
sided knife found along the western ramparts of the Flint hills in
Butler, Chase and Marion counties? The diamond-shaped, four-
sided knives of Butler county often are well-made affairs of im-
ported stone, typical specimens being about three inches long, an
inch in width and one-fourth inch thick. It is the writer's
opinion that more research is necessary before these Butler
county knives can be definitely associated with the Wichita Indians.
To the trained eye, there seems to be a difference between a four-
sided Wichita Indian knife and those of Butler county. The Butler

O'BRYANT: WICHITA INDIAN CAMP SITES 145

county specimen is so constructed that some collectors refer to it as
a drill.

Another typical artifact of the Wichita Indian is the maul. Some
of these mauls are among the best found in the nation. In Moore-
head's book on stone implements, now selling for as much as $35,
some of these mauls are pictured prominently. 1 They are as sym-
metrical as the modern sledge-hammer head. Ends often are per-
fectly flat and a few specimens form perfect cylinders while others
feature a slight tapering toward the ends. They are all well grooved.
The Wichita Indian usually imported stone for his finer mauls. It
appears to be a sandstone, hard but not so hard as one might expect
for a battering implement and this material comes in either red or
blue. Some geologists say the material was carried south by gla-
ciers and never is found south of Nebraska. Mauls of a crude type
of hematite are found and the- river pebble furnished material for
everyday mauls.

Most Wichita Indian artifacts are standardized. Only in drills
did the craftsman allow his imagination to run rife. He made about
every type of drill that can be found at any spot where the American
Indian camped. But even in drills the flat-sided art sometimes
crops out. One side of the delicate point may be flat or the base
may feature one flat surface, a surface made when the original blow
fractured the stone.

In view of such standardization, it might be asked how the arti-
facts from one Wichita Indian site differed from another. Except
in material used, it may be said that not too much variation did
appear.

Wichita Indians of Rice and Pratt counties used the most colorful
materials. 2 Both of these peoples liked a colorful stone described
by collectors as agate. This material runs heavily to purples, reds,
rich browns or creams shot through with colors. Some relics bear
three or more colors.

Pratt county sites give up many brown artifacts due to the avail-
ability of brown chert, this chert also being a standby on Rice
county sites. The chert often is so light in color that it may be de-
scribed as yellow rather than brown.

Marion county sites give up many artifacts of blue, blue chert

1. Moorehead, Warren K., Prehistoric Implements (1900), pp. 65, 66.

2. EDITOR'S NOTE: In a letter which accompanied this article, Mr. O'Bryant reports he
once discussed his theories with Dr. Waldo R. Wedel, a former Kansan now an archaeologist
with the United States National Museum. "Wedel," O'Bryant says, is "a very cautious man,

[and] did not wholeheartedly admit the Indians of Rice, Marion and Cowley counties were
Wichitas."

106909

146 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

from the Flint hills being at hand. Some may prefer to call this
chert grey instead of blue. The Marion county sites also feature
white and pink, and more rarely the striped pinkish Hardy flint or
chert. This latter material is said to come from the prehistoric
quarries near Hardy, Okla. The "agates" of Pratt and Rice coun-
ties are rare in Marion county. The brown and yellow chert arti-
facts of Rice county are found in Marion county but less frequently
than on the western sites. When a Marion county Wichita Indian
wanted a colorful scraper he found a river pebble of bright hues. He
used far more pink stone than any of his neighbors. This pink stone
is also found along the Missouri river on Doniphan county sites.
Some think the material originated in Arkansas. The white chert,
often greasy to the touch, is said to be a Missouri product. Large
nodules of this material still can be found on the sites of Marion
county.

The sites near Arkansas City and Zyba run heavily to the so-
called Hardy chert of pinkish hue but also produce plenty of blues
and whites. Here again the so-called agate, sugar quartz and brown
chert of Pratt and Rice counties are less frequently found.

If a box of Pratt or Rice county scrapers is lined up beside a box
filled with Marion or Cowley county scrapers, the brilliance of the
western artifacts will stand out over those of the eastern counties
like a sore thumb. One puzzles over the source of the agate of Rice
and Pratt counties. Fairly large chunks of the raw material are
found on the sites.

Although obsidian is found on all sites, obsidian artifacts are rare.
One farmer near Pratt estimates that his field gives up one obsidian
point to 50 of other material. The writer is of the opinion that only
one out of more than 200 points found in Rice county will be obsid-
ian. Small chunks of unworked obsidian are not rare in Rice and
Pratt county, however. All these chunks were carried to the sites
by the Indians, as obsidian does not occur in the natural state there.
Even the Zyba site on the Ninnescah river still gives up obsidian
although this site probably has been picked more heavily than any
other in Kansas. Collectors have a habit of picking up obsidian
bits whether or not any evidence of chipping is present.

Obsidian is very rare in Marion county. Once the writer picked
up a number of polished pebbles that obviously had been polished
through long usage in a rattle or medicine bag. Months later he
held one of the darker of these stones to the light only to discover
the material was obsidian, a material very difficult to polish smooth.

O'BRYANT: WICHITA INDIAN CAMP SITES 147

Did the Wichita Indian have the art of polishing obsidian, an art
some say was exclusive to the Maya or Inca? Or did years in a rat-
tle place the polish on the obsidian? Only one or two other speci-
mens of obsidian, to this writer's knowledge, have been found in
Marion county. Obsidian is not plentiful in Cowley or Butler coun-
ties.

Presumably the source of obsidian was the Rocky mountains.
The supply probably was obtained through trade. Pratt and Rice
counties, it may be assumed, give up the most obsidian because the
tribes living there were first to contact the traders to the west. It
is possible that the Wichitas did the trading miles to the west of
their homes and in turn traded small quantities of precious obsidian
to their brothers to the east in Marion and Butler counties. Or
again, Marion county sites may have been abandoned before the
Wichitas did much trading for obsidian. There is little evidence
that Marion county Indians settled the Rice county sites. It is in-
teresting to theorize upon this possibility but nobody knows for cer-
tain. Again, did the Wichita Indian enter Kansas at present Ar-
kansas City, one faction moving north along the Walnut river to
settle at present Augusta and later in Marion county, while the other
faction followed the Arkansas, a group taking the route west to
Pratt when the Ninnescah was reached and another taking the Little
Arkansas to Rice and McPherson counties? Investigation may trace
the route of these people.

Pueblo pottery is found on all camp sites with the possible excep-
tion of those near Marion and Augusta. Some collectors say they
have found Pueblo pottery on all sites. Certainly, more Pueblo
sherds are found in Rice and Pratt counties and at the Zyba site
than on other sites. The Arkansas City sites yield specimens but
not too frequently.

All sites give up plenty of catlinite, a material from Pipestone,
Minn. Turquoise has been located in Pratt and Rice counties. Here
again is found support for the theory that the western people en-
joyed the bulk of the trade with the peoples from the mountains.
These people with turquoise to trade probably were Pueblos.

More blue chert tomahawks, cultivating implements, hammer-
stones and knives are picked up in Marion, Butler and Cowley coun-
ties than to the west. This is only natural, as the source of material
is on the ground. Vast supplies of blue chert were lugged to Marion
county camp sites probably for future use. As a result Marion
county sites are littered with blue chert, some of it totally unworked.

148 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Many collections from Rice county hold few blue chert implements
of size although blue scrapers and points are plentiful enough. Blue
chert is to the eastern sites what brown chert is to the west.

More ornamental potsherds are found in Rice county than to the
east. This may be due to Pueblo influence, probably not.

As to workmanship, Pratt and Rice counties did not have better
stone chippers than Marion or Cowley counties. Pratt and Rice
county chippers, however, were more likely to place side notches on
their points than the arrow makers in Marion county. Probably not
more than one among 50 triangular points in Marion county bear
side notches. Side-notched points may run as high as one in ten in
Rice county. Side-notched points are frequently found at Zyba and
Arkansas City but probably not in so great a percentage as in Rice
county. There are fewer side-notchers found on Paint creek, in this
writer's opinion, than just to the west in Rice county. A notch in
the base is rare but not unknown. Such base-notched points are al-
ways notched on the sides. Zyba has given up points with two
notches on each side and a base notch for a total of five on one point.
One point from the sand hills at Maize bears seven notches but may
be regarded as a freak. A Zyba point has been found bearing but
one notch, low down on one side toward the tip of the point.

While serrated points are found they are not found frequently
enough for a comparison to be drawn; all sites produce specimens.

Once in Marion county, and again in Rice county, the writer
found points with side notches no more than one-eighth of an inch
from the tip. Such points are found in Arizona ruins but are rare on
Wichita Indian sites. The workmanship and material suggests Kan-
sas origin. Does the trail of the Wichitans reach into the South-
west? The most commonly accepted theory is that the Wichitas
split from the Caddo people of East Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana.

Limestone manos are found in Marion county. A sandstone that
on first glance appears to be limestone also was used. To the west,
sandstone manos were used almost exclusively. Some red sandstone
manos have been found in Cowley county, but limestone, vast quan-
tities being on the spot, was used in most cases.

All sites yield about the same type of shaft polishers, knives,
drills, metates, bone implements, lances, pipes and mauls.

From the foregoing, it may be seen that trade and availability of
material led to the chief differences to be found in the artifacts of
the various Wichita sites in Kansas. The western part of the area
is more likely to produce notched points than the eastern.

O'BRYANT: WICHITA INDIAN CAMP SITES 149

The writer knows of no European articles ever being found on a
Marion county site. Writers refer to such objects appearing in ex-
cavations in Rice county.

With the exception of pipestone (catlinite) little stone polishing
took place. While the chipped chert, flint or hematite tomahawk is
found, the polished ax is so rare that many collectors have never
found evidence of one. The boatstone, bannerstone, plummet, bird-
stone and polished celt of the East are lacking.

Bits of buffalo-shoulder bone spades are found on all sites. While
some chert blades have been found in Marion county which might
pass as spades, it is more likely that they were used as knives or cul-
tivating tools. The flint spade of the moundbuilders is not present.
There is a decided scarcity of beads.

The most puzzling site of definite Wichita culture is to be found
near Maize. Here shifting sandhills give up artifacts. The hills are
shot through with buffalo bone and bits of flint, specimens often be-
ing buried to the depth of 20 feet. Apparently the Indians camped
directly on these hills. The old bed of the Arkansas, now known as
the Big Slough, is adjacent. Why sandhills with poor footing should
be chosen for a camp site cannot be determined. Usually the Wich-
itas liked to make camp on firm ground.

The city of Wichita lies over a prehistoric Wichita Indian site.
Owing to the inroads of modern civilization no study of artifacts
from this site can be made. One guesses the artifacts would compare
with those at Zyba, 20 miles to the south, or Maize, 14 miles to the
northwest. Material and workmanship from Maize and Zyba are
similar.

The writer would like to call attention to the Harper county sites
where there is much evidence pointing to Wichita Indian occupation
and about as much evidence pointing the other way. Triangular
points are found that might well be of Wichita Indian make. But
the sites give up a remarkable number of five-notched points, two
notches on each side and one in the base. Now and then a regula-
tion-sized arrowhead is found of a type far different from any found
on a Wichita site. Although this writer has viewed thousands of
artifacts from the sites, he has never seen a lance or spear. No frag-
ments of spears are found. The four-sided knife is common. One
collector picked up five of these knives in one day. They differ from
the Butler county type, being more like those from western Kansas
sites. Effigy pottery is found. A perfect effigy of a turtle was un-
covered. Certainly this turtle was not the work of a Wichita In-

150 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

dian. It points to Arkansas. Bones, highly decorated by carving,
are dug from the sites. Many scrapers are of the same type as those
found on Wichita Indian sites but they are usually inferior in work-
manship. Manos are different. Pottery pipes, similar in design to
those found in the East and South, are dug up. Collectors living in
the vicinity of these sites point to Osage occupancy. Then why the
lack of spears? It is a question for time and the trained archaeolo-
gist to decide.

A Hoosier in Kansas
The Diary of Hiram H. Young, 1886-1895

Pioneer of Cloud County
PART FIVE, 1894-1895 CONCLUDED

Edited by POWELL MOORE

JANUARY, 1894

J 1 Monday. Good day. John & Harry Thompson started for
Kansas city Mo. to attend veterinary college. F. A. Thompson
Mrs Thompson Jennie Thompson, Harry Thompson & school
Father of Dis. No 56 Called this morning. Beautiful Day for the
time of year. School commenced again this Morning, in Our Dis.
no. 76. Answered labor commissioner letter.

2 Tuesday. Pretty Decent day went to town after Dinner.
Broke Swingle tree for Buggy, cost 55^. Received notice that
my Pension claim was rejected. Tally one for Reble Hoax Smith.
The time will come [when] the Rebels will not control this govern-
ment.

3 Wednesday. Cloudy & cold in the morning. Threatened
storm. But Broke away after noon & evening and night very Pleas-
ant. Mother and I went to Aurora to Knights of Pythias installa-
tion and supper. Good turn out and Good Supper. After installa-
tion and supper, Dancing and High (5) were in order. Took 1
chance in a big cake but lost. Home 2 A. M feeling good.

4 Thursday Bright and clear George went to Mill. 6 Bush-
els of Wheat,

5 Friday. Cloudy & cold high wind North east. George vis-
ited at the center afternoon. H & George Snavely called & I sold
them a load of straw for $1.00 Al Norton Called & I sold him 2
Stee[r]s for $30.00 He to take them Monday or Tuesday.

6 Saturday. Clear & cold 2 Degrees belo[w] zero, went to
town after noon. John Swanson Paid me $15.40 on note. Balance
Due $5.40.

7 Sunday Pretty fair Jim Bertram called. George went to
town after Dinner a foot.

8 Monday. Clear & cold. Elder Dr Rev Bushong called to day
also Dan. Empson & Lady.

DR. POWELL MOORK, of 444 Highland, Hammond, Ind., is assistant professor of history at
the Calumet Center of the Indiana University Extension Division. His wife, a daughter of
George A. Young, is a granddaughter of Hiram Young, the diarist.

(151)

152 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

9 Tuesday. Clear & cold. Down to zero Dan. & Mrs Empson,
Hen. & Mrs Snavely and A. D. Goble Called. Went to Alliance
meeting in the evening. Hom[e] 10:15 P. M. Freddie Staid at
home to day too cold to go to school

10 Wednesday. Clear & cool. Hauled 1 load of corn for Jack
Matthews to Aurora. 48.52 Ibs. Sent Dr. John Young cash
$20.00 Home at dark.

11 Thursday Bully Day. Fine day Hauled 1 load of corn to
Aurora for Colonel J. T. Henderson. Big Jo. Bertrams Daughter
Buried to day. Lady Ward Called and Bought No 178 in cemetry
Ou[r] School Mother Called this evening and Staid all night.
Mother Mable and Miss Tiff Called on Dan. Empson this eve.

12 Friday. Good day. went to Rice in forenoon. Mother was
at Dan Empson until 3 P. M. went to town Started 3 P. M.
Failed to find George Staid in town with Dr McCasey. Attended
chapter.

13 Saturday. County Alliance, was Re elected Co. President.
Home a little after dark. Sold 2 Steers for $30.00 Friday. Charley
came out home with me, also Frankie McCasey. Good county meet-
ing to day.

14 Sunday. Good day. George went to town Ida Kellen-
barge[rl went home. Charley is here to day.

15 Monday, fine day. warm and Pleasant. Charley went to
town. I went to Rice this forenoon & to Jack Matthews in the
evening. Jacks Kid is sick also Lady Empson.

16 Tuesday. Good day went to town. Paid Joe. Henley $1.00
for my subscription to the Voice for 1894 Paid Blade Cash $2.00
for Blade for 1894 for myself at Rice and V. A. Stewart Wolf Lake
Indiana. Paid Alliant Cash $1.00 for Alliant for 1894. Home
4:30 P. M Gottlieb Husch[er] rode home with me.

17 Wednesday, cloudy & cold. Wash day. Jack Matthews
Called this morning early.

18 Thursday. Fine day. went to Rice. John Campbell Called
to Buy some Horses. Dr McDonald Called to see Charley. I went
to Jakes this morning. Loaned Grand Pap our cart. Fred Ward
Called to day.

19 Friday. Cloudy & Disagreeable. Ground covered with Snow
this morning. Commenced to mist about noon and continued until
dark. Went to town after noon for George. Home a little before
Dark, very Disagreeable. Dark. George & Mabel went to Enter-
tainment at the School house.

HIRAM H. YOUNG, 1842-1919

An early resident of Cloud county whose diary is con-
cluded in this issue.

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MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 153

20 Saturday. Pretty good day. Lady Matthews Called this
morning George went to Aurora this morning Jim Shafer Called
this evening. Mother & I went to Jack Matthews this evening.

21 Sunday. High wind north. F. A. Thompson & wife visited
us to day. Jack Matthews Called and Borrowed our cart, and
cough medicine for Charley.

22 Monday. Clear & cold high wind north. George went to
town this morning. Came home in the evening.

23 Tuesday. Stormy Snowed a little last night. Blowing and
Most Disagreeable. Genuine B[l]izzard 2 P. M. 4 Degrees below
Zero, and still freezing. Old Man Goble watered his horses and
went to Rice for coal. The worst day this winter. 6 P. M. 8
Degrees below zero. Fearful" Stormy mean bad day. Grand
Mother Pierce is very Sick. Heartfailure. George at home Did
not go to town this Morning.

24 Wednesday. Clear & cold. 16 Degrees below zero. The
coldest this Winter. Jim Shafer called to day. George went to
town this Morning. Truman Pierce came last night, His mother
being very sick, but little hopes of her recovery, wind turned to
East & South east toward evening. 8:30 P M 2 Degrees above
zero.

25 Thursday. Cloudy & cold wind South east, went to Rice
after noon for coal 1500 Ibs $3.50 one Ib. Tobacco .45 = $3.95
The old Man under the weather. Grand Pap Groves Called.

26 Friday. Clear & cold 8 Degrees above zero. Dan. Empson
Called Went to town after noon. Wash Day. George came home
with team staid all night with Dr McCasey. Attended chapter.
Confered the Past Maste[r]s Degree on H. W. Barber. Bought a
hatchet .50, 2 cigars & Tobacco lOff Total 70^.

27 Saturday. George came to town after me. Home 1:30 P. M
Renewed my Policy in the Knight [s] of Columbia. Paid Dr Raines
for examination 50^, 70ff & 50 $1.20

28 Sunday. Cloudy & cold. High wind north west. George
went to Rice and from there to town. Gave him $10.00 Dollars
School Money to buy him self Shoes & pay on his board.

29 Monday. Good day. Mother & I went to George Lamans,
town Board Meeting. Truman Pierce Called also Jack Matthews.

30 Tuesday, cloudy & cold. High wind north. Mother & I
went to town, with Dick, Alex Flora & Mell 50 Was offered $40.00
for Flora $27.50 for Alex. A darned Shame Truman and Manley

60. Dick, Alex, Flora and Mell were horses.

154 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Pierce called to look at our farm. Grand Pap Groves Called, and
borrowed our cart. We had Dinner with Dr McCasey. Home at
dark. Feodore Loeffler Called to day.

31 Wednesday. Clear & cold High wind north. Grand Pap
Groves Called. Also Fedore Loeffler and Paid $60.00 on his note.
Balance Due $53.00 There is a credit now on his note of $90.00
The old man on the lift.

February, 1894

1 Clear & Pleasant. Wash day. Charley went to Rice after
noon. The old Man indisposed. Lady Empson Called. Paid her
Cash $2.28 for 51 Ibs beef at 4J# in full for all demands

2 Friday Good day. Went to town after noon. Deposited
$130.00 in Cloud co Bank. George Came home with me attended
Alliance at the center in the evening. Was elected Pres. for the
3rd time. Home 10:20 P. M.

3 Saturday. Cloudy & cold. Went to town with Goble. High
wind N Bough [t] over coat and Hat $13.00 Home 5 P.M.
Sawdy and wife here. Staid all night.

4 Sunday George took Sawdy & wife to Mat Wilcox. Jake
Matthe[w]s & wife Called, also Dr. McCasey & family and old Man
Groves. Pretty fair day.

5 Monday. Pretty cold Started for Topeka. Walked over
to Soonover. Went to Concordia from there To Topeka Rail
road fair from Soonover to Topeka and return $5.25 Arrived in
Topeka 3: 15 P.M.

6 Tuesday. Attended national alliance met many Southern
representative men.

7 Wednesday Went to Asylum and vis [i] ted Dr. [J. H.]
McCasey 51 and staid all night at the asylum. Poor place to stay.
Succeeded in getting places for Charley and Bently and Jennie
Ward.

8 Thursday Still in Topeka

9 Friday. Genuine B[l]izzard Started home, train 1:15
late Arrived in Concordia 7:15 P.M. Staid all night with Dr
McCasey.

10 Saturday. Cold & cloudy. Home at noon. All well but
Charley & Lottie Shook up by a runaway, and buggie Smashed.

11 Sunday. Blizzard 6 Degrees above zero. The following
callers yester day Goble, Dan Empson Grand Pap Groves, Mr.

51. Dr. J. H. McCasey was superintendent of the state hospital for the insane, Topeka, in
1894 and 1895. Kansas Historical Collections, v. 16, p. 689. He previously had been a
practicing physician and surgeon at Concordia. Concordia Blade, January 26, 1894.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 155

Lewis & Fulferd. This is a fearful bad day. Stormed all day. High
wind north. Fearful Storm. Snowed all day. Drifted badly.

12 Monday. Clear & cold Zero this morning. I took George
to Rice this after noon.

13 Tuesday. Clear & cold. Just zero, this morning. Pleasant
Mrs & Dan Empson called. Ike Reeves brought our mail

14 Wednesday Pretty good day. Dan Empson brought our
mail

15 Thursday. Clear & cold 2 Degrees below zero. Henderson
& Jo LeClare Called also a peddler. Mother visited at Jack Mat-
thews.

16 Friday Clear & cold high wind South. Gottlieb Huscher
Called this morning to buy our farm but could not agree on the price.
Wash day. The Old Man on'the lift.

17 Saturday Warm & pleasant George & I went to Rice this
morning for coal of [for] School house. Roads bad Could only
bring 1500 [pounds] George Went back after dinner for the bal-
ance 500 Ibs. Snow about all gone. Roads fearful. Dan Empson
called this morning Warm & Pleasant, clear & bright.

18 Sunday. Warm & Pleasant Snow about all gone. Grand
Pap Groves Called to day.

19 Monday. Pretty Decent day

20 Tuesday. Fearful cold. Stormed Snowed & Blowed. Went
to town from Soonover. Bad day. Co. Alliance. Slim crowd.
Professor Gain[e]s 52 spoke in eve. Staid all night with Dr. Mc-
Casey. Saw W Hendee.

21 Wednesday. Came home on train to Soonover. Charley
went to Rice after noon. I went to Jakes after dinner.

22 Thursday Washingtons Birth Day. 162 years old to day
May God continue to bless him. High wind north and cold.
Killed 2 Hogs. Dan Empson and wife helped us. Charley Started
for Topeka. Dan & wife here this eve to help us make Sausage.

23 Friday cloudy & cold, went to Rice. Expected 0. W.
Hendee but he failed to put in. Bought coal $3.05 coffee 55^
Total $3.60 Jack Matthews called Also Hen. Snavely and sold
him 5 Bus wheat = 2.00 Ladies Bell & Empson called. George
came home this eve.

24 Saturday. Pretty good day. George went to Rice for our
mail. Mother went to old man Pierce's. George and I went to
Alliance meeting at the center.

52. Henry N. Gaines w&s state superintendent of public instruction. Kansas Historical
Collections, v. 16, p. 662.

156 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

25 Sunday. Good day. Jack L Matthews Called early. Dr.
McCasey & family visited us to day. George went to town this
after noon.

26 Monday. Good day. Wash day. Mother & Lottie Called
on Martha & Jack [in] after noon. Goble called in fore noon.

27 Tuesday. Pleasant Went to town. Sold 6 Hogs weight
1350 [@] 4% Total $57.37 Gifford paid me $60.75 Returned
to him $3.30 = $57.45 Henderson helped me load Paid M. V. B.
Sheafor Cash $3.00 for lodge Dues for 1894 Gave Mother
$20.00 Paid Mrs. McCasey Cash $5.00 on Georges board.
Home in good season. Mother, Freddie & I called on Bolens in
the eve. Jack Matthews moved on to his own farm. Bolen took
his place on the Slutman farm.

28 Wednesday. Cloudy & muggy. Mother & Lottie went to
town Kids at school. A D Goble called Also Hon. Snavely
Sold him a load of Straw, cash $1.00 Lady Bales Co. Superin-
tendent Called and staid all night

March, 1894

1 Thursday. Good day. We all went to Goble to an Alliance
oyster Supper.

2 Friday Good day. went to Aurora. Paid my Dues to
Knights of Pythias Lodge $1.25 Bought lumber. Owe Fred
Martin $1.05 George came home this evening. Sent John $15.00

3 Saturday. High wind South. Shelled 400 bushels of corn.
By Davis & Cross Paid Jim Shafer cash 75^.

4 Sunday. High wind South. Cloudy Rained a little. Thun-
dered. Stormy. George went to Bolens this mo[r]ning Paid him
his check $35.00 Lady Empson called. She was afraid of the
coming Storm. George went to town a foot this after noon.

5 Monday. Cloudy Disagreeable Rained & Misted & froze
Bad day wind North. Went to town. Took Cultivator shovels
and Buggy Wheel. Infernal Shame that it was broken. Bought
young Calf from Decker. Paid him $2.50 [?] for it. Brought
Stalk cutter from Stillingers. Hauled 2 loads of Straw.

6 Tuesday. Cloudy & cool Went to Rice in forenoon. Com-
menced to cut stalks after noon. Cut 3 acres J. T. Henderson
called in the evening for instruction about assessing

7 Wednesday. Cloudy & cold & Disagreeable. Cut stalks,
5% acres. Old man Newingham called. & Loaned him my wagon.

8 Thursday. Clear & cold in the morning. Wash day. Cut 6
acres of stalks. Newingham returned my wagon. Price Bros. &

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 157

Morgan Called in the evening. Sold them Dick for $55.00 Too
infernal cheap.

9 Friday. Good Day. Cut stalks. Sold Flora for $50.00 Too
cheap. Hen & George Snavely Called and I traked [traded?]
Jumbo for Hen Snavely's 3 year old Gray Mare. It looks like
giving Something for nothing. The man that bought Dick Called
and paid for him & took him away. Loaned him bridle circingle
and Rope. Loaned Snavely collar & rope. Lady Bolen Called.
Also horsemen from Concordia Gave Mother $50.00

10 Saturday. Fearful wind & Dust from west & North west
Awful wind & Dust. John came home this morning. George cut
stalks in forenoon. John went to Rice for our mail. George & I
attended Alliance in evening. Home 11:15 P. M

11 Sunday. Decent Day. Boys Drove Eli this morning for
the 1st time went to Rice for our Mail. Mother & I went to
Kellenbargers.

12 Monday. High wind west & North west. Harrowed. John
George & Lottie went to town and to Mill 6 Bushels. Did not
get Buggie wheel. Warm. F. A. Thompson Mrs. & Jennie Thomp-
son called in the eve.

13 Good day. J. T. Henderson Called this morning. John went
to Bertrams also Fred Koester's. John & I went to town after
noon. Drove Eli Paid for sharpening cultivator shovels 2.80
Halters & Rope 2.00 Axel grease 350 1 Bottle Beer 250 Total
$5.40 Burned part of South Road in the evening Onion set 600
$6.00 Brought Huschers Drill home with us.

14 Wednesday. Good day. John Drilled in Oats. I went to
Aurora in evening. Attended Knights of Pythias lodge. Benoni
Ledoux took second Rank of Esquare [Esquire?]. Home 11:40
P M Bolen called. Got Whiskey & Rock Candy for him.

15 Thursday. Good day. John finished drilling oats. Dan
Empson called this morning. Sowed 20 acres of Oats with seeder
after noon. Returned seeder to W. A. Pierce's. A D Goble Called
twice During the day.

16 Friday Fearful wind South. Commenced to cultivate in
Oats. Mother went to Rice this morning to meet Madam Child
A woman Sufferageist who spoke at the center this evening. House
full. Considerably Disgusted. Had I remained at home I would
not of changed my opinion. Home 11 PM George Came home
this evening. Mother was called to Ike Reeves about midnight.
Mrs Ike being very sick.

158 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

17 Saturday. Fearful wind & dust South. Mrs. Lady Child
went to Rice this Morning with Neighbor Henderson. Boy culti-
vating in Oats Mother Home a little after noon. Bad Bad Day.
Disagreeable Lewis & Daughter stop[p]ed in during the storm.
Also Dan Young and Mr Johnson The most terrific Storm of
wind and Dust I ever Saw. Terrible Storm, wind & Dust. Between
5 & 6 P. M Awful Storm.

18 Sunday. Cloudy & cool Rained a little early this morning
Boys went to Rice this morning for our Mail. Mean Disagreeable
day. John Bought a pair of Shoes

19 Monday. Cloudy & fizzled a little in forenoon. Finished
cultivating in Oats at noon. John Harrowed after noon. Old Man
Spargur called this afternoon. Also W. H. Bolen. & loaned him
our Iron Kettle.

20 Tuesday. Rained a little & cloudy all day. finished har-
rowing Oats ground. Returned Bolens Harrow. John, Mother &
Lottie went to town. Lottie started for Topeka. Bolen brought
Our Mail from Rice, John Drove Mary Ellen to Rice this evening

21 Wednesday. Pleasant in forenoon. Mother & I went to
town after noon. A little after we started the wind came up and
blowed fearful. Wind changing to west. Toward evening turned
cold. Drew $62.50 School money Deposited it with $90.00 of my
own money in cloud co. Bank. Left $1.40 at C. A. Betournays for
Huscher for use of Drill. Home before dark & still getting colder.
9 P. M. very cold. High wind west.

22 Thursday. Cloudy & Disagreeable. High wind west and
North west. Cold. Old gentleman [Matthew] Naillieux Buried to
day. Age 63 years 6 months & 5 days old. Bolen & wife Called
this morning. Returned our Kettle. Bad Disagreeable day. Cold.

23 Friday Pretty Decent day. Helped Goble take up & put
down his pump. Went to town after Dinner. Attended Chapter.
N. B. Brown took Mark Master Degree. Staid all night with Dr.
McCasey.

24 Saturday. Cloud [y ]& cold. Wind north. Came home with
W. H Bolen. Gave Dr McCasey check for nine $9.00 for John a
watch. Home Mother & I went to town. Started at 5:30 P. M
Forgot my over alls left them at Fred. Grunwalds Found them
there. Attended lodge Chapter. Earl V. D. Brown received Mark
and Past Master Degrees. We staid all night with Dr McCasey.
Eli Covered Maud. Time Feb 24, 1895

25 Sunday. Easter. Home 11 A. M. Mother & I went to
Thompsons. Clear & cold. Home 5:30 P. M.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 159

26 Monday. Clear and cool Plowed Potato Ground. I went
to Bowlens after noon. Hon. Snavely called this evening. Wash
day. 10 Degrees above zero this morning.

27 Tuesday. Clear & cold wind south. Dusty. Bad Dis-
agreeable day. John hauled Manure. Bill Pierce brought our mail.
Cold. John went to Rice in evening. A. D. Goble & W. H. Bolen
called to day

28 Wednesday. Here is another . . . day. Cold & Fearful
wind from the north. Dusty and Disagreeable day. John took the
Kids to School this morning. Awful wind & Dust. John Brought
the Kids from School. Wind abated toward evening. Sousie Bulled
by Jims Black bull. Time Dec 28, 1894

29 Thursday. Clear & cold. F. A. Thompson & Lady Called this
morning. John went to Aurora Drove Mell & Eli.

30 Friday. Clear & cold. High Wind South. Hauled a gag
[jag?] of hay. Eli Covered Maud this morning. Last day of Our
School Mother & I attended school. Had big dinner. John went
to town after George. Fearful Wind & dust after noon. Awful
Dust. Good attendance at school. Made a little speech to the Kids.

31 Saturday. Pretty Decent day. Mother sick. John went to
Aurora for Dr McDonald. George went to Aurora in evening for
Medicine the Dr did not have with him. Also a cyringe. Lewis
Lawrence Called to get colts for Pasture, at 50^ each per month.
Engage 4 for his pasture.

April, 1893 [1894]

1 Sunday. Good day. Mother better. John took George part
way to town. Gave Mrs Dr McCasey check for $5.00 for Georges
Board. I went to Aurora after noon to consult Dr. McDonald.
Cloudy and wind East and South east. John took George part way
to town. Dr McDonald's Baby very sick. Met Dr Priest of Con-
cordia Also Dr [S. V.] Fairchild of Miltonvale at Dr McDonalds.
John & Mabel went to the center to church this evening. Mollie
Goble and Mrs Henderson Called Mother Better Paid C M
Troup $1.25 Knights of Pythias dues.

2 Monday. High wind South. Dusty and Disagreeable. Went
to Aurora after dinner Commenced to plow for corn. Used Eli %
day. Dr McDonald Baby a little better. Ladies Thompson &
Bolen called.

3 Tuesday Wind north & fearful Dust. Mean Disagreeable
day. Went to Bolens and helped take up his pump Bolen E. P.
Reeves and A. D. Goble helped me take up our pump and put it

160 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

down. Hen Snavely Called. Also Will Walno, and Peddler. John
Plowed.

4 Wednesday. High wind north. Freddie & I went to Rice
after Dinner. A D Goble. Received a letter from Virge Stewart.
John & I went to Aurora in the evening

5 Thursday Good Decent day

6 Friday Fearful wind & Dust Freddie & I went to town
after noon & brought George home Threatened rain but all blowed
away. Home a little before dark. Dr McDonalds little Girl died
this morning. C. F. Roger & Don. Atwood called this after noon.
John got his watch to day. A gold watch for nine Dollars

7 Saturday. Fine day. Planted Potatoes Peas & Parsnip [s].
Attended the funeral of Dr McDonalds little Girl, at Sulphur
springs. Larg[e] funeral Precession. Home Just before dark.
Dr Rev. Bushell preached the funeral Sermon, & a good one.

8 Sunday. Cloudy. Rained & Hailed a trifle, wind changed
to north west and Blowed a fearful gale of dust & wind.

9 Monday. High wind N. W George Drove to town and back
in evening Lizzie Bertram called also one Straw buyer and one
Beggar Eli covered Mary Ellen in the evening

10 Tuesday. Pretty good day. Wash day. Went to Rice [in]
after noon. F. A. Thompson Called this evening

11 Wednesday. Pretty good day. Ladies Kellenbarge[r],
Reev[e]s & Miss Huscher, Grand Pap Groves called. Dr John
Had a call to Waltons.

12 Thursday. Wind East & N. E. John Plowing.

13 Friday. Rained a little last night and this morning. Mother
went to town with George. Leoffler Heifer Bulled by little Peter
Bull. John plowing. I went to town after noon. Rained good.
Attended chapter. N. B. Brown took Past Masters Degree Rained
good during the night. Staid all night at Dr McCasey. Had
Brexfast with Democrat Smith. Had our plow sharpened. Bought
George Suit of clothes, Saturday morning.

14 Saturday. Home 11 A M cloudy. John went to Aurora.
George went to Rice for our Mail

15 Sunday. Good day. Kids went to Sunday School, and
church at night. Charley Pierce was here also George Reeves
Kids. Dan Empson and Lady Called. Wrote a letter to William
Lochran commissioner of Pensions in relation to my claim.

16 Monday. Pretty good day. plowed and Planted Onions.
Eli Covered Mell. Time March 16, 1895

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 161

17 Tuesday, warm & cloudy threatened rain. Sowed Let-
tuce Seed. Made Fence. High wind. S. 8:15 P. M commenced
to rain and hailed a little. Grand glorious good rain. Thank
God for it.

18 Wednesday. Clear & Pleasant 10 A. M All bustling
around getting ready for the wedding at Thompsons. Good Rain
last night. Henderson & Bolen Called this morning. Mother, John,
Mable Freddie and the old Man went to Thompson's to the wed-
ding of Miss Jennie and Alvin Wilkens Grand good dinner
Home 5:30 P. M Rained a little. Henderson was here.

19 Henderson brought his cattle here to have them De Horned.
Went with Henderson to town Rained a little Had a round up
with George Marshall. J J McFarland of Clyde and Brother Hull,
visited the Boys at the court^House. Home just before dark High
wind North west & cold. John had a call to Gardener's

20 Friday. Cold mean day.

21 Saturday. Pretty fair day. Planted Potatoes. John had a
call to Gardeners. John went to Rice in evening. George & I
went to Alliance in evening.

22 Sunday fined [ay]. John was called to Thompsons. Mother
& Mabel visited Bolens in evening. Freddie visited at Pierces. Dr
Thompson called this eve.

23 Monday. Good day. Wash Day. John called to Gardner's
I plowed in his absence. E. P. Reeves called this eve, brought our
Mail.

24 Tuesday. Good day. Commenced to plant corn. George
sick. Dr. McCasey Called in evening and had Supper with us.
Representative of Topeka Press Called to day.

25 Wednesday. Good day. John Planted corn, the old man
plowed, cloudy & misted a little.

26 Good day. Thursday

27 Friday. Good rain last night. Kit Goble Called to day.
Boys attended the woman meeting at the Center.

28. Saturday, went to town with Thompsons. Attended County
Alliance. Good meeting. Home 6:30 P M. High wind and Dusty,
Disagreeable day.

29 Sunday. High wind W S E Cloudy. John called to G.
L. Reeves. Little Jersey Heifer calved 25 Days before time Bull
calf.

30 Monday, cloudy & high wind South east. Disagreeable

116909

162 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Attended town Board meeting at Henderson after noon. Plowed in
forenoon. John cultivated. John Planted after noon.
May, 1894

1 Pretty decent day. Cultivated all day. fearful tired. Bolen
called this eve & John cut Phelix.

2 Wednesday Mother & Mabel went to town. Frankie Mc-
Casey Came home with them. Fea [r ] ful wind & Dust. Wind South
west John cut Maginty this morn [ing] Bolen came before Brex-
fast. Lewis got seed corn But no pay. Luney called for Straw
to fill his beds. Charley Pierce came to play with Fred. 2 Ladies
stop[p]ed for water. Black Sow Piged. Eli Covered Mary Ellen.
Commenced to rain 10 P. M Good rain

3 Thursday, fine day. Grand glorious good rain last night.
Everything looks encouraging this morning. A D Goble Called this
morning for water.

4 Friday. Cloud [y]. Good rain. Hailed Hard for awhile. Mrs
Bolen called this morning

5 Saturday. Cloudy, otherwise Pleasant. Worked at Grave
yard in fore noon. After noon Boys took 4 colts to Lewis Lawrence
pasture Maud, 3 years old, Bay. Sail, 3 years old Bay. Maggie
1 year old Brown Lucy 1 year old Brown 50^ per month
each. I went to town with Gardner and Woolard. Home in good
Season. Received a letter from Nellie & Virg with note to J. C.
Zimmerman give[n] April 10 1882 for $150.00 Said note Paid in
full May 2nd 1894 Daniel Ward Called.

6 Sunday. Good day. Boys went to Sunday School. Judge
Stoner stop[p]ed this morning. Dan Empson & family visited us
to day. Dr. McCasey Called and took Frankie home Mabel went
with them

7 Monday. Good day. John cut stalks. I went to town to
Mill. 6 Bus. wheat 2 of corn Home 2 P. M. Freddie went with
me. Mabel came home with us.

8 Tuesday. Good day. the old Man cut stalks. John com-
menced to list corn. Elmer Henderson Called in the evening. John
Called to Woodruffs to castrate a colt.

9 Wednesday. Good day. John listing the old Man shelled
seed corn & Plowed potatoes & Planted melons & Beans. Gardner
brought old Lady Reeves here this eve. Bolen Brought our mail.
Commenced to Rain about 7PM and rained good, and still raining
at 9 P. M

10 Thursday. Clear & cold. High wind North. Good rain last

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 163

night. Lewis called this morning for seed corn. Everything looks
promising

11 Friday. Good day. Finished pla[n]ting corn. Planted
Sweet corn. John went to Rice this after noon. John cut Eli this
morning. Bolen & E. P. Reeves Called this morn [ing]. Wash Day.
Wind South & cool. Delforge Called also Bill & Henry Price.
Loaned our Lister to Price Bros. Salvation Army Sufferagists meets
this evening [at] the Center. Fine Weather.

12 Saturday. Good day. Went to town. Bought Potatoes
Peaches and Beans. Home 7 P. M John went to Aurora and sold
one load of corn, 47 Bus [@] 30^ per Bushel = $14.10

13 Sunday. Clear & high wind South. Children went to Sunday
School in fore noon. After noon John Mother went to Stoners place
to Singing. George went some place. I dont know where. Young
Cole Called to See George after noon. Charley Pierce came home
with Fred from Sunday School.

14 Monday. High wind South Commenced to cultivate corn.
The old man Petered out the 1st day.

15 George quit school Boys cultivated corn 13 acres. Cleaned
House yesterday & to day. Mollie Goble the Boss. Show at the
School house this evening. The old Man on the lift. Awful & fearful
tired stiff & sore. Horse Buyer called. Henderson sold one of his
mares for $70.00 awful cheap.

16 Wednesday. High wind South west Boys cultivating Corn.

17 Thursday. High wind North west. Wash day. The old Man
on the lift went to town with Goble Bought Hats and Socks $1.20
cigars 10^ Beer 25^ Dinner 25^. Total $1.80 Home in season.
Boys cultivated corn.

18 Friday Fearful cold. Clear & cold. Boys went to town
with corn. Sold for 30^. George Bought shoes.

19 Saturday Big Frost this morning coocked [sic] Tomatoes
Beans, Corn and weeds. Something Most extraordinary such a
frost so late in May. Mother, Mabel & Grandmother Reeves went
to town this afternoon. Boys made fence around the orchard.
Clear cold. Slight wind North East.

20 Sunday. Clear & cool. Kids attended Sunday School.
Mother & I visited after noon with Hendersons also called on
Gardners. Kids attended church in th[e] evening at the Center.

21 Monday. Clear & cold. Boys cultivating corn. Mother &
the old Man went to town after noon. Mother Staid to take in
the woman sufferage Meeting for 2 days. Had bottle Beer with
Carnahan & Dave Turner. Dr Pigman called this eve.

164 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

22 Tuesday. Cloudy & cold. Finished plowing checked corn
the first time. John & I went to the Caucus and Both of us
elected delegates to the co. convention J. T. Henderson Called in
the eve. Mother still in town.

23 Wednesday. Cloudy & cool. John & Freddie went to town
after Mother. Plowed our Potatoes. Judge Stoner Called this
morning Boys took Maginty & Phelix to Lawrences Pasture this

after noon. Mother went to D H S Lady

S S being very sick nervous Prostration. Getting

Married did not agree with her. John cut Two colts for Woolards.
The Kids went to Singing in the evening at the Center. Freddie
and the old Man at home alone.

24 Thursday. Pretty good day. John & I attended P. P. Co.
convention. John came home in evening. I staid and attended
Knights of Pythias Lodge, where there was a second & third [de-
gree] confered. Afterward Banquet at Colsons. visitors from
Clyde & Aurora. I came home with the Aurora Boys Home 2:30
A. M Good time at lodge

25 Friday. Pleasant & cool. Wash day. wind north west.
Good dew last night first for a long time. Nice Pleasant day.
George went to town after noon to Buy supplies for oyster feast.
John Freddie, Mabel & Mother & George attended the stew at
the Center. The old Man at home alone.

26 Saturday Clear & warm. Mother & I went to Aurora. It
being Phil Millers birth Day. Also that of Bill Durkee. Miller
76 years. Durkee 58. about 50 ate Dinner there. Good time all
around. Came home by Davy Secrists. . . . Home 6 P. M

27 Sunday. Good day. Kids went to Sunday School, and
church at night. Clear & cool.

28 Monday Cloudy & cool wind North East. Mother &
Mabel went to town after noon. John Harrowed 20 acres of listed
corn. Mean day. Dusty. George went to Rice after Dinner

29 Tuesday. Cloudy & warm. High wind South east. Boys
commenced to Cultivate checked corn the second time. Disagree-
able Day for corn plowing, the old Man Howed weeds.

30 Wednesday. Cloudy & cool. Decoration day. John & I went
to town. Surprise party this eve at Bolens. He being 27 Grand
good time. Grand glorious good rain last night. A god send to
us. Big flood in town last night

31 Thursday. Clear & cool. John went to town with 5 Hogs
weigh 1200 [@] 4.17y 2 = $50.10 Home at noon. George cul-

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 165

tivated Corn. Boug[ht] 100 Ibs Sugar $4.75 Axel grease 25^
Total $5.00 Wash day

June, 1894

1 Friday Clear & hot, wind South South west & west. Ida
Kellenbarger & Gib Slater were here Sold John Kellenbarger 30
bus. Shelled corn. 30^ = $9.00 not Paid.

2 Saturday. Pretty good day. Mabel & the old Man went to
town after noon. Frankie McCasey Came home with us.

3 Sunday. Cloudy and hot Childrens Day in Henderson Grove.
Big Dinner. All round good time Mrs. Kellenbarger over come
with heat. George brought two Ladies from town and took the[m]
back in after noon. Dr McCasey & Family visited us to day. After
noon wind changed to north. * and got cooler.

4 Monday. Cloudy and fearful hot. wind South. Boys culti-
vating corn. Dr Pigman stop[p]ed for Water. The old man on
the lift.

5 Tuesday. Clear & cool. Hig[h] wind North east. Good rain
last night fearful wind last night. George took three head [of]
cattle to Sam Naillieux Pasture, one yearling steer red & white
spotted. Horns Sawed off. One Roan 2 year old cow with horns on.
one red & white spotted heife[r] 2 years old. 40^ per month for
pasture. A. D. Goble Called this morning. Mother and the Kids
Picking Cherries at Bolens. Boys cultivating Bolen Brought our
Mail this Morning.

6 Wednesday. Clear & cool. Went to town with Henderson.
The Roan cow & yearling Steer we took to Sam Naillieux Pasture
yesterday Came home to day. Dr McCasey Called to day

7 Thursday. Clear & cool Finished cultivating listed corn 1st
time. John Plowed Potatoes after Dinner. George went to Sam
Naillieux Pasture. Failed to do his duty Came home without
Knowing

8 Friday. Cloudy and cool. John & Mabel went to town in
forenoon. George mulched Potatoes. Jim Bertram cut our alfalfa.
John Raked it up in evening and hauled in a jag. Lady Bolen
Called this morning. Sold W. H. Bolen 4 Bus. wheat $1.60. 6P.M.
High wind Thundering and threatening rain. Hope it will. The
old Man on the lift. Rheumatism

9 Saturday. Big rain last night. Best Rain this Summer. Best
rain this year. Everything looks fresh and good this morning. W H
Bolen & Elmer Henderson Called this morning. George helped

166 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Henderson take up his pump this morning John went to Rice for
our Mail this morning I went to Henderson in the evening to help
him take up his pump.

10 Sunday. Cloudy & cool. Mother was Called to George
Snavelys. Baby case. F. A. Thompson & family visited us to day.
Boys went to Ames this afternoon.

11 Monday Good day Plowed &c Loaned Lewis 20 bushels
of shelled corn. Loaned him 4 bushels of seed corn in May. Due
me from Lewis on account of 24 bus. Corn to be paid for or return
the Amount of corn 24 bushels Present price 32^ Per Bus. 24
Bushels [@] 32^ [Total] $7.68

12 Tuesday. Plowed Potatoes and Millet Ground. John went
to Sam. Naillieux pasture & to town. Bought Millet seed. Sowed
Millet Spectable [spectacle] . . . man called and Goosed us
out of $10.00 for three Pairs of glasses. We were Hansomly taken
in by the Sharper.

13 Wednesday. Cloudy & cool. Wash day. Boys went to town
and to mill. Drove Dudley. Wind South east & looks like rain &
we can Stand a good rain. Sold one Dozen chicke[n]s $3.76 Boys
sent Charleys trunk to him, at Topeka. Paid $1.00 to redeem it.
Paid Jim Bertram Cash $1.00 for Mowing Our alfalfa. George
went to Rice in evening for mail.

14 Thursday. Warm & Pleasant. Pulled artichokes out of the
corn. John went to Rice in evening. Received a letter from Charley.

15 Friday. Cloudy & cool. Mother Mabel, and Fred went
to town. A D Goble brought a cow and Bulled by Ezekiel. John
Kellenbarger Called. Boys Pulling artichokes Grand Good Rain.
Reached the Potatoes

16 Saturday. Cloudy & warm went to town with Henderson
Henderson Brought a cow to my Bull Ezekiel in evening. John
Campbell Called in evening to buy corn.

17 Sunday. Good Day. Everything looks promising since the
rain. Kids attended Sunday School. Ira & Charley visited with
us, to day. Boys attended Services at the center this evening.
Tom Cole Called this evening.

18 Monday. Cloudy and cool. Wash day. John went to Rice
in Morning. I helped Henderson take up his pump. He had to go
to town. I helped him put it down after Dinner. It would not go.
he had to go to town again. John helped him put it down after Sup^
per. Boys commenced at noon to cultivat[e] checked corn the third
time.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 167

19 Tuesday. Clear. High wind south East & Dusty. Boys
Plowing corn. Mrs Smith & McCasey Called. Mrs Smith Staid
all night.

20 Wednesday. Mrs Smith here Boys plowing corn. Com-
menced to Rain 10 to 5 P. M. and rained near an hour. Grand
Good glorious Rain. Reached down for the potatoes. Heavy
thunder & Sharp lightning. Best Rain this Season.

21 Thursday. Cloudy & rained Good Shower in forenoon.
Ground full of water, well soaked. A D Goble and old Gentleman
Spargur called Spargur had Supper with us. John took Mrs. Ken-
tucky Smith home. Washed the buggie this evening.

22 Friday. Good day. George went to Rice in morning. John
in the evening. Boys went to ''Hen" (Sufferage) meeting in the
evening. This is the longest day in the year. Planted cucumber

23 Saturday. Cloudy. Good rain in the forenoon. Ground full
of water Cool. Wind in early morning, north later, South east.
George went to Rice for our mail. Bolen brought our mail. 8PM
Cloudy & threatening rain. Thundering & lightning, looks Threat-
ening Storm. A. D. Goble Called to day figured out his load of corn
for him. 8:30 P M Commenced to Storm and rain. Rained and
blowed furiously. Big rain.

24 Sunday. Cloud [y] & clear and fearful hot. I went to John
Stillingers in evening. Boys went to church in eve.

25 Monday. Cloudy & warm. Boys Brought Gobies Seed Hog
and turned him with our Sows. J. T. Henderson called twice to day.
Elmer Henderson brought our Mail. George on the lift this evening.

26 Tuesday. Clear & hot went to town with Fred Keoster.
Home 2 P. M. George & Freddie went to Rice in evening.

27 Wednesday. Clear &| warm. Wash day. Tried to cultivate
after dinner, but it was too wet. John went to Rice in evening.
Harvey Cleveland Called in eve. and informed us that Mrs [Helen
Adelaide] Sawdy 53 was dead, will be buried at 40 tomorrow at
12 noon.

28 Thursday. Clear & hot. Mother & I attended Mrs Sawdy 's
funeral. Sermon preached at Ames, by Anniversalists [Universal-
ists?]. Boys cultivated corn. Used Eli. Mrs Sawdy Born Dec 6,
1826 Died June 26, 1894 67 years 6 mo. & 20 D.

53. Mrs. Sawdy was an early settler in Nelson township and the wife of Festus "Proff"
Sawdy. She was the mother of Mrs. Simon Farnham of Lyons and Mrs. Will Brower of Clay
Center. "Kansas State Census," Cloud county, Nelson township, 1875, p. 7; Clay Center
Dispatch and The Farmers' Voice, Clyde, June 28, 1894.

168 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

29 Friday. Clear & fearful hot in forenoon. Mabel and I went
to town in forenoon. Subscribed for The New York World $1.10
Also the Topeka Daily Press $3.00 Home for Dinner. Boys
commenced again to cultivate in checked corn. H. V. Spalding
Called for our school went to town in evening with Denny Davis
staid all night with Dr McCasey. Attended Chapter. Col. Brown
Earl Brown & Hursey Barber took Most Excellent Master.

30 Saturday, in town all day. Came home with Goble F. A.
Thompson & wife stop[p]ed with us for supper and then attended
alliance. Delegates elected. To wit Mr & Mrs Bolen. Mr & Mrs
Pierce Mrs Thompson G L Reeves, G. A. Young J. T. Hender-
son.

July, 1894

1 Sunday Clear & warm. Kids attended Sunday School I
went to Stillingers in eve. Boys went to church in eve.

2 Monday. Clear & hot. Old Lady Hoffman Buried to day
age 74% years. Laid by 65 acres of corn. Checked, finished up
sweet corn. Returned Gobies Seed Hog.

3 Tuesday. Cloudy & cool. Rained a good Shower in forenoon.
George plowed corn for Goble. John went to town after noon for
binding twine. Bought 62 Ibs 7%^ per Ib = $4.65. George Came
home from Goble this eve.

4 Wednesday. Glorious 4th of July. Good rain last night
Cloudy & cool. Went to Feifs Grove where the French had a big
blowout. John went to Feifs grove after noon. George went in
the evening.

5 Thursday. Pretty good day. Wash day. George working for
Goble. Henderson & family Goble and family, Bolen & wife ate
Ice Cream with us this eve.

6 Friday Cloudy & Pleasant. John & Mabel went to town in
forenoon. John went to Rice in evening. Good Day. wind South
east.

7 Saturday. Clear & warm. George went to town early in the
morning to have a tooth pulled. Mother Mabel and Freddie went
to Kellenbargers after Dinner. John cultivating corn for Goble.
Lewis Lawrence Called to day. Bolen finished cultivating corn
to day

8 Sunday. Clear & warm. Al. Norton was here for Dinner,
also Charley Pierce. A D. Goble called this after noon. Hon.
W. H. Savary Called this morning to water his Horse. Boy went
to Dis 40 to Baptiseing. Dull and lonesome.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 169

9 Monday. Clear & Pleasant. Boys cultivating corn. I went
to town in forenoon with Henderson. Home at noon. Kit Goble
brought our Mail. Received a letter from Dr [J. H.] McCasey at
Topeka. Stephen Gennette & Fred Taylor Called.

10 Tuesday. Good day. Finished Cultivating corn for this
year at noon. Commenced to cut oats. George went to Rice in
evening Received a letter from sister Millie. Awful strike in
Chicago.

11 Wednesday. Cold morning with appearance and indication
of hot winds. Freddie and the old man went to town, home 10:30
A. M. Pretty near hot winds after noon. Lady Bolen Called this
after noon. Jim Broke his Sickle. Fearful strike going on. Fearful
Poor strikers will in the end be beaten. Attended Knights of Pyth-
ias at Aurora. Paid my dues from July 1st to October 1st 1894
$1.25 Home midnight.

12 Thursday. Clear & hot 99 in the Shade. No harvesting
to day. Goble called to day. John went to town with Jim Bert-
ram this after noon. Marble man Stone Cutter called. P. M.
Gates.

13 Pretty good day. went to town after noon. Staid all night
with Dr [T. C.] McCasey. Attended Chapter. N. B. Brown Earl
Brown & H W Barber took R. A. Banquet at Colson.

14 Saturday. Cloudy & cool, rained a little Bought 6 Balls
twine. Frankie McCasey came home with me. Sent Dr Bigelow
$5.00 Finished Cutting oats. John went to town in evening.
George went to Rice for our Mail.

15 Sunday. Good day. George went to Rice in morning to
meet 0. W. Hendee. He failed to come. But came in afoot in
evening. Staid all night.

16 Monday. Good day. I took W Hendee to Rice this
morning Boys hauling manure, went fishing after noon. Elmer
Henderson called for our Ice freezer. Ate Ice Cream at Henderson
in eve.

17 Tuesday. Pretty decent day. Mabel & I went to town.
George went with wagon. Bought lumber for hay Rack. Home at
noon. John went to help Delforge thresh after noon. H. F. Rogers
& J. T. Henderson called. George went to Rice in evening for Our
Mail.

18 Wednesday. Clear & hot wind South. A hard day on Our
Corn. J W Campbell & Elmer Henderson & Jim Bertram Called.
John went to Rice in evening, for Mail.

170 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

19 Thursday. Cloudy & cool. Dr McCasey called in the morn-
ing Jim Hagaman & Frank Holcomb stop [p Jed and had dinner
with us. Also Dr McCasey Called Second time and had dinner here.
Dr [John] Young went to town in forenoon, and went to town after
Dinner with Dr McCasey. 4 P. M cloudy & thundering and
threatens Rain. We need it awful bad. hard on our corn, wind
changed to North cool in evening

20 Friday. Cloudy & cool in forenoon, but clear & cool after
noon, wind north. Mother & Freddie went to town. George helped
Henderson stack. John in town Mabel went to Bertrams after
dinner. Jim Bertram called for John.

21 Saturday. Clear & hot. Hard day on our corn. George
helping Henderson stack. John helping Ewingham [Newingham?]
thresh. Freddie & the Old Man went to Rice in eve. Jack Matthews
& Minzy Empson were here for dinner.

22 Sunday. Clear & hot wind South west, fearful hard day on
our corn. John went fishing and lost a call for a sick horse. Mother
& I went to Goble after dinner. Had Ice cream & cake. John
Caught one big Cat fish.

23 Monday. Clear & fearful hot. wind changing all day. I
helped Newingham finish Threshing. Boys Stacking Oats. Bill
Savary and John Sheridan Called to day, Also Elmer Nutting for
our school, 104 Degrees in the Shade, Fearful hot. Awfully Hott.

24 Tuesday wind north East. The first time on record we had
hot winds from North East. Fearful day on the corn Begins to
look as tho the corn was gone. Mabel & I went to town. Boys
stacking Oats. A few days like to day will do us in good Shape.
God help us.

25 Wednesday. Cloudy & hot Hot winds from South East.
The First on record from that direction. Milt Maddox & Daughter
[May] calle[d] to see about our school. Movers from Chase co.
Neb. Stop[p]ed for water, with 20 Head of Horses. They report
terrible times in the north west. Boys stackefd] Oats. Awful day
on our Corn. Just about Petered out. One day more will do it.
God help us Poor Devils.

26 Thursday. Clear & hot. High wind South. Fearful day on
our corn. Corn most of it Killed to day. God help us. Boys
stacked Oats. School meeting. W. A. Pierce elected Clerk, voted
8% Mills for school purposes. $19.64 Balance in Treasure. Se-
lected May Maddox for Teacher. Fearful Day. Awful Day. Bad
Day.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 171

27 Friday. Cloudy & hot. wind South. George went to town
after noon. Finished Stacking Oats this noon. Pierce Borrowed
my well tools

28 Saturday. Cloudy & hot. John and I went to town and
Staid all day. Went to Alliance meeting in evening.

29 Sunday. Mother, Freddie, Mabel and I went to Thompson
visiting. Goble & family & Lady Clevland were there. Gobels
spring wagon broke down coming home. Goble and I footed it 1%
miles. Boys at home all day alone. Came home after dark.

30 Monday. Clear & hot. Town Board meeting. John helping
Bolen stack. Henderson & Laman were here. Sam Townsdin
Called. George Snavely cut our Alfalfa. Corn Petered out. Lady
Roach called George went to Rice this morning for Our Mail.
Paid George Snavely Cash '$1.00 for cutting Alfalfa. Poor job.

31 Tuesday. Cloudy & hot. wind South & South East until
about 6 P. M then changed to north east then South east. Thun-
dered & lightened & threatened rain. But all passed away. Hauled
in our Alfalfa. 6 good loads The best crop in two years John
went to Aurora this morning. George got Gobies Rake. Hen.
Snavely got water here to day.

August, 1894

1 Wednesday. Cloudy and warm threatened rain all day. but
failed. I went to town after noon with Henderson. George went
to town after noon. Wash day. Judge Stoner Called this evening

2 Thursday Pretty good Day. George & I attended co.
Alliance at Wilcox School House. Good turnout. John went to
Mill Delia Smith Came home with John & Mabel.

3 Friday. Cloudy & cool. Mother and the Kids went fishing.
The old man at home alone.

4 & 5 is for Saturday & Sunday. . . . Pretty decent day.
went to town with Hebert. Staid all day. Boys went fishing
Caught a fine Mess. Grand Pap Miller . . . and wife visited
us to day [Sunday]. Mother, Freddie & the old man visited Bolens
in evening George went to town. John Someplace else. John went
to Church in evening.

6 Monday. Clear & warm, wind S. George helped Ike Wood-
ruff Thresh John went to Rice in morning. Freddie & I went to
Woodruffs after noon to look after Threshing Machine.

7 Tuesday. Clear & hot. High wind South. Lady Snavely
Called and went with Mother to Dan Empson's after noon. John
Helping Jim Bertram thresh after dinner. A. D. & Mollie Goble

172 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Called, went to Bertrams to See them thresh. John went to Rice
in morning for Our Mail. Received letter from Sister at Wichita.
Mother & Lady Snavely went to Dan Empsons & Kellenbargers

8 Wednesday. Clear & hot wind South. Freddie & I went to
Rice in evening. George helped Pierce Thresh. Freddie & I went
to Henderson in evening.

9 Thursday. Hot wind South. Mother Mabel Freddie
Delia Smith and all went to Soonover to meet Sister. Fred[d]ie
& the old man went to Rice in evening for coal.

10 Friday. Clear & hot Went to town and home til noon.
Boys helped Bolen thresh. Machine came 2 P. M. commenced to
thresh 3 P. M. threshed out 404 bus. Oats. Fannie came 5 P. M.

11 Saturday. Clear & hot. Hot winds. Finished Threshing
Had 943 bushels of Oats at 2# = $18.86 . . . Went to town
after dinner Henderson went with me. Home a little after dark.

12 Sunday. Clear & hot. John and Ira Pierce went to Rice in
the morning.

13 Monday. Clear & hot. John and I helped George Laman
Thresh. Old Bushe's Team ran away with water wagon. George
went to Sam. Naillieux Pasture for our Heifer. High wind South
West. An awful day. every thing drying up.

14 Tuesday. Rained a small bit. Cloudy & cool in forenoon,
hot after noon. George helped Shafer Thresh after noon. Sheriff
arrested C C this evening.

15 Wednesday. Clear & hot. Sister & Mother went to town.
Grand Pap Groves called, and had dinner with us. George helped
Shafer thresh. John helped Goble thresh after Dinner. High wind
South East. Sister's Beau Came this evening Mr. House.

16 Thursday. Cloud & clear & hot. High wind South and
West & north East, then north. Boys helped Goble & George
Snavely & G. L. Reeves thresh. Mrs Dr Else Died to day. Bolen
& wife Called to day.

17 Friday. Clear & hot. Awful day. George helped Reeves
thresh. John went to town & had a call to Henderson. A sick cow.
Lady Swope called and visited us all day. I went to Jo. Alex-
anders, Ladeaux and F. A. Thompson's. Home 9:15 P. M

18 Saturday. Clear & hot. Boys went to town with 4 Hogs
weight 875 [@] 4.90 = $42.87 Paid Jim Bertram $20.75 for Har-
vesting George Staid to help Dr. John Brough[t] a calf from
Smiths. Mother, Mabel & Sister went to town. Mabel and Sister
Staid Mother brought Hellen McCasey Home. Fred & I re-

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 173

paired fence. John & I went to Caucus at the Center. Good Stout
Caucus. Favorable delegates were elected. Dan Empson & Dick
Reeves Called, also baby Empson.

19 Sunday. Clear & hot until 5 P. M The[n] cloudy & cooler.
Grand Pap Groves Called & was here for dinner. Sam. Naillieux
Called. George went to Sunday School. Charley Pierce was here

20 Monday. Cloudy & fearful hot. George worked for Dr
McCasey in forenoon. John went to town in morning. Grand
Pap Groves went with him. Mabel came home with John also
Frankie McCasey. John, Freddie and I went to Lawrence's Pas-
ture for our colts. Henderson got his at Same time. I Paid Law-
rence's Boy Cash $10.00 for Pasture. Henderson Paid Same Boy
$10.50 Cash for Pasturing his colts. Grant Davis Called Also
Bill Price. May Maddox Called to have Contract Signed. Fear-
ful wind and dust sprung up about 7PM from North East.

21 Tuesday Wash day. Cloudy & warm. Boys cutting corn.
Sam Magaw and Son Called for our Cider Mill.

22 Wednesday. Some clouds and hot. Boys working on the
road. 5 Dagoes stop[p]ed and eat their Dinner. They are a
happy Set. Wind South Big Blowout at Henderson's Mrs Hen-
derson's Birth Day. 62 neighbors & friends present. Grand Good
Supper. Sister & Hubby among them.

23 Thursday. Cloud [y] & hot. Boys working in the hay. The
old man & Fred went to Rice after noon. Paid Grant Davis cash
$16.95 in full for threshing as per order from Bush and Goring.
Mother & Sister went to Thompson's in the evening. Hot fearful
hot.

24 Friday. Fine day for hay. Got in a good lot of hay. Rained
a little in the evening. I went to town in evening. Attend [ed]
Chapter. Staid all night with Dr McCasey.

25 Saturday. Clear & hot. Peoples Party Convention. Big
crowd. 135 delegates. H H Young nominated for Probate Judge
on First ballot N Nadeau for Clerk of District clerk [court]. J.
E. McCallister [McAllister] for co Superintendent. Pierce E. But-
ler for co attorney. Robert Hanson for Representative. Sam Mad-
dox for Commissioner for Second District. 54 Fearful Hot. Great

54. T. A. Sawhill, editor of the Concordia Empire, a. Republican paper, had the following
caustic comment on this Populist slate, in his issue of September 20, 1894: "The pops are
preparing to open their campaign in this county the 1st of October and then they expect to
round up the voters after the manner of a circular hunt. Noah Nadeau will be the orator of
the outfit, Pierce Butler will carry the supply of liquid refreshment, H. H. Young will furnish
the calamity and Robert Hanson, in addition to furnishing the necessary funds by means of
his patent bank will supply wheels enough from his head to get the party from place to place."

174 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

enthusiasm during the convention. C W. Vandemark 55 made chair-
man and proceeded to Skin [T. A.] Sawhill [the Republican editor].
Rained a little Shower this evening

26 Sunday. Cloudy & warm. Co. Attorney Savary Called this
morning. Went to Bolens in the morning.

27 Monday Went with Bolen & wife E. Gardner & wife A.
D. Goble & family to Delphos. Stop[p]ed at Meredith on Pipe
creek for dinner. Re union at Delphos.

28 Tuesday. Had some Beer at Delphos. Received a message
from N L Nadeau to come to Concordia at once. Started at one
oclock Arrived in Beloit 2 P. M. left Beloit 3:33 P M Arrived
at Concordia 6 P. M. Staid all night with Judge Stoner.

29 Wednesday. Came down on the Santa Fe and home for
dinner. Boys making hay. Mother & sister went to town.

30 Thursday. Hauled hay. Hot. Thundered a little. Sold a
way faring man a bushel of oats 35^. Bolen, Goble and Gardner
Came home this after noon. Mother and Sister in town.

31 Friday. Clear & hot. finished mowing. George Snavely
helped us haul % day. Jim Shafer Called and returned oats bor-
rowed of me. Also returned Oats for Swope borrowed last year.
Shafer brought our mail. Received a letter from H. M. Spalding
S C Moore and Dr [J. H.] McCasey.

September, 1894

1 Saturday. Went to town with McRea. Boys finished stacking
Hay. Attended com. meeting in town. Came home with Henderson.

2 Sunday. Cloudy & cool. Rained a good rain last night F. A.
Thompsons visited us to day Also Dr [T. C.] McCasey & family.
Milt Maddox brought his Daughter Our School Mother here.
Dan Empson & family ate supper with us. Cool this evening.

3 Monday. Cloudy & warm. Went to Aurora. John went to
Rice School Mother went home with her Bro. 1st Day of School.

4 Tuesday. Pretty decent day. Boys cut corn awhile. Sister
and Mother went to Kellenbargers. Gave Snavely order for 4 tons
coal at Aurora $4.40 per ton.

5 Wednesday. Cloudy and Pleasant. Boys finished cutting corn
fodder. Ladies Bolen and Henderson Called this after noon. A. D.
Goble Called this after noon. George went to Rice this eve for our

55. C. W. Van De Mark, a Free-Silver Republican, was chairman of this Populist meet-
ing. He was the father of the present state senator from Concordia, M. V. B. Van De Mark.
Though Senator Van De Mark bears the name of a Democratic President, Martin Van Buren,
he has been a lifelong Republican and next year will have completed sixteen years in the state
senate. Senator Van De Mark is also a director of the Kansas State Historical Society.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 175

Mail. Sowed a bushel of wheat for Hog pasture. Plowed a fire
guard in Orchard. Put tools away

6 Thursday went to town and to the fair staid all night with
Kentuck[y] [Smith]

7 Friday Pretty fair day. went to town with Thorns Debook
Attended fair Dinner with Dr McCasey. Staid all night with
Kentucky Smith. Clear & hot. Mother and sister came to town
Sister staid and will start for Wichita tomorrow evening. Mother
& I came home. John took Dr McCaseys machine home

8 Saturday. Cloudy & cool rained a little. May Maddox went
to town with Ike Woodruff. Mother & John went to town after din-
ner. George went to town after Supper. The kids and old Man at
home alone this evening.

9 Sunday. Cloudy & warm. Rained a littlfe]. Gave George
$2.00 to pay tuition at school. George went to Maddox and will
board there this season.

10. Monday. Pretty cool in the morning. Went to Aurora.
Paid William Key $17.60 for 4 Tons of coal $4.40 per ton.
George Started for School. Bolen & wife Called.

11 Tuesday clear & cool. Wash day. John went to town after
noon to Mill. Al Therian Called Also Jo LeClare.

12 Wednesday. Clear & cool. Big Pop Rally to day at Con-
cordia. Gov. Lewelling and [Mrs. Annie L.] Dig[g]s 56 spoke to the
multitude of People. Grand good time. The crowd of people
estimated at from 3000 to 5000 people. 57 Mr Sawdy Came home
with Mrs Young I came home with Goble. Sawdy Staid all night
with us. Liz cow calved. Heifer.

13 Clear and high wind & fearful dusty. Grand Pap Sawdy
and I went to Dug Thompsons, from there to F A Thompson where
we had dinner. Home 2 P. M Awful dusty and Disagreeable.
George Townsdin Called to buy cattle.

14 Friday. Cloudy & cool. Rained a little. Bononi Ledoux
returned our cider Mill. John had a call to Lewis Woodruffs. Sold
2 Heifers and one steer for $45.00 to Jo LeClare John helped

56. Next to Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Lease, Mrs. Annie L. Diggs was probably the best
known woman in the Populist party. She was both a speaker and writer. In 1880 she was
a silk-worm enthusiast. Mrs. Diggs served as state librarian from March, 1898, to March,
1902. William E. Connelley, Kansas and Kansans (Chicago, New York, 1918), v. 2, pp. 1152,
1153; John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt (Minneapolis, 1931), pp. 165, 166; Concordia
Blade, September 14, 1894; Kansas Historical Collections, v. 16, p. 691.

57. The Republican newspaper replied to these estimates: "Pops have been estimating
the crowd that attended Gov. Lewelling's meeting here last week at from 2,000 to 15,000.
That's all bosh. 600 is a good liberal estimate and a goodly portion of that number were
republicans. The pops gathered in all they could get to escort Lewelling from the Barons
house to the grove and there were but 205 in the procession as counted by different persons
while they were marching. Pops don't spring up out of the bushes now by the thousand as
they did three or four years ago." Concordia Empire, September 20, 1894.

176 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

drive them home. School Mother Drove Mell home. & George
returned with her.

15 Saturday. Clear & cool. I went to Miltonvale. John went
to town. Henderson Borrowed our wagon & returned it. George
Came from town.

16 Sunday. Cloudy & rained a little. School Mother Came this
eve and George went [to] town to school.

17 Monday. Went to Rice, McCallister and to town. Staid all
night with Stoner.

18 Tuesday. Started for Glasco. Took dinner with D. S. Steele.
Visited Cap Potts and Jim Collins. Staid all night with Garret
Davidson.

19 Wednesday Dinner with Phelix Grundy Staid all night
with Jimmy Flynn

20 Dinner at Miltonvale. speaking there by W. H. Carpenter
Started home 3:30 P M. Caught in a big storm of rain & hail. Fear-
ful storm. Got wet and mud all over. Home 7: 30 P.M. Big rain.

21 Friday At home all day. Cloudy and cool. John went to
Rice in the Morning. Mrs Woodruff call[ed] this after noon.

22 Saturday. Pretty good day. Went to town with Dug Great-
house. Mother & Mabel came to town after noon. Came Home
with them.

23 Sunday. Cloudy & cool Went to Henderson & Pierces.
George went to town after noon.

24 Monday. Clear & cool Spent the day in Clyde.

25 Tuesday. Cloudy & cool. High wind South. Disagreeable.
Mother, John & I went to Kellenbargers. Ida Huscher and Gibson
Slater were married, by Rev. Peter Bushong. About 40 being pres-
ent. Grand good Dinner. Cigars passed after dinner.

26 Wednesday. Pretty decent day. Went to Aurora after noon.
Mother went as far [as] Greathouse. Came home by D H Secrists.
McManimies & Woodruffs. Home Just at Dark. John to 40 to
church this evening. Old Jim Collins and Tom Clegg Called this
after noon in my absence. Paid my Dues to Knights of Pythias
lodge No 256 Aurora $1.25

27 Thursday Pretty fair day. John went to town.

28 Friday Went to town with School Mother. George brought
team home. Fearful bad day. Wind High South & Dusty. Dis-
agreeable. Attended chapter. I worked the 1st vail. Had Supper
at Mrs Hagamans.

29 Saturday. Cloudy & cold Wind north Rained a little last

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 177

night. Democratic Convention. Placed full ticket in the field ex-
cept for county Superintendent. A scheme to elect Mrs Dr [M. L.]
Brierly [Brierley] Repub I will remember those Democrats in
the future. John & Freddie Came to town after noon. Attended
Alliance at center. Boys went to church at 40

30 Sunday. Clear & Pleasant. Big frost this morning, the first
this fall. Mother & the Kids attended church at 40 after noon.
Very pleasant.

October, 1894

1 Monday. Cloudy & rained nearly all day. Examined co
Treasurer's] Books. Frank McVey and Noah Nadeau Called,
then went back to town. No speech.

2 Tuesday. At home all day. Pop meeting at Aurora in the
evening. Good turnout.

3 Wednesday. Clear & cool. Mother and I went to Meredith.
Big meeting. John Davis spoke to the multitude. Free dinner.
High wind north W

4 Thursday. Clear & cool. John Davis spoke at Concordia
Pop candidates spoke at Macyville in Arion Township. Clear &
cool, went to town after noon. John Davis spoke in courthouse,
4:30 P M started for Fair View School house Dis 67 John Davis
spoke there. Staid all night with Andy Driscoll.

5 Friday Went to High Land Church where John Davis spoke
to the multitude. Bad day. Rained and Blowed. Had dinner with
Frank Hart. Staid all night with George Teazely. Rained Bad
cold night

6 Saturday. Pretty good day. went to Glasco. Staid there
all day. Spoke at Dis No 105 in Solomon Township South of the
River. Good meeting. Staid all night with Phelix [Grundy].
Rained a little

7 Sunday. Clear & cold. High wind north. Came from Phelix
Grundys Home Distance 30 miles Home 2 P. M. J. E. McCal-
lister with me all the time. John took him home after Dinner.
Boys Dug Potatoes yesterday Had 20 Bushels in South patch.

8 Monday. Clear & cold. Went to town and from there to
Buffalo Dis no 99. Good meeting. Staid all night with Robert
Ha [n] son

9 Tuesday. Clear & cool. Came from Hansons to Concordia.
Had Dinner with Judge Stoner. McCallister with me on the trip
Home 3PM Made speech at Rice in the evening. Home 11:45

126909

178 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

P. M Clear & cool. John Mabel & School Mother at the meet-
ing Good meeting. House full.

10 Wednesday. Hanson & Butler Had dinner with us. After
noon we all went to Coalfax where we Spoke in the evening. Me
and I staid all nigh[t] with M. D. Horn. Good meeting.

11 Thursday. Clear & cool. Went to Miltonvale, where we
had dinner. Horse feed 35^ dinner 25^ from there went to St
Joseph where we spoke to a full house. Supper 25^ House Rent
$1.00 Incidentals $1.25 Total $2.50 Staid all night with L. 0.
Fuller. Took Severe cold. On the lift.

12 Went to Clyde. Dinner 25^ Horse feed 50^ Incidentals
50^ Total $1.25 spoke at Dis no 14 Joinft] Dis. Poor turnout.
The old Man still on the lift Got Medicine from Dr Jeannotte.
SI .00 Started home 10 P. M. Home 1 A. M Saturday.

13 Saturday. Clear & cool. The old Man on the lift.

14 Sunday. Clear & Pleasant. At home all day. George
Washington Huscher Called this eve. to take our School Mother
to church. George went to Maddoxs this eve. John went to 40 to
church. A. D. Goble Called. Also Charley Pierce and Judge
Stoner.

[Entries immediately following apparently were written by
Young's family.]

[15] Monday Pleasant. John picked apples and Papa went
out canvassing.

[16] Tuesday, bright and clear, baked bread and washed.

[17] Wednesday, mother went to the reunion 58 with Mr.
Gobies.

[18] Thursday dismissed school, school mother and all went
to the Reunion. Mr and Mrs Bolen called in after noon, bringing
cider mill home. Mrs Bolen Helped Mother with quilt. Mothers
birth day also wedding anniversary. Had a fine large time in
Concordia. Lulu Maddox Came home with us.

[19] Friday. The regular routine of business carried on.

[20] Sat[urday]. Mean day the wind blew from South.
Kansas is at home to day John husked corn George picked ap-
ples in after noon. Mother finished quilt. [Young resumes his en-
tries here.] Arrived in Miltonvale spoke there in evening. Hard
storm. Good crowd. Staid all night.

21 Sunday. Pretty Good day. Home at 1 P. M. Dr McCasey

58. An encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held at Concordia October
16 to 19. Concordia Empire, October 4. 18, 1894.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 179

& family here. Frank and Florence Ellison of Topeka here. Boys
went to 40 to church in evening.

22 Monday. At home, went to Dis no 74 Center. Enter-
prise. Lizzie cow Bulled by Ezekiel. Time July 22, 1895 The
old man on the lift home from enterprise 1 A. M sick.

23 Tuesday. Clear & cool. Went to concordia and to East
Sibley Minersville. Mrs Maddox Called to day. Wash day.
The old man Sick. Staid all night with Dr McCasey

24 Wednesday. Staid in town all day. Spoke at Joint Dis
No 1 Sibley. Staid all nigh[t] with Jake Matthews.

25 Thursday. Came to town and then took train for Clyde,
where Mrs. Lease spoke to the multitude. Came back to Con-
cordia and spoke in the evening at Dis 93 Buffalo Township.
Staid all night with R. Hanson.

26 Friday spoke in the eve at Jamestown Staid all night with
R. Hanson

27 Came to town and staid all day. spoke in the evening at
Dis No 17 Wilcox Saturday evening cold storm and Disagree-
able Staid all nigh [t] with Mat Wilcox. Home Sunday noon.

28 Sunday. Cloudy and cold Disagreeable. Home at noon.
Prof Sawdy and 0. T. Ames here for Dinner

29 Monday. Cloudy and cold. High wind North west. Started
from Home after Dinner Staid in town until 4 P. M. then started
for The Man school house in Summit Township 19 miles from
Concordia. Drove 6 miles out of the way. Staid all nigh[t] with
Bro. Gates

30 Tuesday. High wind & cold. Came from Gates in Summit
Township to Concorfdia] and then home where the Candidates
[spoke] to a full house.

31 Wednesday Clear & Cool. Went to Rice in fore noon to
Aurora after noon.

November, 1894

1 Thursday. Cloudy and cool. Went to Clyde. Rained after
noon and stormy & Disagreeable. Stop[p]ed at Ames in the eve-
ning. But no speaking. Home at 8:30 P M

2 Friday Clear & cool. Went to Concordia in forenoon.
Started [at] 2 P. M. for Range line School house with J. E. Mc-
Callister. Spoke there. Staid all night with Thomas Vass.

3 Saturday fine day. Big Rally at Concordia Prof. Gaines
State Supt. about 5000 People present. Home 6:30 P. M. Tired
and worn out. The Boys went to Hen Peck in the eve.

180 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

4 Sunday. Cloudy & cool. Dr. McCasey & family and W. B.
Smith & family visited us to day. George went to town. John
made a call Professionally to Lewises, Repub.

5 Monday. Pretty fair day Went to town. Repub. Rally.
Small crowd. Home 6 P. M. John set up at Moor[e]'s Charles
being sick. Drew Township funds $150.00 Deposited it in cloud
county Bank. At this time it looks like a knock out for the Pops.

6 Tuesday. Election Day. Fine day, Complete victory for the
repubs.

7 Wednesday. Repubs. Happy. C. Muller called. Paid him
Township order $4.00 Dr McCasey Called after dinner, and re-
ported my election. John came home from town I went to town
with Dr. McCasey. The repubs Celebration their great victory.
They had the Devils own time. Staid all night with Dr. McCasey.
Our county and state ticket lost. Only for Probate Judge which the
Pops claim by 18 majority.

8 Thursday. Came home with John after noon. Ike Woodruff
Called. Also Lewis

9 Friday Cloudy and cool. High wind north & dusty. Went
to town. Oflicial count of election returns which gave me 20 plurality
my opponent congratulated me and gave up the contest, while I re-
ceived the congratulations of my friends. A victory of which I am
proud. John went to town. George Came home with me. Home
at dark

10 Saturday. Pretty cold day. Co Alliance. Came home with
John. Borrowed from Charles T. Pierce $150.00 One hundred
and fifty Dollars.

11 Sunday Pretty good day. School Mother & Bro. Came this
evening George went to town with him. John went to Kansas City
to day. to attend veterinary college

12 Monday. Cloudy and Dusty Wash day. Went to town
with Jim Shafer. Came home with Goble. Bad Mean Day.

13 Tuesday. Bad Mean day. Went to Rice. George Husked
corn. Went to Aurora in the evening. Had a big blowout. Made a
little speech. Home at midnight. Paid for 1 case of Beer for the
Boys, $3.50 Jim Shafer Returned Our cider Mill, finished digging
Our potatoes.

14 Wednesday. Clear & cool George Snavely Husked corn
H. W. Bolen Called this morning. High wind & Dusty. George
Snavely finished husking corn. Paid Cash $1.00 he owed George
Young 50^, Which he paid.

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 181

15 Thursday. Warm & Pleasant. Went to F. A. Thompson's in
forenoon. John Kellenbarger & wife Made cider and were here for
Dinner. Jo LeClare here for Dinner. Sold him 6 Head of cattle
for $45.00 Cash down. Fine day. Cloud [y], Hazy and warm.
Wind changed to north west Middle of after noon. F. A. Thompson
& Alva Wilkins Called in the evening. Wind Howling at 7:30 P. M.
fearful Dusty and Disagreeable. Threatening Storm.

16 Friday. Clear & cool. Wind North west. Went to town
after Dinner. Home 6:30 P. M. George Came home and John
Maddox Came with him.

17 Saturday. Cloudy & cooL Dusty and disagreeable. Goble
& family Called this after noon. Also Mrs W H Bolen. John Swan-
son Called and looked at a span of Horses & Harness. Sold him
Eli & Dudley for $65.00 and harness for $10.00 on One Year's
time at 10 Per cent 59

19 Monday. Clear & cold. High wind South. Went to town
with Goble. Mrs Kellenbarger & Daughter Mrs Slater Called
and visited us to day. L. D. Lewis Called this evening and wanted
to Rent our farm.

20 Tuesday. Cloudy & Pleasant. Wash day. Lady Snavely
Called. Turned our hogs out. Abel Ledoux Called to Rent our
farm. Wind changed to north west & North east and Dust came
with the change. Cooler in evening.

21 Wednesday. Pretty Good Day. Went to town with F. A.
Thompson. Home 5:15 P. M. Filed my Bond for Probate Judge.
C. C. Stoner & J. T. Henderson Signed my bond. Had Dinner with
Dr McCasey.

22 Thursday. Cloudy & High wind north west. John W Swan-
son Called and took Eli & Dudley Sold them one years time at
10 Per cent Also Harness. Horses & Harness $75.00 A. S. Her-
rington signed his note for security. May went to church with
Clithro.

23 Friday Pretty decent day. Mother and I went to town,
looked at several Houses but none suited. Home 4:40 P. M. Drove
Fan and Mell.

24 Saturday. Fine day. warm and pleasant. Grave yard
meeting. W. H. Bolen elected. G. L. Reeves Treasure [r]. J. T.
Henderson Sec. The old [man] Sick last night and to day. Rheu-
matism being the cause. W. A. Pierce & A. D. Goble Called this

59. Young disposed of most of his stock and farm equipment preparatory to moving to
Concordia to take office as probate judge.

182 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

morning. Signed Johns note to C. T. Pierce for one hundred and
fifty Dollars, at 10 per cent interest from Date Nov. 10, 1894
Note Due Nov. 10, 1895

25 Sunday, fine warm day. George did not come home to
day. Dull and lonesome.

26 Monday. Cloudy & pleasant, went to town with Oats 59
Bus [@] 27^ =$15.95 Paid Cobb & Lamb 3.75 for George Settled
in full with Dis school No 76 Owed the Dis $4.79 Paid in full.
J. T. Henderson W. H. Bolen & W. A. Pierce Called in the evening,
Representing the School District No 76

27 Tuesday. Cloudy & cool, wind North east Went to town
with Oats 2 loads. I had 62.20 Bus. Jim Shafer 52.24 Ibs Total
115.10 at 27^ = $31.15 Dinner &c. 75^ Paid Jim Shafer for Haul-
ing Oats $1.25 Mrs Shafer Visited Mrs Young all day Jim
stop[p]ed on his way home and had Supper School Mother went
to Gobies this evening

28 Wednesday. Cloudy & fearful cold. High wind South east.
Went to town. Had dinner with Dr McCasey. George came home
with me.

29 Thursday. Cloudy & pleasant. Mother Mable Freddie
and the old Man had Dinner with W H Bolens family. We met
there Gobies family, Hendersons family and Sam Ball. Ellegant
Dinner and a nice Social time. George went to town, Clyde to foot
fool Ball. Kit Goble Staid all night Also Earnest Maddox.

30 Friday. Cloudy Misty Rained a little. Wash day. Bad
Disagreeable day. A. D. Goble, Vigil Feife & wife Called.

December, 1894

1 Saturday. Cloudy and frosty. George took load [of] Oats
to town. A. D. Goble Called

2 Sunday. Mother & I went to Thompsons. Cloudy & cold
wind north. School Mother Came this evening.

3 Monday. Pretty good day. Isaac Wilson Called.

4 Tuesday. Good day. Wash day wind South west. Henry
Snavely and Tom Travis Called. Fine weather for the Season.
G. I. Clithro Called this eve.

5 Wednesday. Good day. Went to Aurora in forenoon, and
Rice after noon. Bought Beef of Ike Woodruffs Sent John fifty
$50.00 Dollars Paid Lawrence township 14.10

6 Thursday. Cloudy & cool. High wind South Mother & I
went to town. Bought suit of clothes $16.50 under suit $2.50
White shirt $1.25 Total $2.25 [?] Fearful Dusty, went with

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 183

Dr to R. Coughlins. Filed my Expense Statement $30.75 Home
6 P. M

7 Friday Pretty decent, went to town with Isaac Woodruff.
Mrs Woodruff visited with us to day. Mrs Young on the lift.
George Came home this evening Our School Mother went home
this evening. Tried hard to find a house in town to day, but failed,
went to Hendersons in the evening and Settled with the township,
and turned over the town Treasure [r']s Book and gave my check
for $43.81

8 Saturday. Cloudy & cool. High wind North west. Dusty.
Dud [Dug?] Thompson & son Called and looked at our Shoats,
Wilkins & wife hauled cobbs. Big Surprise to us in the evening
Our friends Came in on us in such numbers that we were Swamped
for room and a place to put our friends. Grand royal good time
all around. Such Kindness and good will Shown us will long be
remembered. Good friends we appreciate you [r] good will toward
us.

10 Monday. Cloudy & misty. Went to town after Dinner with
Old Man Spargur. Rained a little, and Snowed about an inch dur-
ing the night. Took the Red Cross Degree in the commandry.
Staid all night with Fred Grimwald.

11 Tuesday. And misty Disagreeable. Came from town with
Old Man Spargur. Home 1 P. M Snow about all gone this eve.
Muddy. Bad Disagreeable day.

12 Cloudy and frosty. Sold chickens in Aurora. $9.28 cash.
Dug Thompson Called for his hogs and I refused to let him have
them because he failed to come to time. Churned. G. I. Clithroe
Called and had Supper with us. Delightful evening. Clithroe
visited our school mother.

13 Thursday. Fine bright clear day. Light wind west.
Wash day. Jo Goodreau and his Son in law called to rent our
farm.

14 Friday Cloudy & high wind south. Big Blow out at
Georg[e] Reeves. It being her 40th Birth day. She was taken
completely by Surprise. About 45 ate Dinner there, besides the
Kids. Pleasant time all around. School Mother went home this
evening with Old Fan and the Cart.

15 Saturday. Cloudy. Misty Rained Muddy Disagree-
able. George went to Rice for our mail. Wilkins brought a load
of cobs. I started to town but came back. Rained. Fedore
Leoffler Called and Paid $10.00 on his account, (note)

184 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

16 Sunday. Bright and clear. Pleasant. George went to Mad-
dox. School mother came here.

17 Monday. Fine day. Butchered 3 Hogs. A. D. Goble and
Mollie helped us. Mollie Goble & Mabel went to church School
Mother went away this evening with Clithroe.

18 Tuesday. Cloudy & Pleasant. Went to town. Mother &
Mollie Goble washed and made soap

19 Wednesday. Fine day. Salted our meat. Went to Aurora
after noon. Paid my dues to K. P. $1.25 in full to April 1st 1895.

20 Thursday. Cloudy & fearful wind south. Dusty. The old
Man's Birth Day 52 years old. Big blow out at Fred Thompson's
it being his 58 mile stone in the battle of life. Good orderly crowd.

21 Friday Pretty good day. went to town after noon. Attended
Lodge. Staid all night with Dr McCasey.

22 Saturday. Fine day. Mother and Fred Came to town with
Henderson. Sold Old Man Newingham 40 bushels of oats. Paid
cash on oats $5.00 to be delivered in the Spring. George went
to Clyde. School Mother Came home with George.

23 Sunday. School mother went to town with Clithro Kids
went to church also the old Lady.

24 Monday. Cloudy and cold. George and I went to town.
Sold Turkeys & chickens. I staid in town F Sawdy came, and
went to Soonover George met us there.

25 Christmas. Prof Sawdy with us. Roast turkey for Dinner.

26 Wednesday. Cloudy & cold. High wind north west. Wash
day. Alva Wilkins & wife visited us to day. Sold him old Mell
for $20.00 Dave $20.00 Wagon $20.00 1 cultivator $5.00 1 Har-
row $5.00 60 Bushels of corn at 45^ Per Bus. = $27.00 Total
$97.00 and lister for 8.00 providing lister wheels is returned home
from Price's. $35.00 of the above to go on taking Care of our stuff
at $15.00 per month. Grand Pap Groves Called. Sawdy & George
went to Dug Thompsons after noon. W H Bolen & wife Called
this morning. Cold this evening.

27 Thursday. Clear & cold 2 Degrees below zero wind north.
Prof Sawdy still with us.

28 Friday. Clear & cold. Mother & I went to town after noon.
Staid all night with Dr. McCasey. Mother & I was at Masonic
Supper. George went to Aurora in forenoon.

29 Saturday. Home 3 P. M Mr Sawdy Still here. J. T. Hen-
derson Called in the evening. Wilkins & wife called.

30 Sunday Clear & cool, wind north John Kellenbarger, wife,

MOORE: A HOOSIER IN KANSAS 185

and Gib Slater & wife here for dinner. George took Prof Sawdy to
Ames. Charley Pierce was here for dinner. Suffered terribly with
rheumatism in my arms & shoulders. This Rheumatism is killing
me.

31 Monday. Clear & cool. Wash day. Suffered awfully with
rehumatisfm] in my Arms and Shoulders. Dam the rheumatism.
Mother & I went to Bolens in the evening. I am full of rheuma-
tism, this evening and all day.

January, 1895

1st Day New Year. Tuesday. Clear & cool, went to town and
came home mad. Cannot move before Monday. Tramp Called for
dinner. More repub prosperity. A. N. Wilkins Hauled wood &
cobs. Sold 4 pig[s] for 5 DoHars.

2 Wednesday. Clear & cool. Went to town. Was examined for
Pension. Saw Dr John McCasey, Frank Ellison of Topeka. Cuss
the rheumatism.

3 Thursday. Cloudy & cold High wind north. Snowed a little,
went to town with Henderson. Home 1 P. M. George helped
Henderson put down his pump, after Dinner.

4 Friday. Cloudy & cold wind South E. Blustery, old man
Abiel & Benoni Ledoux Called. Sold them Sousie cow for $26.50
on one Year's time at 8 Per cent. Cold & disagreeable.

5 Saturday. Cloudy misty snowy, and cold. George and
Elmer Henderson took load [of] hay to Concordia. I & Fred took
wood & chickens. Bad day. fearful rheumatic pain last night in
my arms.

6 Sunday. Fine day. Clear & warm. May & Earnest Maddox
called. Ira Pierce called. Detrixhe's Kids & Kit Goble were here
for dinner. Rheumatism is killing me. Fearful Pain in my left arm
& shoulder. Everything tore up and packed & ready to move to-
morrow.

7 Monday. Cloudy and cool. Moved my household good[s]
to Concordia. Bad cold high windy day. W H Bolen J. T.
Henderson, John Kellenbarger and Jim Shafer also A D Goble
helped us. Terrible Job never want to Move again. A. N. Wilkins
moved on to our farm.

8 Tuesday. This is my first day in the city. A N Wilkins and
wife called and paid me by check. 74.00 for 1 Team 1 wagon 1
cultivator 1 Harrow 1 Lister and 4 Pigs.

Recent Additions To the Library

Compiled by HELEN M. MCFARLAND, Librarian

IN ORDER that members of the Kansas State Historical Society
and others interested in historical study may know the class of
books we are receiving, a list is printed annually of the books ac-
cessioned in our specialized fields.

These books come to us from three sources, purchase, gift and
exchange, and fall into the following classes: Books by Kansans
and about Kansas ; books on the West, including explorations, over-
land journeys and personal narratives; genealogy and local history;
and books on the Indians of North America, United States history,
biography and allied subjects which are classified as general. The
out-of-state city directories received by the Historical Society are
not included in this compilation.

We also receive regularly the publications of many historical so-
cieties by exchange, and subscribe to other historical and genea-
logical publications which are needed in reference work.

The following is a partial list of books which were added to the
library from October 1, 1945, to September 30, 1946. Government
and state official publications and some books of a general nature
are not included. The total number of books accessioned appears
in the report of the secretary in the February issue of the Quarterly.

KANSAS

AMERICAN ARTISTS GROUP, INC., pub., John Steuart Curry. New York, Amer-
ican Artists Group [c!945]. [63] p.

ARMSTRONG, ANNIE LAURIE (HILLYER), Time Remembered, by Laurie Hillyer.
New York, The Macmillan Company, 1945. 175p.

ASHBROOK, HARRIETTS, The Purple Onion Mystery. New York, Coward-Mc-
Cann Inc. [c!941]. 247p.

ATCHISON, TOPEKA, AND SANTA FE RAILROAD, [First Annual Report, 1871].
Boston, Rand, Avery, and Frye, 1871. (Reprinted March, 1946.) 12p.

[BAADE, PAUL W.], Presenting the 86th Infantry Division in World War 11,
1941-1945, [Atlanta, Albert Love Enterprises] n. d. [241]p.

BARBER, MARSHALL A., A Malariologist in Many Lands. Lawrence, University
of Kansas Press, 1946. 158p.

BARR, HAROLD G., The Story of a Great Idea in Christian Education. [Indi-
anapolis, Ind., The United Christian Missionary Society] n. d. 18p.

BARTHOLOMEW, HARLAND, and associates, Comprehensive Plan of the City of
Topeka and Shawnee County, Kansas . . . Made in 1940-194%. N. p.,
1945. lOOp.

BEALS, CARLETON, Mexican Maze. New York, The Book League of America,
1931. 369p.

(186)

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 187

BECKER, CARL LOTUS, Freedom and Responsibility in the American Way of
Life. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. [126]p.

BLACKBURN, DILLMAN W., History of Goodland Post No. 117, The American
Legion, February 16, 1934, to February 16, 1946. Vol. 2. No impr. [29]p.

BRACK, EMIL, Family Tree of the Bracks of Central Kansas. Mimeographed
[1946]. 21p.

BROOKS, GWENDOLYN, A Street in Bronzeville. New York, Harper and Broth-
ers, 1945. 57p.

BRUNER, HAZEL CHLOE (BUTCHER), / Must Share Beauty. Burns, Burns News,
1946. 29p.

BURTSCHER, WILLIAM JOHN, The Romance Behind Walking Canes. Phila-
delphia, Dorrance and Company [c!945]. 220p.

BUTCHER, HARRY CECIL, My Three Years With Eisenhower; the Personal Di-
ary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, Naval Aide to General Eisen-
hower, 1942 to 1945. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1946. 911p.

[CHRISTEN SEN, JOHN CORNELIUS] ,*The Johnson Family of Mariadahl, Kansas.
N. p., 1939. 20p.

CLAPPER, OLIVE (EwiNG), Washington Tapestry. New York, Whittlesey House
[cl946L 303p.

CLUGSTON, WILLIAM GEORGE, Facts You Should Know About Kansas. Girard,
Haldeman-Julius Publications [c!945]. 29p.

COUNTS, GEORGE SYLVESTER, Education and the Promise of America. New
York, The Macmillan Company, 1946. 157p.

CURRY, THOMAS ALBERT, Marshal of Wichita. New York, Arcadia House, Inc.,
1946. 256p.

DADE, EMIL B., Migration of Kansas Population, 1930 to 1945. Lawrence,
University of Kansas Publications, 1946. 28p. (Industrial Research Series,
No. 6.)

DAVIS, HALLAM WALKER, The Column. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.
166p.

DAVIS, HAZEL GRIFFITH, Darkness to Dawn; Poems. Boston, Chapman and
Grimes, Inc. [c!945]. 64p.

DAVIS, KENNETH SYDNEY, Soldier of Democracy, a Biography of Dwight Eisen-
hower. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1945.
566p.

DELAVAN, WAYNE G., Middle Border Year; a Collection of Verse. N. p.,
Osage Press, 1946. 30p.

DOLBEE, CORA, Kansas and "The Prairied West" of John G. Whittier. [Salem,
Mass., Newcomb and Gauss Company, 1946.] (Reprinted from the Essex
Institute Historical Collections, 1946.) 85p.

EISENHOWER, DWIGHT DAVID, Eisenhower's Own Story of the War; the Com-
plete Report by the Supreme Commander on the War in Europe From the
Day of Invasion to the Day of Victory. New York, Arco Publishing Com-
pany [c!946L 122p.

Fire Service of Topeka; a Souvenir Containing an Account of the Service
From Leather Bucket Times to the Present Fire Department. N. p., 1890.
109p.

FRYE, JOHN C., and ADA SWINEFORD, SUicified Rock in the Ogallala Formation.

188 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications [1946]. [43]p. (State Geo-
logical Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, No. 64, Pt. 2.)

GOODRICH, ARTHUR L., Birds in Kansas. Topeka, State Printer, 1946. 340p.
(Report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Vol. 64, No. 267, June,
1945.)

GORDON, MRS. MILDRED, The Little Man Who Wasn't There. Garden City,
N. Y., Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1946. 224p.

HARVEY, MARTHA, Some Ancestors and Their Days, by a Descendant. Man-
hattan, Workman Printing Company, 1945. 35p.

HAWLEY, CHARLES ARTHUR, Duncan Chambers Milner: Militant Idealist.
Atchison, Author [1945]. [20]p.

, The Presbyterian Church in Kansas. N. p. [1946]. 4p.

HEAD, FRANCES NOWLIN, Chin Chin, Chinese Man. New York, E. P. Dutton
and Company, Inc. [c!931]. 64p.

HENRY, STUART, Winter Wheat in the Golden Belt of Kansas; a Reply and
Critique by an Eyewitness. A Historical Record. N. p. [1946]. 28p.

HERRICK, EARL H., Tensile Strength of Tissues As Influenced by Male Sex
Hormone. (Reprinted from The Anatomical Record, Vol. 93, No. 2, Octo-
ber, 1945.) [5]p.

HINSHAW, DAVID, A Man From Kansas; the Story of William Allen White.
New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons [c!945]. 305p.

HOBBS, RICHARD GEAR, Glamor Valley, Down in Texas on the Rio Grande.
[San Benito, Tex., Cameron County News and Farm Journal, n. d.] 96p.

, Glamorlandthe Ozarks. N. p. [c!944]. 76p.

, Indictment, a Novel. [Galena, 111., Gazette Print, c!940.] 112p.

, Ulysses Simpson Grant, Man, Soldier, Statesman. A Galena Appre-
ciation. [Galena, 111., Gazette Print, c!940.] 118p.

HOINVILLE, CHARLES H., Away Back When. N. p. [1945]. [10]p.

HOLLAND, RAYMOND PRUNTY, Now Listen, Warden. New York, A. S. Barnes
and Company [c!946]. 130p.

HOWE, EDGAR WATSON, Ventures in Common Sense. New York, Alfred A.
Knopf, 1919. 273p.

ROWLAND, ADELE, Why Grow Old? Boston, The Christopher Publishing House
[c!946]. 89p.

HUGHES, LORA (Wooo), No Time for Tears. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Com-
pany [c!946]. 305p.

ISE, JOHN, Economics. New York, Harper and Brothers [c!946]. 731p.

JOHANNES, MARY ELOISE, SISTER, A Study of the Russian-German Settlements
in Ellis County, Kansas. Washington, D. C., The Catholic University of
America Press, 1946. 164p. (The Catholic University of America, Studies in
Sociology, Vol. 14.)

JONES, OGDEN SHERMAN, Disposition of Oil Field Brines. Lawrence, University
of Kansas Publications, 1945. 192p.

KANSAS AUTHORS CLUB, THIRD DISTRICT, Humor of the Third District Kansas
Writers. Edited by Mrs. Tillie Karns-Newman. Cedar Vale, The Cedar
Vale Messenger, 1946. 55p.

KANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, Reorganization of School
Districts in Kansas, 1946-46 . . . Mimeographed. 70p. (Publication,
No. 140, June, 1946.)

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 189

Kansas Magazine, 1946. [Manhattan, Kansas Magazine Publishing Associa-
tion and The Kansas State College Press, c!946.] 104p.

KANSAS STATE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, PROFESSIONAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE,
Handbook for Local Units . . . for the Use of Officers and Leaders in
Count]/ and City Associations of the Kansas State Teachers Association. N.
p. [1945]. 72p.

KURTZ, LUTHER W., They That Mourn; a Sermon Delivered Sunday Morning,
January 13, 1946. [Topeka, Potwin Presbyterian Church] 1946. 6p.

[LATTIN, CYRUS J.], Hillbilly Philosophy, by the Hillbilly Parson. No impr. 8p.

, Hillbilly Philosophy. Book II. [Durango, Colo., The Herald Publish-
ing Company, 1944.] 21p.

[LONG, RICHARD M.], Wichita, 1866-1883: Cradle Days of a Midwestern City.
Wichita [McCormick-Armstrong Company], 1945. [82]p.

MCDOWELL, MRS. LILLIE GILLILAND, Where He Leads, a Novel of the Arkansas
Foot-Hills. Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
1946. 135p.

MCFARLAND, KENNETH, Momentous September; an Address Marking the
Opening of a New School Year in America. Delivered Over Radio Station
WIBW, Topeka, September 3, 1945. Topeka, Board of Education, 1945.
13p.

McKEOGH, MICHAEL JAMES, and RICHARD LOCKRIDGE, Sgt. Mickey and General
Ike. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons [c!946]. 185p.

MAKER, JOHN C., Subsurface Geologic Cross Section From Ness County, Kan-
sas, to Lincoln County, Colorado. Lawrence, University of Kansas Publica-
tions, 1946. 13p.

MANN, BONITA H., and CLAIR V. MANN, The History of Missouri School of
Mines and Metallurgy. Rolla, Mo., Phelps County Historical Society, 1941.
1020p.

MARSHALL, JAMES, Santa Fe, the Railroad That Built an Empire. New York,
Random House [c!945]. 465p.

MASON, WALT, Terse Verse. Chicago, A. C. McClurg and Company, 1917.
176p.

MAUROIS, ANDRE, Eisenhower, the Liberator. New York, Didier [c!945]. 80p.

A Memorial; Albert Henry Hammond. [Great Bend, The Great Bend Herald,
1946.] [12]p.

MENNINGER, KARL AUGUSTUS, The Human Mind. Third Edition, Corrected,
Enlarged and Rewritten. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1945. [531] p.

MORROW, EDGAR K., Ten Years of Kansas Wesleyan University. Salina, n. p.,
1946. 14p.

MUSSELMAN, MORRIS MCNEIL, Wheels in His Head; Father and His Inventions.
New York, Whittlesey House [c!945]. 203p.

OLIVER, KATHERINE ELSPETH, The Claw. Los Angeles, Out West Magazine,
1914. 384p.

, Songs of the Out of Door West. [Fullerton, Cal., The Printery, c!922.]

39p.

[OXFORD RURAL HIGH SCHOOL], Golden Anniversary; Fifty Years of Secondary
Education in Oxford, Kansas, 1835-1946. No impr. 151p.

PATTERSON, HELEN M., Writing and Selling Special Feature Articles. New
York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1945. 578p.

190 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

PETERSON, ELMER THEODORE, ed., Cities Are Abnormal. Norman, University of

Oklahoma Press, 1946. 263p.
POOR, HENRY VARNUM, An Artist Sees Alaska. New York, The Viking Press,

1945. 279p.

PORTER, KENNETH WIGGINS, No Rain From These Clouds; Poems, 1927-1945.

New York, The John Day Company [c!946]. 145p.
READ, CECIL B., and J. RAY HANNA, Varying Definitions of Mathematical

Terms. Wichita, Municipal University, 1946. 15p. (University Studies

Bulletin, No. 17.)
Remembrances of Dr. Ernst F. Pihlblad, Churchman, Educator, Civic Leader,

Friend. No impr. 51 p.
ROBB, T. BRUCE, Small Manufacturers in the Wichita Area. Lawrence, The

University of Kansas Press, 1945. 30p. (Kansas Studies in Business, No.

21.)

Roster S5th Infantry Division, Poe to Poe. No impr. 173p.
RTINYON, DAMON, In Our Town. New York, Creative Age Press [c!946L

120p.
, Short Takes, Readers' Choice of the Best Columns of America's Favorite

Newspaperman. New York, Whittlesey House, 1946. 435p.
ST. MART'S COLLEGE, ST. PETER CANISUS' WRITER'S GUILD OF JESUIT THEO-
LOGICAL STUDENTS, The Catholic Writer's Magazine Market. Milwaukee,

The Bruce Publishing Company [c!9431. 96p.

SCHRAG, OTTO, The Locusts. Translated From the German by Richard Win-
ston. New York, Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. [cl943L 565p.
SENN, EDWARD L., ''Wild Bill" Hickok, "Prince of Pistoleers" ; a Tale of

Facts and Not Fiction and Romance. Deadwood, S. D., Author [cl939L 16p.
SMITH, HAROLD DEWEY, The Management of Your Government. New York,

Whittlesey House [c!945]. 179p.
SPEELMAN, MARGARET (PEARSON), The Pageant of the Peace Pipe. A Tribute

to American Indians Who Saw Service in World War II. Lawrence [Haskell

Print Shop], 1946. [20]p.
STENE, EDWIN OTTO, The Development of Wildlife Conservation Policies in

Kansas. A Study in Kansas Administrative History. Topeka, State Printer,

1946. 39p. (University of Kansas, Governmental Research Series, No. 3.)

, Railroad Commission to Corporation Commission, a Study in Kansas

Administrative History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, Bureau of
Government Research, 1945. 108p. (University of Kansas, Governmental
Research Series, No. 2.)

STEWART, DONALD W., A Non-Partisan Appeal for a Sober Consideration of Our
Foreign Problems to the Lincoln Day Club, Third Congressional District
of Kansas, Independence, Kansas, February 12, 1946. No impr. lip.

SWINEFORD, ADA, and JOHN C. FRYE, Petrographic Comparison of Pliocene
Pleistocene Volcanic Ash From Western Kansas. Lawrence, University of
Kansas Publications, 1946. 32p. (State Geological Survey of Kansas,
Bulletin, No. 64, Pt. 1.)

THILL, FRANK A., Highway or Labyrinth? Opening Day Sermon, Marymount
College, Salina, Kansas, September 12, 1945. [Salina, Marymount College,
1945.] lip.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 191

[TOPEKA, BOARD OF EDUCATION], The Topeka Schools in War and Peace. A

Report to the Public. N. p., 1945. [56]p.
TOPEKA, TRINITY EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH, "76 Years of Grace," 1870-

1945. Diamond Jubilee Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Topeka, August

Fifteenth, in the Year of Our Lord Nineteen Hundred Forty Five. [Topeka,

Myers and Company, 1945.] [36] p.
TRICKETT, DEAN, Swifts; Stories of the High Records Made on Typesetting 1

Machines. Tulsa, Author, 1941. 45p.
VER WIEBE, WALTER AUGUST, Exploration for Oil and Gas in Western Kansas

During 1944. Lawrence, The University of Kansas Press, 1945. 112p.

(State Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, No. 56.)

, Exploration for Oil and Gas in Western Kansas During 1945. Law-
rence, University of Kansas Publications, 1946. 112p. (State Geological

Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, No. 62.)
WAKEMAN, FREDERIC, The Hucksters. New York, Rinehart and Company,

Inc. [c!946L 307p.

, Shore Leave. New York, I*arrar and Rinehart, Inc. [c!944], 310p.

WALL, ROY, Fish and Game Cookery. New York, M. S. Mill Company, Inc.

[cl945L 218p.
WALLENSTEIN, MARCEL H., Red Canvas. New York, Creative Age Press, Inc.

[c!946L 304p.
WHITE, WILLIAM ALLEN, The Autobiography of William Allen White. New

York, The Macmillan Company, 1946. 669p.
WICHITA, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Wichita People. [Wichita, Chamber of

Commerce, 1946.] 136p.
WILHELM, MRS. IDA MILLS, The Son of Dolores. New York, House of Field-

Doubleday, Inc. [c!945L 361p.
WOMER, PARLEY PAUL, Citizenship and the New Day. New York, Abingdon-

Cokesbury Press [c!945L 319p.
WOOD, SYLVAN R., Locomotives of the Katy; Missouri-Kansas-Texas Lines.

Boston, The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, Inc., 1944. 132p.

(Bulletin, No. 63.)

THE WEST

ALTROOCHI, JULIA (COOLEY), The Old California Trail. Caldwell, Idaho, The
Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1945. 327p.

BENAVIDES, ALONSO DE, Fray Alonso de Benavides' Revised Memorial of 1634;
With Numerous Supplementary Documents Elaborately Annotated. Albu-
querque, The University of New Mexico Press, 1945. 368p. (Coronado Cuarto
Centennial Publications, Vol. 4.)

BENNETT, RUSSELL H., The Compleat Rancher. New York, Rinehart and
Company [c!946L 246p.

BLAKE, MARY ELIZABETH, On the Wing. Rambling Notes of a Trip to the
Pacific. Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1883. 235p.

BOLTON, HERBERT EUGENE, The Padre on Horseback; a Sketch of Eusebio
Francisco Kino, S. J., Apostle to the Pimas. San Francisco, The Sonora
Press, 1932. 90p.

BURDICK, USHER LLOYD, Tales From Buffalo Land; the Story of Fort Buford.
Baltimore, Wirth Brothers, 1940. 215p.

192 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

EVANS, GEORGE W. B., Mexican Gold Trail; the Journal of a Forty-Niner. San

Marino, Cal., The Huntington Library, 1945. 340p.

FLANAGAN, JOHN THEODORE, ed., America Is West, an Anthology of Middle-
western Life and Literature. Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota
Press [c!945]. 677p.

FLETCHER, ROBERT H., American Adventure; Story of the Lewis and Clark Ex-
pedition. New York, American Pioneer Trails Association [c!945]. 54p.

FROST, DONALD McKAY, Notes on General Ashley, the Overland Trail, and
South Pass. Worcester, Mass., American Antiquarian Society, 1945. 159p.

FULTON, ROBERT LARDIN, Epic of the Overland. San Francisco, A. M. Robert-
son, 1924. 109p.

GEIGER, VINCENT EPLY, and WAKEMAN BRYARLY, Trail to California; the Over-
land Journal of Vincent Geiger and Wakeman Bryarly. Edited with an In-
troduction by David Morris Potter. New Haven, Yale University Press,
1945. 266p.

HERNDON, SARAH (RAYMOND), Days on the Road; Crossing the Plains in
1865. New York, Burr Printing House, 1902. 270p.

KELEHER, WILLIAM ALOYSIUS, The Fabulous Frontier; Twelve New Mexico
Items. Santa Fe, The Rydal Press [cl945L 317p.

LYMAN, WILLIAM DENISON, The Columbia River; Its History, Its Myths, Its
Scenery, Its Commerce. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909. 409p.

MORA, JOSEPH JACINTO, Trail Dust and Saddle Leather. New York, Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1946. 246p.

POWERS, ALFRED, ed., Buffalo Adventures on the Western Plains. Illustrated
From Old Prints. Portland, Ore., Binfords and Mort, 1945. 66p.

RALPH, JULIAN, Our Great West; a Study of the Present Conditions and
Future Possibilities of the New Commonwealths and Capitals of the United
States. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1893. 477p.

RUSSELL, CARL PARCHER, One Hundred Years in Yosemite; the Romantic
Story of Early Human Affairs in the Central Sierra Nevada. Stanford
University, Stanford University Press, 1931. 242p.

SALPOINTE, JEAN BAPTISTE, Soldiers of the Cross. Notes on the Ecclesiastical
History of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. Banning, Cal., St. Boni-
face's Industrial School, 1898. 299p.

TARG, WILLIAM, ed., The American West; a Treasury of Stones, Legends,
Narratives, Songs and Ballads of Western America. Cleveland, The World
Publishing Company [1946]. 595p.

THORP, N. HOWARD (JACK), and NEIL M. CLARK, Pardner of the Wind, Story
of the Southwestern Cowboy. Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers, Ltd.,
1945. 199p.

TOWNE, CHARLES WAYLAND, and EDWARD NORRIS WENTWORTH, Shepherd's Em-
pire. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1945. 364p.

WINTHER, OSCAR OSBURN, Via Western Express and Stagecoach. Stanford
University, Stanford University Press [c!945]. 158p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 193

GENEALOGY AND LOCAL HISTORY

ADAMS, ARTHUR, and SARAH A. RISLEY, A Genealogy of the Lake Family of

Great Egg Harbor, in Old Gloucester County, in New Jersey, Descended

From John Lake of Gravesend, Long Island . . . N. p., Privately Printed,

1915. 376p.
ALBERMARLE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Papers, Vols. 1-5, 1940-41-1944-46.

Charlottesville, Va., Society, 1941-1945. 5 Vols.
ALLABEN, FRANK, The Ancestry of Leander Howard Crall . . . New York,

The Grafton Press [cl908]. 426p.
ALTSHULER GENEALOGICAL SERVICE, comps. and eds., Lawson-Chester Genealogy.

Boston [Concord, N. H., The Rumford Press], 1946. 50p.
AMERICAN CLAN GREGOR SOCIETY, Year Book Containing the Proceedings of the

1945 Annual Gathering. Richmond, Va., The American Clan Gregor Society

[cl945]. 137p.
American Genealogical Index, Vols. 16-19. Middletown, Conn., Published by a

Committee Representing the Cooperating Subscribing Libraries . . . ,

1945-1946. 4 Vols.
ARMSTRONG, ZELLA, History of the First Presbyterian Church of Chattanooga.

Chattanooga, Lookout Publishing Company, 1945. 161p.
ASHFIELD, MASS., Vital Records of Ashfield, Massachusetts, to the Year 1860.

Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1942. 273p.
ATHERTON, HORACE H., JR., History of Saugus, Massachusetts. Prepared for the

Centenary Celebration, July 3-4-5, 1915. Published by the Citizens Com-
mittee of the Saugus Board of Trade, 1916. 107p.
BALLORD, ESEK STEERE, Some of the Descendants of Zaccheus Ballord, a Private

in the Revolutionary War . . . Boston, Press of David Clapp and Son,

1907. 73p.
BARB, KIRK BENTLEY, The Barb(e) Family in America. Mimeographed, c!932.

40p.
BARBER, JOHN WARNER, History and Antiquities of New Haven, Conn., From Its

Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. With Biographical Sketches . . .

New Haven, L, S. Punderson and J. W. Barber, 1856. 180p.
BAKROLL, HOPEWELL HORSEY, comp., Barroll in Great Britain and America, 1664-

1910. Baltimore, John H. Saumenig and Company, 1910. 124p.
BERGEN, TEUNIS G., The Bergen Family; or, the Descendants of Hans Hansen

Bergen, One of the Early Settlers of New York and Brooklyn, L. I. . . .

New York, Bergen and Tripp, 1866. 298p.
BERGEY, DAVID HENDRICKS, comp., Genealogy of the Bergey Family, a Record of

the Descendants of John Ulrich Bergey and His Wife Mary. New York,

Frederick H. Hitchcock [c!925]. 1150p.
BINGHAM, HELEN MARIA, History of Green County, Wisconsin. Milwaukee,

Burdick and Armitage, 1877. 310p.

Biographical Encyclopaedia of New Jersey of the Nineteenth Century. Phila-
delphia, Galaxy Publishing Company, 1877. 574p.
Biographical Review Containing Life Sketches of Leading Citizens of Straff or d

and Belknap Counties, New Hampshire. Boston, Biographical Review Pub-
lishing Company, 1897. 604p.
Biographical Review ; This Volume Contains Biographical Sketches of the Lead-

1S-6909

194 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ing Citizens of Livingston and Wyoming Counties, New York. Boston, Bio-
graphical Review Publishing Company, 1895. 683p.

BOSTONIAN SOCIETY, Proceedings and Report of the Annual Meeting, January
15, 1946. Boston, Society, 1946. 61p.

BOWDOIN, MAINE, Vital Records to the Year 1892. Vol. 3, Marriages. Published
Under Authority of the Maine Historical Society. [Auburn, Maine, Merrill
and Webber Company] 1945. 205p.

BOWEN, RICHARD LEBARON, Early Rehoboth; Documented Historical Studies of
Families and Events in This Plymouth Colony Township. Vol. 1. Rehoboth,
Privately Printed, 1945. 164p.

BRIGHAM, WILLARD I. TYLER, The Tyler Genealogy; the Descendants of Job
Tyler, of Andover, Massachusetts, 1619-1700. Plainfield, N. J., Cornelius B.
Tyler, 1912. 2 Vols.

BROOKLINE, MASS., Vital Records of Brookline, Massachusetts, to the End of
the Year 1849. Salem, The Essex Institute, 1929. 244p.

BROWN, PERCY WHITING, History of Rowe, Massachusetts. 2d ed. [Cleve-
land, A. D. Williams Company] 1935. 114p.

BRUBACHER, JACOB N., The Brubacher Genealogy in America. Elkhart, Ind.,
Mennonite Publishing Company, 1884. 243p.

[BRUSH, MARIA ANNETTE (BOWERS)], Genealogy, Brush-Bowers. Brooklyn
[New York, Mail and Express Job Print], 1904. 118p.

BURCH, EDWIN WELCH, A Burch Book, Comprising a General Study of the
Burch Ancestry in America . . . Council Bluffs, Iowa, Monarch Print-
ing Company [c!925J. 285p.

BUTTERS, GEORGE, The Genealogical Registry of the Butters Family . . .
Including the Descendants of William Butter, of Woburn, Mass., 1665
. . . Chicago, David Oliphant, 1896. 466p.

CARPENTER and MOREHOUSE, comp. and pub., The History of the Town of Am-
herst, Massachusetts . . . Amherst, Carpenter and Morehouse, 1896.
[903]p.

CHASTAIN, JAMES GARVIN, A Brief History of the Huguenots and Three Family
Trees: Chastain-Lockridge-Stockton. N. p., 1933. 372p.

CLARK, MYRTLE (BOWEN), Jones Genealogy, Being a Record of the Descend-
ants of Hugh Jones of Salem, Mass., Emigrant From Wincanton, England,
1635-1931. N. p. [c!931L 219p.

CLARK, WILLIAM COPELAND, The Ancestors of My Children and Other Related
Children of the Generations Living in the Morning of the Twentieth Cen-
tury. [Bangor, Maine, Press of the Thos. W. Burr Ptg. and Adv. Com-
pany] 1906. 215p.

CLARKE COUNTY [VIRGINIA] HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, Proceedings, Vol. 1,
1941; Vol. 3, 1943. No impr. 2 Vols.

Commemorative Biographical Record of Hartford County, Connecticut, Con-
taining Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens,
and of Many of the Early Settled Families. Chicago, J. H. Beers and Com-
pany, 1901. 1591p.

Commemorative Biographical Record of New Haven County, Connecticut
. . . Chicago, J. H. Beers and Company, 1902. 1563p.

CONNABLE, EDWARDS J., and JOHN B. NEWCOMB, Genealogical Memoir of the

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 195

Cunnabell, Conable or Connable Family . . . Jackson, Mich., Daily
Citizen Book Printing House, 1886. 183p.

CONWAY, MASS., Vital Records of Conway, Massachusetts, to the Year I860.
Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1943. 276p.

COOLEY, LA VERNE C., Complete Name Index to [Turner's] History of the
Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham Purchase. Batavia, N. Y., La
Verne C. Cooley, 1946. [44]p.

CORNISH, JOSEPH EDWARD, The History and Genealogy of the Cornish Families
in America. Boston, George H. Ellis Company, 1907. 349p.

CUMMINS, CEDRIC GLISTEN, Indiana Public Opinion and the World War, 1914-
1917. Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Bureau, 1945. 292p. (Indiana His-
torical Collections, Vol. 28.)

DANSEY, JAMES WILLIAM, [Philip Graft, Revolutionary Soldier]. N. p., 1945.
7p.

DARE, MARIA J. LIGGETT, Chaplines From Maryland and Virginia. [Washing-
ton, The Franklin Print, 1902.]- [126]p.

DECKARD, PERCY EDWARD, comp., Genealogy of the Deckard Family, Showing
Also Those Descended From Decker, Deckert, Decher, Dechert, Decherd,
Etc. [Pittsburgh, Press of Pittsburgh Printing Company] c!932. 893p.

DINKEY, GERTRUDE FLORY, Genealogy of Flory-Dinkey Family With Their Di-
rect Ancestors Including Boyd, Wallace, Carnahan, Cobb, Stephens, Osgood,
Sitgreaves, Iddings, Sharpless, Lewis, Bowen, Vail, Farnham, and Collateral
Lines and Royal and Magna Charta Ancestors. N. p., 1946. 99p.

DIXON, MARGARET COLLINS (DENNY), and ELIZABETH CHAPMAN (DENNY)
VANN, Denny Genealogy. New York, The National Historical Society, 1944.
565p.

DOSTER, ELIZABETH ANNE (MIDDLETON), The Doster Genealogy, by Mrs. Ben
Hill Doster in Memory of Her Husband. Completed, Edited and Produced
by Wadsworth Doster. Richmond, Va., The William Byrd Press, 1945. 286p.

DURANG, JOHN, A York Boy of 1776; John Durang in Diary Tells of Life Here
Before and During American Revolution. (Reprinted from Articles, on
February 22 and March 13, 1945, by James W. Shettel, in York, Pa., Dis-
patch.) 7p.

EARLY, SAMUEL STOCKWELL, A History of the Family of Early in America
. . . Albany, Joel MunselPs Sons, 1896. 53p.

EAST TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Publications, No. 17. Knoxville, Society,
1945. 153p.

EBERHART, URIAH, History of the Eberharts in Germany and the United States,
From A. D. 1265 to A. D. 1890625 Years. [Chicago] Donohue and Henne-
berry, 1891. 263p.

EBY, EZRA E., A Biographical History of the Eby Family . . . Berlin, Can-
ada, Hett and Eby, 1889. 144p.

ELIOT, WILLIAM HORACE, JR., comp., Genealogy of the Eliot Family. Revised
and Enlarged by William S. Porter. New Haven, George B. Bassett and
Company, 1854. 184p.

EMMERTON, JAMES ARTHUR, Materials Toward a Genealogy of the Emmerton
Family. Privately Printed. Salem, Mass., Salem Press, 1881. 244p.

Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania Biography. Vol. 25. New York, Lewis Histori-
cal Publishing Company, Inc., 1945. 607p.

196 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

FISHER, CHARLES ADAM, Abstracts of Snyder County [Pa.] Probate and Orphans
Court Records (1772-1855). Mimeographed, 1940. 77p.

FISKE, JOHN, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and
Company, 1902. 2 Vols.

FLORIDA, STATE LIBRARY, Florida Becomes a State . . . Tallahassee, Florida
Centennial Commission, 1945. 481p.

FORD, HANNIBAL C., [Descendants of William Ford (1604-1676)]. No impr.
Chart.

FORD, THOMAS, A History of Illinois From Its Commencement as a State in
1818 to 1847. Vol. 1. Chicago, The Lakeside Press, 1945. 374p.

Fox-DA VIES, ARTHUR CHARLES, Armorial Families, a Complete Peerage, Baron-
etage, and Knightage . . . and Being the First Attempt to Show Which
Arms in Use at the Moment Are Borne by Legal Authority. Edinburgh, T.
C. and E. C. Jack, 1895. 1086p. 112 Plates.

FRANCIS, CHARLES WILLIAM, Genealogy of the Martin Family. [La Porte,
Ind., La Porte Printing Company, 1918.] [319]p.

FRETZ, ABRAHAM JAMES, A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Chris-
tian and Hans Meyer and Other Pioneers . . . Harleysville, Pa., News
Printing House, 1896. 739p.

FROST, JOHN ELDRIDGE, The Nicholas Frost Family. [Milford, N. H., The
Cabinet Press, 1943.] 142p.

GALLUP, JOHN DOUGLASS, The Genealogical History of the Gallup Family in
the United States . . . Hartford, Press of the Hartford Printing Com-
pany, 1893. 329p.

[GANS, EMMETT WILLIAM], A Pennsylvania Pioneer: Biographical Sketch
With Report of the Executive Committee of the Ball Estate Association.
Mansfield, Ohio, R. J. Kuhl, 1900. 704p.

GENTRY, EARNEST C., The Gentry Saga, 1667-1944. Mimeographed. 29p.

GEORGE, NELLIE IDA (PALMER), Old Newmarket, New Hampshire; Historical
Sketches. Exeter, N. H., The News-Letter Press, 1932. 133p.

GEORGETOWN, MASS., Vital Records of Georgetown, Massachusetts, to the End
of the Year 1849. Salem, The Essex Institute, 1928. 90p.

GILLINGHAM, HARROLD EDGAR, comp., Gillingham Family; Descendants of Yea-
mans Gillingham. Philadelphia [Patterson and White Company], 1901.
117p.

GOULD, BENJAMIN APTHORP, The Family of Zaccheus Gould of Topsfield.
Lynn, Mass., Thos. P. Nichols, 1895. 351p.

GRANT, AMORENA (ROBERTS), The Roberts Family; a Genealogy of Joseph
Roberts of Windham, Maine. Chicago, West Chicago Press Association,
n. d. 143p.

GREEN, SAMUEL ABBOTT, Groton During the Revolution, With an Appendix.
Groton, Mass. [Cambridge, Mass., University Press], 1900. 343p.

HAINES, RICHARD, comp., Genealogy of the Stokes Family, Descended From
Thomas and Mary Stokes Who Settled in Burlington County, N. J. Cam-
den, N. J., Sinnickson Chew and Sons Company, 1903. 339p.

HALL, JOHN, History of the Presbyterian Church in Trenton, N. J., From the
First Settlement of the Toivn. New York, Anson D. F. Randolph, 1859.
453p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 197

HAMILTON, FRANCES (FRAZEE), Ancestral Lines of the Doniphan, Frazee, and
Hamilton Families. Greenfield, Ind., Wm. Mitchell Printing Company,
1928. 700p.

Hampton Family Narrative, Also Copies of the Wills of Henry Downes and
Francis Sellers. New York, The De Vinne Press, 1913. 50p.

HARDIN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Who Was Who in Hardin County [Ken-
tucky]. Elizabethtown, Ky., The Elizabethtown News [c!946]. [183]p.

HARDON, HENRY WINTHROP, Cole Family of Stark, New Hampshire; Descend-
ants of Solomon Cole of Beverly, Massachusetts. New York, Privately
Printed, 1932. 90p.

HARRIS, ROBERT C., Johnny Appleseed Source Book. Fort Wayne, Ind., The
Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society, 1945. 31p.

HASTINGS, FRANCIS HENRY, Family Record of Dr. Seth Hastings, Senior, of
Clinton, Oneida County, New York. Cincinnati, Earhart and Richardson,
1899. 202p.

HAYNSWORTH, HUGH CHARLES, Ancestry and Descendants of Sarah Morse
Haynsworth . . . Sumter, S. C., Osteen Publishing Company, 1939.
52p.

HAZELTTNE, GILBERT WILKINSON, The Early History of the Town of Ellicott,
Chautauqua County, N. Y. . . . Jamestown, N. Y., Journal Printing
Company, 1887. 556p.

HILL, EVERETT GLEASON, A Modern History of New Haven and Eastern New
Haven County. New York, The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1918.

2 Vols.

HILL, NORMAN NEWELL, JR., History of Knox County, Ohio . . . Mt. Ver-
non, Ohio, A. A. Graham and Company, 1881. 854p.

HILL, WILLIAM CARROLL, A Century of Genealogical Progress, Being a History
of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1845-1945. Boston, The
New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1945. 99p.

Historical, Genealogical, and Biographical Account of the Jolliffe Family of
Virginia, 1652 to 1893. Also Sketches of the Neill's, Janney's, Hollings-
worth's and Other Cognate Families. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Com-
pany, 1893. 245p.

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF YORK COUNTY [PA.], Annual Report of the Director,
1945. No impr. lOp.

History of Allegany County, New York . . . New York, F. W. Beers and
Company, 1879. 392p.

History of Elkhart County, Indiana . . . Chicago, Charles C. Chapman
and Company, 1881. 1181p.

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana . . . Chicago, Charles C. Chapman
and Company, 1880. 971p.

HOLLISTER, HORACE, History of the Lackawanna Valley. 2d ed. New York,
C. A. Alvord, 1869. 442p.

HORN, W. F., The Horn Papers; Early Westward Movement on the Monon-
gahela and Upper Ohio, 1765-1795. Scottdale, Pa., The Herald Press, 1945.

3 Vols.

HOSMER, GEORGE LEONARD, Hosmer Genealogy; Descendants of James Hosmer
Who Emigrated to America in 1685 and Settled in Concord, Mass. Cam-
bridge, Technical Composition Company, 1928. [279] p.

198 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

HUDSON, ALFRED SERENO, The Annals of Sudbury, Wayland, and Maynard,
Middlesex County, Massachusetts, N. p., 1891. [260] p.

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OP SOUTH CAROLINA, Transactions, No. 50. Charleston, S.
C., Published by Order of the Society, 1945. 89p.

HUNDLEY, WILLIAM THOMAS, History of Mattaponi Baptist Church, King and
Queen County, Virginia. Richmond, Va., Appeals Press, Inc., n. d. 561p.

HUNTINGTON, ELIJAH BALDWIN, History of Stamford, Connecticut, From Its
Settlement in 1641, to the Present Time, Including Darien, Which Was One
of Its Parishes Until 1S20. Stamford [Steam Press of Wm. W. Gillespie and
Company], 1868. 492p.

JENNINGS, WILLIAM HENRY, A Genealogical History of the Jennings Families
in England and America. Vol. 2. The American Families. Columbus,
Ohio [Press of Mann and Adair], 1899. 819p.

JOHNSON, GEORGE HENRY, One Branch of the Fay Family Tree; an Account
of the Ancestors and Descendants^ of William and Elizabeth Fay of West-
boro, Mass., and Marietta, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio, The Champlin Press,
1913. 130p.

JOHNSON, ROBERT GIBBON, An Historical Account of the First Settlement of
Salem, in West Jersey, by John Fenwick, Esq., Chief Proprietor of the Same
. . . Philadelphia, Orrin Rogers, 1839. 173p.

JOHNSTON, FREDERICK, Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks, Arranged Alphabeti-
cally by Counties . . . and Dates of Service From 1634 to the Present
Time. Lynchburg, J. P. Bell Company, 1888. 405p.

KEEN, GREGORY BERNARD, The Descendants of Jo'ran Kyn of New Sweden.
Philadelphia, The Swedish Colonial Society, 1913. 318p.

KELLEY, HERMON ALFRED, A Genealogical History of the Kelley Family De-
scended From Joseph Kelley of Norwich, Connecticut . . . Cleveland,
Privately Printed, 1897. [137] p.

KENNAN, THOMAS LATHROP, Genealogy of the Kennan Family. Milwaukee,
Cannon Printing Company, 1907. 121p.

KRESS, LUE M. (ADAMS), comp. and ed., A Genealogy of the Blakey Family
and Descendants . . . N. p., 1942. 96p.

LAMBORN, SAMUEL, The Genealogy of the Lamborn Family, With Extracts
From History, Biographies, Anecdotes, Etc. Philadelphia, Press of M. L.
Marion, 1894. 486p.

LAWYER, WILLIAM S., Binghampton, Its Settlement, Growth and Development
and the Factors in Its History, 1800-1900. [Boston] Century Memorial Pub-
lishing Company, 1900. 1035p.

LEE, WILLIAM WALLACE, A Catalogue of Barkhamsted Men, Who Served in the
Various Wars, 1775 to 1865. Meriden, Conn., Republican Publishing Com-
pany, 1897. lOOp.

LELAND, SHERMAN, The Leland Magazine; or, a Genealogical Record of Henry
Leland, and His Descendants, Containing an Account of Nine Thousand
Six Hundred and Twenty-four Persons . . . From 1653 to 1850. Bos-
ton, Wier and White, 1850. 278p.

LEONARD, CLARENCE ETTIENNE, The Fulton-Hay den-Warner Ancestry in Amer-
ica. New York, Tobias A. Wright, 1923. 628p.

LEONARD, ERMINA ELIZABETH (NEWTON), Newton Genealogy, Genealogical, Bio-

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 199

graphical, Historical; Being a Record of the Descendants of Richard New-
ton . . . De Pere, Wis., Bernard Ammidown Leonard, 1915. 872p.

LITTLE, LEWIS PEYTON, History for 100 Years of Mt. Shiloh Baptist Church,
Located Near Faber, Nelson County, Virginia. Roanoke, Economy Print-
ing Company, 1934. [76] p.

LOCKWOOD, FRANK CUMMINS, More Arizona Characters. Tucson, University
of Arizona, c!943. 79p. (University of Arizona, General Bulletin, No. 6.)

LYNDE, BENJAMIN, and BENJAMIN LYNDE, JR., The Diaries of Benjamin Lynde
and of Benjamin Lynde, Jr. Boston, Privately Printed, 1880. 251p.

MCCARTY, JOHN L., Maverick Town, the Story of Old Tascosa. Norman, Uni-
versity of Oklahoma Press, 1946. 277p.

McCoRMiCK, ANDREW PHELPS, Scotch-Irish in Ireland and in America, as
Shown in Sketches of the Pioneer Scotch-Irish Families: McCormick, Ste-
venson, McKenzie and Bell, in North Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri and
Texas. N. p., 1897. [246]p.

McCoY, LYCURGUS, William McCoy and His Descendants. Battle Creek,
Mich., Author, 1904. 204p.

MCFARLAND, DANIEL YOUNG, Genealogy of the McFarland Family of Hancock
County, Maine. Middlebury, Vt., Press of Seymour Brothers, 1910. 58p.

McKiTRicK, MAY ELIZA (DONALDSON), A Genealogical Record of One Branch
of the Donaldson Family in America, Descendants of Moses Donaldson,
Who Lived in Huntingdon County, Penn., in 1770. Columbus, Ohio, F. J.
Heer Printing Company, 1916. 332p.

MALTBY, GEORGIA LORD (MOREHOUSE), Family Record of the Maltby-More-
house Family . . . [New Haven, The Tuttle, Morehouse and Taylor
Press, c!895.] 157p.

MANSFIELD, DAVID L., History of Captain John Kathan the First Settler of
Dummerston, Vt. . . . Brattleboro, E. L. Hildreth and Company, 1902.
147p.

MARTYN, CHARLES, The William Ward Genealogy; the History of the Descend-
ants of William Ward of Sudbury, Mass., 1638-1926. New York, Artemas
Ward, 1925. 749p.

MARYLAND, GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Proceedings and Acts, 1766-1768. Baltimore,
Maryland Historical Society, 1944. 616p. (Archives of Maryland, Vol. 61.)

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Proceedings, Vol. 67, October, 1941-May,
1944- Boston, Society, 1945. 686p.

MERRITT, WILLIAM WALLACE, A History of the County of Montgomery From
the Earliest Days to 1906. Red Oak, Iowa, The Express Publishing Com-
pany, 1906. 343p.

MINK, ARTHUR D., Union List of Ohio Newspapers Available in Ohio. Co-
lumbus, The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1946. 124p.

MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY, Biennial Report July 1,
1943, Through June SO, 1945. Jackson, n. p., 1945. 30p.

MOUNT VERNON LADIES' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNION, Annual Report, 1946.
Mount Vernon, Va., n. p., 1946. 40p.

MYERS, THOMAS MILLER, The N orris Family of Maryland. New York, Wil-
liam M. Clemens, 1916, 119p.

NATIONAL SOCIETY CHILDREN OF THE AMERICAN COLONISTS, [Year Book] 1945-
1946. No impr. 39p.

200 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OP AMERICA, CONNECTICUT, Register,

1893-1939. Published by the Connecticut Society. [New Haven, The Tut-

tle, Morehouse and Taylor Company, 1940.] 464p.
, DELAWARE, Register. Wilmington [Printed for the Society by Cann

Brothers and Kindig, Inc.], 1930. 79p.

, GEORGIA, Register. [Baltimore, The Waverly Press, Inc.] 1937. 330p.

, MARYLAND, Register, 1915-1938. Baltimore, Society, 1940. lOlp.

, NEW HAMPSHIRE, Directory, 1941. [Manchester, N. H., Lew A. Cum-

mings Co.] 1941. 65p.
, NEW HAMPSHIRE, Register. Published by the Society. [Dover, N. H.,

Charles F. Whitehouse] 1926. 202p.
, NEW JERSEY, Addenda to the Register of 1928. N. p., Published by

Authority of the Board of Management, 1936. 63p.
, NEW YORK, Register, 1893-1926. New York, Published by Authority of

the Board of Managers, 1926. 534p.
, NEW YORK, Register. New York, Published by Authority of the Board

of Managers, 1941. 204p.
, NORTH CAROLINA, Register. Wilmington [Jackson and Bell Company],

1939. 378p.
, PENNSYLVANIA, Register. Philadelphia [Printed for the Society by

William J. Dornan], 1928. 499p.

, PENNSYLVANIA, Supplement to the Register of 1928, Containing the

Names of All Members Admitted to the Society From April 1, 1927, to
April 1, 1930, Together With All Supplemental Claims Filed Since That
Date. Philadelphia, 1930. 46p.

, RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS, Fiftieth Anniversary Year

Book, May 4, 1941-May 4, 1942. No impr. 47p.

NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN COLONISTS, Supplemen-
tals Book One, 1921-1945. Washington, D. C. [Press of Judd and Detweiler,
Inc.], 1946. 250p.

NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF THE PILGRIMS, Lineages of
Members to January 1, 1929. Philadelphia, Society, 1929. 660p.

NEW SALEM, MASS., Vital Records of New Salem, Massachusetts, to the End of
the Year 1849. Salem, The Essex Institute, 1927. 283p.

NEW- YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Annual Report for the Year 1945. New York,
1946. 144p.

NORTHRUP, GUILFORD SMITH, Genealogy of Josiah Munroe, Revolutionary Sol-
dier ... St. Johns, Mich., G. S. Northrup, 1912. 422p.

Origin and History of the Name of Carter With Biographies of All the Most
Noted Persons of That Name. Chicago, American Publishers' Association,
1906. 112p.

Panhandle-Plains Historical Review, Vol. 18. Canyon, Tex., The Panhandle-
Plains Historical Society, 1945. 162p.

PARSONS, HENRY, Parsons Family, Descendants of Cornet Joseph Parsons,
Springfield, 1636-Northampton, 1655. New York, Frank Allaben Genea-
logical Company [c!912]. 531p.

PATRICK, REMBERT WALLACE, Florida Under Five Flags. Gainesville, University
of Florida Press, 1945. 140p.

PENNYPACKER, SAMUEL WHITAKER, The Settlement of Germantown, Pennsyl-

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 201

vania, and the Beginning of German Emigration to North America. Phila-
delphia, William J. Campbell, 1899. 310p.
PETTIGREW, MARION (DEWOODY), comp. and ed., Marks-Barnett Families and

Their Kin . . . Macon, Ga., The J. W. Burke Company, 1939. 441p.
POOLS, MURRAY EDWARD, The History of Edward Poole of Weymouth, Mass.

(1635) and His Descendants. Ithaca, Ithaca Democrat, 1893. 164p.
Portrait and Biographical Album of Greene and Clark Counties, Ohio. Chicago,

Chapman Brothers, 1890. 924p.
Portrait and Biographical Record of Winnebago and Boone Counties, Illinois

. . . Chicago, Biographical Publishing Company, 1892. 1325p.
RAWSON, SULLIVAN S., The Rawson Family. Memoir of Edward Rawson,

Secretary of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, From 1651 to 1686: With

Genealogical Notices of His Descendants. Boston, n. p., 1849. 146p.
REYNOLDS FAMILY ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, 1892-1921, Thirtieth Annual Re-
port. Reunion Held Hotel McAlpin, New York City, September 9th and

10th, 1921. Lake Geneva, Wis.^The News Press, Inc., n. d. 94p.
RICE, FRANKLIN PIERCE, comp., Marlborough, Massachusetts, Burial Ground

Inscriptions; Old Common, Spring Hill, and Brigham Cemeteries.

Worcester, Franklin P. Rice, 1908. 218p.
Rockingham Recorder, the Official Publication of the Rockingham County

Historical Society, Harrisonburg, Virginia. Vol. 1, No. 1, April, 1945. Har-

risonburg, Garrison Press, 1945. 93p.
ROCKPORT, MASS., Vital Records of Rockport, Massachusetts, to the End of

the Year 1849. Salem, The Essex Institute, 1924. 120p.
ROWLEY, MASS., Vital Records of Rowley, Massachusetts, to the End of the

Year 1849. Salem, The Essex Institute, 1928. 537p.
The Rushford [New York] Centennial, August 16-21, 1908, With Other Data

and Reminiscences. [New York, The Evening Post] n. d. 546p.
RUSSELL, CHARLES THEODORE, The History of Princeton, Worcester County,

Mass., From Its First Settlement . . . Boston, Henry P. Lewis, 1838.

130p.
SALEM, MASS., Vital Records of Salem, Massachusetts, to the End of the Year

1849. Salem, The Essex Institute, 1916-1925. 6 Vols.
SAMPSON, LILLA (BRIGGS), The Sampson Family. Baltimore, Williams and

Wilkins Company [cl914L 238p.

SANCHEZ, NELLIE VAN DE GRIFT, Spanish and Indian Place Names of Califor-
nia: Their Meaning and Their Romance. San Francisco, A. M. Robertson,

1922. 454p.
SAYWARD, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, The Sayward Family. Being the History and

Genealogy of Henry Sayward of York, Maine, and His Descendants

. . . Ipswich, Mass., Independent Press, 1890. 177p.
SCHARF, JOHN THOMAS, and THOMPSON WESTCOTT, History of Philadelphia,

1609-1884. Philadelphia, L. H. Everts and Company, 1884. 3 Vols.
SCHOLL, JOHN WILLIAM, Scholl, Shall, Shutt Genealogy; the Colonial Branches.

New York, The Graf ton Press [c!930L 879p.
Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania; Genealogy Family History Biography

. . . Chicago, J. H. Beers and Company, 1916. 2 Vols.
SEARS, JOSEPH HAMBLEN, Tennessee Printers, 1791-1945; a Review of Printing

History From Roulstone's First Press to Printers of the Present. Kingsport,

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202 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

SHARPE, WILLIAM CARVOSSO, Sharpe Genealogy and Miscellany. Seymour,
Conn., Record Print, 1880. 178p.

SHATTUCK, LEMUEL, Memorials of the Descendants oj William Shattuck, the
Progenitor of the Families in America That Have Borne His Name . . .
Boston, Dutton and Wentworth, 1855. 414p.

SHAW, LUELLA, True History oj Some oj the Pioneers oj Colorado. Hotchkiss,
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SHIRK, IDA MORRISON (MURPHY), Descendants oj Richard and Elizabeth
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SLAWSON, GEORGE C., comp., The Slason, Slauson, Slawson, Slosson Family.
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SLAYTON, ASA WALKER, History of the Slayton Family. Biographical and
Genealogical. Grand Rapids, Mich., Dean Printing Company, 1898. 322p.

SMARTT, JOSIAH FINDLBY, The Smartt and Descendant Families. St. Louis,
Mo., Mound City Press, Inc., 1943. 216p.

SMITH, CORA ELIZABETH (HAHN), Certain Early Ancestors; Genealogies of
the Butterfields of Chelmsford, Mass., of the Parkers of Woburn and
Chelmsford, Mass., of the Johns of Ontario, Canada, of the Johnsons of
Roxbury, Mass., and of the Heaths of Haverhill, Mass. [Ann Arbor, Ed-
wards Brothers, Inc.] 1943. 244p.

SMITH, HENRY PERRY, History of Broome County [New York], With Illus-
trations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and
Pioneers. Syracuse, N. Y., D. Mason and Company, 1885. 630p.

SMITH, MARY PORTER, and SIDNEY DEAN SMITH, comp., Mendell Family Gene-
alogy; an Account of the Ancestors and Descendants of Isaac Mendell
and Patience Harlow . . . [Mason City, Iowa, Klipto Loose Leaf Com-
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SNOW, NORA EMMA, The Snow-Estes Ancestry. Volume One, the Snow Family.
Volume Two, The Estes Family. Hillburn, N. Y., n. p., 1939. 2 Vols.

SOCIETY OF INDIANA PIONEERS, Year Book 1945. No impr. 105p.

SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, Roster as of May 11, 1944. N. p., Society, 1945.
94p.

SPARKS, CHARLES H., History of Winneshiek County [Iowa] With Biographi-
cal Sketches of Its Eminent Men. Decorah, Iowa, Jas. Alex. Leonard
[c!877L 156p.

SPEED, THOMAS, Records and Memorials of the Speed Family. Louisville,
Courier- Journal Job Printing Company, 1892. 206p.

SPENCER, RICHARD HENRY, Thomas Family of Talbot County, Maryland, and
Allied Families. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company, 1914. 180p.

SPOFFORD, CHARLES BYRON, comp., Grave Stone Records; From the Ancient
Cemeteries in the Town oj Claremont, New Hampshire. With Historical
and Biographical Notes. Claremont, N. H., George I. Putnam, 1896. 86p.

STEVENS, S. F., and others, Pennsylvania's Second Year at War, December 7,
1942-December 7, 1948. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum
Commission, 1945. 175p.

STICKNEY, MATTHEW ADAMS, The Stickney Family . . . Salem, Mass., Essex
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RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 203

STUBBS, THOMAS McALPiN, Family Album, an Account of the Moods of

Charleston, South Carolina, and Connected Families. [Atlanta, Curtiss

Printing Company, Inc., c!943.J 246p.
TANNER, GEORGE CLINTON, William Tanner of North Kingstown, Rhode Island,

and His Descendants. Published by the Author. [Minneapolis, Press of

Heywood Manufacturing Company] 1905. 216p.
TAPLEY, HARRIET SILVESTER, Genealogy of the Tapley Family. Danvers, Mass.

[The Endecott Press], 1900. 256p.
TATUM, RICHARD PERRY, Tatum Narrative, 1626-1925. Philadelphia, n. p., 1925.

llOp.
TAYLOR, BENJAMIN COOK, Annals of the Classis of Bergen, of the Reformed

Dutch Church, and of the Churches Under Its Care; Including the Civil

History of the Ancient Township of Bergen, in New Jersey. New York,

Reformed Protestant Dutch Church [c!857]. 479p.
TAYLOR, HAROLD MURDOCH, Family History. Anthony Taylor of Hampton, New

Hampshire: Additions. [Rutland, Vt., The Tuttle Publishing Company,

Inc., 1945.] 134p.
TAYLOR, JAMES BARNETT, Lives of Virginia Baptist Ministers. 2d ed. Revised

and Enlarged. Richmond, Yale and Wyatt, 1838. 492p.
TOWNSHEND, CHARLES HERVEY, The Townshend Family of Lynn, in Old and

New England, Genealogical and Biographical. Revised 3d ed. New Haven

[Tuttle, Morehouse and Taylor, 1882]. 138p.
VIRGINIA (COLONY), COUNCIL, Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial

Virginia, Vol. 5 (November 1, 1739-May 1 , 1754). Richmond, Virginia State

Library, 1945. 604p.
WARDEN, WILLIAM ALBERT, The Ancestors, Kin and Descendants of John

Warden and Narcissa (Davis) Warden, His Wife . . . Worcester, Mass.

[The Maynard-Gough Company], 1901. 248p.
WARRINER, EDWIN, The Warriner Family of New England Origin . . .

Albany, Joel Munsell's Sons, 1899. 287p.
WASHBURN, GEORGIA COOPER, Witter Genealogy, Descendants of William Witter

of Swampscott, Massachusetts, 1639-1659. New York, The National His-
torical Company [c!929]. 394p.
WEST, EDITH WILLOUGHBY (GOODMAN), comp., Stephen Griffing, His Ancestry

and Descendants. Warrensburgh, N. Y., Henry Griffing, 1911. 234p.
WEYBURN, SAMUEL FLETCHER, Weybum-Wyborn Genealogy, Being a History

and Pedigree of Thomas Wyborn of Boston and Scituate, Massachusetts, and

Samuel Weyburn of Pennsylvania . . . New York, Frank Allaben Gene-
alogical Company [c!911]. 218p.

WHARTON, ANNE HOLLINGSWORTH, English Ancestral Homes of Noted Ameri-
cans. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1915. 313p.
WIGHT, CHARLES HENRY, Genealogy of the Claflin Family, Being a Record of

Robert Mackclothlan, of Wenham, Mass., and of His Descendants, 1661-1898.

New York, William Green [pref. 1903]. 473p.
WILLIAMS, STEPHEN RIGGS, The Saga of the Paddy's Run. Oxford, Ohio, n. p.,

1945. 199p.
WOLCOTT, CHANDLER, Wolcott Genealogy; the Family of Henry Wolcott, One

of the First Settlers of Windsor, Connecticut. Rochester, N. Y., The Genesee

Press, 1912. 456p.

204 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

WOOLLEN, WILLIAM WESLEY, Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early
Indiana. Indianapolis, Hammond and Company, 1883. 568p.

WORCESTER HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Publications, New Series, Vol. 8, No. 2. Sep-
tember, 1945. Worcester, Mass., The Worcester Historical Society, 1945.
32p.

WRIGHT, ANNE JULIA (MiMs), A Record of the Descendants of Isaac Ro<ss and
Jean Brown and the Allied Families of Alexander, Conger, Harris, Hill,
King, Killingsworth, Mackey, Moores, Sims, Wade, Etc. Jackson, Miss.,
Consumers Stationery and Printing Company, 1911. 233p.

WYNN, ADALINE (EVANS), Southern Lineages: Records of Thirteen Families.
[Atlanta, Printed by Walter W. Brown Publishing Company] 1940. 405p.

YOUNG, ANDREW WHITE, History of the Town of Warsaw, New York . . .
With Numerous Family Sketches and Biographical Notes. Buffalo, Sage,
Sons and Company, 1869. 400p.

GENERAL

ABBOT, WILLIS J., The Naval History of the United States. New York, Peter
Fenelon Collier [c!896]. 2 Vols.

ADAMIO, Louis, A Nation of Nations. New York, Harper and Brothers [c!945] .
399p.

ADAMS, JAMES TRUSLOW, ed., and others, Album of American History. Vol. 2,
1783-1853. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1945. 418p.

ANGLE, PAUL MCCLELLAND, A Shelf of Lincoln Books; a Critical, Selective
Bibliography of Lincolniana. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press,
1946. 142p.

AYER, N. W., AND SON'S, Directory Newspapers and Periodicals, 1946. Phila-
delphia, N. W. Ayer and Son, Inc. [c!946]. 1335p.

BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE, History of the Lije of William GUpin, a Character
Study. San Francisco, The History Company, 1889. 62p.

BECK, JAMES M., The Constitution of the United States. London, Hodder and
Stoughton [pref. 1922]. 280p.

BERGER, MAURICE, Germany After the Armistice . . . New York, G. P.
Putnam's S'ons, 1920. 337p.

BISHOP, RICHARD E., The Nancy Hanks Lincoln Memorial . . . 1940-1944-
N. p., The Indiana Lincoln Union, 1944. 79p.

BLACKFORD, WILLIAM WILLIS, War Years With Jeb Stuart. New York, Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1945. 322p.

BOATRIGHT, MODY CoGGiN, Gib Morgan, Minstrel of the Oil Fields. N. p.,
Texas Folk-Lore Society, 1945. 104p. (Texas Folk-Lore Society Publica-
tions, No. 20.)

BOTKIN, BENJAMIN ALBERT, ed., Lay My Burden Down, a Folk History of
Slavery. Chicago, University of Chicago Press [c!945]. 285p.

BOYNTON, HENRY VAN NESS, Sherman's Historical Raid. The Memoirs in the
Light of the Record . . . Cincinnati, Wilstach, Baldwin and Company,
1875. 276p.

CALVIN, Ross, River of the Sun; Stones of the Storied Gila. Albuquerque,
University of New Mexico Press, 1946. 153p. (Handbooks of Archaeo-
logical History.)

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 205

CARD, HELEN L., The Collector's Remington: a Series. L Notes on Books by
Him; Books Illustrated by Him; and Books Which Gossip About Him.
II. The Story of His Bronzes, With a Complete, Descriptive List. N. p.
[c!946]. 2 Pams.

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOB INTERNATIONAL PEACE, DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE
AND EDUCATION, International Conciliation; Documents for the Year 1946.
New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1945. 841p.

CASTETTER, EDWARD FRANKLIN, and WILLIS HARVEY BELL, Pima and Papago
Indian Agriculture. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press,
1942. 245p.

COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM, From Pearl Harbor Into Tokyo; the Story
as Told by War Correspondents on the Air. New York, Columbia Broad-
casting System, 1945. 312p.

CONGDON, HERBERT WHEATON, The Covered Bridge, an Old American Land-
mark . . . New York, Alfred A. Knopf. 1946. 151p.

COOKE, JOHN ESTEN, Mohun; or,- the Last Days of Lee and His Paladins.
New York, F. J. Huntington and Company, 1869. 509p.

CORLISS, CARLTON J., Development of Railroad Transportation in the United
States. Washington, D. C., Association of American Railroads, 1945. 32p.

CRAMB, JOHN ADAM, Germany and England. New York, E. P. Dutton and
Company, 1915. 152p.

CROOK, GEORGE, General George Crook, His Autobiography. Edited and An-
notated by Martin F. Schmitt. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press,
1946. 326p.

Current Biography, Who's News and Why, 1941, 19^2, 1943, 1944, 1945. New
York, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1941-1946. 5 Vols.

The Dance of Death, Printed at Paris in 1490. A Reproduction Made From
the Copy in the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection, Library of Congress.
[Washington] Library of Congress [1945]. [31]p.

DELAFIELD, JOSEPH, The Unfortified Boundary, a Diary of the First Survey of
the Canadian Boundary Line From St. Regis to the Lake of the Woods
. . . New York, Privately Printed, 1943. 490p.

Encyclopedia of American Biography. New Series, Vol. 18. New York, The
American Historical Company, Inc., 1945. 444p.

EWERS, JOHN CANFIELD, Blackfeet Crafts. [Lawrence, Haskell Institute, 1945.]
66p. (Indian Handicrafts, No. 9.)

FARNHAM, CHARLES HAIGHT, A Life of Francis Parkman. Boston, Little,
Brown and Company, 1901. 394p.

FLSKE, JOHN, New France and New England. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and
Company, 1902. 378p.

FOCH, FERDINAND, The Memoirs of Marshal Foch. Garden City, N. Y., Dou-
bleday, Doran and Company, 1931. 517p.

FREER GALLERY OF ART, STAFF, A Descriptive and Illustrative Catalogue of
Chinese Bronzes . . . Washington, 1946. 108p.

GARVEY, NEIL FORD, Financial Problems Arising From Changes in School Dis-
trict Boundaries. Urbana, The University of Illinois Press, 1946. 118p.
(Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 2.)

GATES, PAUL WALLACE, Frontier Landlords and Pioneer Tenants. Ithaca, Cor-
nell University Press, 1945. 64p.

206 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

GODLBY, JOHN ROBERT, Letters From America. London, John Murray, 1844.
2 Vols.

GOODRICH, B. F., COMPANY, Bricks Without Straw, the Story of Synthetic
Rubber. Akron, Ohio, The B. F. Goodrich Company [c!944]. 45p.

GREEN, THOMAS JEFFERSON, Journal of the Texian Expedition Against Mier
. . . New York, Harper and Brothers, 1845. 487p.

[HALLEN STEIN, RALPH H.], ed., Official History of the Second Military Gov-
ernment Regiment. No impr. 67p.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, The Works of Alexander Hamilton. Edited by Henry
Cabot Lodge. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, n. d. 12 Vols.

HAMMOND, WILLIAM GARDINER, Remembrance of Amherst; an Undergraduate's
Diary, 1846-1848. New York, Columbia University Press, 1945. 307p.

[HAYHOW, ERNIE], The Thunderbolt Across Europe . . . A History of
the 83d Infantry Division, 1942-1945. [Munich, Germany, F. Bruckmann
K. G.] n. d. 119p.

HENRY, ROBERT S., The Railroad Land Grant Legend in American History
Texts. (Reprinted from The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 32,
No. 2, September, 1945.) [23]p.

HEWETT, EDGAR LEE, Pajarito Plateau and Its Ancient People. [Albuquerque]
The University of New Mexico Press [c!938]. 191p. (Handbooks of Ar-
chaeological History.)

, and BERTHA PAULINE DUTTON, eds., The Pueblo Indian World; Studies

on the Natural History of the Rio Grande Valley in Relation to Pueblo
Indian Culture. [Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press,
c!945.] 176p. (Handbooks of Archaeological History.)

' , and REGINALD GILBERT FISHER, Mission Monuments of New Mexico.

[Albuquerque] The University of New Mexico Press, 1943. 269p. (Hand-
books of Archaeological History.)

HOUGHTON, N. D., "Wards of the United States" Arizona Applications; a
Study of the Legal Status of Indians. Tucson, University of Arizona, 1945.
19p. (University of Arizona, Social Science Bulletin, No. 14.)

HUBBARD, ELBERT, Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Business Men: John
B. Stetson. East Aurora, N. Y., The Roycrofters, 1911. 52p.

HUTCHINS, ROBERT M., The Atomic Bomb Versus Civilization. Washington,
Human Events, Inc. [c!945] . 14p.

Illustrated Life, Campaigns and Public Services of Lieut. General Grant . . .
Philadelphia, T. B. Peterson and Brothers [c!865]. 271p.

JAMES, MARQUIS, The Cherokee Strip, a Tale of an Oklahoma Boyhood. New
York, The Viking Press, 1945. 294p.

JASNY, NAUM, The Wheats of Classical Antiquity. Baltimore, The Johns Hop-
kins Press, 1944. 176p. (The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical
and Political Science, Series 62, No. 3.)

JOHNSTON, GIDEON, Carolina Chronicle; the Papers of Commissary Gideon
Johnston, 1707-1716. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1946. 186p.
(University of California Publications in History, Vol. 35.)

JOHNSTON, WILLIAM PRESTON, The Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, Em-
bracing His Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of
Texas, and the Confederate States. New York, D. Appleton and Company,
1879. 755p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 207

JORDAN, PHILIP DILLON, Singin' Yankees. Minneapolis, The University of
Minnesota Press [cl946]. 305p.

KANTOBOWICZ, ERNST HARTWIG, Laudes Regiae ; a Study in Liturgical Acclama-
tions and Mediaeval Ruler Worship. Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1946. 292p. (University of California Publications in History, Vol.
33.)

KURATH, WILLIAM, 4 Brief Introduction to Papago, a Native Language of
Arizona. Tucson, University of Arizona, c!945. 43p. (University of Arizona,
Social Science Bulletin, No. 13.)

LECOMPTE, FERDINAND, The War in the United States . . . New York, D.
Van Nostrand, 1863. 148p.

LE Due, THOMAS HAROLD ANDRE, Piety and Intellect at Amherst College, 1865-
1912. New York, Columbia University Press, 1946. 165p.

[LEIGH, RANDOLPH], American Enterprise in Europe; the Role of the SOS
in the Defeat of Germany. [Paris, France, 1945.] 233p.

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, The Writings of Abraham Lincoln. Edited by Arthur
Brooks Lapsley. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1923. 8 Vols.

LUCAS, JANNETTE MAY, Indian Harvest; Wild Food Plants of America. Phila-
delphia, J. B. Lippincott Company [c!945]. 118p.

MCCLELLAND, CLARENCE P., The Education of Females in Early Illinois. Jack-
sonville, 111., MacMurray College for Women, 1944. 32p. (Bulletin of Mac-
Murray College for Women, Vol. 34, No. 6, April, 1944.)

McCoRMicK, ROBERT RUTHERFORD, Ulysses S. Grant, the Great Soldier of
America. New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1934. 343p.

McKsoN, NEWTON FELCH, and KATHARINE CONOVER COWLES, Amherst, Massa-
chusetts, Imprints, 1825-1876. Amherst, Amherst College Library, 1946.
191p.

McKERN, W. C., Preliminary Report on the Upper Mississippi Phase in Wiscon-
sin. Milwaukee, Published by Order of the Board of Trustees, 1945. [177]p.
(Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Vol. 16, No. 3,
December 15, 1945.)

MCLOUGHLIN, JOHN, The Letters of John McLoughlin From Fort Vancouver
to the Governor and the Committee, Third Series, 1844-46- Toronto, The
Champlain Society, 1944. 341p. (Hudson's Bay Company Series, Vol. 7.)

MATTHEWS, WILLIAM, comp., American Diaries, an Annotated Bibliography of
American Diaries Written Prior to the Year 1861. Berkeley, University of
California Press, 1945. 383p.

MENCKEN, HENRY Louis, The American Language. Supplement 1. New York,
Alfred A. Knopf, 1945. 739p.

MEREDITH, ROY, Mr. Lincoln's Camera Man, Mathew B. Brady. New York,
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1946. 368p.

METRAUX, ALFRED, Myths of the Toba and Pilagd Indians of the Gran Chaco.
Philadelphia, American Folklore Society, 1946. 167p. (Memoirs of the
American Folklore Society, Vol. 40.)

MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES, NEW YORK COM-
MANDERY, Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion; Addresses
Delivered Before the New York Commandery . . . 1883-1891. New York,
Commandery, 1891. 391p.

, Second Series. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897. 342p.

208 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

MINER, WILLIAM HARVEY, The Iowa [Indians']. Cedar Rapids, The Torch

Press, 1911. lOOp.
MITCHELL, EDWARD PAGE, Memoirs of an Editor; Fifty Years of American

Journalism. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924. 458p.
MOFFIT, JOHN CLIFTON, The History of Public Education in Utah. N. p., 1946.

375p.
New York Times Index for the Published News of 1944- New York, The New

York Times Company, 1945. 2029p.
Opportunities in Arizona Folklore. Tucson, University of Arizona, c!945. 55p.

(University of Arizona, General Bulletin, No. 9.)
OVERTON, GRANT, Portrait of a Publisher and the First Hundred Years of the

House of Appleton, 1825-1925. New York, D. Appleton and Company,

1925. 95p.
PARKMAN, FRANCIS, A Half-Century of Conflict [France and England in North

America, Part Sixth]. Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1901. 2 Vols.
PARKS, EDILBERT PATRICK, The Roman Rhetorical Schools as a Preparation

for the Courts Under the Empire. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1945.

122p. (The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political

Science, Series 63, No. 2.)
Patterson's American Educational Directory, Vol. 42- Chicago, American

Educational Company [c!945]. 1024p.

PEARCE, WILLIAM N., Official History of 130th Field Artillery Battalion. Mimeo-
graphed [1944], [8]p.
PETERSON, CLARENCE STEWART, Admiral John A. Dahlgren, Father of U.S. Naval

Ordnance. New York, The Hobson Book Press, 1945. 92p.
[PHILLIPS, HOWARD E.], ed., A Record of the Deeds, Actions and Experiences

of the Fifty Fourth United States Naval Construction Battalion in North

Africa. No impr. 132p.
PRIEST, JOSIAH, Bible Defence of Slavery; or the Origin, History, and Fortunes

of the Negro Race . . . Louisville, Ky., J. F. Brennan [c!851]. 569p.
PROUTY, CHARLES T., ed., Studies in Honor of A. H. R. Fairchild. Columbia,

University of Missouri, 1946. 191p. (The University of Missouri Studies,

Vol. 21, No. 1.)
RANDALL, JAMES GARFIELD, Lincoln, the President; Springfield to Gettysburg.

New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1945. 2 Vols.
RICHARDSON, J. T., The Origin and Development of Group Hospitalization in

the United States, 1890-1940. Columbia, University of Missouri, 1945. lOlp.

(The University of Missouri Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3.)

ROBINSON, W. W., The Forest and the People; the Story of the Angeles Na-
tional Forest. Los Angeles, Title Insurance and Trust Company, 1946. 45p.
SAUNDERS, LYLE, A Guide to Materials Bearing on Cultural Relations in New

Mexico. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press, 1944. 528p.
SCHLESINGER, ARTHUR MEIER, JR., The Age of Jackson. Boston, Little, Brown

and Company, 1946. 577p.
SCHMECKEBIER, LAURENCE ELI, Art in Red Wing. Minneapolis, The University

of Minnesota Press [c!946]. 88p.
SIBLEY, WILLIAM GIDDINGS, Along the Highway With W. G. Sibley; Extracts

From a Column Under This Title Appearing in the Chicago Journal of Com,'-

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 209

merce From January 26, 1924, to January SO, 1935. Chicago, Chicago Journal
of Commerce [c!935]. 296p.

SMITH, ROBERT C., comp., The Colonial Art of Latin America; a Collection of
Slides and Photographs. Washington, D. C., The United States Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1945. 43p.

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH COUNCIL, COMMITTEE ON HISTORIOGRAPHY, Theory
and Practice in Historical Study. New York, Social Science Research
Council [1946]. 177p.

SPRING, AGNES (WRIGHT), William Chopin Deming of Wyoming, Pioneer Pub-
lisher, and State and Federal Official; a Biography. Glendale, Cal., The
Arthur H. Clark Company, 1944. 531p.

STEARNS, ALFRED E., An Amherst Boyhood. Amherst, Amherst College [c!946],
212p.

THE SUN, NEW YORK, Casual Essays of the, Sun; Editorial Articles on Many
Subjects, Clothed With the Philosophy of the Bright Side of Things. New
York, Robert Grier Cooke, 1905. 422p.

[SUPER, MARGARET Low (STUMP)], The Case for Poland, by Ann Su Cardwell
[pseud.]. With an Introduction by R. H. Markham. Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1945. 92p.

SWIFT, HELEN, Zack Jones, Fisherman-Philosopher. Chicago, A. Kroch and
Son, 1944. 225p.

THURSFIELD, RICHARD EMMONS, Henry Barnard's American Journal of Educa-*
tion. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1945. 359p. (The Johns Hop-
kins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series 63, No. 1.)

UNDERBILL, RUTH, Indians of the Pacific Northwest. N. p., Education Divi-
sion of the United States Office of Indian Affairs [pref. 1944]. 232p. (In-
dian Life and Customs, 5.)

, Work a Day Life of the Pueblos. [Phoenix, Phoenix Indian School,

1946.] I74p. (Indian Life and Customs, 4.)

Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United States and Canada. 2d ed.
Supplement January 1941-December 1943. New York, The H. W. Wilson
Company, 1945. 1123p.

The United States, 1865-1900; a Survey of Current Literature With Abstracts
of Unpublished Dissertations. Vol. 8, January 1, 1944-December 81, 1944.
Fremont, Ohio, The Rutherford B. Hayes-Lucy Webb Hayes Foundation,

1945. 304p.

WACHMAN, MARVIN, History of the Social-Democratic Party of Milwaukee,
1897-1910. Urbana, The University of Illinois Press, 1945. 90p. (Illinois
Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 1.)

WHITE, TRUMBULL, Pictorial History of Our War With Spain for Cuba's Free-
dom . . . N. p. [c!898]. 566p.

WHITTON, FREDERICK ERNEST, The Marne Campaign. Boston, Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1917. 311p.

Who's Who in America; a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men
and Women; Vol. 24, 1946-1947. Chicago, The A. N. Marquis Company,

1946. 2814p.

WOLFF, ELDON G., Bollard Rifles in the Henry J. Nunhemacher Collection.
Milwaukee, Published by Order of the Board of Trustees, 1945. 77p. (Bul-

146909

210 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

letin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Vol. 18, No. 1, De-
cember 1, 1945.)

WOLFF, PERRY S., A History of the 334th Infantry, 84th Division. [Mannheimer,
Grobdruckerei, 1945.] 230p.

World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1946. New York, The New York World-
Telegram, 1946. 816p.

WRIGHT, ALBERT HAZEN, Our Georgia-Florida Frontier; the Okefinokee Swamp,
Its History and Cartography. Ithaca, N. Y, A. H. Wright, 1945. [222] p.
(Studies in History, Nos. 9-14.)

Bypaths of Kansas History

THE CHICAGO COMPANY AND THE MISSOURI RIVER PIRATES

From the Freemen's Champion, Prairie City, August 27, 1857.

We have seen many accounts of the treatment a company of emigrants
from Chicago, while coming up the Missouri on their way to the territory
last season [1856], received from Border Ruffians, but none so minute and
accurate as the statement contained in a letter which was written by a mem-
ber of the company to a friend, shortly after the occurrence, but which has
never yet appeared in print. We have been permitted to make a few ex-
tracts:

"We left Chicago about the middle of June, via. the Chicago, Alton & St.
Louis R. R. We numbered sixty-eight, including the women and children,
and were composed of farmers, mechanics of every branch, three printers, one
minister, one doctor and two lawyers. Our intention was to form a Free
State colony, and were provided with all the necessaries for establishing one.
Upon our arrival at Alton we proceeded to the steamer 'Star of the West,'
which had been engaged for the conveyance of our company up the river, and
which we supposed had been chartered exclusively for us and other companies
that were to join us there. By some misunderstanding that arrangement had
failed to be effected, and we found ourselves on board of a Border Ruffian
steamer, manned by a Border Ruffian crew from captain to deck-hands, and
in company with a large number of Border Ruffian passengers. Everything
passed off very quietly and nothing occurred worthy of note until we reached
Waverly, a little town about twenty-five miles below Lexington, where a pas-
senger, whom we subsequently learned was employed on the river as a spy,
got ashore, with a horse which accompanied him, and put off at lightning
speed for Lexington, to warn the citizens of our coming. In his haste to get
there, it is said he rode his horse to death. At about eleven o'clock Sunday
night, the boat was moored to the levee in Lexington by two iron cables and
all the ropes belonging to the boat. The night being dark as pitch, it was im-
possible to distinguish anything on shore, and we were unable to conjecture
what was to be our fortune. Presently a few men made their appearance and
came on board, followed by others in small squads, until before we were
hardly aware of it, the cabin was filled from one end to the other by many
of the best citizens of Lexington, intermingled by a number of the most
fiendish devils the infernal regions ever puked up. Just at this juncture the
steamer lit a torch-light, which enabled us plainly to distinguish on shore a
large body of men, armed with U. S. muskets, and three brass field pieces
loaded with grape-shot. A committee of seven were appointed by the Lex-
ington people, to hold council with the officers of our company, and the cap-
tain of the steamer, after seeking them, took them, with the Lexington com-
mittee, into his cabin. The committee demanded, in the name of the people
they represented, the arms furnished us by the Chicago people. Have
them they would, if it cost the entire annihilation of our party. If we quietly
submitted to their demand, they would only take the arms furnished us by

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212 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the Chicago people; would give us receipt for the same and return them
when the difficulties in Kanzas were settled, and would leave our private arms
unmolested. Our officers at first stoutly refused to surrender a thing, and
not until two hours had been consumed in parleying, with the advice, influ-
ence and persuasion of the steamer captain, did our company consent to yield
to their demand. Many, rather than deliver up their guns, threw them over-
board. Fifty-eight condemned United States breach-loading Hall's rifles, and
seventy-five pounds of powder was the extent of their robbery. They assured
us that we would meet with no more obstacles on our journey, and would be
able to enter the territory now without any difficulty whatever; whereas, if
we had went in the condition we were previous to their interference, we
would have conflicted with U. S. troops! Feeling grateful for the interest
manifested in our behalf (!) at six o'clock next morning we were pursuing
our journey again. At three o'clock the following morning we reached Kanzas
City, where a detachment of Col. Buford's company, (South Carolina des-
peradoes) numbering upwards of fifty, armed with muskets, revolvers, and
bowie knives with others, came on board. Matters passed on quietly until
we had proceeded eight or ten miles further, when it was discovered that
among the large augmentation to the passengers at the latter city, were Gen-
erals Atchison, String 'fellow, Jones, and other notorious ruffian leaders, who
sought an interview with our president and told him that our company should
not land in Kanzas Territory ; that if we attempted it, every soul of us would
be slaughtered] They advised us to return on the first steamer, and should
be allowed to do so without molestation. As we had only about a dozen
rifles, with as many revolvers, we saw that we were virtually prisoners, and
deemed their advice wholesome, under the circumstances. A meeting of the
company was held and we decided to go back. Upon arriving at Leaven-
worth City, we found another large armed body of ruffians waiting for us,
drawn up in military order on the river banks. Arrangements were made for
us to remain on board the boat and return on the same, and after searching
all of our baggage, stripping us of our remaining arms, tents, camp-equippage
and agricultural implements, a guard of thirty-five picked men, under com-
mand of Capt. Clarkson, was stationed over us to prevent our escaping.
Weston, six miles further up the river, was the termination of the steamer's
route. Here we remained for two days, in close confinement on the boat
being allowed to go ashore only in small parties at a time, well guarded.

"At Lexington, on our return, we were informed that a party of Massachu-
setts men were expected there that day, on the steamer 'Sultan/ and that
they intended to meet them with a reception similar to the one we were ho-
ored with. When about fifty miles below, we met the said steamer, and word
having been given our captain that we wished to communicate with them, a
signal was made and the boats stopped. Our president endeavored to board
their steamer, but was prevented by one of Col. Buford's lieutenants, who
was stationed on the taff-rail of our boat, and who drew a revolver on him
and ordered him back. Not relishing this assumed authority, our president
was about to level him to the deck he had no arms when the lieutenant fired.
A friend of the lieutenant Capt. Bell, of South Carolina knocked the re-
volver aside, and the ball just barely missed your humble correspondent, who

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 213

was standing near. Had it not been for this timely interference, our president
would soon have been weltering in his gore. We accomplished part of our
object, however, for during this affray one of our men jumped at least a dis-
tance of fifteen feet and got aboard of the steamer, and soon informed the
company of the hard usage we had been subjected to, of the fate that was
lying in store for them, and entreated them to go back with us. They desired
to do so, and while making preparations for their conveyance down, Col.
Buford and several of his confederates surrounded the captain of the steamer
and advised him not to take them aboard. Our boat shoved off, and the sons
of the old Bay State were left to experience the same scenes we had just
passed through. They numbered forty men, each armed with a revolver and
bowie knife, and had also sixty Sharp's rifles all of which were lost. They
were headed by the celebrated DR. CUTTER, Physiologist.

"We arrived at the mouth of the Missouri, five miles below Alton, on Sun-
day morning, 29th ult., where we landed in the woods. The captain was
afraid to risk his boat at Alton."

KIDDING THE POLITICIANS IN 1860
From The Daily Times, Leavenworth, August 10, 1860.

[Communicated.]

To the Hon. Mayor and Board of Councilmen of Leavenworth City, K. T.

The undersigned citizens being rather "hard up," pecuniarily, and our busi-
ness not proving remunerative, and some having no visible means of support,
would respectfully petition your honorable body to render us such assistance
as may be in your power ; we therefore pray you to pass the following acts, viz :

1. Create as many new offices, and retain as many of the old ones, as the
tax payers of the city can bear.

2. Let out some new jobs of public improvement in the city, or else "grub"
and "liquor" will fail some of us.

3. Pass an act creating a Lunatic Asylum, a Blind Asylum, a Poor House,
a City Jail, and a Hospital, and give the exclusive charge to some scientific
association; and although the city may not need such institutions now, yet
our Societies will be vastly benefited thereby, even if they receive no salary
at the present; yet if you will give us the charge for not less than five years,
you can thereby bolster up our waning business.

4. Appoint our agent to tell the members of your honorable body

how to vote in all cases where our interests may be involved.

5. Pass an act requiring all candidates for city officers to treat at least
twenty- five times a day to "lager beer" and "whiskey," for at least one mo-nth
before the election.

6. Be careful to pass us no new law, nor to enforce any old law that may
drive a large portion of voters from our ticket, and especially for one month
before the election; let the people go unbridled.

7. Pass an act giving a reward for the scalps of all flies, bed bugs, mosqui-
toes, &c., that may be "found at large;" but we pray you not to repeal such
act, nor to cease from enforcing it for at least one week.

214 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

8. Pass a law requiring each "unfortunate Cyprian" to pay at least five
dollars per month to the Police for the privileges of the city unrestrained, and
in case of failure to pay them, they are to be arrested "for keeping houses of
ill fame," and fined for the benefit of the City Government; provided that
no charge shall be made against the city for advertising them or their houses;
and provided further that no police court loafer shall ever enter one of their
houses in the day time.

9. Pass a law giving our chartered company the exclusive right to build
railroads through all the streets of the city corporation, and although we will
not be able to build such roads for years, yet unless you pass such law some
outside railroad company may want to enter the city with their road, and
thereby the loss to our pockets may be very great.

10. Pass a law giving all chartered railroad companies the privilege of taxing
the city not less, in any case, than $150,000 for each company, and fine any
citizen who is "old fogy" enough to object to any tax, whether for a road in
Japan or New Mexico.

11. Be sure and fill all the offices at least twelve months ahead, and make
places for all good hard working members of our party, who are now out of
employment, and must have a support in reward for party services.

12. Whatever you do, remember to pass no law that will injure our party
with any of the voters of the city, whether it is for the interest of the city as a
whole or not.

13. As the salary of some of our city officers is small and not sufficient for
services rendered, therefore we ask you to give such extra allowance especially
to our very polite and efficient City Clerk. We pray you to give him five
hundred dollars for extra services, as his family has to be supported, and he is,
besides, such a faithful member of our party, that he will vote for a man nomi-
nated by the party, even if convicted of sheep stealing, before he would vote
for the best man in the other party therefore he deserves extra compensation.

14. Be careful not to forget the lining to your own pockets, in the way of
extra services, and do not fail to tax up the costs of "City Dads" well.

SAM SNIGGLEFBITZ, BOB TRUEMAN,

BILL PARTYMAN, JIM REDEYE,

JOE BARTER, DENNIS MCCARTY,

and 160 others.

THE ORIGINAL "LADIES' DAY"?

From the Florence Herald, June 28, 1879.

Every Tuesday and Friday the ladies of Florence can have the use of the
bath rooms, at the Clifton Hotel. This will be a luxury which will be duly
appreciated. All other days the bath rooms are open to gentlemen.

Kansas History as Published in the Press

Early-day recollections of Mrs. Alma Fisher, New Cambria, con-
cerning Salina and the Gypsum valley were printed in the Salina
Journal, April 13, 1946. She said Mount Tabor school received its
name at the suggestion of J. M. Preshaw, a Methodist minister re-
siding at Solomon, who conducted a Sunday school in the community.
Mrs. Fisher settled with her family in the Gypsum valley in 1878.

The seventy-fifth anniversary of the selection of the townsite of
Great Bend in 1871 was noted in the Great Bend Tribune, June 6,
1946. D. Bryan Baker claimed to have built the first permanent,
private residence there in Ma.rch, 1871, with lumber obtained in
Russell, the article said. The nearest railroad switch at the time
the house was built was Fossil Siding on the Kansas Pacific. A
letter from J. C. Ruppenthal, of Russell, published in the Tribune,
June 13, 1946, pointed out that the Kansas Pacific established a
water station at Fossil creek when the railroad was built through
Russell county in 1867, and that a siding known as Fossil Siding
was soon constructed, but that the town of Russell had not been laid
out at the time Baker erected his residence at Great Bend.

The Indian raid on the Benjamin White homestead in Cloud
county in 1868 was recalled in an article in the Concordia Blade-
Empire, August 28, 1946. Mr. White was killed in the attack, his
son, Martin A., was wounded by a spear, and a daughter, Sarah,
kidnaped. Government troops obtained release of the daughter
months later. Another daughter, now Mrs. E. M. French of James-
town, found safety by hiding with her mother in underbrush. Mar-
tin A. White, a resident of Oregon, observed his ninety-first birthday,
August 15, the Blade-Empire said. A drawing of the pioneer home
of Benjamin White appeared with the article. Early-day views of
the Renard Bro's. store and the fire laddies posed in front of the
Concordia city hall and fire department building were printed in the
Blade-Empire August 29.

Dr. Edward Bumgardner discussed the battle of Hickory Point,
fought 90 years ago in Jefferson county, in the Lawrence Daily Jour-
nal-World, September 11, 1946. After a skirmish, Proslavery men
at Hickory Point surrendered to Free-Staters led by Col. James A.
Harvey, but the Free-State men were themselves taken prisoners by
United States dragoons about five miles from the scene of the cn-

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216 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

counter and placed in custody of the territorial militia. Housed
under wretched conditions at Lecompton, the imprisoned Free-
Staters issued an appeal to the "American People." Dr. Bumgard-
ner names in his article the prisoners who signed the appeal.

The sixtieth anniversary of the Excelsior Lutheran church, located
eight miles east of Wilson, was observed on October 6, 1946. A
history of the church, by Mrs. Charles Bowers, was printed in part
in the Ellsworth Messenger, October 10. The anniversary of the
church also was noted in the Wilson World of October 9.

A page history of the Ford Congregational Church, founded in the
middle 1880's, was featured in the Bucklin Banner, October 10, 1946.

A brief history of The Phillips County Review, of Phillipsburg,
was printed by the Review October 10, 1946, on the twenty-fifth
anniversary of its founding. McDill Boyd is the present editor.

The question of how Stillwater, Okla., received its name is dis-
cussed by Dr. B. B. Chapman in the Stillwater (Okla.) News-Press,
October 13, 1946. Stillwater creek was known by that name before
a town called "Stillwater" was located on its banks, he said. The
Stillwater Town Company was organized at Winfield and chartered
May 14, 1889, according to Dr. Chapman.

Early-day reminiscences written by the late Rev. Isaac Mooney,
pioneer Congregational minister, were published in the Western
Butler County Times, Towanda, October 17 and November 14, 1946.
The Rev. Mr. Mooney platted the Towanda townsite in June, 1870,
and while a member of the legislature in the early 1870's opposed
attempts to divide Butler county. Experiences of pioneer life in
1868, written by the late A. W. Stearns, also were printed in the
November 14 issue.

A brief historical sketch of Grand Centre post office, established
in the early 1870 ; s on Wolf creek in Russell county near the Osborne
county line, was published in the Osborne Farmer- Journal, October
31, 1946. This post office subsequently was moved to Osborne
county. In 1879 a survey was made at Grand Centre and a town
laid out, but the plat was never recorded, according to the Farmer-
Journal.

Incidents in the early life of Navarre and Belle Springs communi-
ties were described at a meeting of the Dickinson County Historical
Society at Navarre, October 18, 1946. Navarre was named by Peter
Wrightsman, A. L. Shank recalled. The Rev. Homer Engle related

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 217

the legend of how Belle Springs community obtained its name.
Papers presented at the meeting were reviewed briefly in the Abilene
Reflector-Chronicle, November 7, 1946.

Recollections of E. P. Rochester concerning the abandoned town
of Pence City, which was situated 20 miles northwest of Scott City,
were printed in the Scott City News-Chronicle, November 21, 1946.
Rochester, now a resident of San Antonio, Tex., moved with his
parents to Pence City from Ashland, 111., in November, 1886, and
learned to set type on the Pence Phonograph. The Pence Town
Company was chartered October 12, 1886.

The importance of the part this state has played for the past sixty
years in the production of salt is reviewed in an article entitled
"Kansas and the Nation's Salt," by Robert Taft, professor of chem-
istry, University of Kansas, in the December, 1946, issue of the
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Lawrence. Among
other articles of interest to Kansans were: "A Survey of the Fossil
Vertebrates of Kansas; The Reptiles," by H. H. Lane, and "The
Number of Exceptional Children in Kansas," by Homer B. Reed.

A brief history of Russell Lodge No. 177, A. F. & A. M., of Russell,
was printed in the Kansas Masonic Digest, Wichita, in January,
1947. The dispensation for the lodge was granted on November 26,

1877.

Feature articles of interest to Kansans in recent issues of the
Kansas City (Mo.) Star were: A review of the work of the Univer-
sity of Kansas Press, January 6, 1947; "Reorganization of Kansas
State Guard Recalls Military History in the State," by Cecil Howes,
January 15; a description of the governor's mansion, by Robert H.
Clark, February 9 ; some notes on the writings of the late Dr. Charles
M. Sheldon, author of In His Steps, February 19, and "Kansas Mar-
riage Laws Have Followed Liberal Tradition of Pioneer Days,"
February 24, by Cecil Howes; "Allen Crafton Has Directed One
Hundred Plays at K. U.," by James Gunn, March 9. Articles in
the Kansas City (Mo.) Times included: "Meaning of 'Topeka' Stirs
Lively Arguments in the Kansas Capital," December 28, 1946, and
a story on how handwritten records of William Clark were acquired
by the Kansas State Historical Society, March 17, 1947, both by
Cecil Howes.

A list of state representatives from Ellsworth county for the period
of 1868-1947, which shows the sessions each served in the legislature,

218 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

was printed in the Wilson World, January 8, 1947. The list was
compiled by J. C. Ruppenthal of Russell.

The history of the Dutch windmill in Wamego city park was
reviewed in articles in The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, and
Northwestern Miller, Minneapolis, Minn., which were republished in
the Wamego Times, January 9, 1947. The article in The Christian
Science Monitor was also reprinted in the Wamego Reporter, Jan-
uary 9. According to these articles, the red sandstone mill was
built in 1879 by a Dutch immigrant named Schonhoff, on a farm
12 miles from Wamego. In 1925, after the mill had been idle for
several years, it was donated by its owners, Mr. and Mrs. Ed Reg-
nier, to Wamego. The mill was taken down, moved to the Wamego
park and restored to its original design stone by stone, as a com-
munity project. The mill has been equipped with vanes and the roof
recently restored through a donation by Robert Cox of Tulsa, a
former Wamego resident. "The First County Seat of Pottawatomie
County, Kansas" is the title of an article reviewing the early history
of St. George, by William E. Smith of Wamego, which was printed
in the Wamego Reporter, January 2, 1947. Notes from the article
were also published in the St. Marys Star, January 9.

The Norcatur Dispatch began January 9, 1947, a weekly historical
feature describing early-day life of the community. Articles on
Norcatur churches included St. Marks Lutheran church and the
Christian church, February 20, and the Methodist church, February
27. The settlement of the old Rockwell City neighborhood in north-
western Norton county was discussed March 6 and 13, and the
Devizes community, March 20.

Sketches of the governors of Kansas and the terms they served,
by Milton Tabor, were printed in the Topeka Daily Capital, Jan-
uary 12, 1947. There were ten territorial governors and Frank Carl-
son is the thirtieth chief executive since statehood. An article by
Virg Hill on the monument near Lebanon in Smith county marking
the geographic center of the United States, appeared in the Daily
Capital, December 29, 1946. The geodetic center of the United
States is on Meade's ranch in Osborne county.

A tribute to the late Dr. Charles M. Sheldon, author of In His
Steps, by Dr. Charles W. Helsley, pastor of Central Congregational
Church, Topeka, was published in the Topeka State Journal, Jan-
uary 13, 1947. Dr. Sheldon, first pastor of Central Congregational
Church, read In His Steps chapter by chapter from the pulpit in the

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 219

earlier days of his pastorate. The Christian Herald in 1943 esti-
mated 30,000,000 copies of In His Steps had been sold, Dr. Helsley
said. A stone from Central Congregational Church in memory of
Dr. Sheldon rests in the Walk of Fame at Rollins College, Winter
Park, Fla.

The history of the Riley County Historical Association was
sketched in an article in the Manhattan Tribune-News, January 16,
1947. Incorporation papers for the organization were filed with the
secretary of state October 12, 1914. Clyde K. Rodkey is president
of the association.

Publication of a weekly column, "Notes From the Early Days/'
sponsored by the Protection Historical Society, was started in the
Protection Post, January 24, 1947. The material, compiled under
the direction of Miss Ida Bare, historian of the society, includes
reminiscences of Omer Gaylord regarding Comanche City, an aban-
doned town in southwestern Comanche county, printed February 14,
and early incidents in that county contained in a letter of James
W. Dappert, civil engineer, written in 1942 at Taylorville, 111., to-
gether with December, 1885, entries from Dappert 's day book which
he kept the greater part of his life. Publication of the Dappert ma-
terial began in the February 21 issue. Dappert describes his activi-
ties in supervising the excavation for a portion of the Kansas state
house in 1884, surveying College Heights addition to Topeka, and
work on the government resurvey of portions of Harper, Barber and
Kingman counties. He also made a survey of Piano and preemption
claims in the vicinity of Evansville, an abandoned town in Rumsey
township, Comanche county.

Mrs. Ella Boyd Wormwood described her sod house on Boyd's
ranch in Pawnee county in the 1870's in a narrative told to Miss
Lois Victor of the Pawnee County Historical Society and printed
in the Larned Chronoscope, and The Tiller and Toiler, February 6,
1947. Mrs. Wormwood also described the activities of her brother,
Al Boyd, a member of the first board of county commissioners, who
freighted to Fort Larned in 1866 and built a toll bridge for freighters
at the Pawnee river ford at the foot of Jenkins' hill which became
known as Boyd's crossing. A description of pioneer life, compiled
from articles by the late Kelso G. Clark and his published inter-
views, appeared in The Tiller and Toiler, November 28, 1946. Remi-
niscences and experiences of other early settlers were published in
that newspaper as follows: Mrs. J. B. Brown, November 7, 1946;

220 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Mrs. Ava Gleason, January 16, 1947, and Mrs. Cora B. Nelson,
February 20. The reminiscences of Mrs. Brown also appeared in
the Chronoscope November 14, 1946.

Community accomplishments in the past year were reviewed in
an extensively illustrated "Achievement Edition" of 72 pages issued
by the Winfield Daily Courier, February 10, 1947. Articles outlined
bridge construction, agricultural production, 4-H club accomplish-
ments, industrial and residential construction, aviation development,
improvements at St. John's College, growth of Southwestern College
and the improvement program at the state training school. There
were brief historical sketches of Winfield churches, St. Mary's and
William Newton Memorial hospitals, and Lutheran Children's Home.
The issue included aerial views of Winfield and Strother field, and
photographs of the colleges.

The history of Turner Hall, Marysville landmark, was sketched
by Gordon S. Hohn in the Marshall County News, Marysville, Feb-
ruary 20, 1947. The structure, dedicated on April 25, 1881, was the
scene of most major political and social gatherings at Marysville in
the 1880's and 1890's, and many dramatic companies appeared there.
An addition to the building was erected in 1889 at a cost of $12,000.
Turner Hall was deeded to the city of Marysville in 1941. A picture
of the building, as it appeared after a portion of the west wall col-
lapsed March 24, 1947, following high winds, was printed in the
Marysville Advocate, March 27.

Circumstances surrounding the invitation to Woodrow Wilson to
address the Washington Day dinner of Kansas Democrats February
22, 1912, and his appearance in Topeka on that date, were described
by Burt E. Brown in The Kansas Democrat, Topeka, February 21,
1947. Brown, president of the Washington Day club in 1912, said
the Topeka address was Wilson's first speech of the campaign.

The Caldwell Messenger is observing the sixtieth anniversary of
its founding. It was established as the Caldwell News on March 23,
1887, by Robert T. Simons. On January 13, 1928, the News was
purchased by Harold A. Hammond, editor and publisher of the
Caldwell Daily Messenger, and merged with the Messenger under
the name of the Caldwell Daily Messenger and Caldwell News. The
name of the publication was shortened to Caldwell Messenger in
September, 1942. Doyle Stiles has been editor and publisher of the
Messenger since December 14, 1942. The Daily Messenger was
founded on February 28, 1920, by A. H. Hammond and Harold A.
Hammond.

Kansas Historical Notes

Edwin J. Lewis was elected president of the Lyon county chapter
of the Kansas State Historical Society at a meeting in Emporia in
February, 1947, the first since December, 1943. Other officers are:
James E. Putnam, first vice-president; Mrs. John A. Roberts, sec-
ond vice-president; J. S. Langley, treasurer; E. C. Ryan, secretary;
Fanny Randolph Vickery, Lulu Purdy Gilson, Lucina Jones, and
Mrs. Robert L. Jones, historians. George R. R. Pflaum was the
retiring president.

Harold P. Trusler was elected president of the William Allen
White Memorial Foundation at a meeting of the trustees in Em-
poria, February 13, 1947. Other officers are Dr. Frank Foncannon,
vice-president; Mrs. Leonard G. Fort, secretary; M. A. Limbocker,
treasurer, and F. B. Ross, resident agent. Executive committeemen
are: Mrs. E. K. Lord, Elmer Siedhoff, Ora Rindom, C. J. McCoy
and Calvin Lambert. Trustees reflected at the annual meeting of
the foundation on February 10 were: Jason Austin, Dr. Foncannon,
A. H. Gufler, Mr. Rindom, Mr. Siedhoff, Mrs. Fort and Mr. Trus-
ler. A bronze bust of William Allen White, completed by Jo David-
son, New York sculptor, was officially unveiled in New York March
20. Until a site has been selected in Emporia the bust will be dis-
played in a New York art gallery.

The Crawford County Historical Society is compiling data on
the oldest houses in the county. The oldest yet located is at Cato,
in the northwestern part of Lincoln township, it was reported at a
meeting of the society held in Pittsburg, February 17, 1947. The
house was built in 1866 by Peter Smith, according to Mrs. Alice
Gregg of McCune. Cato was among the post offices established in
Kansas territory, according to a list published in the Lawrence
Herald of Freedom, November 27, 1858, and the post office was in-
cluded in the United States Official Register for 1861. T. Hager-
man was listed as postmaster in 1858. Cato was a part of Bourbon
county until the creation of Crawford county in 1867.

Miss Stella B. Haines was reflected president of the Augusta
Historical Society at the annual meeting held February 17, 1947,
at the home of Miss May Clark, former treasurer of the society.
Other officers are: Mrs. J. E. Mahannah, vice-president; Mrs. A.
V. Small, secretary, and Mrs. H. H. Bornholdt, treasurer. Miss

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222 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Haines reported the completion of the cataloguing of the museum
with the assistance of Miss Ruth Brown.

Donald M. Johnson of the Missouri State Museum at Jefferson
City was the principal speaker at the annual dinner of the Wichita
Public Historical Museum held March 27, 1947. Trustees elected
for three-year terms were : R. T. Aitchison, Omrah Aley , Carl Bit-
ting, John P. Davidson, Bertha V. Gardner, Col. Harrie S. Mueller
and Robert M. Button. Trustees elected to fill vacancies were Mrs.
Charles H. Armstrong, Eldon Means, Allen W. Hinkel and Ross
Little. Officers of the museum society were elected by the trustees
on April 3 as follows: O. A. Boyle, president; Dr. Jesse Clyde
Fisher, first vice-president; Carl Bitting, second vice-president;
H. D. Lester, secretary, and J. P. Davidson, treasurer. Colonel
Mueller is the retiring president.

The Kansas History Teachers Association held its annual meet-
ing in the rooms of the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka,
April 11 and 12, 1947. The session also was attended by members
of the Kansas Council for the Social Studies. Featured speakers
and their subjects were: Frank E. Melvin, University of Kansas,
"Adventuring With the Time Machine"; Karl A. Svenson, Wash-
burn University, "The Civic Education Workshop Project"; Julia
Emery, Wichita High School East, "The Development of a Psy-
chology and Human Relation Course"; Mildred Cunningham, Par-
sons Junior College, "A United Nations Project for Eleventh Grade
History"; A. B. Sageser, Kansas State College, Manhattan, "Inter-
national Student Organization"; Claude E. Arnett, Kansas State
Teachers College, Emporia, "International Relations Project"; Mil-
dred Throne, Washburn University, "Opening the Iowa Frontier";
Norbert R. Mahnken, Bethany College, "Ogallala, Gateway to the
Northern Range"; Roy Durham, Kansas State Teachers College,
Emporia, "Sociology and Citizenship," and Francis R. Flournoy,
College of Emporia, "Social Darwinism in British Theories of Inter-
national Relations, 1850-1900." Officers elected were: Verne S.
Sweedlun, Kansas State College, president; John W. Heaton, Baker
University, vice-president; Delia A. Warden, Kansas State Teachers
College, Emporia, secretary-treasurer. The executive board in-
cludes the above officers and Julia Emery, Wichita; Elizabeth
Cochran, Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg; Francis R.
Flournoy, Emporia, and Rob Roy MacGregor, Southwestern Col-
lege, the retiring president.

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 223

Officers of the Kansas Council for the Social Studies were re-
elected at a meeting held at Wichita February 1 in conjunction
with the council of administration of the Kansas State Teachers
Association. They are: Julia Emery, Wichita, president; C. P.
Neis, Field Kindley Memorial High School, Coffeyville, vice-presi-
dent; Robena Pringle, Topeka High School, secretary -treasurer.
Board members are: Ruth E. Litchen, University of Kansas; A. E.
Maag, Arkansas City High School ; Delia A. Warden, Emporia, and
Rena Gilson, Russell High School.

The Kansas Society of the United States Daughters of 1812 is
participating in the national society's grave locations project for
the soldiers of the War of 1812. Mrs. Lloyd J. Robertson is state
chairman and may be addressed at Box 146, Phillipsburg. Persons
can assist in this project by sending to Mrs. Robertson the names of
Soldiers of 1812 graves, the address of the burial place, and the
cemetery or location of the grave, together with the names of living
descendants or individuals able to supply information concerning
the deceased. The object of the project is to see that all such
graves are found, recorded, properly marked and honored on Me-
morial day. The National Society United States Daughters of 1812
has blanks available on which data on soldier graves may be en-
tered.

Wagons Southwest Story of Old Trail To Santa Fe is the title
of a 50-page booklet by Stanley Vestal, published in 1946 by the
American Pioneer Trails Association. Dr. Howard R. Driggs, pres-
ident of the association, conferred with W. L. Young of Council
Grove, chairman of the Kansas chapter of the association, Dr.
George W. Davis of Ottawa, and George A. Root of Topeka, con-
cerning the program of the organization, at a meeting at the Kansas
State Historical Society in Topeka, March 15, 1947. Dr. Driggs
outlined a four-year program designed to commemorate various
phases of American pioneering. The 1947 program is dedicated to
the pioneers of irrigation and colonization, 1948 to pioneers of the
cattle industry, 1949 to the Forty-niners, pioneers of the mining
industry, and 1950, pioneers of transportation and communication.

Kansas Government is the title of a 126-page booklet by Albert
B. Martin and L. W. Chesney, published by the League of Kansas
Municipalities, Topeka, in August, 1946. The volume, designed
as a short course on state and local government, is divided into the
following main sections: "The Foundation of Kansas Government,"

224 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"The Organization of Kansas State Government," "The Organiza-
tion of Kansas Local Government/' and "The Operations of Kansas
Government."

Hutchinson, a Prairie City in Kansas is the title of an interesting
and attractively printed 166-page book published by Willard Welsh
in 1946, on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the city's founding.
The volume traces the development of the city's government and
industries, includes stories of the lives of several pioneers, sketches
the city's newspaper history and describes other community ac-
tivities.

A 20-page illustrated booklet describing the commercial facilities,
industrial resources and educational institutions of Hays was re-
cently issued by the Hays Chamber of Commerce.

Report by the Supreme Commander To the Combined Chiefs of
Staff on the Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force
June 6, 1944, to May 8, 1945, has been printed and may be ob-
tained from the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
This report by General Eisenhower comprises 123 pages. Subjects
of sections of the report include: "The Assault," "Establishment of
the Lodgement Area," "The Breakthrough," "The Battle of the
Falaise-Argentan Pocket," "The Advance From the Seine to the
German Border," "The Ardennes Counteroffensive," "Crossing the
Rhine," "The Envelopment of the Ruhr and the Junction With the
Russians," and "The Surrender." This report by the supreme com-
mander was also printed in 1946 by the Arco Publishing Company,
New York, under the title, Eisenhower's Own Story of the War.

Wings Over Kansas is the title of an attractive 48-page booklet
published by the Kansas commission on aviation education for the
state department of public instruction in 1946. It outlines a pro-
gram of aviation education for Kansas schools from the elementary
school level to universities and colleges. Evan E. Evans, superin-
tendent of the Winfield schools, is chairman of the Kansas commis-
sion.

A large oil painting of Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, painted from
one of the general's favorite photographs, has been presented to the
Eisenhower Memorial Foundation by Mrs. Lloyd Mayswinkle of
Kansas City, president of the American Legion Auxiliary of Kan-
sas, who purchased the painting in Indianapolis. It is the work of
R. B. Lee, an Indianapolis portrait artist.

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

August 1947

-**-

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society
Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

THE BUILDING OF THE FIRST KANSAS RAILROAD SOUTH OF THE

KAW RIVER Harold J. Henderson, 225

FOLLOWING PIKE'S EXPEDITION FROM THE SMOKY HILL TO

THE SOLOMON Theo. H. Scheffer, 240

With map of Pike's route through Saline and Ottawa counties,
facing p. 240, and photographs of Sentinel Rock and Rocky-
fern creek, Ottawa county, facing p. 241.

THE REPORT OF THE WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION, 1831,

Edited by J. Orin Oliphant, 248

THE EARLY WORK OF THE LORETTINES IN SOUTHEASTERN

KANSAS Sister M. Lilliana Owens, S. L., 263

With sketches of the Catholic Osage Mission in 1865, facing
p. 272, and Saint Francis Parish in the 1890's, facing p. 273.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY, 1856-1864 : Part Two, 1857 277

With a sketch of the governor's mansion at Lecompton, facing
p. 288.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 320

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 325

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 332

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

The Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston railroad bridge across
the Kansas river eighty years ago. It was the first north-south
railroad bridge across the Kaw (see pp. 225, 232). The engine,
"Ottawa," was the first locomotive on this road.

The view is from a stereoscopic photograph by Alexander Gard-
ner of Washington, D. C.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XV August, 1947 Number 3

The Building of the First Kansas Railroad
South of the Kaw River

HAROLD]. HENDERSON

THE first railroad locomotive to operate in Kansas south of the
Kaw river made its initial crossing of that river at Lawrence,
November 1, 1867. 1 Nosing of this "iron horse" across the Kaw was
a part of the first all-out construction race in the state to cash in on
county bonds before a fixed deadline. 2 In order to qualify for the
bonds it was necessary for the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galves-
ton railroad to lay track from Lawrence to Ottawa by January 1,
1868. 8 The race developed into a "photo finish," in which a prom-
inent Kansas newspaper editor made a "last-minute" dash to Illinois
to rush delivery of passenger cars for the railroad's opening. 4 The
track was completed a day before the deadline. 5

The locomotive making this pioneer southward Kaw river cross-
ing was the "Ottawa." 6 It belonged to the Leavenworth, Lawrence
and Galveston, which, by destroying its bridge behind it 7 became
probably the only Kansas railroad that ever operated the greater

HAROLD J. HENDERSON is research director of the Kansas State Historical Society.

1. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, November 2, 1867.

2. Ibid., November 26, 1867.

8. Douglas county, board of commissioners, "Commissioners' Record," v. "B," pp. 183,
134; "Special Election" notice in Kansas Weekly Tribune, Lawrence, January 17, 1867; Kan-
sas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, February 8, 1867; "Special Election" notice in Western Home
Journal, Ottawa, September 4, 1867, election returns in September 26, 1867, issue.

4. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, December 29, 1867.

6. Ibid., January 1, 1868.

6. Western Home Journal, Ottawa, November 7, 14, 1867.

7. Ibid., January 15, 18, 1868. Four western tributaries to the north and west of the
Kaw had been bridged on the north side of the stream but a railroad span had never been
erected across the Kansas river except from west to east after the river's bend northward near
the state line to empty into the Missouri river.

The Blue river was spanned near Manhattan in the summer of 1866 and the first passenger
train crossed on August 20. Manhattan Independent, August 25, 1866; Kansas Daily Tribune,
August 29, 1866. The Republican river was bridged near its mouth in the fall of the same
year and the first passenger train entered Junction City, November 10. Junction City Union,
October 27, November 17, 1866. The Union Pacific also bridged the Solomon in March, 1867,
and the Saline river on April 16, 1867. Ibid., March 30, April 20, 1867.

Driving of piles for the Union Pacific's first Kaw river bridge and trestle near the state
line was in progress by October, 1863, and regular service across the Kansas river east to the
state line was established in December, 1864. Wyandptte Commercial Gazette, October 10,
1863, December 81, 1864, see advertisements of train schedules; Kansas Daily Tribune,
Lawrence, December 23, 1864.

(226)

226 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

part of two years minus a terminus with a direct rail or ferry con-
nection.

The Union Pacific railway, Eastern division, had been con-
structed westward from Wyandotte and placed in operation to
Lawrence 8 before the Missouri Pacific, its original connecting line,
had a continuous track in operation from St. Louis to Kansas City 9
but the Union Pacific from the first had connecting carriers in the
form of Missouri river boats. 10

County bonds had been issued for three other Kansas railroad
projects prior to the launching of the construction race by the
Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston 11 but the ballot proposals
presented to and adopted by the voters either did not specify a time
limit in which the railroads should be completed or the bonds by
agreement were issued in advance of construction on a "pay-as-you-
go" basis as the lines were built. 12

Leavenworth county had issued bonds to the Missouri River rail-
road 13 (the Missouri Pacific's present Kansas City-Leavenworth
line) prior to its construction 14 and to the Union Pacific railway,
Eastern division, for the building of a branch from Leavenworth to
Lawrence with an agreement that the bonds be delivered pro rata
as the work progressed. 15 Johnson county also voted bonds to aid
in the construction of the Kansas and Neosho Valley railroad 16 (the
Frisco's present line from Kansas City to Olathe) 17 but issued a
portion of the bonds more than a year before the line was placed

8. Ibid., November 27, 1864.

9. The Kansas City (Mo.) Daily Journal of Commerce, September 21, 1865; Wyandotte
Commercial Gazette, September 23, 30, 1865; R. E. Riegel, "The Missouri Pacific Railroad
To 1879," in The Missouri Historical Review, Columbia, v. 18, pp. 11, 13.

10. Wyandotte Commercial Gazette, February 13, 1864. The first load of iron and first
locomotive for the Union Pacific, Eastern division, were delivered by the steamboat Majors
at the Wyandotte levee in February, 1864. A mention of the Majors is made in Kansas
Historical Collections, v. 9, p. 306.

11. State of Kansas, auditor of state, First Biennial Report (Topeka, 1878), table of
"Municipal Debt," Johnson and Leavenworth counties, pp. 234-236.

12. "Election Notice" in Leavenworth Daily Bulletin, January 3, 23, 1865, "Election
Proclamation," June 27, 1865; Leavenworth Daily Times, June 13, 1865; Leavenworth Daily
Conservative, July 1, 1865 ; Olathe Mirror, September 5, 1867.

13. Leavenworth Daily Bulletin, August 23, 1865.

14. State of Kansas, board of railroad commissioners, First Annual Report (Topeka,
1884), p. 152.

15. Leavenworth Daily Times, June 18, 1865; Leavenworth Daily Bulletin, June 15, 1865;
Leavenworth Daily Conservative, December 13, 1865. The $250,000 in stock of the Union
Pacific Railroad Company acquired by Leavenworth county in issuing bonds for the construc-
tion of the Leavenworth branch, was voted to the Kansas Central railroad under proposals
approved at a special election on August 15, 1871. Leavenworth Daily Commercial, July 15,
August 18, 1871. Construction of the main line of the Union Pacific up the Kaw valley had
been financed with the aid of United States bonds and land grants. This was also true in
the building of the first 100 miles of the Central Branch Union Pacific railroad (Missouri
Pacific). State of Kansas, board of railroad commissioners, First Annual Report, pp. 85,
171.

16. Kansas City (Mo.) Daily Journal of Commerce, November 9, 1865.

17. State of Kansas, board of railroad commissioners, First Annual Report, pp. 143, 149,
Sixth Annual Report, p. 300; H. V. & H. W. Poor, Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the
United States, 1902 (New York, 1902), pp. 751, 752.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 227

in operation. 18 Moreover, the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galves-
ton was running trains eleven months before the Kansas and Neosho
Valley was maintaining service to Olathe. 19

Prior problems of financing and bridging formed much of the
background for this railroad construction race drama which opened
its final act on November 1, 1867. The act began with the pioneer
locomotive operation south of the Kaw when the "Ottawa" made its
crossing at Lawrence after a temporary "low" bridge had been con-
structed. The span was erected solely for the purpose of getting
the motive power, a small quantity of rolling stock and needed iron
across the river 20 for laying a 27-mile track to Ottawa. 21

Less than four months after Sen. James H. Lane assumed the
presidency of the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston railroad in
1865, 22 Douglas county had voted on September 12, 1865, $250,000
in bonds for a subscription to the stock of the line to be made upon
its completion in that county. 23 Franklin county had followed suit
a little more than a year later by voting $125,000 in bonds for the
projected line commonly known as "The Galveston Railroad," to be
issued upon its construction in that county. 24

Within the week that Douglas county voted the railroad bonds,
Senator Lane had presented to the directors of the Galveston road
a resolution providing:

That the executive committee be instructed to ascertain the cost of a
double track railroad bridge across the Kansas river, including in connection
therewith a double passenger track; and said committee is further authorized
to receive special city, county and individual subscriptions of stock, payable
as said work progresses, for the construction of the same. And when said
committee shall obtain a sufficient amount of said stock, they are hereby
empowered to contract for building said bridge, to be completed at as early
a day as practicable. . . , 25

After Senator Lane started on a speaking tour of the South in
the interests of the Galveston road with appearances planned at

18. Olathe Mirror, September 5, October 24, 1867, Johnson county commissioners' pro-
ceedings; State of Kansas, auditor of state, First Biennial Report, p. 234; Weekly Journal
of Commerce, Kansas City, Mo., December 19, 1868.

19. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, December 31, 1867 ; Weekly Journal of Commerce,
December 19, 1868. Construction trains were operating from Kansas City to Olathe as early
as December 3, 1868, but regular service was not inaugurated until December 11, 1868. Ibid.,
December 12, 19, 1868.

20. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, October 15, November 2, 1867.

21. Ibid., March 18, 1869 ; Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad Time Table
No. 2 [1876], p. 2.

22. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, June 7, 1865.

23. Douglas county, board of commissioners, "Commissioners' Record," v. "B," pp. 40,
41 ; Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, August 17, September 20, 1865.

24. Western Home Journal, Ottawa, October 11, November 15, 1864.

25. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, September 17, 1865.

228 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Memphis, Vicksburg and New Orleans, the railroad advertised for
bids "for putting in the foundations and building the abutments
and piers for the railroad bridge of this company across the river
at Lawrence," with January 1, 1866, the final day for filing pro-
posals. The Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, said that "We are
informed upon reliable authority . . . that it is the confident
expectation of the company to have their bridge across the river at
this point completed by spring." 26

But ample credit and cash for railroad building was not forth-
coming alone from promised county stock subscriptions to be paid
for by a future bond issue. Outside capital was needed. The
Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston railroad had received a land
grant but title could not be obtained to any of the lands until a portion
of the line was in operation. 27 The bond proposition of Douglas
county was termed impracticable for railroad financing by James F.
Joy, 28 president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and Michi-
gan Central railroads, and a director of the New York Central, 29
because the proceeds could not be used until certain work was al-
ready completed. He said upon a visit to Lawrence that the amount
of Douglas county bonds voted could finance the grading and tieing
of the road to the Franklin county line, and then rail and iron could
otherwise be obtained.

Newspaper discussion and statements of public men pointed to
the probability that not more than 50 percent of the par value of
the county bonds could be realized by their sale. This brought the
suggestion that the state endorse such county bonds or lend its
credit to the counties, the state itself being barred by constitutional
provisions from issuing bonds for internal improvements. State
bonds were credited with bringing near par. 30

Financial arrangements had not been completed for the construc-
tion of the Lawrence bridge nor for the complete building of the
road when Senator Lane was reflected president of the railroad
in June, 1866, and one of his "last works" before his death July 11
was to send Maj. B. S. Henning east to interest capitalists in the
construction of the Galveston road. 31

These efforts finally resulted in definitely enlisting the interest of

26. Ibid., October 10, November 17, 29, 1865.

27. State of Kansas, Session Laws of 1864, ch. 79.

28. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, August 19, 1866.

29. Henry V. Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1869-70 (New York,
1869), pp. 21. 64, 206. Joy was also chairman of the board of the Hannibal and St. Joseph
railroad. Ibid., p. 414.

80. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, August 19, October 30, November 14, 1866.

81. lbid. t June 6, July 12, 25, 1866.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 229

Chicago and New York capitalists in the projected road early in
November, 1866. 32 Then followed a series of moves that led to the
establishment of a deadline for the completion of the road to Ottawa,
if county stock subscriptions were to be made through issuance of
bonds, and the ensuing construction race.

With the naming of these capitalists to the board of directors on
November 29, the new company officials and board headed by
William Sturges of Chicago and including Cyrus H. McCormick of
New York, asked Douglas county to increase its proposed stock
subscription in the Galveston road to $300,000, declaring that "in
most of the projected enterprises in this region, the people offer,
by way of contribution, what is equivalent to one-third of the cost
of construetion." 33

Douglas county voters on February 6, 1867, authorized an increase
in the proposed stock subscription by the county to $300,000 and
the issuance of a like amount of bonds to the company, contingent
upon the railroad completing and equipping 24 miles of track by
January 1, 1868. 84

In February announcement was made that iron for the Leaven-
worth, Lawrence and Galveston had been purchased in Liverpool,
England, and late in the following month the contract had been
awarded for the masonry for the first ten miles of line. By April
28 it was reported 30 hands were cutting ties for the railroad. 35

Heavy rains in late May forced contractors to reduce grading
forces in the Wakarusa bottom but it was estimated that a fourth of
the grading had been completed to the Franklin county line and
considerable stone had been delivered for the 140-foot Wakarusa
river bridge. Two miles had been graded on the south side of the
Wakarusa river along Coal creek and portions of the grading done
along the route towards Baldwin City. "Beyond the Santa Fe
Ridge, hands are strung all along the line of the work," the Kansas
Daily Tribune, Lawrence, said. 36

By mid-July, with less than six months to meet the deadline, Col.
J. B. Vliet, engineer of the Galveston road, estimated that the road-
bed for the first 24 miles of the line could be made ready for the
rails in three weeks. And following a directors' meeting in Chicago,
Major Henning was sent east to purchase locomotives and rolling

82. Ibid., November 10, 1866.

83. Ibid., December 1, 22, 1866, January 19, 1867.

34. Kansas Weekly Tribune, Lawrence, January 17, 1867, "Special Election Notice";
Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, February 8, 1867.
36. Ibid., February 22, March 26, April 28, 1867.
36. Ibid., May 25, 1867.

230 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

stock for the road, but no construction had been undertaken to
bridge the Kaw. 37

Meanwhile, Franklin county was asked to increase its proposed
bond issue from $125,000 to $200,000 to aid in completing the rail-
road through to Ottawa. 38 On August 14 it was reported that grading
would be completed in ten days to the Douglas-Franklin county line
but there remained a mile and a half gap immediately south of
Lawrence. 39

By September factors in the construction race for the county
bonds were taking more definite shape.

Early in the year Douglas county had increased the amount of its
proposed bond issue to aid in financing the road and stipulated the
January 1 deadline for completion. 40 Original provisions in 1866
for Franklin county's proposed $125,000 bond issue specified no
time limit for completing the road but provided for delivery of half
of the issue upon completion of the line to Ottawa. 41

On September 2, 1867, the Franklin county commissioners issued
a notice for an election September 23 on the proposal to authorize
an increase in the contemplated issue to $200,000, but with the
added provision that the road be completed to Ottawa by January
or no bonds would be issued at all. 42 When the voters approved
this proposal later the same month, the Galveston railroad thus
faced the task of completing the road to Ottawa by New Year's or
not only lose the original $125,000 in bonds promised by Franklin
county but an additional $75,000 as well. 43

Early in September, it was reported that iron for the road had
been shipped and two locomotives purchased. By September 11
three carloads of the rail and track material had passed through
Quincy, 111. Three days later seven carloads had reached Leaven-
worth. 44

Still no means had been procured for crossing railroad equipment
over the Kaw and less than four months remained to bridge the
river, finish construction of the roadbed and lay the rail to Ottawa
by January 1.

37. Ibid., July 17, 21, 1867.

38. Ibid., July 17, 1867; Western Home Journal, Ottawa, August 15, 1867.

39. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, August 14, 1867.

40. Kansas Weekly Tribune, Lawrence, January 17, 1867; Kansas Daily Tribune, Law-
rence, February 8, 1867.

41. Western Home Journal, Ottawa, October 11, 1866.

42. Ibid., September 4, 1867.

43. Ibid., September 4, 26, 1867.

44. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, September 7, 11, 14, 1867.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 231

So vital had become the problem that the laying of temporary
rails over the Babcock wagon bridge was considered as a means of
moving locomotives to the south bank of the Kaw. 45

Neither Quincy 46 nor Leavenworth had railroad bridges 47 but
the rolling stock brought west via these points could be transferred
across the Mississippi and Missouri rivers by boats. Leavenworth
had a ferry connection with a Missouri railroad at East Leaven-
worth. 48 But Lawrence at this period did not have a ferry, the
Babcock wagon bridge having been constructed in 1863 and* the
steam ferry was not placed in service until 1871. 49

"Three car loads of iron have arrived at the Lawrence depot for
the Galveston railroad. It will keep coming," was the announcement
of the Kansas Daily Tribune of Lawrence, October 1.

Building of a railroad bridge across the Kansas river was discussed
by the directors of the company at a meeting at Lawrence October
9 and a resolution was passed instructing the chief engineer to make
plans and estimates for the bridge. The Tribune in reporting the
directors' meeting said :

There is no shadow of doubt of the speedy completion of the road to Ottawa.
The iron horse can be watered in the Marais des Cygnes on New Year's day,
and our Franklin county friends can get up a grand celebration and barbecue,
if they want to.

Three engines have been purchased, and one of them has already reached
the Missouri opposite Leavenworth, and was to have crossed the Missouri
river yesterday. The construction cars are on the way, a few car loads of the
iron is at the Lawrence depot, a hundred car loads are near Leavenworth
we don't know on which side of the river. . . . 50

Plans for a temporary bridge were revealed on October 15 after
the engineers of the road had made a survey the previous day. A
Lawrence newspaper gave the following description of the plans
for the structure, just above the Babcock wagon bridge, and its con-
necting track:

The road starts from the U. P. road, west of the bridge, and will thus cross
this temporary bridge, and the engine and construction train pass under the

45. Ibid., September 15, 1867.

46. The cornerstone of the Quincy bridge was laid on September 25, 1867, and it was
completed the following year. Leavenworth Daily Conservative, October 1, 1867; Murray,
Williamson & Phelps, pub., The History of Adams County, Illinois (Chicago, 1879), pp. 490,

47. Work on the first Leavenworth railroad bridge approaches was started July 20, 1869,
and on the superstructure in July, 1871. Opening of the bridge was celebrated on April 18,
1872, after an official test earlier that month. Leavenworth Daily Commercial, April 18, 1872.

48. See schedule of Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad boat under "Railroad Time Table"
in Leavenworth Daily Conservative, August 15, 1867. The Missouri Valley railroad was
running trains to East Leavenworth. Ibid., September 1, 1867.

49. George A. Root, "Ferries in Kansas," in Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. 2, p. 285.

50. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, October 10, 1867.

232 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Babcock bridge (so called), and thence along the river bank till near Sparr's
old brick yard, and around the hill by Speer's place. The bridge is to be a
temporary structure, the stringers set on cribs loaded with stone, and is to
be used only for the transportation of the iron, cars, etc., used in the construc-
tion of the road. The water is only about two feet deep and the bridge will
be easily made. The hands will be at work on the grading to-day. 51

The next day grading on the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galves-
ton was started on the north side of the Kansas river for the track
to be laid from the Union Pacific to the temporary bridge, and cribs
for the temporary structure were being placed in the water. The last
crib was constructed on October 23 and the first track-laying on the
road started the preceding day. Stringers on the bridge had been
placed within ten days after work on the span started and track-lay-
ing across the bridge was completed on October 29. The Kansas
Daily Tribune, Lawrence, reported:

The track-laying across the railroad bridge was completed yesterday. Con-
struction cars are run across by hand with iron, but the locomotive will not
be placed on it for a day or two. The ties are also in place for a considerable
distance on the south side of the river. 52

The locomotive "Ottawa" made its first crossing over the tem-
porary bridge on November 1 with five cars of iron, shortly after
its arrival from Leavenworth the same afternoon. However, pre-
liminary to the actual crossing of the locomotive the strength of
the bridge was tested by a truck loaded with iron which was
detached from the train at the upper part of the grade on the north
side of the river and "coasted" across the bridge. The crossing of the
locomotive was made a celebration and after the initial trip onlook-
ers accepted an invitation to ride across the river and back. 53

The Kansas Daily Tribune of November 2 gave this description
of the eventful crossing:

The first raid on Southern Kansas by a railroad train was made yesterday.
A locomotive was brought down from Leavenworth, and in the afternoon, with
five carloads of iron, successfully crossed the Kaw, being the first train that
ever made its appearance on Southern Kansas soil. A truck loaded with iron
was first detached at the upper part of the grade on the north side of the
river, to make the experiment trip to test the bridge, its own weight giving it
sufficient impetus to carry it across in beautiful style, checking its speed only
when the brakes were applied. The locomotive with its five cars and a large
number of persons aboard then backed slowly across, and on reaching the
south side awoke the echos of Southern Kansas with its shrill whistle of
triumph. The bridge bore the immense weight without giving in the least.

51. Ibid., October 15, 1867.

62. Ibid., October 17, 20, 23, 24, 80, 1867.

58. Ibid., November 2, 1867 ; Western Home Journal, Ottawa, November 7, 1867.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 233

It appears to be very solid and strong, capable of sustaining any weight that
may be placed on it. A large crowd gathered on the wagon bridge and river
banks to witness the crossing.

After the unloading of the iron was completed, Col. Vliet invited the citizens
to a ride across the river and back. Several hundred persons availed them-
selves of the privilege, and the cars were speedily filled to their utmost capa-
city with gentlemen, ladies and children. The train ran over to the junction
and back, the passengers enjoying it hugely, judging from the general hilarity.
As soon as the train arrived back at the starting point, Mayor Kimball pro-
posed three cheers for the Galveston railroad, which were given with will, fol-
lowed by three more for Mr. Sturges, three for Maj. Henning and three for
Col. Vliet.

The "Ottawa," described as a "grim old engine," in the succeeding
days made daily and sometimes hourly trips across the cribbed
bridge over the Kansas river? moving track materials. 54

By the middle of November less than four miles of rail had been
laid from the Lawrence terminus. Timbers and iron for a Howe
truss pattern bridge made in Chicago for erection over the Wakarusa
river, had arrived at Lawrence, and a second locomotive, the
"Osage," had crossed the Missouri river at Leavenworth. "The iron
is laid a little past the summit between Lawrence and the Wakarusa,
and the engine is on the down grade for the Wakarusa bottom," the
Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, reported. 55

Track laying was completed to the Wakarusa river on November
20 but the bridge was not finished for nearly a week and the con-
struction locomotive did not cross until November 27. Meanwhile,
the second locomotive was placed on the job. 56

With five weeks remaining in which to qualify for the county
bonds, the Galveston railroad management faced the task of build-
ing four more iron bridges and laying more than twenty miles of
rail. John Speer, editor of the Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence,
although admitting in an editorial he had feared the deadline might
not be met, now expressed confidence that the company would qual-
ify for the bonds, in these words:

Everything on the road is now in fine working order. We have really been
despondent about this work, not that we had any doubt but the work would
be done, but a fear that it might fail to be accomplished within the time re-
quired by the counties of Douglas and Franklin, and thus retard the work
beyond Ottawa. We now have no fears. Nothing but an interposition of
Providence could prevent it. 57

54. Lawrence State Journal, reprinted in Western Home Journal, Ottawa, November 14,
1867.

55. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, November 14, 22, 1867.

56. Ibid,, November 20, 22, 26, 1867.

57. Ibid., November 26, December 22, 1867.

234 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Meanwhile, the "Osage" had the honor of making the first ex-
cursion trip down the line, transporting a number of Lawrence
citizens and visitors as guests of Mr. Sturges, president of the road,
down toward Coal creek where "two thousand feet of railroad was
laid down" in an afternoon and the force "so completely organized
that at least a mile a day can be laid." 58

By December 8 the completed track was nearing the half-way
mark and it was stated that track laying "is now on the up-grade for
the Santa Fe ridge, and will reach Baldwin City this week" [by
December 14] , 59 Laying of the rails to Baldwin would mark the
completion of more than 14 miles of the 27-mile stretch to Ottawa,
after more than 40 days had elapsed following placing of the first
construction locomotive in service. It was estimated that laying 16
miles of rail in 20 working days was the task in order to reach the
Ottawa townsite by January I. 60

However, newspapers indicated a stepping up of rail laying. The
Western Home Journal, Ottawa, said: "Two sets of hands one for
day, and the other for night work are laying down over a mile of
track a day." "Mr. Cooley, the new superintendent of track-laying,"
the Tribune said, "is a go-ahead man, as we were convinced by see-
ing his hands at work an hour or two yesterday [December 7] . On
Friday [December 6] he laid a mile and two hundred feet, and Sat-
urday a mile and three hundred and fifty feet." 61

Work was progressing when the locomotive, "Osage," ran off the
track on December 16 while "shoving a heavy train up to the summit
of the Santa Fe ridge, near Baldwin." The pilot was badly smashed
and other damage sustained. This made it necessary to operate the
engine, "Ottawa," night and day to carry material as one engine was
"scarcely sufficient, even when constantly employed." Nevertheless,
the rail was laid to Prairie City, south of Baldwin, by December 17,
and to the county line by December 20, and the grading to Ottawa
had been done a few days previously. 62

The construction score then read : Approximate mileage completed,
18; approximately 9 miles to go in 11 days. 63 Bridges had been
completed except one over "what is known as Ottawa Jones's creek."

58. Ibid., November 27, 1867.

59. Ibid., December 8, 1867.

60. Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad Time Table No. [1875], p. 2; Kansas
Daily Tribune, Lawrence, November 2, December 8, 1867.

61. Western Home Journal, Ottawa, December 12, 1867 ; Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence,
December 8, 1867.

62. Ibid., December 17, 18, 21, 1867.

63. Ibid., December 21, 1867 ; March 18, 1869.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 235

Cooley was quoted as promising to put down a mile and a half of
track a day "from there on." The disabled engine was repaired
just before Christmas and on that day it was announced track laying
was completed to West Ottawa creek, within five miles of Ottawa,
and the intention to run the construction train into Ottawa, Saturday,
December 28, was made known. 64

Delivery of two passenger cars and a baggage car to the Galveston
road had been expected in the first week in December but as the
month was running out they failed to appear. The cars had been
manufactured at Trenton, N. J. The approaching deadline for the
completion of the road prompted John Speer, editor of the Kansas
Daily Tribune and a director of the road, to make a last-minute
trip to Quincy, 111., to hurry the delivery of the coaches and the
baggage car. On December 29, he reported they had been brought
west as far as Leavenworth and would be run to Lawrence the fol-
lowing day by special train so as to be available for use on the first
train into Ottawa on December 31. 65

On the morning of the last day of the year hours before the
county bond deadline there remained a third of a mile of rail to
be laid to the Ottawa townsite. That morning the construction
train with one passenger car and three carloads of iron ran to the
end of the track. Included in its passengers were George P. Lee, an
officer of the Chicago & Northwestern railway and a director of the
Galveston road, and Daniel L. Wells, the principal contractor for
building the railway from Lawrence to Ottawa. Mr. Sturges, presi-
dent of the road, had gone down on an engine at daylight to the end
of the rail. 66

The construction train literally laid its own track into Ottawa to
beat the January 1 deadline. A newspaper account said:

The train took down iron for eighteen hundred and sixty feet of road, and
from the moment that the cars were stopped till it was unloaded, laid down,
well spiked, and the train run over it, was precisely an hour, and this done
with a single set of track-layers being a third of a mile and one hundred
feet. . . .

This visit of passengers was unheralded to the citizens of Ottawa; but it
was known that the iron rails would cross the city line and the cars enter
the city that day, and four or five hundred of the citizens of the town and
surrounding country were there to witness that interesting event, and when the
passenger cars arrived, loud cheers for Ottawa and Lawrence and the Gal-

64. Ibid., December 22, 24, 25, 1867.

65. Leavenworth Daily Conservative, December 28, 1867 ; Kansas Daily Tribune, Law-
rence, November 26, December 29, 1867.

66. /bid., January 1, 1868.

236 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

veston Railroad Company greeted the visitors. The crowd principally stayed
on the ground till the track was down, and as the rails crossed the city line,
the welkin rang with cheers, and soon the passenger car entered the city of
Ottawa. Mr. Sturges remained only till he saw the cars within the city limits,
and then took an engine and left to make connection with the Union Pacific
road, and made the trip to Lawrence in one hour and twelve minutes. Hia
departure was very generally regretted, but important business compelled him
to return east. 67

Daily passenger and freight service to Ottawa was inaugurated
on New Year's and by January 4 the Galveston road was carrying
the mail, the stages having been taken off north of Ottawa. 68

Razing of the temporary Kansas river bridge was under way two
weeks later. Workers began removing rails from the bridge and
by January 16 the sills and timbers were being taken up and loaded
on cars for removal down the road. The whole structure was being
razed to the level of the ice, leaving only a small part of it in the
river, and the Leaven worth, Lawrence and Galveston was left with-
out a direct railroad or boat connection. 69

No further construction work of consequence toward extending
the road south of Ottawa was attempted before the summer of 1869
and it was not until August of that year that material was received
for the erection of a bridge over the Marais des Cygnes at Ot-
tawa. 70 However, the business on the railroad even without direct
connection was shown to be on the increase. In February an ad-
dition had been built to the Ottawa depot and the trains were
crowded with both passengers and freight. 71

May saw negotiations opened by other railroad owners to acquire
an interest in the Galveston road and James F. Joy, railroad capi-
talist and then director of the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf
railroad (Frisco), was exhibiting interest in the road. 72

The Galveston road had acquired another engine, "The Comet,"
to pull the passenger train. By June 11 the locomotive was stand-
ing across the Kansas river in North Lawrence. But not having
had a bridge at Lawrence for nearly a year and a half, the railroad
faced the problem of getting it across. A temporary track on
blocks or the procurement of a boat from Kansas City to ferry it
over were two means considered. Purchase of material for two

67. Ibid.

68. Ibid., January 1, 3, 4, 1868.

69. Ibid., January 15, 17, 1868.

70. Ibid., August 8, 1869.

71. Ibid., February 12, 13, 1869.

72. Ibid., May 12-14, 1869; Manual of the Railroads of the United States for
1869-70, p. 407.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 237

flatboats apparently was the answer of the engineer, Col. J. B.
Vliet. While in Chicago for a directors' meeting he obtained the
material for the construction of two boats that were also to be used
in crossing cars and materials over the river for the contemplated
extension of the railroad. It was announced that each boat would
have a capacity of two loaded cars. Construction of the railroad
ferry was under way in July. 73

On June 30 Joy and five Boston capitalists Nathaniel Thayer,
Sidney Bartlett, H. H. Hunnewell, W. F. Weld and John A. Burn-
ham associated with him as directors of the Missouri River, Fort
Scott and Gulf railroad assumed control of the Galveston road and
Joy became its president. In July grading was in progress south
of Ottawa to the Pottawatomie river. 74

Leavenworth was displaying an interest in obtaining a direct
connection with the southern Kansas trade and the Leavenworth
board of trade requested the county commissioners of Leavenworth
to transfer the county's Kansas Pacific railroad stock to aid in the
construction of the Lawrence bridge. 75

In September the railroad ferry on the Kaw was taking cars and
iron over the river and "working well." The Kansas Daily Tri-
bune, Lawrence, reported "some ten or twelve car-loads [of iron]
were brought across the river on the ferry boat yesterday [October
1], and a portion run down to Ottawa. The cars and all are
crossed, and after being unloaded the cars are recrossed and sent
back. . . . The loaded cars are crossed with greatest dis-
patch." 76

However, the railroad soon showed a preference for a bridge, and
construction of a temporary span was under way in October. It
was nearly completed in early November, a large force of work-
men and a pile driver having been employed for several days. A
description of the road's second temporary Kansas river bridge was
given by the Kansas Daily Tribune:

The bridge is located a short distance below the wagon bridge, and angles
across the river to allow the cars to run alongside the high bank, on the
south side. Five substantial log cribs, filled with stone, have been con-
structed on the south side, on a rock bottom, with the exception of the last,
which rests on sand. For the rest of the way piles were driven into the sand
to a depth of twelve feet, and standing high enough to give the bridge an

73. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, June 11, 26, July 22, 1869.

74. Ibid., July 3, 18, 1869; Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1869-70,
p. 407.

75. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, August 25, 1869.

76. Ibid., September 9, October 2, 1869.

238 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

altitude of eight feet above low-water mark. Dirt embankments are thrown
up at each end to the water's edge. The work is of a very substantial char-
acter, and will doubtless serve the purpose until a permanent bridge can be
erected. The cost will not exceed twelve or fifteen hundred dollars.

The old ferry boat, with the tracks built to accommodate it, together with
attendant expenses cost the company in all about ten thousand dollars.
Hence, there is no question as to the economy of a bridge, to say nothing of
the increased facilities for crossing cars and materials. 77

By December another locomotive, the "Torrent," was received
by the Galveston road from Detroit. In January, 1870, the motive
power of the road had been increased to eight engines, with the re-
cent arrival of four new locomotives from the Manchester works.
Four of the engines were second-hand. Meanwhile, the track of
the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston had been laid two miles
south of the Franklin-Anderson county line. 78

Joy soon expressed the hope that a permanent bridge could be
constructed at Lawrence and on February 22 announced the bridge
would be built at once. The span was not constructed immediately,
but late in the summer of that year the road received a direct con-
nection from another direction. The Kansas City and Santa Fe
railroad was completed from Olathe to Ottawa on August 22, 1870,
and use of the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf railroad tracks
from Olathe to Kansas City gave the Galveston road a continuous
rail connection to the Missouri river. 79

By the spring of 1871 the Galveston road was attempting to com-
pete with the Kansas Pacific for freight and passengers to Kansas
City over the longer route via Ottawa and Olathe by reducing rates
and advertising that "passengers will please observe that by taking
this route [via Ottawa and Olathe to Kansas City] they will not be
obliged to cross the river at Lawrence." 80 However, the road had
not given up the idea of a Lawrence bridge. In the 1871 annual
report, the directors said:

In order to make connections with the Kansas Pacific Railroad, at Lawrence,
thereby getting direct connections with Leavenworth, over the Leavenworth
branch of that road, as well as to transact with convenience the business coming
from or going to the main line of that road, it has become necessary that a
bridge be constructed at Lawrence, across the Kansas river. 81

In May, 1871, newspapers announced the Kansas Pacific and the

77. Ibid., October 26, November 2, 1869.

78. Ibid., November 26, 1869, January 1, 22, 1870.

79. 76t<i., February 25, 1870; Report of the Directors of the Leavenworth, Lawrence &
Galveston Railroad Company (Chicago, 1871), pp. 19, 20.

80. Kansas Weekly Tribune, Lawrence, April 27, May 18, 1871.

81. Report of the Directors of the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad Company
(1871), p. 21.

BUILDING FIRST RAILROAD SOUTH OF KAW 239

Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad Company had made
a contract to build a railroad bridge across the Kansas river
"cojointly." 82

By October of that year the boat upon which the pile driver was
to be placed was in position on the south side of the river. After
interruptions of winter, work was under way on the second span of
the structure in January, 1872, and it was completed two months
later. 83

In March, 1873, the dream of through service over the new Kansas
river bridge to Leavenworth, the northern terminus of the Leaven-
worth, Lawrence and Galveston railroad under the terms of its 1864
amended charter, was realized. After extended negotiations it was
announced that a contract had been signed between the Kansas
Pacific and Galveston road to operate jointly through trains from
Lawrence to Leavenworth and the first through train passed through
Lawrence over the branch to Leavenworth the same month. 84

82. Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, May 7, 1871.

83. Ibid., September 28, 1871, January 9, 81, March 15, 17, 1872.

84. Session Laws, 1864, ch. 70; Kansas Daily Tribune, March 5, 11, 1873.

Following Pike's Expedition From the
Smoky Hill to the Solomon

THEO. H. SCHEFFER

get us on this trail properly it seems necessary to state here
that the purpose of this research and report is to interpret
intimately the details of Zebulon M. Pike's journal and maps as
fitting into the terrain he traversed, from the Smoky Hill crossing
until he "passed" the Solomon river on his way to the Pawnee Indian
village his first destination. Our sources of published information
have been largely two: The Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery
Pike, by Elliott Coues, and Zebulon Pike's Arkansaw Journal, edited
by Stephen H. Hart and Archer B. Hulbert. 1 The latter published
documents, letters and maps of the expedition that had been taken
from Pike by the Spanish authorities of the Southwest and had re-
posed in the archives at Mexico City for one hundred years where
they were found in 1907-1908. Two years later they were restored
to the United States, were lost again in War Department archives,
and were rediscovered in 1927. 2

These restored papers have very little to do, however, with the
concern of our present research. First, because the precious journal
had been saved from the Spanish seizure by one of Pike's soldiers
who had secreted it in his clothing, at the leader's request. It ap-
pears that this soldier had been wined too generously by the ladies
at the Mexican post, and in the hour of Spanish need could not be
found; and apparently he was later overlooked. 3 Also transcripts
and sketches were saved by Lieut. J. B. Wilkinson, of the expedition,
who had been dispatched to the East from the first camp on the
Arkansas river. 4 At any rate, Pike seems to have had plenty of
material at hand for his own publication of his travels, in 1810, at
least so far as the journey to the Arkansas was concerned.

Theo. H. Scheffer, formerly of Ottawa county, was recently retired as associate biologist
in the biological survey bureau of the United States Department of Agriculture. His present
address is Puyallup, Wash.

1. Elliott Coues, The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike (New York, 1895). 3 vols. ;
Stephen Harding Hart and Archer Butler Hulbert, eds., Zebulon Pike's Arkansaw Journal
(Denver, 1932).

2. H. E. Bolton, "Material for Southwestern History in the Central Archives of Mexico,"
in The American Historical Review, v. 13, p. 523, and "Documents Papers of Zebulon M.
Pike, 1806-1807," in ibid., pp. 798-800; Hart-Hulbert, op. cit., pp. lii-lvii.

3. Zebulon Montgomery Pike, An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi,
and Through the Western Parts of Louisiana, to the Sources of the Arkansaw, Kans, La Platte,
and Pierre Juan, Rivers . . . (Philadelphia, 1810), appendix to Part III, pp. 58, 59.

4. Ibid., appendix to Part II, pp. 50, 51.

(240)

MAP OF LT. ZEBULON M. PIKE'S TRAIL THROUGH PRESENT SALINE
AND OTTAWA COUNTIES, 1806

Pike's route (shown by the broken line) is marked by the following major
stops: (1) The halt for breakfast, September 17, 1806; (2) Mulberry creek
camp, September 17-18; (3) Rockyfern creek camp, September 18-21; (4) Lost
creek camp, September 21-22; (5) First creek camp, September 22-23; (6) the
morning's halt on Fisher creek, September 23.

VIEWS OF ONE OF PIKE'S PROBABLE CAMPSITES IN PRESENT OTTAWA COUNTY

SENTINEL, ROCK AT ROCKYFERN CREEK, A BRANCH OF SALT CREEK
PIKE MADE A THREE-DAY CAMP HERE

ROOKYFERN CREEK AND VlEW FROM SENTINEL ROCK NORTHEAST THROUGH THE
NORTH ENTRANCE TO PAWNEE GAP

SCHEFFER: FOLLOWING PIKE'S EXPEDITION 241

We have been over the ground covered by Pike on the Smoky-to-
Solomon part of the journey many times through the years, and
more recently in review, with the preparation of this report in mind.
Well impressed, we are, with Pike's faithfulness to detail on a small-
scale map, along the immediate course of his journey and in the
range of his vision. He did not stop to explore the streams he
"passed" (crossed by fording) on the mission to the Pawnees. And
we are not misled by the cartographer's parlance of creeks that
"fall" into a larger stream. Anyhow, these small prairie water
courses commonly sneak into the larger outlets. It is true, though,
that he sometimes sent the rivers on about their business where
they should not go and did not go, as later exploration disclosed.
The Saline and the Solomon rivers were both thus led astray into the
Republican Fork, instead of tKe Smoky Hill Fork. And Salt creek,
"Little Saline," was overestimated in the magnitude of its lower
course. 5

Our key to the jigsaw puzzle of the trail is found in Pike's own
statement, letter to the Secretary of War, dated Pawnee Republic,
October 1, 1806. He says, among other things: "From the Osage
towns, I have taken the courses and distances, by the route we
came, marking each river or rivulet we crossed, pointing out the
dividing ridges, &c." 6 This, with the camp marks and the hatching
lines for slopes, is our cue. With this understanding, we will proceed
to our part of the trail: The year was 1806 and on September 16
we find Pike's party of some thirty whites and Indians 7 camped in
the hills east of present Lindsborg, on a branch of Gypsum creek,
the third branch of this stream he had encountered. This branch
is known locally as Stag creek. 8 How he got there is not our con-
cern, or rather not our problem. Coues and Hart-Hulbert disagree
on this point and we cannot speak from first-hand knowledge of
the terrain. Here is the journal entry for the next day's march:

17th September, Wednesday. Marched early and struck the main south-
east branch of the Kans river: at nine o'clock it appeared to be 25 or 30 yards
wide, and is navigable in the flood seasons. We passed it six miles to a small
branch to breakfast. Game getting scarce, our provision began to run low.
Marched about two o'clock, and encamped at sun-down on a large branch.
Killed one buffalo. Distance 21 miles. 9

5. Ibid., Plate I, "The First Part of Capt. Pike's Chart of the Internal Part of Louisiana."

6. Ibid., appendix to Part II, pp. 45, 46.

7. Hart-Hulbert, op. cit., p. 68.

8. Ibid., p. 72 ; Coues, op. cit., p. 403.

9. Pike, op. cit., p. 138.

167678

242 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The "main south-east branch of the Kans river" is the Smoky
Hill. At the outset here we have disagreement of the commentators,
Coues and Hart-Hulbert, as to where the party ate breakfast.
Coues says that " 'We passed it six miles to a small branch to
breakfast' is a dubious phrase." He interprets it to mean that
Pike's party breakfasted on a small dry branch just before crossing
the Smoky. 10 Hart-Hulbert says that "breakfast was eaten on Dry
creek six miles beyond" the river. 11

Our interpretation is that the halt for breakfast was made as
Hart-Hulbert states, five or six miles after crossing the river, with
evidence to wit: (1) Pike says he "passed" the river to breakfast
on the small branch, and that means crossed in his usual vernacular.
And this sort of pre-prandial march was not an uncommon thing in
the day's journey. (2) The small branch is there, within the gauged
distance, shown on the north side of the river on Pike's map though
obscured a little by the hatching that indicates adjacent higher
ground. 12 This is a branch of Dry creek, the most easterly, running
nearly northward and parallel to a line of the Union Pacific rail-
way. 13 If the Smoky crossing was at present Bridgeport, as seems
the unanimous opinion of commentators, the halt for breakfast was
on this branch perhaps a mile and a half above the present town of
Assaria, about where U. S. Highway No. 81 adjusts itself to a sur-
veyor's correction. (3) An angle in the line depicting Pike's route
of travel, on his map, indicates that he set his course a little more
to the northwest at this breakfast halt on the branch. 14 It is not
likely that such an abrupt compass change would be made while on
the march. (4) The distance from the Smoky crossing to the
evening camp was too great to have been covered in the march
from 2 p. m. to "sun-down," about 6 p. m., thus near the equinox.
May we designate this branch as Breakfast creek, since it does not
appear to have any local name.

Now that breakfast is disposed of, we will proceed to the camp
at sundown, which, according to mileage and position, must have
been on Mulberry creek. Our contentious editors, Hart-Hulbert,
say that it was above the junction with Spring creek, 15 and Coues

10. Coues, op. cit., p. 404.

11. Hart-Hulbert, op. cit., p. 73.

12. Pike, op. cit.., Plate I, "The First Part of Capt. Pike's Chart of the Internal Part of
Louisiana."

13. John P. Edwards, pub., Edwards' Atlas of Saline Co. Kansas (Philadelphia, Pa., and
Quincy, 111., 1884), pp. 5, 29, 45, 59.

14. Pike, op. cit., Plate I.

15. Hart-Hulbert, op. cit., p. 73.

SCHEFFER: FOLLOWING PIKE'S EXPEDITION 243

that it was below. 16 After viewing the terrain recently, we con-
clude, with Coues, that the crossing was below the mouth of Spring
creek; about half way between there and present Salina. For (1)
to cross above the junction would mean fording both streams, one
about as large as the other at this junction. And Pike's map does
not indicate a fork in the stream, 'something he is rather particular
about in marking his camp sites. At the last previous camp he had
shown all five branches of Gypsum creek and they are actually
there. (2) On leaving this Mulberry creek camp Pike again alters
his course, as shown by the angle on his map; 17 this time a little
to the right, north. And this lines him up with the established point
of his Saline river crossing, the next day.

Passing to the next journaj entry, we trail Pike on to the north;
more nearly so than his somewhat askew map seems to indicate:

18th September, Thursday. Marched at our usual hour, and at twelve
o'clock halted at a large branch of the Kans, which was strongly impregnated
with salt. This day we expected the people of the village to meet us. We
marched again at four o'clock. Our route being over a continued series of hills
and hollows, we were until eight at night before we arrived at a small dry-
branch. It was nearly ten o'clock before we found any water. Commenced
raining a little before day. Distance 25 miles. 18

The "large branch of the Kans, which was strongly impregnated
with salt" was the Saline river, flowing more directly into the Smoky
Hill than into the Kansas river proper. The "people of the village"
were the Pawnees, to whom on the morning of September 14 he had
sent Dr. Robinson of the party and a Pawnee scout named Frank
as embassies. 19 From the terrain, the Saline crossing was probably
about a mile east of the present railroad crossing, near Culver and
the Saline-Ottawa county line. 20

This brings us to the Rainy-Days camp, which we unhesitatingly
place on a small branch of Salt creek, present Ottawa county, sec.
27 of Center township, about five miles southwest of Minneapolis.
Everything seems to fit the picture: (1) There are two springs
there, as indicated by small forks of the branch on Pike's map,. 21
each issuing from the head of a little glen in the red-brown Dakota
sandstone. Their runs combine to form a little stream which passes
in review before a small flat which very probably was the camp

16. Coues, op. cit., p. 404.

17. Pike, op. cit., Plate I.

18. Ibid., p. 138.

19. Ibid., p. 137.

20. George A. Ogle & Co., pub., Standard Atlas of Ottawa County Kansas (Chicago,
1918), p. 7.

21. Pike, op. cit., Plate I.

244 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

site. This stream may have been dry where first contacted at this
season, as Pike indicates, but there is perennial water a little way
up to the left from his line of march; and the search in the dark
would involve some time in locating it. (2) These spring runs are
the first source of water the trail party would meet with in the late
afternoon march from the Saline river 22 up through Pawnee gap,
the traditional outlet to the north. This route is marked by several
Indian burial sites along the way and by pictographs on a cliff about
three miles from the camp. The Osage members of Pike's party
very likely knew the way, as would also the Pawnee who liad gone
ahead with Dr. Robinson a few days previously. (3) The mile-
age from the Saline crossing fits the picture very closely, as does
the mileage to the next two camps after the break up of this one.
It is true, the mileage for the day as given by Pike is excessive, 23
but it often is. And certainly the party would not cover more miles
in the evening march than they had in the entire forenoon's travel
from Mulberry creek to the Saline, a known distance of not over
ten miles. 24 (4) Pike indicates, by hatching on his map, the
north-south trend of Pawnee gap and places the camp site on the
west side of the gap, 25 where the springs are located. (5) Just
back of this camp site is the sentinel cliff, mentioned by Pike, 26
from the highest point of which a remarkable view carries the eye
back to the Saline crossing, if not to the Mulberry creek campsite,
of the previous night, and on ahead through the northern entrance
to Pawnee gap, and on toward the Salt creek crossing of three days
later. To the west the skyline limits this still virgin stretch of
pasture prairie.

The little stream heading in these springs threads its way four
or five miles to the northeast and falls into Salt creek. 27 It is not
dignified by a name on any map but the place has been known
since pioneer days as Rocky Fern. So we may call the stream
Rockyfern creek, and let it go at that for posterity. Sometimes it
magnifies itself by spring freshets.

Here the party was held up for two days by rains and did not
march again until Sunday morning. The situation was rather dole-
ful, for Pike says that "we employed ourselves in reading the Bible,
Pope's Essays, and in pricking on our arms with India ink some

22. Ogle, op. cit., pp. 7, 33.

23. Pike, op. cit., p. 138.

24. Edwards' Atlas of Saline Co. Kansas, p. 5 ; Ogle, op. cit., p. 7.

25. Pike, op. cit., Plate I.

26. Ibid., p. 138.

27. Ogle, op. cit., p. 5.

SCHEFFER: FOLLOWING PIKE'S EXPEDITION 245

characters, which will frequently bring to mind our forlorn and
dreary situation, as well as the happiest days of our life." More to
our particular interest in this research, he says further: "In the
rear of our encampment was a hill, on which there was a large rock,
where the Indians kept a continual sentinel, as I imagine, to apprise
them of the approach of any party, friends or foes, as well as to see
if they could discover any game on the prairies." 28 This sentinel
rock we have referred to in our evidence for the correct camp site
(see accompanying pictures).

Continuing the march for Sunday, September 21, the journal
reads, in part:

We marched at eight o'clock, although every appearance of rain, and at
eleven o'clock passed a large creek remarkably salt. Stopped at one o'clock
on a fresh branch of the salt creek. Our interpreter having killed an elk, we
sent out for some meat, which detained us so late that I concluded it best
to encamp where we were, in preference to running the risk of finding no
water. . . . Distance 10 miles. 29

The jigsaw puzzle of the trail again matches perfectly here for
the Salt creek crossing, the evening camp, and the march to the
Solomon. Only ten miles were made that day, in five hours, with
Lieutenant Wilkinson and one of the soldiers ill. 30 The party
halted, for the afternoon and the night, on Lost creek, in the close
neighborhood of the Rees springs. There are perennial ponds or
watering places there, though farther south along the trail the
stream suggests the origin of its name by losing itself in the sub-
stratum. This again, as in the march up from the Saline, is the
first fresh water the party would come across, and dictated Pike's
decision to camp there for the night, rather than risk a dry camp
farther on. The camp was very probably near the line between
sees. 7 and 8, Garfield township (T. 10 S., R. 4 W.). 81 The mile-
ages from the Rockyfern camp to the Salt creek crossing and from
there to this one-o'clock encampment adjust themselves quite cor-
rectly.

Following the party the next day, Monday, September 22, we
pass Lost creek again in two places, indicated on Pike's map, and
then cross over a divide shown on the map by the conventional row
of hills. 82 The hills are there, in the topography; rather salient
landmarks for this part of the country and some of them known

28. Pike, op. tit., p. 138.

29. Ibid., pp. 139, 140.

30. Ibid., p. 139.

81. Ogle, op. cit., pp. 7, 32.
32. Pike, op. cit., Plate I.

246 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

locally by the names of early settlers. In this day's march we are
obliged to accept an emendation in the text of the journal, as sup-
plied by the editors we have already quoted. For, after marching
three hours to dinner and, after that, "12 miles" to camp, the day's
progress is summed up as 11 miles. Evidently the "12" miles was
meant for two miles, 33 which fits the picture perfectly. We quote
the journal entry, in part:

22d September, Monday. We did not- march until eight o'clock, owing to
the indisposition of lieutenant Wilkinson. At eleven waited to dine. Light
mists of rain, with flying clouds. We marched again at three o'clock, and con-
tinued our route twelve [two] miles to the first branch of the republican
fork. . . . Distance 11 miles. 84

It will be noted that Pike places this camp "on the first branch
of the republican fork" (as he supposed). More correctly he calls
the river Solomon's fork of the "Kans River" when he crossed it the
next morning. 35 Whether by tradition or by local coincidence this
creek of the camp site, rising in the extreme northwest corner of
Ottawa county and flowing north into Cloud county, is still desig-
nated on the map as First creek. There is no other on the right
bank, downstream, until we come to Salt creek, for which Pike had
already accounted. Just west of it, upstream, and nearly parallel
to it are two other small creeks known as Second creek and Third
creek, respectively. 36 Between these two streams is a low ridge,
plain enough on the terrain and marked on Pike's map by light
hatching. 37 The Solomon crossing, then, was less than two miles
west of present Glasco. It is not strange that "one of the horses fell
and wet his load," for the higher bank of the river here is on the ap-
proach side. The journal entry for the crossing date follows:

23d September, Tuesday. Marched early and passed a large fork of the
Kans river, which I suppose to be the one generally called Solomon's. One
of our horses fell into the water and wet his load. Halted at ten o'clock on
a branch of this fork. We marched at half past one o'clock, and encamped at
sun-down, on a stream where we had a great difficulty to find water. We
were overtaken by a Pawnee, who encamped with us. He offered his horse for
our use. Distance 21 miles. 38

To continue on Pike's trail after crossing the Solomon would
bring us onto debatable ground, literally. And we do not now care

33. Coues, op. cit., p. 407; Hart-Hulbert, op. cit., pp. 75, 76.

34. Pike, op. cit., p. 140.

35. Ibid.

86. John P. Edwards, pub., Edwards' Atlas of Cloud County Kansas (Quincy, 111., 1885),
pp. 5, 65 ; Ogle, op. cit., p. 7.
37. Pike, op. cit., Plate I.
88. Ibid., pp. 140, 141.

SCHEFFER: FOLLOWING PIKE'S EXPEDITION 247

to dig up a hatchet which has been buried these twenty years and
go on the Pawnee warpath again, for scalps or glory. We have en-
joyed this research the more that, during the years of its continu-
ance, we did not know of the interstate controversy of the monu-
ment site and therefore were able to follow the gleam of guide lights
without prejudice.

In summary, we wish to emphasize that in following this course
through Saline and Ottawa counties we had at least twenty adjust-
ments to make in fitting streams, camps, ridges, divides, trail angles
and mileages into the topography and terrain. We have every con-
fidence that the picture is complete.

The Report of the Wyandot Exploring
Delegation, 1831

Edited by J. ORIN OLIPHANT

I. INTRODUCTION

EARLY in the autumn of 1831, James B. Gardiner, as special
agent of the United States government, was endeavoring to per-
suade the Wyandot Indians to exchange the lands they then held
in Ohio for lands in the country lying west of the state of Missouri.
During the course of the negotiation, both parties agreed that a
delegation should be sent to examine the Western lands that had
been offered to the Wyandots. For that purpose six persons were
appointed. The leader of this delegation was William Walker, a
member of the Wyandot nation and a man of considerable educa-
tion.

In October, 1831, Gardiner accompanied the Wyandot delegation
from Upper Sandusky, Ohio, to Cincinnati, from which city Walker
and his five companions set out by boat, near the end of October,
on the journey to their Western destination. Gardiner presumed
that the delegation, with good luck, might complete its mission and
arrive home by Christmas. Meanwhile, as he informed the Office
of Indian Affairs, he purposed to employ a part of his time in ad-
justing "the details of a final treaty with the Wyandot chiefs." *

As late as January 4, 1832, Gardiner was confident that "he could
soon conclude a satisfactory treaty with the Wyandots, for he had
just heard, on what he believed to be excellent authority, that the
exploring party was on the way home and that the members of this
party were "highly pleased with the country assigned them." "I
flatter myself," he wrote to Lewis Cass, Secretary of War, "that I
shall be able, in four or five weeks, to present you with a definitive
treaty with this sagacious, intelligent and crafty tribe of Indians,
which will be of the highest importance to a large section of this
state, and greatly in aid of the benevolent policy of the Govern-
ment." 2

Before the next day was ended, however, Gardiner's hope of

J. Orin Oliphant is professor of history at Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa.

1. James B. Gardiner to S. S. Hamilton, November 1, 1831, in The National Archives:
Records of the Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Incoming Letters, 1831-
1832, "Wyandots."

2. Gardiner to Lewis Cass, January 4, 1832. Ibid.

(248)

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 249

achieving a triumph was vanishing, for in the afternoon of January
5 Col. Thomas B. Vanhorne had informed him that Walker had de-
clared in Dayton, Ohio, as the exploring party was passing through
that town on the way home, that the report of the delegation would
be unfavorable to the proposed exchange of lands. Believing that
it was not improbable that, on hearing such a report, "the whites,
half-breeds, and the 'Christian party/ so called," would be against
treating on "any reasonable terms," and believing also that the
"pagan" or "savage party" would listen to "reason," Gardiner asked
permission of Lewis Cass to make a treaty with this latter group
for the cession of their part of the Wyandot reservation. "They
have Chiefs and Headmen among them," he added, '"whom they
recognize and obey." 8

The news that Gardiner had received from Colonel Vanhorne
turned out to be correct, for the report of the exploring delegation
was emphatically unfavorable to the proposed exchange of lands.
This report, presumably written by Walker, is reproduced below.

Gardiner was much disturbed at the turn affairs had taken. In
a long letter to Lewis Cass, dated at Lebanon, Ohio, on January 28,
1832, he reviewed his negotiations with the Wyandots and com-
plained bitterly of what he believed to be the duplicity of William
Walker and of one of Walker's companions named Silas Armstrong.
Because of its important bearing upon the report of the delegation,
this letter is also reproduced below.

As to the truthfulness of Gardiner's charges, the present-day stu-
dent of this subject, having nothing on which to base a judgment
except the evidence prepared by Gardiner for Cass, is at a loss what
to conclude. From Henry C. Brish, William Brish, and George W.
Gist, men who had just returned to Ohio from conducting the Sen-
eca Indians from that state to the Indian country west of the Mis-
sissippi river, Gardiner collected depositions which he submitted
to Cass as proof of his contention that the Wyandot delegation had
made a dishonest report. 4 All these men affirmed under oath that
they had talked with Walker in St. Louis after the return of the
Wyandot delegation to that city from its exploring tour, and that
they had gained from him the impression that the members of this
delegation were so well pleased with the new tract that had been
offered to the Wyandots that they would recommend an exchange
of lands. They also gave testimony that tended to arouse suspi-

3. Gardiner to Cass, January 5, 1832. Ibid.

4. Deposition of Henry C. Brish on January 23, 1832, and depositions of William Brish
and George W. Gist on January 16, 1832. Ibid.

250 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

cion as to the correctness of some of the statements in the report
of the delegation. Furthermore, Gardiner submitted the answers
of Silas Armstrong to questions that Gardiner had asked him as
additional proof that the delegation had not adequately examined
the tract of land offered to the Wyandots by the United States gov-
ernment. 5 Upon the testimony thus obtained Gardiner based sev-
eral of the conclusions he set forth in his letter to Lewis Cass of
January 28, 1832.

From a careful reading of the above-mentioned documents one
might conclude that the delegation had not fully complied with its
instructions relative to the exploration it had been sent to make. One
might conclude also that some of the statements in the report of the
delegation were open to question. 6 And, finally, one might well
believe that the members of the delegation at the last moment had
changed their minds as to the recommendation they would make
to the Wyandot chiefs.

But if all these points be granted, it does not follow necessarily
that the report of the delegation was "made," as Gardiner intimated
it had been, in advance of the exploration, and that therefore the
delegation had gone on a needless journey at the expense of the
United States. The evidence that Gardiner offered in support of
this charge was a deposition of George Williams, a member of the
Wyandot nation. 7 Williams, who had been nominated by Gardiner
to be one of the exploring party and who had not been accepted,
affirmed that John Baptiste, a member of the delegation, had told
him that all the members of the delegation had been chosen by the
Wyandot chiefs because they were known to be opposed in principle
to the removal of the Wyandots from Ohio, and that Williams had
not been selected because he was known to favor such removal pro-
vided that the Western tract offered to the Wyandots proved to be
an acceptable one. But the unsupported testimony of Williams, who
doubtless was disgruntled, does not definitely prove anything. It
raises a suspicion, but a suspicion only, that Gardiner as well as the
Wyandot chiefs had attempted to "pack" the delegation.

As to Gardiner's strictures on the conduct of Walker and of Arm-
strong, we can only say that they may or may not have been justi-
fied.

6. Examination of Silas Armstrong, undated [January, 1832]. Ibid.

6. Neither the statement in the report as to the condition of the corn crop in Missouri in
1831 nor the further statement in the report as to the unfriendly disposition of the inhabitants
of Missouri to Indians was confirmed by the above-mentioned depositions. Ibid.

7. Deposition of George Williams, January 25, 1832. Ibid.

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 251

Lacking sufficient evidence, therefore, to warrant our making a
judgment in the case of Gardiner against Walker and others, we
must content ourselves with examining Gardiner's charges in the
light of his obvious chagrin. During 1831 he had completed four
treaties of exchange with other bands of Indians residing in Ohio, 8
and naturally he was eager to impress the Jackson administration
by a record of complete success. If he had been outgeneraled by the
Wyandots in a war of wits, as he may well have been, his wrath is
understandable. Even his success in negotiating a treaty with the
band of Wyandots residing at the Big Spring was but slight compen-
sation to him for the failure of his negotiation with the main body of
Wyandots, for the former, though consenting to give up their lands
in Ohio, refused to accept lands west of the Mississippi river. The
treaty that Gardiner concluded with them on January 19, 1832, was,
therefore, a treaty of purchase rather than a treaty of exchange. 9

As a commentary on his version of his dealings with the Wyandots,
it may be observed that Gardiner's methods in concluding four of the
five treaties he made with the Indians in Ohio were seriously ques-
tioned in the senate. 10 Nevertheless, these four treaties were
approved by the senate and were proclaimed on April 6, 1832. 11
That Gardiner had not lost favor with the administration is proved
by the fact that he was appointed to superintend the removals for
which these treaties provided. 12

The tract of land that William Walker and his companions were
sent to examine in 1831, though then lying beyond the western
boundary of Missouri, is now within the limits of that state. By
an act of congress of June 7, 1836, the provisions of which were
agreed to by the legislature of Missouri on December 16, 1836, an
area containing this tract the so-called "Platte Purchase" was
joined to the state of Missouri. By the addition of this area, an
odd-shaped tract which on a map looks like the state of Idaho
turned upside down, the Missouri river became the western bound-
ary of the state of Missouri from the mouth of the Kansas river
northwestward to the point where the Missouri river intersects "the
parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river

8. Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs; Laws and Treaties (Washington, 1904), v. 2,
pp. 325-339.

9. Ibid., pp. 339-341.

10. Annie Heloise Abel, "The History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West
of the Mississippi River," Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year
1906 (Washington, 1908), v. 1, p. 384.

11. Ibid., p. 385.

12. Ibid., citing a letter from Cass to Gardiner, May 17, 1832.

252 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Des Moines." 13 The act of congress providing for this change be-
came effective by presidential proclamation on March 28, 1837. 14

The band of Wyandots living at or near Upper Sandusky con-
tinued to reside on their reservation in Ohio until 1843. On March
17, 1842, they ceded to the United States all their lands in Ohio,
receiving therefor a promise of a tract of 148,000 acres west of the
Mississippi. 15 Because the United States did not fulfill its part of
this agreement, the Wyandots, on their arrival west of the Missis-
sippi, made an agreement with the Delaware nation, on December
14, 1843, whereby they acquired from the latter Indians a tract of
land lying between the Missouri and the Kansas rivers, within the
present state of Kansas. In all they thus acquired thirty-nine sec-
tions, of which three sections were a gift. For the remaining thirty-
six sections they agreed to pay the Delawares the sum of $46,080. 16
The congress approved this agreement on July 25, 1848, 17 and by a
treaty with the Wyandots on April 1, 1850, the United States agreed
to pay the Wyandots $185,000, which sum was compensation at
the rate of $1.25 an acre for the 148,000 acres promised them by
the treaty of 1842. 18

William Walker migrated with the Wyandots to Kansas in 1843
and settled on the banks of Jersey creek, within the limits of the
present Kansas City, Kan. According to William E. Connelley,
he was "the principal man of the Wyandot nation." In 1853 he
was elected provisional governor of Nebraska territory, a vast
region which then embraced the present states of Kansas and
Nebraska and parts of the present states of Colorado and Wyo-
ming. 19 He died in Kansas City, Mo., on February 13, 1874. 20

As a result of his exploring expedition in 1831, William Walker
won for himself a place of minor importance in the history of the
Pacific Northwest. While he was passing through St. Louis, Walker

13. Edward M. Douglas, "Boundaries, Areas, Geographic Centers and Altitudes of the
United States and the Several States . . . ," U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 689 (Wash-
ington, 1923), pp. 177, 178.

14. James D. Richardson, comp., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the
Presidents, 1789-1902 (Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1905), v. 3, p. 321.

15. Kappler, op. cit., v. 2, pp. 534-537.

16. Bureau of American Ethnology, Eighteenth Annual Report, 1896-1897 (Washington,
1899), Pt. 2, pp. 776, 777; Kappler, op. cit., p. 587. The text of the agreement for the
purchase by the Wyandots of lands from the Delawares may be conveniently found in William
E. Connelley, "The First Provisional Constitution of Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections,
v. 6, p. 98, Footnote 8.

17. Laws of the United States of a Local or Temporary Character . . . (Washington,
1884), v. 2, p. 849.

18. Kappler, op. cit. t v. 2, p. 587.

19. William E. Connelley, "The East Boundary Line of Kansas," reprinted from the
Kansas City (Mo.) Journal, March 6, 1899, in Kansas Historical Collections, v. 11, p. 79.

20. William E. Connelley, The Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory and the
Journals of William Walker, Provisional Governor of Nebraska Territory (Lincoln, Neb., 1899),
p. 15.

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 253

called upon Gen. William Clark, and in Clark's house he saw three
Indians who had come to St. Louis from the Far Northwest in quest,
as Walker was led to believe, of knowledge of the white men's
religion. 21 On January 19, 1833, Walker, in a letter to Gabriel P.
Disosway, of New York, related the story of these Indians. Sub-
sequently Disosway incorporated Walker's letter in a communication
of his own to the editor of the Christian Advocate and Journal and
Zion's Herald, a Methodist newspaper published in New York City.
The Walker-Disosway letter 22 was published in the issue of that
newspaper for March 1, 1833, and it aroused so great an interest in
the Protestant churches in the United States that the Methodist
Missionary Society sent a mission to the Oregon Indians in 1834 and
the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions sent
another mission to those Indians in 1836.

Because of an ambiguous statement in Disosway's communication
(not in Walker's), it was long assumed that Walker had made his
exploring tour in the West in 1832 rather than in 1831. But the
report of the exploring delegation, dated at St. Louis on December
15, 1831, together with the documents mentioned above, establishes
beyond question the fact that the Wyandot delegation headed by
Walker made its tour of exploration in 1831.

II. "REPORT OF THE WYANDOTT EXPLORING DELEGATION" 28

(Copy) Saint Louis Dec 15 1831

To the Chiefs of the
Wyandott Nation.

Your delegation appointed to examine the country west of the
Mississippi river, proposed to be given to the Wyandotts of Ohio,
beg leave to

Report: That they have, pursuant to instructions, made the
examination as directed. After a long & tedious journey, we ar-
rived at the last town near the western limits of the State of Mis-
souri. Some of our company, viz Wm. Walker & C. B. Garrett, be-
ing sick, four of your delegates proceeded on, crossed the State line
and commenced the examination of the country near the western
line of the State & the River Platte.

21. Four Indians had made the journey to St. Louis from the Oregon country, but one
of them had died a few days before Walker arrived in St. Louis.

22. This letter is reproduced in Hiram Martin Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of
the Far West (New York, 1935), v. 2, pp. 894-901.

23. This document is in the collection cited in Footnote 1, supra. The map which ac-
companied the report has been lost. On the title page of the report appear the following
notations: "Handed Paul Brader Draughtsman April 12, 1887 Plat not to be found Aug 1C -
1911 B -F."

254 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Within two or three days the exploring party was rejoined by one
of our sick men, viz, Wm. Walker; the other C. B. Garrett, con-
tinuing sick. The examination was made by five of your dele-
gates.

We must be permitted here to say, that your delegates entered
upon the examination with minds unbiased, unprejudiced, feeling
the responsibility that rested upon them, and fully prepared to do
ample justice to the reputation of the country.

The Country we examined, it is universally admitted by all who
are acquainted with the whole tract of country purchased by the
General Government for the purpose of settling the emigrating In-
dians of the United States, to be decidedly the best for the settle-
ment of Indians from the Northern part of the United States.

The lands between the Western line of the State of Missouri &
the River Platte, (See map accompanying) are generally prairie,
high, dry, in some places rolling and in many places cup [sic] up
with deep ravines, but generally of a rich black soil. In these
prairies the small runs and ravines are so deep and the banks per-
pendicular that it frequently happens that a traveller has to trace
them to near their head before they can be crossed. In all this
tract, (the average width of which is about 8 miles and in length
30 miles,) there is but little timber and what there is, is of a low
scrubby, knotty and twisted kind and fit for nothing but firewood.
It has been said that within this scope of country, sugar-trees
abound; this is a mistake. We generally suppose when we hear of
a country abounding with Sugar-trees, that there is enough to af-
ford good Sugar camps; for there is little else that gives value
to them but this simple and yet good property, viz, the sap they
yield from which Sugar is manufactured. This article, we are well
aware, is one of the principal commodities of commerce with our
nation. 24

In all of our examination, we discovered but one solitary spot
on which there was any thing like a collection of Sugar-trees and
that was 30 trees on 10 acres. On the west side of the River Platte,
the land is timbered; but the timber is of that description generally
that is of no great use to an agricultural community. The best
and most useful timber is scarce and what there is of it, is deplora-
bly defective. We noticed that the woodland was not thickly tim-
bered and yet the major part of the timber is of the useless kind;

24. Compare this description with the brief description given by Walker in his letter to
Disosway. Chittenden, op. cit., v. 2, p. 897.

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 255

such as Red Elm, Linwood Mulberry Hackberry Slippry Elm
Cottonwood Honey Locust Buck Eye and a small growth of Pin
Oak & White Hickory &c. While upon the subject of timber, we
will add that the conclusion with your delegation is irresistible
that there is not good timber sufficient for the purposes of a people
that wish to pursue agriculture. With regard to the quality of the
soil, no objection can be urged [against] it. It is generally a dark
rich loam, varying in depth by being either hilly or bottom land,
it is rich and productive, but the situation, or rather face of the
country is certainly not friendly to its continuing so when cultivated.
The reason we assign for its not continuing so when put under culti-
vation is, (and we think we will be sustained by all practical agri-
culturalists) that the lands are so steep, broken and uneven, with
so many ravines and runs that the rich soil, when cultivated, must
necessarily wash away and be carried down those steep & rapid
ravines and runs and totally lost; indeed we have seen enough in
that country to satisfy us on this head. From all the information
we could obtain with regard to the climate, we are satisfied that
it is colder than it is in our part of the State of Ohio tho' it is 39 f
[sic] degrees of north latitude. The Corn crops throughout the
State of Missouri have been the last season, with very few excep-
tions, frost bitten. It is said that seven eighths of the corn crops
have been thus injured. We do doubt its being as good a corn
country generally as the country we now occupy. For farming
generally, we can with safety say that it will not suit the Wyandott
Nation as well as the country they now hold.

It may be urged that a part of the Nation procure a subsistence
by the chase, and as game has become scarce in this country, there
is an absolute necessity for the Nation to seek a new home, in a
country where game abounds to save them from want and indigence.

If it be supposed that by removing to this new country, the
interests of the hunting part of our nation will be promoted by the
abundance of game in that country, we must say it is a mistaken
idea. The game consists chiefly of Bear, Deer & Raccoon and the
smaller kinds of game. There is a strip of wooden country situated be-
tween the Missouri River and the Missouri State line, in the middle
of which runs the River Platte, in which there is, it is true a con-
siderable of Bear, but we would ask how long would they continue
to be plenty in that region if the Wyandotts got there? particularly
as they are acknowledged to be generally good Bear hunters. We
venture to say that in three years time they would be as scarce as

256 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

they now are upon our reservation. As for Deers, they cannot
be said to be plenty in that country the same may be said of
Raccoon.

Go out of this tract, you will then come in contact with some
other tribe that will view you as intruding and will certainly be
driven off their hunting grounds if you do not receive rougher treat-
ment.

Independently of these considerations, there are many other cir-
cumstances that weigh much in the minds of your delegation. The
country proposed to be given to the Wyandotts is now occupied by
the Sacks & lowas; these tribes, it is true, have not the right of soil,
or fee of the land, but they claim the right of occupation for the
term of ten years from the ratification of their treaty with the
Government, leaving yet nine years of occupation, one year only
having expired. This they claim and will contend for. The con-
sequences resulting from our settling there, while they make this
claim to the land, can be more easily imagined than described.

Moreover, the leading politicians of the State of Missouri, are
opposed to the settling of Indians upon her frontier speak of
Indians as "a nuisance" a "curse to the State" &c, in short, they
evince an unfriendly and indeed a hostile disposition.

Great exertions have been made, and are now making to have
the whole "Platte country" added to the State; strong memorials
have been sent on to Congress, and the Representation from that
State, are now actively engaged in endeavoring to carry the measure
thro' Congress.

The inhabitants generally upon the frontier of the State, (those
who would be our neighbors,) are with a few honorable exceptions,
the most abandoned, dissolute and wicked class of people we ever
saw; fugitives from justices from the States of Virginia, Kentucky,
Tennessee and other southern States, form a large portion of the
population upon this frontier with such neighbors on one side, not
only unfriendly to us but to Indians generally, the Sacks & lowas
viewing us as intruders, we think the situation of the Wyandotts,
settled there, would not be an enviable one.

Missouri is a slaveholding state, and slaveholders are seldom very
friendly to Indians: (See Georgia) at least they have, whenever
they have got Indians in their power, proven themselves to be the
greatest and most merciless oppressors they ever met with among all
the American population. Situated as we would be upon the borders
of the State, our territory would be an asylum & sanctuary for run-

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 257

away and vagrant negros; for as soon as they cross the State line,
they are without the limits of the United States, and we are sure we
have enough of that class already amongst us.

It has been said repeatedly that by removing to this country we
should be freed from the troubles and evils we experience by being
surrounded by a white population, especially from the destructive
influence of intemperance. We can assure you we shall never realize
this in that country: on the contrary, we shall have a more worth-
less and corrupt class of whites to deal and associate with than is
to be found in this part of Ohio so far from being removed from
the temptations to intemperance, we shall, to say the least, be as
much exposed to this curse to human society as we now are. Not
even the strong arm of military power can prevent the introduction
of ardent spirits among the troops at Cantonment Leavenworth, which
is west of the tract of country we would occupy, should we remove,
and the road, leading from the white settlement to the Garrison,
passes thro' nearly the center of this tract of country and crosses
the Platte River at the falls. (See map) our nation would be con-
stantly exposed to this evil and not only to this, but to all manner
of impositions from the hordes and bands of rambling trappers and
bee-hunters that infest the country west of the State of Missouri. If
military force cannot suppress whiskey traders, we would ask how an
Indian Agent is to succeed?

We cannot avoid putting but a small estimate upon the promised
protection of the General Government after we shall have settled
there. If we should be able to protect ourselves, well; if not, then
the consequence must be, we must suffer much before the Govern-
ment would afford any relief. Of all the countries for civilizing and
improving the condition of Indians, this would be the last we should
select for that purpose. If it be the object of the Government to
promote the interests and happiness of our nation, by settling them in
this country, we must say, we do not believe that by this measure,
this desirable object will be attained.

The Indians that have settled on the south side of the Missouri
and on the Kanzas River, we are confident, instead of improving in
civilized habits, good morals, or their condition being in any de-
gree improved, or ameliorated, have on the contrary retrograded
especially the Delawares from Indiana.

Your delegation, it is supposed, were to consult and keep in view
the general interests of the nation by whom they have been de-

17_7678

258 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

puted, and after completing their examination, weigh all the ad-
vantages and disadvantages with fairness & candor, then to report
whether in their opinion, the interests of the Nation at large will
be promoted by their removal to that country or not. They have
at least governed themselves by this belief and acted accordingly
in the difficult task assigned them.

In conclusion, your delegation must say, and that in all truth
and sincerity, that they are decidedly of opinion that the interests
of the nation will not be promoted, nor their condition ameliorated,
by a removal from this to the country examined, and recommend to
the Chiefs and nation at large to cease all contention, bickerings
and party strifes; settle down & maintain their position in the
State of Ohio.

Respectfully submitted.

(Signed) (Signed)

John Gould his x mark James Washington his x mark

John Baptiste his x mark Wm. Walker

Silas Armstrong

Upper Sandusky Jan 27th 1832

I certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the original Re-
port made by the Delegation of which I was conductor.

Wm. Walker

III. GARDINER'S LETTER TO CASS CHARGING WALKER
WITH DUPLICITY

Lebanon, Ohio, Jany. 28th 1832 25

Hon. Lewis Cass,

Secretary of War,
Sir,

I have the honor to inform you that I returned to this place
last evening, after an absence of three weeks among the Wyandotts.
Having travelled one hundred and fifty miles within the last three
days, in the coldest weather experienced this winter, and being
much weakened by fatigue, I am unable at this time, to give more
than a partial report of my late operations.

While on my way to Upper Sandusky, I saw at Columbus a let-
ter from Wm. Walker, (written from Eaton, near the Indiana line,
while on his return,) to Col. Wm. Doherty, the Speaker of the Ohio
Senate, in which he spoke in contemptuous and sarcastic terms of

25. This letter is in the collection cited in Footnote 1, supra.

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 259

the "Indian Paradise" he had visited, abused the Government for
its overtures, and insinuated that all the emigrating tribes had been
"most shamefully imposed upon." This, in addition to other in-
timations [?] I had received of his conduct and expressions since
his return, prepared me for the reception which I anticipated at
Upper Sandusky.

It was especially understood and agreed between Mr. Walker and
myself, previously to his departure, that, after exploring the coun-
try on the Missouri river, at and above the confluence of the Little
Platte, 26 if that tract should not prove acceptable, he should pass
to the south side of the Missouri, among the Shawnees and the
Delawares settled on the Kansas, (many of whom are friends and
former acquaintances of the TVyandotts,) and after procuring com-
petent guides from them, continue to explore the unappropriated
parts of the Indian District until he should either find an accept-
able tract, or become convinced that no part of that country would
serve the purpose of the Wyandotts. You will perceive, sir, by the
enclosed documents, with which I have considered it my duty to
furnish you, that he not only violated this agreement, but actually
avoided visiting the particular tract at and above the mouth of the
Platte, to which his attention had been directed, and of which he
had heard the most flattering accounts from Capt. Pipe, Captain
Monture, and other Delawares and Shawnees of Ohio, who had
personally examined that tract. The Delegation never saw the
country which I had proffered to them in behalf of the Govern-
ment! They spent but one night in the woods. They were but six
days, in all, on the western line of the State of Missouri, and, as
will appear from their own shewing, they occupied most of that
time in the sport of bear-hunting, on horseback and with dogs!
Their "Report," herewith transmitted, is, I am thoroughly con-
vinced, an ingenious tissue of preconcerted misrepresentations; and
I am now equally satisfied that the whole plan, of filching from the
Government the money for such a tour, and the making just such
a Report was matured at Upper Sandusky last summer. The ob-
ject was to quiet all anxieties on the part of the tribe, relative to
removal, and settle them down into a state of false security and
complete subserviency to the jew, (white and partly white,) who
are the only gainers by their continued residence in Ohio. I con-
sider the situation of the Wyandotts, though on a smaller scale,

26. This river is in the northwestern part of the present state of Missouri. It must not
be mistaken for the Platte river which flows eastward through the state of Nebraska.

260 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

very similar to that of the Cherokees, as described in your late an-
nual Report.

There was also a positive agreement between Mr. Walker and
myself, that he should preserve a total silence on the subject of his
exploration until his return, and that / should be present at the
time of presenting his Report to the Chiefs. Instead of adhering
to this understanding, he wrote to others, besides Col. Doherty, be-
fore and after his return, and verbally proclaimed as he passed
through Dayton, what the Report would be, and cast sundry unjust
and ungrateful reflections upon the Government. He never com-
municated at all to me, as he had promised to do, from the time
of leaving St. Louis, on his way to the Upper Missouri, until I saw
him at Upper Sandusky, after his return. He was then distant and
reserved in his manner, and made use of much prevarication, in en-
deavouring to apologize for his conduct. He well knew my place of
residence, but had passed within twenty-five miles of it, without
informing me of his arrival in the State. The Report was read to
the Chiefs with many verbal amplifications, before it was possible
for me to reach Upper Sandusky, after accidentally hearing of the
return of the Delegation. The desired impression was made upon
the whole nation before my arrival.

Having the best reasons to suspect the truth of the Report, and
the motives from which it was compiled, I conceived it my duty
to examine the different members of the Delegation, separately and
apart from each other, and take down their several recollections in
writing. I commenced with Silas Armstrong, whose answers to my
questions are herewith transmitted. He is an intelligent quarter-
blooded Wyandott, educated in English, and was, no doubt a party
to the plot before mentioned. You will see that he contradicts the
report, signed by himself, in several important particulars. After
this I could go no further, as none of the others would submit to an
examination. The Indians acknowledged that Walker had warned
them not to answer me !

In my letter to you of the 4th inst., I stated the opinion of Capt.
Brish, (who had seen Mr. Walker and his party at St. Louis, just
after their return to that place,) that from conversation with
Mr. W. he was satisfied the Report of the Delegation would be
favourable to removal. To ascertain the grounds upon which this
opinion had been predicated, I thought it my duty to take the
depositions of Captain Henry C. Brish, Captain George W. Gist
and William Brish, all of whom had been engaged in conducting

WYANDOT EXPLORING DELEGATION 261

the Senecas to Missouri. These depositions are herewith transmitted,
and will, I think, fully convince you of the gross misrepresentations
and false reasonings which Mr. Walker has presented as the result
of his labours.

Previously to the Delegation setting out from Upper Sandusky for
Missouri, I discovered much discontent among some of the mixed-
breed, relative to the incompetency of the persons chosen as Dele-
gates. Silas Armstrong, who has many respectable and influential
connexions, was particularly dissatisfied, and was likely to create
some disturbances, because he and his relatives had been overlooked.
To quiet all murmurings, and ensure as much harmony as possible,
I took upon myself the responsibility of employing him as a Dele-
gate, on the part of the United States, with instructions that he
should report to you, through me, and not to the Chiefs, the result
of his observations; and his expenses, only, should be paid out of
my contingent fund. I now find that he leagued with Walker, in
his scheme, joined in his Report to the Chiefs, and made no com-
munication whatever to me. Proving thus faithless, I determined
not to pay him, without your special orders.

Of the sum of one thousand dollars appropriated for the expedi-
tion, seven hundred were deemed by the Chiefs sufficient for ex-
penses, and three hundred were given to Wm. Walker, as an extra
compensation, as he refused to submit his proper allowance to the
judgment of the Chiefs, inasmuch as he was required to act in the
triple capacity of Conductor, Interpreter, and Delegate. At that
time, I confess, I had full confidence in his integrity, and thought
the allowance no more than reasonable. His Report and subsequent
conduct prove how unworthy he was of this boon of the Government.

After ascertaining the true state of things at Upper Sandusky, I
repaired to the town of McCutchensville, in the neighborhood of the
separate band of Wyandotts residing on a Reservation of 16,000
acres at the Big Spring. I had always promised them that, in case
the Chiefs at Upper Sandusky utterly refused to unite with them
in ceding the whole of the Wyandott lands in the United States,
the Big Spring Band should have the privilege of concluding a
separate treaty for the cession of their own Reservation. Accord-
ingly, I sent for some of their principal men, and ultimately made
the accompanying Treaty. The Upper Sandusky Chiefs at first
made a violent effort to force the signers to petition the President
to withdraw their names, and actually threatened to saw their ears
off with a file, seize their chattel property, and drive them out of

262 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Ohio! After an interview with me, however, they thought it
prudent to cease all opposition to the measure; and before I left
Upper Sandusky they had acquiesced, and even appeared anxious
the treaty should be ratified. This solely arose from prospective
views of gain. Those Chiefs, with their white and yellow auxil-
liaries, are as avaricious and envious as they are subtle and insincere.
It was intimated to me that they intend to compound with the
Wyandotts of the Big Spring to remove to the "Grand Reservation"
and give the Upper Sandusky people the whole or part of the avails
of the Big Spring tract.

The Treaty, you will perceive, is not made on the basis of the
other conveniences with the Ohio Indians. Those Wyandotts refused
to accept of any lands west of the Mississippi, on any terms what-
ever. The price given is very high, but the sales, I feel convinced,
will reimburse the Government in a year or two. It is not, indeed,
such a treaty as I could have wished; but, under existing circum-
stances, it was the best I could get. The Big Spring Reservation
lies partly in the counties of Hancock, Seneca and Crawford, and
the extinguishment of the Indian title is greatly desired by the
citizens of those new counties. And it is believed that, notwithstand-
ing the apparent determination of the Upper Sandusky Indians to
maintain their present position, this treaty will be the means of pro-
ducing a final cession of all the Wyandott lands in Ohio in a year or
two more. It remains for the President and Senate to decide upon
the expediency of its ratification.

I design to remain at home a few days yet, to recruit from my late
exposure and fatigues, and prepare my reports and other papers for
your inspection. I am in hopes to reach Washington by the 15th
or 20th of next month. It will not, therefore, be necessary for the
Department to address any further communications to me at this
place, as I shall probably have left home before they could arrive.

I have the honor to be

With very great respect,
Your most obdt. servt.
James B. Gardiner,
Special Agent, &c.

The Early Work of the Lorettines in
Southeastern Kansas

SISTER M. LILLIANA OWENS, S. L.

ST. PAUL, formerly old Osage Mission, is one of the most inter-
esting spots in Kansas. 1 It is snugly tucked away in the midst
of hills and valleys and the church with the adjoining monastery
and school make one feel as if a bit of France had been translated
in Kansas soil. The monastery belongs to the Passionist Fathers
and is of recent date, but the magnificent Church of St. Francis de
Hieronymo was built by the Jesuit Fathers.

Bishop Louis Du Bourg had but recently established his residence
in St. Louis when he received 'the request from the Osages for mis-
sionaries. 2 As the matter was a serious one, the Osages had thought
it better to hear the opinion of the people before taking any definite
step. For this reason the chief of the Great Osages and the chief of
the Little Osages met with their counsellors. The braves and the
principal warriors, having discussed the matter for some time,
unanimously decided to send a delegation to the bishop to request
him to come to visit the villages and give them some priests to in-
struct their people, but above all to care for their children.

The delegation went, and being kindly received, they took cour-
age and spoke out their minds freely, begging the bishop to send
missionaries who would stay with them. They declared they would
follow their advice and that they would become good Christians.
Bishop Du Bourg was surprised by the earnestness with which they
represented their condition. He formed a very favorable opinion
of them and promised to comply with their wishes as soon as cir-
cumstances would allow him to do so.

Bishop Du Bourg applied to Father Anthony Kohlmann, S. J.,
then provincial of the Maryland province, Society of Jesus, for mis-
sionaries. Father Kohlmann was not, at the time, in a position to
grant the request.

SISTER M. LILLIANA OWENS, S. L., native of St. Paul, Kan., is on sabbatical leave
from St. Mary's Academy at Denver. She has a Ph. D. degree from St. Louis University and
has written several articles and books on phases of Catholic church and school history.

1. This article is based on ch. 6 of the unpublished doctoral dissertation, "The History of
the Sisters of Loretto in the Trans -Mississippi West." All appendix references may be found
in this manuscript which is also on microfilm at St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. Micro-
film copies are available from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.

2. See "Interesting Memoirs Collected From Legends, Traditions and Historical Docu-
ments," by the Rev. Paul M. Ponziglione, S. J., ch. 6, p. 62 et seq., in the archives of St. Louis
University, St. Louis, Mo. (Hereinafter cited A. St. L. U.)

(263)

264 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Early in 1823 the bishop was in Washington and consulted gov-
ernment officials including the secretary of war, John C. Calhoun,
on the subject of the education of the Indian children within his
diocese. During this interview Mr. Calhoun suggested that they
invite the Jesuit Fathers of Georgetown to furnish members of their
society to assist in this work. Bishop Du Bourg then consulted the
Rev. Charles Neale, S. J., who had in the meantime succeeded
Father Kohlmann as provincial of the Maryland province. Father
Neale accepted the offer.

About two years earlier Father Charles Nerinckx was in Europe
and returned in September, 1821, accompanied by a colony of young
Belgians who had come to America with the intention of devoting
their lives to the missions. Among this group were Pierre Jean De
Smet, later to become the "Grand Old Father of the Missions/' Felix
Verreydt and J. A. Elet. Six of this little band entered the Jesuit
novitiate at White Marsh, Md., October 6, 1821. The Rev. Charles
Van Quickenborne, a Belgian priest, who had come to the United
States with the idea of becoming a missionary among the Indians,
was master of novices at White Marsh. Both he and the provincial,
Father Neale, saw the unsuitable conditions at White Marsh and
decided to transfer the novitiate to St. Thomas manor in St. Charles
county, Maryland.

Again Bishop Du Bourg appealed to the Jesuits for help in the
Western missions. Father Van Quickenborne recognized this as an
opportunity, and urging the acceptance of the offer, volunteered to
go. The six young Belgian novices asked to accompany him. Their
destination was Florissant, Mo., where they arrived on June 3, 1823,
and where they established St. Stanislaus Seminary, the head-
quarters of the Jesuits in the West. In the meantime Bishop Du
Bourg had appointed the Rev. Charles De La Croix, the chaplain
of the Religious of the Sacred Heart at Florissant, to visit the
Osages in western Missouri and what is now eastern Kansas.

Father De La Croix, a Belgian by birth, was the first missionary
of record to visit the Osages in what is now Kansas. He was a se-
cular priest who had been ordained at Ghent by Bishop Du Bourg,
of St. Louis, and had sailed for America with the bishop. His first
charge was the missionary work at Barrens, Perry county, Mis-
souri. In December, 1818, he was assigned to Florissant. While
at Florissant he made his trips to the Osages on the Neosho river.
The first Christian baptism of which there is a record in the present
state of Kansas was performed by him. The children were James

OWENS: WORK OF THE LORETTINES 265

and Francis Chouteau. 3 He was preparing to build a chapel among
the Osages when his health failed him and he was obliged to return
to Missouri. 4

The Rev. Charles Van Quickenborne, S. J., 5 was the successor of
Father De La Croix among the Osages. His first visit was made in
1827. Many of the Osages had known him in eastern Missouri be-
fore they had moved west and they gave him a warm welcome. He
made other trips to the mission in 1829, 1830 and 1834. From a let-
ter written by Father De Smet in 1857, we learn that he built a
house and a chapel among the Kickapoos in 1836. It was he who
pointed out the way for the establishment of the St. Francis Insti-
tute, the school established in Kansas by the Jesuits, and for the
schools founded by the Sisters of Loretto and by the Religious of
the Sacred Heart.

Father Van Quickenborne died in 1837. Father H. G. Aelen [sic] ,
S. J., 6 succeeded Father Van Quickenborne and he in turn was
succeeded by Father Felix L. Verreydt, S. J.

From the time the Pottawatomies succeeded in getting a Catholic
mission, the Osages wanted a similar one for the education of their
children. At last receiving encouragement and assistance from
several members of the American Fur Company in 1846, they sent
a petition to President Polk. When the president failed to grant
all their demands, the matter was referred to the commissioner of
Indian affairs, who requested the Most Rev. Peter Richard Kenrick,
archbishop of St. Louis, to provide for them. Archbishop Kenrick
offered the new mission to the Rev. James Van de Velde, S. J., at
that time the vice-provincial of the Society of Jesus. He placed
the mission under the protection of St. Francis de Hieronymo and
appointed Father John Schoenmakers, S. J., as its first superior. As
Father Verreydt was well acquainted with the Osages, the provincial
sent him to select a suitable place for the mission. 7 The choice of

3. The first entry on the pages of the old register now in the archives of the Passionist
Monastery at St. Paul, Kan. The old register is often consulted by Osages from Pawhuska,
Okla., for one reason or another, often to establish the legitimacy of an Indian child whose
inheritance to oil riches is being disputed.

4. W. W. Graves, Life and Letters of Fathers Ponziglione, Schoenmakers and Other Early
Jesuits at Osage Mission (St. Paul, 1916), p. 142. (Hereinafter cited as Early Jesuits at Osage
Mission.) See, also, Sister Mary Paul Fitzgerald, S. C. L., Beacon on the Plains (Leavenworth,
1939), pp. 81, 33, 39, main entry 241, 242.

5. Father Van Quickenborne was also the founder of St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.
In 1824 he wrote to the father general about opening a college in St. Louis. Cf. Annals of
the Propagation of the Faith, v. 2, p. 401. The college was not actually started until the
autumn of 1828. Cf. Walter Hill, S. J., Historical Sketch of the St. Louis University, p. 39
et seq.

6. The records at Osage Mission give the name as Allen but the Jesuit Fathers have no
record of a Father Allen as a member of the community at this time. See Graves, Early
Jesuits at Osage Mission, p. 143 ; see, also, Fitzgerald, Beacon on the Plains, p. 61.

7. Cf. Father C. Hoecken, "Journal 1837-1847," entry dated September 16, 1844. This
manuscript is in the archives of St. Mary's College, St. Marys, Kan.

266 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Father Verreydt fell upon the spot where St. Paul, Kan., is now
situated. Here the Indian department placed two log houses at the
disposal of the missionaries. 8

As soon as he received his appointment to this Indian mission,
Father Schoenmakers lost no time in useless preparation. His first
move was to visit the Indians at Osage Mission in the autumn of
1846, and in April, 1847, he established his permanent home there
among the Osages. With the Rev. John Bax, S. J., as his assistant
and three Jesuit brothers to aid him in his labors, he ascended the
Missouri river as far as Westport Landing, 9 which then consisted of
two or three little shanties along the river bank. From here they
took a southwestern course, traveling by ox-team. 10 After several
days of travel they at last reached the little mission, which was
located "near to and on the east side of the Big Neosho, and
immediately west of Rock creek." n

Father John Schoenmakers and his comrades took up their resi-
dence in the two cabins. They knew the importance of educating the
Osages not only in religion and literature, but in manual training as
well, and by May 10, 1847, the Osage Manual Labor School was in
readiness. This first day there were only three half-breeds in
attendance. By the end of the month there was an enrollment of
fourteen Osage boys. 12 This increased to forty by September 1,
1848. 13 The branches taught were spelling, reading, arithmetic,
singing, Christian morality, agriculture and domestic economy. 14

Father Schoenmakers soon realized that the work would be incom-
plete without a girls' school. As soon as conditions permitted he
confided the care of the mission to Father Bax, and set out for St.
Louis to seek the services of one or the other of the communities of
sisters living in that city. None felt, however, that they were in a
position to undertake this work. The prairie priest was almost
ready to admit that he was beaten in his first venture. Then he
remembered that in the early years of Catholicity in Kentucky, when

8. Prior to 1845 no definite action was taken. On April 25, 1845, the sum of $3,456 was
placed in the hands of Thomas H. Harvey, superintendent of Indian affairs, at St. Louis, to
be used in the erection of two schools and the necessary outbuildings, one of the schools to be
used for the Osage boys and one for the Osage Indian girls. See Graves, Early Jesuits at
Osage Mission, p. 143.

9. Now Kansas City, Mo.

10. "Necrologium," p. 57, A. St. L. U.

11. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1848, Letter No. 16-A, p. 547.

12. See "Account Book" of Osage Manual Labor School, in archives of the Passionist
Monastery, St. Paul.

13. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1848, pp. 544-549. See, also, Owens,
op. cit., documentary appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6.

14. The numerous letters of Father Schoenmakers on file at the Indian bureau indicate
that the missionary remained in close correspondence with the federal authorities during the
years of this interesting venture. See appendix, Owens, ibid.

OWENS: WORK OF THE LORETTINES 267

that state was as yet quite distinctly frontier in character, the Rev.
Charles Nerinckx had established an order of sisters called the
Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross who were accustomed to
the struggles of pioneer life. Roughly clad, and in appearance no
more than a weather-beaten farmer from the plains of Kansas,
Father Schoenmakers made his way to the mother house of this com-
munity at Loretto, Ky. He pleaded with the ecclesiastical superior,
the Rev. David Deparcq, for sisters to teach the Indian girls as he
and his brother Jesuits were instructing the boys.

The tired and discouraged priest frankly told the sisters that liv-
ing conditions at Osage Mission were nothing like the comforts of
their peaceful mother house. He painted for them the beauty of the
Kansas sunsets and the prairies, but he also felt compelled to tell
them of the suffering they might have to endure from the droughts
in the summer and the cold in the winter. He told them of the dif-
ficulties to be encountered on the way, feeling sure that when they
heard of the many trials that would be in store for them few of the
community would care to volunteer. But the spirit of the Mary-
land foundress was as vigorous in the Lorettines at this time as it
had been in 1812 and they answered heroically. That very day
several offered to start at any time. Father Deparcq praised them
for their zeal and appointed four to take care of this mission
Mother Concordia Henning, superior, Sister Bridget Hayden, later
known as Mother Bridget, Sister Mary Petronilla van Prater and
Sister Vincentia Van Cool.

They left the mother house in September, 1847, 15 and under the
charge of Father Schoenmakers went on to St. Louis. Here they
remained a few weeks to prepare for their journey. They embarked
on the steamer J. J. Harden on September 20, 1847. After many
delays on the sandbars of the Missouri, they reached Westport, the
western end of civilization. Here the sisters found great kindness
and hospitality at the home of Mrs. Francis G. Chouteau.

That their journey through the vast and largely uninhabited Kan-
sas prairies might be less tedious to the sisters, Father Schoenmakers
provided them with a comfortable lumber wagon 16 and placed
them under the care of a Mr. Jarboe, a Kansas City merchant. 17
For eight days they endured the slow-moving oxen, the monotonous
plains and the camping out every night. On the tenth of October,

15. See Ponziglione, "Interesting Memoirs," bk. 2, ch. 12, p. 152 et seq.

16. A lumber wagon was at this time a real luxury.

17. See Ponziglione, "Interesting Memoirs."

268 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

just a month from the time they left Loretto, they reached the mis-
sion.

All that was known by those at the mission concerning Father
Schoenmakers and his party was that they would reach their des-
tination some time during the fall of that year. Father Bax, 18 did
not like the idea of being taken by surprise. To prevent this he had
posted several Indian boys on the look out. On the morning of
October 10 the boys discovered smoke on the hill about five miles
north of the mission where the old Kansas City road used to cross
Flat Rock creek. After studying it very carefully they concluded
that the long expected party was approaching. In less than an hour
they were confirmed in their opinion when they discovered at a dis-
tance the white tops of the prairie schooners slowly advancing to-
ward them.

Father Bax, accompanied by a dozen little boys all dressed in
their Sunday clothes, went out to welcome the party. As they
reached the first wagon the boys rushed at it, anxious to get a
glimpse of Father Schoenmakers. The missionary, pleased by this
manifestation of affection from his Osage children, caressed the
smaller children and after thanking them for coming to see him,
added: "Now boys, go to see the Sisters who are coming in the
wagon and try to behave nicely." They all bowed respectfully to
the sisters, who wondered at the sight of so many polite little Indian
boys. The sisters were then taken to their new convent, which was
made of hewn logs, two stories in height. They at once became the
object of curiosity to the inquisitive Indians who had never before
seen an attire like theirs. The beautiful red hearts which the sisters
wore at this time as a part of their habit no doubt attracted the no-
tice of the savages. 19 They would come every little while to stare
through the numerous crevices with which the poorly constructed
houses abounded.

The sisters had been in their new home but two hours when four
little girls were brought to Father Bax to be their first boarders. 20
Of these, one was a full-blood Osage and three were half-breeds.

18. Father Bax was a real martyr of charity. After devoting himself to the nursing ef
the Osages, who were afflicted with the scurvy, he himself contracted it and died August 5,
1852, being but 35 years of age. See "Western Mission Journal," No. 7, A. St. L. U. ; see,
also, Fitzgerald, Beacon on the Plains, pp. 17, 19, 77, 79, 84, 87-89, 128, 130, 141, 142, 151,
154.

19. In 1847 the Sisters of Loretto at the Foot of the Cross wore a black veil wired in the
front with two red hearts embroidered, one on either side of the front of the black serge veil.
This was discontinued when the new veil, the one worn at present, was adopted in 1909.

20. Paul M. Ponziglione, "The Osages and Father John Schoenmakers, S. J.," bk. 2, ch.
12; Ponziglione, "Interesting Memoirs."

OWENS: WORK OF THE LORETTINES 269

The boarding school was opened with these four boarders on Oc-
tober 10, 1847.

In spite of a manifest willingness on the part of the Indians, they
were not so amenable to Catholic teachings. In a letter written to
Father De Smet by Father Bax we learn something of the trials
through which the sisters had to pass:

Their sufferings, their trials, and their privations were very great. They
were obliged to sleep in the open air. That did not hinder two other Sisters
from coming to join them a little after in their heroic enterprise. Their pa-
tience, their kindness, their courage, and their perseverance have gained the
esteem, affection, and love of every one. They are succeeding: they have al-
ready produced a considerable change, and are doing great good. The talents
displayed in the direction of their school, and the rapid progress of the children
are admired by all the strangers who visit this community. 21

It was the wish of the Indian department that the school be a
manual labor school and accordingly special hours were set apart for
manual training as well as for literary studies. The girls were
taught to cook, wash, iron, bake, sew, knit and the like, and their
industry soon provided trousers, vests and garments for the boys
to replace the ragged blankets which were their only attire. They
considered it a great privilege to work for the altar and make laces,
albs and vestments. Later on when the churches were built in the
neighboring villages the girls took great delight in furnishing articles
for them.

The Indian children were not used to confinement and for this
reason the missionary priests had to give their charges many free
days. Not only were the parents of the children surprised at the
success of the missionaries, but the United States agents and com-
missioners who visited the school at regular intervals wondered at
the readiness of those children in answering the questions put to
them either in grammar, arithmetic or geography. 22 What they most
admired was their love for the school and for the teachers school
spirit we would call it today. The literary compositions and needle-
work done by these children attracted much attention.

Mother Concordia Henning, the first superior, 23 spent the greater
part of her life sacrificing for the Indians. Many Indian papooses
were bought by her for a few yards of calico and baptized in their
last moments. She was born with the nineteenth century, received
the religious habit in 1826, and died on August 5, 1899, being then

21. The Rev. P. J. De Smet, Western Missions and Missionaries (New York, 1859), p.
360, Letter XXVIII.

22. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1850, pp. 35, 36, 1853, p. 381; see
Owens, op. cit. } appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6.

23. Graves, Early Jesuits at Osage Mission, pp. 273, 274.

270 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

in her hundredth year. War excitement, failure and success all com-
bined to make her life at the mission an interesting one. Drought,
grasshoppers, disease and many other afflictions had to be overcome.
Sometimes it was an epidemic like black measles. In 1852 a travel-
ing Indian stopped for the night at the mission. He was infected
with this dread disease and communicated it to the boys at St.
Francis Institute. Soon it spread to the girls' division. More than
half the girls became ill. As soon as the Osages heard of it they
ran to the convent, wailing and accusing the sisters of having
neglected the children. Many of them snatched their sick children
from their beds and rushed with them to Flat Rock creek where they
bathed them. In consequence some of them died. This caused
the excitement of the Indians to become greater and it reached such
a pitch that they threatened to kill the sisters and the priests and
set fire to the mission. Father Schoenmakers had some brothers
watching constantly. But soon the Indians noticed that the children
whom they had left with the sisters had recovered, whereas many
of those they had removed had died. Their confidence in the sisters
gradually returned and they brought back the children. By May 1
order was again restored and work was resumed. 24

As soon as the ravages of the epidemic disappeared the mission
school again began to prosper. The season of 1853 was favorable
and soon the financial condition of the manual labor school was
reassured. More pupils were enrolled and several buildings were
added.

Two years before the measles epidemic, the Quapaw Indians had
applied for permission to send their children to the school. Limited
quarters and low resources caused Father Schoenmakers to refuse
permission at first, but when they again petitioned him he told
them he would not act until they had obtained the consent of the
Osages. The Osages were willing that the permission be given. Father
Schoenmakers then took up the matter with the commissioner of
Indian affairs on May 20, 1853. 25 In the report sent by Father
Schoenmakers on September 1, 1853, to Maj. A. J. Dorn, Neosho
Indian agent, we read that the United States government did trans-
fer the Quapaw school to the Osage Manual Labor School with good
results. 26 In a later report, September 1, 1854, Father Schoenmakers
expressed his regret that "the Quapaw parents do occasionally call

24 See letter written by Father Ponziglione to Sister Coaina Mongrain, "Interesting
Memoirs," bk. IV, 1852, A. St. L. U.

25. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1853, p. 378 ; W. W. Graves, Life and
Letters of Rev. Father John Schoenmakers S, J. (Parsons, 1928), pp. 40, 41.

26. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1853, pp. 256, 378, 380.

OWENS: WORK OF THE LORETTINES 271

their children home, without sending them back to school at the
stipulated time; these have not made such advances as might be
rightfully expected, if they had regularly attended school. . . ." 27
In the annual report of August 25, 1857, from Father Schoenmakers
to Major Dorn we find an interesting list of the names of the female
Osage and Quapaw children in attendance at Osage Mission Manual
Labor School at this time. 28

The discipline at the Osage Mission school was often a problem.
To give a correction meant trouble. One day Sister Mary Bridget
Hayden was trying to conquer an Indian girl, when the father of
the child appeared. The child was glad to see her father at that
moment, feeling it meant triumph for her, but when she saw him
take out his tomahawk to use it on the Lorettine she was frightened
and begged him not to hurt her loved teacher. The child explained
that she had misbehaved and that the sister was trying to correct
her for her misdemeanor. The Indian replaced his tomahawk, as-
suring the sister that he would never hurt her for trying to make a
good girl of his child. 29

Sister Mary Bridget succeeded Mother Concordia Henning as
superior of the mission in 1859. She was Margaret Hayden, the
third daughter of Thomas and Bridget Hart Hayden. She was born
in Kilkenny, Ireland, on August 26, 1814. Her first mission was at
Ste. Genevieve, Mo., and later she was missioned at Loretto, Ky.,
where she was stationed in 1847 before going to the Kansas mission.

The first two years of her superiorship passed off in a quiet way,
but in 1861 she found herself and her community in a very danger-
ous position on account of the Civil War. The mission stood ex-
actly on the line dividing the two belligerents. The nearest town
to which they might have applied for aid was 40 miles distant.
Guerrilla parties passed almost daily in front of the mission and
frequently called on the sisters either for food or medicine. At times,
made bold by the mission's unprotected position, they were rough,
insulting and threatening.

The Osage Manual Labor School, insofar as the Osages were
concerned, began to decline with the opening of the Civil War.
Major Dorn, the former United States agent among the Osages, and
a friend of Father Schoenmakers, was a Southern man and tried to
persuade the Osages to join the Southern armies. Father Schoen-
makers was intensely loyal to the Union and tried to hold the

27. Ibid., 1854, p. 333.

28. Ibid., 1857, p. 209; see, also, Owens, op. cit., appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6.

29. See Anna C. Minogue, Loretto; Annals of the Century, pp. 132. 133.

272 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Osages for the North or at least to have them remain neutral. Many
of the Osage warriors who lived near the mission and who came un-
der its influence enlisted in the Union army. Those of the Black
Dog band that went south lived on the Verdigris and farther
West. 30

One day a messenger brought word that soldiers were on their way
to burn the mission and kill Father Schoenmakers. 31 The priests
and sisters went to the church to pray for protection. A heavy rain
came which continued through the night, allowing Father Schoen-
makers time to make his escape as far as Humboldt, Kan. Many
of the church articles had been removed to St. Mary's, Kansas for
safe-keeping. The Religious of the Sacred Heart had invited the
sisters to live with them until the trouble abated ; but they preferred
not to abandon their Indian children. When the rain ceased another
company of soldiers came to rob the mission. After they had looked
around one of the men said: "Oh, come away, there is nothing here
but poverty." The parting gift of the soldiers was smallpox. Among
the girls 39 were down at one time. Notwithstanding the long hours
the sisters spent nursing these stricken children, they were never in-
fected. 32

Many of the Osages who farmed near the mission, seeing that the
troops respected no property, packed up and went farther west,
leaving the sisters and the priests to their fate. Twice one party
attacked the other on the sisters' premises. Although all the Indian
missions existing between Osage Mission and Texas were destroyed
Father Schoenmakers' village was spared.

By the treaty which the Osages made with the government in
1865 they gave up a large portion of their lands in Kansas and
agreed to move to a new reservation in the Indian territory, now
Oklahoma. At that time most of the Indians withdrew their chil-
dren from the manual labor school. The priests and sisters were
not allowed to follow the Osages, and the school came to an end.

For 22 years they had lived in poor but comfortable log houses,
to which Father Schoenmakers had kept adding as the years went
on. The first building of any pretensions was erected in 1869. It
was a two-story frame building known as St. Francis' hall. The
lower story was used for a library and reading room. The second

30. This and other events affecting the school are told in the official report 9f W. G.
Coffin, superintendent of Indian affairs, southern superintendency, October 15, 1862, in Report
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1862, p. 137.

31. Ponziglione, "Interesting Memoirs."

32. Account on file in the archives of the Loretto mother house. Hereinafter this will be
cited A. L. M.

iff a"

o
J

OWENS: WORK OF THE LORETTINES 273

story was used as an assembly hall. In later years this building be-
came a parish school for girls who were not financially able to at-
tend the academy. After St. Francis Institute, locally known as
the college, was suspended, it was used as a local school for boys.
Today it forms a part of the barn which houses the cattle on the
Passionist Monastery farm. 33 Later, as the country became settled,
Father Schoenmakers built a stone house 75 by 50 feet and three
stories in height. In 1870 he deeded this to the Sisters of Loretto,
together with 100 acres of land and the animals and implements
necessary to run a large farm. 34

In 1871 the stone building which was to be used as the home of
the Jesuit Fathers was begun. It was four stories high, built of gray
sandstone and for many years was considered the finest building in
southeastern Kansas. The fourth floor of this building was used as
a dormitory. The stone college building was begun in 1872 and
opened in 1873. In this building were the classrooms of the St.
Francis Institute. After the institution was closed in 1891 the
building remained vacant until the burning of St. Ann's Academy
in 1895, when it became the temporary convent for the Sisters of
Loretto. Later it became the parochial school for boys and girls
and served this purpose until it was destroyed by fire in 1922.

On August 17, 1870, the Sisters of Loretto organized to incorporate
their institution as St. Ann's Academy. 35

The Rev. James H. Defouri has this to say of the work that was
done in the Catholic manual labor schools in Kansas:

In September 1855 Right Reverend Bishop Miege took to himself Father
Hieman, 36 who had now been for six years at the Mission. During this time
he had so well organized the schools that the children were the delight of all
who saw them. Their modesty and good behavior, along with their progress
was remarkable. Twice a year they gave public exhibitions, that were well
attended by all the Indians and Whites. . . , 37

Arthur Thomas Donohue says:

The schools at the Osage Mission were well established and prosperous in
the year of 1854. The Indian girls took peculiar delight in all kinds of needle-
work, drawing and fancy work. They were more industrious than the boys,

33. According to Graves, Early Jesiiits at Osage Mission, p. 204, and the word of the
parishioners who were living at the mission at this time this was the first public library
established in Neosho county, and perhaps in southeastern Kansas.

34. See "Indenture" made on October 3, 1870, in appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6, Owens, op. cit.

35. State of Kansas, Secretary of State, "Corporations," v. 2, pp. 572, 573, in Kansas
State Historical Society archives. See "Deeds," bk. C, pp. 423, 424, register of deeds, Neosho
county; see, also, appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6, Owens, op. cit., under document of separation (in
handwriting of Father Schoenmakers, S. J.).

36. See Sister Mary Paul Fitzgerald, S. C. L., "John Baptist Miege, S. J., 1815-1844,"
in Historical Records and Studies (New York, United States Catholic Historical Society, 1934),
v. 24, p. 322.

37. See "Papers of Mngr. Jos. A. Shorter," Holy Epiphany Convent, Leavenworth.
187678

274 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and always manifested a willingness to do any kind of work required by their
teachers. . . .

After the Indian girls had remained two years at school, their manners had
improved greatly. They were more amiable, paternal love and affection had
increased. But while the parents and relatives took pride in the acquirements
of these children, they often withdrew them from the school to use them as
interpreters, to glory in their improvements, or to receive imaginary services
from them. During a few days absence from school they would grow indolent,
and some would resume their original mulish dispositions. Their pride being
increased by the flattery of relatives, they would return, disobedient to parents
and teachers, and would abandon school before having obtained an educa-
tion. . . , 38

Of the work of Mother Bridget, Father Ponziglione wrote to John
R. Brunt:

Your favor of the 25th inst. came at hand this morning, all that I can say
in reply is that I first got acquainted with Mother Bridget in the summer of
1851, when I reached Osage Mission, and since that day I saw in her but the
same enterprising, intelligent and devout lady she proved herself to be all her
lifetime. The good Mother had an untold amount of labor and suffering,
which she might of well avoided, but she taxed herself willingly with them for
the sake of the poor Indian girls entrusted to her care. She did at all times
show herself a mother to them, and indeed a most affectionate one. All her
energy was devoted to remove from them their evil and wild habits, and
remold, as it were, their hearts, excite in them most pure and noble inspirations,
in a word trying to inspire in them a part of that great love of God of which
her own heart was full, and praise be to truth, surely she was a great part. I
say a great part, for it is not preferable in speaking of the education of wild
children, one may change or better the nature of all those who are brot to be
educated, but in spite of all this she always had a powerful influence over them
all, even the most wild, whom if she could not correct, at least she kept from
becoming worse. The knowledge and culture which through her indefatigable
care was imparted to the Indian girls she did raise is now producing its fruits
in the intelligence, good manners, cleanliness, and good religious spirit, which
this very day can be noticed in the many Osage half-breed ladies living on the
different nice settlements this nation has formed in the Indian Territory. The
ladylike behavior which those, once her pupils, do show at present prove to
evidence that her labors were not lost.

To what concerns her enterprising spirit, I do not need to say any thing,
the nice buildings, and the elegant grounds that surround St. Ann's Academy
speak for themselves, and are a living monument of the great genius she had,
and show how able she was for the charge of Superior she held for so many
years over her flourishing Convent. She has now gone. May her beautiful
soul rest in peace. Her remains shall moulder in the Convent's cemetery, but
her memory O, this shall last for many years to come, and her name shall
be a home name to a great many not only in Neosho County, but way yonder
in the Indian territory, and from both places for many years loving lips shall

38. "A History of the Early Jesuit Missions in Kansas," pp. 93, 94, manuscript in the
archives of the University of Kansas, Lawrence; microfilm copy in Kansas State Historical
Society.

OWENS: WORK OF THE LORETTINES 275

pronounce her name with gratitude, and devout hearts will offer up fervent
prayers for her soul. 39

Noble L. Prentis visited Osage Mission in 1870. When Mother
Bridget died in 1890 he recalled this visit and paid the following
tribute to the co-worker of Father Schoenmakers and Father Pon-
ziglione: .

She was a woman of commanding look, and spoke in a firm, resolute but
quiet way, as one should, accustomed to impress herself on human creatures
brought to her as wild as any bird or beast in all their native prairies; this she
had done and more she had gained their affections. The conversation which
she held at once took a religious turn, and the listener would be very ungrate-
ful if he did not remember that Mother Bridget, as well she might from the
privilege of her years, spoke to him like a mother indeed, not of churches and
creeds, but of the necessity of personal righteousness. 40

It is interesting to note the pleasant relations that existed between
the Sisters of Loretto and the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. The
baking for both establishments was cared for by the sisters. 41 Four
times a year the fathers went in a caravan to St. Louis for provisions
and dry goods. In 1888 the Jesuits received word to concentrate
their forces, but the final arrangements to withdraw were not made
until August 14, 1892. On this date Osage Mission was turned over
to the care of the Right Rev. Bishop Fink of Leavenworth, who
placed two secular priests in charge. A few years later the mission
again changed hands, when the sons of St. Paul of the Cross, the
Passionists, established themselves there. The advance guard com-
prising Fathers Sebastian and Raymond took charge on February
11, 1894. A few months later the community was recruited by
Father Boniface and several other members of the Order.

In September, 1895, the school opened with what seemed to be
the most promising prospects in its history. But on September 3
it caught fire, and in a few hours what had cost thousands of dollars
and many years of labor and sacrifice was a mass of smoldering
ruins with only $16,000 insurance to cover the loss. This was a
staggering blow to the sisters and they did not feel able to rebuild
the academy. 42

During the years the Lorettines labored in the mission 43 seven-

39. The letter was preserved by Mr. Brunt. At the time of his death it was given to
W. W. Graves of St. Paul. A copy of it appeared in the St. Paul Journal, September 18, 1930.

40. Kansas Historical Collections, v. 9 (1905-1906), p. 23.

41. See appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6, Owens, op. cit.

42. Correspondence on file in A. L. M. See, also, the letter written by Father Raymond
O'Keefe to J. J. Owens, dated May 21, 1897, now on file in ibid.

43. There have been more than 200 religious vocations from the little town on the banks
of the Neosho river and 72 of these are Lorettines. See appendix, sec. IV, ch. 6, Owens,
op. cit.

276 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

teen of their members died and were buried in a little cemetery back
of the academy. The Passionist Fathers, who had come to St. Paul
in 1894 44 while the Sisters of Loretto were still there, felt that the
graves of the sisters were deserving of more honor than could be
shown them where they were resting. It was decided to obtain per-
mission to disinter the bodies and to move them to a plot in the
parish cemetery. 45 This was done in 1930. The remains were care-
fully dug up by the men of the parish, the identity of each was
noted and the bones were placed in separate caskets. The first sis-
ter had been buried in 1867 and the last in 1895. Little remained
of the bodies except the bones. The diggers found evidences of
many habits with the red scapulars formerly worn by the Lorettines
sewed on the front. In only one case was the habit in a condition
to be taken up. This one exception was the body of Mother Bridget
Hayden. The lower part of her casket remained and her body was
in a remarkable state of preservation. The remains were taken to
the basement chapel of the parish church and for two weeks the
people came from miles around to view them. A plate of false
teeth found in one of the graves was a curiosity, especially for the
dentists, for it looked as though it had only recently been made. In
one grave was found preserved the brains of a sister, darkened and
shrunken but otherwise intact. Some of the skulls were whole while
many were in pieces.

The first burial had been made from a hurriedly-built mission
church. The second burial took place on September 15, 1930, from
the structure that rears its steeple above the prairies, a living monu-
ment to these early Jesuit missionaries. The priests and people
present were proud to take part in the event which they felt was a
belated honor to the group of religious who had not only endeared
themselves to the people of Kansas but had made Catholic History
in the West.

44. The name Osage Mission had been changed to St. Paul soon after the arrival of the
Passionist Fathers. It was done in order to boom the town, business men felt that the name
Osage Mission carried the idea that the town was still surrounded by red men.

45. Correspondence on file in A. L. M.

Letters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864

PART Two, 1857

LAWRENCE, K. T., Jan. 4th, 1857.

DEAR DEMOCRAT 36 : Most heartily do we wish thee, and thy
readers, scattered o'er our dear native hills, a "happy new
year." From this far-off land, we greet thee with a thousand good
wishes, for thy future prosperity. Thy sympathy with the op-
pressed and suffering, of this, our adopted home, excites our warmest
gratitude. . . .

We had designed, Mr. Editor, that our friends in New Hampshire
should have a semi-weekly communication from Lawrence, knowing
the anxiety they feel in our behalf; but the ague, that most vexing
of all diseases, with which it has been our lot to contend, has had
our entire family in his iron grasp, and we have shaken to our
heart's content. Let none be dissuaded from coming to Kansas by
this formidable enemy, for he can be conquered, and then the victor
feels an entire renovation, if not re-organization! Your valuable
correspondent, P. H. Townsend, 37 has kept you pretty well posted
with regard to matters, in general, in his particular locality, but one
item, in which we feel a deep interest, that has occupied much of
our time for weeks past, (we mean supplying the destitute) we wish
to lay before your readers. And, we wish it distinctly understood,
that the destitution and suffering in Kansas, has not been, and we
think cannot be, over-ratedl Our position as receiver and distrib-
uter of boxes of clothing, forwarded by the ladies in Chicago, 111.,
has brought us in close proximity with such objects of distress, as
we cannot well describe, and has daily stirred the depths of our
finer feelings; and where one garment has been received and dis-
tributed, one hundred more have been needed to supply the demand,
and when the boxes have been emptied, our own trunks have been
searched, and our own ward robe examined again and again, to see
what more could be spared for those more needy than ourselves.
We will give the history of yesterday, and it may serve as a speci-
men of what has occurred in our dwelling, almost daily, in some
shape, for weeks past. At an early hour before breakfast, a man

36. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

37. P. H. Townsend came from New Hampshire to Kansas in the spring of 1856 and
settled at Big Springs. He was prominent in the political affairs of the territory and served
in the territorial legislature of 1859. He wrote for The Independent Democrat of Concord,
N. H. Lawrence Republican, February 10, 1859.

(277)

278 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

in rags, with woe-begone looks and visage, entered our door, seated
himself by the stove, it being a bitter cold morning, and began to
weep. As soon as he could overcome his emotion, (he evidently had
seen "better days," and was unused to asking relief) he told his
sad tale. He was sixty miles from home no money, nothing to
feed his team with, his poor family, from whom he had been absent
a long time, he feared, had been greatly suffering. An order for
ten dollars removed a heavy burden from the poor man's heart, and
he left with a lighter step ! Next, in order, came two poor Method-
ist preachers, from the extreme parts of the Territory, to get cloth-
ing to keep them from freezing, as they travelled over these vast
prairies thinly clad, to tell the story of the Cross to eager listeners, in
rude cabins. One had lost the most of his clothing by ruffian hands,
at the sacking of Lawrence. We had nothing to give, and they were
dismissed with the promise that "some clothing should be sent to
them," as the "Committee rooms" were empty, "if any could be
procured." Now a man and his son, both heads of families, for-
merly from Massachusetts, are announced: they, too, with elon-
gated phiz, commence their narration. The house of one had been
burned, with all its contents, and the family of the other were suf-
fering for clothing and provisions. Now comes a man with, perhaps,
a pleasing countenance and eagle eye, that looks as though he might
face death itself, and not flinch. How pertly his pony minces, as
he dismounts, and with elastic step, wrapped in his Indian blanket,
approaches our door! This is John A. Bailey, the hero of Wash-
ington Creek. Now listen, as he tells his tale, over which I had
wept, when I read it in the Tribune. He was met on the road by a
horde of ruffians, his team taken from him, and, when stripped of
all his clothing, but his pants, he was told to take them off, "lest
they would be stained with his blood, and thereby be unfitted for
their use." "Never," said he, "I'll never part with them but with
my life." The cowardly crew then told him to count six paces
from them, that they might take good aim at his heart. He did so,
and at every step prayed to the Great Deliverer for help! They
then fired, and one ball entered his side near his heart, where it still
remains! As he fell, all but two mounted their mules and fled,
leaving two to strip the body!

Strange to tell, he prayed not in vain; for in his extremity, the
God of Daniel rescued his servant, who had trusted in Him for
many years, and gave him strength and courage, to grapple with his
murderous foe, as he ran to him with uplifted rifle, to beat out his
brains. By a miraculous power he conquered both, and by hiding

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 279

in the tall grass, finally escaped alive his team he never recovered.
From easy circumstances in life, he was reduced to the necessity of
asking aid clothing and provisions.

Supper is on the table, when a gray-haired man must be fed, who
had borrowed money of his neighbors, and come from Ogden, near
Fort Riley, a distance of about 100 miles, with a team after help
for his family and his neighbors. And 0! such a recapitulation
sickness and poverty. dear! thought I, must I have no rest on
the Sabbath? For, be it known to you, Mr. Editor, and the rest of
mankind, minister's wives get tired of being constantly waiting on
others for weeks and months in succession, while they are obliged
to do, in addition, the entire work of their own household. Thus
endeth the chapter.

Mr. Townsend, 38 of Big Springs, called a few days since, to get
supplies to distribute in the vicinity where he is teaching, and some
cases of a very affecting character had come to his knowledge. A
little boy walked five miles, with his feet almost bare, on the frozen
ground, to beg of him for help for the suffering family. Mr. T.,
from his own purse, got him a pair of boots, and if any in New-
Hampshire have a surplus of clothing, let them come to Kansas,
and I'll vouch for them, they'll not long have a redundancy, unless
they are made of harder materials than some who have come from
Yankeedom. We have HEARD that considerable money and valu-
able clothing have come from New Hampshire, but have SEEN none,
save the articles that were sent from Dover, N. H., to Rev. E. Nute,
for our individual benefit. how a feeling undefinable, welled up
from our hearts, that made our eyes moist, and our voice husky,
as we received them, as evidence that we were remembered, though
far away. Heaven bless the donors! Dear old Granite State, how
we love thee, and any thing from thee is doubly dear.

Yours respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

LAWRENCE, K. T., Jan. 5, 1857.

MR. EDITOR 39 :. . . You are doubtless, Mr. Editor, well ad-
vised in relation to Kansas matters in general, but one error we
observe in public papers we wish to correct; that in regard to the
wants of the destitute in Kansas being fully supplied for the present
winter. Sir, the suffering for want of comfortable dwellings, cloth-
ing, food, &c., cannot well be exaggerated. A very hard heart could

38. Probably P. H. Townsend. See Footnote 37.

39. Granite State Whig, Lebanon, N. H.

280 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

not fail to be moved at what we have almost daily seen and heard
for weeks past. But a tithe in money or clothing, either, has been
sent to meet the constant demands of the destitute and suffering.
One hundred and forty boxes of clothing are delayed at different
points on the Missouri River, to be sent on at the opening of navi-
gation in the Spring, all of which is at this moment needed, to shield
shivering limbs in ill-provided cabins. What has been received has
been of great service, for which in behalf of the suffering poor, we
would return our hearty thanks. It has proved a very God send
and literally saved those who were ready to perish.

How much has my own dear Lebanon contributed, and to whose
care has it been sent? How have I longed in distributing second-
hand garments sent to our care from Chicago, to say to some of the
half-naked ones, "Here is a coat or vest for you from the Ladies
of my own native town, or a pair of warm socks, knit by busy
fingers from wool that grew on sheep that grazed on those very old
hills, o'er which I used to romp in childish glee Well, I doubt not
some-body has received your contributions if I have not. Some of
those noble souls who have perilled their all and lost most of all
their earthly possessions, in battling the slave-demon in Kansas,
we doubt not, have been fed and clothed from my native town.

All, just now, seem to be in good spirits and full of hope, despite
their unsupplied wants. All is quiet in the Territory and promises
to remain so. Our friends who design to come to Kansas, should
start early in March if they wish to secure choice claims. No danger
need be apprehended from the Missourians. Our Governor, we
think, is doing as fast in the way of restoring the reign of order and
protection, as, under all the circumstances, would be deemed judi-
cious. [Wilson] Shannon the wretch! has lately been in the Ter-
ritory, to settle up matters in which he was concerned. Mr. Love joy
dined with this ex-official at Gov. [John W.] Geary's table a few
days since, and he (Shannon) hardly presumed to look up and meet
the eye of any of the company so guilty he seemed to feel. After
he had left the room, Gov. Geary remarked, that "if Shannon had
done his duty things would not be in such a state in the Territory
as they now are." The future course of Gov. Geary will be watched
with great interest and anxiety.

Most of the prisoners have escaped from their Bastile. 40 With re-
gard to the weather, it was delightful the most of December, but it
has now grown intensely cold with only a sprinkling of snow. Prop-

40. Free-State prisoners who were imprisoned at Lecompton.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 281

erty is rising rapidly in value in the Territory, and in Manhattan
and Lawrence, especially. Eight lots in Lawrence that were bought
a few weeks ago for $200, would now readily bring $500. Men of
wealth are coming in, this winter and investing their money in Law-
rence, to get ahead of their neighbors, who will delay until naviga-
tion opens in the Spring. Claims cannot be had for a small sum in
the vicinity of Lawrence, and I wish to say to our friends in New
Hampshire, one and all, we have never regretted coming to Kansas,
only in regard to the death of our dear child. We have never wa-
vered never flinched not even when three times in twenty four
hours, we were compelled to flee from our house, to prevent hit by
the balls of the enemy their cannon being planted in a direction di-
rectly to rake our dwelling. If we were not already in Kansas,
knowing what we now do of the "Territory, we should make a strong
effort to embark on board of the first boat that ploughs the turbid
waters of the "mad Missouri," next Spring. Let us have a hand in
raising and protecting the tree of Liberty on this virgin soil, is our
prayer.

We know nothing of the truth of the statement we see in some of
the Eastern papers, relative to an alleged dishonest appropriation of
money and clothing contributed for the relief of our needy and suf-
fering settlers. At a recent public meeting, Rev. E. Nute, S. Y. Lum,
G. W. Hutchinson and C. H. Lovejoy, clergyman of Lawrence, were
chosen a committee to seek out the needy and give orders on the
Treasurer to all applicants, known to be suffering while the relief of
funds held out. The clergymen have no remuneration for their serv-
ices. Would that our Lebanon friends could listen to the tales of dis-
tress that salute our ears almost daily, we could fill a volume that
would bring tears to eyes unused to weeping. If any have friends in
Kansas to whom they wish to send clothing, let them box it up and
direct to the name and residence of the individual to whom sent, and
to the care of W. F. Arney, 41 Chicago, and it will no doubt be for-
warded safely. If money is to be sent, a check should always be
used. JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

FROM KANSAS. The following is from the wife of a Clergyman
with whom we are personally acquainted. By this we see that the
demands for aid in Kansas among the suffering, are not yet supplied.
Where is our State appropriation? We hope the supplies will be
prompt. ED. ADVOCATE. 42

41. W. F. M. Amy, general agent, National Kansas Committee.

42. Northeastern Christian Advocate.

282 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

LAWRENCE, K. T., Jan. 5, 1857.

BROTHER ROSE: We have long designed to write to you from this
far-off land, for your little sheet, you have so kindly forwarded to
our address, but duties of no ordinary character have prevented until
now. In our heart, we wish you, and all our dear Green Mountain
friends "a happy New Year." It is doubtless known to you and your
readers, from letters written for different Eastern papers, that one
year and nine months ago, we left our home among the Granite Hills,
and took up the line of march for Kansas the spot that we used to
point out in our school-girl days, on Morse's old yellow covered At-
las, as "the Great American Desert, inhabited by buffalo, and roving
tribes of Indians/' this spot we have found, an Eden naturally, a
garden in very deed, into which Satan, in the garb of Border Ruf-
fianism, has stealthily crept, and the blood of our murdered brethren
cries to Heaven, to avenge their tragic death! Sir, the graves of
butchered victims, that "sleep the sleep that knows no waking," on
the plains of Kansas, will never be counted up, until the "sea shall
deliver up its dead." Only a tithe of the robbery and murder of
Free State men, unoffending citizens, has ever reached the public
prints. It has been our lot, to live through the entire "reign of ter-
ror" and the horrors of the scenes, through which we passed, have
not been, and we think cannot be exaggerated! Take for instance
weeks previous to the last memorable invasion of the 14th of Sep-
tember, when almost every man you met was armed with deadly
weapons, on which he slept at night, to be ready at a moment's
warning, not knowing but in dead of night, his house might be fired,
and his family butchered before his eyes, by cut-throat assassins!
The never-to be-forgotten 14th of September, was ushered in, and as
it was God's holy day, our people assembled in their tent, the usual
place of worship, and anticipated a day of quiet, after such stirring
scenes, through which they had passed, that had entirely broken up
religious meetings. When the services were nearly finished for the
forenoon, Dr. Still 43 of South Kansas District, came in hot haste,
and told the people that "the prairies near the Wakarusa were
swarming with armed men." Who wonders that prayers went up to
the Great Deliverer for help, in this extremity? For, far as human
view could scan, none but Daniel's God could deliver, as Lawrence
was entirely evacuated by our brave troops, who had gone too far
to be recalled, and not 200 fighting men could be rallied to face 3000
incarnate fiends, spurred on by the whiskey-demon to burn every

43. Probably Dr. A. T. Still, the founder of osteopathy, then a resident of southern
Douglas county.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 283

house in this devoted town, and to destroy the whole Abolition crew!
Even children "over six months must be murdered," as the Rev. Mr.
Bird, a Congregationalist minister, a prisoner in their camp, affirms
they told him was agreed upon, as their blood would be tainted with
abolitionism ! What good old Quaker, of the Democratic stamp, on
the shores of old Champlain, would not fight under such circum-
stances, that their pure-minded wives and daughters should not be
robbed of the brightest jewel in their coronet, and their sons slain in
cold blood? Ah! methinks old broad-brim, of the straightest jacket,
would exclaim in such an hour, to such a ruffian-horde, "if thou so
greatly desirest to smell powder, thou shalt surely be gratified to the
full!" Lawrence at that time, was the rendezvous of clergymen, of
every order in the Territory, who had fled from their several charges
here for protection, and every minister who could procure a rifle was
armed with one. Said my good husband, scarcely recovered from
fever, (( never did I feel like fighting, until I saw that army coming
upon us." He stood on the brow of the hill, just back of our dwell-
ing, when the advanced guard of the Missourians, two hundred
strong, and our brave boys, just sixty in number, came in collision,
and with heart uplifted, prayed to the God of Heaven, to smite our
enemies.

Never until that awful hour, did I see man meet his fellow man in
mortal combat. Whilst fleeing from our house, as I did three times
in twenty-four hours, with my child in my arms, to prevent being
shot by cannon balls, I was in full view of the battle. 'Twas a sight
sublime, to witness the bravery of our boys, in pouring volley after
volley of Sharpe's rifles in their ranks, while they confusedly huddled
together, to prevent being hit, cowards to the last, as they have al-
ways proved themselves to be. Heaven miraculously, it has seemed
to us, interposed, and we were saved that time.

One item we wish to lay before your readers, Mr. Editor, with re-
gard to the suffering and destitution of the people in the Territory
this Winter. Our position has brought us into close proximity with
such an amount of suffering as we cannot describe with pen. Fam-
ilies suffering in poor floorless cabins, for food and clothing. What
has been distributed has gladdened many a heart but where one
garment has been given away to cover shivering limbs, one hundred
more is needed to supply the demand. Where one sack of flour has
been sent, one hundred are wanted to keep the people from suffering,
if not from perishing for food. Large sums of money sent to Kansas
for the needy, have never been received by them. The fault rests

284 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

somewhere, and the poor must suffer in consequence. that our
friends in the East would select some one known to have the fear of
God and the day of retribution, before his eyes, and confide to him
some of the funds, or send direct to the individuals, whom you wish
to help, if money, a "check" on any good Western Bank, if clothing,
put the name of the individual, who is to receive them, or to the care
of some man known to be reliable, on the box, or barrel, and direct
to the care of W. F. Arny, Chicago, that every poor soul may re-
ceive what is sent them by their friends.

Yours, respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY.

LAWRENCE, K. T., Jan. 22, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 44 : You have doubtless ere this (with eyes al-
most protruding from their sockets with wonder and astonishment)
read our Governor's late message, 45 that has set the slave-ocrats at
Lecompton, and the fire-eaters from Missouri, attending that famous
convocation, the bogus Legislature, now in session at that place, to
raving and cursing like madmen; and if their threats are carried into
execution, Kansas will soon be minus of a Governor, and His Ex-
cellency might well envy the fate of poor "Kirwan," of papal noto-
riety, who has, by the Holy Father, been thoroughly and throughout
cursed with "bell, book and candle," in soul and in body, in life, and
doomed to the fires of purgatory evermore! We deprecate his fate,
but have little doubt notwithstanding, that he will yet live to write
the "history of Kansas and border-ruffianism run mad!" Could you,
friend Fogg, for a few moments steal away from your quiet sanctum,
and find yourself in our little city, you might imagine yourself at
once jostled by the crowds in Broadway, N. Y., or on one of the
quays of Boston. Such crowds are thronging the streets, and such
briskness in business-matters, on every hand; or like Don Quixote,
rub your eyes and wonder how long you had been napping. Hear
the hammer of the auctioneer, whilst with stentorian lungs he crieth
lustily, those ominous words, on which, perchance, hangs the des-
tiny of some gaping wight, who, with distended jaws and arms en-
sconced to the elbows, in those huge pockets, eyes the auctioneer,
as ever and anon recur those fatal words; that, like a death-knell
to his hopes, fall upon his ear, "Going, going, GONE!" What on
airth, cries Mrs. Partington, have them Lawrence folks to vendue

44. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H., February 12, 1857.

45. Governor Geary's message to the legislature.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 285

off, when they are freezing and starving? Why, madam, we have
all kinds of furniture direct from St. Louis, of the most expensive
manufacture, of mahogany and black walnut, crockery and house-
furnishing goods of almost any kind you want; for, know you,
though there is an unparalelled state of suffering with the unsup-
plied poor, speculators are here with their money this winter, from
different parts of the Union, and such a mania for "city stock" in
the different localities in this Territory, is seldom seen, save in the
"Great West," where cities spring up by magic. Lots here are four
times the value they were a few weeks since. A friend sold four
"shares" of Manhattan "stock" for forty dollars; the same "shares"
are now worth four hundred dollars! In Wyandot, Quindaro,
Ham [p] den, Columbus and some other places, speculators are clear-
ing their thousands, and still property is rapidly rising. Claims in
the vicinity of Lawrence are held very high, some as high as $5000,
and speculators foreseeing the unprecedented tide of emigration
that will set in upon Kansas, when Spring opens, have got ahead,
and almost daily arrivals show the increase of population, and still
there is room!

Did those sturdy, hard-working farmers, that are the pride and
glory of the old Granite State, know the advantages of a farm in
Kansas, 10,000 would be missing at the polls next March, and would
be en route for this inviting country. Ah ! Sirs ; if we were not al-
ready here, we would get aboard the first steamer, (even though we
could procure no other than a deck-passage, and be under the ne-
cessity of travelling incognito, Reeder-like 46 ) that leaves the
wharves of St. Louis bound for Kansas! What, though we have
lived for months in a cabin, without floors or windows, where the
rain has stood in pools on the bed. What harm has accrued, though
the snakes, as large as an old-fashioned chair post have been so
very friendly as to crawl through the interstices of our cabin, to
see what we Yankees were about a rap on the head has soon ren-
dered them perfectly harmless, and taught them never again, un-
invited, to intrude upon strangers. What though a huge rattlesnake
was found, when the cover was removed, snugly coiled up under
my bed, where I had slept sweetly a few hours before, and still an-
other, with beautiful vest, peering with sparkling eyes from a cup-
board, suspended over my bed, where my babe lay sleeping, not

46. Former Gov. Andrew H. Reeder escaped his Proslavery pursuers in May, 1856, by
disguising himself as an Irish laborer before taking passage on a Missouri river steamboat.
"Governor Reeder's Escape From Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections, v. 3, pp. 205-223.

286 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

dreaming he was so noiselessly watched by such an intruder, who
had unseen glided to his hiding-place.

Do we not still retain our identity, tho' we have lived on "corn-
bread and bacon," until the very sight of a four-legged rooter would
almost give us "spasms"?

One of these days, we design to give the little folks in New
Hampshire some wonderful stories of hair-breadth escapes from a
wildcat, fearful, and yet ludicrous, in which we were concerned. If
they will wait patiently, the story shall be forth-coming.

We would like, with trumpet-voice, to tell the ladies of Acworth
and Manchester, N. H., in behalf of the suffering poor, whose wants
can now be supplied from their liberality, how glad the arrival of
boxes of clothing from those places have made our hearts.

When Mr. Arney 47 left here to return East, he found that scores
who had applied for clothing, and there was none for them, must
suffer unless help came from some source. On his way down the
Missouri river, he found boxes lodged on account of navigation
closing up. These boxes, with commendable zeal, he has found
means to send here, and last night Mr. Lovejoy, who devotes him-
self without charge, almost entirely to relieving the poor, came
home from town, where the goods are deposited, and with glistening
eye drew from his pocket papers he found in the boxes two in the
Manchester boxes from Mrs. Chapin, President of the M. K. A. S.
A thousand blessings on your head, my dear Mrs. Chapin, and those
noble ladies who pulled their very bonnets from their heads, as
good, if not indeed quite, as new! We have not seen them, but our
husband being judge, they are very nice and very beautiful. Only
think, Mr. Editor, a whole box of bonnets from Manchester! Now
look at that big box of boots and shoes from the same place. Now
dive into that long-legged boot, and see what you will fish up! Try
again; there is another and still another pair of those nice socks,
and yarn enough to darn them when they come to mending. And
the shoes are stuffed with the same timely articles ! We don't won-
der you involuntarily ejaculate, "Heaven bless the kind donors!"
How many frost-bitten feet will now be made comfortable!

You may think us unpardonably foolish, Sir, but anything that
comes from our own State is doubly dear to us, and how earnestly
we craved one of those New Hampshire bonnets we dare not tell
here. Mr. L., who now has charge of these goods, has an invariable
rule, "the greatest sufferers first supplied." Who, think you, sir,

47. See Footnote 41.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 287

sends the most and best goods to Kansas to supply the needy? The
stingy yankees! Who is aiding Kansas in every respect more than
all others put together? The stingy yankees! Ah, sir, we glory in
yankeeisra and yankee "isms" Boxes of goods have been opened
in our presence, the worth of the contents of which would not pay
the freight, but they were not sent by stingy yankees. We have now
an overcoat sent to our "care," for one of the "heroes" in the Ter--
ritory, which, by the way, is a great curiosity, and were it not for
robbing the poor man, we would vote that it should be sacredly
preserved for the benefit of posterity, and its history enrolled
amongst the "archives" of the Territory. We have concluded it
could not have been made in the year one, for the flood must have
swept off every vestige that pertained to the giant race, but are
very sure it was made before we had a being! Here comes out
knitting work, just begun, needles and all here a little Misses'
sack, half done, with the needle sticking in, just where busy fingers
dropped the work into the box here a hank of thread and there a
roll of patches, put in by some careful hand.

More anon,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

LAWRENCE, K. T., Feb. 9, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 48 Our friends in New England need have no
farther apprehensions with regard to the course heretofore pursued
by Gov. Geary; if it has seemed to favor the "law and order" alias
blood and murder party the present state of things in Lecompton
is somewhat as we had long ago anticipated, though we had not
supposed the subterranean fires, that for months had been smoth-
ered by appearances, would burst out in a volcanic eruption, quite
so soon! We have just learned, by a gentleman direct from Le-
compton, that the Governor is in a sad fix, though he still retains
his courage (backed, as he is, by a corps of the regular troops from
Leavenworth,) for which he has gained celebrity, both here and in
San Francisco.

He must be ill at ease, and truly needs the sympathies of the
entire North, when he cannot trust his faithful house-servant, but
is under the necessity of cooking his own food, lest his wench should
be bribed to poison his favorite dishes ! Now is not this a lamenta-
ble state of things and would it be at all wonderful if this should
serve as a spur to induce him to over-leap the barriers of bachelor-

48. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

288 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ism, and alight somewhere within a certain radius, where he may
no longer be considered invulnerable to Cupid's dart, tho' a little
over forty years of age? Our informant tells us that he keeps aloof
from the members of the so-called Legislature, and when a company
of them entered his room, a few days since, to demand of him
reasons for certain acts of his, in the Gubernatorial line, he ordered
.them from his presence! 'Twould not be at all strange if the next
mail carried to the readers of the Democrat the news of his assassi-
nation, as it is boldly threatened!

[J. H.] Kagi, the "reporter" of the Kansas Tribune, at Topeka,
wrote an offensive article for that paper last week, that savored too
much of personality, in the opinion of Judge [Rush] Elmore, whom
it concerned, and as both stood on the steps of the Court House
[at Tecumseh], the Judge asked him if "he was the author of the
article alluded to." K. answered in the affirmative, when Brooks-
like, down came the cane of the Judge, unceremoniously, on his
pate, but before he had time to repeat the blow, a by-stander
handed K. a pistol, when he fired, hitting the Judge in the hip,
maiming him for life the Judge drew his revolver, and aimed it
at K.'s heart, but the ball struck an account-book in his overcoat,
directly over his heart, and thereby saved his life! The Judge fired
three or four times at his victim, but not one ball took effect!

Don't you think, Messrs. Editors, ours is an enviable position,
with such exemplary Judges to decide in matters of Right and
Wrong in Kansas? One thing is clear as a sun beam at noon-day,
Justice with regard to the peaceable settlers in Kansas, who have
been so strangely villified, will not much longer slumber. Our day
of triumph is not far distant! Mark that!

The weather here last week was as pleasant as September in New
Hampshire; thunder showers for two days in succession. The ap-
pearance now is, that Spring has indeed come. The weather for two
months has been intensely cold, with but little snow. Much rain
has fallen lately, which has caused such a freshet as to intercept
the mails, consequently news from the East will be very old before
it arrives here!

Applications for clothing, only to be denied, as we have none,
are constantly recurring sometimes a shapeless "mass of rags"
will stand erect in our door- way, with the form and visage of hu-
manity, imploring help at other times, shrinking modesty is com-
pelled to make public "destitution and want," which it had for
months vainly endeavored to conceal from prying eyes ! A feeble old

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LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 289

lady, with a diseased limb, swollen to twice its natural size, called for
help a few days since. Her house had been robbed by the ruffians,
of almost her entire stock of bedding, and she so dreaded to call
for help, she had crept between the feather-bed and straw ticking,
during the winter, to keep from freezing, until her physician told
her she must do so no more, as her limb would never get well in
that condition! We had none to give her, but we spoke to a Chris-
tian lady to lend her some bedding, until we could get some from
the East.

We sometimes think our friends are hardly aware of the great
destruction of property here by ruffian-hands, and how many fam-
ilies, who would otherwise have a competence, are thus made
wretched. We had hoped our own losses from the same source,
would, in these times of neeoTJ be made up by some benevolent
hearts, but as yet, we have hoped in vain!

We would say to our Christian friends in New Hampshire, that
there is some faith, love and zeal for God in Kansas we are greatly
embarrassed in having no suitable place for worship during the
winter our tent, that answered very well in warm weather, is
wholly unfit for present use. There are two places of worship,
costing several thousand each, that will be completed early in the
Spring, belonging to the Congregation alists and Unitarians, built
by contributions from the East. Will not some benevolent heart,
that beats in unison with others of like character, amongst the
Granite Hills, be moved to contribute their mite to help rear a
house for God, on these lovely plains, for the use of the M. E.
church? Who will respond? Who wants a hand in building the
first M. E. church in Lawrence, K. T. We wait the echo: not the
price of blood, or unrequited labor, ask we, but the free-will offer-
ing of a free people. Respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

P. S. The Kansas River has broken up, and the ice is running
to-day at a fearful rate of course the Missouri River is in the
same condition, and the boats will soon commence their regular
trips. Large companies of emigrants are waiting at different points,
we are told, to enter the Territory. We would say to all who con-
template coming to Kansas, to take the boat at Alton, 111., or St.
Louis, and get a ticket, for ten or twelve dollars, through to Leav-
enworth, (unless a boat runs on the Kansas River, which they can
easily ascertain) not stopping at Kansas City, Wyandot, Quindaro,

197678

290 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

or any other place; they can purchase a team at Leavenworth, a
covered wagon, if they bring their families in which they can eat
and sleep, and every Yankee woman, I'll venture, can make her
own coffee, fry her ham, and bake her cakes by the way-side, as we
had to do for long and weary days in succession, with a dying child,
and ourselves worn down with fatigue, and lone watching, and our
kind protector far, far away, and a drunken thieving teamster in
his stead! Ah, me! those days of crushing grief! May none others
ever know the like !

From Leavenworth, each one can take what direction he pleases,
to seek a location. There are "claims" in plenty, untaken, a few
miles from the different towns in the Territory. Do be early here,
or you will be pushed farther back. We are receiving letters, al-
most every mail, from different parts of the Union, from individuals
who wish us to help them in securing a location in Kansas.

LAWRENCE, K. T., March 19, 1857.

DEAR PARENTS 49 AND ALL THE REST: I have been working with
"might and main" since day-light this morning to try to get a lei-
sure moment and now as my "men" boarders have gone on to their
ponies and gone out to view the country, I seize a moment, in the
greatest haste to write you, ere they return to supper. Mr. L[ove-
joy]. started for Manhattan Monday morning with Dr. [White-
horn] and Juliette, who has been here three or four weeks on a
visit. I have looked for a letter from some of you, and have ex-
pected Colby every week till we received Matilda's letter, which we
did the day after Mr. Lovejoy left for Manhattan. I have been
thronged with people all winter and spring emigrants are pouring
in by the hundreds, and among them is Dr. Frye, N. Leavitt, and
Mr. Alexander, of Grantham we have kept all from N. H. free
from receiving pay they have gone to get claims, and I thought
for a few days I would have a "resting spell" when yesterday in
come a flock from Chicago, and among the number is a rich Meth-
odist preacher came to invest his thousands here, and a Dr. Evans,
who is a Methodist, and the preacher told me, he is worth half a
million; came here to lay out a town. How sorry we are that some
of you did not come here before people rushed in so, even if you
had left your farms untilled for a year, as you would have gained
in the end. Now for a family "chat" as I have long wished to have;
What follows is just for your eye, father and mother, and nobody's
else first, we are trying to do right to God and man second, we

49. Daniel and Betsy Hardy of Lebanon, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 291

are well all of us in body, and in temporal matters, if our plans
succeed we shall have enough for ourselves and something to do
with our claim in Manhattan joins the City, and must be worth
$5,000; forty acres of this will be worth $1,000 which we give a
German Methodist, to hold the whole for us, and carry it on, one
or two years we find team, and all even to his bed, and things to
keep house with, to keep him there; he has agreed to pre-empt it,
in his own name, we paying the money to enter it and deed back 120
acres to us, and unless he backslides, and is guilty of perjury, he
will do so We have 6 shares in M[anhattan]. City stock, worth
$600 and the Association voted me one share, worth $100 Mr.
L[ovejoy]. has sold four for four hundred doll[ar]s we have
paid for 80 acres, of a Methodist brothers claim, 8 miles from
here Charles bought 8 lots in Lawrence, last winter, and cleared
$400, and if he had kept them until now he might have cleared
800 with this money, Mr. L. bought a "claim" in Palmyra, 8
miles from here, for $800, to pre-empt ourselves, for Charles, who
had lost two claims, and not a small sum, expended on one, by not
being of age forty acres of splendid timber on this at P[almyra]
and Mr. L. thinks is the loveliest spot he has seen yet; only one
claim between that, and a town laid out which must be a large
place, as they have located the [Baker] University there, and prop-
erty has run up enormously since we bought it is worth today
$3,000. Charles is there, keeping old "bach" and Mr. L. goes back
and forth to hold it for him a good house on it, and quite a field,
broke and sails [rails] out I do want C. [to] find him a wife,
that he can love to keep house for him but he is difficult to suit
thought once he had made up his mind at Manhattan but NO; he
says he never loved but one, and that is the faithless Angenette.
Charles is one of the keenest speculators, you ever saw, and trade
he will, as much as [his] uncle Dan, and we cannot keep him from
it he is a noble young man Irving makes me more work than
all three of my other children ever did. The moment he is dressed,
in the morning, he is ready to dive into mischief he is all Love-
joy, as handsome as a dollar, eyes sparkling black and bright as a
button. I weaned him last week. Juliette, has a husband that is
making a "pet" of her in every sense she has all the money she
wants to spend, we think foolishly, for fine things unnessarily and
we talk to the Dr. for indulging her whims so, but it does no good.
"Why, 'tis my little pet" he will answer, and he thinks it is not an
easy matter for her to do wrong she is fleshy and looks like a

292 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

doll, and he is not willing that she should do but little work. She
never was permitted to wear such fine garments, till she went from
home. He bought her a covered buggy when here and she must
have her pony, to ride with him, and a six dollar ladies bridle and
the nicest saddle that could be found, but his money comes easily.
He has a claim joining ours at Manhattan], "a house and a lot"
in the City, and $500 in loose cash, when here, besides a "lot" of
uncollected debts, and most all the practice in the surrounding
country he is a skillful surgeon took off a man's foot, just
before he came down here, took him but a few minutes and charged
him 40 dollars, that is the way with Drs in this country. He is
now 30 and she 17 We have one lot here cost us $300 now worth
500; another, near the levee here, not prized and two where our
house stands, which with the buildings we value at $1500 or 2000
and also a "fraction" timber lot, of 3 acres, joining Lawrence for
which we gave a yoke of cattle and 30 doll[ar]s some time ago,
now tis very valuable, and no doubt it will be jumped and we shall
lose it unless we sell it immediately. Our losses have been 5 or 600
and not made up, as we thought, that the stolen things would be
from the East. Now, I have told the simple "talk" that I knew you
would want to know. I wish you were all here. Tis as warm as
June in N. H. today. Do write the day you get this. Don't neglect
us so. Good bye; I must be up and ready for the men. Love to all,

JULIA.

LAWRENCE, K. T., April 29, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 50 : It has been so long since we talked to the
Democrat, we were thinking to-day that our friends might imagine
some evil had befallen us, to cause this silence, when it has orig-
inated from a different source altogether. Those who have read
the "Herald of Freedom," can have some idea how Lawrence has
been over-run by the thousands, that have swarmed the streets for
weeks past every house being literally full, and some densely
packed. And, as usual, with such a rush, sickness has come along
too, and we are told, small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, are now
in Lawrence. Instead of writing, for weeks past, we have occupied
a position that a salamander might enjoy as his native element, if
fables were a reality, over the cooking stove, preparing some eat-
ables for the hungry emigrant, in a room heated to but stop !

50. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 293

we did not look once to the thermometer, but sped away, day after
day, to our appointed task, nor stopped to think how tired we were,
until the last object of solicitude was stowed away for the night.
And then, Sirs, we believe the sin would have been pardoned,
could you have slyly peeped through the key-hole of your sanctum,
and enjoyed a hearty laugh at their expense; for, who could gaze
on such a motley group, in such a "fix," and not have their risibles
excited to the highest pitch? A writer, whose descriptive powers
were of the highest order, would hardly do justice to the subject.
In one corner might be seen two gentlemen who belonged to "upper
tendom," who are here to invest their thousands in laying out towns,
if their plans succeed; the great-hearted and good Dr. E., of Chi-
cago, worth his half million, can take a couch just as lowly as the
poor New Hampshire boy, in the other corner, who is snoring away
as lustily as if no midnight dreams of assassins ever disturbed his
repose. One entire side of the room is covered with sleepers, and
now, as the last man has sunk into the arms of Morpheus, a little
caution may be necessary, if you wish to make an inspection, lest
you tread on toes, as some, unfortunately for them, find the mat-
ress will not stretch to accommodate their elongated limbs. For
instance, your friend Bailey of Bradford, N. H., whom we gladly
hail as a valuable acquisition to the cause of freedom in Kansas,
and may his "gigantic shadow not soon be less!" Among our guests
we could number eight from the dear old Granite State. A Mr.
Little of Hollis, over sixty years of age, in easy circumstances at
home, said "he thought he had done work enough to see a little of
the world in his old age. He had not been here but [copy torn]
wrote the following [copy torn], who took care at [copy torn] of
few words, and highly [copy torn] the country) "John, if you are
[copy torn] and anxious to come to Kansas, I will sell out, and
help all I can to come to the best country in the world." The old
gentleman has joined a colony who have taken "claims," and are
locating a town (near Council City, about twenty-five miles from
Lawrence) that they have named "Young America!" 51 Now don't
laugh; for what does a name signify? Mr. Little so renewed his
age in coming to Kansas, and getting a farm under such novel cir-
cumstances, that he actually got a night's start of the whole party,
lest some of them would get the best claim, so that they lost sight

61. Young America was the name of a town projected on One Hundred and Ten creek
in Osage county. The town company numbered 53 members. The place never succeeded
m becoming a town. A. T. Andreas and W. G. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas (Chi-
cago, 1883), p. 1531.

294 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of him. May Kansas be blessed with many more such energetic,
judicious men.

Have you not rejoiced with us at the noble stand St. Louis has
recently taken? 52 We fearlessly predict that Missouri will soon
follow in her footsteps, and in less than five years slavery will there
be known as a thing that once cursed the people. Did we not tell
you, months since, that our time of triumph would soon come? Mr.
Stanton, as acting Governor until Walker arrives, gave us a speech
last Friday night, in which he alluded to the "bogus laws," and I
was told by one who was present, that "he said they must be en-
forced even though at the point of the bowie-knife." He was an-
swered, "Then we shall use Sharpe's rifles."

We have no fears with regard to any more war, and Kansas will
be free; of this we have no doubt.

For the gratification of the Methodist preachers in New Hamp-
shire, who are disposed to complain of "hard fare," in their com-
fortable parsonages, we would like to give a short "sketch" of one
who was once of their number, who has just returned from a tour
of three weeks to Nebraska City, N. T., where his Annual Confer-
ence has just been held. During his journey, sick and weary, he
was obliged to stretch his aching limbs on the open prairie for the
live-long night, one of the coldest of the season no blanket to
cover him no food for himself or faithful beast his carpet-bag
for his pillow, and the ague defying him to proceed farther at his
peril. On he went, and at the conclusion of the Conference, heard
his appointment read off, to a place twenty-four miles from the
field of labor where he has spent two years no comfortable par-
sonage awaiting his arrival not even a shelter of any kind for
himself and family nothing but the promise of God, and souls
"hungry for the bread of life." And the whole salary of this man,
for two years, has but little exceeded (all told) some of the surprise
visits made by the loving people of New Hampshire and elsewhere,
to their good pastors. 0, that some of the "broken fragments" of
the well-filled tables, might roll in this direction and feed some of
these hungry Missionaries and their families. I must stop, as my
house begins to be thronged again, and the question is again and
again asked, "Can you board me? Do you take boarders?"

In haste,

JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY.

52. At the charter election in St. Louis, Mo., on April 6, 1857, gradual emancipation of
the slaves was an issue. The party favoring emancipation won over the Proslavery party by
a 1,500 majority. New York Tribune, April 8, 13, 1857.

LETTERS OP JULIA LOVEJOY 295

LAWRENCE, K T., May 5, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 53 Had you been at the parsonage this morn-
ing, at the eastern declivity of "Mt. Oread," you might have imag-
ined that "Santa Glaus," or some other good spirit, had found a way
of making their ingress to the Missionaries dwelling, whether down
the chimney, or in some less questionable way, we will leave you to
determine; the gifts were there in rich profusion, to gladden the
recipients, and that is enough. And tho' we did not once see the
wily old fellow, peering grinningly into the suspended stocking, as
we used to imagine in our younger days he did, when he let fall
his Christmas presents, we did see the invalid pastor, as one article
after another was taken from the well filled barrel, shed tears, and
we could not well suppress a kindred feeling. If good wishes and
heaven-directed petitions are not unanswered, Manchester ladies,
with their noble-hearted leader, Mrs. Chapin, (whose name is fra-
grant with good deeds for the needy in Kansas,) will not go unblest.
We will not attempt to enumerate the thankfully received articles,
that were severally such a "nice fit"; but a little bonnet and dress,
made us feel, as none but a bereaved mother can feel; it being de-
signed for a precious form that two years from the very day and
hour we received it, we had laid away with sorrowing hearts in her
lowly bed; but she wears a better robe and "starry crown."

We almost felt a spirit of coveting one of the boxes of bonnets
that were sent from Manchester last winter, because they came from
our own dear native State; but Sirs, instead of one, we received two
in this barrel for us, one for summer and one for winter, and bar-
ring a few "extras," we could not have suited ourselves better. This
is the second time we have been affected by the personal kindness
of friends in New Hampshire. We have supposed that other things
have been sent us, but not being in a box or barrel directed to us,
they have lodged somewhere else. A gentleman from your goodly
city called yesterday with a paper in his hand, found early that
morning, in a ravine near town, signed by Mrs. Richard Bradley,
of Concord, N. H. directed to Mrs. C. H. Lovejoy, of Lawrence,
K. T., and also a card, saying that she had forwarded me a dress,
and also that the ladies of Concord had forwarded two hogsheads
of clothing to the needy in Kansas. We soon learned how matters
stood. The two hogsheads came safely to hand, but being directed
to Rev. E. Nute, we knew nothing of the matter; and he, for some
cause, left them out doors at the Unitarian Church, over night, and

53. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

296 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTEKLY

they were taken by thieves into the ravine, the one in which my
dress was, broken open and one half the contents stolen, my dress
among the rest, and the remainder was strewed about. Will not
our dear friends at home follow our directions, and if they wish to
send anything to anybody in Kansas, put the name and locality of
the individual you wish to serve, on the box or barrel or whatever
you send? We shall send to the kind-hearted Mrs. Bradley, for a
fac-simile of the pattern sent, and if we catch anybody promenading
the streets with our dress on, we shall be likely to make some in-
quiries into the matter. In the interim, Mrs. B. will accept our
warmest thanks, if we have lost her present.

Had you been here with your old friend Bailey to-day, you
might have been treated to a nice dish of baked beans, that were
found between the folds of cloth, and in every unoccupied place in
the Manchester barrel; not ready for the table of course, but nice
and just right. May the gardens in Manchester never be trespassed
upon by the frost king, until this wholesome esculent shall be be-
yond his reach. Emigration in both directions is active, coming and
going back, because they find such poor fare in Kansas. Poor souls !
What a pity it is that their good mothers did not make them a
cake of sufficient dimensions, like Harry's of spelling book celebrity,
to last them the entire journey that they might not be under the
sad necessity of living on "corn bread" in the cabin of the squatter,
who, with his half-starved family, has been glad, some of the time,
to get a little meal from pounded corn, to live upon.

Our house has presented a spectacle, most of the time for weeks
past, that would have greatly amused our friends, could the several
scenes be faithfully daguerreotyped, in their different phases; es-
pecially at night, when every weary soul was fully intent on seek-
ing the "best quarters" on the softest side of the softest board,
"right side up with care." One young lady, who laid her weary
limbs as close to our own bed as possible, gave in her solemn "affi-
davit," in the morning, that somebody had trespassed on the "wee
bit" of space allotted to her during the night; but on inquiry, we
learned that it was only a poor invalid from New Hampshire, who
in his haste to make his exodus from the heated room into the fresh
air, had unceremoniously trodden upon her head rather heavily. On
the whole, we think, in many respects, we have had a "model" fam-
ily, made up as it has been of such a variety from every point of
the compass. Please say to our friends, that our appointment the

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 297

present year is "Oskaloosa," a rapidly rising town, 24 miles from
Lawrence, but our address will be still the same, for the year,
"Lawrence," as heretofore. Yours Respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

PALMYRA, K. T., May 30, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 54 : Such is the economy of Methodism, and the
system of itinerancy, that we have been compelled from the force
of circumstances, to vacate temporarily our home in Lawrence, for
one with our son, on his "claim" in this town, ten miles from Law-
rence for be it known to our good brethren within the bounds of
the New Hampshire Conference, in their comfortable parsonages,
there is but one, as far as we^are informed, for the preacher, in
this whole Territory, (that is near the Missouri river, at a place
called Columbus City 55 ) and he must throw him up a cabin to
shelter his family, or rent one at an enormous price, houses are in
such demand so here we are, and the Missionary, (who is literally,
and we have long feared irrecoverably broken down, by exposure
and hard labor, during two years of suffering in Kansas, and con-
tending with ague and fever, for long weary months) is thirty-four
miles from us, going from cabin to cabin, and like his Master "no
certain dwelling place," and for the year to come, unless confined
to his room by sickness, will only be an occasional visitor to his
family.

Such is "Kansas life," but our spirits do not flag, and we are full
of hope for the future; neither do we regret our own personal suf-
fering in the past, for Kansas will be saved to God and freedom,
and generations yet to come may rise up even on these lovely plains,
to call us "blessed," for our sacrifices in wresting this fair land from
the "mildew of slavery," and, perchance, find an indefinable emo-
tion, welling up from the depths of the soul, akin to the one that
almost overpowered us, a few days since, as we leaned over the
railing that encircles the grave of the lamented Barber, 56 in Law-
rence cemetery, and walked from "grave to grave" in this "city of
the dead," where our own heart lies buried, for there sleeps the
"darling of our bosom." Heaven give us grace to feel "thy will be
done."

54. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

55. Columbus City was located in Burr Oak township in Doniphan county. It was laid
out in May, 1857. "This town had some growth, and was for a number of years assessed as
a town site, but has been long since [before 1883] vacated." Andreas -Cutler, op. cit., p. 473.

56. Thomas W. Barber, a Free-State man, was shot and killed four miles southwest of
Lawrence December 6, 1855, when he refused to surrender to a Proslavery band. D. W.
Wilder, The Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1886), p. 87.

298 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Our Eastern friends could hardly believe that this grave-yard is
now quite as full in two-years as some thickly-populated villages in
New England, in perhaps twenty or thirty years. We undertook to
count the graves, all of which are without any stone or wood, with
the initials even of the individuals marked thereon, with but two
or three exceptions; but our feelings were so wrought upon, we
desisted and prostrated ourselves on the grave of our loved one, and
thought how many mothers in New England had sons buried there
who left home in all the buoyancy of hope, and in a few short
months were stricken down by the fell "destroyer," and those
mothers could not stand by their dying couch and wipe the "dew
of death" from their brow neither could they drop the tear over
their grave, or even know the spot that covers their precious dust
but there is one sorrowing heart, that for their sakes, has performed
this sad office for them with tears and groans, heard only by the
Invisible.

You are aware that Palmyra is the spot where "Baker Univer-
sity" is to be located, and a more lovely site, we think, cannot be
found. Timber is more plenty here than in any part of the Terri-
tory, we have seen, save on the "Indian Reservation," and what is
dissimilar to any other place we have seen in Kansas, the timber
lies high on real hills, not bluffs, as in other places, or fringing the
margin of rivers and creeks, as elsewhere. This claim has sixty
acres of timber and one hundred of rich bottom land. Our son paid
$600 for it a long time since, and would not take twice that sum.
The claim adjoining has ninety acres of timber, and was bought
by a man from Illinois, a few weeks since, for $600, so our friends
will perceive property is held in some estimation in this region.
Two shares were sold in "Palmyra Town Association," last Thurs-
day, for $500.

Shall we describe our cabin, for the gratification of the ladies in
New Hampshire? Behold, then, ye fastidious, and judge whether
"contentment" dwells alone in a princely dome! See ye that little
unpretending structure, built of logs, sixteen by twelve, perched on
yon hill, almost embosomed in deep green foliage, nearly encircled
by the arms of that young and vigorous forest? that is our home.
Now, from the northwest corner of our cabin, for a stand-point,
feast your eyes on the enchanting panorama spread out at your
feet, and as far away in the distance as vision can stretch on every
hand. This field of three acres, so nicely fenced in, is our garden !
Just saunter along with us, and see our peach, apple and pear trees,

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 299

brought from Illinois. You will find cherry trees, grape-vines and
currant bushes, with a "variety" of vegetables, that have been suf-
fering for want of rain until to-day, when the full clouds have been
emptying their contents upon the earth "shower upon shower," ac-
companied by [terjrific thunder, and such lightning as we [never]
saw till we came to Kansas. That [field lying] beyond the garden,
partly enclosed, [contains] one hundred acres, and is Charlie's
[corn field] he has about ten acres, ploughed [and] planted, and
intends to have at least [twenty] five acres in corn. Please walk
in, and [see] the interior of our cabin, that is divided and sub-
divided by curtains, to make lodging apartments, sitting room and
kitchen. That mammoth-fire-place, that yawns like a cavern's
mouth, has been of essential sejvice to the lonely inmate, during
the to him long tedious term of his keeping "bachelor's hall," who,
by the way, has become quite an adept in the sublime mysteries of
making cornbread, though for a while 'twas to him a puzzle, as
difficult to solve as a problem in Euclid, how "to make it hold to-
gether" after the "thing" was baked. Our shelves, for dishes, you
see, are loose boards, laid on huge pins, driven into the logs a
stove, table, and a few chairs, and our kitchen "fixtures" are com-
plete. Our chimney-top affords ample room for the hens to roost,
and is thus appreciated nightly as a safe retreat from the destroyer !
We have music from the birds and chickens, and are we not happy?

You will understand, our projected University was so named, in
honor of our beloved Superintendent, who was the first Methodist
Bishop who attended the first session of the Kansas and Nebraska
Conference may the child ever reflect honor on the revered father.
The destruction of human life is of very little account here; the
recital of murders, for they can be called nothing less, is truly sick-
ening, for very small matters horse-stealing jumping claims, an
altercation about some matter, with a stage-driver have frequently
imbued murderous hands in their brother's blood. We have lately
lost our only horse, worth 150. (save an Indian poney) which is the
second one stolen, or strayed, besides having one die; and had one
wood-lot jumped (by a heartless fellow) for which we paid $100.
But let us trudge our weary way on foot, limping to the grave, all
our days, or warm our shivering limbs by another's fire, rather than
the thief be shot for what is the value of property, compared to
ushering a poor wretch, with all his sins unrepented of, on his guilty
head, into the presence of his Maker?

We would tender our thanks to the little Misses of South New-

300 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

market N. H., for the valise filled with "articles of clothing" to be
distributed amongst needy children, brought by T. L. Tullock, Esq.,
of Portsmouth, N. H. Each garment was made by their own hands,
and the sewing, we assure you, sir, would put to the blush many an
older Miss ! We design to form a Sabbath School in this place, and
fix out needy girls, who will attend, with this clothing, as far as it
will go, and perhaps hereafter, those very little girls in South New-
market, having grown to womanhood, will on these lovely plains,
meet those benefitted by their liberality, and from their lips receive
oral thanks. We opine, that among the list of names attached, are
those of the daughters of Mr. Pike, Representative to Congress;
but of this fact we have not been advised. The weather is cold, and
Spring unusually backward. Provisions are very high, and nothing
but money will buy them, and as far as our own personal opinion
will go, we must say, "times look dark, about getting bread for all,
until corn can grow." Emigrants like the "locusts of Egypt" have
come in such "swarms," that they have swept all before them i. e.
in the narrow circle, where we move daily. Flour in Lawrence is
now $12, per. barrel, potatoes 3.50 per. bushel, ham 17 cts. per.
pound, beans, white 4.00 per. bush., butter, 35 cts. per. pound. So
you see those who have little money, must fare hard. Board is four,
five and up to seven dollars per. week, in private families, and (hire
washing done elsewhere) in hotels, 1.50 per. day.

Please say to our friends, that our communications, are still to be
directed to Lawrence, for there is no Post Office nearer, to which
we can have access, and we do not grudge the pains in going ten
miles to the Post Office, if by that means, we can hear from friends,
which is "like cold water to a thirsty soul," in this distant land.

In haste,

JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY.

[PALMYRA, K. T., June 1, 1857.]

MR. EDITOR 57 : . . . How full of change is life! More than
two years ago, we found ourselves suddenly removed from a dear
little cottage nestled on the green hills of New England, to a floor-
less, windowless cabin, on a vast expanse, where but one other of
like stamp with our own appeared, to break the monotony of the
view, as far as vision could stretch on either hand. There the un-
taught savage, almost in a state of nudity, painted and decorated
in the most hideous style, shocked us with his repeated intrusions,

57. Zion's Herald, Boston.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 301

until we learned not to fear his approach ; there the rattlesnake and
copperhead, with various others of the serpent species, intruded
upon the sanctity of "our home." In that lone spot, almost on the
"limits" of civilized life, the angel of mercy laid a beautiful boy
in our cradle, to repair the breach made by the destroyer in the
"household band."

But time passes on, and we find another home, built by our hands.
Satan, in the garb of border ruffianism, invades our "beautiful
country," and threatens a total extermination of all who will not
bow down to the slave power. Men and women stand erect and cry,
"we will not yield." Then are let loose the "dogs of war" ; Atchison
and Stringfellow, with others of like spirits, are lying in every
hamlet, and their infuriated yell is heard along the creeks and
rivers; bye and bye, a murderous crew, exceeded only in rage by
the "spirits lost" in the infernal pit, urged on by the whiskey-demon,
come as formally announced, to "wipe us out." The smoke of burn-
ing houses herald their approach; anon, their "bloody flag" heaves
in view, surrounded by thousands whose blood-thirsty souls are
clamoring for our death in hot haste the foremost, scarcely able
to restrain their impetuosity, as elated with the thought that now
the hour so long desired had come, and the last "stronghold" of
"abolitionism" must give way before the force of such overpowering
numbers." The well-sped bullet soon checked their ardor, and told
them that a more than "Spartan band" awaited their approach. In
full view of the mortal combat we fled from our home, and twice
again in 24 hours did we seek a refuge in a place of safety !

The wheel of time rolls on, and so does the wheel of itinerancy,
until by our system we find a "new home"] and shall we be per-
mitted to follow the example of Rev. G. E. Chapman, in the last
Herald that has yet reached us, and attempt a description of our
"surprise," for be assured we have them in this new Conference
as well as on the elder ones, though of a different character. And
you will not be "surprised" when we read of the many sweet "sur-
prises" that our dear New England friends are making their good
pastors, that we are tempted to wish some at least of the "broken
fragments" might roll this way to "surprise" them whose entire
salary barely exceeds those "donation surprises." Be it known to
you who occupy comfortable parsonages in New England, that there
is but one parsonage in this whole Territory, as far as we have
learned, and the preacher must find a shelter for his family where
he can! Behold then, that invalid preacher, who has been con-

302 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tending for months with "ague and fever," listening almost breath-
lessly as his appointment is read off to a distant place where there
is no house of any kind for the preacher to live in. An iron con-
stitution is at last broken down by incessant toil and the inroads of
disease! his family must go ten miles in an opposite direction, and
he must find a place to lay his aching head where he can.

And now follow the family as they wend their weary way be-
neath a scorching sun to another home. With oxen duly equipped,
attached to a huge baggage wagon, the wife mounts to her elevated
seat and begins her toilsome journey! A "wee bit" of space only
is allotted to her comfort, for the household goods must occupy all
but just room for her to sit, without changing her position in the
least for rest the "goods" towering over her head from a dizzy
height, and threatening an avalanche if any of the fixings should
give way, a basket of potatoes to rest her feet upon in her arms,
a child not quite two years old ; in one hand an umbrella to screen
her throbbing head from the oppressive heat of the sun, and in the
other a bundle of sundries that could find no place secure from
falling overboard, from the rocking to and fro of the ponderous
vehicle. In due time the journey was completed, with no special
misfortune save the premature death of Miss Biddy, who needed
no coroner's inquest to prove that she died for want of room, hard
pressed for quarters. On our arrival we, too, opened a "suspicious
looking box," as did Bro. Chapman, and to our "surprise," found
our nice loaf of "corn bread" all broken into fragments by the jolt-
ing of the wagon; nevertheless, it served as a choice bit to the
hungry baby; and the gentle cow, that we had purposely left un-
milked for the day, furnished a wholesome repast for our sharp-
ened appetites.

The preacher must not look for "stopping places" only as he turns
his jaded beasts to graze, and lounge in his wagon the while.

For the "surprise" of some of the city preachers' wives, we should
like to introduce them to our cabin on the day of our arrival; sick
at heart, and almost murmuring at our hard lot, till faith and hope
revived and triumphed. Two young men, who knew nothing of the
"sublime mysteries" of housekeeping, had been keeping "bachelor
lodge"; and to our "surprise," not a spot from the rude shelves of
loose boards laid on pins, driven into the logs, to the nethermost
nook, but what demanded instant attention from the newly arrived
before the place was put to rights no friendly stranger to lend us
a helping hand or bathe our feverish temples, or prepare us a meal,

LETTERS OP JULIA LOVEJOY 303

that we might find a moment's respite. This, my dear sisters, is
only an outline of "Kansas life" amongst Methodist preachers, and
we should be agreeably "surprised" if any of you would give us a
call at our little cabin, for the string of our wooden latch is literally
out day and night; and although the door turns on big wooden
hinges, in primitive style, it will creak as cordial a welcome to you
as those with bell or knocker.

You are aware, Sir, that Palmyra is the seat of our projected
University, named in honor of Bishop [0. C.] Baker, who was the
first M. E. Bishop who attended the first session of Kansas and
Nebraska Conference. A lovelier site cannot be found. It is to be
built on an eminence, overlooking a vast expense on either hand as
far away as the eye can stretch, and a more enchanting panorama,
we think, the sun never shone upon.

There is more timber here than in any other part of the Territory
we have yet seen, and it lies high on hills or ridges, and not along
the margin of creeks and rivers, as elsewhere. Our Eastern friends
may not be aware of the historic incidents connected with Palmyra,
though they have doubtless read of the far-famed "Palmyra bat-
tle," 58 where the enemy by stratagem were so wonderfully defeated
by a mere handful of brave boys. In this same battle the enemy
took a number of Free State men that they had heretofore taken
prisoners, and among the number was Rev. Mr. Moore, Methodist
preacher from Iowa; and in the heat of the battle formed a ram-
part of their bodies, so that when our men fired the balls would
pierce these prisoners FIRST, who were bound and could not escape!
Among the heroes of the day in our ranks, was Bro. Moore's own
son, who continued to "blaze away," little thinking his venerable
father was exposed to every bullet from his rifle. By a singular
providence not a hair of one of the prisoners was singed ! They had
previously taunted him, by drawing their hand significantly across
his bald head and saying, "your scalp would not bring much," there
was so little hair on his head.

Near the cabin is the grave of the man, who was killed by the
falling of a stone from the Free State Hotel, at the time of its de-
struction. 59 The poor wretch, with his comrades, was so intent on
tearing the building down, he did not perceive the stone that, as

58. More popularly known as John Brown's Battle of Black Jack which took place June
2, 1856, about four miles southeast of present Baldwin. See Kansas Historical Quarterly, v.
10, p. 354.

59. The raid on Lawrence of May 21, 1856, by members of the so-called "Law and Order
party" under Sheriff Samuel Jones. Killed were two Free-State men and one from the invad-
ing force mentioned above.

304 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

with an invisable hand, smote him to the earth, and in a moment
he was before his Judge; he left a family of five children. Please
say to our friends that our address will be still Lawrence, as here-
tofore. Respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

PALMYRA, K T. July 1, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 60 : We thought it might be of some interest to
our New England friends, to hear how "matters and things" are
progressing at the "Peoria land sale," which has now been progress-
ing seven days. 61 Paoli, where the land is bid off, is about twenty-
five miles from here, and as Mr. L. has been there from the com-
mencement with the exception of two nights at home, we can give
facts in the case. There are more than 1000 persons in attendance,
and as is usual in such cases, any amount of drinking and gambling,
and some robbing. One man lost $500 from a belt, around his body,
by "pick-pockets." The gamblers are very shrewd in decoying
their victims into their meshes. One man advanced in years, whom
they had singled out to fleece, as they probably supposed him a
green-horn at the business, they persuaded to try his luck at the
gaming table, and so sure were they of their anticipated money
they purposely let him win. When the game was concluded, the
old man scooped up his money and was off for himself, and all
their honeyed words had no effect on him afterwards; they found
they had caught a Tartar instead of a green-horn !

The squatters have the first chance to bid on their land, in pref-
erence to the speculator. The land is prized from $1.75 to $2.25,
the acre, and some timbered lands still higher. Some men go there,
and the first day buy out a squatter's right, enter their names as a
settler, and when the parcel of land is to be cried off, the auctioneer
inquires if the bidder is a settler, the buyer answers "Settler." No
more questions asked, and perhaps the purchaser will not set foot
on the land again, but keep it to speculate on. Our friends will
understand a man cannot lawfully pre-empt but once, let him go
to what territory he will, but he can buy just as much land at
these sales as he can get hold of. I will give two instances that
occurred, this week, at Paoli. [Two?] poor New England boys went
from this [place] where they had been stopping weeks the
you[nger] took a claim on the Shawnee lands, and after getting

60. The Independent Democrat, Coacord, N. H.

61. On June 24, 1857, Wilder noted in his Annals, p. 170, "Land sales at Paola. Walker
and Stanton present."

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 305

considerable timber off for his own benefit sold the claim for $300
and never laid out one dollar on the claim, went down to the
Peoria lands, took another, built him a cabin, and this week it was
bid off to him for $1.75 per. acre, and now he has it all paid for,
and $150 still owing him, for the Shawnee claim, 62 by a young man,
abundantly able to pay, and he designs to take another immediately
on Government land, and these two claims will be worth more
than any dozen farms probably in the "rocky and rough" town of
G., the place of his nativity, where the land is poor, but the people
GOOD.

[copy torn] preparing his "lunch" for his [copy torn] way, ob-
serving he felt sad to start out [copy torn] said we to him, "God
will bless you Daniel for your father's sake," for the Psalmist ex-
claims "I have never seen the seed of the righteous begging bread."
"I hope so/' said he, and that pious father who is no doubt praying
daily for that exiled child, can have the satisfaction of knowing
that God is blessing him temporally and in all his wanderings he
still maintains his integrity. The other young man we thought
would not do for Kansas, for instead of boxing up a "breaking
plough" and bringing it all the way from New Hampshire, which
would have been far more serviceable, he brought along his piano-
forte, with all its "fixings," to teach music for a living in Kansas!
We would not have given him ten dollars for his prospect of a live-
lihood, when he left here as he had but little money, and we thought
by the way he managed, he would have less and would be soon
taking the back track for the "Granite Hills," when, lo! the scale
turns, and see how fortune favors the brave! He bought a claim
for $150 with a cabin on it, as it was too much work to build one,
gave his note, and this week sold the claim for seven hundred
dollars.

The sales will probably continue this week. The settlers along
the Kaw River, are feeling bad because the time is so long delayed
for the land to come into market, for them to secure their claims.
This region will not be in market for months yet to come, and a
man must stick close to his claim, and almost fight to keep it from
being jumped, till it is secured. This shameful business of jumping
claims and shooting in return still goes on and seldom a week
passes, but in some part of the Territory somebody has lost their

62. The Shawnee Indian lands were thrown open for purchase and preemption November
19, 1857. Ibid., p. 198.

207678

306 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

life in these affrays. It is high time that a full stop is put to this
business, by the people "en masse" before any more blood is spilled.
A young man was shot dead in the vicinity of Leavenworth a few
days ago. He was ordered off a claim, but would not leave, when
he was brutally murdered.

Crops are growing finely, the rain is very much needed. There
is a dead calm in the political sea we think it augurs something
unusual. Emigrants are still coming. A large body were encamped
at "black jack" about six miles from here, 63 in the "Great Bend of
the Arkansas River." Several have gone down from Lawrence and
taken claims and report that the country is very fine, and timber
plenty. This is causing quite an excitement with those who are
desiring claims ; the place is called Walnut Creek, 64 and lies directly
on the Santa Fe route. This offers great inducement to settlers,
and a ready market for corn, that Missouri has heretofore supplied.
You will anon hear, no doubt, that a thriving town has sprung up.
A man has returned from that point lately, and says while there,
he saw herds of buffalo, miles in extent. We fully believe that is
now the place for those who want a desirable Southern home.
Provisions are very high, and it must be hard times here, till the
crops come off. In haste,

JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY.

PALMYRA, K. T., Sept. 21, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 65 : . . . We will here give our experience
in getting acclimated to Kansas, as we have spent three summers
here. The first summer, we suffered but little sickness, as a family,
and began to congratulate ourselves, that whatever else we might
suffer here, we should enjoy as good health as in New Hampshire.
The following summer our entire family had the "fever and ague,"
and some of us for months. Last spring, Mr. L. had the ague again
for weeks, severely, and the present dry summer the most of our
family have been sick, and I have not seen a day when I felt well
and able to work as formerly. Others we meet with, who have not
suffered with sickness at all.

As our letter is not full, and we write but little at a time, in de-
tached sentences, we would like to tell your lady readers what has

68. Apparently an omission here.

64. Walnut Creek was first established as a post office in May, 1853. It was located on
the Arkansas river at the mouth of Walnut creek in present Barton county. A military post
was established here or in the vicinity in June, 1853, by the removal of Company D, Fifth in-
fantry, from Fort Atkinson. See Kansas Historical Collections, v. 1-2, p. 265.

6jfi. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H., October 8, 1867.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 307

been, and is still, the bane of our life, in this beautiful country
we refer to snakes! We can face a wild cat, and endeavor to "look
him out of countenance," when he became too tame to be endured,
as we have stood in our cabin door, at the "Mouth of the Big Blue,"
and done more than once, and with uplifted axe, drove the intruder
to the woods, after he had throttled and devoured the last of the
race of Miss Bidd's, in our possession, save one, and that, through
our powers of locomotion and self-possession, was rescued from a
fearful ride, of perhaps twenty rods, on his back, with her head in
his teeth, tho' the poor creature was so dreadfully lacerated in the
encounter, she suffered decapitation immediately after the rescue!

We will tell some of the little boys, in New Hampshire, if ever
we go there, how, day after clay, when he would come into the
dooryard, and up under our little window, we would get Charlie's
big double-barrelled gun, and rest it on the window-sill, so near
that ten feet would have reached him, yet we never had courage
to go through the experiment, notwithstanding Charlie's systematic
lessons and training, we never could come to the practical part of
it, and he was sure to come when we were alone, or in the night.

Let a copper-head or a rattlesnake make their appearance, and
our courage is all gone. We have never enjoyed a walk in the
garden, or gathering plums, or, indeed, sleeping in our unfinished
cabin in warm weather, on account of these intruders. I will tell
three stories, if not more, about our neighbors' being bitten by
snakes. Mrs. Sanders, wife of Capt. Sanders, formerly of Massa-
chusetts, one extremely warm night, spread her bed on the ground
inside of their cabin, as they had no floor, took her babe and one
or two other children, and lay herself down to sleep. In the night
she turned herself over to nurse her babe, and felt something sting
her under lip severely; the pain increasing, she called on her hus-
band, who slept elsewhere, who got a light and went to a trunk to
get some "pain-killer," and there coiled behind the trunk was a
rattlesnake; her lip continuing to swell shockingly, he ran for some
neighbors, and when he returned found two more rattlesnakes in
his cabin, and his poor wife in awful agony her lip turned black,
and one who saw it informed me that it looked as large as her arm
her head and neck swelled to her shoulders her eyes assumed
the peculiar look of a snake's eyes, and as long as she could speak,
in piteous tones, she begged "them to keep the snakes from biting
her children." It was with great difficulty the physician could keep
her from choking to death; he scar[r]ed her neck all around in

308 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

places that had turned black, and by a miracle almost, though great
suffering, she was saved!

Now taking all the attendant circumstances into the account, is
not this an unparalleled kiss? Another: A young lady living
about a mile from us, felt something crawling up her side, as she
lay reclining on the other in bed, and supposing it to be her little
"pet kitten," and not wishing to be disturbed in her slumbers, rudely
pushed it away with her hand, when lo! the ominous sound! she
shrieked to her mother, "a rattlesnake!" and sprung for a light, and
there lay his snakeship, who was soon captured by mother and
daughter, and expiated his detestable propensities, by being mauled
to death with "sundry billets of wood."

Mrs. Anderson, a lady 50 or more years of age, who lived on the
opposite side of the Big Blue from us, threw her arms over her
head in the night, as was her wont, when she felt a peculiar stinging
sensation on her hand; she called for a light, and to her horror, saw
a large copper-head over the head of her bed; she set up a terrific
scream, supposing, probably, she had received her "death wound"
a messenger was dispatched for Dr. W., our son-in-law, who has
had a number of such cases, and though her arm swelled dread-
fully, to her shoulder, she was soon entirely cured.

Our only daughter was bitten on the side of her foot, through a
kid bootee, as she was walking in the grove near our dwelling;
and her husband being from home, it devolved on us, ignorant as
we were in such cases, to try and save her life; and for the benefit
of those in a similar dilemma, we will tell the process, which was
afterwards pronounced "right." We first tied a strong ligature
tightly above the ankle, applied our lips to extract the poison as
far as possible, and gave her as much whiskey as we could get her
to take, to keep it from her stomach (by the way, the first "ardent
spirits," under any circumstances, placed to the lips of a child by
the writer.) The Doctor soon returned, and, though somewhat
alarmed, the patient recovered, after suffering the pain of a swollen
foot and some lameness. A timber rattlesnake, and prairie, are
very different, the former being far worse than the latter.

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 309

PALMYRA, K. T., Nov. 30, 1857.

MR. EoiTOR 66 : Sometime since we sent a communication to the
Independent Democrat, at Concord, N. H., giving a brief "sketch"
of our first tour in this Territory, but as the letter was of more
than ordinary size and weight, the man who was trusted to carry
it to Lawrence to be mailed, no doubt thinking it contained money,
opened it, and finding nothing but trash left it by the wayside.

We will now fish up some of the incidents connected with this
tour from memory's storehouse, that will give your New England
readers some idea of Kansas life. And as it has become quite fash-
ionable now-a-days, for equestrians and pedestrians, and for trav-
elers of every description, in all sorts of conveyances, describable
and indescribable, to give occasional "jottings," we, too, in plain,
matter-of-fact style, would tell some of the many things that came
under observation. Our health not being good the present season,
we availed ourselves of an invitation from the missionary on the
Oskaloosa Mission, to travel awhile in his "extended rounds," to
share his "fare," and we have come to the very important conclu-
sion, after a week's trial in going from one cabin to another, "that
if we believed in the final salvation of the whole human family, un-
conditionally, for all the gold of Ophir we would not be a mis-
sionary in Kansas, and be compelled to suffer such hardships as the
present pioneer-preachers of the gospel now submit to." But to
our story: Behold us then, dear reader, as with wondrous merri-
ment you peer out from among the hills of Yankeedom, and vainly
guess with what kind of a name we have christened our strangely
constructed vehicle, which consists of an elastic board, laid horizon-
tally, from one axle to the other, with a low seat mid-way, and we
advise travelers, hereafter, to discard "steel springs," entire; es-
pecially if they ride over saplings, fallen trees, stumps, and logs,
as we have done in this journey, when benighted, having lost our
way; and crossed unbridged and well-nigh impassable ravines, in a
strange place, at the lone hour of night. On we jog, from our little
cabin, ten miles to Lawrence. We forded the Kaw River, and the
water ran over the top of our carriage, over our shoes, swept over
our carpet-bag, so that every article of clothing it contained was
thoroughly saturated; but we enjoyed it deliciously, as it was ex-
tremely hot, dry weather, and we had a nice, cool bath for our feet.
We then struck into a road that crosses the "Delaware Reservation,"
where for twenty miles there is nothing to interrupt the solitariness

66. Probably Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

310 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of the weary traveler, as there is not a single cabin in that distance,
unless one turns aside miles from his course, where settlers have il-
legally "squatted" on the "Kaw Reservation," which extends for
miles on either side of the Kaw River, and is heavily timbered and
immensely fertile. When we passed along that way, the chiefs of
the tribes were at Washington, imploring aid from Congress to drive
off these intruders. This rich land is expected soon to be treated
for, and then what a scramble for it!

Night was fast coming on, and we turned aside to put up with
one of these settlers, who was very happy to extend his hospitality
to a minister of the gospel in this out-of-the-way place; but our
lady readers will not wonder that for the livelong night our eyes
were "held waking," when we tell them that in the room we occu-
pied there were five beds and twelve or fourteen occupants, and
within two feet of our bed lay a man recovering from a severe case
of small pox, and our babe had never been vaccinated, neither had
we for many years; but there was no alternative; to retrace our
steps was out of the question; to go forward in the darkness of the
hour was impracticable; still we should have preferred sitting in
the open carriage all night. The next morning we were up and off
for Oskaloosa, which in Western parlance we found to be a "right
smart heap of a place."

After rest, and refreshment at the house of a good brother late
from Iowa, we proceeded on our journey, and lost our way! A
thousand sympathies, hereafter, for the poor benighted traveler who
loses his way on these almost interminable prairies. On we urge
with lash and voice our jaded beast, who literally staggered through
sheer fatigue, and soon found ourselves in a dense forest; and to
add to our "sad fix," for a long, long way no cabin to make inquiries
concerning our whereabouts; and vivid lightning's lurid glare, and
loud thunder bellowing through the thicket proclaimed by "signs
unmistakable," that a Kansas thunder storm was just upon us, we
hugged still more closely our precious boy to our bosom, while hus-
band dragged his weary limbs over fallen trees and under-brush,
and led the horse by the bit, as we were out of the way of any
vestige of a road. At a late hour, we "brought up" at a shanty in
the woods, where we were cordially received, and provided with a
comfortable bed, and soon the rain came down, and streamed
through the roof and on to our bed; and after it had poured into
our upturned face long enough to satisfy us, we changed position,
and took the foot of the bed and had a chance for a nice, cool bath

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 311

for our feet! On the whole we should have found this a night of
rich enjoyment with a Christian family in this lone spot, with
sundry reflections as to the honored position we were permitted
so unworthy as we felt ourselves to be to occupy, as veritable
missionaries. The highest aspiration of our heart from a girl of
sixteen, has been to be a faithful missionary, and labor and suffer
for Christ. Here then we were, at "the high noon of life," occupying
the very position in Kansas we have so long coveted ; but our reflec-
tions were ever and anon disturbed by some living thing gliding
along and rattling the newspapers with which the walls were pa-
pered; and we were in constant fear lest a huge rattlesnake, after
surfeiting himself on mice, of which they are extremely fond, would
drop into the bed, from above, as they often do in unfinished cabins,
or into our face. Heaven bless the dear family.

Next day found us on our way to an appointment for preaching;
and, sir, it would have done your soul good to have been there!
The crowded house, the fixed attention, tearful eyes and hearty re-
sponses, told that the Spirit was present. Now all our toils in get-
ting there, in that sweet hour, were counted as nothing and then
the sequel, when there is such a "rush" to take the preacher's hand,
and secure his company for the night, at their home, before any
other can get the chance, so that the preacher has to tear himself
away from them. There is such an affectionate, whole-souled heart-
iness about these "Westerners," that one cannot help feeling at home
among them. From thence we went to Leavenworth, and were
hardly prepared to see a city of such dimensions spring up by magic,
in so short a time. Ornamental trees, and a beautiful style of
architecture in many dwellings, reminded us of New England.
From thence at a late hour in the afternoon we started for "Crooked
Creek," 67 where our quarterly meeting was to be held the next
Saturday and Sabbath, supposing we should have sufficient time to
reach the residence of a family to whom we were directed, to spend
the night with them; but lo! on our arrival no such family could
be found, and we were in another dilemma! We supposed we had
got on the track of the aforesaid family, a mile or two from the
road, and off we pushed in the twilight, as evening had begun to
spread her sable pall on all surrounding objects, over the worst
road we ever traveled, and finally no road at all, as stumps, logs
and bushes had to be met at almost every step; on reaching the

67. Crooked Creek was located on a creek by the same name in Jefferson county about five
miles southeast of present Nortonville. Except that it had a post office for several years little
is known of it.

312 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

spot a hang-dog looking Dutchman accosted us in a surly manner,
and a singularly appearing Dutch-woman seemed struck with as-
tonishment that we should venture within their precincts at this
unseemly hour. We wheeled our horse about without alighting
from our carriage, and as fast as it was possible to do so retraced
our steps to the main road, glad to escape, as was Pilgrim from the
castle of Giant Despair; once in the Military Road again we re-
solved to drive to Easton, if our horse did not give out, as he was
sick, though we had to ride all night.

At a late hour we arrived at Easton, 68 a strong pro-slavery com-
munity, where the tragic murder of R. P. Brown by fiends incar-
nate, was accomplished and the public have never yet learned
half the revolting particulars of this brutal murder. Brown was a
martyr to freedom, in the full sense of the term. A worthy member
of our church told us he was at the store when the gang drove up,
with him in the wagon, his body hacked over with their hatchets,
and while they left him in the street, a bitter cold night, to go in
for their dram, the blood ran from his wounds through the carriage
bottom, into the road, and stood in puddles on the snow; and one
of them spat tobacco juice in Mr. Brown's face and eyes, as he lay
dying, the whole route; and he not daring to plead one word for
poor Brown, lest he, too, might be the next victim. 69

This region is the strongest pro-slavery of any now in the Ter-
ritory; and a volume could not contain the sufferings of the Free
State men, who unflinchingly stood erect, when their houses were
rifled, their cattle and horses taken, and they repeatedly shot at,
as beasts of prey, and finally imprisoned.

Our next drive was for a beautiful grove, where a glorious quar-
terly meeting was held, in true Western style. The preaching,
praying, singing and shouting, was as if the citadel must surrender
or be taken by storm, which was done effectually, and we alternately
laughed and wept; and so would you, Mr. Editor; and the grand
old woods rung, as they had not to celestial notes, since that august
morn when "the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of
God shouted for joy." A number of children were consecrated to

68. Easton is in the northwestern part of Leavenworth county in Easton township.

69. The murder of Capt. Reese P. Brown by a Proslavery mob occurred January 18, 1856.
According to Wilder's account, Brown and seven others on their way to Leavenworth were
arrested and taken to Easton where a Proslavery mob had assembled. They were guarded
through the day and at night all the Free-State men were released except Brown. He was
taken out and assaulted with hatchet and knives, then dragged to a wagon and carried to
Dunn's liquor shop in Salt Creek valley. Finding that Brown must die, he was taken to his
home where he soon expired. Captain Brown had been in Lawrence during the Wakarusa war
aiding the Free-State men. He was a member elect of the Free-State legislature. Wilder,
op. at., January 17-20, 1856.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 313

God in baptism, including our little Kansas-born Irving. But what
earthly Eden was ever found, without the serpent there? As we
rode on to the ground, where we were to stop, in alighting, lay
coiled up a rattlesnake, who was soon dispatched, and found to have
six rattles.

It would do your city preachers good, cooped up as they are,
from Sabbath to Sabbath, between dingy walls of brick, to snuff the
exhilarating prairie breeze, and attend one of those soul-enlivening
meetings that are considered such a "great occasion" by our good
Western brethren. Only think, Yankee sister, there were full forty
fed at the same tables in the family where we were served, and
the "heaps" of chickens held out to the last.

Mr. Lovejoy's mission embraces Oskaloosa, Osaukie, Easton and
Fairfield, 70 with an indefinite number of appointments on various
creeks that intersect this country in all directions, so that he is with
his family but little. Shall we, sir, for the benefit of our dear New
England preachers' wives, (pardon our weakness, we cannot keep
back the tear that wells up at the thought of some we so much
love,) shall we attempt a description of the reception they may
expect to meet, when they come to Kansas, and call upon some of
their Western well-to-do-in-the-world brethren, though many they
will find with coarse fare? You rein your steed in front of a log
cabin, with one, and sometimes two rooms, and out runs the father,
followed by some half dozen white-haired youngsters, and, sans
ceremony, seizes your hand with no very light grip: "I am mighty
glad to see you; I reckon as how there will be heaps of people to
hear the sarmint tomorrow. We have had heaps of dry weather,
so we have had to pack all our water from yon ravine, and crops,
I allow, will be powerful light." You begin to scare away the pigs
and chickens, and prepare to scale the fence, that almost invariably
surrounds these domicils, and by actual count, we usually found
them five or six rails high, and if, unfortunately, like ourselves,
addicted to corpulency, it may be some matter of calculation how
you will succeed in your perilous attempt to land on the other side,
though we have always performed the feat with, to us, surprising
agility. Then commences an onslaught on the chickens, for the
preacher has come, and he must feed on the best we can furnish.
And such a "hue and cry," from the throats of hundreds of these
disturbed pipers, as though all hen-dom was in commotion, creating
a perfect Babel.

70. Fairfield was a town in Jefferson county, now extinct.

314 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Some of the habits of Western life, originating doubtless in neces-
sity, are truly shocking to our Yankee notions of propriety; es-
pecially, when so many of different sexes lodge in one room, in un-
curtained beds. If you wish to change your linen, why haste away
to the grove, to perform your toilet, as other preachers now have to
do; or, if the wet grass is up to your arm -pits, do as Mr. Lovejoy
did recently, who, Sabbath morn, threw his soiled nether garment
across his carriage-seat to dry, as it was well saturated with perspira-
tion. When he turned to look for it, lo ! it had all disappeared, save
the wristband and "wee bit" of one sleeve, and where think you it
was? Why, mulched into the maw of a live ox, who was forced to
disgorge its contents, instanter; but ah me! the rents and tears were
unmendable. If we can enjoy health, as formerly, we shall, after
all, enjoy much of missionary life in Kansas.

Respectfully yours,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

P. S. Politics here are assuming a fearful crisis; and will not
prayer unceasing go up to the God of heaven, by our dear sym-
pathizing brethren, that the horrors of war may not be again forced
upon us, by thrusting this miserably fraudulent State Constitution,
a slave code, conceived in iniquity, and brought forth in abominable
falsehood, on to this abused and shamefully insulted people?

J. L. L.

PALMYRA, K. T., Dec. 2d, 1857.

MESSRS. EDITORS 71 : This ill-fated territory has been the theatre
of so many cold-blooded murders, or "deaths by violence," that
the record of them has ceased to produce but very little excitement,
save in a limited circle, where they occur; but when the "oldest set-
tler," (aside from the Kaw Indians) has been assassinated, by sun-
dry blows, "well laid on" when he, who for more than a score of
years, has held undisputed possession, of the region around the junc-
tion of the Big Blue and Kaw Rivers, has been ruthlessly beaten
to death; deserves it not, more than a passing notice?

Dr. S. Whitehorn, of Manhattan, with no "malice aforethought,"
save what he bears to the particular genus, (not genus homo,) has
had the audacity, not only to slay, but thrust his lifeless victim,
into a glass jar, filled with alcohol, to preserve the trophy of his
victory, to grace his cabinet! The culprit met his doom, sans cere-

71. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 315

mony, as he was in the very act of stealthily crawling under a
neighbor's house, whether for purposes of burglary, or intent on
getting a good supper, (as they with all other fastidious epicures,
have some favorite dish) our deponent saith not. The species are
extremely fond of certain four-legged animals, that infest the cabins
of the "settlers," where a plentiful supply of the feline species, is an
indispensable desideratum; and the feats of agility, they have per-
formed after a night's meal, in dropping from "above" on to beds,
to the horror of the occupants, we have not time to tell. John
Smith now occupies the first cabin, built in the "Great bend" of
the Blue, of which the writer was the sole mistress for many a
lonely day.

You are aware, sirs, there is a certain ubiquity attached to this
name this same veritable being awoke one morning from his
bachelor slumbers, and found one of the same "kith and kin" of
him whose fate we are now recording, stretched at full length across
his "light stand," with a mouse in his distended jaws! But we di-
gress from our tale of truth. Dr. W. who by the way, has quite
a taste for antiquarian "relics," carefully scanning his victim,
found a certain appendage which was unmistakable proof that, for
twenty three years, in a Summer's sun, he had basked near the
sunny slope of "old Bluemont." Dear reader among the Granite
hills, did you ever see a mammoth rattlesnake? . . .

But we want to say a few things with regard to matters politi-
cally, in this our adopted home. As much as we once hated the
idea of women politicians, no true woman who has been cradled
among the liberty loving people of New Hampshire, who has from
infancy to womanhood, inhaled the zephyrs that fanned the noble
brow of a Stark, could be in Kansas, and see what we have seen and
jeel what we have felt, and not wax enthusiastically zealous for uni-
versal freedom. Of all the shameful "crises" that has been basely
forced upon us as a people, the crisis that matters have now as-
sumed, seems to us the most hateful; and after all we have passed
through from the tender mercies of slave democracy, if this bantling
of a Constitution 72 fraudulently conceived in whisky-fuddled
brains, and ushered into being amid the bristling bayonets of U. S.
soldiery to guard it from an outraged people we repeat: if a gov-
ernment, under that miserable slave code is forced upon this strug-
gling people, war is inevitable, and ere its death shriek shall die
away along the Kaw valley, the people will be in arms from the

72. The Lecompton constitution, drawn up in the fall of 1867.

316 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

nethermost settlement on the Republican fork, to Eldorado, two
hundred miles away, in the far S. W. And Sirs: believe me, when
this awful crisis comes, there will be found more than one "Joan of
Arc" in point of moral courage, that will fearlessly stand for the
right.

Tell us not, the heroines of the revolution have never found suc-
cessful imitators, in "daring deeds" of courage in the present gen-
eration of fragile women! We can lead you to the homes of our
sex in Kansas, where two lone women mounted their ponies, and
in dead of night expecting to meet a detachment of the enemy at
every leap of their horses, gallopped eight miles to Hickory point,
where they had heard the booming of cannon all day, to learn the
fate of loved ones, in the battle. The one had a husband, and the
other a son. Now let a yankee woman imagine she sees them with
their horses at the top of their speed, their cape bonnets streaming
in the wind as "ever and anon" they turn their anxious eyes home-
ward, to see if their dwelling was in flames, as the threat had often
been made, and only saved by the intrepid courage of their daugh-
ter, who is a Hoosier, and looked to us, with her brawny arms and big
bare feet, with a profusion of jewelry pendant from the ears, as
though she might strike terror, even into the heart of a "border
ruffian." The husband and father was from home most of the
time, in skirmishes with the enemy, and several times, did a party
of armed ruffians order the family to leave the house that they
might fire the premises, and as there was a group of children, they
did not want to roast them alive. This girl would confront them
in the door way, and always succeeded in keeping them at bay.
There are thrilling incidents connected with "Kansas affairs" that
ought to be treasured up for the benefit of the future historian.

What think our democratic friends in New Hampshire now about
Walker's promises? The Oxford fraud 73 is but a tithe of the fraud
practiced here ; and how much longer, suppose ye, will Christian men
and women unflinching] advocates for temperance and moral
purity descendants of the pilgrims of Plymouth Rock, submit to
be governed and trodden upon by blear-eyed, whisky-bloated de-
bauchees, who forsooth, before the final "pack up" for head-quar-
ters, might find it convenient to wind up with a grand finale. The
fact as reported to us, will be recorded doubtless by an abler pen

73. The names of 1,628 persons were listed as having voted at Oxford precinct, Johnson
county, in an election October 5, 6, 1857. As the precinct contained but eleven houses, Gov.
R. J. Walker and Sec. F. P. Stanton refused to accept the count. Wilder, op. tit., p. 195.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 317

than we can wield. What the next act in this drama will be, time
can alone determine.

Let prayer to the God of heaven go up unceasingly from pious
hearts, in behalf of this people, and if war is forced upon us, by
Buchanan and Co., who are leagued with the South, let brave
hearts, from the Granite hills, respond to the call of their insulted
brethren in Kansas, and whole regiments of "Invincibles" throng
the thorough-fares that lead in this direction. Ere this reaches you,
there will be rejoicing or wailing among the sons and daughters of
New England sires in this fair land. Heaven defend the right.

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

[LATE DECEMBER, 1857, JANUARY 1, 1858]

BRO. HAVEN 74 : We beg the privilege of saying to our dear New
England friends, through the Herald, that we are in the midst of a
glorious revival of religion in this place, and it would do your soul
good to see the people flocking in every direction to the place of
worship, and the almost breathless attention that pervades the
multitudes as they listen to the story of the cross. God is in the
place, in very deed. Last evening, as we knelt at the "mourner's
bench," were two souls just initiated by the Holy Ghost into the
mysteries of salvation one a beautiful young widow, who had
buried her husband and only child in this Territory, and she came
to lay her poor lacerated heart, all bleeding and torn by repeated
bereavement, at the feet of Him who alone can bind up and heal;
the other, an intelligent lady from Ohio. Our meetings have been
in progress about one week, and the sound has gone out through
the adjacent country that God is pouring out his Spirit in this
beautiful prospective city, and a general interest is awakened. A
local preacher from Iowa, a giant in Israel in intellectual strength
and ability, has come back into our ranks, and in the name of the
Lord of Hosts, is mowing a swarth through men and devils. Our
brethren may think this strong language; but only three weeks ago,
as Mr. Lovejoy was attending his duties as chaplain of the Legis-
lature, at Lecompton, this same man was there, and raving like an
infuriated maniac, under the influence of whiskey, and intense ha-
tred and wrath, which has been nursed by some new outrage on the
part of the Pro-slavery Ruffians, for more than a year, and his
inmost soul has been burning with rage; and had the power been
his, as well as the will, they had long since sunk to the nethermost

74. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

318 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

hell. No ordinary gang of men, fully equipped, could take this man
save by strategem, and this they accomplished by disguising a party
of Rangers, and calling themselves "Free State" men, and by de-
coying him away. With a score of rifles levelled at his breast, a
rope was put around his neck, and thrown over the limb of a tree,
but for some reason he was reserved for further indignity, which
was well for them, for by the force of his giant arm alone, unless
he had been dispatched at once, by a bullet through his heart, he
could have leveled a dozen of them. They have continually dogged
his steps, destroyed thousands of dollars worth of his property (as
he was rich,) until his soul was maddened to fury, and he gave up
his religion, and in a half-frenzied state seized the "cup of death,"
to drown the remembrance of his wrongs. Just before the meeting
of the Legislature at Lawrence, his son was assaulted by a ruffian,
who almost killed him. This prompted him to wreak his revenge
on the whole horde; and had he not been timely secured by his
neighbors, blood would have stained his garments in the streets of
Lecompton. Now the lion is turned into the lamb, and as he tes-
tified in public for the first time since they tried to hang him, he
forgives his blood-thirsty enemies.

We are in a "sad fix" politically, and none but God can help us
out. There is a division in our ranks that we fear will weaken our
party, a part for voting under that miserable swindle, the "Lecomp-
ton Constitution," and a part against it. There never lived a peo-
ple, Mr. Editor, so insulted as the Kansas settlers have been for
the last three years, and Heaven only knoweth where it will end.
Mr. L. is a chaplain of the Legislature which adjourned to meet
on Monday next, and we expect a "stormy time," if not a collision,
in some shape. We beg the prayers of our dear friends in the East,
that God will still stand by us on this battle-ground of freedom, as
he has heretofore, and that the right may triumph.

A few words about this locality. Oskaloosa has had thirty houses
built within eight months; it has two steam mills, two hotels, two
stores, and some beautiful residences, and bids fair to be a flourish-
ing town. Twenty miles of "Delaware Reservation" stretch away
to the south, toward Lawrence, and about twenty miles to the east,
lies Leavenworth.

We want good female teachers, who could obtain constant em-
ployment, and the best of wages. Do send on a score from East
Greenwich, Wilbraham, or Newbury, Vt.; we want them immedi-
ately, and they would do much good. If they will drop a line to

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 319

"C. H. Lovejoy, Lawrence, K. T.," it would receive immediate at-
tention. A word personally: We would say to our friends, that
"troubles in the Territory," and sickness, made us feel bad last
summer, and well nigh tempted us for a while to leave the Terri-
tory; but we have resolved unless driven out at the point of the
bayonet, we will never leave until Kansas is redeemed, which is
soon to take place, (for her redemption is certain) and here we ex-
pect to lay our armor off, and go to our reward. Aside from the
hot, dry weather in the summer, it is the best place on earth, we
believe, for a home. The winter thus far has been like September
in New England. Rev. H. Moore, of Erie Conference, has come to
our help, and God is preaching, through him, in power.

In haste,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

P. S. Friday morning, Jan. 1 [1858]. Last evening we held one
of the best watch-night meetings in Oskaloosa we have ever at-
tended! God's saving power was manifested in a glorious manner;
there were the bride and bridegroom, just united in holy wedlock;
there the young lady and gentleman of intelligence and influence,
all bowed together at the altar of prayer, encircled by a band of
praying ones, strong in faith, and the power of God rested on the
assembly, whilst one after another arose to speak of the grace re-
ceived. At the solemn midnight hour eight came forward and gave
their hand to Mr. Lovejoy, and their names to be entered in the
class book. This is the western style of doing up things, and we
think the right way. If any of the preachers in the Eastern Con-
ferences feel willing to put up with long rides, and hard fare, in a
place where they can do more good than in any other place, we
think, on earth, let them come to Kansas. No temptation would
induce Mr. L. to leave Kansas, for this is the spot for him, in
preference to all others. Now is a chance for preachers with fam-
ilies to secure to themselves homes, in the finest country that lies
beneath the sun. We have seen our heart's idol laid in her cold,
damp grave in Kansas, and thought our poor hearts must break
with anguish; we have suffered with cold and hunger sometimes,
and have fled for our lives from the advancing foe; sickness for
months in succession in our family, whilst our own health seemed
irrecoverably gone, though now restored; but we are glad we came
to Kansas, to labor for truth, and justice, and we shall triumph.

J. L. L.

[Part Three Will Appear in the November, 1947, Issue]

Bypaths of Kansas History

WEBFOOTED JAYHAWKS

The evolution of the wartime Jayhawk in the Pacific theater of operations
attained a development of phenomenal proportions, a letter to the Kansas
State Historical Society from Lt.
Col. Lowell R. Whitla, state main-
tenance officer, Kansas National
Guard, stationed at Camp Whitside,
Fort Riley, reveals.

The seagoing Jayhawk was found
to be webfooted of the specie Sail-
gieriens, a tough and prolific old
bird that produced numerous off-
spring of lesser size. Colonel Whit-
la was the commanding officer of
the U. S. S. Radon, a 4,500-ton ves-
sel described as the seagoing version
of ordnance's heaviest maintenance
outfit, the base shop. The vessel
was maritime commissioned at Na-
tional City, Cal., and the command-
ing officer carried his master's
papers out of the Port of Los An-
geles. The crew was trained at Aberdeen Proving Ground and Bainbridge
Naval Training Center in Maryland, Fort Monmouth, N. J., Walter Reid
Hospital, Washington, D. C., New Orleans and the San Diego naval base.

On the forward port and starboard sides of the U. S. S. Radon, this super-
barge of 265 feet, proudly stood a guardian Kansas Jayhawk of heroic propor-
tions. "He was eight feet high," Colonel Whitla said, "and wore the crimson
and blue colors of a true Kansan. Now, this particular Jayhawk was one of
the 'old-timers' and no longer a college boy. So, in place of the letters 'K'
and 'U/ he carried an ordnance bomb under one wing and a very serviceable
monkey wrench under his other wing.

"The crew of the U. S. S. Radon was composed of some of the army's finest
men, the majority being ordnance men. They are technicians and curious
about all phases of their equipment and especially the guardian Jayhawk.
These men were experienced and necessarily a little older than average. 'A
Bunch of Tough Old Birds,' as they became known. Their toughness and
curiosity caused them to remove the Jayhawk 's shoes and, lo and behold!,
they found him to be webfooted, with spurs."

Apparent!}' this Jayhawk was a lineal descendant of the feathered bird of
Coronado's day, for the story of "The Mythical Jayhawk," by Kirke
Mechem, in the February, 1944, Kansas Historical Quarterly, referring to
Apocrypha of Coronado, gave descriptions of Jayhawks with webbed feet and
some with boots with high heels and long spurs.

However, this Jayhawk of Pacific fame apparently learned to carry an ord-

(320)

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 321

nance bomb under one wing and a monkey wrench under the other after his
indoctrination for World War II. Military experts say this seagoing bird of
warlike demeanor is in sharp contrast to the peacetime Jayhawk of the
"huggin' and a chalkin' " era.

The Pacific Jayhawk was a wartime sentry who never slept during hie
tour of duty aboard the U. S. S. Radon, Colonel Whitla vouches. "In fact,"
the colonel avers, "he recruited additional Jayhawks of his exact color and
kind who were also equipped with the same tools and pedal extremities, to
go aboard the auxiliary craft, A. B. T. L., an M. T. L., an L. C. P. L., and a
36-foot yawl, as well as all the motor equipment, consisting of four 2 1 /-ton,
specially-equipped shop trucks, and two *4-ton trucks.

"The two 8-foot Jayhawks had the assistance of the twenty smaller ones
who were in proportionate size according to the size of the craft or vehicle
he was to protect.

"Now, to show further the universal adaptability of this bird from the
center of the U. S. A., let the writer, point out that the gold of his beak and
legs with the crimson made the ordnance colors and his blue coat shows his
relation to the navy. His facial expression shows he's a tough old bird, em-
blematical of the men under his protection. His web feet show his aquatic
prowess and his spurs, his willingness to fight in a cause that is just. Take
particular notice of his stride, his chest, his straight-forward glance and the
white of his eye. Yes, the Kansas Jayhawk, with permission of Fritz of
Lawrence . . ., and 'Vic' Ellsworth of Kansas University, did do a fine
job in World War II.

"His job was maintenance. He 'kept them rolling/ Under his supervision,
new lenses for glasses were ground, false teeth repaired, radar and radios re-
built, x-rays, jeep and tank motors renewed, small arms, artillery, trucks, sea-
going boats, put back in action. Even at one time a midget race car was
manufactured as a training program for the men as well as a pastime.

"The last time the writer heard from him, he was taking the U. S. S. Radon,
stripped of the 8% million dollars worth of special equipment, to Korea, to
serve in relief and assist the U. N. R. R. A."

A ROUGH LANDING ON THE MISSOURI RIVER

From the White Cloud Kansas Chief, May 19, 1859.

Some steamboatmen get above their business, particularly when they have
persons to deal with whom they do not suppose to possess full purses. On
the down trip of the St. Mary, last week, among the passengers was an old
German gentleman, for many years past a resident of Massillon, Ohio, who
wished to stop at White Cloud. He is able to buy several such boats as the
St. Mary; but being quite plainly dressed, how should the officers of the boat
know the above fact? They did not put out a plank for him, but ran close
to shore, and let him jump, which he did, muddying himself considerably in
the attempt, and by the hardest kind of scrambling, escaped tumbling back
into the river. They then threw his carpet-sack out after him, bursting it in
the operation. When boats accommodate their passengers in this way, they
are not 'deserving of patronage.

217678

322 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

HARDSHIPS OF TRAVELING ACROSS THE PLAINS IN 1865

From the "Frank A. Root Collection," used by permission of his
son, George A. Root.

WM. N. BYERS, P. M.
POST OFFICE, DENVER, COLORADO,
Monday, February 27th, 1865.
My Dear Rich

I reached here last Saturday, (25th) and bother to drop you a few lines,
though I shall not write a letter as I have no spare time, being completely
worn out in consequence of the severe hardships incident to my trip across the
plains in winter. I left Atchison on the 7th and was 18 days making the trip.
I staid at Cot-tonwood Springs five days. From there I came through with five
coaches and had a guard of some 25 employees of the O.S. L. mounted on
horseback. We did not travel any in the night, but on the contrary kept a
sharp look-out for Indians though did not see any except two dead ones at the
American Ranch, 130 miles from here. For more than 50 miles in places there
is not a house remaining, every one having been destroyed and in most in-
stances the people taken prisoners or butchered on the spot. Most of the peo-
ple killed were found with their heads and arms and legs chopped off and piled
up in a heap, though they had been buried before I came up.

At South Platte station, 15 miles east of Julesburgh we filled every coach
full of corn and hay to feed the stock between there and Beaver Creek station,
there being no depredations committed this side of the latter station which is
about 120 miles east of here.

The property destroyed at Julesburgh belonging to Mr. Holloday will amount
to $100,000 though this is not a drop in the bucket compared with other prop-
erty destroyed.

I never saw the plains look so lonely and desolate as at the present time and
it will be impossible for the stages to make regular trips again before two or
three months, as nearly all the hay, corn and stations have been destroyed for
nearly 200 miles.

I shall leave here for Atchison on the 2d March, and take a heavy mail
through to the Missouri river. I brought out the first mail Colorado has had
since the Indian troubles, and never saw such a rejoicing among the people.

One of the grandest illuminations ever known in the Rocky Mountains takes
place here to-night in honor of the capture of Charleston.

Yours Truly,

F. A. Root.
[Addressed : ] L. R. Elliott, Esq.

(Cor. Ed. "Standard.")

Binghamton,

New York.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 323

Two GALS IN CALICO

From the Wichita Eagle, January 8, 1874.

MB. EDITOR: I wish to say, through your columns, to the people of Min-
neha that the dresses worn by two young ladies to the party at the bachelors'
den were calico, not velvetine. I have fretted my righteous soul over much
about it, for fear the young men might be deceived in the goods, and think
it something costly. Yours,

COUSIN P.

GENTLEMEN, PLEASE!

From The Western Home Journal, Lawrence, February 23, 1882.

The city council of Atchison has refused to give the ladies of the library
association of that city, permission to use a billiard table, which was presented
to them by Maj. Downs, in their rooms, without taking out a license, such as
saloon-keepers are required to obtain for the purpose. A smaller, more con-
temptible action, says the Champion, was never suggested in any council on
the face of the earth.

SMOKED OUT!

From the Atchison (daily) Champion, February 10, 1895.

John Seaton of Atchison, has the stub of a cigar that Abraham Lincoln
smoked during the civil war. Mr. Seaton picked up the stub as Mr. Lincoln
threw it away, says the Kansas City Gazette. It should be deposited in the
State Historical society instanter. Some of the smoke from this identical
cigar has been there for years, says the Clay Center Times.

THE FATHER OF WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE

H. H. Gardner writing in the Walnut Valley Times, El Dorado,
March 8, 1895.

... I think Dr. Allen White was the strong central figure in El Dorado
in the days of 70. He was enthusiastically interested in the growth and prog-
ress of the town and hardly a night passed that he did not have some private
or public meeting of the people to discuss something of importance. He
would go his rounds and notify us all to come out. He was a democrat, but
local issues then were paramount and "Doc." would remark that he had to
"plow with the republican heifer for the common good." He was the author
of the remark that there was "no general or state statute against damned
fools." In fact his quaint and terse sayings were the bon mots of the time
and today constitute the special provincialisms of old El Doradoites. When
he traveled he always carried a bottle of water in his pocket so when he dis-
carded his chew of fine cut he could rinse out his mouth without leaving his
seat. Five feet one way and 220 pounds all over he hated to get up and sit
down often, but when on his feet and in motion he moved briskly for one of

324 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

his size. He had enterprise and built a showy drug store where Hitchcock's
store now stands, the large fine house on East Central avenue and laid out
the handsome block and planted the trees upon it where Judge Leland's and
Ed. C. Ellet's houses are built.

From the Times, March 22, 1895.

Dr. Allen White was very quick witted and ready at repartee. A little in-
cident is recalled that occurred at the old stone hotel in Florence in 1882,
when the Butler county delegation were en route to the state democratic con-
vention at Emporia. Having to linger several hours in Florence the delega-
tion registered, and as Jake DeCou was pretty smooth with the pen he signed
up for the party, and in the absence of Doctor White, C. A. Leland made a
cross in the Doctor's name and wrote above and below, "his mark." When
the Doctor came into the office Jake DeCou said, "Doctor, what does this
mark mean?" Harry Brown spoke up and said, "It means that simply 'to
the cross he clings.'" The Doctor with an air of one equal to the occasion
replied, "And before I leave this house the landlord will conclude that 'a
charge to keep I have.' " That was his little joke; just as like as not he paid
the bills of all.

Kansas History as Published in the Press

A series of articles entitled, "The Birth of a State This Month
in Kansas History," by Cecil Howes, has been published in the
Kansas Teacher, Topeka, continuously since January, 1942. Among
recent articles of the series are: "Salt, An Important Resource of
Kansas," January, 1946 ; "Ferries and Toll Bridges in Early Days,"
February; "Prairie Fires in Kansas," March; "Oil Discovery and
Development," April; "The County Seat 'Wars,'" May; "Sappa
Creek and Arickaree Massacres," September; "Prohibition in Kan-
sas," October; "The First Industry [Milling] in Kansas," Novem-
ber; "State Aid Through Bounties," December; "The Traveling Li-
brary and Art Gallery," January, 1947 ; "Military Posts in Kansas,"
February; "The Planting of Trees in Kansas," March; "Territorial
Days in Kansas," April, and "The Lewis and Clark Expedition,"
May.

The story of the Daniel Sheridan cabin in present southeast To-
peka which in the late 1850's served as a hideout for John Brown
and slaves whom he assisted to freedom, was told in Capper's
Weekly, Topeka, January 25, 1947. The cabin is owned by the
John Brown Memorial Association of Shawnee County, Inc., an
organization of Topeka citizens interested in preserving the cabin
as a permanent John Brown shrine.

Feature articles of general interest in the March, 1947, number
of the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Lawrence,
include: "Kansas Weather: 1946," by S. D. Flora; "Survey of the
Fossil Vertebrates of Kansas; The Birds," by H. H. Lane; "Plains
and Zuni Species of Prairie-Dog," by Theo. H. Scheffer; "Pupillidae
of Northwestern Kansas," by Dorothea S. Franzen; "Birds Added
To the Kansas Faunal List," by Arthur L. Goodrich; "Production
of D.D. T.," by T. T. Castonguay and R. L. Ferm; "Composition
of Forbs at Hays, Kansas," by Noel R. Runyon; "The Nutria in
Kansas," by Donald F. Hoffmeister and Charles D. Kennedy;
"Reptiles and Amphibians of S. E. Kansas," by H. H. Hall and
H. M. Smith, and "The White-Tailed Jack Rabbit in Kansas," by
H. Leo Brown.

Pioneer life in Pawnee county in the late 1870's was recalled by
Mrs. Martha Bixby Gates in articles printed in the Lamed Chrono-
scope, March 6, 1947, and in The Daily Tiller and Toiler, March 14.

(325)

326 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Mrs. Gates settled in Pawnee county with her parents, Mr. and Mrs.
A. Delbert Bixby, in 1877. The family's first residence on their
homestead, a sod house in Walnut township, was erected during a
"building bee" at night. Mrs. Gates also recounted the beginnings
of Prairie Home school district, No. 39. Reminiscences of Mrs.
Harriet Broadbooks appeared in the Chronoscope June 12, and in
The Daily Tiller and Toiler June 16. She settled near Pawnee Rock
with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. James Payton, in the late 1870's.
Payton operated an early day sorghum mill.

Recollections of Grant Whitlock concerning the Neosho valley in
eastern Labette county in the late 1860's were published in the
McCune Herald, March 14, 1947. Whitlock said when his family
settled on a claim in 1866, which his father had staked the year
before, there was a camp of 300 Indians on the lake, a mile and a
half south of Strauss, near what is now the Strauss and Oswego
road.

Biographical sketches of Ewing Herbert, co-publisher of the Hia-
watha Daily World and The Brown County World, were printed in
many Kansas newspapers following his death, March 15, 1947. Be-
ginning as a printer on The Brown County World in the late 1870's
at the age of 12, he was engaged in the newspaper business for 69
years. After serving as a journeyman printer in various cities he
returned to Hiawatha and became associate editor of the World in
1887. He subsequently became manager and purchased the publi-
cation in the early 1890's. Herbert established the present Hia-
watha Daily World on September 12, 1908.

The Norcatur Dispatch continued its weekly historical feature in
recent issues by publishing reminiscences of Decatur and Norton
county pioneers as follows: Taylor McNeal, March 27, 1947; Byron
Wray, April 3; P. T. Neal, April 10 and May 15; C. C. Andrews,
April 17, 24, May 1 and 8. A historical sketch of Reager, a village
in western Norton county, appeared in the May 22 and 29 issues.
The Dispatch said it was named for William Wesley Reager, an
early settler.

Included among articles of historical interest to Kansans in re-
cent issues of the Kansas City (Mo.) Star were: "Hoof prints of
Kansas Buffalo Cause Shift in a Bridge-Building Project [Ellsworth
county]," by Cecil Howes, April 1, 1947; "Southwest Kansas cele-
brates the 75th anniversary of the arrival of the Santa Fe railroad,"

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 327

by Frank J. Shideler, April 13; " 'Bike' Riders Who Began Good
Roads for Kansas, Again Seek Recognition," by Cecil Howes, April
24; a sketch of the career of Walter A. Bowers, who has been named
president of Utopia College, Eureka, by Paul Brownlee, May 4;
"Prairie Dogs, Long a Rarity in Kansas, Revive as a Pest in Rus-
sell County," by Cecil Howes, May 10; a sketch of the career of
Emmett Leo Kelly, a native of Sedan, one of the world's great
clowns, May 11 ; an article on the career of Fred W. Stein, Atchison
inventor, by Charles W. Graham, May 18, and " 'Hoot' Burger,
Fistic Hope, and the Dodge City Spirit," by Alvin S. McCoy, June
8. Historical articles by Cecil Howes in the Kansas City Times
were: Minneola, Franklin county, was once a proposed capital of
Kansas, April 17, 1947; a sketch of the career of Brig. Gen. Charles
I. Martin, April 29; "Osage Mission a Century Ago," May 8;
"Name Origins of Towns in Kansas," May 13; "Where Pawnees
Raised the Flag," May 15; "A Spa Boom Swept Kansas," including
a brief sketch of Merrill Springs, Osage county, May 17; "Fuel
Problem of Kansas Pioneers," May 22; story of a Kansan who
shipped himself home by express, May 24; "On Coronado's Trail in
Kansas," May 29; "Creek and Town Names in Kansas," May 31;
"British Settlers in Early Kansas," June 3, and "The Kaw River
Highest in 1844," June 5.

Eight graves in Boot Hill cemetery at Hays were uncovered April
3, 1947, by workmen excavating for a residence in the West Eight-
eenth street neighborhood. The bones will be reburied by the city
in Mount Allen cemetery. Discovery of the graves was described in
the Hays Daily News, April 3, and the Topeka Daily Capital,
April 4.

The career of one of the colorful figures of the Southwest ended
April 4, 1947, with the death of H. B. "Ham" Bell, 93, at Dodge
City, according to the Dodge City Daily Globe of April 4. Mr. Bell
came to Kansas in 1872 and located at Great Bend. In 1874 he
moved to Dodge City and a year later contracted to haul ties for
the construction of the Santa Fe railway at Granada, Colo. Besides
his farming and business career, he served for 36 years as a peace of-
ficer.

Recollections of Orvoe M. Swartz concerning the route followed
by government freighters between Fort Harker and Fort Zarah
through northern Rice county following the Civil War, were printed
in the Bushton News, April 10, 1947. Swartz was born in a sod

328 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

shanty on the Simeon Swartz homestead, on which a part of Bush-
ton is now situated. The area in Rice and Ellsworth counties, ad-
jacent to Bushton, was known as "The Plum Creek Flats." The
flats, Swartz asserted, were on a line between Fort Barker and Fort
Zarah. The Buckbee spring being a favored watering place, the
government freighters followed a course north of Bushton about
half way between the Bushton railroad depot and the Rice-Ells-
worth county line.

Construction of the Santa Fe railroad to Valley Falls 75 years ago
was recalled in a sketch in the Valley Falls Vindicator, April 23,
1947. The article listed station agents as well as other employees
who have served the railroad at that place.

Titles of brief articles by Ida Bare, historian of the Protection
Historical Society, printed in the Protection Post, include "Red
Bluff," May 9 and 16, 1947, and "Protection, Its Name," May 23.
Red Bluff was an early-day post office in Comanche county. En-
tries in the James W. Dappert diary for the period of December 1,
1885, to March 18, 1886, were published in the Post from February
21 to May 2, 1947. The Dappert diary also was published in the
Wilmore News, March 7, 21, 28, April 18, 25, May 2, 9 and 16.

The McPherson Daily Republican published a diamond jubilee
edition on May 10, 1947, in connection with the city's three-day
celebration, May 14-16, of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the
staking out of the McPherson townsite. Subjects in the jubilee
edition included: Location of the McPherson townsite, route of the
Santa Fe trail through McPherson county, by W. J. Krehbiel;
historical sketch of McPherson county seats and courthouse, county
named in honor of Gen. James B. McPherson, by Ed Weilepp;
chronologies of city and county; founding of McPherson college;
building of railroads to McPherson, last buffalo hunt in McPherson
county, by L. E. Lindell; early-day prairie fires, the campaign to
move the state capitol to McPherson, the horse-car line, by Mark
Anson; the kidnapping of Mrs. Bassett, historical sketches of the
chiirches, by Mrs. H. A. (Jessie Hill) Rowland; early-day McPher-
son schools, by Edith I. Haight, and a historical sketch of the Daily
Republican. Also printed in the edition were many early-day pic-
tures and reminiscences of these early settlers: Mrs. T. J. Darrah,
Mrs. Charles McGiffert, Ralph C. Weight, Joe Kubin, Lydia Martin
Park, and Mrs. Christine Nordstrom. Reminiscences of Mrs. Nord-
strom were also printed in the Marquette Tribune, April 10. A 24-

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 329

page booklet, Pioneer Days in McPherson, written by Mrs. H. A.
(Jessie Hill) Rowland and published by the McPherson Junior
Chamber of Commerce, was issued in connection with the jubilee.

A centennial celebration in observance of the establishment of
Osage mission in 1847 was held May 14-17, 1947, at St. Paul. Gov.
Frank Carlson, one of the principal speakers, was inducted as an
honorary member of the Osage Indian tribe. A 125-page volume,
Osage Mission, edited by Mary Joyce and sponsored by St. Francis
parish of St. Paul, was issued in connection with the centennial and
contained historical sketches of both the mission and municipality
of Osage Mission, which in 1895 was named St. Paul. The book
was illustrated by drawings of early mission buildings and many
views of the mission and community together with pictures of re-
ligious leaders and early residents of the community. Historical
articles in the volume included these subjects: "The Jesuits at
. . . Osage Mission," "An Historical Sketch of the Lorettines in
Southeastern Kansas," by Sister Lilliana Owens, S. L., the Passionist
Fathers at St. Paul, a sketch concerning the Sisters of St. Joseph,
the schools of Osage Mission, the beginnings of the town, first rail-
roads, Neosho county-seat contests, banks, churches, and newspapers
of Osage Mission and St. Paul, and rosters of mayors and postmas-
ters. Articles on the religious orders and leaders who have served at
Osage mission and St. Paul were printed in special issues of the
St. Paul Journal, May 1 and 8. A historical sketch of Osage mission
appeared in the Pittsburg Headlight, May 12. Views of the cen-
tennial celebration were published in the Parsons Sun, May 14, 16
and 17.

The Merrill Springs hotel, a landmark near Carbondale, is being
razed. The history of the 38-room frame structure, located adja-
cent to a medicinal springs, was sketched in the Topeka State Jour-
nal, May 16, 1947. The springs were used by the Indians in early
days and later abandoned by them. The springs were rediscovered
by M. D. Merrill, the article said. Kansas courtroom scenes of
earlier decades were described by A. L. Shultz in an article, "Cur-
tain Falls on Court Orator, Once-Great in County Seat Arena,"
which was printed in the State Journal, May 23.

The building of Fort Mann, pioneer outpost on the Santa Fe trail
near present Dodge City, and dealings with the Indians about Fort
Atkinson were described by C. C. Isely in an article in the country
edition of the Wichita Eagle, May 18, 1947. Isely locates the site

330 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of Fort Mann as three miles west of Dodge City. Fort Mann was
established by the army in the 1840's as a halfway station between
Fort Leavenworth and Santa Fe. It was abandoned by 1850 and
in the early 1850's Fort Atkinson was built on or near the same
site, only to be abandoned two or three years later. Isely pointed
out that various observations by early authors reported these forts
east of the 100th meridian. This, he said, has raised the question
whether or not the fort was east of Dodge City through which the
meridian passes. "The apparent difficulty," Isely asserted, "is
easily resolved by the fact that the western line of the Osage reser-
vation, directed to be located on the 100th meridian, and still shown
on all maps, was mislocated by the early surveyors a mile and a
half west of Fort Atkinson. The location of Fort Atkinson has been
made more certain by J. P. McCollom who for twelve years owned
the farm which included the site. While leveling the land for irri-
gation he found the outlines of the fort clearly defined by the slight
elevation of the ground. The color and texture of the soil, the
marked difference in the strip of wheat growing, the ashes frequent-
ly plowed up which must have been dumped beside the original
wall, support his findings. More particularly, he located a wagon
repair shop where a barrelful of wagon pieces were found." Isely
said that Ed and Bud Riney and Tom Bell, who as boys played
about the low mounds of the old fort walls, and F. A. Hobble, whose
parents homesteaded nearby, all identify the site discovered by Mc-
Collom.

Dodge City observed the seventy-fifth anniversary of its found-
ing with a three-day jubilee celebration held on May 23, 24 and 25,
1947. The Santa Fe railroad was built to Dodge City in September,
1872, and the town was established the same year. Highlight of
the celebration was an anniversary parade which included an ox-
team and cart driven by Adley Sullivan of Guymon, Okla., and a
buffalo and cart driven by James Brillhart of Perryton, Tex. Auto-
mobiles dating back to 1906 were in the procession. Rear Admiral
John Gingrich, native of Dodge City, was a guest of honor and
speaker. Other jubilee features were model airplane contests and
an air show. A 56-page illustrated booklet was published by the
Dodge City Chamber of Commerce in connection with the celebra-
tion. It contains early-day views of the community as well as pic-
tures of present-day buildings. Historical feature articles pub-
lished in the Dodge City Daily Globe were: "Dodge City Named
For Army Officer at July, 1872, Meeting," May 20, and "History of

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 331

Famous Song ['Home on the Range'] Is Reviewed," by H. F.
Schmidt, May 23. Other historical articles in the May 23 issue
were: "Story of Historic Caches . . .," by C. C. Isely, and bio-
graphical information on Admiral Gingrich.

Evidence in support of the belief that Coronado's journey to
Quivira may have carried him as far north as the present Kansas-
Nebraska boundary, was cited in A. Q. Miller's column in the
Belleville Telescope, June 5, 1947. Miller also pointed out his
belief that the Quivira village which Coronado found was the same
Pawnee village that Pike visited in 1806. The site of the village
is now marked by Pawnee State Park, near Republic.

Florence observed its diamond jubilee on June 9, 1947, in celebra-
tion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of its incorporation as a city.
It was named in honor of Florence Crawford, daughter of Gov.
Samuel J. Crawford and the late wife of Sen. Arthur Capper. In
connection with the jubilee the Florence Bulletin, on June 5, printed
a number of historical sketches. The articles included stories of the
first Fred Harvey hotel at Florence and the part the Santa Fe
railroad played in the city's history, by Mrs. Margaret Irwin
Haucke; a history of Florence, by Jereldine Jensen; a historical
sketch of the Bulletin, rosters of Florence city officials from 1872
to 1946, and graduates of Florence High School from 1884 to 1946.
A sketch of Florence, drawn in 1878, also was printed in the issue.

"Bits o' History," a daily feature, was started in the Council
Grove Republican, June 19, 1947. Contents of the column are taken
from the writings of John Maloy, early-day lawyer and newspaper-
man. He was the father of Mrs. L. H. Brigham of Council Grove.

Galena observed the seventieth anniversary of the incorporation
of the city with a celebration June 19-21, 1947. Awards were made
to old-timers and Mrs. Amy Ashworth, age 86, was declared the
oldest resident. She has resided in the Galena community 83 years.
Druzilla McGuire, second-oldest resident, has lived in the com-
munity 80 years. The Galena Sentinel-Times in its June 26 issue
published a list of persons who have resided in Galena for 70 years
and also the names of 60-year and 50-year residents. The Sentinel-
Times published a historical sketch of the city, June 19.

Kansas Historical Notes

Formal dedication of the boyhood home of Gen. Dwight D.
Eisenhower at Abilene as a national shrine was held June 22, 1947.
A deed to the home was presented to C. M. Harger, president of the
Eisenhower Memorial Foundation, by Milton S. Eisenhower, presi-
dent of Kansas State College, who represented the Eisenhower
family at the ceremony. The two-story frame house, for many years
the home of General Eisenhower's parents, Mr. and Mrs. David
Eisenhower, will be retained as it stands as a part of the $1,000,000
memorial planned by the foundation. Gov. Frank Carlson was the
chief speaker at the dedicatory ceremony.

Another ship in World War II bearing the name of an illustrious
Kansan was the Frederick Funston. (For other ships see pp. 113-
126, in the May, 1947, issue of the Quarterly.) Launched on Septem-
ber 27, 1941, at Tacoma, Wash., this vessel was unique in that it
was the first United States ship built exclusively for use as an army
transport vessel. It was christened by Miss Barbara Funston,
daughter of the famous general. At the time of the launching, the
Frederick Funston was one of 30 C-3 type ships that had been built
at the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Company yards, but nearly
all the other ships of that type were constructed as cargo vessels.
The vessel displaces 17,600 tons and is powered by steam turbines.
Gen. Frederick Funston (1865-1917) was reared near lola and at-
tended the University of Kansas for two and a half years. Attracted
to the Cuban cause after the outbreak of the insurrection in 1895,
he went to Cuba in 1896 and served in the artillery, and was
advanced to lieutenant-colonel. Funston returned to the United
States just prior to the Spanish- American war and was named by
Gov. John W. Leedy to command the 20th Kansas regiment. The
regiment formed a part of the Philippine expeditionary force. He
was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers and
received the Congressional Medal of Honor after the battle of
Calumpit. In March, 1901, Funston engineered and executed a
daring raid on Luzon in which Aguinaldo was captured. He then was
given the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. General
Funston subsequently served as commandant of the army's Com-
mand and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, and was pro-
moted to major-general. He was in command on the Mexican bor-

(332)

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 333

der when General Pershing was sent into Mexico after Villa. Among
other famous army leaders who served under General Funston on
the border were General Eisenhower, then a lieutenant, and Gen.
Douglas MacArthur, then a captain.

The ninetieth anniversary of the founding of Emporia was
observed at a meeting of the Lyon county chapter of the Kansas
State Historical Society April 19, 1947, in the chapter's museum
room in the Emporia Civic auditorium. The observance also marked
the opening of the chapter's postwar activity. Kirke Mechem, sec-
retary of the Kansas State Historical Society, explained the work of
the Kansas society and cited opportunities for the Lyon county
museum. The Lyon county chapter recently received the gift of a
collection of 21 guns from L. M. Sutton, of Reading. Some of the
guns date back to the early 1800's. E. J. Lewis is president of the
chapter.

The Republic County Historical Society was organized at a
meeting held May 10, 1947, in Belleville. Temporary officers are:
Mrs. H. J. Adams, Belleville, president; Mrs. Sam H. Blair, Belle-
ville, vice-president; Mrs. 0. E. McMullen, Courtland, secretary,
and Mrs. Gilbert H. Faulkner, Belleville, treasurer. Mrs. McMullen
is in charge of the society's project of compiling a record of home-
steads in Republic county which remain in the families of the
original settlers. Lists of such homesteads as compiled to date were
printed in the Belleville Telescope, May 8, 1947, June 5, 12, 19
and 26.

Horse-drawn cars and the old coal gas plant were among the
subjects recalled at the annual picnic of the Sedgwick County Pio-
neer Society held June 7, 1947, at Wichita. The historical photo
and print collections of John P. Davidson, president of the society,
were displayed.

An article, "The Junior Historian Movement in the Public
Schools," by Horace Bailey Carroll, has been printed as Vol. I, No.
12 (February, 1947), of the Bulletins of the American Association
jor State and Local History. Carroll is professor of history at the
University, of Texas and editor of The Southwestern Historical
Quarterly and of The Junior Historian. Copies of the bulletin may
be obtained from the association's secretary, Earl D. Newton, Su-
preme Court Building, Montpelier, Vt.

334 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The first installment of the reprint of Shawnee County Town-
ships William Cone's Historical Sketch of Shawnee County, Kansas
appears in the March, 1947, issue of the Bulletin of The Shawnee
County Historical Society, Topeka. The Cone sketch, published in
1877, is being reproduced in the Bulletin with the approval of Mr.
Cone's heirs. Mr. Cone served in the circulation and advertising
departments of the Kansas Farmer and Topeka Daily Capital and
later was an employee of the Kansas State Historical Society. His
daughters, Mrs. A. M. Harvey, and Miss Mamie Cone, reside in
Topeka. Other subjects in the March issue include "The Founding
of Topeka" and the second installment of the "Chronology of
Shawnee County," by George A. Root, for the closing months of
1854 and the first eight months of 1855. Cecil Howes is editor of
the Bulletin.

Some problems of the terminology of geography were discussed by
Dr. James C. Malin in an article entitled "Grassland, 'Treeless,' and
'Subhumid/ " printed in a recent number of The Geographical Re-
view (v. 37, No. 2, 1947), of Burlington, Vt., publication of the
American Geographical Society. Dr. Malin is professor of history
at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, and is associate editor of
the Kansas Historical Quarterly.

"Kansas Banking During the War Economy Period, 1939-1945,"
is the title of a study by L. J. Pritchard printed by the University
of Kansas Publications of Lawrence in 1946 as No. 7 of the Indus-
trial Research Series.

A pictorial story of the opening of the West and the evolution of
the Southwest is presented in The Santa Fe Trail, 271-page book of
illustrations prepared by the editors of Look magazine and pub-
lished by Random House late in 1946. Subjects include the era of
exploration, "Manifest Destiny," trail-breakers, the coming of the
railroad, peopling the prairie and the modern Southwest.

Autobiography of William Colfax Markham is the title of a 241-
page book recently published by Ransdell Inc., Washington, D. C.
Markham was the first secretary of the Kansas state highway com-
mission and nationally known in highway circles for more than two
decades, serving as executive secretary of the American Association
of State Highway Officials from 1923 until 1942. A considerable
portion of the volume is devoted to Markham's career at Baldwin,
first as a student at Baker University and then as editor of the

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 335

Baldwin Ledger, beginning August 11, 1893, and continuing until
after he entered highway work. The visit of President Taft to
Baldwin on September 24, 1911, is described. The Taft address
was scheduled as part of the ceremonies inaugurating Dr. Wilbur
N. Mason as president of Baker University.

Victoria, the Story of a Western Kansas Town, by Marjorie
Garnet Raish, has been published as No. 3 of the Language and
Literature Series of the Fort Hays Kansas State College Studies of
Hays. This 83-page study is a history of the English colony at
Victoria from the purchase of the land from the Kansas Pacific
railroad by George Grant in 1872 until the end of the colony in the
early 1880's.

A 32-page booklet, Ellsworth, Kansas, 1867-1947, by George Jel-
inek, was recently issued. It deals with the first settlement and
early events of Ellsworth county and the establishment of Fort Ells-
worth. The founding of the city of Ellsworth in 1867, the year the
Union Pacific was constructed westward to that point, is described.
The booklet sets out the locations of early-day business houses and
incidents in Ellsworth in its cow-town era. The publication is il-
lustrated by numerous scenes of the late 1860's and early 1870's
together with other views of the community in the 1880's and later
decades.

The committee on research in folklore, of the American Folklore
Society, annually publishes in The Journal of American Folklore a
list of folklore projects which are in progress. The writing of books,
monographs, special studies, library research, and field collecting
are included. Folklorists are requested to send information on their
current activities to Herbert Halpert, 60 West Winter Street, Dela-
ware, Ohio, before September 10.

Coal Reserves in Kansas, by G. E. Abernathy, J. M. Jewett, and
W. H. Schoewe, is the title of a 20-page booklet printed in March,
1947, by the University of Kansas Publications, Lawrence, as Bulle-
tin 70, Part 1 of the State Geological Survey of Kansas.

The life of a "horse-and buggy" lawyer in the 1890's and early
1900's is described in the book Sam Jones, Lawyer, by Ben Jones,
his son, published recently by the University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman. Sam Jones located at Lyons at the time the late Sen.
William E. Borah was practicing law there. The 218-page volume
contains humorous stories of the lawyer's experiences.

336 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Natural Resources: Their Relation To Power and Peace is the
title of a 20-page pamphlet by Dr. Frank T. Stockton, issued re-
cently by the Bureau of Government Research, University of Kan-
sas, Lawrence.

The Abraham Lincoln Association, First National Bank Building,
Springfield, 111., solicits information concerning the present private
ownership and location of any document composed by Abraham
Lincoln, whether or not it has been published hitherto. Documents
in public institutions are readily accessible, but many of those held
by individuals have not been located to date. The preparation of
a complete edition of Lincoln's writings from original sources will
be greatly facilitated by information leading to procurement of
photostatic copies of documents held by private individuals. Any
assistance the association receives will be acknowledged in the
publication.

William Allen White's America, a 621-page book by Dr. Walter
Johnson, originally scheduled for publication by Henry Holt and
Company of New York on March 15, 1947, was issued instead on
August 11. A chapter from this work proved a popular feature of
the February, 1947, number of The Kansas Historical Quarterly. It
has been learned that the book is the August selection of the Non-
Fiction Book Club. This is the second of two volumes written by
Dr. Johnson of the history department of the University of Chicago
after several years' study of the life of Mr. White. The first volume
was issued in January under the title The Selected Letters of William
Allen White. The books form an excellent study and illustrate the
extensive contacts Mr. White had and maintained nationally and
locally during his lifetime. Dr. Johnson, with Miss Alberta Pantle,
a member of the staff of the Historical Society, also compiled a
bibliography of Mr. White's writings which appeared in the Feb-
ruary Quarterly. Before Mr. White died Dr. Johnson had micro-
filmed a part of his voluminous correspondence and other papers,
and a positive copy of the film is now available at the Kansas State
Historical Society.

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

November 1947

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society
Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

PAGE

CHARLES CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION Berlin B. Chapman, 337

With portraits of Wah-Shun-Gah, Chief of the Raw Indians, facing
p. 344, and Vice -President Charles Curtis, facing p. 345.

A REPORT AND REMARKS ON CANTONMENT LEAVEN-
WORTH Edward R. DeZurko, 353

With drawing, "Plan of Cantonment Leavenworth, 1828," facing
p. 352, and portrait of Gen. Henry Leavenworth, facing p. 353.

WILLIAM E. BORAH'S YEARS IN KANSAS IN THE 1880's Waldo W. Braden, 360

With portraits of William E. Borah and Frank Lasley (1885),
facing p. 360, and Mr. and Mrs. William E. Borah (1895),
facing p. 361.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864: Part Three, 1858 368

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 404

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 406

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 413

INDEX TO VOLUME XV 415

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

A dog dance by the Kansas Indians at one of their former
villages two miles east of present Manhattan, August 24, 1819.
The picture is a reproduction of the sketch drawn by Samuel Sey-
mour of the Maj. S. H. Long expedition. It was published in 1822
and is believed to be the first ever printed relating to what is now
the state of Kansas.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XV November, 1947 Number 4

Charles Curtis and the Kaw Reservation

BERLIN B. CHAPMAN

A T WASHINGTON in January, 1932, after most of the material
** in this article had been assembled, I asked Hon. Charles Curtis,
Vice-President of the United States, to read the manuscript. It was
labeled, "Raws," and was prepared 'in connection with a study en-
titled, "Dissolution of the Osage Reservation." 1 Mr. Curtis had
been in congress in the first decade of the century when the Kaw
and Osage reservations in Oklahoma territory were dissolved and
had taken an active part in the dissolutions.

Mr. Curtis read the manuscript, made notes useful in supplement-
ing it, and in discussion he seemed especially interested in minors,
their place and the protection given them in the dissolution of the
Kaw reservation. His mother was a quarter-blood member of the
Kansas or Kaw tribe. 2

An examination of the Kaw papers in the archives in Washington
showed that Curtis had been a man of peculiar importance among
the Kaws. From his paramount influence among them came the
policy and plan by which the reservation was broken up. His in-
fluence at Washington during the dissolution may be judged from
the fact that he was chairman of the house committee on expendi-
tures in the Interior Department, a member of the committee on In-
dian affairs, and chairman of the subcommittee having charge of
Indian territory legislation.

The Kaw reservation embraced about 100,137 acres on the south-
ern border of Kansas. It now constitutes the portion of Kay
county, Oklahoma, east of the Arkansas river. The Kaws bought

DR. BERLIN B. CHAPMAN is associate professor of history, Oklahoma Agricultural and Me-
chanical College, Stillwater, Okla.

1. The history of the Kaws is entwined with that of the Osages. I am indebted to Mr.
Curtis for assistance in preparation of the series of four articles, "Dissolution of the Osage
Reservation," in Chronicles of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, v. 20 (1942), pp. 244-254, 875-887;
v. 21 (1943), pp. 78-88, 171-182.

2. I had written that Curtis' mother was a full -blood member of the tribe, having taken
the statement from The Encyclopedia Americana (New York and Chicago, 1918, 1929, 1932),
v. 8, p. 316. Mr. Curtis made a notation correcting the error.

(337)

338 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the reservation from the Osages, and like the Osages had removed
from Kansas.

In the late 1860's the Kaws were living in Kansas on the verge
of starvation. Their population was less than 700 and they were
noticeably decreasing in number. In the neighborhood of Council
Grove they had a diminished reserve of some 80,000 acres, while
their "trust lands" adjoining the reserve consisted of 175,000 acres. 3

To provide for the removal and most urgent necessities of the
Kansas Indians, $25,000 was appropriated by act of congress ap-
proved February 14, 1873, said amount to be reimbursed from the
proceeds of the sale of their lands in Kansas. 4 The Kaws left their
reservation in Kansas on June 4 and arrived at their new reserva-
tion in the Indian territory on June 21 "without the loss of one
member, and without having had any difficulty with the whites or
among themselves." Their number was 533. 5

The new reservation was in the region known as the Cherokee
outlet. The Osages paid the Cherokees for lands in the Kaw reser-
vation. By proper transfer of funds arising from the sale of their
lands in Kansas, the Kaws on October 27, 1881, reimbursed the
United States the amount of $70,096.12 paid to the Osages for lands
occupied by the Kaws in the Indian territory. 6 Thus the Kaws pur-
chased their reservation at the rate of seventy cents an acre. The
reservation was included in the lands which the Cherokees by deed
of June 14, 1883, relinquished to the United States in trust for the
use and benefit of the Osages and Kaws.

In less than ten years after the Kaws paid for their reservation,
the United States government entered upon a vigorous policy of
dissolving reservations in the western half of Indian territory,
known after May 2, 1890, as Oklahoma territory. There from 1890

3. Francis A. Walker, commissioner of Indian affairs, to Secretary of the Interior, Decem-
ber 2, 1871, in Senate Miscellaneous Documents, 42 Cong., 2 Seas., v. 1 (Serial No. 1481),
Doc. No. 10; Kansas or Kaw Indians v. United States, 80 Ct. Cls., 264; 288 (1934); Charles
C. Royce, "Indian Land Cessions in the United States," in Eighteenth Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, 1899), Pt. 2, pp. 822,
823, map 27 ; Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (hereinafter cited as RCIA), 1868,
pp. 260-262.

The Kaws in 1850 numbered 1,700. In regard to their rapid decrease in population, and
their removal from Kansas, see Grant Foreman, The Last Trek of the Indians (Chicago, 1946),
pp. 277-282.

4. 17 Statutes, 461. In subsequent legislation congress referred to the "Kansas or Kaw
Tribe." 32 Statutes, 636 ; 43 Statutes, 176.

5. Agent Mahlon Stubbs to Supt. Enoch Hoag, September 1, 1873, in RCIA, 1873, pp.
202, 334.

6. OIA (Office of Indian Affairs), "Indian Appropriations," Ledger 28, folio 5; OIA,
"Indian Requisitions," v. 93 (No. 99), Requisition No. 4898. A fuller history is found in the
report of the general accounting office concerning the petition of the Kansas or Kaw tribe, court
of claims, No. F-64. A copy is in the court of claims. The opinion of the court is in 80
Ct. Cls., 264 (1934). See, also, court of claims, Printed Records, v. 677, pp. 289, 290.

Unless otherwise stated, the remainder of the OIA materials cited in this article are in the
National Archives, Washington, D. C.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 339

to 1893 the Cherokee commission negotiated eleven agreements.
By these agreements about twelve thousand Indians sold their
reservations to the government and received allotments as part of
the consideration for relinquishment. The reservations embraced
fifteen million acres. 7 The surplus lands were opened to white set-
tlement.

Indians on the Osage, Kaw, Ponca, and Otoe and Missouri res-
ervations had acquired titles by purchase, and were the only tribes
in Oklahoma territory to resist successfully the offers and threats
of the Cherokee commission. 8 The four reservations formed a com-
pact area on the southern border of Kansas just west of the 96th
meridian, or west of the site of present Bartlesville, Okla.

In 1890 Agent Laban J. Miles of the Osage agency at Pawhuska,
to which agency the Kaw reservation was attached, reported that
the Kaws were opposed to taking allotments, claiming that it would
eventually deprive them of lands which they had paid for and to
which they had received a pledge that they should receive a title
in fee. 9 In the spring of 1892 a number of mixed-bloods expressed
a desire to take allotments but insisted on having 160 acres per
capita set apart for them. Miles said that he knew of no law by
which they could receive that amount and the request of the In-
dians was withdrawn. Since the Cherokee commission was ex-
pected weekly, Miles deferred the matter until their arrival. 10

In council with the Pawnees on November 16, 1892, David H.
Jerome, chairman of the Cherokee commission, said:

Congress has resolved that it will open this whole country west of 96 after
the Indians have taken their homes. . . . Under the law that Congress
passed creating this Commission we have made contracts for all of this ter-
ritory except what is north and east of you. There is so little territory that
is not under contract that it is unreasonable to suppose that the Government
would stop when there is such a little spot left. There is no question about
Congress having power, but it is only a question of kindness to the Indians
as to how it shall be brought about. 11

On June 23, 1893, the commission went to the Osage agency, re-

7. Berlin B. Chapman, "The Final Report of the Cherokee Commission," Chronicles of
Oklahoma, v. 19 (1941), p. 865.

8. The best record of the offers and threats is the stenographic account of the negotiations
of the Cherokee commission, OIA, ISP (Irregular Sized Papers), Drawer 14.

9. Laban J. Miles to commissioner of Indian affairs, August 27, 1890, in RC1A, 1890.
p. 190.

10. Same to same, August 80, 1892, ibid., 1892, p. 391.

11. Proceedings of the councils the Cherokee commission held with the Pawnees, pp. 123,
124. The proceedings are in OIA, ISP, Drawer 14. In 1901 Gov. William M. Jenkins esti-
mated that if the four reservations were opened to settlement, allotments being made as pro-
vided by the general allotment act, the residue lands would amount to 1,255,886 acres. "Re-
port of Governor of Oklahoma," 1901, in House Documents, 57 Cong., 1 Sess. (Serial 4298).
p. 440.

340 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

mained almost a month, and in the meantime sought interviews
with members of the Kaw tribe. They ascertained that the Kaws
would only follow when the Osages led, so they did not visit them
at their homes. 12 The surplus lands of the four reservations were
not sold to the government and none was opened to white settle-
ment.

During the half dozen years after 1893 the matter of allotment
on the Kaw reservation seems to have scarcely occurred to the
agents in making their annual reports. The Kaws held their lands
in common. According to custom each individual, with the consent
of the tribe, could occupy as much land as he wished. In 1899
Agent William J. Pollock reported that no allotments had been
made and that there was consequently a great inequality in the
possession of lands. He pointed out that under existing conditions
intermarried men and a few wealthy and more intelligent Indians
were monopolizing vast areas without paying for their use. 13

When the Kaws decided to take allotments they seem to have
taken up the matter with one accord. No opposition party, so com-
mon in the dissolution of reservations, disturbed the progress of
the work. On August 24, 1900, the national council passed unani-
mously "the following preamble and resolution":

Whereas certain interest peculiar to the Kaw Tribe of Indians both of land
and money and [are] now pending before the Department at Washington,
Be it therefore resolved by the Kaw Council this day in Session that we re-
spectfully urge the Hon. Secretary of the Interior Through the Hon. Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs to allow a delegation of four (4) from the Kaw
Tribe to wit: Wah-Shun-Gah, Governor, Forrest Chouteau Councilman, W.
E. Hardy, Sect, and Achan Pappan Interpreter to visit Washington at the
convenience of the Hon. Secretary of the Interior for the purpose as above
stated, and that the expenses of said delegation be paid from the Kaw Tribal
Funds. 14

From Topeka on September 10 Curtis wrote to W. A. Jones, com-
missioner of Indian affairs, as follows: "You will remember I had
a conversation with the Secretary and yourself in regard to a Dele-
gation of Kaws visiting Washington. You both agreed if they
would pass a resolution of their Council that you would permit them
to make the trip. I hand you herewith a copy of the resolutions
which have gone into the Department through the proper officers.
I hope you will grant their request. It has been years since a dele-

12. Cherokee commission to the President, August 21, 1893, OIA, 7801 Indian division,
1893 ; C. A. Dempsey to commissioner of Indian affairs, September 5, 1893, in RCIA, 1&93,
p. 255.

13. Pollock to commissioner of Indian affairs, August 16, 1899, in ibid., 1899, Pt. 1, p. 295.

14. The quotation is from a copy of the resolution in the Indian Office, F. 45020 1900.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 341

gation of this Tribe visited Washington." 15 On October 18 Agent
Oscar A. Mitscher forwarded to the office of Indian affairs a peti-
tion from the tribe requesting authority to visit Washington;
authority was granted by E. A. Hitchcock, Secretary of the Inte-
rior, on October 25, and in the latter part of December the delega-
tion was in Washington. 16 The results of consultation there are
difficult to assess, but the visit appears as a proper prelude to events
of the next three years.

In 1901 Mitscher reported that all the Kaw Indians but three or
four had made selections of 160 acres for a home. 17 "The Kaws
are anxious for allotment, and have asked for it," said William M.
Jenkins, governor of Oklahoma territory, in his report for that
year. 18 In compliance with, the instructions of the Department of
the Interior, Special Agent Frank C. Armstrong investigated condi-
tions on the reservation and on December 16 the department re-
ceived his recommendation that all the lands be allotted. Armstrong
said that each person should be allotted 160 acres to be held under
the provision of the general allotment act. He stated that much of
the land was very valuable, and that the Indians could sell the sur-
plus in 80- or 160-acre tracts for a better price than the government
would pay. 19

On the same day Curtis submitted to the office of Indian affairs
a resolution of the tribal council, dated December 12, 1901, request-
ing the government at its own expense to resurvey the reservation
so as to enable each member of the tribe to select 160 acres as a
homestead. 20 "We ask for this resurvey in order that it may be
easier to have our lands divided among our members," reads the
resolution. It was observed that a survey had been made some
thirty years past but that many of the cornerstones had been re-
moved or destroyed. Curtis stated that he hoped the request of

15. The letter of September 10, 1900, is marked "Personal." It is filed with ibid. Curtis
received a favorable reply. Com. W. A. Jones to Curtis, September 24, 1900, OIA, "F. Letter
Book," 642, p. 401.

16. Jones to Secretary of Interior, October 24, 1900, OIA, 7748 Ind. Div., 1900; Hitchcock
to commissioner of Indian affairs, October 25, 1900, Interior Department "Letter Book," 111,
p. 88 ; same to same, December 27, 1900, ibid., p. 591. Jones said it was not convenient
to have the delegation come before December. OIA, "F. Letter Book," 646, p. 485.

17. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, August 14, 1901, RCIA, 1901, Pt. 1, p. 328.

18. House Documents, loc. cit.

19. The report, under date of December 7, 1901, is in House Documents, 57 Cong., 1 Sess.
(Serial 4861), Doc. No. 406, pp. 59, 60. The investigation was made in compliance with a
provision in the Indian appropriation act of March 3, 1901 (31 Statutes, 1060). Armstrong
outlined a plan for the division of the lands of the Osage reservation and said that his sugges-
tion applied equally to the Kaws. House Documents, loc. cit. t pp. 9, 10. The report was
transmitted to congress February 20, 1902.

20. The resolution, and Curtis' letter of December 16, 1901, are in the Indian Office, Au-
thority, 74008 1901.

342 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the Indians would be granted. 21 On December 21 Commissioner
Jones recommended that authority be granted for the expenditure
of $2,500 for the resurvey and that the same be made under the
supervision of the agent of the Osage agency. 22 He stated that ob-
literation of monuments was quite likely, especially since the lands
had been regularly leased for cattle grazing purposes during the
past nine years. 23 The Secretary of the Interior granted the neces-
sary authority January 8, 1902, and on February 7 Walter E.
Stumph was directed to make the resurvey. 24

Early in the year, without the intervention of the Department of
the Interior and without being urged by it, the Raws proposed to
make an agreement for the division of their lands, the distribution
of their funds and the sale of their landed interests in Kansas. On
January 15 Wah-shun-gah said in reply to a letter from Curtis:

I very much prefer a delegation to go to Washington, rather than attempt
a settlement here, for to submit matters here would only delay our purpose.
So I ask that a delegation of 7 representative Kaw Indians be allowed to come
and treat with the Government for final disposition of our matters. 25

In transmitting the letter to the commissioner of Indian affairs,
Curtis wrote:

I believe this request of his should be granted, and would suggest that Wah-
shun-gah, head chief, Forrest Chouteau, Wah-noh-o-e-ke, William Hardy,
Mitch [ell] Fronkier, (all of the above are councilmen), and Akan Pappan
and W. E. Hardy, who is Secretary and treasurer of the tribe, be on the dele-
gation. If the above delegation is selected, the various elements of the tribe
will be fully represented. 26

Secretary Hitchcock granted the necessary authority. 27 A gen-
eral council was held February 1, 1902, and the seven named repre-
sentatives, elected by majority vote, were authorized to prepare the
agreement. They were empowered to " enter into such an agreement
with the Government as they deem to be for the best interests of

21. See, also, the letter of Curtis to Jones, November 2, 1901, OIA, L. 62204 1901.

22. Jones to Secretary of Interior, December 21, 1901, OIA, "L. Letter Book," 513, pp.
177-179.

23. The surplus lands of the reservation were divided into fourteen pastures varying in
area from 500 acres to about 10,500 acres. Pasture No. 13, containing 663 acres, was reserved
for the common use of the Kaw's. The remaining pastures, embracing more than one-half of
the reservation or 69,383 acres, were subject to lease. The net revenue from the pastures in
1901 totaled $26,413.63. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, August 14, 1901, RCIA,
1901, Pt. 1, p. 328; Tonner to Thomas Kelley, January 31, 1902, OIA, "L. Letter Book," 519,
p. 16. The Raws were allowed to take allotments within the pastures and plow them, the
allotments to be deducted from the gross area. However, allotments could not interfere with
water privileges of pastures. Telegram from Tonner to W. F. Smith, February 12, 1902, OIA,
"L. Letter Book," 520, p. 419.

24. Jones to Stumph, February 7, 1902, in ibid., 520, pp. 68, 69.

25. The letter is in the Indian Office, F. 43231902.

26. Curtis to commissioner of Indian affairs, January 21, 1902. Ibid.

27. Hitchcock to commissioner of Indian affairs, January 25, 1902, OIA, Authority, 74218
1902.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 343

our said tribe." 28 At Washington on February 8 they signed an
"Agreement of the Kansas or Kaw Indians of Oklahoma Territory
among themselves relative to their tribal lands and funds, and me-
morial to Congress." 29 The agreement they signed was the product
of Curtis' pen. 30

According to the agreement the roll of the tribe as shown by the
records of the local agency, as it existed on December 1, 1901, and
listing all descendents of members born between that date and De-
cember 1, 1902, was declared to be the roll of the tribe for the distri-
bution of lands and funds. There should be set apart to each member
of the tribe 160 acres for a homestead which, with certain provisions,
should be nontaxable and inalienable for a period of twenty-five
years from January 1, 1903. Persons who had already selected
homesteads should be allowed to retain them while others were di-
rected to select homesteads within thirty days after the ratification
of the agreement.

If any member of the tribe failed to make such selection within
said time, then it should be the duty of the tribal agent to make the
selection for such member or members. A provision stated that
"selections of homesteads for minors shall be made by his or her
parents." There was a further provision that in case there were
children born to members of said tribe between the ratification of
the agreement and December 1, 1902, selection should be made for
them within thirty days after their birth, and all selections must be
made on or before January 1, 1903.

After the selection of homesteads the remaining Kaw lands in
Oklahoma territory, with certain provisions, should be divided
equally, in acres, among the members of the tribe, giving to each
as nearly as practicable, the same number of acres of farming and

28. The credentials, dated February 1, 1902, are in House Documents, 57 Cong., 1 Sess.
(Serial 4361), Doc. No. 452, pp. 9-11. Sixty-five of the seventy-six adults signed the cre-
dentials.

29. The document is in ibid., pp. 3-9.

30. In a letter to the commissioner of Indian affairs on December 16, 1901, Curtis stated
that it was his "intention to prepare an agreement" to submit to the Indians which would en-
able them to carry out their desires with reference to the allotment and division of their lands.
T-OIA, Authority, 74008 1901. On July 22, 1902, he stated that he did not attend the de-
liberations of the Kaw delegation when they were considering the agreement. He added:
"When I drew up the Agreement I did not recall the fact that it was customary to carry
Members of the Tribe who die, upon the rolls until after the next payment." Curtis to A. C.
Tonner, OIA, "Special Case 201," 43, 5941902.

I learned from Mr. Curtis that in the early 1890's the Kaws were reluctant to make im-
provements on lands because at their death the tribal council could give the fruits of their
labor to persons other than the heirs. He told the tribe that if they would make selections,
improve them and have the superintendent at the Kaw subagency make record of the same,
he would secure an arrangement whereby lands would descend to heirs. Selections were made
accordingly and Mr. Curtis drew up the agreement.

Agent Mitscher said in 1901: "Credit for the present excellent financial condition of the
Kaw Indians belongs largely to Congressman Charles Curtis, who by unremitting effort has,
from a condition of poverty, placed the tribe in a position of affluence." Letter to com-
missioner of Indian affairs, August 14, 1901, RCIA, 1901, Pt. 1, p. 328.

344 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

grazing lands, and as near to the homestead of each as possible.
The lands, other than homesteads, set aside to each member should
be free from taxation as long as the title remained in said member,
but in no event to exceed twenty-five years and, with certain pro-
visions, the same should not be sold or encumbered in any way be-
fore the expiration of ten years from the date of the deed to said
member. The uninherited lands of minors should be inalienable
during their minority. Selections and allotments made under the
agreement should conform to existing surveys in tracts of not less
than eighty acres.

The administrative work in dividing the lands should be left al-
most entirely to the local agency and the Indians. It should be the
duty of the agent, the clerk in charge of the Kaw subagency, to-
gether with a committee of three members of the tribe, to be se-
lected jointly by the agent, clerk in charge, and the tribal council,
to divide the surplus lands among the members of the tribe, in ac-
cordance with the agreement.

In the selection of homesteads, no member should be permitted to
select lands already selected by another member of the tribe, unless
the other member should be in possession of more lands than he and
his family were entitled to under the agreement; in such case the
member in possession should have the right to make the first selec-
tion. The Secretary of the Interior should furnish the head chief of
the tribe deeds, properly filled out, for the conveyances provided
for in the agreement ; and the head chief was directed thereupon, and
in the presence of the agent in charge of the tribe, to execute the
deeds; after execution they should be delivered to the agent whose
duty it was to see that they were properly delivered to members
entitled to them. Each member should be entitled to a separate deed
for lands conveyed as a homestead.

When a deed should be approved by the Secretary of the Interior
and by the head chief it should operate as a relinquishment to the
individual member of all the right, title, and interest of the United
States and of the Kaw tribe (as a tribe) in and to the lands embraced
therein. Disputes between members of the tribe as to the right of
possession in the selection of homesteads should be adjudicated and
settled by the agent, subject to the approval of the commissioner of
Indian affairs.

The Kaws should cede to the United States 160 acres including
the grounds of the school and agency buildings. The United States
should maintain a school there for the Kaws for at least ten years.

WAH-SHUN-GAH
CHIEF OF THE KAW INDIANS

The original portrait is now owned by the Oklahoma Historical
Society, Oklahoma City.

CHARLES CURTIS

1860-1936

Curtis, who was part Kaw Indian, was born in North Topeka. He
represented Kansas in Washington as a representative and as a senator
for many years, and from 1929 to 1933 he was Vice-President of the
United States, the first native Kansan to be so honored.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 345

Twenty acres should be reserved as a cemetery. Eighty acres at
the Kaw agency 31 (now Washunga) should be set aside as a townsite,
which should be laid off into lots and sold at public auction.

The Secretary of the Interior should be empowered, in his discre-
tion and at the request of any member of the tribe, to issue a certifi-
cate to such member authorizing the sale of any or all of his lands,
and the acquisition of a pro rata share of the funds of the tribe. The
member should then have the right to manage and dispose of his
property the same as any other citizen of the United States, but his
lands should be subject to taxation, and his name should be dropped
from the rolls of the tribe. Adult heirs could sell and convey in-
herited lands, and so could minors, under certain legal regulations.
But all conveyances of heirs were subject to the approval of the
Secretary of the Interior and to rules and regulations prescribed by
him.

On February 21, 1902, Agent Mitscher transmitted the agreement
and memorial to Commissioner Jones with his approval. 32 "The
agreement they present represents the unanimous wish of the tribe,"
Mitscher said, "and I feel convinced that their action is well advised,
and that they are prepared to assume the responsibility." He ob-
served that tribal conditions discounted individual effort and that
"a community of interests tends to dependence, carelessness, indif-
ference, shiftlessness, and downright laziness." Commissioner Jones
also endorsed the agreement, saying that as a whole the tribe was
probably as nearly ready as any in the country to be placed upon
its own resources. 33 He observed that the agreement was in entire
harmony with the views of the office of Indian affairs as expressed
in the last two annual reports. On March 10 the agreement was
transmitted to the house of representatives 34 and on July 1 it was
incorporated without material change in an act of congress. 35

During the summer of 1902 Mitscher wrote: "Allotment has oc-
cupied the center of the stage the past year upon the Kaw reserva-

81. "The Kaw Agency ... is located at the extreme south end of the Kaw Reserva-
tion, on high ground heavily timbered, and 1 mile from the Arkansas River and on the banks
of Little Beaver River, the most sylvan spot in the Indian service." Mitscher to commissioner
of Indian affairs, August 21, 1900, RCIA, 1900, p. 337.

82. Letter of February 21, 1902, OIA, "Special Case 201," 12057 1902.

83. Jones to Secretary of Interior, March 1, 1902, Senate Reports, 57 Cong., 1 Sess. (Serial
4264), Report No. 2099, pp. 2, 3. "The agreement," said Jones, "proposes the abolishment of
tribal organization and an equal division of the lands and an equal distribution of the tribal
funds. This is in line with the new policy which must be adopted in dealing with the Indian
if he is to be made self-supporting and to become a useful member of the community in which
he lives."

84. Thomas Ryan to speaker of the house of representatives, March 10, 1902, Houte Docu-
ments, loc. cit., p. 1.

35. 32 Statutes, 636.

346 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tion. Little else noteworthy has occurred to merit remark." 36 On
June 23 Mitscher submitted to the office of Indian affairs a schedule
of homestead allotments prepared by Stumph under his direction,
which schedule was thought to contain the names of all Indians en-
titled to. allotments up to that time. 37 The schedule could not be
closed prior to December 1, 1902, since descendents of allottees born
during the year previous to that date were entitled to allotments. It
was subsequently determined that there were twelve children so en-
titled, eleven of whom were born between June 20 (the date of the
close of the former schedule) and December 1.

On February 23, 1903, Mitscher forwarded to the office of Indian
affairs a complete or "Final" roll of the tribe, containing the names
of 247 persons, 38 together with the description and acreage of the
homestead selection allotted to each person. 39 The schedule was
transmitted to the Secretary of the Interior on March 21 and ap-
proved by him three days later. The commissioner of Indian af-
fairs was directed to prepare deeds for the conveyance of the allot-
ments by the head chief of the tribe to the respective allottees, as
shown by the schedule, in accordance with the provisions of the
agreement. Homestead allotments embraced a total of 39,670
acres.

It has been observed that the homestead selections were practi-
cally completed before the agreement was ratified by congress. Ac-
cording to the agreement the surplus lands could not be prorated
until after January 1, 1903. 40 The schedule of homestead selections
constituted the basis upon which the remainder of the lands were di-
vided; that is to say, all persons whose names appeared upon the

36. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, August 21, 1902, RCIA, 1902, Pt. 1,
p. 293.

37. Letter to commissioner of Indian affairs, June 23, 1902, OIA, "Special Case 201,"
37866 1902. The "Schedule of Homestead Allotments" should not be confused with the
"Schedule of Allotments of Surplus Lands." The latter is sometimes called the "Schedule of
Additional Allotments." The schedules are in the Indian Office, "Schedules of Allotments,"
No. 26. They have not been transferred to the National Archives.

88. The tribal roll was adhered to although only 218 persons were alive at the close of
the fiscal year 1903. Eighty-nine were full bloods. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian
affairs, August 22, 1903, RCIA, 1903, Pt. 1, p. 269. Mitscher was instructed that if a person
whose name was on the roll were dead, the date of death should be noted on the schedule.
Tel. from Jones to Mitscher, April 2, 1902, OIA, "L. Letter Book," 529, p. 285.

89. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, February 23, 1903, OIA, "Special Case
201," 135161903. The roll is filed with the letter. The following excerpt is from the roll:

No.

Name

Relation

Sex

Age

Sub. Div.

Sec

Town.

Range Acres

138

Curtis Charles

Head

4 160

139

Curtis Permelia . . .

Daut.

W %

. .

N %

4 160

140

Curtis Harry K. . .

Son

NE 14

Lts. 6,

'3 iei!

!is

7, 8, 9

141 Curtis Leona J. ... Daut. F 8 NW 10 28 4 160

40. Acting Commissioner A. C. Tonner to John F. McDermott, September 29, 1902, OIA,
"L. Letter Book," 561, p. 254.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 347

approved schedule of homestead selections were entitled to receive a
pro rata share of the surplus lands, and only such persons could
participate in the distribution.

On January 17 the Department of the Interior approved instruc-
tions for the division of the surplus lands and on January 23 the
same were sent to Mitscher. 41 It was expected that he would be
aided greatly in the matter of getting a nearly equal division of lands
in acres among the members of the tribe by a judicious use of the
many "lots" containing less than the legal subdivision of forty acres
which occurred along the Arkansas river. It was pointed out that
quite a large number of the lots had been taken in the homestead
selections, and by reason thereof, in not a few cases, homesteads
contained less than 160 acres., In such cases, where practicable, it
was expected that an effort would be made to supplement this de-
ficiency so that all members might ultimately receive very nearly
the same number of acres. The instructions stated that so far as
practicable all the farming lands of each member of the tribe should
lie in a compact body and all the grazing lands in one compact body.

The provision in the agreement stating that all selections and al-
lotments should conform to existing surveys of the reservation in
tracts of not less than eighty acres was an impossible one in reference
to allotting the surplus lands. On February 10 Mitscher reported
that this provision had met with the compliance of the tribe, there
being no homestead selections of less than eighty acres in one tract;
but that in dividing the surplus lands it seemed impossible to comply
strictly with the provision since there were several instances of
forty-acre tracts which were entirely surrounded by homestead selec-
tions. 42 In reply, A. C. Tonner, acting commissioner of Indian
affairs, stated that "it was not intended to instruct the Kaw Allot-
ment Commission to do impossible or impracticable things." 43 He
explained that where there were isolated tracts of less than eighty
acres, or isolated lots along the Arkansas river of less than forty
acres, necessarily these tracts would have to be assigned in less
quantities than that mentioned in the agreement.

The Kaw allotment commission was composed of Mitscher, Edson
Watson (the clerk in charge of the Kaw subagency), Chief Wah-
shun-gah, Forrest Chouteau, and William Hardy. The three tribal

41. Tonner to Mitscher, January 23, 1903, in ibid.^ 580, p. 76. The letter of instructions,
under date of January 14, 1903, is in the Indian Office, ibid., 578, pp. 117-122. Instructions
to Mitscher for laying out the townsite are under the same date and are in ibid. f pp. 166-169.

42. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, February 10, 1903, OIA, "Special Case
201," 108741903.

43. Tonner to Mitscher, March 12, 1903, OIA, "L. Letter Book," 591, p. 112.

348 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

members were selected on February 6,~1903, in the manner prescribed
in the agreement. Since there was no provision in the agreement
for the payment of the three persons selected, the council passed a
resolution petitioning the commissioner of Indian affairs that four
dollars per day be allowed each of them and also that the same com-
pensation be allowed an interpreter while actually attending to the
business of the commission. 44 The money was to be "payable from
grass money or any other tribal funds available." Provision for
compensation and for certain expenses was accordingly made.

On April 8 the commission met, organized by electing Mitscher
chairman, and commenced the division of the surplus lands. 45 On
April 17 Mitscher reported that the division had been accomplished
"to the entire satisfaction of the members of the tribe," 46 and on
May 26 he forwarded the schedule to the commissioner of Indian
affairs. 47 The schedule was approved by Secretary Hitchcock on
June 27. On July 17 authority was granted for Mitscher to have
recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of Kay county both the
homestead and additional allotment deeds, the cost to be paid by
the Indians. 48

The work incident to dividing and prorating the lands was ac-
complished by the local agency with no additional clerical force, at
an expense to the tribe of about $200, and with remarkable harmony.
In 1932 Curtis observed, somewhat with a sense of satisfaction, that
there was not a single contest over the division of lands. Shepard's
Oklahoma Citations shows that it has not been necessary for the
supreme court of the United States or the supreme court of Oklahoma
to interpret the agreement he drew up.

From Mitscher's annual report of 1903 and the "Schedule of Allot-
ments of Surplus Lands," it appears that in the division of the sur-
plus lands 60,263 acres were allotted to 247 allottees. Thus each
member of the tribe secured about 245 acres in addition to a home-
stead of 160 acres. 49 The townsite was laid out in township twenty-
seven north, range four east, and named "Washunga," after the prin-
cipal chief. From June 25 to 30, 1903, there were 524 lots sold,

44. The resolution is in OIA, "Special Case 201," 108741903. It bears Mitscher's certi-
fication that it was passed February 6, 1903.

45. Tel. from Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, April 8, 1903, ibid., 22670 1903.

46. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, April 17, 1903, ibid., 26628 1903.

47. Same to same, May 26, 1908, ibid., 84406 1003.

48. Jones to Mitscher, July 23, 1903, OIA, "L. Letter Book," 616, p. 157.

49. Mitscher to commissioner of Indian affairs, August 22, 1903, RC1A, 1903, Pt. 1,
p. 269.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 349

bringing a total of $6,065. 50 By act of congress approved on AprU
21, 1904, the reservation was attached to Kay county. 51

In the agreement drawn up by Curtis and incorporated in an act
of congress, was a provision that all claims, of whatever nature,
which the Kaw tribe might have against the United States should be
submitted to a commission to be appointed by the Secretary of the
Interior from the officers or employees of his department for investi-
gation, consideration, and settlement; and the United States should,
without delay, render to said tribe of Indians a complete accounting
of all moneys agreed to be paid to said tribe to which they might be
entitled under any treaty or act of congress.

A commission was accordingly appointed, consisting of William C.
Braly, Charles J. Groseclose, and Edward B. Fox. Samuel J. Craw-
ford, former governor of Kansas, was the attorney of record for the
Kaws. His principal application was for the moneys due the Kaws
as evidenced by various certificates of indebtedness or script trans-
actions concerning lands in Kansas.

The commission made a report of more than seventy pages, in-
cluding exhibits, and in conclusion said that the Kaws were entitled
to $155,976.88 in satisfaction of their claims. 52 On November 26,
1904, the tribe, with some dissenting votes, passed a resolution agree-
ing to accept this sum "in full settlement of all its claims against
the United States submitted to said commission." 53 The Indian ap-
propriation act of March 3, 1905, provided for the payment of this
sum to the Kaws, stating as a prior condition that the Kaws should
execute and deliver to the United States a general release of "all
claims and demands of every name and nature against the United
States." 54

Edson Watson, superintendent of the Kaw training school at
Washunga, convened a general council of the Kaws on April 22, 1905.
On that day a release, as provided in the act of March 3, was exe-
cuted. 55 Watson said: "There were 45 signatures for the release
and there were none opposing it." The first signatures on the release
are those of Washungah, Wah-mo-o-e-kah, Forrest Chouteau. Wil-
liam Hardy, Mitchell Fronkier, W. E. Hardy, and Charles Curtis.

60. Jones to Secretary of Interior, October 15, 1903, ibid., p. 108.

51. 83 Statute*, 218.

52. The report of the commission, June 30, 1904, is in House Documents, 58 Cong., 8
Sess. (Serial 4830), Doc. No. 169.

53. The resolution is in ibid., pp. 2, 3. See, also, Hubert Work, Secretary of the Interior,
to Homer P. Snyder, May 19, 1924, House Re-ports, 68 Cong., 2 Sess., v. 2 (Serial 8391), Re-
port No. 1394.

54. 33 Statutes, 1048, 1079.

55. The release and accompanying papers are in OIA, "Special Case 201," 36434 1905.
There were 62 adult males in the tribe.

350 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The sum appropriated by congress was credited to the tribe under
the "Kansas consolidated fund." 56

The Kaws made claims for additional compensation from the gov-
ernment. In 1934 the court of claims, under a liberal jurisdictional
act, investigated the financial relations between the tribe and the
government. It found a valid claim for $102,524.65 but a counter-
claim of $462,045.65, so that the Kaws were not entitled to judgment
in any amount. 57

About 1923 it was found that some of the lands held by minor
allottees contained very valuable oil and gas resources. On Febru-
ary 13 of that year Curtis introduced in the senate a bill providing
that the period of restriction against alienation on surplus lands
allotted to minor members of the Kaw tribe be extended for a period
of twenty-five years in all cases where allottees had not reached the
age of majority. The bill became a law on March 4. 58 On the reser-
vation were 420 Kaws of whom 77 were full bloods. Those having
less than half blood numbered 312. 59

The name of Charles Curtis has been indelibly stamped on legis-
la-tion extending the white man's law over the Five Civilized Tribes,
and finally disposing of their affairs. The role Curtis played in the
dissolution of the reservation of his own tribe has been given more
to supposition than to investigation. He had a profound interest in
his tribe. His high position in the government enabled him to assist
the Kaws in the dissolution of their reservation in Oklahoma terri-
tory, and in the prosecution of claims against the government. 60

Curtis took a homestead about a mile north of Washunga. His
pro rata share of the surplus lands was 259 acres. His daughters took
adjoining homesteads ten miles north of Washunga, and his son's
homestead was southwest of theirs. The restrictions against aliena-
tion of the surplus lands expired in 1928. According to the office of

56. The agreement Curtis drew up provided that tribal funds amounting to $189,153.30,
and other tribal moneys that might accrue from the sale of lands in Kansas, from the sale of
town lots in Oklahoma territory, from claims against the United States, and from other sources
should be segregated and placed to the credit of the individual members of the tribe on a
basis of a pro rata division as shown by the tribal roll on December 1, 1902. Interests of
minors should be carefully safeguarded.

57. Kansas or Kaw Indians v. the United States, 80 Ct. Cls., 264.

58. 42 Statutes, 1561. See the following acts concerning removal of restrictions on Kaw
lands: March 3, 1909, 35 Statutes, 778; May 27, 1924, 43 Statutes, 176; February 27, 1926,
44 Statutes, 134.

59. Hubert Work to M. C. Garber, February 16, 1924, House Reports, 68 Cong., 1 Sess.,
v. 2 (Serial 8227), Report No. 269, pp. 2, 3.

60. In 1910 Laban J. Miles said: "In 1878, when I assumed charge of the Osage Agency,
I found the names of two young people on the Kaw rolls; they were not on the reservation,
and I dropped their names from the rolls. They never moved to or resided on the reservation.
Their names were placed back on the rolls in 1889, I think it was. . . . One of these
persons was Senator Curtis . . .; a pretty good answer to the affiliation song." The state-
ment is in Osage Enrollment, Hearings before Subcommittee on H. 17819 and 21199, p. 91. A
copy is in the Library of Congress.

CHAPMAN: CURTIS AND THE KAW RESERVATION 351

Indian affairs, restrictions on homesteads will not expire until 1948.
As long as restrictions remain the homesteads are nonalienable and
nontaxable except that the production of oil and gas and other min-
erals may be taxed by the state of Oklahoma in all respects the same
as production on unrestricted land. Curtis devised his homestead
allotment to his three surviving children, in equal shares, in a trust
status. The will was approved by the Assistant Secretary of the In-
terior pursuant to the acts of June 25, 1910, and February 14, 1913. 61
In 1945 the Kaws numbered 544, of whom 314 were residing at the
jurisdiction where enrolled. About 87 percent of the lands of the
Kaw reservation had been alienated through sales, patents in fee,
certificates of competency, etc., leaving a tribal area of 13,261
acres. 62 There is no tribal organization, and the tribe has a very
small amount of money on deposit in the United States Treasury.

61. 36 Statutes, 855 ; 37 Statutes, 678 ; 43 Statutes, 176. Charles Curtis died February 8,
1936 ; Harry K. Curtis died May 29, 1946.

62. "Statistical Supplement" to the RCIA, 1945, pp. 10, 23.

Plan of Cantonment Leavenworth, 1828

[The Following Is a Verbatim Copy of the Original Descriptive Matter Ac-
companying the Sketch Shown on Opposite Page}

PERMANENT BUILDINGS

A. Commanding Officers' Quarters (foundation walls complete) : two story
building ; wood frame construction filled in with brick ; two rooms at either
end 20 by 19 feet; two hails each 10 feet wide; four rooms in the center,
each 18 by 18 feet; piazzas, front and rear, each 8 feet wide; cellar kitchens

B. Officers' Quarters (to be built) : one story building 112 by 36 feet; hall at
either end and two halls in center, each 10 feet wide ; eight rooms, four ad-
joining, each 20 by 18 feet; piazzas, front and rear, each 8 feet wide; cellar
kitchens

C. Soldiers' Quarters (completed): one story building 52 by 36 feet; center
hall 12 feet wide, two rooms on either side, each 21 by 18 feet; piazzas,
front and rear, each 8 feet wide; cellar kitchens

D. Hospital (completed) : two story building 64 by 36 feet; hall at either end,
12 feet wide ; four rooms each 20 by 18 feet ; piazza in front, 8 feet wide ;
cellar kitchens

TEMPORARY QUARTERS

a. Soldiers' Quarters Left Wing: tent 150 by 28 feet; four company rooms and
one for guard, each 30 by 28 feet

b. Huts for Laundresses: 15 by 10 feet, 15 by 12 feet

c. Huts for Laundresses: 63 by 14 feet, 61 by 14 feet, 29 by 14 feet

d. Sink for Left Wing: 16 by 10 feet

e. Sutler's Store House: 41 by 20 feet

f. Sutler's Store House: 41 by 16 feet

g. Officers' Quarters: one story building, 124 by 31 feet; built of logs; rooms
16 by 15V2 feet and 12 by 15V 2 feet

h. Officers' Yards and Kitchens

j. Soldiers' Quarters Right Wing: hut, 141 by 28 feet; four rooms for the com-
panies, each 29 by 28 feet; one room for the guard, prisonary, and staff
guard, 21 by 28 feet

k. Smith's Shop

1. Kitchens for the Four Companies of the Right Wing: 25 by 18 feet

m. Huts for Laundresses of the Right Wing: 10 by 12 feet, 11 by 12 feet, 16
by 12 feet, 13 by 12 feet, and 38 by 12 feet

n. Board Kiln: 16 by 10 feet

o. Bake House: 45 by 16 feet

p. Sink for the Right Wing: 16 by 10 feet

q. Commissary Store House: 138 by 28 feet and quartermaster

r. Commissary Store House: 45 by 28 feet

s. Hut for the Commissary Sergeant and Sergeant Major: 32 by 13 feet

t. Sand Pit: 80 by 17 feet

v. Ice House: 22 by 22 by 22 feet deep

NOTE : The Commanding Officers' quarters are 300 yards from the river and

about 200 feet above low water mark.

(352)

Zoo ?r to 1 re.h

PLAKI OF CAMTOMMLMT

GEN. HENRY LEAVEN WORTH

1783-1834

General Leavenworth was colonel of the
Third U. S. infantry when he located and es-
tablished Cantonment Leavenworth in 1827.
The cantonment was renamed Fort Leaven-
worth in 1832.

A Report and Remarks on Cantonment
Leavenworth

EDWARD R. DEZURKO

I. INTRODUCTION

THE OLDEST available War Department inspection report on
Cantonment Leavenworth is dated March 31, 1829. One or
more inspections had been made prior to this time by Col. George
Croghan, inspector general, but a written summary of his observa-
tions is not available.

The report of 1829 is reproduced on the following pages without
alteration, and I have selected more or less at random other remarks
and letters. Colonel Croghan mentions the post at Cow Island, the
first military station of some duration in what is now the state of
Kansas. Cantonment Leavenworth was established in 1827 the year
the first Fort Atkinson was abandoned, 1 and much of the equipment
of the latter post was used at Cantonment Leavenworth. Fort At-
kinson was established in 1819 as Camp Missouri. 2 Col. Henry
Leavenworth had his headquarters there. He was lieutenant-colonel
of the Sixth regiment. 3 Fort Atkinson was ordered abandoned by
G. 0. 14, 1827, and Cantonment Leavenworth was established. 4

The plan of Cantonment Leavenworth in 1828 which accompanies
the inspection report was not originally a part of it. I have traced
the plan from a drawing in the quartermaster file, war records divi-
sion, National Archives. To my knowledge, it is the earliest plan
of the post.

EDWARD R. DEZURKO, formerly of Kansas State College, Manhattan, is assistant professor
of architecture at The Rice Institute. Houston, Tex. Mr. DeZurko was in Washington, D. C.,
engaged in naval ordnance laboratory work during part of the war, and spent many after-
work hours searching through old War Department records gathering data of historical and
architectural interest in connection with the early military posts in Kansas.

1. United States, Department of War, Adjutant General's Department, Subject Index of
the General Orders of the War Department, From January 1, 1809, to December HI, 1860
(Washington, 1886), p. 87. The site of Fort Atkinson was in present Nebraska near the
Council bluffs on the Missouri river. House Documents, 20 Cong., 1 Sess. (Serial 169), Doc.
No. 2, p. 44; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United State*
Army (Washington, 1903), v. 2, p. 478; Transactions and Reports of the Nebraska State His-
torical Society (Lincoln, 1892), v. 4, pp. 22, 23.

2. Ibid., p. 23; J. Sterling Morton, History of Nebraska (Lincoln, Neb., 1906), v. 2,
pp. 140, 141.

3. While yet a lieutenant-colonel, Colonel Leavenworth was transferred to the Sixth in-
fantry regiment on October 1, 1821. He became commandant at Fort Atkinson and was in
charge of the post until 1825. On December 16, 1825, Leavenworth was made colonel of the
Third infantry. Ibid., p. 141 ; Heitman, op. cit., v. 1, pp. 92, 622.

4. Elvid Hunt, History of Fort Leavenworth, 1827-1927 (Fort Leavenworth, 1926), pp.

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23102

354 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

II. REPORT OF A TOUR OF INSPECTION DURING THE
SPRING AND SUMMER OF 1829

CANTONMENT LEAVENWORTH 31sT MARCH 1829

Eight Companies 3rd Infantry, Bvt. Maj. Bliss, Comdg.
Company A, Capt. Dean, Lieut. Walker, Comdg.

Company B, Capt. Belknap

Company D, Capt. Bliss, Lieut. Hunt, Comdg.

Company E, Capt. Lewis, Lieut. Montgomery, Comdg.

Company F, Capt. Harrison, Lieut. Archer, Comdg.

Company H, Capt. Webb, Lieut. Wheeler, Comdg.

Company I, Capt. Clark, Lieut. Birdsall, Comdg.

Company K, Capt. Garland, Lieut. Cotton, Comdg.

POLICE

PREPARATION OF MESS The requisite attention seems to be paid to this sub-
ject, and more than usual care has been taken to procure for the several com-
panies mess furniture of the same pattern and of the neatest and most durable
material.

ARM RACKS AND BUNKS Bunks comfortable, and both they and the arm
racks as conveniently arranged and as conformable to regulations as the shape
and fashion of the quarters will allow.

APPEARANCE UNDER ARMS The grenadiers B Capt. Belknap, is particularly
fine looking, being composed of men selected from the other companies of the
Regiment. The Regiment throughout however has a fine appearance.

ARMS AND EQUIPMENTS Arms new and good. Cartridge boxes generally
unfit for service in the field, being much injured by the use of varnish.

CLOTHING Not marked as required by regulation unless in very few in-
stances. Note, if they be not marked why then may the officer not say I have
no ink, and both I and my men are too poor to buy. I remarked upon this in
a former report.

HOSPITAL Every attention is paid by surgeon Gale that can possibly conduce
to the comfort and speedy recovery of the sick. Of this all in hospital are so
convinced, that there is quite a sensation created by a report that he is to be
ordered to Jefferson Barracks. The building itself is a good one, but in the
opinion of Doctor Gale, not well distributed, too much room being allowed for
the halls of entrances as you will perceive by looking at the ground plat of it.
Supply of medicines abundant with the exception of the article quinine which
will be very soon exhausted. Cases in hospital chiefly convalescents of the
intermittant fever the almost exclusive disease.

SUTLER Supply abundant Prices fixed by the Council of Administration.
In looking over the several accounts I find not a single charge against Company
B for whiskey, a fact highly creditable both to Capt. Belknap and his men.

DISCIPLINE To judge from appearances it must be pronounced correct, but
to affirm positively on the subject would require more than the necessarily
hurried observation of two or three days inspection. Maj. Bliss says that his
discipline has been a little lax in consequence of the ill health of his garrison,

DEZURKO: CANTONMENT LEAVEN WORTH 355

but of this I have nothing in proof but his own declaration, no facts in con-
firmation having passed under my eyes.

INSTRUCTION I did intend a minute inquiry under this head at least inso-
far as the rifle and infantry drills are concerned, but a heavy rain to which
I would not expose the many convalescents under arms on this occasion has
prevented my doing so; enough however has been seen to make it evident
that no ground has been lost since my last inspection in Sept. 1827. To re-
tain what it had acquired under the discouraging circumstances of constant
fatigue service and very general sickness is an evidence that Col. Leavenworth
and his successor in command must have been throughout attentive to the in-
struction of the Regiment and that it be not more advanced it must be as-
cribed to the disadvantages with which they have to contend.

SERVICE Correct as far as an opportunity for judging has been afforded.
ORDNANCE DEFT. No inventory prepared. The stores on hand are a part
of the same that were remarked upon in my report of Fort Atkinson in 1826.
The residue of stores from that place have long since been forwarded to St.
Louis.

Q. M. DEPT. A proper inventory would exhibit a great variety of articles
the most of them brought from Fort Atkinson on the abandonment of the
post and these very generally damaged and unserviceable.

SUBSISTENCE DEPT. The building a temporary one and ill suited to the
preservation of the stores, it is besides, too small for a proper arrangement of
them. 300 barrels have been condemned as sour by a proper board of survey
and they will be shipped to St. Louis for sale by the earliest opportunity. The
pork and beef are furnished and slaughtered at the post. The other parts of
the ration are transported up the river under a contract.

REMARKS The same mistake has been committed here that I have else-
where more than once complained of too much has been undertaken every-
thing is upon too vast a scale to warrant a belief in its completion agreeably
to the original plan of the projector (at least within any reasonable time). A
great deal has been done, much more in truth than could have been expected
of a garrison so reduced by sickness; still the work is not half accomplished
either as to labor or disbursements of money. A good hospital has been
erected, and four houses originally intended to quarter one company each
(though now occupied by officers) have been put up and very nearly com-
pleted, but there yet remains to be provided for: Officers quarters, store
houses, guard house, magazine, etc., etc. Before this report is handed in I
may obtain a plat of the ground to be occupied together with a plan and ele-
vation of the several buildings already erected and to be erected which will
be appended and perhaps with some additional remarks. I have been par-
ticular in my examination and inquiries in relation to the unhealt.hiness of
this place, but I am as yet as much at a loss as ever as to the operating causes
of its sickness. There is certainly nothing apparently in its location to render
it unhealthy, on the contrary, the site might be considered an admirable one.
It is upon a high rocky bluff rising rapidly from the very edge of the Missouri
and furnishing springs of fine water perfectly accessible to the garrison whilst
all along on the land side there lies at no great distance a dry and ridgy
prairie. On the opposite bank of the river there is, it is true, a swamp or

356 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

rush bottom, of perhaps a mile in width, but it is so thickly wooded as to be
impervious to the sun which might otherwise induce the escape of miasms,
and to the S. E. distant three and a half miles lies Cow Island (Isle Vache)
which, although low and subject to an overflow can originate nothing dele-
terious to health, for it is in itself healthy as has been clearly proven. The
Rifle Regiment stationed upon it for 12 months in 1818-19 lost not a man by
sickness during the time, although numbering 400 persons on an average. In
further confirmation of my belief that no danger is to be apprehended from
the vicinity of these low lands, I would offer the meteorological diary kept
by the surgeon of the post, as it will be founp! by it that during the most un-
healthy quarter of the last year the wind prevailed but for three days with
any Easting (viz. two days at S. E. and one day at E.). On every other day
of the quarter it swept across the prairie bringing with it as must be sup-
posed a pure and healthful atmosphere. This place has certainly suffered
much from sickness, but whether greatly more than ought to have been ex-
pected from the establishment of Northern Troops upon any of our western
fresh water rivers admits of question. On comparing the hospital register of
this post for 1828 (that for 1827 I have been unable to procure) with that of
Fort Atkinson for 1826 (the year of its abandonment) 5 I remark no material
difference. The average number present at Fort Atkinson during the year
stated ending 30th June was 418, and the grand total in hospital for that pe-
riod 2419. At this post during the year ending 31st December 1828 the aver-
age number present being 230 the grand total in hospital for the period was
1565, that is to say Cantonment Leavenworth numbered on the hospital rog-
ister more sickness for the year 1828 than Fort Atkinson during the healthy
season of 1826 by one sixth only.

The two reports or registers I will compare with that of Jefferson Barracks
for 1828 that it may be the more clearly seen how far Cantonment Leaven-
worth is deserving a character for exclusive unhealthiness. If after all Can-
tonment Leavenworth be abandoned in consequence of its reputed unhealthi-
ness, what other point in this quarter can be taken up that exhibits more
promising features? Retire from the river you may what then? Health will
not therefore be insured to your Northern troops, for we are told that the
town of Liberty and its neighborhood suffered much from sickness during
the last year even more than the garrison at this post.

It is said that during the occupancy of old Fort Osage (which continued for
several years) it was never visited by any material sickness. 6 This may be
true, but there may be circumstances attending the fact as to the character
of the troops taken as Northern or Southern men which it would be well to
know before establishing the credit of the place. But grant it be healthy,
it ought not to be reoccupied. Cantonment Leavenworth is full near enough
to the settlements, and if it be abandoned as too sickly, let health be found
somewhere further up advance, do not retrograde an inch if you wish for
the quiet of the frontier. A position taken up a dozen miles from a navigable
river would serve as a check upon the Indians as well as though it were upon

6. This Fort Atkinson was abandoned in June, 1827. "List of Military Forts, Arsenals,
Camps, Barracks, &c.," in Thomas H. S. Hamersly's Complete Army and Navy Register of the
United States of America . . . (New York, 1888), p. 123.

6. Fort Osage was on the Missouri river nineteen miles east of present-day Kansas City.
Dictionary of American History, v. IV (1940), p. 189.

DEZURKO: CANTONMENT LEAVEN WORTH 357

the river itself; for it is not here as upon the upper Mississippi and its tribu-
taries there much use is made of the canoe, here one is never since the trav-
elling is altogether by land. G. Croghan

III. LATER REMARKS AND LETTERS OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL

The following was appended to the inspection report of Colonel
Croghan dated December 9, 1833, on his inspection tour during the
summer and fall of that year. It contains some general observa-
tions of the Indians in the region about the post:

FORT LEAVENWORTH : The occupancy of this point does not secure to us all
the advantages that were derived from the establishment at Council Bluffs,
nevertheless it forms an important link in the chain of posts (as may be seen
on a reference to a map of the country) even without taking into considera-
tion the circumstances of its tocation in the very neighborhood of several
tribes of Indians. The Indians upon this S west frontier, of which this post
may be said to form the extreme right, are not to be operated upon by those
moral agencies which have been found to have effect over those of the N west
and are only to be kept under control by the actual presence of a military
force so constituted as to convince them of its ability to punish at all times
and promptly, such as might dare to commit outrages, either upon our citizens
or upon each other. It will prove no easy matter to hold in check the In-
dians lying between the Missouri and Arkansas rivers without the establish-
ment of a post midway between the two, say on the Neosho river at or near
the village of the Osage chief White Hair. The Pawnees are the deadly
enemies of all the Indians along this line, and especially of the Osages with
whom they are constantly at war, and in proportion as the Osages are pressed
will they in turn trespass upon the whites, and in self-defence, for as they can
neither protect their villages against attack nor hunt the buffalo without
horses, they must seize upon the horses of the whites to supply the losses
occassioned by the Pawnees. During the occupancy of Council Bluffs we had
it in our power to prevent the incursions of the Pawnees, for some of their
villages being at no great distance we had but to say to them, strike the
Osages or any other Indians in the direction of our settlements, and we will
strike you, and they were afraid, but they no longer fear. They believe that
convinced of our weakness we have shrunk back from their imposing strength
and they now act without regard of consequences from us and will continue
to do so until the Regiment of Dragoons now being organized shall prove
to them that we have still power to punish those who deserve it at our hands.

G. Croghan

Writing to the General in Chief of the Army at Washington,
Colonel Croghan, in a letter dated Louisville, Ky., January 25, 1836,
said:

... I have just heard and with regret, that Mr. Linn has introduced
a resolution in the Senate to enquire into the expediency of making a road
from Fort Des Moines to Fort Leavenworth, and thence to Forts Gibson and
Towson. There is now too much travelling between the several posts for the

358 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

quiet of the Indians and good roads will only increase the evil by opening
their whole territory to the ravenous appetites of lawless vagabonds and more
greedy land speculators. Already does this description of persons begin to
talk about the fine lands on the loway and Des Moines rivers and perhaps
before two years are gone by they will be crying aloud for new territory on
that side of the Mississippi. First will come a memorial to Congress from
Missouri to extend her northern line until it shall strike the Missouri river;
and then a new territory having been created, an urgent effort will be made
to have the Indians sent to the south side of the Missouri. From the changes
that I have witnessed since my first visits to that section of country, and
from my perfect acquaintance with the character of those frontier men and
of the imigrants who are daily adding to their number, I hazzard nothing in
predicting that in a very few years we will positively need and perhaps may
garrison all but the two posts of St. Peters and Council Bluffs upon that
whole frontier.

The following letter prefaced the inspection report of August 26,
1836:

To Maj. Gen. Macomb
General In Chief
Washington City
Sir:

This report which I now have the honor to present for your perusal would
have been forwarded ere this and have proved more worthy of your accept-
ance but for the top of my trunk which was stolen from on board the steam
boat Columbian on the passage from St. Louis and with it my notes which
I had prepared with much care. Trusting then to my memory alone, I may
have omitted many subjects that I had intended to discuss, but I am never-
theless certain that there are no material mistakes in what is now stated.

I have the honor to be
Very Respectfully

Your Obedient Servant
G. Croghan
Inspector General

The following remarks were appended to the inspection report of
August 26, 1836:

REMARKS There is about as much propriety in calling this Post Fort
Leavenworth as there would be in calling an armed schooner a line of battle-
ships, for it is not only not a fort but it is even devoid of the regularity of a
common barrack of defences it has none. Col. Kearney having very wisely
recommended the erection of block houses, has under the authority of Brig.
Gen. Atkinson, contracted for the building of two, or rather, for the entire
completion of one and the necessary timbers for the other to be put up by
his own men both of them will be finished it is believed, by December.

It seems that the Quartermaster of the post has been instructed from Wash-
ington to contract for the building of an hospital agreeably to a plan fur-
nished by the Medical Dept. Why such instructions have been given I am
at a loss to conjecture; they surely must have been presumed upon a mis-

BRADEN: BORAH'S YEARS IN KANSAS 359

conception of the character of the building now used as an hospital, and also
of the reputation of the post for unhealthfulness. Should it be the intention
of the government to keep up this post for any length of time, I would recom-
mend that it have at all seasons some companies of infantry in garrison. This
I deem important if not indispensible, as without such provision, this post and
neighborhood would be left without a guard whenever the Dragoons should
be called away upon any occasion of emergency, or upon their customary
summer campaign. Too much reliance ought not to be reposed upon the
good faith and friendship of the tribes of Indians in this vicinity. We can
not expect to keep a force sufficient to resist them effectually should they
rise en masse, but we might at all events by some show of preparation and
watchfulness prevent partial outbreaks. If my suggestion be approved and
adopted, additional quarters for both officers and men should be erected, the
several store houses should be enlarged, the magazine which is damp ought
to be properly fixed, good stables built within the square flanked by the block
houses, and the house occupied by the Commanding Officer be converted into
a hospital ; the present hospital although good, being badly located for defence
in the event of an attack. G. Croghan

Inspector Gen.

The following remarks were appended to the inspection report of
August 16, 1842:

REMARKS I wish that Capt. Lamotte's company of infantry could be or-
dered from here to Jefferson Barracks or elsewhere and this post be left ex-
clusively to the Dragoons. The two arms can not serve together in garrison
without great dissatisfaction on the part of the infantry be the course of the
commanding officer as it may, unless the force of infantry be many times
greater than that of the Dragoons, say 10 to 1, when all details might properly
be made from the Infantry without any reference to the Dragoons. I speak
but of what I have witnessed both here and at Fort Atkinson, 7 and submit to
your better judgement the determining of the question or causes of dissatis-
faction and frequent desertions.

I am told that upon the urgent representations of the Indian Agent a gar-
rison of one company is to be established at Council Bluffs. If such be the
case I can only say that the agent is not fit for his place, at all events knows
nothing of Indian character. Neither the late agent Hamilton nor his prede-
cessor Dougherty would have dreamed of such a thing. I was opposed to the
abandonment of Council Bluffs and would now urge its reoccupancy, but with
something beyond a mere bodyguard for an Indian agent.

I have the honor to be
Very respectfully

Your Obedient Servant
G. Croghan
Inspector General

7. Another outpost bearing the name Atkinson. This Fort Atkinson, located on Turkey
river near the mouth of Spring creek in northeast Iowa, was established May 31, 1840. It
was abandoned in 1849. Hamersly, op. cit., p. 123.

William E. Borah's Years in Kansas
in the 1880's

WALDO W. BRADEN

/ TVHREE states have a claim on William E. Borah, the famous
-L Idaho statesman; for he spent his boyhood in Wayne county,
Illinois; he received his law education in Kansas; and he built his
legal career in Idaho. He was born in 1865, completed country
school and one year at Southern Illinois Academy at Enfield before
he moved to Kansas. Partly because of a disagreement concerning
his future, he was not permitted to return a second year to the En-
field academy. In spite of his father's disapproval, young Borah
insisted that he wanted to pursue a legal career. He had nurtured
this aspiration from the time he had heard his father discuss cases
with the village lawyers. Eagerly he had watched the local court
in session. 1 He had seized every opportunity to get public speaking
experience. But lack of financial assistance threatened his ambi-
tion. His future brightened in the early 1880's when his sister, the
wife of A.' M. Lasley, a practicing attorney, invited him to make
his home with them at Lyons. Although his legal education was
not assured, at least here was a way to work toward his objective.
The little frontier town of Lyons offered many advantages. In
1883 a newly organized library society after several entertainments
raised funds and accumulated, by gift and purchase, a small cir-
culating library which included books on scientific subjects, religion,
biography and poetry; collections of essays, fiction, and subscrip-
tions to at least three magazines: Century, Atlantic Monthly, and
Graphic. 2 One can imagine that the book-hungry, aspiring young
lawyer soon found his way to the little library. The management
of the local opera house brought many entertainments to Lyons,
which must have appealed to a young man who had earlier consid-
ered joining a traveling Shakespearean troupe. 3 Borah affiliated
with the "Young People's Band" of the Presbyterian church. On
three different occasions he gave speeches on the programs of this
group. When the band gave a public entertainment to raise funds,

DR. WALDO W. BRADEN is associate professor of speech at Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, La.

1. Beverly Smith, "The Lone Rider From Idaho," The American Magazine, Springfield,
Ohio, v. 113, March, 1932, p. 40; Claudius O. Johnson, Borah of Idaho (Longmans, Green
and Co., New York, 1936), pp. 1-22.

2. The Lyons Republican, December 13, 1883, p. 5.

3. Ibid., February 28, p. 5, March 20, p. 5, August 28, 1884, p. 5, June 4, 1885, p. 5.

(360)

WILLIAM E. BORAH

1865-1940

and Nephew, FRANK LASLEY

Borah, who later served with distinction as a
United States senator from Idaho, made his home
with the A. M. Lasleys while in Lyons in the 1880's.
Mrs. Lasley was Boralrs sister. Frank Lasley was
later a Chicago attorney and was killed in a car wreck
several years ago. This photograph was made in
Lyons in 1885 and bore the stamp, "Shauafelt & Nor-
rick, West Side Square, Lyons." It and the picture
appearing on the following page were lent for copying
by another sister of Borah, Mrs. Mattie B. Rinard,
of Fairneld, 111.

BRADEN: BORAH'S YEARS IN KANSAS 361

"W. E. Borah" gave the "opening address." 4 On the other two oc-
casions, probably monthly meetings, the programs included "oration
W. E. Borah." 5

During his first few months in Kansas he attended the Lyons
public school where he enrolled in Latin, constitution (government) ,
and grammar. 6 The school records of Lyons were long ago de-
stroyed and the local paper gives little concerning the school activ-
ities. However, the aspiring young lawyer probably participated
in the literary exercises on Friday afternoons.

The following fall he decided to teach a country school. In prep-
aration he attended the Rice County Normal Institute held in
Lyons for a few days during the summer of 1884. The main stress
of the meetings was placed on teaching methods. 7 During the ses-
sion the Rice County Teachers' Association presented a public pro-
gram for the institute which included an "oration" by William
Borah. 8 In order to get his teaching certificate he took examina-
tions in some, if not all, of the following: Bookkeeping, constitu-
tion, physiology, history, geography, grammar, natural philosophy,
orthography, and arithmetic. 9 During the four-month term, 1884-
1885, he taught the Wabash, one-room country school, earning
thirty-five dollars a month or a total of one hundred forty dollars. 10
Little is known about the activities of Wabash school or of the
teacher during that year; no school notes appear in the Lyons pa-
per. However, years later Borah confessed that he was "so en-
grossed in reading history and law" that he might not have given
as much time to his teaching as he should have. Much to his dis-
satisfaction he did attend "protracted meetings" at the nearby
Prosper church. 11 Twice during the term he appeared on the
monthly programs of the Rice County Teachers' Association, deliv-
ering each time what was advertised as an "oration." 12 This year
of teaching was undoubtedly important in his development for it
gave him additional leisure time to pursue his reading of law and
history, and further opportunities to practice public speaking. One

4. Ibid., March 13, 1884, p. 5.

5. Ibid., April 2, p. 5, September 3, 1885, p. 5.

6. University of Kansas, "Register," 1885, p. 216.

7. Lyons Republican, July 17, p. 5, July 24, 1884, p. 5, "Normal Notes."

8. The program included the following: Music, prayer, reading minutes, music, oration,
recitation, essay, German solo, discussion, music, essay, recitation, and miscellaneous business.
Ibid., July 17, 1884, p. 5.

9. The questions for the above subjects are given in ibid., August 7, 1884, p. 1.

10. Annual report of District No. 22 for the year ending July 31, 1885. Filed by E. L.
Phoebus, clerk of District 22, August 25, 1885. This record is deposited in the office of the
county superintendent, Rice county, Lyons.

11. Johnson, op. cit., p. 16.

12. Lyons Republican, October 9, 1884, p. 5, January 8, 1885, p. 4.

362 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

can imagine that the pupils of Wabash school served many times as
would-be audiences for premature orations. Since the community
life probably centered around the little school, the teacher had to
use his initiative and to assume the responsibilities of leadership.

The following year Borah enrolled in the University of Kansas
at Lawrence. The university offered him many advantages which
he had not had in the small rural towns of Fairfield and Enfield,
111., or Lyons. The school, with its faculty of 24, had five depart-
ments: Science, literature and arts; law; elementary instruction;
music ; and pharmacy. The physical plant consisted of three build-
ings. The enrollment was 419, 143 of whom were enrolled as "sub-
Freshmen," similar to Borah. One of the most attractive features
to Borah was the university library, which contained 7,100 volumes
"besides a large number of unbound pamphlets." 13 Here Borah
spent much of his time 14 and according to his own testimony he
was "more of a reader than a student, sacrificing his class work for
general reading. . . ." 15

When he entered the university in 1885 he enrolled as a sub-
Freshman because he had not completed his secondary education.
He must have written and passed a "creditable examination (at
least 70 per cent.)" in arithmetic, algebra, history of United States,
descriptive and physical geography, English grammar and compo-
sition, and constitution of the United States. 16 During that year,
according to the records in the office of the registrar, he enrolled in
English, natural philosophy, Cicero, and Vergil [not completed]. 17
For some unknown reason Borah terminated his first year on com-
pletion of the first half of the spring semester. 18

Returning to Lawrence the following fall he enrolled as a fresh-
man in the Latin Scientific course. However, he did not follow the
prescribed course for freshmen who intended to complete a bache-

13. Twentieth Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Kansas
. . . 1885-6 (Topeka, Kansas Publishing House, 1886), pp. 6, 7, 9, 26, 30, 81-83, 86.

14. Interview of Olin Templin, fraternity brother and classmate of Borah, published in the
Lyons Daily News, January 20, 1940, p. 2.

15. Johnson, op. cit., p. 17.

16. The catalogue explains: "A course of sub-Freshman studies is therefore presented for
the accommodation of those who cannot find at home the full preparation necessary to fit
them for admission to the collegiate classes. This course is arranged in such manner as to
omit, so far as possible, those studies which may generally be found in the better Grammar
and High Schools of the State, while classes are retained in the University for beginners in
Latin, Greek, German, and French. Classes will also be continued in Natural Philosophy,
Drawing, English Composition, Algebra, and Geometry. Candidates for admission to the Bub-
Freshman class will receive credit, either upon examination or by certificate, for so much of
this work as they shall have completed in other schools." Twentieth Annual Catalogue of the
Officers and Students of the University of Kansas . . . 1885 -6, p. 63.

17. University of Kansas, "Register," p. 216.

18. The Weekly University Courier, Lawrence, April 9, 1886, p. 1.

BRADEN: BORAH'S YEARS IN KANSAS 363

lor's degree, 19 but he chose those subjects in which he was most in-
terested. He enrolled in English, history, elocution, history of Eng-
lish language (sophomore course), and American literature (junior
course). In all of his courses, in spite of his confession concerning
his outside reading, he received grades of "I," the highest possible
grades. 20

A review of the subjects which Borah studied reveals his interest
in composition, literature, and history. An essay on Cicero, "The
Roman Mugwump," which appears under the initials of "W. E. B."
in one of the school publications, 21 may have been written by
Borah. The essay or eulogy praising the oratory and statecraft of
the Great Roman, shows thoughtful study and careful composition.
If this piece is by Borah, it demonstrates that he was developing a
style superior to that of many of his fellow students.

Borah may have received some classroom instruction in public
speaking which probably commenced during his sub-Freshman
year. The catalogue states:

Theoretical and practical Elocution is in charge of an instructor, who gives
his time largely to that work. The Junior and Senior preparatory classes
[sub-Freshmen] receive instruction in Reading and in the Elements of Elocu-
tion. More advanced elocutionary work is given to the Freshman and Sopho-
more classes. 22

The freshmen were required at least twice a year to give decla-
mations "in the Hall." These affairs, according to the complaints
of the school papers, were not always well attended by students or
faculty. 23 Nevertheless, for the interested student they provided
opportunities to speak and to observe. At best this instruction was
meager, for the instructor had too many duties. 24

The catalogue of 1887 indicates this deficiency in its description
of the course: "Required of all students. 2d term. Once a fort-
night, in the afternoon." 25 The principal student-speaking activi-
ties were carried on as extracurricular affairs through the two

19. Twenty-First Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Kan-
sas ... 1886-7 (Topeka, Kansas Publishing House, 1887), pp. 15, 47.

20. University of Kansas, "Register," p. 216.

21. The University Review, Lawrence, v. 8 (January, 1887), pp. 105-107. The previous
year Borah had taken a course in Cicero; and the magazine in which the essay appears fre-
quently published student compositions.

22. Nineteenth Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Kansas
. . . 1S81-5, p. 62.

23. The Weekly University Courier, October 9, 1885. p. 2 ; The University Review. V. 7
(November, 1885), p. 76.

24. The student paper comments: "Prof. Brownell is worked right to death, and yet they
are not satisfied to let him teach elocution alone! He must also assist in the English depart-
ment." The Weekly University Courier, September 11, 1885, p. 2.

25. Twenty-First Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Kan-
sat ... 1886-7, p. 64.

364 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

literary societies: the Oread and the Orophilian. On Friday after-
noons each met to hear programs consisting of music, declamations,
essays, orations, and debates. 26 They sometimes held joint meet-
ings. 27 Two or three times a year they engaged in inter-society
contests which consisted on some occasions of only one activity, on
others of many events. 28 The principal event of the year included
competition for orators, essayists, declaimers, and debaters. 29 Upon
entering the university Borah affiliated with the Orophilian society.
Soon on one of the weekly programs he gave an "oration." A month
later he participated in a debate. 30 The school paper makes only
these two references to Borah's participation; undoubtedly he en-
gaged in other activities of the society. The essay mentioned earlier
may have been first presented on one of these programs. Further-
more, listening to these programs and assisting in the selection of
the Orophilian representatives for the inter-society events probably
sharpened the future Idaho senator's critical appreciation of good
speaking and of good literary style.

The extracurricular activity of the university which attracted
the greatest attention and which aroused the most enthusiasm on
the campus was the annual oratorical contest. Although Borah did
not participate, nor to the writer's knowledge did he write an ora-
tion for one of these affairs, certainly he must have caught the
local enthusiasm. He probably heard at least the local contests and
observed what was considered superior and poor speaking, compar-
ing his judgment as to the winners with the decisions of the judges.
Perhaps as a result of these experiences he may have been inspired
to evaluate his own speaking more critically and to perfect his own
technique.

Although he was not the typical "Joe College" of his day, he did
find time for some activities besides his reading. While he was at
the university he pledged Beta Theta Pi. 31 However, William Al-
len White, one of his classmates, points out that Borah did not let
the social life interfere with his studies. 32 The school paper, on
the other hand, does record the following: "W. E. Borah has at

26. The University Review, v. 7 (September, 1885), p. 24; The Weekly University Cour-
ier, October 16, 1885, p. 1.

27. On one of these occasions they debated the proposition: "Resolved, That as Wealth
Increases, the Morals of the People are Diminished." Ibid., November 6, 1885, p. 3.

28. Ibid., December 4, p. 2, December 18, 1885, p. 1, and January 21, 1887, p. 2. The
University Review, v. 7 (October, 1885), p. 47.

29. The Weekly University Courier, January 22, p. 2, February 5, 1886, p. 1.

30. Ibid., October 16, p. 1, November 13, 18&5, p. 1.

31. The University Review, v. 7 (December, 1885), p. 102.

32. Quoted in Johnson, op. cit., pp. 18, 19.

BRADEN: BORAH'S YEARS IN KANSAS 365

last succumbed to the inevitable. A pair of bright eyes was the
cause." 33 This "pair of bright eyes" must not have had any last-
ing effect on the future orator, for it is not mentioned again.

Threatened with tuberculosis 34 Borah failed to complete his
freshman year, leaving in March, 1887 , 35 With three years of sec-
ondary education and less than one year of college the future sena-
tor concluded his formal education. What he acquired afterwards
was solely on his own initiative.

Young Borah was still determined to study law. During his year
of teaching, according to his own confession, he neglected his work
to read law and history. Much of his vacations was probably
spent in the Lasley office. Following his sub-freshman year the
school paper reports, "W. E. Borah is in his brother [-in-law]'s of-
fice at Lyons, Kansas." 36 After he left school in 1887 he resumed
his study of law, making a special study of evidence. 37 He soon
gained a sufficient background to meet the easy Kansas require-
ments and on September 16, 1887, he was admitted to the Kansas
bar "as a full fledged lawyer to practice in the District courts of
the state." 38 Shortly thereafter, in the local paper, appeared the
professional notice of Lasley and Borah, " Attorney s-at-Law." 39

Many colonial lawyers had far more legal training than Borah.
Thanks to the lax requirements of frontier Kansas, he gained the
right to practice, a privilege which signified neither a profound
knowledge of the law nor an adequate understanding of court pro-
cedure. Much of his legal education was to be procured in the
future in the hard school of experience.

The local pranksters had great fun in teasing the newest member
of the Rice county bar. On one occasion they placed the following
"local" in the Lyons paper:

WANTED A young man out of employment, desires a rich widow, with
weak lungs and a bad cough, to take him to raise, object, not matrimony, but
grub. Apply at office of Lasley and Borah, to W. E. Borah. 4 <>

33. The Weekly University Courier, December 4, 1885, p. 1.

34. Johnson, op. cit., p. 18.

35. The Weekly University Courier, March 11, 1887, p. 1.

36. Ibid., April 16, 1886, p. 1.

37. Johnson, op. cit., p. 20.

38. The Lyons Daily Republican, September 22, 1887, p. 8. In passing the bar he had
to meet the following requirements: "Any person [being a] citizen of the United States, who
has read law for two years, the last of which must be in the office of a regularly practicing
attorney, who shall certify that the said applicant is a person of good moral character, and
well qualified to practice law, who is actually an inhabitant of this state, and who satisfies
any district court of this state that he possesses the requisite learning, and that he is of good
moral character, may, by such court, be permitted to practice in all district and inferior courts
of this state, upon taking the oath . . . prescribed." C. F. W. Dassler, Compiled Laws
of Kansas, 1885 (Topeka, Geo. W. Crane & Co., 1885), p. 112.

39. Lyons Republican, September 29, 1S87, p. 1.

40. Ibid., August 9, 1888, p. 5.

366 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

During these months the young lawyer did not waste his time;
he continued to read law, history, government, and literature, in-
cluding some works in Latin. At least on one occasion and prob-
ably on others, he composed an oration for which he had no audi-
ence. 41 During these early years he procured the appointment of
city attorney, a position in which he served from April 18 42 until
May 28, 1888, 43 and from April 15, 1889, until September 15,
1890. 44 The Lyons editor, Clark Conkling, was one of the first to
comment on his promise as a lawyer. In a brief item concerning
one of Borah's first cases, he said, "W. E. Borah, one of the youngest
attorneys at the Rice county bar, made a strong, logical, speech
before the jury Saturday in the case of the State vs. Weston. His
speech gave great promise of a brilliant future." 45

As city attorney the young lawyer advised the councilmen on
legal matters, checked previous actions of the councils in the min-
utes, drafted ordinances, filed suits for and answered those against
the town and on one occasion made a trip to Colorado on city
business. These early years, under the tutorship of his brother-in-
law, gave Borah the experience and the confidence which enabled
him to continue on his own in Idaho.

Because of the dearth of information, the influence of A. M. Las-
ley on the future senator is difficult to determine. Lasley, one of
the leading attorneys of Lyons, was a prominent Republican. His
political activities seem to indicate that he was considered a good
speaker. 46 H. G. Doddridge, who started practicing in Lyons about
the same time his friend Borah did, recalls that Mr. Lasley was a
great conversationalist who loved to argue constitutional questions.
Judge Doddridge recalls that Lasley in 1892 became a strong sup-
porter of the Populist party. 47 Although he makes no mention of
it, Borah probably carried on many discussions with his brother-
in-law on constitutional and political questions.

In 1890 William E. Borah decided to relocate in the Far West.
In the several years that he spent in Kansas, he had completed the
formal part of his law education. An attempt to untangle com-
pletely the sources of his opinions and attitudes would be difficult,

41. Johnson, op. cit., pp. 21, 22.

42. City of Lyons, "Minutes of the Council," 1888, pp. 34-36.

43. Lyons Republican, May 31, 1888, p. 5.

44. City of Lyons, "Minutes of the Council," 1889, pp. 136, 185, 240; Lyons Republican,
April 18, 1889, p. 4, October 9, 1890, p. 5.

45. Ibid., May 10, 1888, p. 5.

46. Ibid., August 14, 1884, p. 4, July 9, 1885, p. 5, April 12, p. 1, April 26, 1888, p. 8.

47. Interview of H. G. Doddridge, Lyons, August 13, 1941.

DEZURKO: CANTONMENT LEAVEN WORTH 367

but certainly it is evident that these early years were important in
the development of the Idaho senator, who later won for himself
the reputation of being one of the most successful debaters and ora-
tors of the senate. Certainly these years of reading law, literature,
history and government did play a significant part in shaping his
political philosophy, which later he defended so vigorously.

Letters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864

PART THREE, 1858

[PALMYRA, K. T., January, 1858.]

BRO. HAVEN 75 : Have you ever known the soul-agony of bereave-
ment, that for a time has crushed out the consciousness of every
surrounding object, save one dark chasm, into which you gaze, and
gaze, as days and nights go unheeded by? If your own heart has
never been wrung with anguish if the agonizing thought, that cau-
tion, or foresight might have warded off a blow that has fallen on
more than one heart, and made a home desolate, then, sir, you can-
not understand the feelings we would fain express, as with eyes suf-
fused with tears, we attempt to tell some circumstances connected
with the last days of our little Edith, [copy torn: one line is miss-
ing] two years and a half ago.

There may be some reader of the Herald who knows what we
mean, when we say that many times we have formed the resolu-
tion to write for the "children's department/' an obituary of our
precious child; but our pen has until now refused to perform its of-
fice. We have for many years endeavored to write words of com-
fort for other aching hearts, but could never feel, "Thy will be
done," in our own great sorrow, until within a few months.

Edith Urania Lovejoy was born at Landaff, N. H., May 8th,
1849, and was borne in the arms of an agonizing father from a bag-
gage wagon, into a cabin by the wayside, as we journeyed from
Kansas City, Mo., to Manhattan, K. T., and in a few hours of un-
consciousness to her, her spirit went to God, May 4, 1855, and we
laid the precious casket in which it was once enshrined, away in a
cold damp grave, in a lone spot, which is now "Lawrence Ceme-
tery," and a "field of graves," and in a few hours from the time we
saw the cold clods heaped upon our darling, we were obliged by
the force of circumstances, to tear ourselves from the grave of our
loved one, and continue our journey of nearly 90 miles, scattering
our tears along the road, as we turned our eyes across the prairies
that stretched away toward her grave.

The suffering of the pioneers who first landed on the soil of Kan-
sas can never be told. We will relate a little of our history in this
matter, and we doubt not, if others would speak out, their tale of
sorrow would bring tears from eyes "unused to weep."

75. Zion'i Herald, Boston, Mass.

(368)

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 369

We landed in Kansas City, Mo., March 18, 1855, and Mr. Love-
joy and our only son left immediately for the Territory with a com-
pany (of New Englanders chiefly,) in pursuit of a spot to locate
a town. They journeyed 140 miles, and pitched their tent at the
junction of the Big Blue and Kansas Rivers, and laid out the town
now called Manhattan. Our two daughters, with myself, remained
at K. at the "American Hotel," to board until sent for, after a
cabin had been built. During our stay of some six weeks, hundreds
were almost constantly thronging the house, bringing various dis-
eases with them, and seldom a boat load without more or less sick,
until the very air in the different rooms seemed impregnated with
disease and death. Within a few feet of our own room, lay at one
time four men, sick with lung fever. A little farther on, in the
passage that led to our room, within a short time lay two dead
bodies. In another room lay our beloved Bro. D., formerly of the
New England Conference, sick with fever for weeks; and many
from different boarding places found a grave in Kansas City. We
left the hotel, and went to a private house to board, when our elder
daughter was seized with pneumonia, which had been very fatal
in the community, and our younger became very ill, whilst we too
were violently seized, and we feared the whole "trio" would die,
and not a human face we had ever seen before to express any human
sympathy. At this crisis it was announced that a boat was to sail
up the Kaw River, to Fort Riley, and pass the place where the com-
pany with which Mr. L. was connected were located I immediately
engaged a passage for us, for it was evident [that] to stay where we
were was death; and my eldest daughter was borne from a bed
sick with fever, and the other [came] down with measles on board
the boat, which [copy torn] down river about four miles, and
grounded, [copy torn] stuck fast for months. The passengers left
the boat, some bound in one direction and some in another. One
family were to pass the "Big Blue," where Mr. Lovejoy was, and
by them I sent an express to him, apprising him of our danger, and
I knew the hour he received the message he would start to find us ;
but where we could find an asylum till he should arrive, as we must
leave the boat, was more than we could tell, as the community
where our craft was aground were half-breed Indians and French
Catholics of the baser sort; and if Pandemonium can produce a viler
race than occupies that region but I forbear. Heaven alone know-
eth the full climax of woe that burst upon my spirit, when I paced
to and fro the deck of that ill-fated steamer, praying every breath,

24102

370 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

whilst the boat was grating harshly, now across one bar, and then
another and I felt that when she struck, the fate of some of us was
sealed; for in those filthy hovels, if even there we could find a
shelter, it might prove death, in our condition.

In this dilemma, a man in the garb of a gentleman came on board,
and informed us that his cabin, occupied by his family, was near
the spot where the boat had stopped, and as they had started on a
journey to St. Louis, and he wished to stop at Kansas City during
their absence, if I would take my children there from the boat, and
take care of them on the premises, I would be welcome to stop until
the boat started again, or Mr. Lovejoy arrived.

In company with a fellow passenger, I accompanied him to his
cabin, and, on opening the door, a horrid stench met my olfactory
nerves, producing a nauseating effect, such as I seldom have felt.
"How can I live here? Ah me! how little have I known of real
suffering until lately!" And then the appeal to Heaven, "Why am
I brought into such straits?"

There was no alternative ; the passengers must leave the boat, and
we must trust to God for protection. I noticed the heavy, strong
door, and massive lock, and thought we could watch day and night,
until help came from some quarter. There was one room only, and
that unfinished, but I discovered a ponderous box, filled with "un-
mentionables." And Mrs. H. B. Stowe, with her rare descriptive
powers, could not, in our opinion, do justice to this only receptacle
of wardrobe, linen, &c., that we could discover, belonging to this
fashionable woman of society, who was on a pleasure-seeking tour,
leaving her home more disgustingly filthy than swine ought to
occupy. Amongst the articles in said box, on examination, we dis-
covered a dead animal of the feline species, partly consumed by
decay, that produced the sickening effluvia arising from it.

We went to work with a will, and prepared a place for Jfuliette].
and E. to sleep, cleaned up the cabin, cooked something to keep us
from starving, fed the chickens, and attended to "chores" according
to his directions, locked up the door, and threw ourselves on our
knees by the bed-side of our sick ones, with about the same feelings
we should have had, had the house been surrounded by bandits.
We knew God would not forsake us, and felt that a guard of angels
were around us. I threw my weary limbs beside my children, not
to sleep, though nature was well nigh exhausted.

At a late hour, I heard a/ confusion of voices around the cabin,
and finally they approached the door, and tried to gain admittance.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 371

I threw myself and children on the promises of God arose, and
deliberately dressed myself and children, supposing they might be
robbers, in pursuit of money, as the family were absent, and the
cabin far from any habitation, in a lonely wood. I took little E.,
and told her not to be afraid, God would take care of us, unlocked
the door, bade Juliett follow close, and as fast as my limbs would
carry me through the thickets of brushwood, made my way in the
darkness to the boat.

The next day he came and informed us "that he had concluded
it might be some expense to admit us to his cabin" after we had
cleaned up his premises, and set things a little to rights "and we
must find a shelter elsewhere." The passengers had all left, and
only one lady was now on board; and what to do we knew not, as
all were perfect strangers.

An old Catholic lady, seventy years of age, came on board, it
being the Sabbath, to see the boat, as she had never seen a steam-
boat; and she informed us that, if we could walk two miles to her
cabin, we could stay there till E. recovered from the measles, as but
few would permit that disease to come into their families. We
started, with aching hearts, to follow the decrepit old lady, with a
cotton handkerchief tied over her head in lieu of a bonnet, and 0,
what a "horror of darkness" fell on my spirit, as I followed this
aged dame to her cabin. The darkness of the tomb cast its shadow
across my pathway. I knew not how to unravel the mystery that
surrounded me something awful was before me I felt, I knew
not what nor was the spell broken until my poor lacerated heart
saw the object of its love, with the little hands folded in death. On
reaching the little cabin, built of rough "shakes," we found the old
lady procured her living principally by charity, and we found we
could not remain there. At any rate, she wanted to do us good, and
if I ever go into that region, and find the old lady living, her desire
to be kind shall be amply remunerated. From thence, we agreed
with a half-breed Indian woman, to stop in her log cabin till the
measles had disappeared, little thinking what an awful week was
before me, with a drunken Indian woman for a hostess, carrying
scars upon her person, received in drunken fights. Sicker and sicker
grew my child, whilst day and night I watched over her, amid scenes
I dare not write, until the measles disappeared, and her lungs and
brain seemed to be affected.

I said to her one day, "Edith, you are very sick, and may die, and
I want you should pray to God all the time."

372 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Said she, "Ma, if I die I shall go to heaven, and I want to be buried
where Pa and Ma live."

Ah! she was a model child, in obedience, love of her books, gentle-
ness of disposition, and, we doubt not, regenerated at a very early
age. She was always a praying child, and very early taught by the
Spirit.

We must hasten. We learned Bro. Dennison's family were about
starting for the Big Blue, though his children had the measles, and
we hired a team to take us along in his company till we should meet
Mr. Lovejoy, or as far as Lawrence. Our teamster proved to be a
drunken rowdy, who stole our provisions from our carriage, and the
four days we were on the road to Lawrence, when we ought to have
been but two, had the terms of the agreement been carried out, we
never saw Bro. Dennison, or any other one we ever knew, on the
road. And 0, the anguish that drank up our spirits, as we carried
our dying child in our arms by day, in a ponderous vehicle, until
nature gave way, and at night laid her on the filthy floor of an
Indian wigwam, and sat on the floor by her side, weeping and pray-
ing the live-long night; while she begged piteously to be laid on a
bed, as "her head ached worse on the floor;" but her mother had no
bed for her dying child. Ah! those four days the sorrows of forty
years we had passed through, were as nothing, till then.

The fourth day, we reached what is now Lawrence, (then a few
cabins,) about an hour after Mr. Lovejoy arrived, he having started
on foot, as soon as he received the message, and weeping and pray-
ing, he had traveled on foot about ninety miles in three days, with
nothing to eat but [copy torn] biscuit, made (by the men) of flour
and water and slippery elm bark to chew.

Our precious child opened her eyes and looked me full in the face,
said, "Mother, you are good," and the last word was spoken [copy
torn: three lines jumbled] and when, a few months after, the Lord
placed in our care another child to train for the skies, then only did
we seem to awake from the reverie, and feel that we had something
still to live for.

We have tried to cling to Jesus during two years and nine months
that we have been in Kansas. Though we have passed through
what we never dreamed of in New England, God blessed us wonder-
fully last fall, and we never felt more like counting all things but
dross, that we may win Christ.

God is pouring out his spirit on Mr. Love joy's mission, and we
think as many as fifty have joined the society. It does our souls

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 373

good to see God converting sinners here. We never expect to feel
at home in Kansas, though, if we can enjoy health when warm
weather returns, we may live and die here. Such another field to
do good in, we do not think can be found; therefore we are glad
we can labor for God and freedom here, where sin abounds. "Let
me do and suffer all the will of God/' is my prayer. Kansas must
be redeemed and saved, and we want a hand in helping on the good
work.

The political heavens are gathering blackness, and we know not
how soon a storm of wrath will burst upon our heads. What does
Mr. Buchanan mean? Is there no redress for this insulted people?
No hope from Congress? Ah, sir, the Eternal will ere long smite
our enemies with the rod of, his wrath, and vex them in his sore
displeasure; and they shall know against whom they have been
madly contending. Will our dear brethren still pray for us?

Yours, for truth and justice,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

[PALMYRA, K. T., March 16, 1858.]

MR. EDITOR 76 : If you will allow me a space in the Herald to
answer some less than a "thousand and one" questions about Kan-
sas, you will remove a burden from my shoulders that I have been
bearing for weeks past; and instead of diminishing it by sending
off letters in "parcels," they come thicker and faster, until a "heap"
is now piled up on my writing-desk, clamoring for an immediate
answer. It has been a serious tax on our time to answer half the
letters that have been pouring in upon us, and but few seem to
think that the missionary's salary in Kansas is very small, and for-
get to enclose even a postage stamp when they write on their own
business. Now this is a trifling expense, singly and alone, but the
amount when added up is of some importance.

Is it not strange that intelligent New Englanders, who have such
facilities for knowing about "Kansas matters," should in almost
every instance ask the same questions, again and again, that we
have answered repeatedly through the press, both secular and re-
ligious? Now, once for all, we would say, that Palmyra is ten miles
south of Lawrence, and forty or forty-five from Kansas City.
Within a circle of fifty or sixty miles from this place there are
plenty of claims yet untaken ; there is a sufficiency of timber for all
practicable purposes in every part of the Territory, as far as we
can learn, and generally springs, of as clear, good-tasting water as

76. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

374 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

in New England, by digging for wells, sometimes from twenty to
forty feet on the open prairie! We have ever found water soft
enough for washing in every locality we have yet visited. A man
can buy "shares" or single lots, in every town in the Territory, if
he is so disposed, but cannot legally hold more than one claim of
one hundred and sixty acres. Many have endeavored to evade the
law, and have done so by hiring others to hold claims for them.
"Jumping claims," has caused some cold-blooded murders in dif-
ferent parts of the Territory. Many have taken claims, and left
the Territory in haste, to escape the bullet of the border ruffian, and
returning, find another in possession of their "claims;" then comes
the "tug of war." The region around Palmyra was first taken by
pro-slavery men; the most rabid fire-eaters of this party fled to
Missouri, with their families, in "war times," and others coming in
jumped their claims, in their absence. One of our nearest neighbors
did so, and has held the claim unmolested for more than a year; but
he had occasion recently to go to Kansas City for provisions, and
the former owner of the claim lived in Westport, through which he
was obliged to pass, and report has come back, that he was found
lying in his wagon, shot dead. This pro-slavery man boasted when
he lived here, of the many he had murdered. We have no doubt
but for years to come, though there may be no general outbreak,
pro-slavery men who have a pique against prominent Free State
individuals will pick them off, if they can without detection, when
they fall in their way.

One correspondent inquires about the streams of water in the
Territory. The Kansas and Big Blue Rivers, with creeks in deep
ravines usually that intersect the country in every direction, are
all the streams we have seen, though in the southern part there are
streams like our brooks and small rivers in New England, we are
told; and in the Northwest, Republican and Smoky Hill Forks.
These creeks are so small in the summer that they are usually
forded ; sometimes the banks are so full that in attempting to cross,
teams have been drowned. Steam mills, if not built near a river,
are supplied from wells, dug for that purpose. Timber for building,
such as black walnut, cottonwood, &c., is plenty, though high-
priced, $30 per thousand, and some have bought pine at $60 per
thousand, at Kansas City, brought from the North on steamboats,
in preference to the timber of the Territory. Many build of stone,
or concrete houses, for from $800 to $1000 or $2000, just as they
can afford. House rent is from $12 to $50 per month. In most of

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 375

the towns a lot will be donated provided a man erects a dwelling
thereon. A man can build himself a comfortable residence, by do-
ing the work himself, for $150 or $200, without plastering. We are
now occupying one, and have been for about a year, built of logs,
with the interstices daubed with, (we guess) clay and lime, or some
substance akin to it. We have lived for months with neither floor
nor window, where poisonous serpents would trespass within our
precincts, and we assure our lady friends we thought it quite an
addition to our comfort to have rough boards laid down, as an
apology for a floor.

Good mechanics of every kind are wanted here, though money
now is hard to be got. It will cost a man about $40 or $50 to come
from Boston to Lawrence, K. T., by railroad to St. Louis, and steam-
boat from thence to Kansas City, Wyandot, Quindaro, or Leaven-
worth it is immaterial at which place he stops, if he wishes to
reach Lawrence. It is about forty or fifty-five miles to Lawrence
from either place; by stage, $4 or $5 fare. Flour in Lawrence is
$3.50 per hundred; pork 17 cents per pound; lard, 16 3-4 cents;
sugar, 7 Ibs. for a dollar. We should advise all who come this spring
in pursuit of claims to go some two hundred miles in a southwesterly
direction from Lawrence ; or if they start from Kansas City (which
we should do) go in a westerly direction, and strike for a place
called "Walnut Creek," or "Eldorado," 77 where a town has recently
been laid out, in a fine farming country, with plenty of wood. Emi-
grants can purchase oxen at Kansas City, for about $100 per yoke;
wagons for about $75 ; cows, we think, for $20 or $25, for they are
$30 here, and first rate at that. Potatoes here are $1, and $1.25
per bushel. If we were now coming into the Territory with our
present knowledge of things, we should buy a team and provisions,
provided our family were along with us, bake our cakes, or "bread,"
and fry our ham or bacon in what the Westerners call a "skillet,"
we Yankees, call the same important utensil "spider, or frying-
pan," make our coffee, &c., by kindling a fire by the wayside, and
then by procuring a matrass they can lodge very comfortably in
their covered wagon, and save large "bills for lodging." Many a
lady delicately reared has found sacks of meal or flour, with bed-
ding thrown over them, answer finely to rest their wearied limbs
upon.

77. El Dorado as a community dates from June 15, 1857, when a company organized at
Lawrence arrived, pitched their tents in a circle and raised the United States flag in the center.
In July of that year the colony received an addition of fifteen families. El Dorado, however,
was not laid out as a town until 1868. A. T. Andreas and W. G. Cutler, History of the State
of Kansas (Chicago, 1883), pp. 1481, 1482.

376 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

could we have known three years ago about pioneer life as
we have since learned, we are not sure but we should have flinched,
and our hearts quailed within us for a season; but we should have
come to Kansas, notwithstanding we can bear the thought of ev-
erything we have passed through, but the agonizing "reflection that
our own loved child so early died a martyr to intense suffering,
caused by having no quiet resting place; no place for her aching
limbs but a rough baggage-wagon, and no cordials to restore her
sinking, feeble body. . . .

Kansas is saved at last; and let one universal anthem of Halle-
lujah to God, go up from every New England heart that throbs for
human freedom. . . .

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

PALMYRA, K. T., May 27, 1858.

BRO. HAVEN 78 : Having just returned from a tour of a hundred
miles in the Territory, as far northwest as the mouth of the Big
Blue River, I thought it might be of some interest to our dear New
England friends to learn of the rapid progression of this interesting
part of the Territory. Lawrence has been so often described that
we will tarry this lovely morning to make but a few calls, without
alighting from our carriage, though we discover some new tene-
ments almost every time we visit the place, and some streets so
changed that we hardly recognize them. Now, dear reader, just
keep pace with us, if you please, and we will point out as well as
we can the different localities through which we pass; and if you
are an admirer of the beautiful, whether in nature or art, you will
not have gone ten miles before you reach the superlative in old
Murray's comparisons, and almost feel oppressed with the beauty
of the panoramic view that stretches out as far as vision can reach.
Such farms as can be seen nowhere but in the great West; the "live-
fence," so uniform, enclosing 160 or 80 acres; elegant mansions,
built of stone, concrete, and black walnut, or tastefully built cot-
tages, peering out among green foliage.

Six miles above Lawrence, the road turns to the right hand that
leads to the world-renowned city of Lecompton, hidden from view,
save the stone church built by the M. E. Church, South, that stands
on an elevation, and a few other buildings. On we jog, and fifteen
miles from Lawrence we reach the town of Big Springs, so called
from several large springs, from which beautifully clear water in

78. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 377

abundance gushes forth. The place was too destitute of trees and
shrubbery to suit our taste ; some good dwelling-houses, and a church,
once nearly completed, of concrete, owned by the United Brethren;
but we were sorry to see one side of the roof lying on the ground,
carried some distance by the force of the wind. This branch of
Christ's church are very numerous in Kansas, and as far as we have
learned are devotedly pious, and doing great good.

A few miles farther brought us to Tecumseh, which is a town of
rare beauty. "Indeed," Mr. L. and myself exclaimed, "the prettiest
place in Kansas." The houses are not huddled together, like many
other places, but spread over a broad area, interspersed with groves,
which gives quite a rural appearance to the whole. There are, we
should judge, 150 or 200 houses, perhaps more, as some were half
hidden by trees, and a number of edifices that equal in beauty any-
thing we ever saw. These were built of beautiful stone, in a circular
form, two stories high, with eight sides, and large windows con-
structed like folding doors. Perhaps this may meet the eye of some
architect, who can give a better description of these new-fashioned,
but we think model houses. Southern aristocrats have much wealth
invested in this town, and many of the inhabitants are pro-slavery.

A few miles farther and we come to Topeka ; this, too, is a beauti-
ful town, the site surpassing Lawrence, though not so large. We
thought there were two hundred houses, many of them of brick and
stone, and some very large, imposing structures, for various purposes.
The Methodists and Congregationalists have each a stone church
going up, that will be ornaments to the place. Here we spent two
nights with a dear family that was one of our "stopping-places" on
our "first circuit," Fryeburg, Me., twenty-four years ago, with David
Copeland, of blessed memory, for a colleague. The hospitable board
of A. Whiting, Esq., has been spread for the weary itinerant in Frye-
burg, and Saco, Me., and Lawrence, Mass.; and wherever he spreads
his tent, even on the plains of Kansas, he says to the herald of the
cross, "come, and be welcome." Heaven reward the dear family,
and bring them all to heaven at last !

At Topeka we crossed the Kaw River on a bridge ! The go-aheada-
tive spirit of the Yankees has spanned the Kansas River with the
first bridge ever built across it, at a cost of about $10,000, I think,
we were informed. A part of this is a drawbridge, to permit steam-
boats to pass. 79 Three miles from this bridge we reach the town of

79. The bridge was opened for travel on May 1, 1858, and in the following July it was
swept away by a flood. George A. Root, "Ferries in Kansas," Kansas Historical Quarterly,
v. 2, p. 869.

378 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Indianola. 80 This land belonged to the Delaware "trust lands/' and
was sold last year for about two dollars per acre; now fifty dollars
could not buy an acre near this town. And, Mr. Editor, were it not
that you might catch the "speculating spirit of the times," which is
very infectious hereabouts, I would like to have you leave your
sanctum long enough to spend a few weeks in gazing at nature along
the Kaw valley, just as she was fashioned by the Hand Divine.

A few miles farther on, and we strike into the Pottawattomie
lands, where for thirty or forty miles the monotony of the scene is
scarcely changed. Vast bottom-lands, six or eight miles in extent,
and as level as the floor of a house, waving with tall grass, and
here and there, herds of swine, fat cattle and horses, that roam at
large, owned by the Indians; now a log house, neatly white-washed,
a corn patch of a few acres fenced in, meets your view, while hun-
dreds, yes thousands of acres of heavy timber stretch all along,
we think unbroken, through the Kansas valley. Thousands of acres
of as rich land and choice timber as the sun ever shone upon, un-
occupied, owned by these lazy Indians. how many, many times
we wished that poor working men in the East, who need farms, or
poor Methodist preachers, who have always sung so truly,

"No foot of land do I possess,"

could have the doors thrown open to them here in this paradise,
and find a home for their dependant families in their old age.

Occasionally we crossed a "toll bridge," (across some deep chasm
or creek) kept by an Indian, for you are aware this is the Govern-
ment road from Fort Leaven worth to Fort Riley. Thirty miles this
side of Manhattan you come to the Pottawattomie, a Catholic mis-
sion 81 ; here are perhaps 250 or 300 houses, that stretch along the
road at intervals for miles, including those that cluster near the
church. This is a large white building, with a cupola, or spire, sur-
mounted by a "cross." We noticed, too, in the graveyard near by
a large wooden cross, and thought how little they understood the
true signification of the cross! There are a number of two story
white, or cream colored homes, near the church ; these, we think, are
for school purposes, or residences of those who have charge of the
school; the remainder are built of logs, very good-looking. The
head of this mission for twenty years, I think, has been Father

80. Indianola was situated at the crossing of Soldier creek about a mile and a half from
Papan's ferry, and on the road from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Riley. The town was laid
out in 1854. At one time it attained quite a degree of prosperity, but it was soon over-
shadowed by Topeka. It is now extinct. Andreas -Cutler, op. cit. } p. 534.

81. St. Mary's Catholic Mission.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 379

Durand, 82 a Catholic priest, formerly from Canada. He was drowned
this spring, with three others, in attempting to descend the Missouri
River to St. Louis in a skiff one was a Mr. Limurst, of Maine, re-
turning after his family. Poor man! I saw his claim, joining
Manhattan, his cabin built for the reception of his family, and had
an interview with his lonely son, who remained in his cabin. So it
is in this tearful vale ! The beautiful farms around the mission gave
evidence that the leader and guide was not there. The Indian will
not work usually unless forced to it. Shall I here give some of the
classical names of these Indian nabobs "Sambo," "Johnnycake,"
"Blue-Jacket," "Greyeyes," &c. Every one can select 200 acres of
land where he pleases in the tract appropriated to his tribe, and
many of them own more cattle and horses than any New England
farmer can boast of. We reached Manhattan about sundown, which
is 60 or 70 miles from Topeka, from whence we started in the morn-
ing.

This was our first home in Kansas; but how changed! Our
little log cabin, the first cabin built in Manhattan, has been removed
to the banks of the Blue, and sacrilegously converted into a stable,
and near its former site is the tastefully built residence of Hon. Mr.
[E. M.] Thurston, of Maine, one of the original proprietors of the
town. I did not learn the number of houses in town, but noticed
some beautiful private residences, large hotels, a number of costly
stone buildings, for various purposes, and a large two-story stone
building, for school purposes. The Methodists have a stone church
they hope soon to have completed, and the Episcopalians and Con-
gregationalists intend to build immediately, we were told. But we
must not linger in the city, nor stop to point out the many spots
where we used to weep, and weep for the "loved and the lost." We
must put the lash gently to our faithful beast, jaded though he be,
for one mile hence in the Great Bend of the Blue we have a treasure
that we long once more to press to a mother's faithful heart that
pillowed it in infancy. We drive up to the door, the watchdog barks
furiously; but we rush past him, and a moment more and our only
daughter is in our arms.

Praise to the living God, he hath answered prayer, and after a
long separation we live to meet again. "But, mother, see what the
Lord hath given me!" And, sure enough, a little grandson [ Arthur 1

82. The Reverend Father John B. Duerinck became superior of St. Mary's Pottawatomie
mission on November 3, 1849. On December 8 or 9, 1857, Father Duerinck and five other?
started in a flatboat from Wyandotte to Liberty, Mo., where they hoped to get a steamer.
Above Independence Landing the boat struck a snag, upset and four of the occupants including
Father Duerinck were drowned. Gilbert J. Garraghan, The Jesuits of the Middle United
States (New York, 1938), v. 2, pp. 625, 675, 676.

380 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

was laid in our arms; may its parents have grace to train it for
the skies. We walked up to the mirror, and could not discover that
the unexpected title, "grandparent," had added any more gray hairs
to our head during the few weeks we had borne the strangely-
sounding name.

Our Conference was held at Topeka the 16th of April, and Mr. L.
was stationed at Sumner, 83 sixty miles from Palmyra, on the Mis-
souri River, twenty miles above Leavenworth. It was named for
Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts ; and though only about one year
old, it has about two hundred houses, a number of imposing brick
blocks, a printing press, from which the "Sumner Gazette" is weekly
issued by Cone & Brothers, formerly from Northern New Hampshire.
The inhabitants are generally from the Eastern States. Mr. L. was
on the ground immediately after Conference, and designs to move
his family thither as soon as a tenement can be raised for their re-
ception; for you may not expect to find parsonages yet in Kansas;
and what Methodist preacher here can pay from $200 to $500 per
annum for house-rent?

But hark! a summons at the door exciting news! a special mes-
senger has been dispatched from Moneka, 84 sixty miles from this
place, to Lawrence, for help ! Six Free State men, unarmed, dragged
from their home without the least provocation, drove into a ravine,
and shot in cold blood 85 one a minister of the gospel, named Reed, 86
just come in from Wisconsin. Capt. Walker stopped at our son's
last night on his way to arrest the murderers, and Gov. Denver and
the military are hastening to the scene likewise. I have just learned
that our neighbors at Prairie City, three miles from here, are pre-
paring to go to their aid. What next will come ! We supposed the
horrors of war were over here. I, and my little boy of two summers,
live quite alone night and day here in the woods, half a mile from
any human habitation, and are quite happy in this excitement.

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

PALMYRA, K T., May 29, 1850 [1858].

DEAR DEMOCRAT 87 : Lo! these many weeks, have ye, (faithful
Chronicler of events) been talking to me as of yore, bringing me
good news, and bad news, from "the loved ones at home." Thus I

83. Sumner was named for George Sumner, one of the original stockholders, and not for his
brother, Charles Sumner, United States senator from Massachusetts. Sheffield Ingalls, History
of Atchison County (Lawrence, 1916), pp. 85, 92.

84. Moneka, a town in Linn county, now extinct.

85. This was the Marais des Cygnes massacre which occurred May 19, 1858.

86. The Rev. Charles Reed was among the wounded. D. W. Wilder, The Annals of Kan-
sas (Topeka, 1886), p. 235.

87. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 381

have weekly listened to all thou hast had to tell me, not excepting
the parenthesis, including the purely benevolent act of "the man
whose sands of life had almost run out." It may prove a great mis-
fortune that those wicked wags have thought it necessary to re-
plenish his waning glass, with a barrel of fresh sand, forwarded at
his expense by them. But contrary to my usual habit I have listened
in respectful silence; not but what I have had enough to tell thee of
weekly, but other cases have called for attention. It is painful that
the first time I break this long silence, I should have to tell thee of
the most horrid tragedy, all things considered, that has yet been
enacted in the "Kansas drama." Twelve men without any provo-
cation, dragged from their homes at noonday, driven into a ravine
and shot ten men killed and wounded five men instantly killed!
one a Baptist Missionary only just arrived in the Territory from
Wisconsin. These men perfectly unsuspecting of any danger en-
tirely unarmed! I stated in the notice to Zion's Herald, just for-
warded to Boston, (I think) but six were at first taken, but one
account received here was six, another twelve; and I prefer, when
giving facts for the public, it should fall short, rather than exceed
in these exciting times. We did hope that the "horrors of war" were
past in Kansas, but time can only determine who will be the next
victim. Only a few weeks since, a gang in the same region rode along
the road, calling whom they pleased out of their houses, as they rode
along, and shooting at them. One man was killed, leaning over the
bed of his sick wife administering medicine to her he fell across
the bed with the exclamation, "0 God! I am shot," and instantly
expired ! What a scene for that poor survivor.

There is great excitement here rumor has just reached us that
hundreds are collecting at Westport to destroy Ossawattomie again,
but I entirely discredit it. A couple of gentlemen called here yester-
day from Kansas City I have no doubt pro-slavery but were loud
in their denunciations of these murderers, and I think the good
sense of the better part of the community, along the border in Mis-
souri, will prompt the people to assist in arresting the murderers.
There are hundreds after them.

Our friends can imagine, but not describe the feelings of a mother's
heart, when I tell them that Charles was in Kansas City after a
load of provisions, when the sad intelligence reached this place, and
one of the murdered men was seized on the road, on the same errand
as himself. I and my little boy, of two summers, were entirely alone
in our cabin, half of a mile from any human habitation. It was a
sleepless night, though I believe people here generally think it safe

382 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

to travel where they list. Such shocking murders committed when
we thought "peace declared;" by the wholesale, too, make me sigh
for the quiet of my own native hills, (i. e. after Mr. L. votes; of
course we would have no man debarred from that last privilege of
showing their detestation for the measures forged to enslave us, after
contesting every inch of ground with the enemy for more than a
"three year's siege."

I want to stay in Kansas just as long as we can accomplish an
iota of good for the cause of Freedom, though the hot weather of
every summer I have spent here, greatly debilitates the system, and
renders me almost an invalid, for weeks and months. Already, this
spring, I feel my strength diminishing, and long once more to inhale
the breeze that comes direct from Mt. Washington sacredly believ-
ing, (tho' the tho't may be considered by the reader tinctured with
puerilty) that there are no streams quite so pure, no air quite so
bracing, no people quite so dear to the writer, as those who live
among rocks, and toil hard on sterile soil, for the bread of honesty.

Nothing can exceed Kansas in beauty, fertility, &c., but if it be the
will of heaven, and if the precious dust I still love, that lies entombed
in Kansas, can be removed to New England, I find still a choice
lingering around the heart, to have my grave made at last among
my "kindred dear," though I have oft so feelingly sung

"No matter where we fall, if only at our post."

I don't wonder now that the Ancient covenant ones carried Joseph's
bones along with them, though once it seemed so strange neither do
I that the poor Indian tears himself so reluctantly from the "graves
of his fathers."

Kansas summers are far better adapted to the "lean and lank,"
like some famous editor I wot of, than those unfortunately inclined
to corpulency. We may live and die here the will of God be done.

The people en masse reject with scorn the proffered bribe! Does
Congress think we are all fools or cowards here, and not one wise
head that can delve through the meshes, and read what is beneath,
or that we would barter Freedom for gold? No doubt there are
Benedict Arnolds among us, but none, of the true metal, will heed
the bait one moment. 88

Respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

P8. Free-Staters opposed the so-called English bill. It provided "for a resubmission of the
[Lecompton] constitution to the voters of Kansas, on the condition that if they rejected it, the
state would lose a part of the public land to which it was entitled, and also that it could not
be admitted as a state until the population equaled the ratio required for a representative in
Congress. This scheme to bribe the Kansans to accept the Lecompton document, and to punish

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 383

PALMYRA, K. T., June 1, 1858.

BRO. HAVEN 89 : I should not have troubled your readers with an-
other communication from my pen so soon, to the exclusion of more
important matter from the Herald, were it not for the painful feel-
ings I experienced recently when reading a letter from Bro. I. Pipher,
of Manhattan, Kansas, in the Western Christian Advocate, and since
that, copied by Rev. A. Stevens, D. D., apparently with much zest
and pleasure, into the Christian Advocate and Journal of April 15.
Dr. Stevens heads the article thus: "Kansas Preachers." In speak-
ing of the preachers in Kansas, of which he says they have quite a
number, Mr. Pipher adds: "but we need efficient men, deeply im-
bued with the spirit of their mission; men who feel it their chief
duty to preach the gospel of Christ, to hunt up the lost sheep and
stray lambs, and gather them into the fold, and build up the church
of God, rather than to become political leaders, attending political
meetings and making political speeches, which is unfortunately too
frequently the case here." Now, sir, the above I consider a gross
wholesale libel on the "preachers in Kansas," and not a neighbor-
hood slander, but sent broadcast wherever the Christian Advocate
and Journal has a circulation, both throughout the United States and
the British isles! Ought this slang to pass unnoticed, unrebuked,
and the impression remain on the readers of these papers, as though
there were no efficient ministers, faithful pastors, but the "Kansas
preachers" are all a set of political demagogues? After all the pri-
vations these pioneer preachers have experienced for more than
three years, must they now be held up to the world as "political
leaders" and "political speechifiers?"

Now for the facts in the case: I happen to know well the spirit
of this same Bro. Pipher toward New England Methodism, (espe-
cially if tinctured with what he contemptuously calls "abolitionism")
having lived the next door neighbor to him for a year; and, by the
way, the term "abolitionist," in the minds of such men is associated
with Garrisonianism and Abby Kellyism. No distinction is made,
and it is never noticed that we entirely disclaim any connection with
such radicalism. The preachers who have been stationed at Man-
hattan for three years, and to whom he refers undoubtedly, are Rev.
J. Dennison, and Rev. N. Trafton, both New England men, and
efficient in every sense of the word deeply pious; and though it is

them if they rejected, passed Congress, in spite of the vigorous opposition of [Sen. Stephen A.]
Douglas." Ralph Volney Harlow, The Growth of the United States (New York, 1925), p. 457.
On August 2 Kansas voters decided the question. The official count was declared to be 1,788
for the proposition, and 11,300 against. Wilder, op. cit. t p. 240.
89. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

384 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

now their chief, would make it their only business to preach the
gospel and "hunt up the lost sheep," were it not that the exceeding
smallness of their salary compels them to labor some with their
hands, to obtain bread for their families. By the way, I would be
glad the world to know as extensively as the slander has been circu-
lated, how much this same Bro. Pipher, who is doing a good business
in the mercantile line in M., has paid for the support of those under
whose ministry he has sat for three years, to aid them in their
glorious work of "hunting up the stray lambs !" We knew well where
the "shoe pinched" when we first read Bro. P.'s letter in the Western
Christian Advocate, but we'll leave that matter for those preachers
to explain hereafter to whom he refers, when they learn what has
been sent forth to the world. I am very well acquainted with the
labors of one of the "Kansas preachers" for three years past I
speak not of the "efficiency" with regard to talent, but I do speak
of "abundant labors" in looking up the "sheep and lambs," and
"gathering them into the fold." I can speak of one who has been a
stranger to his own fireside two-thirds of the time he has been in
Kansas, and who for the year just passed has had no home the most
of the time only as he went from one cabin to another ; and when he
did visit his family, it was impossible for him to do so only as he
crossed a vast prairie twenty miles in extent, and not one human
habitation the entire distance, in all kinds of weather sometimes
riding the whole route in the rain, drenched to the skin sometimes
nature would well nigh faint under a broiling sun; and then the
piercing wintry wind must be faced, until many times he has feared
he might perish on the prairie, and his family know nothing of it for
a long time ; and the present year this same uninhabited region must
be passed if he turns his face homewards.

When I read the Christian Advocate and Journal of late, a paper
I formerly so much loved, I am forced to exclaim, "How are the
mighty fallen!" Who can read the speech of the venerable Rev.
H. Bangs, at the last session of the N. Y. East Conference, and
others, on the slavery question, and not utter the same exclamation?
Slavery is murdering by the wholesale of late in Kansas, men who
have had no more to do with the "Kansas agitation" than has Dr.
Stevens himself. What punishment would he think due to a wretched
Sepoy who should raise his murderous hand to slay our good Bro.
Butler, whom the whole church loves to designate as "our mis-
sionary?" Slavery has raised its blood-stained hand against the
missionary of the cross in Kansas, from another branch of the church

;

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p *-

CQ 3 J

O 1;"-

Sll

qH SH CO

H n I

<tj

00
1C

P '

HOME OF GEN. JAMES H. LANE

This house stood at the northwest corner of the intersection of Eighth
and Mississippi streets, Lawrence. The two photographs here shown were
made by Alexander Gardner, of Washington, D. C., in 1867.

"HOUSE AND WELL WHERE JIM LANE SHOT CAPT. JENKINS'
That was the caption Gardner placed on this photograph. The place
was near the Lane residence and its location in 1858 was reported as "ad-
joining the town." Neither house is standing today.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 385

the deadly aim has been taken, and the man of God only saved
himself from the rage of his blood-thirsty enemies, while five of his
brave companions fell dead by dragging his wounded body into the
woods. Perhaps the Doctor thinks he had no right to be found in
Kansas as a missionary. The Baptist Church in Wisconsin had as
good a right to send Rev. Charles Reed 90 to Kansas as a missionary
as the M. E. Church in the United States had to send Rev. W. Butler
to India in a like capacity. Let Dr. Stevens and other apologists for
the institution take a tour of a few months in Kansas, and they will
be completely cured of their prejudices, I think.

Respectfully,

J. LOUISA LOVEJOY.

SUMNEE, K. T., June 19, 1858.

[Copy torn] So here we are in our new field [copy torn] and are
highly pleased, both with [copy torn] people, and if you can have
patience [to follow?] the "thought-tracks" we are now almost vainly
attempting to make in the dark on paper, we will tell you something
about the matter. 91 As a kind of preface to the whole, we would
describe to your readers our present position. Daylight is just be-
ginning to dawn on this beautiful earth, and here we are with our
traveling bag for a seat, our portfolio in our lap for a writing-desk,
and in the unfinished chamber where we are, are thirteen specimens
of humanity, and not an article of furniture in the room save bed-
ding; and if we should move two steps from the side of our mattrass
spread on the floor, we might land on the dining-table, dishes and
all, in the room below, for the floor is only partly laid; and we will
put to with a will and write whilst this family of boarders are still
in the arms of Morpheus, lest when the eyelids ope by balmy sleep
refreshed, the quiet that now reigns through this large boarding-
house, should be changed to a Babel. May our kind Christian host
and hostess, who have suffered in their property from "border ruffian-
ism," rest in a better world when the sorrows of life are over.

You will be glad with us when we tell you with tears of joy, that
after being exiled for more than three years, we are now at home
for the first time (in feeling we mean) since we have been in Kansas.
Almost every family in the place is from dear New England, and
quite a number of Methodists from good old Vermont, have just
arrived. how fast we live these days in enjoyment, none can tell
but those who have passed through what we have !

90. See Footnote 86.

91. Letter to Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

25102

386 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Sumner City is situated in the "Great bend" of the Missouri river,
20 miles above Leavenworth, and about 40 from Kansas City. There
was but one cabin one year ago, and now there are about 200 good
houses, hotels, stores, mills, &c., and it bids fair to outstrip Lawrence
at no distant day. It is built on a succession of bluffs that strelch
back from the river that gives the place a peculiarly unique appear-
ance. Between every two bluffs living springs gush out, and form
rivulets of clear, sparkling water, some of them as cold as ice water,
and affording an abundance for cooking purposes for the inhabitants,
of which there are now about 800, and they are still coming. Many
of the houses are perched on dizzy heights, on the verge of almost
perpendicular precipices above the water. Mr. Love joy is building
a residence in one of the most romantic spots you ever saw; and,
sir, if you could steal away from your quiet sanctum and take a
trip to our Eden, you shall have the privilege of occupying a room
perched on a bluff, covered with beautiful trees and shrubbery,
planted by the Almighty's hand, and look right down in the murky
waters of the mad Missouri, that will roll 150 feet below you; and
from this elevated spot that is to be our future home we can almost
or quite toss a ball with such precision that a passenger on board
the numerous craft that ply this mighty river, might receive it, and
by giving it sufficient momentum, return it to its original starting
point, as the boat went whizzing by.

Our quarterly meeting is to be holden to-day and to-morrow in
this place, and we are expecting the "great Head of the church" to
be. in our midst in power. Bro. Shaw, an old presiding elder, for-
merly of the Michigan Conference, is presiding elder on this (Leaven-
worth) district. I have forgotten to tell you that this city is named
in honor of Senator Sumner, 92 of Massachusetts, and is literally a
"city in the woods," and buildings of two, three and four stories high,
peering above the trees.

The settlers in Linn County are still having war, and we learned
yesterday that they had just had a "pitched battle;" did not learn
which party was triumphant. You have doubtless learned ere this,
of the shocking affair at Lawrence, that has spread dismay through
the Free State ranks. Col. James Lane shot Col. Gaius Jenkins dead,
instantly, one week ago last Thursday ! 93 They had a long while
disputed a "claim" that each wanted to get possession of, that lay
west of Lawrence, adjoining the town, and on the morning the fatal
deed was committed, Col. Jenkins had been heating his brain at the

92. See Footnote 83.

93. James H. Lane shot and killed Gaius Jenkins June 8, 1858. Wilder, op. cit., p. 236.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 387

whiskey shop, and with an oath on his lips, fell dead in presence of
his wife, who was gazing from a window; and when he fell, rushed
frantically to the spot, and clasped him in her arms as the blood
spouted from his mouth on her clothes. Col. Lane was shot at seven
times by Jenkins' friends, one ball lodged in his leg, where it will
probably remain till he goes to the grave; another whizzed through
his hair, cutting away a portion thereof, &c.; but a strange "charm"
seems thrown around his person ; we are sure it cannot be of a Divine
character, for he is a very wicked man, though he has done much
for Kansas. The weather was very warm, but the remains of Col. J.
were packed in ice and preserved until Sabbath. We were present
at the funeral, and never saw such a concourse of people together in
Kansas on any occasion, save the army from Missouri, at the Sep-
tember invasion. There lay the murdered victim in a metallic coffin
in front of the altar, looking like one asleep (as the shot took effect
in the stomach and abdomen.) Forty-six years he had lived, and
died as the fool dieth at last. There was his heart-broken wife, borne
between sympathizing friends through the aisle, and there three
weeping children, and an infant at home. Near the church in which
the services were held lay the wounded Col. Lane, and his mental
anguish it was thought might terminate his existence, though he is
now in a fair way to recover. He is to be tried for murder, but will
probably be acquitted on the ground of "acting in self-defense." 0,
sin, what hast thou done ! The above, we consider the worst murder
that has occurred in this land of "strife and blood," owing to the
high position of both parties in the Free State cause. "Ah! (said
Col. Lane to Mr. Lovejoy) I consider this the greatest misfortune
of my life I did not intend to kill Jenkins, only to wound him;"
but all was the sudden ebullition of anger.

Respectfully,

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

SUMNER, K. T., July 30, 1858.

BRO. HAVEN 94 : This city is all astir to-day, for the people are
gathering in from "far and near" to attend a grand barbecue and
political festival, for which extensive preparations have been made. 95
Among the speakers, is Hon. M. J. Parrot [t], fresh from Congress.
"A free dinner for all" is served up in the grove by the citizens, and
present appearances indicate that in one respect at least, the blessed

94. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

95. The Sumner Gazette of July 31, 1858, reported that by actual count 2,000 people par-
took of the barbecue. Large crowds came from Leavenworth, Atchison and Doniphan. In the
evening there was a supper and ball at the Sumner House.

388 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Saviour's command will be heeded: "the poor, maimed, halt," &c.,
will be faithfully represented. Whilst I write, soul-stirring music
floats away to my dwelling; I see the "stars and stripes" waving in
the distance, but cannot mingle with the joyous groups this festive
day, for necessity alone compels me to remain at home; and you
know, Mr. Editor, it is [un] truthfully said "that a secret is a burthen
to our slandered sex;" so I'll out with the reason at once, and let
your fifty thousand readers know the important fact that our dwell-
ing which we have occupied for a number of weeks, has neither
doors nor windows yet, and we have already suffered repeated an-
noyances from petty thefts here, so that a "watcher" must constantly
stay "by the stuff;" and then, perchance, if his back is turned for
a moment, some necessary article will come up missing. We never
could realize the vexatious nature of "wholesale thieving" in New
England; one'must emigrate to California or Kansas, to understand
that matter fully. Here, nothing of value is safe for a moment, if
exposed.

Before Mr. L. left home this morning he brought me a letter, writ-
ten to us by a local preacher and his estimable lady, from Western
Vermont, full of words of encouragement, and tears of gratitude and
joy coursed down our cheeks as we read on, and learned that we
were remembered and prayed for by our dear brethren and sisters
in New England. And then that sweet Missionary Hymn, so beauti-
fully set to music by Bro. Pettingill himself; tune, "Kansas." And
how it will cheer our spirits as we travel over these vast prairies, or
take our "cold lunch," by some little rivulet, as we often do, to sing
these expressive lines:

"Hail to the land of our toils and our sorrows,
Land of our rest! when a few more to-morrows
Pass o'er our heads, we will seek our cold pillow,
And rest in our graves, 'neath the shade of the willow."

Did our brethren and sisters understand how much good a few words
of encouragement, even from a stranger's hand, does us, in these
"ends of the earth," I am sure the little "missives" would be sailing
up the Missouri river.

Would our lady friends in New England like a tame description
of the groups that are passing by whilst I write? There goes a noble
animal, with the whole trio perched upon his back, two astride and
the other a lady, and I am not sure but the foremost has a babe in
his arms, for I can plainly see that the next in line of march has
three more, and scarcely one passing but a babe seems a necessary

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 389

appendage to complete the picture. How gracefully that lady rides
on her little pony, carrying her infant; and if two or three more in
primitive style of her little dependencies are on the same pony, what
matters it? There comes a company of young men and young
women, lads and lasses ; we think by their uncultivated appearance,
they have come over from Missouri, for their stopping by the house,
and staring through the big window- frames at us, as we sit quietly
at the table writing, and their course, senseless laugh, indicate that
they were not bred in Yankeedom. The peculiar fashion of the
costume of some of these belles would greatly puzzle the creative
genius that presides in some of the millinery establishments in the
"City of Notions!"

If some idea of our mode oi moving from Palmyra to Sumner will
make one of the dear sisters whose husbands are members of East-
ern Conferences, and who sometimes complain of the hardship of
moving in the East, less disposed to find fault, a faint idea may be
gained by the following account, but the like I hope never again to
experience in Kansas. All things being duly arranged we set off,
after long-continued rains, but indulging the hope that notwith-
standing the badness of the roads, we should have ample time to
complete our journey of sixty miles, between Monday and Saturday.
Mr. Lovejoy drove the ox- team attached to the wagon, in which
were the "household goods," whilst I followed passively, driving the
horse in the buggy, at the same time holding an umbrella, our little
boy, &c. We had gone but four miles, when crash went the wheel
in the buggy and there was no alternative, but I must walk until
we found some one in possession of tools, suitable to cobble up with ;
and on we went, with the wheel in the carriage, and a long rail from
the fence to rest the body of the carriage upon as it dragged its
weary length through the mud. At last we found a man who could
assist in mending, and we went in and stopped for the night. His
wife left the Territory two years ago, in the first war, and had never
dared to venture back, and his cabin showed unmistakable evidence
of its great need ! Too tired to sit up, and yet I must cook my own
supper for my family; and he was very kind in giving us a shelter.
He was not a believer in Divine Providence, yet he said he believed
"there was a Providence in the breaking of the wheel, for by that
means he had bread enough baked up for him to last him for some-
time to come!" The heat was so great we could only reach Law-
rence the second night; and here commenced a series of troubles as
we crossed the Kaw and struck on to the Indian land. We took an

390 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

early start, hoping to get across the dreaded reserve ere night over-
took us. In this we were disappointed; the oxen came very near
melting as we hurried along, panting constantly. At noon we ate
our lunch in a little cluster of trees by a creek, turned the oxen
loose in tall waving grass; but they were too tired to eat, and we
hitched on hastily, for now and then a dark cloud rolled along, and
we feared what might overtake us on these shelterless prairies. The
heat increased to that of a burning oven the noble animals with
their tongues out at full length the whole afternoon, seemed almost
to realize by instinct that we were endeavoring to avert something
ahead. The sun was fast sinking; we dared go no farther, lest they
would fall dead in the road; black clouds were rolling along the
western sky, heavy thunder soon saluted our ears, and we almost
held our breath! There we were, miles from human habitation,
shelterless, bedless, supperless. I laid my little boy at full length
on the carriage seat, whilst I sat down on the carriage-bottom, my
back against the fender-board. Mr. L. laid down on the ground
under the carriage, which I feared to do on account of the serpents,
as the lady we left in our cabin had just been bitten, and it was
thought for some time she must die. how my aching limbs craved
just one board on the floor of the dear paternal mansion; that would
have been sufficient. Heavier and heavier were the peals of thun-
der, and about midnight, in the darkness, we hitched on again, lost
our whereabouts, and finally left our goods standing in the road,
and the oxen to their fate, and Mr. L. sprang on with me in the
buggy to try and find a shelter before the storm struck. After a
while we came in sight of a fence; we could just discern it in the
dark, as Mr. L. was footing it on ahead to try and find where we
were, and he said afterward he heard me cry out, "Thank the Lord
for that." I thought it betokened a habitation near, but found af-
terward it was where the cattle belonging to Uncle Sam, for the
Western expeditions, were herded. Again we entirely lost our way,
unhitched the horse, turned him loose, and fatigue had so overcome
my fear of serpents I was glad to lie down on the grass, and soon
we heard a cock crow not far off! Mr. L. sprung into the carriage
as soon as he ascertained where we were, and pulled for our lives to
the nearest habitation, whose door we reached just as the day was
dawning. The shower struck as we drove up to the gate, before we
alighted from our carriage, and such a shower! It literally came
down in buckets full. We crept into a bed that a good Doctor and
his kind lady had vacated to learn who were the forlorn beings who

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 391

sought their hospitality at that unreasonable hour! At a late hour
in the forenoon we were awakened by a kindly voice, who told us
a breakfast was in waiting for us, of which we thankfully partook.

Mr. L. went in search of his team, which he found safe, but his
goods were soaked through; but we could not unpack, and the beds,
bedding, linen and clothing remained steaming and mildewing two
days more till we reached Mt. Pleasant, the extreme verge of our
circuit, Saturday, where our things had another soaking all night
in the rain, and after it was passed we opened them to dry, and
what a sight! My bonnet, one sent by the kind ladies in Manches-
ter, N. H., two years ago, that had never been injured but a little,
was entirely spoiled, so that even the materials were useless, and
so with the other things. Mr. *L.'s hat, my best clothing, and finally
a looker on said there were $50 worth ruined, and almost every
article, more or less mildewed. I bore all with good courage till I
came to the beautiful large family Bible, sent me all the way from
New Hampshire, by my dear aged father, as his last gift to his
daughter, and when I saw that soaked through, and coming out of
the binding, I wept! How could I refrain from tears?

We were now within six miles of Sumner, and the roads were al-
most impassible by the rains, and we would go a short distance and
get (as the Westerners term it,) "stalled;" and then Mr. L. must
post off after a team to haul him out of the mud. He got stuck so
often that I passed him, and finally, as he could not find a tea