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THE

Kansas Historical
Quarterly

KIRKE MECHEM, Editor

JAMES C. MALIN, Associate Editor

NYLE H. MILLER, Managing Editor

Volume XVI
1948

(Kansas Historical Collections)
VOL. xxxm

Published by

The Kansas State Historical Society

Topeka, Kansas

22-4441

2281

Contents of Volume XVI

Number 1 February, 1948

PAGE

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part One,

1826-1827 Edited by Louise Barry, I

With Reproductions of Clark's "Sketch of United States Indian Department
Property in St. Louis, 1829," facing p. 16; Diary Pages for April,
1827, between pp. 16, 17, and H. and F. J. Huntington's Map of the
United States, 1830, facing p. 17.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864 : Part Four, 1859 40

THE ANNUAL MEETING: Containing Reports of the Secretary,
Treasurer, Executive and Nominating Committees; Annual
Address of the President, SELECTIVE SERVICE IN KANSAS
WORLD WAR II, Milton R. McLean; Report on The National
Foundation to Honor Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower and the
United States Armed Forces, Charles M. Harger; Election of
Officers; List of Directors of the Society Kirke Mechem, Secretary, 76

BYPATHS OP KANSAS HISTORY 98

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 101

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 108

Number 2 May, 1948

PAOB

THE PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST: V. Remington in

Kansas Robert Tajt, 113

With the Following Illustrations :

Frederic Remington, From a Photograph of the Early 1880's; Reming-
ton's Original Sketches of the Buildings on the "Remington Ranch,"
"Herding Sheep," and "Lambing Time" (between pp. 120, 121), and
Scenes of Kansas Life and Agriculture (between pp. 128, 129).

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part Two,

1828 Edited by Louise Barry, 136

With a Contemporaneous Sketch of the Mississippi River Steamboat
Belvidere, facing p. 144.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864 : Part Five,

1860-1864 Concluded 175

With a Portrait of Mrs. Julia Louisa Lovejoy, facing p. 176.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 212

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 215

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 222

(iii)

Number 3 August, 1948

PAGE

THE PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST : VI. Heinrich

Balduin Mollhausen Robert Tajt, 225

With the Following Illustrations:

H. B. Mollhausen, in Frontier Dress, 1854

A Group of Sioux, 1851

Trading Post of the American Fur Company at Bellevue (Ne-
braska), 1852

Roubidou Trading Post (Nebraska) on the Oregon Trail, 1851
between pp. 232, 233

Fort Smith (Arkansas), 1853

One of the Early Views of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado,
1858, between pp. 240, 241

W. E. CAMPBELL, PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN C. W. McCampbell, 245

With a Portrait of W. E. Campbell, facing p. 256.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part Three,

1829 Edited by Louise Barry, 274

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Compiled by Helen M. McFarland, Librarian, 306

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 325

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 328

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES.. . 335

Number 4 November, 1948

PAGE

OVER THE SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS IN 1858 (Translated
by John A. Burzle; Edited and Annotated by Robert Tajt},

H. B. Mollhausen, 337

A HISTORY OF THE TOPEKA DENTAL COLLEGE Ralph W. Edwards, 381

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part

Four, 1830-1831 Concluded Edited by Louise Barry, 384

With the Following Illustrations:

Explosion of the Helen McGregor in 1830, facing p. 384, and
View of St. Louis, Probably in the Early 1840's, facing p.
385.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 411

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 413

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 420

ERRATUM IN VOLUME XVI 424

INDEX To VOLUME XVI . . 425

(iv)

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

February 1948

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society

Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

PAGE

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part One,

1826-1827 Edited by Louise Barry, 1

With reproductions of Clark's "Sketch of United States Indian Department
Property in St. Louis, 1829," facing p. 16; diary pages for April,
1827, between pp. 16, 17, and H. and F. J. Huntington's map of the
United States, 1830, facing p. 17.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY, 1856-1864 : Part Four, 1859 40

THE ANNUAL MEETING : Containing Reports of the Secretary,
Treasurer, Executive and Nominating Committees; Annual
Address of the President, SELECTIVE SERVICE IN KANSAS
WORLD WAR II, Milton R. McLean; Report on The National
Foundation to Honor Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower and the
United States Armed Forces, Charles M. Harger ; Election of
Officers; List of Directors of the Society Kirke Mechem, Secretary, 76

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 98

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 101

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 108

The Kansas Historical Quarterly is published in February, May, August and
November by the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kan., and is dis-
tributed free to members. Correspondence concerning contributions may be
sent to the editor. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made
by contributors.

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

WILLIAM CLARK (1770-1838). Best known for his part in the
Lewis and Clark expedition, Clark's many years of able admin-
istrative service as governor of Missouri territory, and as superin-
tendent of Indian affairs at St. Louis, were a greater contribution
to his country. Portrait from the Peale painting in Independence
Hall, Philadelphia.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XVI February, 1948 Number 1

William Clark's Diary

MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831

Edited by LOUISE BARRY

I. INTRODUCTION

Kthe years of this diary William Clark was superintendent of In-
dian affairs at St. Louis, and one of the town's most renowned
citizens. The superintendency, which he had first received by ap-
pointment in May, 1822, covered a wide territory and included most
of the Indian tribes on the Western frontier. No man more capable
could have been selected for this position, either from the govern-
ment's standpoint or that of the Indians. Clark was a man of in-
tegrity and administrative ability, with years of experience in In-
dian affairs. His knowledge of their problems and his fair dealings
had made him a man of prestige among the Western tribes, which
was greatly to the government's advantage.

William Clark was born in Virginia in 1770, ninth of the ten
children of John and Ann (Rogers) Clark. The exploits of his
famed older brother, George Rogers Clark, undoubtedly influenced
William's early choice of a military career; and the removal of the
Clark family to the Kentucky frontier region in 1784-1785 encour-
aged this ambition. Although born in a family of means and social
position, he had little formal education. At 19 he was serving in
Col. John Hardin's militia campaign against the Indians, a youth
of striking appearance, over six feet in height, broad-shouldered,
red-haired. At 21 he joined the army as an infantry lieutenant and
for four years served under Gen. Anthony Wayne. On Wayne's ex-
pedition against the Shawnee Indians in Ohio, during 1794-1795, an-
other junior officer was Meriwether Lewis, with whom Clark was to
be associated later. After five years of eventful military service, he
resigned his commission. The next few years were spent in travel-

LOUISE BARRY is in charge of the Manuscripts division of the Kansas State Historical
Society.

2 KANSAS HISTORICAL, QUARTERLY

ing, and in attempting to aid his brother George Rogers Clark in
settling financial matters.

In 1803, when he was 33, he was selected to go with Meriwether
Lewis on an expedition to the Northwest. When the Lewis and
Clark expedition returned to St. Louis in 1806, both men had
achieved fame and honors. Meriwether Lewis was appointed gov-
ernor of Louisiana territory, and the same month, March, 1807,
William Clark was made brigadier-general of militia for the terri-
tory. In this capacity he was also Indian agent, so that his services
in Indian administration dated from 1807.

From this year until his death, St. Louis was Clark's home. In
January, 1808, he married Julia Hancock of Fincastle, Va. In Au-
gust, he purchased property in St. Louis county; and in January,
1811, bought property on Main, or First, street in St. Louis. 1

Clark's next important appointment was as governor of Missouri
territory in 1813. In this position he was also ex officio superintend-
ent of Indian affairs. During the War of 1812, it was his task to
guard the territory's frontier, and to prevent British-incited Indian
uprisings. In 1814 he led a small expedition up the Mississippi into
British-held country, reaching Prairie du Chien, where he built a
post named Fort Shelby, which was soon after captured by the
British.

When Missouri was preparing for statehood in 1820, Clark was a
candidate for governor, but did not attempt an active campaign,
being occupied with other matters. He was defeated by his friend
Alexander McNair. Clark's first wife died in June of that year. 2
In November, 1821, he married Mrs. Harriet (Kennedy) Radford, 3
widow of Dr. John Radford, and cousin of the first Mrs. Clark.

The following year President Monroe appointed William Clark to
the superintendency of Indian affairs at St. Louis, a post newly-
created by congress. Except for the additional commission in 1824-
1825 as surveyor general of the states of Illinois and Missouri, and

1. The latter property Clark apparently sold to the government. In his letter of July 18,
1829, to Thomas L. McKenney, Clark described the Indian Department's grounds in St. Louis
as: "Those Grounds [which] were sold by me to the Department for certain purposes and
are situated between Main Street and the River. . . ." Superintendency of Indian affairs,
St. Louis, "Records," v. 4, in Mss. division, Kansas State Historical Society.

2. William and Julia (Hancock) Clark had five children: Meriwether Lewis (born January
10, 1809; died October 28, 1881); William Preston (born October 5, 1811; died May 16,
1834); Mary Margaret (born January 1, 1814; died October 15, 1821); George Rogers Han-
cock (born May 6, 1816; died September 29, 1858); John Julius (born July 7, 1818; died
September 5, 1831). All were born at St. Louis, Mo. Julia (Hancock) Clark died June 27,
1820. Coues, Elliott, History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark
. . . (New York, 1893), v. 4, genealogical table; Drumm, Stella M., "The Kennerlys
of Virginia," in Missouri Historical Society Collections, St. Louis, v. 6, pp. 106, 108.

3. There were two children of this marriage: (Thomas) Jefferson Kennedy (born February
29, 1824; died January 9, 1900); Edmond (born September 9, 1826; died August 12, 1827).
The second Mrs. Clark died December 28, 1831. Ibid.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 3

the territory of Arkansas, this was the work to which he devoted the
rest of his life. 4

St. Louis in the years of this diary was growing rapidly. From a
population of some 1,000 in 1800, it had grown to an estimated
6,000 by 1830. Founded by the French in 1764, the St. Louis of the
latter 1820's contained a large proportion of English-speaking set-
tlers from Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee. There were also many
Negroes, both slave and free. It was the only town of any conse-
quence in Missouri, or in all the area west of the Mississippi. The
older section had narrow, crowded, unpaved streets; in the newer
part there were broad streets and squares, some paved; and houses
of brick. The waterfront area was fairly well built up with ware-
houses and stores. There was a natural deep channel at the water-
front, and except for a brief frozen-over period in the winter, the
Mississippi river at St. Louis was accessible to the largest steam-
boats.

As the commercial metropolis of the West, St. Louis was the de-
pot for the fur trade, and the growing commerce with Santa Fe.
The lead mines up the Mississippi were being developed in this
period; army supplies were centered at St. Louis for the Western
military outposts, and near-by Jefferson Barracks was also a source
of much business for the townspeople. There was a vast Indian
trade to be supplied, and numerous Indian visitors to the city. In-
crease of steamboat construction had greatly enlarged the com-
merce with New Orleans and provided more outlets for trade.

The William Clark diary provides little idea of the life and color
of St. Louis. Although "Diary" appears on the cover and as the
heading of page one, the word does not aptly describe the contents.
This volume was kept as a record in the office of the superintendent
of Indian affairs and in it were entered weather and river data,
notes on steamboat arrivals and departures, a record of Indians vis-
iting the superintendency, and some items of general and local
news.

In another sense also "Diary" is a misnomer since the volume
was not intended as a private or personal account. William Clark
was undoubtedly its creator, and made some of the entries, but his
subagent, or clerks, did most of the recording. Clark's handwriting
can be identified from three "first-person" entries, the only such
entries in the book. On August 12, 1827, he wrote: "EJmond Clark

4. He had personal business interests, such as the Missouri Fur Company venture. Al-
though it was not particularly successful, other financial dealings were, and he died a fairly
well-to-do man. William Clark's death occurred in St. Louis, September 1, 1838.

4 KANSAS HISTOBICAL QUARTERLY

(my Infant Son) died at 8% A. M. . . ."; on January 29, 1830,
is the statement: "My family went to Jeff. Barracks"; and on Feb-
ruary 2, 1830, he noted: "Boys from the College visited my cottage,
hunt & scate." There is some emphasis in the local news items on
Clark's relatives and associates, which gives the diary an additional
personal touch. Rarely, there are bits of humor or pertinent com-
ment in the entries made by Clark's assistants, which add sparkle
to an otherwise sober and concise record.

Clark had, during these years, four assistants: a subagent, a
translator, and two other clerks. 5 So far as can be determined the
individuals who, in addition to Clark, made entries in the diary,
were: the subagent Walter B. Alexander, who died on July 16, 1826;
his successor John B. Ruland; Jesse Benton, a clerk; John F. A. San-
ford, translator and clerk, who left following his appointment as a
subagent on the upper Missouri, in mid- July, 1826; Dunning D. Mc-
Nair, a clerk, who resigned on March 19, 1830; and Augustin Ken-
nerly, who served principally as translator. 6

It seems no coincidence that this record was started at the time
of the Mississippi river flood of 1826, for the meteorological and
river-stage data are the backbone of the volume, and the only con-
sistently-recorded entries. There is a superabundance of material
on the weather and on river conditions throughout.

The information on steamboat arrivals and departures is not so
complete, as a comparison with the lists in contemporaneous St.
Louis newspapers has proved. 7 However, since the newspapers
sometimes failed to print the weekly steamboat register, the Clark
diary fills a few gaps. In 1826, steamboats were no longer a novelty
at the port of St. Louis. After the first such arrival, the General
Pike, in August, 1817, there had been a yearly increase in river traf-
fic. But in May, 1826, the month and year this diary opens, the
Missouri Republican commented: "Never before this season has our
city been frequented by such a vast number of Steam Boats ; arriv-
als are daily, and sometimes as many as three and four of a day.
. . ." 8 The entry of steamboat data as a part of the diary there-
fore only reflected the growing importance of the river trade. The
Indian superintendency offices were on Main, or First street, which

5. Letter, Clark to E. Herring, Indian Department, dated July 16, 1832. Superintendency
of Indian affairs, St. Louis, "Records," v. 4, p. 391, loc. cit.

6. The names of all these men appear, in no particular order, on the fly-leaf of the diary.

7. Another check was made from the statement in the Missouri Republican, St. Louis,
June 7, 1827, that the "St. Louis Steam Boat Register" showed the arrival of 82 boats be-
tween February 12 and June 4, 1827. The diary for this same period noted 71 arrivals.

8. Ibid., May 25, 1826. In 1830, 278 steam and 91 keel boats entered the port of St
Louis. St. Louis Beacon^ January 6, 1831.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 5

then afforded a view of the river-front and wharf, so that steamboat
arrivals and departures were readily noted.

The recording of data on the comings and goings of the Indians
seems the most natural part of the diary. The superintendency at
St. Louis served as headquarters for Indian affairs in all the Western
area. When Clark was appointed as superintendent in May, 1822,
John C. Calhoun, the Secretary of War, wrote him:

I enclose you a Commission as Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St.
Louis. . . . Altho' the act [under which the appointment was made] does
not appear, from the face- of it, to make it a part of your duty, to exercise a
superintending control over the Indian Agencies on the Mississippi and Mis-
souri, yet it is believed that such was the intention of Congress in authorizing
the appointment of a Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis. You will
accordingly consider the following Indian Agents as under your Superintend-
ence Major O'Fallon [at Council Bluffs], Mr. Graham [at St. Louis], Mr.
Boilvin [at Prairie du Chien], Mr. Forsyth [at Rock Island] and Mr. Talia-
ferro [at St. Peters] and also Mr. Menard, the Sub Agent at Kaskaskias.
9

The scope of Clark's authority, thus informally established, came
to include several other agencies and subagencies which were later
required. Land cessions by the Kansas and Osage tribes, in the
treaties of 1825, created a large area west of Missouri and Arkansas
for Indian reserves. Subsequently, negotiations were begun with the
remnants of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi, and in Missouri
and Arkansas territory, to remove to the new lands reserved for
them. Thus, the period of the Clark diary was also an era of Indian
migrations, and of restlessness on the part of the tribes remaining in
the East. Many Indians came every year to see Clark on matters
relating to their tribes, and most of the migratory Indians inevitably
came through St. Louis on their way west, yet the newspapers al-
most never mentioned their arrival or departure. The Clark record
provides unique data in this respect, but unfortunately, on this sub-
ject, too, the diary is incomplete.

For some periods the data on Indians, and on steamboats, were
given in separate sections in the diary. The plan was not followed
consistently and since the arrangement only makes for confusion in
using the volume it has seemed justifiable to bring all the material
together in one chronology for publication. This explains some
duplication of entries.

9. Letter, Calhoun to Clark, May 28, 1822. War Department, Secretary's Office, "Letters
Sent, Indian Affairs, E: 59," in National Archives, Washington, D. C. The governors of
Michigan, Arkansas, and Florida territories were, by law, superintendents of Indian affairs
within their respective domains. 23 Cong., 1 Sess., House Report 4?4 (Serial 263), p. 44.

6 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The diary ends on February 28, 1831, at the end of the book.
There is no continuing volume in the collection of "Clark papers"
in the Kansas State Historical Society. 10 It seems unlikely that
the record would have been so abruptly discontinued. 11 Clark was
to serve for seven more years as superintendent of Indian affairs
at St. Louis until his death in 1838 and the few scattered volumes
of records in our Society's possession only emphasize the quantity
which must have existed at one time in the superintendency office.

II. THE DIARY 12
May, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Day

Tempera-
ture.

Weather
at

Winds

Tempera-
ture.

Weather
4 Oclock

Winds

Rise & fall of the River

8 Oclock.

4 Oclock.

P.M.

rising fast

rising

rising still

rising

rising Slow

rising slow 13

rose about \Yi Inches

rose 4 Inches

rose 1 Inch

on a Stand

rising a little Stand

79 a

Clear

SW.

84a

Clear

SW.

rising a little do

78M

Clear

S.E

falling 1 Inch lost

Cloudy

fell 3 Inches

Cloudy & rain

S.W.8.

Clear

fell 1H Inches.

Cloudy

S.E.

Clear

S.E

fell 5 Inches

Cloudy

Clear

fell 2^ Inches

Cloudy

S.E

raining

fell 8 Inches

Clear

S.E

Cloudy.

fell 8 Inches.

Clear

80 a

Clear

fell 1 Inch.

Clear

fell 8 Inches

Clear

fell 6 In

Cloudy

fell 1 Inch.

10. The "Clark papers," more properly known as the superintendency of Indian affairs,
St. Louis, "Records," is a collection of 33 volumes (as labeled), consisting for the most part
of records maintained by the superintendency office. These papers represent only a small part
of the vast records which must have been kept by Clark's staff. They were purchased many
years ago from a second-hand book store in Lawrence, Kan.

11. It is the editor's opinion, however, that no similar record was kept prior to May,
1826, from the fact that an unnumbered page, preceding page one in the diary, is headed :
"April, 1826," but contains no entries; also, it will be noted, the diary does not include full
weather data until mid-May, 1826.

12. The diary for 1826 and 1827 is published in this issue of the Quarterly. The re-
mainder will appear in succeeding issues.

13. "HiGH WATERS. The Mississippi is, at this time, considerably higher than it has
been for many years. The water, in many places, is over its b'anks, and the low lands, for
miles back, entirely inundated. The inhabitants have been compelled to leave their homes.
. . ." Missouri Republican, St. Louis, May 11, 1826.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 7

29 78 C. E. 82 do E Fallen none

30 78 Clear S E 82 do E Fell 4 Inches

31 78 Clear S. E 82 do 8. Fell 4 In. 1 *

REMARKS

1 winds vary from W. to S. W and high

4 Steam Boat "Marietta" arrives from Louisville. Green Mas-
ter.
6 Steam Boat Machanac arrive [s] from Louisville

8 Mechanic left this [day] for Sangamon River

9 winds from W to SW. The Genl. Coffee 15 left port. Missis-
sippi & Missouri both of them above their junction higher at
this time, than they have been since the recollection of the Old-
est Inhabitants, at Prairie du Chien the people have been
obliged to desert the Town, at Ft Crawford 16 the Troops have
been obliged to evacuate the Cantonment and go into Tents
some distance back of the Fort. The Missouri has washed
away, entirely, the Trading Establishment of a Mr Choteau at
the mouth of Kansas (or a little below.) 17 The 1st Regiment on
the Missouri have been also obliged to leave thier Garrison.
Steam Boat Ceolo 18 returned from Prairie du Chien & departed
to the Mouth of Ohio Steam Boat Macanac [Mechanic] De-
parted for the Illinois River & Sangamo Bay

10 Steam Boat[s] Sciotoe & Lawrance arrived from Prarie du
Chien & S[t.] Peters The 1st Regiment arrived from Fort At-
kinson and Encamped at Bell fontain 10th May 1826 19 Steam
Boat Lawrance arrived from the St Peters River & Falls of St
Antoney 20

14. "The Mississippi, at this place, has again
natural channel." Ibid., June 1, 1826.

subsided, and is now confined within its

15. The Gen. Coffee was a new, 200-ton boat, built at Pittsburgh in 1826. Hall, James,
Notes on the Western States (Philadelphia, 1838), p. 256. She is not mentioned again in the
diary until May 2, 1828, and then, as the "Coffee."

16. Fort Crawford was the military post at Prairie du Chien. See, also, Footnote 89.

17. Accounts say that Francis G. Chouteau (son of Pierre and Brigitte [Saucier] Chou-
teau), established a trading post for the American Fur Company in 1821, in the river bottom,
opposite Randolph Bluffs (some three miles below present Kansas City, Mo.). Francis had
married Berenice Menard in 1819, and in the fall of 1821 he brought his wife and family to
this place, from St. Louis, via canoes and pirogues. After the 1826 flood the post was re-
established on higher ground. Miller, W. H., The History of Kansas City . . . (Kan-
sas City, Mo., 1881), pp. 9, 10; The History of Jackson County, Missouri . . . (Kansas
City, Mo., 1881), p. 102; Billon, F. L., Annals of St. Louis in Its Territorial Days from 1802
to 1821 (St. Louis, 1888), pp. 168-170.

18. Hall, op. cit. } lists no boat named Ceolo.

19. Four companies of the First regiment, under Bvt. Maj. Stephen Kearny, had spent the
winter of 1825-1826 in a temporary camp called "Cantonment Barbour," eight miles below
Fort Atkinson (Neb.). They started down the Missouri river on May 2, 1826, reached the
old post Cantonment Bellefontaine on May 10, and made camp there in the dilapidated build-
ings. On July 10 they abandoned this place by War Department order and moved down the
river to a site previously selected by General Atkinson, ten miles below St. Louis. The new
military post was named Jefferson Barracks on October 23, 1826. Missouri Historical Society
Collections, St. Louis, v. 3, pp. 198, 199.

20. St. Peters river, now the Minnesota river. The Falls of St. Anthony are on the Mis-
sissippi, at present Minneapolis.

8 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

11 Steam Boat Lawrence departed & "Eldipse" arrived from Flor-
ence. Lawrence departed.

12 Steam Boat P [lough] Boy arrivd from Louisville, departed
again The river wants 20 Inches of being up to the door of
Genl Clarks Stable. 21 Steam boat Coosa 22 arrived from Mo-
bile. Mechanic arrived from Sangamon.

13 Steam boat Mechanic arrvd from Sangamon river. "Marrietta"
arrived from Louisville

14 Steam Boat Scioto arrivd. Genl Brown arrivd. Scioto depard
3 Kickapoos arrived from West. One Chief & Two men

15 Genl. Brown departed. 13 Shawnoses men & 1 squaw arrived.
Paul Osage Interpreter left here for the Osage 23

17 Steam Boat "Marietta" departed for Louisville J. B 24

18 Kickapoos that arrived on 14th left this [day] Council today
with Shawonese, respecting their losses sustained from Whites

21 Steam Boats "Tuscumbia," from "Florence," Liberator N.
& Eclipse fever river arrivd

23 Steam Boat "Tuscumbia" depard for Orleans. Plough Boy
arrd [from] Louisville Shawnese departed for White River

24 Steam Boat Liberator for Orleans Struck a rock & sank 25
P[lough] Boy departed for Louisville 7 Kickapoos (arrivd)
(3 Women 1 man & 3 children)

26 Steam Boat Lawrence arrivd from Louisville

27 Steam Boat Lawrence departed for Louisville Steam Boat
Eclipse departed for St. Peters

28 The river at 8 oclock this morning is rising a little

29 From every apperance, (the drift), the river has commenced
rising again

21. The flood of 1826 was a memorable one. At St. Louis a marker was placed to indi-
cate the high water line. But a greater flood developed in 1844 when the Mississippi rose
seven feet and seven inches above the 1826 mark. Scharf, J. T., History of Saint Louis City
and County (Philadelphia, 1883), v. 1, pp. 128, 129.

22. The Coosa, 173 tons, was built at Marietta, Ohio, in 1826. Hall, op. cit., p. 253.

23. Paul Loise, long employed as Osage interpreter, was the son of Alexis and Elizabeth
(Beaugenou) Loise, of St. Louis. Billon, F. L., Annals of St. Louis in Its Early Days under
the French and Spanish Dominations (St. Louis, 1886), p. 417. He had a daughter Terese,
half Osage, who was given a tract of land by the Osage treaty of June 2, 1825. For other
data on Loise, see diary entry of April 29, 1827, and Footnote 60.

24. "J. B" probably written by Jesse Benton, office clerk.

25. The Liberator ran against the rocks and partly filled with water. But, in twelve or
fifteen days the boat was completely repaired. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, June 15,
1826; diary entry of June 6, 1826. She was a new boat of 200 tons, built at Pittsburgh,
Pa. Hall, op. cit., p. 257.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

30 Steam Boat Marietta arrivd from Louisville

31 The S & Eas[t]wardly winds blow at night generally for 10
days past.

June, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Day

Tempera- Weather Tempera- Weather
ture at at Winds ture at at Winds Rise & fall of River

SOclock SOclock 4 Oclock 4 Ocl.

77 Fair S.E. 88 Fair SE

Fell 4 Inches

80 Clear S.E 86 Cloudy E

Felt 6 Inches.

80 Cloudy S. 78 rain W.

Fell 4 Inches

78 Raining 8 78 rain SE

Fell 6 Inches.

79 Cloudy S.E. 76 Cloudy S.

Fell 4 Inches.

76 Cloudy S.E. 79 Raind S

Fell 2 Inches

81 Clear S.E. 86 Cloudy S

Rose 2 Inches

80 Clear S.W 89 Clear 8

Rose 1 Inch

82 Clear SW 90 Clear S

On a Stand

82 Clear SW 84 Cloudy SW

fell 4 Inches

74 Cloudy SW 80 Cloudy SW

fell 4 Inches

75 Cloudy SW 76a. Cloudy S.E.

fell 2 Inches.

68 Cloudy N.E. 74 Cloudy SE

fell 4 Inches

72 Clear N.E. 85 Clear E.

fell 4 Inches

80 Cloudy after rain SW 86 Clear E

fell 3 Inches

82 Clear E 87 Clear 8

fell 4 Inches

78 Cloudy N.E 87 Clear S.

fell none

83 Clear S.W. 86 Clear S.E

fell 3 Inches

82 Clear SW 86 Clear S.

fell 8 In.

83 Clear S. 88 Clear S.

fell 4.

80 Cloudy W 82 Cloudy SW.

fell 2 Inches

85 Clear S. 86 Clear SW.

fell none

80 Clear E 87 Clear SE.

on a stand

80 Clear S.E 86 Clear SW

fell 4 Inches

70 Clear SW. 85 Clear SW

fell 2 Inch

67 Clear NE 82 Clear SW

fell 1 Inch

67 Cloudy NE 82 Clear E

fell 2 Inches

80 Clear E. 78 Cloudy rain SW

fell 4

73 Cloudy E. 79 Clear W

fell 1 Inch

81 Clear SE 78 Cloudy W

fell 4

REMARKS

Steam Boat "Marietta" departed for Louisville

Express departed for White River

Showers of rain this Evening from the West

Steam Boats Ploughboy & Indiana arrived from Louisville

Great quantity of drift running this morning. Liberator depd

for Orleans

Steam boat Sriota arrivd from St. Peters.

Ploughboy deprd

for

Louisville

Sdota depd for Louisville. Genl Brown

arrivd from Orleans.

Indiana departed.

10 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

9 13 Shawnese arrived

10 cool morng

11 Steam Boat Lawrence arrived from Louisville cool night

12 Very cool night Wind N. & E

13 Cool do do Steam boat Lawrence departed for
Louisville

14. Cool night. Eclipse arrivd from St. Peters

15 Nights cool, winds from N. E.

16 Nights very cool winds from N. E.

17 Steam Boat "Eclipse" depard for St Peters

18 Genl Brown departed for N Orleans

21 Tolerably high winds this morning. Shawnese departed. 22
Missourie arrived from Arkansas

22 Steam boat Pittsburgh from Louisville, left same day Mrs
Lewis & 7 other Shawnie Indians arrvd 26

25 Steam boats Helen McGregor & Plough boy from Orl. & Louis-
ville

26 nights very cool particularly towards day light. Plough boy
departed

27 This morning, early, very cool, high winds S. B. Mechanic,
Louisv[ille]

28 very hard rain this Evening with severe claps of thunder.
Helen McGregor depar'd. Orleans

29 high wind. Mechanic departed for Louisville 30 Emigrating
Kickapoos arrived from the East of the Mississippi

30 Cool nights

July, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tempera- 8 Oclock Tempera- 4 Oclock

date ture Weather Winds ture Weather Winds [Rise & fall of the River j

[8 O'clock] [4 O'clock] P. M.

1 78 cloudy S.E. 80 Clear S. fell 4 Inches.

2 80 clear S.E. 82 Cloudy SW. fell 1 Inch.

3 78 Cloudy 8.W. 80 rain Cloudy SW. fell 1 Inch.

T. Jefferson & J. Adams deptd. this Life." 7

4 71 rain W 77 rain W rising slow
5th 79 clear S.E 82 Clear SW rose 3 Inches
6 80 Clear S.E 82 Clear SE rose 4 Inchet

Clear S 82 Cloudy SW. rose 8 Inch*

8 78 Cloudy, rain E 82 Cloudy W fell[?] 4 Inch

9 78 Clear E 86 Clear SW. falling
10 79 Cloudy E 84 Cloudy SW falling

20. See diary entry for July 13, 1826, and Footnote 29.

27. Ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on July 4, 1826, the fif-
tieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

Clear

C Rain

rising a !itti<-

Clear

Cloudy

S.E.

falling

Clear

Rain

rain

ditto

8.W

clear

Rain

Clear

Rail

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

The river upto

thw date has

Clear

fallen 11 Feet from high

Clear

water the

highest mark

this season

Clear

fallen 13 Feet.

cloudy

clear

Clear

N.E

Clear

falling

Clear

NE.

Clear

S.E.

Clear

S W

Clear

REMARKS

1 very cool nights wind from N. E. Steam boat Liberator from
Orleans, in 10 days

2 Steam boat Lawrence from Louisville

3 Steam Boat ''Eclipse" from Lake Pepin.

4 Steam boat Lawrence departed for Louisville Rainy Thun-
der & lightning

6 Steam Boat Liberator departed for N Orleans.

8 Steam boat Pittsburg arri[ve]d from Louisville

9 (ploug[h] boy from Louisville) "Genl Hamilton" from Louis-
ville

10 "Genl Hamilton" & Plough boy departd for Louisvil[l]e

11 Steam boat "Virginia" 28 arrived from Louisville

12 Steam boat Virginia departed

13 Steam boat Magnet from Louisville Col Lewis & party pas-
sengers 29 Col Lewis & 8 Shawnese arrived

14 *Steam Boat Magnet departed, very Cool

""Alexanders writing day before his death.
16 Col Alexander departed (for the world of Spirits). 30

28. The Virginia, built in 1826, was a 122-ton boat. Hall, op. cit., p. 262.

29. Colonel Lewis, or Quatawapea, was chief of the Lewistown band of Shawnee Indians.
He lived for many years near Waupaghconneta, Ohio. The Shawnees finally deposed him, and
he emigrated with his family and a few followers to lands assigned the Shawnees in present
Kansas, where he died in 1826. McKenney, Thomas L., History of the Indian Tribet of
North America ... (Philadelphia, 1868), v. 2, pp. 55-57. He was a witness to the
Shawnee treaty of 1825.

80. Walter B. Alexander died at the home of his father-in-law Gen. Bernard Pratte, 8r.,
St. Louie, on July 15, 1826. Billon, op. cit., p. 358. He had been employed as subagent.
19 Cong., 2 Sees., House Dor. 112 (Serial 156), Sig. 20.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

20 Steam boats Brown, Lawrence, Muskinghum & Decatur 81 ar-
rived

21 Lawrence departed

22 Muskinghum for Fever river, Decatur for Orleans. 90 Shawnes
arrivd on business relative to their Lands 140 Socks arrived on
business concerning the contemplated War between the Osages
and Delawares, (I believe)

23 Nights cold.

24 Last night & this morning cold.

25 nights & mornings cold.

26 Last night cool Winds from the N. Socs left this [day] for
their nation

27 "Eclipse" depard for Orleans. Cool Nights

29 Steam Boat Muskingum arrivd from Lower Rapids
31 Light showers this morning early.

August, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

dat

Tempera-
e ture at
8 Oclock

Weather

Winds

Tempera-
ture at
4 Oclock

Weather

Winds

[Rise 4 fall of the River]

Clear

clear

8.E

on a stand

cloudy

Cloudy

rose 7 Inches.

3rd

cloudy

S.E.

rose 7 Inches

Cloudy

Clear

rose 9 Inches.

Rain

Cloudy

rose 8 Inches

Clear

falling

Clear

fell 7 Inches

Clear

S.W

fell 10 Inches

Clear

fell 7 Inches.

Clear

falling

Clear

SW.

Clear

falling.

Cloudy

SW.

Clear

falling

Clear

falling

Clear

SE.

Clear

SW.

Cloudy

falling

Clear

falling

Clear

Rain

Cloudy

Clear

S.E

Clear

N.E.

Clear

Cloudy

falling

Cloudy

falling

Clear

falling

Cloudy

Clear

falling

Clear

rain

rising a little

cloudy

Clear

81. The Decatur, built in 1826 at Brownsville, Pa., was a 113-ton boat. Hall, op. tit.,
p. 254.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

REMARKS

2 Steam Boat Dolphin arrived

6 Steam Boats Liberator & huntress 32 arrived

7 Nights & mornings cool Col Lewis & party departed.

8 do Liberator departed 90 Shawnese departed,

9 do

16 At 12 Oclock the Thermometer stood @ 92

17 Steam Boat Decatur arrivd.

20 Last night a material change in weather (much cooler)

29 The Kickapoo Prophet 33 & his followers arrived

September, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tempera-
date ture at
8 Oclock

Tempera-

Weather

Winds

ture at

Weather

Winds

rise & fa

4 Oclock

fair

S.E

on a Stand.

Cloudy

falling a little

Cloudy

Clear

SE.

Clear

NW.

Clear

do "

Clear

clear

Clear

Rain

Cloudy & R

rain

Cloudy R

rain

Cloudy R

Cloudy

do do

Cloudy

do do

rising

raised H foot

Clear

do 1^ "

do 1 foot

Clear

* ii

do 6 In.

Cloudy

Cloudy S

Cloudy

do 3 "

Clear

fall 2 Inches

Clear

fall 9 "

Cloudy & fog

fall 10 "

fallings

Clear

Clear & cold

N.W.

falling 6

Clear

falling 3

falling

Rising some

32. The Huntress was a new, 300-ton boat, built at New Albany, Ind. Ibid., p. 256.

33. Kennekuk (Kannekuk, Keeanakuk, etc.), the "Kickapoo Prophet," was accepted as s
chief by the remnant of his tribe who remained in Illinois following the Kickapoos' land ces-
sions in 1819. The Kickapoos of Missouri and Illinois were finally persuaded to move to lands
set aside for them above Cantonment Leavenworth, in present Kansas, in 1833. The Baptist
missionary, the Rev. Isaac McCoy, wrote in 1834: "Kalakuk [Kennekuk], or, the Kickapoo
Prophet, one of the Kickapoo Chiefs, is a professed preacher, of an order which he himself
originated some years ago. ... He teaches abstinence from the use of ardent spirits, and
some other good morals. He appears to have little knowledge of the doctrines of Christianity,
only as his dogmas happen to agree with them. . . . Polygamy is allowed. Kalukuk. the
leader, has two wives. Whipping with a rod, is one article of their creed, and is submitted to
as an atonement for sin. . . ." McCoy, Isaac, The Annual Register of Indian Affairs
. . . No. 1 (Shawanoe Mission, 1835), p. 30. Kennekuk came to present Kansas in May,
1833. He died of smallpox in 1852. Custer, Milo, "Kannekuk or Keeanakuk, the Kiekapoo
Prophet," in Illinois Historical Society Journal, v. 11, pp. 48-56.

14 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

REMARKS

3 Winds very high Huntress departed for Orleans.

10 Shawonee Chief and 7 men arrived others Depart

11 Potawatomy Chief Sanachwan 34 & 7 men arrive

12 Cap [tain] Ruland arrives 35 Wind high from W <fc Hard rain
Piankashaws 5 arrive

13 Rain or mist last night & today until [?]

15 13 Kickapoos & 2 Shawenes arrive

16 4 Shawones & 3 Delewares arrive

19 8 Delawares arrive from Illinois

20 80 Osages arrive with their Agent to Council

21 5 Peorias & 5 Piankashaws arrive

22 "Miami" a Steam Boat arrived from Col. Croghan 30 <fe
Sanford 37 set out 3 Kickapoos arrive from Illinois

23 [Miami] departed for Kaskaskias arrd Light winds from
S. W. The Kaskaskias arrive The whole remnant of that great
Nation consists at this time of 31 Soles 15 men mixed, 10
women, 6 children

24 Steam Boat Brown departs for New Orleans

25 35 Delawars arrive with Chief Anderson hd[?"| Comme [?] &
Swanox [?] 38

26 6 Indians arrive from the Eastward

27 Delawars arrive had a talk in Council house

28 Indian Council Commences

34. Sanachwan, or Sena-chewin, was "chief of the united tribes of the Illinois river In-
dians." 23 Cong., 1 Sess.. Senate Doc. 512 (Serial 245), pp. 556, 558.

35. John Ruland became Indian subagent at St. Louis on July 17, 1826. He also served
as French and English interpreter. 19 Cong., 2 Sess., House Doc. 112 (Serial 156), Sig. 20;
22 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Doc. 101 (Serial 213), p. 11.

36. Col. George Croghan (1791-1849) was the son of William and Lucy (Clark) Croghan,
and nephew of William Clark. He had served with distinction in the War of 1812, and had
risen rapidly in rank. On December 21, 1825, he was appointed inspector general of the
army. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1930), v. 4, p. 557.

37. John F. A. Sanford came to St. Louis from Winchester, Va. Employed as interpreter
and clerk, on July 16 he was appointed Indian subagent to the Mandans on the upper Mis-
ouri. 19 Cong., 2 Sess., House Doc. 112 (Serial 156), Sig. 17, 20; office of Indian affairs,
"Registers of Letters Received," v. 1, letter by Sanford of July 17, 1826. He married Emily,
eldest daughter of Pierre Chouteau, Jr., at St. Louis on November 22, 1832. St. Louis
Beacon, November 29, 1832.

38. Delaware chiefs William Anderson and Captain Suwaunock ("Whiteman") ; "Comme"
is unidentified. Anderson was head chief of the Delawares, who had removed in 1820 from
White river, Ind., to James fork of White river in Missouri. Both Anderson and Suwaunock
"signed" the Delaware treaty of 1829. 23 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Doc. 512 (Serial 245), pp.
116, 117; Indiana Historical Collections, v. 24, p. 438. The Delawares moved again in 1829,
to a reserve in present Kansas, and the Rev. Isaac McCoy, passing their settlement on No-
rember 21, 1830, noted in his journal meeting "Anderson, the aged principal chief." "Jour-
nal of Isaac McCoy for the Exploring Expedition of 1830," by Lela Barnes, in, Kansas His-
torical Quarterly, v. 5, p. 376.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

29 3 potowatomies & 4 Kickapoos arrive Steam boat arrives

30 20 Shawones arrive

October, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tempera-
Date ture
SOclock

Tempera-
Weather Wind ture at
4 Oclock

Weather Wind

1 70 Q

rcdy SW 75 Cl

>ar SW

2 68 a

Sir S Cl

3
4
5
6
7

11
13

Rise [<fe fall] of the river

Rose about 2Vi feet and con-
tinues to Rise,
rose about 1^ [feet]
0.6 "

falling a little

Rain
Clear
Clear

8
8
8 W

Cloudy
\ Clear

REMARKS

s w

falling a little
do

Steam Boat Liberator Depart [ed] for New Orleans Several

pasingers

councili[n]g

Concluded the Indian Treaty of friendship between them 39
Virginia Steam Boat arrived from Louisville
comence raining after night The Delawar[es] , Shawones
Kickapoos Weeaus Piankashaws set out on their return
home from the Council

Rained moderately all last night Some of the Scattering Tribes
set out The 93 Osages Set out
Indians of several tribes Set out

(Continued on page 17)

39. Clark wrote the Secretary of War on October 12, 1826: "Sir: I have the honor to
state to you, that a deputation from the Great and Little Osage Nation met one from the
Delawares, Shawanoes, Piankeshaws, Peorias, Weas, Senecas and Kickapoos, at this place
[t. e., St. Louis], on the 25th day of September, and, after recommending that they should
make an attempt to effect a permanent peace, without the interference of the Government,
they met in Council, and, after six days warm debate and recriminations, I was forced to
take my seat among them, and with much difficulty obtained their entire approbation to the
Treaty. . . ." 18 Cong., 2 Sess., House Doc. 9 (Serial 149).

Sketch of United States Indian Department Property
in St. Louis, 1829

Reproduced opposite are the grounds of the superintendency of Indian af-
fairs, St. Louis, as shown by William Clark in a sketch * sent to Thomas L.
McKenney of the Indian Department, with a letter dated July 18, 1829.t In
the letter he stated: ". . . the house on the Main Street, was first built for
an Office and Council house, was burned down, and rebuilt, Rooms 4 and 5,
for visiting Indians, 6, 8, 9 and 10, for public Stores and factory Cellers. Two
of those Rooms have been lately used as an Armory for repairs of Indian guns
and Black Smith Shops for Indian work: this Row of building much out of
repair, and found to be too damp for the Armorer and Smith to work in. I
therefore caused to be built a 2nd. Story of Stone over Room No. 6, for the
Armory, and a house joining it No. 7, for the Smith Shops, and the other part
of the houses repaired, the cost of which I calculated upon paying each out of
the Rents of those Rooms, in addition to the Rent of the 3 Rooms on Main
Street. . . ."

Clark listed his "References" to the numbers on the sketch as follows:
"Room N 1. A Saddlers Shop. rents @ $10 Per Month.

" 2. " Barbers do " $6

" 3. " Hatters do " $10

" 4. " Turners do " $3

5. " Coal house, for Smithy.

6. " Armourers Shop.

7. " Smiths Shop.

8 & under part of 6. Shoemakers Shops $5 each Per Month.

9 & 10. rented to a Musian [?] who Keeps a Grocery

(rents @ $12 Per Month."

Main street is the present First street. "Front," the Front street of today,
was also called Water street in the period of the diary. William Clark's lot
was not a part of the government's property. The location of his residence
and other buildings on these grounds is not shown, unfortunately. The super-
intendency offices, including the Indian council room and a large museum of
Indian relics, were on Clark's lot.

* Reproduced from the original manuscript in the National Archives (Records of the Office
of Indian Affairs, "Letters Received," enclosure of letter of July 18, 1829, from William
Clark).

t Letter copy in superintendency of Indian affairs, St. Louis, "Records," v. 4, pp. 19, 20.

(16)

* a t- * >*

cX^f

gfggl

crW 5

, A

p:; ; -t*

1 ~i.

/
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I '*

11-

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f - ..... w

$[.<

REPRODUCED HERE, AND OPPOSITE, ARE THE APRIL, 1827, PAGES FROM THE WIL-
LIAM CLARK DIARY. THE TWO-PAGE FORMAT, AS SHOWN, WAS FOLLOWED FOR
EACH MONTH'S RECORD.

f^r ^5:". -. :; -^ /

t Cjtr- jNu-t

-i.i-iMf O

<^j

THE ENTRY BEGINNING "MR. HENRY GRATIOTT . . ." is IN CLARK'S HAND,
BUT Nor ALL THE WRITING ON THIS PAGE CAN BE CONCLUSIVELY IDENTIFIED
AS His.

r^m

. l ,, .-

w JWM

//'?7 T . i; : ^i - % '^' : ^> ; / 1 ^ ' ! ^ ! --;

'"'

3^-44 i^S^wTV^
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JuU^4
/ % w/i^il^^ i ^ t\-S-

^ '^-^v' ^ )w , 4 A *s-^fe,

'fT tfprH" II WAI

f , ^.A,,AS^ V^

raW$*^

k-^. ,

From U, S* map^ 1830^
IU p c F, J* Huntington.
I 0$ J/ /; JT JT

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 17

16 Gen Clark Set out to Chacktaws & Chickasews 40 accompd by

Col. Fallen 41

The "Diary" entries up to this date, and subsequently, were made
by several persons, including William Clark, but for the period of
Clark's absence on the mission in Mississippi (October 16-Decem-
ber 14, 1826) the ruled pages with dates and headings prepared, are
otherwise blank. These empty sections have been omitted.

December, 1826

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Temp: Temp:

Date at Weather Wind at Weather Wind Rise & fall of the River

8>Clock 4 oClock

25 42 a Cloudy W 46 a Cloudy W Snows a little

26 32 Snow West 25 Cloudy N.W. Blustering a little Snow

27 22 Clear West 28 Clear W Cold Ice run in the river

28 23 Cloudy NW 33 " W " Ice increase

29 24 do NW 22 " NW " do

30 28 Snow Cloudy W 24 " W do Snow

31 24 Clear NW 10 N.W. do

REMARKS

14 Genl Clark returned from State of Mississippi.

20 S. Boat Magnet arrives to day

21 do

24 2 Cherokees arrive Mr. Rogers 42 &

26 S. B. departed.

31 Ferdinand Risque 43 arrives

40. Generals William Clark, Thomas Hinds and John Coffee were appointed commissioners
to hold councils with the Chickasaws and Choctaws for the purpose of securing the Indians'
relinquishment of their lands in the state of Mississippi. Clark was absent from St. Louis on
this mission until December 14, 1826. The councils were entirely unsuccessful. The report
of the commissioners is printed in American State Papers (Indian Affairs), v. 2, pp. 708-727.

41. Col. John O'Fallon. His brother Benjamin, an Indian agent and trader, was "Major"
O'Fallon. They were Clark's nephews, being sons of Dr. James and Frances E. (Clark)
O'Fallon. (Frances was William Clark's youngest sister.) Col. John O'Fallon (1791-1865),
settled in St. Louis after serving in the War of 1812. He became one of St. Louis' most
prominent and honored citizens. (See, also, Footnote 51.) Billon, op. cit., pp. 273, 274.

42. "Mr. Rogers" is probably John Rogers (half Scotsman-half Cherokee) who later be-
came, for a time, a chief among the Western Cherokees; or, the entry may refer to James
Rogers who was an interpreter for the Western Cherokees during this period. 22 Cong., 1
Sess., Senate Doc. 101 (Serial 213), p. 12; 23 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Doc. 512 (Serial 245),
pp. 500-503, 608, 609, 677, 694.

43. Ferdinand Risque was a nephew of William Clark's second wife Harriet (Kennerly)
Radford Clark, whose sister Elizabeth had married Maj. James B. Risque. The Risque's chil-
dren, Ferdinand and Harriet, are mentioned elsewhere in this diary. For family relationships
tee Stella M. Drumm's "The Kennerlys of Virginia," loc. cit., v. 6, pp. 98-123.

21691

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

January, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Temp.
Date at
1827 8 oClock

Weather

Wind

13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
20
27

12 36

28 37

Clear

Cloudy

Clear
Clear
Clear

Calm

S.W.

SW.ly

Calm

Cloudy snows.

S.W.

Cloudy &

snows.

Cloudy

N.W.

Clear

Cloudy

West

Snows

S.W

Clear

West

Calm

Cloudy

East

Cloudy

Clear

Calm

Cloudy

* 4

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

S.W

Temp.

at Weather

4 oClock

Wind

N.E

North
North
N
Calm

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

clear

Clear
Cloudy
Snow do

Clear S

S.W.
West

Cloudy & snow West

Clear North

West

Cloudy
Clear

Clear
Cloudy

S.W.
SE
S.W.
Calm

Rise & fall of the Hirer

fallen about a foot last night

of the 1st
fallen Some Ice running

Stand "
Rising a little

Snow all day A part of the

night
fall a little no ice- running

this Morning Snow 12

inches Deep

River clear of ice
Ice running.

Tee running thick

River rise about 3 feet and

Closed last night
River rise a little
Snowed in the evening

river rise a little
do do
do do

do do about 14 I r i:hes
do do River begins to
Break rose Several Inches
River Broke & Ice move [si
down & Lodges on the Island
River Clear of running Ice
with much on the Shores
& Islands
rises some
River rose several inches

REMARKS

21 Capt. Patrick Ford 44 S[ub]. agent for the loways died last

night at Dr. [Taffens?]
31 Military Ball 45

44. Patrick Henry Ford had edited the St. Lrniis Enquirer in the early 1820's. Billon, op.
cit., p. 106.

45. Some 200 people were present at this gala affair, so briefly noted in the diary. One
of the chief social events of the winter, it featured a supper at 1 :30 a. m., and dancing until
6:30 a. m. The ball was piven for the officers at newly-established Jefferson Barracks who
had previously entertained St. Louis citizens with a military ball at their post on January &.
Clark's Indian council room, especially decorated, was used for this occasion. Missouri Repub-
lican, St. Louis, January 11, Februaiy 8, 1827.

February, 1827

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Temp.

Date

Weather

Wind

Weather

Wind

Rise & fall of the River

1827

8 oClock

4 oc

36H

Cloudy

Clear

Calm

River closed (opposite the Big-Mound

North of St. Louis rises a little

rain

Calm

rain

River running with Ice do

Snow

26^

do " " do

fine rain

Cloudy

do "

Clear

Calm

Clear

do " "

Clear

Calm

River clear, rises a little

Calm

Clear

Calm

Ice commenced running last night

Cloudy

River running with ice rained some

last night (at 4 p m.) river clear

of ice & rising

57^

Clear

River clear of ice <fe rises fast

Clear

W. hard

do do " Rose into the Spring

Clear

do do " falls one foot

Cloudy

do do do

Clear

Calm

46^

Cloudy

do do " "

Clear

do do falls fast

61^

do do do do

62J-

Calm

65 "

Calm

do do do do

58>6

(River falls)

River falls a little

S. hard

rain

53 J4

Cloudy

Calm

Clear

Calm

Clear

rain

hard
S.W.byS

72H

Clear

bard
SWbyS

River rise[s] a little

Cloudy

ditto about 2 feet (at 4 p rn) river

rising fast

Clear

ditto about 2% feet

Clear

72H

Cloudy

do % foot

Cloudy

fall about 9 Ins.

REMARKS

3 Hailed all last night wind high from W at 4 p m wind not
so high

4 Some Snow this morning and rain in the evening

5 some Ice rained last night

6 some ice Snow melting

10 Wind high Kickapoo "profit" speak [s] 46

11 N. Ball [?] at camp. Horse Boat Sinks today

12 Steem boat Prlough Boy arrives from Kaskaskia at Day

13 " " " " departed for Louisville (Dance)
17 a beautiful day

46. See Footnote S3. Kennekuk, the Kickapoo Prophet, had come to St. Louis to ask
that his people be allowed to remain in Illinois. During this visit he explained to Clark the
origin of his divine mission. For his speech on this occasion see James Mooney's article
"Kanakuk and Minor Prophets," in Bureau of American Ethnology, 14th Annual Report. Pt,
2, pp. 692-700.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

18 On this day George R. Clark 47 son of Genl Clark when Hunt-
ing with Henry (a yellow fellow) by accident was wounded
under the right eye by the discharge of Henry's gun 3 miles
out

19 George thought better

20 Steam Boat Cleopatra arrives from Louisville in 5 days

21 George Better S B "Genl Hamilton" arrives

22 Steam Boat Cleoyatra started for Louisville.

23 Steam Boat Muskingum & Genl Hamilton arrive from New Or-
leans

24 Thundered. Lightened & Rained all Last night. Steam boat
Hamilton start [s] to N. 0.

25 Steam Boat Muskingum starts for N. 0.

26 Steam Boat "America" arrive [s] from Pittsburgh 48 (George
better)

27 (rains a little)

28 (Cold) Dohertys apt. 49 arrives

March, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Date

Temp,
at

Weather

Wind

Temp,
at

Weather

Wind

Rise & fall of

8 Oclock

4pm

36Ji

Clear

river falls 6 inches

Calm

Cloudy

S.E.

" " "

Clear

4 inches

Clear

Calm

56^

Cloudy

rise

Clear

" rises a little

Clear

" falling

55^

(high wind S

.E.) " " fast

40M

(calm)

S. W.

Calm

" " "

Calm

Clear

S W hard unusally " " ?.'

" " "

Cloudy

N very high

wind

Clear

river rises a little

55^

" on a stand

rains

rain

River falls a little

Snow

N. NE

Cloudy

" rise a little

45^

Clear

53^

Clear

ii ii ii

Clear

Calm

it i< ii

" " "

47. George R9gers Hancock Clark, ten years old at this date, was the son of William and
his first wife, Julia (Hancock) Clark. Coues, op. cit., v. 4, genealogical table.

48. The America was a new 250-ton boat, and this was her first trip. The forthcoming;
event had been advertised in the issues of the Missouri Republican, St. Louis.

49. Evidently this refers to the appointment of Maj. John Dougherty as Indian agent
"for Upper Missouri," in place of Maj. Benjamin OTallon, resigned. Ibid., February 15,
1827. Dougherty said his appointment was made in January, 1827, but that he did not re-
ceive official notice until the latter part of April. Typed copy of Dougherty's March 9, 1832,
report to the Secretary of War, in Mss. division, Kansas State Historical Society.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 21

22 76 " S 74M

23 69 " SW 55^

24 64 SW W 1 A S W high wind

25 Warm Day

26 66 Cloudy W 62 rain

27 41 " S W 37^3 Snow N high wind

& cold.

28 40 " N 48 Clear W river rise a little

29 56 clear W 56

30 66 SW 64 SW

31 64 " Calm 64 SW

REMARKS

1 Snow fell last night 4 inches S. B. Plough boy arrives from
Louis [ville] S B America departs for N. O.

2 S. B. Indiana arrives from N. 0.

4 (George considerably better)

5 S. B. Indiana starts for St Genevieve

6 (at 11 A. M. rain & Hail for one hour wind high)

7 S. B. Indiana arrives from St Genevieve

8 (rained a little last night S B. Indiana start [s] for Fever
River 50 Cleopatra arrives from Louisville

10 S B Cleopatra starts for Louisville

11 S. B. Scioto arrived from Cincinnatti Last night

12 (Rain[ed] some last night) (at 1 oclock p. m. high wind S. W.
at 12 oclock wind from N. W. high) S. B. Shamrock arrives
from Louis [ville]

13 S. B. Scioto departs

14 (Some snow fell last night) wind high

15 S. B. Plough-boy arrives from Louisville froze Col o Fallen
mard 51 Washington (Bullet Shot)

16 S. B. Plough Boy departs S. B. Liberator departs

17 S. B. Velocipede arrives from Pittsburgh. S. B. Liberator de-
parts The Velocipede arrives from Pittsburgh

18 cold day Some Indians arrive (S. B. start for
Fever river)

22 warm weather.

23 SB Clopatra arrives from Louisville S. B. Indiana from rapids
below fever river (party)

24 SB Clopatra departs for Louisville

50. The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, March 15, 1827, carried this item: "FEVER RIVER
MINES. The emigration this spring to the United States' lead Mines on the Upper Missis-
sippi, is immense. One steam boat (intended as a regular trader) has already left here for
the above place, and three others are advertised to depart soon. We have heard it computed
that the accession in diggers, and others, will amount to several thousands. The Government
rents, for the present year, will consequently be very considerably increased."

51. Col. John O'Fallon married Caroline Sheetz, of Maryland, on March 15, 1827.
Scharf, op. cit., v. 1, p. 851. His first wife had died February 14, 1826. Missouri Republi-
can, St. Louis, February 16, 1826. See, also, Footnote 41.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

25 S Bts. America & Hamilton arive from N. 0. & S. B. Mexico
from Louisville

26 SB Indiana starts for Fever river

27 (Wind changeable at 4 p. m.) S B Mexico starts

29 S B. America departs for N. 0.

30 S. B. Plough Boy arrives from Louisville

31 S B. Plough boy starts for Louisville (Mr & Miss Risque 52
start)

April, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Date

Temp,
at

Weather

Wind

Temp,
at

Weather

Wind

Rise A fall of the river

8o.c.

4o'c

Clear

warm day River rising

S.W.

ii ii ii

rain

ii ii ii .

cloudy

Cloudy

Warm
rain last night

River rises fast

Clear

River rises fast

Calm

River raising fast

Cloudy

do do do

Clear

ii ii ii

59H

Cloudy

rain

i ii ii

51H

(wind high)

it ii ii

Clear

" (good

friday)

ii ii ii

river on a stand

8.E

ii ii

Cloudy

river rising

ii ii

Clear

warm

rain

S.W

Clear

river on a stand

ii ii ii

Cloudy

S W

Cloudy

rain last night

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

rain this morning

rain

river raising

Clear

river raising

Clear

River rises fast

Clear

ii ii ii

REMARKS

1 2 Kickapoos start for the village of the Prophet

2 5 Kickapoos start for White river & 5 for the village of Prophet
Mr. Sanford starts 53

3 S B Lawrence arrives from Louisville

52. Ferdinand and Harriet Risque. See Footnote 43.

53. John F. A. Sanford, evidently setting out for his subagency in the Mandan Indian
country.

(See Footnote 37.) He is not mentioned again in the diary until November, 1828.

.WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 23

5 at 5 p. m. wind high. S W. S. B. Lawrence starts for Louis-
ville

6 arrivals from upper Missi[ssi]ppi

7 Mr. Henry Gratiot 54 & others arrive from Fever River

8 Steam Boat Muskingum arrives in 3% days from Louisville
S. B. Cleopatra from Louisville

9 S Boats Plough boy & Mechanic from Louisville & New Orleans

10 S B. " " started at 8 last night for Louisville S B
Liberator arrives from N. 0.

11 S. B. Cleopatra started yesterday for Louisville S. B. Mus-
kingum starts for [omission]

12 some ice running in river.. 48 Sacs start.

13 SB Mexico from Louisville & S B Mechanic start for Fever
[River]

14 Saturday before Easter

15 Arrived S. Bts Oregon^ Lexington from Louisville & S. B.

Jubilee from N. 0. Indiana from Fever river

16 " " il Shamrock from Fever river depart S. Bts

Liberator for N. 0. & Mexico for St. Peters

17 " " " (yesterday) Pilot 56 from Louisville Started

4 keels up the Missouri river loaded with sol-
diers 57

18 (Shawnees) arrive from Kaskaskias S. B. Indiana starts up
for fever river S B Oregon starts for Franklin

19 S. B. Shamrock starts up for fever river

21 S B Plough boy arrives from Louisville

22 if " Hercules arrives. S B Ploughboy starts for Louisville
Capt Ruland starts S. B. Clapatria arrives

23 rain this day at 12 S. B. Mechanic 58 arrives from fever river

54. Henry Gratiot (1789-1836) was a son of Charles Gratiot, a pioneer trader of St.
Louis. In October, 1825, Henry, his wife Susan (Hempstead) Gratiot, and family, moved
from St. Louis to a frontier home on Fevre river, Illinois. Henry and a brother, John Pierre
B., subsequently established a lead smelter at Gratiot's grove. The Gratiots were friends of
the Rock river Winnebagoes, and in 1831, Henry was appointed subagent for these Indians.
Wisconsin Historical Collections, v. 10, pp. 235-259; 22 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Doc. 101 (Ser-
ial 213), p. 11; Billon, op. cit., pp. 173, 174.

55. The Oregon was a new boat of 225 tons, built at Marietta, Ohio. Hall, op. cit.,
p. 259.

66. The Pilot was a new boat "built entirely of locust with a low pressure engine, and
runs very fast," according to an advertisement in the Missouri Republican, St. Louis, March
8, 1827.

57. "Four companies of the 3d Regt. U. S. Infantry, left Jefferson Barracks on the 17th
inst. in keel boats, under the immediate command of captain W. G. Belknap, for the purpose
of establishing a Military Post near the mouth of the Little Platte, on the Missouri River."
Ibid., April 19, 1827. The War Department order directed Col. Henry Leavenworth to select
the site, and he had gone ahead of the above party. The site he chose was present Fort
Leavenworth, designated as Cantonment Leavenworth in 1827. Hunt, Elvid, and W. E.
Lorence, History of Fort Leavenworth 1827-19S7 (Fort Leavenworth, 1937), pp. 16-18; Mis-
souri Republican, St. Louis, May 10, 1827.

58. According to Hall, op. cit., p. 258, the Mechanic (a 120-ton boat, built in 1823),
was "stove" near St. Louis in 1827. This is the last diary entry about her.

24 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

24 S Bt. Cleopatra & Jubilee start for Louisville S B Hamilton
arrives from Fever river S B America arrives

25 S Bt. Hamilton starts for N. Orleans.

26 S Bts Muskingum from Fever river & Mexico arrive from the
rapids

27 SB America arrives

28 S. B. America starts

29 4 Ir aquas arrive from Rocky Mountains (at 6 p. m.) 59 10
Osages arrive (bro't in from country where they were secreted) ,
who Mr. Renard Mr. Delanney & co. were about to take to
Europe, without the knowledge or consent of Supt. or Agt. Mr.
Renard declares he had nothing to do with the above affair but
says Mr. Menard is concerned M L & F S Tessons & Paul
Louise are concerned 60

May, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Temp. Temp.

Date at Weather Wind at Weather Wind Rise & fall of the river

8 o. c. 4 Oclk

1 68 Clear SW Cloudy river raising fast

2 72 E

3 60 " Calm Clear Calm

4 75 ~~~~

5 " E Clear NE

6 56 " W 58 Cloudy NW

7 57 " S 62 Clear W river falling

8 62 . river on a stand

9 " rain SE

10 68 rain E cloudy

11 68 " SW 72 Clear SW

12 70 clear calm river fall

13 cloudy S.SE rain do falling a little

14 68 " SW river fall

15 72 " S clear do fall a little

16 64 rain

17 69 Clear calm

59. Iroquois Indians were employed by the fur companies in the far North and North-
west, but their arrival "from Rocky Mountains," or from any direction, must have been an
unusual event at St. Louis, which was far from Ircquois country.

60. Six of these Osages, four men and two women, were persuaded to go to Europe. The
interesting story of their experiences has been written by Grant Foreman in his "Our Indian
Ambassadors to Europe," in Missouri Historical Society Collections, v. 5, pp. 109-128. He
says: "The Osage accompanied by Delauney, their interpreter Paul Loise, and Francois Tes-
son of St. Louis, as conductor of the party, descended the Mississippi to New Orleans on the
Steamboat Commerce; from there they sailed on the American ship New England, and, on
July 27, 1827, landed at Havre." At first they attracted great crowds in France and were
widely entertained. As a commercial scheme the venture soon failed. Delauney was im-
prisoned for debt and the Osages wandered through Western Europe in 1828 and 1829, suffer-
ing many hardships. Funds were finally raised in France to return them to the United States
and they embarked late in 1829. They arrived destitute, but the Indian Department in Wash-
ington eventually took charge of them and arranged for their care. On June 7, 1830, William
Clark wrote from St. Louis to Colonel McKenney of the Indian Department, that he had sent
the Osages, except Paul Loise, to their nation. Superintendency of Indian affairs, St. Louis,
"Records," v. 4, pp. 119, 120, loc. cit. David DeLaunay, Hyacinth Renouard, the brothers
Michael and Francis Tesson, and Paul Loise (see, also, Footnote 23) were all French residents
of St. Louis. Billon, op. cit. f pp. 258, 259, 423. The exact identity of "Mr. Menard" has
not been determined.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

18 72
19

20
21
22
23
24
25
26

27 "

28 hot

calm

5
6

7
8
9

10
11
12
13

14
15
16

S
SW

78
hot

N E

warm weather

River rise

River rise
river raising
River rise a little
river falling
....

river fell 4H feet in the last

three days
river fell 1 [?]
" falling

REMARKS

SB Pilot arrived from Hever river last night SB Oregon

from Franklin

S. B. Commerce starts for Louisville SB Oregon starts also

SB Shamrock arrived last night from Fever river

at dark in the evening Capt. Ruland arrives in the S B Plough-

boy from Louisville with funds for Indn Dept SB Sham-

rock starts

S. B. Ploughboy starts

S. B Mexico returned down R[iver] S. B. Cleopatra arrives

from Louisville

S. B. Cleopatra starts for Louisville T W Bullit 61 starts

S. B. [omission] & Hercules arrive

SB Bellvidere arrives

" " " departs S B Liberator arrives from N. 0.

Kisho 62 & other Kickapoos (20) arrive from White river

30 Weas & Miamis are still camped over river

12 Kansas (men & women) arrive from their towns Steam

Boat Phenix arrived from Louisville

35 Showanees arrive.

Steam Boat Shamrock arrived from Fever River last night

20 Kickapoos start S Bts Commerce - Phoenix & Jubilee

arrive Part of the Troops arrive from Council Bluffs 63

61. T. W. Bullitt, not further identified, was possibly related to Mary Ann (Bullitt) At-
kinson, wife of Gen. Henry Atkinson, senior officer at Jefferson Barracks, Mo.

62. Kish-co ("guardian to Indians"), was a "signer" of the Indian peace treaty of Oc-
tober 7, 1826, and the Kickapoo treaty of October 24, 1832. He was not a chief and was
influential only among his own band, which had moved from Illinois to White river, Missouri.
These Kickapoos removed to a reserve north of Cantonment Leavenworth in 1833. 23 Cong.,
1 Sess., Senate Doc. 512 (Serial 247), p. 639.

63. Part of the Fort Atkinson garrison. See, also, diary entry of June 16, 1827.

26 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

17 S. B. Plough-boy arrived Jas Kennedy 64 <fe Jno Dough-
erty 65 arrived yesterday.

18 S B Plough boy departs - Mr Boilvin U. S. Indn Agt. 66
Died

19 S. Bts. Hercules - Velocipede & Scioto arrive Hugh King
executed for murder of Martin Green 67

20 S. B. Cleopatra arrives

21 Lorenzo Dow arrived the day before yesterday 68

22 Genl Clark starts for Paducah 69 in Steam Boat Cleopatra

25 S Bts Phoenix & America arrive

26 S. B. Indiana starts for Fever river S. B. Phoenix starts for
Louisville

27 S. B. Belvidere arrives

29 S. B. Hercules arrives Genl Clark arrives from Paducah

30 SB Laurence arrives

31 SB America starts SB Belvidere arrives A Shane 70 In-
terpreter arrives with 3 Senacas 1 Shawnee & 1 Ottoe Indian
The Shawnee is one who went to view Lou[isville?]

64. The Kennedy brothers, James, George H. and Augustin, are mentioned frequently in
the diary. Their sister Elizabeth married Major Risque (see Footnote 43), and their Bister
Harriet married (1) Dr. John Radford, (2) William Clark, being his second wife. The Ken-
nerly brothers were residents of St. Louis, or near-by Jefferson Barracks, for many years.
James was sutler at Fort Atkinson (Neb.) from November, 1823, until its abandonment in
the spring of 1827. Subsequently James and George were appointed sutlers at newly-estab-
lished Jefferson Barracks. Drumm, Stella M., "The Kennedys of Virginia," loc. cit.; "Diary
of James Kennedy, 1823-1826," edited by E. B. Wesley, in Missouri Historical Society Col-
lections, v. 6, pp. 41-97.

65. Maj. John Dougherty (1791-1860) was a native of Bardstown, Ky. From late 1823
to early 1827 he was assistant to Maj. Benjamin O'Fallon, Indian agent at the Council Bluffs.
When O'Fallon resigned, Dougherty was appointed in his place as agent for the upper Mis-
souri, but made his headquarters at the new army post Cantonment Leavenworth, instead of
Council Bluffs. He had married a St. Louis girl, Mary Hertzog, in November, 1823.
Dougherty report, 1832, loc. cit.; Missouri Historical Society Collections, v. 6, p. 52, editorial
note; Missouri Republican, St. Louis, November 26, 1823.

66. Nicholas Boilvin had been Indian agent at Prairie du Chien since March 14, 1811.
He was a Canadian, and seems to have arrived at Prairie du Chien about 1810. Accounts gay
he died on a keelboat coming down the Mississippi. Wisconsin Historical Collections, v. 2,
p. 150; v. 9, p. 286; v. 11, pp. 247-249; v. 19, p. 314; 23 Cong., 1 Sess., House Report -J74
(Serial 263), p. 43. Boilvin's position was filled by Joseph M. Street.

67. Edwards, who has the year erroneously as 1828, said King was a soldier and Green
the sergeant of his company. Edwards, Richard, and M. Hopewell, Edwards's Great West
. . . (St. Louis, 1860), p. 339.

68. Lorenzo Dow (1777-1834), a preacher and an eccentric, made a number of evangelistic
tours in the United States and in Great Britain. He has been called the inventor of camp-
meetings. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1930), v. 5, p. 410.

69. Paducah, Ky., was laid out in 1827 by William Clark, and named for the Indian
chief Paducah, buried on the river bank there. It was incorporated as a town on January 11,
1830. Collins, R. H., History of Kentucky (Covington, Ky., 1878), v. 2, p. 594.

70. Anthony Shane, mentioned several times in the diary, was an interpreter, particularly
for the Shawnee Indians west of the Mississippi. 22 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Doc. 101 (Serial
213), p. 12.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

June, 1827

Temp.
Date at
8 O.'C.

Weather

Clear
clear

17 64

22 62

23 65

clear

cloudy

clear

cloudy

Clear

clear

cloudy
clear
cloudy
clear

30 82

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Wind

7m "

calm

80 very rain

warm

66 cloudy

81 rain clear

early this

morning

calm

78 cloudy

84 clear

78 cloudy

Temp.

at Weather
4 O.'C.

71 Clear

very
wind

s w

N
NE

Wind

Rise & fall of river

river falling
river on a stand
calm very warm " foiling
weather

" rising S [?| ft

Cloudy

Clear

" raise 1 foot
" (very warm) " " 4 inches

" " a little
River rises fast about 1 ft.

rain at 7 o'c N

clear

little

clear

calm (warm)

N (warm)

N E

calm (very
warm)

1ft

" very little
" 2 ft.

" very little in the
evening falls
" fall about 2^ Inches

1ft

" Raised from Missouri
" Raised little from
Missouri

raise fast since this
morning 5 ft. in heigth
raise in heigth 2%
river raise " 3 ft

since yesterday morning

" falls

" do
" do

few drops of
rain

REMARKS

18 Foxes arrive S. B. Plough Boy arrives from Louisville

5 B Lawrence departs

12 Kansas start for their homes Mettee 71 with 6 Shawneea

6 Senecas arrives

S Bts Indiana & Plough boy start

S Bts Muskingum & Velocipede arrived last evening Mr Til-
ton 72 arrives with 1 keel & 4 mackinaw boats loaded with pel-
tries

71. Jacques Mette was employed at St. Louis as an interpreter. Ibid. He is mentioned
a number of times in the diary, occasionally as "Mr. Metty," or "Metty."

72. Tilton was a proprietor in the Columbia Fur Company (legal name Tilton & Com-
pany). James Kipp and Tilton had a trading post on the upper Missouri in the Mandan
Indian village, from 1823-1827. Chittenden, H. M., The American Fur Trade of the Far
West (New York, 1902), v. 1, pp. 323-327.

28 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

5 S Bts Muskingum & Cleopatra start SB Liberator arrives
from N. 0.

6 Black Buffalo & family emigrants (5 Kickapoos) are over the
river

8 Steam Boat with Col. Croghan arrives from Lemoin. Belvi-
dere arrives on the 9th from Trinity at 3 ocl[oc]k this morning

9 Steam Boat Belvidere depd on the 10th for Louisville Steam
B. Hercules from Louisville

10 S. Bt. Shamrock arrives S. B. Indiana in port

12 S B Jubilee arrives from N. 0. 6 Shawnees from Kaskaskias
emigrants arrive

13 S B Shamrock departs for Louisville Arrive 10 Weas &
Miamis Emigrating from the Wabash Depart the six Shaw-
nees who came on the 12th Arrive 3 Weas

14 S B Lawrence arrives with Col OTallon & George 73 Arrive
Penishia & party 8 in all Kickapoos

15 S B Plough boy arrives 2 Kickapoos arrive 13 Weas &
Miamies depart

16 Capt G. H. Kennerly Sub Agt arrives 74 balance of Troops
from Council Bluffs arrive 75 10 Kickapoos depart 11 Dela-
wares Emigrating arrive

17 [?] 11 Delawares Emigrating depart

18 S. B. Plough boy arrived last night 12 loways arrive

21 S Bts Muskingum & Cleopatra in port Genl. Brown in Bar-
racks

22 Very cold last night & this morning Ther[mometer] at 58
river still raising fast at 6 oclock Genl Brown arrives at St
Louis 76

73. Col. John O'Fallon and Clark's young son George, probably.

74. George H. Kennerly, Clark's brother-in-law (see Footnote 64), was Indian subagent
for the upper Missouri in 1826 and 1827. Superintendency of Indian affairs, St. Louis, "Rec-
ords," v. 21, loc. cit. His post was at the Council Bluffs. Early in 1828 he was appointed
postmaster at Jefferson Barracks, and was also a sutler there. Missouri Republican, St.
Louis, January 31, 1828; "Diary of James Kennerly, 1823-1826," loc. cit.

75. Fort Atkinson (Neb.) was abandoned following the establishment of Cantonment
Leavenworth (see Footnote 57). Watkins says that three keel boats and four barges started
from Fort Atkinson with the garrison and equipment of the post on June 6. Watkins, Al-
bert, "Why Fort Atkinson Was Established," in Nebraska History and Record of Pioneer
Days, v. 2, No. 3, pp. 4, 5. Clark's entry of May 16, 1827, would indicate some of the
troops left the fort earlier. These troops were part of the Sixth U. S. infantry.

76. Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown was commander-in-chief of the U. S. army from June 15,
1815, to February 24, 1828. Heitman, F. B., comp., Historical Register and Dictionary of
the United States Army ... *o ... 1903 (Washington, Government Printing Of-
fice, 1903), p. 252. The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, June 28, 1827, contained this item:
"Major Gen. Brown, accompanied by his Aid, Lt. J. R. Vinton, of the U. S. Artillery, arrived
at Jefferson Barracks on the 20th inst. in the S. B. Cleopatra. This veteran officer has been
for some time engaged in a tour for the inspection of the military posts of the U. States,
and is now on his return to Washington City, taking the route of the Lakes. ... On
the evening . . . [of the 22nd] he visited St. Louis; the following day, accompanied by
Brig. Gen. Atkinson, he visited the Arsenal at Belle Fontaine. . . ." Major General Brown

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

23 SB Cleopatra started yesterday.

24 S B Hercules arrives from Louisville Ohio river low 4 Dela-
wares (Silversmith) arrive

25 at 8 p. m. S B Phoenix arrives from Louisville Capt. states
Ohio river raising 80 Socks & Foxes arrive

26 10 Kickapoos arrive from Prophet 1 Delaware (Coin) arrives
from Fish's Town

27 at 4 am S B America arrives from N. Orleans 4 Shawnees
(Fish & 3 others arrive)

28 4 Delawares & 10 Kickapoos depart 5 Shawnees arrive 12
loways Departed

July, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Temp.

Temp

Dat

,e at

Weather

Wind

Weather

Wind

[Rise* fall of river]

8 O'clock

40'C

Clear

South

River fall a few inches

ii ii ii ii

CAR

H ii ii <

Clear

i ii ii H

Clear

East

Rainy

River falls a little

rain all day & "

rain

River rise a little

night

Rain

Cloudy

do rises several feet

Cloud

Calm

Cloudy

do do Several inches

Cloudy

ditto do "

Clear

Calm

Clear

ii H ii ii

81 at 10

Cloudy

H ii ii ii

o'clock

Clear

Calm

river falls a little

Cloudy

calm

clear

NE very little

" rise a little

rain

ii ii ii

clear

ii H ii

clear

" raising

Cloudy

River fall a little

clear

H H H

II II 14

cloudy

" falls fast

clear

H ii H

" a little

N W

" Rising fast

clear

W.N.W changes " rise about 5 ft. since

yesterday.

rising

clear

raising fast

rose

raising fast

clear

W very little

ii ii ii

89^

river falling

reviewed the troops at Jefferson Barracks, the complement of the post then being six com-
panies of the First, six companies of the Third, and ten companies of the Sixth, U. S. in-
fantry regiments. Ibid.

30 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

REMARKS

1 S. B. Plough boy S. B. Phoenix & Lawrence arrive from Louis-
ville S. B. Genl Wayne arrives at 2 oClock a. m. St Bt
America departs for New Orleans at 11 oC[lock]

2 S B Muskingdom starts for Louisville (at 1 o'clock Ther-
mometer at 89)

3 loway Indians 12 set out S B. Lawrance departs down [Lo?j

4 S. B. Indiana arrives from Demoin. S. B. Phenix depd for
Louisville

5 at 28 min pass 5 oClock A. M. a Shock of Earthquake. 77 S. B.
William Penn & S. B. Portland arrive [from] N O

6 1 St Bt arrs & the Liberator arrive from N Orleans

7 SB Hercules arrives from Louisville

8 SB. Cleopatra arrives from Louisville

9 a Great rise in the Missouri river Mississippi rising

10 Govr Cass 79 arrives at 1 oclock p. m. rain S. B. Cleopatra
departs

11 Steam Boat Essex 80 (Capt. Shrouds) arrives, first trip 5 days
from Louisville Kty.

12 S. Boat Velocipeed departs for Louisville. S B Jubilee arrives
from N. Orleans

13 hard rain & wind this morning.

14 S. B. Hamilton departs for Jefferson Barracks One Fox ar-
rives

15 S Bts Gl Hamilton Essex & Indiana start up Mississippi with
Troops [Fox] departs One Sock boy (lame) in town

16 Troops started yesterday against Winnebagoes 580 men under
Genl. Atkinson 81

17 SB Lawrence arrives from Louisville

77. "A severe shock of an Earthquake, of about a minute's duration, was felt in this
city this morning, at half past 5 o'clock, accompanied by a loud, rumbling noise, resembling
the passage of a wagon over a pavement." Ibid., July 5, 1827.

78. This is the only mention in the diary of the Portland. Hall, op. cit. t lists no boat of
this name.

79. Lewis Cass (1782-1866) was governor of the territory of Michigan at this date; he
was later (1831-1837) Secretary of War, and (1857-1860) Secretary of State. Cass brought
news of a Winnebago uprising.

80. The Essex was a steamboat of the smallest class, being only 135 tons. She was built
at Pittsburgh, and according to Hall "broke in two, on Gr. Chain" in 1829. Hall, op cit.,
p. 255.

81. The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, July 12, 1827, stated that Governors Clark and
Cass and General Atkinson (commanding officer at Jefferson Barracks), had had a consultation
concerning steps to be taken against the Winnebagoes, and ". . . rumor says, that a body
of Infantry, from three to five hundred, will immediately proceed up the river in a steam boat
detained for that purpose. . . ." In the July 26 issue the Republican reported that the
steamboats transporting the troops were unable to proceed "higher than the First Rapids,"
and were to proceed in keel boats. In the August 9 issue it was stated that the Indian scare
was over and the miners had returned to work at the Fever river mines. The troops under
General Atkinson were then at Prairie du Chien. Official records of the Winnebago uprising
and subsequent events, including the treaty negotiations can be found in 20 Cong., 1 Sess.,
House Doc. 2 (Serial 169), pp. 146-158.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

18 18 Shawnees arrive from White river

19 S. B. Lawrence departs for Louisville 3 Socks arrive

20 S. Bt. Essex arrives from Rapids at 9^2 O'clock p. m.

21 S. Bt. Josephine arrives from Louisville 6 Shawnees arrive
from Fish's Town

22 S. Bt. Essex starts for Louisville --SB Hercules arrives from
Louisville

23 18 Shawnees & 3 Socks Start

24 S. B. Josephine Deps for Fever River. S B. Hamilton Deps for
N Orleans 10 Shawnees arrive from White River

25 S. Bt. America arrives from N. Orleans 3 Delawares arrive
27 S Bt Oregon arrived yesterday from N. Orleans

29 SB Indiana arrives from Lower Rapids on Mississippi
31 S. Bt. Hamilton starts for N. Orleans

August, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Temp.
Date at
8 a. m.

1 84

Weather

clear

Temp.
Wind at

4 p. m.

Weather

82M

Rain

E
NE

N.E.
N.E.
N.E.

clear

81 H Cloudy af. RainN.E.

clear

clear & cool

warm

cool

clear warm

rain

cloudy af. Rain "

fair

clear

87J4

87H

cloudy

at 6 cloudy

thunder A

lightning

84 V

clear

cloudy

C. af. R

dear

Rain
Cloudy

Wind

Rise A fall of river

8 river falling a little; it is within

4 feet of the highest [point?!
& the highest of this year

W very little River falls fast

SW very little " " "

E " " '

NE
NE
E
N

little

river on a Stand
" falls a little

River on a Stand

E " "

E " fall.
S on a Stand

(N.W hard " raise
rain at night)

N very little river on a Stand

wind

W river on a Stand

SW high wind river falling
river falling

NE " "

SW
W

N.E.

N.E

river raising

river raises
" raises

32 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

REMARKS

1 (at 5 p. m in the sun the thermometer stands at 112)

4 19 Delawares arrive from the Big Mackinaw Illinois

5 S. Bt. Essex arrives

6 S. Bt. Rover 82 departs

6 & 7 125 Shawnees (Emigrating from Ohio) arrive

go (( d " ('

188 in all
25 arrive

213 in all

4 Senecas here Col. Baley Agriculturist arrives 83

7 Martins assemble in great numbers this morning Earth-
quake last night 84

11 Lieut. Bartlett & Cadet M. L Clark set out for West point 85

12 Edmond Clark (my Infant Son) died at 8% A. M. (10 mo.

3 days old) 86

13 very warm weather

14 S. Bt. Jubilee arrives from N. Orleans brings news that
the Yellow fever had broken out

15 S Bt Josephine starts for Galena

16 S Bt Galena arrives on 14th from Galena rain Last night

17 S Bt " starts for

19 at one oclock Thermometer at 110 in the sun & at 84 with
windows closed, in a room

21 very Cool last night

22 L. T Honore U. States' Interpre[te]r died (on 21st) 87 S.
B. Car of Commerce arrives from N. Orleans

25 S Bt Car of Commerce 8S starts for N. 0.

82. The Rover was a new, 100-ton boat, built at Cincinnati, Ohio. Hall, op. cit., p. 260.

83. David Bailey was agriculturist to the Osage Indians at this period. 22 Cong., 1
Sess., Senate Doc. 101 (Serial 213), p. 15. The Osage treaty of 1825 had provided for the
employment of an adviser in farming.

84. The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, August 16, 1827, stated: "Several slight shocks
of Earthquake have been felt here within a few days past. . . ."

85. Lt. William H. C. Bartlett, instructor at the Military academy, and Meriwether
Lewis Clark (1809-1881), William Clark's oldest son, who had entered West Point in 1825.
Heitman, op. cit., pp. 196, 305 ; Coues, op. cit., v. 4, genealogical table.

86. Edmond Clark, born at St. Louis, September 9, 1826. Ibid. The name is "Edmund"
in Coues, and other sources.

87. Louis Tesson Honor6, St. Louis resident, had served as Indian interpreter in the years
before his death. American State Papers (Indian Affairs), v. 2, p. 298; Billon, op. cit.,
p. 422.

88. The Car of Commerce, 150 tons, was built in 1827 at West Port, Ky. On May 13,
1828 (see diary for May, 1828), an explosion of her boilers caused injury or death to eome
sixty persons. Hall, op. cit. f p. 258.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

27 S Bt Essex arrives

28 Steam Boat Essex departs for Louisville Kentucky

29 In Council with the Shawnees Nation of Indians

30 Council Continued

September, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Wind

Temp.

Date

At
8A.M.

Weather

Wind

Temp.
4 P. M.

Weather

Cloudy. Some

Clear a. R

rain & Clear

Cloudy

Clear

s.w

s.w.

Cloudy

s.w.

Clear

s.w.

S.E

Clear

s.w.

S.E.

Cloudy

S.E.

Rain

S.E

Clear

S.E.

S.E

S.E.

SJJ

S.E.

S.E

S.E.

S.W.

S.E.

Cloudy

S.W.

Cloudy

S.E.

Cloudy

S.E

Clear

S.E.

Clear

S.E

Cloudy

N.E

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

S.E

Clear

S.E

Clear

S.E

Cloudy

S.W

Cloudy

Clear

S.E

Clear

S.E

Rise 4 fall of River
River falling
do do (Sunday)

(Sunday)

River rising Sunday

River falling

Sunday

44 j|

River on a Stand
rise a little
do do

" Thick fog this
morning.

River Rising

Sunday

REMARKS
1 Deliver some annuities to Shawones

3 S. B. Galena arrives from Galena. Rover arrives.

4 S. B. Genl Hamilton starts for Orleans

5 S. B. Hamilton departs for New Orleans.

6 S. B. Galena departs for Fever River & Rover for mouth of
Ohio.

7 Two families of the Shawanees Nation of Indians renounce
their intention of emigrating to the Kansas, & set off in return
to their former residence.

31691

34 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

8 (Josephine arrives from Fever River) Party of the Shawanees
sets out for the Kanzas.

9 S. B. Rover arrives from mouth Ohio, with Genl Gains on board.
Liberator departs for N. 0.

10 Genl Gains repairs to the Jefferson Barracks.

11 S. B. Rover leaves for mouth Ohio River

12 Genl Gains returns from Jefferson Barracks.

13 Genl Gains Still here. Indians go 6 miles on their way to Kan-
zas

14 S. B. Josephene starts for Priarie du Chein with Genl Gains on
board 89

15 S. Bs. Rover & Essex arrive from mouth of River.

16 Col McKinny & Judge Delillia, Judge Lecuier Lillers arrives
from Green Bay 90

17 S. B. Essex sets out for Louisville. Col Geo Croughn on board
19 Col McKenny, Count Lilliers, Judge Delillia & Mr. Kinzie go

to Camp. Return S. B. Arragon 91 arrives from Orleans

23 Rover leaves for Louisville & Jubilee for Orleans

24 S. B. Crusader departs for N. Orleans with Col McKinney on
board

25 Comence coal fires in office

27 Steam Boat America leaves for Orleans. 27 [th] troops return
from the Winabago Expedition 92

28 S. B. Rover arrives from Louisville Kty.
30 S. B. Rover leaves for mouth River.

89. "Gen. [Edmund P.] Gaines left here in the steam boat Josephine, on Thursday last,
for the Upper Mississippi, for the purpose of inspecting the troops, and the [re] establishment
of a military post at Prairie des Cheins. We understand that Gen. Gaines expresses his en-
tire satisfaction with the course pursued by Gen. Atkinson, in the prompt measures which he
has pursued against the [Winnebago] Indians." Missouri Republican, St. Louis, September
20, 1827.

90. The entry is confusing. Col. Thomas L. McKenney, head of the Indian Department
in Washington, mentioned his fellow-travelers, Count "DeLillier" and Judge "Lecuyer," in an
article "The Winnebago War of 1827," Wisconsin Historical Collections, y. 5, p. 188. Count
de Lillers, only son of the Marquis de Lillers, had arrived from France in May, 1827, on a
tour of the United States, Mexico and "Columbia." Niles' Weekly Register, Baltimore. May
26, 1827, p. 216. McKenney described the young count's sudden, brief illness at St. Louis,
his recovery, and the hospitality of Governor Clark and wife in his Memoirs, Official and
Personal , . . (New York, 1846), v. 1, pp. 145-149. Mr. Kinzie, mentioned on the 19th,
was probably John H. Kinzie, American Fur Company employee, and agent of Indian affairs
at Fort Winnebago, in 1829.

91. The Oregon, variously misspelled "Arragon," "Oragon," "Origan," etc., in the diary.

92. "Gen. Atkinson, with the troops under his command, returned from the Upper Mis-
sissippi to Jefferson Barracks on the 27th ult. in good health." Missouri Republican, St.
Louis, October 4, 1827. Niles' Weekly Register, November 10, 1827, said the troops came
down in four and one half days from Prairie du Chien (600 miles) in keel and mackinaw boats.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

October, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tern.

Date

Weather

SAM

[Clear?]

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Rain

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Wind

Tern.
At
4P.M.

Weather

S.E.

Clear

S.E

Cloudy

SE.

S.E.

S.E

8.E

S.E

Rain

Clear

Cloudy

S.E.

Clear

S.E.

S.E

Cloudy

S.E

Rain

Clear

S.E

Rain

S.W

Clear

S.W

Wind

S.E

S.W

Rise & fall of River
River rising
River falling

Sunday

' Rising
River on a rise

Sunday

River falling

Sunday

River Rising

REMARKS
1 Foggy morning

4 S. B. Rover arrives from Louisville at 12 OClock at night

5 S. B. Gallena arrives from Fever River.

6 Count M. de Lillers, leaves in the Stage for Louisville Kty.
Genl A. & Col Morgan [arrive?] 93

8 S. B. Josephene arrives from P. du Chein with Genl. Gains on
board

12 S. B. Josephene departs for Fever River & P. du Chein

13 Genl. Gains, Mr. Louns & Majr Carny leave for Cincinnati 94

14 S. B. Liberator arrives at night from Orleans. 95

93. Gen. Henry Atkinson and Col. Willoughby Morgan, evidently arriving from Prairie
du Chien.

94. "Mr. Louns" was evidently R. Lowndes, aid-de-camp. See 20 Cong., 1 Sess., House
Doc. 2 (Serial 169), p. 150. "Majr Carny" is, of course, Maj. Stephen Kearny. Major
Kearny had, in July, supervised the relocation and reestablishment of Fort Crawford, at
Prairie du Chien.

95. The Liberator brought news from New Orleans that the yellow fever "continued to
rage" there; and on board the Liberator herself, on her passage from New Orleans to St.
Louis, between October 2 and 15, five passengers had died: John Miller, of Clark county,
Ky. ; Edward Sweeney, a river pilot; Fluency, of Shawneetown, 111.; Archibald Jack-
son, of Paris, Ky. ; and Ludlow Perry, of New Albany, Ind. Missouri Republican, St. Louis
October 18, 1827.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

16 Foggy morning S. B. Rover leaves for mouth River

17 4 Shawnee Indians (Runners) arriv'd last evening

18 S. B. Oragon arrives from Orleans.

19 S. B. Liberator leaves for Orleans
21 S. B. Oragon leaves for Orleans

24 S. B. Jubilee arrives from Orleans. S. B. Indiana from F. River

25 9 Shawnees arrived. Note. Among those Indians now here,
there are 7 Shawnees & 5 Cherokees.

28 S. Boats Jubilee & Josephene leave for Orleans

29 An exceedingly dark day followed at night by a light Snow

November, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Wind

Tern.

Date

Weather

Wind

Weather

SAM

4 P. M

Clear

S.E

Clear

SE.

Cloudy

S.E

3.E

S.E

Rain

Cloudy

Clear

8 ,

Clear

S.E

Cloudy

S.E

S.E.

Smoky

S.E.

S.E

Smoky

Cloudy

Clear

S.E

Clear

Rain

Cloudy

S.W

Cloudy

S.W

37H

Clear

S.W.

Snow

Cloudy

N.E

Clear

S.W.

N.E

Cloudy

sw.

Cold

S.W

Clear

S.W

Rain

N.E

Cloudy

S.E

Clear

Rise & fall of River

River falling

" Rising
Falling

River falling

Sunday

River falling

REMARKS

2 S. B. Plough Boy arrives from Louisville & S Louis packett
from Gallena.

3 S. B. America 96 from Orleans, also Cleopatria

96. The Missouri Republican, November 29, 1827, reported that the America, on her re-
turn journey to New Orleans had struck a snag at Plumb Point and gone down in nine feet
of water. Captain Scott "in order to save the engine and cargo, consisting principally of lead
set fire to the hull, and she was consumed to the water's edge."

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

5 Rain, accompanied with Thunder & Lightning,

7 S. B. William Penn, leaves for New Orleans.

8 S. B. General Hamilton leaves for Orleans
11 S. B. Shamrock & Velosipede from Louisville

13 S. B. Shamrock leaves for Louisville Kty. with "Mary Rad-
ford" 97 & Jas Kennerly on board S. B. Velcipede leaves for
[Louisville, Kty.]

15 S. B. Essex arrives from Louisville

16 S. B. Tuscumbia arrives from Tennessee River

17 S. B. Origon arrives from Orleans about 1 at night

18 S. B. Essex leaves for Louisville

19 S. B. Plough [Boy] arrives from Louisville

20 S. B. Gallena arrives from the Rapids

21 S. B. Oragon leaves for Orleans (Osages start home)

22 S. Boats Cleopatra & Liberator arrive from Orleans

23 S. Bts. Cleopatra & Rover leaves for N. Orleans & Tuscumbia

24 S. B. Indiana arrives. Slight snow

26 S. B. Muskingum arrives from Louisville

27 A man found de[a]d in one of the back Streets this morning
30 S. B. Liberator leaves for Orleans & Muskingum for Louisville

December, 1827

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Date

Temp,
at

Weather

Wind

Temp,
at

Weather

8A.M

4 p.m

clear & cold

N.E

Clear

Cloudy

59^

Cloudy

Rain

Cloudy cool

Cool

Cloudy

Sleet & rain

37^

Cloudy A cold

Cold rain

37^

Cold

Clear

Cloudy

calm

Calm

Sleet

Cloudy

34 *

Sleet

35H

Cloudy

Rise & fall of river

River falling

River Rising

Sunday

River falling

Some mist last night

Snow last night
River falling rapidly

River rising

River Rising 2 feet Lfastj
night

87. Mary Radford (1812-1900) was Clark's step -daughter. Her parents were Dr. John
and Harriet (Kennerly) Radford. James Kennerly was Mary Radford's uncle D'rumm on.
cit., pp. 108, 110.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Cloudy A rain S.SE

Cloudy misty N.E

Rain Calm

Rain
Foggy & mist

27 51

31 40

Clear

Cloudy

Cloudy
Clear & Calm

Calm

NE
NE
NE

Rain

SB
NE
Calm
Calm

Cloudy A mist W

Clear

Cloudy
Clear

N.W.
NW.

Calm

River has risen 8 feet.

River still on Rise

River Rising

River falling

river Rises a little rain al

night.
River rises fast. Rained all

the last night
River rising fast

Sunday

River rises

REMARKS

2 S. B. Shamrock arrives from Louisville

3 S. B. Velossipede arrives from Louisville

6 S. B. Shamrock leaves for Louisville. Jubilee arrives, a man

drowned from the Jubilee opposite town
9 S. Boats Rover, Plough Boy & Cleopatra arrive from Louisville.

Col W. Lady, & Miss H. P. arrive 98

10 S. B. Jubilee leaves for Orleans. P. Boy & Cleopatra for Louis-
ville

11 S. B. Rover & Josephine leave for Louisville

12 Col. Boon arrives from the Kanzas agency "

13 S. B. Genl Hamilton arrives from N. Orleans

15 (This morning attended with Sleet & cold weather) S. B.
Rover leaves for Louisville Col Boon leaves for the Kanzas
Agency

16 Ice beginning to run in the River & continued freezing

17 A very rainy morning and freezing as it falls

18 S. B. Hercules from Orleans & Muskingum from Louisville ar-
rived last night

19 S. B. Hercules leaves for Louisville Kty. G. R. Clark aboard 10

20 This morning thick Cloudy with some mist falling all day

21 Some rain last night & this morning continues to rain.

98. It seems fairly certain that the people referred to here were Col. Abram R. Woolley,
his wife Caroline L. (Preston) Woolley, and her sister Henrietta Preston. Colonel Woolley
and Caroline L. Preston had been married in Louisville, Ky., September 13. 1827. Henrietta
Preston, on January 20, 1829, married Lt. Albert Sidney Johnston, who later became one of
the noted Confederate generals in the Civil War.

99. Daniel Morgan Bocne served as farmer for the Kansas Indians in the late 1820's. The
Kansas Indian treaty of 1825 had provided for an agriculturist among the tribe. He was the
son of pioneer Kentuckian Daniel Boone. Hulston, John K., "Daniel Boone's Sons in Mis-
souri," in Missouri Historical Review, v. 41, p. 369; euperintendency of Indian affairs, St.
Louis, "Records," loc. cit., v. 6, pp. 187-189.

100. G. R. Clark has not been identified. He is mentioned again, entry of September 27,
1828, as departing from St. Louis, where he had, apparently, spent the preceding eight
months.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 39

22 The sun shines this morning for the first time for one week.

23 A little Snow last night, this day threatens snow.

24 S. B. Plough Boy arrives from Louisville

25 Cloudy weather with some Rain

26 S. B. Orragon arrives from N. Orleans

27 [Augt Sick?] 101 Wind to day with flying clouds

28 This morning threatens Snow. Wind Clouds & cold this eve-
ning

29 Still Cloudy & Cold this Evening clear. S. B. Oragon leaves
for Orl[eans]

30 The morning of this day quite cold, this evening not so much so

31 Very fine weather, clear & warm to day

101. Augustin Kennerly was employed as an interpreter, and also served as a clerk in
Clark's office. He was Clark's brother-in-law (see Footnote 64). 22 Cong., 1 Sess,, Senate
Doc. 101 (Serial 213), p. 12.

Letters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864
PART FOUR, 1859

STJMNEE, K. T., January 1, 1859.

CENTRAL 104 : . . . Our time is too limited this New
Year's Eve to offer congratulations to thy numerous [news-
paper] sisterhood, scattered, as they are, from the western hills to
the Queen City, and the great Babylon of the Northwest, and on
to the golden gates of the mighty Pacific and the mouths of the
Columbia, but would like to give thee a formal introduction to a
very promising "little one," that has just escaped from its crysalis
up here in Kansas whether prematurely or not, time will, deter-
mine. This is not, we opine, a full grown butterfly, of ephemeral
existence, but a full fledged "messenger bird," who will soar aloft on
golden pinions, and when its death-shriek shall die away along the
creeks and Kaw valley, may another, Phoenix-like arise from its
ashes I

The "Kansas Messager" 105 is cradled in "Baldwin City," Kansas,
the site of Baker University, and is rocked by a strong editorial
corps, as far as numbers are concerned, and whether artificial stim-
ulants will be necessary hereafter to promote its growth or perpet-
uate its existence, is a thought in embryo, arising from a contin-
gency in the matter. It has only once made its appearance at our
humble abode, and therefore we would not venture an opinion, only
as far as the exterior is concerned the type was fair, the name sig-
nificant, and as there are different tastes to cater for, every reader
must judge for himself, and not for his neighbor. Success to the
"Messager," and may its shadow never be less, if it continues to
bear the insignia of heaven.

And now, Mr. Editor, I want to say a word to you about the
holidays in Sumner. Christmas is numbered with "the things that
were," and Santa Claus, like the "priest and levite" of old, passed
by our humble cot on the "other side," and never gave us a nod of
recognition. Whether the merry old sprite thought the chimney
too small for the ingress of his splendid retinue, or feared we sober
Yankees might by the reflection of our elongated phiz, (in these
"hard times, with Methodist minister's families in Kansas,")

104. The Central Christian Advocate, St. Louis.

105. The first issue of The Kansas Measager. Baldwin, was dated January 1, 1859, and
was published by J. W. Still.

(40)

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 41

frighten that "broad grin" into a metamorphosed expression, sig-
nificant of facts, that might be revealed in cellar and larder, we
leave your readers to determine ! We believe there has been a kind
of holiday kept up by a part of the Sumnerites from Christmas
until the winding up of the old year, for the firing of guns and other
demonstrations of joy were heard until long past the solemn hour
of midnight, when the old year uttered his last expiring groan, and
we wrapped him in his shroud and laid him away in the tomb, whilst

his funeral dirge was chanted by . Shall we pen anything so

indecorous to such a solemn occasion by those who "tripped the light
fantastic toe" to music's 'witching strains in the festive hall? The
great absorbing idea that now moves the masses in Kansas is the
"Pike's Peak" excitement, 106 whither many eager eyes are turned in
prospective triumph ! As you have as correct information, probably,
as can be obtained, I'll barely refer [to] the matter, and direct those
of your readers as desire further information to the "Lawrence Re-
publican," Lawrence, Kansas, edited by the Messrs. THATCHERS,
who are furnished with intelligence as reliable as can be found
elsewhere. . . . We have formed a lodge of "Good Templars,"
which is in healthy working order, and doing a good work among
a certain class as a kind of "John the Baptist," to prepare the
way. . . . JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

SUMNER, K. T., Jan. 6, 1859.

BRO. BROOKS 107 : One of your correspondents inquires, "What is
home without a baby?" Another, "What is home without a wife?"
and still another, "What is home without Jesus?"

And now, with your permission, your humble correspondent, away
up here on the Missouri river, would institute another inquiry, sug-
gested by the loneliness of the hour, in this isolated spot, as the
wind, in fitful gusts, is driving the sleet and snow through every
crevice in our humble abode, and the writer and little Charley
[Irving?], three years old, now snugly ensconced in "night-quar-
ters," are the sole occupants of this "cottage on the bluff" "What
is home to a wife without a husband," especially the home of an
itinerant minister of Jesus Christ, who, from the nature of his high
and holy vocation, is necessarily away from his family the greater
part of his time, i. e., if his field of labor is connected with large
circuits, as in some of the older conferences, and now, in the frontier

106. The gold rush.

107. The Central Christian Advocate, St. Louis.

42 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

work, as a pioneer-missionary? We know not how it has been with
other minister's wives, who may con over these disconnected
"thoughts of a lonely hour," but we have no doubt, had the days
been fairly counted, that out of twenty-four years and more of
married life, our home has been two-thirds of the time, on an
average, "without a husband," and is it not strange, my dear sis-
ters, ye honored wives of Christ's ambassadors, that after all the
severe discipline in this matter, we are called to experience, as a
"part of our portion for which we bargained," when we consented
that our interests for this life should be identified with those of an
itinerant minister; is it not strange, we repeat, that our homes can-
not be "fixed up" to look attractively in our eyes, without our hus-
bands to enjoy, mutually with us, all the little minutia for comfort
in household arrangements? . . . And where can such perfect
sympathy on earth be found as between those whom God hath made
"one?" Then what would home be without a husband?

J. L. L.

SUMNER, K. T., Jan. 7, 1859.

MESSRS. EDITORS 108 : Though just one week too late for New
Year's holiday, yet we'll venture to wish all our old friends in the
Granite State "a happy New Year" as was our custom in the days
"of auld lang syne." You have doubtless ere this began to think
us tardy in redeeming our "pledge," to "write occasionally for the
Democrat." Numerous other duties pressing, and no small amount
of matter as hindrance, in writing for four other periodicals must
be our only apology.

Now, then, to the weather, as that, we believe, is considered the
all-important topic of discussion when friends meet after a long
absence from each other. Old Boreas did his worst awhile in No-
vember to rouse every sluggish soul to action. He stalked forth
in conscious majesty, in his ice-clad armor of mail, and called to
his aid his allies, from every part of his wide-spread domain, and
lo ! they came, a mighty "troupe" rushing with a vengeance through
that door left ajar by those fearless navigators at the North Pole,
and many wry faces may be met in Kansas, at the remembrance of
their freaks both serious and ludicrous on that memorable occasion.
They built a bridge in one night across the Missouri River so that
steamboats could neither pass nor repass they so effectually
cemented potato "patches" that many fields will be found already

108. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 43

planted in early spring, and time would fail to narrate their marvel-
lous exploits in cupboard, and larder. But, for six weeks, old Sol
has had it all his own way he tore up the bridges on the streams
so that boats could run again wherever they list, and what has
seemed to us a phenomenon, numerous flocks of wild geese have
been seen almost invariably bound in a Northern direction. The
ground was as free from frost as in April or September. It seemed
so singular to see the boats again on their regular trips, after laying
up in snug winter quarters.

We see that the yellow fever mania has reached New Hampshire
and we shall expect a strong delegation from that direction should
we live until Spring opens. Let them come, the young men and the
middle-aged, and come, too, prepared to manfully grapple with
hardships incident to a camp-life, and not whine, and run home, at
the first sight of a prairie-wolf, or corn-dodger smoking in the
ashes! That there is much gold in Western Kansas, 109 not far from
'Tike's Peak" along the Cherry Valley and the tributaries of the
Platte and Arkansas, the united testimony of a multitude of wit-
nesses goes to prove, and it is confidently expected by shrewd and
sagacious men, that Western Kansas, in a year to come, will be as
densely peopled as Eastern Kansas now is. Those who start for this
Eldorado must either have means of their own, or unite with those
who have, to buy a team and "outfit" which they can do at Kansas
City, Lawrence, or any place, probably, where they happen to land.
Thousands probably from Eastern Kansas will go as soon as grass
is up sufficiently for cattle, which will be about the middle of April
usually. The spirit of enterprise has already laid out several towns
in that region, and some already, (if the reports of correspondents
on the ground can be relied on) have more "cabins." houses and
"what not's" than some towns (on paper) in Eastern Kansas, where
many an honest soul in New England has been gulled in buying
"shares," and "corner lots." Those who wish for definite informa-
tion in the matter, can send on two dollars, "to Messrs. Thatchers,
Lawrence, Kansas," and they can have the "Lawrence Republican"
sent to their address, for one year, than which, no other paper in
Kansas that we wot of, can furnish more reliable information
about the "gold region," for they have a correspondent on the
ground. Let all who come, look for hardships of no ordinary char-
acter, for though we tried hard in New Hampshire to magnify what

109. The continental divide was the western boundary of Kansas during its territorial
period, 1864-1861, and Denver and Pike's Peak were both in western Kansas.

44 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

we might pass through in pioneer life. Yet our microscopic vision
failed to make them quite as big as we have really and actually
found realities. Nevertheless, there are many things connected with
this "pioneering business" we love 'tis so novel and gypsy-like,
this nomadic life, cooking out of doors, eating and sleeping in like
manner; but the latter we never fell in love with, for an instinctive
dread of serpents.

Your New Hampshire readers are well acquainted with the go-
ahead-ative spirit of C. H. Lovejoy, and will not be surprised that
he seriously thinks of volunteering as a missionary from Kansas
Conference to that region, in the Spring, or to Utah, for the M. E.
Church will have missionaries (and perhaps three or four at the
next session of our Con. which is the 13th of April) at Pike's Peak
and also at the "City of Saints," which is the modern Babylon!
Won't it be a fine business to date letters from "Salt Lake" and
write them in sight of Brigham Young's establishment and then

superscribe them to New Hampshire! Ah! little know we

what is in the future, concerning us, but if we act wisely the first
step will be [to] devote all to God, then He will guide our foot-
steps right. . . . Most respectfully,

J. LOUISA LOVEJOY.

SUMNER, K. T., Feb. 3, 1859.

BRO. HAVEN no : It would be a difficult matter to make you and
your New England friends understand fully the pitch of excitement
that matters have attained around us, for three or four days past;
indeed, at no time during the whole bloody crusade of three years
past, when that army with their blood-red flag was approaching
our dwelling, did our feelings personally, and those of our family,
reach that degree of intensity as for a few days past. It is not one
half hour since we have felt relieved from almost overpowering
anxiety by the news just brought to town.

We saw a notice in the "Herald" that $2,500 ni had been offered
for our champion's head; that was correct, and in addition, the
Governor of Missouri has offered $3,000. Now this is a tempting
bait, and of course large parties of pro-slavery men were on the
look out in different localities to intercept Brown, as it was sus-
pected he would elude pursuit and reach Iowa.

110. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

111. Possibly a typographical error, for President Buchanan offered a reward of $250 for
the arrest of John Brown. D. W. Wilder, The Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1886), pp. 245,
251; Frank W. Blackmar, Kansas A Cyclopedia of State History . . . (Chicago, 1912),
v. 2, pp. 730-732.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 45

Messengers came into this town day before yesterday, with the
tidings that the Marshal [J. P. Wood], and his posse had got on
his track, and found he had taken possession of a log cabin on the
prairie, about fifty miles from Sumner. This cabin he had strongly
barricaded, and told his pursuers "he would never yield, neither
would he be taken alive." The Marshal and his force surrounded
the cabin and ordered Brown to "surrender!" Brown replied,
"Come and take me" The officer dared not undertake the job, and
one hundred more like him could not capture those indomitable
spirits that well knew what would follow if they were taken pris-
oners. There were about a dozen "fugitives" with Brown, whom
he had helped so far on the "underground railroad." These were
well supplied with Sharpens rifles; and also, the Marshal found
twenty-five free State men acting as a kind of "body-guard" for
Brown till he reached a place of safety. "Look yonder on the prai-
rie, Mr. Marshal, see that company of mounted men as they bear
down toward the old cabin; twenty-five horsemen, armed men, in
addition to Brown's body-guard! Take care, sir, if one gray hair
on that venerable head is singed, your whole party will be riddled
with balls!" Heralds were dispatched to Atchison, four miles from
here, a strong pro-slavery town, for aid, whilst others watched the
"burrow of the old fox," that he might not escape their clutches.
It was then the news spread like fire down the river "that a large
force had gone from Atchison, and took along two cannons to blow
up the cabin (this was not quite correct) and the inmates," and
two such nights of suspense as we have had here to know the re-
sult, we have never had even in Kansas. And, sir, for the first
time the Spartan feeling was fully roused, and the writer of this
begged of those dear as her own life "to hasten to the aid of the
old hero, who had in so many instances periled his own life," and
that of his noble sons, for the holy cause of freedom.

This noon we have received a "correct report" of the matter, as
the United States troops camped last night a few miles out from
Sumner on their return from pretended pursuit. The Atchison
force returned with the Marshal to the "log cabin," (Brown's fort,)
but no one dared to commence the attack. They then posted mes-
sengers after the United States troops at the fort, at Leaven worth.
In the meantime Brown sallied forth and took three of the Atchison
men prisoners, 112 (one of them, it is affirmed, he recognized as the
miscreant who shot his own son, F. Brown, at the "Ossawottamie

112. "Battle of the Spurs." Blackmar, op. cit., v. 2, pp. 730-732.

46 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

battle.") He also took four of their horses that they had secreted
in the timber, and then with his freed slaves and party pulled for
Iowa, taking prisoners and horses along with him! The troops
came along last night to "Mount Pleasant," six miles from here,
and refused to go only two miles farther, alleging as a reason "that
they had only revolvers, and were not prepared for a fight;" and
they knew Brown would fight like a tiger, and never yield alive.
The truth is, sir, (and we had as lief whisper the matter so loud
that the "old infirmary" may ring with the sound,) the troops are
now so much imbued with free Stateism it would be difficult to
draw them into the chase after a free State man, i. e., if they were
convinced, as in the case of Brown, that he deserved his liberty.
We fear now that Brown and his party will be intercepted by an
overwhelming force, but he cannot be captured alive.

Last week a party of fugitives had fled from the land of bondage
and stripes, and reached Lawrence. There the good Samaritans
procured a team, hired a teamster, and Dr. [John] Doy, a member
of our church, set off with the company on their way to Iowa. The
pro-slavery men hired a spy for $500 to watch their movements
and report, &c. 113 The team with fugitives passed over the country
unmolested, not suspecting they were betrayed, crossed the Missouri
River at Kickapoo, a few miles below Sumner; and when they had
reached a convenient spot a company of men rushed upon them and
seized the whole party, and conveyed them as prisoners to Weston,
Mo. 114 The teamster was discharged on their being convinced that
he was not an accessory in the plot only hired to drive the horses;
but Doy and his son were sentenced to be publicly whipped if they
escaped with their life.

Mr. L. came home Saturday night from a "point" near Leaven-
worth, where he has been holding a series of religious meetings.
Weston is on the opposite side of the Missouri River from Leaven-
worth. When Mr. L. left the excitement was intense at Leaven-
worth, and the people were threatening to raise a force sufficient to
liberate Dr. Doy and son, but the poor negroes! No doubt ere
this their limbs are torn by cruel scourges; thank Heaven their
bondage will not always last. They have lately found out that the

underground railroad reaches ; but, Doctor, we must not tell

how Jar, nor where the depots are located, for paid spies are on ev-

113. A Lawrence citizen who contributed toward the preparation of the caravan, informed
the bandits of its departure. Theodore Gardner, "An Episode in Kansas History: The Doy
Rescue," Kansas Historical Collections, v. 17, pp. 852, 854 ; Wilder, op. cit., pp. 252, 259.

114. They were only about 12 miles from Lawrence when they were captured. The Nar-
rative of John Doy of Lawrence, Kansas (New York, 1860), p. 25.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 47

ery hand watching all our movements. News has just come that
our other champion, "Jim Lane," sent a dispatch to Weston on this
wise: "Dare to whip those prisoners, and you will be sure what next
will follow." And another: "If they are not soon released, they will
be by force." They have not yet, (as we learn today,) been either
whipped or released, but the spirit of defiance is aroused in the free
State men by insult beyond endurance, and the result time only can
determine. They had a battle in Linn County last week, and eight
are known to have been killed, and it is supposed a number more,
and some others wounded. We hope these troubles will now be
settled without further bloodshed. It is vexing to read in the New
England papers about "Brown, Montgomery & Co.," when they have
been driven by thefts and horrid murders to do as they have done.

Respectfully,
JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

MISSOURI RIVER, Feb. 3, 1859.

MR. EDITOR 115 : As the "Herald" has been the "medium" through
which "surprise gifts" of various kinds have been chronicled, we
think it now no more than fair that one (as it is an isolated case in
the Conference, as far as our knowledge extends the present year)
should find room in the Herald, an acknowledgment from the most
westernly Conference in the United States, save those on the Pacific
Coast. Well, then, behold the missionary's wife, on the 3d day of
Feb., 1859, as she sets off from her half-finished dwelling for the
Post Office, three-quarters of a mile distant, leaving her husband,
(not dressed in his canonicals in a comfortable study) but swinging
his hammer with sturdy strokes, like "a workman that needeth not
to be ashamed," for they find their only finished room, eight feet
square, is becoming too strait for their accommodation, and the hus-
band, instead of fixing up his family residence this winter, has been
at work on another superstructure that has been going up, lo these
1800 years, and will never be completed until the last polished stone
shall find its appropriate place! . . . Now, Doctor, could you
have seen her as we saw her on the day aforesaid, with pail in hand,
(to bring water on the return trip) humming a favorite hymn, as
she threaded her devious way by a lonely by-path, through ravines
and over bluffs, you would bless God for the freedom of the country,
glad to escape from the ennui of city life. The mail matter was
duly handed out by the officious clerk, and then a mysterious-look-

116. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

48 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ing package. "What does this mean?" soliloquized she. It is post-
marked Boston ; but 0, no matter if it does not tell me that father
and mother are dead. I'll go over the bluff so far no one will see me,
and then I'll see what it contains. The package was laid on the
trunk of a fallen tree and solemnly unsealed, and it matters not how
much she wept and prayed and got blessed there, for nobody was
disturbed! The donor says, "write only one word in return" "Re-
ceived." The fair stranger will permit us to add, in her own words,
"the work of her own hands." When those hands "forget their cun-
ning" may the registry of a full list of good works be found in an-
other Book, as she shall receive the crowning reward, "Well-done,"
is the prayer of

A MISSIONARY'S WIFE.

SUMNER, K. T., Feb. 28, 1859.

MR. EDITOR 116 : Thinking your readers would like to know the
sequel of Brown's late adventure, that terminated so abruptly in a
late Herald, we hasten to lay before them the last advices. He
took along his Atchison prisoners to the Nebraska line, or near it,
and then held a mock trial in their case; every man expected to be
hung, as he knew he richly deserved a high destiny for his partici-
pation in the affair; and after permitting them awhile to turn self-
punishers, by harrowing up their fears, he set them all at liberty
unharmed, with a piece of good advice about being caught in an-
other such scrape, but sent them off without their horses. Some of
them found a chance to ride part of the way, and all reached home
in safety, loud in their praises of old "Brown's courage and gen-
erosity;" but, say they, "he is a monomaniac for freedom." They
threaten to shoot Marshal Wood for drawing them into such a fix.
A letter has been received from Brown, the purport of which is,
that "he and his proteges had all reached Iowa in safety." "Free-
dom's Champion," published at Atchison, has some laughable things
connected with the "battle of the spurs," as the facetious editor
significantly calls the panic that seized the Atchison boys, who had
come to assist the Marshal, when Brown sallied out of the log
cabin, as a kind of greeting to the chivalrous knights. Every man
who could, put spurs to his horse and fled for dear life, and some
who had left their horses too far back to reach them in their haste,
in the timber, for fear of having them stolen, took to their heels;
and one poor fellow, frightened almost out of his wits, seized hold

116. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OP JULIA LOVEJOY 49

of the caudal extremity of his comrade's horse, nearest to him, and
away they went at a 2:40 speed, as though Lucifer himself had been
close in the rear, while the editor says "he begged piteously to be
taken up by his more fortunate neighbor." As soon as the balance
of the party reached their horses, they threw themselves into their
saddles, and every man looked out for himself! If you could at
that moment have seen the lantern-jaws of the old outlaw, Mr.
Editor, we know not but your ministerial gravity, for the time be-
ing, would have been greatly endangered.

Dr. Doy and son, after suffering the greatest indignities from the
hands of a Missouri mob at Weston, having suffered maltreatment
on their persons in the most shameful manner, were taken to a
filthy jail in Platte City, and locked up in a loathsome place, that
the Doctor in a letter says "is like a dark, small, filthy, iron cage,
and no light allowed them but what they furnish from burning the
fat from the pork which is allowed them for food." Their trial
came off last Monday, when Mrs. Doy and her daughter went over,
accompanied by Govs. Robinson and Shannon. 117 The Herald of
Freedom came in last night, in which was the following notice:
"They would have been set at liberty but for fear of the mob, who
were ready to take the matter into their own hands." They are
remanded back to prison, but the probability is that by some means
they will soon be restored to their family. 118

We can now give definite information concerning the kidnapped
and the kidnappers. The party were captured not far from Oska-
loosa; the teamster was the son of Rev. Mace Clough, formerly of
the Maine Conference; the captors were pro-slavery men, and
among them Dr. Garvin, our postmaster at Lawrence ; Mr. Whitley,
formerly of Boston, and Jake Hurd, a drunken fellow. The fugi-
tives were well armed, but the white men surrendered at the first
fire. Now about the negroes: two of them (the colored men) were
free, 119 one was a bright mulatto girl, Katharine, aged we should
judge 27 or 28, belonging to Mr. West, of Kansas City, a very re-
spectable merchant. We knew this girl, and want to give a bit of

117. Gov. Charles Robinson is not mentioned as being at the trial. Attorney-General
Alson C. Davis and ex-Gov. Wilson Shannon were present to defend the Doys. The Narra-
tive of John Doy, pp. 74-77; James B. Abbott, ''The Rescue of Dr. John W. Doy," Kansas
Historical Collections, v. 4, p. 314. At the trial on March 20 an application for a change of
venue to St. Joseph was made and was granted by the judge. The Narrative of John Doy,
p. 77.

118. On July 23, 1859, Dr. Doy was rescued from jail in St. Joseph by men from Law-
rence. Ibid., pp. 110-113.

119. Dr. Doy wrote: "All the adults, except two, showed my son their free papers. All
had them except those two, whom we knew to be free men. . . . They had both been
employed as cooks, at the Eldridge House, in Lawrence." Ibid., p. 24.

41691

50 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

her history for the benefit of some of the divines in the M. E.
Church, who think lightly of the "peculiar institution," and its ef-
fects! On our way into the Territory in the spring of 1855, we left
the American Hotel on account of sickness, where we had been stop-
ping some time, and I went with my sick daughters to board in
this family, as Mrs. West was a member of the Methodist Church,
and considered by the people a woman of more than ordinary piety ;
and I think I have never found an individual under the influence
of Southern principles who seemed to possess in a greater degree
the spirit of true piety. The family were formerly from Virginia,
and brought along this Katharine, (and her sister, older than her-
self,) as house-slaves, to do the housework for the family. I was
conversing with Mrs. West one day about my own views of slavery,
and then inquired of her if they would sell either of those women,
or the little toddling quadroon of a child belonging to one of the
slave women whom Mrs. West had just been kissing and playfully
caressing. "Sell them!" she replied, "nothing would tempt us to
part with them; they were brought up with me from childhood in
Virginia; their mother belonged to my father for many years," Of
course we did not inquire, (as Yankees are usually accused of do-
ing,) concerning their paternity; that would have been impertinent!
We sometimes indulge in mental guessing, and then nobody is
harmed if these thoughts are not expressed. We often conversed
with these slaves, who were not permitted to learn the alphabet;
they had been taught strange ideas about free people at the North
their miserable condition, save a privileged few, and they of the
upper strata of society. By associating with Northern people for
three years past, or by some other means, this Katharine found out
there was something desirable in liberty of person, and through
some channel, we know not how, found herself at Lawrence, and
on board the ill-fated team, fleeing in the direction of the North
Star, when they were all seized and conveyed, as we have hereto-
fore said, to Weston, Mo., and then put in irons! We saw the Sioux
City when she passed up the Missouri River, plowing her way
through floating ice; and when she reached Weston, on her down-
ward trip, these slaves, Katharine among the rest, were all put on
board and sent off to the Georgia market, save the two free negroes
from Pennsylvania and Ohio, whom Jake Hurd seized in prison and
whipped shockingly in presence of Dr. Doy, and then thrust them
into a covered carriage and drove them, none of us can tell whither
probably where they never can return to tell the story of their

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 51

wrongs ! They were born free, were never in slavery, and had been
waiters in a hotel in Lawrence for some time past. How they first
ventured to Kansas is more than we can tell. We inquired of Mrs.
West, "if there was no danger in the event of the death of Mr.
West, with regard to the estate being divided amongst the heirs,
and these sisters being sold and separated." "Why," said she, "my
children have been brought up with them, and not one would part
with them." Now we inquire, "what must be the feelings of a
Northern lady, and she a member of the church, when she went
into her closet or the class room, or knelt at the sacramental board,
to reflect that one they had been brought up with, had played with
from childhood, was doomed to toil in the rice swamps, with her
flesh torn by cruel scourges, or what is a thousand times worse, as
in the case of one, "smart and good-looking" like Katharine, our
pen cannot express the indignant feelings of our heart at the
thought! Mr. West very piously craved a blessing on our food at
the table, and seemed a true specimen of Southern piety 1 We al-
ways hated slavery, but since we have been brought face to face
with the accursed demon, and seen its fruits, our hatred knows no
bounds; and, sir, there is a fearful responsibility resting on the
heads of some ministers in "high places" in the M. E. Church ; and
for the price of a thousand worlds, with all their emoluments and
good opinions, we would not assume that responsibility. God is my
witness, as much as I love the church of my choice, with which my
humble name has stood connected since the autumn of 1828, unless
some measures are adopted at the next General Conference to rid
the church of this "sum of all villanies," I, as an individual, though
isolated and alone, could not or cannot, with a clear conscience, in
view of my relation to God and my fellow-fellow creatures, longer
remain within her pale. I speak this after due reflection, and none
else is responsible for what I write.

And now in all plainness of speech, I wish to tell our New England
friends what occurred a few weeks since in the history of one who
has been a loyal member of the M. E. Church since 1828, and loyal
minister within her pale for thirty years, traveled some of the hard-
est circuits, and in no one instance has received but a trifle over
$300 for the support of his family for a year. This man wrote a
letter to our official organ at New York, the purport of which was,
"that he feared the editors for some cause had received a wrong im-
pression about the Kansas preachers, then told in very mild Ian-

52 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

guage some of the sacrifices of comfort each was compelled to un-
dergo, preaching and sleeping in log cabins, often without a window,
shut up with a lot of (often) filthy, noisy children, &c., and they
would generally the present year be deficient from $150 to $200 in
their salary, and wound up with speaking about some 'mercy drops'
that had fallen on his charge." In the same letter was a "marriage
notice," and also "one subscriber" for the Christian Advocate and
Journal. These latter notices appeared in due time, but not one
word of the letter aforesaid, and there could be no other reason only
the tincture of anti-slaveryism in the proscribed letter. If these
things are suffered to continue much longer one thing is certain,
there will be more than one disaffected member.

The report of the threatened collision between the United States
troops and "Saints," that we copied from two different papers, said
to be Government dispatches, we think will prove to be a hoax, got
up for political effect, for the Salt Lake mail does not bring such
intelligence. A number of boats have come up the river loaded with
freight and passengers for the mines. One company design to start
next week. The weather is as warm as April, and even May in New
England, but grass has not yet made its appearance. The Lawrence
Republican of last week says, "they have received intelligence that
nine boats are now on their way coming up the Missouri River,
loaded with freight and families for the mines." We hope they may
find their expectations realized. An amnesty bill was put through
the Legislature the last day of its sitting, by which the troubles in
Southern Kansas were fully adjusted and all former difficulties
amicably settled, so that we may look for no more war in Linn and
Bourbon Counties.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

P. S. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was completed last
Tuesday, so that the cars brought in so many emigrants for the
mines that the St. Joseph Weekly says "every hotel is crowded from
basement to dome." They are rapidly completing it from St. Joseph
to Atchison, twenty miles down the river, which will bring it within
four miles of our door in Sumner, and these few miles only will in-
tervene; and what a stretch of rails! Had we the means at our
command when this road is completed, we might take the cars at
Atchison, and travel 2,000 miles nearly by railroad to the very
neighborhood of our birth, and land near the family mansion in
Lebanon, N. H., in the same homestead in which we were born,

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 53

where our dear parents are now waiting patiently to pass over the
River. Heaven grant them a safe and joyful passage, is the prayer
of their exiled daughter.

J. L. L.

SUMNER, K. T., March 3, 1859.

BRO. HAVEN 12 : I told you in my last that I did not intend to
write again until after the session of our Conference, the 13th of
April, "unless something of an extraordinary character occurred;"
but letters making inquiries about the mines, that I cannot well
find time to answer, as Mr. L. is absent from home much of the
time, and cannot consequently answer them himself, are coming in,
and seem to demand, from the writers, who are members of the M.
E. Church and readers of the Herald, an answer through this me-
dium. Let all come first to Chicago, thence to Hannibal, Mo., and
thence directly across the State of Missouri, to St. Joseph. Then
if they wish, they can come by stage down the River, 20 miles, to
Atchison, and buy their team and outfit, or purchase these at St.
Joseph, and start for the Mountains from St. Joseph. Either route
will constantly be lined with teams for months to come, if not the
whole year. A number had better put their means together and
buy two or three yoke of oxen and wagon, and provisions sufficient
for six months; for it seems more likely to us that there will be a
greater famine for bread, from the crowds that are already arriv-
ing, than for goldl A yoke of oxen will cost from $75 to $100, a
covered wagon about $75. A line of stages is to be run twice a
month from Atchison to Pike's Peak during the summer; but we
advise every one to go with his own team, eat and sleep in his
wagon, and then his expenses on the road will be but a trifle, and
his team, we are told, will bring as much when he arrives there, as
it costs him here. A good cow driven along would be a valuable
acquisition. The price of a cow ranges from $25 to $30. Cattle
outfit, and all that will be necessary to purchase can be had, prob-
ably, at any point where an emigrant happens to land. The old
route, via St. Louis, and then up the River by steamboat, is far
more expensive than the present route, all the way from Boston to
St. Joseph, Mo., by railroad. The boats are running lively on the
River now, and we have not a doubt but within a year to come,
there will be 100,000 in Western Kansas, the new Eldorado. Ac-
counts of the most flattering character are being received from the

120. Zion't Herald, Boston, Mass.

54 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

mines almost every week. Some from Oskaloosa, where Mr. Love-
joy was pastor last year, went there, and were so well satisfied they
remained long enough to get themselves "claims," build themselves
a cabin for the reception of their families, and come back after the
loved ones, to return to the mines about the first of April. That
region is said to be a fine farming region, with large forests of pine
timber; and the streams from the mountains clear and cold, filled
with various kinds of fish, amongst which are the speckled trout.
The land can be taken for farms, and pre-empted when it comes
into market.

As many of our friends seem to be anxious to learn something of
the matter, I would take this opportunity to say that it is quite
likely that Mr. Lovejoy will be appointed by the Kansas Conference
a missionary to that region, provided that two or three energetic
young men will accompany him; they will not go as "gold diggers,"
but to tell the thousands there of that "better land." I do not think
of any more questions to answer, and if I did my hand is too tired
to write much longer, as this is the fourth sheet I have written over
without stopping to rest much. If there are questions still un-
answered, why let all who desire make further inquiries. A tri-
weekly mail is to run a part of the way to the mines, so that letters
can be sent to the States about as readily as now. If Mr. L. is not
appointed a missionary to Pike's Peak, he will probably remain
here for a year to come, so this place will still be our address as
formerly. In haste, J. L. LOVEJOY.

P. S. If any persons come up the River they can buy their team
and outfit at Kansas City, Lawrence or Leavenworth, and then go
via Manhattan and up the Smoky Hill, or Republican Fork. The
distance from the Missouri River to the mines is about 600 miles.
It takes from four to six weeks' time to go with an ox team; in-
habitants 150 miles on the route. No danger from the Indians.

SUMNER, K. T., March 4, 1859.

MR. EDITOR 121 : We have noticed an article going the rounds of
the New England papers intended as a slur on the M. E. Church
for admitting Mr. Lane to its membership. The facts are these:
When Mr. Lovejoy was stationed in Lawrence, two years since, Col.
Lane requested to join the class on probation, and stated his reasons
publicly for so doing. He said he desired to be a Christian, and out
of respect to the wishes of a dying, godly mother, who with her lips

121. Z tort's Herald, Boston, Mass

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 55

quivering in death, requested him to seek God and become a mem-
ber of the M. E. Church, which he solemnly promised to do. Since
the unfortunate affair with Col. Jenkins [see Kansas Historical
Quarterly, v. 15, pp. 386, 387], which has been clearly shown was
in self-defense, Col. Lane has professed conversion, and his pastor,
Rev. I. Dodge, formerly of the Genesee Conference, thinks he gives
full and conclusive evidence, in his family and elsewhere, that he
has "passed from death unto life." His lady has for many years
been a devoted Methodist.

Our New England friends, no doubt, think by this time that the
cognomen, "Old John Brown," should be changed to "Brown, the
Invincible;" and though now probably quietly on his farm some-
where, we believe, in the Empire State, yet of one thing you may
be quite sure, if you hear of any more trouble in Kansas, there is
such a tendency to ubiquity about him, like another distinguished
personage "walking to and fro in the earth," he will no doubt be
found in the "thickest heat of the fray," dealing telling strokes
somewhere. In the memorable "Ossawatomie battle," when the last
man was either killed or had fled, and his own son, Frederick, had
just been slain by the hand of (Rev.) Martin White, the old hero
was seen leisurely wading a creek, with a rifle under each arm and
the enemy close in the rear; and when the opposite bank was gained
you may be sure a shower of leaden hail was poured without meas-
ure amongst the ranks of his pursuers.

Our friends may wonder that the warlike spirit has taken such
hold upon those who, until they came to Kansas, were as complete
non-resistants as the most orthodox Quaker; but, sir, such individ-
uals only need a little Kansas experience to understand the matter.

We would say to all interested in the matter, that a steam saw-
mill is now crossing the country, designed for Pike's Peak, and also
a printing press. If any are deceived with regard to the prolific
yield of the mines, we, too, are deceived, for we have no personal
knowledge, only as we depend on the united testimony of scores who
are there, or who have been there. The mines are said to stretch
along 500 miles to the "black hills" on the north. We need not
caution a "live Yankee" to look out for sharpers on the road, and
look well after his luggage, but we know at Kansas City and other
places thousands of dollars were taken (in the spring of '55) from
honest New Englanders, for a want of knowledge of some matters,
with regard to board and purchase of teams, &c. Good board in
private families ought to be procured for three dollars and a half

56 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

per week, whilst hotel keepers will run up a bill from seven to four-
teen dollars per week, and perhaps exceed even that. If we were to
pass through the ordeal again, we would buy our own provisions, as
there is plenty usually ready cooked at the bakery, and hire lodg-
ings, or procure a covered wagon immediately, with blankets and
mattrass, and cook our own food, and it is sufficiently comfortable.
We write this for the benefit of those who may not abound in money,
for we know a poor crushed heart, with no husband or son near to
protect, who scarce could find a privilege to spread a mattrass of
her own on a filthy floor for a dying child, and even a quarter of a
dollar was charged for that privilege on the road, when her purse
was running low!

J. L. LOVEJOY.

SUMNER, K. T., April 18, 1859.

BRO. HAVEN 122 : . . . I have thought of late, our dear brethren
with whom we have formerly associated, may think because our let-
ters savor of "wars and rumors of wars," that we have lost ground
spiritually in Kansas. This is not the case; but the past year, al-
though it has been the hardest financially we have ever found, yet
there has been, (to the praise of God we would say it,) a constant
increase of grace and the fruits of the Spirit. There is far more
meaning in "hard times" than the deficiency in the salaries of the
"Kansas preachers" the present year, though that is not a small
item. None of us were expecting this financial crash, and conse-
quent depression of property that has ruined so many men in the
West this year, who were comparatively wealthy; and some who
were owing heavy debts previous to the "hard times," have been,
and are still paying 50, 40, 30, &c. per cent, to save their property
from a sheriff's sale. This is what has constituted the "hard times"
in more than one household; but we will not particularize. The
promise is sure: "All things shall work together for good to those
who love the Lord." When Mr. L. filled up his receipts for Confer-
ence, he found he had received in missionary appropriation and ev-
ery other item, something over $300 I cannot recollect how much.
Now three hundred in Kansas will not go as far as two hundred in
New England, and a preacher must run in debt and build a shelter
for his family entirely on his own responsibility, unaided. We hope
for "better days" in temporal matters another year. I am looking

122. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 57

for every boat bound down the river for the preachers, with Mr.
Lovejoy, returning from Conference at Omaha; I am anxious to
learn our appointment.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

"SYLVAN COTTAGE," May 10, 1859.

FOR THE GAZETTE 123 : Sumner is situated in the "Great bend"
of the Missouri river, 20 miles above Leaven worth, and about 40
from Kansas city, Mo. There was but one cabin a little more than
one year and a half ago, and now there are over 200 houses, and
about 800 inhabitants who have homes in Sumner, though many
have been leaving this Spring to engage in various pursuits on ac-
count of the scarcity of money 'in circulation which has seriously
injured the growth and prosperity of the most promising towns in
Kansas. Sumner is built on a succession of bluffs that stretch back
from the river, that gives the place a peculiarly unique, (but to us
pleasing) appearance. Between these bluffs, living springs gush
out, forming rivulets of clear pure water, some of which are nearly
as cold as ice-water. Many of the residences are perched on dizzy
heights, on the verge of precipitous declivities, interspersed with
forest trees, that give the town a rural and romantic aspect. "Syl-
van Cottage," the spot from which we write, is situated in a quiet
and secluded nook, remote from the heart of the town, on a bluff,
covered with beautiful trees and shrubbery planted by the Al-
mighty's Hand, overlooking the murky waters of the "mad Mis-
souri," that roll more than 100 feet below, and lave its base; on
whose dark bosom is borne, steam-boats of mammoth dimensions,
engaged in extensive inland commerce. If any into whose hands
this paper may fall, are looking Kansas-ward for a home, we most
cordially invite them to give Sumner a call first, for many reasons.
We know of no other locality in Kansas, (and we have become ac-
quainted somewhat extensively) more healthy, and the citizens are
a quiet, orderly people, disposed to be sympathetic and kind-
hearted to all. The gospel is regularly dispensed, from Sabbath to
Sabbath, and Sabbath school and temperance organization are flour-
ishing finely. There are two schools in constant operation; one
taught by a lady, and the other by our estimable citizen, Rev.
Daniel Foster, 124 who was formerly engaged as a teacher in N. E.
and who also is pastor of a church. There are physicians, a drug

123. The Sumner Gazette.

124. The Rev. Daniel Foster came to Kansas as a Unitarian missionary. Kansas State
Historical Society, "Biographical Circulars A-L," v. 1.

58 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

store, dry goods and groceries, carriage shops, one printing office,
and finally everything in that line to render the location a desirable
one, save a little more of the "circulating medium" is necessary to
remove the friction in machinery and unclog the wheels! Another
inducement held out as a beacon to beckon emigrants in this direc-
tion, is the money market, is so stringent at the present writing in
Kansas, that shares and lots in Sumner can be bought on easier
terms than heretofore, because some of the owners need to make
an early sale to procure money for other purposes. Now is the time
to make an investment in Sumner and procure an inviting home in
Kansas, the universally-acknowledged "garden of the western
world." JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

SUMNER, K. T., May 26, 1859.

MR. EDITOR 125 : Of all the unaccountable things that occur in
these days of unaccountable things, that about the mines is to us
the most inexplicable; so that we, only 600 miles therefrom, can tell
nothing more reliable, on account of conflicting reports, than your
readers, who are 2,000 miles away. Five different companies have
left Sumner at different times, until not enough men were left to de-
fend the garrison; (in case of an invasion, which no one expects,)
two companies are still en route to the mines, as far as we know.
One party had been absent about two weeks, and got as far as the
Big Blue, and Sabbath day they drove into town, crest-fallen
enough; having met so many miners returning with discouraging
reports, they turned back, after expending a number of hundred dol-
lars. Another party left Sumner a little over a week ago, with sev-
eral thousand dollars' worth of goods, for Pike's Peak, and reached
Grasshopper Creek, (this creek empties into the Kansas River, and
that into the Missouri, about 25 miles from this place,) when one of
their company, Mr. Joslin, of Waitsfield, Vt., in a high state of
perspiration, went in to bathe, and sunk to rise no more! Seldom
does it fall to the lot of any to chronicle a death so universally la-
mented ; his party halted a half day to search for his body, but with-
out effect, and then with sad hearts proceeded on their journey,
sending back his clothes to Sumner by a messenger. He left town
on Friday, and was drowned on the following Thursday.

When the mournful intelligence reached here, a meeting was
called by the citizens, and seven men were immediately dispatched

125. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 59

to search still further for the remains ; they raked the creek for miles
with hooks, but all in vain. The water was thought to be 15 or 20
feet deep when he went in to bathe, and when the men reached there
to look for his body, it had fallen eight feet! So rapidly do the
creeks of Kansas rise and fall.

He was an only son, about 24 years of age, and a more lovely
young man in moral integrity of character never trod the soil of
Kansas; active in Sabbath school, in the cause of temperance and
benevolence; and indeed he had won all hearts by his amiability
during nearly a year's residence in this community. His funeral
services are to be attended next Sabbath, and the whole community
will be present as mourners. The name of T. A. Joslin, and his sad
fate, trembles on every lip and his manly virtues will long be re-
membered in Sumner. His party passed on a few days, and were
so disheartened at his death, every man returned to Sumner; some
talk of setting out again.

Rev. Wm. H. Goode, the oldest preacher in the Kansas and Ne-
braska Conference, save Dr. Still, received his appointment for
Oreapolis, the seat of the projected University and Biblical Insti-
tute, but from some new turn of affairs, followed on after Bishop
Scott, whom he reached at St. Joseph, Mo., and requested to be sent
to the Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, to form a mission, to
which proposal the Bishop acceded, and placed funds in his hands
to establish such a mission. He is now probably nearly half way to
his destination, if he does not turn back, like others who have pre-
ceded him.

Reports have come to town that the enraged miners have hung
the Post Master at Denver City, on Cherry Creek, for taking let-
ters from the Post Office mailed by men at the mines to their fam-
ilies and friends in the States, giving a truthful representation of
matters, and substituting in their place the most glowing falsehoods
to attract men thither, and rumor says, also, they have burned every
house in the City, of which there were several hundreds, and yet
crowds are still going there. A. D. Richardson, correspondent of the
Boston Journal, our neighbor, started from here yesterday. We
cannot explain these matters. We always write things just as they
are, to the best of our knowledge, and if we afterwards learn that
we are misinformed, we invariably send a correction, if the affair
is of any moment.

J. L. LOVEJOY.

60 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

SYLVAN COTTAGE, SUMNER, K. T.,
July 5th, 1859.

MESSRS. EDITORS 126 : Yesterday was a gala day in this city
the immortal fourth was ushered in by the booming of cannon, and
peal after peal of minute guns, that kept up one continuous colloquy
with each other, striving for the highest key-note in the music,
greatly to the discomfort of those who were disposed to indulge in
a morning nap. And, as though this din of firearms, from the Sum-
nerites, was not enough to frighten the last vision of Morpheus from
the place, causing him to up-set his Lethean glass, in his flight to
the hills, up comes the "Hesperean," "stars and stripes" floating
gaily from her most conspicuous points, and after rounding to, gave
us a deafening broad-side, that shook our frail domicile to the very
foundation. Not one of the "Sumner boys" was caught napping at
this unceremonious salute, but bade their spunky little howitzer to
"do his best, and for once show off to good advantage," greatly to
the discredit of all weak-lunged aspirants, who should hereafter
assay to tread in his illustrious footsteps.

At an early hour, the people "enmasse," wended their way toward
a beautiful grove, just beyond the limits of the town, where the
clergymen of the place, Rev. D. Foster and C. H. Lovejoy mutually
participated in the interesting exercises, which consisted in prayer,
music, and oration by Rev. D. Foster.

We digress one moment. These ministers of the new Testament,
thirty years ago, might have been seen trudging along with dinner-
basket in hand, the same road, to the same antique schoolhouse,
among the hills of Hanover, N. H., to acquire the first elements of
science; and who then would have predicted, that both would have
been pastors of churches, in the same city, on the plains of what is
now Kansas, then "the great American desert, inhabited by buffa-
loes and Indians?" Their religious sentiments are widely diverse,
but no two brothers, of the same church, or natural brothers by con-
sanguinity, could ever labor together in greater unanimity and har-
mony than they have for the year past.

The sentiments embodied in the "declaration of Independence"
were the key notes of the oration, and this clause, "all men are cre-
ated free and equal," was dwelt upon with peculiar stress, and
tacked on to the conscience by heated nails, in the form of matter-
of-fact, illustrated by scathing anecdotes. One was related about
his old class-mate at Dartmouth College, a full blooded "nigger,"

126. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 61

and the eloquent speaker held him up before the audience so life-
like that nigger-owners, with their families, of which there were a
number on the ground, scrambled into their carriages, and made for
the highways as fast as possible, and out of the hearing of that
"ranting abolitionist." The other clerical gentleman, who sat di-
rectly behind me, on that rustic "stand," clapped his hands to cheer
him on as he was throwing down one obstruction after another to
clog the wheels of the pseudo-democracy of the present day, and
felt "Amen," in his heart as full and sonorous as he ever felt at a
Methodist camp meeting. That "abolition speech" will long be re-
membered in Sumner, for it was so full of strength and vitality it
stirred up the whole viper's nest, and curses loud were heard on
every hand. Even before it was concluded loud talking, and indeed
gymnastic exercises disturbed the decorum of the place.

The surrounding trees were tastefully decorated with a profusion
of banners, bearing the National "insignia," and the "negro-waiter"
so patiently trudging at the heels of his haughty mistress, lugging
along that chubby specimen of humanity in his brawny arms,
seemed to us to look up and say, "What is all this show to me?
The 'stripes' on the flag, I know how to decypher would that I had
never been born this galling servitude, must it last forever?"

Our "cold collation," on the grass in "picnic" style, was good
enough to satisfy the most fastidious taste of a hungry bachelor-
editor, who had been dieting for a month on Graham bread, and
sage-tea. This "feast of fat things," being duly disposed of, then
came the calisthenic and turnerverean exercises, a programme of
which was brought by the Germans from "fader-land." Their feats
would absolutely confound and astonish a gazer-on, and none but
the "initiated" can tell why or wherefore. We never supposed it
possible for a human being, by long practice, to obtain such skill in
leaping to such prodigious heights, swinging with feet suspended
high in air, head downwards, and anon a company of men instan-
taneously throwing themselves into a pyramidical figure, one above
another. On one part of the ground might have been seen a com-
pany "tripping the light fantastic toe," to music's witching strains
in the mazy dance; but we, sober folks, preferred the quiet of our
tidy little sitting-room at home, to the rounds of joy and mirth that
resounded through the festive grove, and turned our steps thither
ward.

Among the toasts offered on the occasion, were the following, of
the humorous sort.

62 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Editors of Kansas: by a lady May they not deal too freely in "soft
soap," the chief ingredient of which, is L-Y-E, pronounced Lie !

The Ladies of Kansas: by one of the Sisterhood; Courageous in danger,
prudent and discreet, may their virtues and graces still continue to be the light
and joy of the "Prairie Lodge"

The Lawyers of Kansas: By a lady. May they not be unmindful of the
first pleas of their Great Pro totype, by which a case was won by falsehood
and a world ruined.

The Pilferers of Pork-barrels, and Robbers of Hen-roosts: by a Sufferer.
May they never cease to be disturbed in their nocturnal slumbers by the
squeal of a pig, or the peep of an unfledged chicken, till they betake them-
selves to more honorable employment.

The Bachelors of Kansas: by a matron Hesitating and faltering, a eet of
crusty old fellows, who choose to go limping along the path of life, in con-
sequence of a missing rib. May it ere long find its appropriate place.

The weather is oppressive in the extreme thermometer has been
94, but good breezes to temper and make it endurable. Steam
boat, 'Terry," came up a few days since, literally black with human
beings, bound for the 'mines' Our neighbors start in a few days
"lots" of them it is folly to start this hot weather many are now
going, who returned from there in the Spring, cursing the whole con-
cern! Poor human "natur." Respectfully,

J. LOUISA LOVE JOY.

SYLVAN COTTAGE, SUMNER, K. T., July 13, 1859.
BELOVED FATHER AND MOTHER:

Mr. Lovejoy returned from the P. 0. about an hour ago, bringing
your letter, with ten dollars in it, and I have got my crying over,
sufficiently to answer it. It is now one o'clock, in the P. M. and at
two, there is a female prayer-meeting appointed here, so I must
hasten. I was intending to write you all, in a few days, to sell ev-
ery farm, even at a sacrifice, and get ready to come to Kansas, in
the fall, before land rises again, so that you cannot get hold of it,
as it certainly will, another year. See my two letters in the In-
dependent Dem. and also one in the Dover "Morning Star," all
written within a few days, and you will learn my reasons. The ac-
counts from the mines, with regard to their prolific yield, is almost
fabulous, it is so astonishing, tho authenticated by those whose ve-
racity cannot be questioned. Our neighbor, [Albert D.] Richard-
son, who went there, with Horace Greeley, came from there, in the
Express, clear thro in seven days, and has gone on to Cincinnatti,
after his wife, who is there on a visit, and is going right back to the
mines with his family. There are three teams fitting out today, on

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 63

our Levee, to start immediately, and the fourth may go, with an
immense quantity of goods for the miners. Mr. Richardson says
thousands are rushing in there daily and starvation will tread on
the heels of new opening deposits, notwithstanding the tens of thou-
sands of gold, they are taking out. I don't want any of my folks
from N. E. to go there this season, to die with cholera on the road,
this terrible hot weather, but I do want every man, woman, and
child, that claims kin with the Hardy-family and can ride in the
cars, to get ready to come here in the fall, and get themselves farms.
Mr. L. can now get you 160 acres of the best land within 6 or 8 miles
of the Mo. River, the best market in the U. S. at from five to 800
dollars and one year from now, twill bring thousands, instead of
hundreds, there is no doubt as soon as money begins to be more
plenty. It can be bought for half nearly, what it could be last year.
I state these matters, for the benefit of the entire family; now all
do as you please. We are now in the midst of luxuries. Now war
is over forever in Kansas, she begins to show herself to advantage
and excells every state in the Union, Missouri excepted. We have
this year's chickens, till I am sick of them, for our table, after starv-
ing so long on corn dodgers, pancakes, and bacon, and have about
an hundred more, for somebody to devour! New potatoes, green
corn, shelled beans, squash, peas, cucumbers, beets, and there are
blackberries, enough in the grove around our dwelling, to load a cart
with, we dont doubt. Do Sarah 127 write immediately, and tell me
how you all used to fix them so as they would keep without pre-
serving them, as you do strawberries. I preserved so many of them
last year I have now a great many left and we dont like them so.
Sarah, there is not one button, or patch off of anything in my gem of
a Cottage, and within less than a week, I have sent to the .press at
St. Louis, Cleveland, Ohio, and Baldwin City ten communications,
and every thing around me, is as tidy as a Shaker-establishment
nothing neglected. I killed a rattlesnake with ten rattles, near my
door-step, but Dr. Haven, thinks it too unlady-like, to conquer such
formidable "sarpents" so he thinks it not judicious to insert it in
the "Herald." Rev. Mr. Miller, from Leavenworth City, sent here
a German Missionary from Ohio, saw my paper and other writings,
and came here Monday and engaged me to write for their church
organ, the "Evangelical Messenger," published both in the German
and English language, at Cleveland, Ohio, and for two columns, for
each issue, he is to give me two dollars, and I hope I shall be able

127. Sarah was Julia's sister-in-law.

64 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

to pick up enough to be able if I live, and all are well, to be able to
start near the first of Sept. for N. H. so as to be back to Kansas,
sometime in November if I live and I want as many as can to come
back with me. Mr. Lovejoy is a perfect child, about having me go-
ing without him, but he can't go, and says "I may do as I please."
His circuit extends fifty miles on and near the Missouri River and
work enough for a dozen men. Colby must calculate to come here
and labor with him next winter. They will feed him up to the eyes
this prolific year. There is such an immense amount of stuff raised,
but if he should get a nine pence in silver he would make a long
mark, it would be so strange in the history of a Kansas preacher!
There are lots of good brethren who come from N. Y., some from
Vt. and every point of the compass. C[olby]. must first secure him
a farm, and I want to travel constantly with Mr. L. and the breth-
ren are very anxious I should, and C's family can live in our house
in Sumner. There are three rooms below, large enough to live in,
and two above, fixed for a stove. Mr. L. is now stretched on the
floor, napping by my side and Irving is playing with Kitty. I do
wish mother could ride in the cars, for I believe father could come
out here, to take it fair and easy in the cars. When we went to
Leavenworth, the other day, how many times we wished that father
could see the splendid farms, princely residences. Corn is now 10
feet high, Mr. L. says, within two or three rods of my writing-table.
There are 20,000 people at the mines, and hosts, en route there.
if Wilbur Heath only knew the benefit of getting a farm in Kansas
now, he would be here in six weeks. We have had awful tornadoes
here, that I think I wrote about. Mr. Bartholemew, 128 is now at
our door, talking, looking of [over] the garden, he and his family
came two years since from C[onnecticu]t. His home was formerly
Hartford, Ct. lives a neighbor, to us a very worthy man. he
would not be hired for a small sum, to leave Kansas. I have been
through such awful trying scenes, I have never got quieted down,
till since the war was over, to feel at home as much as I can. They
are stealing horses almost daily throughout the Territory], and
many of the horse thieves have been caught some of them publickly
horse-whipped, some imprisoned, and some, have had summary
vengeance, meted out to them, in the shape of a lynch-law.

I think we shall have a great work of grace, on this charge this
year. Shall soon commence camp-meetings, and protracted meet-
ings a camp meeting is at Baldwin City, where Charles lives, on

128. Possibly E. W. Bartholomew, a stone mason, who was listed in the census of 1860
as living in Sumner. He was born in Vermont.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 65

our College grounds, the 19th of Aug. We design to attend. I may
not write to you again, till I start for N. H., my hands are so full.
Ettie, I presume, will accompany me. I have just learned that a
gentleman of this City, Mr. Wood, formerly of Boston, is going soon
to N. E. it may be I may accompany him and not wait. 129 I'll see
how soon he goes. What think you of the war in the East? 13 I am
watching its progress with much interest for I am strongly -convinced
that is plainly foretold by Ancient Seers that is the "final struggle"
the great Armageddon of the Apocalypse. We are now healthy,
money is dreadful scarce provisions plenty Love to all: An-
swer this immediately.

JULIA.
Wed. Eve., July 13th 1859

Julia left this page blank for me to fill. Times in money matters
are still hard with us, in Kansas. But the season has been good
and we have the promis of an abundant harvest. There was quite
a surplus last year, in some parts of the Territory, but where there
was ten bushels, we judge from general appearances, there will be
hundreds this year. The Winter wheat is harvested, a good crop,
Oats & Spring wheat will be fit to cut in one & two weeks. It is
looking fine. In some localities, the crops have been ingured, with
sevear hail-storms, & wind. About ten miles from this, there is a
reagion of country of perhaps ten miles square, the entire crop is
nearly ruined. I wish you could take one round with me on my
C[ircui]t. and see the almost endless fields of corne, wheat oats
& potatoes; millet, hungarian grass and almost every thing of
produce. Pikes Peak is not a failure far FAR from it. See
Greely's & Richardson letter. Richardson is from this town. Has
just arrived here, bringing specimens of the precious metal with
him. He gives most flattering reports of the success of the mines.
It is doubtful when Julia will go to N. H. I would like to have her
wate untill next spring, & I would go with her, but cannot go be-
fore. . . .

We have some means, but it is not eas[i]ly to convert any thing
into money at this time. Hope to have all my temporal matters
properly arranged this fall, and then I will write & let you know
what I have. Father I wish you could see my garden every thing

129. Julia Lovejoy did not go to New Hampshire at this time. When the Rev. Mr. Love-
joy was transferred to the Vermont conference of the Methodist church they both went East
in August of 1860 and did not return to Kansas until March, 1862.

130. This was probably the war between Austria and Sardinia which began in April, 1859.
Napoleon III of France soon entered on the side of Sardinia.

51691

66 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

growing luxuriously, such as Flint corne, sweet corn, Early "tucket"
corne, two kinds of pop corne, broom corne. Three kinds of Irish
potatoes. We have had several messes to eat, Sweet potatoes, Num-
berless kinds of squashes, pumpkins, lots of the finest mellons which
will be ready for eating the first of August, Beans, Beats, Garrets,
a fine lot of Cabbage, some with fine heads, this early, large enough
to cook, Tomatoes, any quantity of Peas, a good supply, Thirteen
Apple trees, Raspberries, (bore some this year) here and at Baldwin
City, lots and lots of them, currents, 20 sets, & Gooseberries, Bore
some this year Three grape vines, growing finely A fine bed of
Strawberries, Nameless other things. These are what I have in my
garden here, All enclosed in a good picket fence. A good house
nearly finished. A good stable, shed and hen-house. With a place
for retirement, when it must be attended too! But enough of this
for this time.

I have a large C[ircui]t. one man with me, work enough for ten.
I found local preachers to assist me. Our membership is small, the
people have generally all they can do to live, but hope for better
times. We have some precious seasons & are labouring & hoping
for an outpouring of the Holy Ghost in all the land. I feel myself
unworthy but I hope to win some souls to Christ in this far-off
western world. Did I not love the work, & feel "woe is me if I
preach not the gospel," I should have left this work long ago. My
greatest "cross is" not to go into farming in Kansas, 'tis so inviting.
The will of the Lord be done. ... C. H. LOVEJOY

P. S. I think Julia will go to N. H. about Oct. and stay till about
New-Year's day. I hate to have her go without me. She may go
in Sept. yet I can't tell.

SYLVAN COTTAGE, SUMNER, K. T., Sept. 26, '59
MESSRS. EDITORS 131 : Sumner is at this time, a general hospital,
and we know not one family where some of the members have not
been sick or are still sick. Bilious fevers, "fever and ague," and
"congestive chills," of a very dangerous character, have universally
prevailed in the community the writer of this has been sick more
or less for months past, with chills and fever, and is now not able
to sit up but part of the time. Four summers have proved satisfac-
torily that our family can never get acclimated so as to enjoy health
in Kansas only in the winter. Our entire family have been sick for
months past, and Mr. Love joy is reduced very low, though we now

181. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H., October 13, 1859.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 67

think him convalescent, and will recover, if he does not have a re-
lapse. . . .

Oh, ye who breathe the air of our own native hills! How has the
weary invalid, envied your position for months past! When I have
read the refreshing letters in the Democrat, from the White Mts.
from that gem of New England Lakes, Winnipissiogee, and from
the high regions, on the Penobscot River, and thought of your re-
freshing breezes, your cooling streams, amongst the mountains; oh,
how we have longed to bathe our fevered brow and throbbing
temples in those little rivulets that issue from the mountain-side,
as in days of yore, or sit on the mossy bank and watch its ripplings
over its pebbly bed, and not start with fear at every rustling leaf
or moving spire of grass, lest a deadly serpent might be concealed
beneath ! Only one week ago we stopped to pick up (near our resi-
dence) some shavings where shingles had been made, and took up a
serpent in our arms a copperhead, we thought at a glance, but it
escaped. Last May, the writer of this killed a monster of a rattle-
snake, near our door-step, with ten rattles and a button, making it
eleven years old. No one else was on the premises at the time, but
our little four-year-old boy.

Intelligence was received last week from our neighbors who are at
the mines. The reports were of the most flattering character min-
ers in high spirits with plenty of provisions for the present, and
were finding new "leads" in various directions to encourage them to
believe that when the resources are fully developed they will equal
the California mines in richness of deposit. Rev. Wm. H. Goode
has organized two distinct Missions, at the mines, with Superin-
tendents for each, and is now about returning to his family in Iowa.

Our new Wyandot Constitution is creating much stir among the
Democrats and proslavery fire-eaters, but we think it will finally
be adopted by a majority of the people. Provisions are very plenty
in the Territory, but money distressingly scarce. Never have we
seen such "hard times," in money-matters, as at the present; not
even in "war-times." A man with a sick family and only one hun-
dred dollars salary where five hundred are needed to be comfortable
with, must of necessity think of his brethren who are faring better,
though he does not repine at his lot, but blesses God, even though
he may fall a martyr on Kansas soil that he has been enabled to do
and suffer a little for the holy cause he would die for rather than
forsake. It is very "hard times" in Kansas, with all ministers, who
are not supported by "Missionary Societies," or contributions from

68 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the States, and we receive but $100 the present year, and no pros-
pect of receiving any more, unless the Lord opens the hearts of some
of our good brethren in the East to make some small remittances.

Two anonymous letters have been received in Sumner, threaten-
ing the people with burning the town, for "Free-State-ism." Soon
after the first was received, Messrs. Woods' extensive waggon manu-
factory was consumed, engine, wagons, tools and all, an entire loss
of $19,00045,000 insurance. The second letter: "Take this as a
warning, and prepare for something greater." Lesslie's store was
set on fire, but the fire was extinguished without damage. This was
tho't to be a "pique" of some private individual. Both letters may
prove a hoax. Messrs. Woods design to rebuild on a larger scale.
Religious matters in the Territory are in a prosperous condition.
Large accessions to the M. E. Church.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

SYLVAN COTTAGE, SUMNER, K. T., Oct. 6, 1859.
MR. EoiTOR 132 : We some time since received a refreshing letter
from New Bedford, Mass., with the initials "C. P. H." appended
thereto, and our prayer is, "that God will abundantly bless the
writer," (whoever it may be,) and when our appointed task on earth
is finished, bring our glorified spirits to enjoy the rest of the "faith-
ful over a few things," according to his own promise. We had fondly
hoped that the ushering in of the first autumnal month would find
us in the dear old paternal mansion where our eyes first beheld the
light of day; but when our plans were all matured, a merciless des-
pot, (with whose absolute power of control over us we had been con-
tending for weeks, and vainly endeavoring to curtail his authority
"to rule uncontrolled by foreign interference," or propitiate his favor
by any "nostrum," we have found in searching through the laby-
rinths of the whole "Materia Medica" (of patent medicines,) in-
cluding even "quinine" which is the summum bonum, or one of the
indispensables in Kansas life) seized us with relentless grasp in his
trembling arms, and the experience of a convalescent can alone ex-
press the relief obtained when a compromise was effected, and a
pledge given to "suspend hostilities for a season," on condition "that
every" minutia in the "pacification measures" should be daily and
"strictly adhered to." The suffering subjects of this ubiquitous
tyrant, with shaking limbs and livid countenances, might have been,
or may still be seen, in almost every dwelling in Sumner, or thread-

132. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 69

ing our streets, with the thermometer in the neighborhood of 90 deg.,
shivering as in mid- winter, or groups at the door of some druggist,
discussing the merits of a "new and certain cure for fever and
ague." "The great secret out at last." Ho! ye afflicted ones, give
attention, as we rehearse its wondrous merit! "Ward's telegraph
tonic, warranted to cure," but to the dismay of the retailer, the pa-
tient still shakes on !

Sir, our whole family, that comprise the home-circle, and those of
them who are connected with other families, have been thus afflicted,
and Mr. Lovejoy, for nearly seven weeks, has been lingering with a
low bilious fever; he is now able to walk about the premises a little,
but we fear his days for hare} labor in the itinerancy are forever
over; he is greatly reduced, and his nervous system, and head are
seriously affected. When the thermometer ranged upwards of 100
deg., in July, and scarcely a breath of air, the weather was so sultry,
he was shaking with ague. The 30th of August he went to a camp
meeting at Oskaloosa, 30 miles from Sumner, and in the second at-
tempt to preach he was compelled by increasing illness to leave the
"stand" for the nearest house, where he remained weeks very sick.

Now, Mr. Editor, if any one would be benefited by noting down
some of the symptoms attending this "bane of Kansas life," they are
at your service. Great lassitude, and morbid sensation of languor,
preceded by a constant disposition to yawn, the extremities becom-
ing cold, bones aching, limbs shaking, the blood leaving the surface,
rushes to the central organs with congestive violence, then fever fol-
lows ; the blood rushes to the surface again, in another effort to expel
the irritating poison, through that great excretory the skin; it fails
in this, and abandons the attempt, exhausted by the violent par-
oxysm, stomach heaving, brain whirling, temples throbbing, as
though the veins might burst with the excess of blood in its upward
tendency, nausea increasing, till with a violent retch the last par-
ticle of food is ejected therefrom, succeeded by a copious hemorrhage
of bile, and the patient sinks away in a kind of dreamy unconscious-
ness, from which he is aroused by the reflection, "that in twenty-four
hours, he must be put over the same rough road, with less strength to
endure it!" A neighbor has been thus afflicted now about five
months; others suceed in breaking up the "chill" in a few days or
weeks. As cold weather approaches, sickness will abate.

Matters in the Territory religiously are very encouraging. There
have been many camp meetings holden in various places, that have
resulted in large accessions to the M. E. Church. A number of the

70 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

preachers on this district are now sick, but the work does not stop
in consequence thereof. In this extensive field of labor, embracing
an area of fifty miles, Mr. L's. colleague, aided by the local ministry,
is still "pressing the battle to the gate," and another series of meet-
ings commences tomorrow on "Independence Creek," settled mostly
by Pennsylvanians. A beautiful church has been completed and
dedicated at Atchison, four miles from Sumner, that will compare in
taste and finish, favorably with most country churches in New Eng-
land, and also one of brick, that will soon be completed at Leaven-
worth, in which the next session of our Conference is to be holden, in
the official appointment says, "April," but the preachers hope to
have the session some time in March. Would not it be a refreshing
relief from the every-day drudgery of the editorial sanctum to take
a three day's excursion at that time, as the cars will run to Atchison,
within 24 miles of Leavenworth ; recently a man came from Boston
to Lawrence, K. T., in four days.

Baker University has commenced the fall term of the Preparatory
Department under very favorable auspices, with a faculty of five
teachers, viz: Rev. Werter R. Davis, D. D., President and Profes-
sor of Mental and Moral Sciences, and Biblical Literature; Rev.
B. R. Cunningham, A. B., Professor of Mathematics and Natural
Science; Thos. H. Parker, A. M., M. D., Professor of Ancient Lan-
guages and Literature; Mrs. M. R. Davis, Governess and Teacher
of Instrumental Music and Ornamental Branches; Miss Mary C.
Dunn, Teacher in Preparatory Department. An able corps from
whom much is expected in meeting the great educational want of
this rapidly growing country, and sustaining the reputation of the
University. The Preparatory school for "Lawrence University," at
Lawrence, is also in successful operation. The walls of "Bluemont
Central College," at Manhattan, will soon be completed, if energy
on the part of those who have projected the noble work, will ac-
complish the object; and, sir, we doubt whether the sun ever shone
on a more enchanting prospect than the extensive panorama to be
seen from the bluff on which the structure is going up. Success to
those noble spirits who have more than once left their loved ones in
Kansas, and traveled the distance that intervenes between the Kaw
and Big Blue River and the broad Atlantic, to get funds for this
praiseworthy object. The "corner stone" for a college edifice, under
the patronage of the M. E. Church, has been laid with appropriate
exercises, at Ottumwa, K. T., the building for Preparatory School
to be completed the present fall. The "miners" are returning by

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 71

"Express," every coach is full, and come into Atchison now weekly,
returning to spend the winter. Fifty-five thousand dollars was
brought by "Express," to Atchison the last two trips. Crops of
various kinds are coming in very heavy, but money is so very scarce
that times are hard notwithstanding, and property unsaleable.

The election votes for the "Wyandott Constitution" were cast the
4th inst., and as far as the returns have been received, a large ma-
jority will go in favor of it. "Atchison precinct" is the strongest
pro-slavery of any in this part of Kansas, and it gave a majority
of one ! We heard the booming of cannon along the river, that told
us that free principles were triumphing, and pro-slavery subserv-
iency was breathing its last gasp in Kansas. It is with no small de-
gree of interest, Mr. Editor, that we from this great battle-field,
where freedom and slavery have met in terrible collision, watched
the weekly issues of the contest now raging between two D. D.'s
who are measuring lances with the skill of pugilists; and, sir, to our
mind, it is as clear as a sunbeam whose lance will be broken, keen-
edged and elastic though it be, and poised by a veteran arm well
skilled in all the tactics of controversial war. It needeth not a
"prophet's ken" to predict who will be the vanquished one ; for God
and angels are on the opposite side, and all good men whose eyes
are not dimmed by the mists of error and prejudice, that have been
wreathing fantastic shapes in hobgoblin form, to frighten the timid
into the belief that a disruption of the church will be the result if
only one word, "slaveholding," is made the test-point of member-
ship in said church. Now if slavery is the "corner stone" that binds
this wondrous fabric together, would to God that it might be sun-
dered and dispelled like the morning mists that lingers along the
Missouri Valley when the "powerful king of day asserts his right."
Thank Heaven that every Annual Conference does not see fit to
follow in the wake or lead the same direction of the Southern Il-
linois Conference at its late session, with regard to a change in the
rule on the slavery question. We believe there is still leaven enough
in the M. E. Church to purify the whole lump, and this fermentation
now going on will only throw off the scum and impure ingredients,
that the effervescence of the substance brings to the surface. Our
metaphors may not be happily conceived, but it is an important
matter with us, that the M. E. Church, throughout her length and
breadth, be purified thoroughly and forever from the contamination
of slavery at the next General Conference. Amen and amen.

Respectfully,

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

72 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

[November 24, 1859.]

MR. EDITOR 133 : . . . this is the first officially appointed
Thanksgiving Day in the Kansas calendar. . . .

None will be led to infer that we approve of the measures that
Brown and his coadjutors resorted to to attain their object; but the
design to liberate slaves without the shedding of blood, I do most
sacredly approve of, and speak this fearlessly, and would repeat
the affirmation though the President of these United States and his
Cabinet, and the whole power of Congress, and the federal troops
with glittering bayonets surrounded me to appal me and dragoon me
into submission to the powers that be. I never was considered in-
tractable or stubborn, but Heaven helping me, I'll never yield the
point in this matter of right, duty and conscience, which is as clear
as a sunbeam, and flashing through the whole book of God, to aid
the oppressed and downtrodden in any and every possible way,
though my brethren in the same church may cry forbear, and desist
from agitation. I hate slavery and its bitter fruits, and will do all
I can for its destruction. Doctor, you will not fail to see that this
little episode in the letter is in the singular, not plural number;
others will in due time speak for themselves. I am talking far more
than I intended to, but cannot unburden my mind in one short letter.

In the winter of '56, [John E.] Cook, of Harper's Ferry notoriety,
lived the next door to us, in Lawrence, Kansas, and daily was a caller
at our home. He kept bachelor quarters with a Capt. Houghton,
now dead, who was a brother of Mrs. Appleton, of Boston, a family
of great wealth. Cook was standing side by side, not far from Law-
rence, with the young and deeply lamented Stewart, of N. Y., when
he was shot dead in cold blood by a "border ruffian." Cook raised
his pistol to return the charge, but it missed fire, and the murderer
fled. Cook employed much time that winter in shooting at targets
so near our dwelling I was often fearful that some mischief might
be occasioned by his carelessness. He appeared to us like a young
man of good morals, and one who has been accustomed to good so-
ciety.

I do not think there is an individual now in Kansas who knew any
thing of Brown's whereabouts or intentions. Poor man! driven to
insanity by barbarous acts that would shame a Bedouin of the des-
ert, or a Turk, or Moor of Algiers, and then instead of confining him
in a lunatic asylum for his erratic course, he must expiate his un-
happy offense on the gallows. 'Twill be dark era for slavery when

133. Zion'a Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 73

freedom's champion is suspended in mid-air. We did not intend an
eulogy on any of the condemned men. A certain judge in Kansas
will have occasion to remember Kagi for many a year! Realf, too,
we think, was among the victims; a fine writer both of prose and
poetry. We intended to have given some incidents of families in
Sumner upon whom the hard times are operating distressingly, who
must suffer for food of the plainest kind the coming winter, owing
to the scarcity of money, though crops have come in bountifully.

We thank our generous friends from a full heart for their gener-
osity and kindness in responding to the note written by our dear
brother Foster, unknown to Mr. L., but prompted by the sympa-
thetic throbbings of his own great heart that is running over with
kindly feelings. We dislike to- speak of personalities, though some-
times compelled to do so; we have no present prospect of receiving
$50 for the year from the circuit, and have $100 Missionary appro-
priation only. Mr. L.'s long and still continued affliction, with the
necessary expenses, are bearing heavily upon us. We have propert} r
in our hands, if we could dispose of it at one half, or even one-third
its value, but there is no sale for any property, owing to the scarcity
of money, and all purchases go upon the cash system here no credit.

If our incog, friend, who so often smiles upon us from the folds of
a newspaper, or a wee bit of a note with good cheer included, and
whose only token of recognition is received, would only give us a
clue to her address, some of the postage stamps so kindly forwarded
and opportunely received, should be returned adhering to letters full
of kind wishes, directed to Boston, Mass. We would gratefully
mention Bros. Haven and Howe, of Boston, and also Mrs. Ann E.
Goodnow, of Sudbury, Mass. May each be crowned with eternal
life.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

SUMNER, Dec. 1, 1859.

. . . The late panic at Harper's Ferry is but the introduction
or preface to the first chapter, the finis of which will be like the
reign of terror in France, when floods of blood rolled through the
streets; we awfully fear, but do not predict this, for we claim not
the character of a prophetess, or a lineal descendant in that line.
May God preserve his own who flee to him for refuge, from the gath-
ering storm that will ere long burst upon our devoted land. 134

J. L. LOVEJOY.

134. The paper which published this article has not been identified.

74 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

SUMNER, KANSAS, Dec. 2, 1859.

MR. EDITOR 135 : . . . As an individual member of the M. E.
Church, I would throw every energy of an ardent, impassioned na-
ture into one petition to the next General Conference, soon to be
assembled in Buffalo, New York, and that petition should be for
the slave's sake, for the church's sake, aye, for Christ's sake, regard
our prayers, and let the M. E. Church throughout her length and
breadth, be now and forever purified from the plague spot of op-
pression, the sin of American slavery. Tell us not, sir, that we are
insane, Brown-like on this subject, and have only one all-absorbing
monomaniacal idea. You, Mr. Editor, and those who like yourself
(we say it with great deference) who plead "no change in the rule
on the slavery question," need only for one year to see what we have
seen, and feel what we have felt for well nigh five years in Kansas
life, and you too would join in our prayer in struggling against and
contending with a spirit that cherished and patronized this ac-
cursed system. The plural "we," embraces the entire noble band
who have unflinchingly and manfully faced danger and scorned
emoluments tendered by a foul administration where principle was
concerned. We hate slavery and its bitter fruits with an undying
hatred, and we have no doubt but that there will be a strong voice
uttered by the Kansas delegates for a change in the rule. Of course,
we have no authority to make this statement, but our individual be-
lief, and could each member of the M. E. Church in Kansas have
the privilege of expressing his sentiments next May, there would be
one continuous voice, louder than the thunders of Luther, that shook
the Vatican at Rome, and made Pope Leo X tremble on his impious
seat, crying, "Change the rule, and hereafter no slaveholding be
allowed in the M. E. Church." In vain would our enemies answer
back, "Silence that cannonading." . . . MRS. J. L. LOVEJOY.

SYLVAN COTTAGE, SUMNER, KANZAS, Dec. 9 [1859].
DEAR BRO. WEBER 136 : . . . We have seen "hard times," we
have been foolish enough to think, in the early morn of our itiner-
ating from place to place to cultivate "ImmanueFs ground," receiv-
ing one year only forty dollars, all told, as our annual salary, and
another year only two hundred dollars, but either of those years
would not compare with the present in "trials of our faith." Mr.
Lovejoy has been sick since July, and when we began to be en-
couraged that the power of the disease was broken and he would
speedily recover, our hopes were all frustrated, when day before

135. The Central Christian Advocate, St. Louis.

136. The paper which published this article has not been identified.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 75

yesterday he lay stupid with the "dumb ague," which is far harder
to cure than the "shaking ague," our little boy having had it five
months, and no medicine favorably affected the disorder.

Our Conference year closes the 15th of next March, and we have
received this year, as yet, but one dollar and seventy cents from our
people, in cash, and only five dollars in every other article, and
have no prospect of receiving five dollars more for the year, our
people are so poor we have $100 Missionary appropriation and,
sir, there is to-day a greater scarcity of the necessaries of life in
Sumner than I have before seen in any community during the al-
most five years I have been in Kanzas. Provisions are all very
plenty, but people have no money to buy with. People in gen-
eral here do not buy land, but rent houses of the "Sumner Co.,"
rent being so low, and the farmers part with all they can at a low
rate to raise a little money, which is so distressingly scarce. Mr.
Lovejoy was sick [torn copy] weeks away from home at one place
a Methodist brother and his Methodist wife charged him [torn
copy] per day during the whole of his sickness under their hos-
pitable (?) roof, and the physician's charges were very high.

Tis a dark day with us temporally, Br. Weber, but we do not
despair. Light is beginning to dawn on us, as you will see by
"Zion's Herald," and its excellent, noble spirited Editor has our
united prayers that he may never want a "friend in need/' and find
that want unsupplied.

Two years ago the property held in our hands we regarded as a
competence, with economy; but the same property is to-day un-
saleable, or would not sell for one third of its value, and we have
been paying 50 and are still paying 30 and 25 per cent interest. We
hope the financial crisis has presented the worst feature it has to
present in Kanzas.

Many families in Sumner will suffer for food of the coarsest kind
this winter, and one week's sickness of a laboring father must bring
great wretchedness on those dependent on his daily labor.

Corn is 20 cts. per bushel, flour $7 and $8 per bbl., butter 30 cts.
per pound, cheese 20 cts., fresh pork 5% cents, apples, green, $2
per bbl., dried $4, beans 75 cts and $1 per bushel. May the hungry
mouths be fully supplied.

In great haste, one who daily thinks of the dear, old Granite
State. JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

[Part Five, the Concluding Installment, Will Appear in the
May, 1948, Issue]

The Annual Meeting

THE seventy-second annual meeting of the Kansas State His-
torical Society and board of directors was held in the rooms of
the Society on October 21, 1947.

In the absence of Gen. Milton R. McLean, president, the annual
meeting of the directors was called to order by Vice-President R. T.
Aitchison at 10 a. m. First business was the reading of the annual
report by the secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT, YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 21, 1947

At the conclusion of last year's meeting, the newly elected president, Gen.
Milton R. McLean, reappointed Judge John S. Dawson and T. M. Lillard to
the executive committee. The members holding over were Robert C. Rankm.
Charles M. Correll and General McLean.

APPROPRIATIONS

The 1947 legislature granted several increases in the Society's appropria-
tions for the next biennium.

The largest item was $38,000 for new steel stacks and a book elevator in
the library. As explained in last year's report, this additional shelf room is
badly needed. Unfortunately, costs of steel and labor have advanced so much
since the job was estimated last year that it is questionable whether the instal-
lation can be made for the money. This won't be known until bids are asked
for on the specifications, which are now being prepared by the state architect.

Salary increases of twenty per cent were requested. Owing to the pressure
for emergency appropriations for buildings and other post-war programs, salary
raises averaged only about ten per cent. It isn't necessary to point out how
this compares with the rise in living costs.

Other special appropriations include the following: $2,000 for cleaning and
repairing the Goss collection of birds in the museum; an increase of $1,000 a
year for compiling the Annals; $4,000 for painting the museum and audi-
torium; $1,800 for a tractor at Old Shawnee Mission; $1,000 for re-roofing the
East building at the Mission; and an increase, for the biennium, of $4,000 in
the printing and binding fund.

LIBRARY

During the year 3,000 persons did research in the library, an increase of
nearly 400 over the preceding year. Of these, 1,223 worked on Kansas subjects,
890 on genealogy and 888 on general subjects. Numerous inquiries were an-
swered by letter and 105 packages on Kansas subjects were sent out from the
loan file. In the Library of Congress catalogue, 72,571 cards were filed from
October, 1946, to June, 1947. Beginning last June, the Library of Congress
discontinued sending cards, since the catalogue is now issued in book form
each month, with quarterly and yearly cumulations. From April 1, 1946, to
January 1, 1947, 1,278 newspaper clippings were mounted.

Many gifts of Kansas books and genealogies were received from individuals.

(76)

THE ANNUAL MEETING

Typed and printed genealogical records were presented by the Colonial Damea,
the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Daughters of Founders
and Patriots of America.

Microfilm copies of the Proceedings of the American Indian Mission As-
sociation from 1843 to 1852, and copies of the Indian Advocate, Louisville, Ky.,
from July, 1847, to January, 1855, were purchased.

PICTURE COLLECTION

During the year, 1,288 pictures were classified and catalogued and added to
the picture collection. Among them are 800 kodak pictures of scenes along
the routes of the Oregon and Santa Fe trails, taken in the 192C's.

ARCHIVES

There are at present only twelve states which have central archives for old
public records. One of these is Kansas, and the Historical Society is its ar-
chives department. A new policy of state records disposal, requiring approval
by a records board and authorization by the legislature before any record may
be discarded, was put into operation for the first time this year. The 194/
legislature gave seven departments and agencies permission to destroy certain
records, contingent on refusal by this Society. We accordingly inspected these
records and kept out those that will be of permanent value.

Archives accessions for the year are as follows:

Source Title Dates Quantity

Governor's Office Correspondence Files of

Governor Schoeppel 1943-'45 51,000 mss.

Kansas State College. . . . Business Office Correspond-
ence; Contracts and
Leases; Statements of Al-
lotments of Experiment
Station Project Funds .... 1905-'09 175 mss.

Highway Commission... Record of Vehicle

Registrations 1930, 1932-'46 36 pages

Commission of Revenue

and Taxation Ledger Record of Daily

Retail (Cigarette) Stamp

Sales . . . 1934-'37 1 vol.

Commission of Revenue

and Taxation Application for Emergency

Warrants . ..1935-'39

458 case files

The National Archives. . Consolidated Morning Re-
ports and Clothing Books
of Kansas Civil War Reg-
iments 1861-'65 55 vols.

These total 51,669 manuscripts and 56 bound volumes.

Although the records of this division now total approximately a million and
a half separate manuscripts and 30,000 manuscript volumes, it is the only de-

78 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

partment for which no permanent shelving has ever been provided. As a re-
sult, many of its records are not easily accessible. It is possible that many of
these documents can eventually be microfilmed. However, until we can un-
dertake a survey of the vast quantities of archives still stored in the state
house which may have to be accepted by the Society, no plans for permanent
equipment can be made.

PRIVATE MANUSCRIPTS

Fifty-five manuscript volumes and 6,086 individual manuscripts were re-
ceived during the year.

The South-Western Stage Company's passenger register (1874-1879) was
donated by Mrs. R. R. Hollis of Fergus Falls, Minn., through the Wisconsin
State Historical Society. This company, despite its name, operated in north-
central Kansas. The stage line ran between Concordia and Waterville from
1874 through 1878, and from Kirwin to Beloit beginning in 1879.

Through the courtesy of Mrs. Roy F. Good, of Gashland, Mo., and Rep.
J. O. Gunnels, of Colby, the Society was permitted to microfilm two early-day
account books of particular interest. The earlier volume is the day book of
an unidentified Westport (Mo.) trading house from October, 1839, to October,
1840. The names of Kansas City pioneers Allen McGee, John C. McCoy,
William M. Chick and A. B. Van Bibber, among others, appear often in the
entries. The other volume, a "Miami Post Day Book," runs from December.
1847, through September, 1849. The accounts therein are chiefly with indi-
vidual Indians, probably Pottawatomies.

Twenty letters of Allen T. Ward, written between 1835 and 1861, were given
by Mrs. Fred W. Honens of Sterling, 111. Mr. Ward worked at Shawnee Meth-
odist Mission in the 1840's and 1850's and supervised the construction of the
Kansas Methodist Mission at Council Grove.

Before William Allen White's death, historian Dr. Walter Johnson micro-
filmed selected correspondence and other papers of Mr. White. A positive
copy of the microfilm is one of the valuable acquisitions of the year. Mr.
White's papers are now in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Papers pertaining to Richard Realf, from Richard J. Hinton's collection,
were given by Oswald Garrison Villard of New York City. Included are a
number of letters by Realf.

Western Kansas records of special interest were received from P. J. Jen-
nings of McCracken. They include seven diary volumes (1871-1885) kept by
Dr. Louis Watson who went to Ellis county as manager of the Western Kan-
sas Agricultural Association ; 12 books of his weather records ; and five diaries
(1888-1894) kept by H. G. Watson, nephew of Louis, who developed a large
ranch in Ellis county. Mr. Jennings also gave a typed manuscript containing
his boyhood recollections of Ellis county pioneers.

A part of the papers of James Barnes Whitaker, Shawnee county pioneer,
have been presented by his granddaughter, Mrs. Evelyn Whitney of Topeka.
In the territorial period Mr. Whitaker was sheriff, and also a deputy U. S.
marshal; he served for a number of years as county surveyor and was later
city engineer of Topeka.

Among the papers given by Fenn Ward, of Highland, are two letters written
by S. E. Hardy "on the plains" in 1850, describing events of his company's

THE ANNUAL MEETING 79

overland journey to California. The first letter mentions the Iowa Mission
near present Highland.

Other donors were: W. T. Bishop, Mrs. Gilbert L. Blatchley, L. G. Bodine,
Mrs. Charles Bowers, Mrs. Samuel J. Brandenburg, Irving L. Brooks, Dr. Ed-
ward Bumgardner, Mrs. W. H. Creitz, Mrs. Frank H. Cron, James W. Dappert,
Dickinson County Historical Society, Mrs. Fred Farnsworth, C. B. Fiester,
First Congregational Church of Topeka, E. L. Forsyth, Good Government
Club of Topeka, J. Jay Henderson, Mrs. Chloe Berry Howe, J. W. F. Hughes
estate, C. C. Isely, Kansas Press Association, Cecil Kingery, Irving R. Love-
joy, A. S. McCutcheon, Gen. Milton R. McLean, Mrs. L. F. Maneval, Karl
A. Menninger, Mrs. Cecil W. Meredith, Joseph M. Piazzek, George A. Root,
Judge J. C. Ruppenthal, Mrs. A. B. Seelye, Mrs. John F. Sennrich, Robert
Stone, L. L. Strong, Jr., Boyd B. Stutler, Mrs. Nelle C. Terrill, Mrs. Caroline
Travis.

MICROFILM DIVISION

The microfilm division has now photographed more than half a million
pages of Kansas newspapers. The film of the Topeka State Journal, 1879-1930,
which was the first major project, ran to 23,657 linear feet, or 236 100-foot
reels. Figured at seven pages to a foot, this means that the total number of
pages of the Journal now on microfilm is approximately 165,599. The second
job was the Topeka Daily Capital, It was microfilmed from its beginning in
1879 through 1935, a total of 235,137 newspaper pages. This film of 57 years of
the Capital is contained in 367 reels. We are now filming the Wichita Eagle.
So far, the Weekly Eagle, 1872-1919, and the Morning Eagle, 1884-1915, have
been photographed. The Morning Eagle and the Evening Eagle, which began
in 1927, are to be brought down to date.

The Society is grateful for the excellent cooperation of Kansas publishers.
It is necessary for them to send in all their back issues, to be collated with
those of the Society, so that the best possible file can be assembled for filming.
For work done thus far, mention should be made of Oscar Stauffer and Ed
Chapman of the Topeka State Journal; Sen Arthur Capper, Henry Blake and
Milton Tabor of the Topeka Daily Capital; and Marcellus Murdock and Dick
Long of the Wichita Eagle.

Other documents and newspapers microfilmed during the year are: Early
records of the Friends' church in Kansas; records of the First Congregational
church, Topeka, 1855-1927; the Oxford Register, in 11 reels, covering the years
1912-1932, and two reels of miscellaneous Negro newspapers. These last were
filmed as part of a national project sponsored by the committee on Negro
studies of the American Council of Learned Societies.

Among the newspapers which the Society expects to microfilm soon are the
Leavenworth Times (excepting early issues previously photographed), the
Burlingame Enterprise-Chronicle, and the Wichita Beacon.

It is not always easy to determine what papers should be filmed first, but
some of the factors which influence the selection are: The condition of the
Society's file of the newspaper; the extent to which it is used; the rate at
which the paper is deteriorating; the need for it to fill gaps in the Society's
collection; and of course, consideration is given to the requests of publishers
whose office files may require immediate preservation.

80 KANSAS HISTORICAL, QUARTERLY

NEWSPAPER AND CENSUS DIVISIONS

Thirty-one hundred patrons were served by the newspaper and census divi-
sions during the year. Fifty-six hundred single issues of newspapers and 6,317
bound volumes were consulted; 3,967 census volumes were searched and from
them 2,324 certified copies of family records were issued. These census records
are used in making claims for old-age assistance, social security, railroad re-
tirement, pensions and insurance endowments, and for delayed birth certifi-
cates and passports.

The 1947 List of Kansas Newspapers and Periodicals was issued in August.
It showed 683 newspapers and periodicals being received regularly for filing.
These include 56 dailies, one triweekly, 12 semiweeklies, 385 weeklies, one three
times monthly, 28 fortnightlies, 16 semimonthlies, three once every three weeks,
112 monthlies, 13 bimonthlies, 27 quarterlies, 23 occasional^ four semiannuals
and two annuals, coming from all the 105 Kansas counties. Of these 683 publi-
cations, 247 are listed as independent, 127 republican and 21 as democratic in
politics; 92 are school or college, 42 religious, 22 fraternal, eight labor, nine
industrial, 15 trade and 100 miscellaneous.

On January 1, 1947, the Society's collections contained 51,629 bound volumes
of Kansas newspapers, exclusive of more than 10,000 bound volumes of out-of-
state newspapers dated from 1767 to 1947.

During the year the Society purchased a positive microfilm of the New York
Times, 1851-1870, in 69 reels. Five positive microfilm reels of The Cherokee
Advocate, Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, 0. T., 1881-1897, came as a gift from
the Library of Congress. These are copies of the original files of the Advocate
in the collections of the Kansas State Historical Society which the Congres-
sional Library borrowed for filming. A gift from the United Spanish War
Veterans, Topeka, was three bound volumes of The National Tribune, Wash-
ington, D. C., 1940-1942. Among the donors of other miscellaneous newspapers
were: C. A. Coe, Cottonwood Falls, George A. Root and Constance Van
Natta, Topeka, and J. L. McCorison, Jr., Boston, Mass.

ANNALS OF KANSAS

The Annals of Kansas has been completed through 1899, a total of nine
years having been compiled during the past fiscal year. In addition, all state
reports, proceedings of all organizations, and nearly all the newspapers for the
year 1900 have been worked through. Proceedings for several organizations
have been brought up to 1910.

The principal sources for the Annals are the Topeka Daily Capital, the
Wichita Eagle and the Kansas City (Mo.) Times. All references to events
which took place in cities and towns other than Kansas City, Wichita and
Topeka, are verified in the newspapers of those places. For example, a dis-
patch from Pittsburg is checked in the Pittsburg newspapers.

Other publications are read for specialized information. An example is the
Kansas Farmer, official organ for farm organizations and a source of agricul-
tural news. During the Populist regime, the Topeka Advocate was the official
state paper. State reports are read and streamlined. These include: agricul-
ture, banks, charities, coal mines, health, insurance, labor, railroads, meteor-
ology, population and education.

THE ANNUAL MEETING 81

As life in Kansas becomes more complex, the newspapers have more pages,
if not more news, and the annalist's job becomes heavier. This probably means
that our present average of seven or eight Annals years each fiscal year cannot
be maintained.

The compilation is being made by Miss Jennie Owen under the direction of
the secretary, with the following advisory committee: Fred Brinkerhoff of
Pittsburg, Cecil Howes of Topeka, Dr. J. C. Malin of Lawrence and Justice
William A. Smith of Topeka.

MUSEUM

The attendance for the year in the museum was 39,248, an increase of 6,355
over the preceding year. The largest number on any one day was 1,565, when
the Sante Fe railroad sponsored a special tour by parties from out of town.

There were 25 accessions. Among the most interesting was a pair of hand-
carved wooden shoes, more than 18 inches long, which were used in an early-
day Kansas brewery. The brewer wore them over his regular shoes while rak-
ing hops. They belonged to Theodore Weichselbaum, who made beer at
Ogden in the 1870's. They were given by Mr. E. K. Frank, Tulsa, Okla.

Another accession that has attracted much attention is a Great Smith tour-
ing car which was built in Topeka in 1908. It was given to the Society by
Dr. Clement Smith, who, with his brother, owned and operated the company.

Mr. L. R. Hershey, of Olathe, gave a Colt's model pocket pistol of navy
caliber, converted (1872) to .38 rim fire. An engraving on the cylinder depicts
a stagecoach holdup.

Mrs. Edward Keith of Kansas City, Mo., gave a silk hat which had be-
longed to her grandfather, John James Ingalls, United States senator from
1873 to 1891. For many years Ingalls was the most prominent politician, ora-
tor and author in Kansas.

Since the first of the year all the pictures in the museum and all the ex-
hibits in 45 large cases in the main gallery have been cleaned and restored.
As mentioned in the report on the legislature, appropriations were made for
painting the museum and for cleaning and repairing the Goss collection of
birds. If suitable bids can be secured, this work will be done before the end
of the fiscal year.

SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH

During the year the following have been subjects for extended research:
Biography: John Brown and his New England supporters; James H. Lane;
Edgar Watson Howe; Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; Ewing Herbert;
the congressional career of Victor Murdock. General: Populist orators of
Kansas; Kansas Court of Industrial Relations; a study of the Hollenberg,
Kan., community; Baptist church history in Kansas; teaching of mathematics
in Kansas; state tax administration; the rise and fall of political radicalism in
Kansas; child labor in Kansas; agrarian discontent in the Middle West; folk-
songs of Kansas; New England Emigrant Aid Society; the Grange; Farmer's
Union ; dust bowl ; first Manhattan newspaper.

61691

82 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ACCESSIONS
October 1, 1946, to September 30, 1947

Library :

Books 945

Pamphlets 2,168

Magazines (bound volumes) 329

Archives :

Separate manuscripts 51,669

Manuscript volumes 56

Manuscript maps , None

Private manuscripts:

Separate manuscripts 6,086

Volumes 55

Printed maps, atlases and charts 170

Newspapers (bound volumes) 700

Pictures 1,288

Museum objects 25

TOTAL ACCESSIONS, SEPTEMBER 30. 1947

Books, pamphlets, bound newspapers and magazines 430,874

Separate manuscripts (archives) 1,613,223

Manuscript volumes (archives) 28,876

Manuscript maps (archives) 583

Printed maps, atlases and charts 13,153

Pictures 23,313

Museum objects 33,291

THE QUARTERLY

The Kansas Historical Quarterly is now in its sixteenth year. One of the
most interesting features the magazine has published was concluded in the
May number this year. This was the diary of Hiram H. Young, which ap-
peared in five installments during 1946 and 1947. Parts of the diary were re-
printed as they came out by several Kansas newspapers. Another of the year's
contributions, one that has been of special value to libraries and schools, was
the 20-page bibliography of the writings of William Allen White. It appeared
in the February number and was compiled by Dr. Walter Johnson, of the Uni-
versity of Chicago, and Miss Alberta Pantle, a member of our staff. Also of
service to students of history and genealogy is the annual list of books pur-
chased by the Society, compiled by the librarian, Miss Helen McFarland.

OLD SHAWNEE MISSION

It has been 20 years since the state acquired the Mission property. It was
then virtually in the country, with only a few scattered houses in the neigh-
borhood. Now it is surrounded by homes on all but the north side, where
there is a golf course, and that will soon be subdivided. As a result, local at-
tendance at the Mission has increased each year, even during the war. During
the past year visitors included an unusually large number of school groups.

Next week, on October 27, the Kansas society, Daughters of the American
Revolution, will make their annual pilgrimage to the Mission. A number of

THE ANNUAL MEETING 83

the relics on display in their rooms have recently been placed in a special glass
case which was a gift of Miss Harriet E. Stanley of Wichita.

A collection of articles from the Miss Anna E. Henderson estate, recently
presented by Mrs. Tom Davis of Shawnee, is now on display in the museum
which is sponsored by the Shawnee Mission Indian Historical Society. Among
them are a trundle bed and a number of early-day school books.

These rooms and those sponsored by the Colonial Dames, the Daughters of
1812 and the Daughters of American Colonists are in the East building. The
Society is indebted to these organizations for their cooperation.

FIRST CAPITOL

The number of visitors at the First Capitol building on the Fort Riley res-
ervation is still below what it was before the war. Several minor repairs were
made on the building and grounds during the year.

THE STAFF OF THE SOCIETY

The various accomplishments noted in this report are due to the Society's
splendid staff of employees. I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to
them. Special mention, perhaps, should be made of the heads of departments:
Helen M. McFarland, librarian; Edith Smelser, custodian of the museum;
Mrs. Lela Barnes, treasurer; Nyle H. Miller, microfilm director and managing
editor of the Quarterly; and Edgar Langsdorf, archivist and manager of the
building. Attention should also be called to the work of Harry A. Hardy and
his wife Kate, custodians of the Old Shawnee Mission, and to that of John
Scott, custodian of the First Capitol. Res pectfully submitted,

KIRKE MECHEM, Secretary.

At the conclusion of the reading of the secretary's report, Frank
A. Hobble moved that it be accepted. Motion was seconded by T.
M. Lillard and the report was accepted.

Vice-President Aitchison then called for the report of the treas-
urer, Mrs. Lela Barnes:

TREASURER'S REPORT

Based on the audit of the state accountant for the period
August 18, 1946, to August 31, 1947.

MEMBERSHIP FEE FUND
Balance, August 18, 1946:

Cash $3,107.94

U. S. savings bonds, Series G 8,700.00

$11,807.94

Receipts:

Memberships 978.00

Reimbursement for postage 654 . 60

Bond interest 242.50

Books 3.00

1,878.10

$13,686.04

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Disbursements 1,283.57

Balance, August 31, 1947:

Cash 3,700 . 47

Due from postage 2.00

U. S. savings bonds, Series G 8,700.00

12,402.47

$13,686.04
JONATHAN PECKER BEQUEST

Balance, August 18, 1946 :

Cash 144.35

U. S. treasury bonds 950.00

1,094.35

Receipts :

Bond interest 27.27

Savings account interest 1 .22

28.49

1,122.84

Disbursements, books 2.50

Balance, August 31, 1947:

Cash 170.34

U. S. treasury bonds 950.00

1,120.34

$1,122.84
JOHN BOOTH BEQUEST

Balance, August 18, 1946:

Cash $53.36

U. S. treasury bonds 500.00

$553.36

Receipts :

Savings account interest .62

Bond interest 14.40

15.02

568.38

Disbursements, books 25.00

Balance, August 31, 1947:

Cash 43.38

U.S. treasury bonds 500.00

543.38

$568.38

THE ANNUAL MEETING 85

THOMAS H. BOWLUS DONATION

This donation is substantiated by a U. S. savings bond, Series G, in the
amount of $1,000. The interest is credited to the membership fee fund.

ELIZABETH READER BEQUEST

Balance, August 18, 1946:

Cash in membership fee fund $181 . 19

U. S. savings bonds (shown in total bonds, membership

fee fund) 5,200.00

$5,381.19

Receipts :

Interest ., 130.00

5,511.19

Balance, August 31, 1947:

Cash 311.19

U. S. savings bonds, Series G 5,200.00

$5,511.19

STATE APPROPRIATIONS

This report covers only the membership fee fund and other custodial funds.
It is not a statement of the appropriations made by the legislature for the
maintenance of the Society. These disbursements are not made by the treas-
urer of the Society, but by the state auditor. For the year ending June 30,
1947, these appropriations were: Kansas State Historical Society, $64,010;
Memorial building, $8,798; Old Shawnee Mission, $3,801; First Capitol of
Kansas, $1,134.

On motion by Frank A. Hobble, seconded by T. M. Lillard, the
report was accepted.

The report of the executive committee on the audit by the state
accountant of the funds of the Society was called for and read by
John S. Dawson:

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

October 17, 1947.
To the Board of Directors, Kansas State Historical Society :

The executive committee being directed under the bylaws to check the ac-
counts of the treasurer, states that the state accountant has audited the funds
of the State Historical Society, the First Capitol of Kansas and the Old Shaw-
nee Mission from August 18, 1946, to August 31, 1947, and that they are hereby
approved.

JOHN S. DAWSON, Chairman.

On motion by John S. Dawson, seconded by Frank A. Hobble, the
report was accepted.

The report of the nominating committee for officers of the Society
was read by John S. Dawson:

86 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

NOMINATING COMMITTEE'S REPORT

October 17, 1947.
To the Board of Directors, Kansas State Historical Society:

Your committee on nominations submits the following report for officers of
the Kansas State Historical Society:

For a one-year term: R. T. Aitchison, Wichita, president; R. F. Brock,
Goodland, first vice-president; Frank Haucke, Council Grove, second vice-
president. Respectfully submitted,

JOHN S. DAWSON, Chairman.

The report was referred to the afternoon meeting of the board.
There being no further business the meeting adjourned.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY

The annual meeting of the Kansas State Historical Society con-
vened at 2:00 p. m. The members were called to order by Vice-
President Aitchison.

In the absence of President McLean, his address was read by
Comdr. Standish Hall. The address follows:

Address of the President

SELECTIVE SERVICE IN KANSAS WORLD WAR II
MILTON R. MCLEAN

Kansas chapter on Selective Service was written at a time
-L of grave national emergency. It was begun when the world
was aflame with hatred, and when total war was raging in many
quarters of the earth. It was carried through during years when
our own nation was under the dark shadow of global conflict; and
it was finished in formality at a time when the entire world was en-
gulfed in the problems of post-war adjustment, with predictions of
a third world war being made even as the Selective Service mecha-
nism of the nation was being dismantled.

Through the entire chapter runs the vivid thread of another story,
the account of the fortitude, courage, patriotism and loyalty dis-
played by the people of Kansas as they answered the call to arms.
The fathers, mothers, sons and daughters of the Sunflower state did
their parts with the strength of character, the inspired leadership
and the devotion to duty that has characterized the people of this
state since the earliest days of its inception.

As state director of Selective Service for Kansas, it was my privi-
lege to serve in that office under three governors: Gov. Payne Rat-
ner, Gov. Andrew Schoeppel and Gov. Frank Carlson. Governor

THE ANNUAL MEETING 87

Carlson's administration was charged under the Selective Service
act until March 31, of this year, when the law officially expired.

Due to the fine spirit of cooperation always in evidence on the
part of Kansas people, under the direction of the state administra-
tions, Selective Service in Kansas functioned smoothly, with a mini-
mum of confusion, and the state punctually fulfilled its quotas of
men at the time they were needed to swell this nation's armed forces
for their victorious conquest over the evil forces which menaced us
at that time.

Selective Service, in its broad sense, took in the whole of Kansas
people. Its operation was conducted by folks at home, serving on
local boards, and as medical examiners in every county of the state.
These operations, of course, were supervised by the state office,
which, in turn, was subject to regulation and orders by the National
Selective Service headquarters.

So broad and sweeping in their scope were the powers of Selective
Service that the life of virtually every citizen of Kansas was affected
one way or another.

The Selective Service act became law, September 16, 1940, and
the first registration was held on October 16, 1940. Although other
registrations followed in due course of time, the first registration of
Kansas manpower was one which never will be forgotten by the peo-
ple of our state. For it was then, after years of peace-time living in
this nation, that the war clouds which then covered Europe seemed
indeed to have been borne by the winds of hate to our shores.

There was not a village or hamlet in the state that did not feel the
impact of that first registration. Men and boys flocked to the town
halls, the fire stations, the village stores all the places where the
proper officials were on hand to record their names, their ages, and
other data of identification for use by Uncle Sam.

This information was not long in the files until the fateful day of
December 7, 1941, arrived. With the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor and the subsequent declarations of war, the United States
went into action. Selective Service, although only a little over one
year old, went into high gear and complete functioning in every
state in the union. In rapid-fire order the general conscription of
manpower from 18 to 65 years was ordered.

The first problem faced by Selective Service in Kansas was to
convince the people of the state that total war, as it was being prac-
ticed by the Axis aggressors, made total mobilization of manpower

88 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and resources vitally necessary. There could be no half-way mark ;
no compromise in our war effort.

Kansas people soon saw clearly that volunteer methods, while
achieving much in patriotism and in the calibre of men who offered
their services, could not even begin to meet the tremendous demands
of the war crisis, or maintain the equity and fair treatment required
when every citizen is mobilized into the war effort.

With this quick understanding of the problem by the people of
Kansas, by the mothers, the fathers, the sons and daughters alike,
volunteering soon was eliminated and Selective Service operations
were given their high efficiency by the wholehearted and understand-
ing cooperation of the "folks at home."

There were other factors, too, which contributed to the smooth
functioning of Selective Service in Kansas. Policies established by
the governor (at that time the chief executive was Payne Ratner),
careful planning by the Adjutant General's department, and the
great amount of clerical and administrative work which was done
by all those involved, all had their part in developing an efficient
system.

In order to fully understand the Kansas situation, a "look behind
the scenes" might not be amiss. Kansas had kept abreast of na-
tional developments since 1926, when the joint Army-Navy com-
mittee began its planning for Selective Service. Kansas, in its own
military set-up, kept the national plan modified to home conditions,
ready for instant action whenever an emergency might arise.

From 1936, however, Kansas devoted more and more official at-
tention to national Selective Service developments. In 1939, Kansas
submitted its own version of a Selective Service program to national
officials, which was approved without a change. The national plan
submitted to congress, which was enacted in 1940, had surprisingly
few differences from what Kansas submitted.

It followed then, that when preparations for national defense be-
came an issue of first importance in 1940, Kansas was ready. An-
ticipating the passage of a National Selective Service act by con-
gress, Governor Ratner and officials of the Adjutant General's
office were in virtually constant consultation and conference, in or-
der to be doubly sure there would be no hitch in the Kansas plans.

It was Governor Ratner's decision that after the appointment of
a state director of Selective Service, no other appointments would
be made directly from the chief executive's office. Instead, through
the director's office, calls would be made upon local officials and pro-

THE ANNUAL MEETING 89

fessional groups to name the best citizens available to administer
the system. Such a plan, the governor knew, would insure against
any possible accusations of favoritism, or politics. It would give
the folks at home the choice of Selective Service officials, instead of
relying upon their selection by other sources. This proved to be a
wise move, as officials chosen in their own communities were, of
course, far more familiar with local conditions than persons who
might have been selected from outside.

When Gov. Andrew Schoeppel took office in January, 1943, he
followed the same policies in his determination to keep Selective
Service free from any kind of outside interference. He gave great
encouragement to the existing organization to continue its operation
on a fair, impartial and patriotic basis.

The wisdom of his course was amply demonstrated. Kansas was
eminently successful in keeping her Selective Service operations
from the evils of centralized control, and maintained the system to
the end through the support and control of the people themselves.

The Selective Service act called for volunteer services on the part
of the people to administer the program. With the exception of
necessary technical and clerical work, the huge task was completed
entirely on a non-pay basis through the patriotic efforts of those
who unselfishly sacrificed their own personal interests in favor of
the interests of their state and nation.

Politics, wealth, religion and other discordant factors were not
permitted to enter the Kansas picture of Selective Service opera-
tions. Through the six registrations necessary before the end of
the war, these influences were not felt in any section or segment of
the Kansas organization. Instead, loyalty and unselfish service
were predominant.

The second registration was conducted July 1, 1941, to secure the
services of all those who had attained majority since the first reg-
istration the previous October.

Kansas, along with the other states, held four more registrations,
as follows:

Third registration, February 16, 1942, for 20-year olds and those
36 to 45.

Fourth registration, April 27, 1942, for those 45 to 64.

Fifth registration, June 30, 1942, for those 18 to 20.

Sixth registration, December 11-31, 1942, for those who had at-
tained their 18th birthday since the previous registration, and pro-

90 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

viding that all those who became 18 thereafter should register on
their 18th birthday.

Little or no difficulty was experienced in Kansas during any of the
registrations. The entire job was handled most satisfactorily and
the attitude of the boys themselves was most exemplary.

As for the important task of classification and deferment, this was
left to the determination of local boards on the basis of evidence
submitted by the registrant, through his questionnaire and other
means. The decisions of the local board could be appealed to an
appeal board, which reviewed the evidence, with the authority to
affirm or reverse the local board. The appeal board's decision was
final, except in certain cases, when an appeal could be made to the
President.

Like other states of the nation, Kansas did not have an easy time
of it in producing the quotas demanded by the military when the
war reached its more advanced stages.

During the latter calls made upon the state, Kansas more than
once "scraped the bottom of the manpower barrel." War industries,
which made a heavy drain upon the state's manpower, seriously de-
pleted the rolls of eligible men during the period of great industrial
expansion, but the calls were met in spite of this handicap.

Manpower for war industries and factories, especially airplane
factories, was at least fairly adequate at all times.

An interesting paradox developed in the state in connection with
the labor situation. Selective Service, which frequently had been
blamed for the lack of farm workers, actually became the medium
by which farm labor was kept on a firm basis. Measures were taken
in the state to make farm work and agricultural work under certain
standards and requirements the basis for occupational deferment.

As long as a man remained in that status he was deferred, but if
he left the farm, he was subject to immediate re-classification.
Thus, Selective Service proved itself a stabilizer for farm labor.

The liberal and generous policy of Kansas Selective Service to
maintain and continue adequate farming operations also is shown
by a comparison of Kansas farm deferments with those of neigh-
boring states. Such a comparison would show a far greater percent-
age than in those states about us.

Industrial deferment also became increasingly difficult in the criti-
cal years of the war, with Kansas making an all-out production rec-
ord in airplanes, powder and ordnance plants, air field construction,

THE ANNUAL MEETING 91

milling, oil production, mining operations and other allied industrial
activities, all vitally necessary to the war effort.

To help bring about a solution to this perplexing situation, Selec-
tive Service developed critical occupation lists to aid local boards in
their determinations of whom to defer and whom not to defer. Thus,
the local boards of the state were provided with a measuring stick.
A list of occupations considered unessential in the war effort also
was sent out, listing jobs which were termed non-deferable.

Another definite help in this situation was the establishment of
replacement schedules, designed to provide for a systematic with-
drawal of men from industry for military service, and their replace-
ment by new workers with time enough to train them.

In recounting these phases oi Selective Service in Kansas, it would
be a serious omission not to say a few words about the splendid at-
titude of Kansas fathers during those dark days when the reservoir
of man power was running dry, and a new source of supply had to
be tapped.

That new source then was the thousands of fathers over the state,
most of whom previously had been classified III-A, deferred on
grounds of dependency.

When Selective Service voiced the facts of the manpower situa-
tion, and the necessity of seeking the help of those who had families,
a great hue and cry arose in congress, and among some politicians,
that the need was not serious enough to warrant calling them.

However, the vast majority of Kansas fathers already had made
their own analysis of the situation, and their almost universal ex-
pression was, "I'm ready to go any time my country needs me."
Another very common statement was, "I've got more to fight for
than a single man."

The years of World War II were not easy for Kansas, but they
were years which proved again the staunch character of our people,
and their quick and sustained devotion to duty.

The staff of Selective Service in Kansas, from the director on
down the list, knows that it was the efficient, resourceful coopera-
tion of their fellow citizens which enabled the program to be ad-
ministered so well in our state.

Now that Selective Service officially has ceased its operations, and
the records involved in that tremendous task have been filed away
for safekeeping, and for future reference if need be, the conscious
satisfaction of a job well done may be voiced in favor of all Kansas
citizens, who, under the wise guidance of loyal, practical adminis-

92 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

trations, moved to the front when duty and emergency demanded,
and who discharged their obligations as citizens of a great and free
nation in a manner which may well prove inspirational to future
generations.

Following the reading of the president's address, Charles M. Har-
ger of Abilene, president of the Eisenhower Memorial Foundation,
talked on the foundation. His talk follows:

Fifty years ago a little more than that the Eisenhower family moved to
Abilene. They lived in a modest two-story building in what was then a re-
mote part of the city and is not now inside the close business and residence
section. It was on the wrong side of the tracks. But they had a little ground
there and they raised six sons [the seventh died in infancy] fine, cheerful,
wide awake, full of life, full of honors in the school and one of them was
Dwight Eisenhower.

Dwight I knew better than I did the others. He was a member of the
same high school graduating class as my daughter, he was over at the house
dozens of times, he was just a nice boy. He was clean. He was decent. He
worked hard. He helped earn all the money he could to aid the family, as
all the others did. When he went to West Point it was without any pull or
any political advantage, just the friendship of the businessmen of Abilene
who liked him. The other boys went to college and worked their way through.
By the way, that was a remarkable family. Its boys all worked their way
through college; all occupied prominent places in business and professional
life, and one of them, as you know, is president of the Kansas State College.

Dwight went to West Point, and we kept track of him. He came home fre-
quently and we knew him for years and years and years. We kept watching
his upward progress and one day we learned that he was a member of the
War Staff in Washington. Then the President of the United States and the
King and Premier of Great Britain made him head of the Allied forces in
Europe, the greatest army that was ever gathered, fighting against the most
brutal, the most dastardly group of gangsters that ever lived on earth. And
he won the war. His army won the war. He got the honor for it. They
acknowledged it. His diplomacy, his ability to gather together the groups
from the different countries, molded them into a unified force and we all know
what wonderful victories he won.

Then he came home. He stopped in London. One hundred thousand per-
sons crowded the street in front of the Guildhall. He stood on the balcony
with King George on one side, Winston Churchill on the other Princess Eliza-
beth in the background somewhere, I suppose and made an address. It was
a marvelous address beautiful diction, beautiful language, beautiful senti-
ment. It was a speech that won the heart of every person who heard it or
read it. One of the big London papers printed that speech eight columns
wide. In comparatively large type it covered the whole front page, and in
the center of the page was put a box. In that box was printed the Gettysburg
address. It said in the legend at the top of the page, the headlines, that the
address of General Eisenhower was just as beautiful and just as glorious in
its sentiment as anything that Abraham Lincoln ever wrote.

That shows how much they thought of him. He came to New York, and

THE ANNUAL MEETING 93

thousands and hundreds of thousands cheered him down Broadway. He came
to Washington. He came to Kansas City and it was the same thing over
again. He came to Abilene and forty thousand people poured into that little
town of six thousand population. I never saw acres of people before until
they gathered around the speaking stand out in the park. It was a glorious
reception, his home reception.

Then we decided that something ought to be done about it. Here was a
man who was unquestionably the greatest general that America ever knew.
He had commanded the greatest army, had had the most remarkable support
from every country and from all the generals. And he was a Kansas man,
Kansas ought to do something about it. He was an Abilene man, Abilene
ought to do something about it. We organized what is technically and of-
ficially known as "The National Foundation to Honor General Eisenhower
and the United States Armed Forces." He wouldn't have it any other way.
He wouldn't have it called the "Eisenhower Foundation," although in general
parlance it has come to be called the Eisenhower foundation.

We set out to raise a million dollars. The foundation has been organized
for about two years. It has trustees and vice presidents from Abilene, Topeka,
Kansas City, Chicago and New York but most of them are from Abilene in
order to hold meetings. We have tried to raise enough money so that we can
build a shrine a memorial. There ought to be a better name for it, but that's
what it means a structure that would house the trophies that he has prom-
ised us, for he has rooms full of them. He says there are so many of them he
doesn't know what to do with them when he takes them up to Columbia
University, and he has promised to deposit them with the foundation when
we get the building ready to receive them. We have raised about $50,000.
Dickinson county voluntarily, no solicitation, raised about $22,000 of that.
The rest has come from donations from people of the Middle West. The
Veterans of Foreign- Wars and the Legion and their auxiliaries have assisted,
and we are constantly raising more money. A week ago today they had a col-
lection in many of the schools of Kansas, in which several hundred dollars
were raised, and next month there is to be a tag day. All of that, of course, is
only incidental. Some day we have to get in touch with wealthy people, or
wealthy foundations in the East, and get larger sums fifty or sixty thousand
dollars of money at a time. They are generous, as this is a most worthy cause.
That's what we are trying to do. We have not struck the right persons yet,
but I think we will, and if anyone here would like to give a thousand dollars,
we would be pleased to send it to the foundation.

General Eisenhower is coming to Abilene. He will bring with him in his
plane a token portion of these trophies he has received. I don't know how
many, it may only be a satchel full, and it may be a ton of them, I don't know
how much a plane will carry, but he will bring them and turn them over to us
as an indication of what he will do later when we are prepared to receive them.
Some of these trophies are really valuable. Premier Stalin gave him the most
valuable trophy or badge, banner, or something or other, making him a mem-
ber of a Russian order. Jewelers have estimated, so it is reported, that the
diamonds, sapphires and rubies adorning it are worth twenty-two thousand
dollars. The Russians seem to have plenty of money for decorations and

94 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

things of that sort. The Danish government this week gave him a jeweled
sword, set with jewels and diamonds. He has oceans of things, filling two or
three rooms, all to be deposited with the foundation.

In the meanwhile there was the property of the Eisenhower family, con-
sisting of a house, their home in which they had lived, and adjoining it a block
of ground of rather large size, with no buildings on it. Last June, Milton
acted for the five surviving sons, one brother passed away in 1942 and they
deeded that property to the foundation. We had a celebration at Abilene.
Governor Carlson made a speech and Milton presented that deed to me as
president of the foundation, and since then we have done a great deal to repair
the house it needed a new roof and paint without destroying in anyway the
symbolism of the house as the home of the Eisenhowers. All the old things
are there just as they were when Mrs. Eisenhower passed away the dining
room, the living room, the little parlor, the old piano, the books, the kitchen.
The bedrooms have the same beds. The beds have the same bedding they had
or them, and I noticed that on one of the bed posts was hanging the white cap
that Mrs. Eisenhower used to wear. There are many souvenirs of the boys,
that is, of their boyhood life when they were in Abilene. All is there, just as
naturally as we could make it, for the entertainment of the public. Then we
threw open the house and had a couple of girls to act as guides. It was the
latter part of June by the time it was finished. More than 12,000 persons have
gone through in the last 120 days. That is nearly 100 a day. They have come
from every state in the union, from eleven foreign countries tourists that go
through and they all come there to see the home that was the boyhood home
of General Eisenhower.

That shows how wide a following, how wide is the admiration for him. I
believe if we ever get that foundation completed, if we ever get that structure
built, it will bring thousands and thousands of people to Kansas just to see
that memorial to General Eisenhower. He has been very modest about it.
He does not want us to pressure anybody to give, and we are to do it as volun-
tarily as we possibly can. But we want to put it through. We want to com-
plete it in the next two or three years, and along with it to do something for
the rising youth. His ambition in life his idea that he always talks about to
me is the youth of the nation, how it needs to be taught the things on which
our forefathers built this nation; that we are not teaching them enough
American citizenship. We hope, if we have enough money in the foundation
after building a suitable structure, to use some of it to foster that education in
some of the colleges and help to uplift this younger generation, which he feels
is not living up entirely to its possibilities. That is his idea and it is the idea of
the foundation but first we have to have the building and the funds with
which to work.

That's the story. We have appreciated the work of the Legion and the
V. F. W. and their auxiliaries in raising money and helping the cause all over
Kansas. Many of the counties from out west, where they are loaded down
with money wheat money have been very liberal in their contributions.
Many of the cities have been liberal, and we are hoping that we can suceed in
raising enough funds to complete that job.

Now, all of this, of course, has been very interesting to the press. Five
books have been written lives of General Eisenhower. All of those authors
have come to Abilene and have spent two or three weeks digging out mate-

THE ANNUAL MEETING 95

rial stories and incidents of his boyhood. A number of these incidents never
happened, but they make good reading-matter. And there were magazine
people all sorts of magazine people from The Saturday Evening Post, Col-
lier's and publications like that. All those magazine people came out and we
entertained them. We were glad to meet them, for they are such interesting
people. Then the newspapers, the Chicago newspapers, the St. Louis news-
papers, New York, San Francisco, and of course, all the local papers like Wich-
ita, Topeka and Kansas City. They have come out and written feature stories
for their Sunday issues. They all built up the reputation, notoriety and fame
of General Eisenhower.

And so, reading all those articles and hearing those newspaper and magazine
people talk, Abilene has evolved a dream. It may not come to realization,
but it may, and that dream is that in addition to being the boyhood home of
a great general, it may also be the boyhood home of a President of the United
States.

At the close of Mr. Harger's talk, the secretary, Kirke Mechem,
read four letters which had been written by General Eisenhower to
Sen. J. L. Bristow in 1910 and 1911 relating to an appointment to
Annapolis or to West Point. The letters are in the Bristow papers
in the manuscript collections of the Society.

Following the reading of the Eisenhower letters, the report of the
committee on nominations was called for:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS FOR DIRECTORS

October 17, 1947.
To the Kansas State Historical Society:

Your committee on nominations submits the following report and recom-
mendations for directors of the Society for the term of three years ending in
October, 1950:

Aitchison, R. T., Wichita. Moore, Russell, Wichita.

Anthony, D. R., Leavenworth. Price, Ralph R., Manhattan.

Baugher, Charles A., Ellis. Raynesford, H. C., Ellis.

Beck, Will T., Holton. Redmond, John, Burlington.

Capper, Arthur, Topeka. Rodkey, Clyde K, Manhattan.

Carson, F. L., Wichita. Russell, W. J., Topeka.

Chambers, Lloyd, Wichita. Shaw, Joseph C., Topeka.

Dawson, John S., Hill City. Smith, William E., Wamego.

Euwer, Elmer E., Goodland. Solander, Mrs. T. T., Osawatomie.

Hobble, Frank A., Dodge City. Somers, John G., Newton.

Hogin, John C., Belleville. Stewart, Donald, Independence.

Hunt, Charles L., Concordia. Thomas, E. A., Topeka.

Knapp, Dallas W., Coffeyville. Thompson, W. F., Topeka.

Lilleston, W. F., Wichita. Van Tuyl, Mrs. Effie H., Leavenworth.

McLean, Milton R., Topeka. Walker, Mrs. Ida M., Norton.

Malin, James C., Lawrence. Wilson. John H., Salina.

Miller, Karl, Dodge City.

Respectfully submitted,

JOHN S. DAWSON, Chairman.

96 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Upon motion by John S. Dawson, seconded by Charles M. Cor-
rell, the report of the committee was accepted unanimously and the
members of the board were declared elected for the term ending in
October, 1950.

Reports of county and local societies were called for and were
given as follows: Mr. Walter E. McKeen for the Riley County His-
torical Society; Mrs. K. S. Browne for the Shawnee Mission Indian
Historical Society; Mrs. Mabel Landon Plumer for the Kennebec
Association, Russell county, and Mrs. E. M. Owen for the Douglas
County Historical Society. Mrs. Owen presented Vol. II of "Ceme-
tery Histories and Tombstone Inscriptions, 1854-1940; Twenty-One
Rural Cemeteries, Douglas County, Kansas," compiled under the
direction of the late William L. Hastie.

There being no further business, the annual meeting of the So-
ciety adjourned.

MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kirke Mechem, secretary, presided at the afternoon meeting of
the board of directors. He asked for a rereading of the report of the
nominating committee. The report was read by John S. Dawson,
chairman, who moved that it be accepted. Motion was seconded by
Charles M. Correll and the following were unanimously elected:

For a one-year term: R. T. Aitchison, Wichita, president; R. F.
Brock, Goodland, first vice-president; Frank Haucke, Council
Grove, second vice-president.

Comdr. Standish Hall moved that Gen. Milton R. McLean be
apprised of the Society's best wishes and hope for his early recovery.
John S. Dawson offered an amendment, suggesting a telegram in
place of a written message. R. T. Aitchison seconded and the res-
olution was adopted and the secretary instructed to send a tele-
gram.

There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.

THE ANNUAL MEETING

DIRECTORS OF THE KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
AS OF OCTOBER, 1947

DIRECTORS FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER, 1948

Bailey, Roy F., Salina.
Beezley, George F., Girard.
Bowlus, Thomas H., lola.
Brinkerhoff, Fred W., Pittsburg.
Browne, Charles H., Horton.
Campbell, Mrs. Spurgeon B.,

Kansas City.
Cron, F. H., El Dorado.
Ebright, Homer K., Baldwin.
Embree, Mrs. Mary, Topeka.
Gray, John M., Kirwin.
Hamilton, R. L., Beloit.
Harger, Charles M., Abilene.
Harvey, Mrs. A. M., Topeka.
Haucke, Frank, Council Grove.
Lingenfelser, Angelus, Atchison.
Long, Richard M., Wichita.

McFarland, Helen M., Topeka.
Malone, James, Topeka.
Mechem, Kirke, Topeka.
Philip, Mrs. W. D, Hays.
Rankin, Robert C., Lawrence.
Ruppenthal, J. C., Russell.
Sayers, Wm. L., Hill City.
Simons, W. C., Lawrence.
Skinner, Alton H., Kansas City.
Stanley, W. E., Wichita.
Stone, John R., Topeka.
Stone, Robert, Topeka.
Taft, Robert, Lawrence.

Templar, George, Arkansas City.
Trembly, W. B., Kansas City.
Walker, B. P., Topeka.
Woodring, Harry H., Topeka.

DIRECTORS FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER, 1949

Barr, Frank, Wichita.
Berryman, Jerome C., Ashland.
Brigham, Mrs. Lalla M., Council

Grove.

Brock, R. F., Goodland.
Bumgardner, Edward, Lawrence.
Correll, Charles M., Manhattan.
Davis, W. W., Lawrence.
Denious, Jess C., Dodge City.
Fay, Mrs. Mamie Axhne, Pratt.
Frizell, E. E., Lamed.
Godsey, Mrs. Flora R., Emporia.
Hall, Mrs. Carrie A., Leavenworth.
Hall, Standish, Wichita.
Hegler, Ben F., Wichita.
Jones, Horace, Lyons.
Lillard, T. M., Topeka.

Lindsley, H. K., Wichita.
Means, Hugh, Lawrence.
Owen, Dr. Arthur K., Topeka.
Owen, Mrs. Lena V. M., Lawrence.
Patrick, Mrs. Mae C., Satanta.
Payne, Mrs. L. F., Manhattan.
Reed, Clyde M., Parsons.
Reigle, Wilford, Emporia.
Rupp, Mrs. Jane C., Lincolnville.
Schultz, Floyd B., Clay Center.
Sloan, E. R., Topeka.
Smelser, Maud, Lawrence.
Stewart, Mrs. James G., Topeka.
Van De Mark, M. V. B., Concordia.
Wark, George H., Caney.
Wheeler, Mrs. Bennett R., Topeka.
Wooster, Lorraine E., Salina.

DIRECTORS FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER, 1950

Aitchison, R. T., Wichita.
Anthony, D. R., Leavenworth.
Baugher, Charles A., Ellis.
Beck, Will T., Holton.
Capper, Arthur. Topeka.
Carson, F. L., Wichita.
Chambers, Lloyd, Wichita.
Dawson, John S., Hill City.
Euwer, Elmer E., Goodland.
Hobble, Frank A., Dodge City.
Hogin, John C., Belleville.
Hunt, Charles L., Concordia.
Knapp, Dallas W., Coffeyville.
Lilleston, W. F., Wichita.
McLean, Milton R., Topeka.
Malin, James C., Lawrence.
Miller, Karl, Dodge City.

Moore, Russell, Wichita.
Price, Ralph R., Manhattan.
Raynesford, H. C., Ellis.
Redmond, John, Burlington.
Rodkey, Clyde K., Manhattan.
Russell, W. J., Topeka.
Shaw, Joseph C., Topeka.
Smith, William E., Wamego.
Solander, Mrs. T. T., Osawatomie.
Somers, John G., Newton.
Stewart, Donald, Independence.
Thomas, E. A., Topeka.
Thompson, W. F., Topeka.
Van Tuyl, Mrs. Effie H., Leavenworth.
Walker, Mrs. Ida M., Norton.
Wilson, John H., Salina.

71691

Bypaths of Kansas History

A CENSUS OF LAWRENCE BACHELORS

From the Kansas Daily Tribune, Lawrence, February 26, 1868.

We have endeavored heretofore to keep the public thoroughly posted in
regard to the advantages, resources, capabilities, prospects, &c., of Lawrence,
giving statistics and facts in support of all statements. In prospecting the
city of late in search of various matters, we happened to strike a new "lead,"
though whether it can properly be classed under the head of either advantages,
resources, or capabilities, is rather difficult to determine. This "lead" is the
bachelors, or single men of the city, taken as a class, and considered numeri-
cally.

It is to be presumed every town has more or less of that class of unfortu-
nates, who have not carried out the original plan, as intended for man and
woman, but it seems that Lawrence can claim as great a number as any other
town of its size, and a great many more than even those best acquainted with
the city would suppose. The matter was first brought to our attention, a few
days since, by a dispute between a couple of individuals in regard to the com-
parative advantages of married and single life, and the influence each exerted
on the community. The married man claimed that the presence of a large
number of single men in a town would operate to its disadvantage, and stated
the reason why Lawrence was such an eminently moral, proper, nice, well-
behaved town, was because nearly all the citizens were subjected to the hu-
manizing influences, and watchful care of some divinity in crinoline, or in
other words we had but few bachelors among us.

Of course the opposition denied it stoutly, and claimed there were not less
than two hundred or more of those fractions called bachelors in the city, and
proper inquiry would prove the statement correct. It is our business to in-
quire into things, and we were delegated to find out the truth of the matter.

An hour was all that was required, which was spent in propounding queries
to boarding house keepers, as it is well known, a bachelor gravitates as natu-
rally to a boarding house, as a young lady to a milliner shop. They are of
gregarious habits, and love company, and hash is their hobby.

We will commence with the hotels first, as they extend their sheltering care
over a goodly number, premising that, as it is leap year, all particulars, out-
side of enumeration, is for the benefit of the ladies.

In the Eldridge House we find eleven, all nice, proper fellows, well-dressed,
well-behaved, and very susceptible to female influences.

The Durfee House furnishes thirty-five, following all manner of occupa-
tions, and generally doing well. It is reported that a few tough old birds are
to be found among them, who don't take kindly to the women at all. The rest
show a different disposition.

At the Union House are thirty-four, who have the reputation of being very
industrious, and devote but little time or attention to the ladies.

The Lawrence House follows with twenty, all ranging from twenty-five to
thirty-five years, generally lawyers (sharp ones, top), clerks, agents, &c. They
are a leisurely set of fellows, and up to snuff.

(98)

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 99

At Fluke's restaurant, twenty-five gobble their soup in a hurry, and dash
off to store, counting room and shop, and closely scan all the ladies they
meet very susceptible.

At Mosser's boarding house there are twenty very moral, nice young men.
all with good appetites, and fond of home comforts.

At the Germania House are thirteen sober fellows, addicted to smoking, but
with no other vices to speak of.

Mrs. Dix has ten, all industrious and making money.

Mrs. Donnelly has eleven gallant blades, who fairly worship the ladies, and
will marry at the first offer.

At Mrs. Brown's are six five of them printers, and consequently on the
psalm-singing, tea-drinking order, and not fond of women at all.

In nine other boarding houses are to be found from five to fifteen, running
up to the number of ninety-one in all, and following all kinds of business.

From this list it will be seen that three hundred and five are to be found
in herds at hotels and regular boarding houses, while as near as we can esti-
mate not less than two hundred more find homes in private houses, making
over five hundred in all.

If another town of the size can show a greater amount of marriageable ma-
terial, of the masculine gender, we would like to see their figures.

The little town in Massachusetts, that has an excess of fifteen hundred
females, in a population of nine thousand, will probably find these statistics
of interest. In regard to the influence bachelors have on the morals of a town,
we give the figures, and every one can draw their own conclusions.

From the Tribune of March 1, 1868.

ATTENTION, BACHELORS

BALDWIN CITY, KANSAS,
February 26, 1868.

EDITOR TRIBUNE: I see in to-day's paper an editorial giving the number of
bachelors in Lawrence. I judge that there are not many young ladies in Law-
rence; if there are they are not very persevering or those bachelors would
either have to marry or leave the town. Now, in Baldwin there are over one
hundred marriageable young ladies, and about ten or fifteen marriageable
young gentlemen. I wish you would persuade some of the "bachelors" to
come to Baldwin and see some of us "maids" get some of them to come from
the Lawrence House, those "sharp ones." The Baldwin "maids" would like to
see some sharp young men. They would be as much of a curiosity here as
Mark Twain is to the world. We have one lawyer in our town, but we can't
persuade ourselves to say he is "sharp" not by any means.

Your friend and reader,

ONE OP THE MAIDS.

We hope our lady friend will excuse us if we fail to comply with her re-
quest that we induce our bachelors to visit Baldwin. As it is leap year it-
would be more proper for the ladies of that section to come to Lawrence and
attend to the business themselves. Furthermore, we have a greater interest in
the increase of the population of Lawrence than of Baldwin City. We can't
afford to lose any of our nice young men just yet for the sake of benefiting
other towns.

100 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

FOR MICE OR MEN?

From the Wilson County Citizen, Fredonia, August 28, 1874.

War may be declared between Rooks and Norton counties. Some state
arms and ammunitions were lately sent to Stockton, Rooks county, but when
the Norton county supplies arrived, the ammunition boxes were discovered to
be filled with limestone and mouse traps. Norton county says Rooks county
did it.

FOR THAT "NEW LOOK"

Below is an excerpt from the advertisement of Smith's Illustrated
Pattern Bazaar which probably was widely published in newspapers
of the United States in 1874 and 1875 (see Leavenworth Daily
Times, December 29, 1874, January 26, 1875, etc.) :

SMITH'S

"INSTANT DEESS
ELEVATOK"

THIS CUT shows how beautifully a LONG
Skirt is changed into a Straight Front Walking
Dress by the INSTANT ELEVATOR. You
can raise your skirt while passing a muddy
place and then let it fall, or you can keep it
raised with the ELEVATOR. It keeps the
skirt from the FILTH. IT LOOPS the skirt
in a TASTEFUL and FASHIONABLE MAN-
NER. IT SAVES more than TEN TIMES
its COST, besides being CONVENIENT,
NEAT and GRACEFUL. IT can be changed
from ONE DRESS to ANOTHER in LESS
than TWO MINUTES.

YOU NEED BUT ONE FOR A DOZEN
DRESSES.

Price SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS each. Send 2 stamps for postage. The
above ELEVATOR will be given FREE as PREMIUM to the person who
sends $1.25 for ONE YEARS subscription to "SMITH'S PATTERN BA-
ZAAR."

Kansas History as Published in the Press

The Prairie Star school, located east of Wilson, has closed after
60 years of service. The Wilson World, May 1, 1947, printed the
history of the school. The names of the teachers are included in the
principal article and the names of the pupils who attended since
1897 are listed in the World, May 8.

A brief history of School District 35 in Rush county was pub-
lished in The Rush County News, La Crosse, July 3, 1947. The
school was started in 1885 and was recently closed because of the
school reorganization.

The history of Prairie View school, Gove county, was reviewed by
Mrs. Raymond Briggs in the Gove County Republican-Gazette,
Gove City, July 3 and 10, 1947. The school opened in 1888 and was
recently closed by consolidation with another district. A letter from
John F. Lindquist discussing several phases of Gove county history
was also printed in the July 3 issue.

Features in the Labor day edition of the Kansas Labor Weekly,
Topeka, August 28, 1947, included: "The Printers Protective Fra-
ternity," a story relating a phase of Topeka's printing history, by
James A. Coates; a history of the Topeka library, by Mrs. Anna
Neal Muller, city librarian, and an article by Dr. Kenneth McFar-
land, superintendent of Topeka schools, discussing the new course
in automobile driving inaugurated in Topeka High School in the
fall of 1947.

Among articles of interest to Kansans in recent issues of the Kan-
sas City (Mo.) Star were: "Home Takes High Place in Life of the
[Dwight] Eisenhowers," by Malvina Stephenson, August 31, 1947;
"After Teaching 57 Years She [Ellen Victoria Zimmermann of Hia-
watha] Starts a Class Again," by William I. Hastie, September 7;
"Bonanza in Kansas Soil," gross value of all farm and mineral prod-
ucts in 1947 expected to reach two billion dollars, by Alvin S. Mc-
Coy, September 14; "Medicine Lodge Trains Its Own Cavalry for
Pageant of Indian Peace Council," by Cecil Howes, September 26;
"Babson Inscribes a Magic Circle Opening His Utopia College,"
by Hughes Rudd, October 12; "New K. U. Plan Directs Attention
To Alumni Who Serve Kansas Communities," by Paul Brownlee,
October 13 ; "Kansas Political Fish Fry," Ray Pierson's annual cat-

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102 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

fish party on the Neosho river near Burlington, by Alvin S. McCoy,
October 26; "Kansas Clay Is Basis for a G.I. Pottery Business,"
established by Jimmy Dryden at Ellsworth, October 26, and "Fried
Chicken Wins Fame for Kansas Town of 200 [Brookville, Saline
county] ," November 2, by Eleanor R. Johnston, and "New Summer-
field Generosity Will Add Funds To Help Students Attend K. U.,"
by Paul Brownlee, November 18. Articles in the Kansas City
(Mo.) Times included: "A New Approach To American Way of
Life Is Required Course at K. U.," by Paul Brownlee, September
11 ; "High Prices for Beef Recall the Era of Cattle Drives To Kan-
sas Railroads," by Cecil Howes, September 20; "Mike Malott of
Abilene Talks About His Half Century of Country Banking," by
Charles M. Harger, October 23 ; "Western Kansas Surgeon 'Hitches
Up' His Monoplane for Visits To Patients," by Paul Brownlee, No-
vember 11; "A Strange Beef Animal [Cross-Breeding of Buffalo and
Cattle] Increased Meat Output of Kansas Plains in Early Day,"
November 12, "Kansas Often Has Given for Hungry," November
13, "Dan Cupid and Good Causes Thrived on Old-Fashioned Box
Suppers in Country," November 24, by Cecil Howes.

Frederic Remington, "Painter of the Rip-Roaring West," by
Myra Lockwood Brown and Robert Taft, was a feature of the Sep-
tember, 1947, issue of the Country Gentleman, Philadelphia. Ac-
companying the article were several of Remington's paintings repro-
duced in color. Dr. Taft, who wrote four articles entitled "The Pic-
torial Record of the Old West" which appeared in the 1946 issues of
The Kansas Historical Quarterly, has prepared a more detailed
study of this famous Kansas painter for publication in our next is-
sue as Part V of the artists' series.

Among articles of historical interest in the September, 1947, num-
ber of the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Law-
rence, were: "Ground-Water Resources of Kansas," by V. C. Fishel ;
''Reclamation in the Kansas Basin," by William C. Brady; "Forage
Yields of Native Grasses at Hays, Kansas," by Andrew Riegel;
"Kansas Plants New To Kansas Herbaria," by W. H. Horr and R. L.
McGregor, and "Botanical Notes, 1946," by F. U. G. Agrelius.

The Larned Chronoscope and The Tiller and Toiler have been
publishing a series of articles on the history of Pawnee county as
told by members of some of the county's pioneer families. Recent
sketches featured the Gotlieb Richards family, by Mrs. Minnie

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 103

Richards Buhrer, in the Chronoscope, September 4, 1947 ; the Oscar
Frederick Gustafson family, by Frank and Carl Gustafson, Chron-
oscope, September 18, and a four and one-half column article en-
titled "Senator E. E. Frizell's Story of Early Days in Pawnee
County," The Tiller and Toiler, October 23.

Some of the historical events discussed in recent months by W. E.
Baer in his column, "Across the Years A History of La Cygne,"
appearing regularly in the La Cygne Journal are: The movement of
several families from La Cygne to Washington territory in 1889,
and of another family to Oklahoma in the same year; the extension
of telephone service from La Cygne to Paola; the organization of
the Citizens Bank of La Cygne., which opened for business on Octo-
ber 21, 1889; the activities of the Robert B. Mitchell Post No. 170
of the G. A. R., and a brief sketch of the life of Robert B. Mitchell;
the advocacy of certain reforms by James D. Holden, an early La
Cygne attorney; the third commencement of the La Cygne High
School; the drought of 1860; the beginning of train service from
Kansas City to Amoret and the extension of the railroad beyond
Amoret in 1891; the coal boom in the town of Boicourt in the spring
of 1891; and the observance on Memorial Day, 1891, of the 25th
anniversary of the ending of the Civil War. A list of marriages
from 1885 through 1892 was featured November 21, 1947, and brief
sketches of several young men who served apprenticeships in the
Journal office were printed December 12.

The Hutchinson News-Herald has continued the publication of a
series of pictures of "Historic, Beautiful Kansas," by Russell Walk-
er of St. John, which was begun in August, 1947. Included among
recent pictures are: Coronado Heights, near Lindsborg, September
8; Horse Thief canyon, west of Jetmore, September 15; old Fort
Fletcher, near Walker, September 22; buffalo tracks, between Ells-
worth and Lyons, September 29 ; the First Territorial Capitol build-
ing, near Fort Riley, October 6 ; Castle Rock, Gove county, 13 miles
south of Collyer, October 13; Negro Baptist church that was once
the Stevens county courthouse, Hugoton, November 3; the Morton
county courthouse, Richfield, built in 1889, November 10; the home
of Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Abilene, November 17; Hell's Half-
Acre, ten miles west of Sun City, November 24; chalk formations,
Logan county, December 1 ; Natural Bridge, five miles south of Sun
City, December 8; Mushroom or Toadstool Rock, near Caraeiro,

104 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

December 15; Kansas soapweed, December 22, and guardhouse of
old Fort Harker, Kanopolis, December 29.

Wichita recalled its pioneer days by observing a "Chisholm Trail
Jubilee," September 9-14, 1947, with shows, parades and other en-
tertainment. The trail, named for Jesse Chisholm, Indian trader of
the Wichita area, was made famous by the colorful cattle drives
from Texas when thousands of cattle were driven up the trail to the
newly-built railroads in Kansas. The Wichita Beacon and Eagle
published stories of the jubilee and of the trail's historical back-
ground in issues preceding and during the festival.

Lindsborg newspaper history was reviewed in the Lindsborg News-
Record, September 18, 1947. The earliest paper was the Lindsborg
Localist, first issued April 19, 1879.

Included among the recent subjects discussed by W. W. Graves in
his "History of Neosho County," published in the St. Paul Journal,
were the following: "Farmers Union," September 18, 1947; "The
Grange," September 25; "Farmers Alliance," October 9; "The Farm
Bureau," October 16 ; "Neosho Tanker," United States navy oilers
named for the Neosho river, October 30; "Cemeteries" and "Trag-
edies," November 6; "Tragedies," November 13; "Early Day
Crops," November 20; "Livestock," and a biographical sketch of
Dr. R. 0. Prideaux, November 27 ; a biographical sketch of Jay El-
mer House, December 4; biographical sketches of Thomas F. Mor-
rison, J. M. Cavaness, Leander Stillwell, P. P. Campbell, Hugh
Phillip Farrelly and Col. Roy S. Hoffman, December 11; a bio-
graphical sketch of Mary E. Lease and "The First Newspaper
[Neosho Valley Eagle, of Jacksonville] in Neosho County," Decem-
ber 18, and "History of the St. Paul Journal," December 25.

The Holton Recorder, September 22, 1947, printed an article by
Mary Luella Bateman Johnson about the journey of her grand-
parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Bateman, from Canada to Jackson
county, Kansas. According to Mrs. Johnson, the Batemans, to-
gether with another family, left Canada in 1855 by wagon. They
reached Kansas in the spring of 1857. Stopping at Holton, they ex-
plored the surrounding territory for suitable farms. About two and
one-half miles north they selected a quarter section for each family.
The Batemans built a small log cabin on their quarter which was
soon replaced by a larger one.

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 105

The history of the Gaylord family has been the main feature of
the Protection Historical Society column, "Notes From the Early
Days," published in the Protection Post in recent months.

The story of the county-seat election in Marshall county in 1871
was reviewed in a two-column article in the Marshall County News,
Marysville, September 22, 1947. Marysville and Frankfort were
the leading contenders. Although both were charged with fraud,
Marysville secured the county-seat.

A biographical sketch of H. Q. Banta of Oberlin, who died Sep-
tember 19, 1947, was printed in the Oberlin Herald, September 25.
Mr. Banta was president of the Decatur County Historical Society.

The Wilson World, September 25, 1947, published a two-column
article on the life of John T. (Jack) Anderson, who has been director
of the Wilson city band for forty years.

An article by Alberta Pantle, of the Library staff of the Kansas
State Historical Society, in Mennonite Life, North Newton, October,
1947, discussed the settlement of the village of Gnadenau, Marion
county, by the Krimmer Mennonite Brethren in August, 1874. The
article told of the arrival from Indiana of the main body of the con-
gregation after the site had been selected and negotiations for the
land completed by Elder Jacob A. Wiebe and Franz Janzen. The
building of the homes was described first the temporary houses of
sod and poles, then the frame buildings. Gnadenau had two black-
smith shops, a grist mill, several sorghum mills, one store, and a
building that served as a school house and a church. This was a
sod building which soon crumbled. It was replaced by a frame
building erected in 1877. Miss Pantle described the unusual cus-
toms and clothing of the Mennonites. Some of the experiences suf-
fered by the people from grasshoppers, prairie fires, droughts, and
horse thieves were related.

Thousands of persons filled the town of Medicine Lodge on Octo-
ber 1-3, 1947, to witness the fifth presentation of the Medicine
Lodge Indian Peace Treaty Pageant. Gov. Frank Carlson spoke
preceding the initial performance of the pageant, which commem-
orated the signing of treaties with five Indian tribes, the Kiowas,
Comanches, Apaches, Arapahoes and Cheyennes, by the United
States government in 1867. The pageant was presented in a natural
amphitheater overlooking the site of the original ceremony. Par-
ticipating were 1,500 residents of the Medicine Lodge vicinity and

106 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

250 Indians from Oklahoma. Various scenes depicted historical
events from the time of the Coronado expedition to the peace coun-
cil. The pageant was first presented in 1927 and has been repeated
every five years under the sponsorship of the Medicine Lodge Peace
Treaty Association. Sen. Riley W. MacGregor is president of the
association. Stories of the pageant and its historical background
were printed in many newspapers of the Midwest, including The
Barber County Index of Medicine Lodge, Hutchinson News-Herald,
Topeka Daily Capital, and Kansas City (Mo.) Times.

A history of the Woodston Methodist Episcopal Church, by D. C.
Worden of Woodston, was published in the Rooks County Record,
Stockton, October 2, 1947. The Rev. L. C. York, of Bull City (now
Alton), was the first Methodist preacher to hold services in the town
in the winter of 1886-1887.

A two-column biography of George H. Hodges, Olathe lumber-
man, banker and publisher, who died October 7, 1947, was printed
in The Johnson County Democrat, Olathe, October 9. Mr. Hodges
was governor of Kansas from 1913 to 1915.

The Hays Daily News of October 19, 1947, carried a brief ac-
count of the founding of Fort Hays Kansas State College. The
names of the first 49 students who enrolled were listed and some of
the early activities were discussed.

A brief history of the town of Summerfield, Marshall county, was
printed in the Marysville Advocate, October 23, 1947. The town
was founded in 1888 and was incorporated in 1890. A story of the
A. G. Barrett family home which overlooks the present community
of Barrett, Marshall county, was another historical feature of this
issue of the Advocate. The house was constructed in 1862.

On October 25, 1947, the Tola Register observed its fiftieth birth-
day as a daily newspaper by issuing a historical supplement telling
of the founding of the daily and giving a word picture of things as
they were in Tola in 1897. Charles F. Scott, publisher of the Regis-
ter at the time the daily was started, continued as editor until his
death in 1938 when he was succeeded by his son, Angelo Scott, the
present editor and publisher.

A history of the Larned Presbyterian church was sketched by
the Rev. Ralph Martin in The Daily Tiller and Toiler, Larned, Oc-
tober 27, 1947. The church was organized by the Rev. R. M. Over-
street on August 10, 1873.

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 107

Edward R. DeZurko, who contributed an article entitled "A Re-
port and Remarks on Cantonment Leavenworth," published in the
November, 1947, Kansas Historical Quarterly, was also author of a
ten-page illustrated article on "Early Kansas Churches" printed in
the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Urbana, 111.,
v. 6, Nos. 1-2 (1947).

The Rush County News, La Crosse, November 6, 1947, carried an
article in which P. J. Jennings of McCracken discussed some of the
early history of Rush county. Mr. Jennings arrived in the county
more than 67 years ago with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Jen-
nings. They homesteaded a tract of land about 5% miles north of
McCracken and built a sod "shanty" where the family lived a num-
ber of years. The family just recently erected a bronze marker on
the spot where the sod house stood. According to Mr. Jennings, the
first settlers in the county were William Basham and P. C. Dixon,
who came in 1870. The J. S. Templeton family, James Corrall and
Joseph Shaw Brown settled in the county in 1871. The first white
child born in the county was a son to Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Templeton
on December 27, 1871, named Samuel Alpha. The first post office
in the county was officially called Economy, and was conducted by
N. S. Gilbert. The county was organized and named in 1874.

The Garden City Daily Telegram, November 7, 1947, carried a
brief review of the history of rainmaking in Kansas, by Dolores
Sulzman. The recent organization of the Great Southwest Rain As-
sociation at Dodge City has revived the tales of efforts at rainmak-
ing in the latter part of the nineteenth century. (For more informa-
tion about these early experiments see Martha Caldwell's "Some
Kansas Rain Makers," in The Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. 7
[1938], pp. 306-324.)

Included among the articles of Kansas historical interest in the
1948 issue of the Kansas Magazine, Manhattan, were: "Per As-
pera," a continuation of Charles B. Driscoll's autobiography; "Mary
Elizabeth Lease: Prairie Radical," by Harry Levinson; "Wood
Carvers of Kansas," by Rebecca Welty Dunn; "Vanishing Breeds
[of Wildlife in Kansas] ," by Theo. H. Scheffer ; "The Shape of Kan-
sas," by Cecil Howes, and "General Ike's Boyhood Town," by May
Flenner McElravy. The cover painting, "Chamiso," was by Robert
T. Aitchison, president of the Kansas State Historical Society.

Kansas Historical Notes

A nine-member administrative council for the Republic County
Historical Society was elected by a mail vote in June, 1947. The
members are: Mrs. H. J. Adams, Mrs. R. Camedon and Mrs. Gil-
bert H. Faulkner of Belleville, Mrs. E. G. Blackburn and Mrs. O.
E. McMullen of Courtland, Frank Z. Stover of Republic, Mrs. E.
E. Conzelman of Scandia, M. M. Fate of Talmo, and A. Q. Miller
of Salina.

The women's division of the Topeka Chamber of Commerce voted
September 18, 1947, to restore John Brown's cabin, located at 2303
Pennsylvania, in Highland Park, Topeka. Work was started early
in December and it is planned to make the cabin look as it did when
Brown hid runaway slaves in its tunnel. The tunnel will be re-
opened, and the house will contain authentic furniture of the period.

The Shawnee Mission Indian Historical Society met September
22, 1947, for luncheon and the election of officers at the home of Mrs.
John Blake. The following were elected: Mrs. C. F. Terry, presi-
dent; Mrs. Frank D. Belinder and Mrs. John Barkley, vice-presi-
dents; Mrs. James G. Bell, recording secretary; Mrs. Arthur Wolf,
corresponding secretary; Mrs. J. S. Caldwell, treasurer; Miss Lucile
Larsen, historian; Mrs. Tom Davis, curator, and Mrs. M. Y. Griffin,
member-in-waiting. These officers were installed at the October
meeting which was held at the home of Mrs. James Bell. The so-
ciety has 112 members; eleven having been added during the year.
Mrs. K. S. Browne was the retiring president.

New officers of the Ness County Historical Society elected at a
meeting in Ness City on September 25, 1947, are: 0. L. Lennen,
president; Jennie Eibert, vice-president; Nelle C. Nye, treasurer,
and Audra M. Hays, secretary.

The Riley County Historical Association held its annual meeting
in Manhattan October 2, 1947, and elected the following officers:
Clyde K. Rodkey, president; Mrs. Florence F. Harrop, vice-presi-
dent; Mrs. Medora Hays Flick, secretary; Joe D. Haines, treasurer,
and F. I. Burt, curator. Directors elected for a three-year term are:
R. R. Bennett, Mrs. 0. 0. Parker and Dr. J. W. Evans. The asso-
ciation expects to have permanent quarters for a museum when the
new Peace Memorial Auditorium is built. In cooperation with the

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KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 109

chamber of commerce of Manhattan, the association is also making
plans to preserve and advertise local historic sites. Mr. Rodkey has
appointed a committee to determine what places should be marked
and to decide on a method of marking them. The conclusions of
the committee will be reported to the chamber of commerce by Feb-
ruary, 1948.

At the annual business meeting of the Hodgeman County Histori-
cal Society in Jetmore October 3, 1947, the following officers were
elected: L. W. Hubbell, president; Mrs. 0. W. Lynam, vice-presi-
dent; E. W. Harlan, secretary, and Mrs. 0. L. Teed, treasurer.
Mrs. Margaret Raser was appointed chairman of the program com-
mittee as well as historian for -the society. F. E. Ochs, Miss El-
frieda Kenyon and Mrs. 0. W. Lynam were elected directors for
three-year terms. Mr. Hubbell outlined a plan for preparing a more
complete history of early events in the county.

Through the efforts of the Fort Scott Business and Professional
Women's Club, the old government building on the Plaza is again
open to the public as a historical museum. The building, which was
formerly officers' headquarters for the army post in pre-Civil War
days and later the Free-State hotel, was temporarily taken over by
the women's club to revive interest in the city's early history. The
story of the building, erected in the 1840's, was reviewed by Ralph
Richards in an article in the Fort Scott Tribune, October 9, 1947.

Dr. 0. P. Bellinger of Pittsburg was reflected president of the
Crawford County Historical Society at the annual meeting held in
Pittsburg October 16, 1947. Other officers elected included: Mrs.
F. A. Gerken of Girard, vice-president; Mrs. C. M. Cooper of Pitts-
burg, recording secretary; Mrs. C. D. Gregg of McCune, correspond-
ing secretary, and Mrs. George Elliott of Pittsburg, treasurer. Di-
rectors named for three-year terms were: C. D. Gregg of McCune,
Charles Grandle of Cherokee and Dr. Ralph Smith of Pittsburg.
The principal speaker was R. Purgatorio of Frontenac, one-time
Italian consul. Mr. Purgatorio spoke on Italian immigration to this
country, particularly in the late 1880's and the early 1890's. Mrs.
Ella Werme of Pittsburg told of her family's early years in Craw-
ford county and Frank Mason of McCune and Dr. H. M. Grandle
also recalled the pioneer days of Crawford county.

Jerome C. Berryman was elected president of the Clark County
Historical Society at its annual meeting in Ashland, October 25,

110 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

1947. Other officers elected were: Mrs. Charles McCasland, vice-
president; Mrs. Ethel Gardiner Wilson and John E. Stephens, hon-
orary vice-presidents; Mrs. J. C. Harper, recording secretary; Mrs.
Sidney Dorsey , assistant recording secretary ; Miss Rhea Gross, cor-
responding secretary; Wm. T. Moore, treasurer; M. G. Stevenson,
auditor; Mrs. R. V. Shrewder, historian, and Mrs. Barth Gabbert,
curator. After a program of talks and music, Lon Ford told of some
of the guns in his collection. The collection was purchased with
money collected by a committee headed by Clair C. McFarland and
was presented to the society for its museum. Thirteen life members
were added making a total of 121 life members and six annual mem-
bers. Mrs. Ethel Wilson, the retiring president, presided at the
meeting.

The Kiowa County Historical Society held its annual old settlers'
reunion October 28, 1947, at the community building in Greensburg.
Two hundred and fifty persons attended. Sixteen couples sat at the
"Golden Wedding" table for those married fifty years or over.
Among them were Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Huls of Greensburg who have
been married sixty-four years. Seventy-four persons qualified for
seats at the "pioneer" table which was reserved for those seventy
years or older. The program consisted of music and readings and a
tribute to the pioneers given by the Rev. Elmer E. Brooks of
Greensburg. Newly-elected officers are: Mrs. Bruno Meyer, Havi-
land, president; Henry Schwarm, Greensburg, and W. A. Sluder,
Mullinville, vice-presidents; Mrs. Louie Keller, Greensburg, treas-
urer, and Mrs. Benj. 0. Weaver, Mullinville, secretary.

The third annual meeting of the Protection Historical Society was
held on November 4, 1947, in the basement of the Methodist church.
Mrs. T. W. (Nell) Riner was reflected president and Claude Row-
land vice-president. A program of impromptu reminiscences fol-
lowed the business meeting.

The Douglas County Historical Society was reorganized at a
meeting on November 20, 1947, into the Lawrence Historical So-
ciety. Sen. R. C. Rankin presided. The new society has as its pur-
pose the preservation of the history of Lawrence and the surround-
ing area. The first undertaking will be the erection of a new build-
ing in which to house articles and records of historical value. A
second project will be plans for the observance of Lawrence's 100th
anniversary in 1954. Kirke Mechem, secretary of the Kansas State
Historical Society, discussed the importance of historical societies

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 111

in local communities. He spoke of the historical collections of the
Kansas society and pointed out that it is one of the largest in the
nation. Officers elected by the new Lawrence society are as follows:
R. B. Stevens, president; Dolph Simons, vice-president; Walter Var-
num, treasurer, and Mrs. Dwight Prentice, secretary. Other per-
sons elected to the board of directors besides the above officers are:
R. C. Rankin, 0. P. Barber, Corlett Cotton, Tommy Constant, Jus-
tin Hill, Walter Keeler, Miss Ida Lyons, Mrs. E. M. Owens, Olin
K. Petefish, M. N. Penny and Art Weaver. With a few alterations
the constitution of the Douglas County Historical Society was
adopted by the new society. The society received from C. E. Col-
lins of Kansas City, Mo., a foot-long oak "key" which was used
years ago to lock the main shaft on the Dutch windmill which stood
on Mount Oread for many years before it was destroyed by fire
about 1910. The historical collection of the society is growing and
it is hoped that the new city building will provide a room large
enough to make a temporary display of the many interesting ar-
ticles connected with the early days of Lawrence.

Members and friends of the American Pioneer Trails Association
met at the Memorial building in Topeka, December 1, 1947, to hear
a discussion by the president, Howard R. Driggs of New York City,
of plans for the coming year. The marking of Western cattle trails
will have first place on the agenda, and a brochure and map will be
prepared for distribution to members. Mr. Driggs spoke of the as-
sociation's desire to see a national park or monument established in
Kansas and recommended Alcove Springs, near Independence cross-
ing in Marshall county, as a suitable location. Dr. George W.
Davis of Ottawa is the association's regional director for Kansas.

The Shawnee County Historical Society held its second annual
dinner meeting December 5, 1947, at the First Methodist Church in
Topeka. Nyle H. Miller of the Kansas State Historical Society was
the principal speaker. Mr. Miller discussed the origin and early
happenings of Topeka and Shawnee county, and read parts of letters
written by Cyrus K. Holliday, one of the town founders. Mayor
Frank Warren spoke on behalf of the city, and Mark Lumb spoke
as a representative of the Topeka schools and told of the use by the
schools of the society's quarterly historical Bulletin. Robert Stone,
president of the society, recalled some of the historic places in the
county that deserve more attention and better marking. A number
of old pictures, maps, charts and newspapers were shown at the

112 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

meeting. Also microfilm and photostatic copies of the original rec-
ords and proceedings of the Topeka association were shown. The
society's board of trustees met on December 22 and reflected the
following officers: Robert Stone, president; Mrs. Erwin (Dorothy
Crane) Keller, vice-president; George A. Root, secretary; Paul
Adams, assistant secretary; Paul B. Sweet, treasurer, and Cecil
Howes, editor of the Bulletin. Stone, Root, Adams, Sweet, Howes,
Paul A. Lovewell, Milton Tabor, J. Glenn Logan and Arthur J. Car-
ruth, Jr., are the trustees. The September-December number of the
society's Bulletin included the following articles: The first install-
ment of "Founders of Topeka," which presents a sketch of the life
of Dr. Franklin Loomis Crane, by Mrs. Erwin Keller, a great-grand-
daughter; "What About the Name, Topeka?" by Cecil Howes; the
second installment of the reprint of William W. Cone's "Shawnee
County Townships"; "Early Topeka Days," the reminiscences of
Mrs. Harry Seery; "The Smith, A Mighty Man Was He," by Paul
Lovewell, and a continuation of George Root's "Chronology of
Shawnee County."

Historic Midwest Houses, by John Drury, a November, 1947, pub-
lication of the University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, con-
tains pictures and articles descriptive of historic and interesting
homes in twelve Midwestern states. Kansas houses included in the
volume are: the John Brown cabin at Osawatomie, Carry Nation's
house at Medicine Lodge, Ed Howe's home at Atchison, the William
Allen White house at Emporia, and the Eisenhower dwelling at Abi-
lene, boyhood home of Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Mr. Drury, a
Chicago newspaperman, made his selections after a ten-thousand-
mile tour of the Midwest. More than half of the eighty-seven houses
listed are museums. Two of the Kansas homes mentioned, the John
Brown cabin and the Eisenhower home, are open to the public.

75 Years in Great Bend is the title of a recently issued story of
the city. It is a 48-page pamphlet composed of pictures contrasting
the early-day city with that of today. There are brief explanations
and bits of history connected with the buildings and people shown.

An attractive illustrated folder featuring Emporia, "capital of the
bluestem-pasture region," was a recent publication of the Emporia
Chamber of Commerce.

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

May 1948

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society

Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

PAGE

THE PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST: V. Remington in

Kansas Robert Taft, 113

With the following illustrations :

Frederic Remington, from a photograph of the early 1880's; Reming-
ton's original sketches of the buildings on the "Remington Ranch,"
"Herding Sheep," and "Lambing Time" (between pp. 120, 121), and
scenes of Kansas life and agriculture (between pp. 128, 129).

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part Two,

1828 Edited by Louise Barry, 136

With a contemporaneous sketch of the Mississippi river steamboat
Belvidere, facing p. 144.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY, 1856-1864: Part Five,

1860-1864 Concluded 175

With a portrait of Mrs. Julia Louisa Lovejoy, facing p. 170.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY , 212

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 215

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 222

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

This sketch by Frederic Remington appeared in Harper's
Weekly of New York (April 28, 1888, p. 300) under the title,
"Texan Cattle in a Kansas Corn Corral." Remington was a resi-
dent of northwest Butler county, Kansas, 1883-1884.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XVI May, 1948 Number 2

The Pictorial Record of the Old West

V. REMINGTON IN KANSAS

ROBERT TAFT

(Copyright, 1948, by ROBERT TAFT)

It may safely be said that nine-tenths of those engaged in the
stock-business in the Far West are gentlemen. Here is a fascinat-
ing, health-restoring and profitable occupation for the great army of
broken-down students and professional men, and in crowds they
are turning their backs upon the jostling world to secure new life
and vigor upon these upland plains. George R. Buckman in
Lippincott's Magazine, 1882.

AMONG the many diverse, interesting and entertaining social
phenomena that have made up the past American scene and
its life, one of the most curious and, in retrospect, one of the most
romantic was the wholesale migration to the plains of the Great
West in the early 1880's. The professional historian has catalogued
this emigration as one of the factors making up the life of that age,
but the phenomenon itself deserves more than mere cataloguing, for
it is an important exceedingly important movement that was to
affect profoundly American life and American culture in subsequent
years. 1 That this judgment is more than mere rhetoric becomes

DR. ROBERT TAFT, of Lawrence, is professor of chemistry at the University of Kansas and
editor of the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. He is author of Photography
And the American Scene (New York, 1938), and .Across the Years on Mount Oread (Lawrence,
1941).

Previous articles in this pictorial series appeared in the February, May, August and Novem-
ber, 1946, issues of The Kansas Historical Quarterly, with the general introduction in the
February number.

1. The Buckman article, quoted above, "Ranches and Ranchers of the Far West," Lip-
pincott's Magazine, Philadelphia, v. 29 (1882), p. 435, begins by commenting on the Western
exodus of young collegians and professional men from the overcnnyded East. As far as I
know, there has been no specific or extensive study of this Western migration of the late 1870's
and early 1880's. The fundamental origin and the economic causes of the migration and the
organization and conduct of the huge cattle companies have been satisfactorily dealt with by
Ernest S. Osgood, The Day of the Cattleman (Minneapolis, 1929), especially in the chapter
"The Cattle Boom." W. P. Webb, The Great Plains (Boston, 1931), pp. 233-239, and Louis
Pelzer, The Cattleman's Frontier (Glendale, Cal., 1936), are other sources of information on
these topics. The social aspects of the migration in all their interesting features, however, still
lack a chronicler. The contemporary literature listed in Footnotes 10 and 11 (far from com-
plete, but somewhat more extensive than is available elsewhere) may serve as a starting point
for such a study; and, incidentally, the present series contributes, I trust, to this interesting
subject.

(113)

114 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

apparent when one considers the careers of a single quartet of West-
ern emigrants. The most notable of the quartet was the young and
bespectacled Theodore Roosevelt whose cattle-ranching career of
several years began in the Dakotas in 1883. His ranching life led
eventually to the leadership of the Rough Riders and their part in
the war with Spain. The ultimate reward of the spectacular leader
of the Rough Riders was his elevation to the White House. 2 Emer-
son Hough, the second of our quartet of the West, began his pro-
fessional life (the study and practice of law) in a cow camp at
White Oaks, New Mexico territory, in 1881. His experiences at
White Oaks laid the foundations for a career as a noted chronicler
of the West, which probably reached its zenith in one of the greatest
of our motion picture plays The Covered Wagon. 3 The third mem-
ber, Frederic Remington, ventured his patrimony in a sheep ranch
in Kansas in 1883, and the fourth member was Owen Wister who
made his first trial of ranch life in Wyoming in 1885. In The
Virginian, Wister's most popular book, he created characters and
lines that live to the present day. 4 One has only to recall Wister's
line now used so much as to be threadbare "When you call me
that, smile," to appreciate the point.

Of these four men, only Roosevelt and Wister were known to each
other previous to their Western life. None of their trails crossed
in their early years in the West, but in later life all became very
intimately acquainted with each other and with each other's work.
Roosevelt and Wister were to become Remington's most ardent
admirers and protagonists; Hough, on the other hand, was doubt-
less Remington's severest critic. All four, however, were extremely
active and articulate exponents of the West and its life.

2. The standard source of information on the Western experiences of Theodore Roosevelt
is Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (Boston and New York, 1921). The
ranching experiences of Roosevelt as only one of the chapters of his life are described in many
biographies, for example, Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York, 1931). It is not
argued in the text, of course, that Roosevelt would not have been President save for his
ranch experience, but the route, which began with the Dakota ranch, and then led through
the Rough Riders and Spanish war to the governorship of New York, to the Vice-Presidency
and then to the White House, got him there more quickly than if his Dakota experiences had
not occurred. After I had written the lines in the text concerning Roosevelt, and the effect of
Western life on his career, I chanced across John Burroughs' Camping & Tramping With
Roosevelt (Boston and New York, 1907). On pp. 14 and 15 Burroughs made a statement
credited to Roosevelt himself that is practically the same as my summary.

3. There is no satisfactory biography of Emerson Hough. His original Western venture,
not dated with certainty, is briefly described by Lee Alexander Stone, Emerson Hough: His
Place in American Letters (Chicago, 1925), p. 16. The Covered Wagon was called "the one
great American epic that the screen has produced" by Robert E. Sherwood, ed., The Best
Moving Pictures of 1922-23 (Boston, 1923), p. 72. Lexvis Jacobs in The Rise of the American
Film (New York, 1939), gives a more reasonable judgment of the film but even he called The
Covered Wagon "forthright, impressive, and vigorous."

4. For Owen Wister's initial experience in the West and his early contacts with Theodore
Roosevelt see Wister's Roosevelt The Story of a Friendship (New York, 1930). On page 28,
Wister writes "Early in July, 1885, I went there [Wyoming]. This accidental sight of the
cattle-country settled my career." For a brief biography of Wister, see New York Times, July
22, 1938, p. 17. The Virginian, when it first appeared in 1902, was an overnight best seller.
The Publishers' Weekly, New York, v. 135 (February 18, 1939), p. 835.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 115

For every one of this articulate quartet, however, there were
thousands of inarticulate embryo ranchers in the West before 1885.
Although Mr. Buckman's estimate that ninety percent of these new-
comers were "gentlemen" may be unduly optimistic, it is probably
true that the sunshiny atmosphere of the wide open spaces was
rent by many a curse with a pronounced Harvard accent. Cursing,
indeed, seemed to be almost a necessary requirement of the difficult
life of the West, a fact recognized by that genial philosopher and
fount of considerable wisdom, Mr. Dooley, a contemporary well
known to the quartet mentioned above. "No wan," points out Mr.
Dooley, "cud rope a cow or cinch a pony without swearin'. A
strick bringin' up is th' same as havin' a wooden leg on th'
plains." 5 This sage observation is given added point when it is
recalled that the inability of the future leader of the Rough Riders
to use some of the stronger parts of speech in the Saxon language
nearly led to discrediting him as a rancher. At his first round-up,
Roosevelt urged one of his hands to head off cattle that were making
a break for freedom with the shrill cry "Hasten forward quickly
there!" The roar of laughter that followed was echoed at many a
campfire and Roosevelt almost became the laughing-stock of the
country round about, but his vigorous character eventually
weathered the near disaster. 6

More pertinent, however, than the question of language on the
plains, is the question "What brought this great influx to the former
haunts of the buffalo?" The answer to this question is too long and
involved to consider in detail here. The immediate causes in each
case were doubtless as numerous as the immigrants themselves but
there are certain broad aspects of the problem that we can point
out and which will not be irrelevant in understanding Remington
and the success that he later achieved.

The building of the railroad westward and the removal of the
Indian barrier were of fundamental importance in the westward
migration. Once the main barrier was down and access to the vast
new country was easier, the trek began. Adventurers, big-game
hunters, settlers in search of cheap land, health-seekers, gold-seekers,
enterprising young politicians, restless young men these and many
other types joined the army of the new forty-niners. Leading the
van was the world-roaming, inquisitive Englishman. Many of this
class were sportsmen, but England's need of beef was also an
important factor in the westward surge, so important that a Royal

5. Finley P. Dunne, Observations by Mr. Dooley (New York, 1902), p. 227.

6. Hagedorn, op. cit., p. 101.

116 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Commission was sent from England in the late 1870 's to study
cattle raising on the plains. As a result of its favorable report and
even before many Englishmen were among those who sought the
plains of the New World. "The American cattle-trade is exciting
much interest in England, where two of our most pressing needs
just now are cheaper meat and outlets for our boys" is, for example,
the preface of a contemporary account in an English periodical. 7
If the Englishman started the trail west, the whole world soon fol-
lowed suit and representatives from nearly every civilized nation
of the globe could be found on the prairies and plains of the West.

Why our countrymen the Easterners joined this march to the
West is not as readily explained. Emerson Hough in later life
ironically attributed the "discovery" of the West to three well-
known Americans and infers that these three were responsible for
the great interest in this region. "Buffalo Bill, Ned Buntline and
Frederic Remington," writes Hough with feeling, tinged no doubt
by envy, "ah, might one hold the niche in fame of e'er a one of these
tripartite fathers of their country! It is something to have created
a region as large as the American west, and lo! have not these
three done that thing?" 8 Hough, of course, was referring to the
West created in the minds of the Easterner by the above trio, for
the West, it scarcely needs be said, was discovered long before
Remington's day. Hough's commentary, however, is revealing in
that it serves to emphasize the part that Remington played in
American life during his heyday (1890-1909). But what was the
lure that led Roosevelt, Hough and Wister to the West? Remington
felt that Catlin, Gregg, Irving, Lewis and Clark aroused his in-
centive for the Western venture. 9 Their influence, I am sure, was
supplemented by still other sources ; sources that consciously or un-
consciously affected many Americans who migrated to the plains in
the early 1880's. In the first place, there was considerable popular
literature, both in book and periodical form on the subject, pre-
ceding and contemporary with the beginning of the decade in ques-
tion. Such books as Col. R. I. Dodge's The Plains of the Great
West (published in England as The Hunting Grounds of the Great
West), Vivian's Wanderings in the Western Land, Campion's On
the Frontier (Campion made his Western venture as a result of

7. The Spectator, London, March 17, 1877, p. 341. The report of the Royal Commis-
sion referred to is Re-port on American Agriculture, With an Appendix (1880), which is part of
the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture (depressed condition), 1879. Buckman,
loc. cit., also states in connection with this Western migration, "The English first sought out
the new land."

8. Emerson Hough, "Texas Transformed," Putnam's Magazine, New York, v. 7 (1909-
1910), p. 200.

9. Remington's autobiography, Collier's Weekly, New York, March 18, 1905.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 117

interest aroused by Catlin's paintings), and Camps in the Rockies
by W. A. Baillie-Grohman were all published between 1877 and
1882, several being sufficiently popular to require publication of
more than one edition. 10 The periodical literature, too, of this same

10. Richard I. Dodge, The Plains of the Great West (New York, 1877), or its English
edition, The Hunting Grounds of the Great West (London, 1876), was one of the best known
books of its kind and doubtless was the incentive that drew many to the West. Many years
after its publication, Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell called it "The best book
upon the plains country." See their American Big-Game Hunting (New York, 1901), p. 323.

The other books mentioned in the text were published as follows:

J. S. Campion, On the Frontier (London, 1878). Experiences of some years in the West,
ranching, hunting and traveling.

A. Pendarves Vivian, Wanderings in the Western Land (London, 1879). Experiences in
the West on a hunting trip in 1877.

William A. Baillie-Grohman, Camps in the Rockies (New York, 1882). A London edition
appeared the same year; a second English edition in 1883, and a second American edition in
1884. The book, based on four trips to America, was essentially a sporting book but it con-
tains a chapter on ranching and an appendix which estimates the probable profits to be gained
from cattle ranching. Other books bearing on the same general period are numerous. A few
are listed below. Altogether their influence, quite apart from any real merits the books may or
may not have possessed, must have been considerable. The interested reader will note how
many are of English origin or had English editions. Some others of the period 1876-1880 (my
list does not exhaust the subject) are:

William Blackmore, ed., Colorado, Its Resources, Parks and Prospects (London, 1869).
Although lying outside the dates specified above, it is given as an illustration of an elaborate
emigrant brochure.

Earl of Dunraven, The Great Divide: Travels in the Upper Yellowstone (New York and
London, 1876).

Frank Whittaker, George A. Custer (New York, 1876).

Edward L. Wheeler, Deadwood Dick Library (Cleveland, 1878-1889). Over fifty pub-
lished in this period. All were Westerns.

James B. Fry, Army Sacrifices (New York, 1879). Western Indian war.

Harry Castlemon, George in Camp or Life on the Plains (Philadelphia, 1879). A book for
boys.

William F. Cody, Life of William F. Cody (Hartford, 1879).

John Mortimer Murphy, Sporting Adventures in the Far West (New York and London,
1879).

Rossiter W. Raymond. Camp and Cabin: Sketches of Life and Travel in the West (New
York, 1880). Nevada, California and the Yellowstone country.

Stephen R. Riggs, Mary and I: Forty Years With the Sioux (Chicago, 1880). Missionary
life from 1837 to 1877.

Samuel Nugent Townshend, Our Indian Summer in the Far West (London, 1880). Descrip-
tion of a tour of Kansas, Colorado and the Southwest.

Benjamin F. Taylor, Summer-Savory Gleaned From Rural Nooks in Pleasant Weather
(Chicago, 1880). Colorado and Utah.

J. W. Buel, Heroes of the Plains (St. Louis, 1881).

James A. Little, Jacob Hamblin (Salt Lake City, 1881). Frontiersman in Utah and
Arizona.

Gen. James S. Brisbin, The Beef Bonanza, or How To Get Rich on the Plains (Philadelphia,
1881; also an English edition with the same imprint). Here's a daisy! There was no curb on
General Brisbin's enthusiasm. By five years, according to Brisbin's estimate, the annual income
from a cattle ranch would be bigger than the original investment. "After the fifth year the
profits will be enormous." Sheep ranching also was boosted and the prospective sheep rancher
was told that he could "clear on herd and ranch worth $12,000 in three years." To prove his
points for skeptical readers Brisbin has the expenses and profits all carefully tabulated for a
five-year period.

R. P. Spice, The Wanderings of the Hermit of Westminster Between New York and San
Francisco (London. 1881).

G. Thomas Ingham, Digging Gold Among the Rockies (Philadelphia, 1882).

William H. Russell, Hespereothen: Notes From the West (London and New York, 1882),
2 vols. By the well-known English correspondent of the Civil War. Described a trip of 1880-
1881 through Minnesota, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico and California.

Richard I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians (Hartford and Chicago, 1882). The Indians were
Western Indians and Dodge, an army officer, wrote with the authority of a good many years'
experience on the plains as this book and The Hunting Grounds of the Great West show.

George F. Price. Across the Continent With the 5th Cavalry (New York, 1883).

George O. Shields, Hunting in the Great West (Chicago and New York, 1883). Mainly
Montana and Wyoming.

E. S. Topping, The Chronicles of the Yellowstone (St. Paul, 1883). Historical and pro-
motional.

Gen. George A. Custer, Wild Life on the Plains and Horrors of Indian Warfare (St. Louis,
1883). Reprints of General Custer's Galaxy articles plus additional material. Presumably pub-
lished for large circulation (cheap paper and extremely crude illustrations) ; it went through
many editions. Intermediate between the more conservative books listed above and the still
cheaper dime novels. Incidentally, dime novels by 1884 were being severely criticized on the
grounds that the pernicious influence which they exerted was causing youngsters to commit
crimes (robberies and holdups) so that they could "go West and be cowboys"; a criticism

118 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

interval contains numerous articles on the West and its attractions ;
many times illustrated by artists from first-hand observations. 11
These Western illustrations are of sufficient importance to warrant
more extensive discussion; a discussion which we will, however,

certainly pertinent in any discussion of the effect of literature on the Western migration. See
the New York Semi-Weekly Tribune. March 11, 1884.

Reginald Aldridge, Life on a Ranch (New York, 1884) ; in England as Ranch Notes
(London. 1884). Aldridge, an Englishman, out of work in the depression of the 1870's, came
to the United States after reading letters from Kansas and Colorado published in the English
periodical Field. The book reviews his cattle-ranching experience in Kansas, Indian territory
and Texas from 1877 to 1883.

William Shepherd, Prairie Experiences in Handling Cattle and Sheep (London, 1884, and
New York, 1885).

Profits of Sheep and Cattle Raising in Southwest Kansas (Topeka, 1884). This pamphlet
is cited as illustrative of still another type of literature which had marked influence in the
Western migration of the 1880's. It is a promotional bulletin published by the Santa Fe
railroad. That these bulletins did have a considerable effect although not always the de-
sired one is attested by a Kansas correspondent in a letter to The Nation, New York, August
6, 1885, p. 113.

Elizabeth Custer, Boots and Saddles (New York and London, 1885). Although the life
of the Custers on the Dakota plains in the 1870's is the topic, the book again focused Eastern
attention on the West.

Walter, Baron von Richthofen, Cattle Raising on the Plains of North America (New York,
1885). The author states that he had lived in Colorado and was for many years engaged in
the stock business. He gives a brief account of the extent of the cattle ranching by 1885 with
estimates of costs and profits. Chapter 9 deals with the great ranches of the West and gives
some idea of the magnitude of ranching as a big business. I have read that Baron Richthofen 1
was the father of the celebrated aviator Richthofen of World War I and that the aerial tactics
of the "flying circus" introduced by Richthofen were suggested by tales told by the elder
Richthofen of the circling tactics used by the Plains Indians in the warfare against the whites.
I have been unable to verify the relationship between the two Richthofens.

Theodore Roosevelt, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (New York and London, 1885). Not
to be confused with Ro9sevelt's Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, published two years later.

John H. Sullivan, Life and Adventures of a Cow-Boy or Valuable Hints on Raising Stock
(New York, ca. 1885).

De B. Randolph Keim, Sheridan's Troopers on the Border (Philadelphia, 1885).

Ernest Ingersoll, The Crest of the Continent (Chicago, 1885).

Percy G. Ebutt, Emigrant Life in Kansas (London, 1886). Cattle ranching in Kansas in
the 1870's.

E. Marston, Frank's Ranche or My Holiday in the Rockies (London and New York, 1886),
"What We Are To Do With Our Boys."

11. Among my notes on articles in the periodical literature dealing specifically with various
aspects of ranching (not already cited) are those listed below. It should be kept in mind that
articles dealing with Western Indians, the West, etc., should also be included in any complete
bibliography of Western literature for in the late 1870's and early 1880's all such material
served to instruct and attract its readers in the West.

W. A. Baillie-Crohman, "Cattle Ranches in the Far West," Fortnightly Review, London,
y. 34 (October, 1880), p. 438. This article forms the basis of Chapter 12 in his book Camps
in the Rockies.

Alfred Terry Bacon, "Ranch Cure," Lippincott's Magazine, Philadelphia, v. 28 (1881),
p. 90. The title suggests one cause of Western migration. Bacon continued the above article
in a second one, "Colorado Round-Up," ibid., p. 622.

"Ranche Life in the Far West" (uncredited), Macmillan's Magazine, London, v. 48 (1883),
p. 293. Reprinted in Living Age, Boston, v. 158 (1883), p. 596. A word of caution to those
enthusiasts of little knowledge who were considering ranch life (sheep raising) on the plains.
Many of the difficulties and hardships are pointed out.

Arthur H. Paterson, "Camp Life on the Prairies," Macmillan's Magazine, London, v. 49
(1884), p. 171. An Englishman's experience.

"A Wyoming Cowboy on Cattle Raising," one-half column in the New York Semi-Weekly
Tribune, February 29, 1884, p. 3. This item is cited as illustrative of much of the fugitive
contemporary literature, which altogether must have totaled hundreds of accounts. This story,
for example, was reprinted in the Tribune from the Pittsburgh Dispatch. It is a hearty
recommendation of ranch life with its great profits, plus an amusing tall story of Western

Alice W. Rollins, "Ladies' Day at the Ranch," Harper's Magazine, New York, v. 71 (June,
1885), pp. 3-17. Still another aspect of life on a western Kansas ranch.

Rufus F. Zogbaum, "A Day's 'Drive' With Montana Cow-Boys," ibid. (July, 1885), pp.
188-193. Zogbaum was probably as nearly Remington's immediate predecessor as any man.

The Nation, New York, v. 41 (July 2, 1885), pp. 15-17, has a long review and discussion
of the well-known Report in Regard To the Range and Ranch Cattle Business in the United
States, by Joseph Nimmo, Jr., another important item in any Western bibliography. How ex-
tensive the interest was in this report and in the West can be judged by the letters to this
publication which the review initiated. Letters to The Nation some of them of considerable
length on the same general topic (most of them are from Westerners) will be found in v. 41
as follows: (July 16, 1885) pp. 50, 51, (August 6) pp. 113, 114, (August 27) pp. 172-174,
(September 17) pp. 237, 238, (October 29) pp. 360, 361.

Frank Wilkeson, "Cattle-Raising on the Plains," Harper's Magazine, New York, v. 72
(April, 1886), pp. 788-795. Another first-hand account by one who had tried it out.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 119

postpone until later in this series. But probably more important
than the books, periodicals and illustrations of the period was still
another source of information the newspapers. One can scarcely
pick up an issue of an Eastern newspaper of almost any decade
after 1850, without finding news items from the West concerning
Western migrations; accounts of Indian troubles; tall stories of
frontiersmen and highwaymen and letters from homesteaders,
miners and travelers some of it authentic, much of it garbled and
a great deal of it lurid reporting of imaginary events. In fact, so
terrible was the reporting in many cases, that Western inhabitants
complained of the treatment they received at the hands of Eastern
newspapers. Robert Strahorn, & Westerner and a free-lance writer,
who wrote under the pseudonym of "Alter Ego" for the Rocky
Mountain News of Denver, and other newspapers, commented on
his colleagues in the East in the following acid vein:

Of manners and morals of western people generally, much is said that is
far beyond the pale of truth. Nearly every eager itemizer, from the manager
of a representative eastern paper down to the senseless and superficial scribbler
for the eastern backwoods press, comes to the new west with mind literally
charged with glowing absurdities and with an unyielding determination to
realize these absurdities. Why this should be is partly explained by the fact
that eastern readers demand experiences from the western plains and moun-
tains which smack of the crude, the rough and the semi-barbarous. 12

The Indian question, especially, Strahorn pointed out, was in-
variably overworked by these Eastern correspondents who saw
Indians behind every clump of sage brush, menacing the traveler at
every step in his journey across the plains.

No doubt, the cause of this extraordinary interest in the Western
Indian that the Eastern newspaper reporter displayed was greatly
stimulated by the appalling military disaster that overwhelmed
Custer and his command on the hills above the Little Big Horn
river in the summer of 1876 the centennial year. 13

Ouster's defeat certainly had the effect of focusing the attention
of the entire world upon the Western region and the newspaper in-
terest in this event and succeeding Indian questions is readily under-
standable, no matter how imperfectly they were reported. The con-
siderable volume of Western literature in newspaper, periodical

12. The quotation from Robert E. Strahorn will be found in his Hand-Book of Wyoming
(Cheyenne, 1877), p. 105. For a biographical sketch of Strahorn, see The National Cyclo-
paedia of American Biography, v. C (1930), pp. 445, 446.

That Eastern newspapers really gave many items of Western news can be seen from the
number of entries found in the Index To the New York Daily Tribune under the heads
"Indians," 'West," "Cowboys," "Ranching," "Plains," for the years 1868-1885 inclusive, a
period in which large migrations to the West took place.

13. See Part IV of this series: "Ouster's Last Stand," in The Kansas Historical Quarterly,
November, 1946, pp. 361-390.

120 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and book makes it apparent then that the West had been "dis-
covered" in whatever sense the word may be used long before
Remington's day. The West was early a part of the national
consciousness, and the events and literature in the decade from
1876 to 1886 had developed a consuming interest in the life of the
plains. No matter, for our present purpose, if the great bubble of
an abundant ranch life burst with sickening suddenness in the
terrible winter of 1886-1887 and if the migration from the plains
was almost as rapid as the earlier emigration to the Western land;
for, despite the bursting of the bubble, this consuming interest was
shared by a large audience, and there were many in that audience
who had partaken of that life. By the late 1880's the time was
opportune for still other chroniclers who could recall and recapture
the life just passed with pen, pencil and brush. They soon appeared
and among them was Remington. The fact that he was fortunate
enough to have lived for a time this life on the plains, led naturally,
if not directly, to his mature achievements as one of the country's
leading illustrators.

The year that Remington lived in Kansas was the only time that
he established residence on the plains, although in subsequent years
he made frequent Western trips for inspiration and fresh material.
In this respect he was unlike Charley Russell, whose work has
frequently been compared with that of Remington. Russell spent
most of his life as a resident of the West and worked for some years
as a cowhand. As a result, his work is frequently more exact, as
far as detail goes, than was that of Remington, who was primarily
interested in action rather than exact detail an important point
to keep in mind in comparing the two artists. 14

The Kansas experience, however, was not Remington's first
Western venture. Late in the summer of 1881, as a youth of 19, he
had spent some weeks on the plains of Montana and that trip had
apparently cast its spell over the youngster. 15 Some sketches had
resulted from this trip and one had been published by Harper's
Weekly in 1882 which was used, however, to illustrate an incident
of life in the then Arizona territory. 16

14. Russell will be considered later in this series and further comparisons of his work with
that of Remington will then be made.

15. Remington left Canton, N. Y., in August, 1881, for Montana, according to the St.
Lawrence Plaindealer, Canton, N. Y., August 10, 1881, p. 3. I am indebted to Editor Atwood
Manley of the Plaindealer for the courtesy of examining the files of the Plaindealer in his
office. Remington several times referred in later years to this early trip to Montana. See the
autobiography cited in Footnote 9 and his book, Pony Tracks (New York, 1895), p. 7.

16. The sketch will be found in Harper's Weekly, New York, v. 26 (February 25, 1882),
p. 120. It was re-drawn by W. A. Rogers who mentions the fact in his autobiography A
World Worth While (New York, 1927), p. 246. Ropers himself had some experience as a
Western artist which will be recorded subsequently in this series.

The length of Remington's Montana visit has not been established with certainty. He was

FREDERIC REMINGTON

(1861-1909)

In his Butler county days. A photograph probably made at
Peabody in 1883.

s
4 s

-^m

LAMBING TIME

Robert Camp, Remington's immediate neighbor. From an
original sketch made by Remington in 1883 and identified by Mr.
Camp in 1943. Courtesy the Remington Art Memorial.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 121

A year and a half spent at the Yale Art School was terminated
early in 1880 by the death of his father who left him a patrimony of
several thousand dollars. 17

After he quit school, Remington corresponded with a Yale friend,
Robert Camp of Milwaukee. Camp was graduated with the class
of 1882 and late in the same summer went to south-central Kansas
to try his hand at sheep-ranching, one of the many individuals in
the Western migration of the early 1880's. Remington, if he could
have followed his own interests, would doubtless have found his
way to the cattle range and established his own cattle ranch. But
the initial venture in a cattle ranch on any save the most modest
scale, was an expensive business. Theodore Roosevelt, for example,
in less than a year invested over eighty thousand dollars in es-
tablishing his cattle ranch in the Bad Lands of Dakota. 18

Remington had no such sum to invest and Camp, in his corre-
spondence, pointed out that a sheep ranch could be established with
the small patrimony that Remington had available. 19 Further,
Camp described the country where he had made his establishment,
and life on his ranch with such enthusiasm that Remington was soon
eager to join his friend. Camp made the necessary arrangements
for the purchase of a small ranch adjoining his own on the south,
and early in the spring of 1883 Remington left Albany for a farewell
visit to his family at Canton and then set out for the plains of Kan-

sas. 20

back in Albany, N. Y., by October 18, 1881, as I have a copy of a letter written by Reming-
ton on that date in which he states that an interview with George William Curtis, editor of
Harper's Weekly, had been arranged for him so that Curtis could be shown some of Reming-
ton's sketches.

17. Remington was enrolled at Yale for the school years beginning in 1878 and 1879 (Yale
University Catalogues for these years). He left school during the Christmas holidays of 1879
and did not return because of the ill health of his father who died on February 10, 1880.
Ogdensburg (N. Y.) Journal, February 19, 1880. I have studied in some detail Remington's
life at Yale as well as his life in Albany, N. Y. He held some five or six jobs in Albany
from 1880 until he moved to Kansas in 1883. I hope to publish these studies subsequently.

18. Roosevelt's investment in the Bad Lands ranch will be found in Hagedorn, op. cit.,
appendix, p. 482. Mr. Hagedorn estimates that Roosevelt lost over fifty thousand dollars
in Dakota, a considerable share of the loss being caused by the terrible winter of 1886-1887.

19. My information on Robert Camp and Remington is based on personal interviews with
Robert Camp in 1943, who was then over eighty and living in Milwaukee. I am indebted to
Wilbur I. Earth of the First Wisconsin Trust Company, Milwaukee, who interviewed Mr.
Camp for me on three different occasions, asking him my many questions and returning the
replies. Mention of "Bob" Camp's activities in Kansas will be found in the Peabody Gazette
for the period under discussion as follows: August 24, 1882, p. 5, mentions the presence of
Bob Camp and the issue of September 7, p. 5, in its Plum Grove notes, mentions that Mr.
Camp moved onto his place "some two weeks ago" ; also mention of the Camp venture on
October 19, p. 5, November 30, p. 5, and December 28, p. 4. The last item states that
Camp owned 900 sheep and "thinks sheep raising the boss business." The location of his
ranch is also given as Sec. 25, T. 23, R. 3. It is thus seen that his ranch was in the same
section as Remington's (see Footnote 20). The issue of June 21, 1883, p. 4, states that Camp
"clipped between six and eight thousand pounds of wool this spring." Camp lived in the
Peabody neighborhood for some years. The last reference that I have found to Camp in the
Gazette is in the issue of September 9, 1886, p. 5.

20. An item in the St. Lawrence Plaindealer, Canton, N. Y., February 28, 1883, states
that Fred Remington had resigned his position in Albany and was in Canton and would leave
for the West "in a few days."

An examination of records in the office of the register of deeds of Butler county (at El
Dorado) was made for me by Mrs. Corah Mooney Bullock of El Dorado, to whom I am in-

122 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Kansas "ranch," the purchase of which Camp had arranged
for Remington, was a quarter section (one hundred and sixty acres)
in northwest Butler county. Butler county is and was also in
Remington's day a huge rectangle of land, so large that it has been
humorously referred to as "the State of Butler." It is a rolling up-
land that lies on the extreme western edge of the Flint Hills, a high
escarpment running north and south which roughly divides the
eastern third of Kansas from the remainder of the state. The es-
carpment rises abruptly from the prairies on its eastern side but
slopes upward gently on the western side, merging again into prairie
level, and still farther west much farther becomes eventually the
High Plains. The Flint Hills proper are vast swells, treeless but
covered with bluestem grass, and form one of the great natural pas-
ture lands of the world. Sheep and cattle raising and grazing had
begun in the eastern Flint Hills almost with the opening of Kansas
territory in 1854. As settlers moved west after the Civil War, the
stock industry gradually moved with the migration. In the late
1870's after a year or so of extremely dry weather and the failure of
grain crops, greater attention was directed to the utilization of the
natural resources of the country, especially the native grasses. As a
result, a considerable boom in the raising of sheep developed in the
western Flint Hills. Butler county and its neighbor to the south,
Cowley county, became the leading "sheep counties" of the state. 21
A good many young bachelors were attracted by this boom, among
whom was Robert Camp ; and shortly after, Remington arrived.

debted for other valuable aid as well. Mrs. Bullock's examination shows that Frederic Rem-
ington bought from Johann and Maria Janzen the southwest quarter of Sec. 25, T. 23, R. 3
(Fairmount township, Butler county), on April 2, 1883, for the consideration of $3,400. On
May 31, 1883, Remington purchased the southeast quarter of Sec. 26, T. 23, R. 3, from
Charles W. and Sara Potwin for $1,250. These figures enable us to make a fair estimate of
Remington's resources. To the $4,650 spent for land, there should be added $2,000. A
letter to Horace D. Sackrider from Frederic Remington dated Peabody, May 16, 1883, stated
that Remington was that day making a draft against the St. Lawrence County Bank for
$1,000. "My sheep sheds are going up and I want the money." The letter is in the H. M.
Sackrider collection. The other thousand dollars Remington drew from the Canton bank in
the fall of 1883. The basis for this last thousand is found in a telegram dated "Sept. 5,
1883, Peabody, Kansas" that Remington sent his uncle Horace D. Sackrider (H. M. Sack-
rider collection). The total investment in the Kansas ranch, then, as exactly as can now be
determined, was $6,650. It is doubtful if Remington's patrimony was as large as this. It is
probable that part of the money was borrowed from his mother, for in a letter to H. D.
Sackrider, which from its context was written in the fall of 1889, Remington writes of paying
interest on money borrowed from his mother. (The last cited letter is also in the H. M.
Sackrider collection.)

Information from the Butler county clerk shows that both quarters were sold by Reming-
ton to David W. Greene on May 31, 1884.

21. For the history of Butler county I have consulted Vol. P. Mooney, History of Butler
County (Lawrence, 1916), p. 186; Jessie Perry Stratford, Butler County's Eighty Years (El
Dorado, 1934), p. 45. The A. T. Andreas, and W. G. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas
(Chicago, 1883), p. 1430 ff, is especially useful for my purpose as it is almost contemporary
with Remington's stay in Butler county. For the agricultural history of Butler county in
Remington's day I have used the Second Biennial Report of the State Board of Agriculture
(1879-1880), pp. 229, 265, 266; Third Biennial Report (1881-1882), pp. 152-157, and Fourth
Biennial Report (1883-1884), pp. 44-50. "Agricultural Resources of Kansas," in Kansas State
College Bulletin, Manhattan, October 15, 1937, pp. 24-26, also has given useful information
on the characteristics and topography of Butler county.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 123

The immediate country where Camp and Remington had their
ranches if farms of 160 acres could be called ranches was a slop-
ing plain with almost no trees save along the water courses. Most
of the water courses deep gashes giving rise to steep bluffs were
dry except during the wet seasons, although the principal one, the
Whitewater river, usually was a flowing stream. Their immediate
neighborhood was well settled so that the country could by no means
be regarded as frontier. Ten years earlier there had been frontier
difficulties with horse thieves and vigilantes, and the then-cowboy
capital, the rough and turbulent town of Newton, 22 was only fifteen
miles to the west of Remington's ranch. But these difficulties had
long disappeared by the time 'Remington arrived. They had left
their effects, to be sure, on the country. The language was that of
the horse and cow country and the sheep ranchers rode horses as ex-
tensively as their neighbors to the west and wore the characteristic
"chaps" as well. This sheep country, too, was still largely unfenced,
each farm owner fencing a patch of his land for his "corral." It
should be noted that in the early 1880's there was no odium attached
to sheep ranching, nor any of the conflict between sheep and cattle
interests which was so widely publicized later in Western history.

The Camp and Remington ranches joined each other. El Dorado,
the county seat, was twenty miles south. Peabody, the nearest town
on the railroad, was some ten or twelve miles to the north. It was
from here that the young men laid in most of their supplies and car-
ried on their business transactions the trips to town, of course,
being made at infrequent intervals by horse. A tiny settlement,
Plum Grove, was within three miles of Remington's ranch, but the
settlement consisted only of a general store Hoyt's store a school-
house, and two or three houses. 23

Camp and Remington soon struck up an acquaintanceship with
two other young bachelors and the four soon became inseparable in
their enterprises and sports. One of this group was James Chap-

22. By Remington's day, the cowboy capital had shifted to Dodge City, over 150 miles
west of Newton.

23. A very valuable source of information on Remington's life in Kansas is found in an
article by Remington "Coursing Rabbits on the Plains," Outing, New York, v. 10 (May,
1887), pp. 111-121. Appearing only three years after Remington's residence in Kansas it is
especially useful as it gives names, geographic localities and incidents which, in many cases,
can be actually verified. Mrs. Myra Lockwood Brown of Rosalia (also in Butler county) has
been especially active in collecting Remington material relating to his Kansas residence. In
the past fifteen years she has interviewed many of the older residents of Butler county who
had personal recollections of Remington in Kansas, including Judge R. A. Scott and J. H.
Sandifer of El Dorado, Rplla Joseph of Potwin, and others. She was able to verify all the
geographic locations mentioned by Remington in his article and has visited the Remington
"ranch." As a result of the efforts of Mrs. Brown and the writer, a brief illustrated review
of Remington's activities in Kansas appeared in the Country Gentleman, September, 1947,
p. 16 ff. Reference to material collected by Mrs. Brown is referred to hereafter as "M. L.
Br

Jrown.

124 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

man, a youngster from Illinois, who "ran" another sheep ranch
nearby. And, of course, the ubiquitous Englishman was present.
Remington, in an account of his Kansas experiences, designated him

only as "Charlie B ," probably a pseudonym to hide the

real name of one of that small army of remittance men then scat-
tered over the West. Remington wrote:

Charlie B was your typical country Englishman, and the only

thing about him American was the bronco he rode. He was the best fellow in
the world, cheery, hearty and ready for a lark at any time of the day or night.
He owned a horse ranch seven miles down the creek, and found visiting his
neighbors involved considerable riding; but Charlie was a sociable soul, and
did not appear to mind that, and he would spend half the night riding over
the lonely prairies to drop in on a friend in some neighboring ranch, in conse-
quence of which Charlie's visits were not always timely; but he seemed never
to realize that a chap was not in as good condition to visit when awakened
from his blanket at three o'clock in the morning as in the twilight hour. 24

Strange, isn't it, that Charlie was able to wander over the prairies
at night without danger from the redskin ; or wasn't it still stranger
that friends visited casually back and forth at their own free will
whenever fancy struck them? It can thus be seen that life on a
Kansas sheep ranch was a far more prosaic affair than life in the
West was so luridly built up to be by the newspapers of the period.
To be sure, to Remington's New York friends in Albany and Canton,
Kansas was really West and doubtless they felt it would require all
of Remington's ingenuity and strength to keep his scalp from being
lifted by the savage redskin on week days and great skill with the
weapons provided by Mr. Colt to prevent his massacre by the Bad
Men of the West when he went to town on Saturdays. Probably,
too, Remington himself was not unwilling that his Eastern friends
should have this impression. Not long after his arrival in Kansas,
he wrote a hasty note from Peabody to William Poste, a legal friend
in Canton, N. Y., who had examined some papers for him:

May 11, '83, Peabody
Poste

Dear Sir-
Papers came all right are the cheese man just shot down
the street must go

Yours truly

Frederic Remington 25

The tantalizing effect of this note on the recipient can readily be
imagined and it certainly would do nothing to relieve the popular

24. From the Outing article. See Footnote 23.

25. The copy of the letter given in the text (to William A. Poste) was kindly lent to me
by Mrs. Alice Poste Gunnison of Canton, N. Y., a daughter of William A. Poste.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 125

impression of the West, an effect which young Remington was
trying to perpetuate, for an examination of Peabody newspapers
shows no such catastrophe recorded.

Remington probably arrived in Kansas early in March of 1883.
He was met in Peabody by Robert Camp, who was eager to take
the new arrival on a tour of inspection. The Camp ranch was first
visited, but Remington was impatient to see his own property, and
so without further delay they were off to the Remington place.
There he found a small frame house of three rooms, a well, two
barns and a good-sized corral. The main part of the house, a story
and a half high, consisted of a long living room below and a bed-
room above. Built on the north side was a single room, a gable-
roofed affair, that served as the kitchen. 26 The barns were chiefly
for horses and considerable remodeling and extension was neces-
sary for conversion to sheep. Remington had arrived early enough
in the spring to witness lambing and sheep-shearing on the Camp
ranch, so he soon had some idea of the trials and tribulations of
his new business. That Camp had really gone into sheep raising
on a considerable scale is seen from the fact that Remington
witnessed a wool clipping amounting to some seven thousand pounds.

As soon as he had gained some idea of his new undertaking,
Remington set to work. Almost his first move, necessarily, was
the purchase of horses. Although sheep raising was the principal
business of the region, horses came first in the interests of the

26. Mrs. M. L. Brown interviewed Rolla Joseph of Potwin {see Footnote 23) some years
ago and he described the Remington house, barns and corrals for her before either of them
had seen the sketches reproduced in this article. Writing January 5, 1948, after having
viewed the drawings, Mrs. Brown said: "In regard to the house as Remington knew it, this
is what I know : Rolla Joseph of Potwin described to me the house in detail the barns,
corrals, etc., the shape of the house and roof, the number of rooms and what they were used
for, the color of the house, etc., and the way it faced.

"Everything is just as Remington sketched it, according to Mr. Joseph. The one-story room
on the north with a gable roof, not shed roof, was the kitchen where Remington prepared
meals, including pancakes and beef steak, for the ranch hands, the men that were constantly
coming in, and for the little boys he had out there to ride his horses and watch whatever fun,
such as wild steer riding, boxing, or just planning something, might be under way. Mr. Joseph
told me that Remington was always, to use his phrase, 'mixing in' with the smaller boys, par-
ticularly those at a disadvantage in any way.

"The other room downstairs, besides the kitchen, would now probably be called a living
room. I think that Remington and his fellows often ate there. At any rate, it was in this
room that the small diary, black and about the size of an ordinary pocket loose-leaf note-
book, was one day discovered, opened. Mr. Joseph told me about the book. One of the two
Lathrop men, one a Peabody banker, the other a Wichita oil man, which I do not at the
moment recall, told me of what he read there. At that time the Lathrops were neighbors of
Remington. Remington had been attempting to do something for a problem son sent west by
his father for Remington to make a man of him. The words inscribed were: 'You can't
make a man out of mud.' The book lay on a table.

"The half-story room upstairs was sleeping quarters. Billy Kehr stayed at the ranch most
of the time. There were other guests. The door, in the sketch, in which a man appears
standing, is on the east.

"This is right for the lay of the land and the road as I saw it. I do not believe any of
the former buildings could be recognized from present structures, which are modern in every
respect. According to what Clifford Lathrop told me, one of the last of the old buildings to
be razed was the one of the barns which held inside not on the door, as some reports have
it the sketch of the cowboy roping a steer, which Remington had cut there with his knife.
That sketch was a neighborhood pride. This barn also served as a sort of gymnasium, as did
the yard near it."

126 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ranchers and every chance meeting at Plum Grove or Peabody was
an opportunity to discuss the merits of horses, to maneuver a
swap of the animals or to promote a horse race whenever a new-
comer of any reputation put in his appearance. Every rancher
kept a small string of horses for work and play. Upon the advice
of Camp, several were purchased and finally Remington was able
to secure, after considerable dickering, a most unusual animal of
which he became very fond. She was "a nervous little half-breed
Texas and thoroughbred, of a beautiful light gold-dust color, with
a Naples yellow color mane and tail." She was promptly named
Terra-Cotta, although to the other boys on the ranch, who had not
had the advantage of a year and a half at the Yale art school, she
was called Terry. After the horses were purchased, a ranch-hand,
Bill Kehr, was employed. Bill was still younger than his employer
and was really more a boon companion than a hand. Bill also had
several horses; one of them, Prince by name, was in appearance a
grey sleepy old plug, but his appearance belied his character for he
was really a speedy animal and his owner had been able to use
Prince's undistinguished outlines for his own advantage on several
occasions. In fact, Prince had so much of a local reputation that it
was hard to match him up for a race. Jim Chapman, the friend of
Camp and Remington, had acquired a horse, Push-Bob, with a
reputation for speed, about the time Bill Kehr went to work for
Remington. A good deal of discussion as to the relative merits of
Prince and Push-Bob took place in the evenings after the chores
were done, but the owners were cautious about putting the horses
to the actual test. The race was eventually run but not until late
fall under circumstances that were unusual, to say the least, and
with a most disconcerting outcome; but we must postpone for the
moment this story until we get Remington well started on his
ranching career. 27

With his horses purchased and a ranch hand employed, Remington
plunged eagerly into the task of getting the ranch in operation. A
large sheep shed was erected at the top of a slope overlooking his
range, many hundreds of sheep were purchased, and supplies were
freighted from Peabody. Kehr, being accustomed to ranch work,
took the lead in getting most of these tasks accomplished, leaving
Remington the task of looking after horses and herding the sheep,
although Remington was always able to get relief from the latter
task by employing one of the many neighborhood youngsters and

27. The Peabody Gazette items cited in Footnote 31 reveal some of these facts ; others
come from the Outing article. Kehr appears in the Outing article as Carr. M. L. Brown.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 127

his dog to stand guard while he went about occupations more to
his liking. Remington also had to do the cooking for the ranch.
He prepared the meals for Kehr and himself as well as the not-
infrequent callers. An idea of the cooking may be had from a story
told about the daughter of a neighboring rancher. Her hospitable
mother had sent her over to Remington's one day with two loaves
of freshly baked bread. As the youngster entered the bachelor's
kitchen, Remington dumped a large basket of dirty potatoes into
a huge pot on the stove, covered them with water, and kindled the
fire beneath them. "Why, Mr. Remington," she exclaimed, "don't
you wash the potatoes before you cook them?" Remington re-
garded the youngster gravely and replied, "Wash them? I should
say not. I've tried them both washed and unwashed and they
taste better unwashed. Have you ever tasted boiled unwashed
potatoes?" The bewildered youngster agreed that she never had.
"Well you tell your mom to cook them that way and you'll see
and besides, it takes time to wash them." 28

Fortunately for Remington and his boarders, the monotony of a
diet of unwashed potatoes could be varied with canned sardines and
canned tomatoes; and doubtless the pile of empty tin cans outside
Remington's corral grew steadily larger with the months.

As spring advanced, Remington had more time to roam the
prairies and he grew more enthusiastic about his new life. The
quarter-section directly west of his was offered to him and he
promptly bought it. The toil and drudgery of ranching were easily
forgotten in the momentary enthusiasm. This was the life, and how
he did enjoy it. "The gallop across the prairie," he wrote in describ-
ing an early morning run to Bob Camp's place, "was glorious. The
light haze hung over the plains, not yet dissipated by the rising sun.
Terra-Cotta's stride was steel springs under me as she swept along,
brushing the dew from the grass of the range. . . ." 29

His rising exuberance as his new life developed was in marked
contrast to his behavior when he had first reached the Kansas ranch.
Several acquaintances who knew him then recalled that he was in-
clined to be melancholy, "moody beyond anything I had ever seen
in man" reported one of his friends. "In his moments of despair he
was not only morose but recluse. He hid from the majority of all
his fellows save one, a chap of his own age, James Chapman, who
hovered near as something of a guardian angel." 30 The cause of

28. M. L. Brown and the Outing article.

29. Quotation from the Outing article.
80. M. L. Brown.

128 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

this attitude is now hard to ascertain. All his life Remington was
inclined to be volatile for a time intensely enthusiastic, then de-
spairing; but as he grew older this behavior gradually disappeared.
Possibly the youthful Remington, when he first reached Kansas, had
been disappointed in love or it may have been that one of his chief
interests in life drawing had as yet brought him little satisfaction,
or the death of his father, all may have played a part. But in the
development of his new life the melancholia wore off and Remington
soon became more jovial and was well known and popular over the
countryside. Many of the children of the period recall the interest
he took in them. His drawing, too, was by no means neglected, for
he spent considerable time with his sketch book. He sketched his
ranch, his sheep, his neighbors and their activities. He went to
Plum Grove and sketched the preacher who visited the schoolhouse
on Sundays and the sketch was then passed around the audience.
A neighbor bought a trotting horse and Remington drew the horse.
Bob Camp's cook was greatly pleased when Remington drew for him
on rough wrapping paper a sketch of a cow defending her calf from
the attack of a wolf. Many evenings a crowd would gather at the
Remington ranch and Remington would sketch the individuals as
they "chinned" with one another or as they boxed, for boxing was a
favorite sport of the young ranchers. Few cared to put on the gloves
with Remington as he was almost in the professional class and his
opponents were always in for a good mauling when they fought with
the ex- Yale football player. 31

The work of the ranch was so well settled into routine that by
July Remington was getting restless again. Leaving the ranch in
Bill Kehr's hands, Remington, together with a friend from Peabody,
George Shepherd, decided to take a look at the country south and
west. Just how extended a trip on horse, of course they made at

31. I have made extensive examinations of the Peabody and El Dorado newspapers of the
period and have found occasional contemporary mention of Remington in these sources. In
the Plum Grove notes of the Peabody Gazette, June 21, 1883, p. 4, is the item "Mr. Rem-
ington, on the 'Johnson place,' is building a large sheep barn." The issue of July 5, p. 5,
mentions a prospecting trip of Remington and George Shepherd to "the southern part of the
State." The Gazette, October 18, p. 5, reports that "Fred Remington's father started for
his home in the East, last Monday morning." "Father" is obviously in error and should
read "uncle," for Mrs. Ella Remington Mills and Pierre Remington both wrote me that
Lamartine Remington, an uncle of Frederic Remington, visited the Kansas ranch and caught
a cold that developed into tuberculosis.

Mention is made of a trip that Remington and Robert Camp made to El Dorado in ibid.,
December 13, 1883, p. 5, and the El Dorado Republican, December 7, p. 3.

From the interviews of M. L. Brown, it seems certain that preliminary sketches that Rem-
ington afterward worked into his more mature productions were made during his Kansas stay.
Included among these were "The Last Stand" and "The Bronco Buster."

In addition to a small album of original Kansas sketches (approximately quarto in size) in
the Remington Art Memorial at Ogdensburg, N. Y., reproductions of sketches of direct Kan-
sas interest appear in the Outing article (Footnote 23), and in Harper's Weekly, v. 32 (April
28, 1888), p. 300, a half-page illustration "Texan Cattle in a Kansas Corn Corral," which
has been reproduced on the cover of this Quarterly.

THESE REMINGTON SKETCHES AND THOSE ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE WERE
MADE IN BUTLER COUNTY IN 1883. ALL THE ORIGINAL REMINGTON SKETCHES
HERE REPRODUCED ARE IMPORTANT HISTORICALLY AS THEY ARE CONTEMPORARY
PICTORIAL DOCUMENTS OF KANSAS LIFE AND AGRICULTURE IN THE EARLY 1880 s.
REPRODUCTIONS COURTESY THE REMINGTON ART MEMORIAL.

v^"^

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 129

this time is now unknown. They probably went down into Indian
territory, not many miles south of Butler county and then may have
gone west into New Mexico territory and back by way of Dodge
City. At any rate, Remington had made a horseback trip of some
distance into the Southwest a further exploration of the Western
scene.

He was back on his ranch before many weeks, for his uncle La-
martine came out to visit him early in the fall. It was an unfor-
tunate and tragic trip for Lamartine, for he and Frederic, in return-
ing one day from the twelve-mile trip to Peabody were caught in a
violent plains' rainstorm. Exposure to the elements led to an illness
for the elder Remington that eventually developed into tuberculosis
and led finally to his untimely death. To the burly young rancher,
hardened by an outdoor life of many months, the storm was just a
passing incident and without effect. It was with genuine regret,
however, that he put his ailing uncle on the train for home, for he
and Lamartine, not greatly separated by years, had many interests
in common. 32

It was shortly after his uncle left in mid-October, 1883, that one
of Remington's most memorable experiences in Kansas occurred.
He had ridden up to Bob Camp's ranch with James Chapman one
evening, and after supper the three, together with Camp's cook,
gathered around the kerosene lamp on the kitchen table. As Jim
leaned his chair back against the wall, he suggested, "Look here,
boys, what do you say to running jacks tomorrow?"

"I seconded the motion immediately," wrote Remington in recall-
ing the evening, "but Bob, the owner of the ranch, sat back and
reflectively sucked his big pipe, as he thought of the things which
ought to be done. The broken fence to the corral down by the creek,
dredging the watering holes, the possibilities of trading horses down
at Plum Grove and various other thrifty plans weighed upon his
mind; but Jim continued, 'It's nice fall weather now, dry and cold;
why a hoss will jest run hisself to death for fun; that old Bob mule
scampered like a four year ole colt all the way to Hoyt's grocery
with me today, and besides, there hain't nothing to do, and the jacks
is thicker'n tumble weeds on the prairie.' >:

With Remington's added urging, Bob Camp was soon won over
and the sport was planned for the next day. "Jacks," it should be
pointed out, are jack rabbits, animals that have "the most pre-
posterous ears that ever were mounted on any creature but a jackass"

32. See reference to Peabody Gazette and Lamartine Remington in Footnote 31.

92515

130 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

according to Mark Twain, who also remarked that the jack rabbit,
when really frightened, "straightens himself out like a yardstick
every spring he makes." At any rate, coursing the jacks was a
thrilling chase, but usually not a very dangerous one for the
rabbits. They were coursed by using dogs usually fleet-footed
greyhounds to rout the rabbits out of their cover and on to the
range. There the chase was taken up by the mounted hunters,
each armed with a lance, a light pole some six feet in length. The
object of the chase was to touch the rabbit with the lance, a feat
not often accomplished. The chase consisted of quarter- or half-
mile dashes in the open, followed by a sudden swerve in the line of
the chase as the rabbit broke for cover. This was usually a slew
(a depression) filled with tall grass, or a rough creek bed a deep
gash in the prairie ordinarily dry but containing dwarf willows.
Coursing jacks was thus excellent training in horsemanship even
if other gains were meager.

The hunt arranged by Chapman and Remington included seven
horsemen; for, in addition to the original trio, there were John
Smith, who furnished the greyhound, "Daddy," by name; Bill Kehr,
Remington's ranch hand, who was riding Prince; Phip, Bob Camp's
cook, who really should not be called a horseman since he was riding
"Bob," a mule somewhat advanced in years and who at various
times in his long career had "elevated some of the best riders in
that part of the country toward the stars"; and, lastly, Charlie

B , the Englishman, on a blue mare and rigged out in

regulation English hunting togs, with the exception of the red coat,
which several years' experience in the West had taught him was
not appreciated for its true worth. Remington was mounted, of
course, on his favorite, Terra-Cotta, and Bob Camp on a depend-
able but not speedy mare, Jane, by name. Jim Chapman was riding
Push-Bob, Prince's much-discussed rival; in fact, one of the reasons
for arranging the hunt seems to have been the chance offered to get
more real facts on the relative merits of the two horses.

The party assembled at Camp's corral, moved down across a dry
branch of the Whitewater river that cut across Bob's quarter, up
the bluffs and out on to the open range. They had not gone far
until

"There's a jack take him, Daddy," came a quick cry from Johnnie, and
the next moment Johnnie's big bay was off. There goes the rabbit, the dog
flies after. "Go on, Terra," I shouted, loosing on the bit, hitting her lightly
with a spur, and away we went, all in a ruck. Old Prince was shouldering
heavily away on my right, Push-Bob on my quarter, Jane off to the left, and

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 131

Phip at a stately gallop behind the blue mare being left at the post as it were.

The horses tore along, blowing great lung-fulls of fresh morning air out in
snorts. Our sombreros blew up in front from the rush of air, and our blood
leaped with excitement. Away scurried the jack, with his great ears sticking
up like two antique bed-posts, with Daddy closing the distance rapidly, and
our outfit thundering along some eight rods in the rear. Down into a slew
of long grass into which the rabbit and dog disappeared we went, with the
grass snapping and swishing about the legs of our horses. A dark mass on
my left heaves up, and "ho there goes Bob head over heels." On we go.
"Hope Bob isn't hurt must have put his foot into a water-hole," are my
excited reflections. We are out of the slew, but where is the rabbit and the
dog?

"Here they go," comes from Phip, who is standing on the edge of the slew,
farther down toward the bluffs of the bottoms, where he has gotten as the re-
sult of a short cut across.

Phip digs his spurs into the mule, sticks out his elbows and manifests other
frantic desires to get there, all of it reminding one strongly of the style of one
Ichabod Crane, but as we rush by, it is evident that the mule is debating the
question with that assurance born of the consciousness that when the thing is
brought to a vote he has a majority in the house.

The rabbit dodged, doubled in its tracks when out on the plain
again, and came almost directly at Remington who lunged with
his lance but missed as Kehr and Charlie swept by. This time the
rabbit made for a dry creek bed. Kehr and Charlie crashed together
as they went down into the bed and both were unhorsed. Reming-
ton, attempting to head off the rabbit, chose to go over a high bluff
above the creek. But the descent was so steep that Terra's knees
bent under her and both she and her rider went down. Remington
was thrown to the bottom with such violence that he lay stunned on
the ground, but soon he and Terra were up again. To continue the
comedy of errors, another rabbit was run out of the creek and made
straight for Phip mounted on his mule. Phip prepared to deal
the fatal blow, but as he made ready the mule spied the rabbit
coming at him, shied violently and sent his rider sprawling and
cursing on the plain.

The riders slowly gathered for a council of war. Bob Camp was
the last to arrive, "a sketch in plaster," since the spot where he had
been unhorsed was a hole of soft blue mud. After a breathing
spell, the horsemen were out for another round. One rabbit had
been run down and another was started. It made its escape through
the corral of a newly-settled rancher, "old" John Mitchner. John
came out with a hospitable "how-de boys" and asked them to dinner,
an invitation which was eagerly accepted. While waiting for John's
boy to cook up a meal of bacon and eggs, the conversation turned

132 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

to horses. As the hunters looked over John's stock in the corral,
Jim Chapman began to "rib" the old man about his horses and John
replied, "Wall, my hoss stock ain't nothin' to brag on now, because
I hain't got the money that you fellers down in the creek has got
fer to buy 'em with, but I've got a little mare down thar in the
corral as I've got a notion ken run some shakes." This statement
was an open invitation for a race and in practically no time Jim had
wagered Push-Bob against old John's little mare. Bill Kehr
promptly joined in. "I'll bet Prince can beat either of you," he
said. "I'll ride him, and we'll all three run, the winner to take both,
. . . and it's a good time to see whether Prince or Push-Bob is
the better horse."

They agreed, and dinner was forgotten as old John went into the
corral for his horse. When he led her out, so old and decrepit did
she seem, cupidity got the best of the remaining hunters. Reming-
ton put up his favorite Terra-Cotta against another mare and her
colt in old John's corral; Bob Camp bet Jane against four head of
John's cattle; Jack Smith entered his horse in the wagering; and
Charlie, the Englishman, staked his blue mare against a likely look-
ing three-year-old in the old man's string. Only Phip on his mule
was immune to the fever and he expressed his doubts in no uncertain
manner. But his voice was lost in the excitement as the three horses
came into line for a quarter-mile race. Remington was to fire the
starting shot. Charlie and Bob, together with old John's son, rode
out on the plain and marked the finish line and acted as judges. But
let Remington tell the story of the race.

The three racers came up to the scratch, Bill and Jim sitting their sleek
steeds like centaurs. Old Prince had bristled up and moved with great vim
and power. Push-Bob swerved about and stretched his neck on the bit. The
boys were bare-footed, with their sleeves rolled up and a handkerchief tied
around their heads. Old John came prancing out, stripped to the waist, on
his mare, which indeed looked more game when mounted than running loose
in the corral. The old man's grey, thin locks were blowing loose in the wind,
and he worked his horse up to the scratch in a very knowing way. We all
regarded the race as a foregone conclusion and had really began to pity old
John's impoverishment, but still there was the interest in the bout between
Prince and Push-Bob. This was the first time the victors of the Whitewater
bottoms had met, and was altogether the greatest race which that country
had seen in years. How the boys from the surrounding ranches would have
gathered could they have known it, but it is just as well that they did not;
for as I fired the gun and the horses scratched away from the mark, Old John
went to the front and stayed there to the end, winning by several lengths,
while Prince and Push-Bob ran what was called a dead heat, although there
was considerable discussion over it for a long time afterwards. There was my

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 133

dear little Terra gone to the hand of the spoilsman, and the very thought al-
most broke my heart, as I loved that mare as I shall never love another
animal. I went back to the corral, sat down and began to whittle a stick.
It took Bob and Charlie a half an hour to walk the quarter of a mile back
to the ranch. Bill and Jim said nothing kept them from flying the country to
save their horses but the fact that they had no saddles.

The six stood disconsolately looking through the fence of old
John's corral as he herded in his newly acquired string. Then he
reminded them of dinner, but for some reason they had lost their
appetites, and with a last look at their former mounts they started
dejectedly for home, ten miles distant. Phip and old Bob were used
to good advantage, for all the saddles were piled on the mule.

"Every man in this country will know this inside of two days,"
was the disheartening comment as they got under way. The full
force of this observation became only too apparent that evening
when Remington and Bill Kehr rode down on new mounts, of
course to Hoyt's grocery at Plum Grove to renew their larder. As
they approached the front of the store and looked through the
window, they saw by the pale light of the lone lamp, old John
perched on a sugar barrel. He had quite an audience and as he
reached the climax of his story, there arose a shout of laughter
which was probably heard in El Dorado, twenty miles distant. Bill
and Remington looked at each other and quietly decided to go
hungry the next day as they turned their horses about and headed
for home without going into the store. 33

If this episode lingered long in Remington's memory, still another
one, following the horse race by a month or so, must have been
equally well remembered and remembered with still greater regret
for it was probably one of the causes leading to his withdrawal
from ranch life. A Christmas eve party had been arranged for the
residents of Plum Grove and the ranchers and settlers in its outlying
territory. That night saw the schoolhouse crowded to its small
capacity. Remington and all "the boys" were there and so was a
prominent member of the community who had incurred their dis-
like. It is probable that a few drinks had made the boys more
boisterous and careless than usual, for as they saw the bald head
belonging to the object of their dislike well up in the front of the
audience, the target was irresistible. Large paper wads and small
balls of mud began to fly toward the gleaming bald dome. Such
conduct was, of course, immediately reprimanded, and the guilty
parties were asked to leave the schoolhouse. The public reprimand

33. The description of the race and the quotations are from the Outing article.

134 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

left its sting and made the culprits more obstreperous than ever.
As they gathered outside the building, one of them spied a pile of
straw. It was hastily piled outside the window and set blazing with
a cry of "Fire, Fire." A near panic resulted. The crowd poured
from the doors and even from some of the windows, but fortunately,
it was not disastrous. The affair naturally aroused considerable
feeling, and the more staid members of the community swore out
warrants for the arrest of the perpetrators of the thoughtless prank.
The Walnut Valley Times, published at El Dorado, even noted the
event in its columns:

Some of the youngsters up in Plum Grove [northwest Butler county], on
Christmas eve., at an entertainment in the schoolhouse, behaved in most un-
seemly manner, judging by report, and got up a row which assumed almost
the proportions of a riot. The matter has culminated by a suit in the district
court; Fred Pennington [Remington], Wm. Kehr, John Smith, Chester Farni
[Harris?] and Chas. Harriman being the defendants. The first trial resulted
in the disagreement of the Jury. Another trial is set for February 4th. The
boys are a little "wild and wooly" occasionally in the northwest. 34

The Times account is essentially correct save that the matter was
adjusted in the justice court before Justice Charles E. Lobdell
rather than in district court. We have Lobdell's word for it that
after a two-days' trial in which the jury disagreed, the case was
dismissed upon the payment of costs, which, along with the at-
torney's fees and all other expenses, were borne by Remington.
One of the attorneys referred continually to Remington as "Billy,
the Kid," an allusion which evidently greatly disturbed young
Remington, as well it might. In fact, the whole affair was a source
of considerable embarrassment to him and he doubtless wished many
times that he had not been so foolish and reckless. Up to this time,
he had been popular in the community, but, as a result of the prank,
which easily might have had a far more serious and tragic con-
clusion, he was looked upon with less favor. If Remington felt
guilty and brooded over the affair at the time, his sins have long
since been forgiven. 35 The story above has been told in Butler

34. Walnut Valley Times, El Dorado, January 11, 1884. The item was discovered by
Mrs. Bullock of El Dorado.

35. The affair at the Plum Grove schoolhouse was recalled by Holla Joseph (mentioned
above) who states that "it never would have happened if the boys hadn't been drinking," and
by the justice of the peace in the case, Charles Lobdell. Lobdell, later a member of the state
legislature and still later the editor of the Kansas City (Kan.) Tribune, gave his recollections
of the affair in the Tribune, October 29, 1897. Still another version of the story appears in
the recollections of H. A. J. Coppins, a resident of the Plum Grove community in Reming-
ton's day. The Coppins' recollections, a valuable contribution as they contain several inter-
esting sidelights, appeared in the El Dorado Times, November 24, 1943. I am indebted to
Mrs. Bullock, who became so much interested in this Remington affair that she attempted to
trace the records in the justice court of El Dorado but found, as the result of her search, that
some cleanly and God-fearing former mayor of the town, had, in a burst of zeal for cleaning
up things, thrown away all old reports, the accumulation of years. Probably it is just as well
that they were destroyed for many a sinning soul will rest easier in his grave since the records
of his misdeeds are thus forever hidden from the eye of man.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 135

county many times since that day, but always with forbearance and
with pride a pride that young Remington was part of its life for a
time and that his experiences on the prairies contributed to his
knowledge of Western ways and of Western horses.

It was not long after the conclusion of the trial that Remington
decided to give up ranching. The bad light in which the schoolhouse
incident had placed him was no doubt a contributing reason. But
there were other, and probably more important ones. In the first
place, Remington was not cut out to be a rancher. "He didn't take
a great deal of interest in the actual work of the sheep ranch," is
the statement by which Robert Camp, now in his eighties, sums up
his recollections of Butler county days and Frederic Remington. 36
Sheep ranching could go along smoothly in pleasant weather, es-
pecially when boys of the neighborhood could be hired to herd the
flock, leaving the boss free to roam as his fancy dictated. But there
was hard work, top. It was a herculean task to protect the bleating
animals from the sudden northern blasts of wintry weather. The
sheep had to be dipped several times a year, an extremely dirty,
stinking and disagreeable task, and at lambing time almost constant
attention for weeks had to be given to the majority of the flock. In
addition to these more or less routine drawbacks, there were the
troubles of shearing and the selling of the wool. Unfortunately for
Remington, the price of wool took a tremendous slump in the early
spring of 1884, the first time he had any for sale. 37

As a result of these mounting difficulties and the embarrassment
of the trial Remington began looking for a purchaser of his prop-
erty. He found one before many weeks, sold his two quarter sec-
tions, his sheep and remaining horses, and by May of 1884, after a
year of life on the Kansas plains, he quit the ranch. 38

36. From the interviews of W. I. Earth (1943). See Footnote 19.

37. The difficulties of sheep farming in Remington's period are feelingly described in the
recollections of a Kansan, William M. Wells, in The Desert's Hidden Wealth (1934), pp. 177,
178. In this category of recollections, another item having some bearing on ranching in the
Flint Hills is Frank Harris' My Reminiscences As a Cowboy (New York, 1930). Harris, later
a literary light, was a partner in a cattle ranch at Eureka in the 1870's. The book is cited as
evidence to show the close contiguity of cattle and sheep ranching in the Flint Hills area. In
all of the contemporary accounts of sheep and cattle raising before 1885, I have never found
any indication that there was marked rivalry or hostility between the two. Indeed in Aldridge,
op. cit. (Footnote 10), mention is made of a cattle ranch and sheep ranch which were adjacent
to each other. My colleague, Prof. James C. Malin of the University of Kansas, tells me that
in his studies of agricultural history on the plains, there is no evidence that there was marked
rivalry between sheep and cattle raisers in this period. Some ranchers, indeed, raised both
sheep and cattle; others were in some years cattle ranchers and in other years sheep ranchers,
depending upon the fluctuations of economics and weather.

38. See Footnote 20. It is probable that Remington left before May. The Peabody
Gazette, January 24, 1884, p. 5, has a reference of the sale of the Remington place to "D. M.
Greene." According to this item Greene planned to move to the Remington place "about
March 1st," a usual date for moving on the farm.

William Clark's Diary

MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831
Edited by LOUISE BARRY

ANUARY, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tern.

Tom.

at 8

at 4

Date

A.M.

Weather

Wind

P.M.

Weather

Wind

Rise A fall of River

Cloudy

River falling

Rain

Clear

Calm

" "

Cloudy

Shifting

" "

Clear

Calm

Cioady

S. W.

ft II

Foggy

Calm

" "

Cloudy

Rain

Sund

Cloudy

8.W

Clear & cold

s.w

River rises 4 feet

Clear

Calm

Cloudy

River falling

Rain

Clear

Calm

Sund:

Cloudy

N.E

River falling

N.E

n i>

Calm

Clear

it n

Cloudy

River falling

N.W

Clear

N.W

Sundi

N.W

it n

Cloudy

Calm

Cloudy

Calm

it it

Clear

Calm

' Very little Tee n

Cloudy

no Ice

C.a.R

W. SW hard

W. hard

i. i.

Clear

Chnj?

river raised 2 feet Ice rung

Cloudy

Clear

Calm

Clear

calm

Clear

Cloudy

REMARKS

1 This Day Cloudy & Warm

2 This Day Cloudy and same. Rain & warm in the morning

3 Flying Clouds to day with occasional Sunshine

4 Arrive A Woman three Children & a Man of the Menominee
Tribe

5 Foggy & very warm morning some Sun shine & very warm
this evening.

LOUISE BARRY is in charge of the Manuscripts division of the Kansas State Historical
Society.

(136)

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 137

7 This day Cold & Freezing Cloudy Morning, and Clear eve-
ning Beaver a female Indian of the Cherokee Nation arrives
from Fort Meggs 102 on her way to Arkansas.

8 This morning some Snow, the evening cold & Cloudy

9 S. B. Plough Boy leaves for Louisville & arrived Munday night

10 This morning Clear but the Evening Cloudy & like Rain

11 This morning Clear & Evening Cloudy & like for Snow

12 Dark rainy morning Still continues to rain.

13 This morning Clear & cold the Evening Cloudy & like Snow

14 Sleet this morning Ice running, still Cloudy cold, and freez-
ing

15 Cloudy & Ice running, this Evening still Cloudy & like for
Snow

16 S. B. Velossipide arrives Still cloudy & Ice running, ground
covered with Snow about 2 Inch deep

17 Very cold morning & Ice running this Day Clear but very
cold

18 Clear but cold morning, this Evening Cloudy & Cold

19 S. B. Velossipede leaves Ice in the river this morning, the
coldest day so far this winter

20 Cold & Ice running, thawing a little from 10 to 12 OClock

21 Cold weather still & Ice increasing in River which is falling

22 Cloudy, some hail last night, thawing this evening. Five
Shawnees arrive from the Osage River (Fish 103 & his party.)

23 Cloudy & like for Snow this morning. Still cold Ice & like
for Snow

24 Ice still running Cloudy, & has the appearence of Rain this
day

25 Some rain last night & this morning warm. Dined to day with
the windows raised Black Feather & his party set out this
morning for the Kanzas River. 104

26 No Ice this morning, but cloudy & raining

27 rained last night wind hard and Cold all Day & part of the
night preceding

102. "Fort Meggs" possibly referred to the Cherokee Indian agency in Tennessee, where
Return J. Meigs (1740-1823) was agent for many years.

103. Senewathquakaw, or Fish, "signed" the Indian peace treaty of October 12, 1826.
See Footnote 39. He was chief of a band of the Shawnee Indians who removed from Missouri
to a reserve in present Kansas in 1828. According to contemporaneous accounts he was a
white man, taken prisoner when a small boy. The Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. 5, p. 343 ;
Houck, Louis, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), v. 1, p. 211.

104. Apparently this refers to the Shawnees mentioned under date of January 22. "Fish"
was written in the diary just preceding "Black Feather," and inked out.

138

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

28 Some Ice Cloudy. S. B. Muskingum arrives from Louisville

29 Ice running this morning S. B. Jubilee arives from Orl. Last
night Clear & Cold

30 Clear morning. Some Ice running. S. B. Muskingum leaves
for Louisville

31 S. B. Jubilee leaves to day for Orleans Rain, but little Ice

February, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tern.

Date 8A.M

Weather

Wind

1 56

Foggy

Calm

2 64

Clear

3 50

Smoky

4 40

Cloudy

5 46

Calm

6 52

Rain

7 52

Clear

S.E

8 52

S.E

9 50

Cloudy

10 32

11 42

CleaV

12 40

13 42

Calm

14 48

Cloudy

15 52

Clear

16 50

17 60

South

18 42

Rain

West

19 42

Clear

Calm

20 62

Cloudy

Blustry

21 60

22 48

Clear

North

23 40

Cloudy

24 38

North

25 38

Clear

26 42

Cloudy

S.W

27 30

Snow

S.W.

28 30

Clear

Leaper

29 18

Clear

Leap Year.

Tern.

at
4 P. M

54
64
55
50

58
62
50
40
52
54
50
50
58
56
62
40
50
68

46
50
52
42
42
50

Weather

Rain

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Snow [?]

Clear

Cloudy
Smoky
Clear

Cloudy

Cloudy
Clear

Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy

Rain
Clear
Cloudy

34 Clear

Wind Rise & fail of River

East River rose about 2 feet, today
E. Strong " Rising
Calm Falling

S. River Rising

South Rising Fast

Calm
S.E

Calm

Rise about 2 feet
Rivor still rising.
River rose 2 feet since Satrdy

rising
Falling
River rising
" falling.

River falling
West

S River fallen about 3 feet

S. W. hard River still falling & very Rough

to day.
North River falling.

S.W

N River on a :?tand

REMARKS

1 Very little Ice running today. Parson Gideons died early this
morng 105

2 Wind, hard & River very rough this morning, continues. Mr
Bursro's leg taken off

105. The Rev. Salmon Giddings, Presbyterian pastor, and conductor of a grammar school
in St. Louis, was a much respected man. His funeral was attended by "about 12 or 1500
persons." Missouri Republican, St. Louis, February 7, 1828; Wetmore, Alphonso, comp.,
Gazetteer of the State of Missouri (St. Louis, 1837), p. 180.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 139

3 Warm & Smoky. S. B. Liberator arrived last night from Or-
leans Clar & warm this Even Chief Perry 106 with Two men
& two Squaws arrive from the Osage River

4 The forenoon warm, but the afternoon Cloudy and cold

5 Cold morning Sun Shine nearly all day. S. B. Plough Boy
arrives Two Kickapoo Indians arrive

6 Very rainy morning. No rain this evening but cloudy S. B.
Liberator leavs for 0. Two Shawanees leave on Board the
Liberator for Kaskaskia

7 Clear morning. S. B. Plough Boy leaves for Louisville. Mr
Busro 107 died last evening Chief Perry and two Squaws leave
here for the Osage river.

8 A fine clear morning. Cldudy this Evening and expect Snow

9 Some rain last night & this morning Cloudy Snow this even-
ing.

10 A cold cloudy morning. S. B. Velossipede arrived yesterday.
S. B. Josephine to day

11 A clear but cool morning. S. B. Origan from Orleans. Evening
not very clear

12 not entirely clear this morning, clear evening & pleasant
weather

13 clear morning this evening Cloudy & looks like Rain

14 A Cloudy, Smoky & damp morning S. B. Josephine Starts for
Fever River & Oregon for Orleans

15 A clear & pleasant morning & evening. S. B. Pilot arrived this
morning from Louisville 4 Delawares Indians arrive 3 Men
& 1 Squaw

16 Clear & temperate weather. S. B. Clopatra arrive [s] from
Orleans. Pleasant evng

17 Very pleasant morning. S. B. Pilot leaves for Louisville, like
rain this Even

18 Rain with some appearance sleet S. B. Plough [Boy] arrives
from Louisville with J. Kennerly on board 3 Kickapoo Indians
arrive 4 Delawares & 1 Squaw depart

106. Two Shawnee chiefs named Perry, John Perry (Lah-lo-mah) and William Perry
(Pem-sah-tah), "signed" the Indian peace treaty of 1833, at Fort Leavenworth. Copy of
treaty signed November-December, 1833, by Delaware and other tribes, in journal of com-
missioners appointed under act of July 14, 1832, in "Records of the Office of Indian Affairs,"
The National Archives.

107. This was evidently Charles Bosseron, blacksmith, for some years a resident of St.
Louis, formerly of Vincennes, Ind. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, February 7, 1828; Billon,
F. L., Annals of St. Louis in Its 'Territorial Days (St. Louis, 1888), p. 224.

140

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

19 A clear morning but cloudy evening, three Kickapoo Indians
depart

20 hard thunder Stormy & high wind.

21 Cold & much like snow. Snow. S. B. Velocipede leaves for
Fever River

22 Beautiful morning Pleasant Weather & a considerable change

23 Genl Clark attendd the Military Ball at Jefferson Barracks
last evening. Rain

24 This day Cloudy & Wind blowing cold from the North

25 S. B. Velossipede arrived last night from Louisville, Cold day

26 S. Boats Jubilee & Lady Washington arrive last night the
former from Orleans, latter from Pittsburg G. Packett, Louis-
ville the Maryland from Pittsburg

27 S. B. Velossipede leaves for Louisville. Clear & Cold freezing
fast

28 S. B. Illenois arrived last night. 108 much like Snow

29 S. B. Muskingum & Bolivar 109 arrive. Lady Washington
leaves. Very Cold

March, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tern

Date

8 A. M

Weather

Wind

4P.M

Weather

Wind

Rise & fall of River

Cloudy

8.W

Cloudy

River Rising

Rain

" "

Clear

River on a stand

River fallen, much.

River still falling, & but little Ice

Cloudy

" & Clear of Ice

Cloudy

Clear

" " " "

River rose this day about 8 Inch

Clear

Calm

Clear

N.W

River rising.

Cloudy

Clear

N W

Clear

N W

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

S.E.

108. The coming of the "new and substantial steam boat Illinois . . ." was adver-
tised in the Missouri Republican, St. Louis, of February 20, 1828. Hall, James, Notes on the
Western Slates (Philadelphia, 1838), p. 256, lists a steamboat Illinois, built at Pittsburgh in
1826, weight 130 tons. Her "new" designation in 1828 possibly meant newly-renovated. The
Illinois was lost by being "snagged," on January 16, 1829. See diary entry of January 22,
1829.

109. This is the first diary mention of the Bolivar, though she was built in 1825. Hall,
op. cit. t p. 252.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

141

Tern

Date

8 A. M

Weather

Wind

4P.M

Weather

Wind

Rise <t fall of River

Cloudy

N.E.

Clear

Calm

Cloudy

Clear

River " taken a considerable rise.

Cloudy

River at a stand.

Clear

Calm

Clear

N.W

Clear

Calm

River atill Rising.

Calm

Rain

S.E

River Rising.

Clear

" "

Cloudy

N.W

Cloudy

River rising just within the Banks
on E. side from the Missouri

principally.

Clear

N W.

River rising Nearly out of bank

on the lllenois side.

N W

Clear

N W

River out of its Banks on the

lllenois side.

REMARKS

1 Cold & Cloudy morning. Snow at night

2 Cloudy & damp weather, this evening very cold Muskingum
& Bolivar leave. P. Boy arrives & Nashville Packett

3 Very cold Ice running. Snow disappears freezes hard about
zero[?]

4 SB Nashville Packet started this morning Clear & cold morn-
ing. S Bs Ploughboy and Illinois Departed for Lewisville

5 Ice Yesterday & to day running. S B Belvideer arrived yestar-
day morning and Departed this evening for L. v

6 S Bs Hercules and Rover arrived last evening from Louisville
(vary warm evening) White Feather no & Wife arrive from
the Kansas

7 S. B. Hercules Chartered for $100. to go to Camp on occasion
of Genl Atkinsons party. 111

8 S B Hercules arrived from Camp this morning departs for
Louisville S. B. Clopatra arrives from Louisville

9 This morning foggy preceded by Rain, after 10 OClock a
clear fine day

10 A clear fine day. S. Bs. Liberator arrives from Orleans. Cleo-
patra departed for Louisville

11 A cloudy and misty morning S B. Orregon arrived from Or-
leans last night. Velocipede arrived from Louisville

12 A cool morning S Bs. Oregon departed for Orleans last night
S B Rover Departed for Naples last night

110. "White Feather" may possibly refer to the Kansas chief White Plume, mentioned
later (April 21, 1829), in the diary.

111. "Camp" evidently meant Jefferson Barracks where Gen. Henry Atkinson was com-
manding officer at this period.

142 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

13 A beautiful clear & fine Spring morning. S. B. Plough Boy ar-
rives from Louis [ville] Bolivar from Franklin Josephine
from Fever River 4 Fox Indians arrive & wish to have a talk.
7 Socks arrive. 3 Men & 3 Squaws with one Child

14 A Cloudy cold morning S B Velocipede Departed for Cincinatti.

15 " " " " SB Ploughboy Departed for Louisville

16 A clear and cool morning. S Bts. Bolivar & Josephine leaves
for F. River S Bs. Illinois Muskingum & Phoenix arrived from
Louis [ville]

17 The Air this morning pleasantly cool. S. B Illinois departes
for fever River

18 Cold. Rainy morning S. B. Liberater & Muskingum Departed
for Orleans

19 A beautiful clear and fine morning. S. B. Phoenix departs for
Fever River

20 Clear in the morning Evening Cloudy & Smoky

21 This day cloudy with Smoke

22 Raining a little this morning, this evening Cloudy & Smoky,

like Rain

23 A clear day. Col P. Manard arrives from Kanzas. 112 S.
B. Maryland arrives from Pitt[sburg]

24 S. Bs. Cleopatra arrive this morning S B Maryland arrived
from Pitt Last night S. B. Indiana Fever River

25 SB Boliver arrives from F River Fine weather. S. Bts. Rover
& Ilenois arrive from Fever River. Jubilee from Orleans

26 S Bs Maryland & Cleopatra departed for Louisville yesterday
S B Bolliver for Fever River this morning & Galena Packet
arrived last night from F. River (Violent storm of Wind last
night at 10 Clock)

27 Fine & Clear weather. Genl Street arrive [d] night before last
from Prairie du Chein 113

28 Fine & Clear weather S. B. Velossipede arrived from Louis-
ville Kickapoos arrived

29 A cold rainy day. S. B. Plough Bow Set[s] out for Louisville

30 S. B. Jubilee leave [s] for Orleans

112. Both Colonel Menard and his son, Pierre (or Peter) Menard, Jr., are mentioned in
the diary. Pierre Menard, Sr. (1767-1844) was a Canadian who settled at Kaskaskia in 1790.
He was prominent in Illinois affairs, holding many civil offices. For some years he was Indian
subagent at Kaskaskia. A county in Illinois was named for him in 1839. Reynolds, John,
The Pioneer History of Illinois (Chicago, 1887), pp. 291-294. His arrival "from Kanzas" is
unexplained.

113. Joseph M. Street (17807-1840), a Virginian who removed to Kentucky, was ap-
pointed Indian agent at Prairie du Chien in August, 1827, succeeding Nicholas Boilvin (see
Footnote 66). Street was later (1836) Indian agent at Rock Island, 111. Wisconsin Historical
Collections, v. 11, pp. 356, 357.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

143

April, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tern
At
Date 8A.M Weather

Clear

Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Rain

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Wind

NW
NW

Calm

Tern
At
4 P. M Weather

Clear

40 Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy
Clear

Rain
Rain
Clear

Rain
Rsin

Wind

Calm

Rise & fall of River

River rose about 4 feet since

Saturday

River falling a little
River still falling

River falling.

Cloudy

Clear

Calm

S.W

Cloudy

s.w

Clear

Calm

Rain

s.w

Rain

Cloudy

Clear

Calm

River on a rise
River rising fast

River rising again

River falling fast

REMARKS

Fine clear weather. S. B. Rover leaves for Fever River

This day Clear with cool Breeze from the West 9 Indians

from Merimac 114 arrive to day Fish's party.

This day quite cold. S. B. Illenois from Fever River 8 More

[Indians] arrive Osage

S. B. Muskingum arrived last night. Cold & Cloudy 3

[Indians] from Kaskaskia

A Cold morning accompanied with a light Snow

Clear and cold morning. S. Bs. Criterian & Courtland arrives

from Orleans 115 & Illinois departed for F River

114. The Meramec river of Missouri empties into the Mississippi a few miles below St.
Louis. A band of Shawnees and Delawares had a town "between Bourbeuse and Maramec
rivers." Houck, op. cit., p. 210.

115. The Criterion, a new boat, of 200 tons, was built at New Albany, Ind. ; the Court-
land (212 tons, built at Cincinnati in 1826), is first mentioned in the diary here. Hall, op.
cit., p. 253.

144 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

7 Fine weather S B Cleopatra arrives from Lewisville. S B
Missouri 116 arrives from Louisville

8 S. B Lagrange m arrived last evening from Wheeling & S B
Orregon arrived this morning from Orleans. S B Lagrange
departed for Franklin S B Rover arrives from F River

9 SB Cleopatra departed yestarday for Lewisville. S. B. Gallena
packett arrive [d] last night from Fever River. S B Criterian
departed for Orleans yestarday Fish's party set out home,
the Osage party for home

10 SB Courtland departed yestarday morning for Louisville. S B.
Liberator arrives this morning [from] Orleans

11 S. B. Plough Boy arrives from Louisville. Storm of Thunder
lightning & rain

Steam Boat Rover Departed for Galena

" Oregon " " New Orleans

" " Courtland " " New Orleans

" " "Maryland" " " Louisville
3 Piankeshaw Indians (Jim) & 2 of his party arrive

12 S. B. Oregon arrives this evening from Kaskaskia. hard rain
to day Steam Boat Galena Packet Departed for Galena

13 S. B. Liberator for the Platte This day Cool with Some Rain
in the Evening

14 S. B. Cleopatra arrives. Clear fine Weather. Col. Manard &
Son, 118 arrives

Steam Boat Liberator Departed for Cantonemint Leavensworth
" Ploughboy " " Louisville
" Velocipede Arrived from Louisville

15 This day Clear but somewhat cool

Steam Boat Criterion Arrived from Mfouth] of Cumberland
" " Indiana Departed for Galena

16 S. B. Josephene from Fever River. Cleopatra leaves for Orleans

17 Rainy a[nd] Cold weather, fire quite pleasant Steam Boat
Illinois Arrived from Galena

18 Much like Rain, the air damp & cool

116. An advertisement in the Missouri Republican, St. Louis, March 4, 1828, stated:
"The New Steam Boat MISSOURI, will leave for [Prairie du Chien, Fever River, &c.]

and intermediate ports, on the 15th instant." The advertisement further stated that she had
been built for the Fever river trade and "will carry and tow 200 lions, and run light on 22
inches water. She has a handsomely furnished Safety Barge; and every attention paid to the
comfort of passengers. . . ." Hall, op. cit., p. 258, listed the Missouri as a 150-ton boat.
See, also, diary entries of August 30, 1828, and January 7, 1829.

117. The La Grange was a new, small boat (135 tons), built at Wheeling. Hall, op. cit.,
p. 257.

118. Col. Pierre Menard (see Footnote 112), and his son Pierre (or Peter) Menard, Jr.,
were both Indian subagents. Peter Menard, Jr., was appointed to the subagency at Peoria,
111., in the spring of 1827. April 4, 1827, letter of Peter Menard, Jr., in office of Indian
affairs, "Registers of Letters Received," v. 2.

'-^

111

ea A ^

^ fc ^

* S SL

J . K
9 ea u OQ

| W ^ 2

eg H g

2 5

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 145

Steam Boat Criterion Departed for Orelans last night.

" Rover Arrived last night from Galena F River

19 Rainy & muddy weather, the Sun seen this evening at setting
Steam Boat Pilot Arrived from Louisville

" St. Mary's 119 " " Nashville Ten.
" Missouri Arrived from Galena

20 A fine clear morning & clear evening, the first for nearly a week

21 Fine Weather. Part of the 1st. Regiment go for the Platt 12
Steam Boat Pilot Departed for Louisville

" " Cleopatra Arrived from Louisville
Jim & his party set out for home.

22 Fine Weather. Part of the 3rd. Regiment go for the Prairie m
Steam Boat Cleopatra Departed for Louisville

" " Illinois Departed for Prairie du Chien with the

Troops of the first Regiment 122

Steam Boat Indiana Arrived from Galena

" Jubilee Arrived from New Orleans
" Maryland Arrived from Louisville

23 A very warm day. this evening much like rane Steam Boat
Missouri Departed for Cantonement Leavensworth with the
Troops of the third Regiment 123

Steam Boat Galena Packet Arrived from Galena

" Muskingum " Louisville

24 Warm & Sultry weather, continues very warm to day
S. B. Indianna from Fever River

" " Gallena packet arrive [s] from Fever River
Fish's Son with 3 others arrives.

25 This morning warm, the evening a thunder Storm
S. B. Gallena packett departs for Franklin

" " Genl. Hamilton arrives from Cincinnata
" " Legrange " " Franklin

119. Hall, op. cit., p. 261, lists the St. Mary &s built in Nashville in 1828, weight not
given. Sne is not mentioned again in the diary.

120. See Footnote 123.

121. Ibid.

122. Ibid. The diary seems to be in error: The Illinois carried troopa to Fort Leaven-
worth and the Missouri to Prairie du Chien.

123. "The steam boats Missouri and Illinois left Jefferson Barracks last week, the former
carrying! six companies of the 1st and two of the 3d U. S. Infantry, under the command of
Col. [John] M'Neil, destined for the Upper Mississippi; and the latter, with four companies
of the 3d Regt. of Infantry, commanded by Col. [Henry] Leavenworth, and bound for
Cantonment Leavenworth on the Missouri River." This movement was in accordance" with
War Department orders "That the six companies of the 3d Inf. at Jefferson Barracks, be re-
moved, four companies to Cantonment Leavenworth, and two to Fort Armstrong (Rock
Island ; ) That the 5th Infantry, which now garrrisons the Posts of Forts Snelling, Crawford
and Armstrong, when relieved as above, shall concentrate at Jefferson Barracks. . . ."
Missouri Republican, St. Louis, April 29, 1828.

10-2515

146

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

26 The wind blows hard & cold all this day from the NW
S. B. Rover arrives from Gallena

" " Jubilee departs for N. Orleans
" " Plough Boy Do. Louisville
" " "Maryland" from Annibold [Hannibal]
" " Legrange departs for Orleans
[Fish's son and party] Set out home

27 A Clear but somewhat cool morning. Evening cool. Sunday
S. B. Criterian broke her Shaft & lying at the mouth of the

Ohio
" " Liberator unloads at St Charles & ascends the River to

Annibold [Hannibal]
" " Hamilton leaves for Fever River

28 Clear fine weather. A Negro drowns himself in Mississippi
Monday Left home, cloudy morning with a rainy ride [?]
S. B. Rover leaves for Fever River Two Delawares from Big
Mackanaw arrive on business

29 Clear fine weather R. Graham Int died this evening 124 S.
B. Liberator arrives from Annibold [Hannibal]

30 This evening Cloudy and Rain all night Two Delawares de-
part for Mackanaw

May, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Tern

Date

8A.M

Weather

Wind

4PM

Weather

Wind

Clear

S.W

Clear

S.W

Rain

Clear

Calm

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Rain

Wind

S.E

Clear

S.W

Clear

S.W

82[?]

Calm

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm

Rise & fall of River

River is still falling

Ri er rising a little

Fast

" Rising.
River rising very fast
" " a little

River rising very fast

124. The Republican, of May 6, 1828, noted the death of ". . . Richard Graham, jr.,
a native of Kentucky, and son of Major Richard Graham, of St. Louis county." He had
apparently been employed as an interpreter. See, also, diary entry of May 1, 1828, and
Footnote 125.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

147

Tern

Date

8A.M

Weather

Wind

4 P. M

Weather

Wind

Rise & fall of River

M ' .1 ..

Clear

River rJxntt up-w a S'-init

"!ia! ha! ha!!!"

Cloudy

,, ,,

Clear

" "

Clear

Cloudy

N.E.

.i i> n

Cloar

N.W.

Cloudy rain

N.W.

1. i, n n

Clear

N.W.

" i ii ii

N.W.

.i .1

n i, .i

Clear

Cloudy

River rising very fast

Clear

N.W.

Clear

S.W.

i ii ii n

Clear

N.W

i. i. i, n

Cloudy

S.E.

Cl"ar

Clear

S.E.

Clear

SW.

Clear

'- Clear

ii it ii n

Clear

ii ti n <

REMARKS

Graham 125 buried,
at Ross r F. S. B.

1 Richard Graham Jnr. Son of Majr. R.
C[ity] B[urying] G [round] Thursday.
Liberator departs for N. Orleans

2 Friday Rain with much thunder and lightning. Left S. B.

for St. Louis S. B. Coffee arrives from Florence.
S. B. Indianna arrives from Fever River
" " Josephine arrives from Prairie.

3 A clear fine morning. A very warm evening
S. B. Cleopatra arrives from Louisville

" " "Maryland" from St Peters withe Troops of the 5th Regt.
for Jfefferson] Barracks 5th Reg. arrives from Prairie era
Chein to day 126

4 Warm morning, continues very warm [The Maryland] Depts
for Louisville S. B. Pilott departs for Louisville

S. B. Rover arrives from Gallena
" " Gallena packett from Gallena
4 Flat Bot. Boats decend to day.

5 Very Warm, still very warm slight Shower Rain ', : :

S. B. Missouri depart[s] for Fever River . V,' "

" " Josephene depart [s] for Fever River
" " Hamilton arrives from Fever River

125. Richard Graham, later referred to in the diary (e. g., entries of August 30 and
December 10, 1828), was an Indian agent from 1815 to 1829. He was first appointed July
14, 1815, as agent of Illinois territory; in the 1820's he was agent for the Osages, Delawares,
etc. in Missouri, and for the Delawares, after they removed to present Kansas in 1828. He
made his home in St. Louis county, and married a St. Louis girl, Catherine Mullaitphy.- 1 -
23 Cong., 1 Sess., House. Report 47} (Serial 2G3), p. 43; American State Papers (Indiafi
Affairs), v. 2, p. 450; Billon, op. cit., pp. 198, 395.

126. See Footnote 123.

148 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

6 Fire quite comfortable this morning cold this Evening
S. B. Origon arrive [s] this morning from N. Orleans

" " Hamilton leaves this [place] about sun Set for Orleans

" " Illenois arrive [s] late at night from the Platt

" " Rover leaves for River Fever

" " N. America 127 9 Days from PittsBurgh (new & first trip)

arrives Majr Hamtranck 128 comes home sick from St Charles

having gone ... as far as Morgan's 30 miles from Jefferson

City on his way to his Agency.

7 Cool mornings & Evenings still continue S. B. "Maryland"
arrives from Louisville

8 Cool morning this evening warm again J. Benton
S. B. & I. Plough Boy arrive from Louisville

" " Plough Boy leaves about 6 OClock this Evening for

Louisville.

" l< Oregon leaves about 6 P. M for Orleans
" " Indianna leaves for Fever River
87 Kickapoo Indians arrive from Osage River

9 This morning warm, this Evening warm S. B. "Maryland"
leave [s] for Louisville

10 Mr. Rules Daughter Eliza dies to day of a burn 129

11 Thunder Storm this morning & Cloudy & high wind all day
S. B. Cortland arrive [s] with Troops from N. Orleans 130
" " Missouri arrive [s] from Fever River

12 This day Clear and moderately warm

S. B. Illenois leaves this place for Fever River

" " N. America leaves for N. Orleans 1st Trip down.

" " Rover arrives from Fever River

" " Pilott arrives from Louisville

Missouri asscended to day from Camp with Troops

a a

127. The North America, built at Pittsburgh in T828, 300 tons, was one of the larger
class steamboats on the Mississippi. Hall, op. cit. r p. 269.

128. John Francis Hamtranck (1798-1858), of Indiana, after a youthful military career
in the War of 1812, entered West Point. He left the army in 1822 and was appointed Indian
agent to the Osages in 1826. He resigned this post in 1831, removing from St. Louis to
present West Virginia. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1932), v. 8, pp. 215,
216.

129. Eliza Rule has not been identified further.

180. "The Steam Boat Courtland, Capt. Edgerton, arrived on Sunday last from New
Orleans having on board four companies United States Troops, destined for the Upper
Mississippi. The troops were landed at Jefferson Barracks, but will, we understand, proceed
to-day on their destination. The following is a list of the officers. Lieut. Col. [Zachary]
Taylor, Capt. [Thomas F.] Smith, Lieutenant [William R.] Jouitt [Jouett], Lieut. [John]
McKenzie [Mackenzie], Lieut. [William] Reynolds, and Lieut. [George W.] Garey."
Missouri Republican, St. Louis, May 13, 1828. These were troops of the First infantry regi-
ment.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 149

Mr. Wiggin's Ferry S. B. arrives this Evening 131 8 Fox
Indians arrive from Rock River

13 A cool, but pleasant morning, this Evening quite warm

14 A Warm morning. A light Shower Rain St Clair. 1st time 182
S. B. Missouri leaves for St. Peters & Prairie du Chein with 4
Com. of Col. Taylors Regt.

15 this morning quite warm. A little Rain in Evening
S. B. Cortland leaves for Hannible

" " Pilott leaves for Fever River

" " Cleopatra arrives from Louisville

16 A very warm and sultry day

S. B. Cleopatra leaves to, day for Louisville

" " Rover leaves to day for Fever River

Gal. Packet arrives to day from Fever River S. B. Lady

Washington arrives from Wheeling

17 Some Rain this morning before day. Very Warm
S. B. Indiana arrives from Fever River

" " Illenois from Fever River

" " Cortland arrive [s] from Salt River

The Kickapoo Prophet 133 with 20 of his party arrive. The Fox

Indians of Rock River depart, and likewise the Sauks

18 Cloudy & Cool this morning, continues so all day Sunday
S. B. Gallena Packet depart [s] for Fever River

" " "Maryland" from Louisville

" " Cavalier arrive [s] from Louisville 1st Time 134 bring-
ing news of the distruction of the Car of Commerce 135 Steam
Ferry boat bursts its boiler 136 The result nothing trajical save
one Man scalded in the Leg. The Galena Packet departs for
Fever River. The Cavalier S. B. departs this P. M. for Louis-
ville

19 Part of this day Cloudy but the day warm. Monday. Steam
Boats departs to Louisville "Maryland" & Courtland for New
Orleans. The Steam Boat Illinois for Fever River

131. Samuel Wiggin established a horse-team ferryboat across the Mississippi at St.
Louis about 1819 or 1820. William C. Wiggin, a brother, arriving later, was in charge of the
ferryboat for some 25 years, though the ferry was owned by a joint stock company after
1828. Billon, op. tit., pp 322, 328. J. T. Scharf (History of Saint Louis City and County, v.
2, p. 1071), says: "In 1828 a new boat, with steam-power, named the 'St. Clair,' was added,
and made two landings each day, calling at the foot of Market Street, then at Morgan, ana
thence across to the Illinois shore." By 1830 the business increase demanded "another boat,
and the 'Ibex' was added. . . ." The Ibex is not mentioned in the diary.

132. This was the new steam ferryboat first mentioned on May 12.

133. Kennekuk. See Footnotes 33 and 46.

134. The Cavalier was not new. Hall, op. cit., p. 253, says she was a 180-ton boat, built
in 1825 at Cincinnati.

135. The Car of Commerce disaster is further noted under entry of May 22.

136. Damages to the ferryboat St. Clair were repaired by June 22, the diary notes.

150 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

20 Fine morning. Steam Boat Maryland departs to Louisville
Tuesday. No Arrivals or Departures this day The Shawanee
Indians with Mr. Shane the Interpreter arrive from Lewis-
town 137

21 Morning Cool. Noon warm. Evening Cloudy, accompanied
with rain. Wednesday. No Arrivals nor departures of Steam
Boats this day

22 Fine Cool Morning Pleasant Fine Evening The Steam
Boat Plough Boy Arrived this Morning from Louisville. Also
Steam Boat Jubilee from N. Orleans, this night at 11 oClock; by
this boat is received the melancholy intelligence, of the loss of
twenty four lives, by the bursting of the boiler of the Steam
Boat "Car of Commerce"; it is further ascertained that two of
the aforesaid 24 encounterers of an untimely fate, were the first
and second Engineers. 138 The Egyptian Mummy from the
Pyramids supposed to be 3000 years old is brought by this
boat the Jubilee and is intended for exhibition when many of
our fair citizens will be gratified by a sight of one of these rare
relics of antiquity it being the first one that has ever honoured
our City with a visit. The Sauk Indians arrive to-day 21 in
number.

23 Pleasant Morning. Warm at Noon. Evening Clear and warm.

24 Morning agreeable Noon Warm Evening " and "
S. B. Plough Boy depart [s] for Louisville Mr. Reed of this
place died by a fall from his horse. 139

25 last night some rain, much like rain this Evening. S. B. Rover
arrive [s] this day in the morning from Fever River S. B.
Bolivar arrive [s] this morning from Louisville

26 Morning fine Noon Warm Afternoon heat oppressive not-
withstanding Wind high Galena Packet arrives this morning

137. The Shawnee Indians from the Lewistown, Ohio, area were removing at this time to
lands set aside for them in present Kansas. See Footnote 70 for item on Anthony Shane.

138. The Car of Commerce was on her -way from New Orleans to Louisville. The account
in Niles' Weekly Register, Baltimore, June 7, 1828, says the accident occurred on May 13,
when the boat was about 140 miles from the rnouth of the Ohio. Out of 70 deck passengers,
only three or four escaped injury; of the crew, only the captain and clerk were saved; of
the seven cabin passengers, six were uninjured, one was scalded. Eighteen men were buried
at once, 15 were missing, and half of the injured were not expected to survive. The Car of
Commerce, the article stated, "was owned at Louisville, and is said to be an inferior boat,
with an engine patched up from old machinery, and an old set of boilers about fourth rate
dn size and appearance." Hall, op. cit., p. 245, noted 28 killed and 29 wounded in this dis-
aster; and listed the Car of Commerce as a 150-ton boat, built in 1827 (p. 253). The ac-
count in Lloyd stated that the accident occurred at a place called the Canadian Reach, on
May 14, and was caused by a faulty force-pump, which failed to supply water to the
boilers. Lloyd, James T., Lloyd's Steamboat Directory . . . (Cincinnati, 1856), p. 120.
It was one of the worst steamboat disasters ever to occur on Western waters. The boat was
repaired, however, and "survived" until 1832. Hall, op. cit., p. 253.

139. James Reed died at Galena, Fever river, on May 17. Missouri Republican, St. Louis,
May 27, 1828. He was the son-in-law of Charles Bosseron (see Footnote 107), having
married . Therese Bosseron on October 12, 1825. Billon, op. cit., p. 224.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

151

from Fever River with which comes Majr Taliaffero 14 Indian
Agent. S. Boat Pilot from Galena arrived this day at 12
oClock. The Emigrating Kickapoo Indians arrive 141

27 Morning Cool & Pleasant Noon Agreeable Afternoon
warm yet agreeable Steam Boat Cleopatra arrived this Morn-
ing from Louisville Steam Boat Liberator Captn. McGun-
negle 10 days from N. Orleans. S. Boat Missouri this P. M
from St Peters on board of which comes down the 5th Regiment
to be stationed at Jefferson Barracks. 142 The Shawanees with
Interpreter Shane depart The Sauk Indians of the Mississippi
depart

28 Cloudy Morning Noon . Cloudy & Light rain Afternoon
Clear and pleasant Wednesday. No Arrivals or Departures
of Boats this day.

29 Warm Morning. Noon Warm with Little rain Evening fine
Thursday S. Boat Cleopatra departs this P. M. for Louisville
A band of the Kickapoos 22 in number arrive to day.

30 Pleasant Morning Noon Warm Evening fine with thin
fleecy clouds. Friday. S. Boat Missouri departed this morning
for Galena Likewise arrived this morning 3 boats "belonging
to the American Fur Company with furs and peltries. 143 The
S. Boat "Maryland" from Louisville.

31 Morning fine Pleasant Weather Evening warm but pleas-
ant

June, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Therr

Date

J.ne

8 A. M

Weather

Wind

4 P. M

Weather

Wind

Clear

Clo-idy

Clear

S.E.

Clear

Cloudy

N.E

Cloudy

N.E.

Clear

S.W.

Clear

S.W

Rise & Fall of River
River rising this day
Ditto rising

River about upon a Stand.

River rhing & now very high
River falling a little.

140. Lawrence Taliaferro (1794-1871), was Indian agent at St. Peters (Fort Snelling),
from April, 1819, to January, 1840. The Indians of his agency were principally Sioux.
Taliaferro retired in 1840, and lived the rest of his life at Bedford, Pa. "Auto-Biography,"
in Minnesota Historical Collections, v. 6, pp. 189-255; also, t'btd., v. 4, p. 40.

141. These were apparently Kickapoos from Illinois, joining others of their tribe on the
Osage river, Missouri, where they had a 60-mile-square tract at this time. 23 Cong., 1 Sess.,
Senate Doc. 512 (Serial 245), p. 584.

142. See Footnote 123.

143. One of the very few mentions in the diary of fur-trading activities. The American
Fur Company, organized in 1808, had established a branch in St. Louis in 1822, and by 1828
had almost a monopoly 011 the U. S. fur trade. Dictionary of American History (New York,
1940), v. 1, p. 61.

152

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Their

Therr

Date

June

8A.M

Weather

Wind

4P.M

Weather

Wind

Rise & Fall of River

Clear

N.E.

Cloudy

N.E

.. ,,

Cloudy

SW.

S.W.

it ii n ii

Clear

River falling (not much)

Clear

NW.

N.W

ii ii ii ii

Clear

River about upon a Stand.

Clear

S.E.

i ii n ii

Cloudy

S.W.

Cloudy

SW.

River falling a little (not much

Clear

ii ii ii n

Clear

Cloudy

ii ii ii .. ii

Clear

Cl^ar

River about upon a Stand.

Clear

SW.

Clear

SW.

River rising (slowly).

Clear

" " "

Clear

PW.

i n n

Clear

SW.

River about upon a Stand

S.E.

i ii ii ii

SE.

River falling

Cloudy

ii i. i.

Clear

ii ii ii i.

" " " "

i i. ii ii

REMARKS

Morning Cool Showering the fore-noon of this day P. M.
fine Sunday S. Boat Liberator departs this day 12 oClock
for New Orleans. The Illinois Steam Boat for Galena Fever
River

Pleasant Morning Noon Fine but Warm Afternoon pleas-
ant Monday. S. Boat Indiana at noon from Fever River S.
Boat Criterion Captn. Sparhawk 4 Days from Louisville
The Fox Indians depart.

Morning fine Noon Unpleasantly Warm Evening Sultry
appearance of rain Tuesday S. Boat Indiana departs for
Fever River S. Boat Criterion for Louisville The Kickapoos
depart.

Warm Morning Noon Warm Evening Heat oppressive
Wednesday. S. Boat Missouri from Galena. S. Boat Oregon
from N. Orleans. S. Boat Lady Washington from Fever River.
"Maryland" for Louisville dept

Pleasant morning Noon Cloudy & Warm Evening warm
unpleasantly so Thursday Steam Boat Plough-Boy arrived
from Louisville. The Saint Louis & Gal[ena] Packet arrived
at Noon from Galena & proceeded down to Kaskaskias for
freight One Kansas [Indian] arrives

Morning fine after a little rain during the night. Noon warm
Evening Warm Friday No Arrivals or Departures this
Day A Seneca squaw [arrives ?]

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 153

7 Morning fine yet Warm Noon Warm Evening fine Moder-
ately Warm Saturday The North America arrived Last
Night in 10 days from New Orleans. The Illinois this morn-
ing from Galena Fever River.

8 This day cool & pleasant, with Rain after night Sunday.
Steam Boat Oregon departs this morning for New Orleans

" Ploughboy " " " " Louisville
" " Criterion Arrived to day from the Mouth of Ohio

9 Fine pleasant Morning after rain last night Noon Cloudy &
Warm Afternoon Warm Monday. Steam Boat Rover ar-
rived from Galena & Prairie du Chien. The Criterion departs
this morning for Clarksville. 144 The St Louis & Galena Packet
arrives up from Kaskaskias via St Genevieve.

10 Cloudy & still Morning after rain during night Noon Cloudy
with Showers Afternoon Showery Tuesday. Steam Boat
Cleopatra from Louisville. Galena Packet departs for Fever
River.

11 Clear & fine Morning after a showery night. Pleasant
Weather Evening fine Wednesday. Steam Boat Illinois
departs for Fever River

12 Fine Cool Morning Noon pleasant Afternoon fine & agree-
able Thursday. Steam Boat Criterion descends from Na-
ples. 145 Steam Boat Cleopatra departs to Louisville. Steam
Boat Rover departs to Prairie du Chien The Delawares arrive
52 in number

13 Pleasant morning Pleasant at Noon P. M agreeable yet
a little warm Friday.

Steam Boat Pilot from Louisville.
Steam Boat "Maryland" " "

14 Morning agreeable. Weather pleasant Noon Afternoon
warm yet agreeable Saturday. Arrivals none Departures
none loways Arrive. 37 in number

15 Morning showery Noon Cloudy P. M. Cloudy and closes
with thunder and rain. Sunday. Steam Boat Missouri from
Galena Fever River with freight 2600 Bars of Lead and pas-
sengers 80. Steam Boat Josephine arrives from Galena Fever
River.

16 Morning Fine after a rainy Night Noon Warm P. M.
rather disagreeably warm Monday. The Pilot departed this
Evening at 9 O'clock for Galena.

144. Clarksville, a village of Pike county, Missouri, was 105 miles up the Mississippi
river from St. Louis. Lloyd, op. cit., p. 232.

145. Naples was a village of Scott county, Illinois, on the Illinois river.

154 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

17 Pleasant morning Noon Showery with high Wind P. M
fine yet warm Tuesday.

The North America departs for New Orleans
The Josephine " " Galena

The Missouri " " Galena

18 Fine Morning after a tempestuous night of thunder, lightning
& rain. Noon Warm P M. fine Wednesday. The Lady
Washington 6 days from Louisville freighted with Govern-
mental Stores. The Illinois from Galena.

19 Thursday. The Galena Packet arrived Last Night with 3,700
bars of Lead.

20 Morning pleasant Noon Warm yet agreeable P. M. fine
Friday. No Arrivals or Departures this day

21 Morning fine Noon agreeably fine Afternoon Warm &
pleasant Saturday. The Jubilee Captn Hinckley arrived
from New Orleans freight 1462 packages dry goods pas-
sengers 160. 14G By the arrival of this boat the Catholics of the
city had the pleasure of seeing the Right Reverd Bishop Rosati
appointed to officiate in this place. 147 The Rover Captn.
Newman descended from Galena and after a stay of but a
few hours continued on to Louisville.

22 Morning pleasant Noon Warm P. M. Sultry & Warm.
Sunday. The Illinois this morning for Galena. The accident
of the 18th of May which the steam ferry boat of this city
encountered, being now remedied it re-commences running.
The Ploughboy this Evening from Louisville.

23 Warm Morning. Noon Warm Evening Warm & sultry
Monday. The Steam Boat Indiana from Galena. The Galena
Packet departs to Galena, Fever River Kickapoo[s] arrive
34 in number

24 Morning warm extremely Warm Extremely Evening warm
& oppressively sultry Tuesday. The Cleopatra arrived last
night from Louisville in 4 days. The Ploughboy departs at 10
o'clock A M. for Louisville The Missouri came down from
Galena having in tow the Galena packet and Cargo-boat the
Lady Washington an accident viz bursting of the boiler having

146. According to Baird "Even a beat of 100 tons often carries 50 cabin passengers; as
many more, or perhaps twice as many, on deck; and withal 75 or 80 tons of freight!"
[Baird, Robert], View of the Valley of the Mississippi . . . (Philadelphia, 1832), p. 322.
The Jubilee was a 205 -ton boat. Hall, op. cit., p. 257.

147. Bishop Rosati removed to St. Lcuis in the fall of 1830. At this date his head-
quarters was at New Orleans.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 155

taken to the latter. No lives were lost. Fox Indians arrive 50
in number

25 Warm Morning Noon Warm and oppressive. P. M. Warm
& Sultry Wednesday. The Jubilee left here at 4 P. M. for
New Orleans. The Cleopatra for Louisville One Poncan and
Two Osage Indians arrive

26 Morning oppressive Noon Warm P. M. Pleasant more so
than yesterday Thursday. The Indiana for Galena.

27 Pleasant but Warm Morning Noon Warm P. M. Cloudy &
appearance of rain Friday. The Pilot Captain Elliott from
Galena The Red Rover 148 (for the first time here) from Pitts-
burgh. 28 days. Purposed to be employed in the upper Trade.
The Essex from Louisville. The Liberator from New Orleans
passage 9 l / 2 days.

28 Warm yet pleasant after rain yesterday Evening Noon
Warm P. M. Cloudy and clear alternately Saturday. The
Lady Washington arrived this morning from Galena and de-
parted at Noon for Louisville. The Red Rover for Galena de-
parts this day. 43 Delawares depart to-day also the Sacs &
foxes

29 Pleasant morning after rain during night. Noon pleasant P.
M. agreeably cool Sunday. The Illinois from Galena. The
"Maryland" Captain James Marshall from Louisville.

30 Morning cloudy with appearance of rain Noon warm P.
M. Warm & cloudy Monday. No arrivals or departures this
day.

July, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Therr.

Date

July

8A.M.

Weather

Wind

4P.M.

Weather

Wind

Stage of Water

Clear

River falling

SW.

" "

i. i

Clear

River falling not much

" " "

sw.

" " "

Clear

ti ii

ii n

SW.

1. n n

River falling not much

i ii i>

148. This Red Rover, a new 50-ton boat, was intended for the lead mine trade on the
upper Mississippi. In 1829, a 500-ton Red Rover was built, but there is no mention in the
diary of this latter steamboat. Hall, op. cit. t p. 260.

156

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Therr.

Date

July

8A.M.

Weather

Wind

4 P. M.

Weather

Wind

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

sw.

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

s.w.

Cloudy

sw.

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

w.s.w

Clear

s.w.

Clear

NWN

Clear

S.E.

Clear

S.E.

Clear

s.w.

Cloudy

Stage of Water

River falling not very much
tf tt ii ii

River falling not very much
River upon a Stand

River falling a little

REMARKS

1 Fine morning Noon pleasant Afternoon warm Tuesday.
The Oregon 9 days from New Orleans met the Jubilee 30 miles
below Memphis all well.

2 Morning fine noon pleasant P. M. fine Wednesday.
The Illinois departs for Louisville

The Josephine " " Galena

The Liberator " " New Orleans.

3 Morning fine noon Fine P. M. pleasant Thursday. No
arrivals or Departures this day

4 Morning fine Noon Warm yet fine P. M. Warm Friday.
S. B. Rover from Louisville.

5 Morning Clear and pleasant. Evening quite warm Saturday
Red Rover from Galena

6 Morning fine Noon Warm P. M. Warm yet pleasant
Sunday S. B. Plough-boy from Louisville late this Evening

7 Warm Morning. Noon Warm P. M Warm and oppressive
Monday S. Boat Rover for Galena Fever River. Col Menard
[from] Green Bay Galena Packet for Galena Fever River S.
Boat Indiana from Galena Fever River S. Boat Columbus
arrived at half past 10 from Louisville and Will as is thought
descend to the Mouth of Ohio for a load of Timber Her
1st. Appearance Here. Large Boat. 149

149. The Columbus sank a few months later. See diary entries of October 17 and 19,
and accompanying footnote. She was a 220-ton boat, built at Pittsburgh in 1826. Hall,
op. cit., p. 253.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 157

8 Pleasant Morning Noon Pleasant P. M. fine & pleasant
Tuesday Plough boy for Louisville Red Rover for Galena
in which went D. D. McNair 15 as an Express from the Depart-
ment to Genl. Street to advise and Warn the tresspassers on
Indian lands to Cease ere force be resorted to.

9 Fine Morning Noon warm P. M. fine and agreeable
Wednesday No Arrivals or Departures

10 Morning pleasant Noon Warm P. M. fine and Warm
Thursday The S. Boat Cleopatra from Louisville The S.
Boat Missouri from Galena

11 Morning fine Pleasant Noon P. M Fine Friday The
Columbus departs to the mouth of Ohio for Planks The Essex
from Louisville The Lady Washington from Louisville

12 Morning Clear & pleasant. Noon Warm P. M Warm &
Sultry Saturday The Cleopatra for Louisville The Essex
for Louisville

13 Fine Morning Noon Pleasant Afternoon fine yet warm
Sunday No arrivals or Departures

14 Cool Morning Noon Agreeable P. M. fine and pleasant
Sunday [Monday] S Boat "Tecumseh" m from Louisville
Lady Washington for Camp Millar

15 Pleasant Morning Noon Pleasant P. M. fine and agreeable

16 Morning fine Noon Fine Afternoon Pleasant Wednesday
S Boat L. Washington for Louisville S. Boat Illinois from
Louisville Fine S. Boat, "Columbus" from the Mouth towed
up the North America above St Genevieve. S. Boat Red Rover
from Galena

17 Morning Cool Weather Clear & dry Noon fine After-
noon warm. Thursday S. Boat North America from New
Orleans took on board as passing Natchez and brought up
to here Mr. Caldwell's Company of Theatricals 152 The S Boat
Rover from Galena

150. Dunning D. McNair was an interpreter for the Shawnee Indians, and, also, a clerk
in the superintendency office at this period. In the spring of 1831, shortly after being ap-
pointed subagent to the Osage Indians, he was struck by lightning while crossing the prairie,
and killed. St. Louis Beacon, June 23, 1831; Superintendency of Indian affairs, St. Louis,
"Records," v. 4, p. 229; list of interpreters for the Indians, in The National Calendar for
MDCCCXX1X (Washington City, 1829), p. 120. See, also, diary entry of March 19, 1830.

161. The Tecumseh, first mentioned here, was a 212-ton boat, built at Cincinnati in 1826.
By 1830 she was worn out. Hall, op. cit., p. 262.

152. Mr. Caldwell was the owner of theaters in New Orleans and Nashville, and of
Natchez and St. Louis theater companies. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, September 2, 1828.
The opening play at St. Louis, on the evening of July 19, 1828, "Town and Country," seems
to have been well received. Ibid., July 22, 1828. Performances were advertised for four
evenings a week during the season. The company remained in St. Louis until mid -October.
See diary entry of October 16.

158 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

18 Morning warm and rain wanted Noon Warm Afternoon
fine and warm. Friday The Illinois for Louisville. 17 Piank-
ashaw arrived 3 others arrive making 20

19 Morning Sultry appearance of rain Noon Warm After-
noon Warmth Oppressive Saturday No arrivals or De-
partures this day.

20 Morning Sultry and Very Warm Noon Warm P. M. Op-
pressively Warm Sunday The S Boat Jubilee from New
Orleans 75 Sauks arrived to-day

21 Morning Warm Very Noon Cloudy P. M. Showery light
rain. Monday The Galena Packet for Galena 27 Kickapoo
arrive this day

22 A comparitively cool Morning after a happy rain last evening

P. M. Warm very Tuesday The Illinois for Franklin 2
Poncans Indians depart also Shawonee 5 in number

23 Warm Morning Noon Warm very P. M Very Warm op-
pressive Wednesday The North America for New Orleans
The Missouri from Galena

24 Rain a heavy shower with thunder & lightning Noon Cloudy

Afternoon Cloudy appearance of rain Thursday The
Essex 4 days from Louisville

25 Warm Morning Noon Warm Cloudy P. M. Warm ex-
tremely so Friday

Steam Boat Essex for Louisville

Missouri " Fever River
Red Rover from Galena

26 Sultry Morning appearance of rain Noon Warm P. M
Warmth oppressive Saturday No arrivals or Departures
The Kickapoo depart 25 in number The Sauk depart 82
in number

27 Fine Morning Rain Noon Cloudy pleasant Afternoon
Pleasant cloudy No arrivals or Departures The Fox In-
dians arrive 23 in number.

28 Fine & comparitively cool morning Noon pleasant After-
noon warm yet pleasant The Republican from Louisville
The Piankashaws depart. The Delaware depart (3 in number)

29 Fine cool morning Noon Warm P. M. pleasant though
warm The Republican departs at Noon for Louisville

30 Morning warm yet not disagreeable Noon pleasant After-
noon pleasant The Illinois Came down last night from Frank-

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

159

lin The Galena Packet from Galena Cargo 2,500 pigs of
Lead. 153 The La Grange from Louisville

31 Morning pleasant Noon warm P. M. pleasant The Rover
Came down from [sic!] this morning from Prairie du Chien
4600 pigs of Lead from Galena

August, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom

State

Points

Thermom

State

Point

Date

August

8 A. M.

Weather

Wind

4 P. M

Weather

Wind

Stage of Water

Clear

River falling a little

Clear

Cloudy

ii < n ii

Cloudy

N.W.

n i. i.

Clear

84 fc

Clear

" " " "

Clear

" '

Clear

n n n

Clear

Cloudy

n i ii

Clear

River falling

Clear

n i. it

Clear

Cloudy

River falling "

Cloudy

Clear

n n ii

Cloudy

Clear

ii n ii

Cloudy

i, n ii

Cloudy

Clear

n i. n

Clear

River falling fast

Clear

n n n

Cloudy

Clear

" " "

Clear

S:E.

Clear

ii i. .

Clear

S.S.E

Cloudy

n i.

Cloudy

Clear

S.E.

i. i. ii

Cloudy

SW.

Clear

R.W.

River rises a little

Clear

n n

Clear

n i, ii

Clear

ii ii n

Cloudy

Clear

n n .i

Clear

it ii ii

Clear

8.E.

ii n

Calm

I. M 1,

I. 1. II

Cloudy

Cdy. a R

River falls a little

REMARKS

1 Warm morning Noon Warm P. M. Pleasant yet warm
The Criterion from Louisville The La Grange for Louisville
The Foxes 13 in number with Morgan the Chief 154 depart
from the Department this day

153. The tr3de from the lead mines had grown rapidly since 1826. Niles' Weekly Register,
October 18, 1828, reprinted nn nrtirle from "Vnndalia, Aug. 3," stating that the town of
Galena, mining center, founded in 1820, already had a population of nearly 700, and "there
have been 75 steamboat and 38 keel bout arrivals since 1st March. About eight million
pounds of lead were exported during the year ending 1st of June last. The population in the
neighborhood of the mines is estimated at 10.000."

154. "Among the Snuks and Foxes, Keeoknk and Morgan, the head warriors of the two
tribes, were their orators " Atwater, Caleb, Remarks Made On a Tour To Prairie du Chien

. . in 182!) (Columbus, Ohio, 1831), p. 123. Keokuk is also mentioned in the diary in
February and April, 1829.

160 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

2 Warm morning Noon Sultry P. M Rain and much wished
for Missouri from Galena

3 Pleasant morning showery after rain all night Noon Cloudy
P. M. fine and pleasant no departures No arrivals

4 morning agreeably cool. Noon Warm P. M warm The
Oregon arrived last night from New Orleans report that the
Liberator took freight for the mouth of Cumberland which
Causes its delay. The Oregon left New Orleans on the 24th of
July. The Returns of the General Election Ticket gives 34
Administration 25 Jackson Derbigny Governor & White,
Gurley and Overton for Congress &c. 155

5 Morning agreeably pleasant Noon Warm P. M Warm.
Tuesday The Steam Boat Liberator from New Orleans via
Smithland. 156

6 Morning warm yet pleasant Noon warm P. M. Warm
Wednesday The Essex Steam Boat from Louisville The
Oregon ditto ditto from New Orleans (a mistake) "Dont take
them" [?] N. B Ten Fox depart this morning Fourteen Dela-
wares arrive this Evening

7 Morning Warm & Sultry Noon cloudy P. M rainy and
pleasant Thursday no arrivals or departures These above
Fourteen Delawares depart this Evening

8 Morning pleasant Noon warm P. M. warm yet not un-
pleasant

9 Warm morning Noon warm P. M warm and Sultry

10 Warm morning Noon sultry appearance of rain P. M
fine rain this evening Sunday The Criterion from Louis-
ville The Missouri for Galena The Oregon for New Orleans

11 Cool morning after the rain of last evening Noon warm P.
M. warm very Monday no arrivals or departures

12 Cloudy morning with appearance of rain Noon warm P.
M. warm & pleasant Tuesday The Galena packet from Ga-
lena Mr Blake's party of Creeks arrive. 157

13 A severe storm from S. W. accompanied with hail Noon
pleasant P. M agreeably pleasant Wednesday no arrivals
or departures

155. Although these Louisiana returns favored John Quincy Adams for president, Andrew
Jackson was the country's choice in the 1828 elections. Pierre A. C. B. Derbigny was elected
governor of Louisiana and the three representatives to congress chosen were Edward D. White,
Henry H. Gurley and Walter H. Overton.

156. "Smithland" or Smith's Landing, 111., was 20 miles down the Mississippi river from
St. Louis. Lloyd, op. cit., p. 231.

157. Luther Blake, acting agent for the Western Creeks, and three Creek Indians, arrived
at St. Louis on this date. See, also, entry of August 21.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 161

14 Rainy morning & comparitively cool Noon warm P. M
warm yet pleasant Thursday Steam Boat SI Frisbee 158 from
Louisville 1st Time with which come an addition to Mr.
Caldwells' Company of Comedians viz Mr Kinney & Lady 159

15 Morning pleasant Noon agreeable Afternoon fine yet a
little warm Friday no arrivals or departures

16 Pleasant morning & cloudless. Noon agreeably cool After-
noon fine Saturday Saml Frisbee Steam Boat departs to
Louisville

17 Warm Morning yet pleasant Noon warm P. M. pleasant
Sunday S. Boat Republican from Louisville 1st Time. 160

18 Pleasant & cool morning. Noon pleasant P. M. agreeably
cool Monday The Criterion for New Orleans The Frisbee
for Louisville The Galena Packet yesterday for Fever River
A [Pawnee] Loup with wife and 2 Children arrive.

19 Morning fine and pleasant. Noon showery P. M light rain
& pleasant Tuesday The Republican last night for Fever
River The Missouri arrived at Noon from Fever River

20 rain last [night] which continues severely this morning from the
East Noon warm P. M. warm Wednesday No ar-
rivals or departures

21 Dark morning appearance of rain A. M rain P. M Clear
& warm Thursday Note. Mr. Blake arrives at St. Louis
with a party of Creek Indians on the llth August & sets out
back for the Chickasaw nation with a letter from Capt. G. H.
Kennedy to Chickasaw Chief on the evening of the 18th,
August. On the evening the 19th the Revnd. Mr. McCoy leaves
with the Party on their exploring expedition. 161

22 Warm morning Noon Warm P. M. Warm & sultry Fri-
day The N. America 15 days from New Orleans

158. The Samuel Frisbee is mentioned in the diary through the succeeding months of 1828,
but not after December. Hall, op. cit., does not list this steamboat.

159. See diary entry of July 17.

160. The Republican, not a new boat, is first mentioned in the diary under entry of July
28, 1828.

161. A conducted tour of lands in present Oklahoma had been planned for representatives
of the Creek, Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes. It was hoped that these Indians could be in-
duced to remove to the new Indian territory. Agent Blake, arriving with the Creeks and
learning that the Chickasaw and Choctaw delegations had not arrived, set out for their na-
tions to persuade them to come to St. Louis. Over a month earlier, the Rev. Isaac McCoy
had reached St. Louis with a delegation of Pottawatomie and Ottawa Indians who were to
view lands in present Kansas with a view of removing their peoples from Michigan and
Indiana. Rather oddly, the diary does not record their arrival, which McCoy in his journal
stated was on July 16. Capt. George H. Kennedy had been named leader for the expedition
west. But when it was decided to send the Pottawatomies and Ottawas on ahead, McCoy
was put in charge of them. His journal of this tour has been published in the Kansas
Historical Quarterly, v. 5, pp. 227-277. Fifty days after setting out, the party returned.
On October 7, 1828, McCoy went into St. Louis, and made a brief written report of the
expedition for Governor Clark. For note on the second expedition of 1828, see Footnote 180.

112515

162

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

23 Warm morning Noon warm P. M very warm

24 Warm yet pleasant morning Noon pleasant P. M. warm &
Sultry

25 Warm & cloudy morning with appearanace of rain Noon
warm P. M warm

26 Warm & clear morning Noon Warm P. M warm & Sultry
Tuesday The Essex came up last night from Louisville The
Jubilee departs for New Orleans Kickapoos (four) arrive this
day from Illinois

27 Warm yet pleasant morning Oppressively warm this evening

28 Warm & dry weather very warm and sultry this evening
Shawnees (4) arrive from the Current 162

29 Weather clear & still very warm. Continues very warm

30 Very warm this morning Rain a few miles W S. B. Attak-
apas 1Q3 arrive [d] this day from Orleans. Majr. R. Graham
& W. Radford 164 arrives in the Essex from Kty. on the night
of the 26th Inst. S. B. Missouri Sinks on the evening of the
29th 90 miles above St. Louis in 12 feet Water. 165 Little
Turky & his party set out for Illinois

31 like for rain.

September, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermomr

State

Date

Septr

8AM

Weather

Wind

4PI

Clear

Cloudy '

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Foggy

Clear

Points Thermomr State

of
Weather

Cloudy

Clear

Clear
Rain
Clear

Clear
Clear

Points

of
Wind

W
W
W

NE
NE
NE
S

Stage of Water or River
River falls a little
River still falling

The River falling
River falling

162. The Current is a small river of Missouri and Arkansas.

163. Hall, op. cit. } p. 252, lists the Attackapas as built at Louisville (no date given), a
124-ton boat.

164. Maj. Richard Graham, Indian agent (see Footnote 125), and William Radford,
Clark's step-son, a navy midshipman at this time. Radford (1809-1890) had a notable
career in the navy. He served with distinction in the Civil War, and was made a rear
admiral July 25, 1866. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1935), v. 15, pp.
319, 320.

165. The Missouri, a new boat (see Footnote 116), was descending the Mississippi from
Galena with a load of lead from the mines, when she struck a snag. Her passengers were
brought to St. Louis on the Galena Packet. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, September 2,
1828. In the issue of November 4, 1828, the Republican reported: "We are gratified to
have it in our power to state, that the Steam Boat Missouri, of the sinking of which we
published an account some time ago, has been raised without injury. She is now refitting,
and will be ready to recommence running in a few days." The next mention of the Missouri
in the diary is on January 7, 1829.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

163

Thermomr State Points

Thermomr State

Points

Date

Septr

SAM

Weather

Wind

4PM.

Weather

Wind

Stage of Water or River

Clear

Cloudy

River falling

Cloudy

Rain

i ii

Clear

Cloudy

Calm

ii if

Rain

Clear

calm

River still falling

Clear

clear

calm

ii ii

fine Clear

calm

Clear

S.E.

Cloudy

Clear

ii ii

Cloudy

Clear

ii ii

Cloudy

Rain

Fair

Clear

Rising

Clear

N.W.

Fair

Clear

72*

Cloudy

Clear

River falling

Cloudy

" at a stand

Cloudy

River at a stand

REMARKS

Clear

& very warm.

Wind

from the

West

& cool & plesant

Cloud

y & pleasa

ntly cool this mornii

ig. Cold evening

8De

wares arrive from White River 4 Shawanees leave for the
Current 9 Kickapoos arrive from Prophets Village

3 Clear cool morning, this evening clear & warmer A Delaware
man & woman from Ohio leave for Kanzas River (Step Son of
Shain 166

4 Clear cool & pleasant morning, tolerably warm evening S. B.
Gallena packett for fever River

5 Some frost this morning. Warm evening Kickapoo Prophet
with 25 of his party arrive on the 5th Septr. 167

6 Clear & rather warm morning, much warmer than for 2 or 3
Evenings

7 Cloudy & much like rain. Rain & cool this evening S. Boats
Illinois & Frisby from Louisville

8 Clear & cold morning. Still cool but pleasant evening. S. B.
Josephene arrives from fever River

9 Clear with some frost. Clear and Cool

10 Fog this morning. Evening Clear and cool. S. B. Republican
leaves for Louisville Troops of the 5th Rgt. leave for the
Lakes. 168

166. Evidently a reference to the stepson of Anthony Shane, the interpreter. See Foot-
notes 70 and 137.

167. Kennekuk, the Kickapoo Prophet, came frequently to see Clark. His previous visits
were noted in the diary, entries of August 29, 1826, February 10, 1827, and May 17, 1828.

168. By War Department orders, eight companies of the Fifth regiment were to go from
Jefferson Barracks to the following posts : two companies to Fort Brady, four companies to
Fort Howard and two companies to Fort Dearborn. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, Septem-
ber 9, 1828.

164 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

11 Clear and fine morning. Evening pleasant [Prophet and
party] leave on the llth.

12 Clear & warm morning. Evening warm

13 Clear, some rain at 11 OClock. Evening Cloudy

14 Cloudy morning & appearance of rain this morning. Rain

15 Foggy morning This evening warm and cloudy threatening
Rain.

16 Rain this morning This evening warm & sultry. This Even-
ing S. Boat Fecility 169 arrives from Louisville 1st Time on
board of which Majr. L Talliaferro 17 & Lady arrives from
Bedford Spring Pennsylvania. By this Boat we are informed
that the S. Boat Essex had sunk in the Ohio River on her trip
to this place; owing to a hell stone [?] in her bottom. 171
b4 k4 ka4-!4 "assuredly."

17 Clear fine morning This evening, pleasant &c. S. B. Gallena
Packett arrives this morning Departed Steam B. Facility, for
Louisville.

18 Clear fine morning & weather. Evening warm & pleasant Ar-
rived S. B. Oregon from N. Orleans. 11 days. Arr. S. B. Lady
Washington from Galena.

19 Fine morning somewhat cloudy. Fine pleasant Evening.

20 Cool morning cloudy, hard & stormy wind from South.

21 Stormy Winds from the South. Violent Rain this Evening S.
B. Lady Washington leaves for Gallena with Mjr. L. Taliaferro
& Lady on board. S. B. Illinois leaves this day for Orleans
burg[?]

22 Hard wind from the South from 6 OClock last Evng to 5 this
morning Gloomy Evening Departed S B. Maryland For N.
Orleans. 2 Rifles sent to Winnebagoes. 1 Do. given to Ottawa
Chief. 1 Shot gun to Mjr. Campbell 172 1 Rifle given to
Shanes step son. 2 Rifles given at shop to Shawanees with two
left in place. 2 Rifles given to Weas. 3 Rifles given to
Mesco[?] out of Box by Capt G. H. Kennerly

23 Clear morning. Fair pleasant Evening Arrived S. B. Isa-
bella 173 from Orleans. 1st Time here. S. B. Criterion from
Orleans.

169. The Facility, 117 tons, was built at Cincinnati in 1827. Hall, op. cit., p. 255.

170. See Footnote 140.

171. The Essex was reported wrecked on the rocks at Scuffleton bar, in the Ohio river.
Missouri Republican, St. Louis, September 23, 1828. But her arrival at St. Louis is men-
tioned in an October diary entry, so she was evidently raised and repaired.

172. John Campbell was subagent for the Delaware Indians at this date. The National
Calendar, op. cit., p. 119.

173. The Isabella (250 tons), was built at Marietta, Ohio, in 1827. Hall, op. cit., p. 256.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

165

24 Pleasant morning. Fair pleasant Eve.

25 Beautiful morng Fine Clear Evening

26 Fine fair morning. Fine & pleasant evening. Arrived S. B.
Josephine from Fever River.

27 G. R. Clark 174 leaves to day for Augtor [Augusta] Ky Last
night & this morning cold a little Cloudy pleast

28 This morning clear and fine. Fine Evening S. B. Jubilee ar-
rive [s] from Orleans with Mr. Blake 175 on board. Intreptr
for Creeks S. B. Rover from Louisville.

29 This morning pleast Pleast Evening Departed S. B. Isabella
for Orleans. Capt D. M. Greene

30 Cloudy & gloomy morning, the evening Cloudy No arrivals
or departures

October, 1828

Thermomtr State
Date at of

October SAM Weather

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Clear

Foggy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Ind. Sum

Smoky

W[7]

Cloudy

Clear

Smoky

Cool

pleast.

Cloudy

Rain

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

State

of
Weather

Clear
Clear
Clear

Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear

Hazy
Clear

Smoky

Cold
Cool
Clear
Smoky

Smoky

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Rain

Clear

Fair

Cloudy

Clear

Point's

of
Wind

S.W

Stage of Water or River
River at a stand

River falling
River falling

River Rising
River at a stand

River falling
River falling

River falling

174. See Footnote 100.

175. See Footnotes 157 and 161.

166 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

REMARKS

1 Clear & pleasant morning, cool & pleasant evening no ar-
rivals or departures

2 Cool Foggy morning, cool temperate evening Departed S. B.
; . Josephine for Fever River

3 Fine pleasant morning, temperate evening
Departed S. B. Rover for Fever River

" " " N. America For Orleans

4 Fine Cool morning. Clear evening

5 A calm & pleasant morning. S. W. wind strong this evening S.
Boats Jubilee & Criterion depart for Orleans. Arr. S. B. Sam
Frisbee fr[om] Trinity.

6 Somewhat cloudy & cool Warm Evening.

7 Pleasant morning.

8 beautiful morning, warm evening & Clear. Tecumseh &
Maryland depart for Orleans Steamer Columbus Fineb[oa]t
departed for Orleans

9 This morning warm. Warm Evening. Races begin. 176 38
Saux from White River with their Chief Shawanaqua

9 & 10 Races commenced, no arrivals or departures

10 Warm morning. Indian Summer commences

11 Pleast " " " & smoky weather Arrived S.
B. Fairy 177 from Louisville 1st time. Mr G. K. & Mr
Metty 178 1 Rifle & Shot Gun Pottawattamies & Ottaways
(5) of the Rev'd Mr McCoys party 179 left yesterday for their
homes

12 Smoky & warm, hard wind from the South This day The S.
B. Crusader Arrived from N. Orleans with the long looked for
Choctaws & Chickasaw delegation from Tenn. & Alabama, ex-
plorg party. Mr. Dunkin with a party of Chickisaws & Chock-
taws arrive to day 18

176. The horse races were run for three days, as advertised: "First Day, 3 miles and
repeat, for a purse of $200. Second day, 2 miles and repeat, for a purse of $150. Third
Day, 1 mile and repeat, for a purse of $100. Free for any horse, mare or gelding. . . ."
They were run "over the St. Louis Turf," and there was evidently an established racing asso-
ciation at this date. The advertisement was published by its secretary Benj. Ames. Missouri
Republican, St. Louis, August 26 and October 7, 1828.

177. The Fairy, an 80-ton boat, was built at Cincinnati in 1827. Hall, op. cit., p. 255.

178. Capt. George H. Kennerly, and the interpreter, Jacques Mette.

179. See Footnote 161.

180. John B. Duncan and D. W. Haley, subagents for the Chickasaws and Choctaws
respectively, arrived on this date with the Indian delegations for the trip west. (See Foot-
note 161.) On October 17 the Chickasaws and part of the exploring party set out, followed
by the Choctaws, Creeks, and the balance of the company on the 18th. (See diary entries
for these days.) Isaac McCoy, a member of the party, described the expedition as follows:
"Our company . . . consisted of Cap. G. H. Kennerly, leader; Lieut. Hood Topographist,
Mr. John Bell assistant topographist, and G. P. Todson surgeon. . . . The Chickasaws
Delegation consisted of 12 Indians, and an interpreter, accompanied by three white men

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 167

13 Hard wind before day light from South fresh breezes from Wd.
& hazy

13 & 14 no arrs or deptur. these days

14 Last night & this morning cool. Cool & pleasant.

15 Cloudy morning, this evening Cool & smoky Arr S. B. Gal.
Packet from Fever River.

16 Cool Frosty morning. Clear & pleasant Evening. Deptd. S.
B. Crusader For N. Orleans with the Theatricals. 181

17 Weather still Clear & fine. This Evening warm. Dpt. pt. of
Exploring] party 182 S. B. Lagrange from Orleans arrive [s]
brings news that the Colmbs sunk mouth Ohio and lost entirely
S. B. C[olumbu]s.

18 This morning very smoky Smoky Evening warm. 2nd pt.
Exploring party] depart 183 No Arr or Deptrs.

19 The weather still warm & smoky. Very smoky evening Col-
umbus Lost at Mouth of Ohio. 184 Arr S. B. S. Frisbee from
Trinity. Saved nearly all the furniture & Engine of the Colum-
bus & transferred it to the Tecumseh Deptd S. Boat Galena
Packet for Trinity.

20 Cool & smoky weather Warm and smoky Evening

21 Clear & warm morning. A clear & pleasant evening Dept. S.
B. Lagrange for N. 0. Mr. Rousseau dep. 185 Dureing the Day
light airs and pleasant Dept S. B. Sam Frisbee for Trinity

22 Cloudy morning warm cloudy pleast evening S. B. Illinois
arrived from Orleans about dark

23 Cloudy & Smoky warm morning, warm Evening. 15 Cour-
ates[ ?] Tobacco given to Saux 5 Rifles delivered to Shawonees.

24 Cloudy & warm morning. Cloudy Evening Rain

25 Cloudy warm morning. Evening Cloudy

chosen by themselves, in all 16, with Mr. John B. Duncan Sub. Agent, as their leader. The
Choctaw delegation was composed of six Indians, and lead by Mr. D. W. Haley. The Creek
delegation consisted of three, and was lead by Mr. Luther Blake. We had one interpreter to
Osages and Kanzas, seven hired men, and a black servant belonging [to] a Chickasaw Chief.
In all 42. We had with us upwards of sixty horses." The expedition returned from the west
in late December. The account of this tour "Isaac McCoy's Second Exploring Trip in 1828,"
has been published in the Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. 13, pp. 400-462.

181. The last performance of the "theatricals," prior to their departure for Natchez, con-
sisted of two plays: the "Grand Melo Dramatic Opera of GUY MANNERING; or, a
Gipsey's Prophecy. Dramatised from Walter Scott's popular Novel of that name. . . .
After which, first time here, Moncrieff's new and unrivalled Drama, entitled THE SONNAM-
BULIST; or, the White Phantom of the Village. . . ." Advertisement in the Missouri
Republican, St. Louis, October 14, 1828.

182. See Footnote 180.

183. Ibid.

184. The Columbus (see Footnote 149), struck a snag and filled with water. The engine,
and a few pigs of lead wore saved, according to the Missouri Republican, St. Louis, October
21, 1828.

185. Mr. Rousseau has not been identified. He may possibly have been Pierre Rousseau
who was interpreter on Pike's expedition of 1805-1806.

168

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

26 Rainy morning, continues to rain with thunder & lightning at
night No Arrivals 23d 24th & 25th & 26th or Departures

27 Rainy Showery fair fine Clear Evening pleast Deptd.
S. Bt Illinois with Yellow boy Ben. fireman for Orleans.

28 Beautiful morning warm Fair pleasant evening

28 - 29 No Arrivals or Departure to Day

29 The weather warm Mr. A. Clark 186 sets own [?] in Carriage
for Louisville

30 Pleast morning. Cloudy Genl. Clark & Miss H. Preston 187
depart in the stage The Gnl for Washington City. 188 Arrived
S. B. Sam Frisbee from Trinity Steamer "Maryland" from N.
Orleans. This day Genl. Clark Deptd for Washington City by
the Stage.

31 morning Clear cold & smoky. Eveng Clear & warm Arrived
S. B. Essex from Louisville.

November, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Date Thermom

State

Points

Thermom

State

Points

Novem-

ber

SAM

Weather

Wind

4PM

Weather

Wind

Smoky

Cloudy

Clear

Smoky

N.W.

Calm

Cool

Windy

N.W.

Cold

Frosty

Plest

Rainy

Cool

Rain

Cold

N.E.

Clear

pleast

Clear

pleast

Cloudy

"is"**

i 62

pleast

Cloudy

l9 """

, 62 ^

Cloudy

Clear

calm

L 20**"

i 51 M

" ^'

w -. ..,;..

Cloudy

ft 21 ""

"Rainy "*

Kit '42

"Snowing"

H^MriMBp^

Freezing]

il'22

Cloudy

N.W.

Cloudy

N.W. ;

Stage of Water or River
River falling
River Rising
River still rising

River falling
River falling

River at a Stand

186. Mr. A. Clark has not been identified.

187. The Preston and Kennerly families were closely related. Henrietta Preston, men-
tioned above, was the daughter of William and Caroline (Hancock) Preston, and a relative
of William Clark's second wife. See Footnote 98.

188. William Clark was apparently absent from St. Louis until March 29, 1829. (See
diary entry of the latter date.) The Secretary of War had written Clark, and Governor Cass
(of Michigan), asking that they come to Washington to aid in preparing a new code of
regulations for the Indian department. In his report dated November 24, 1828, the Secretary
of War stated that both men had arrived and were engaged on this work. The National
Calendar, op. cit., p. 275.

Date Thermom State
Novem- at of
her SAM Weather

Points Thermom State
of at of
Wind 4PM Weather

Points
of
Wind

Cloudy

Clear

Calm

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

lear

Calm

Clear

s.w.

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 169

Stage of Water or River

River at a stand
River rising Little

REMARKS

1 A very Smoky day with strong appearance of rain

2 This morning not so smoky. Col. Sanford arrives 189 Frisbee
for Louisville departs. S. B. Essex Depts for Louisville.

3 This day pleasant Election running for Jackson Presidential
Election. S. B. "Maryland" for N. Orleans

4 Foggy morning polls closed For "A" 330 For "J" 299 31
majr. for A. 190

5 Cloudy in morning & smoky. Cool pleast Evening

6 Cool smoky morning Warm Evening

7 This day warm & Smoky

8 This morning in the Evening

9 S. B. Essex arrived from Trinity

10 Cool morning tho pleast. Colder towards Evening

11 Cool morning Frost Colder in the Evening windy The Es-
sex departs for Trinity. The Rover Arrives from the Rapids.

12 Cold morning Frost & little Ice. Colder Cloudy Evening.

13 Cloudy rain Last night Colder Gloomy rainy Evening
Miss F. Wright arrives to day & holds Lectures at Theatre. 191
S. B. Jubilee Arrives from N. Orleans. Struck a Snag on her
way S. B. Rover departs for the Rapids.

14 S. B. Jubilee arrived from N. Orleans struck a snag on her
way up Miss Fr. Wright & Doct, Jennings passengers. De-
livrd three lectures. No Arrvls or Departures.

189. John F. A. Sanford, subagent to the Mandan Indians. See Footnotes 37 and 53.

190. The results of the Missouri elections for President were: Andrew Jackson, 8,272;
John Quincy Adams, 3,400. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, November 4, 25, 18,28.

191. Miss Frances Wright (1795-1852), lecturer, reformer, "free thinker," was of Scottish
birth. She was a woman of intellect and courage. Following her first visit to the United
States, 1818-1820, she wrote a book, Views of Society and Manners in America (1821), which
won her the friendship of General Lafayette. In 1824, Frances Wright and her sister toured
the U. S. with the general. A few years later she began lecturing, shocking public opinion
not only by this boldness, but even more by advocating such modern ideas as birth control,
emancipation of women, incompatibility as grounds for divorce, freedom of slaves, etc. Her
ideas were influenced by those of Robert Dale Owen, with whom she joined in editing his
colony's New Harmony Gazette. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1930), v.
20, pp. 549, 550. The Missouri Republican, issue of November 18, 1828, stated: "The
celebrated Miss Frances Wright has been in this city for some days. She has delivered
several Lectures to crowded audiences."

170 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

15 S. B. Frisbee arrived warm evening No Arrivals or De-
partures

16 Fine morning Cool Evening wind from west This day the
S. B. Frisbee arrives from Trinity

17 Warm morning & Cloudy Cloudy tho' pleasant. S. B. S.
Frisbee departs for Louisville.

18 Fine morning & warm Cloudy warm evening S. B. Jubilee
departs for N. Orleans to day

19 Little rain Last night warm morning. Fine plast evening. S.
B. Isabella arrived from N. Orleans S. B. North America
arrives from N. Orleans.

20 Cool morning tho' pleasant Evening cool & Cloudy. This
day The Pardon of the 2 Winebagoes at P. du Chien Arrives 192
Steamer Cleopatra Arrived from Louisville.

21 Warm morning & rainy at 12 commenced "snowing" con-
tinned in eveng. Steamer N. America departs for Trinity to
day To day an Express starts for Prairie du Chien, bearing
the Pardon of the two Winnebagoes, confined & condemned to
be hung the 26th Deer next, for murder. At this time there has
information been received from Cant. Leavensworth, that the
Grand Pawnees, & Pawnee Loups, of about 1200 warriors, had
gone en masse in a war excursion against the whites; and their
attention will be directed principally to the Santa Fe road to
intercept our traders, and should they fail there, to fall on the
frontier settlements of Arkansaw, having declared their determi-
nation to scalp all white men whom they meet. 193 This day
our first "Snow" commenced at about 12 A. M. Snowed briskly
in the Evening till about ^ past 8 accompanied with a driving
N. wind.

22 "Snowed" briskly last night. "1 inch" Cool Morning turning
colder this Eveng. Cold morning, freezing before day, & con-
tinues so. Wind from N. W.

Last night Little Steamer Plough Boy arrivd from Louisville.
To day a new Steamer Wm D. Duncan 194 " " "

192. Eight Winnebago Indians were indicted at Prairie du Chien for the murder of
Registre Gagnier and Solomon Lipcap, the scalping of Louisa Gagnier, and other depredations,
in 1827. Red Bird, one of the principal offenders, died in prison. Of the seven Indians
brought to trial in October, 1828, before a U. S. circuit court in Crawford county, Wisconsin,
five were discharged, and two, Wan-i-ga ("the Sun") and Chick-hong-sic (or, "the Petit
Boeuff"), were sentenced to be executed on December 26, 1828. Wisconsin Historical Col-
lections, v. 11, pp. 366, 367, 395, 396 ; Niles' Weekly Register, November 1, 1828, p. 151.

193. This information was in a letter written by Indian agent John Dougherty, of Canton-
ment Leavenworth, and dated November 10, 1828. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, Novem-
ber 18, 1828.

194. Hall, op. cit. f p. 262, listed the Wm. D. Duncan as a 100-ton boat, built in 1827
at Pittsburgh.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

171

The Steamer Cleopatra departed for Louisville.
Isabella " " Orleans.

23 pleast morning. Strong south wind warm Evening.
Little Steamer P. Boy departed for Louisville

" " Wm D. Duncan " " 1st Time

24 Fine morning warm pleasant Evening Old Steamer Musk-
ingum 195 Arrived from Louisville.

25 Fine morning Some Frost. Cool pleasant Evening. J. B.
Steamer Criterion Arrived from N. Orleans

Muskingum departed For Louisville.

26 Spring morng. Strong South wind. Warm Strong S. Wind
river rough No Arrivals or departures to day

27 Beautiful Spring morning. 'Warm. Fine Warm Evening Little
Steamer Rover arrived from Lower Rapids up [per] Mppi
Little Steamer "Cumberland" from Smithland. 1st time
To day Mr. Sanford departs for Washington City in the stage.

28 Beautiful Clear morning. Cloud [y] Evening tho pleast. Fine
Steamer North America arrives from Trinity.

29 Fine morning tho cool. Strong W. wind pleast Evening
Steamer Cumberland departs for Trinity.

30 Fine delightful morning. Decrs. Strong S. Wind, pleasant eve
Steamer North America deptd. for N. Orleans.

Criterion " " Louisville.

December, 1828

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Date Thermom

State

Points

Thermom

State

Points

Decem-

ber

SAM

Weather

Wind

4PM

Weather

Wind

Stage or Height of River

Clear

River rising Little

Clear

Cloudy

River Still rising.

Rainy

N.W.

Cloudy

" "

Cloudy

N.W.

Clear

S.W.

Clear

Calm

Clear

it ii

S.W

" "

M n

Cloudy

S.E

Rain

Cloudy

Rain

Clear

River rising a little

Clear

NW.

Rain

River rising

Rain

Clear

River still rising.

Clear

i i

Clear

195. The Muskingum, a 150-ton boat, was built at Marietta, Ohio, in 1825. She was
"snagged" on Red river in 1829. Ibid., p. 258. See diary entry of April 3, 1829.

196. The Cumberland, built at Pittsburgh in 1828, was a 100-ton boat. She was sunk
in 1831. Hall, op. cit., p. 253.

172

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Date

Thermora

State

Points

Therm om

State

Points

Decem-

her

SAM

Weather

Wind

4PM

Weather

Wind

[?]

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Cold

Clear

Calm

Clear

N.W.

NW.

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm

Clear

NW.

Clear

Stage or Height of River
River falling

River falling & Low
Little Ice in the river this

morning
River falling

River Low & little Ice running
M';ch lea in the River which

is falling very fast

River Clear of Ice.

REMARKS

1 Clear & warm with strong wind from South Spring Weather.
Fine day Little Steamer Genl. Pike 197 arrived from Louis-
vill. 1st time

2 Fine morning Strong wind from W. Cool evening Spring
Morning. Fine Weather J. B. Arrived Steamer Illinois from
N. Orleans. Cool.

3 Cold morning raining hard, wind W. Cool, raw, Evening.
No arrivals, or departures.

4 Cool morning tho' pleast. Fine Clear Evening & pleast. No
Arrivals or departures To day

5 Pleasant morning. Little Ice. Fine warm Evening. Thaw
Steamer Rover small departed for New Orleans. This day
recovered a stolen axe by a black fellow who escaped.

6 Hard frost But a fine plesent day Arrived Little Steamer
Frisbee from Louisville. S. B. Diana 198 from Louisville Genl
Atkisson[?] & Lady arrive 199

7 A beautiful morning & fine day
Steamer Frisbee departs for Louisville

Illinois " " N. Orleans
" Criterion arrives from Trinity.

8 Cloudy morning. Rain this evening

Little Steamer Plough Boy arrived from Louisville
" " Diana departed for "

" " Gnl Pike " " Trinity.

197. The General Pike, a 150-ton boat, was built at Big Bone [Hy.?] in 1824. Ibid.,
p. 255.

198. The Diana, a 100-ton boat, was built at Brush Creek, Ohio, in 1828. Ibid., p. 254.

199. Gen. Henry Atkinson and his wifp, the former Mary Ann Bullitt of Louisville, Ky.
They were married January 16, 1826. Missouri Republican, St. Louis, February 2, 1826.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 173

9 Col. Menard 200 arrives from K[askaski]a some rain Last
night. Cloudy Evening & gloomy.
Arrived Steamer Cleopatra from Louisville
Departed " Criterion for Trinity.

10 Majr. Graham 201 from Delaware] agency Warm morning
Cloudy, gloomy Evening. Little Steamer Plough Boy departed
for Louisville S. B. Maryland from Orleans

11 Clear & pleasant weather. Mr. Hamtranck 202 arrives.
Steamer W. Duncan from Louisville

12 Cold. Heavy frost. 11 A. M. appearance of snow, rainy
evening Steamer Cleopatra departs for Louisville, Ky

13 Warm rainy morning Spring weather. Cool & Clear Evg
Little Steamer Wm Duncan departed for Trinity.

14 Hard freeze with ice this morning. Cool Evening Steamer
Maryland departs for Trinity. Steamer Muskingum arrives
from Louisville

15 Cold. Freeze this morning. Fine pleasant evening. Steamer
Oregon arrived from N. Orleans.

16 Clear warm morning. Still clear and warm Mean Steamer
Pilot departed for N. Orleans, etc.

17 Very Cold & Cloudy, continues very cold [Steamer Pilot]
sunk 30 miles below St. Gnve. being too heavily Laden. 203
Steamer Muskingum departs for Louisville.

18 Extremely cold morning. Pleast Evening Str. Oregon de-
parted for New Orleans. Arrived Little Steamer Wm D.
Duncan from Trinity Ohio.

19 Beautiful morning Warm. Fine Evening. Arrived Steamer
Maryland from Trinity. Little Steamer Diana from Louisville

20 Fine warm morning, pleast. Cool evening Clear Departed
Steamer Maryland for N. Orleans Little Steamer Wm D.
Duncan for Louisville

21 Fine pleasant morning Pleasant evening. Departed Steamer
Diana for Louisville

22 Pleasant morning a little freeze. Clear and cool Arrived
Little Steamer Ploughboy from Louisville. Steamer Bolivar
from Trinity. Christmas week. J. B.

23 Beautiful morning. Spring weather. Clear and pleasant, no
arrivals or departures these days

200. See Footnotes 112 and 118.

201. See Footnote 125.

202. See Footnote 128.

203. "The Steam Boat Pilot, on her passage hence to New Orleans, sprung a leak, and
sunk [near] Ste. Genevieve. She was laden with lead." Missouri Republican, St. Louis,
December 23, 1828.

174 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

24 Beautiful morning warm. Clear & pleasant. Christmas Eve.
Departed Little Steamer Ploughboy for Orleans

Steamer Bolivar

This Evening Capt G. H. Kennerly with some other of the ex-
ploring party arrives. 204

25 Christmas day. Pleast.

26 Fine pleast weather For Christmas. Turning warm & sultry

27 " " Very warm to day Masonicl procession
St. John the Evans day

28 Fine pleast weather Warm sun shining day. pleasant evening.
Sunday

29 Charming morning & Clear. Fine pleast Eve.

30 Writing with the windows raised Fine morning warm.
"Alas ! Time's drawing to a close

31 Fine day & pleast. Beautiful morning. Last Day. FINIS
29 & 30 - 31st Nothing transpires these days no S. B. Arrivals

or departures. River lower at present than it has known to be
for the last 5 years at this season. The weather delightful &
dry and has been so for the last 3 weeks. So ends the year 1828.
Here the Year 1828 Ends and a New Year commences con-
sequently we shall begin on a new page for which turn over a
new Leaf and change our ways J. B. 205

To THE DIARISTS.

Turn over here a Leaf again
"Together with a year.

Fill Leaf & Year without profane
''For time & Paper's dear.

W. P. C 206

204. See Footnote 180.

205. The initials "J. B." were those of "diarist" Jesse Benton, the clerk in the super-
intendency office. They appear a number of times in the volume.

206. "W. P. C" was undoubtedly Clark's 17-year-old son William Preston Clark.

[Part Three, 1829, Will Appear in the August, 1948, Issue]

Letters of Julia Louisa Lovejoy, 1856-1864
PART FIVE, 1860-1864 CONCLUDED

BRADFORD, VT., Dec. 25, 1860.
HEN we left Kansas a few brief months since, we left as lovely

a daughter as God ever gave to a fond mother, in perfect
health, and today, whilst we write, with hearts wrung with the
keenest grief, amid the snow-clad hills of Vermont, we are written
daughterless our cherished one sleeps on the prairies of Kan-
sas. . . .

Mrs. Juliette Louisa, wife of Dr. Samuel Whitehorn, and only
daughter of Rev. C. H. and J. L. Lovejoy, fell asleep in Jesus, in
Manhattan, Kansas, Nov. 20th, 1860, aged twenty-one years. 137 The
disease which terminated her earthly existence was typhoid fever.
She loved the Savior, and feared not to die, but said to her grief-
stricken companion, "I have much to make me desire to live, but I
fear not death, and the will of God be done." The last words that
trembled on the lips of our darling one, quivering in death, were to
her brother, who stood over her, and who had been her constant
playmate from childhood to riper years "Yes, ready." Thus passed
away our beloved daughter, without a struggle, leaving a desolate
companion, and only child of nearly three years of age, who was at
death's door with the same dire disease when the mother went to
God. . . , 138

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

MONTPELIER, VT., April 24, 1861.

BRO. ELLIOTT 139 : . . . At the last session of the Kansas Con-
ference we were transferred by Bishop Morris to these hills where,
a dozen years ago, we fought side by side with these veterans of the
cross, of whom but a few remain of the original battalion, who once
nobly battled for truth along the shores of Lake Champlain, where,
for eight years, we witnessed signal victories in the Conqueror's
name, hundreds of whom can still be found with faces Zionward.
It was not without many a pang, and tearful strugglings before the
throne, that we asked divine guidance in the matter of leaving

137. The grave of Juliette Lovejoy Whitehorn is in Sunset cemetery, Manhattan. "Among
the first to occupy our city of the living, she is also among the first to occupy our city of the
dead," the Manhattan Western Kansas Express reported in its issue of December 15, 1860.
Juliette avenue, Manhattan, was named for Mrs. Whitehorn.

138. The paper which published this article has not been identified.

139. The Central Christian Advocate, St. Louis.

(175)

176 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Kansas for a time, and the dear brethren in that distant field
Kansas, the scenes of more sorrows than was ever crowded into our
life's history at any previous time Kansas, where our poor desolate
hearts lie buried; for there rest the precious remains of our own
dear children, and God only knows the thrill of agony that pierces
our inmost souls at the bare mention of the name! Oh ye who
wander o'er those distant prairies, or halt on Mount Oread, over-
looking Lawrence, or wend your way to the mouth of the Big Blue
River, where the setting sun shines on that Western city Man-
hattan, pause and drop a tear for the silent slumberers, for whom
tears will never cease to be shed, until Jesus' own hand shall wipe
away the last tear, and "mortality is swallowed up of life." Oh,
haste the hour. . . .

This letter has already attained an unpardonable length ; but my
heart is still running over with "talk." We would say to our dear
Western brethren, from whom we felt compelled to be separated
for a time, on account of the suffering condition of Kansas, that
our field of labor the present conference year is among old and
tried friends, on the picturesque shore of old Champlain. Our P. 0.
address is Milton Falls, Vt. ; and we shall listen to the shrill whistle
of the locomotive with peculiar interest, as it announces, among
other subjects of interest, the weekly advent of the C. C. Advocate.
That will be doubly dear, as "distance lends enchantment to the
view."

By your permission, Mr. Editor, we would, through the Central,
solicit a line occasionally from former friends and co-laborers in
the West.

Yours, in the great work of the world's redemption,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

MILTON FALLS, VT.

DEAR Sm 140 : . . . you know not how our souls cry out for
Kansas in these terrible times. Kansas, the home of our adoption
in whose bosom are the graves of our children. Kansas, the scene of
former labor and sufferings, where the great drama between freedom
and slavery was so successfully played out; but the scene shifts,
and lo! a whole nation is engaged in mortal combat; and my
God! when will the end come? Must we offer up our last offspring,
our only son, save a "prattling one" of six summers, to swell the
holocaust of victims to appease the slave power? In a few weeks,

140. This excerpt was undated. It probably was published in the Zion's Herald, Boston,
Mass.

MRS. JULIA LOUISA LOVE JOY

(1812-1882)

Newspaper correspondent and wife of a pio-
neer Kansas preacher. Photograph courtesy of
Mrs. Florence (Fox) Harrop of Manhattan.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 177

by the leave of Providence, we leave forever our native hills in dear
old New England, and go back to Kansas to labor and to die in any
spot, only at our post with the armor on. Our mission in New Eng-
land is nearly ended we have spent well-nigh one year and a half
most delightfully, in a spiritual sense, with our brethren in Vermont;
have witnessed glorious displays of the power of grace in the sal-
vation of souls, though wo have constantly borne about a bleeding
heart for the "loved and the lost;" have gazed into the eyes of our
aged parents, and sought their blessing for the last time ; have bade
the last "adieu" to kindred dear, and now only wait to sever our
connection with our dear brethren and sisters on this charge, and
then, should life be prolonged, our feet will tread the prairies of
Kansas.

Our son writes us from Leavenworth, Kansas, that Missouri is
pretty thoroughly cleansed of traitors. Gen. [James H.j Lane's Di-
vision, with which he is connected, will move soon (probably about
the middle of February,) it is conjectured to the "Cherokee Nation,"
arming the different tribes through which he passes, and our souls
tremble in view of the destruction and carnage that is sure to follow
in their wake.

MRS. JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

MILTON FALLS, VT., Dec. 7, 1861.

MR. EoiTOR 141 : . . . Recent intelligence from our son con-
firms the fact that the typhoid fever, that awful scourge of our army
in Missouri, is still making sad havoc in the ranks of the loyal sol-
diers. He himself has but just escaped death, with a severe attack
of the disease, while lying in camp with his command near Kansas
City, Mo., he having remained nearly two weeks in an unconscious
state; but God has heard our prayers in his behalf, and we hope he
will yet live to preach Jesus from the walls of Zion.

It may interest your New England readers to learn something of
the noble Christian patriots composing the company of which our
son (himself a Methodist preacher) is captain. Rev. N. Taylor,
Presiding Elder of Wyandotte District, Kansas Conference, is pri-
vate in his company; so are also Rev. Mr. Sellers and Witten, of
the Missouri Conference; also, Messrs. Stewart and Robinson, of
the Kansas Conference, all privates in this company ; and almost to

141. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

122515

178 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

a man, the whole company are members of the church. They have
what they call a "camp church," with regular class and prayer meet-
ings, and God's blessing is manifested in their midst at these seasons
of spiritual refreshing. . . .

JULIA L. LOVE JOY.

LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS, March 18, 1862.

BRO. HAVEN 142 : We took the cars at Milton, Vt, March 4th,
and turned our faces Kansas-ward, and for the first time in our
journeyings to and from the "far West," concluded to take the
Northern route, through Canada, Ogdensburg, N. Y., and Detroit,
as we had been informed it was a shorter and cheaper route; but in
this we were sorely disappointed, and paid dear for this additional
experience; and we advise all travelers by all means to take the
"N. Y. Central Railroad" to Chicago and all points beyond. From
St. Albans, Vt., to Ogdensburg, N. Y., our route lay through a lonely
country, where the snow was five feet in depth on a level, and we
passed through snowdrifts 22 feet deep by actual measurement
quite a contrast, we thought on our arrival in Kansas, to see the
green grass shooting up, and the wheeling as fine as in May in
Vermont. The cars were filthy the occupants, we judged, a low
class of Canadians; but we endured our journey with as much good
humor as possible till we left the cars at Ogdensburg to cross the
St. Lawrence River, into Prescott, Canada. Here there were fifteen
specimens of humanity crowded into a small boat, rowed with oars,
where the river was a mile and a half in width. This perilous pas-
sage was performed on a bitter cold day, the boat rocking, the
women and children trembling and weeping from sheer fright, whilst
the itinerant and his little family looked to Heaven, and thought,
"Well, this spot is just as near the better land as any other place,
and 'tis all well, for Christ is here as elsewhere;" and as he sat in
the bow of the frail craft, his voice rolled over the dark waters, as
he lustily sung in his own peculiar way, "On Jordan's stormy banks
I stand," &c.

At Prescott, Ca., we were close prisoners for 24 hours in a filthy,
unfurnished depot, where there was neither wash-basin nor towel,
nor any kind of lodging-place save the uncushioned benches, or any
refreshment, only as our company ventured a mile or more in pur-
suit of it in breathless haste, lest the cars would come in their ab-
sence, as they had been coming for nearly a week, and one lady had

142. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 179

been waiting in the depot from Tuesday till Friday, (the day of
our arrival,) but no cars made their appearance till Saturday, P. M.,
about 5 o'clock. It was well for us that we had our own bread and
cheese, and tin cup, for water, among our luggage, for there was
actually but one article of convenience for travelers in this large
depot, and that was a zinc cup, holding about two gills, chained to
the walls of the room, (we were reminded of Luther's Bible, chained,)
from which this thirsty crowd vexed beyond endurance at such a
long delay of a number of days in succession washed the grum-
blings and curses from their profane lips. The family were sick
with the small-pox at the only hotel within walking distance, and
so we spent a day and night as miserably as we ever wish to spend
one, our sleepless senses being regaled, as we were stretched on the
hard bench, with carpet-sack for pillow, with oaths and vulgar love-
songs from a low class of Irish and Scotch, although there was a
goodly number of respectable ladies and gentlemen, who were emi-
grating West, and others who were returning from the East, in the
same fix as ourselves, who durst not leave the depot lest the long-
expected train would leave them, as it had others previously.

There were six engines that had run off the track, we were told,
between Prescott and Montreal, and one had been demolished. For
several miles there was a solid mass of ice on the track that had to
be picked off with a hand-pick the entire distance. We had fixed
for a start the dozenth time, when lo! the telegraphic dispatch from
Montreal, "the trains have started" then other telegrams, until the
wires said, "only 20 miles out," all hands be ready ; and such a rush
to hear the distant whistle! In one matter all were agreed, never
to be caught on that route again as long as there was another
thoroughfare to the Mississippi River. But the train heaves, in
sight, headed by two locomotives, puffing and blowing as though
they had just emerged from some straight place, as did Johnny Bull
after the Mason and Slidell affair. The cars had been picking up
travelers, who had been delayed all along the route from Montreal
to Prescott, until there was quite a miniature world of living freight.
Crossing the St. Clair River into Detroit, we were forced to pass
through another vexatious farce, in having our luggage inspected at
the Custom House; but happily for us, we had not one dimes' worth
purchased in the Queen's dominions; but one poor fellow of our
party was not so fortunate, he having purchased a gun for eight
dollars, was taxed three dollars; and another had a pair of stockings
and a few skeins of yarn in his carpet-sack, for which he was taxed

180 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

one dollar, which was more than we would have given him for the
whole amount.

How changed the phase of things as soon as the boat struck the
Michigan side of the river! Here we found tidy cars, sumptuously
furnished, and luxuries to which we had been strangers after we
left the domains of the United States. We never desire to trespass
again on the dominions of Queen Victoria forty-eight hours will
suffice us for a lifetime.

We ran into Chicago in season for Mr. L. to attend church, who
listened to an interesting sermon from Rev. Mr. Tiffany. The earth
was mostly free from snow around Chicago, but not as dry and
settled as in Missouri and Kansas. Monday morning we were
whirling along at a rapid rate through Illinois to Quincy, where
we crossed the Mississippi River. At Quincy our trunks were opened
and searched, our carpet-sacks examined, and not even one you
carried in your hand but must be examined and sealed with Uncle
Sam's insignia ere you pass into the land of Secesh, lest some docu-
ments may be concealed, or something found to brand you as spies.
Every part of our luggage was sealed with 'sealing-wax, stamped
with "U. S.," and a bit of red tape, about six inches in length, sealed
across the mouth of the carpetsack. This is to prevent spies from
passing in rebeldom and conveying important intelligence to Secesh.
From Quincy, 111., to St. Joseph, Mo., all along the route of the
Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, troops are stationed at certain
distances to watch the road and prevent the destruction of bridges
and tearing up of the track. The entire route across the State of
Missouri bears the marks of the ravages of war ; here a house burned,
fences demolished, windows nailed up ; there a bridge burned, caus-
ing a great destruction of human life, and one bridge we crossed
had been burned and re-built several times in succession ; and every
bridge must be examined ere the cars passed over it. We run only
14 miles an hour, and carefully scanned the whole distance across
the State, lest some trap might be laid for our destruction.

Business is all stagnated throughout the State fine farms de-
serted, and the sad effects of war seen on every hand. The secesh
owner of a fine farm, not far from the Mississippi, said "he would
give any man a warrantee deed who would furnish him with a team
to get out of the State with;" but, like Noah's dove, he will find no
place of refuge. Secesh is dead in Missouri, though deadly hatred
to the United States is concealed in many bosoms, and this hatred

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 181

breaks out in murder and horse-stealing and robbing Union men at
every opportunity.

A little out from St. Joseph we crossed the high bridge where so
many were barbarously murdered by the burning of the bridge ; and
an incident connected with this bloody affair came to our knowledge
for the first time. The cars were loaded with the wounded, and pro-
ceeding to St. Joseph for help, when they found another bridge on
fire, as the traitors were bent on the destruction of all the wounded,
but by prompt efforts they were saved. 143 The U. S. Marshall was
returning with his bride from the East, who was among the danger^
ously wounded, and now bears on her person the fearful scars of the
terrible tragedy. She is a member of our church in this town,
(Leavenworth.) We were delayed so long on the road that we did
not reach Leavenworth until after the Kansas Conference com-
menced its session at Wyandotte, 25 miles from Leavenworth. Mr.
L. took stage the day following and immediately proceeded to the
seat of the Conference, leaving his family in Leavenworth till his
return. We are very agreeably and hospitably entertained with
the family of Rev. G. W. Paddock, who the past year has been the
pastor of the M. E. Church in this place, and who was formerly a
member of the East Genesee Conference. This dear brother and
his estimable lady stood at their posts unflinchingly during the days
of famine that so sorely tried men's souls, and whilst many of their
brethren either returned to their former fields of labor, or accepted
of an agency to solicit funds for the suffering, Bro. Paddock stood
firm as a wall of brass, resolved to stand by Kansas to the last, and
God has honored him. There is a membership of 130 in the M. E.
Church in this city, paying their pastor a salary of $700, and they
intend to complete their fine church in early spring.

Everything looks warlike here. The streets are constantly
thronged with soldiers, and regiments are going and coming. Whilst
we write, a company are on the march by the dwelling, with their
stuffed haversacks strapped to their shoulders, bound in a southerly
direction; anon a company of cavalry gallop into town. Yesterday,
by special invitation, in company with Sister Paddock arid two
other Christian friends, we visited the hospitals for the sick soldiers,
and those who were somewhat convalescent. Here were several who
were in the terrible battle at Springfield, Mo., 144 when the brave
[Gen. Nathaniel] Lyon fell some sick with typhoid fever, pneu-

143. The Platte River Bridge Massacre, September 3, 1861. See The Conservative^
Leavenworth, September 5, 1861.

144. Battle of Wilson's Creek, ten miles south of Springfield, August 10, 1861.

182 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

monia, measles, &c., and we found three who will soon breathe their
last, far from home and kindred dear. There was the empty pallet
from which one had just been lifted to his rude grave; there another
soldier speechless, and grappling with the grim monster; there an-
other emaciated to a skeleton, sobbing as though his heart would
break, and trying to tell us of his poor mother away up in Wiscon-
sin. Our own emotions at times quite overcame us as we grasped
the skeleton fingers of one after another of these poor creatures,
who had come hundreds of miles to fight for their country, and now
must find a grave unmarked, and be buried by a stranger's hand.
We tried to tell them as well as we could of that world where the
inhabitants are never sick, and many a rough hand was drawn
across the eyes as they told us in broken accents, "We do find Jesus
precious."

We never spent an afternoon more profitably in our lives than in
visiting the wards in that Mammoth Hospital. Everything about
the premises bore the marks of neatness. . The rooms were well ven-
tilated, and kept in excellent order the beds tidy; each cot had a
pillow, sheets and coverlet, the most of the cots being single. The
physicians are gentlemanly in their deportment, and the most of the
nurses are pious men, and members of our church. Provisions are
very plentiful in Kansas. Flour is six dollars per barrel, potatoes
30 cents per bushel, bacon 7 cents per pound, butter 20 cents, apples,
very fine, one dollar per bushel.

the changes that have taken place since we left Kansas, 18
months since instead of a daughter come to welcome our return,
the graves of two beloved daughters in solemn stillness tell us, "our
loved ones are not here," and we in untold agony turn away to weep.
God help us to feel "Thy will be done."

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

P. S. Our P. 0. address will be, Rev. C. H. Lovejoy, Baldwin
City, Douglas Co., Kansas.

BALDWIN CITY, KAN., June 20, 1862.

MR. EDITOR 145 : . . . A terrible state of affairs, politically, is
now being enacted in the bloody drama that has brought death and
desolation to so many families in Missouri. Whilst we write, a
refugee from that ill-fated State, is at our son's table at dinner, who
with his family escaped as by the "skin of his teeth/' leaving a fine
farm, farming tools, &c., behind him; not knowing how soon all

145. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 183

would be destroyed by those infuriated demons, who watched to
shoot him for no crime only loving the government under which he
had always lived. It would make your ears and the ears of every
true Vermonter burn with indignant horror, to listen to those tales
of woe and suffering that those patriots pass through, you can
find them by scores, if not by hundreds in every part of Kansas,
eking out a bare subsistence for their families who have escaped
from the bloody fangs of Secession. Hear from this pious man's
lips well attested facts: A neighboring physician, a quiet, un-
obtrusive man, and withal a slave-holder, said he would have his
right arm torn off before he would fight for the Southern Con-
federacy against his country. Those fiends shot him and left him
weltering in his blood, then fired his house and burnt his body up
with it, and whether he was quite dead ere the fire reached him is
more than his neighbors can tell. Another neighbor, a woman, they
shot in the presence of her husband, who died the next day. Others
started to flee, and were shot on the road, and left unburied. Union
men are shot down like dogs, and their property destroyed in almost
every part of Missouri. Four or five men whose families live at
Black Jack, about 5 miles from here, were shot a few days since,
near Independence, Mo.

Please say to our friends that Mr. Lovejoy is stationed the present
Conference year, at Wyandotte City, a beautiful city about two
miles from Kansas City, Mo., where so many bloody tragedies have
been enacted during the present war. Our family remain at Baldwin
City for a time.

This is quite a dry season in Kansas, but farmers have got an
immense amount of crops, of different kinds. Provisions low flour,
$5 per bbl; corn, 20 cts. per bushel; butter, 8 cts. per Ib; eggs, 6 cts
per doz; potatoes 5 cts per bush; extra 20 cts; ham, 6 cts; pork,
3 or 4 cts.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co., KANSAS,

July 22, 1862.

MESSRS. EDITORS 146 : . . . Rumor says [Gen. Sterling] Price's
army has again re-crossed the Mississippi River, and we fear another
raid upon Kansas. Guerilla parties are making dreadful slaughter
upon Union men in Missouri and stealing and destroying their prop-
erty. Anarchy reigns in Missouri. A man who came home with
Mr. Lovejoy the last time he visited his family, was shot at in

146. The paper which published this article has not been identified.

184 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Kansas City, Mo., the same day they journeyed together, and I
have great fears for the safety of Mr. L. as he is stationed the
present Conference year, at Wyandotte City which is only two miles
from Kansas City. Our family will remain for the year at Baldwin
City, Douglas Co., which is our P. 0. address. The weather is very-
dry and unless we soon have rain, crops will come in very light.
There is an immense breadth of land planted and sown. Wheat is
harvested and a fair crop. Garden vegetables light quite a failure
on account of the drought, in some places. We have had green corn
for weeks past. The prices current are as follows: Flour $5 per
bbl; corn 15 cents per bushel; butter 8 cents per pound; eggs 6 cents
per doz; ham 5 and 6 cents per pound; pork, 3 and 4 cents; beef,
3 and 4 cents per pound; working oxen, 50 and 60 dollars; good
cows, 10 and 12 dollars. We write this for the farmers of N. H.
Heaven bless the dear old Granite State, and may her soldier-sons
take the lead in striking the death-blow to the great cause of this
rebellion.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co., KANSAS,
Monday Morning, Sept. 8, 1862.

BRO. HAVEN 147 : I write hastily this morning, whilst consterna-
tion and excitement are imprinted on every brow. That which we
so greatly feared, has come upon us. Yesterday morning before
light, [William C.] Quantrell's band of desperadoes numbering, re-
port says, about 700, stole into Olathe, Spring Hill, and Squiresville
[Johnson county] , whilst the peaceable inhabitants were asleep, and
sacked each of the above mentioned places, carrying off all the
plunder they desired. At Olathe, a company of our boys had col-
lected, to start for Fort Lincoln (near Fort Scott), to go into camp
there; they took them all prisoners, and took two hundred stand of
arms, all the commissary stores collected for the regiment; and a
number of our soldier-boys broke and run, when they shot some
half a dozen of them dead, and three or four citizens also. A young
man who was stopping there for the night, from Spring Hill, was
mounting his horse to flee to his home, when they seized his horse
and shot him dead. Capt. Charles J. Lovejoy, (our Charlie), is
quartermaster of this regiment, and was to have started with the
Olathe soldiers this morning for Fort Lincoln; he has just gone,
whilst his unfortunate comrades are weltering in their blood. "How

147. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 185

long, Lord, how long" must this state of things continue? This
Quantrell, who is a second Nero, or fiend rather, in point of cruelty,
was Charles Hart, formerly of Lawrence, Kansas, with whom Mr.
Lovejoy was acquainted during our troubles in 1856 and '57. At
the recent capture of Independence, Mo., four of our neighbors
fought to the last, and refused to surrender until overpowered by
numbers, and all were wounded two severely. Capt. Thomas, of
Independence, Quantrell shot dead and then kicked his body re-
peatedly. Capt. Thomas was a Methodist preacher, and had been
a member of the Mo. Conference. About that time, Quantrell and
his band murdered a man, in presence of his own son, and said, u Go
back to Kansas city, and tell the people you saw Quantrell kill your
father." We could not sum up the horrid murders committed by
this notorious guerrilla leader and his band, who have eluded the
vigilance of thousands who have been on their track, from every
point of the compass, for months past.. A woman, who bears the
sobriquet of Nancy Slaughter, seated on one of the fleetest horses,
accompanies this wretch on his bloody perigrinations. She is a
"grass widow," and strange as it may seem, is the daughter of a
respectable man now living in Kansas. A few weeks since, says the
Lawrence Republican, he murdered Judge Paine, of Burlingame,
and a man living with him. Quantrell sent one of his party on
ahead, who pretended to be a weary traveler, and called for some
whisky; the Judge went to his store to get some, when the party
rushed upon him and shot him, and tumbled his body into the cellar
shot the other man and threw him also into the cellar, and then
set fire to the building; the hired man crawled out of the cellar-
window, but afterwards died; the remains of the Judge were par-
tially consumed with the building. You are aware that Olathe is
the county seat of Johnson Co., and is a place of considerable im-
portance. It was our field of labor two years since, and Mr. L. has
passed through the place going to and returning from Wyandotte,
his present charge, during the summer.

Amid the clangor of war, we have glorious news of the triumphant
march of the Prince of Peace. A camp meeting commenced at Cen-
tropolis [Franklin county], some three weeks since, and after for-
mally closing the meeting at the expiration of the first week, such
was the wonderful display of the power of God that it commenced
again, and last night Mr. L. preached on the ground, and there
were many new cases of individuals in the altar for prayers, and
the work was progressing with unabated interest. We were there

186 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

two weeks since, and the altar was well filled with seekers, and
those who were endeavoring to point them to the Lamb of God.
From fifty to seventy found peace in believing. Many leave for
their homes, so that it is difficult to number Israel. A number of
young men came there to get religion who had enlisted in the army,
and we heard their testimonies that Christ had sealed a pardon on
their hearts. This is what our young men want, to shield them from
the corruptions of camp life and prepare them to fall in defense of
their country.

A camp meeting commences next week, on the University grounds,
at Baldwin City, and we will endeavor to tell our New England
friends the result of the meeting. Our school in this place has
flourished beyond the most sanguine expectations of its friends, hav-
ing the last quarter sixty students.

JULIA L. LOVE JOY.

BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co., KANSAS,

Oct. 8th, 1862.

BRO. WEBSTER 148 : I know your good kind heart will pardon our
tardiness, in performing pledges made to the Messenger. Two un-
finished letters now lie in our own writing desk, with quite a chasm
in the date, commenced by Mr. L. in different parts of the State,
for the readers of the Messenger in the Green Mountain State, but
having no time at command they must be "laid over" for the present,
and my own letters are all written at double quick. We are having
a heap of excitement at this writing in Southern Kansas. You have
learned ere this, of the invasion of our beautiful State by "Quan-
trell," the famous Guerilla chief, and his gang of banditti, in which
Olathe, the County seat of Johnson County, was sacked, and also
the adjoining town, Spring Hill, and a little village called Squires-
ville, and some of the most cold blooded murders on citizens and
soldiers rendezvousing at Olathe, were perpetrated by this fiend of
which we have any record, even in Kansas. Mr. [Frank] Cook, a
worthy citizen, was dragged from his bed, where he was sleeping
with his wife, and murdered, and so was also a Mr. [J.] Judy, he
too was an inoffensive citizen. They broke into the home of Rev.
S. Brooks (formerly a member of the Iowa Conference now of the
Kansas Conference, and the present year stationed at Olathe) fright-
ening his wife almost out of her wits, Bro. B. being on the circuit,
and lo! on the day following they were pulling, with goods and

148. Christian Messenger.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 187

chattels, and so was also the family of his steward, "bag and bag-
gage" for Baldwin City to find home for the remainder of the year,
if "Quantrell" does not pay us a visit, as we are expecting a "sur-
prise," and I trust our citizens will be prepared to receive so dis-
tinguished a guest.

Report came to town last night that a terrible battle had been
fought in the vicinity of Fort Scott, in Linn County Kansas, and
the first Messenger said "7,000 of our troops have been taken pris-
oners;" the last report was to the effect that the Federal arms were
victorious, God grant that the latter may be confirmed. 0, the
terrible suspense, that shrouds some aching hearts in our midst, who
have husbands and fathers in that Division of the Army. We met
a little boy, the son of a Methodist preacher, as we were returning
from town, (whither we had been to administer the holy sacrament
to a dying woman) and said he, "Pa is now, we are afraid a pris-
oner." The sons of two of our neighbors were in the late battle at
"Harper's Ferry" and Antitiem. One, the son of Rev. N. Taylor,
ex-Presiding Elder, the other of our good Methodist, Dr. Dollars,
and oh, these pale-faced mothers with their quivering lips, tell a
tale of heart-agony, such as thousands of mothers can now tell in
our suffering Country. Missives came, one, two, three, after the
terrible battle began, then all was silent as the grave. Not a word
to tell their fate. O, Bro. Webster, can you fail to see that this war
is the exact fulfillment of prophecy, as plain as can be spelled out
to human intellect, and the different phases it has assumed and is
assuming, seems clear to my own mind that it is the great battle
of "Armagedden," in the Apocalypse, and we are very near the final
consumation of time. Why Sir, there are to day probably, ten thou-
sand God-fearing, praying men in our army, battling for the right,
and if this does not look like the camp of the saints, that regiment
of Methodist preachers that made me shout out-right, when I read
of their patriotic zeal, is a photograph of one. I disclaim all sym-
pathy with "Millerism," 149 and its errors long since exploded, but
I do believe from the "signs of the times" that the sound of the
"Bridegroom cometh" is issued, and the "Great day of God Al-
mighty," is just at hand.

Our late camp meeting in this place, was a glorious success.

149. Millerites or Adventists "were followers of William Miller who, during 1831-'44,
preached that, according to Daniel's and Ezra's prophecies, at Christ's second coming in 1844
fire would destroy the earth. The advent failing to materialize and opposition from existing
sects becoming intolerant, a new church, Adventist, developed in 1845. The adherents believed
in Christ's personal, visible return. . . ." Dictionary of American History (New York,
1940), v. 1, p. 15.

188 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Twelve have already united with the Church as fruits of the meet-
ing, and it is a difficult matter, here in the "far West/' to tell the
number of conversions at such meetings there are so many comers
and goers. General [J. M.] Chivington, late Presiding Elder of the
Rocky Mountain District, who with his command has accomplished
such wonders of late in New Mexico, was present and preached from
the stand in his regimentals. His persuasive eloquence, and clear,
ringing stentorian voice swayed the multitude like a Western tor-
nado, as it bends its massive oaks. The work of God is still going
on, and we have meetings almost every night.

News came to Paola where the eleventh [Twelfth] Kansas regi-
ment now rendezvous, that "Quantrell," was at Gardner, twelve
miles from here, Sunday morning, and the soldiers who were horse-
less, pressed those belonging to the citizens, about one hundred of
them, and started in pursuit. People who came to Church had their
horses taken from their waggons, and they left in the streets. Charles,
who is now Adjutant of this regiment, (late Quartermaster,) was
awakened one night last week and called from his room by two men,
who apologized when they found their mistake, "he was not the
man they wanted." They went to another room, called out two men
who started off with them in the night. The next morning our
class-leader's son, who is a soldier there, went into a piece of woods
near by and saw a human hand protruding from a hastily dug grave,
and there was one of the men dead, shot through the head, that
they had called from their bed. Such is life in the army.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co., KANSAS,

Jan. 16, 1863.

MR. EoiTOR 150 : You will rejoice to learn that we are enjoying
the most powerful revival of religion on this charge that we have
ever witnessed in Kansas. Between forty and fifty were at the
mourner's bench last Tuesday evening, and about twenty rejoiced
in a sin-pardoning God. Twenty -two joined the class Wednesday
evening who had found the Saviour within the two previous days,
and the glorious work is progressing. The University Building, three
stories high, where we are compelled to worship for want of a
church, is becoming "too strait for us," as there is hardly standing
room for the eager crowd who are to hear the word of the Lord.

150. The paper which published this article has not been identified.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 189

This is God's own work in answer to the prayers of his people, and
he shall have all the glory.

There are now between eighty and one hundred students, ladies
and gentlemen, in attendance at "Baker University," and a number
have been converted during this revival, and we are expecting that
at the close of the present term, as they will scatter in different di-
rections to their homes, and bear with them the "impress of Jesus"
received here, that others will be led to Christ through their faith-
ful "personal effort." This is a very interesting and important field
of labor, having the families of a dozen Methodist preachers to
worship with us on the Sabbath, and usually from six to eight min-
isters of the Methodist Episcopal Church, members of our congre-
gation, who are located here that their families may enjoy the bene-
fit of school. Mr. Lovejoy was called from his field of labor to
become their pastor immediately after the death of the lamented
Prof. [T. H.] Mudge, and we are hoping that hundreds of names
will be enrolled in the sheaf, to be borne from this charge, who will
all be found at the last day written in the Book of Life. The Con-
ference which meets at Lawrence next March, will not be under the
necessity of convening in a big tent as in 1857, but in a house owned
by the Methodist Episcopal Church, though not entirely free from
debt.

The Kansas troops have won laurels recently in Tennessee and
Arkansas. Report says: "Quantrell has recently returned from the
latter place with several hundred men, designing to make another
raid into Kansas." The rumor needs confirmation. We learn this
week that the Kansas 12th, with which our son is connected, has
been ordered to Arkansas to re-enforce General [James G.j Blunt,
and from thence to Vicksburg, Mississippi. Who can number up
the bleeding, anxious hearts in our midst who have husbands and
sons in the army? Whilst we worshiped night before last, the
sad tidings went from lip to lip, "Coffran is killed!" fell pierced by
a shell and died instantly at the late battle of Fredericksburg. He
was son-in-law of Ex-Presiding Elder Taylor, a neighbor of ours,
and his grief -stricken wife and four helpless little ones are with us
in untold agony. At the same hour we received a missive, stating
that Mr. Lovejoy 's youngest brother, a steward and class leader
from Old Landaff Circuit, N. H. Conference, was in the same ter-
rible fight, and escaped unscathed, with two bullet holes through
his pants, and another struck his rifle, but God spared him and per-
mitted another relative youth to fall in the same rank by a murder-

190 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ous shell. May God sustain the bereaved family. We bespeak the
prayers of our dear brethren and sisters, with whom we have for-
merly labored, and wept and rejoiced, that God will take care of
our dear sons that we have laid on the altar of our distracted nation,
and bring them back to our arms again unpolluted by the corrup-
tions of camp life, and that our dear boy may again stand on the
walls of Zion to blow the gospel trump[et]. We have known of but
few cases of sickness in Kansas the present year, save a number of
cases of diphtheria in this locality, and at one time forty cases of
small pox in the Kansas 12th, not one of which proved fatal.

JULIA A. LOVEJOY.

BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co., Ks.,

January 23, 1863.

MESSRS. EDITORS 151 : I have no apology to offer in calling your
attention, and through the medium of the Daily Record, that
also of the State Legislature, now in session, to the object of this
communication, which is to bring before the people of Kansas, more
fully and definitely, through their honorable representatives, the
Deaf Mute Institute, located at Baldwin City, and which has, since
December, 1861, been in successful operation, tirelessly pursuing its
noiseless, unostentatious course, grappling with poverty, and strug-
gling against fearful odds, to be self-sustaining, and actually keep-
ing gaunt poverty at bay, by almost superhuman effort and energy
of character, exhibited by the indomitable principal, Prof. P. A.
Emery, A. M. And, sirs, permit me to say, this article is entirely
unsolicited, on the part of the worthy Principal, or any others con-
nected with the institute, but wholly gratuitous, and prompted by
philanthropic sympathy alone for the unfortunate beings, who, by
some mysterious Providence, are compelled to drag out a voiceless
existence, and never hear the "sweet music of speech," or feel the
mystic power of soothing words, and so completely was sympathy
intensified (at a recent visit and exhibition impromptu by the
mutes), that I should have been, with my pen, at the opening ses-
sion, knocking at the doors of the Senatorial or Representatives'
hall, followed by a train of some half dozen mutes, who, with plead-
ings unutterable, seek their sympathy, aid and co-operation, but
sudden illness alone prevented. Go sirs, with me, and witness, if
you can, without emotion, eight immortal beings, endowed by their
Creator, with intellectual faculties and mental capacities of a grade

151. Topeka Tribune.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 191

equal with your own, whose lips are forever sealed to soul-com-
munion, or the interchange of thought, only by silent sign, words
or hieroglyphics, and suppose these were your sons and daughters,
allied by the strongest ties of consanguinity, who, for no act of their
own, must grope along life's dreary way, unheeded by no glimmering
ray from science, but doomed in mantal darkness to live and die?
Fancy one of these, the bosom partner, of life's joys and sorrows,
as is literally the case with the accomplished lady of Professor
Emery, and the mother of two interesting children. Mrs. E., we
learn, has almost from childhood been a mute, though well educated
and intelligent, conducting herself with lady-like propriety, and
entertaining her visitors, in "conversational style," with slate and
pencil, with remarkable tact. She writes rapidly, and her chirog-
raphy is elegant, and orthography might possibly compare favor-
ably with some of our wisest and best statesmen high in office.

We have not been initiated into the mysteries of "mute language,"
but from what we witnessed of their unpremeditated performances,
we should judge the mutes had made as great proficiency in book-
learning, as their parents or guardians had a right to expect; and
to prove that these performances were not parrot-like, the inde-
fatigable Professor gave us leave to introduce what subject, or rather
objects, we pleased, within their capacity, and the various objects,
were with suprising facility written upon the "black-boards." These
mutes (as we have also observed in those blind from birth or through
a series of years) , seemed gifted with a kind of instinctive knowl-
edge, far superior to those who are gifted with the power of speech,
and recognize a look, or a sign as readily as the loquacious do the
well-known voice of a friend. Now, gentlemen, we ask your in-
fluence, your patronage, your money, to aid this worthy Institute,
which is poor, very poor, and no resources, unless your clemency
and sympathy provide them, as the parents of the children, now in
attendance, are scarcely able to defray the actual expenses of board,
for which the benevolent Principal informed us, he charged only
about half the sum required for the students of his next door neigh-
bor "Baker University." We earnestly hope the present Legisla-
ture will appropriate no meager sum to this God-like enterprise,
"but devise liberal things." . . .

Respectfully,

JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY.

192 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

CORINTH, Miss., April 22, 1863.

BRO. SCOTT 152 : For the information of my old friends in Ver-
mont, as well as others, I pen a few lines for the columns of the
Messenger, should it in your judgment be fitting. It will be seen
by the date of this letter, that I am in the enemy's land, on the
very spot where the contending forces met in the deadly conflict on
the 3d and 4th of October last, in which hundreds of lives were lost,
and where the enemy met with a fearful loss, and to them a most
overwhelming defeat, after two days of hard fighting. I have walked
over this field of blood, looked with tearful eye upon the graves of
those sons of Freedom, who freely gave their lives to save their
country from the tyrannical reign of Southern despots. Never was
I so deeply impressed with a sense of the great wickedness of this
causeless rebellion, as now, yet I can view it in no other light than
as the legitimate fruit of the Godless system of human bondage,
which has diffused its poisonous miasma through the entire body
politic; and these are its death throes. Yes, Slavery has awfully
corrupted state and church, and God in his righteous displeasure is
working out by this terrible scourge, the freedom of the poor bond-
men, and this nation is yet, (as we believe,) to come out of this
dreadful ordeal a purified and free people.

The colored race are destined to be elevated, and to become a
people among the nations of the earth. This war has laid waste
this whole country. Sad to think of, while thousands of precious
lives are being sacrificed, and the land is filled with lamentations
and mourning.

At Memphis, on my way to this place, I visited the hospital,
where hundreds of our brave men are suffering from various dis-
eases. I was glad to find that no pains was spared to make their
condition as comfortable as it was possible. I heard no murmurings
or complaints, but all seemed astonishingly cheerful. But the sad-
dest sight, and that which so affected me that I could not refrain
from weeping was what I witnessed at the levee in Memphis, where
they were loading upon a hospital-boat some five hundred sick and
wounded, to send them up the river to St. Louis and other points.
Here were men on which the stoutest heart could not look without
weeping. Men, who at the call of their country left all, wives and
children, mothers, fathers, sisters, and homes of plenty strong and

152. This letter, printed in the Christian Messenger, was written by Julia Lovejoy's hus-
band, the Rev. Charles H. Lovejoy, three days after he was mustered into service as chaplain
of the Seventh regiment, Kansas Volunteer cavalry. Report of the Adjutant General of the
State of Kansas, 1861-'65 (Topeka, 1896), v. 1, p. 214.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 193

healthy, to defend their country from the usurpation of Southern
despots. Exposure in camp life or on the battle field, in a few short
months has fastened upon them disease of which they may never
hope to be freed, and many, alas, will never reach their homes. Alas,
how many .desolated homes are the fruits of this cruel war. In con-
versing with these noble sons of freedom, I was deeply impressed
with the patriotic zeal and patience they manifested in their suffer-
ings. No words of complaint escaped their lips. In the large crowd
of sufferers waiting to get aboard or to be carried, I saw a lady
standing by an emaciated form, on whose countenance was the pic-
ture of deep sorrow. I approached to say a word of comfort. I
found her to be the wife of the suffering individual who sat at her
feet on his haversack, wasted to a skeleton, and who to all appear-
ance could not live long. That wife had come all the way from
Northern Iowa to attend upon that sick husband and accompany
him home, if it was possible to get him there.

Another, was brought in to the public house where I stopped,
being taken by his friends to his home in Iowa; but alas! he meets
that weeping wife and children, who are anxiously waiting his ar-
rival no more, for in a few hours he closes his eyes in death. But
I must stop, for there is no end, it would seem, to these tales of woe.

There is another subject of interest to the northern people, on
which I would say a few words. On yesterday I met with the chap-
lains who are now at this post, to counsel, as to the best way of
accomplishing good, and prosecuting our responsible work as chap-
lains in our Country's service. From the chaplain who has in charge
the "contrabands," at this post, we learned the following facts.
There are now in this department, twenty-five thousands of these
colored people, and at this place twenty-five hundred. Fifteen hun-
dred of whom are hired out to the Government for various purposes,
and are receiving wages. One thousand are in camp at this place,
under the care of white men. A school has been opened among them
which is well attended, and promises much. Scholars learn rapidly.

A large garden of one hundred acres, is put in cultivation, to
raise vegetables for the army, &c.

A farm is opened on which these colored hands are employed and
one thousand acres of cotton is being planted.

Steps are now being taken by which every man able to bear arms
is to be mustered into the U. S. service, under white officers. One
company is now organized. Those not able to go into the service
132515

194 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

are to be employed on the farm. These people are receiving larger
donations from the benevolent, mostly from the Quaker, or Friends
which is distributed among them. The donations are mostly in
clothing. Most of these colored people owing to the manner of their
treatment as slaves know nothing of taking care [of] themselves,
any more than children; and we learned that one object of those
who had them in charge, was, to teach them lessons of self-reliance,
which we conceive to be the true policy. It is evident from all that
we can learn there is a hopeful, yea, glorious future for this long
oppressed and degraded people.

Quite a force moved southwest from this place last week, and
some thirty miles out, their advance guard met the enemy ; a skirm-
ish ensued, and the union forces fell back a few miles, as the enemy
greatly outnumbered them. A strong reinforcement has been sent
out. No doubt a battle has been fought, or will be soon. There is
much anxiety here to hear the result. May God speed the right.

C. H. LOVE JOY,
Chaplain 7th Kansas Vol.

[BALDWIN, August, 1863?!

MR. EDITOR 153 : For eight years past when we first trod the soil
of Kansas, no intervening year can compare with the present, with
regard to fruitfulness, save the year 1861 that we spent in New
Hampshire and Vermont. The earth is like a sponge well filled with
water. Rain, rain, almost constantly in this locality, so that the
pools are full, and streams almost constantly pouring down the
sides of the bluffs. The weather has been so cool the most of the
time thus far, that one has needed winter garments, save a few days.
We are looking for agues and fevers to prevail, there has been so
much rain, and there will be such a large amount of vegetation to
decay on the ground.

The wheat crop is already secured uninjured, a very large yield,
and every other crop promises an abundance for man and beast.
All is quiet, politically, save an occasional raid by guerrillas along
the southern border. I hope my brethren in New England, both
the ministry and the laity, will heed the call from Missouri in a
late number of the Herald. We know of no other spot on the Amer-
ican Continent, that holds out such inducements to the emigrant
either to do good or benefit himself temporarily. It will soon be as
safe to settle here as it is to live in New England.

JULIA A. LOVE JOY.

153. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 195

FOREST LODGE, NEAR BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co.,

KANSAS, Aug. 22, 1863.

MR. EoiTOR 154 : Little thought we when we sent off those letters
to Zion's Herald, three days since, with this note appended, "all
quiet here," that even then a gang of murderous banditti were but
a few miles distant, and that in a few hours such horrid scenes
would be enacted in our midst as would make the cheek of darkness
turn pale. Such a day as yesterday and the previous night, Kansas,
with all her former scenes of blood, never witnessed. I and my
little boy live alone during Mr. L.'s absence in the Army of the Mis-
sissippi, on a claim between Baldwin City and Lawrence, two miles
from the former place, and ten from the latter. A Methodist
preacher on his way to Lawrence had stopped with us for the night,
and our son, Capt. C. J. Lovejoy, Adjutant of the 12th, was at home
on a visit.

At an early hour Friday morning, looking in the direction of Law-
rence, said he, "Mother, Lawrence is all on fire," and in a trice he
was in the saddle and galloping down street. I rushed out and saw
the smoke of the burning city, and met the preacher who had spent
the night with us, and had started for Lawrence, panting for breath,
and urging on his horses to hide them in our woods; having left his
wagon by the wayside, he cried out, "Sister Lovejoy, Quantrell has
burnt Lawrence, and is within two miles of us with 3,000 men" 155
some have since thought not so many and I could then see every
house this side of Lawrence, with a volume of dense smoke arising
from them as they advanced, firing every house in their march of
death. My neighbors began to clear their houses of all their val-
uables, and secrete them in the woods and cornfields. I caught a
little tin trunk with our valuable papers and husband's watch in it,
that he had left as a kind of memento if he never returned from the
war, and concealed it in tall weeds, and dragged out a trunk of
clothing, and looked to Heaven for help in this time of need. Nearer
and nearer they came; again I hied to my watchtower. Thank God
they have taken another road the Santa Fe Road, running parallel
with this from Lawrence to Baldwin City. At this instant rode up a
squad of United States troops three hundred in the whole, who had
been in saddle during the night, and nearly famished. I emptied
the contents of my bread box, which sufficed for a few; they ate as
they rode along. The robbers were at that moment fireing Brook-

154. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

155. William E. Connelley states that Quantrill's band numbered 448 men. William E.
Connelley, Kansas and Kansans (Chicago, 1918), p. 742.

196 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

line, 156 two miles off, and there our men, hundreds of whom were
galloping over the prairies in every direction, headed them off from
Baldwin City and Prairie City, both of which they had designed to
burn, and murder the inhabitants. These soldiers had learned their
intentions, and had followed them from Kansas City, Mo., thirty
miles, and traced them by the smoke of the burning buildings after
they left Lawrence, and headed them just the moment they were to
burn our city; and had it not been for the promptness of these
troops, who had ridden until a number of their horses fell dead in
the road, our beautiful University Building would today be a heap
of ruins. At Prairie City our company of troops and citizens had
augmented to 800 or 1,000 men. 157 Our men chased them, loading
and firing, to Paola, twenty-five miles, killing seven of them on the
road, and not one of our boys killed. Then Quantrell's band broke
and run into the woods and cornfields, and up to midnight last night
they had killed twenty of them, and were still chasing them in Mis-
souri.

Our son and a near neighbor are amongst the missing ones, though
they may be in the large army that are now in pursuit. But hark!
the report of a pistol; I drop the pen; a company of horsemen just
returning. "Where's my boy?" "All safe, we hope, but has gone
in command of the troops that are still chasing Quantrell in Mis-
souri. Heaven protect him and bring him safe to his mother."

Up to last night, one hundred and twenty had been found and
buried in Lawrence, and it was thought that from 150 to 200 had
been killed, 158 and many burnt up in the great Free State Hotel, 159
and their remains are buried beneath the rubbish. There were a
great many guests and boarders in the house, and as they rushed
out they shot them down, and threw their bodies back into the fire.
One neighbor saw a pile of charred bodies yesterday, some with
their whiskers and hair burnt off, and their boots partly burned;
and he heard one man speak for 75 coffins, and his opinion was that
250 at least were murdered in Lawrence. Quantrell intended to
butcher every man there, but some escaped in woman's apparel,
and others concealed themselves.

156. Brookline or Brooklyn was a town on the Santa Fe road about twelve miles south of
Lawrence. It is now extinct.

157. This number is possibly far too large.

158. The exact number was never known. Dr. Richard Cordley thought that one hundred
and fifty would not be far out of the way. Richard Cordley, A History of Lawrence (Law-
rence, 1895), p. 246.

159. The guests were allowed to leave the Free-State Hotel (Eldridge House) before the
destruction began. Ibid., p. 204.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 197

Gen. Lane ran out of the back door as they entered the front door,
and escaped, although they burnt his house; he is after them now,

and says "he will follow them to , but what he'll have the

last one of them." His house was a beautiful and superb brick
house, just built. Major [Geo. W.] Collamore, well known in
Boston, secreted himself in a well and was smothered to death by
the smoke of burning buildings. One lady threw her arms around
her husband, and begged of them to spare his life. They rested
the pistol on her arm as it was around his body, and shot him dead,
and the fire from the pistol burnt the sleeve of her dress. Mrs.
Reed [Mrs. F. W. Read?] put out the fire six times to save her
house, and they would fire it anew, but she by almost superhuman
exertions saved it. Mrs. Fisher, wife of the Rev. H. D. Fisher, of
the Kansas Conference, formerly of the Pittsburg, now chaplain
of the Sixth Kansas Regiment, 160 a spunky little Dutch-Irish woman
from Pennsylvania, by her own exertion saved the L part of her
house, whilst the front, a splendid new brick establishment, was
burnt, worth $2,000 probably. All the business houses, banks,
stores, &c., in the city were robbed and burned save one, and the
most of the business men killed. It is estimated that half a million
in money has been carried off.

Rev. Mr. [S. S.] Snyder, Presiding Elder on the Lawrence Dis-
trict, (United Brethren) who had been in Kansas since 1855, and
one of the best men in the State, living about half a mile from the
city on his farm, was killed, and his house burnt. Five men were
killed in front of Bro. [G. W.] Paddock's house, pastor of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. Although seven of our preachers
were in Lawrence, not one of them was killed, but five lay mem-
bers were murdered. Such a day of mourning as was yesterday
never dawned upon Kansas. The air was dense with the smoke of
burning buildings, and the prince of darkness and his allies never
devised greater schemes of cruelty, to throw back half-murdered
victims into the flames and roast them! Their death in a number
of instances were signally avenged.

A number of children were killed, but the excitement is so in-
tense it is difficult to find out the particulars. Between Lawrence
and Brookline they compelled a woman, with her neighbors' houses
burning all around her, to swear "secesh," and then get the whole
gang breakfast; then passing along they soon burnt a church, and

100. The Rev. H. D. Fisher was chaplain of the Fifth regiment, Kansas Volunteer cavalry.
Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1861-.' 65, p. 125.

198 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

shot the Dunkard preacher, [the Reverend Rothrock,] 161 putting
seven balls in his neck.

I used to wonder, Mr. Editor, how Charlotte Corday, a delicate
lady of fine sensibility, could nerve her arm to plunge her dagger
up to the hilt in the heart of the detestable Murat, but I did not
wonder a bit when I stood in the door and saw those houses lighting
up with their lurid glare the surrounding country, and looked every
moment to see the cutthroat villians ascending the bluff whose crest
is crowned by Forest Lodge.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

P. S. The Christian Messenger and Independent Democrat, and
other New Hampshire and Vermont papers, will confer a favor on
friends and relatives by copying the above into their columns.

J. L. L.

POST HOSPITAL, CORINTH, Miss., Jan. 11 [1864].

DEAR OLD HERALD 162 : Most heartily do we wish thee and thy
numerous family (whose names are duly registered on the subscrip-
tion list) a "Happy New Year," a life of usefulness, a triumphant
death, and what is sure to follow the foregoing, a glorious resurrec-
tion. From the land of Dixie we greet thee, as an old, long-tried
friend who hath borne to our home good cheer, lo ! these many years ;
and thy columns, richly freighted with the choicest blessings, like
clouds surcharged with rain, have gladdened our hearts with "good
news from a far country." The fat of the land be thy portion, with
Benjamin's mess, and "may thy shadow never be less."

The Post Hospital at this place with which we are connected has
witnessed heart-rending scenes of sickness and death, and Corinth
is one vast Aceldema, where graves meet your gaze at every turn,
and sometimes you read a long list of names on one head-board ; and
after the battle of Oct., 1862, 2,500 were buried here, besides the
hundreds who have died in the different hospitals.

Two whole brigades and one regiment of regulars arrived here yes-
terday and to-day in pursuit of [Gen. N. B.] Forrest, a noted guer-
rilla chief, who has been committing depredations all through this
region of country. A large- Union force is constantly guarding the
railroad between here and Memphis, Tenn., which is about 90 miles
distant, but scarcely a week passes without the track being torn up,
stopping the trains, and a number of times the trains have been
fired into by guerrillas.

161. William E. Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1910),
p. 382.

162. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 199

There is great suffering at this place amongst the contrabands for
food and clothing, and also by the refugees, who would starve did
they not receive some rations for their families from government
stores.

The Post Hospital was until quite recently a superb family man-
sion, belonging to a wealthy planter, on his plantation, about one
mile and a half from town; but being in constant danger of being
gobbled up by secesh, as we were so far from the guns of the forts,
we removed to our present commodious quarters, which are of brick,
three stories high, and was formerly a college edifice where the
Southern chivalry were educated, probably by "Northern mud-sills,"
who are now the sole proprietors of this princely establishment. On
the first floor are the chaplain's, surgeon's and physician's quarters,
dining-hall, room for the convalescents, with an ample hall running
through the centre of the building; and on the second floor are the
wards for the sick and wounded men, in convenient rooms with fire-
places, on either side of a hall extending throughout the building; on
the third floor are the rooms for the employees connected with the
hospital, linen room, ironing room, &c. What foreseeing prophet
could have predicted that in the year of grace 1864 the hated
Yankees would be in possession of this town and surroundings?

The climate thus far has been very salubrious for the soldiers,
though at other seasons not cold like the past there must be a large
amount of deadly miasma exhaled from these low grounds, where
there is so much stagnant water at all seasons of the year. We are
far from being pleased with the State of Mississippi, as far as we
have had an opportunity of seeing it. The land is quite level, with
a superabundance of heavy timber. That part of the State of Ten-
nessee through which we passed was very beautiful, and considered
quite healthy. Here also we discovered a greater supply of heavy
timber than is usually found in any New England State, and to us
who had lived so long in Kansas, where our native pine and spruces
and other ever-green trees are missing, it was a welcome sight to see
them in such profusion. The winter has been as mild the most of
the time as the autumn in New England, and we think the State of
Tennessee must be desirable for emigrants from the rigors of a
Northern winter. When the war is ended and new lords make new
laws, and the curse of slavery is entirely wiped out, Yankee preach-
ers and Yankee teachers will find here a vast field of usefulness
opened for them to enter and reap a rich harvest.

200 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Chaplain Lovejoy, in addition to his duties at this post, is teach-
ing a colored school, with some eighty names enrolled of all grades,
men, women, and children, and also an evening school composed of
men who labor during the day and can find no other time to learn
to read. Our own peculiar work is teaching the whites in a day
school and a separate school of colored in the evening, and we have
never found in New England or elsewhere children with such ambi-
tion to excel, nor those who make such rapid proficiency in so short
a time. The most who commenced with the alphabet now read in
"easy lessons," and I have one old Aunt Sally now learning her A,
B, C's, who must have been a slave, judging from her physical con-
tour, at least 60 years, and how her eyes danced with joy when she
could spell A, X, ax. They are deplorably ignorant of everything
but hard fare, hard labor, and the overseer's lash ; and on the back
and shoulders of our washwoman, I could lay my finger into the
scars of the deep-cut gashes of the slave-driver's whip, for failing to
make up her quota of cotton picking. Slavery, accursed of God and
humanity, how art thou fallen from thy lofty estate!

The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which has been first and
foremost in riveting the chains of the slave, is now doomed, forever
doomed, to utter extinction, without a forlorn hope to rise from her
utter degradation; for the curse of the Most High is upon her. . . .

The entire South will in our humble opinion be missionary ground,
for not one in perhaps twenty or more of the white inhabitants can
read or write. We had heard of their ignorance before, but were un-
prepared to credit what we have found true, and we strongly desire
if the climate in summer should agree with our constitution, to re-
turn and labor here as a teacher and life-long missionary of the
cross. JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

BALDWIN CITY, Feb. 21, 1864.

MR. EoiTOR 163 : At home again, after a tedious journey of four
weeks' duration, and passing through a series of perils by land and
perils by water on our way from a Mississippi hospital to our own
rural domicil on the hither margin of Coal Creek. And, sir, in the
on-coming future, when files of the old Herald shall be eagerly
sought after by our children's children, it may be considered a grave
offense of the editor, should he fail to chronicle the important forth-
coming items in said journey, for the benefit of his 60,000 readers
and all succeeding generations ! We were quietly pursuing our daily

163. Zion's Herald, Boston, Mass.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 201

routine in the post hospital, with a flourishing school of both whites
and colored, when, lo! the orders from the commanding general
come in quick succession, "To-morrow remove this hospital, with
every appurtenance thereof, and all the sick and wounded, to
Memphis, Tenn.;" and ere the morning's dawn there was one uni-
versal clatter throughout the mammoth establishment, and cars
were loaded with their precious freight of brave men with no legs,
and men with mended legs, all splintered and bandaged, and men
with almost sightless eyes, and maimed and battered in various
ways; all for patriotism that glowed in their mangled forms; and
not from one have I heard (as I have stood by their cot endpavor-
ing by acts and words to assuage their anguish) the expression,
wrung from their lips in their keenest agony, that I had not laid
my life on my country's altar; but the sentiments expressed by a
young man about twenty years of age, who was applying a sticking
plaster to a bullet-hole in his breast, where a minnie ball had
entered, coming out at his back, and whom I was endeavoring to
console with these words, "Young man, you will henceforth be a
pensioner on the bounty of this country." He interrupted me with,
"I don't want a pension; I want to live long enough to meet the
rebs once more in battle, and draw a bead on the man who put his
bullet through me, for I know the man."

In connection with the removal of the hospital, was another order
from headquarters, "The 7th Kansas Cavalry are ordered without
delay to report to Leavenworth, Kansas; and Corinth, Miss., is
ordered to be evacuated and burned forthwith," which order has
been executed, and to-day Corinth is in ruins.

Memphis, Tenn., ninety miles from Corinth, is the most beautiful
and healthy of all the cities in the South we have yet visited, and
so captivated were we with the city and its environs, after a week's
sojourn, that we hope at no distant day to dispatch greetings to Zioris
Herald, dated "Memphis, Tenn." The Kansas 7th were obliged to
wait a week at Memphis to get transportation to Cairo, 111., for
every boat that ploughs the turbid waters of the Mississippi, above
Memphis, had been seized by government and pressed into the serv-
ice of transporting troops down the river; but to what point none
but those in the secret were permitted to know; and during our
stay 15,000 or 20,000 had collected, and it was a grand sight to be-
hold that line of transports anchored at the foot of the bluff, or
rather succession of bluffs on which Memphis is built, and to see
regiment after regiment like an unbroken thread file past us and

202 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

throng the gangways of the boats, and then like swarms of bees
darken every part of the rigging as they filled the boat quite to the
stern; and tears fell thick as rain drops for the mothers at home,
from at least two pairs of eyes, for many of those stalwart forms
will fill a Southern grave. And there too lay the sullen-looking
gunboats, growling like so many angry mastiff's impatient for their
prey, as they belched forth huge volumes of smoke, with guns of
heavy calibre peering from every port-hole; and, sir, were it not
that Heaven is merciful and long-suffering to guilty man, the oaths
and curses that fell from the lips of profane captains of steamboats
during that eventful week, as each boat was taken possession of
against their remonstrances and filled with troops, would suffice to
sink the whole river craft to the bottom of woe. The Belle Memphis,
one of the most splendid boats that ply on the waters of the Mis-
sissippi River, was at last secured for the special benefit of the
Kansas 7th, and the night previous to her leaving the wharves at
Memphis she was packed literally with living freight, and some
conjectured there were over 1,500 souls on board, including the
Kansas and part of one Ohio Regiment, and the families of numerous
officers and soldiers who had left with the Southern expedition, and
had sent their families to their Northern homes. We never felt
more forcibly these words,

"On what a slender thread,
Hang everlasting things,"

than during those two days and nights on board that crammed boat,
her hold packed with cotton, with the shocking incidents of the
burning of the Sunny-Side in the same waters so recently, and our
boat throwing fire from her chimneys so that the deck once caught
fire and blazed, and almost every combustible matter on the upper
deck, even the soldiers' hats, overcoats and blankets caught fire, so
that numbers were entirely ruined, and in repeated instances the
fires in the bedding could not be extinguished, and they were com-
mitted to the deep a flaming mass; and many a soldier cast a last
lingering look at the remnant of his pallet, as it smoked in the wake
of the boat and then disappeared, like all sub-lunary enjoyments,
forever.

But would you believe, Mr. Editor, that even then, when some
watchful ones were turning pale with fear, and the soldiers were
shouting from the deck, "Fire, fire," that a dance was proposed in
the cabin, and entered into with a zest, even by some who had once
borne the profession of Christianity and worn the badge of Christ's

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVE JOY 203

disciples! Wives participated, whose husbands had but just bid
them farewell as they joined the fleet that was to sail the following
day, and many of them their eyes had beheld for the last time.
Deep-seated sorrow, how easily art thou dissipated by mirth, in a
volatile spirit! We had retired to our state-room to sing old-
fashioned Methodist hymns, strangely contrasted with the violin
and guitar at the door entrance, when the chaplain knocks for ad-
mittance, and says, "Please hand Bro. North his Bible from his
carpet-bag; he wants to search the word of the Lord as he has been
wont to do at the close of each day at home or abroad." Some of
your readers will remember C. C. North, of New York city, who
has in the Advocate and other religious periodicals given us such
interesting communications from his classic pen, and whom God will
assuredly honor, for he honors God by dispensing his bounty on a
Mississippi River boat, by aiding poor soldiers' families in need,
and in a giddy throng hies to the Fountain Head for the all-soothing
balm for a disturbed spirit. At Cairo, 111., our officers, after a delay
of a number of days, succeeded in chartering a train of cars of suf-
ficient numbers to transport horses, baggage, regiment and all con-
nected therewith, as far as Quincy, 111.

If your readers ask for a description of Cairo and its surroundings,
we would answer, fancy a town built on a foul morass, with almost
every house labeled ''Hotel/' the streets barricaded by mud, the
sidewalks on stilts, and fever and ague, and mosquitoes in mosquito
time, and we opine these would make one with prospective pro-
clivities have the night-mare, in solving the problem whether cause
is sure to follow effect, or visa versa. We hasted to shake the
mud from our feet as we joyfully climbed the steps of the cars, the
foremost of which was appropriated to the officers, and we doubt
if a larger number of cars were ever connected with one Western
train, and whilst one locomotive puffed before, another pushed and
snorted in the rear. And it must have been an unusual sight to the
loyal towns in Illinois to elicit such huzzas and the waving of flags
and handkerchiefs as we swept along, our band of musicians on
board in the meantime playing Yankee Doodle; even old, grey-
headed ladies would hasten to the gate and wave a napkin or an
apron, and cheer us lustily, no doubt letting fall a tear at the re-
membrance of some loved son in the army, or who had fallen on
the battle-field. Silence plainer than words told us when we reached
a copperhead town, or a hotel with a copperhead for a landlord, one
of which charged the soldiers 75 cents per meal, and at the same

204 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

time charged citizens 50 cents, but he was compelled to refund all
the money, and in the most ludicrous manner scatter his cigars
broadcast among the greedy smokers. The ladies in the place got
wind of the matter, and in less than an hour had a load of apples
and food of one kind and another to feed them at the depot, till
they reached another stopping-place, which proved to be copperhead
of the biting character, for some of the soldiers had their overcoats
stolen, and in the interim the losers gathered up all the hats they
could find and made for the cars, some wearing two or three hats
apiece, one above another.

Electricity out-travels steam, and the tell-tale wires had told the
citizens of Leavenworth that the "jayhawk regiment" would soon
be in their streets. This was enough, and the city corporation voted
$800 to give them a grand reception and supper, which was on a
magnificent scale, for the ovation began as soon as the "jay-hawk-
ers" crossed the river at the ferriage. There a large delegation of
mounted officers met and escorted them to the fort, amid the boom-
ing of cannon and almost deafening demonstrations of joy, and the
day following was a gala-day throughout the city, and was ushered
by the firing of cannon; and as the long cavalcade of military offi-
cers and soldiers formed at the fort, two miles from town, it was a
grand and imposing sight as they marched from street to street, with
banners flying, flags streaming from house tops and windows, mar-
tial music discoursing patriotic airs as cheer after cheer rent the air.
They had dearly earned the laurels that the Kansians with right
good will gratefully placed upon their brow, for nearly three years
of hard service in the field had told upon their ranks, though oft
replenished by new recruits; and, alas! how many were left amid
the miasmatic swamps of Mississippi and Alabama. Gen. [C. R.]
Jennison in that triumphant entry into the city headed the proces-
sion on a richly caparisoned horse, who seemed to understand the
pomp and pride of war as well as his rider; and there too rode the
youthful Major [Francis M.] Malone, the pet of his regiment, of
whose exploits they are justly proud. Not six weeks previous to
that eventful day, when under full headway in a cavalry charge on
the enemy in Mississippi, both horse and rider found themselves in
a trice at the bottom of a dry well thirty feet deep. The horse was
killed in the descent, but the rider escaped not unscratched, how-
ever, and unbruised. When the history of this war shall have been
written by an impartial historian, it will no doubt be found that the
"jay-hawkers," that have so long been a terror to border ruffians in

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 205

Missouri and the rebels of Mississippi and Alabama, have exceeded
all other Western regiments in daring exploits and continuous
skirmishing and hard toil, being almost constantly in the saddle in
pursuit of the enemy. We speak not here, nor need we, of the
morality of the regiment, for there is room for improvement in this
respect as well as in other regiments which have so long been sev-
ered from the restraining influence of home.

We have already trespassed upon your patience and the space al-
lotted to correspondents in your excellent paper, and you can cur-
tail or retrench with pen and scissors to your liking, or kindle a fire
some cold morning in your stove, with these hastily-penned jottings,
and the world will still move along.

JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

ST Louis Mo. Apr. 26th 1864

DEAR JULIA & MASTER IRVIN 164 : I expected a letter this morn-
ing, it now being over two weeks since the date of your last. You
want me to write every week, & how often do you propose to write?
I think I have received one letter, for four. Now I propose to write
once a week, and shall expect you to do the same. This is a most
lovely morn. By far the loveliest of the season. We have had a
long wet & cold weather, & for three days a heavy rain. Every
thing in nature is rejoising, & every thing is very quiet in camp. It
is acknowledged by all, that there is a decided improvement in the
morrals of the Reg[iment]. Quite a religious influence in Camp.
At our prayer meeting 7 arose for prayer, with tears in their eyes
told me that they were resolved to lead new & Christian lives. There
is every prospect of a revival, if we can have a place to worship.
Have held our meetings in the Hospital but, last Sabbath, it was
so occupied by the sick that we could have no servis. Had a Bible
class in my Reg. Very interesting time. About 150 have joined
the temperance pledge & many more will do so. As I went out with
30 of them to join the good Templers (I took them out of our
Compfany] lines in a Co.) the Col. met us, & Smiling, he inquired
if there were any men left in the Comp. He told me he would join
our society. We shall send a full report, with the doings of our
Temperance Society for publication in a no. of the Kans papers, the
first of the week, as there has been a vote to that effect. Yesterday
morn I met Bro. Paulson, as I was down for the mail. We chatted
for a few minutes, & as he expected to stop in town for a number

164. From Chaplain Charles H. Lovejoy to his wife Julia Louisa, and son Irving.

206 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of days, we passed on. I will call this afternoon, at the publick house
where he stops to see him. I expect to draw one or two Hospital
tents to-day for the purpose of haveing them to hold meetings in.
I think I can get them. The Col. appears willing to aid me in any
thing I desi[g]n, to prosicute my work as Chap [lain].

As I wrote you in my last, we have had much sickness among
our new recruits mostly. Four have died who have been taken to
the Hospital in town two with the small Pox. Another has just-
been taken out of Camp with vereloyed. Over 20 of our men are in
the Hospital in town. . . .

Since I have been here I have been living in the past, in thought.
What a changing & checkered life ours has been. Will it appear in
the great day that any seed sown by us, has borne fruit unto eternal
life? It does now appear to me that in many instances, to accom-
plish our great mission, we have taken it by the hardest (way), &
I feel if I live to the end of the war, I will live an independent life,
to do good the rest of my days. . . .

As to the state of the war, you will learn by the papers, that our
army under Banks, & in N. C. has met with some reverses as well
as at Fort Pillow. The enemy are take [ing] advantage of our men
be [ing] absent on furlough but the clouds are thickening, and the
most desperet fighting of the war will be in the course of a few weeks.
Should Grant fail as all others have done, before Richmond, it will
be an awful disaster to the American people. I think however his
campaign will be so planned & his force sufficiently strong to accom-
plish his purpose, & if so it will use up the rebellion. There appears
to be great hopefulness with those who are better informed. Heaven
spead the right.

At the Lodge meeting last night, I had a card sent me with the
compliments of a young Mrs. Robinson, who formed my acquaint-
ance in a Lodge of g[ood] Tfemplars] at Sumner also I met with
Bro. Keefers (?) Son, 165 who is in the City on detached servis. His
Reg[iment], is on Provo duty at Alton, 111. You see by the date
of this we are yet in St. Louis, & it is uncertain how long we remain
here. There are some six Reg. here to be supplied with horses &
ourfs] is about the last. One Reg. has got their horses & leave to-
morrow. Horses, I understand, are now coming in at the rate of
about 100 a day. Soon as we get our horses we will go South, it is not
known where. So uncertain is life, we may never meet again. Above
all let us be ready. I hope dear Irvin will be a good boy, learn

105. Possibly Asbury D. Keifer, of Baldwin, then in the Tenth regiment, Kansas Volun-
teer infantry. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1S61-'6S, p. 376.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 207

all the good things he can. You will have many leasure moments
that you can learn him. Keep a good lookout & take care of your
Pals fruit trees. Has Jack wed out the strawberry bed? He should
stake the grape vines in the timbers if he has not done it already.
Those chores he can do when it is to wet to ploug. He should not
plougt when the ground is wet, it will inger the ground. My love
to "Jack" & "Mag." tell them to be good, & do well for me & he will
do well for himself. Take good care of the team. I will close this
time and go to supper. I would like your company. Good evening.
Yours in Fidelity
C. H. LOVEJOY,

Chaplain of 7 Kans. Com. Vol. Vet.

[On the margin of the letter is written:] Cut out your letter in
the Herald & send it I cannot get that no. & any letters of interest.
I have a very sore arm, from vasination. It has broak and runs
profusely.

FOREST LODGE, BALDWIN CITY, DOUGLAS Co., May 10th, 1864
Tuesday P. M. All alone and all alone!

DEAR FATHER, BROTHER DANIEL, SISTER SARAH, GEORGE, AND ALL
MY BROTHERS AND SISTERS IN LEBANON, HANOVER, CROYDEN, GRO-
TON, AND ELSEWHERE:

Lonely and weary, with continual watching and anxious solici-
tude, I seat myself to talk with those I love far, far away. the
days and nights, I number o'er, on the borders of this extensive
forest with none (save those too young to understand or sympathise
with me) for society, and continually anxious for "father and son,"
lest one, or both will fall a martyr on their Country's altar, and to
add to my sorrow, we are looking every hour for "Quantrell", with
his horde of fiends, to sweep through this entire region, and murder
indiscriminately and burn every house, in his march of death! We
are told he is VERY NEAR us and about to make another raid,
thro Kansas and he says "he will make clean work this time." I
should leave the Country immediately, if we could, without having
everything we have got destroyed. I lay awake nights and think
every hour he may issue from the woods. "Our nigger" has a "six
shooter," every barrel loaded to sell his life as dearly as possible,
for he well knows no mercy will be shown him. I had him learn me
how to fire it and I surely shall if I am not shot before I can seize
it, if they begin their murderous work here. Sometimes I think I
will flee to another State, but there is Charles, and his family and

208 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the Dr. [Whitehorn] will not let me carry Arthur away from him,
so I must trust in God and meet the result. They are preparing to
give him (Quantrell) a warm reception with what few men they
have left them, and I learn are already fortifying Lawrence. 166
This is the darkest, and least hopeful time, for our Country, since
the war commenced, not even excepting the "Bull Run" defeat and
if Grant fails before Richmond, like his predecessors, woe, woe, to
our Country! Maj. Bradford, who was murdered in that awful mas-
sacre, at "Fort Pillow," 1C7 sent three children to school to me, last
winter and the other Officers, of the colored troops, I suppose some
of them, our personal friends. Charles, is gone [to war] and I fear
he will be massacred. I walk the room and groan in agony of spirit
before God in his behalf. He does not enjoy religion, as he did, be-
fore he went into the Army, but his father is growing more and
more devoted and consecrated to God and dead to the love and
praise of the world ready to go, when His Master calls him home.
Precious man, how I miss him every day and every where I send
his last letter to you his arm was sore from vaccination for the
"small pox." Expect another letter tomorrow; If he lives to get
out of the Army, he does not intend to be trammelled by Con
[ference] authority to be confined to any circuit or station, but
have a home, somewhere, and travel slow-like and hold protracted
meetings and labor to save souls, in any spot and place. He thinks
he might have enjoyed life better and his family too, and done more
good, had he done so years ago. What he styles in his letter, an
independent life, "like Perez Mason," the City Missionary of Bos-
ton, or like a "home Missionary" among the Baptists. I am glad
to learn there is a prospect of a revival in his Reg. for it is greatly
needed. Tell us in your next what Uncle Asahel's house could be
bought for, or Gransire Packard's place or what other cozy little
place could be bought for in any part of Lebanon, but dont say to
any body that "Quantrell" has scared ME out of Kansas, for I may
never leave here, but if my house is burned, and all we have de-
stroyed, most certainly, if I live, I want a "shelter" somewhere. The
Spring is remarkable backward here Cold and rainy. Sarah, I
got out all my daggueratypes the other day and amongst my own
loved dead, there was father, and little Mary, and many others, to

166. Frequent rumors of the return of the guerrillas kept the citizens of Lawrence and
eastern Kansas in a state of alarm for months after the Lawrence raid. Cordley, op. cit.,
pp. 254, 255.

167. The massacre at Fort Pillow, Tenn., took place on April 12, 1864. Dictionary of
American History (New York, 1940), v. 4, p. 272.

LETTERS OP JULIA LOVEJOY 209

weep over; but they are at rest, and beyond the terrible realities
of this cruel war, that falls upon me so heavily. . . .

... I hope all my brothers and sisters will be good and do
right, for life is so short, and eternity so near there is no time nor
place for contentions here. I as much believe that the "end of all
things is at hand," as I believe I am now writing. & love each other,
all of you, or you will regret it when it is too late to make amends.
You are all dear to me and very dear. Love all the family. Please
send this to Colby; I meant to have answered his kind letter, but
I have about as much writing as I want to attend to with my other
cares, I drop the pen; Our next door neighbor has just passed and
says "a dispatch" came to Lawrence, last night, that Quantrell was
not far from Olathe, Mr. L's old field of labor, and may be here
before tomorrow night. I must wait till I get the mail, tomorrow,
before I finish this, to see what husband writes. Do answer this at
once; and what perilous times these! Good night. Please tell
Colby that money and shawl came safe. I had to pay 2.75 freight
on the shawl, because it was sent by "Express." I thank you, father
for your kind remembrance of your absent and afflicted daughter.
That money, I at once, put out on interest, for my boys, if I dont
need it to buy bread with, or get necessities, of life with I want they
should have something from their grandparents.

Wednesday Morn. I am now in Charles' sitting-room writing on
his table whilst Sarah [Charles' wife] is getting dinner. I walked
up here this morning; it is two miles. Charles came home last night
will soon go to Little Rock, Ark. I dread to have him go but such
is war, and I must submit and can only pray God to protect and
save him. He is very healthy and his family well. Please write
him any of you. He would be glad to hear from any or all of you,
and would answer it. Direct to Baldwin City. He has a splendid
residence here, and beautiful grounds, tastefully laid out with a pro-
fusion of rare shrubbery. No letter from Mr. Lovejoy today.
Glorious news from the Army of the Potomac almost too good to be
true. Adieu; Do write immediately, Daniel, Sarah, father and. all
of you. Pray for us in this hour of our danger. Love to all. Your
affectionate daughter and sister,

JULIA L. L.

142515

210 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

BALDWIN CITY, KANSAS,

"FOREST LODGE," Oct. 29th, 1864.

MESSRS. EDITORS 168 : You will have learned long before this
reaches you, of the invasion of Missouri and Kansas by Gen. [Ster-
ling] Price, with an army estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000 men,
and of his exit from the aforesaid states, on the "double quick" with
the "avengers of blood" in close pursuit, if he, and his demoralized
followers, were not already in their grasp. Kansas has been in a
ferment of excitement of late, not unlike a seething cauldron, not
knowing how soon the whole mass would be disintegrated, and fall
asunder; but Heaven has interposed in our behalf our soldiers and
citizens, hastened to the rescue of our beautiful State from the in-
vader's grasp and to-day, the paeans of victory are being chanted
in every village and city, from the Republican Fork on the North, to
the Neosho Valley on the South. The Kansians were quietly pur-
suing their various avocations, when an order was issued on this
wise: "Every man in the State capable of bearing arms under sixty
and over sixteen years of age, forthwith shoulder his gun, and ad-
vance to meet the foe," and the State turned out en masse, by hun-
dreds and thousands, until the aggregate of "raw militia," amounted
to 20,000 men, strung along the border towns, with 20,000 brave sol-
diers to co-operate with them, all prepared, and impatiently wait-
ing for the "old fox" to make his appearance, whom they knew was
being sorely pressed and unmercifully chased from one county to
another, along Missouri River, with the gallant [Gen. W. S.] Rose-
crans and forty thousand brave men close in the rear and on he
came, foaming with rage at one continuous defeat, after he crossed
the Arkansas line, thinking the "coast was clear," and he could
easily enter Kansas and devastate the entire State, when, lo ! 40,000
men with bristling bayonets unexpectedly confront him, like spec-
tres, rising from the tomb, and appal him with their defiant stub-
bornness. The armies met at Westport, Mo., about fifty miles south
[northeast?] of this place, and fought like heroes, for eight succes-
sive hours, our boys contesting every foot of ground, and forcing
the whole mass back to Independence, Mo., twelve miles, when by a
desperate effort, knowing that Rosecrans was hard after them, and
by being re-inforced, the tide turned, and they in turn drove our
men and regained the whole ground, with the dead from both armies
strewing the line of contest. At this juncture, two of our citizen-
neighbors thought that "all was lost" and broke from the ranks, put-

168. The Independent Democrat, Concord, N. H.

LETTERS OF JULIA LOVEJOY 211

ting spurs to their horses, and thought of nothing but saving their
families by flight. Their return, almost speechless from fright,
created a panic such as we have seldom witnessed, even in Kansas,
causing a general stampede to the forests for concealment, and the
clearing of almost every house of valuables. This was Saturday,
the 22d inst., and at an early hour, Sabbath morning, the 23d, Gen.
Pleasanton [Gen. Alfred Pleasonton] with a large cavalry force
came to the rescue of our troops, and another bloody battle was
fought, resulting in a decisive victory to our arms. It was estimated
that 600 were killed and wounded of the enemy, 200 taken prisoners,
3 guns taken, and but fifty of our men killed. These battles were
fought on the State line, as Price was trying to get into Kansas, and
a series of misfortunes have attended this "fugitive from justice," on
this "flying tour" through the Southern counties of our unhospitable
State, and a telegram has been received that his army is all cut up
and wholly demoralized 169 Generals [John S.] Marmaduke and
[W. L.] Cabell prisoners of war his baggage wagons all taken by
our men, save 300 they burnt in despair their guns captured, and
Price, with a shattered remnant, was skulking towards the Arkansas
line, with the bold and dashing [Gen. James G.] Blunt, and the fear-
less "Jim Lane," who delights in such mischief, is following him up,
and will have yet the veritable live General, or his scalp, as a trophy
of victory. The latest news is that Lane is bent on securing his
prey, and will have it, if it is among the possibilities.

In the greatest haste, JULIA L. LOVEJOY.

169. 1'he Battle of Mine Creek in Linn county.

Bypaths of Kansas History

LITERAL REPORTING

A Missouri wedding as reported in The Kansas Weekly Herald,
Leavenworth, June 27, 1857.

MARRIED. In the county of Crawford and State of Missouri, by the Rev.
E. H. Headlee, at two o'clock, June llth, 1857, between a hazel thicket and
the wagon, Mr. J. M. Vanslyke to Mrs. Matilda Morgan, both in a traveling
condition.

AN OFFER OF PUBLIC SERVICE WITH No TAKER

From correspondence of the executive department of Kansas ter-
ritory, Archives division, Kansas State Historical Society:

COBOURG, CANADA WEST
To THE SECRETARY OF THE STATE OF KANSAS January 1st, 1858

SIR

As I am making arrangements for carrying on a very extensive Land
Agency Establishment, on board the Leviathan Steamship, now being launched
in England, upon the following principles, I should feel obliged by 3'our in-
forming me if your State will join in conferring on me, an appointment for
the sale of your lands.

First I shall have an office on board the Ship under the name of the
"American. Land Agency Office, by authority" containing maps and all infor-
mation relative to each district.

Secondly. I shall always sail with the vessel: and on the return trip from
England, intend lecturing on Board, and Selling Lands by private contract and
Auction.

Thirdly, While in England I intend delivering lectures on the advantages of
America &c, distributing Pamphlets and selling Lands, returning with the pur-
chasers, & taking them to their respective purchases in order to protect them.

Fourthly. To sell the already cultivated Lands for private parties in order
to bring out capitalists, and a more respectable class of Farmers, thereby forc-
ing the present occupants back on the wild lands.

Fifthly. After being furnished with all the requisites from the various
States, Territories, Provinces &c I intend selling on commission paying all my
own expenses.

Your early reply in order to facilitate my arrangements will greatly oblige.

I have the honor to be
Sir

Your most obedt Servt

THOS. F. NICHOLL Land Agent

(212)

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 213

THOS. F. NICHOLL, LAWRENCE, K. T. Jan. 19, 1858.

SIR,

I have just received your letter of Jan. 1st, 1858, in which you propose to
act as the agent for the "State of Kansas," "on board the Leviathan Steam-
ship," and assist her in disposing of her public lands. There are two or three
slight obstacles in the way which must first be removed before your wishes can
be complied with. First, there is no such institution as the "State of Kansas,"
known to the Constitution or laws of the United States although there are two
constitutions now before the people contending for the honor of transforming
this Territory into a Sovereign State, and another proposition of a similar
character is now being discussed by the Legislature. Which of these will have
the honor of bringing the new state into the world, or whether either of them
will be able to do so, is, just at this time a matter of some considerable doubt.

But this difficulty being removed, obstacle number two, presents itself.
The "State of Kansas" expects to become the owner of a goodly quantity of
lands, and should she determine to dispose of them at private sale it is very
probable that she will find a number of gentlemen among her own citizens who
are sufficiently patriotic to undertake the job, and who may be foolish enough
to suppose they could do it as well as yourself, especially if they were to get
a handsome per centage by way of commission on the sales and be under no
obligation to account for the principal. It is possible, however, that you might
convince such gentlemen and the "State of Kansas," that they are or would
be in error in this matter, and thereby get rid of that objection.

Obstacle number three, is to this effect: Some people here are foolish
enough to believe that it would not be possible for you to give exact and re-
liable information about every quarter section of land in this Territory with-
out first personally inspecting the same, and they are too conscientious to
allow an agent of theirs to make a misrepresentation. But this might be
remedied by devoting your time for two or three years to travelling over and
examining the country, by which time the "Leviathan" may possibly be
launched and "afloat on the briney deep."

The fourth obstacle I fear you will find more difficult than all the rest. You
say you propose to bring out "a more respectable class of farmers, thereby
forcing the present occupants back on the wild lands." Some of us are silly
enough to believe that our farmers here are as respectable as any you are
likely to bring from England. In this we don't think we can be mistaken but
energy and enterprise will overcome many difficulties, and as Richelieu said
"there is no such word as jail," you, entertaining the same opinion, may try
the experiment of bringing a cargo of the "respectable class of farmers" to
whom you refer and make an exhibit of them on our western prairies, when
it may be possible for you to procure an expression of opinion on this subject
from our farmers.

Unless you think you can remove each and every one of these obstacles, it
will hardly be worth while for you to prosecute this matter any farther.

Very Respectfully
Your Obt. Srvt.
J. W. DENVER
Secretary Kansas Territory.

214 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

BEFORE THE DAYS OF PADDED EXPENSE ACCOUNTS

The following claim for "expenses" incurred in the location of a
territorial road is among the old records from the Kansas state audi-
tor's office now in the Archives division of the State Historical So-
ciety :

E. P. HEBERTON & E. S. NASH
KANSAS TERRITORY

KANSAS CITY, Aug. 16th, 1859
To John P. Wheeler & Co. Dr

(2.00)

5 gall Old Bourbon 5$ 27.00

(1.50)

2 * Gin 3$ 7.50

3 Boxes Cigars 8$ 24.00

1 Ib. Chewing Tobacco 2 . 00

4 * Lead 17 .68

1 Bag Shot 4.50

2 Ibs Can Powder 2.00

3 Box Per Caps 50 1 .50

3 " Seidlentz Powders 50 1.50

$70.68
Rec'd Pay

JOHN P. WHEELER & Co

That the territorial auditor had little trouble deciding the valid-
ity of this claim is evidenced by the boldness of the handwriting
scrawled on the back of the document.

WHEELER & CO
TERRITORIAL ROAD

NOT AUDITED
NOT A NECESSARY EXPENSE IN THE LOCATION OF TER ROAD

No further records are available so it is not now known if the $70
party, apparently paid for by the Messrs. Heberton and Nash, was
a success. Thus, as sometimes happens, the door of history opens
only long enough for a flash picture of the characters and a sugges-
tion of the probable plot, but the fadeout shot can only be conjec-
tured.

Kansas History as Published in the Press

The history of Linwood school, District No. 1, Johnson county,
was reviewed in a double-column article in the Johnson County
Herald, Overland Park, October 30, 1947.

A total of 37,330 students were enrolled in the 20 junior colleges
and 22 senior colleges in Kansas in the fall of 1947 according to an
editorial by Dr. Robert Taft in the December, 1947, number of the
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Lawrence. Among
other articles of interest were: "The Animal Industries of Kansas,"
by A. D. Weber, and "Censusing Wildlife," by H. Leo Brown.

The La Gygne Journal has continued to publish the historical col-
umn, "Across the Years A History of La Cygne," by W. E. Baer.
Some recent subjects were: The fire on December 17, 1892, which
destroyed the La Cygne House, for more than twenty years the
town's leading hotel; a letter received by the Journal in 1893 from
Oliver M. Farrand, a prosperous diamond merchant of New York
City, who recalled La Cygne as it was before 1861 when only one
small cabin stood there; the graduating class of 1893; the first in-
cubator in La Cygne; Miss Amanda Way, the Carry Nation of
Pleasanton; the financial crisis of 1893; a destructive cyclone that
swept through the area on April 3, 1893, and the opening of the
Cherokee outlet for settlement. In the issue for February 6, 1948,
a brief statement of the business, professional, social and religious
life of La Cygne in 1893 was given. The report was taken from the
Journal-Clarion published at that time by the Barber brothers. The
story of L. B. Paxson appeared in the column on February 27. Mr.
Paxson was an amnesia victim who disappeared in 1882 and was
not seen again by his family or friends in La Cygne until 1894.

Historical articles of interest to Kansans in recent issues of the
Kansas City (Mo.) Star included: "Julia Rockwell's Story," De-
cember 14, 1947; "He [Abner J. Zook of Larned] Went To Poland
To Give a Lift To Peasant Farmers," by Alvin S. McCoy, and
"Markers May Preserve Routes Where Oxen Trod Old Trails," De-
cember 21; "As Mt. Oread Will Appear at Completion of World
War II Memorial at K. U.," by Edward R. Schauffler, "Little Trains
Made in [Wichita] Kansas Thrill Nation's Children," by Dwight
Pennington, and "Kansas Legislative Pattern Catches On," by
Stewart Newlin, December 28; "A Gem-Cutting Hobby Pays Off

(215)

216 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

for a Kansan [H. E. Hostetter of Holton]," January 11, 1948;
"When Carry Nation, the Smasher, Was Really Scared on Crusade,"
an episode in Hope, Kan., by C. M. Harger, January 18; "Your
Gasoline Supply of Tomorrow May Not Depend on Oil Wells,"
plans for a plant in western Kansas to synthesize car fuel from
natural gas, by Alvin S. McCoy, January 25; "Insurgents Who
Formed Kansas Day Club Went Far in the State's Political Life,"
by Cecil Howes, January 27; " 'Preacher' [Dr. Charles W.] Bailey
of Baldwin Reaches a Century of Life," by Charles W. Graham,
February 1, and "He [J. Frank Rice at Wichita] Puts Gas in the
Pipe As You Turn on the Heat," by Alvin S. McCoy, February 15.
Articles in the Kansas City (Mo.) Times were: "Fraser Hall, Aging
Landmark, Helps K. U. To Serve Greatest Student Body," by Fred
Kiewit, January 13; "Insignificant Rock in Kansas Marks [Geo-
detic] Center of United States," January 19; "A Great Stone Cross
To Mark Father Padilla's Martyrdom," a story on the new marker
to be placed west of Lyons by the Kansas council of the Knights
of Columbus, by Cecil Howes, January 21; "'Fighting Dan' An-
thony One of Strong Men of Kansas at Statehood's Birth," by
Charles G. Pearson, January 29; British gift to Kansas of rock
fragment from the Parliament building bombed in the German air
blitz of 1941, by Robert H. Clark, February 12, and Walter Starnes,
Negro aid at Winter Veterans Hospital, Topeka, called "Ambas-
sador Extraordinary To Ailing," by Charles W. Graham, February
19.

A cover picture and a story of the Anthony family, publishers of
the Leaven worth Times since 1871, were a feature of the January,
1948, Graduate Magazine, of Lawrence, official alumni association
publication of the University of Kansas. The same issue also con-
tained some excerpts from a widely known essay on Kansas written
by Carl L. Becker, professor of history at the University from 1902
to 1916. The essay was published in Turner's Essays in American
History (Henry Holt and Co.). Among the Kansas newspapers re-
printing the excerpts in their issues of late January, 1948, were:
Norton Daily Telegram, Meade Globe-News and Lawrence Daily
Journal-World. The article consisted of observations by Professor
Becker about the characteristics of the people of Kansas.

In an article in the Neodesha Register, January 1, 1948, Mrs.
Kate Winter Pingrey named a number of local citizens who have
contributed materially in preserving the history of that community.

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 217

Among those are: Kila Hays White, Mildred McGlinn, Lee Monroe
Lockard, J. Kansas Morgan, 0. L. Hays, Mrs. Grace Blakeslee and
George Linn. Mrs. Pingrey related some of the early local history
by describing the mural on the north wall of the Neodesha post
office. The mural was painted by a local boy, Bernard Steffen, and
installed in July, 1938. Given particular mention was Little Bear,
chief of the Little Osages. At his death, Little Bear was buried on
the mound northwest of Neodesha which now bears his name.

W. W. Graves' "History of Neosho County/' has continued to
appear in recent issues of the St. Paul Journal. On January 1, 1948,
brief biographical sketches of the following newspapermen were
printed: C. H. Howard, R. D. Kirkpatrick, John R. Brunt, Harold
Claire Brunt, Dr. E. B. Park, A. J. Hopkins, W. W. Graves, F. S.
Hopkins, H. T. Perry, John H. Scott, E. L. Conklin, Will M. Good-
win, Charley McKee and E. M. Dewey. Also in the issue of Jan-
uary 1, Mr. Graves commenced a history of the newspapers of
Neosho county. Each paper was traced from the beginning, through
the hands of its various owners and publishers, up to the present,
or until publication was suspended. The newspaper history is con-
tinued through the issues of January 8, 15, 22, 29 and February 5.
On February 12 and 19 a list of the public officers who have served
Neosho county since 1864 was printed.

A story of the "Dust Bowl" and its spectacular come-back in
recent years was told by Theo. W. Morse in the Kansas City (Mo.)
Daily Drovers Telegram, January 2, 1948. The article reported
that the relief money which congress appropriated for the dust bowl
in 100 counties of the five southwestern states of Kansas, Colorado,
Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico has been put back into the
wealth of the nation more than a thousandfold. Mr. Morse also
dealt with the question of whether the dust bowl is returning. He
pointed to the improved methods of farming, the introduction of
new crops in the area and the healthy bank accounts as arguments
that the days of the dust storms cannot come again. Henry M.
Bainer, general agricultural agent for the Santa Fe railroad at
Amarillo, Tex., was quoted as saying, "The Dust Bowl will not
return."

The Hutchinson News-Herald has continued the publication of
pictures of "Historic, Beautiful Kansas," by Russell Walker of St.
John. Among the recent pictures were: Scott County State Lake,
January 5, 1948; Waconda (Great Spirit) Springs, west of Beloit,

218 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

January 19 ; Scott County State Park and Lake McBride, north of
Scott City, January 26 ; Pony Express station, near Hanover, Feb-
ruary 2; Geodetic Center of the United States, 18 miles southeast
of Osborne, and a highway sign showing 1,561 miles to New York
City and the same number to San Francisco, near Kinsley, Feb-
ruary 9; one of the largest trees in Kansas (an old cottonwood 30%
feet in circumference), near Hutchinson, February 16; Post Office
Oak where westbound travelers on the Santa Fe trail left mail for
eastbound caravans to pick up, at Council Grove, February 23;
guardhouse at old Fort Hays, south of Hays, March 1; Pawnee
Rock, near Larned, March 8, and the cabin near Smith Center in
which Dr. Brewster Higley wrote "Home on the Range," March 15.

Histories of Abram and Lincoln Center, rival Lincoln county
towns which were later merged, were sketched in the Lincoln Senti-
nel-Republican, January 15, 1948.

A history of the Mullinville schools by Benj. 0. Weaver, for 28
years a member of the high school board, was published in the
Mullinville News, January 15, 22, 29, February 5, 19, 26, and March
4, 1948. Mr. Weaver stated that the first school in Mullinville
was a subscription school conducted by a Mr. Carpenter in 1885.
The first term of a tax-supported school began November 1, 1886.
J. B. Hunt and Belle Wells were the teachers and they had 50
pupils. W. W. Payne was county superintendent. A two-room
schoolhouse was completed in the fall of 1887. This building was
used until 1911 when part of the present grade school building was
completed. The first high school class started in 1912. The high
school district Rural High School District No. 2 was organized
in the spring of 1919. The high school used rooms in the grade
school at that time. In 1925 a new high school building was
started. The News for January 29, 1948, listed members of the
school board of District No. 36 who have served the longest. Also
listed are those who served on the high school board. In the same
issue was a list of the graduates of the high school. There were 31
classes and 380 graduates from 1917 to 1947. In the issue for Feb-
ruary 5, 1948, others were listed who attended the high school part
time between 1911 and 1925, and later installments gave the names
of the superintendents, principals and teachers.

The history of the Merrill Springs hotel, located about 14 miles
south of Topeka near Highway 75, was sketched in the Topeka

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 219

Daily Capital, January 18, 1948. The hotel, now being razed, was
built in the late 1880's.

A series of historical articles by Harry H. Seckler have been
printed in the Leavenworth Times in recent months under the head-
ing "Early Leavenworth." Some of the articles were: "City Was
Enmeshed in Early History of the Tony Express/ " the story of the
brief existence of the pony express, January 18, 1948; "This City
Was the Gateway To the 'Great Unknown' in West," the part that
Leavenworth played in the building of the West, January 25; "This
City Once Was Largest in the 'Great American Desert/ " February
1; "Pioneer Days Were Exciting Ones in Platte County, Mo.," the
early days in Platte county, Missouri, and Leavenworth, February
12; "Missouri River's Greatest Known Flood Was in 1844," Feb-
ruary 19; "Hardy Pioneers Were Beset by Plagues, Disease and
Crime," February 29, and " 'Dream' Trip Along the City's Business
Streets in Early Days," a story of early Leavenworth in the form
of a letter that might have been written by someone who had passed
through the streets in the early days, March 8.

Excerpts from letters and diary of E. D. Smith, selected by Lura
Smith, were published in the Meade Globe-News, February 1-12,
1948. Mr. Smith was for many years a resident of Meade county,
having come to Kansas from Iowa in 1886 after a doctor had told
him that he had but a few weeks to live. Among other historical
features published recently in the Meade Globe-News were the rem-
iniscences of Mrs. T. B. Novinger of Plains, who arrived in Meade
county in 1884 (reprinted in the issue of February 22 from the
Plains Journal of February 5), and "Salt Well Was Scene of One of
Meade County's First Manufacturing Plants" (February 29).

A column entitled "Early Day Frankfort History," has been ap-
pearing in the Frankfort Index beginning February 5, 1948. The
column first briefly told of the Indians that once occupied what is
now Marshall county. Among early settlers mentioned in the Feb-
ruary 19 issue was Frank J. Marshall for whom Marshall county
was named. On February 26 and March 4 the Index named many
of the early settlers of the Vermillion valley.

A history of Easton was briefly sketched by Delores Gwartney in
the Leavenworth Chronicle, February 12, 1948. A Kentuckian, A.
J. Dawson, who came to trade with the Indians, was one of the
first to settle in the Easton area. In 1855 the town became an or-

220 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ganized settlement. It was first named Eastin, for L. J. Eastin,
editor of the Kansas Weekly Herald, of Leaven worth, but soon an
"o" was substituted for the "i" to make the name correspond with
that of Gov. A. J. Reeder's home town in Pennsylvania. The first
schoolhouse was built in 1855 and the first high school was estab-
lished in 1908. The population of Easton is now about 200.

The Winfield Daily Courier published an 108-page diamond ju-
bilee edition on February 16, 1948, in observance of Winfield's 75th
year as an incorporated city and the Courier's 75th year of publi-
cation. The first issue of the Courier made its appearance in Janu-
ary, 1873, and Winfield was incorporated as a third class city on
February 22, 1873. One of the principal features of the edition was
the "Story of Early Days in Cowley," written in thirteen chapters,
each chapter dealing with a different phase of the early life in Cow-
ley county. Another historical article was "Cliff M. Wood's Own
Story," in four chapters. Mr. Wood was the first to erect a building
on the Winfield town site. Other items of interest included a bio-
graphical sketch of Col. E. C. Manning, founder of Winfield; a
history of Cowley county newspapers ; the census of Winfield taken
in 1870, and articles on the following subjects: The fight for the
county seat between Winfield and Arkansas City; the coming of
the railroads to Winfield; the establishment and growth of the
schools and churches; the grasshoppers, blizzards, droughts, floods,
dust storms and other hardships through the years; the city gov-
ernment, and athletic teams from Winfield. Also in the jubilee
edition were many pictures of Winfield and its citizens in early days.

The Gove County Advocate, Quinter, printed the history of the
Quinter Methodist church in' three installments, February 19, 26
and March 4, 1948. The church observed its fiftieth anniversary
February 17. The Rev. W. E. Scott was the first pastor of the
church. Services were held in a schoolhouse for several years until
the completion of a church building in 1903. The building now in
use was erected in 1910.

A history of the Gaylord family which has been featured for
several months in the Protection Historical Society column, "Notes
From the Early Days," published in the Protection Post, was con-
cluded in the issue for February 20, 1948. The material was com-
piled by Mrs. Harry Vincent, a member of the Gaylord family, and
is a part of the historical material assembled by Miss Ida Bare,

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 221

historian for the Protection Historical Society. The column for
February 27 carried an article by John Webb about a baseball game
in 1891.

"Wichita," by Charles B. Driscoll, one of a series of articles on
America's most colorful cities being published by The Saturday
Evening Post, appeared in the issue of February 21, 1948. Accord-
ing to Mr. Driscoll, Wichita's first permanent settlers were James
R. Mead and William Greiffenstein who started trading posts there.
The town was incorporated in 1870, and became a cowtown in 1872
when the Santa Fe railroad built to its borders. Famed for its flour
milling, Wichita also received an oil boom in the 1920's and oil has
been a steady source of income ever since. During World War II,
Wichita became the site of several large airplane factories which
still continue to operate. Some of the other items mentioned by
Mr. Driscoll are: Wichita in 1878, the weather in Wichita, Jesse
Chisholm, A. A. Hyde, the city's trees, South Wichita, the battle
with the railroads over freight rates, the police department, colleges,
schools and churches.

The March, 1948, number of the Shawnee County Historical So-
ciety's Bulletin included the following articles: "Topeka Trans-
portation," a history of public transportation in Topeka by Arthur
J. Carruth, Jr.; "Flour Mills Important Industry," by Euphemia
B. Page; the second installment by Mrs. Dorothy Crane Keller, of
"Founders of Topeka," which concludes the biographical sketch of
Dr. Franklin Loomis Crane and extracts from his journal; the third
installment of the reprint of William W. Cone's "Shawnee County
Townships"; "Topeka in 1856," by John E. Rastall, and a continu-
ation of the "Chronology of Shawnee County," by George A. Root.

The Russell Record, March 1, 1948, printed a brief history of the
first Russian colonies in Russell county. The initial colony con-
sisted of 73 persons and was known as the Kratzka colony. They
arrived in October, 1876, and settled ten miles south of Russell at
Bender Hill. The second colony arrived in December, 1876, and
the third in June, 1878. Of the 73 persons in the Kratzka colony
12 are still living. The names of the members of this colony ap-
peared in the article.

Kansas Historical Notes

A contest for the purpose of securing historical material was
planned at a meeting of the Meade county Council of Women's
Clubs at Fowler on January 27, 1948. Cash prizes will be given
for the best essays or manuscripts, and the material secured from
the contest will be correlated and arranged into permanent histor-
ical records. Mrs. Theis Streiff of Plains, president of the council,
appointed Mrs. W. S. Dingess of Meade, chairman of the project.
Mrs. Dingess asked that each club represented in the county coun-
cil appoint one member to form a historical council.

The Native Sons and Daughters of Kansas assembled at the
Jayhawk hotel in Topeka the evening of January 28, 1948, for their
thirtieth annual meeting. Dr. Kenneth W. McFarland, superin-
tendent of the Topeka Public Schools, was the guest speaker.
James B. Tucker, Kansas State College student and winner of the
Capper award for the best oration in a contest held earlier the same
day, gave his speech at the meeting. Miss Brownie Bothinghouser
of Osborne High School, winner of the essay contest, was also hon-
ored. Warren W. Shaw, retiring president of the Native Sons, and
Mrs. C. I. Moyer, retiring president of the Native Daughters, pre-
sided at the meeting. After the addresses, an election was held.
Will T. Beck of Holton was elected president of the Native Sons
and Mrs. Kenneth McFarland of Topeka was elected president of
the Native Daughters. Other officers elected were: Native Sons
William Ljungdahl of Menlo and Topeka, vice-president; Guy Jos-
serand of Dodge City, secretary, and Edwin R. Jones of Topeka,
treasurer; Native Daughters Mrs. Carl Friend of Lawrence, vice-
president; Mrs. Ella Reuhmann of Wamego, secretary, and Mrs.
P. A. Petitt of Paola, treasurer.

Mrs. Loyal Payne spoke to members of the Riley County His-
torical Society at a dinner meeting held in the Congregational
church in Manhattan, January 28, 1948. Mrs. Payne discussed
some of the historical places in the county. Another meeting was
held February 12, at which the marking of historic spots and the
securing of a suitable museum were discussed. Places recommended
by Alvin Springer for marking, are: Rocky Ford, Juniata, an In-
dian village on the Johns farm, Whisky Point, certain homes in

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KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 223

the College Hill community and some points in the Deep Creek and
McDowell neighborhoods. Dr. J. W. Evans made a report on pro-
moting and financing an adequate museum. Mrs. Loyal Payne
spoke on the early history of Riley county and Homer Socolofsky
of the college history department read a paper on Abraham Lincoln.
Clyde Rodkey, president of the society, read a letter from a former
Manhattan resident, Prof. John V. Cortelyou, giving some high
lights of early local history.

The Finney County Historical Society was organized January
31, 1948, at a meeting in Garden City. Gus Norton of Kalvesta
was elected president. Ralph T. Kersey, Frederick Finnup and
Mrs. Josephine Cowgill were chosen vice-presidents. Other officers
were elected as follows: Mrs. Ella Condra, secretary; Mrs. Eva
Baker Sharer, treasurer; Mrs. R. E. Stotts, historian, and Mrs. Em-
ma Weeks White, custodian of relics. Each township is repre-
sented by a director. They are: William H. Fant, Garden City
township; Harry G. Carl, Garfield; Albert Drussel, Ivanhoe; S. B.
Keller, Pierceville; J. E. Greathouse, Pleasant Valley; Tresmon
Miller, Terry, and Mrs. Charles R. Brown, Sherlock. Directors
from Garden City are: Mrs. P. A. Burtis, Judge William E. Hutch-
ison, A. J. Keffer, Jean Norris Kampschroeder, Frank Schulman,
Kate Hatcher Smith and Helen M. Stowell. The new society is
sponsored by the Garden City Business and Professional Women's
club.

Girard members were in charge of a meeting of the Crawford
County Historical Society held in Pittsburg, February 9, 1948.
Ralph Shideler presided and George Beezley reviewed the history
of the Osage Indians in Crawford county. Mr. Beezley said that
the Osages were the "very best" among Indians. He pointed out
that there were many skirmishes in the early days between the
Osages and rival Indians in the vicinity of Pittsburg. At one time
during the Civil war when the Confederates attempted to organize
the Indians to fight against the Union, the Osages attacked several
groups of rebel soldiers and destroyed them. Another highlight of
the historical meeting was a quiz contest conducted by Mrs. Lena
Martin Smith. The contest was won by Mrs. Shideler.

A festival of Kansas arts and crafts was presented in Lawrence,
February 18-22, 1948. An exhibition was held in the Community
building and there were special programs featuring the work of

224 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

musicians, dramatists and dancers. A 119-page illustrated cata-
logue containing information about the exhibitors and their work
was printed.

The Wichita Historical Museum Association held its annual din-
ner meeting March 5, 1948. Dr. Jesse Clyde Fisher, first vice-
president, presided and gave a brief history of the early day? of
Wichita. The special feature of the evening was a talk by Miss
Rea Woodman. Elected to the board of trustees for three-year
terms were: Dr. G. G. Anderson, Dr. H. C. Holmes, Dick Long, H.
D. Lester, Eldon Means, H. M. Quinius, Mrs. Don Tevis and Miss
Eva Minnich. John Cauthorn was chosen to fill an unexpired term.

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

August 1948

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society
Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

PAGE

THE PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST: VI. Heinrich

Balduin Mollhausen Robert Taft, 225

With the following illustrations:

H. B. Mollhausen, in Frontier Dress, 1854

A Group of Sioux, 1851

Trading Post of the American Fur Company at Bellevue (Ne-
braska), 1852

Roubidou Trading Post (Nebraska) on the Oregon Trail, 1851

between pp. 232, 233

Fort Smith (Arkansas), 1853

One of the Early Views of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado,
1858 between pp. 240, 241

W. E. CAMPBELL, PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN C. W . McCampbell, 245

With a portrait of W. E. Campbell, facing p. 256.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part Three,

1829 Edited by Louise Barry, 274

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

Compiled by Helen M. McFarland, Librarian, 306

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 325

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 328

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 335

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

The steamboat Explorer used in the exploration of the lower
Colorado river, 1857-1858, by the Lt. Joseph C. Ives expedition.
From a sketch by H. B. Mollhausen reproduced as a lithograph
in the official Ives report.

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XVI August, 1948 Number 3

The Pictorial Record of the Old West

VI. HEINRICH BALDUIN MOLLHAUSEN

ROBERT TAFT
(Copyright, 1948, by ROBERT TAFT)

IN the great flood of German immigrants to this country in the
early half of the nineteenth century there were considerable num-
bers who found their way westward. Many established homes and
eventually became absorbed in the American life stream. Others
stayed but for a time and then returned to the fatherland, and still
others were casual visitors. A few of each of these groups were
articulate and have left personal narratives or written descriptions
that are records of more or less value. One has only to recall,
among our Western visitors, the names of Duke Paul William of
Wiirttemberg, Prince Maximilian of Wied, Frederick Wislizenus,
Rudolph Kurz, Friederich Gerstacker, Julius Frobel, Friedrich
Strubberg, Capitain B. Schmolder, George Engelmann (for whom
the Engelmann spruce is named), as well as Heinrich Balduin Moll-
hausen, to appreciate their contributions to early Western litera-
ture. 1 Although some of these German writers have been dealt
with individually, a comprehensive study of their contributions,
which in toto would number hundreds of volumes, and of the effect
of these contributions on German life and immigration to America
remains to be made. 2

Several of this group have also contributed to the pictorial record
of the West but we are here concerned primarily with the work of

Previous articles in this pictorial series appeared in the February, May, August and No-
vember, 1946, and May, 1948, issues of The Kansas Historical Quarterly, with the general in-
troduction in the February, 1946, number.

1. The publications of many of the individuals mentioned above are listed in Henry R.
Wagner's The Plains and the Rockies, rev. and ext. by Charles L. Camp (San Francisco,
1937). For Kurz, see "Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz," Myrtis Jarrell, tr., and J. N. B.
Hewitt, ed., in Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 115 (Wash-
ington, 1937); for Gerstacker (1816-1872), see Der Grosse Brockhaus (Leipzig, 1930), v. 7,
p. 230, and for Strubberg, see The Life and Works of Friedrich Armand Strubberg, by Pres-
ton A. Barba (Philadelphia, 1913).

2. The closest approach to such a study with which the writer is familiar will be found
in the introductory chapter, "America in German Fiction," of Preston A. Barba's Balduin
Mollhausen, the German Cooper (Philadelphia, 1914), cited hereafter as Barba.

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226 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

H. B. Mollhausen (sometimes called Balduin, sometimes Baldwin;
the Heinrich is seldom used). 3 Mollhausen not only wrote personal
narratives describing his three exploring trips in Western America,
made many sketches "from nature" during these periods, but as the
result of his personal experiences in the West, gave the major share
of his adult life to the profession of letters. He wrote no less than
45 novels or books of short stories (some novels ran into as many
as six volumes). To be sure, this literary output was not confined
to the Western scene as a background, but the original impetus for
Mollhausen's career came from his Western experiences. Indians,
the plains, Utah and the Mormons, gold and California, the Santa
Fe trail, the Civil War, the South, the Great Lakes, the sea were
all used in his literary output. So frequent were the parallels be-
tween Mollhausen and Cooper that Barba, his biographer, calls
Mollhausen "the German Cooper." 4 It seems probable that Moll-
hausen's work, like Cooper's, was strong in description of scenery
and surroundings, but the characters introduced were stiff and styl-
ized, and Mollhausen's plots were frequently complicated and
bizarre.

The narratives of personal experience written by Mollhausen are,
however, documents of first-rate importance and the illustrations
he drew to accompany them enhance their value. In addition, these
narratives contribute to our biographical knowledge of the author.
The sketches made by Mollhausen are here of primary concern and
can conveniently be treated according to his three trips to America.

FIRST AMERICAN VISIT, 1849-1852

Mollhausen was born January 27, 1825, near the city of Bonn.
His father, the possessor of a restless disposition, was a wide trav-
eler and also possessed "an uncontrollable desire for collecting cop-
per engravings"; 5 factors which undoubtedly played a part in the
younger Mollhausen's career. After his father's early death, Moll-
hausen was reared by relatives, receiving some schooling at Bonn.

3. In addition to Mollhausen, I am referring to Kurz (see his journal, cited in Footnote 1,
which contains reproductions of a number of his Western sketches), and to the work of Charles
(or Karl) Bodmer who accompanied Maximilian. A discussion of Bodmer has been recently
made by Bernard DeVoto; see his Across the Wide Missouri (Boston, 1947), "The First Il-
lustrators of the West," pp. 391-415.

4. Barba, op. cit., discusses Mollhausen's literary career at some length. How much Moll-
hausen's purely literary efforts (as contrasted to his own personal narratives of his Western ex-
periences) would contribute to the history of the West is problematic. Barba is quite ob-
viously unfamiliar with Western history, and the literary work of Mollhausen is difficult to
secure in this country. It should be studied, however. There are, for example, several short
stories and novels with territorial Kansas as a background written by Mollhausen during his
long career: Whip -poor -Will (novelette, 1865); "Die Tochter des Squatters" (short Btory,
1881); "Der Ritt urns Leben" (short story, 1896); Der Vaguero (novel, 1905). These all may
be based in part on personal experiences. In the same category is the short story, "Die Graber
in der Steppe" (1863), a description of farm life in the early 1850's near St. Charles, Mo.

5. Barba, op. cit., p. 37.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 227

He also seems to have early shown a talent for drawing but received
no special training other than that given in the school at Bonn.
After several years in military service, Mollhausen sailed for Amer-
ica in 1849. 6 There is little record of Mollhausen's life for much of
this three-year period (1849-1852) but he appears to have lived for
a time in Belleville, 111. (near St. Louis), and to have spent consid-
erable time as a hunter in the region of the Kaskaskia river in
southwestern Illinois. 7

In the spring of 1851, however, he heard that his countryman,
Prince Paul of Wurttemberg, was outfitting an expedition to the
Rocky Mountains and he applied to Prince Paul for permission to
accompany the expedition. The permission was granted and the
outfit was on the plains of Nebraska (the Platte river) "when the
spring sun was drawing out millions of buds among the herbs and
grass." 8 Prince Paul's expedition however, encountered such seri-
ous Indian and transportation difficulties that the trip was given up
at Fort Laramie and the return to civilization was begun in the fall
of that year (1851). Indians killed one of their four horses, fodder
was scanty, they became almost buried in a snow storm which
killed their remaining horses, and the two travelers were forced to
make camp on Sandy Hill creek "where it falls into the Big Blue." 9
Here the eastbound stage for Independence, Mo., passed them but
as the stage had room for only one passenger, Prince Paul and Moll-
hausen drew lots to see which should go. Chance decreed that Moll-
hausen was the one to stay until help could be sent back. The help

6. This date is given in a brief biographical sketch of Mollhausen by his friend Alexander
von Humboldt, the celebrated geographer, in a preface to Mollhausen's book, Diary of a Jour-
ney From the Mississippi to the Coasts of the Pacific, Mrs. Percy Sinnett, tr. (London, 1858),
v. 1, p. xxi ; cited hereafter as Diary.

7. Barba, op. cit., p. 38.

8. Mollhausen makes this statement in the Diary, v. 1, p. 119, although the expedition of
Prince Paul is not specifically mentioned. A fragmentary account of Prince Paul's expedition
of 1851 by Prince Paul himself appears in the New Mexico Historical Review, Santa Fe, v. 17
(1942), pp. 181-225, 294-344, and is edited by Louis C. Butscher. Supposedly this account
is a translation of an original manuscript by Prince Paul which was preserved in the Royal
State Library of Stuttgart although nowhere in the published version is such a claim specifi-
cally made. The account is interspersed by Mollhausen's (spelled Moellhausen in the Butscher
article) story of the 1851 expedition. Parts of the Mollhausen tale appear to be but varia-
tions in translation from Mollhausen's own story in the Diary cited in Footnote 6 (see es-
pecially pp. 323-344 of the Butscher account and pp. 119-130, 142-152 of the Diary). It is
regrettable that the Butscher article was printed with so little documentation.

In the Butscher account, Prince Paul states that it "was near the middle of August, 1851"
when he and Mollhausen set out from St. Louis on their Western expedition (Butscher, loc.
cit., p. 193).

9. Mollhausen, Diary, v. 1, p. 120. The location of the camp would place it probably in
present Gage county, Nebraska. There is no Sandy Hill creek listed in modern gazetteers.

Whether Mollhausen and Prince Paul went much farther west than Fort Laramie is uncer-
tain. According to Prince Paul (Butscher, loc. cit., p. 209), Fort Laramie was reached on
October 5 and a few pages later (p. 213) Prince Paul states that he concluded his westward
journey "about the beginning of October"; one of the reasons being Mollhausen's ill health,
a fact that Mollhausen does not state. Prince Paul expressed concern in several places for
Mollhausen's health but his concern was apparently not so deep as to prevent him from aban-
doning Mollhausen at the camp on Sandy Hill creek.

Mollhausen (Diary, v. 1, p. 120; v. 2, p. 37) states that he "crossed the Rocky Moun-
tains" in 1851. Possibly a side trip of a few days was made from Fort Laramie beyond the
Front Range but if Prince Paul's account can be relied upon, the two travelers certainly
couldn't have been much farther west than Fort Laramie.

228 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

failed to materialize and Mollhausen remained alone in his camp
from the latter part of November until early in January. During
his enforced stay, huge wolf packs, additional snow storms, illness
so severe that he became unconscious, and hunger so violent that
he was reduced to eating frozen wolf meat, were Mollhausen's lot.
But the culminating drama was one that almost cost him his life.
Toward the end of his stay he had forced himself to the top of a
distant hill for observation, when to his horror he discovered two
Pawnees creeping with extreme caution upon his camp unaware of
his presence on the observation point. After hastily preparing for
their arrival, he shot one Indian and mortally injured the second.
Shortly after this experience, a friendly band of Otoes on the way
to their villages at the mouth of the Platte passed by and Moll-
hausen joined them as they journeyed eastward. After traveling
for four weeks, Mollhausen reached the settlement of Bethlehem on
the Missouri. 10 At Bethlehem n Mollhausen was again in the pres-
ence of white company, where he reveled in the homely satisfac-
tions of "sitting by their warm fireside, eating good bread, drinking
a glass of whisky -punch, and entertaining my hosts with the story
of my adventures. . . ." 12

But after he re-outfitted at Bethlehem, Mollhausen returned to
his" Oto friends for a few days and then proceeded to the fur-trading

10. Mollhausen described his harrowing experiences on the plains at some length as camp-
fire and travel tales in an account of a subsequent expedition. See his Diary, v. 1, pp. 119-
130, 142-152, 171-181, 198-212, 243-258, 287-304, for the complete account. He also made
reference to his Nebraska trip in the Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord-Amerikas (1861) cited
in Footnote 45. Mollhausen's experiences on the return trip are also a part of the Butscher
account cited in Footnote 8. Stories of some of these experiences are for the most part, as
has already been stated, a variation in wordage of those appearing in the Diary. There are
included in the Butscher account, however, two additional stories attributed to Mollhausen
that do not appear in the Diary an encounter with the Cheyennes on the South Platte
(Butscher, loc. cit., pp. 220-225) and one with the Sioux a few days later (ibid., pp. 296-
302). Contemporary mention of Mollhausen's experiences during the fall of 1851 are made in
the "Journal" of Friederich Kurz (see Footnote 1) under date of May 11, 1852. Kurz writes,
"Not long since, I am told, some Otp found, on the Platte, a Prussian named Mullhausen
[sic] in a hopeless situation, having with him a wagon but no team. He is said to be an at-
tendant of Duke Paul of Wurttemberg who was banished from court, and, so they say, he
was protecting his Grace's silverware (?). Meantime, where was the Duke?" The arrival of
the Duke in Independence, Mo., is reported in The Frontier Guardian, Council Bluffs, January
9, 1852, p. 4. The item is dated "Independence, Dec. 5," and reads "Paul William, Prince
of Wiirtemberg was picked [up] by Salt Lake stage about 235 miles from here. Four of his
mules were frozen to death a few days before the stage came along." The item also reports
heavy snows on the plains. Dr. Charles L. Camp of the University of California is preparing
an account of Prince Paul and doubtless will include Prince Paul's diary of this trip which is
cited in Henry R. Wagner's The Plains and the Rockies (p. 49) as having been published in
the Allgemeine Zeitung, of Stuttgart, on February 20-22, 24, 1852; whether this account of
the expedition of 1851 is different from that given in the Butscher account (Footnote 8) re-
mains to be seen. See, also, the letter of Prince Paul to Mollhausen dated "New Orleans,
March 10, 1852" and published in Barba, op. cit., p. 158.

11. Bethlehem was on the Iowa side of the Missouri river. The Bellevue Nebraska Pal-
ladium, October 25, 1854, in an item about Otoe City just established three miles below the
mouth of the Platte river, added further "it is ten miles south of this place, (Bellevue) oppo-
site Bethlehem, Iowa." I am indebted to Supt. James C. Olson of the Nebraska State His-
torical Society for this information. Mr. Olson also called my attention to a statement in the
Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Iowa City, v. 38, p. 212, which reads: "Morgan Parr
founded Bethlehem, Iowa, in 1852. . . ." If the Iowa Journal statement is correct, Moll-
hausen was almost in on the birth of the settlement for, according to his account, he was in
Bethlehem in February, 1852.

12. Mollhausen, Diary, v. 1, p. 211.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 229

post and nearby Presbyterian mission at Belle Vue. 13 The post
trader, Peter Sarpy, 14 welcomed him with open arms and M611-
hausen spent over three months with him. He even contemplated
marrying a beautiful young half-breed, a niece of Sarpy, and set-
tling down to a life on the frontier. A letter from Prince William,
however, urged him to come at once to New Orleans, and as funds
were provided for, Mollhausen took passage in a river boat for St.
Louis and New Orleans. 15

Mollhausen had as a result of this first trip, therefore, over a
year's experience on the Western frontier with adventure and har-
rowing experience sufficient to satisfy the most rabid seeker of
thrills. Further, he was able to put on paper some of the scenes
which he had viewed. An exact catalogue of Mollhausen's pictorial
records resulting from the experiences of this first trip to America
is not possible, but an estimate can be made. In 1939, the Staat-
liches Museum fur Volkerkunde in Berlin possessed an original
sketchbook of Mollhausen's containing 99 pencil sketches and 33
water-colors made on his American excursions. 16 In addition, his
work has been reproduced in lithographic form in a number of
volumes.

The original work of Mollhausen has unfortunately been largely
destroyed, having been burned during the conquest of Berlin in
April, 1945. 17 The United States National Museum, Washington,
however, possesses eight original pen and ink drawings and one
original water-color sketch by Mollhausen with the following titles:

1. A cougar. Signed, "Mollhausen." (No date or location given.)

2. Indian woman with dog travois. Entitled, "Sioux Squaw," in Moll-
hausen's handwriting. Signed, "Mollhausen." (No date or location given.)

3. Indian woman with horse drawing tipi poles. Unsigned. (No date, tribe
or location given.)

13. Belle Vue, or more exactly Bellevue, is now a village in Sarpy county, Nebraska, about
ten miles south of present Omaha. It was established as a fur-trading post about 1823. The
Indian agency at this location was officially entitled "Council Bluffs at Bellevue." R. G.
Thwaites, Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1906), v. 22, p. 267.

14. Sarpy, called "Colonel Peter," was Pierre Labbadie Sarpy (1805-1865) who ruled au-
tocratically at the American Fur Company post at Bellevue for many years. For a brief bio-
graphical sketch see ibid., v. 29, p. 372.

15. Mollhausen, Diary, v. 1, pp. 301-303.

16. Letter to the writer from the director of the American department of the museum,
Prof. Dr. W. Krickeberg, dated April 29, 1939. The Mollhausen collection included land-
scapes, animal pictures, Indian types and scenes, and records of frontier life. The water-
colors were for the most part 25 x 30 cm. to 25 x 35 cm. in size.

17. Letter from the director of Staatliches Museum, Dr. Walter Krickeberg, dated Sep-
tember 23, 1946, to the writer. Six of the Mollhausen paintings escaped destruction as they
were hung separately in a museum room spared by the fire. The paintings remaining in the
museum are:

1. Buffaloes, signed 1851.

2. Grizzly bears, 1859.

3. Earth lodge of the Mohave with Indians playing ring-and-pin game (Plate
facing p. 396 of Mollhausen's Tagebuch einer Reise, etc., 1854).

4. Group of Mohave, 1857-1858.

5. Group of Navaho, 1853.

6. Group of Walapai, 1857-1858.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

4. Pictographic designs painted by Indians on a buffalo hide. Unsigned.
(No tribe, date or location given.)

5. Mounted Indians fighting. Signed, "B. Mollhausen." (2 Indians shown,
no tribe, date or location given.)

6. Five Indians, one scalping a fallen enemy, the remainder brandishing
weapons. Unsigned. (No tribe, date or location given.)

7. Three bears. Signed, "B. Mollhausen." (No date or location given.)

8. Indians and white man. Unsigned. (No date, tribe or location.)

9. Two Indians, one with Catlinite pipe, other with long barrel flintlock.
Signed, "Mollhausen." (No tribe, date or location.) 18

Paul Hudson, museum curator, Morristown National Historical
Park, Morristown, N. J., examined Mollhausen's collection in Berlin
in 1939 and noted the titles of a number of the sketches which are
given below:

1. "San Felipe on the Rio Grande," 1853.

2. "Walapai Indians, Diamond Creek." Colorado Expedition, 1857-1858.

3. "Buffalo Hunt on the Prairie," 1851. (Indian and white hunters.)

4. "Antelope," 1851. (Closeup of 5 animals.)

5. "Zuni Pueblo," 1853. (Distant view.)

6. "Corero, New Mexico," 1853.

7. "The Grey Bear," 1859. (Three bears.)

8. "Wolves Fighting Buffalo," 1852.

9. "Sioux Indians," 1851. (Group on prairie, skinning deer, using fire, etc.
Reproduced with this article.)

10. "Kioway," 1853. (Village with painted lodge in foreground.)

11. "Comanche," 1853. (One mounted, three standing males, one female.)

12. "Inhabitants of New Mexico (Albuquerque)," 1853. (Mexican costume.)

13. "Waco, Delaware and Shawnee," 1853. (Four men, full length.)

14. "Oto Chiefs in Trading Post, Council Bluffs," 1852. (Indians and
traders. Reproduced with this article.)

15. "Fort Roubideaux, 1851, Western Slope of Rocky Mountains." (Pan-
oramic view. Reproduced with this article.)

16. "Ruins on Pecos River, N. M." Colorado Expedition, 1857-1858.

17. "Mohave Indians." Colorado Expedition, 1857-1858.

18. "Apache, Chimehuevi, Mohave, Haulpi Indians." Colorado Expedition,
1857-1858.

19. "Ojibway Indians of the Upper Mississippi," 1850.

20. "Pawnee Indians," 1851-1852. (One male mounted; three males, one
female standing.)

21. "Buffalo Crossing the Platte River," 1851.

22. "Dancing Warriors, Omaha Indians," 1852. (Good for dance costume
and equipment.)

23. "Navaho Indians," 1853. (Good costume.)

24. "Wild Game of Colorado Region." Colorado Expedition, 1857-1858.

25. "Hunters Oto Warriors," 1851. (In winter costume.)

26. "The Wild Buffalo." (No date.)

27. "Apache, Moqui, Navaho." Colorado Expedition, 1857-1858.

18. Information from Dr. F. M. Setzler, head curator, Department of Anthropology, U. S.
National Museum, Washington.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 231

28. "Mohave Indians near Colorado River," 1854. (House in background;
men and boys playing hoop-and-pole game in foreground.)

29. "Choctaws, Chickasaws and Cherokees (Arkansas)," 1853. (Shows
varied costume worn by these Indians at that period.)

30. "Interior of Oto Tipi," 1851.

31. "Zuni and Moqui Indians," 1853. (Good for costume.)

32. "Crossing of the Colorado by the Expedition," 1854. (Distant view.) 1 ^

Fortunately the writer secured in 1939 photographic reproduc-
tions of several of the Mollhausen sketches. The titles of these
sketches as received from the Berlin museum include:

V: "Oto-Handler auf der Pelztauschstation in den Council Bluffs," 1852.
(See reproduction with this article.)

VIII: "Fort Roupideau, Scott Bluffs," 1851. (See reproduction with this
article.)

XIV: "Sioux," 1851. (See reproduction with this article.)

XV: "Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee," 1853.

XXV: "Ubergang der Expedition iiber den Colorado," 1854.

XXIX: "San Felipe, Rio Grande, Neumexico," 1853. 20

In addition, Dr. Charles L. Camp of the University of California
wrote me that he photographed several dozen original Mollhausen
sketches in Berlin "several years ago." 21

Altogether, when the copies of the originals are considered and
the reproductions of Mollhausen's originals as lithographs are
counted, a sizeable collection is available for the student.

Of this work, those resulting from Mollhausen's first trip to
America include V (probably No. 14 of the Hudson list), VIII (pos-
sibly No. 15 of the Hudson list), and XIV (probably No. 9 of the
Hudson list) of the writer's list. 22 In addition to this list of sub-
jects, the following pictorial records of Mollhausen (note that these
were made on his first American trip) are found as chromolitho-
graphs in his Diary (cited in Footnote 6) :

1. "Wa-ki-ta-mo-ne and Hunting Party of Ottoe Warriors," v. 1, frontis-
piece.

2. "Chiefs of the Ottoe Tribe," v. 1, facing p. 248. 23

19. This information also comes from Dr. Setzler.

20. Titles as given by the Staatliches Museum fiir Volkerkunde in letter accompanying
photographs, August 5, 1939.

21. I presume that Dr. Camp's photographs were made before 1939. He is planning to
reproduce several of them in the Prince Paul account mentioned in Footnote 10.

22. The conclusion that these items are work resulting from Mollhausen's first trip is based
on the dates included on the sketches and the character of the subjects of the sketches as
compared to Mollhausen's personal narrative of his travels. Note that sketch No. 19 of the
Hudson list suggests that Mollhausen had traveled to the region of the upper Mississippi be-
fore his experiences on the plains.

23. These chromolithographs (and others in the Diary), 4% in. x 7% in. by "Hanhart,"
and signed "Mollhausen, Del," are not particularly well done. The same two illustrations ap-
pear in the German edition of the Mollhausen diary Tagebuch Einer Reise yom Mississippi
Nach den Kiisten der Siidsee (Leipzig, 1858). Unlike the English translation, it was published
as a single volume. The chromolithography was usually by Storch and Kramer of Berlin and
is not superior to that of Hanhart. The illustrations in color measure approximately 6 by 9
inches. The first illustration listed above is also used as a frontispiece for the German edi-

232 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

MOLLHAUSEN'S SECOND AMERICAN TRIP

After nearly four months among the Omahas around Bellevue,
Mollhausen rejoined Prince Paul either in St. Louis or New Orleans
and spent several months in those places. In the fall of 1852, at
the request of the German consul at St. Louis, he took charge of a
consignment of animals for the Berlin zoo. He arrived in Berlin on
January 6, 1853, and soon made the acquaintance of the celebrated
geographer, Alexander von Humboldt, who became much interested
in the young man and in the stories of his travels and in his sketches
of Indian and frontier life. 24 Von Humboldt encouraged Moll-
hausen to continue his travels, and after a four months' stay in Ber-
lin in which he perfected himself "in some branches of artistic
study" he returned to the United States with glowing recommenda-
tions from von Humboldt and other German dignitaries. 25 He ar-
rived in New York on May 3, 1853, went immediately to Washing-
ton and one week later had been appointed "topographer or
draughtsman" to Lt. A. W. Whipple's surveying expedition along
the 35th parallel through southwestern United States. 26

The expedition, one of three sent out by the government to seek
possible rail routes to the Pacific, left Fort Smith on the Arkansas
river, near the western boundary of Arkansas, on July 15, 1853.
The route in general lay through Indian territory, across the Llano
Estacado of Texas, through New Mexico territory to Albuquerque,
through the petrified forest, south past the San Francisco moun-
tains, across Bill Williams' fork of the Colorado, the Colorado it-
self, through the torrid stretches of the Mohave desert, and across
the Coast range. The expedition eventually arrived at the Pueblo

tion; the second illustration appears facing p. 158. Barba, op. cit., p. 153, lists a second
German edition of this book which appeared under the title Wanderungen durch die Prairen
und Wiisten des Westlichen Nordamerika vom Mississippi Nach den Kusten der Siidsee im
Gefolge der von der Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten under Lieutenant Whipple Ausgesandten
Expedition (Leipzig, 1860). This edition, according to Barba, has one lithograph. As I have
not seen this volume, I do not know the subject of the lithograph.

24. Barba, op, cit., pp. 44, 45; von Humboldt "Preface" in Mollhausen 's Diary, pp. xxii
and xxiii.

25. Ibid., p. vii.

26. Ibid., p. ix ; Reports of Explorations and Surveys, To Ascertain the Most Practicable
and Economical Route for a Railroad From the Mississippi River To the Pacific Ocean (Wash-
ington, 1856), 33 Cong., 2 Sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 78, y. 3, Part 1, p. 3. This, the official re-
port, lists H. B. Mollhausen as "topographer and artist." The official report is hereafter cited
as Whipple. Whipple's diary of the 1853-1854 expedition was reprinted recently as A Path-
finder in the Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1941); it is edited and annotated by Grant Foreman.
Mr. Foreman includes in this version of the Whipple expedition an original photograph of
Mollhausen (facing p. 16) and about which Mr. Foreman wrote me that he could not remem-
ber "to save my life where I got the picture." As Mr. Foreman had worked in the National
Archives, it is possible that the Mollhausen photograph was among the Pacific railroad survey
materials in the archives. Although Mollhausen's pose in Mr. Foreman's photograph is differ-
ent from that in the photograph reproduced by Barba, facing p. 37 (and reproduced with
this article), the frontier costume worn by Mollhausen is apparently the same in both photo-
graphs. Barba dates his photograph, "1854."

H. B. MOLLHAUSEN

In frontier dress, 1854.

From Balduin Mollhausen, the German Cooper, by
Preston A. Barba. Courtesy of Dr. Barba.

si
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CG p W

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Sag

ill

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 233

de los Angeles, some nine months after its start, on March 21,
1854. 27

Mollhausen's experiences on this trip were published in the vari-
ous editions of his Diary, cited in Footnotes 6 and 23. The Diary,
however, is more than a logbook of travel, for Mollhausen has in-
cluded in it an extended account of his own earlier experiences in
the West, of stories gathered along the way, with stray bits of his-
tory and previous exploration thrown in for good measure. In his
account, too, he occasionally refers to himself as "the German nat-
uralist." Mollhausen appears to have had some training in natural
history and indeed on his third trip to America was appointed
"artist and collector in natural history" on still another government
expedition. 28 His chief scientific interests, however, were in the
native tribes. Many of the illustrations in the official reports of
the two government expeditions with which Mollhausen was con-
nected, depict Indians and Indian modes of life. Choctaw, Creek,
Cherokee, Shawnee, Delaware, Wichita, Comanche, Kiowa, Zuni,
and Mohave were all recorded by his pencil and constitute important
ethnographic records for the present day.

The pictorial record of the Whipple expedition appears in the il-
lustrations of the various editions of the Diary and of Whipple's
official report. In the Diary the following full-page lithographic
illustrations (in color) will be found: Vol Facing ^

1. "Sandstone Formation in the Prairie Northwest of Texas" 1 136

2. "Camp of the Kioway Indians" 1 212

3. "Sandstone Formation at Pueblo de Santo Domingo" 1 276

4. "Church in the Pueblo of Santo Domingo" 1 336

5. "The Petrified Forest in the Valley of the Rio Seco" 2 front.

6. "Zuni, New Mexico" 2 98

7. "San Francisco Mountains (Extinct Volcanoes)" 2 156

8. "Mohave Indians, Valley of the Rio Colorado of the West". ... 2 250

9. "Dwellings of the Natives of the Rio Colorado of the West," 29 2 262

In addition to the lithographs, there are 12 woodcut illustrations,
chiefly of Indian utensils and drawings, although the following full-
page woodcuts possibly should be noted: Vol Facingp

1. "Cereus Giganteus" 2 219

2. "The Colorado River" 2 239

3. "Sequoia Gigantea" 2 364

The illustrations in the German edition (first) of the Diary (see

27. Whipple, op. cit., pp. 5-135.

28. Lt. Joseph C. Ives, Report Upon the Colorado River of the West (Washington, 1861),
36 Cong., 1 Sess., House Ex. Doc. 00, p. 21. Hereafter referred to as Ives.

29. Note that, in addition to these lithographs, there were two others in the Diary, those
listed on p. 231.

234 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Footnote 23) were much the same as those listed above, although
slightly larger than those in Mrs. Sinnett's translation.

In Whipple's official report (see Footnote 26), Mollhausen, A. H.
Campbell, and Lt. J. C. Tidball contributed most of the illustra-
tions. Twenty-two full-page lithographs in color (or tinted) meas-
uring approximately 6x9 inches in the print (the pages are quarto),
some 65 woodcuts in the text as well as a number of geological and
elevation cross-sections, make up the illustrated portion of the book.
Leaving the last, the purely technical illustrations, out of consider-
ation, ten of the lithographic illustrations are credited directly to
Mollhausen, two indirectly, and another almost surely resulted from
Mollhausen's work. (It should be pointed out, as is done on page
235, that credit for illustrations varies somewhat from volume to
volume.) The remainder are credited to F. B. Meek (two fossil
drawings), three to A. H. Campbell, three to J. C. Tidball and one
to an unknown "F. S." Of the 65 woodcuts, a number are uncred-
ited and it is difficult to trace the source. In Part III, 35 of the
woodcuts appear to be credited to Mollhausen, 30 and in Part IV
some 15 woodcuts are credited to Mollhausen.

It can thus be seen that Mollhausen was the principal illustrator
of the report. Some of the noteworthy full-page illustrations in-
cluded in the report as typical of Mollhausen 's work would include:

1. "Fort Smith, Arkansas" (see reproduction with this article), Part I,
facing p. 5.

2. "San Francisco Mountain" (From Leroux's river), Part I, facing p. 80.

3. "Rio Colorado Near the Mojave Villages" (depicts the crossing of the
expedition), Part II, front.

4. "Navajos" (Two mounted warriors), Part III, facing p. 31.

5. "Mojaves" (Three painted natives), Part III, facing p. 33.

6. "A Conical Hill, 500 Feet High" (Valley of Laguna), Part IV, facing
p. 25.

The "San Francisco Mountain" listed above, is not credited in
all volumes to Mollhausen but since practically the same view ap-
pears in the Diary (both the German and the English editions) it is
virtually certain that Mollhausen drew the original sketch upon
which the lithograph was based. 31 The lithographic work was done
by three: T. Sinclair, Philadelphia; A. Hoen and Co., Baltimore,
and Sarony and Co. (or Sarony, Major, and Knapp), New York.
The same subject in different copies of Whipple's report has been

30. The index of illustrations in Part III of Whipple, "Report Upon the Indian Tribes,"
lists 42 illustrations and then states: "The above named views, portraits, and inscriptions, are
careful representations of the originals. They were drawn by H. B. Mollhausen, artist to the
expedition."

31. In fact, in two of the four copies of the Whipple report that I have examined it is
credited to "H. E. Mollhausen del."

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 235

reproduced by different lithographers. This is particularly true of
T. Sinclair and Sarony, Major and Knapp. For example, one copy
of the report which I have examined has Mollhausen's view, "Cana-
dian River Near Camp 38" (Part I, facing p. 30), lithographed by
Sarony, Major and Knapp and another copy has the same view
lithographed by T. Sinclair. As a result, the tinting in the two
views is different and the detail and outlines vary somewhat. For
that matter, the tinting of the colored views varies somewhat from
copy to copy even when by the same lithographer, depending pre-
sumably upon the number of copies that were made in a run and
how frequently the stone was inked. 32

One or two other irregularities in the illustrations may be noted
while we have them under discussion. "View of the Black Forest,"
after A. H. Campbell's sketch, does not appear in the index of il-
lustrations of Part II. In some volumes it appears in Part II, facing
p. 32, lithographed by Sarony, Major and Knapp. In another copy,
this illustration appears facing p. 33 of Part II, lithographed by
Sarony and Co., and in one copy I examined it possesses as lovely
a color as I have ever seen in a two-color impression (black and
brown).

To cite still another irregularity, the illustration, "Bivouac, Jan.
26," is listed in the index of illustrations to Part I as facing p. 95
and in some copies appears in this position; in other copies it ap-
pears as facing p. 90. The most striking irregularity is the fact
that in some copies this illustration is credited to J. C. Tidball and
in others to Mollhausen. There are differences in detail and it may
be that the difference in crediting is proper, but I am inclined to
think the double credit is an error and that it would be difficult to
decide who should be given credit for the illustration. Both views
were lithographed by T. Sinclair.

The initials of Mollhausen are also cited irregularly in the cap-
tion to the illustrations. One such case has already been given in
Footnote 31, but the most curious one occurs in the case of the
frontispiece illustration in Part II, "Rio Colorado Near the Mojave

32. The colored plates are by multiple impressions as can be clearly seen on a number of
the plates ; the color was not washed in on a black and white lithograph as some authorities
suggest. A number of the plates are two color; one a black impression and the other a brown
one. On a few plates, a third impression of blue has been made. That chromolithography,
printing from different color plates in register, was practiced in this country by the time the
Whipple report was published, is evident from the following note published in Sartains Union
Magazine, Philadelphia, v. 6 (1850), p. 100: "Two specimens of chromolithography by Mr.
Ackerman of New York [are published?] in our present issue. The print (The serenade) in
our number for August last Mr. Devereaux claims as the first successful attempt in this coun-
try to obtain a finished effect in color by means of successive printings from a series of en-
grayed blocks; but in Europe this art (although rude enough until the last ten years) js
ancient." In the June, 1849, issue of the Bulletin of the American Art -Union, p. 27, the claim
is made that J. Duval of Philadelphia was using the process and that Childs and the firm of
Leslie and Traver were just beginning printing from tinted wood blocks to produce illustrations
in color.

236 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Villages, View No. 2." In two copies this is credited to "R. R.
Mollhausen," in another to "H. R, Mollhausen" and in a fourth
(correctly) to "H. B. Mollhausen." The lithography in all four
cases is credited to Sarony, Major and Knapp.

Many of the woodcuts, as already remarked, are uncredited, al-
though in Part IV ('The Geology of the Route") , all woodcuts are
credited to the respective artists in the index to the illustrations.
One woodcut in Part I (p. 85) can be credited to Lieutenant Tid-
ball, from a statement appearing in the text itself (p. 84). Other
woodcuts in Part I may possibly be those of Mollhausen if compari-
son of the illustrations in the report with those in the Diary are
made. Included in this group are:

1. "Petrified Tree Near Lithodendron Creek," p. 74. This view
is somewhat similar to the frontispiece of volume 2 of the Diary.
A. H. Campbell was present, however, and it possibly could have
been drawn by him, but Lieutenant Tidball appears to have been
absent when the party crossed the petrified forest area.

2. "Cereus Giganteus, on Bill Williams' Fork," p. 101. In the
Diary, v. 2, facing p. 219, is the full-page woodcut "Cereus Gigan-
teus." Here the two views are dissimilar the chief similarity being
in the titles.

As contributing to the authenticity and understanding of M611-
hausen's sketches, instances of his mention in Whipple's official
daily record can be selected. 33 Under date of September 29, 1853,
while in present New Mexico, Mollhausen is recorded as one of the
party making side excursions to the north of the main line of the
survey while the rest of the group proceeded with the main survey
directly to Albuquerque. 34 Several weeks later, while approaching
the pueblo of Laguna and although not specifically mentioning
Mollhausen, Whipple writes "As we approached the town, the Ger-
mans of the party almost imagined themselves in 'Fatherland.' " 35

In February, 1854, while approaching the Colorado river near
the mouth of Bill Williams' fork (present Arizona), Whipple makes
mention of the fact that Mollhausen sketched "several singular trees
and shrubs. ..." A little later, Indian inscriptions and figures
were observed on the cliff walls of a rugged canyon. "Some of the
most interesting among them were sketched by the artist," reports
Whipple. 36

33. These instances are in addition to those found elsewhere in Whipple, such as the index
to the illustrations of Part III, cited on page 234.

34. Whipple, op. cit., Part I, p. 42.

35. Ibid., November 13, 1853, p. 59.

36. Ibid., February 15, 1854, pp. 106, 107. The inscriptions were probably those de-
scribed in Part III, p. 42, as "Plate 35" but "Plate 35" is missing from both copies of the
official report which I have examined.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 237

In the same month, while the expedition was engaged in crossing
the Colorado river, Mollhausen had a chance to play the hero's role.
A barge capsized and William White, one of the surveyors, and a
small Mexican boy were nearly drowned, but "the exertions of Mr.
Mollhausen succeeded in extricating them from beneath the boat." 3T
Mollhausen himself records the incident but modestly says that
when the boat in which he and White were riding overturned in mid-
stream, "I was the only one of the party who could swim, and I had
to make great exertions to get Mr. White to where he could lay
hold of the tow rope." 38 Mollhausen does describe the crossing of
the river by the expedition in great detail, especially the interest
shown by an audience of hundreds of Mohaves who were out for a
gala day.

The last reference made to Mollhausen in the official report oc-
curs on March 12, 1854. Mollhausen accompanied a party sent out
to search for a lost Mexican herder who was a member of the expedi-
tion. They were either in or near the Mohave desert and in that
desolate country found only the bloody clothes of the missing Mex-
ican riddled with arrows; the body of the Mexican, murdered by
Pai-Utes, was not found. 39

THIRD AMERICAN TRIP

The members of the Whipple expedition, after renewing their out-
fits of clothing in Los Angeles, a town which "varies between two
and three thousand" in population, pressed on to the Pacific coast
port of San Pedro. On their overland journey from Fort Smith on
the Arkansas to San Pedro on the Pacific, they had traveled 1,892
miles, according to their viameter a necessary instrument for a
surveying expedition. On March 24, 1854, they boarded the coast
steamer Fremont for San Francisco "the most important place on
the western coast of the American continent. . . ." 40

A few days later, six members of the party including Mollhausen
took passage on the steamer Oregon for Panama, bound for New
York. After a troublesome crossing of the Isthmus, the remainder
of the ocean voyage on the steamer Illinois was uneventful and
New York was reached on April 28, 1854, almost exactly a year
having elapsed since Mollhausen had left there. 41

37. Ibid., February 27, 1854, p. 117.

38. Mollhausen, Diary, v. 2, p. 271.

39. Whipple, op. cit., Part I, p. 127. Mollhausen also describes the murder of the Mex-
ican in his Diary, v. 2, p. 300 ff.

40. Ibid., chs. 19 and 20, from which both the brief quotations given above were taken.

41. Ibid., ch. 21.

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

After several months spent in New York and Washington, pre-
sumably in completing his sketches for the official report, M611-
hausen returned to Berlin in August of 1854. Humboldt was again
greatly interested in the account of Mollhausen's travels and in
the new sketches which the young German brought back with him
from his far-flung journey through the American Southwest. He
arranged an interview for Mollhausen with King Frederick William
IV of Prussia, who was himself greatly interested in art. As the
result of this interview, King Frederick appointed Mollhausen cus-
todian of the libraries in the royal residences in Potsdam, a title
which Mollhausen held until his death in 1905. 42 This position in
effect was a subsidy for there were almost no duties and Mollhausen
was free to follow his own inclinations. During his stay in Berlin
between the second and third trip to America he was married to
the daughter of Humboldt's secretary and, in addition, devoted a
considerable part of his time to the preparation of the Diary (see
Footnote 6 for full title) which apparently was ready for the press
by the summer of 1857. At this time he received a letter of ap-
pointment from Lt. J. C. Ives, a member of the Whipple expedition,
offering him a position as assistant on a government expedition to
be sent out for the exploration and survey of the Colorado river of
the West. 43 Mollhausen needed no urging to join Ives and left Ber-
lin on August 12, 1857, for his third set of adventures in the New
World.

The Colorado river of the West (now simply the Colorado river)
is "the largest stream with one exception, that flows from our ter-
ritory into the Pacific/' Ives wrote. It drains an area then esti-
mated at more than 300,000 square miles. Very little was known
about the river in 1857 and the government was especially desirous
of securing information on the navigability of the stream from its
mouth as far inland as possible. The practicability of supplying
frontier army posts in New Mexico and Utah territories by this
route were to be particularly studied, as it was hoped that the long
stretches of land transportation, then the only method in use, could
be avoided, or at least lessened. 44 The Mormon war of 1857-1858
was under way at the time the expedition was organized and the
need for supplying the Southwestern posts of Fort Defiance and
Fort Buchanan more efficiently was of major concern to the army.

Mollhausen landed in New York on September 1, 1857, went to

42. Barba, op. cit., pp. 50, 51.

43. Mollhausen, Diary, v. 2, p. 389 ; Barba, op. cit., p. 52.

44. Lt. Joseph C. Ives, Report Upon the Colorado River of the West, pp. 5, 19 and 21.

PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 239

Washington, and then returned to New York where he embarked
for San Francisco by way of Panama with Dr. J. S. Newberry and
F. W. von Egloffstein, a Bavarian topographer, also members of
the expedition. On October 22, they joined Lieutenant Ives, the
leader of the expedition, in San Francisco. 45 Here the expedition
was divided into several parties. Mollhausen and Egloffstein, under
P. H. Taylor, the astronomer of the expedition, left for San Pedro
and Fort Tejon (California) and then crossed the desert to Fort
Yuma on the Colorado river. Another party, under Newberry,
went to San Diego to collect mules to be used for transportation,
and they then crossed the desert to Fort Yuma. Ives, himself, with a
small steamer to be assembled on the Colorado, left San Francisco
by water, rounded the Lower California peninsula and sailed up the
Gulf of California to the mouth of the Colorado.

The parties were assembled at Fort Yuma, near the Mexico-U. S.
border and some 150 miles by river above the mouth of the Colo-
rado, on January 9, 1858. A delay of the Ives party near the
mouth of the Colorado had occurred, as it was necessary to assem-
ble there the small steamboat, appropriately called the Explorer, to
be used in the up-river trip. (A Mollhausen sketch of the Explorer
is reproduced on the cover of this issue.) The Explorer was even-
tually made ready, and, loaded with six weeks' provisions at Fort
Yuma, departed on January II. 46

After two months' travel they reached what was considered the
head of navigation, some 530 miles above the mouth of the Colo-
rado. 47 After returning down the river to Beale's crossing, Ives
reorganized his party, and, with a group of about 45, the explora-
tion of the river was continued by land, the Explorer returning
downstream to Fort Yuma. On March 23, 1858, the overland party
started out and by April 3 were near the "Big Canyon," at present
known as the Grand Canyon. A week later Ives reports he be-

45. Ives, op. cit., pp. 21, 22 ; Mollhausen, Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord-Amerikas bis
zum Hoch-Plateau von Neu-Mexico, Unter-nommen ah Mitglied der im Auftrage der Reg-
ierung der Vereinigten Staaten Ausgesandten Colorado -Expedition (Leipzig, Herman Coste-
noble, pub., 1861), v. 1, pp. 9-20. This two-volume work, unlike the Diary of Mollhausen,
has never been translated. Prof. J. A. Burzle of the department of German, University of
Kansas, however, has become interested and is now in the process of translating this important
item of Western Americana.

Dr. J. S. Newberry was physician, geologist and in charge of natural history collections on
the expedition; for a biographical sketch concerning him see Dictionary of American Biog-
raphy, v. 13, pp. 445, 446. Egloffstein was a member of several Western expeditions. He
was with Fremont in 1853 and with the Pacific railroad survey of Lieutenant Beckwith along
the 41st parallel in 1854. Ives, op. cit., p. 6, particularly commends him: "The privation
and exposure to which Mr. Egloffstein freely subjected himself, in order to acquire topo-
graphical information, has resulted in an accurate delineation of every portion of the region
traversed." I would greatly appreciate receiving further biographical information concerning
Egloffstein from any of my readers.

46. Ives, op. cit., pp. 25-45. A pack train left Fort Yuma going by an overland route to
resupply the party upstream.

47. See ibid., Appendix B and Map No. 1.

240 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

lieved they were opposite the most stupendous portion of the can-
yon. The going was rough, the tortuous side canyons misleading,
grass for the mules was scarce, water difficult to find and the sun
oppressively warm, but still they kept on, mapping, taking observa-
tions, recording the geology, vegetation and sparce fauna of the
rugged Southwestern wilderness.

On April 13, as the mules had been nearly two days without
water, an attempt was made to descend into the canyon, after dis-
covering a downward Indian trail which, viewed at some distance,
looked so tortuous and steep that "a mountain goat could scarcely
keep its footing. . . ." Closer inspection showed that the path,
though narrow and dizzy, had been selected with some care, so
down they started. But let Lieutenant Ives tell the hair-raising
story:

I rode upon it [the trail] first, and the rest of the party and the train fol-
lowed one by one looking very much like a row of insects crawling upon
the side of a building. We proceeded for nearly a mile along this singular
pathway, which preserved its horizontal direction. The bottom of the canyon
meanwhile had been rapidly descending, and there were two or three falls
where it dropped a hundred feet at a time, thus greatly increasing the depth
of the chasm. The change had taken place so gradually that I was not sensi-
ble of it, till glancing down the side of my mule I found that he was walking
within three inches of the brink of a sheer gulf a thousand feet deep; on the
other side, nearly touching my knee, was an almost vertical wall rising to an
enormous altitude. The sight made my head swim, and I dismounted and
got ahead of the mule, a difficult and delicate operation, which I was thankful
to have safely performed. A part of the men became so giddy that they were
obliged to creep upon their hands and knees, being unable to walk or stand.
In some places there was barely room to walk, and a slight deviation in a
step would have precipitated one into the frightful abyss. I was a good deal
alarmed lest some obstacle should be encountered that would make it impos-
sible to go ahead, for it was certainly impracticable to return. After an in-
terval of uncomfortable suspense the face of the rock made an angle, and
just beyond the turn was a projection from the main wall with a surface fif-
teen or twenty yards square that would afford a foothold. The continuation
of the wall was perfectly vertical, so that the trail could no longer follow it,
and we found that the path descended the steep face of the cliff to the bot-
tom of the canyon. It was a desperate road to traverse, but located with a
good deal of skill zigzagging down the precipice, and taking advantage of
every crevice and fissure that could afford a foothold. 48

They soon found that the mules could not accomplish the descent
and there was nothing to be done but to retrace their dizzy and
weary way to the top where the packs and saddles were removed
from the mules and they were started for the nearest water thirty

48. Ibid., p. 106.

-
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PICTORIAL RECORD OF THE OLD WEST 241

miles distant. Nothing daunted, the next morning Ives, Lieutenant
Tipton, Egloffstein, Peacock and a dozen of the men explored the
bottom of the canyon on foot.

Further progress along the Colorado river was soon barred by
the extent and magnitude of side canyons and further reconnais-
sance and lack of water led the party to turn south away from the
canyon toward the welcoming pine shade and cooler weather of the
San Francisco mountains. Farther east, as supplies ran short, a
division of the party was made. Lieutenant Tipton, Mollhausen
and the larger number of the soldiers and the pack-train headed
east toward Fort Defiance. 49 Lieutenant Ives, Newberry, Egloff-
stein and ten men again turned north in the hope that they could
make further surveys. 50 The two parties separated on May 6, 1858,
and on May 14, Lieutenant Tipton and his party arrived at Fort
Defiance. About a week later they were joined by Lieutenant Ives
and his command and the expedition came officially to an end. 51

Mollhausen, Newberry, Peacock and von Egloffstein decided to
return east by the overland route; Lieutenant Ives, however, re-
turned to Fort Yuma. The eastbound party was in Albuquerque
by June 1 and in Santa Fe on June 12, 1858. 52 From Santa Fe,
the famous Santa Fe trail was followed through northeastern New
Mexico, and then through Kansas to Fort Leaven worth, which was
reached on July 24, 1858. Mollhausen and Newberry, in haste to
be back home, took the river boat to St. Louis, and then traveled
by train to New York and Washington, and completed their trans-
continental trip across the United States. After finishing his work
in Washington, Mollhausen sailed for Berlin on September 1, 1858,
never to return to the United States. 53

PICTORIAL RECORDS OF THE THIRD TRIP

In addition to the original Mollhausen sketches listed on p. 231,
illustrations by Mollhausen appear in his Reisen (see Footnote 45)
and in the official report of Ives. The full-page illustrations in the
Reisen are tinted woodcuts (plus one map) and measure approxi-
mately 5 x 7% inches. The illustrations, all credited, of course, to
Mollhausen, are:

49. Fort Defiance, a frontier military post, about 190 miles west of Albuquerque (and a
little north); see A. B. Bender, "Frontier Defense in the Territory of New Mexico," New
Mexico Historical Review, v. 9 (July, 1934), p. 266.

50. Ives, op. cit., p. 116.

51. Mollhausen, Reisen, v. 2, chs. 29 and 30 ; Ives, op. cit., pp. 116, 117, 130, 131.

52. Mollhausen, Reisen, pp. 263, 286 ; Barba, op. cit., p. 55.

53. Mollhausen, Reisen, pp. 390, 392; Barba, op. cit., p. 56.

16-3363

242 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

VOLUME 1

1. "Ruinen von Pecos" Frontispiece

"Ruins on the Pecos"

2. "Vegetation der Kiesebene und des Colorado-Thales" facing p. 112

"Vegetation of the Rocky Desert and the Colorado Valley"

3. "Schornsteinfelsen oder Chimney Peak" facing p. 174

"Chimney Rock or Chimney Peak"

4. "Felsformation in der Nahe der Mimdung von Bill Williams

Fork" facing p. 238

"Rock Formation at the Mouth of Bill Williams Fork"

5. "Die Nadelfelsen oder Needles (von Norden Gesehen)" facing p. 23&

"The Needle Rocks or Needles (Seen From the North)"

6. "Ende der Schiffbarkeit des Rio Colorado Aussicht aus dem

Black-Canyon" facing p. 374

"End of Navigation on the Colorado River Seen from the
Black Canyon"

VOLUME 2

1. "Eingeborene des Nordlichen Neu-Mexiko" Frontispiece

Moquis Navahoes Zunis Wallpoys
"Natives of Northern New Mexico"
Moqui Navaho Zuni Walapai

2. "Eingeborene in Thales des Colorado" p. 1 54

Wallpoys Mohaves Uma Chimehuebes Apache
"Natives of the Colorado Valley"
Walapai Mohave Yuma Chemehuevi Apache

3. "Der Diamant-Bach (Diamond Creek)" facing p. 48

"Diamond Back (Diamond Creek)"

4. "Der Rio Colorado, Nahe der Mundung des Diamant-

Baches" facing p. 54

"Colorado River Near the Mouth of Diamond Creek"

5. "Schlucten in Hoch Plateau und Aussicht auf das Colorado-

Canon" (Reproduced with this article, facing p. 241) facing p. 100

"Gorge in the High Plateau and View of the Colorado
Canyon"

6. "Vegetation des Hoch-Plateaus" facing p. 222

"Vegetation of the High Plateau"

The illustrations in the Ives official report are credited chiefly
to Mollhausen and von Egloffstein and are of four types: full-page
lithographic reproductions in single color (nine in number) ; five
full-page steel engravings; seven full-page lithographic illustrations
in color; and 69 woodcuts (41 in Part I and 28 in Part III) in text.
In addition, there are three pages of paleontological engravings,
maps, and eight excellent lithographic outline lithographs folded in
(about four pages in width).

54. Listed in the index as the frontispiece to v. 1.

PICTORIAL RECORD OP THE OLD WEST 243

The volume is of quarto size so the illustrations are of generous
dimensions. The seven lithographic illustrations in color are all
credited to Mollhausen and are of the Indians encountered along
the path of the expedition. The remaining full-page illustrations
are credited, with two exceptions, to either Mollhausen or von Eg-
loffstein, although several have been redrawn by J. J. Young, prob-
ably an artist employed by the firm publishing the illustrations.
(The lithographs are credited to Sarony, Major and Knapp; the
steel engravings are not credited in the three copies of the report I
have examined.)

The two exceptions are a photograph taken by Ives and a sketch
by Ives which was redrawn by von Egloffstein. One of the steel
engravings is credited to Mollhausen, the rest to von Egloffstein.
Of the remaining full-page lithographic illustrations, six are cred-
ited to Mollhausen, one to von Egloffstein. All of the panoramic
views are by von Egloffstein and the woodcuts are the work of both
these two illustrators although the individual illustrations are not
credited. 55

One significant feature of the illustrations in the reports of the
Ives expedition is that they doubtless include the first pictorial rec-
ords of the Grand Canyon. Von Egloffstein 's panoramic views are
especially notable in this connection, but several of the steel engrav-
ings in the official report are excellent records and are beautifully
engraved. The Mollhausen view in the Reisen, "Schlucten in Hoch
Plateau und Aussicht auf des Colorado-Canon," although rather
crudely reproduced (woodcut) , belongs also in the "first" class and
appeared in print at the same time as the official Ives report. 56 (See
the pictures accompanying this article.)

Comment on Mollhausen in the official Ives report will be found
in Part I on p. 6 (statement that Mollhausen "prepared the greater
portion of the views and illustrations taken during the trip"), p. 21
(appointment of Mollhausen as artist and collector in natural his-

55. In Ives, op. cit., Part I, p. 18, is an index of the woodcuts. A note states that they
were "Drawn by Mr. J. J. Young from sketches by Messrs. Mollhausen and Egloffstein." The
28 woodcuts of Part III are not, however, similarly credited in the "List of Illustrations" on
p. 8 of Part III. Presumably, however, the same credit as given in Part I applies.

Mention should also be made of Mollhausen's contribution to the botanical reports of the
expedition. Whipple, op. cit. (33 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Ex. Doc. 78), v. 4, Part V. On p. 58
of this report it states : "The drawings made on the spot by Mr. H. B. Mollhausen, the artist
of the expedition, greatly aided the work and were made use of, and even partly copied, es-
pecially in the plates exhibiting Cylindric Opuntiae."

56. A letter received from H. C. Bryant, superintendent of the Grand Canyon National
Park (February 10, 1947), states that the earliest pictorial records of the Grand Canyon
known to them are those of von Egloffstein of the 1857-1858 Ives expedition and I have not
encountered in my studies any other records than those of von Egloffstein and Mollhausen.
It is difficult to believe, however, that there are not extant earlier views of the Grand Canyon
than those made by these two men in the spring of 1858.

244 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tory), pp. 43, 52, 62 (Mollhausen's activities in natural history col-
lections), pp. 82, 91, 98 (incidental references), p. 100 (Mollhausen
takes sketch of canyon at Diamond river which may be uncredited
woodcut, Fig. 31 on p. 99). On p. 5 of Part V, Mollhausen is spoken
of as the "zoologist of the expedition," the zoological collections be-
ing principally birds.

MOLLHAUSEN'S REMAINING YEARS

As already pointed out, Mollhausen's Western experiences formed
the basis of his career as a writer. After writing an account of his
travels with Ives (the Reisen) , there appeared from his pen a series
of short stories and sketches in 1860. In 1861, a four-volume novel,
Der Halbindianer (The Half -Breed), and Der Fluchtling (a sequel
to Der Halbindianer), also in four volumes, were published. The
scene of action in the first novel ranged all the way from Missouri
overland to California and in the second an even greater scope of
Western territory was encompassed. From the time of these two
novels until his death in 1905, an almost ceaseless flow of narra-
tives by Mollhausen took place. Even at the end of a long life, his
memories of the American West remained a powerful and pervad-
ing influence. In 1904, at the age of 79, he could write with effusive
exuberance and self enchantment:

THE PRAIRIE. There has always been a strange, mysterious charm about
this word. . . . Even in extreme old age these recollections make the
blood run faster and with renewed enthusiasm through the veins, for they
bring to mind the days when one recognized no other master but Him who
created the beauty of the prairie and the creatures and things that live on it
days when he light-heartedly braved the numbing blizzard and, with equal
defiance, the cunning, red-skinned foe, and the prairie fire, that rages on with
the speed of the wind, or faced the mountain-bear descending into the val-
leys. When one thinks of those days, one wishes to be up in the clouds or
beyond them, even higher, so that one could embrace with a single glance the
old familiar hunting-grounds from the icy North down to the blue Gulf of
Mexico, from the lazily moving Mississippi to the long range of the Rockies;
one would like to push back the inevitable onward march of civilization, be-
fore which the shaggy buffalo and the brown hunter disappeared, and, with
them, the last of the romance of the "Far West." 57

57. Barba, op. cit., pp. 135, 136.

W. E. Campbell, Pioneer Kansas Livestockman

C. W. McCAMPBELL

WILBUR Emery Campbell was born on a farm near Browns-
ville, Pa., January 26, 1847. While still a small child his par-
ents moved to a farm in Iowa.

On December 12, 1863, at the age of sixteen, he joined the Third
Iowa cavalry with which he served until mustered out at Atlanta,
Ga., August 9, 1865. While serving in the army he received three
minor wounds and was captured twice, but escaped each time and
was soon back with his regiment. One of the officers of the Third
Iowa cavalry at the time Mr. Campbell enlisted was the brilliant
and highly educated Maj. John W. Noble, then 32 years of age, who
joined the Union army in 1861, served through the war, and retired
in 1865 with the brevet rank of brigadier general. Despite the dif-
ference in age and rank of the two men, a close friendship devel-
oped which remained steadfast the remainder of their lives. Sev-
eral years after the end of the Civil War, General Noble, then a
leading lawyer of St. Louis, and Mr. Campbell, a leading livestock-
man of the Southwest, formed a partnership and developed a lead
and zinc mining project in southwest Missouri, but the panic dur-
ing the second Cleveland administration spelled finis to this ven-
ture. General Noble served as secretary of the interior under Pres.
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893). l

Mr. Campbell came out of the army only a boy in years, but a
mature man in poise and self reliance. His first love was farming
and livestock production, but being without capital he sought and
found employment on the Union Pacific building westward from
Omaha. 2 It was his crew that laid the rails into Cheyenne, Wyo.,
November 18, 1867, and it was here that he heard a new market
was being developed at Abilene which would provide an outlet for
hundreds of thousands of Texas cattle. It was also here that he
heard glowing accounts of the possibilities that southern and south-
western Kansas offered as cattle-producing areas. These reports
interested him greatly, and early in 1868 he and a young friend ar-
rived in the then railroadless trading post of Wichita. They found
lodging with Henry Vigus, an early hotel proprietor in Wichita. 3

DR. CHARLES WILBUR MCCAMPBELD, a native of Marshall county, is professor of animal
husbandry at Kansas State College, Manhattan.

1. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1934), v. 13, pp. 539, 540.

2. Wichita Eagle, October 6, 1907, p. 19.

3. Ibid.

(245)

246 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Later in 1868, Mr. Campbell settled on the SW 1 ^ sec. 24, T. 28 S.,
R. 1 W., on Cowskin creek nine miles south of Wichita and two
miles southeast of the present village of Oatville. This was still a
part of the Osage Indian trust lands and Mr. Campbell did not get
legal possession until after it was ceded to the federal government
in 1870, but he retained possession from the first. 4

The Chisholm trail, famous in fact and fiction, lay only a short
distance from the land on which Mr. Campbell settled, and soon
he was a trail driver as well as a Kansas farmer. He was one of
the first, if not the first, to trail cattle from Texas and feed them
corn and hay before going on to Abilene, Newton a-nd other early-
day cow-town markets. The best information available indicates
that the first drove of cattle trailed from Texas by Mr. Campbell
and fed corn and hay before continuing on to market arrived at the
Campbell farm south of Wichita in the fall of 1869 and was trailed
to Abilene early in 1870, where they were shipped by train to Kan-
sas City.

While crossing Indian territory trail drivers frequently turned
aside from the trail to rest and graze their cattle for a few days,
a few weeks, or even a few months. Mr. Campbell followed this
practice and became impressed with the value of certain portions
of the Indian territory as cattle grazing and producing areas, and
established camps (ranch headquarters) near the present site of
Chickasha, Okla., and on Campbell creek in what is now Kingfisher
county, Oklahoma. In a few years he was handling several thou-
sand cattle on these ranches. The exact dates these ranches were
started have not been determined, but other authenticated events
indicate that Mr. Campbell was ranching in that area as early as
1872. These events also indicate that in a few years all his ranch-
ing activities in the Indian territory were concentrated at the
Campbell creek ranch. Campbell creek, located in the southeast
portion of Kingfisher county, was named for Mr. Campbell.

These ranches were located on Indian lands, and Mr. Campbell
saw that sooner or later difficulties would arise over their use by
ranchmen. Not long after he started ranching in the Indian ter-
ritory he also began the development of a ranch in the southern
portions of Barber and Harper counties in Kansas. In the begin-
ning this ranch 1 was on a free range basis, but as time went on it
was operated on a leased and finally on an actual ownership

4. Congress on July 15, 1870, provided for the removal of the Osages from Kansas, leav-
ing the lands open for white settlement. C7. S. Statutes at Large, v. 16, ch. 296, sec. 12,
p. 362.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 247

basis. Reports indicate that as its peak the Campbell ranch con-
sisted of 48,000 acres.

The largest single purchase made in developing the Kiowa ranch
was a portion of the so-called "Three-Mile-Strip." The land in-
cluded in this purchase extended some 15 miles east from the west
boundary of the present town of Kiowa.

This "three-mile-strip" resulted from the overlapping of surveys,
and the story, in brief, is this:

The area commonly known as the Cherokee strip became the
property of the Cherokee Indians by provisions of treaties relocat-
ing the Cherokees on land included in what is now Kansas and
Oklahoma. This new Cherokee land was surveyed in 1837. Since
the area was immediately south of the previously surveyed Osage
Indian lands in what is now Kansas, the surveyor naturally started
at the southeast corner of the Osage lands and ran his line straight
west to the 100th meridian. That line was designated the north
boundary of the Cherokee nation.

The Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854 fixed the south boundary of
Kansas as the 37th parallel north latitude. Lt. Col. Joseph E.
Johnston, later a Confederate general, headed the surveying party
which established this boundary in 1857. The new line ran about
2.46 miles south of the north boundary of the Cherokee land pre-
viously established.

Both Kansas and the Cherokees claimed this strip which ex-
tended approximately from where the Neosho river crosses the
south line of Kansas to the present town of Englewood, a distance
of about 276 miles. It contained approximately 435,096.59 acres.

The controversy was finally settled in 1866 when a treaty paved
the way for the sale of the strip for the benefit of the Cherokees. 5
An act of congress May 11, 1872, provided for the sale the portion
east of the Arkansas river to sell at $2 per acre, and that west of
the river at $1.50 per acre. A later act provided for the sale of
unsold portions of the strip at not less than $1 per acre.

5. When congress designated the 37 parallel as the southern boundary of Kansas, it was
believed by the committee on territories that the boundary was being made to coincide with
the northern boundary of the territory of the Cherokees. A survey was made in 1857 of the
southern boundary of Kansas, and the Cherokees complained that the boundary established by
the survey was not the true northern boundary of their territory. Their lands extended about
two and one-half miles over into Kansas. By law (U. S. Statutes at Large, v. 10, p. 284)
Indian territory could not be included within the territory of Kansas without the consent of
the tribes concerned. In 1861, the act admitting Kansas to the Union (U. S. Statutes at
Large, v. 12, p. 126) set the southern boundary at the 37 parallel of north latitude but ex-
pressly excepted from the state the lands of the Indian tribes that were within the borders,
until the tribes should signify their consent. By the treaty of July 19, 1866, the Cherokees
ceded their Kansas land in trust to the United States and gave their consent for the land to
be included within the state of Kansas. "The Northern Boundary of Oklahoma," by J.
Stanley Clark, in Chronicles of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, y. 15, pp. 271-290; "The Bound-
ary Lines of Kansas," by George W. Martin, in Kansas Historical Collections, v. 11, pp. 55,
56 ; Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties (Washington, 1904), v. 2, p. 947 ; George Rainey, The
Cherokee Strip (Guthrie, Okla., 1933), pp. 30-42.

248 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Dr. John Hardtner of Illinois purchased a considerable portion
of this strip centering along the southern border of present Barber
county. The Campbell purchase just mentioned was made from
Doctor Hardtner in 1884, but Mr. Campbell had been ranching on
this land several years before he purchased it. 6 While developing
his holdings in Kansas he maintained ranch headquarters on Little
Sandy creek in Harper county just a short distance north of the
Kansas-Oklahoma line and about 40 miles west of Caldwell. When
the Cherokee Strip Livestock Association decided in 1883 to fence
their respective holdings in the Indian territory, Mr. Campbell dis-
continued his ranching activities in that area and concentrated all
his efforts on the management of his Kansas ranch.

A notice indicating that Mr. Campbell was well established in
this area previous to 1883 appeared in the February 23, 1882, issue
of the Caldwell Commercial:

POOL MEETING.

A meeting of the Medicine River and Sand Creek Pool will be held in the
Opera House, at Caldwell, Kansas, on the third of March, 1882. A full at-
tendance is desired, as business of importance will come before the meeting.

BEN. MILLER, Secretary.
Caldwell, Kas., Feb. 22, 1882. W. E. CAMPBELL, President.

Correspondence, records of business transactions and newspaper
references indicate definitely that Wichita was Mr. Campbell's
post-office address from 1868 to 1879, but just where the Campbells
made their home from October 28, 1871, when the farm south of
Wichita was sold, to 1879 when he moved his family to the farm
near Caldwell has not been determined. But, in view of the fact
that he was away from home much of the time during this period
operating ranches in the Indian territory, developing a ranch in
the southern part of Barber and Harper counties, and trailing cat-
tle from Texas, it is possible that Mrs. Campbell and the children
spent the winters with her father or brothers who lived in or near
Wichita, and the summers at one of the ranch headquarters, until
the Campbells established the home near Caldwell in 1879.

As soon as the town of New Kiowa became a reality, Mr. Camp-
bell began the development of a ranch headquarters a mile east of
this new town. This headquarters when fully developed included
a fine residence, beautifully landscaped lawns, a large acreage of
trees both fruit and forest, and probably the largest and most up-
to-date barn in Kansas. R. B. Campbell, a son of W. E. Campbell,

6. Wichita Sunday Eagle, April 14, 1935.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 249

now (1947) retired and living in Colorado Springs, describes these
improvements as follows:

Buildings on the Kiowa place were east of the section line and road, but
the house faced north. The drive passed the house on the north side and
the barn on the south a straight drive but a quarter circle drive branched
from it, curved around by the house and rejoined the straight drive near the
barn. A yard fence inclosed the house which was two stories high and had
seven rooms and three porches. There were fruit trees to the east and
south and forest trees to the west outside the yard. There were forty acres
in the orchard which consisted of apples, peaches, pears, plums, apricots, and
nectarines, walnuts, and almonds. There were eighty acres of forest trees
catalpas planted four feet each way for fence posts. Roses lined the drive,
and other flowers and shrubs were to be found in abundance within the quarter
circle and yard. North of the drives and west of the barn was a five-acre
plot of pines and cedars planted twenty-five feet each way.

The main barn was 106 feet long, forty feet wide and had a forty by forty
foot extension on the west. There was also an extension to the east 200 feet
long and 24 feet wide for work stock and cow horses. This extension had a
hay loft its entire length. All upper floors were of three-inch tongued and
grooved flooring. The extension to the west was three stories high, with feed
mills and hoppers on the third floor. The hoppers and granaries were con-
structed with sloping floors converging to the grain chutes. Grain was dumped
or shoveled into a pit below the ground floor and carried to the third floor
by elevators, ground, and returned to the mixing box on the ground floor by
gravity. A double header windmill with two power wheels twenty-two feet in
diameter seventy-two feet from the ground furnished the power for elevating
and grinding.

There were only three open stalls in the main barn. All others were box
stalls. There was a sixteen-foot drive through the center, an office at the en-
trance, a harness and saddle room in the center, and an eight hundred barrel
rain water cistern in the north end. The heavier beams were twelve by twelve
inches and ten by ten inches, with all angles braced by four by fours. The
outer walls were six-inch drop siding, and the stalls and driveway were lined
throughout from floor to ceiling with one by twelve dressed lumber. All
doors were double strength and all lumber was Georgia hard pine which father
contracted at the mills and shipped himself. 7

A letter written by Mr. Campbell to his mother in Iowa under
the date of February 10, 1885, states that

I am going to make a nice and permanent home at New Kiowa, still I do
not know when we will get out there. New Kiowa is a pretty fast place just
now and I would prefer to have it quiet down a little before taking my family
there to live but I want to have everything in readiness when we get ready
to go.

Mr. Campbell had planted a border of hardy roses along the
driveways, and when the headquarters was completed he named it

7. Other descriptions can be found in the Kiowa Herald, June 4, 1885, December 30, 1886,
and in the Kiowa Review, July 17, 1895.

250 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Rosewood Park," the name under which it became well known
throughout the Southwest. 8

The development of the headquarters had progressed sufficiently
to enable Mr. Campbell to move his family temporarily to the new
home in 1885 9 and the home near Caldwell, established in 1879,
was sold in 1887. 10

A formal dedication took place Thanksgiving Day, November 29,
1888. An announcement of this dedication stated that "Good
speakers from abroad will be present, and a grand musical, intellec-
tual and social event will be the order of the day. At night a
grand ball will be given. . . . The social, ball and banquet will
be given in Mr. Campbell's elegant new barn which is fit for a queens
entertainment." n This proved to be one of the grandest early-day
social affairs of the Southwest.

There were several speeches, but space will permit only one ex-
cerpt from the last one on the program made by J. Y. Leming, as
follows :

... he [Mr. Campbell] emigrated to Kansas twenty-one years ago,
without a dollar capital. And here, young men, is a splendid lesson for us.
He waded through difficulties and embarrassments and grasshoppers, sur-
mounting obstacles, until he conquered poverty, and has gained a fame he
deserves and is now the possessor of Rosewood Park. . . , 12

In most instances children would not be given much considera-
tion in planning an occasion of this nature, but not so in the case
of Mr. Campbell. In order that all the children of that area might
realize fully that they were invited, a notice appeared in the local
paper that read:

Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Campbell want to see every little girl and boy in
Barber county at "Rosewood Park" during the dedication on the afternoon of
Thanksgiving day. Mr. Campbell is going to give all the little folks . . .
a free ride out to the park and back. Now children, remember that you are
all invited, and Mr. and Mrs. Campbell expect you to come and have a good
time. Watch for the big wagons and flags and you will not be left. 13

In welcoming his visitors on this occasion Mr. Campbell referred
to his youthful guests in these words: "Especialy do I most sin-
cerly welcome all these little children. My heart o'erflows with a
double welcome to all these young people and [I] earnestly hope
[they] will all thoroughly enjoy this beautiful Thanksgiving day." 14

8. The ranch was first referred to as "Palo Alto." Kiowa Herald, September 4, 1884.

9. Ibid., June 4, 1885.

10. Kiowa Herald-Ear, March 3, 1887.

11. Kiowa Herald, November 15, 1888.

12. Ibid., December 6, 1888.

13. Ibid., November 22, 1888.

14. Ibid., December 6, 1888.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 251

Much of the Campbell ranch was splendid agricultural land, and
the demand had been so great for this land for farming purposes
that by the time the ranch headquarters was dedicated in 1888 a
considerable portion of the original acreage had been sold. A de-
scription of the ranch in 1888 appeared in the Kiowa Herald, and
read in part as follows:

Rosewood proper . . . embraces 3,600 acres of rich, alluvial lands, all
under fence and subdivided into convenient fields, pastures and meadows.
. . . About 1,100 acres are in cultivation and devoted to field crops. . . .
Mr. Campbell's stock ranch ... is merely a continuance of the former
[Rosewood Park]. The ranch embraces 14,000 acres of magnificent land,
stretching forth in undulating prairie, sweet, pastorial valleys, clear, wind-
ing streams, silvery lakes, picturesque glens and delightful groves. . . .
The ranch was formerly much larger, and supported cattle by the thousands,
but the continuous sale of small tracts to eastern parties who are seeking
homes among us, has reduced it to its present size. . . , 15

The article also stated that there were 2,000 cattle on the ranch at
that time (1888). 16 A news item of 1882, six years previous, states
that at that time there were 6,000 head of stock on the Campbell
ranch. 17

By 1898 the ranch had been reduced to 1,600 acres, but Mr.
Campbell had come into possession of another ranch of several
thousand acres just across the Kansas border near present Win-
chester, Okla. He continued his residence and main headquarters
at Rosewood Park, however. The same demand developed for the
ranch land near Winchester, Okla., for farming purposes that had
developed for the land of Rosewood Park, and Mr. Campbell dis-
posed of what remained of the Oklahoma ranch in 1903, retired
from ranching, and established the Campbell Land and Oil Com-
pany at Tulsa, Okla. He played an important part in the early
development of the oil industry in that area and his untimely death,
October 29, 1907, 18 is probably all that prevented him from achiev-
ing in the oil industry the same outstanding success he had achieved
in the livestock industry.

In his earliest days as a ranchman Mr. Campbell was known as
"Shorthorn" Campbell to distinguish him from several other Camp-
bells in that area. Later he became known as "White-face"
Campbell. He explained this change in an address given before a
livestock convention and published in the Kiowa Review, February

15. This description was reprinted in the Kiowa Herald, June 14, 1888, from the Medi-
cine Lodge Cresset, April 5, 1888.

16. Ibid.

17. Kansas City (Mo.) Live-Stock Indicator, September 21, 1882.

18. Kiowa Journal, October 31, November 7, 1907.

252 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

23, 1898. 19 After paying tribute to ranchmen for the progress that
had been made in improving range cattle he said :

Such marvelous results are especially gratifying to me, and vividly [do I]
recall many an article that I wrote for the agricultural press, urging the bene-
fits to be gained by the use of pure bred bulls upon our southern herds almost
a third of [a] century ago. At that time our cruel war with all its devasta-
tion was barely over and our southern friends were slow to take hold of new
methods. Finding it better to demonstrate than to advocate, and that none
of my neighbors cared to join in the so-called experiment, I procured some of
the best Short Horn bulls then attainable and proceeded to demonstrate that
the backs of our southern cattle could be broadened and their horns short-
ened by the use of Short Horn bulls. While I was as busy as a nailer in this
missionary work, the boys of the old guard put their heads together and pro-
ceeded to re-christen me in a unique and chivalrous manner and from that
day ... I was known as "Short Horn Campbell." . . .

Having been identified with Short Horn cattle from my early childhood,
it was but natural that I should believe them to be superior to all others for
beef-making purposes. But this belief did not prevent me from seeking for
and reading everything obtainable regarding the merits of other beef breeds,
and although up to that time I had never seen a Hereford, I determined to
procure some of the best specimens of that breed and to thoroughly test them,
not only on the range but in the feed lot as well. . . . Prior to this I had
made annual purchases of Short Horns from prominent breeders in Kentucky,
Missouri and Iowa. ... On one occasion after buying a car load of Short
Horn cattle from that veteran breeder, Hon. Plinny Nichols of West Liberty,
Iowa, I learned that Mr. G. S. Burleigh of Mechanicsville [Iowa,] some 30
or 40 miles distant, was breeding some high class Herefords. I went over and
bought two excellent bulls [Prince Royal 1794 and Battle Ax 2801] from this
gentleman and he assisted me in picking up enough grade Hereford cows and
heifers to make out another car load. Both these car loads of cattle were
shipped to Wichita, Kan., which was then [1879] the terminus of the Santa Fe
railroad and the great Texas cattle shipping point of the southwest.

The arrival of such a shipment of blooded cattle in those days was some-
thing extra ordinary and drew a crowd of cattlemen about them almost equal
to a circus. The Short Horns were almost universally admired by my Texas
friends, but the Herefords were a new departure and . . . they were not
only closely scrutinized but severely criticized on all sides. . . .

With such criticisms from my friends and a deep seated prejudice of my
own in favor of the Short Horns, ... it was not without grave doubts
and misgivings, that I proceeded to test the merits of Hereford bulls, as a
cross on my range cattle, side by side with their aristocratic Short Horn
rivals in the great battle for supremacy. For this, my second offense against
the old methods prevailing throughout the southwest I was more severely
criticized than ever, and while I joined in many a laugh at my own expense,
I considered it no laughing matter when the boys again re-christened me,
dropping the "Short Horn" and substituting "White Face" as the first half
of my autograph. . . .

19. Apparently a special edition was issued, for the address does not appear in the regular
file copy for that date in the newspaper collections of the Kansas State Historical Society.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 253

Under range conditions of that day cattle, including the bulls,
were compelled to live on the more or less succulent grass of sum-
mer and the dry cured grass of winter. Before the arrival of Here-
fords in the range-cattle country, ranchmen expected a goodly per-
centage of their purebred bulls to succumb to the rigors of winter
and the type of feed available, and those surviving to come through
the winter in a more or less emaciated condition. Mr. Campbell's
experience had been the same as that of the other ranchmen. He
was therefore much surprised when the two Hereford bulls pur-
chased in 1879 came through the winter of 1879-1880 in a strong
thrifty condition, whereas the Shorthorn bulls that survived came
through the winter emaciated and weak. This contrast was more
than a surprise, it was something of a shock to Mr. Campbell's faith
in the superiority of Shorthorns over all other breeds of cattle. He,
always alert and progressive, wondered if Herefords as a breed were
really as hardy and as well adapted to range conditions as his ex-
perience with the two Hereford bulls purchased in 1879 seemed to
indicate. Being a man of action he immediately decided to make a
practical large scale comparison of Hereford bulls and Shorthorn
bulls under range conditions, and early in 1880 went East where he
purchased a carload (26 head) of good Shorthorn bulls and a car-
load (25 head) of equally good Hereford bulls, brought them home,
and turned them loose on the range together. Mr. Campbell later
commented as follows on this comparison:

When the heat of summer came the Shorthorns could be seen standing
along the streams or in the shade, while the Herefords were busy graz-
ing. . . . Both breeds were allowed to remain on the open range the en-
tire winter, without any artificial food or shelter of any kind, and were com-
pelled to rustle for a living or die. The winter proved to be one of unusual
severity, and before spring came almost fifty per cent of my beloved Short-
horns had died, and the remainder were but reeling skeletons. With the Here-
fords the test was perfectly satisfactory, and every one of the twenty-five
showed up in good shape. . . . 20

Mr. Campbell's experience with his first two Hereford bulls dur-
ing the winter of 1879-1880 and with the carload of Hereford bulls
during the winter of 1880-1881, together with the quality of the
calves dropped in 1880 sired by the two Hereford bulls purchased
in 1879, so completely convinced him of the superiority of Herefords
as range cattle that he decided to establish a herd of purebred Here-
fords at once, primarily for the purpose of producing purebred
Hereford bulls for use in his own commercial herd. However his

20. The Breeder's Gazette, Chicago, v. 6 (September 4, 1884), pp. 333, 334.

254 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

purebred herd eventually became so large that he was able to offer
for sale each year a considerable number of both bulls and females.
It might be mentioned at this point that for several years there
was also a heavy demand for Campbell-raised grade Hereford bulls
for use on the range farther south and west.

Mr. Campbell's first purchase of purebred Hereford cows was
made in 1881. This purchase consisted of Duchess of Somerset 2nd
2954, Young Baroness 5872, Empress 5873, Ella 3rd 2107, Lady
Maud 2nd 2110, Lady Maud 3rd 2111, Mermaid 2204, and Jessa-
mine 2209. The first three were bred by D. K. and J. W. Went-
worth of Maine, the next three by J. S. Hawes of Maine (later of
Kansas), and the last two by T. E. Miller of Illinois. These were
leading breeders of their day. Available records do not show from
whom Mr. Campbell actually purchased these first eight Hereford
females, but it is quite probable that he purchased the first six
listed above from F. H. Jackson of Maple Hill because they were
in calf by a bull (Emperor 2076) that Mr. Jackson was using at
that time. Service records indicate that the remaining two were
purchased direct from T. E. Miller who bred them.

In 1881 Mr. Campbell also came into possession of the Hereford
bull The Equinox 2758 calved September 23, 1879. This bull was
bred by J. Merryman, Cockeysville, Md., but purchased from T. E.
Miller, Beecher, 111. 21 The Equinox developed into one of the great
show bulls of his day and proved to be an excellent sire.

For the next few years the herd was enlarged rapidly, but all pur-
chases were made on the basis of quality. A story in the November
15, 1883, issue of the Kansas City (Mo.) Live-Stock Indicator re-
ports the kind of females Mr. Campbell purchased. It states that:

Mr. Campbell is an energetic and enterprising breeder, and at Mr. Adams
Earl's sale on Thursday he purchased imported Empress E. [7540], 4 years
old, a prize winner in England, and said to be one of the best breeding young
cows on the American continent. He also bought [imported] Blush [6970],
a 4-year old, by [imported] De Cote [2563], the sire of the celebrated cow,
Leonora. . . . Both of these cows are in calf to [imported] Sir Bartle
Frere [6419], the highest-priced Hereford ever sold and a Royal [England]
winner. Another of his purchases is [imported] Myrtle 5th [7537], a 2-year-
old by the renowned [imported] Prince Horace [7413], and bred to [imported]
Garfield [7015], a Royal [England] prize winner, and said to be the best
Hereford bull in America. . . .

Sanders' book, The Story of the Herefords, states that Mr. Camp-
bell purchased the imported cow Miss Archibald 11119 for $1,230

21. Caldwell Post, July 7, 1881.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 255

at a public sale in Kansas City in September, 1884. 22 This was one
of the highest prices ever paid for a Hereford female in the United
States up to that date, but she proved to be a splendid producer and
an excellent investment. The records of the American Hereford
Association show that Mr. Campbell imported seven head of Here-
fords previous to 1884.

Mr. Campbell selected herd sires for his purebred Hereford herd
with the same care and discrimination that he selected females.

That the quality of the Campbell herd of purebred Herefords was
appreciated is indicated by a reference to Campbell Herefords in
The Story of the Herefords (p. 698) which states: "W. E. Campbell
. . . and J. S. Hawes . . . established large and excellent
herds . . . which were drawn upon heavily, not only by those
founding new purebred herds in the Missouri River region, but also
by ranchmen further west."

He showed purebred Hereford cattle for the first time in the fall
of 1881, and this first show herd consisted of a group of purebred
Herefords selected from those purchased early that year. He
showed these cattle at both the district fair at Wichita, and the
state fair at Topeka.

The Wichita Eagle of October 6, 1881, refers to Mr. Campbell's
Hereford winnings of 1881 as follows:

The thoroughbred herd of Hereford cattle exhibited by W. E. Campbell,
of Caldwell, Kansas, was one of the principal attractions. This herd was
headed by the magnificent young bull, "Equinox" [27581. He does credit to
his noted ancestors and will be the "Prince of Bovines" wherever he goes. At
the State Fair he took the first premium in his class and then carried off the
special sweepstake offered for the best Hereford of any age or sex on exhibi-
tion. Two of the heifers belonging to this herd were also shown at the State
Fair and carried off the prizes. At our Fair this herd carried off twelve prizes,
including the three highest sweepstakes prizes and diplomas: "The Equinox"
2758 being adjudged the best bull of any age or breed, "Ella 3d" 2107 being
adjudged the best cow of any age or breed, and Mr. Campbell's Hereford herd
being adjudged the best thoroughbred herd on exhibition. These awards cer-
tainly speak well for the Herefords as there was strong competition and a
number of excellent Short-horn herds on the ground. Mr. Campbell is also
an extensive breeder of Short-horn cattle, but is now breeding all his Short-
horn cows to Hereford bulls. He uses about 100 . . . bulls on his ranches
south west of Caldwell. . . .

Mr. Campbell again showed Herefords at the district fair at
Wichita in 1882 and won all the first prizes in the Hereford classes;
but when the sweepstakes classes, which included all breeds, were

22. Alvin H. Sanders, The Story of the Herefords (Chicago, 1914), p. 531.

256 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

judged, Mr. Campbell's Herefords were deliberately ignored. When
asked for an explanation, the chairman of the judging committee
replied that Herefords had no business showing against Shorthorns.
The protests of spectators were so emphatic that the judging com-
mittee was dismissed, a new committee selected, and the sweep-
stakes classes ordered re judged. The first committee consisted of
men who had been, or were, Shorthorn breeders. The second com-
mittee consisted of a city butcher, an Englishman who had had ex-
tended experience in England, New Zealand and this country and
a feeder and shipper. Under the second committee Campbell Here-
fords won all three of the sweepstakes classes The Equinox win-
ning the bull class; Ella 3rd, the cow class; and the herd headed by
the Equinox, the herd class. 23 This incident is more or less typical
of the resentment of Shorthorn breeders toward Hereford breeders
during those early years of the Hereford "invasion."

The Campbell herd was also shown at Topeka in 1882, but de-
tailed winnings seem not to have been published. However, in a
letter written by Mr. Campbell in the fall of 1882 he states that,
"My herd of Herefords, headed by the young bull The Equinox
2758, have proved themselves invincible at the fairs this fall, and
have carried off the lion's share of sweepstake prizes against some
noted adversaries in the Short-horn ranks." 24

Mr. Campbell showed his cattle more extensively in 1883 and
more successfully than previously. In those days, two of the lead-
ing fairs and livestock shows of the Middlewest were held in Kansas
one known as the National Western Fair, sponsored by the Union
Pacific railroad, was held at Bismarck Grove near Lawrence; the
other, known as the state fair, sponsored by the Santa Fe railroad,
was held at Topeka. Mr. Campbell showed at both these fairs.
The Kansas Farmer, Topeka, of September 12, 1883, commenting on
the Campbell showing at the National Western Fair stated : ". . .
W. E. Campbell, Caldwell, Kas., . . . made a remarkably fine
showing. . . ." His winnings in competition with herds from
Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois included second on three-year-old bull;
first on bull under one year; second on cow three years and over;
second on cow under two years, and second on bull and five of his
calves. The next week practically the same herds met at the state
fair at Topeka. T. L. Miller in his History of Hereford Cattle re-
fers to the Campbell show herd at this fair in these words:

23. Wichita Eagle, September 14, 1882; T. L. Miller, History of Hereford Cattle (Chil-
licothc, Mo., 1902), pp. 476-480.

24. The Breeder's Gazette, Chicago, v. 2 (September 28, 1882), p. 416.

W. E. CAMPBELL

(1847-1907)
A pioneer livestock breeder of southern Kansas.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCELM AN 257

Mr. W. E. Campbell, an extensive ranchman and cattle raiser of Caldwell,
Kans., exhibited at the Kansas State Fair a fine herd of Hereford cattle. . . .
The Equinox 2758 standing at the head of this herd had proven an excellent
stock getter as well as invincible show bull. He won first prize in the grand
sweepstakes ring open to bulls of any age or breed, in a strong field of
eighteen show bulls, representing the best Shorthorn, Hereford, Polled Angus
and Galloway herds of Iowa, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. He also carried
off the first prize in his class, and his bull calf Jumbo and his heifer calf
Lady Maud 4th each won first honors in their respective classes. In the
sweepstakes ring for the best bull and five of his calves, open to all breeds,
The Equinox again came to the front and won second honors, though his
calves were very young and showed to bad advantage on that account. Queen
of the Lillies [4367], out of Jessamine by Winter de Cote, that was first at
Bismarck, was assigned a second place here after much hesitation. The win-
nings of this herd are unprecedented. . . .

The merits of any thoroughbred race are best demonstrated by the quality
of their progeny, and to practically demonstrate the superiority and potency
of the Herefords over other breeds, Mr. Campbell exhibited the yearling
heifer Texas Jane. This heifer was sired by a thoroughbred Hereford, and
was out of a little scrub Texas cow. She [Texas Jane] weighed about 900
pounds [off grass], and had all the character and markings of a thoroughbred
Hereford. She was universally admired and attracted much attention and
comment from the public, to whom she gave the following account of her
birth and breeding, through a placard conspicuously posted over her stall:

I was born on W. E. Campbell's ranch, Aug. 19, 1882, and

was at once christened Texas Jane.
My father was a Hereford thoroughbred,

My mother a wild "Texas scrub."
The cross makes me easily fed,

And I am able to rustle for grub.

Don't stare at the meat on my back,

Or be surprised at my snow-white face;

For it was all the work of papa,

That gave me this Hereford grace. 25

Mr. Campbell had been one of the principal boosters for a fat-
stock show to be held at Kansas City, and the first of such shows
was held in November, 1883. It was here that Mr. Campbell's cat-
tle received their most favorable publicity and it was also at this
show that Mr. Campbell gave Herefords the most effective adver-
tising as range cattle that they have ever received. In 1881 six
little south Texas cows that had cost Mr. Campbell eighteen dollars
a head including calves at foot, got away from the common herd
and joined the good grade herd some ten miles away where Here-
ford bulls were being used. The next year (1882) these six cows
produced one heifer and five bull calves.

25. Miller, op. cit. f pp. 437, 438.

17-3363

258 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The bull calves were steered and from the six the heifer and
three steers were selected to feed for exhibition at the fairs the fol-
lowing season. One of the steers was killed when about a year old.
The heifer and two remaining steers were named Texas Jane, Texas
Bill and Texas Jack. These three Hereford-South Texas yearlings
and three of the same breeding but a year younger constituted
Mr. Campbell's "demonstration" exhibit at the Fat-Stock Show at
Kansas City in 1883. One writer stated that there were more
"Cattle Kings" of the West present at this show than at any other
time or place, and that Mr. Campbell's ''demonstration" exhibit
made a profound impression upon them. Another writer stated
with great emphasis that this exhibit really sold Hereford cattle to
range men. The Breeder's Gazette of November 15, 1883, comment-
ing on this exhibit stated that

W. E. Campbell's exhibit of calves, the get of Hereford bulls, out of Texas
cows, was one of the most interesting sights of the show. The remarkable
animal known as Texas Jane is, to all appearances, a model Hereford heifer,
finely marked; a slight show of black on one of her hind legs being the only
apparent trace of alien blood. Mr. Van Natta has taken one of the best
heifers to Indiana, we believe, for the purpose of trying the effect of another
Hereford cross.

This "demonstration" exhibit won the $100 special prize offered by
F. W. Smith for the best six half-blood Hereford and Texas steers
or heifers bred on the range by the exhibitor and not to exceed
eighteen months of age. It also won the $200 special prize offered
by Underwood, Clark and Company for the most valuable display
of stock in the show.

The Kansas City (Mo.) Live-Stock Indicator of November 15,
1883, states that Mr. Campbell showed 90 head of cattle at this
first Kansas City Fat-Stock Show. His winnings other than those
already mentioned included second on carload (15 head) of three-
year-old range cattle (Shorthorn) ; first and second on carload (18
head) of two-year-old range cattle (Herefords) ; first and second
on carload (20 head) of yearling cattle (Herefords) ; special pre-
mium for the best grass-fed steer or cow, and second on thorough-
bred yearling steer.

At the close of this show Mr. Campbell sold to A. A. Crane &
Son of Osco, 111., the Hereford bull calf, Jumbo, by the Equinox
2758, that had won first at the state fair two months previously.
The price was $500 and a report of this sale stated that he was
seven months old and weighed 770 pounds. 26 Texas Jane weighed

2G. Kansas Farmer, Topeka, November 14, 1883; Kansas City (Mo.) Live-Stock Indica-
tor, November 15, 1883.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 259

1,260 pounds and after the Chicago Fat-Stock Show was sold for
$150 to Crane & Son, who kept her on exhibition at the Kansas
City stock yards for the next three years. 27

One of the two Hereford-Texas cross steers mentioned above
Texas Bill weighed 1,682 pounds as a two-year-old in 1884 and
was sold on a special order at eight cents a pound to be served on
the banquet table during the ice carnival of the Twin Cities, Min-
neapolis and St. Paul. 28 The other of these two steers, Texas Jack,
was carried over until 1885 and shown in the carcass contest of the
Kansas City Fat-Stock Show of that year. He weighed 1,720
pounds and won first in the class for three-year-old steers in com-
petition with a group of phenomenal steers that had been winners
on foot at several shows. A large percentage were Shorthorns and
most of them came from Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. One
came from Scotland. 29

The demand for Campbell Herefords became so great that he
did not deem it necessary to show breeding cattle after 1883, and
his only appearance in the show ring after that date was when he
featured Texas Jack in the carcass contest sponsored by the Kansas
City Fat-Stock Show of 1885.

Several articles implying that Shorthorn cattle were superior to
all other breeds appeared in The Breeder's Gazette in 1883 and
1884. These articles were written by George W. Rust, a member
of the Gazette staff and an ardent Shorthorn admirer. Rust's claims
made for the Shorthorns did not seem to Mr. Campbell to be justi-
fied, and Campbell's comments, published in the September 4, 1884,
issue of the Gazette, end with this prophetic statement: "The Here-
ford bull is 'king of the range,' and Mr. Rust will live to hear him
bellow triumphantly over every grazing region from the snow-
capped peaks of Mexico on the south to the British Possessions on
the north."

This led to a debate over the relative merits of Shorthorns and
Herefords in the columns of the Gazette by Mr. Rust, the theorist,
and Mr. Campbell, the man of experience. Mr. Rust's next letter
appeared on October 2, and was answered by Mr. Campbell on
October 23. Again on November 6 Mr. Rust defended the Short-
horns and in the issue of November 20 Mr. Campbell tells more of
his experiences with the two breeds. .

27. Kiowa Review, February 23, 1898. The sale price was reported at $100 in the Cald-
well Journal, December 13, 1883, and the Kansas City Live-Stock Indicator, December 6,
1883.

28. Kiowa Review, February 23, 1898.

29. Ibid. ; Kansas City Live-Stock Indicator, November 12, 1885.

260 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

By this time Mr. Campbell had left Mr. Rust little or no ground
upon which to stand in this debate, and in his article which ap-
peared in the December 4 issue, Mr. Rust resorted to an attempt
to belittle Mr. Campbell's style of writing and experience as a
cattleman. Mr. Campbell's reply appeared on December 18. He
summarized from the beginning his experiences with both Short-
horns and Herefords as range cattle; gave concise reasons for his
conclusions and convictions; and ended with these words:

Mr. Rust . . . evades the principal question at issue, and . . .
pitches into me personally, and virtualty says my literary attainments are
inferior to his, . . . which is certainly very strong argument in favor of
Short-horns as range cattle. ... He is not even satisfied with this, but
accuses me of studying the cattle business by lamp light. A grave charge
indeed, but nevertheless true. I confess even more. I have studied it by the
glimmering light of tallow candles in lonely and isolated dugouts far beyond
the reach of civilization; by silvery starlight while making my tedious nightly
rounds guarding slumbering herds, when the country was infested by hostile
savages; by brilliant sunlight, when my herds were slowly wending their way
northward through the burning sands of a southern clime.

Yes, I have studied the cattle business by the light of as fierce and vivid,
death-dealing lightning as ever flashed from an angry sky, and at a time too,
when comrades were laid low in death by the fury of the storm. When the
artillery of heaven made the very earth tremble by the force of her cannon-
ading and peals of thunder, that scattered my herds in the wildest and most
terrific stampedes. Yes, my lessons in the cattle business were all learned in
the stern school of experience, and of course can not be compared with Mr.
Rust's theories or "book larnen."

The final article by Mr. Rust appeared in the issue of January 1,
1885, and Mr. Campbell's last argument was published on Janu-
ary 22. Thus ended the Rust-Campbell debate which consisted of
five articles by each that appeared in The Breeder's Gazette from
August, 1884, to January, 1885.

Mr. Campbell's experience with Hereford cattle resulted in his
becoming an ardent crusader for this breed as an improver of range
cattle. As has been indicated, he conducted his crusade on the
range, in the feed lot, in the show ring, and in the press. He,
probably more than any other one individual, is responsible for
the present popularity of Hereford cattle on the ranges of America.

Mr. Campbell loved horses, handled them with consummate skill,
and made a notable contribution to the improvement of the horses,
as well as the cattle, of his day. About 1880 he decided to attempt
the production of better cow horses than were then generally avail-
able. His first move was to purchase several hundred Indian
ponies, from which 50 of the best mares were selected for use as a

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 261

basis in this improvement program. His next move was a trip to
Kentucky where he purchased the Thoroughbred stallion Legal
Tender to mate with these mares.

Some high class cow horses were secured from this mating but
most of them were a bit too high-strung to meet Mr. Campbell's
exacting standard for a good cow-horse. Some of the latter devel-
oped into very fast short distance running horses ; others into horses
that possessed great endurance coupled with considerable speed,
and still others proved later to have been an excellent foundation
for the production of good driving horses when mated with Stand-
ard-bred stallions.

In those days buggies, carriages, buck-boards and spring wagons
provided the major means of human transportation locally and to a
considerable extent over some distance. Experience had proved
that the Standard-bred (trotter or pacer) was the best adapted of
all breeds for driving purposes. It was also being used to a con-
siderable extent for farm and other work. The demand for this
breed for utility purposes was greater than the supply. Further-
more, there was a strong demand for fancy driving horses, and
many men of wealth had turned to harness horse racing as a sport
and were willing to pay very high prices for racing prospects as
well as for horses of proved racing ability.

This opportunity for profit and pleasure greatly appealed to Mr.
Campbell, and in the middle 1880's he decided to engage in the
production of high class driving horses. The plan he had in mind
called for the purchase of registered Standard-bred sires of the
best quality and breeding obtainable and a select group of well bred
registered Standard-bred mares. These mares and the Indian pony-
Thoroughbred cross mares on hand were to serve as the foundation
upon which a large scale breeding program would be built. This
program got underway in 1887 when he went to Kentucky and
purchased three young stallions and several young mares. The
stallions were Alcolyte 7849, a yearling by Onward 1411 for which
he paid $1,500; Lorenzo 7844, a three-year-old by Onward; and
Redmore 8243, a yearling by Red Wilkes by George Wilkes. Three
of the fillies Symbol, Lady Onward, and Gaity were also by On-
ward. 30 The filly, Symbol, later became famous as the dam of the
sensational Symboleer 19869 that made a world's two-year-old
pacing race record of 2:11 in 1894.

Mr. Campbell's next problem was the selection of a sire to which

30. Kiowa Herald, December 29, 1887.

262 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

daughters and granddaughters of Onward could be bred. After
giving the situation thoughtful consideration he decided to secure
a son of Electioneer 125 owned by Leland Stanford of Palo Alto,
Cal., so in the late summer of 1888 he went to California and finally
was able to purchase a two-year-old son of Electioneer which was
later registered as Campbell's Electioneer 11671. This colt cost
$9,500. 31

Mr. Campbell put Campbell's Electioneer into training soon
after his arrival at Kiowa in September, 1888, and in less than 60
days he lowered the then existing Kansas 2-year-old record 21 sec-
onds by trotting a mile in 2:34 over a poor track and in the rain.
He won every heat in which he started as a two-year-old. 32

In 1889 as a three-year-old Campbell's Electioneer was cam-
paigned from Kansas to Kentucky after a light breeding season
and won every race in which he started except one. This race,
trotted at Lexington, Ky., October 14, 1889, was won by Nancy
Hanks who later became the world's champion trotter. Campbell's
Electioneer ended his three-year-old campaign with a record of
2:22%. 33 In 1890 as a four-year-old he made a heavy stud season
at Kansas City at a service fee of $200. A bad case of distemper
following the breeding season made a racing campaign impossible
that year. In 1891 as a five-year-old he again made a heavy stud
season at Kansas City standing at $200 and earned $11,000 in serv-
ice fees. At the end of the breeding season he was put into training
and made another extensive and successful racing campaign. On
September 18 he lowered his record to 2:22%, on September 23, to
2:19 34 and on October 28 to 2:17%. 35

The breeding and speed shown by Campbell's Electioneer as a
three-year-old' attracted wide-spread attention and resulted in
many offers for him, including one of $33,000 from an Austrian
syndicate. All were declined, but in 1892 Mr. Campbell sold
Campbell's Electioneer at public auction in Lexington, Ky. The
depression of the 1890's was already being felt and he brought
only $15,100. 36

Symboleer 19869 foaled in 1892 was the best of the many good
Standard-bred horses bred by Mr. Campbell, and the fastest horse

31. Kiowa Journal, August 16, 1888. The Journal of September 6, 1888, quoting the
Wichita Eagle, reported the purchase price as $12,000.

32. A comment in The Breeder's Gazette, v. 14 (November 7, 1888), p. 476, said that
Campbell's Electioneer was the fastest two-year-old stallion in America except one; Kiowa
Herald, November 15, 1888.

33. Ibid., November 14, 1889.

34. Kiowa Journal, October 1, 1891.

35. Ibid., November 12, 1891.

36. The Breeder's Gazette, v. 21 (March 23, 1892), p. 232.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 263

sired by Campbell's Electioneer. Carmine by Symboleer, a gelding
foaled in 1896, was the fastest horse bred by Mr. Campbell. Car-
mine made a race record of 2:07*4 at Columbus, Ohio, July 31,
1901. 37

On November 3, 1894, Symboleer made a new world's pacing race
record for two-year-olds of 2:11 at Dallas, Tex. 38 This sensational
performance was considered of sufficient importance as a news item
to find its way into the daily press throughout the country. An
enthusiastic homecoming reception was tendered this remarkable
colt upon his return to Kiowa. 39

Mr. Campbell sold Symboleer at public auction in New York in
1895 for $1,310. He also sold Symboleer's dam, Symbol, for $1,500
in the same auction. Symboleer lowered his race record to 2:09%
at Readville, Mass., September 5, 1898. Although he did not reach
the heights as a race horse that his two-year-old form promised,
it has been established that this failure was not the fault of Sym-
boleer. He did prove to be one of the three greatest Standard-bred
sires ever produced in Kansas and he climbed to these heights the
hard way, having been mated with very few high class Standard-
bred mares, until the last years of his life.

When Campbell's Electioneer passed to another owner in 1892,
Alcolyte 7849 by Onward, purchased in Kentucky as a yearling and
then six years of age, was promoted to the position of head sire. He
proved to be a very successful sire, perhaps a greater sire than
Campbell's Electioneer. There was, however, this difference in the
get of these two stallions. The get of Alcolyte did not develop as
much speed at an early age as did the get of Campbell's Election-
eer; however, statistics show that the final records of all the stand-
ard performers sired by Alcolyte average five seconds faster than
the final records of all the standard performers sired by Campbell's
Electioneer.

A worthy contemporary of Campbell's Electioneer and Alcolyte
at the Campbell ranch was Breastplate 11392, foaled in 1884, and
purchased from L. U. Shippel of Stockton, Cal., in 1888 at the time
Campbell's Electioneer was purchased.

Alcolyte was followed as head herd sire by the splendidly bred
Huro 37351 foaled in 1898. He in turn was followed by Marvin
Bell 36229 foaled in 1900, a grandson of Electioneer out of a grand-
daughter of George Wilkes.

37. The Horse Review, Chicago, August 6, 1901, pp. 861, 862.

38. Kiowa Review, November 7, December 12, 1894.

39. Ibid., December 12, 1894.

264 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

W. E. Campbell bred many fast and courageous race horses, a
large portion of which were sold as prospects and made their rec-
ords for their new owners. The success of Campbell-bred race
horses proved to be excellent advertising for all Campbell-bred
horses and helped materially to secure good prices for the horses
sold at home as well as those sold annually at auction in St. Louis,
Chicago, or New York. One shipment to New York averaged $720
a head. Mules were also produced on the Campbell ranch in con-
siderable numbers and usually found a ready market at profitable
prices.

When the Campbell horse-breeding activities reached their peak
the horse inventory showed some 400 mares, eight Standard-bred
stallions, one Thoroughbred stallion, two draft stallions and three
jacks in service. This was the most extensive horse-breeding es-
tablishment in Kansas devoted to the production of well bred
horses.

When portions of Oklahoma were opened for settlement in 1889
and in 1893, W. E. Campbell outfitted groups of friends and rela-
tives and acted as their guide in making both runs for claims.
These groups had a better chance for success than most other par-
ticipants because Mr. Campbell owned the best horses in that sec-
tion of the country and was thoroughly familiar with both areas.
All members of both groups secured good claims those making the
run in 1889 on land over which Mr. Campbell ranched in the early
1870's.

A considerable portion of the Kiowa ranch was devoted to crop
production, and while the acreage and activities of this ranch were
at their peak 33,000 bushels of wheat and 15,000 bushels of oats
besides a considerable amount of corn were produced in a single
year.

When Mr. Campbell started ranching in the Indian territory it
was the rendezvous of outlaws from every section of the United
States. Many lived by rustling cattle and horses, robbing individ-
uals, banks and trains, and gambling. A goodly number were
ruthless cold-blooded killers. Someone has said that "These out-
laws were even more savage than the red man in their dealings
with ranchmen and other white persons." Mr. Campbell had his
share of experiences with outlaws, but only a couple will be related.

On one occasion he found, upon arrival at his Indian territory
ranch with a trail herd from Texas, that outlaws had stolen all the
horses at the ranch. He immediately started on the trail of the

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 265

thieves and followed them into Mexico where their trail was lost
and he had to return empty handed. He, however, had the satis-
faction of knowing that he had done his best to meet the require-
ments of the unwritten law of the range in dealing with such cases.

A few years later he had an experience in dealing with outlaws
that has been reported in several books and other publications
under the title of "The Jim Talbot Raid" at Caldwell. Jim Talbot,
an outlaw who had formerly operated in western Texas and eastern
New Mexico, drifted into Caldwell in the fall of 1881. On the
morning of December 17 of that year he and his pals started "shoot-
ing up" the town. Apparently the motive behind this action was
to get Mike Meagher, a former chief of police at Wichita, into the
fight and kill him. When the shooting started, the city marshal
of Caldwell called upon Meagher for help and the latter was soon
in the thick of the fight. Talbot outmaneuvered Meagher, got the
drop on him and killed him. The outlaws then hurriedly left town
and upon reaching "Bovine Park" the Campbell headquarters a
short distance from Caldwell they rode into the yard and at the
point of a Winchester commandeered a saddle horse from a group
of men who were digging a well near the Campbell house. Mr.
Campbell saw the incident from a window of his home, but was
persuaded by Mrs. Campbell not to become involved. When the
outlaws left, Mr. Campbell, well-armed, started for Caldwell to
mail some letters and papers. On the way he met a posse starting
on the trail of the outlaws. He joined the posse and apparently by
common consent became its leader.

The many stories of the Talbot raid written in recent years all
differ considerably as to details. T. W. Walton, editor of the
Caldwell Post at that time, who had been threatened with death by
Jim Talbot the previous evening, was a member of the posse that
pursued the outlaws and engaged them in a running fight for sev-
eral miles. It is quite probable that the story he wrote and pub-
lished in his paper five days later December 22, 1881 is more
nearly accurate than any other that has been printed or relayed to
the present time by word of mouth. Excerpts that relate to Mr.
Campbell's part in the pursuit and fight follow:

The outlaws headed for Deutcher Bros.' horse ranch on Deer creek [and]
. . . passed on to the bluff and creek about six hundred feet south of the
ranch [headquarters], dismounted and took to the brush and rocks, firing
all the time at the citizens. The citizens finally drove them over the bluff
and into a canyon, where there had been a stone dugout. Into this three of
the outlaws went, threw up breast-works of stone, got behind them and would

266 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

bang away at any one who showed an inch of his person to their view.

The citizens surrounded the gulch and kept up a constant firing at the
fort, but without effect. One of the outlaws took refuge up in a small gulch
leading to the west, and was not seen until he fired at W. E. Campbell, who
was sliding down the hill on his face to get a commanding point above the
fort. The outlaw's ball took effect in Campbell's wrist. . . . Had the
fourth man been anywhere else in the gulch the citizens could have taken
them in; but his position covered every point that the others were exposed
from. . . . Thirty minutes more daylight would have told the tale for the
outlaws; or had Campbell escaped the fire of the villain that shot him, he
could have killed the other three in as many minutes, as his position com-
manded the fort in every corner.

The outlaws escaped in the dark and Mr. Campbell was taken
to his home. The shot in the wrist proved to be quite serious and
he nearly died from loss of blood. Mr. Campbell also received
two other less serious wounds.

In the same issue of the Caldwell Post December 22, 1881 the
editor commented that:

W. E. Campbell is doing splendidly under the care of Dr. Noble, and will
in a few days be able to be up and around. Campbell showed himself to be
up to the business of hunting outlaws while on that chase, and at the round
up his brand would have appeared on three persons ... if they had not
shot him just when they did. Twenty-seven [bullet] holes appeared in his
clothing. . . .

A post card written by Mrs. Campbell to Mr. Campbell's mother
under date of December 21, 1881, states:

I find by examining his clothes closely there are 27 bullet holes instead of
16. We had no idea there were so many at first. . . . This is a card that
was in his right vest pocket enclosed in a small day book. You can see
where the bullet passed through the end. There were quite a bunch of cards
in the book. The bullet passed through the book then through a large roll
of newspapers he had roped to mail. I have no doubt this saved his life.

This book and bullet are treasured reminders of other days, now in
the possession of a son.

Ridings, discussing "The Talbot raid" in his book, The Chisholm
Trail, identifies the Campbell involved as "Barbeque" Campbell, the
name under which B. H. Campbell, another prominent cattleman
of that area, was known. He was locally known as "Barbeque"
Campbell because of the brand his cattle carried which was BQ
(bar B-Q). 40 W. E. Campbell, as Editor Walton indicates, was the
Campbell involved.

Indians frequently went on the warpath, dealing death and de-
struction until quelled by the army. At other times groups of

40. Sam P. Ridings, The Chisholm Trail (Guthrie, Okla., 1936), pp. 478, 479.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 267

renegade Indians plundered and killed wantonly, and always In-
dians were attempting to exact tribute from ranchmen as well as
trail drivers of beef or money or both. An incident typifying this
constant hazard was reported in the Medicine Lodge Cresset, De-
cember 22, 1881. It reads:

The report reaches us that Big Horse's band of Cheyennes rounded up a
couple of Billie Quinlin's men a short time ago and made them give up their
six-shooters while they (the Indians) helped themselves to a beef. As Big
Horse has about sixty young warriors with him, he has his own way in these
matters to a considerable extent.

The Breeder's Gazette of November 8, 1883, quoting the Medi-
cine Lodge Cresset, states even at that late date that "We under-
stand that the Indians are giving some trouble to parties holding
cattle in the Oklahoma country, and a short time since undertook
to burn the range. The heavy rains balked their plans at that
time, but it is feared they may cause trouble in the future." The
possibility of Indians carrying out their vengeful practice of start-
ing prairie fires was a most serious hazard because grass was the
only winter feed available, and if one's winter range was destroyed
he had to move or liquidate.

The Campbells had their share of trouble with Indians, but only
a few of their many unpleasant experiences which have been pre-
served in the memory of members of the Campbell family can be
included in the brief sketch.

In 1874 while Mr. Campbell was following the horse thieves men-
tioned above, word reached the Campbell headquarters in the In-
dian territory that a group of Indians had gone on the warpath and
would probably pass through the Campbell range. Mrs. Campbell's
brother, John Duncan, foreman on the Campbell ranch, hastily im-
provised a two-wheeled cart by inserting a wagon tongue into the
rear portion of the running gears of a wagon upon which he built
a box large enough to accommodate Mrs. Campbell with a babe in
arms, a two-year-old son, and Mr. Duncan. Since all the horses
had been stolen, oxen were hitched to the cart and .the trip to
Wichita was begun. Fortunately they reached their destination in
safety.

On another occasion five young bucks demanded a beef of Mr.
Campbell. He pointed to one they could have, but they were not
satisfied. They wanted the best. An altercation ensued and the
Indians retreated without a beef, but not without hope of revenge.
A few days later they found Mr. Campbell alone on the range and
sought to get even. Mr. Campbell dropped from his horse into a

268 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

buffalo wallow with his Winchester and signaled them to stop. This
they did but began maneuvering to surround him. However, when
one would leave the others Mr. Campbell would motion him back,
and if the Indian did not respond promptly the Winchester would
come to the shoulder ready for action. After several attempts to
surround him failed they rode away, and the incident was closed.

At another time, after a long day hunting horses that had strayed
away, Mr. Campbell and John Duncan were attacked by a band
of 23 Indians. They were first seen some distance to the rear fol-
lowing at full speed. The white men knew their horses were too
tired from the long day's ride to enable them to escape by flight,
so they figured their only chance was to out-maneuver and confuse
the Indians and hope for a lucky break. The white men turned in
their saddles and waved with their hats to the Indians to come on
and continued at a slow trot. Two young bucks rode much faster
horses than the others and soon were well ahead of the main group.
At the opportune time Mr. Campbell and Mr. Duncan reversed
their course, spurred their horses to full speed up the slope, and
with their Winchesters in action met the two leaders near the top
of a hill. These leaders were so surprised by this action they
wheeled their horses and ran into their companions that were fol-
lowing. This threw all the Indians into confusion and allowed the
white men to leave the trail and pass down a draw at right angles.
This draw led to a creek running parallel to the trail. The white
men followed the creek under cover of a high bank on the trail
side, going in the direction from which the Indians came. They es-
caped detection and reached some small timber on higher ground
from which they could see the Indians in the valley below searching
for them in all directions. The white men made good their escape
but did not reach camp until the next day.

Not long after the above experience a couple of Indians stopped
at the Campbell camp when Mrs. Campbell was alone and asked
for food. She fed them, but they became troublesome before leav-
ing. However, when Mrs. Campbell reached for the Winchester
they beat a hasty retreat. This incident emphasizes the fact that
under conditions existing in those days women as well as men had
to be courageous and resourceful.

When Mr. Campbell first saw typical longhorn Texas cattle he
was greatly impressed with their lack of the type and quality neces-
sary for the production of good beef, and soon after he started
ranching it became one of his major ambitions to help improve

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 269

these cattle. He appreciated their ability to survive hardships and
to travel far, but he also realized that sooner or later conditions
would demand cattle of better quality. So he went East, purchased
several purebred Shorthorn bulls, and turned them loose on his
range. This experiment proved to be disastrous in one important
respect all of these bulls succumbed to Texas fever but not until
they had sired a crop of calves. This cross made a most favorable
impression upon ranchmen who saw them, and after selecting the
best bull calves from this crop for his own use he sold the remainder
to Drumm and Snyder, large cattle operators in the Cherokee Strip,
for $50 a head at weaning time. This was when Longhorn cows
with calf at side sired by Longhorn bulls were selling at $20 a head.
This experience convinced Mr. Campbell of two things in partic-
ular: The possibility of greatly improving longhorn cattle, and the
need of eradicating Texas fever from the herds of the West. From
that day on he did yeoman service in both causes.

Trail herds were usually infested with Texas fever ticks the
carriers of the Texas fever germ and the utmost in precautions had
to be exercised to keep tick-infested cattle off the ranges of native
cattle, which were highly susceptible to this disease. Protecting his
improved cattle from ticks proved to be one of Mr. Campbell's
most difficult problems. On more than one occasion tick-infested
cattle got onto his range despite constant vigilance on his part and
caused death losses amounting to thousands of dollars. On at least
one occasion tick-infested cattle, en route to Dodge City across Mr.
Campbell's range, then carrying mostly improved cattle highly sus-
ceptible to Texas fever, were stopped despite threats and attempted
intimidation. This incident happened soon after he had concen-
trated most of his ranching activities in the vicinity of Kiowa.

Mr. Campbell learned about this herd and the plan to pass
through his range while in Caldwell. He immediately started west
on horseback and overtook the herd some ten miles east of his
range. He told the men in charge about the deaths it would cause
in his native cattle and tried to reason with them, but the sum
total of the results of his efforts was a statement that the owners
"would go through if they had to wade blood up to their chins."
Mr. Campbell hurried on, reaching his headquarters on Little Sand
creek at dusk. He immediately sent for C. W. Clifford, a neigh-
boring ranchman. After a conference they sent all riders from both
ranches to neighboring ranchmen with the news of the approaching
herd and the request that they and their ranch hands meet in

270 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

front of the herd at sunrise. Mr. Campbell and Mr. Clifford met
the herd at daybreak and were received with abuse and threats,
but, as the light grew stronger, riders were seen coming from the
distant hills and ridges. The herdsmen continued obstinate and
abusive but by sunrise there were so many determined ranchmen,
cowboys, and "forty-fours" blocking their path they left the bed
ground in reverse and later shipped their cattle from Caldwell by
train. That was the last "ticky" herd to attempt a drive through
that section of the range country.

It seems fitting to present in this sketch more about the part Mr.
Campbell played in the founding of the present town of Kiowa. In
1884 he purchased a stretch of the so-called "three-mile-strip" ex-
tending eastward some 15 miles from what is now the west bound-
ary of Kiowa. Soon thereafter he heard rumors to the effect that
plans were on foot to build a railroad through the town of "Old"
Kiowa which was located approximately five miles northwest of
his ranch. He went up to "Old" Kiowa, spent the night there and
learned a great deal about the plans to bring in a railroad. The
next morning he saddled his horse, rode to Harper, and boarded a
train for Topeka. Here he saw the right people and made a deal
for the Southern Kansas railroad to pass through a town to be lo-
cated on the west end of his ranch. 41 The information he had
gained while working for the Union Pacific some years previously
relative to the methods employed by railroads in selecting routes
and in dealing with townsite companies aided greatly in handling
this deal. Upon his return from Topeka several substantial citizens
of that area met with him at Harper, August 2, 1884, and organ-
ized the Kiowa Town Company. The directors elected were An-
drew Drumm, A. W. Rumsey, F. H. Shelley, 0. P. T. Ewell, and
W. E. Campbell. The incorporation papers for the town of New
Kiowa were filed with the secretary of state on August 4, 1884. 42

The Kiowa Town Company purchased approximately 5,000 acres
off the west end of Mr. Campbell's portion of the "Three-Mile-
Strip" at $8 per acre and located the town at the extreme west
edge of this purchase, but Mr. Campbell retained 320 acres approxi-
mately one mile from town for a new home and headquarters.

The men behind this project were capable, fast workers and
within a year had developed an active thriving frontier town of
1,000 inhabitants. The first train came in over the new track on

41. Wichita Eagle, October 6, 1907.

42. Kiowa Herald, August 14, 1884 ; "Corporations (official charter copybooks from the
office of the secretary of state, in archives division of Kansas State Historical Society)," v. 17,
pp. 507-509.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 271

August 6, 1885, and the first trainload of cattle was shipped from
Kiowa on August 9. 43

The town company felt the need of a newspaper to promote the
new town. A brilliant young man had recently started a newspaper
at "Old" Kiowa. Mr. Campbell visited the new editor and pub-
lisher and finally persuaded him to move his equipment to "New"
Kiowa. The deciding inducement was a nice townsite advertising
contract and about 300 subscriptions. 44 This young man was Den-
nis T. Flynn, editor of the Kiowa Herald, who later became a po-
litical leader in Oklahoma and served as delegate in congress from
the territory of Oklahoma for most of the period from 1893 to 1903.
Mr. Campbell and Mr. Flynn remained lifelong friends. Mr.
Campbell's only venture in politics was stumping Oklahoma for
Flynn in one of his campaigns for congress.

A few years later Mr. Campbell had a hand in bringing another
newspaper man to Kiowa a man who later became one of the
well-known newsmen of Kansas David D. Leahy. In an article
written in 1935 Mr. Leahy said, "Forty-eight years ago at the so-
licitation of two old . . . friends W. E. Campbell and James
W. Dobson I went to Kiowa to edit The Herald." 45 This inci-
dent occurred in 1887. Mr. Campbell and Mr. Leahy had become
close friends while the Campbell headquarters was located only a
short distance out of Caldwell (1879-1886) and these two men also
remained close lifelong friends.

Mr. Campbell's formal education was limited to that offered by
a pioneer Iowa country school, but he became a well-educated man
a self-educated person. He wrote well and was a frequent con-
tributor to the leading agricultural publications of his day. He
was a forceful and convincing speaker, and his name appeared on
the programs of many early-day livestock meetings and conven-
tions throughout the Southwest.

Mr. Campbell was plain-spoken and aggressive, but at heart he
was generous, kind and sympathetic. He could not tolerate in-
competence or dishonesty, and abhorred liquor and gambling,
neither of which was ever permitted on any of his properties. He
was a leader in the betterment of economic and social conditions
of the communities in which he lived.

The many local improvements and developments in which he
participated include: Petitioning for the incorporation of Wichita

43. Kiowa Herald, August 6, 13, 1885.

44. Wichita Eagle, October 6, 1907.

45. Kiowa News-Review, April 8, 1935.

272 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

as a town; the organization of the New Kiowa Town Company
and the founding of the town of Kiowa ; establishing the first bank,
the first newspaper, the first school (private), the first hotel and
the cemetery at Kiowa, and bringing both railroads to that town.
He also built the first brick store building and opera house in
Kiowa.

W. E. Campbell married Emily Duncan of Wichita, January 21,
1871. They reared six children: Wilbur Denton Campbell, Robert
Boyers Campbell, Charles Duncan Campbell, Roy Hamilton Camp-
bell, Frank Lee Campbell and Gladys E. Campbell. All are living
at this time 1947 and all are useful and highly respected citizens
of the communities in which they reside.

Through the years one finds many published statements attest-
ing the fine character and ability of W. E. Campbell. A few, pub-
lished at rather wide intervals of time, follow. In 1888 the Medi-
cine Lodge Cresset carried an exchange item which read:

Mr. Campbell is a born stockman and clearly one of the most honorable,
painstaking and successful breeders in the country. He ... came to
southern Kansas in '68 without a dollar. He came before a furrow was turned
south of the Arkansas river, and with many another brave, self-helpful boy,
contested with the red-handed savages for the mastery of this beautiful re-
gion. His trusty Winchester, steady nerve and ready tact have more than
once been called into service for the protection of his home, his friends and
herds, from the scarcely less savage white marauders of the early day. He
has seen the dissipation of countless herds of buffalo; turned the green eward
on many a virgin prairie; shared in the trials and triumphs of pioneer life,
never forgetting his own fight with poverty, he has been from first to last the
friend of the poor. 46

In 1898 T. L. Miller stated in his History of Hereford Cattle
that, "Few men have had the long and varied experience of Mr.
Campbell, and at this writing he is still ranching and breeding
Herefords in the vicinity of his early range experience. . . .
He was and is a master of the range business." 47

In 1935 David D. Leahy in a story in the Wichita Eagle referred
to Mr. Campbell as ". . . my old friend W. E. Campbell,
... a brave and enterprising citizen," 48 and the same year in
a story published in the 50th anniversary edition of the Kiowa
News-Review, Mr. Leahy headed a list of Kiowa citizens noted for
their solidarity with the name of W. E. Campbell. 49

Early in October, 1907, Mr. Campbell spent a few days in Wich-

46. April 5, 1888, in the Medicine Lodge Cresset ; reprinted in the Kiowa Herald, June 14.

47. Miller, op. cit., p. 524.

48. Wichita Sunday Eagle, April 14, 1935.

49. Kiowa News-Review, April 8, 1935.

PIONEER KANSAS LIVESTOCKMAN 273

ita with Mrs. Campbell who was ill in a hospital. The editor of
the Wichita Eagle, learning of his presence in the city which he
helped to incorporate nearly 40 years previously, sent a member of
the Eagle staff to interview him. The result of this interview was
an interesting resume of the high lights of Mr. Campbell's eventful
life, and it seems fitting to close this sketch with a few lines from
that story:

William E. Campbell has left deep footprints in Kansas. . . . Mr.
Campbell was a town builder, a country builder, ... a public spirited
man, a public benefactor, a fighter and always a good citizen. ... He
improved the horses and cattle and the grains and grasses and the fruit and
vegetables of his country. He ... was never afraid of risking either his
life or his right for progress or upbuilding. 50

50. Wichita Eagle, October 6, 1907.

18-3363

William Clark's Diary

MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831
PART THREE, 1829

Edited by LOUISE BARRY
\ LOUIS, January, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State . . W

Date

, 1829

SAM

Weather

January

"1st.

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Sunday

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Sunday

S.E.

Rainy

Clear

S.W.

Clear

N.W

Clear

Sunday

Clear

Cloudy.

Cloudy

Sunday

Snow

S.W

Clear

Cloudy

SW.

Points Thermom State
of at of

4PM Weather

N
W
W

NE
S

N.
N
NW

NE.
E
W
W

N.
N

W.
W.
W
W.
W.

N.W

N.W.

S.W.

Points

of
Wind

Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear

Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear

Cloudy.

Rain

Clear

Clear.
Clear.

Clear

Cloudy.

Cloudy

Snow

Clear Ice Ice Ice

Clear Soft Ice

Cloudy Thin Ice running.

Stage or Height of River
River very low.

River lower than ever before
River very low.

Some ice in the river
Ice running plenty.

River clear of Ice.

Some Ice running.

River clear of Ice.
No Ice running.
River clear of Ice.

LOOTSB BARKY is in charge of the Manuscripts division of the Kansas State Historical
Society.

(274)

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 275

REMARKS

1 New Years day. Fine Morning Summer heat, fine Eveng.
Clear fine weather. Lottery draws to day an apprentice Boy
of the City drew the highest Prize $5,500 never to be got in
my opinion. 207 Post Meridian News Room opened to day. 208

2 Fine morning tho' cloudy, turning cool No arrival, or de-
parture

3 Pleasant Clear morning cool. Arrived Steamer Cleopatra 8
days from Louisville Capt Hill reports the River, nearly dried
up below

4 Pleasant morning Little cooll in the Eveng Steamer Cleo-
patra for Louisville she Cant get out

5 Delightful morng. P. M. like spring, warm Eve. No arrival
or departures

6 Beautiful & charming morng. P. M. Summer heat. No arrival
or departures Fine weather.

7 Some rain fell last night, which cool'd the air suddenly. To
day a considerable change. Steamer Missouri (Lately Re-
paired) departed for New Orleans. 209 Rainy weather and very
unpleasant

8 Cool morning. Freezing. Evening cool.

9 Cold morning & continues so during the day

10 Cold morning. Continues very cold during the day

11 Cold <fe cloudy morning, continues very cold

12 Cool morning & cloudy pleasant evening.

13 Turns warmer with some rain cloudy evening.

14 Sudden change from cold to warm day

15 Fine warm morning & delightful weather.

16 Sudden change again turning cooler with north wind. This
day Capt. G. H. Kennerly departs for Washington in company

207. Lotteries were not illegal in the United States at this time, and were advertised
quite often in the newspapers. This particular scheme was "managed" by John and Mark
Anthony and designated by them as "for the benefit of internal improvements." The capital
prize was a house and lot, in Cincinnati, valued at $5,500, according to their advertisement.
Missouri Republican, St. Louis, December 30, 1828. The names of the winners of the several
prizes were not announced in the newspapers, and whether the "apprentice Boy" got his house
and lot is not known.

Not all the Missouri information in this series of footnotes could be covered in the collec-
tions of the Kansas State Historical Society, and the editor is indebted to Mrs. Brenda R.
Gieseker, librarian of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, for this report on the lottery
and several other items.

208. The "Post Meridian News Room" was opened by H. P. Bradbury. He advertised
in the Missouri Republican of January 6, 1829, that "a few of the periodicals selected for it
are already received and on file." The subscribers were notified that the reading room would
be officially opened on January 12.

209. This is the first mention of the Missouri since her accident of August 29, 1828. See
Footnote 165.

276 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of Gnl. Smith 21 by the stage. No Steam Boat arrivals nor
none may be expected till Spring. weather moderate.

17 Fine Clear Morning, & clear, pleasant Evening.

18 Pleasant morning, remains so through the day.

19 Fine warm morning. P. M. quite pleasant.

20 Beautiful morning, clear & sun shining day.

21 Charming morning & clear, warm & pleasant eveng.

22 Beautiful morning & continues warm all day. Steam Boat
Muskingum arrives this evening, 30 days from Louisville & 20
from the mouth, owing to the lowness of the river. The Steam
Boat Illinois struck a snag on her way up on the 16th. just be-
low St. Genevieve and went down in 5 feet water & broke in 2
places. 211

23 Charming weather. Fine warm evening. Arrived Steamer Wm
Duncan from Louisville 20 days grounded 75 times.

24 Pleasant morning tho' cloudy, pleast evening Arrived Little
Steamer Victory 212 new 7 days from Louisville. Steamer
Muskingum departs to day for Louisville also the Wm Dun-
can to day.

25 Fine pleasant morning warm as Spring thro' day. New
Steamer Victory depts for Louisville

26 Cloudy and cold this day Little Steamer P. Boy arrives 15
days from N Orleans & passed Steamr Jubilee 12 miles above
the mouth fast aground.

27 Has much the appearance of Snow Str Plough Boy departs
for Louisville.

28 Commences to snow & continues during the day Snow falls
to day depth of 5% inches, very warm

29 Beautiful day, altho. the ground is covered with Snow about 4
inches

30 Pleast day. Snow melting fast.

31 Warm cloudy morning. Snow melting rapidly

210. Probably Gen. Thomas A. Smith of Franklin, Mo. He is mentioned in A. L. Lang-
ham's letter of May 1, 1829. Office of Indian affairs, "Registers of Letters Received," v. 2,
in the National Archives, Washington, D. C.

211. The Illinois had only been running one season. See Footnote 108.

212. The Victory, a 100-ton boat, was built at Pittsburgh, and apparently this was one
of her first runs. Hall, James, Notes on the Western States . . . (Philadelphia, 1838),
p. 262, lists her as completed in 1829.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

277

February, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom
Date at
1829 8 A.M.
February
1st. 40
Sunday
2 18

3
4

5
6

Eunday

State

of
Weather

Cloudy

Clear
Cold

Clear
Clear
Cloudy

Points

of
Wind

Thermom State

at of

4 P.M. Weather

Points

of
Wind

Cloudy

Clear

Cold

Clear

Cloudy

S.W.

NW.

Stage or Height of River
Rirer very low

Full of Tee
Ice thawing

Ice breaking up.
Ice running again.

Cloudy

N.W.

Clear

NW.

Clear

N.W.

Clear

NW.

Sunday

Clear

Cloudy

S.W.

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Sunday

Clear

Cloudy

Rain

Snow

Clear

Cloudy

Thick

Clear

N.E.

The River closed

Clear

NW.

River frozen Hard.

Cloudy

River still Frozen

Clear

ii ii ii

Clear

NW.

River Frozen still harder.

Clear

River still bound ice

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Clear
Cloudy
Rain
Snow

clear

N.W.

S.W.

W.
W
NW

River still frozen hard.
River still frozen

River still Frozen

River thawing by ram.
River broken in places

REMARKS

1 This day remains Cloudy & weather damp

2 To day & since last night, remarkably cold

3 and excessively cold weather ' -

4 Cool weather though pleasant. . . -

5 Turning warm & weather pleasant.

6 Fine pleasant weather warm evening

7 Warm morning & cloudy. Some rain falling. Keokuck 213 &
party 18 arrives.

213. Keokuk, a Sac leader, was born about 1780, on Rock river in Illinois. His mother
was part French. He gained recognition for his abilities and his oratorical skill. {See, also,
Footnote 154.) By supporting the U. S. government, he became chief, superseding the fa-
mous leader Black Hawk, following the latter's defeat in the Indian war of 1832. The Sacs
and Foxes removed to a tract on the Iowa river after the treaty of 1832. In 1845 Keokuk
moved again with his people to a reservation in present Kansas. His later days were spent in
dissipation. He died from poison given him by a member of his tribe in the spring of 1848.
Hodge, Frederick Webb, Handbook of American Indians (Washington, 1907), v. 1, pp. 673,
674; Fulton, A. R., The Red Men of Iowa (Des Moines, 1882), pp. 231-247; Dictionary of
American Biography (New York, 1933), v. 10, p. 350; The Gazette. St. Joseph, Mo., June
16, 1848.

278 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

8 Turning very cold, with Snow. Cold Sharp Evening.

9 Very Cold morning, with strong N. wind. Snow. Evening very
cold.

10 The River closed This morning at 8 o'clock. Very cold evening.

11 Cold morning. People crossing to day on the River.

12 Cold morning with some snow, cool evening. February sets
in warm: towards the 8th Snow falling Ice running thick in
the River; on the morning of the 10th it doses, llth & 12th
Froze hard & the people crossing It is the 1st occurrence of
the kind for 4 years.

13 Cold This morning, & still so thro' the day.

14 Very cold last night. Cold evening & freezing.

13 & 14 Still very cold, the river bearing the weight of Many
people & horses who are crossing

15 Fine morning out doors. Keeokuck & party depart. To day
Keokuck's party depart for home.

16 Cold morning sharp N. W. wind. Cold evening

17 River still frozen and horses & waggons, sleigh's &c crossing.
Cloudy

18 Cloudy & weather moderating little. Warm evening.

19 Cloudy morning with Snow. 4PM driving N wind & Snow.

20 Excessively Cold last night. Very Cold morning. Last night
Ball celebration 22nd

21 Weather moderating this morning, with S. wind.

22 Warm morning & pleast. turns cooler towards eveng.

23 Pleasant morning. Military Ball at Jeffn Bks.

24 Cloudy like Rain & Snow changing 214

25 Rain with some hale continues to Rain

26 Pleasant morning & warm, evening turns cloudy

27 Heavy Snow falls this day & night, depth 18 inchs in places.

28 Snowing last night, till 12 & very deep, much Sleighing. The
month ending warmly & the deep Snow now covering the
ground melting fast. March setting in Beautifully.

214. It is surprising that an event of national interest on this date the death of Col.
Auguste Chouteau is not recorded in the diary. Niles' Weekly Register, Baltimore, March
28, 1829, carried the following item: "Died, at St. Louis, Missouri, on the 24th Feb. col.
Auguste Chouteau, 'the patriarch of St. Louis,' aged more than 80 years." Clark was absent
from St. Louis at this time, and the clerk's entries in the diary are concerned chiefly with the
weather.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

279

March, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State

Date at of

1829 8 A.M Weather
March

1st 28 Clear
Sunday

2 48 Clear

3 32 Cloudy

4 56 Clear

Sunday

Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear

Points Thermom

of at

Wind 4 P.M.

S.E.

N.W.

NE.
N.E.
NE

Clear.

Cloudy

N.E.

Cloudy

Clear

NW.

Cloudy

N.E

Sunday

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

N.E.

Clear

Sunday

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm

Cloudy

Sunday

Clear

31st

Cloudy

State

of
Weather

Clear

Rainy

Cloudy

Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Rainy

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Cloudy
Clear

Clear

Rain
Clear

Clear.
Cloudy

Points

of
Wind

S.W.

NE.
Calm

S.W.

NW.

N.W.
N.E.
N.W.

SW.

Calm

S.
S.W.

Stage or Height of River

River still closed. Tho' from
the warmth of the present
weather may soon break
" " " Thawing

River thawd all along our shore
and breaking up fast, after
being closed 4 passable for
28 days.

River Clear of Ice.
River rising a Little

River still rising
River rising

River still rising.
River rising

River upon a stand.

River Rising

REMARKS

1 River breaking up about this time, after having been frozen
over, for more than 20 days, sufficiently strong to bear passing
daily during that time.

2 Warm day & a general Thaw takes place, warm eveng.

3 Warm Cloudy morning, thawing rapidly. Cloudy evening.

4 Fine warm Spring morning, pleast evening.

5 Last night the river broke up. Ferry Boat crosses to day 1st
time for 20. Warm

280 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

6 Fine morning warm. River clear of Ice. warm evening

7 Warm Cloudy morning pleast evening S. Bt. arrives.

8 Fine pleasant Spring morning. P. M. Summer heat! pleast
eveng Steamer Missouri arrives 10 days from the mouth Ohio
where she was detained by the Ice.

9 Beautiful morning & delightful weather. warm eveng.
Steamer Jubilee arrives 8 days From Trinity.

10 Fine Spring morning. Cloudy, warm evening.
Steamer Maryland arrives 7 days from Trinity

Cleopatra " " "
" Missouri departs for Louisville

Fine " North America arrives from the Mouth Col.
Clinch 215 & other officers arrive

11 Cloudy morning with some rain, last nig[h]t. turning cooler
raining

Steamer Maryland departs for Pittsburg.
" Plough-Boy arrives from Louisville.
" Jubilee departs for N. Orleans.
Cleopatra " " Louisville.

12 Cold Last night with some snow. Cool day with N. wind.
Steamer Plough Boy departs for Trinity.

13 Cold morning with severe wind. Cool evening & windy.

14 Cool morning & cloudy with Strong W. wind
Steamer N. America departs for N. Orleans

" Clinton 216 (1st trip) arrives from Pittsburg

15 Cold rainy morning. Cloudy weather Steamer Clinton de-
parts for Louisville

16 Some Snow Last night. Cold & Cloudy during day. Steamer
Plough Boy arrives from Trinity.

17 Beautiful morning & pleast. Evening cool with some wind
Steamer Plough Boy departs for Louisville

18 Cool morning & Cloudy. Evening cool & Cloudy This morn-
ing we recive news that the S Boat Talma 217 (1st trip) took
fire about 14 miles from this and was scuttled in order to save
her. False report.

215. Duncan L. Clinch, colonel of the Fourth infantry regiment, and other officers, un-
identified. Clinch was brevetted brigadier general on April 20, 1829. Heitman, Francis B.,
Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army . . . (Washington, 1903),
v. 1, p. 310.

216. The Clinton, 132 tons, was built at Cincinnati in 1825. Hall, op. cit., p. 253, lists
her as "worn out" in 1831.

217. The Talma, a new boat, of 140 tons, was built at Pittsburgh. Ibid., p. 262.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 281

19 Col. Croghan 218 arrives this eveng. Cold & Snowing hard with
N. wind. Cool evening Steamer Talma arrives from Louis-
ville, slowly having to use the pumps as she sustained some
damage Col. Croghan arrives on board.

20 Cloudy but turning warmer. Thawing a little Steamer Ga-
lena Packet arrives from Louisville.

21 Clear morning but cool. Evening Cold & windy North

22 Clear morning tho' cool & disagreable from the Wind. Steamer
Missouri arrives from Louisville.

23 Fine morning & pleast throughout the day.
Steamer Triton 219 arrives from Louisville.

Rome 220 " " Nashville.
" Galena Packet departs for Galena.
" Talma 1st time " " Franklin Mo.

24 Fine warm morning. Evening clear & pleasant.
Steamer Missouri departs for Galena

Rome " " Nashville.

25 Beautiful morning & clear. Evening pleasant. Steamer Diana
arrives from Louisville.

26 Charming morning & calm, holds do through the day.
Steamer Belvidere arrives from Cincinnatti

27 Delightful morning & warm, warm pleasant Eveng. Fine
weather & warm.

Steamer Belvidere departs for Louisville.
Diana " "

28 Fine warm morning & somewhat Hazy. Some rain. Steamer
Velocipede arrives from Cincinati.

29 Cool & cloudy morning Pleasant Evening.
Steamer Ploughboy arrives from Cincinati.

" Velocipide departs for "

The Cleopatra arrives from Louisville, on board of which is
Gnl Clark 221 and Lady, & Miss Radford, from Washington
Steamer Lawrence arrives from Louisville

30 Gnl Clark & family arrive from Washington 29th inst. Beau-
tiful morning with weather. Fine warm evening &c.
Steamer Rover arrives from N. Orleans

Plough-Boy departs for Louisville.

218. See Footnote 36.

219. The Triton, first mentioned here, was a little 50-ton boat, built at Cincinnati in 1826.
Hall, op. cit. f p. 262.

220. Hall lists no steamboat named Rome.

221. See Footnote 188. Clark had been absent, apparently, in Washington, D. C., or in
the East, since October 30, 1828.

282

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

31 Cloudy & Hazy this morning & continues so throughout the day
Steamer Talma arrives From Franklin

Missouri " " Lower rapids, Mssi
" Lawrence departs for Louisville

April, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom

State

Points

Thermom

State

Points

Date

1829

8A.M.

Weather

Wind

4PM

Weather

Wind

April

1st

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

NW.

Sunday

Clear

Cloudy

Rainy

s.w

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

s.w.

Rainy

Cloudy

Sunday

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm

Clear

Cloudy

Rainy

S.W

Clear

Sunday

Clear

Cloudy

NW.

Clear

Cloudy

Sunday

Clear

s.w.

62 Clear

60 Cloudy

80 Cloudy

62 Cloudy

64 Clear

Clear

Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear

Clear
Clear

S.
S.
S.
S.
S.

NW.

Stage or Height of River
River rising fast.
' ' upon a stand.

River rising a Little.
' upon a stand.
' ' Rising

River falling a little

River rose about 8 inchs. last

night & continues to rise,

drift running.

River rose 2% inches last night
River Fell to day 6 inches.
" " "5 inches
" " "2 inches

" Rose last night 14 inches
River Rising still 6 inches
upon a stand to day
River fallen 6 Inches
Risen one foot
River falling fast

" fell 14 inches

natus fuit 18.
" 18 inches.
River fallen 3 Ft since 28th
still falling.

" " 14 inches

REMARKS

Rainy & very Windy. Bad times for the Ladies of the City
Steamer Cleopatra departs for Louisville
Talma " " Cincinatti

Clear morning & somewhat cool Evening windy & cool.
Steamer Rover departs for Galena

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 283

3 Cool morning & cloudy. Cloudy & warm evening. Steamer
Oregon arrives from N. Orleans, & Brings news of the loss of
the Muskingum & the Natchez 222

4 Rain this morning & cloudy, pleasant Evening

5 Pleasant morning, turns cool towards P. M. Evening pleasant.
Steamer Oregon departs for N Orleans.

6 Fine warm morning & clear Pleasant evening. W. R. arrives
Steamer Diana arrives from Louisville Mjr Biddle 223 & Wm

Radford, 224 on board.
New " Phoenix "

11 Rover " Lower rapids.

7 Cloudy morning tho' pleasant. Warm cloudy evening.
Steamer Diana departs for Louisville.

8 Rainy morning with Thunder & Lightning, rainy thro' the
day.

Steamer Missouri departs for Galena & K [?]

" Phoenix " " Louisville

9 Cloudy disagreable morning, cool & Strong S. Wind, rainy
thro' the day

Steamer Belvidere arrives from Louisville.

" Essex " " Trinity

mean " Josephine " " Galena

10 Col. Croghan 225 arrives. Clear morning, but turns cool & rainy
throughout the day

Fine Steamer Jubilee arrives from New Orleans 11 days
" Wm Duncan " " Cincinatti
Essex departs for Louisville.

11 Cold Cloudy morning with rain & cold winds. Cool &
rainy river rising

Steamer Rover departs for Galena.
" Belvidere " " Louisville.

12 Mjr. Dougherty 226 arrives Cloudy morning withe rain Gnl.

222. For item on the Muskingum see Footnote 195. The Natchez, according to Hall, op.
cit., p. 259, was a 240-ton boat, built at New York in 1822. She was "Snagged, below
Natchez." Ibid.

223. Maj. Thomas Biddle, paymaster in the U. S. army, resided in St. Louis. He was
killed in a duel with the Hon. Spencer Pettis in August, 1831. St. Louis Beacon, September
1, 1831. The duel took place on an island in the Mississippi river, opposite St. Louis. Most
accounts say the shots were fired from a distance of five paces (the Beacon says five feet),
because of the nearsightedness of Biddle, and, not surprisingly, both men were mortally
wounded at first fire.

224. See Footnote 164.

225. See Footnote 36 and entry of March 19, 1829.

226. See Footnotes 49 and 65.

284 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Hughes 227 arrives with Indns little Steamer Red Rover ar-
rives from the Lower rapids with Majr Dougherty 19 Indians
Kansas & Weas to gether 10 with Gnl Hughes

13 Clear pleasant morning pleasant Evening.
Steamer Ploughboy arrives from Louisville

Wm D. Duncan departs for Franklin, Mo. 228

14 Beautiful clear morning warm. Peach Trees blooming
Steamer St L[ouis] & Galena Packet arrives from Galena.

Ploughboy departs for Louisville,
small Steamer Red Rover departs for Galena.

15 Warm & Delightful morning continues so. 32 Sacs & Fox
Indns. arrive.

mean Steamer Velocipede arrives from Louisville.

Jubilee departs for N. Orleans.

Maryland arrives from Pittsburgg
a party of 35 Foxes arrive on business

16 Warm & Hazy morning. Warm & Cloudy 35 Foxes arrive
Steamer Cleopatra arrives from Louisville

17 Warm & Cloudy with little rain. Evening warm & cloudy.
Steamer Cleopatra departs for Louisville on board of which
Gnl. Hughes & Mjr. Dougherty depart.

Steamer Galena Packet departs for Galena on board of which
Keokuck 229 & party of 22 depart Fine Steamer N. America
arrives from N. Orleans. Keokuck & party of 22 dept for Uppr
Mssi.

18 Rain Last night with Thunder & Lightning Warm Cloudy
Evening mean Steamer Velocipede departs for Louisville

19 Rain with Thunder & lightning in the evening, warm & Sultry
Steamer Maryland departs for Pittsburgh the small pox on

board
mean " Triton arrives from Galena.

20 Turns cooler this morning. Cool & windy this Evening.
Steamer Essex arrives from Louisville.

21 Beautiful morning & pleast. Col. Menard arrives. Evening
warm Steamer Diana from Louisville Mr. G. H. Kennerly
& Mr. Sanford on board. Steamer Essex Departs for Lower
Rapids. Foxes (35) in number depart for Rock River A

227. Andrew S. Hughes, a Kentuckian, was subagent for the lowas and part of the Sacs
and Foxes at this period. 22 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Doc. 101 (Serial 213), p. 11.

228. Franklin, Mo., some 200 miles up the Missouri river from St. Louis, was an outpost
on that stream for steamboat trade prior to the establishment of Cantonment Leavenworth in
1827.

229. See Footnote 213.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 285

Party of Kansas (Chief White plume 230 ) are at present here
on business. They are encamped about 5 miles from this
[place] to keep clear of the small pox which is in Town.

22 Fine morning tho' rather warm. Hot South wind blowing.
Steamer Diana Departs for Louisville

23 Rain last night & now cloudy. Cool this Evening. Steamer
Wm Duncan arrives from Franklin Mo.

24 Cool morning. Windy & cool thro' the day. Party this
Eveng. Steamer Missouri arrives from Galena White Plume
& Party depart for Kansas River.

25 Cool morning tho' pleasant. Cool evening
Steamer Red Rover arrives from Galena

Livingston 231 " " New Orleans

26 Cold morning with frost which injures the fruit, pleast Eve-
ning

Little Steamer Josephine from Mouth Missouri

" " Plough Boy " Louisville full of passengers A

Weea Chief arrives to day Majr. Graham 232 & Interpreter
depart for the Kansas.

27 Beautiful & serene morning, pleasant Evening.
Little Steamer Red Rover Departs for Galena

" Essex arrives from "

20 Shawnees arrive trading & 23 Delewares.

28 Fine warm morning. Majr Graham Leaves Warm Eveng.
Little Steamer Ploughboy departs to Louisville

Essex depts for Louisville

29 Warm morning warm pleast Evening. Little Steamer Wm
Duncan depts for Franklin, Majr Graham & Interpreter on
board for Shawnee Agency. Steamer Josephine Depts. for St.
Peter. 20 Shawnees and Delewares Depart

30 Warm morning fine for vegetation, warm Evening Steamer
Livingston Depts. for N. Orleans 28 Kickapoos arrive on bus-
iness with the Supt. April ends with fine warm weather for the
planters.

230. White Plume, chief of the Kansas Indians, was in his sixties at this time. As de-
scribed a few years later (1833): "He was tall and muscular, though his form, through neg-
lect of exercise, was fast verging towards corpulency. He wore a hat after the fashion of the
whites, a calico hunting shirt and rough leggings. Over the whole was wrapped a heavy
blanket. His face was unpainted, and although his age was nearly seventy his hair was raven
black, and his eye as keen as a hawk's." Irving, John T., Jr., Indian Sketches (London,
1835), v. 1, pp. 64, 65.

231. The Livingston, a 200-ton boat, was built at Smithland (Smith's Landing, 111.) in
1826. Hall, op. cit. f p. 257.

232. See Footnotes 125 and 237.

286

May, 1829

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State Points Thermom State Points
Date at of of at of of

1829 SAM Weather Wind 4P.M. Weather Wind

8 AM. 4 P.M.

Stage or Height of River

1st 72

Cloudy

Rainy

S.W

River Falls 3 inches

2 64

Cloudy

Clear

Calm.

' ' remarkably low.

3 58

Clear

NW.

River fallen 2 Inches

Sunday

4 62

Clear

" falls 4 Do.

5 62

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm

" falls since last Evag 6 In.

6 62

Rises 1 Inch

7 62

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm.

River Rises 2 inches.

8 68

Clear

Calm

Clear

Calm

" " 2^ inches

9 62

Clear

River Rises 4 inches.

10 64

Clear

Rises 3 Do

Sunday

11 62

Cloudy

Rainy

falls 4H Do.

12 52

Cloudy

Clear

River fell since 4 oclock yesterday 6 inches

13 58

Clear

Cloudy

River fell since Last night 1 inch.

14 60

Clear

River upon a stand.

15 64

Rainy

Clear

" "

16 68

Clear

River rose about S% inches.

17 68

Clear

Calm

River Rose 2 inches Last nt.

Sunday

18 68

Cloudy

' ' fell since Last night 2^8 inches

19 72

Clear

Cloudy

1 "

20 70

Clear

Cloudy

VA "

21 72

Clear

SW.

River rises 1 inch to day.

22 80

Clear

Cloudy

" falls 1 " " "

23 78

Cloudy

S.W.

\\/ 2 " "

24 81

Rainy

River rises 1 inch

Sunday

25 82

Clear

River falls 2 inch's

26 81

Clear

Calm

Cloudy

" 1 "

27 82

Rainy

Clear

" 1 "

28 82

Clear

Calm

Clear

S.E.

River falls 1 inch.

29 88

Clear

S.E.

Cloudy

" " 2 inch's.

30 84

Clear

" 2inchs.

31 88

Clear

Calm

" " 1 Do.

Sunday

Very Warm Weather

REMARKS

1 Fine Spring weather, rainy in the Evening. Steamer Cleo-
patra arrives from Louisville Col. Leavenworth 233 on board.

2 Cloudy morning & warm. Warm evening & clear. Steamer
Rover arrives from Galena

3 Cool about sun rise, but pleasent day. Warm Evening
Steamer Diana arrives from Louisville

4 Fine Clear morning & pleasant. Evening fine & Pleasant. 28
Kickapoos depart for Osage River.

233. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Henry Leavenworth, of the Third infantry, the founder of Canton-
ment Leavenworth (see Footnote 57).

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 287

5 "Fine warm morning & clear. Fine Evening & clear. Steamer

Diana from Jeffn. Barracks with troops on board, under com-
mand of Majr. B Riley, ordered to the mouth of the Platte to
protect Santa Fe Traders. 234 departd.

6 Clear Warm morning, wedding of Miss Stokes Last night. 235
Miss Wilson married 236

7 Warm morning, throughout the day continues so. Cloudy &
windy night

Steamer Oregon from N. Orleans. 15 days.

" Phoenix from Louisville. Cap Geo. Vasfhjon 237 on
board. Agent for Delewares & Shawnees in place of
Majr. Graham.

" St L. & Galena Packet from Galena, river above
very low, & not commenced rising yet. also mean little Str.
Triton [arrives]

8 Warm morning windy thro' the day. pleast Evening.
Str. Missouri from Lowr Rapids, river rising

" Essex " Louisville

27 Kickapoos arrive from Osage River.

9 Cool morning & pleast. Windy. Cool pleasant evening
Steamer Jubilee arrives from N. Orleans.

10 Fine pleasant morning Delightful evening camp S. Bts.
Origon for Orleans, Essex for Louisville, Phoenix for Louisville
S. B. Gallena Packett arrives from Kaskaskia

11 Rain & warm Cool in the Evening. Rainy weather. S. B.
Plough Boy from Louisville Steamer Red Rover from Galena.

234. Bvt. Maj. Bennet Riley and four companies of the Sixth infantry left Jefferson Bar-
racks on May 5, 1829, for Cantonment Leavenworth. Brig. Gen. Henry Atkinson's order of
April 18, 1829, had read: ". . . Notice is hereby given, that a detachment of two hun-
dred troops, under the command of major Riley, of the 6th regiment of infantry, will pro-
ceed from Cantonment Leavenworth, about the 1st of June, on the Santa Fe road, to the
Arkansas river, for the protection of caravans engaged in commercial intercourse with the prov-
inces of New Mexico. The detachment will halt at some position on the Arkansas, for the
return of caravans, till some time in October, when it will fall back upon the frontier. . . ."
Niles' Weekly Register, May 16, 1829. The military escort encamped near Chouteau's Is-
land in the Arkansas river while the traders proceeded through Spanish territory to Santa Fe.
During the summer the troops were harassed by Plains Indians and an attack on August 3
was repelled with some casualties. The expedition returned to Cantonment Leavenworth on
November 8, 1829. American State Papers (Military Affairs), v. 4, pp. 277-280; The New
Mexico Historical Review, Santa Fe, v. 2, pp. 178-192, 269-300. Brevet Major Riley was
presented with a sword from the legislature of Missouri for his services in convoying this ex-
pedition.

235. William Smith and Ann Stokes, both of St. Louis, were married on May 5. Mis-
souri Republican, St. Louis, May 12, 1829.

236. Hiram Rich and Julia Ann Wilson were married on this date. Ibid.

237. George Vashon had served in the War of 1812, and was a captain when he resigned
from the army in 1819. Clark wrote McKenney of the Indian department on May 18, 1829:
". . . Capt. Vashon has reported and will begin his duties on return of Mjr. Graham from
the Tribes near the Kanzas River. . . ." Superintendency of Indian affairs, St. Louis,
"Records" (in Kansas State Historical Society), v. 4, pp. 8, 9. In 1830 or 1831, Vashon was ap-
pointed agent to the Cherokees in Mississippi. He died in 1835. The National Calendar, for
MDCCCXXXI (Washington City, 1831), p. 105; Heitman, op. cit., p. 985.

288 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

12 Cold morning & sudden change. Evening cooll Steamer
Plough Boy for Louisville

13 Cold morning & unpleasant. Pleasant evening.
Steamer Missouri for Galena

" Maryland from Pittsburg
" Missouri departs for Galena

14 Fine Pleasant morning. Pleasant evening 3 Shawnees arrive
from White River.

15 Cloudy morning with Rain. Pleast Evening. 3 Shawnees start
for the Merrimack River.

16 Clear morning & clear. Fine pleast evening Steamer Emer-
ald 238 arrives from Nashville.

17 Beautiful morning. Warm evening. A house burnt down on the
hill.

18 Warm cloudy weather Warm Sultry evening Steamer Cleo-
patra departs for Louisville To-day Genl. M. G. Clark S.
Agent for Kansas departs for his Agency on Kansas River. 239
27 Kickapoos start for the White River. 129 Shawnees arrive
& camp with business with Supt.

19 Very Warm to day. Warm Sultry evening. Locust Very
Abundant and abundant [sic!] and destroying the Apples Pears
& oak Trees

20 Fine morning, tho' warm. Sultry & warm evening. S. B. Diana
arrives from the Platte with 100 Troops on board for Jeffn
Barracks. 240 Steamer Maryland depts for N. Orleans.

S. B. Essex arrives from Louisville

" " Diana " " Jeffn Barracks.

32 of [the Shawnees] arrive in St. Louis on business with Supt.

21 Turning very warm Very warm & Sultry. Steamer Essex
depts for Louisville.

22 Warm morning & Sultry. Turning cooler with showers.
Fine Steamer N. America arrives from N. Orleans.

Missouri " " Galena.

Diana depts for Louisville.
To day Mr. Mette departs for Peoria, on business.

238. The Emerald, a 150-ton boat, was built in 1824 at Cumberland river. She was
"worn out" by 1830. Hall, op. cit., p. 254.

239. Marston G. Clark, a Virginian who had removed to Indiana, was appointed Indian
subagent in March, 1829. His post was at the Kansas river agency, where he served until
1833. Office of Indian affairs, "Registers of Letters Received," v. 2, p. 104; Indiana His-
torical Collections, Indianapolis, v. 24, p. 134, footnote.

240. From the establishment of Cantonment Leavenworth in May, 1827, the post had
proved an unhealthful place, with many troops ill during the summer months of malarial
fever. In 1829 it was decided to withdraw the complement then stationed there, leaving the
frontier to be guarded by Bvt. Maj. Bennet Riley's force (see Footnote 234), which had just
reached the cantonment on board the Diana. Hunt, E., and W. E. Lorence, History of Fort
Leavenworth, 1827-1937 (Fort Leavenworth, 1937), pp. 19-24.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 289

23 Pleasant morning. Rainy. Rain, pleast Evening. 3 keels;
& 4 small boats arrive from the Platte with 3d Regt. 241
Steamer Wm Duncan arrives From Franklin (Mo.)

24 Cool morning & rainy. Rainy thro' evening

25 Warm morning. P. M. warm. Evening Sultry,
mean Steamer Triton departs for Galena.

Red Rover " "

26 Locusts appear in country Very warm morning. Rainy this
Evening. Steamer Ploughboy arrives from Louisville, on
board Majr Dougherty Ind Agt. 1st. Time Steamer Atlas 242
arrives from N. Orleans, freight on board for Supt

27 Rainy this morning. Warm Evening Steamer Plough Boy de-
parts for Louisville.

28 Warm morning Very Warm this Evening Fine new S.
Boat Walter Scott 243 arrives from Louisville 1st trip
Steamer Livingston arrives from N. Orleans

29 Exceedingly Warm morning P. M. Warm & Sultry.

30 Warm sultry morning. Warm Evening Steamer Essex from
Trinity.

31 Many Locusts Excessively warm day. Summer setting in
Locusts Prevail in Country J. B. Steamer Talma from Pitts-
burgh.

Steamer Atlas depts for N. Orleans

Galena Packet arrives from Galna hot.

Missouri " reports the river

still low.

June, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State Points Thennom State Points

Date

1829

8A.M.

Weather

Wind

4P.M

Weather

Wind

Stage or Height of River

June

degr.

1st

hot

Sultry

Calm

Sultry

River on a Stand low.

Clear

Sultry

Cloudy

Calm

" " " "

Clear

Calm

Rain

Cool

River Rises 2 inches.

Clear

Calm

Rain

Cool

" l^inch

Clear

Calm

Rain

Cool

" 5 inches

Rain

S.W.

Cloudy

River Rises 8 inches.

Cloudy

Cod.

" " 9 inches

Sunday

Clear

Cool

River Falling. at a stand.

Cloudy

warm

Clear

River falls 2 inches

241. Further transfer of troops from Cantonment Leavenworth. See Footnote 240.

242. The Atlas, a 160-ton boat, was built at New Albany in 1827. Hall, op. cit., p. 252.

243. The Walter Scott, a 200-ton boat, was built at Cincinnati in 1829. Ibid., p. 263.

193363

290

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Thermom State Points Thermom State Points
Date at of of at of of

1829 8A.M. Weather Wind 4 P.M Weather Wind Stage or Height of River

11 62 Cloudy W. 68 Warm S. 5 inches

12 84 Clear S 86 Plest S. River falls 4 "

13 86 Clear S 85 " N.B River Rising 2

deg.

14 88

hot

Hot

Sultry River Rising 5 Inches.

Sunday

15 88

Hazy

Warm

16 88

Clear

s.w.

Warm

Cloudy

falls 2

17 62

Cloudy

Cool

Cloudy

" 4

18 62

Clear

Cool.

19 70

Clear

plest

Rain

44 3

20 70

Cloudy

calm

Calm

44 4

21 62

Clear

44 4

Sunday

22 62

Cloudy

" 4

23 64

Clear

Rises 2

24 64

44 1%

25 62

Cbudy

" 4

26 64

Rainy

Clear

S.W.

44 4H

27 80

Clear

Rain

44 3

drift running.

28 66

Clear

" 3H ' Drift running.

Sunday

29 64

Cloudy

N. Since yesterday rose 1 Foot.

30 70

Clear

Rose Inchs.

June ends with fine, cool & pleast weather.

REMARKS

1 This morning Mr. Elias T. Langhamm 244 Sub Agent from St.
Peters arrives [on the S. B. Missouri]. Sets in Very Warm,
excessively warm & sultry

2 Very Warm morning. Very warm evening
Steamer Cleopatra depts for Louisville

" Crusader " " Louisville
" Livingston " " N. Orleans.

3 Still warm & dry with thousands of Locusts fine shower cool
Fine Str Walt Scott depts for Louisville

4 Pleast morning & not So warm. Fine shower of Rain.
Steamer Gala Packet starts for Gala. Mr. Langham S. Agt on

board

" Diana Starts for Louisvle Wm. Radford 245 on board.
This morning Capt Geo Vashon 246 Agt for Dels Shawnees &c
departs for Kanzas River. Majr Dougherty departs in the
Stage

5 Warm morning. Pleast evening & cloudy. Str Oregon from
N Orleans. Col Menard from home. The Interpreter J. Mette
arrives from Peoria.

244. Elias T. Langham, Indian subagent at St. Peters, resigned this post in July, 1832.-
Office of Indian affairs, "Registers of Letters Received," v. 3 (Langham letter of July 2, 1832),
in The National Archives, Washington, D. C.

245. See Footnote 164.

246. See Footnote 237.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 291

6 Fine Rain this morning. Pleast Eveng threatng Rain

7 Cool Pleasant morning. Cool pleast Evening.

8 Very Cool Last night & this morning. Many Locusts destroyed
by rain[y] weather

Str. Criterion arrives from Florence
" Gnl. Pike depts for Orleans. McNair 247 on board

9 Locusts Dying off & Disappearing Very Cool Weather. Go
To Edwdsville to overtake Express.

10 Pleast weathere Returned this Evening

11 Locust destruction diminishing Still warm thro' the day.
Sultry Evening.

12 Clear Warm morning. P. M. Sultry. Warm Evening.

13 Very Warm to day. P. M. Sultry. Warm Evening
Str. Missouri from Chariton Mo.

" Wm. Duncan" Franklin "
Steamer Oregon depts for N. Orleans

" Jubilee arrives from N. Orleans, reports Sickness rag-
ing there. Small pox & Yellow Fever. A Party of Sacs & of 8
Foxes arrive with a Sioux woman prisoner, on business.

14 Very Warm Morning. P. M. Excessively Warm & Sultry.

15 Warm Summer morning. Warm Evening.

16 Very Warm This morning. Oppresive heat. Cloudy

17 Fine Shower Last night which has coold the air very much

18 Pleasant morning & Cool. Pleast cool Evening, the 7 Sacs
& Foxes dept for home.

19 Cool & heavy Shower Last night Pleast Evening, rain

20 Cool pleasant morning. Pleast Evening. Fine Large Str. Walk
in the Water 248 from N. Orleans (1st time). The Sioux woman
Prisoner depts for Uppr Missouri to day 20th.

21 Clear but some fog early in the mo[rn]ing, after which warm

22 Morning clear & pleasant, evening Cloudy & has apearance of
rain

23 Morning Cool, but from 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. warm Str. Cru-
sader from Louisville. Gnl Hughes on Board.

24 Com. speak of starting to P. du Chein. Col. Menard at Mjr.
Grat[iot?]

25 Genl. Hughs arrives from Kenty. Cloudy in evening Str.
Wm. Duncan from Franklin (Mo.)

247. Dunning D. McNair, clerk and interpreter. See Footnote 150.

248. The Walk in the Water was a 425-ton boat, one of the largest class steamers on the
Mississippi. She was built at New York in 1826. Hall, op. cit., p. 262.

292

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

26 Rainy morning & cool. Warm Evening.

Str. Crusader depts for Cincinnatti. Miss Lane
" Essex " " Louisville.

Fine Str. North America 249 from N. Orleans, reports that it is
very sickly & apprehensive of the Seasons being very much So.
Str. Cumberland from Trinity

27 This morning quite warm hard Storm from N Genl. Hughes
departs for loway S Agency, Uppr Mo.

28 Cool & pleasant morning. Mr Metty leaves for Prairie du
Chein To collect the Indians & attend the Treaty Little Str
Plough boy from Louisville Fine Str. Phoenix 25 from N. Or-
leans. To day a flat Boat ran against her coming down Loaded
with Lead & was stove so that it sunk directly in 13 Ft water.
Contained about 40 Tons people engaged fishing it up.

29 Pleasant Morning. River Rising fast. Pleast Evening. Mjr.
Hamtramck's Express arrives with dispatches from him

30 This Morning quite Cool The Commrs. Gnl. McNeil Col.
Menard & Mr. Atwater depart for holdg Treaty at P. du Chien.
Mr Charles S. Hempstead the Secretrary to the Comrs. & Capt
G. H. Kennerly also depart To day the Commissioners Genl.
McNeil Col Menard & Mr. Atwater, for holding a Treaty at
Prairie des Chiens, depart for that place on board S. B. Mis-
souri, accompnd. by C. S. Hempstead, Secty, & Capt Geo. H.
Kennerly as Contractor for Presents, Goods &c. For the In-
dians. 251

July, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State

Points

Thermom State

Points

Date

1829

8A.M

Weather

Wind

4P.M

Weather

Wind

July

very

1st.

Cool.

Clear

Cool

S.W.

Cloudy

S. Ri

Cool

Rain

S R

4th.

Clear

Sunday

Cloudy

Clear

Stage or Height of Rive
River rising.

" IK Inch.
River upon a stand.
R ver risen 3 Inches
falls 4 "

249. "The a. b. North America, Scott, Master, arrived this morning from New-Orleans,
with full freight, 60 cabin passengers and upwards of 100 on deck." St. Louis Beacon, June
27, 1829. The North America was a 300-ton boat. (See Footnote 127.)

250. This Phoenix, 250 tons, was a new boat, and not the same as the Phoenix (200
tons) mentioned in the diary in the summer of 1827.

251. "The Commissioners for holding the Treaty with the Winnebagoes, for the purchase
of the Lead Mine Country, on the Upper Mississippi, left this place on Tuesday 31st ult. on
board the steam boat Missouri, for the village of Prairie du Chien, where the Treaty is to be
held. . . ." St. Louis Beacon, July 4, 1829. On July 29, a treaty was made with the
Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies ; and on August 1, with the Winnebagoes. U. S.
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Treaties Between the United States of America, and the Sev-
eral Indian Tribes (Washington, 1837), pp. 435-442.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

293

Thermom State

Date

1829

8A.M

Weather

Sunday

Cloudy

Clear

Sunday

Cloudy

Clear

Points Thermom State

of at of

Wind 4 P.M Weather

82 Storm

80 Clear

Points

of
Wind

Rain
Clear

s
s.
s

W
W

s
s

W
W
W
W

Stage or Height of River
2 "

2 "
On a Stand

On a stand
risen 2 "
falls 1 "

on a Stand

Rises 8 "

3X
on a Stand

Rain

} Cloudy

5 Clear

! Clear

REMARKS

1 Last night June 30, sufficiently cool to sleep with cover of
Blanket & This morning Fire was necessary for comfort.
Pleasant Eveng

2 Fine cool weather to day. Cool Cloudy Evening.

3 Cool & pleasant morning. Evening rainy cool

4 A large fire in the Dining Room, owing to cool weather, cool
evening

5 Clear morning and warmer than yesterday, evening clear

6 On Saturday (4th) Mr Jesse Benton started on express to Ga-
lena & P. du Chien

8 A very hard rain last night, to day clear and warm

9 This day very warm. Mr. Wallis 252 buried. Reed letter from
W R 253 New Steam Tow Boat Galena 254 (Bates) arrives
from Cincinnati The Oregon here.

10 The weather warm & Inhabitants a good deal sickly Friday
a party of Kickapoos (25) arrive

252. "Died on Friday morning, in the 21st year of his age, Mr. Hugh Wallace, formerly
from Culpepper co. Va., and late of Kentucky." St. Louis Beacon, July 11, 1829.

253. "W R" was William Radford. (See Footnote 164.)

254. Hall, op. cit., p. 256, lists a steamboat Galena, of 110 tons, built at Cincinnati in
1829. Her name was changed to Hawk Eye.

294 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

11 The Crusader arrives & Powhattan 255 starts Hard & hot
time

12 Letter to day from Capt G. H. Kennerly (Lower Rapids

13 The Oregon arrived on Saturday a party of Kickapoos &
Sacs in town a party of Socks from Missouri arrive
of in No.

14 Capt Warner 256 Sub Agt for Sacs & Foxes arrived on Sunday

15 Roy 257 employed as Interpreter on 14th St. B. Traveller 258
arrived A party of Sacs from Missouri in town & also a party
Kickapoos

16 Very hot weather. Evening very hot & air close

17 a party of Kickapoos here Evening intensely hot

18 Some mist[?] early this morning, very hot.

19 Clear & warm. Judge Carr & Mjr Hopkins Daughter shot by
accident yesterday 259

20 A party of Fox Indians arrived, very warm weather

21 This day hotter than any felt during this Summer.

22 The night of this day more hot than any experienced

23 Express arrives from Govnr Miller, 260 dispatches issued

24 A party of Shawanees (Fish) 261 arrive. The Foxes leave

25 This day Cloudy in the morning but clear & warm at Evening

26 Cloudy yet warm morning, this evening very warm

27 Very warm day Rain in the Evening Thunder

28 Heavy fog, followed by a warm morning. Warm evening

29 Clear warm and Dry weather

30 To day Col Wooly 262 Starts with his family to Ky

31 Warm day and clear and dry weather

255. The Powhattan, first mentioned here, was a 221-ton boat, built at Pittsburgh in
1828. Ibid., p. 260.

256. Wynkoop Warner was subagent for the Sacs and Foxes for a short time. 23 Cong.,
1 Sess., Senate Doc. 512 (Serial 245), p. 62.

257. Possibly Alexander Roy, who had been on Pike's expedition. The Roy family lived
in St. Louis.

258. The Traveller, a small boat (50 tons) was built at Wheeling in 1828, and sunk at
St. Louis in 1832, according to Hall, op. cit., p. 262.

259. Judge William C. Carr (1783-1851), of St. Louis. In 1826 he had been appointed
circuit judge of the St. Louis circuit. Billon, F. L., Annals of St. Louis (1888), pp. 201,
202. Major Hopkins' daughter has not been identified further.

260. John Miller was governor of Missouri at this time. The dispatches were issued as a
result of an affray between some Iowa Indians and a party of white men in the region of the
Grand Chariton river in northern Missouri. There were casualties on both sides, but the
whites suffered the loss of four killed and the affair was represented to Governor Miller as one
of Indian aggression. The governor asked General Leavenworth to send troops to put down
the "uprising." There was no further fighting, but the lowas were asked to surrender those
who were involved in the matter, and some of the Indians were held as hostages until 10 of
the lowas surrendered. Niles' Weekly Register, August 29, 1829, p. 1 ; Hunt and Lowrence,
op. cit., pp. 25, 26; St. Louis Beacon, July 25, 1829. See, also, diary entries of October 13,
November 11-13, 29, 1829, and accompanying footnotes.

261. See Footnote 103.

262. See Footnote 98.

August, 1829

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

295

Thermom State

Points

Thermom State

Points

Date

1829

8A.M.

Weather

Wind

4P.M

Weather

Wind

Stage or Height of River

August

Clear

River rises 3 Inches

Clear

" " \%

44 falls 4

i ii 2

Rain

" Rises 3

Clear

Calm

44 " l/^

'S.

44 On a Stand since yesterday

44 falls since Saturday 2 Inch

Calm

44 " 4 Inch

Calm

44 44 3H In

Calm

44 " 2 In

44 " 2J^ In

Rain

3 In

Clear

44 " 2 In

44 4< l^iln

" " 1 In

N.W.

" " 2 In

44 4< 2 In

Calm

Clear

River falls 4 I[nches]

Rain

" " 1

Cloudy

Clear

S.E.

1 rising 1J^

Clear

,i 2

,, 2

44 4< 1^

44 Falls

Clear

REMARKS

1 This day Clear with a pleasant breeze from the South

2 The morning pleasant, but from 11 to night very warm

3 Warm morning. A cool & pleasant breeze this Evening (Mr.
Roy sick & not here)

4 This morning pleasant after a cool night

5 Mr. Roy returns to business to day. Kick[apoos] yet here

6 A Storm of Wind & rain this morning Clear

7 A clear morning after fog. very warm & calm Evening

8 Warm morning. S. Boats Fedlity & Essex arrive from Louis-
ville, go to hunt horses

11 Warm & dry. an alarm of fire last night, but little dam [age]

12 this morning close air & like rain, very warm evening

13 This weather hot, by day & by night

14 This weather hot by day and by night

296

KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

15 Morning more cool than several passed, hot evening

16 begins to rain about 6 P. M. continues

17 Cloudy this morning a nights rain & more cool than yester-
day. Mr Metty arrives from P. du C.

18 Cool & pleasant morning a cool pleasant day

19 Clear & cool morning, this evening cool & pleasant

20 pleasant morning after a cool night Cool Evening

21 pleasant but a little cloudy, very warm Evening

22 Red Rover arrives this morning [from] Gallena having
Comrs. 263 on Board

23 Geo. Clark 264 arrives last night from Kty. Very warm

24 Cloudy & warm morning. Rains in the evening, continues

25 A very hard rain last night

26 not much air st[ir]ring Wreck of S. B. Liberator 265 floated
down

27 This day cool & pleasant with a NW. wind (a Soldier con-
demned to die 266

28 Morning warm, very warm evening.

29 This day very warm. Capt Ruland goes in the [illegible]

30 The morning warm, Evening fine. S. Breeze

31 August Ends, warm & Sultry. Warm Evening. S. Bts. Car
[of] Commerce & Plough boy arrive.

September, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Stage or Height of River

River Falls
" on a Stand.

" Still on a Stand

Falls 4 Inch

2 "

Rises 1 "
on a Stand.

263. See diary entry of June 30, 1829, and Footnote 251.

264. George Clark has not been identified.

265. The Liberator was last mentioned under date of August 5, 1828. The diary does not
record when, or where, she was wrecked. See, also. Footnote 274 and diary entry of April 9,
1830.

266. See diary entry of September 26, 1829, and Footnote 272.

Thermom State
Date at of
1829 8A.M. Weather

Points Thermom State Poi
of at of o
Wind 4. PM Weather Wi

Septem

Clear

62[7]

little rain

....

cloudy

little NW

rain

7 68

Clear

8 64

Clear

9 62

10 76

11 74

12 74

Cloudy

13 70

s.w.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

297

Thermom State

Points

Thermom State

Date

1829

8A.M.

Weather

Wind

4.PM

Weather

Cloudy

S.W.

Clear

Cloudy

Cloudy.

Cloudy

Clear

S.W.

Clear

Cloudy

S.E.

Clear

Cloudy

S.W.

Cloudy

N.W.

Cloudy

Clear

N.W.

Cloudy

Clear

3
4
5

7
8
9

10
11
12
13

Points

Wind
S.W.

S.E

S.W.

S.W

N.W.

sw.

S.E.

Stage or Height of River
River yet continues on a Stand

River yet extremely Low

REMARKS

A very warm day but clear S. Bt. Jubilee 267 arrives from N.

Orleans

A strong & pleasant NW. wind this morning. Fine new S. Boat

St. Louis 268 arrives

Cool & pleasant morning & continues so.

Very warm throughout this day

Mrs. Clark, Miss Radford, Miss J. Preston, Capt. Geo. Ken-

nerly & Mr. Wm. P. Clark leave for Fincastle Va. in stage. 269

Cool weather

The weather cool & pleasant. Evening cool

Clear & cool morning, the Evening & night cool

This morning clear, Evening Cloudy & like Rain

Morning cool & pleasant, clear Evening

Cool morning & fire pleasant, like fall weather

Clear morning. Cloudy about 12. Rain at 4 oClk

Pleasant and agreeable weather for the season

267. The St. Louis Beacon of September 5, 1829, reported: ". . . It is the season of
lowest water at this place that has ever been known for the summer in the memory of man;
yet the largest class of boats are regularly arriving and departing. Besides the NORTH AMER-
ICA and JUBILEE, which are in the St. Louis trade, and run regularly to and from New Orleans,
there are many others that have come here to tie up, or to repair, or to make occasional trips
while unable to run upon the Ohio. The JUBILEE and CAR OP COMMERCE: arrived from New
Orleans this week; the NORTH AMERICA is expected in a few days; the OREGON is advertised
to go off to-day, the MISSOURI to-morrow, the HUNTSVILLB for the 15th inst. Besides these,
there are lying in port, and will depart for New Orleans in the course of the present or com-
ing month, the LADY OF THE LAKE, the WALK-IN-THE- WATER, and the MARYLAND. . . ."

268. "We were yesterday gratified with a visit to the new steam boat ST. Louis, now ly-
ing at the landing. She was built at Cincinnati this last summer, and is a beautiful specimen
of western architecture. Her cabin [is] on the upper deck, and contains fifty-six births [!],
including those in the ladies' cabin and state rooms. She carried about 200 tons draws com-
paratively but little water and for strength, speed, and accommodations, has no superior on
the western waters. . . ." Ibid.

269. Mrs. William Clark, her daughter Mary Preston Radford, Josephine Preston (daugh-
ter of Maj. William and Caroline [Hancock] Preston), George H. Kennerly, and William
Preston Clark.

298 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

14 Rainy and Cloudy to-day and cool Evening stormy with
high wind

15 Cool and Cloudy this morning Noon Cloudy Evening
with the appearance of rain

16 Clear and cool morning all but frost. Noon pleasant After-
noon agreeably fine

Arrived Red Rover from Lower Rapids
" Essex from Louisville

N. America [from] New Orleans.

17 Clear and pleasant morning. Noon agreeable Afternoon
Cloudy. Departed Red Rover [for] Lower Rapids

18 Cloudy with an appearance of rain. Last night very cool
Afternoon warm Arrived Neptune 27 from N. Orleans

19 Cloudy with the appearance of rain. Rain a little. P. M. fine
with a little Rain Departed St. Louis for Trinity

20 Clear warm morning Noon pleasant Afternoon warm
yet agreeable Arrived Phoenix from N. Orleans

21 Clear pleasant morning Noon warm P. M. warmer than
has been for 3 weeks

Arrived Cleopatra [from] Trinity

Galena do.

Departed Missouri 271 [for] N. Orleans

22 Very warm morning Noon very warm P. M. disagree-
ably warm

23 Fine Showery morning after a warm night. P. M. Fine after
rain.

24 Warm morning Noon sultry P. M. very warm.

25 Rainy morning after a warm night. P. M. fine Evening
pleasant.

26 Cool morning after the late rain. P. M. cloudy. Evening rain
A Soldier (Cogland) Executed on Sand bar below Town 272

27 Extremely cool morning. Noon commenced rain. P. M. rain
with a continuation all night

28 Rain all night with a continuation this morning. Cloudy &
disagreeable.

270. The Neptune, a 200-ton boat, was built at Pittsburgh in 1828. Hall, op. cit., p.
259.

271. "The steam boat Missouri, Capt. Culver, left here on Monday last, for New Orleans,
with her barge and four flat boats in fowl all loaded the latter having on board upwards
of 100 horses." St. Louis Beacon, September 23, 1829.

272. According to the Beacon of September 5, 1829, Michael Cogland was executed for
the murder of Daniel Desant, and another murderer, Samuel Danforth, was scheduled for ex-
ecution on September 30. The diary does not mention the latter event.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

299

29 Cool morning after the late continual rains. Cloudy yet agree-
able.

30 Clear and fine morning. Noon agreeable. Afternoon pleasant.

October, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State

Points

Thermom State

Points

Date

1829

SAM

Weather

Wind

4P.M.

Weather

Wind

October

Clear

SE.

Cloudy

S.W.

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

S.W.

Cloudy

S.E.

Cloudy

S.W.

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

S.E.

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Warm

Clear

Rain

Cool

Clear

Cloudy

Rain

Windy

Warm

Clear

Cool

Clear

Cold

Stage or Height of River

River yet extremely low.

River rising a little oweing to the late rain

River upon the rise

River on a Stand

The river, within the last few days, has
risen 3 or 4 feet, owing no doubt to heavy
rains above. The past has been an
almost unparalleled season of low water
in the Mississippi; but notwithstanding,
Steam Boats of the largest class have
made their trips to New Orleans, and
those of a smaller size have kept up our
intercourse with Louisville and the in-
termediate Ports on the Ohio! 273

River falls fast, & the Sand Bar from Lib-
erator inc [reases?] 274

River upon a Stand

River rising a little

River risen 4 Inches

20 "

" .. 16 ..

" " 3 Feet

REMARKS

1 Fine cool morning. Noon pleasant. Afternoon fine

2 Fine cool and clear morning. Noon cloudy. P. M appearance
of rain

3 Rainy morning after rain all night Noon pleasant P. M.
Cloudy. Saturday. Major Hamtramck 275 arrived at Depart-
ment from Agency.

4 Clear morning Beautiful Day as regards weather. P. M.
Fine.

273. Quoted from the St. Louis Beacon of October 7, 1829.

274. See diary entries of August 26, 1829, and April 9, 1830.

275. See Footnote 128.

300 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

5 Morning fine and pleasant. Noon pleasant P. M. agreeable
weather

6 Fine morning Noon Cloudy with rain. P. M. cloudy and
disagreeable

7 Warm morning accompanied with little rain. Noon warm.
P. M warm

8 Foggy morning. Noon warm P. M warm yet agreeable

9 Foggy damp morning Noon warm P. M. warm and
pleasant

10 Warm morning after a little rain during night Noon
warm Evening fine

11 This Evening Genl. A. S. Hughs arrives with 11 loway Indians
including Big Neck & continue on to J[efferson] Barracks. 276

13 This day the Big Neck & party arrive under Military guard
On the 12th The Big neck, Pumpkin & other loway s (10 in
number) who were in the battle with the whites, arrived from
Jefferson Bks accompanied by a guard of the Military under
Command of Lt. Cutts & were delivered over to the civil au-
thority when the examination commenced before the Hon.
Judge Peck. On the 13th. 34 Sacks arrived Examination of
loways continued

14 Further examination of loways put off this day (14th Oct.)
untill known whether the Battle between the whites of Chariton
Cty. Mo. & the above Indians took place within or without
the State line.

22 Thunder & lightning accompanied by hard Rain & high winds.

26 Ice this morning on the service [ ! ] of a tub of water.

27 This morning cool and the weather fine

28 Mr Russell Farnham married last Evening to Miss S. Bos-
seron 277 (Mrs Gyre Consort of H. S. Gyre Esqr, dies last
night 278 )

30 This morning Clear & Cool this day cool and windy

31 The whole of this day cold and windy.

276. See Footnote 260.

277. "MARRIED, on Tuesday evening last, by the Rev. Mr. Saulnier, Mr. Russell Farnham
to Miss Susan Bosseron, all of this place." St. Louis Beacon, October 31, 1829. Russel
Farnham (1784-1832) was a noted fur trader, employed by the American Fur Company. He
died October 23, 1832, during the cholera epidemic of that year at St. Louis. Ibid., October
25, 1832. Susan Bosseron was the daughter of Charles Bosseron, a prominent French settler
of St. Louis. Billon, op. cit., p. 224.

278. Mrs. Clarissa B. (Starr) Geyer, wife of Henry S. Geyer. St. Louis Beacon. October
31, 1829; Billon, op. cit., p. 281. Geyer had been a state representative from 1820-1824;
and was later (1851-1857) a U. S. senator from Missouri.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

301

November, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State

Points

Thermom

State

Points

Date

1829

8A.M

Weather

Wind

4P.M.

Weather

Wind

Stage or Height of River

November

Cold

56 Cold

River upon a Stand

54 Cool

falling

Cold

falls 2

Clear

56 Warm

Rain

56 Clear

Inch

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

N.W

river rises a little

Cloudy

80 Cloudy

river rises a little

Clear

West

50 Cloudy

N.W.

N.W

Clear

N.E.

49 Cloudy

S.E

Cloudy

42 Smoky

Cloudy

28 Hail

Clear

30 Clear

34 Cloudy

The River thickly covered with floating Ice

Cloudy

38 Clear

Ice Continues to run thick ferry boat

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Cloudy

Ice in the river thick

Ice thick in the river river rises a little

Some floating Ice

River clear of ice

REMARKS

Mjr. L. Taliaferro 279 & Lady arrive from St. Peters. This day

cold accompanied by hard winds

This morning Mrs. Clark & family arrive from Virginia 28

This morning hard frost. Mr. Mulamsecs Brewery burnt down

last night 281

Thick fog & frost. This Evening Cloudy. Mjr. Taliaferro

leaves for Bedford Springs

Rain last night & this morning Cloudy. Clear

Cloudy & damp morning, warm & pleasant.

A Clear & fine morning, equally so in the evening

Cloudy & warm morning. Clear Evening.

279. See Footnote 140.

280. See diary entry of September 5, 1829.

281. The fire at John Mullanphy's brewery was "done by an incendiary " according to
the St. Louis Beacon, November 4, 1829.

302 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

9 Clear fine day with cool night

10 Very cold day This day Mjr. Dougherty & Mr Dagget 282
arrive

11 Indn. prisoners examined & committed ordered to randolph
escaped & were found

12 McNair returned without the prisoners

13 Augt. Kennerly Set out with the 7 loway prisoners to Randolph
County under guard

14 Clear day

15 Rained the greater part of this night

16 Cloudy and Some rain to day foggy

17 Smokey

18 do Cold after rain

19 Gloomeay[?] weather

20 Rained last night

21 Rained all day moderately and ocasionally Mrs. Forsythe
died last night 283

22 Cloudy hail Several hours family Came up from Jefferson
Barracks rained last night

23 Thermometer last night at 10 pm was at 18 below 0. Very
Cold Ice 2 inchs thick floating in the river thick Mrs. For-
syth buried

24 Very coold last night Snow Covers the ground

25 Comence Snowing at 12 oClock

28 Augt. Kennerly returns

29 St Cere & the loway returned from pursuit of the 4 loway
prisoners 284

30 Hard thunder and rain last night wind hard from the W

282. Possibly John D. Daggett, St. Louis businessman. Billon, op. cit., p. 340.

283. Mrs. Sarah (DeMaillot) Forsyth, wife of the Indian subagent Thomas Forsyth, died
at St. Louis on November 21, 1829. Ibid., p. 226.

284. Apparently four of the Iowa prisoners made good their escape. Compare with diary
entries of November 11-13. "St Cere" was one of the St. Cyr family of St. Louis, possibly
Hyacinthe St. Cyr, Jr.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY

303

December, 1829

WEATHER AND RIVER DATA

Thermom State P<

Date

1829

SAM

Weather

December

Clear

Rain

Clear

Rain

Cloudy

Foggy

Clear

Cloudy

Clear

Rain

Clear

Cloudy

8.E

Clear

Points Thermom State

of at of

Wind 4P.M. Weather

Points

of
Wind Stage or Height of River

Clear

river Rises a little

Cloudy

8.E

river rises

it ii

ii ii

Clear

i <i

Rain

S.W

" still rising.

Cloudy

ii <i <

Foggy

Clear

Rain

Clear

River rising but little

" risen about 3 feet

Cloudy

1 Do.

Clear

ii ii

River fallen about 3 feet

" still falling

' ' still falling

ii ii ii

Rain

" Still falling

Clear

" Rising a little

Cloudy

ii ii ii

" hut slowly

Rain

" " falling

ii ii ii

Cloudy

" falling

F I N I S. of the year 1829.

REMARKS

1 Smokey

2 Miss Sanford and Capt Clark maried 285 Steam Boat Hunts-
man from Louisville send of[f] loway hostages with
Beron [?] 286

3 Warm, and mud[d]y Streets

4 Rain last night, cloudy and very warm weather

5 Some rain last night Weather continues warm and Cloudy

6 Warm night When duty [Note: the seven-line statement fol-
lowing, in pencil, was erased, and cannot be deciphered. It
was, apparently, some philosophical observation.]

285. Henrietta C. Sanford, daughter of Alexander Sanford, of Baltimore, Md., was mar-
ried to Capt. John B. Clark, of the Third infantry regiment, on this date. Missouri Repub-
lican, St. Louis, December 8, 1829.

286. See Footnote 260. These were the hostages taken by General Leavenworth to insure
surrender of the lowas involved in the July, 1829, affray. Clark wrote the secretary of war
on August 20, 1829, that General Leavenworth had arrived on a steamboat with 19 Sac, Fox
and Iowa Indians of General Hughes' subagency who had offered themselves as hostages.
Superintendency of Indian affairs, St. Louis, "Records," v. 4, p. 81.

304 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

7 Dark day

8 (Snow last night.)

9 Cold & frosty with fog

10 Cold night & Sroubery[!] covered with frost

11 Clear butifule night. Judge Carr maried to Miss Bent. 287

12 Very dark & rainy evening and the River rising slowly

13 This morning clear & cool, the evening of this day clear &
moderate

14 A beautiful clear & pleasant morning, pleasant Evening

15 Weather much like the warmth of Spring. Cloudy evening

16 Some snow this morning before day. Clear and Cool evening

17 Messrs Daugherty & J. L. Bean, leave for Philidelphia & Pitts-
burgh. 288 Clear and Cool Majr. Bean S. Agt. arrived yester-
day

18 The ground frozen hard this morning. Clear & pleasant

19 The morning & Evening presenting fine weather fo[?]

20 The season pleasant weather to day. somewhat smoky

21 Fine pleasant morning. Clear and warm

22 Clear and warm, more like Sumer than winter

23 This morning Mr. H. Crossler starts for C[ouncil] Bluffs in
company with Paul prince of Wertemburg & Suit 289

24 This morning damp with some rain. Genl. M. G. Clark 290
arrives from the Kanzas with an Indian accused of Murder

25 Christmas morning warm & pleasant, but a little Cloudy

26 The weather still continues warm, like that of Ind. Sumer

27 The celebration of St. Johns day by a procession to the Episco-
pal Church accompanied with the band of the 3d Rgt.

28 This morning cloudy & much like Rain. Cloudy

287. Judge William C. Carr and Dorcas Bent, daughter of Silas Bent, Sr., were married
December 10, according to Billon, op. cit. f p. 202.

288. Indian agent John Dougherty and Indian subagent (to the Sioux) Jonathan L. Bean.

289. Clark wrote the following letter to the secretary of war, on this same date: "The
enclosed application has been made to me, by Paul, prince of Wurtemburg, to go into the
Indian Country, on the Upper Missouri.

"His object being of a scientific nature, I have given him a permit to pass to the Sub
Agency of Mr. Sanford with the understanding that this Report will be made to you, and if
the Government does not disapprove of his passing farther than the Indian Country, his pass-
port will be extended to the Columbia.

"This Gentleman or, prince as he may be termed, visited this Country in 1823, and by the
authority of the Secretary of War of the 10th of June of that Year, I was authorised to per-
mit him to pass through the Indian Country at my discretion, his object appearing to be en-
tirely Scientific.

"This morning this Gentleman set out from this place, for the Council Bluffs, where there
is a Trading establishment; accompanied by his two Servants, a Clerk, and two hired Men of
the American Fur Company.

"Please to signify to me your approval or disapproval of the extention of the passport of
this Prince to the Columbia and pacific Ocean. . . ." Superintendency of Indian affairs,
St. Louis, "Records," v. 4, pp. 74, 75.

290. See Footnote 239.

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY 305

29 Very damp, close & warm weather. Genl. M. G. Clark leavs
for Kan[zas] this day

30 This morning still damp, wind changes & cold

31 Ground frozen & cold morning. Miss S. Benton married to
Capt Brant this Evening. 291

[Part Four, the Concluding Installment, 1830-1831, Will Appear
in the November, 1948, Issue]

291. Capt. Joshua B. Brant and Sarah Benton, daughter of Samuel and Mary Benton, and
niece of Sen. Thomas Hart Benton, were married on December 31, 1829. Edwards's Great
West (St. Louis, 1860), pp. 197, 198.

203363

Recent Additions to the Library

Compiled by HELEN M. MCFARLAND, Librarian

IN ORDER that members of the Kansas State Historical Society
and others interested in historical study may know the class of
books we are receiving, a list is printed annually of the books ac-
cessioned in our specialized fields.

These books come to us from three sources, purchase, gift and
exchange, and fall into the following classes: Books by Kansans
and about Kansas ; books on the West, including explorations, over-
land journeys and personal narratives; genealogy and local history;
and books on the Indians of North America, United States history,
biography and allied subjects which are classified as general. The
out-of-state city directories received by the Historical Society are
not included in this compilation.

We also receive regularly the publications of many historical so-
cieties by exchange, and subscribe to other historical and genea-
logical publications which are needed in reference work.

The following is a partial list of books which were added to the
library from October 1, 1946, to September 30, 1947. Government
and state official publications and some books of a general nature
are not included. The total number of books accessioned appears
in the report of the secretary in the February issue of the Quarterly.

KANSAS

ABERNATHY, GEORGE ELMER, Strip-Mined Areas in the Southeastern Kansas Coal
Field. Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1946. [20] p. (State
Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, No. 64, Pt. 4.)

, JOHN M. JEWETT, and WALTER H. SCHOEIWE, Coal Reserves in Kansas.

Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1947. 20p. (State Geological
Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, No. 70, Pt. 1.)

AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, JUNIOR BAR CONFERENCE, COMMITTEE IN AID OF
SMALL LITIGANT, A Survey of Personal Finance Conditions in Kansas. Chi-
cago, The Junior Bar Conference of the American Bar Association [1944],
52p.

ANDERSON, ALGOT E., Men of Tomorrow (a Playlet for Boys in One Act, Three
Scenes). Kansas City, The Raymond Youmans Publishing Company, c!931.
13p.

BEAL, GEORGE MALCOM, Perspective, a Practical Development of Basic Prin-
ciples. [Ann Arbor, Edwards Brothers, Inc.] 1946. 52p.

BEALS, FRANK LEE, Buffalo Bill. Chicago, Wheeler Publishing Company
[c!943]. 251p.

(306)

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 307

CATLIN, MARY, and GEORGE CATLIN, Building Your New House. New York,
A. A. Wyn [c!946]. 267p.

CLARK, GLENN, The Man Who Walked in His Steps. St. Paul, Minn., Macal-
ester Park Publishing Company [c!946]. 60p.

CLARK COUNTY CHAPTER OF THE KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Notes on
Early Clark County, Kansas, Vol. 4, September, 194%-August, 1943. (Re-
printed from The Clark County Clipper.) [llllp.

CRAWFORD, NELSON ANTRIM, comp., Cats in Prose and Verse. New York,
Coward-McCann, Inc. [c!947]. 387p.

CUMMINGS, WILL H., School Days at Rose. No impr. [7]p.

CURRY, THOMAS ALBERT, Blood on the Plains, a "Captain Mesquite" Novel
New York, Arcadia House, Inc., 1947. 256p.

DENISON, PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 76th Anniversary of the Denison Congrega-
tion, 1871-1946, Kansas Presbytery, 1871-1946. No impr. 16p.

DEXTER, F. THEODORE, 1946 Edition of the Antique Arms Collector and Service
Exchange Directory and Pictorial Type and Value Guide for Americans Pur-
chasing Arms in Europe. Topeka, F. T. Dexter [1946]. 47p.

, Thirty-Five Years' Scrapbook of Antique Arms. Topeka, F. T. Dexter,

c!947. 2Vols.

DODD, CLARA (CRUMB), Washburn Lang Syners; Life at Washburn During the
Eighties and Nineties. Topeka, F. M. Steves and Sons [1946]. 44p.

Dodge City's Diamond Jubilee; 75th Birthday Party, May 23-24-25, 1947.
[Dodge City, Chamber of Commerce, 1947.] 53p.

DRISCOLL, CHARLES BENEDICT, Country Jake. New York, The Macmillan Com-
pany, 1946. 256p.

EBERLE, GERTRUDE, Charioteer, a Story of Old Egypt in the Days of Joseph.
Grand Rapids, Mich., Win. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company [c!946].
295p.

[EISENHOWER, DWIGHT DAVID], Report by the Supreme Commander to the
Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Operations in Europe of the Allied Ex-
peditionary Force 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945. [Washington, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1946.] 123p.

FAIRCHILD, DAVID GRANDISON, The World Grows Round My Door; the Story
of the Kampong, a Home on the Edge of the Tropics. New York, Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1947. 347p.

FORSTER, MINNIE JANE (WYATT), He Led Me Through the Wilderness. No
impr. 139p.

FRAZER, ROBERT W., The Truce of Altmark. Wichita, Municipal University of
Wichita, 1947. 24p. (University Studies Bulletin, No. 18.)

GREGORY, PAULINE, Poems and Proses. Kansas City, Mo., Press of Ramsey,
Millett and Hudson, 1880. 96p.

HAHN, HARRY J., The Rape of La Belle. Kansas City, Mo., Frank Glenn Pub-
lishing Company, Inc., 1946. 274p.

HAINES, STELLA B., comp., Directory Past State Presidents of Kansas Council of
Women and Affiliated Organizations. N. p., 1947. [28]p.

HALL, CARRIE ALMA (HACKETT), Random Reflections Along Life's Highway.
Privately Printed, 1946. 18p.

HALLERAN, EUGENE E., Double Cross Trail, a Western Novel. Philadelphia,
Macrae-Smith-Company, 1946. 219p.

308 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

HERSCH, VIRGINIA (DAVIS), The Seven Cities of Gold. New York, Duell, Sloan
and Pearce [c!946]. 243p.

HOLLAND, RAYMOND PRUNTY, The Master. [New York] A. S. Barnes and Com-
pany [c!946]. 85p.

HUNT, MRS. BLANCHE SEALE, Stones of Little Brown Koko. Illustrated by
Dorothy Wagstaff. Chicago, American Colortype Company [c!940]. 96p.

JELINEK, GEORGE, Ellsworth, Kansas, 1867-1947. Salina, Consolidated, 1947. 32p.

JOHNSON, WALTER, William Allen White's America. New York, Henry Holt
and Company [c!947]. 621p.

JONES, BENJAMIN SAMUEL, Sam Jones: Lawyer. Norman, University of Okla-
homa Press, 1947. 218p.

[JOYCE, MARY], ed., Centennial Celebration, 1847-1947 ; Osage Mission, St. Paul,
Kansas. N. p. [1947]. lllp.

KANSAS BUSINESS MAGAZINE, 1947 Kansas Legislative Directory. Topeka, Kan-
sas Business Magazine [1947]. 161p.

[KANSAS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION], Horton, Kansas, an Un-
tapped Reservoir of Skills and Manpower. No impr. 24p.

KANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, Psychiatric Facilities in
Kansas. Mimeographed. 2 Pts. (Publication, Nos. 143 and 145, Novem-
ber, 1946.)

Kansas Magazine, 1947. [Manhattan, Kansas Magazine Publishing Association
and The Kansas State College Press, c!947.] 104p.

KANSAS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Glimpses From Resource-Full Kansas. [Law-
rence, University of Kansas Press, 1946.] [40] p.

KANSAS UNITED WAR FUND, History of Kansas United War Fund, Inc., Affil-
iated With National War Fund . . . 1943-1946. Mimeographed. 73p.

KELLY, FLORENCE (FINCH), The Delafield Affair. Chicago, A. C. McClurg and
Company, 1909. 422p.

, Emerson's Wife, and Other Western Stories. Chicago, A. C. McClurg

and Company, 1911. 334p.

KING, CHARLES, Fort Frayne. New York, R. F. Fenno and Company [c!895].
289p.

KRAFT, JESSIE (LOFGREN), Overtone. New York, The Exposition Press [c!947].
63p.

KURTZ, LUTHER W., King Alcohol Files a Complaint; Preached Sunday Morn-
ing, October 20, 1946, Potwin Presbyterian Church, Topeka, Kansas. No
impr. 12p.

, The Mission of Jesus; Preached Sunday Morning, December 15, 1946,

Potwin Presbyterian Church, Topeka, Kansas. No impr. 9p.

LEAGUE OF KANSAS MUNICIPALITIES, Kansas Governmental Guide . '.
Topeka, The League of Kansas Municipalities, 1947. 151p. (Publication,
No. 134.)

LERRIGO, MARION OLIVE, and TORU MATSUMOTO, A Brother Is a Stranger. New
York, The John Day Company [c!946]. 318p.

MCELRAVY, MAY F., Tortilla Girl. Chicago, Albert Whitman and Company,
1946. [28]p.

MclNTiRE, JOSEPHINE, Boot Hill [Poems]. Boston, Chapman and Grimes, Inc.
[c!945L 48p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 309

MAKER, JOHN C., Subsurface Geologic Cross Section From Scott County, Kan-
sas, to Otero County, Colorado. Lawrence, University of Kansas Publica-
tions, 1947. lip. (State Geological Survey of Kansas, Oil and Gas Investi-
gation Preliminary Cross Section, No. 4.)

MALIN, JAMES CLAUDE, Essays on Historiography. Lawrence, James C. Malin,
1946. 188p.

MARBERRY, M. MARION, The Golden Voice; a Biography of Isaac Kalloch. New
York, Farrar, Straus and Company, 1947. 376p.

MARKHAM, WILLIAM COLFAX, Autobiography. Washington, D. C., Ransdell Inc.
[c!946]. 241p.

MARTIN, ALBERT B., and L. W. CHESNEY, Kansas Government, a Short Course.
Topeka, The League of Kansas Municipalities, 1946. 126p. (Publication,
No. 132.)

MARYMOUNT COLLEGE, SALINA, The Garland 1947. [Salina, Consolidated Print-
ing and Stationery Company, 1947.] 72p.

MEDCRAFT, MOLLIE A., The Long, Long Miles (a Narrative Poem). Boston,
Meador Publishing Company [c!945]. 106p.

Men and Women From Douglas County in the Armed Forces During World
War II. [Topeka, Myers and Company, 1946.] 123p.

MILLER, ORMAL LEROY, Finding God, a Sermon, First Methodist Church, Tor
peka, Kansas, October 13, 1946. No impr. 13p.

, The Living Christ, a Sermon, First Methodist Church, Topeka, Kansas?

December 22, 1946. No impr. 20p.

, The Pursuit of Happiness, a Sermon, First Methodist Church, Topeka,

Kansas, July 14, 1946. No impr. 15p.

, "Whose Art Thou," a Sermon, First Methodist Church, Topeka, Kansas,

November 8, 1946. No impr. 16p.

MISSELWITZ, HENRY FRANCIS, The Melting Pot Boils Over, a Report on
Amerioa at War. Boston, The Christopher Publishing House [c!946]. 242p.

MORGAN, J. D., Fiscal Kansas. Lawrence, University of Kansas, Bureau of
Business Research and Bureau of Government Research [1947]. 98p.

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF AMERICAN-SOVIET FRIENDSHIP, INC., The Truth About the
Book the Nazis Like [W. L. White's Report on the Russians}. New York,
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Inc., 1945. 30p.

NATIONAL SOCIETY UNITED STATES DAUGHTERS OF 1812, KANSAS, History of the
Kansas State Society, 1912-1946. No impr. 45p.

NEWCOMB, REXFORD, The Spanish House for America; Its Design, Furnishing,
and Garden. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company [c!927]. 164p.

OSWALD, ANTHONY LEWIS, Superior Sires. Hutchinson, The Midwest Livestock
Press, 1945-1947. 2 Vols.

OWENS, M. LILLIANA, SISTER, The American Douai, the National Pontifical
Seminary of Our Lady of Guadalupe. (Reprinted from Records of the
American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 58, No. 1, March,
1947.) 21p.

PFOUTS, R. W., The Feasibility of the Leather Tanning and Shoe Industries in
Kansas. Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1947. 62p. (Indus-
trial Research Series, No. 8.)

Pioneer History of Kingman County, Kansas. No impr. 56p.

310 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

POWELL, LYLE STEPHENSON, A Surgeon in Wartime China. Lawrence, Uni-
versity of Kansas Press, 1946. 233p.
PRITCHARD, LELAND J., Kansas Banking During the War Economy Period, 1939-

1945. Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1946. 86p. (Industrial

Research Series, No. 7.)
ROOT, EDWARD MERRILL, Frank Harris. New York, The Odyssey Press, 1947.

324p.
ROWLAND, JESSIE HILL, Pioneer Days in McPherson. [McPherson] The Mc-

Pherson Junior Chamber of Commerce [1947]. 24p.
RUSH, ELMER ELLSWORTH, School on the Range. Cynthiana, Ky., The Hobson

Book Press, 1945. 119p.
ST. BENEDICT'S COLLEGE, STUDENT COUNCIL, The Raven 1932. [Atchison, The

Lockwood-Hazel Printing and Stationery Company, c!932.] 190p.
SCHAEFEBS, WILLIAM, Keepers of the Eucharist. Milwaukee, The Bruce Pub-
lishing Company [c!946]. 157p.
Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Celebration of the Congregational-Christian Church,

Osborne, Kansas, September 6 and 7, 1947. No impr. [ll]p.
SHANNON, FRED ALBERT, ed., The Civil War Letters of Sergeant Onley Andrus.

Urbana, The University of Illinois Press, 1947. 147p. (Illinois Studies in

the Social Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 4.)
SIEGELE, HERMAN HUGO, Pushing Buttons. Boston, Chapman and Grimes, Inc.

[c!946]. 34p.
SMITH, RUTH, White Man's Burden: a Personal Testament. New York, The

Vanguard Press [c!946]. 222p.
STOCKTON, FRANK TENNEY, Natural Resources: Their Relation to Power and

Peace. Lawrence, University of Kansas, Bureau of Government Research,

1947. 19p. (Citizen's Pamphlet, No. 4.)
[STRONG, CHARLES STANLEY], Kansas Marshal, by Chuck Stanley [pseud.].

New York, Phoenix Press [c!946L 256p.
STUTLER, BOYD B., John Brown's Letter. [19]p. (Colby Library Quarterly,

Series 2, No. 2, May, 1947.)
SWEET, WILLIAM WARREN, ed., Religion on the American Frontier, Vol. 4', the

Methodists, a Collection of Source Materials. Chicago, The University of

Chicago Press [c!946]. 800p.
TAFT, ROBERT, Kansas and the Nation's Salt. (Reprinted from Transactions

of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 49, No. 3, December, 1946.) [49]p.
TOPEKA WOMAN'S CLUB, CREATIVE WRITING CLASS, Charisma. N. p. [1945].

44p.

Reflections. N. p. [1946]. [32]p.

VALDOIS, INEZ, History of Haven, Kansas, Its People, Industries, and Institu-
tions . . . Haven, The Haven Booster Club, 1946. [54] p.
VER WIEBE, WALTER AUGUST, Exploration for Oil and Gas in Western Kansas

During 1946. Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1947. lllp.

(State Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, No. 68.)
VESTAL, STANLEY, Jim Bridger, Mountain Man. New York, William Morrow

and Company, 1946. 333p.

, Wagons Southwest; Story of Old Trail to Santa Fe. New York, Ameri-
can Pioneer Trails Association, 1946. 50p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 311

WAITS, HERBERT A., Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Scott County,

Kansas. Topeka, State Printer, 1947. 216p. (State Geological Survey of

Kansas, Bulletin, No. 66.)
WELLMAN, PAUL ISELIN, The Walls of Jericho. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott

Company [c!947]. 423p.

WELSH, WILLARD, Hutchinson, a Prairie City in Kansas. N. p., 1946. 166p.
WEST, SAMUEL E., Cross on the Range; Missionary in Wyoming. Philadelphia,

The Church Historical Society [c!947]. 105p. (Church Historical Society

Publication, No. 21.)

WHITE, WILLIAM ALLEN, Selected Letters of, 1899-1943. Edited with an Intro-
duction by Walter Johnson. New York, Henry Holt and Company [c!947].

460p.
WHITE, WILLIAM LINDSAY, Report on the Germans. New York, Harcourt,

Brace and Company [c!947]. 260p.
WICHITA, CITY MANAGER, Your City Government in Action, Wichita, Kansas,

1946. No impr. 47p.
WILDER, BESSIE E., Governmental Agencies of the State of Kansas, 1861-1946.

Topeka, State Printer, 1946. 128p. (University of Kansas, Governmental

Research Series, No. 4.)
WILLIAMS, CHARLES C., and CHARLES K. BAYNE, Ground-Water Conditions in

Elm Creek Valley, Barber County, Kansas . . . Lawrence, University of

Kansas Publications, 1946. [47] p. (State Geological Survey of Kansas,

Bulletin, No. 64, Pt. 3.)
WINGET, DE WITT HARRIS, Anecdotes of Buffalo Bill Which Have Never Before

Appeared in Print. Clinton, Iowa [Press of The Merry T7ar], 1912. 224p.

THE WEST

ANDERSON, ANITA MELVA, Fur Trappers of the Old West. Chicago, Wheeler

Publishing Company [c!946]. 252p.

Andy Palmer's Favorite Tales of the Old West. No impr. 24p.
[BARKER, EMERSON N.], Early Colorado Mails . . . [Denver, Nelson, 1946?]

8p.
BEALS, FRANK LEE, Kit Carson. Chicago, Wheeler Publishing Company

[cl941]. 187p.
BUCK, FRANKLIN A., A Yankee Trader in the Gold Rush: the Letters of

Franklin A. Buck. Compiled by Katherine A. White. Boston, Houghton

Mifflin Company, 1930. 294p.

BURDICK, ARTHUR JEROME, The Mystic Mid-Region, the Deserts of the South-
west. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. 237p.
CHASE, JOSEPH SMEATON, California Desert Trails. Boston, Houghton Mifflin

Company [c!919L 387p.
CHILD, ANDREW, Overland Route to California; Description of the Route, Via

Council Bluffs, Iowa . . . Los Angeles, N. A. Kovach, 1946. 60p.
CROY, HOMER, Corn Country. New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce [c!947].

325p.
DAVIDSON, LEVETTE JAY, and FORRESTER BLAKE, eds., Rocky Mountain Tales.

Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1947. 302p.
DRAPER, MABEL (HOBSON), Though Long the Trail. New York, Rinehart and

Company, Inc. [c!946]. 313p.

312 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

GIPSON, FRED, Fabulous Empire : Colonel Zack Miller's Story. Boston, Hough-
ton Mifflin Company, 1946. 411p.

GUIE, HEISTER DEAN, and LUCULLUS VIRGIL MCWHORTER, eds., Adventures in
Geyser Land; Reprinted From The Wonders of Geyser Land . . ., by
Frank D. Carpenter. Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1935. 318p.

HEIN, Orro Louis, Memories of Long Ago . . ., by an Old Army Officer.
New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1925. 310p.

HEWETT, EDGAR LEE, and WAYNE L. MAUZY, Landmarks of New Mexico. 2d ed.
[Albuquerque] University of New Mexico Press [c!947]. 204p. (Hand-
books of Archaeological History.)

HOWE, MARK ANTONY DE WOLFE, The Life and Labors of Bishop Hare, Apostle
to the Sioux. New York, Sturgis and Walton, 1912. 417p.

JENSON, ANDREW, Day by Day With the Utah Pioneers, 1847 ; a Chronological
Record of the Trek Across the Plains; a Revision of the Account Published
April 5, 1897, to July 24, 1897, in The Salt Lake Tribune. Clippings. [116]p.

KING, FRANK MARION, Pioneer Western Empire Builders, a True Story of the
Men and Women of Pioneer Days. [Pasadena, Trail's End Publishing Com-
pany, Inc., 1946.] 383p.

KIP, LEONARD, California Sketches With Recollections of the Gold Mines. Los
Angeles, N. A. Kovach, 1946. 58p.

LOCKWOOD, FRANCIS CUMMINS, Thumbnail Sketches of Famous Arizona Desert
Riders, 1538-1946. Tucson, University of Arizona, 1946. 30p. (University
of Arizona, General Bulletin, No. 11.)

LOOK, Look at America: the Southwest. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company
[c!947]. 393p.

, The Santa Fe Trail, a Chapter in the Opening of the West. New York,

Random House [c!946]. 271p.

MIRSKY, JEANNETTE, The Westward Crossings; Balboa, Mackenzie, Lewis and
Clark. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. [378]p.

MUMEY, NOLIE, The Teton Mountains, Their History and Tradition With an
Account of the Early Fur Trade, Trappers, Missionaries, Mountain Men and
Explorers Who Blazed the Trails Around the Inspiring Peaks. Denver, The
Artcraft Press, 1947. 462p.

NELSON, BRUCE OPIE, Land of the Dacotahs. Minneapolis, University of Min-
nesota Press [c!946]. 354p.

PRIESTLEY, HERBERT INGRAM, Franciscan Explorations in California. Glendale,
Cal., The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1946. 189p.

RADER, JESSE LEE, South of Forty; From the Mississippi to the Rio Grande, a
Bibliography. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1947. 336p.

SAGE, JOHN W., Reminiscences of the Life of Rev. John W. Sage. Compiled
by William Jewell Sage. N. p., 1914. 26p.

TOPONCE, ALEXANDER, Reminiscences of Alexander Toponce, Pioneer, 1839-1923.
[Salt Lake City, Century Printing Company, c!923.] 248p.

TRENHOLM, VIRGINIA COLE, Footprints on the Frontier; Saga of the La Ramie
Region of Wyoming. [Douglas, Wyo., Douglas Enterprise Company, c!945.]
384p.

TUTTLE, DANIEL SYLVESTER, Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop. New York,
Thomas Whittaker [c!906]. 498p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 313

UDELL, JOHN, Journal, Kept During a Trip Across the Plains, Containing an
Account of the Massacre of a Portion of His Party by the Mojave Indians
in 1859. Los Angeles, N. A. Kovach, 1946. 87p.

WATERS, FRANK, The Colorado. New York, Rinehart and Company [c!946].
400p.

Westerners Brand Book 1944 > Being a Collection of the Original Papers Pre-
sented at the Meetings of the Westerners and Also of the Discussions in
Which They Participated During the First Year, March, 1944> to March,
1945, at Chicago, Illinois. N. p. [c!946]. 151p.

WILLISON, GEORGE FINDLAY, Here They Dug the Gold. 3d ed. New York,
Reynal and Hitchcock [c!946]. 315p.

GENEALOGY AND LOCAL HISTORY

ABERCROMBIE, RONALD TAYLOR, The Abercrombies of Baltimore; a Genealogical
and Biographical Sketch of the Family of David Abercrombie, Who Settled
in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1848. Baltimore, n. p., 1940. 35p.

ACTON, MASS., Vital Records of Acton, Massachusetts, to the Year 1850. Boston,
New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1923. 31 Ip.

ADAMS, JOSIAH, The Genealogy of the Descendants of Richard Haven, of Lynn,
Massachusetts, Who Emigrated From England About Two Hundred Years
Ago. Boston, William White and H. P. Lewis, 1843. 54p.

ALBEMARLE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Papers, Vol. 6, 1945-1946. Charlottes-
ville, Va., Society, 1946. 64p.

ALDRICH, LEWIS CASS, ed., History of Franklin and Grand Isle Counties, Ver-
mont . . . Syracuse, N. Y., D. Mason and Company, 1891. 821p.

ALEXANDER, LURA (FALLAS), comp., ed., and pub., Genealogy; Descendants of
William and Dorcas Fallass of Boston, Massachusetts . . . Some Hol-
lands, the McLarens . . . the Brewer Family . . . Kansas City, Mo.,
1929. 325p.

ALLISON, JOHN, ed., Notable Men of Tennessee, Personal and Genealogical.
Atlanta, Southern Historical Association, 1905. 2 Vols.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, Proceedings at the Annual Meeting Held in
Worcester, October 17, 1945. Worcester, Mass., Society, 1947. [232] p.

, Proceedings at the Semi-Annual Meeting Held in Boston, April 18,

1945. Worcester, Mass., Society, 1947. 232p.

American Genealogical Index, Vols. 20-22. Middletown, Conn., Published by
a Committee Representing the Cooperating Subscribing Libraries . . .,
1946-1947. 3 Vols.

APPLETON, WILLIAM SUMNEB, Record of the Descendants of William Sumner,
of Dorchester, Mass., 1636. Boston, David Clapp and Son, 1879. 204p.

AUBURN, MASS., Vital Records of the Town of Auburn (Formerly Ward)
Massachusetts, to the End of the Year 1850. With the Inscriptions From
the Old Burial Grounds. Collected and Arranged by Franklin P. Rice. Wor-
cester, Franklin P. Rice, 1900. 142p.

BABCOCK, Louis L., Thomas A. Budd, a Forgotten Worthy. Buffalo, N. Y.,
The Buffalo Historical Society, 1947. 27p.

BALDWIN, THOMAS WILLIAMS, Bacon Genealogy; Michael Bacon of Dedham,
1640, and His Descendants. Cambridge [Press of Murray and Emery Com-
pany], 1915. 420p.

314 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

BARBER, LULU BELL, Genealogy of the Descendants of Lyman Barber of Newark

Valley, New York. Brockport, N. Y., 1944. 60p.

BARTLETT, JOSEPH GARDNER, Simon Stone Genealogy: Ancestry and Descend-
ants of Deacon Simon Stone of Watertown, Mass., 1320-1926. Boston, The

Stone Family Association, 1926. 802p.
BELL, ALBERT D., comp., Preliminary Report on Descendants of Snow Jones

With Genealogical Data on Families Related to Them by Blood or Mar-
riage. [1947.] Mimeographed. 40p.
BEVAN, WILSON LLOYD, ed., History of Delaware, Past and Present. New York,

Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc., 1929. 4 Vols.
BIDDLE, HENRY D., Notes on the Genealogy of the B'iddle Family, Together

With Abstracts of Some Early Deeds. Philadelphia, W. S. Fortescue and

Company, 1895. 95p.
Biographical History of Crawford, Ida and Sac Counties, Iowa. Chicago, The

Lewis Publishing Company, 1893. 688p.
Biographical History of Darke County, Ohio. Chicago, The Lewis Publishing

Company, 1900. 758p.
BLANCHARD, CHARLES, ed., Counties of Morgan, Monroe and Brown, Indiana;

Historical and Biographical. Chicago, F. A. Battey and Company, 1884.

800p.
BLODGETTE, GEORGE BRAIN ARD, Early Settlers of Rowley, Massachusetts; a Gen~

ealogical Record of the Families Who Settled in Rowley Before 1700 . . .

Revised, Edited and Published by Amos Everett Jewett. Rowley, 1933.

472p.
BOLTON, ETHEL (STANWOOD), A History of the Stanwood Family in America.

Boston, Rockwell and Churchill Press, 1899. 317p.
BOSTONIAN" SOCIETY, Proceedings Annual Meeting, January 21, 1947. Boston,

Society, 1947. 69p.
BOWEN, RICHARD LE BARON, Early Rehoboth; Documented Historical Studies

of Families and Events in This Plymouth Colony Township. Vol. 2. Re-
hoboth, Privately Printed, 1946. 177p.
BREWSTER, LAWRENCE FAY, Summer Migrations and Resorts of South Carolina

Low-Country Planters. Durham, N. C., Duke University Press, 1947. 134p.

(Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society, Series 26.)
BROUGHTON, CARRIE L., comp., Marriage and Death Notices m Raleigh Register

and North Carolina State Gazette, 1826-1845. Raleigh, North Carolina State

Library, 1947. 402p.

BUNNELL, A. 0., ed., Dansville [New York] Historical, Biographical, Descrip-
tive, 1789-1902. Dansville, N. Y., Instructor Publishing Company, n. d.
[537]p.
[CAVERLY, ROBERT BOODEY], Genealogy of the Caverly Family, From the Year

1116 to the Year 1880. Lowell, Mass., George M. Elliott, 1880. 196p.
CHAMBERLAIN, HOPE SUMMERELL, History of Wake County, North Carolina,

With Sketches of Those Who Have Most Influenced Its Development.

Raleigh, N. C., Edwards and Broughton Printing Company, 1922. 302p.
CLARKE COUNTY [VIRGINIA] HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, Proceedings, Vol. 5, 1945.

[Berryville, Va., Blue Ridge Press] c!945. 68p.

COATES, TRUMAN, comp., A Genealogy of Moses and Susanna Coates Who Set-
tled in Pennsylvania in 1717, and Their Descendants. N. p., 1906. 319p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 315

COLLIN, HENRY PARK, A Twentieth Century History and Biographical Record
of Branch County, Michigan. New York, The Lewis Publishing Company,
1906. 879p.

Commemorative Biographical Record of the Counties of Harrison and Carroll,
Ohio, Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative
Citizens, and of Many of the Early Settled Families. Chicago, J. H. Beers
and Company, 1891. 1150p.

Commemorative Biographical Record of the Counties of Huron and Lorain,
Ohio, Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative
Citizens, and of Many of the Early Settled Families. Chicago, J. H. Beers
and Company, 1894. 1220p.

Commemorative Historical and Biographical Record of Wood County, Ohio
. . . Chicago, J. H. Beers and Company, 1897. 1386p.

Compendium of History and Biography of the City of Detroit and Wayne
County, Michigan. Chicago, Henry Taylor and Company, 1909. 719p.

CRAPO, HENRY HOWLAND, Certain Comeoverers. New Bedford, Mass., E.
Anthony and Sons, Inc., 1912. 2 Vols.

CUTTER, WILLIAM RICHARD, ed., New England Families, Genealogical and Me-
morial . . . New York, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1913.
4 Vols.

DARNELL, ERMINA JETT, Forks of Elkhorn Church. Louisville, Ky., The Stand-
ard Printing Company, 1946. 322p.

DEWING, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Descendants of Andrew Dewing of Dedham,
Mass., With Notes on Some English Families of the Name. Boston [T. R.
Marvin and Son], 1904. 165p.

DIEFENBACH, MRS. H. B., Index to the Grave Records of Soldiers of the War
of 1812 Buried in Ohio. N. p. [1945]. 71p.

DUERMYER, Louis ANSEL, The John Wagle Genealogy. Kansas City, Mo., n. p.,
1947. 45p.

Du PUY, CHARLES MEREDITH, A Genealogical History of the Dupuy Family
With Additions, by ... Herbert Du Puy. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott
Company, 1910. 165p.

Early Settlers of New York State; Their Ancestors and Descendants. Vols.
1-3, July, 1934-June, 1937. Akron, N. Y., T. J. Foley, 1934-1937. 3 Vols.

EAST TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Publications, No. 18. Knoxville, Society,
1946. 188p.

EVANS, RELLA (BRIGHT), and MRS. J. FRANK THOMPSON, comps., Wills and Ad-
ministrations of Boone County, Missouri, 1821-1870. [c!932.] Mimeo-
graphed. 107p.

Evans and Allied Families, a Genealogical Study With Biographical Notes.
Compiled and Privately Printed for Marion Boyle Evans. New York, The
American Historical Company, Inc., 1946. 115p.

FINNEY, MINNBHAHA, Two Hundred and Fourteen Years of the Finney
Family, 1732-1946; Descendants of Thomas Finney and Susanna Finney of
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Typed. 275p.

FISHER, CHARLES ADAM, A Biographical History and Genealogy of the Wood-
ling Family. Selinsgrove, Pa., n. p., 1936. 43p.

, Central Pennsylvania Marriages (1700-1896). Selinsgrove, Pa., 1946.
Mimeographed. 90p.

316 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

FORD, THOMAS, A History of Illinois From Its Commencement as a State in
1818 to 1847. Vol. 2. Chicago, The Lakeside Press, 1946. 371p.

FORESMAN, LAVERNA, Foresman Genealogy; Brown-Morris-Barney. Mimeo-
graphed. 2 Vols.

GANDRUD, PAULINE MYRA (JONES), and KATHLEEN (PAUL) JONES, Genealogy
of the Harris and Allied Families. Huntsville, Ala., 1929. Mimeographed.
128p.

GIBSON, JOHN, ed., History of York County, Pennsylvania, From the Earliest
Period to the Present Time . . . Chicago, F. A. Battey Publishing Com-
pany, 1886. [972]p.

GILLMAN, ALEXANDER WILLIAM, Searches Into the History of the Gillman or
Oilman Family Including the Various Branches in England, Ireland, America
and Belgium. London, Elliot Stock, 1895. 334p.

HAKES, HARRY, The Hakes Family. 2d Edition With Additions and Correc-
tions. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. [Robert Baur and Son], 1889. 220p.

HALL, CHARLES SAMUEL, Hall Ancestry, a Series of Sketches of the Lineal An-
cestors of the Children of Samuel Holden Parsons Hall and His Wife Erne-
line Bulkeley of Binghampton, N. Y. . . . New York, G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1896. 507p.

HARDON, HENRY WINTHROP, Huckins Family; Robert Huckins of the Dover
Combination and Some of His Descendants. Privately Printed, 1916. 195p.

HARMON, ADA DOUGLAS, comp., The Story of an Old Town Glen Ellyn. Pub-
lished by Anan Harmon Chapter, D. A. R. [Glen Ellyn, 111., Glen News
Printing Company, c!928.] 208p.

HILL, GEORGE WILLIAM, History of Ashland County, Ohio, With Illustrations
and Biographical Sketches. N. p., Williams Brothers, 1880. 408p.

HILLHOUSE, MARGARET PROUTY, Historical and Genealogical Collections Relat-
ing to the Descendants of Rev. James Hillhouse. New York, Tobias A.
Wright, 1924. 694p.

HINCHMAN, LYDIA SWAIN (MITCHELL), Early Settlers of Nantucket, Their As-
sociates and Descendants. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1896.
158p.

HINSHAW, WILLIAM WADE, Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy . . .
the Ohio Quaker Genealogical Records . . . Vols. 4-5. Ann Arbor, Ed-
wards Brothers, Inc., 1946. 2 Vols.

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF DELAWARE, Historical and Biographical Papers. Vol. 4-
Wilmington, The Historical Society of Delaware, n. d. [506] p. (Papers,
Nos. 34-42.)

History of Bedford, Somerset and Fulton Counties, Pennsylvania . . . Chi-
cago, Waterman, Watkins and Company, 1884. 672p.

History of Dodge County, Wisconsin . . . Chicago, Western Historical
Company, 1880. 766p.

History of Morris County, New Jersey, Embracing Upwards of Two Cen-
turies, 1710-1913. New York, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1914.
2 Vols.

History of Oswego County, New York, With Illustrations and Biographical
Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Philadelphia, L. H.
Everts and Company, 1877. 449p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 317

History of St. Joseph County, Michigan . . . Philadelphia, L. H. Everts and
Company, 1877. 232p.

HORTON, LUCY (HENDERSON), Family History. Franklin, Tenn., Press of the
News, 1922. 289p.

HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Transactions, No. 51. Charleston, S. C.
[Baltimore, Waverly Press, Inc.], 1946. 64p.

Huntington Family in America; a Genealogical Memoir of the Known De-
scendants of Simon Huntington From 1633 to 1915 . . . Hartford, The
Huntington Family Association, 1915. 1205p.

IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Twentieth Biennial Report 1945-1946. Boise,
n. p., 1946. 148p.

Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Indiana. Chicago, Baskin, Forster
and Company, 1876. 462p.

Illustrated History of the State of laaho . . . Chicago, The Lewis Publish-
ing Company, 1899. 726p.

INDIANA, GOVERNOR, Executive Proceedings of the State of Indiana, 1816-1836.
Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Bureau, 1947. 91 Ip. (Indiana Historical
Collections, Vol. 29.)

JACOBUS, DONALD LINES, comp., The Gipson Family of Maine, Including An-
cestral Lines and Branches to the Children of Corwin E. Gipson. Minne-
apolis, Privately Printed, 1946. 68p.

JEWETT, AMOS EVERETT, and EMILY MABEL (ADAMS) JEWETT, Rowley, Massa-
chusetts, "Mr. Ezechi Rogers Plantation," 1639-1850. Rowley, The Jewett
Family of America, 1946. 350p.

JOHNSON, MARY (COFFIN), The Higleys and Their Ancestry; an Old Colonial
Family. 2d ed. New York, The Grafton Press [c!892]. 738p.

JONES, ELIAS, Keene Family History and Genealogy. Baltimore, Kohn and
Pollock, Inc., 1923. 343p.

KELLOGG, DORA (ZINK), The Zink Families in America . . . Omaha, Citizen
Printing Company, 1933. [385]p.

KINIETZ, WILLIAM VERNON, Delaware Culture Chronology. Indianapolis, In-
diana Historical Society, 1946. 143p. (Prehistory Research Series, Vol. 3,
No. 1.)

KNAPPENBERGER, J. WILLIAM, comp., The Descendants of Elisha Harvey From
1719 to 1914. No impr. 44p.

KULP, GEORGE BRUBAKER, Families of the Wyoming Valley; Biographical,
Genealogical and Historical. Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Luzerne
County, Pennsylvania. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. [E. B. Yordy, Printer], 1885-1890.
3 Vols.

LAWRENCE, THOMAS, Historical Genealogy of the Lawrence Family, From Their
First Landing in This Country, A.D. 1635, to the Present Date, July J+ih,
1858. New York, Edward O. Jenkins, 1858. 240p.

LEACH, JOSIAH GRANVILLE, Memoranda Relating to the Ancestry and Family of
Hon. Levi Parsons Morton . . . Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1894. 191p.

LEVERING, JOHN, Levering Family; History and Genealogy. [Indianapolis,
Wm. B. Burford, 1897.] 975p.

LINZEE, JOHN WILLIAM, JR., The History of Peter Parker and Sarah Ruggles of
Roxbury, Mass., and Their Ancestors and Descendants. Boston [Samuel
Usher], 1913. 609p.

318 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

MCCAUSLAND, ELIZABETH, The Life and Work of Edward Lawson Henry, N. A.,
1841-1919. Albany, The University of the State of New York, 1945. 381p.
(New York State Museum, Bulletin, No. 339.)

MARYLAND, GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Proceedings and Acts, 1769-1770. Baltimore,
Maryland Historical Society, 1945. 502p. (Archives of Maryland, Vol. 62.)

MASON, POLLY GARY, comp., Records of Colonial Gloucester County, Virginia;
a Collection of Abstracts From Original Documents Concerning the Lands
and People of Colonial Gloucester County. Newport News, Va., Mrs.
George C. Mason, 1946. 146p.

MEARS, NEAL F., A History of the Heverly Family . . . Chicago, The Bates
Printing Company, 1945. 340p.

MEEKER, G. W. L., and LUELLA (COLEMAN) MEEKER, The Genealogy and His-
tory of the Coleman-Poole and Allied Families. Galesburg, 111., Martin
Printing Company, 1937. 64p.

MENDON, MASS., Vital Records of Mendon, Massachusetts, to the Year 1850.
Boston [Wright and Potter Printing Company], 1920. 518p.

MORRISON, GRANVILLE PRICE, History of a Branch of the Morrison Family
Whose Progenitor Emigrated to America, and Located in Virginia in Co-
lonial Days . . . Also a Sketch of the New Hampshire and Pennsylvania
Morrisons . . . [Charleston, W. Va., Jarrett Printing Company, 1928.]
103p.

MORRISTOWN, N. J., FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, [Registers, Minutes and His-
tory of the First Presbyterian Church of Morristown, N. J., 1742-1891']. No
impr. [496]p.

MOUNT VERNON LADIES' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNION, Annual Report, 1947.
N. p., The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, 1947. 36p.

MOWRY, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, The Descendants of John Mowry of Rhode Is-
land. Providence, Preston and Rounds Company, 1909. 292p.

, Richard Mowry of Uxbridge, Mass.; His Ancestors and His Descend-
ants. Providence, Sidney S. Rider, 1878. 239p.

MURDOCK, JOSEPH BALLARD, Murdoch Genealogy; Robert Murdoch of Roxbury,
Massachusetts, and Some of His Descendants . . . Boston, C. E. Good-
speed and Company, 1925. 274p.

NATIONAL SOCIETY OF DAUGHTERS OF FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF AMERICA, Line-
age Book, Vol. 27, 1943. [West Somerville, Mass., Somerville Printing Com-
pany, c!943.] 334p.

NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, PENNSYLVANIA, Register
of Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Philadelphia
[Lancaster, Pa., Wickersham Company], 1911. 368p.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolu-
tionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey; Cal-
endar of New Jersey Wills, Administrations, Etc., Vol. 10, 1801-1805. Tren-
ton, MacCrellish, and Quigley Company, 1946. 651p. (Archives of the
State of New Jersey, First Series, Vol. 39.)

NOBLIT, JOHN HYNDMAN, Genealogical Collections Relating to the Families of

Noblet . . . [Philadelphia] Ferris and Leach, 1906. 401p.
NORDYKE, LURA (BALLARD), comp., Old Homesteads and Historic Buildings;
Genealogy and Family Lore; Architectural, Pictorial-Historical Exhibition,
Collected by Manhattan Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution,

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 319

New York City. [Parsons, Kan., The Commercial Publishers Company,
pref. 1930.] 235p.

Panhandle-Plains Historical Review, Vol. 19. Canyon, Tex., Panhandle-Plains
Historical Society, c!946. 106p.

PARKER, HORATIO NEWTON, comp., Some Descendants of Six Pioneers From
Great Britain to America. N. p. [1940]. 25p.

PARRAN, ALICE (NORRIS), Register of Maryland's Heraldic Families . . .
Baltimore, H. G. Roebuck and Son [c!935]. 408p.

PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL AND MUSEUM COMMISSION, Pennsylvania at War,
1941-1945. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,
1946. 63p.

PERKINS, EDWARD, What I Know About My Ancestors and Their Families.
Also Some Account of My Wife's Ancestors and Their Families. Copied
From the Original Manuscript, 1888, by Victor J. Andrew. Mimeographed.
33p.

PITONI, VENANZIO PIETRO, Guidex Genealogical Research Guide to Principal
Sources and Indexes. Annapolis, Family Guidex, 1947. 59p.

POPE, CHARLES HENRY, comp., Prouty (Proute) Genealogy. Boston, Charles
H. Pope, 1910. 239p.

Portrait and Biographical Album of Des Moines County, Iowa . . . Chicago,
Acme Publishing Company, 1888. 774p.

Portrait and Biographical Record of Adams County, Illinois . . . Chicago,
Chapman Brothers, 1892. 598p.

Portrait and Biographical Record of Denver and Vicinity, Colorado . . .
Chicago, Chapman Publishing Company, 1898. 1306p.

Portrait and Biographical Record of Kalamazoo, Allegan and Van Buren Coun-
ties, Michigan . . . Chicago, Chapman Brothers, 1892. 946p.

Portrait and Biographical Record of the Eastern Shore of Maryland . . .
New York> Chapman Publishing Company, 1898. 927p.

POTTS, GENEVIEVE MARY, Abstracts of Wills and Administrations of Estates of
Washington County, Ohio, With Miscellaneous Notes and References. Col-
umbus, Ohio, n. d. Mimeographed. [69] p.

PRATT, ELEAZER FRANKLIN, Phinehas Pratt and Some of His Descendants. Bos-
ton [T. R. Marvin and Son], 1897. 164p.

PRUITT, JANYE CONWAY (GARLINGTON), Revolutionary War Pension Applicants
Who Served From South Carolina. [Charlton Hall, Va., 1946.] 70p.

REDDY, ANNE WALLER, and ANDREW LEWIS RIFFB, IV, Virginia Marriage Bonds;
Richmond City, Vol. 1. Staunton, Va., The McClure Company, Inc., n. d.
158p.

RICE, FRANKLIN PIERCE, comp., Paxton, Massachusetts, Burial Ground Inscrip-
tions, to the End of the Year 1849. Worcester, Franklin P. Rice, 1906. 32p.

RILEY, ELIHU SAMUEL, A History of Anne Arundel County, in Maryland.
Annapolis, Charles G. Feldmeyer, 1905. 169p.

RIPLEY, CHARLES STEDMAN, The Ingersolls of Hampshire, a Genealogical His-
tory of the Family From Their Settlement in America, in the Line of John
Ingersoll of Westfield, Massachusetts. Boston, Alfred Mudge and Son,
1893. 107p.

ROLFE, MARO O., Old Tioga and Ninety Years of Its Existence . . . Tioga,
Pa., Bunnell and Rolfe, 1877. 116p.

320 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Selected Documents Dealing With the Organization of the First Congregations
and the First Conferences of the Augustana Synod and Their Growth Until
1860. Vol. 2. Rock Island, Augustana Historical Society, 1946. 167p.
(Augustana Historical Society Publications, Vol. 11.)

Sketches of Successful New Hampshire Men. Manchester, John B. Clarke,
1882. 315p.

SMITH, HENRY PERRY, and WILLIAM S. RANN., eds., History of Rutland County,
Vermont, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prom-
inent Men and Pioneers. Syracuse, N. Y., D. Mason and Company, 1886.

SMITH, JOSEPH H., History of Harrison County, Iowa . . . With Sketches
of Its Pioneers . . . Des Moines, Iowa Printing Company, 1888. 491p.

SOCIETY OF INDIANA PIONEERS, Year Book 1946. Printed by Order of the Board
of Governors, 1946. 115p.

SOUTH DAKOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Collections, Vol. 22, 1946. [Madison] The
Madison Daily Leader, 1946. 544p.

STEWART, MRS. HARRIET WYLIE, History of the Cumberland Valley, Pennsyl-
vania. No impr. 146p.

TIOGA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, The Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 2, Parts
2 and 3. Wellsboro, Pa., Press of the Agitator, 1910. 2 Pts.

TUBES, CHARLES, Wellsboro and the Wells Family. Wellsboro, Pa., Advocate
Print, 1909. 26p.

UPTON, HARRIET (TAYLOR), History of the Western Reserve. Chicago, The
Lewis Publishing Company, 1910. 3 Vols.

VOORHEES, EDWARD KINSEY, comp., Notes on the Southerland, Latham and
Allied Families; Register of the Ancestors of Imogen Southerland Voorhees.
Atlanta, Ga., 1931. Mimeographed. 137p.

WARE, EMMA FORBES, Ware Genealogy; Robert Ware of Dedham, Massa-
chusetts, 1642-1699, and His Lineal Descendants. Boston, Charles H. Pope,
1901. 335p.

WATERS, MARGARET R., and DONALD D. MURPHY, Smith Family; Descendants
of George and Barbara (Bash) Smith of Westmoreland County, Pennsyl-
vania, and Coshocton County, Ohio . . . 1946. Mimeographed. 280p.

WEST SPRINGFIELD, MASS., Vital Records of West Springfield, Massachusetts, to
the Year 1850. Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1944-
1945. 2 Vols.

WHITE, ALAIN CAMPBELL, The History of the Town of Litchfield, Connecticut,
1720-1920. Litchfield, Enquirer Print, 1920. 360p.

WHITENER, DANIEL JAY, Prohibition in North Carolina, 1715-1945. Chapel Hill,
The University of North Carolina Press, 1945 [i. e. 1946]. 268p. (The James
Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science, Vol. 27.)

WHITTELSEY, CHARLES BARNEY, comp., Genealogy of the Whittelsey-Whittle-
sey Family. Hartford, The Case, Lockwood and Brainard Company, 1898.
414p.

WILLIAMS, I. NEWTON, The Rogers-Turner Family; a Search for Ancestors.
Bradley Beach, N. J., Clarence W. Smith Press, 1946. 120p.

WILLIAMS, ROGER, An Answer to a Letter Sent From Mr. Coddington of Rode
Island, to Governour Leveret of Boston in What Concerns R. W. of Provi-

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 321

dence. Providence, Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Rhode Island,
1946. [20]p. (Publication, No. 38.)

Wills of Colonel William Rockhill Nelson, Mrs. Ida Houston Nelson, Mrs.
Laura Nelson Kirkwood, of Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas City, Mo., Com-
merce Trust Company, n. d. 23p.

YOUNG, ROBERT KENNEDY, Tales of Tioga, Pennsylvania, and Its People. Phila-
delphia, J. B. Lippincott Company [c!916]. 158p.

ZARTMAN, RUFUS CALVIN, The Zartman Family. Philadelphia, Lyon and
Armor, 1909. 431p.

GENERAL

ADAMS, EVELYN CRADY, American Indian Education; Government Schools and
Economic Progress. New York, King's Crown Press, 1946. 122p.

ADAMS, JAMES TRUSLOW, ed., and others, Album of American History. Vol. 3,
1853-1893. New York, Charles Scnbner's Sons [c!946J. 435p.

ALLEN, ROBERT SHARON, ed., Our Fair City. New York, The Vanguard Press,
Inc. [cl947]. 387p.

American Book-Prices Current. Index 1941-1945. New York, R. R. Bowker
Company, 1946. 1126p.

ANGLE, PAUL MCCLELLAND, ed., The Lincoln Reader. New Brunswick, Rutgers
University Press, 1947. 564p.

AYER, N. W., AND SON'S, Directory Newspapers and Periodicals, 1947. Phila-
delphia, N. W. Ayer and Son, Inc. [c!947L 1380p.

BARRETT, STEPHEN MELVIL, Sociology of the American Indians. Kansas City,
Mo., Burton Publishing Company [cl946L 142p.

BARTON, ROY FRANKLIN, The Religion of the Ifugaos. [Menasha, Wis.] Ameri-
can Anthropological Association, 1946. 219p. (Memoirs, No. 65.)

BERGSTROM, EVANGELINE H., Old Glass Paperweights, Their Art, Construction
and Distinguishing Features. Chicago, The Lakeside Press, 1940. 120p.

BIGELOW, FRANCIS HILL, Historic Silver of the Colonies and Its Makers. New
York, The Macmillan Company, 1917. 476p.

BILLINGTON, RAY ALLEN, and others, The United States; American Democracy
in World Perspective. New York, Rinehart and Company, Inc. [c!947].

BOATRIGHT, MODY CocGiN, ed., Mexican Border Ballads and Other Lore. Austin,
Texas Folklore Society, 1946. 140p. (Publication of the Texas Folklore
Society, No. 21.)

BRIGHAM, CLARENCE SAUNDERS, History and Bibliography of American News-
papers, 1690-1820. Worcester, Mass., American Antiquarian Society, 1947.
2 Vols.

CLARK, ROSCOE COLLINS, Threescore Years and Ten: a Narrative of the First
Seventy Years of Eli Lilly and Company, 1876-1946. Privately Printed [Chi-
cago, The Lakeside Press], 1946. 132p.

CRENSHAW, OLLINGER, The Slave States in the Presidential Election of 1860.
Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1945. 332p. (The Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series 63, No. 3.)

CRESSON, WILLIAM PENN, James Monroe. Chapel Hill, The University of
North Carolina Press [c!946]. 577p.

213363

322 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

DOWDEY, CLIFFORD, Experiment in Rebellion. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday

and Company, Inc., 1946. 455p.
EMERSON, DONALD E., Richard Hildreth. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press,

1946. 181p. (The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Po-
litical Science, Series 64, No. 2.)
Encyclopedia of American Biography. New Series, Vol. 19. New York, The

American Historical Company, Inc., 1947. 448p.
ESPINEL, LUISA, comp., Condones de Mi Padre; Spanish Folksongs From

Southern Arizona. Tucson, University of Arizona, 1946. 56p. (General

Bulletin, No. 10.)
FOREMAN, GRANT, The Last Trek of the Indians. Chicago, The University of

Chicago Press [cl946L 382p.

GREEN, CONSTANCE (MCLAUGHLIN), The Role of Women as Production Work-
ers in War Plants in the Connecticut Valley. Northampton, Mass., 1946.

84p. (Smith College Studies in History, Vol. 28.)

GUNTHER, JOHN, Inside U. S. A. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1947. 979p.
HAINES, HAROLD HARDIN, The Callaghan Mail, 1821-1869; a Book Featuring

the Lives of William Callaghan, the Pioneer, and His Educated Slave, Isaac

Crawford, Indians, Big Game, Gold and Old Letters. 2d ed. Hannibal, Mo.,

c!946. 104p.
HILLS, RATCLJFFB MELLEN, The Naval Origin of the United States Flag. N. p.

[c!947]. 43p.
HOWARD, CLINTON NEWTON, The British Development of West Florida, 1763-

1769. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1947. 166p. (University of

California Publications in History, Vol. 34.)

HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, Minutes, 1679-1684. Toronto, The Champlain So-
ciety, 1945. 378p. (Hudson's Bay Company Series, Vol. 8.)
Information Please Almanac, 1947. [New York] Doubleday and Company,

Inc. [c!947]. 1014p.
JONES, ROBERT LESLIE, History of Agriculture in Ontario, 1613-1880. Toronto,

The University of Toronto Press, 1946. 420p. (University of Toronto

Studies, History and Economics Series, Vol. 11.)
KRAVCHENKO, VICTOR ANDREEVICH, I Chose Freedom; the Personal and Political

Life of a Soviet Official. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1946. 496p.
LEWIS, MONTGOMERY SMITH, Legends That Libel Lincoln. New York, Rinehart

and Company, Inc. [c!946]. 239p.
LILIENTHAL, DAVID ELI, TV A; Democracy on the March. New York, Harper

and Brothers [c!944]. 248p.
LOMAX, JOHN AVERY, Adventures of a Ballad Hunter. New York, The Mac-

millan Company, 1947. 302p.
LOOK, Look at America; the Country You Know and Don't Know. Boston,

Houghton Mifflin Company [c!946]. 341p.
LORANT, STEFAN, ed., The New World; the First Pictures of America, Made by

John White and Jacques Le Moyne and Engraved by Theodore De Bry

. . . New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce [c!946]. 292p.
MclNNis, EDGAR, Canada, a Political and Social History. New York, Rinehart

and Company, Inc. [c!947]. 574p.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 323

McLEAN, JOSEPH E., William Rujus Day, Supreme Court Justice From Ohio.

Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1946. 172p. (The Johns Hopkins

University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series 64, No. 3.)
MASON, BERNARD STERLING, The Book of Indian-Crafts and Costumes. [New

York] A. S. Barnes and Company [c!946]. 118p.
MEZERIK, AVRAHM G., The Revolt of the South and West. New York, Duell,

Sloan and Pearce [c!946]. 290p.
MILLER, FRANCIS TREVELYAN, History of World War II. Philadelphia, Universal

Book and Bible House [c!945]. 966p.
MILLMAN, THOMAS R., Jacob Mountain, First Lord Bishop of Quebec, a Study

in Church and State, 1793-1825. Toronto, The University of Toronto Press,

1947. 320p. (University of Toronto Studies, History and Economics Series,

Vol. 10.)
National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 32. New York, James T.

White and Company, 1945. 517p.
New York Times Index for the Published News of 1945. New York, The New

York Times Company, c!946. 2302p.
PARTRIDGE, BELLAMY, and OTTO BETTMANN, As We Were; Family Life in

America, 1850-1900. New York, Whittlesey House [c!946]. 184p.
Patterson's American Educational Directory, Vol. 4S. Chicago, American Edu-
cational Company [c!946]. 1024p.
PETERS, FRED JOSEPH, comp., Railroad, Indian and Pioneer Prints by N. Currier

and Currier and Ives. New York, Antique Bulletin Publishing Company,

1930. 106p.
PETERSHAM, MAUD (FULLER), and MISKA PETERSHAM, America's Stamps; the

Story of One Hundred Years of U. S. Postage Stamps. New York, The

Macmillan Company, 1947. 144p.
Prefaces to Peace, a Symposium . . . [New York] Cooperatively Published

by Simon and Schuster, Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., Reynal and

Hitchcock, Inc., Columbia University Press [1943]. 437p.
PRICE, H. B., The Prophet Wa-bo-ki-e-sheik; the Light, White Cloud [a Medi-
cine Man}. No impr. [13]p.
RADIN, PAUL, The Story of the American Indian. Enlarged Edition. New

York, Liveright Publishing Corporation [c!944]. 391p.
RALPH, PHILIP LEE, Sir Humphrey Mildmay: Royalist Gentleman; Glimpses

of the English Scene 1633-1652. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press,

1947. 245p. (Rutgers Studies in History, No. 3.)
RAYMOND, WAYTE, ed., The Standard Catalogue of United States Coins From

1652 to Present Day . . . 12th ed. New York, Wayte Raymond, Inc.,

1947. 224p.
REDDIG, WILLIAM M., Tom's Town; Kansas City and the Pendergast Legend.

Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company [c!947]. 394p.
RICHARDSON, JANE, Law and Status Among the Kiowa Indians. New York,

J. J. Augustin [c!940]. 136p. (Monographs of the American Ethnological

Society, No. 1.)

RISTER, CARL COKE, Robert E. Lee in Texas. Norman, University of Oklahoma
Press, 1946. 183p.

324 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ROHKAM, WILLIAM, JR., and ORVILLE C. PRATT, IV, Studies in French Adminis-
trative Law. Urbana, The University of Illinois Press, 1947. 109p. (Illi-
nois Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 3.)

RYGG, ANDREW NILSEN, American Relief for Norway. Chicago, 1947. 320p.

SANDERLIN, WALTER S., The Great National Project; a History of the Chesa-
peake and Ohio Canal. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1946. 331p.
(The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science,
Series 64, No. 1.)

SANDERS, W. E., Outline of Culture of Prehistoric Indians of Iowa. (Reprinted
from Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 52, 1945.) [15]p.

SETTLE, RAYMOND W., Alexander William Doniphan, Symbol of Pioneer Ameri-
canism. Alumni Day Address William Jewell College . . . May 24, 1947.
Liberty, Mo., 1947. [13]p. (William Jewell College Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 7.)

SMITH, WINSTON OLIVER, The Sharps Rifle; Its History, Development and
Operation. New York, William Morrow and Company, 1943. 138p.

SOULE, GEORGE HENRY, Prosperity Decade; From War to Depression, 1917-1929.
New York, Rinehart and Company, Inc. [c!947]. 365p.

STARKEY, MARION LENA, The Cherokee Nation. New York, Alfred A. Knopf,
1946. 355p.

STODDARD, HENRY LUTHER, Horace Greeley, Printer, Editor, Crusader. New
York, G. P. Putnam's Sons [cl946L 338p.

TALMAN, JAMES JOHN, ed., Loyalist Narratives From Upper Canada. Toronto.
The Champlain Society, 1946. 41 Ip. (Publications of the Champlain So-
ciety, Vol. 27.)

THOMAS, BENJAMIN P., Portrait for Posterity; Lincoln and His Biographers.
New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1947. 329p.

U. S. ARMY, EUROPEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS, CON AD Compendium . . .
[Heidelberg] Continental Advance Section, Communications Zone, European
Theater of Operations, United States Army [1945]. 2 Vols.

, CON AD History . . . [Heidelberg] Continental Advance Section,

Communications Zone, European Theater of Operations, United States
Army, 1945. 379p.

VAN GELDER, ROBERT, Writers and Writing. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons,
1946. 381p.

WALLACE, HENRY AGARD, Sixty Million Jobs. [New York] Reynal and Hitch-
cock, 1945. 216p.

WINDOLPH, CHARLES A., / Fought With Custer; the Story of Sergeant Win-
dolph, Last Survivor of the Battle of the Little Big Horn as Told to Frazier
and Robert Hunt . . . New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947. 236p.

World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1947. New York, New York World-
Telegram, 1947. 912p.

ZEITLIN, JOSEPH, Disciples of the Wise; the Religious and Social Opinions of
American Rabbis. New York, Teachers College [c!945]. 233p.

Bypaths of Kansas History

CBOSSING THE PLAINS IN 1850

The two letters printed below were written by S. E. Hardy to his
mother, Mrs. Jane E. Hardy of St. Joseph, Mo. They were given to
the Kansas State Historical Society by Fenn Ward of Highland.

THE PLAINS, May the 24th 1850

DEAR MOTHER. I take this opportunity to send you a few lines to let you
know how we are getting along on our journey we are all well and in good
spirits except Tom's Jeffers who was taken sick yesterday and was very bad
all night until this morning when a Doctor Jones was got on the road. Tom's
and Rob. and Jim are going home tomorrow we are about 160 miles from
St. Joseph we have been traveling on some of the finest Prarie land in the
World I expect but the worst of it is it is all Prarie and nothing else water
is scarce and we have had but very little wood since we left the Bluffs of Mis-
souri six miles from St. Joseph, there is some 5 or 6 fresh graves on the road
that we have seen, if Tom has any notion to come he had better travel pretty
fast or he will not get up to us at all our horses stand the trip very well so far
grass is from 3 to 6 inches high and has been good ever since we left the Iowa
Mission [about three miles northeast of present Highland now preserved by
Kansas as a state historic site] the roads is as good as any in Missouri a
few bad Creeks excepted John and me has learned how to cook first rate
we can fry meat and make coffee and mix some flour and water together and
burn it a little and call it bread it tastes very well when we are hungry we
bought some soda today from Jeffers boys to raise our bread we are laying
by today on account of Tom's being sick we layed by Saturday afternoon 6
miles before we got to the Mission you may tell uncle Dave that I don't
want home because I had to stand guard one night Joe keeps us alive with
his drollery he always keeps his musket loaded he sayes he is watching for
old Montezuma who he expects to meet every day the road is crowded with
wagons there has been between 60 and 80 passed us today we have met a
good many going back you must all try and do the best you can and I will do
the same I remain

Respectfully your

MRS. JANE E. HARDY Obedient Son

S. E. HARDY

LINDEN Aug. 25 [1850]

DEAR MOTHER I take this opportunity to let you know how we are getting
along all the company are well except Jo and Munroes Ed they have been
sick but about well now we have had no trouble on the road yet and are
getting along very well on our Journey we are in three miles of Fort Lara-
mie we passed Fort Kearney the 30th day of May and have been traveling
over a country entirely different from Missouri ever since the main Platte river
is twice as wide as the Missouri the banks are not more than from one to
three feet high the bluffs are high and rocky and scattered over with cedar

(325)

326 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and pine there is no soil nothing but sand and gravel we got to the Chim-
ney Rock the 7th of June that is a great curiosity to any person the only
way that I can describe it is it looks like a big sweet potato hill with a pile
of rocks on the top something like a chimney it has rained almost every night
since we passed Fort Kearney so the stories you have heard about the rains
on the plains will not do we heard this evening from Fort Laramie they say
at the Fort that there has been 4464 wagons passed there this spring and 400
women and 1500 children and I expect there is as many behind us our horses
stand the trip as well as can be expected I like the plan of my outfit better
than any I have seen yet though I cannot advise till I get through if you can
find any way to send me a letter to Sacramento City if I get there I will be
apt to get it as I have not much time to write I will have to wind up I
Remain

Your Obedient Son

S. E. HARDY

"THE GRAVEST OFFENSE"

From The Weekly Osage Chronicle, Burlingame, November 7,
1863.

JAYHAWKING. The Natchez (Miss.) correspondent of the St. Louis Repub-
lican gets off the following serious joke:

And so far as quiet stealing goes, the soldier gets alarming skillful. "Strat-
egy, my boy," becomes an element of his larcenies. It is a fact, I believe, that
a party of the 5th Kansas once stole a grave. How? you ask. In this way:
Some members of the 2d Wisconsin had to bury a comrade, and dug a grave
for the solemn purpose. Some members of the 5th Kansas having the same
melancholy office to perform for one of their deceased companions, watched a
chance, and while the detailed of the 2d Wisconsin had gone for the Wiscon-
sin corpse, took possession of the grave and buried their own inanimate jay-
hawker therein. I call that the gravest offense, in its way, on record.

A FLYING FISH?

From The Weekly Free Press, Atchison, December 9, 1865.

SINGULAR OCCURRENCE. The train from St. Joseph due at this place at
1 o'clock p. m. yesterday, was detained at a water-tank between that city and
Atchison by a singular accident. When the train stopped in order that the
engine might receive its supply of water, the pipe was thrown open, but to
the consternation of all it was discovered that the water would not flow. Con-
siderable time elapsed and the passengers began to be impatient, the conduc-
tor looked puzzled and the tank-men swore, but the pent up water still
refused to leave its reservoir. A careful examination was therefore instituted,
and to the astonishment of all a huge cat fish was found tightly squeezed into
the conduct pipe. No satisfactory theory is given accounting for the presence
of the fish in that peculiar place. Suffice it to say the conductor captured a
prize and the train moved on, reaching this city an hour behind time.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 327

"TAKE As DIRECTED"

From the Marysville Enterprise, August 18, 1866.

While a train was encamped near Oketoe the other day one of the teamsters
made his complaint to the wagon-master that he was very sick had the ague
very badly.

"Then why don't you take something?" said the wagon-master.

The next morning a horse was missing from the train, and so was the sick
man. The wagon-master started in pursuit and soon overtook the fellow, lead-
ing the horse.

"Ah ha," said he, "you've got my horse, have you! How came you to do
that?"

"Why;" said the thief, "you told me to take something, yesterday, so 7
thought I'd take a horse!"

The wagon-master thought this joke a little too practical, so he gave the
man of ague a terrible "shaking."

FOR ABILENE'S SCRAPBOOK

From a letter published in the Topeka Weekly Leader, September
6, 1866.

The most noticeable thing about Abilene is a prairie dog-town in the main
street of the village. . . .

BUT No RADIO COMMERCIALS!

Advertisement in the daily Leavenworth Times, May 1, 1867.

WELLS FARGO SALOON,

JUNCTION CITY, KANSAS.

THE WORST LIQUORS,

THE POOREST CIGARS,

And a Miserable Billiard Table,

Are to be found at this Establishment, for the Amuse-
ment of "all persons" over Twenty-One years of age,
or any other man.

The New York Herald, Chicago Tribune and St. Louis
Republican on file daily, for the use of visitors.
apr!2dlm

"HIGH" MEAT PRICES IN 1867

From the Marysville Enterprise, June 15, 1867.

The Anti-Beef-Eating Society is increasing in numbers, as the price of
"choice cuts" advances. Steaks are now selling at thirty cents a pound, short
weight; and the best beef cattle bring six to seven cents per pound gross.
Most people are coming to the conclusion that fresh meats are not healthv at
this season. Bulletin.

Kansas History as Published in the Press

The Westerners Brand Book, Chicago, has in several recent issues
published Kansas history items. The May, 1947, issue featured an
address by Col. Edward N. Wentworth on the Southwest cattle
empires. Colonel Wentworth mentioned some of the early cattle
trails into Kansas, including the Chisholm trail. The story of
Horace Greeley's journey through Kansas in 1859 was told by J.
Monaghan, Illinois state historian, in the issue for July-August.
W. Turrentine Jackson's speech on army engineers as road builders
appeared in the December number. "Photographing the Frontier,"
a talk by Elmo Scott Watson, was printed in January, 1948. Watson
referred extensively to Dr. Robert Taft's article, "Seeing Kansas in
the Sixties," published in The Kansas Magazine, Manhattan, for
1939. A story of the battle of "Arickaree Fork," by Hilton Ira (Hi)
Jones, appeared in the February, 1948, issue.

Included among recent articles in the series entitled, "The Birth
of a State This Month in Kansas History," by Cecil Howes, pub-
lished in The Kansas Teacher, Topeka, were the following: "Indian
Tribes in Kansas," September, 1947; "Fairs Still Retain the Old
Flavor," October; "When Bicycles Swarmed on the Highways,"
November; "Buffalo All Gone But Tracks Remain," December;
"The Chisholm Cattle Trail," January, 1948; "Box Suppers and Pie
Socials," February; "Opening of the Santa Fe Trail," March;
"Beecher Bible and Rifle Colony," April, and "Rain Makers and
Water Witches," May.

An article, "Historical Huron Cemetery," by Grant W. Harring-
ton, was printed serially in the Kansas City Kansan, December 17-
28, 1947. Huron cemetery, located in present Kansas City, Kan.,
first came into existence about 1843 when the Wyandot Indians
buried 60 of their number who died from an epidemic. The Wyandots
had arrived in the area from Ohio only a short time before. A few
years later many of the Wyandot tribe became citizens and were
granted land individually by the government. The burial place
was set aside as a cemetery. However, because of the increasingly
high value of the land, several attempts have been made in the past
fifty years to have the bodies removed and the property sold. The
first attempt was unsuccessful because of the objections from the
Wyandots. The second was in 1906 when congress by law author-
ized the bodies to be removed and the land sold. The case went to
the supreme court of the United States but the attempt was finally

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KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 329

stopped when Congressman Charles Curtis was successful in getting
the law repealed. Another attempt was made in the 1948 session
of congress, but the move was blocked by interested Kansas congress-
men. In 1913 congress appropriated $10,000 for the upkeep of the
cemetery, and soon thereafter it was turned over to Kansas City for
maintenance. For many years Huron cemetery was a burial ground
for the Wyandots. A few of the graves are marked but many are
unmarked and their locations unknown.

"Benjamin, or Tap' Singleton And His Followers," is the title of
an article by Roy Garvin reprinted in pamphlet form from The
Journal of Negro History, Washington, v. 33 (January, 1948), pp.
7-23. Benjamin "Pap" Singleton was one of the principal leaders
of the greatest mass movement of Negroes in the United States.
Mr. Garvin dealt principally with the movement of Negroes from
the South to Kansas during the period of the 1870's and 1880's.
Singleton had a major part in the founding of eleven colonies in
Kansas during that period. The difficulties and the hardships the
Negroes endured and the measures taken to aid them by the state
and local governments of Kansas were discussed. Mention was
made of several of the more prominent figures in the migration.

The Dodge City Journal in recent months has printed a historical
column entitled "It's Worth Repeating," with Heinie Schmidt con-
tributing much of the information. Some of the subjects discussed
were: naming Southwest cities, January 8, 1948; a brief history of
Fort Dodge, January 15; the original cowboy band of Dodge City,
January 22; beginnings of Wright park, January 29, and 0. A.
(Brick) Bond, buffalo hunter, February 5. Beginning February 12
the column featured the reminiscences of F. A. Hobble. The early
days of the Methodist church were reviewed on February 26, "Ham"
Bell, last of the Wild West sheriffs, and the blizzard of 1878, March
4. Later articles, several of which were written by Mr. Schmidt, in-
cluded: highways of pioneers, April 15; establishment of the first
church (Union) in Dodge City, May 6, and the first cattle drive
over the old Palodura or Goodnight trail, June 10.

An article appearing in the Manhattan Mercury -Chronicle, Jan-
uary 29, 1948, and the Manhattan Republic, February 4, by Leslie
Black, recalled the founding of Wabaunsee, in northern Wabaunsee
county. The settlement was sponsored by Henry Ward Beecher,
famous Congregational minister, and was known as the Beecher
Bible and Rifle Colony. When the group met in old North Church,

330 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

New Haven, Conn., Beecher, then pastor of the Plymouth Church
in New York, pledged $600 from his congregation for purchasing
Sharps rifles. When the money arrived it was accompanied by
Bibles. The pioneers arrived at their new home on April 28, 1856.
Work was soon started on the Beecher Bible and Rifle Church which
was completed in 1862. The church still stands today although it
has not been used regularly for many years.

Articles of historical interest in the March, 1948, number of the
Transactions of the Kansas Academy oj Science, Lawrence, include:
"Kansas Weather: 1947," by S. D. Flora; "The Climate of Kansas,
1871," from Resources oj Kansas, by C. C. Hutchinson, 1871;
"The Flora of Douglas County, Kansas," by Ronald L. McGregor;
"Kansas and the Geodetic Datum of North America," by Walter
H. Schoewe; "Ground Waters Available for Water-Flooding Oil
Projects in Southeastern Kansas," by G. E. Abernathy, and "Some
Effects of Burning Upon a Prairie in West-Central Kansas," by
Harold Hopkins, F. W. Albertson and Andrew Riegel.

"Mennonites in Comanche County, Kansas," by Mrs. S. Enos
Miller, appeared in the Protection Historical Society columns of
the Protection Post, March 5, 12, 19 and 26, 1948. Other subjects
discussed recently were: the banks of Protection, April 9; Protec-
tion's livery stables or barns, April 16, 23 and 30; Protection's postal
service, May 7 and 14 ; Protection's first vacation Bible school, May
28, and Protection's first band, June 11 and 18.

A brief history of the newspapers of Rooks county by W. F.
Hughes was printed in the Rooks County Record, of Stockton,
March 11, 1948, and republished in the Plainville Times, March 18.
The first newspaper in the county was the Stockton News in 1876.
Of all the newspapers started in Rooks county, only the Record and
the Times are now in existence.

Osage county history, as compiled several years ago by the Kan-
sas Historical Records Survey, Division of Community Service Pro-
grams of the Works Progress Administration, is being printed in The
Peoples Herald, Lyndon, beginning March 11, 1948. Topics dis-
cussed include: origin and name of Osage county, March 11; early
explorations, March 18; Indian occupancy, March 25, April 1 and
8; white settlement early towns, April 8, 15, 22 and 29; first elec-
tions, April 29 and May 6; first townships, May 13; judicial districts
and organization, May 13, 20 and 27; the county seat question, May
27, June 3 and 10, and county buildings, June 10, 17 and 24.

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 331

W. E. Baer's "Across the Years A History of La Cygne," has
continued to appear in the La Cygne Journal. The issue of March
12, 1948, stated that J. W. Mitchell bought the Journal and became
its editor and publisher in November, 1896. In August, 1897, the
Journal again changed hands, going to Bruce Dennis. Other sub-
jects discussed include: the G. A. R. reunion at Leavenworth in 1897,
March 26 ; the graduating class of 1898 from La Cygne High School,
April 9, and ,the response from La Cygne boys to the first call for
volunteers for the Spanish-American war in the spring of 1898, April
23. On April 16 a list of marriages from 1893 to 1898 was published.
The members of the Twentieth Kansas regiment from La Cygne were
listed on April 30. Brief biographical notes on some of the early
settlers in La Cygne who died late in 1899 and early in 1900 were
printed on May 21.

"History of Neosho County," by W. W. Graves, has been featured
in recent issues of the St. Paul Journal. In the issue for March 18,
1948, Mr. Graves described the judicial, legislative and congressional
districts relating to Neosho county. Also the commissioner dis-
tricts and townships of the county were discussed. On March 25,
April 1, 8, 15 and 29 several Neosho county poets were mentioned
with brief samples of their work. Included were : Esther Clark Hill,
Clarence Oakes, Dr. J. A. DeMoss, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Lease, the
Rev. Thomas A. McKernan, Mrs. Helen B. Kyser, J. M. Cavaness,
the Rev. Knowles Shaw, Mrs. Mary Haufle Carpenter, Susie Gibbons
Graves and Mrs. Fannie Smith Gray. Histories of some of the
Neosho county townships were given as follows: Big Creek town-
ship, April 22; Canville township, April 29 and May 13, and Center-
ville township, June 3 and 17.

Pictures of "Historic, Beautiful Kansas," by Russell Walker of
St. John, have continued to appear in the Hutchinson News-Herald.
Recent pictures include: Wamego windmill, built in 1879 by J. B.
Schonhoff, March 22, 1948; a college building said to be the oldest
in Kansas, at Baker University, Baldwin, April 5; the mansion built
by Frederick P. Stanton in 1857, near Lecompton, April 19; Monu-
ment Rocks, sometimes called Kansas Pyramids, in Gove county,
April 26; a covered bridge near Springdale, in Leavenworth county,
May 3; Tauy Jones home near Ottawa, built in the 1860's, May 10,
and the old Kaw Mission, at Council Grove, May 17.

A brief history of Sunset cemetery at Manhattan was sketched
in the Manhattan Mercury -Chronicle, March 29, 1948. The ceme-
tery site was selected in June, 1860, and Mrs. Juliette Lovejoy

332 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Whitehorn, who died in November, 1860, was among the first bur-
ials. (See The Kansas Historical Quarterly, May, 1948, p. 175.)
The name "Sunset" was not officially applied until 1935. Today
the cemetery contains about 75 acres.

The history of the Frankfort Index was printed in a special an-
niversary edition issued April 1, 1948. Forrest Warren established
the Vliets Echo April 6, 1898, which was changed to The Marshall
County Index when it was moved to Frankfort in 1905. The daily
Index was started February 26, 1906, and continued until 1944.
Frank Hartman, father of the present publishers, joined Mr. War-
ren in publishing the Index shortly after it was moved to Frankfort.
It is now published by H. H. and A. P. Hartman.

An article, "Genealogy Research Is Walter McKeen's Hobby,"
by Marietta McLeod, was printed in the Manhattan Mercury-
Chronicle, April 4, 1948, and in the Manhattan Republic, April 7.
Mr. McKeen, a resident of Manhattan, began tracing his lineage
and that of his wife in 1935. He discovered that both he and Mrs.
McKeen had ancestors on the Mayflower. Another of Mr. McKeen's
hobbies is collecting books on the history of Kansas. He also has a
file on the history of Riley county.

Among historical articles of interest to Kansans in recent issues of
the Kansas City (Mo.) Star were: "Towers in the Western Sky At-
test Faith of Pioneers," the story of the building of the "Cathedral
of the Plains" at Victoria, by Victor C. Leiker, April 4, 1948; "Epic
Stand by Quantrill Raiders Is Subject of a Manuscript in Pencil," a
Quantrill battle recorded in a penciled manuscript by one of his men,
by Edward R. Schauffler, April 10; "A Doctor [Dr. Julius A. Burger]
and His Wife Find Joy in Family of Fourteen," by Sarah Kroh,
April 11; "A Young Man [Dr. Franklin D. Murphy] Looks To New
Goals in Kansas Medicine," an article on the new dean of the Uni-
versity of Kansas school of medicine, by Charles W. Graham, April
18; "Portrait of Indian Ancestor of Charles Curtis To Light," a
brief sketch of the life and ancestory of Charles Curtis, by Mrs.
Clyde H. Porter, May 16; "Sunflower Village, a Dormitory on the
Kansas Prairie," by Margery Stubbs Handy, and "K. U. Had Four
Graduates at First Commencement [in 1873]," by Patricia James,
May 23, and " 'Governor's' [Charles Robinson] Treason Trial High-
lighted the Exciting Year of 1857 in Kansas," by Edward R. Schauf-
fler, June 16. Articles in the Kansas City (Mo.) Times were: "Carry
Nation Recalled as a Crusader Who Could Laugh at Own Discom-

KANSAS HISTORY IN THE PRESS 333

fiture," personal recollections written by E. A. Braniff, March 29;
"Carl Sandburg, Poet, Found America's Traditions Summed Up in
[Gen. Dwight] Eisenhower," by Duncan Emrich, April 5; "Frederic
Remington Learned About West in a Year as Owner of a Kansas
Ranch," May 14, and "Graduating Veterans at K. U. Have Been a
Stimulus To Student Body," by Fred Kiewit, June 4.

The Overbrook Citizen and the Scranton Gazette-Record of April
8, 1948, printed a brief story of the journey of the Jim Simmons
family from Chico, CaL, to Pomona, Kan., by covered wagon in 1915.
The journey was begun July 6 and ended November 30. A diary,
kept by the oldest daughter, Corgia, shows that the average distance
traveled in a day was about 20 miles.

The Lamed Chronoscope and The Tiller and Toiler have continued
the publication from time to time of historical articles on Pawnee
county. The reminiscences of Mrs. Elizabeth Halloway appeared
in the weekly Tiller and Toiler April 8, The Daily Tiller and Toiler
April 9, and the Chronoscope April 15. Mrs. Halloway's father, Wil-
liam Montgomery DuMont, brought his family to Kansas in 1866,
settling near Olathe. In 1874 the family moved to Larned where
Mrs. Halloway still lives.

A five-column article by Rolland Jacquart on the history of old
Fort Wallace, located in extreme western Kansas in the 1860's and
1870's, was published by the Goodland Daily News, April 18, 1948.

The Johnson County Herald, Overland Park, published a 70-page
anniversary edition on May 13, 1948. The Herald was first issued
July 17, 1924. Included among the articles of historical interest
were: "Story About Great Seal of the State of Kansas," "Slavery
Question in Kansas Was a Bitter Incident," and "Story of John
Brown in Kansas." Articles by Martha Peto were: "The Pony
Express in Johnson County," "Edgar Porter Reminisces About Early
Days Here," "Indians, Bushwhackers in A. E. Wedd's Story" and
"Frank Schepers Recalls Early Overland Days." Also by Martha
Peto was a biographical sketch of John L. Barkley, Johnson county
farmer who was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in
World War I. Articles by other contributors included: "History of
Quivira," by V. R. Clark; "Olathe, County Seat, Dates Back to
1857," by Ernie W. Miller; "Shawnee Indians Early Settlers in This
Territory," by Frank Hedrick; "Merriam Was Formerly Called
Campbelltown," by Mrs. James B. Fairhurst, and "Recollections of
Early Lenexa Days," by E. A. Legler. A history of the Shawnee

334 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Mission Indian Historical Society, organized in October, 1930, was
another feature of the edition.

In a small, attractive, 12-page pamphlet entitled Shawnee, the
Gateway of Kansas, R. 0. Larsen briefly related some historical
facts concerning the community of Shawnee, Johnson county. Three
pages were devoted to present-day Shawnee. The historical portion
of the pamphlet was reprinted in the Johnson County Herald, Over-
land Park, May 13, 1948.

The seventieth anniversary of the founding of Anthony was ob-
served in a three-day celebration held May 26-28, 1948. Histories
of some of the city's clubs, churches and business institutions were
reviewed in the special 50-page edition of the Anthony Republican
issued May 20. Among the feature articles were: "Petition To
Incorporate Anthony Circulated on July 9, 1879," "English Settle-
ment at Runnymede," "Anthony Library Donated by Group From
New York," "Claim Jumping Every Day in 1879," "List of First
Known Anthony Residents" from official census records, "Municipal
Airport a Growing Enterprise," "Anthony School System One of
the Best in State," "Anthony's First Postoffice in Connell and Wright
Grocery," "Anthony Located on April 6th, 1878," and "Municipal
Lake Noted Beauty Spot."

Old-time Leavenworth was revived in a "Pioneer Days" celebra-
tion held May 27-29, 1948. Leading up to and during the festivities
the Leavenworth Times continued to publish a series of historical
articles by Harry H. Seckler. Some of the recent articles were:
"This City Never Could Rightly Be Called a 'One Horse Town/ " a
story of the part played by horses in early Leavenworth, March 24,
1948; "Leavenworth Has a Real Right To Be Termed the Pioneer
City of the Great West Its Size and Growth Amazed Easterners,"
"Some Wanted a New Kansas Town To Be Named Douglas," and
"The Planters House Once Was Host To Abraham Lincoln His
Slayer Also Was a Guest There," a brief article on famous people
who visited Leavenworth, May 27; " 'Buffalo Bill' Cody Was Ideal
of Children of Pioneer Days," and "Post Offers Interesting History
Sites," May 28; "Leavenworth, Jefferson, Platte County History
Intertwined," "3 Men From City Served as Governors," and "Some
Early Historical Facts About Leavenworth, Vicinity," May 30. An
article entitled "Busy Business Blocks During Pioneer Days of This
City," appeared unsigned in the issue of April 7.

Kansas Historical Notes

The seventy-third annual meeting of the Kansas State Historical
Society will be held in the rooms of the Society in the Memorial
building at Topeka on October 19, 1948.

Funds for restoring the old Beecher Bible and Rifle Church at
Wabaunsee are being collected under the sponsorship of the Old
Timers' Association of Wabaunsee. Mrs. Josephine Brown, 1126
Pierre street, Manhattan, is chairman of the committee. The
church, dedicated in 1862, is being repaired and it is hoped that
the restoration will be completed by the latter part of August when
a homecoming celebration will be held.

Some damage to the historic rocks at Alcove Springs, six miles
south of Marysville, famous camping site of emigrants traveling the
old Oregon trail, was recently reported by Arthur McNew, present
owner of the land. The large rock near the falls, on which initials
and dates of many emigrants are carved, has been used as a camp-
fire site, which has resulted in turning the rock white. Mr. Mc-
New warns that such trespassers will be prosecuted.

The historical committee of the Meade county council of women's
clubs met in the home of Mrs. W. S. Dingess of Meade, March 20,
1948. Rules for the historical writing contest sponsored by the
county council were drawn up. Contestants must be adult residents
of Meade county or descendants of early settlers in the county.
The manuscripts must be at least 1,500 words in length. The State
Historical Society will judge the entries and cash prizes will be
awarded by the county council for the best stories. The contest
closes September 1, 1948.

Manuscript of Volume II of "Chase County Historical Sketches"
was sent to the publishers in April, 1948, the Chase County His-
torical Society has announced. The material was compiled under
the direction of Mrs. Clara Hildebrand, historian of the society.
Volume I was printed in 1940-1941. Members of the executive com-
mittee of the society are: George T. Dawson, chairman, D. M.
Smith, Howel Jones, Henry Rogler, George Miller and Claude
Hawkins.

The newly organized Osawatomie Historical Society elected Al-
den 0. Weber as its first president at a meeting on April 23, 1948.
Other officers are Mrs. Pauline Gudger, vice-president, and Mrs.
Ruby Mclntosh, secretary-treasurer. The president explained that

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336 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the purpose of the club was to stimulate and sustain interest in
Osawatomie history and to work for the preservation of historic
buildings, monuments, etc. The old stone church at Sixth and
Parker streets was cited by Mr. Weber as an example.

A Kansas Historical Marker to "Coronado and Quivira" was
erected four miles west of Lyons on highway US50-North in May,
1948. This was one of the 56 markers which the Kansas Highway
Commission originally scheduled for placing several years ago, but
the war and resulting material shortages prevented its erection until
now. The text of the marker was printed in The Kansas Historical
Quarterly of November, 1941 (v. X, No. 4), p. 342.

Jerry Voorhis, native Ottawan and former congressman from
California, met with the Franklin County Historical Society at
Ottawa May 6, 1948. Voorhis mentioned several people and busi-
ness houses that he remembered from his boyhood days. He was
seven years old when his family left Ottawa for California. Sen. B.
F. Bowers, president of the society, presided at the meeting.

Project Report on Historical Aspects of Kanopolis Reservoir on
Smoky Hill River, Kansas is the title of an interesting 34-page il-
lustrated mimeographed review recently prepared by Merrill J.
Mattes, historian of Region Two, National Park Service, of Omaha,
Neb. The dam and reservoir, in Ellsworth county, were officially
dedicated on May 31, 1948. A more general article by Mr. Mattes,
"Historic Sites in Missouri Valley Reservoir Areas," appeared in
the July-September, 1947, issue of Nebraska History of Lincoln.
In May, 1948, the corps of U. S. engineers of the Kansas City dis-
trict issued a revised 14-page report with maps of their publication
entitled Kanopolis Dam and Multiple-Purpose Reservoir.

A story on the iron monument marking the boundary between
Kansas and Nebraska was written by James C. Olson for the June,
1948, issue of Nebraska History of Lincoln. Mr. Olson and others
recently visited the monument, originally placed at the northeast
corner of Kansas in 1855, and found it in excellent repair.

Those Who Served (Newton, 1947), a 136-page illustrated book-
let edited and compiled by William Jewell Sage, lists those from
Harvey county who served in the armed forces in World War II,
and gives brief histories of the civilian groups which were organized
to further the war effort. Major work included the operation of
the Red Cross railway canteen and the USO.

THE

KANSAS HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY

November 1948

Published by

Kansas State Historical Society
Topeka

KIRKE MECHEM JAMES C. MALIN NYLE H. MILLER

Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor

CONTENTS

OVER THE SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS IN 1858 (Translated
by John A. Burzle; Edited and Annotated by Robert Taft),

H. B. Mollhausen, 337

A HISTORY OF THE TOPEKA DENTAL COLLEGE Ralph W. Edwards, 381

WILLIAM CLARK'S DIARY, MAY, 1826-FEBRUARY, 1831 : Part

Four, 1830-1831 Concluded Edited by Louise Barry, 384

With the Following Illustrations :

Explosion of the Helen McGregor in 1830, facing p. 384, and
View of St. Louis, Probably in the Early 1840's, facing p.
385.

BYPATHS OF KANSAS HISTORY 411

KANSAS HISTORY AS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESS 413

KANSAS HISTORICAL NOTES 420

ERRATUM IN VOLUME XVI 424

INDEX To VOLUME XVI 425

Entered as second-class matter October 22, 1931, at the post office at Topeka,
Kan., under the act of August 24, 1912.

THE COVER

Leavenworth in 1858, the year it was visited by H. B. Moll-
hausen 's exploring party (see pp. 378-380) on returning from the
region of the lower Colorado river. The drawing was published in
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, New York, December 25,
1858. It was sketched by the magazine's own correspondent "from
the residence of Amos Reese, Esq., situated upon an elevation near
the river, in South Leavenworth, and directly facing toward the
north."

THE KANSAS
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Volume XVI November, 1948 Number 4

Over the Santa Fe Trail Through Kansas
in 1858

H. B. MOLLHAUSEN

Translated by JOHN A. BURZLE

Edited and Annotated by ROBERT TAPT

I. INTRODUCTION

HEINRICH Balduin Mollhausen was a German who, between
1849 and 1859, became extensively acquainted with the Amer-
ican West. He was a member of two federal exploring parties and
accompanied a German prince on a third expedition, as has been
described at greater length in an article on Mollhausen in The Kan-
sas Historical Quarterly for August, 1948.

In the fall of 1857 Mollhausen accompanied Lt. Joseph C. Ives'
expedition on an exploration, by steamship, of the Colorado river
from its mouth in the Gulf of California to the head of navigation.
Leaving their boat, members of the expedition attempted their ex-
ploration along the Colorado river eastward through the rugged
country along the southern side of the Grand Canyon. The expedi-
tion was abandoned in the spring of 1858 at Fort Defiance in pres-
ent eastern Arizona. Mollhausen, with several fellow members of
the expedition, continued eastward to Santa Fe, and left that town
via the Santa Fe trail for Fort Leavenworth on June 16, 1858.

On his return to Germany, Mollhausen wrote an account of the
expedition, based on a diary which must have been carefully kept
on the Western journey. It was published in two volumes at Leip-
zig, Germany, in 1861, under the voluminous title Reisen in die Fel-
sengebirge Nord-Amerikas bis zum Hoch-Plateau von Neu-Mexico,
unternommen als Mitglied der im Auftrage der Regierung der

For more detailed biographical information on H. B. MOLLHAUSEN, see Robert Taft's "The
Pictorial Record of the Old West : Part VI," in The Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. XVI
(August, 1948), pp. 225-244.

DR. JOHN A. BURZLE is professor of German at the University of Kansas, Lawrence.

DR. ROBERT TAFT is professor of chemistry at the University of Kansas, Lawrence.

(337)

338 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Vereinigten Staaten ausgesandten Colorado-Expedition (Journeys
Into the Rocky Mountains of North America as Far as the High
Plateau of New Mexico, Undertaken as a Member of the Colorado
Expedition by Commission of the Government of the United States).

This first-hand account of the West has never been translated
into English and is even rare in the original German. We have
been able to locate but few copies in this country. Through the
kindness and courtesy of the California State Library at Sacra-
mento we secured an extended loan of an excellent copy of Moll-
hausen 's work. Professor Burzle is preparing a translation of both
volumes, but a translation of that portion of the account describing
the return trip through Kansas is presented herewith.

This portion of the Mollhausen account includes chapters 35, 36,
37 and 38 of his Reisen (v. 2, pp. 333-391 of the original) and begins
while the return party was still in present northeastern New Mexico,
covering the dates June 29 to July 25, 1858.

Although not a literal translation, translator and editor have at-
tempted to follow the original meaning as closely and exactly as
possible not an easy task, for Mollhausen was at times, as the
interested reader will soon find out, a wordy and an effusive writer.
The most important changes from the original in the translation
occur in the spelling of proper nouns where modern American spell-
ing has been consistently followed, i. e., Topeka for "Topeca"; Ne-
osho for "Neoscho"; Cheyenne for "Scheyenne," etc. Despite M611-
hausen's prolixity, he was an observant and thoughtful traveler.
The record of his intense interest in the detail of life and surround-
ings of a day now gone is a most valuable contribution to the con-
temporary literature of this period in Kansas history.

II. THE JOURNAL UP THE SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS

[CHAPTER 35]

When we stepped outside our camp on the morning of June 29 I
noticed that we had stopped overnight in a grass-covered basin sur-
rounded on three sides by hills. A swampy brook with clear water
which, however, contained magnesium, wandered through the prai-
rie. Because of low water level, it was stagnant at the time; I
observed thousands of fish of various sizes in it that hurriedly
slipped back and forth between the reeds. We did not take time
to catch any, especially since I saw only the one species of "Po-
matis." l

1. Mollhausen evidently classified theae fish correctly as this family would include Buch
fish as bluegills, green sunfiah, etc., common to our Western rivers.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 339

After a journey of 25 miles, we reached the Cimarron river in
the early hours of the afternoon. 2 We were forced to continue our
trip for some time up the little river. We then immediately pre-
pared to stay overnight. The main sources of the Cimarron river
are on the eastern slopes of the Raton mountains (104 W. L. of
Greenwich) ; flowing in a northeasterly direction from the moun-
tains it approaches the Arkansas river within a few miles at 101
longitude. Then suddenly it turns southeast, and cutting away
from the northern bend of the Arkansas, it empties into this river
at the 96th degree.

As far as I am familiar with the Cimarron, it resembles a brook,
winding through green treeless meadows, its water level only a few
feet below its wide shallow banks. Like many other creeks and
rivers in these latitudes, the Cimarron flows at times under the sur-
face and only when it receives water from the snow of the Western
mountains does its wide valley resemble a river ; then roaring wildly
it empties into the Arkansas.

Whenever one comes upon running water in the Cimarron during
the dry season it has only a slight taste of magnesium; but it be-
comes almost undrinkable in the pools because of its alkali con-
tents. It also is accompanied by a bad, musty odor that makes it
quite disagreeable. W T henever I rode through the little river I ob-
served that only a thin film of sand covered its bed, and that wagon
wheels, as well as the hoofs of animals, stirred up an evil-smelling,
blueblack mould which gave the stagnant water of the nearby
brooks and pools these peculiar qualities.

Contrary to my expectations, I found the territory of the Cimar-
ron river poor in game ; to be sure, I noticed numerous buffalo paths
and even a dead buffalo dried to a mummy, an indication that in
some years the bison extends its wanderings to these regions. The
native game of the region, the antelope and the white-tailed stag
(Cervus Virginianus) , I saw only in very small numbers and usu-
ally from a great distance.

We left our camp on June 30th at the usual hour, and followed
the level, but winding road in the Cimarron valley. We encoun-

2. The travelers encountered the Cimarron near the extreme northeastern corner of present
New Mexico and followed the river for some 60 or 65 miles, first on one side of the stream
and then the other, going into present Oklahoma and then Colorado as the river follows a
devious way eastward before entering Kansas in present Morton county in the extreme south-
western part of the state.

The dry, alkaline, or miry character of the river bed in this region, as mentioned by M611-
hausen in the text which follows, has been described by other travelers : see, for example, the
field notes of Joseph C. Brown in the Eighteenth Biennial Report of the Board of Directors
of the Kansas State Historical Society (Topeka, 1913), pp. 122, 123. Brown's notes are a
part of the report of a committee appointed to prepare a map of the Santa Fe trail through
Kansas and this source is hereafter referred to as the Eighteenth Biennial Report.

340 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tered several caravans of traders; they were taking goods to New
Mexico on heavy wagons with teams of twelve oxen; from every-
one with whom we talked we learned that the larger part of the
buffalo herds had already moved north, but that we could still
count on good hunting.

This news hastened us forward so that even in the noon hour
when the sun was perpendicularly above our heads and our shadows
almost disappeared under our feet, when the heated atmosphere
trembled and dazzled us, and the mirage tantalized us with its il-
lusions, we still hurried on as cheerfully and vigorously as we did
in the early morning hours after a restful night, or, as we did in the
cool of the evening when an expanse of water beckoned to us from
the distance. With enthusiasm we even hunted the sly wolf and the
fleet antelope on our robust animals. If we did stop for a few
hours during the day, we rested around the wagon in a circle, laying
our heads in its shade so as not to be exposed to the dangerous ef-
fects of the sun's rays during our short nap.

After riding fifteen miles we reached the spot where the road
leaves the valley and rises to the plateau above. There we met the
United States mail which had left the Missouri sixteen days earlier.
They brought only scanty news but they stressed the fact that
they had encountered numerous bands of Indians on the way and
had escaped being molested only because of their speed. We
.asked them -to mark the places where the natives were encamped,
but not particularly worried about our future, we ascended to the
upland in order to continue our trip until nightfall.

For 12 miles we rode over a surface that was almost as smooth as
a billiard table and then came down again into the valley where we
passed the night. A small group of travelers, evidently coming from
Missouri, camped close to us. We walked over to ask whence
they had come and about their destination, and were most pleas-
antly surprised when Peacock recognized an old and trusted friend
in their leader. 3

We soon were engaged in a lively conversation, and as an example
of how hospitality is offered and accepted on the prairies I quote
the conversation between the two old friends: "How about it, Pea-
cock?" the stranger asked, "Did you count on bad water and have
you taken sufficient fortifying spirits along to last until you get to
the Missouri?"

3. Peacock was G. H. Peacock "of California" in charge of the mule train of the lyes ex-
pedition. See Joseph C. Ives, Report Upon the Colorado River of the West (Washington,
18G1), p. 6; see, also, Footnotes 10 and 17.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 341

"When we left Santa Fe," Peacock answered, "we had so many
full bottles and barrels that we thought we could sell some on the
Missouri; but we have constantly come upon bad water, the sun
has been so hot and our thirst so great that I can't think of the
future without worrying."

"And there is no prospect," the other one interrupted, "of your
thirst diminishing; fortunately my train is still behind me, and I
am glad to be able to help you out in this dilemma." With these
words he tore a piece of paper from his notebook, wrote a few
words in pencil on it and handing it to Peacock he said: "You'll
meet my train tomorrow night or the following morning, give my
regards to the wagon master, hand him this receipt and an empty
barrel; if you don't get it back filled with as good brandy as ever
was taken across the prairies, then I'll be hanged." "But not in
the prairies," Peacock added smilingly, "it might be difficult to find
a tree for you."

We visited together until late into the night, but when we stepped
outside the following morning we found the camping place of our
host deserted ; he had already set out during the night.

On the first of July we remained only a short time in the river
valley; but before we turned to higher ground above the river we
stopped at a depression at one side of the road to fill our water
vessels at a spring there [Middle Cimarron spring], 4 for even
though we rode hard we could not count on reaching the running
water of the Cimarron that same day. At this place the Cimarron
river makes a bend toward the southeast and consists of nothing but
a few puddles. Our day's journey amounted to 28 miles, and when
the sun set, we again approached a green, grassy valley in which we
discovered a pool of dirty water for our animals. We stopped and
had hardly finished the last preparations for the night when a
thunderstorm broke loose. A fine wetting rain veiled the whole
country and hastened the onset of night.

It was still raining when we mounted the mules the following
morning and proceeded in the same direction, following the Cimar-
ron for the first twelve miles. As the sun rose higher the rain di-
minished and when we approached one of the most important
springs in the otherwise dry river valley at about eleven o'clock,
the clouds had parted and the almost perpendicular rays of the sun
greedily absorbed the rain which had fallen. 5

4. The travelers were now in Kansas, as the Middle Cimarron spring was "in southwest
Morton county, about seven miles north and six miles east of the southwest coiner of Kansas."
Eighteenth Biennial Report, p. 122.

5. Probably the Lower Cimarron spring (later known as Wagon Bed spring) in present
southern Grant county. Ibid., pp. 113, 122.

342 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

We rested for two hours at this spring and were visited there by
a group of disreputable looking Mexicans who claimed that they
were returning from a trip to the Comanches with whom they had
traded. Never in my life had I seen a greater assortment of robber
faces than among this band; indeed, some of them presented a truly
terrifying exterior, and they certainly did not give the impression
that any one of them would have shrunk from cold-blooded murder.
They were about twenty in number and I can truthfully say that
we were not particularly pleased when some of them joined us and
started to question us to the best of their abilities. We gave them
short answers, and as far as the continuation of our trip was con-
cerned, incorrect answers, because no one of us was in doubt that
we were face to face with one of the bands of highway robbers
which made those trade routes unsafe, and committed the numer-
ous crimes which are often blamed on the Indians. We were too
well armed to be afraid of this sinister company in daylight, and
only to prevent a night attack and the loss of our mules did we lead
the inquirers astray with our answers.

Upon continuing our trip we underwent a torture which we had
experienced on preceding days but which doubled in intensity after
the mild rain. Small, scarcely visible flies filled the humid air and
descended upon us and the animals in droves; we tried to protect
ourselves by covering our heads and our hands, but we did not suc-
ceed in shutting out the small insects completely; they crept into
our beards and into our hair where they tortured us extremely with
their bites and stings. Not until we left the valley and moved to
higher ground over which we continued our trip to the Arkansas
was there an end to the torture.

After having journeyed 27 miles we arrived toward evening in a
small valley in the plain which is known by the name of Sand
creek. 6 We stayed overnight near a murky pool which we found in
the bed of the infrequently flowing stream, and almost against our
expectations we remained undisturbed for we had not believed that
the band of robbers which we had met the previous day would be
able to resist the temptation to try at least to steal our mules.

During the latter part of the night it rained very hard and we
saddled and mounted our animals in the rain on the morning of

6. The camp on the night of July 2 probably was in present Haskell county somewhat less
than half way from Wagon Bed spring to the crossing of the Arkansas river in present Gray
county, if we interpret Mollhausen's distances correctly. No Sand creek is listed in Brown's
notes as the survey apparently followed a somewhat different route in this part of the trail
than did Mollhausen and his party. There is listed a Sand creek in Gregg's table of distances
along the trail which was some 50 miles from the crossing of the Arkansas. Ibtd., pp. 116,
121.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 343

July 3. Our surroundings presented so desolate and hopeless an
appearance that we had no wish to remain there waiting for better
weather; we therefore put our blankets around our shoulders
and at a fast pace moved across a level expanse whose horizons
were marked by the falling rain as if by lead-colored walls.

We met several caravans that morning, and among them there
was also the one we expected. Peacock had carefully preserved the
slip of paper and according to our previous arrangement he gave
it to the wagon master; he actually got the promised barrel of which
it could be said that never had a better one found its way through
the prairies. The sky cleared again around noon and the boundless
prairie extended in all directions without even the slightest swell.
Although rainwater had gathered in the low parts of the road, pro-
viding many appropriate camping spots, we traveled on until eve-
ning without interruption and then pitched camp in a grassy hollow.

The sun set on the plain in all its glory, and rose again as glori-
ously from the fiery east on July 4 ; not a cloud obscured the lovely
blue sky and huge dewdrops adorned the short stems of buffalo
grass. The grazing mules had brushed the dew from the grass and
had given it a darker color for a short distance making paths which
crossed in the queerest patterns. It was a magnificent morning, a
morning of which there are so many on the prairies. We could
have considered ourselves the only living beings and therefore the
masters of the entire world, for besides our small group there was
actually nothing but the wide green plain, the infinite firmament,
and the beautiful sun. True, our shoes had begun to fall off our
feet, and our tattered clothing showed little desire to stay with us
very much longer, but our surroundings, as simple as they were,
seemed sublime.

We greeted the new day with loud shouts and with heartfelt songs,
like larks that have no worry but dull weather, and no other desire
than bright sunshine. My mule contentedly closed its eyes as I
approached, perhaps with the hope that he would remain unnoticed
by me. He heaved a deep sigh when I pulled the girth tight, and
when I mounted him, he pricked up his long, long ears and trotted
cheerfully ahead of the rumbling wagon in the company of his fel-
low travelers.

For a distance of 14 miles the character of the scenery did not
change at all, but then we came to a series of sandy hills, and an
hour later we were on the edge of the valley of the Arkansas river. 7

7. The travelers were now approaching the crossing of the Arkansas river near the present
town of Cimarron in present Gray county. Ibid., p. 113.

344 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Two caravans were camped there, numerous mounted Indians
roamed about, but before I turned my attention to them I looked
down into the valley that the wide, clay- colored Arkansas divided
in half.

On my journeys I have observed a number of prairie rivers,
among them the Nebraska [the Platte] , the Canadian, and the Ar-
kansas, but as a rule I have not noticed any distinct difference in
their character. Everywhere was the same sandy, wide shallow
bed; everywhere the low banks, the flat grassy valleys; everywhere
the hilly border of the valley, and nowhere were there trees worth
mentioning. The latter circumstance is no doubt the reason why,
at first sight, these rivers do not produce as pleasant an impression
as one gets from rivers in scenically more agreeable regions.

One must get used to them, so to speak, in order to like them;
one must have drunk from their waters for weeks; one must have
bathed in their shallows in order to leave them with regret; and
this feeling is also true of the upper Arkansas river which hurries
through the plains almost moodily ; at times rising, at times falling,
but carrying a large part of the water of the eastern slopes of the
Rocky Mountains to the father of the rivers, the Mississippi.

The Indians whom we met belonged to the tribes of the Cheyenne,
the Kiowa, and the Arapaho, but I was unable to detect any fea-
ture in their exterior which would have pointed to a tribal difference.
They were tall,' well-built people, genuine inhabitants of the plains
in whose posture you could not miss seeing a certain boldness, and
in whose armour, Indian wealth. Their hair fell down to their
knees on both sides of their painted faces while the fantastically
adorned scalp-lock, together with the hair of the back, reached
down to the middle of the spine.

The dress was different in the case of each native, and so gaily
colored, so peculiarly adorned and cut that one involuntarily won-
dered at the gift of imagination of these people who knew how to
express their taste in such varying and different forms. Not only
the moccasins and leggings were brilliant with glass beads, finely
cut leather fringe, bells, rare fur strips and rings, but the saddles
of their strong and wiry horses were similarly decorated. Contrary
to our expectations the wild prairie riders proved to be friendly and
sociable, and one after another rode over to us to shake hands and
greet us.

We remained only a short time on the upland with the caravans ;
riding down the sandy slope we soon got down into the valley

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 345

which lay scarcely one hundred feet lower than the prairie proper.
On the green bank of the river we unharnessed the animals in order
to rest for an hour; scarcely had this fact been noticed by the In-
dians on the hills above when a number of them galloped near and
camped quite close to us. It was not our intention to get deeply
entangled with the visitors whose motives we could not guess.
Their obvious modesty, however, had this time more effect than
their usual forwardness, and we were soon engrossed in a conversa-
tion with one who seemed to me to be one of their most respected
warriors.

As a means of communication I used the sign language as I had
learned it during my stay among the northeastern tribes on the
upper Missouri, and I was very pleased when I made myself under-
stood, and in turn found the answers very intelligibly given in a
similar manner. Thus, I learned that the Arapahoes, the Chey-
ennes and the Kiowas were gathered farther upstream on the Ar-
kansas river in order to receive the gifts which were to be presented
to them by the Indian agent Bent in the name of the government
of the United States. 8 To be sure, these tribes receive a small
bounty every year if there are no complaints about them from the
caravans and, in all probability, it was mainly due to this circum-
stance that they behaved so politely and reservedly toward us.

As a rule, Bent trades with all the natives on the upper Arkansas
river and his main depot is at Bent's fort (103 W. L. of Greenwich),
a fortified place from where business and negotiations are conducted
even with natives living in more remote regions. Through the fact
that Bent has been appointed agent of the United States, a liaison
officer so to speak, between the United States and the Indians and
as all payments and presents for them go through his hands, his in-
fluence and esteem have been considerably increased, and gradually
a relation of mutual sympathy has arisen, a relationship one still
frequently finds in the West between traders and natives. Nat-
urally, Bent derives the greatest relative benefits from such traffic,
inasmuch as all Indians in whose district he lives feel themselves
obligated to trade their furs only with him.

Thus the Indians looked forward to the arrival of the agent.
Some of them had assembled for that purpose farther upstream
and others farther downstream from the spot where we first came

8. Bent was doubtless "Col." William Bent, builder of Bent's new fort and a famous fig-
ure of the Southwestern frontier. Information on Bent can be found in George Bird GrinneH'B
extensive but irregular account, "Bent's Old Fort And Its Builders," in Kansas Historical Col-
lections, v. 15, pp. 28-88. According to Grinnell (pp. 86 and 87), Bent was not an Indian
agent in 1858 but Fort Bent was frequently headquarters for the Indian agents of the upper
Arkansas tribes.

346 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

upon the Arkansas river, so that they might welcome Bent and ac-
company him to his fort. For several weeks they had been waiting,
and some distrust had begun to creep up among them as day after
day passed without their hope being fulfilled. As I have mentioned
above, however, they abstained strictly from any remark concerning
this fact, and allowed the numerous caravans to pass without mo-
lesting them. The tribes, about which the people accompanying the
mail had complained, were the Osages and the Kaw or Kansas In-
dians; they had no relations with those who depended on Bent; on
the contrary, there was friction between them, and at the time of
our presence, bloody engagements had occurred between the Osages
and the Comanches.

After a two hours' rest we set out again and followed the Indians
who had raced wildly ahead of us toward the Arkansas river. We
were able to recognize the ford from afar because a large caravan
was crossing the river, and at the moment we arrived the last wagon
was brought up to the right bank. It was a government caravan
accompanied by a command of mounted troops who were on their
way to Fort Union.

The officers met us in the most friendly manner and since they
recognized us as a government expedition by the "U. S." with which
our animals and our wagons were marked, no special formalities
were needed to establish friendly relations quickly. We had scarcely
an hour at our disposal because the troops had to start looking for
a camping place with more grass, and we ourselves intended to ford
the river before nightfall, and also look for a good grazing place
for our animals. An hour, however, was sufficient to get acquainted
with one another and to question each other.

Moreover it was July 4, the mere mention of which transports
the American into ecstasy; it was the celebration of the Constitu-
tion which a great many citizens do not think is celebrated ade-
quately unless they burn down a few houses as a climax to fire-
works, and then they look for nocturnal peace in an artificially
produced happy mood. 9 Even though we did not shoot off fireworks,
we had enough stuff for our Constitutional thirst, and standing
around boxes and baskets we drank every kind of toast, it may
have been to the Constitution or to the emperor of China, to the
Democrats or to the Whigs, to the slaves or to the free black man
or to any other subject destined to go down or to rise; at any rate
we drank and it tasted wonderful. The troops, too, did not lag

9. Mollhausen's knowledge of American history was evidently not much better than that
of many Americans in confusing "celebration of the Constitution" with Independence day.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 347

behind, because everyone, without distinction of rank or person,
received a double ration of brandy in honor of the day.

Not far from us a high-wheeled light traveling coach had stopped,
and in it I saw a beautiful pale lady with a white and a black
servant. "It is my wife," the commanding officer remarked. "I ask
your pardon if I do not present you to her, but the poor creature
got so frightened when we forded the river and the carriage threat-
ened to capsize that she still is unable to speak." We thanked him
and were not dissatisfied because during our long trip our faces had
received such a robberlike patina that we justly feared to make an
unpleasant, horrifying impression on a lady who had just been torn
away from a cultured home and atmosphere.

Since the level of the Arkansas river was unusually high and the
water came over the shoulders of the mules, the commander of the
troops put two of his tallest horses at the head of our team in front
of the wagon, and we were overjoyed to see our belongings arrive
safely on the left bank of the river in a short while. We then took
leave cordially, and crossing our feet above our saddles we rode
into the river. The impact of the water was more powerful than I
had thought, and on the treacherous sandy soil eroded in furrows
by the current, the animals needed all their strength to keep them-
selves upright with their load.

But we crossed the stream, which at this spot is approximately
six hundred feet wide, without an accident; a few Arapahoes had
accompanied us on their horses, and we gave them some tobacco
for their trouble. We then waved good-bye to the caravan that
was just starting west on the other bank, and a few minutes later
we were on a plain above the river and trotting cheerfully along on
the road which forms a boundary between the valley of the Arkan-
sas and the prairie proper. Toward evening we turned to the river,
and stayed overnight near some tall grass that marked a strip of
swampy soil.

On July 5 we continued our trip along the river valley; the road
was good, the weather extremely pleasant, but there was so little
change in the scenery that it could be considered as non-existent.
When we therefore observed indistinct forms of three or four cotton-
wood trees on the far horizon or went past islands on which willows
grew, we turned our full attention to them, and found objects beau-
tiful and pleasant which would have gone unnoticed in other regions.

Around noon we rested near the last remnants of an old aban-
doned military post which Peacock identified as the former Fort

348 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Mann. 10 Commissioned by the government, it had been founded in
1847 by a certain Daniel P. Mann to protect nearby herds of graz-
ing cattle. Establishment of new posts further west with more
timber, made the maintenance of Fort Mann unnecessary. Since
passing caravans considered the rafters of the deserted shacks and
huts welcome firewood, the clay-walls, deprived of their supports,
soon fell into ruin, and a simple sod wall, in the shape of an irregu-
lar triangle is all that is left of the post. Near Fort Mann the
Arkansas river makes quite a bend toward the south. Since we had
now learned that the Comanches were camping in that region with
their wives and children, and since we had no great desire to make
our way directly through their temporary village, we decided to
cut off the bend of the river and to slip past them by going across
the plain in a direct line. At this time a meeting with the Coman-
ches was, to be sure, not dangerous, but we might have been delayed,
a fact we wanted to avoid under all circumstances. By the way,
there is a road across the upland known as the "Dry Road." It is
even shorter than the road down the river which has been called the
"Water Road," but the "Dry Road" is always avoided by the oxen
caravans, and usually by the mule caravans, too, because of the
lack of water.

That afternoon, after a trip of 25 miles, we were near a road junc-
tion when we suddenly noticed a small dark spot crossing our road
and moving slowly towards the river. The opinion that it was a
bison was confirmed when Peacock looked at it through his tele-
scope. We at once decided to give chase. Since I was the only one
with a rifle, my companions being armed only with double-barreled
shot guns, I undertook the job of either stopping the hairy fellow
with a well-aimed bullet or moderating his speed to such an extent
that my comrades would gain time to ride close enough to make
use of their guns. To be sure, Peacock observed that on all his trips
never had the first buffalo that came in sight been killed, but I was
not to be deterred from the attempt.

I spurred my animal on, and describing a wide circle got the
buffalo between myself and the river. The wind was favorable,
and instead of running away, the enormous animal turned toward
me and watched as I zig-zagged toward it foot by foot. I was al-
most within shooting distance when it suddenly snorted, turned

10. Peacock was evidently an old hand on the plains, for Fort Mann, according to pres-
ent records, had been abandoned by 1850 and had been succeeded by Fort Atkinson which jn
turn was abandoned by 1854. The site of these two military establishments was three miles
west of present Dodge City. Kansas Historical Collections, v. 8, pp. 489, 490 ; Kansas His-
torical Quarterly, v. 1, p. 55, and v. 15, pp. 329, 330.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 349

around and galloped toward the river. I immediately started to
gallop after it on my mount; but the buffalo stopped after a short
run and looked around for me. I also stopped dead in my tracks
without having lessened the distance between us.

I quickly threw the lasso to the ground, which prevented my
mule from running away, slid quietly from my saddle and flattening
out I crawled toward the buffalo which kept its eyes on the grazing
mule. I had come within two hundred paces of it when it saw me
and put up its short tail as a sign of distrust. I got up at once,
and before it had time to think of flight, my bullet hit it through the
ribs between its shoulder blades. The colossus trembled under the
heavy impact but it stayed on" its feet and clumsily trotted toward
the river. The bullet had, however, found its mark and after 20
paces the animal stopped and watched me and my companions who
were slowly approaching it. A second bullet from my rifle again
shook the gigantic body without, however, felling it and only after
the third shot did it fall.

My companions had come close in the meantime, and especially
Dr. Newberry, 11 who had never seen a buffalo in the wilderness,
watched with great interest the defenseless animal that did not want
to die. "I'd like to shoot at the buffalo, too," said the doctor, when
we were less than 50 paces from it and could see the fierce expres-
sion with which the animal looked at us. "With pleasure, doctor!"
I replied, handing him my rifle, "but keep in mind that the buffalo's
heart lies deeper than in any other game." The doctor raised the
rifle, aimed and fired; the animal jumped up with its last strength,
reached the bank of the river in two leaps, and plunged headfirst
into the water. "But, doctor," I exclaimed, "you are bringing to
life again what I have killed." And laughingly we went to the spot
where the buffalo had disappeared.

Fortunately, it had not fallen into deep water, but rested on solid
ground, although half-covered by the water; we did not experience
any difficulty in pulling the dead animal out of the water and ex-
amining it more closely. It was a bull, and I must admit that I
have rarely seen a buffalo that surpassed this one in height and
girth; because of its age it had, however, lost the woolly hair from

11. Dr. John S. Newberry was physician, geologist and naturalist of the lyes expedition.
A biographical sketch of Newberry will be found in the Dictionary of American Biography
(New York, 1&34), v. 13, p. 445.

The heartless shooting of the bison described by Mollhausen on this and succeeding pages
of his narrative was nothing unusual in Western frontier history. Every expedition and every
traveler as soon as "buffalo" country was entered became imbued with the lust for slaughter,
whether meat was needed or not. The wanton killing of these animals reached its apogee dur-
ing the 1870's when the vast buffalo herds were virtually wiped from the map of Western
America.

350 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

its back and flanks ; it could whet the appetite of only very hungry
people or of the wolves which constantly circled around us. We
were satisfied with taking out its tongue, and severing some skin
from its back for leather strips. With a feeling of remorse for hav-
ing killed the animal to so little advantage, we set up camp there
on the bank of the river.

Immediately upon leaving the camp on July 6 we moved up to
the plain which at this spot rises about fifty feet above the river
valley. The grass there had already felt the effects of the almost un-
bearable heat of the sun, for the endless surface was no longer the
green we were accustomed to, but was yellow and dry and seemed
to join the horizon without a break.

The road, however, was as solid as a barn floor, and in order to
reach water again at an early hour the following morning, we
speeded up the pace of our animals. Luck favored us, because
twice we came upon pools where we could water the animals, the
last one after a trip of 32 miles, in the dry bed of a river which
Peacock called "Coon creek" and where we then, of course, set up
camp for the night. 12

Our cavalcade, which consisted of eight pack mules, six riding
mules and a race horse, was increased by a strong horse on this day.
The horse which we saw from the road, had probably escaped from
the Comanches camping near us down the river valley. Since we
could see no one near or far, we considered the horse masterless and
agreed to catch it for our own use. It was no easy task and it took
all our energy to drive the nervous animal to the spot where we
camped. There we began a new attack with united forces, and after
several futile attempts which, by the way, gave us material for
many interesting conversations, we succeeded at last in surround-
ing the flighty racer in such a way that we were able to catch it
and to tie it by means of lassos.

When the horse was captured, it proved to be manageable. We
noticed on its back the unmistakable signs that it had been worked
a great deal recently and had probably been used on the buffalo
hunt. At any rate, our trouble was rewarded and, in prairie fashion,
we no longer cared who had formerly been its rightful owner.

The wolves that run in packs, especially near an Indian encamp-
ment, molested us considerably during the night, the more so as we
could not distinguish in the cloudy darkness whether the unrest of
our animals was caused by wild beasts or by thieving Comanches.

12. Coon creek is in present Pawnee county. Eighteenth Biennial Report, p. 112.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 351

The early morning convinced us that we were not to be troubled
by uninvited guests for the plain was, as far as the eye could reach,
barren and empty; numerous smoke columns rose from the tents
of the natives along the Arkansas valley, and hungry wolves circled
around the camp in order to take possession immediately after our
departure. In fact we were not two hundred paces distant when
they were already fighting for the kitchen scraps; I sent them a
bullet, and at once the wild group dashed away upon seeing one
out of their number sink down without a sound, hit by the mur-
derous lead.

We went on our way quickly, and when the heat of the rising
sun began its fatiguing effect, a 'small wooded grove shone invitingly
from the distance. With many turns the dark green strip traced
its way from north to south toward the Arkansas river; the slope
of the land indicated that a small stream pursued its course con-
tinually in cool shade. Taught by instinct about the proximity of
water, the animals strained themselves still more in their dusty
harnesses, and obeyed the spurs and the whip willingly.

The Pawnee fork 13 was before us, a favorite summer resort of
the natives of that district. From the caravans which we had met
we had been prepared to meet an important group of the Cheyennes
and Arapahoes, but to our surprise we found the valley deserted
and empty, and only screeching ravens and crows hovered over the
artificially erected arbors that had been used as temporary shelters,
the surest proof that only very recently people had lived there. The
tracks of horses and of dragging tent poles 14 going west toward
Fort Bent indicated to us that a group of at least four-hundred
people must have camped there, and that they had left only on the
preceding day.

Although we had journeyed only 25 miles that day, we decided
not to pass by the inviting spot, and established our small camp
on the left bank of the river. I hastened to get down to the river
with my fishing tackle but I threw my hook in vain for, although
numerous fish enlivened the water, none of them seemed to be in-
clined to touch the bait. For a long time, however, I sat on the
edge of the water and watched the rushing stream which was about
20 feet wide and 3-5 feet deep. The stream flowed tempestuously

13. The Pawnee fork was crossed near present Larned, Pawnee county. Ibid.

14. "DRAGGING TENT POLES. When the Prairie Indians are traveling they fasten the tent
poles (16-20 feet long) on both sides of their pack animals in such a fashion that the thin end
drags on the ground. Children, sick and aged people take long trips on the prairies in relative
comfort by being assigned seals on buffalo skins that had been tied to the poles dragging be-
hind the horses on both sides, and were quite elastic." Mollhausen.

352 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

around the accumulated driftwood, reflecting the steep banks with
their shady trees in its moving surface.

The wide prairie with its sublime tranquility and its majestic ex-
panse certainly has an appeal to receptive and contemplative minds.
But when, after a long trip through the endless grassy meadows,
one suddenly finds himself in a region where mighty walnut trees,
sycamores, oak trees and willows of many kinds crowd the dark
masses of their tops together, decorated with lianas and grapevines
where, in other words, the earth's inexhaustible productive force
is revealed in the luscious vegetation, in the knotted trunk as well
as in the tender twig then the enjoyment is doubly great. Also
doubly beautiful does the picture of the grassy plain appear to be,
the plain which one has just left and which he is going to cross
once more. The smallest wooded strip extends nature's kind greeting
to the wanderer of the prairie.

The twittering and the singing of birds touch your heart, and
even in the clear eye of the turtle which raises its head from the
water and watches your motions, you seem to recognize a greeting;
in fact, nature beckons to you, friendly and understanding, from all
sides, if you listen attentively to the thousand voices which speak
to you even from seemingly inanimate objects.

The mosquitoes finally chased me from the river ; when I returned
to the camp I found my companions occupied in watching a buffalo
through a telescope. The animal was slowly moving toward our
camp. We got ready for the hunt at once, but the bison, apparently
suspecting danger, suddenly turned from the direction it had fol-
lowed and went farther down the Pawnee fork toward the Arkansas
river.

The night passed without any disturbance, and in the early morn-
ing of July 8 we were on our way. A mild rain had refreshed the
entire country after a thunderstorm, and the wooded grove far to
the south, which we could see from the height, was resplendent in
the freshest green; even the green of the prairie was brighter.
Our wide road extended in an easterly direction, freed from the
unpleasant dust for a while. At times we approached the Arkansas
river, and then left it again as the river wound along, or we passed
dry beds of streams running from north to south that crossed our
road at several places.

We met only one Arapaho ; he was going to announce to his tribe
the impending arrival of the agent who, according to his informa-
tion, was still a four days' trip behind. The Indian presented a

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 353

picture of a handsome warrior, and though he was overloaded with
arms and fantastic decorations, especially owl and hawk feathers,
he controlled his fiery horse with extreme grace and assuredness.
Judging from his weapons, he must have been an aristocratic chief-
tain because before him on his saddle rested a long rifle, from his
shoulders hung a shield of solid buffalo leather, as well as a bow of
elkhorn with a well-filled quiver. In his right hand he held a light
spear while a tomahawk and a knife flashed in his belt.

After a short stop we parted, but soon afterward we met three
single riders who raced like mad over the plains on their wild
horses. When they noticed us they turned toward us, and from
afar we recognized two Americans and an Indian who could hardly
be distinguished from one another in appearance. The former
were two young fellows with audacious expressions on their beard-
less faces. By neglecting their personal appearance and by dressing
partly in Indian garments their features had taken on much of the
native's traits, while the Indian whom I considered a halfbreed on
account of his light color, attempted to imitate the white race
through his posture and dress. They told us that they were con-
nected with the trader whose establishment on Walnut creek we
would reach in the course of the day and that they were about to
go to the Comanches to whom they had already sent a few wagons
with articles for trade.

I must ask the readers' indulgence that I even mention meeting
individual people in my book but in the indescribable loneliness of
the prairie the appearance of human beings is considered an event
and is, therefore, imprinted in one's memory in inextinguishable
colors; I think that I should not omit mentioning such trivial cir-
cumstances here.

In this case I remember it especially well because my eyes de-
ceived me as I did not recognize a man with whom I had at one
time wandered through the prairies for months. I learned in the
house of the fur trader that the suspected half-breed was actually
a young Mexican by the name of Vincent! 15 who had been kid-
napped as a child by the Comanches and had gradually taken on
their customs and interests. His features and the tone of his voice
had struck me, but not sufficiently to cause me to ask for his name.
I would never have suspected that the handsome slender Indian,

15. Mollhausen had met Vincent! in 1853 near Fort Arbuckle, in present Oklahoma, when
a member of the Lt. A. W. Whipple expedition. See Mollhausen, Diary of a Journey From
the Mississippi To the Coasts of the Pacific, translated by Mrs. Percy Sinnett (London, 1858),
v. 1, pp. 94-97.

231111

354 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

whose richly embroidered moccasins and leggings indicated that
very skillful squaws waited on him, that this was little Vincenti
who at one time accompanied Whipple's expedition as an inter-
preter; the boy had changed so much in the course of four years.
Whether Vincenti really did not remember me or out of sheer
moodiness did not want to recognize me I cannot say; anyway we
met and parted as strangers and a few hours later I learned that the
prophecies which I once had made for the wild boy had come true,
that he was happy in the fancy-free life of an Indian and that since
he possessed a few pretty wives he was not ready to exchange his
lot with that of anyone else.

[CHAPTER 36]

After a march of 30 miles we got to Walnut creek, 16 a little river
that completely resembled Coon creek in character and in size. I
noticed the same picturesque grouping of trees, the same variety
in the trees themselves, the same healthy dark-green appearance
and the same steep clay banks. We crossed the river, and turning
downstream toward the Arkansas river we reached the log cabin
of the fur trader in a short time.

The owner of the trading post had gone to the Missouri, as a few
young people who were staying there informed us, in order to sell
the furs he had obtained and at the same time to procure new goods.
To protect his property, which included a nice herd of cattle, he
had left six young Americans and Vincenti; according to all ap-
pearances they all led an easy life. The natives, who were glad to
have a trader there, molested them but little, and there never was
a lack of food in the cabin since they always had fresh meat to
supplement a supply of flour. The eastern angle between Walnut
creek and the Arkansas river was constantly enlivened by buffalo
and, when on a fast horse, it took only a little effort to kill one or
more of them.

We decided to stay overnight near the log cabin on the river
bank, and betook ourselves presently to the young people who were
not a very select company but afforded us, nevertheless, interesting
conversation. We also found there an opportunity to replace our
boots which no longer held together, with soft Indian moccasins.
We also got some poor whisky which aroused my suspicion that for
their furs the Indians were often paid here in something more ex-
citing than the usual articles of trade. The inhabitants of the trad-

16. The crossing of Walnut creek was near present Great Bend in Barton county.
Eighteenth Biennial Report, p. 112.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 355

ing post did not feel entirely safe ; the coming winter months worried
them especially, for then they would receive numerous visits from
the natives who came for the sole purpose of being fed through the
off season and could not be rejected if the traders did not want to
spoil their chances for trade with the whole tribe.

I cannot deny that I have been, so-to-speak, an admirer of the
adventurous life of a trapper and a fur trader ever since my first
acquaintance with the "Far West"; to such an extent that it took a
great deal to change my intention of spending my entire life in the
romantic, alluring, primeval wilderness. Nowhere did I feel more
comfortable than in the log cabins on the upper Missouri and in
the Rocky mountains, and nowhere was I happier than in the com-
pany of white hunters, even though other conditions of the most
adverse nature might confront and threaten me on all sides.

But here in the trading post on Walnut creek it was different
and, although I cannot explain it, I felt that many things were not
the way they should have been, and that this establishment could
not be considered one of the trading posts of the AMERICAN FUR
COMPANY by which the natives are always treated according to cer-
tain principles, even if some accusations against the company are
true, and military order partly takes the place of the law. 17

I had a great deal of pleasure in watching six tamed buffalo
which were being driven, together with the rest of the cattle, into
an enclosure formed by strong palisades. Although not yet fully
grown, they were, nevertheless, stately animals and did not differ
at all in character and behavior from their spotted comrades which
seemed to have developed a special kind of friendship for them.
It must seem strange, however, that the tamed buffalo never joined
the numerous wild herds that grazed daily in their neighborhood;
this fact confirmed my opinion that the North American bison, as
it is more correctly called, is suited just as well for a domestic
animal as sheep or ordinary cattle.

These buffalo had been caught as calves with little trouble after
their mothers had been killed, and had been added to the herd.

17. The trading post, purely a private affair as Mollhausen suggests, and not company
owned, was established by one Allison of Independence, Mo., in 1857. It was at this post
that a George Peacock was killed in 1860 (cf. Footnotes 3 and 10). Emporia News, Septem-
ber 22, 1860; Kansas Historical Collections, v. 10, pp. 664, 665. There seems to be more
than a possibility that George Peacock was the G. H. Peacock of the Ives expedition. We
have already called attention in these notes to the fact that apparently Peacock was a man of
long experience on the plains. The Weekly Reveille, St. Louis, November 10, 1845, mentions
a Peacock, a Santa Fe trader. In J. J. Webb's Adventures in the Santa Fe Trade (Glendale,
Cal., 1931), edited by Ralph P. Bieber, p. 170, mention is made of George Peacock of Inde-
pendence in December, 1845. Bieber makes editorial comment on Peacock, citing the refer-
ence to the Weekly Reveille given above and also to the Daily Missouri Republican, St. Louis,
September 18, 1860. The Kansas Press, Council Grove, April 9, 1860, states: "Mr. Peacock
of Allison's old Ranche, passed through town the other day with 2000 Wolf Pelts for Kansas
City."

356 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

From the first moment the young animals had shown neither rest-
lessness nor antipathy to being driven or led by men. They were
eventually to be led to the Missouri river and to be sold ; the buffalo
trade there was considered a business which really deserved some
attention.

The bison brought to civilized regions is unfortunately used only
for slaughtering purposes and sold by the pound at very high
prices to people who wish to become familiar with the taste of this
world-famous meat. Therefore the momentary profit does not per-
mit the establishment of proper buffalo breeding in America, but I
gradually became convinced that with some care in their breeding
the bison cannot only be tamed easily, but acclimatized. Its intro-
duction to Europe would be less troublesome and more profitable
than might be suspected at first.

It was too late to start hunting on this day, and so I enjoyed
myself till evening with observing the distant herds through a tele-
scope. I was amused by the antics of the gigantic shaggy ani-
mals as they walked towards the water after their meal, or lay
around comfortably ruminating. The long-bearded, powerful ani-
mals had an extremely serious look; it therefore seemed the funnier
when some of them in youthful exuberance jumped about in awk-
ward motions or attacked one another with their dull horns in a
battle-like game. The old ones of the group looked indifferently
at the young folk, the cows cleaned and licked their redbrown
calves, and on the bent backs of all, flights of trusting cowbirds
lighted to remove broods of poisonous flies from their shaggy fur.
The setting sun illuminated a picture of serene peace, a picture of
peace in which only man was absent to disturb it, since a mere
glimpse of one would have been sufficient to cause the animals to
flee in fright.

On the morning of July 9 we discovered to our great dismay
that under the cover of darkness one of the mules had slipped away
in the trees. A careful investigation revealed that it had taken the
way back, and we immediately had one of the young men at the
log cabin ride after the fugitive and bring it back as speedily as
possible. We ourselves went on to the mouth of Walnut creek, two
miles distant, to wait there until the next day, on the grassy bank
of the Arkansas river, for the return of the escaped mule. The heat
was oppressive and we tried in vain to escape the glare of the sun
in the shade of the wagon and the tent; we almost forgot that we
were in the buffalo region and were therefore no little surprised

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 357

when we suddenly noticed nine powerful buffalo bulls clumsily
wading in the middle of the river.

From the direction in which they moved I concluded they would
reach the bank a short distance below our camp. I hastened to
meet them there with my rifle while the doctor and Peacock sad-
dled the two horses and got ready for the pursuit. But we had
noticed them a little too late, for I still was not yet within good
shooting range when the first one jumped onto the bank and shook
the water from his fur. He was followed by the others but because
they looked around and saw me I could not lessen the distance
that still separated us. Wheij they saw the wagon and the mules
they became restless and, getting ready for flight, they put up their
short tails. In the meantime I lay in the grass and having chosen
the fattest one as a mark for my bullet, I fired the moment the
first one started galloping.

Badly hit, the animal went down on its knees but rallying rap-
idly it joined its comrades and raced like mad across the prairies.
As soon as the shot had been fired the doctor and Peacock started
from the camp on horseback and chased the fleeing buffalo, each
with his revolver in one hand and swinging a whip in the other.
A knoll in the ground soon removed them and their prey from my
sight, but shots, fired in rapid succession, told me that they had
caught up with the herd and had scattered it.

I was just ready to reload my rifle when my attention was drawn
by our cook to a lone buffalo racing straight towards our camp.
Wigham, 18 whose curiosity had also gotten him out of the camp, was
between me and the onstorming bull. I called to him to chase it to-
ward the river so that it would have to run straight toward me. But
Wigham, our loyal Irishman, was of a different opinion; intending
to conceal his person from the frightened animal, which seemed to
him horrible beyond all description, he lay down on the ground
and hid himself as well as he could in the low grass. Unfortunately,
he was directly in the path which the buffalo had taken. In mortal
fear he saw the animal race toward his hideout which he dared not
leave for fear of being pursued and caught by the furious beast.

When the bull was only about 20 paces from him he could no
longer bear the horrible sight. In his imagination he saw himself
tossed and trampled by the thick horns and heavy hoofs; gathering
all his strength for a last attempt at saving himself, he jumped up

18. About Wigham, apparently a member of the Ives expedition, we have little informa-
tion other than that given here by Mollhausen. He is not mentioned in the official Ives re-
port.

358 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and ran toward the camp. But scarcely had the buffalo seen the
human figure emerge from the grass in front of him when he, no
less frightened, jumped aside and galloped around the Irishman in
a wide circle. Although I was running as fast as I could, trying
to get closer to the buffalo, I did not miss the indescribably comical
picture in which man and beast frightened and fled from each other.
In my memory I still see faithful old Wigham before me, how he
held his revolver in one hand, his hat in the other, how his long
yellow hair, standing on end with fear, surrounded his face like a
halo, and how he forced his massive figure to take leaps of the sort
that would make an antelope proud.

The buffalo stormed past me within good shooting distance and
I did not fail to fire my rifle at it. With a loud report the bullet
made its way through the shoulder blade, the animal collapsed, but
rose again, hurried through the river, half swimming, half wading,
and finally fell and died on the opposite shore. I now returned to
Wigham, still speechless with fright and reproached him because
he had not driven the fleeing buffalo toward the river as I had
wanted; in that case it would have been easy to kill the animal a
few steps from our tent. But Wigham, who was unaware of the
cowardice of fleeing buffalo, replied that he did not consider it a
joke to be attacked and pursued by such a terrible beast, and that
he would not fight with such an animal for all the gold in California
and for all the buffalo tongues on the prairies.

The slain buffalo was not recovered from the wolves which now
approached from all sides for none of us felt a great desire to cross
the treacherous river; moreover we had obtained so much meat
from the first one which had been shot, and from the second one
which the doctor and Peacock had killed with their revolvers, that
we should have had enough for the remainder of the trip, if it could
have been kept from spoiling too quickly in the glowing heat of
the sun.

We felt very comfortable in the luxury with which our larder now
was provided and our contentment was increased when the mes-
senger we had sent out returned shortly before evening with the
escaped mule. Now no new obstacles prevented the continuation
of our trip, but it was not without anxiety that we viewed the
horizon in the northwest where the setting sun hid behind heavy
clouds that rose with furious speed, and at nightfall concealed the
entire sky in a black fire-spitting veil. As we went to bed the first
raindrops hit the tautly stretched tent walls, the thunder rolled

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 359

dully and incessantly while the lightning magically illuminated
the entire surroundings for a brief moment and then let it sink back
into the black impenetrable darkness. The steadily increasing tu-
mult and the oppressive atmosphere did not prevent us from falling
asleep, however.

Not until about midnight, when the rain had turned into a cloud-
burst and the earth trembled under the crash of heavy thunder,
did we jump up and notice that the tent posts had become loosened
in the softened ground, and that the water trickled in under us
and into our beds. We immediately hurried out to prevent the
collapse of our tent and we barely succeeded in tightening the can-
vas that had become heavy with water. The dampness was thus
kept away from above, but we could not prevent the rising of the
water on the ground below. In order to save the blankets from
becoming completely drenched we rolled them up and put them on
the camp chairs; we ourselves then sat down on the raised seats,
and pulling up our feet we watched the water as it rose in the grass
and any thought of sleep was banished for the rest of the night.

The storm continued with unabated fury until daybreak; the
angry elements seemed to struggle for supremacy in an endless
fight. Numerous thunderstorms had concentrated from all sides
above the mouth of Walnut creek; flashing bolts of lightning
stormed at one another and when one retracted, it was as if to
gather new strength and then to engage in battle with redoubled
vigor.

Darkness had completely disappeared, the entire atmosphere was
suffused in a bluish light with zigzagging lines which incessantly
crisscrossed the masses of water pouring down ; columns of fire con-
nected the hanging clouds with the trembling earth for seconds;
added to all this scene, the deafening thunder rolled, and quickly
following one another, piercing and penetrating bolts crackled as
the lightning hissed into the foaming water or split trees or dug up
the earth. The frightened mules crowded around us as if seeking
protection, but what protection could we give them who were
drenched ourselves and who searched in vain for a camping spot
on the ground that now had turned into a swamp?

How gladly man forgets unpleasant situations if through them
he can increase his knowledge and his experiences in the realm of
nature! It seems as if she opens for him at such times the most
secret part of her book so that one can read a page in it; amidst
the loudest thunder and the brightest lightning she announces her

360 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

wise laws and arouses sincere admiration; in fact, filial love is in-
spired in her affectionate adherents although she horrifies animals
and neurotic minds.

When on July 10 the light of day replaced the morning haze, the
storms dispersed, but heavy clouds still covered the sky and a heavy
rain poured from them incessantly. At our camp site the ground
was not only soaked but was partly covered with water; we, there-
fore, did not deem it advisable to stay longer, and after having
eaten a scanty meal, we hastened to leave the swampy corner and
to exchange it for the higher ground.

Before we set out one of the young traders came to us; he was
sick and wished for advice and help from our doctor. I learned at
this time that there had been serious friction between the Coman-
ches and the Osage Indians on the previous day and that the latter
had stolen unnoticed into several isolated tents, had scalped two
women alive, slain several men and had taken several women and
children with them as prisoners. He also told us that a Mexican
who had gone ahead of the "train" in order to hunt buffalo had
been shot on the road near Cow creek by an Osage Indian, and he
advised us to be on guard during the next few days.

We thanked the young man although we could not be any more
watchful than we had been, and moved slowly through the grassy
flat into which the wagon wheels cut deeply and into which the
animals sank above their fetlocks. However we soon reached the
solid road on the upland and using whip and spur we increased the
speed of our train to three miles an hour.

At noon we found ourselves among a number of sandy hills, and
since the rain had decreased in intensity we stopped there for an
hour. We were just about to continue our trip when I noticed a
herd of buffalo grazing peacefully in a bowl-shaped valley. While
Peacock and the doctor saddled the horses which were usually
riderless, I went around the herd in a wide circle in order, if pos-
sible, to kill one of them and to drive the others toward the road
where my companions could take up the hunt.

Everything went according to plan. I left my mount and un-
noticed got to the edge of the little valley. The herd was unfortu-
nately still too far from me to assure success. Nevertheless, I fired
three times, and three times a buffalo trembled in pain before it
moved slowly towards its companions grazing farther away. As
the hunters had in the meantime taken position, I mounted my ani-
mal and pursued the fleeing herd across the road where the hunt

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 361

was immediately continued by the doctor, Peacock and Egloff-
steiri. 19 It was an interesting spectacle to observe how the riders
separated the animals of the herd from each other, rushed up to a
single buffalo and fired at full speed shot after shot from their re-
volvers until the exhausted animal, bleeding from many wounds,
finally collapsed.

I had picked out as my mark a bull which had been hit, and my
mount had no difficulty in keeping up with the exhausted animal.
I rode so close to it that the fire from my revolver singed its wool,
but a few more shots were necessary before the beast stopped and
I could finish it off.

The hunt had separated us far from one another and as a fine
but very dense rain concealed the landscape, it was only after some
wandering that we met again at the wagon which had continued its
course undisturbed. It rained uninterruptedly until evening but
when we arrived at Cow creek, after a journey of 27 miles, it had
cleared in the west and the setting sun was reflected in the innumer-
able raindrops that weighed down the blades of grass or descended
from the disappearing clouds as a last gift of the cooling air.

Dusk had already set in when we stopped on the green bank of
a little river 20 and started pitching camp. Wet were the ground,
the grass and the green ash-trees on the bank; wet were the tent,
the blankets and our garments; we, therefore, had no great choice
but spread the cots on the damp grass, and warmed our feet at a
little fire of buffalo chips, over which fresh juicy meat was roasting.
Steaming hot "grog" revived us and, wet as we were, we crept be-
tween wet blankets from which we moved only to take over the
watch, and to walk shivering around the camp for an hour.

The tent steamed under the rays of the sun when we gathered
around the table on July 11. Since Cow creek, which normally had
water no deeper than one or two feet, now had risen to 16 feet, we
could not cross it. The bright sunshine was, therefore, doubly wel-
come as we were able to spread our drenched articles on the green
meadow to dry. The air was sultry, the dampness steamed from
the ground and we could no longer keep the meat which we had
brought along from Walnut creek. Limiting ourselves to what we
had bagged on the previous day, we threw away the older meat;
but when the rising sun started the fermentation process thousands

19. F. W. von Egloffstein, a Bavarian, was the topographer of the Ives expedition. Ives,
op. cit^ p. 21.

20. The Cow creek crossing was a little west of present Lyons, Rice county. Eighteenth
Bienniel Report, p. 112.

362 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

upon thousands of green and red Spanish fly and brass-beetles 21
appeared from all directions in order to get the meat as food for
their brood. There was a humming and buzzing as if we had been
surrounded by swarms of bees; the glittering insects surrounded
the evil-smelling chunks of meat in droves.

Around the tent and the wagon there was a thick circle of these
clumsy insects which had hit against the tautly-drawn canvas in
their speedy flight, and had fallen to the ground on their backs.
Never did I see beetles in such masses as on that morning, and it
almost looked as if the clumsy but gorgeously colored winged in-
sects had come from miles around.

I found the tumblebug in particularly great numbers ; the tumble-
bug is known to every prairie traveler and its curious behavior
amused me many times on my trips. The insects, the size of the
ordinary dung beetle, form, alone or in pairs, round regular balls,
the shape and size of a pigeon egg, out of manure and other de-
cayed matter. When one ball is finished they harness themselves
in front of it in such a way that, if the ball belongs to one, it rolls
the ball forward with its two hind legs, walking backward on the
four front legs; if two share in the possession of the little work of
art, the second one is harnessed in front and pulls the load after it.
Thus the industrious animals often take their treasure a great dis-
tance, bury it in a safe place, together with their brood, and then
fly away to chisel out new supplies and to roll them in another di-
rection.

These strange beetles are found most frequently on roads where
cattle have been driven, and you see them rolling their balls tire-
lessly in the wagon tracks until they finally discover a spot where
they can roll their load out of a canyon which must be an awe-
inspiring sight for them. I often dismounted and made a track for
the industrious workers so that they would not be crushed by the
wagon wheels. But I often, too, surrounded them with an earthen
wall to force them to exert their greatest effort. In the latter case
the little insect would leave its ball, and immediately run up and
down the slopes looking for the most appropriate place of exit; then
it would go back to its load and now begin the difficult task of lift-
ing and pushing.

I never knew at what I was more astonished, whether at the
strength of the beetle that pushed the smooth ball uphill or held it
in balance, or whether at its perseverance in starting all over again

21. Mollhausen's meaning here is uncertain. He undoubtedly is referring to the very
common "blow flies."

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 363

without discouragement when the ball escaped its claws and rolled
down the slope together with the beetle, after the beetle had reached
a terrace. I made a beetle roll its ball to the top of such a terrace
60 times in vain but I did not succeed in making it give up its prop-
erty and fly away, because my patience was not equal to its own.
I, therefore, opened a comfortable gate for it, saw how it harnessed
itself behind the ball almost triumphantly and pushed its load away
with undiminished strength.

In the course of the forenoon the United States mail arrived at
Cow creek. It had left the Missouri river only eight days before;
its carriers were unpleasantly surprised that they were held up in
their flying trip by the flooded little river. The carriers are obliged
by contract to make the trip through the prairies within a certain
time and only truly insurmountable obstacles are accepted as an
excuse for lost time ; in other cases they have to expect a reduction
of pay. The post-office business in the United States is almost ex-
clusively in the hands of private persons; they receive considerable
sums from the government for the fast and safe transportation of
letters and persons. They also have the right to requisition escorts,
where the roads are very unsafe at times, from one military post to
the next on the routes between the Missouri river and the Pacific.
These escorts are then forced to keep up with the little caravan.

The mail caravan normally consists of one to six light-traveling
wagons, depending upon the number of passengers that have regis-
tered for the trip; each wagon is provided with four or six of the
best mules, but takes along a double number so that the mules can
be exchanged every four to six hours; since the larger part of the
freight consists of heavy nutritious fodder, and the animals are
therefore not dependent on grass, they are given at the most six or
eight hours of the 24 for rest. Besides the driver there are two
riders with each wagon, one of whom has to supervise the unhar-
nessed animals while the other one rides at times on the other side
of the wagon and keeps the draft animals in fast motion with the
help of a long whip. Thus the mail hurries across the endless plains
at an average speed of four miles per hour. Provided with the best
animals, it is not difficult for the mail coach to cover 50-70 miles
per day and to get to Santa Fe from the Missouri or back in the
incredibly short time of 18 days.

Several times at a nocturnal hour when I walked around the
camp and no other sound disturbed the stillness except the deep
breathing of resting men and animals, I could hear the sound of the

364 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

mail in the distance like the uncanny rumbling of a ghostly hunt.
More and more distinctly I could hear the encouraging calls, the
cracking of whips, the tramping of hoofs and the rattling of wagons.
I would try peering through the darkness but could see nothing but
sparks emanating either from iron-clad hoofs striking the pebbles
on the road, or from the wind blowing into glowing pipe-bowls.
The indistinct silhouettes of wagons, riders and animals would grad-
ually become clearer as the flying caravan came closer and closer.

Suddenly at shooting distance it would stop. I would hear the
cocking of pistols and at the same time the call: "Who is camping
there?" "A government expedition" would be the answer. "The
mail" it would come back, the whips would crack, the chains and
rings on the harnesses would ring, and with a loud "Hallo!" the
United States mail would trot past. A rider would leave the cara-
van, address a few questions to me concerning the road or the na-
tives, answer my questions briefly, urge his horse on, and gallop
after the wagons and the riders who had already disappeared in the
darkness but whose sounds were still audible far in the distance
when I crept back into the tent to wake up my replacement.

Such a caravan had arrived at Cow creek at an early morning
hour, and had camped almost opposite us. We greeted the riders
that accompanied it but the rushing stream disturbed our conversa-
tion although we would have preferred to keep it up for a long
time. The shade of the tents and the wagons was more welcome to
everyone than the sunny river banks sheltered from every current
of air.

We had been informed that we would not find buffalo any more
during the remainder of our trip. Since I saw to the west several
more herds that were grazing slowly north, I made one more at-
tempt toward evening to end, as I could rightly surmise, my buffalo
hunting for this life. I could only hope to continue the hunt some
day like the Indians in the Happy Hunting Ground. 22

During the afternoon I had already observed through the tele-
scope about twenty splendid bulls whose movements were scarcely
noticeable in the indicated direction. According to my calculation
they had to cross the road shortly before sunset at a spot where on
the previous day I had discovered some gullies washed out by the
rain that were excellently suited for a hiding place. I therefore set
out and two hours before nightfall I was about three miles from the

22. Mollhausen is quite evidently referring to the fact that his penchant for wandering
had been satisfied and he was ready to forego further travels.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 365

camp; from my hideout I observed the longbearded herd grazing on
their way toward me.

An hour passed, and the buffalo were still a quarter of a mile
away from me ; the sun set toward the plains but the buffalo did not
hasten their steps. I finally realized that I would have to wait until
late at night for their arrival, perhaps until the following morning.
I therefore decided to stalk them in the open plain. I placed my
revolver and my knife on my back, took the rifle in my left hand,
and stretching out in the grass I began the tedious task of crawling
on the ground as level as a table and where no stone or bush offered
me an opportunity to rest without being noticed.

The wind was in my favor and the sun just touched the western
horizon when I arrived within shooting range of a bull who watched
me attentively and probably thought me a wolf since he was blinded
by the long head hair. He had unfortunately turned his head and
chest toward me and I, therefore, had to wait for a considerable
time before I was able to shoot. Following the shot the buffalo
made a convulsive motion but walked toward his companions with-
out swaying ; only from the restlessness with which he pushed among
them did I realize that he really had been mortally wounded.

As with all cattle, the smell of blood that gushed from the wound
caused furious consternation among the herd; with a hollow, un-
canny roar the embittered animals lowered their bushy heads, and
where the blood had reddened the ground they dug up the grass
with their short horns and with heavy hoofs they threw up earth
and grass. I used the general confusion to reload my rifle in haste
and to crawl still closer. When a heavy bull turned his broad side
toward me I carefully took aim and fired for the second time. But
this one too did not fall immediately; walking among his compan-
ions he heightened the fury of the herd by his loss of blood. Satis-
fied with the success of my hunt as the two wounded bulls could
hardly stand upright I used less caution, and got to my knees in
order not to be hindered in my movements when loading.

Suddenly, as if by a given signal, all raised their heads and ob-
served me very attentively for a few seconds under their bushy
manes. I cannot deny that I did not like it at all when the whole
bunch, snorting loudly, came towards me with measured steps but
it was apparent that they still thought me a wolf not a human
and were planning to unleash their fury on their hated enemy. I
jumped up and waved my hat to shy them away but this movement
had the opposite effect because the animals started to crowd to-

366 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

gether and increasing their speed they approached me with all the
signs of unfriendly intentions.

I had but one method left to avoid the menacing hoofs and horns
and I did not hesitate for a moment to use it; I bolted as fast as I
could run around the herd in a westerly direction and when the first
animals were scarcely thirty paces from me I was in line with them
and a northwest wind blowing gently across the prairie. Hardly
did the buffalo sense the proximity of man when, seized by sudden
fright, they rushed away in wild flight without stopping. This
again afforded me an opportunity to fire another successful shot.

The three wounded buffaloes separated at once from the herd and
only a short distance from me one of them crashed to the ground.
I went to him presently, finished his suffering with my long knife,
and cut out his tongue. When I got up and looked around for the
escapees, I saw only the two wounded ones at about a mile's dis-
tance, one of them was lying on its side, dying, while the other one
stood beside it as if in meditation. The dusk that quickly passed
into darkness prevented me, however, from going farther toward
them.

Not without a feeling of remorse for having killed three of the
stately buffalo of the prairie for a single tongue I turned toward
Cow creek. The night was clear and starry but dark; the camp fires
showed me the direction, and listening for the slightest noise around
me, I hurried past the spot where a few days before the Mexican
had lost his life through a hostile bullet, and where his friends had
buried him.

Our first walk on July 12, bright and early in the morning, was to
the fording place. We met the escorts of the mail and together we
examined the depth of the river that had already receded consider-
ably but still prevented our crossing. Not until noon did the mail
undertake to begin the crossing; it got over to us without any
trouble. Bent 23 who had arrived there in the course of the fore-
noon with a few light carriages followed it, and when the last of his
horses climbed the right bank we crossed over to the left, where we
continued our trip with renewed vigor.

[CHAPTEB 37]

After we had crossed Cow creek the path led us up an elevation.
From here we could see the winding course of the river with its
wooded banks as far as its junction with the Arkansas. We rode

23. Presumably Bent was William Bent of Bent's fort mentioned previously (see Foot-
note 8).

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 367

side by side and listened to one of Peacock's murder stories which
he recalled because of the surroundings.

"Do you notice down there the sharp bend in Cow creek?" he
asked. "Twelve years ago in the cold of winter, when there was very
little traffic on this road, 22 travelers camped on that spot. They
had only as many wagons or rather pack animals with them as they
needed to transport their food for they were in part merchants who
had their warehouses in Santa Fe and were on their way back there,
and in part people who were leaving the Missouri to go to the same
city. The latter wanted to make sure of a place, for the following
spring and summer, in the army destined to fight against Mexico.
In other words they were all men who wanted to travel as quickly
as possible and therefore paid little attention to comfort.

"In the company was a rich merchant named Jarvis who, partly
because of his reputation and partly because of his experience, had
been chosen as captain of the expedition. Since he was carrying
about a hundred thousand dollars of government money on his per-
son he thought himself fortunate to be surrounded by a guard which
was not only familiar with life in the wilderness, but had already
gained some experience in the Indian wars.

"Without mishap and even without annoyance the company
reached that spot. They could have camped just as well here on the
road where they would have likewise found firewood in abundance;
but since the whole company agreed on that secluded spot, Jarvis,
who had no suspicion of treachery, gave in and left the road with
the whole caravan in order to spend the night in this concealed
place.

"On the following morning when Jarvis was preparing for de-
parture he was surprised that not a single one of the company was
following his example. When he asked the cause of this behavior,
he was still more surprised that no one wanted to answer him and
that all kept out of his way. A certain MacDaniel, Jarvis' intimate
friend and at the same time the ringleader who had been able to win
the whole company over to his treacherous plans, finally stepped up
to Jarvis: 'You are in possession of a hundred thousand dollars,' he
began. 'Now look at us. We are all agreed that the money shall
be divided among us, but in order to carry this out you must die.'

"Jarvis, who realized that nothing could save him from the hands
of his murderers, turned thereupon to the men: 'If you are really
determined/ he said, 'to rob me of my property, then take it, to-
gether with my oath never to divulge a word about it, and I will

368 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

leave you in undisputed possession of it. Only allow me to return
home to my family and do not defile your hands with my blood
which will certainly cry out more for revenge against you than the
money which you covet.'

"This speech caused a commotion among the men and at once
two parties were formed, of which one voted for the death of the
merchant and the other against it. Even if there were some who
would have liked to back out and who would have preferred to let
Jarvis return home with his wealth undiminished, they did not dare
raise their voices lest they too would disappear without a trace in
the prairie. So there remained just the two parties, and they im-
mediately prepared for the vote that was to decide over life and
death. The result was that of 21 men, 8 insisted on the murder
while 13 on the other hand, wanted to let Jarvis go unharmed under
the terms of the above-mentioned oath. A quarrel ensued and it
would certainly have resulted in violence if MacDaniel, with the
words, 'Dead men tell no tales/ had not suddenly raised his gun and
shot the unfortunate Jarvis through the heart.

"After the murder they set about the division of the spoils, swore
one another with oaths and threats to absolute secrecy, buried the
body at the edge of the creek, and separated with the words, 'never
to meet again.' The eight murderers took the road back to the
Missouri, the other thirteen on the other hand, half of whom had
taken part in the theft unwillingly, went to Santa Fe and in spite of
all the oaths and threats immediately made known the crime.

"Of course, couriers were sent at once to Independence on the
Missouri. Although the murderers had long since separated and
scattered in different directions, the police who were pursuing them
captured them one after the other and all except one or two atoned
lor their crime on the gallows." 24

So ran Peacock's story; scarcely had he finished it when he re-
membered another similar one and we crossed few brooks or rivers
which did not awaken in his memory an experience of his own or
the adventures of other travelers in which theft and murder usually
played the major role. But such things cause no surprise, for as the
broad surface of the endless ocean, following the eternal laws of na-
ture, rolls on in its appointed way and becomes smooth and tranquil

24. Mollhausen was always ready to listen and record tales of camp and trail, and his re-
counting of Peacock's story is typical. Peacock's story is a version of a well-known tragedy
of the plains. "Jarvis" was the anglicized (or Germanized) form of Chavez Don Antonio
Jose Chavez to be exact. Chavez was a reputable trader of Santa Fe and his murder in 1843
(not 1846, as the Peacock story would seem to date the event) was one of the leading events
in the Texas-Mexico-United States troubles of a centuiy ago. See A. T. Andreas and W. G.
Cutler, History of the State of Kansas (Chicago, 1883), p. 56, and Josiah Gregg, Commerce of
the Prairies (Philadelphia, 1855), v. 2, pp. 166-169.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 369

again untroubled about what is hidden in its depths, so in this same
way the flowering plain germinates, grows green and withers, un-
troubled by the crimes which frequently desecrate its surface. On
the graves of the slain, flowers bloom, and each spring covers the
blood-reddened earth with a new cloak in order, as it were, to hide
the "secrets of the plains" only a few of which come to light.

After a ride of 18 miles we reached the Little Arkansas river, a
river which has dug deep into the loamy earth and whose steep
banks bear trees similar to those of the Missouri. 25 We camped on
the right bank near a little log cabin which several adventurers had
erected for the purpose of trading with the Kaw Indians. We saw
the Indian encampment farther above at a distance of about four
miles ; we also saw a single warrior who slipped past in the shadow
of the woods and seemed to be avoiding us.

Against our expectations, however, we were not disturbed during
the night and if the thieving Kaws, true to Indian custom, chose the
early morning hours to appropriate several of our animals, they
came too late, for before day dawned we were already under way,
while on the abandoned camp site, the fire, fed intentionally with
dry wood, flickered merrily.

During the first half of the day a fine but penetrating rain made
traveling difficult. In the afternoon, however, the weather cleared,
the warm sun dried our clothes as well as the road; and blades of
grass and stems of flowers, bent sadly to the ground as a result of
the continued dry heat, revived almost before our eyes. The closer
we came to the Missouri the more luxuriant and fresh became the
vegetation; the short, insignificant but nevertheless nourishing
buffalo grass ("Sesleria dactyloides Nutt") disappeared entirely and
in its place appeared the long dark green leafy grass which serves
so excellently as hay. The depressions of the ground became deeper,
the elevations higher, and the springs and brooks whose beds cut
through our road became more numerous.

We went up and down in the rolling plain and after a journey
of 27 miles we reached Turkey creek where we decided to spend the
night. 26 Why the little river had been named after the wild turkey
I could not explain, for as far as I could see I discovered not a tree
or a bush, and it is well known that turkeys prefer wooded regions
in order to be able to escape from their numerous enemies by taking
refuge in the tree tops at night.

25. The Little Arkansas was crossed in present eastern Rice county. Eighteenth Biennial
Report, p. 112.

26. Turkey creek is in present McPherson county. Ibid.

24-4441

370 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

On July 14 about noon we reached Cottonwood creek, a little
stream charming beyond all description. 27 Because of its valley
with its gradually rising ground and its magnificent groups of trees
it had already enticed several settlers. The few little log houses
which I noticed at great distances from one another had not yet
changed the character of the landscape ; still it was a pleasing sight
to see a narrow column of smoke rising from the chimney of a
human dwelling, to see the fence which surrounded a green corn-
field, and to see the spotted cows grazing in the rich grass by
the edge of a brook.

We rested for several hours by the rippling water in the shade of
a mighty cottonwood tree, and not until the rays of the sun fell
more obliquely did we mount again and ride seven miles farther to
a ravine where we found water and where we spent the night.

The entire stretch of 28 miles which we covered on July 15 was
between tracts of land which seemed ideal for cultivation and set-
tlement. Even though some uplands gave promise of nothing more
than good grazing land, the lowlands, however, presented such a
charming variety of meadows and narrow wooded strips, and the
healthy vegetation of trees and grass gave proof of such fertility
of soil that one felt involuntarily attracted by it. One also felt a
certain inclination to overlook all the hardships and obstacles with
which first settlers always have to contend, and to think only of the
pleasures which are afforded to the diligent and satisfied farmer by
his eden-like surroundings as well as by the grateful soil.

Unfortunately, however, there is so great a difference between the
winter and the warmer seasons in these regions that many a person
whose eyes and feelings were fascinated by his first visit in the mild
spring or in the first summer months is greatly disappointed in spite
of the advantages offered. This disappointment comes largely be-
cause it is difficult for the settler to become accustomed to loneli-
ness; a loneliness which is not felt bitterly until a cold winter with
its snow storms hinders communications and keeps him prisoner in
his log cabin.

Shortly before evening we reached one of these secluded settle-
ments which was situated picturesquely on the slope of a little val-
ley where an icy cold crystal spring bubbled out of the rock. The
place had been named Diamond Spring, and a more suitable name
could scarcely have been imagined, for a strong jet of water gushes

27. Cottonwood crossing was in present Marion county near present Durham. Ibid.,
p. 111.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 371

like diamonds out of the earth and ripples brook-like through the
nearby valley. 28

Although still far from the borders of civilization, the inhabitants
of that settlement, among whom I noticed several women and chil-
dren, seemed to be extremely satisfied with their life. They grew
corn chiefly, and were able to dispose of their products on the
nearby trade route. They, moreover, had the advantage that the
money was brought right to their houses by the travelers and the
goods taken away in exchange. Transportation, therefore, was no
problem for them at all. We, too, purchased several sacks of feed
corn for our animals as they were beginning to lose their strength
rapidly, although they had been in the best of condition when we
left the Rio Grande. The herd, once strong and well-nourished, now
consisted of thin, emaciated animals.

We camped several miles east of Diamond Spring on an unnamed
brook. Tall grass surrounded us, an annoyance which we could not
avoid. A very uncomfortable annoyance it was, because the heavy
dew of evening had already fallen and whenever we moved we got
thoroughly wet. This was especially so in the morning when we
were preparing to break camp. We were soaked above our hips
with every movement and had no other change of clothing nor
wearable shoes. A storm threatened to increase the unpleasant
wetness but it passed by during the night with much noise and with-
out a drop of rain having fallen. When we continued our journey
on the morning of July 16 the clear-blue sky was mirrored in the
dew-covered prairie.

After a march of six miles on a higher plain we suddenly came to
the edge of the valley of the Neosho, the last tributary of the Ar-
kansas which we were to touch on our trip. We had already left
the immediate environs of the Arkansas at Walnut creek. The
Arkansas river flows at that point in a south-southwesterly direc-
tion. We had by now approached the Kansas river which we fol-
lowed in a northeasterly direction.

Although we were near the Kansas river and were getting farther
away from the Arkansas, we had until now crossed only tributaries
of the latter. 29 Since we crossed the Arkansas we had been travel-

28. Diamond spring, the famous "Diamond of the Plain," was in present Morris county
about four miles north of the present village of Diamond Springs. Ibid. The naming of
"The Diamond of the Plain" is described by George C. Sibley in The Western Journal, St.
Louis, v. 5 (December, 1850), pp. 180, 181.

29. Mollhausen is correct about the two drainage basins. In present Morris county the
line marking the divide between the two basins runs roughly on a line northeast to southwest
dividing the county in half. See map, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, v.
50 (1947), p. 117.

372 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ing, however, in Kansas territory, the southern border of which is
formed by the Arkansas and the northern border by the Nebraska
or Flat [Platte] river. 30 The name was taken from the river which
cuts through the tremendous expanse of land across almost its entire
breadth.

For several days we, therefore, had been traveling through a re-
gion to which the stream of immigration is particularly directed at
the moment; to be sure this is being accomplished by two different
parties, each one of which is struggling to influence the new consti-
tution of the young state by superior voting power, and to make it
either a "Free State or a Slave State" according to the principles
or rather according to the personal interests of the victorious party.
As is evident from the last pages of my description, the settlements
in that region were still widely scattered. Still there can be no
doubt that the growth of the population must be hastened when
two mighty parties are struggling for supremacy. Whether the free
man eats his bread by the sweat of his brow, or whether the colored
slave writhes under the whip of a cruel master, no barrier can any
longer stem the onward push of civilization, any more than it can
the final solution of the problem of slavery. The solution of this
problem may still be held in suspension artificially during the com-
ing decades, but slavery must break down of its own accord as an
unnatural institution especially in a time of progress and of growing
enlightenment. 81

We reached the edge of the elevation from where we had a view
of the wooded valley of the Neosho and the delightfully situated
little town of Council Grove. 32 We halted almost involuntarily in
order to feast our eyes longer on the landscape which was lovely
beyond all description. The dense, vigorous forest with its strange
distinct contours hid the little river from our view. But I thought
that I had never seen anything more beautiful and more charming
than when I looked down on the tops of the oaks and hickories, the
sycamores and cottonwoods which with their magnificent shades of
color blended together as in one single carpet, and as I watched,
the shadows of light feathery clouds glided along lazily and yet

30. The geographieal location of Kansas territory as bounded by the Arkansas and Platte
rivers is, of course, only roughly correct.

31. It should be recalled again that Mollhausen is writing in a period (1858) when Kansas
was a territory and the strife between the Free-State and Prslayery parties was still acute at
the time of Mollhausen's visit. His prophetic comment on the disappearance of slavery in the
United States is doubtlessly based on the experiences of his extended travels in two continents
which gave him a truer perspective of coming events.

32. Council Grove is in eastern Morris county on the Neosho river. See Eighteenth Bi-
ennial Report, p. 111.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 373

animatedly over the expanse of the woods and darkened the fresh
green of the trees for a few minutes at a time.

I looked up and down the winding valley to where wooded de-
pressions and grassy heights were veiled in blue haze. Gray log
houses peeped out of the wooded fringe, herds of cattle grazed on
the green slopes and right before me lay the settlement with its two
rows of houses, its enclosures and cornfields. On the street, children
were playing, dogs were barking, roosters were crowing, and I rec-
ognized clearly the regular beat of the hammer, wielded by a strong
hand, falling heavily on the sparking iron and the resounding anvil.

This flourishing little town is called Council Grove in memory of
the fact that only a few years ago the wild sons of the prairie gath-
ered there for their councils, and even now the neighboring tribes
meet every year in order to carry on negotiations with the white
man; negotiations which usually have to do with abandonment of
new territory or payment for land already abandoned. 33

The environs of Council Grove have been reserved for the Kansas
or Kaw Indians; a mission school is situated there in which the
children of the natives are to be brought up as Christians and made
into diligent citizens. However, the attachment to the free, unfet-
tered, nomadic life is too deeply rooted in the North American In-
dian tribes to be suddenly smothered. With the exception of a
small number hardly worth mentioning who lean toward agricul-
ture, the Kansas Indians still roam the prairies, hunting, fighting and
plundering.

We rode down from the upland and when we entered its only and
very broad street we noticed crudely painted signs on all the houses
on both sides of the street; the houses numbered about thirty. By
these signs we saw that the place was inhabited exclusively by
merchants. There were also two inns which stood out because they
were painted white. We entered one of them which also had a store
connected with the hotel.

We halted there only long enough to read an 8-day-old news-
paper and to eat breakfast which was served us by an old negress
and consisted chiefly of fresh, cool buttermilk and cornbread. We
bought as much of the buttermilk as we could put in our bottles,
and enriched in this way we left the town. After crossing the Ne-
osho we rested for several hours in the shade of tall trees. While
the mules were enjoying themselves in the rich grass, we refreshed

33. For a more exact note on the naming of Council Grove, see Geo. C. Sibley's account
in The Western Journal, St. Louis, December, 1850, pp. 178-180.

374 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ourselves by a bath in the little river and not until the sun had
crossed the noon line did we leave the charming valley.

I shall avoid describing the rest of the journey in diary form, for
on the entire route from the Neosho to the Missouri, a stretch we
covered in six days, we were constantly in surroundings whose char-
acter remained unchanged but which seemed to us none the less
beautiful and inviting. For even though flowered meadows, shady
groves and clear brooks are repeated just as the sky, overhung with
black clouds and threats of lightning, alternates with lovely sunny
blue, the gifts of nature will remain eternally new. The original
impressions are recalled to nature lovers with the recurring shapes,
forms and colors.

Now we came only to tributaries of the Kansas river, which at
times as insignificant brooks and at times as swollen rivers, fre-
quently cut through the paradisical stretch of land and irrigated it.
Everywhere, however, I saw signs of terrible recent downpours and
several times we had to stop at brooks which a single night's rain
had transformed into raging torrents and which made further travel
impossible for an entire day. We crossed Rock creek in whose val-
ley the cornfields of the settlers were largely washed away by ter-
rible cloudbursts; next we forded Bluff creek and "Creek 142," so
named from the number of miles from there to Independence.

At Elm creek we waited for the water to recede and on the follow-
ing day we reached the junction of the roads to Independence and
to Fort Leavenworth. 34 We spent the night near Brownville, a de-
lightfully situated village of about 30 houses. 35 There we learned
that the bridge over the Kansas at the little town of Topeka had
been torn away by the swollen river. We, therefore, turned toward
the city of Lawrence situated farther east, where the communica-
tion between the two banks of the Kansas was maintained with dif-
ficulty by a ferry. On July 19 we crossed the Wakarusa and on
July 20 about noon we camped within sight of the city of Lawrence
where we intended to attempt the crossing over the Kansas on the
following day.

For the last few days we had noticed numerous settlements from
the road. Most of them, however, were not really inhabited farms.
By the regular intervals at which small log houses appeared, each

34. Bluff creek, Creek 142, and Elm creek are in present northern Lyon county. The road
junction mentioned was probably near Burlingame, present Osage county. Eighteenth Biennial
Report, pp. 110, 111.

35. The travelers had taken the Fort Leavenworth road, leaving the Santa Fe trail in
present northwest Osage county and going north into Shawnee county, for Brownville was in
southern Shawnee county, about 12 or 15 miles southwest of Topeka and 30 miles from Law-
rence. Brownville is present Auburn. Kansas Historical Collections, v. 12, p. 474.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 375

surrounded by a fence, I knew very well that here, too, land specu-
lators had preceded the real settlers.

Whenever the government of the United States acquires land from
the Indians by agreement or by purchase, it hastens to have the
land surveyed, and divided into districts and then into regular
"blocks" of 80 and 160 acres. The government hands these blocks
of land over to the new settlers and newcomers for the small price
of one and a quarter dollars per acre. In order to bring about a
more rapid colonization the purchaser is obliged not only to pay a
small property tax but also to build a house on his holding, to cul-
tivate the land as well as to fence it in, also to live there for at
least part of each year or to have a tenant or a servant live there.
Besides this, when soldiers have served their time they are given
certificates upon demobilization by virtue of which they may claim
80 acres of land for every four years of service and they may choose
it from any government land wherever it may be.

These so-called "land warrants" are, however, used only in the
rarest of cases by their original owners in the manner intended by
the government ; depending on the circumstances they find their way
into the hands of land speculators for a price ranging from a bottle
of whisky up to $100. If the stream of immigration turns in a cer-
tain direction, individuals possessing adequate means or simply land
warrants, hurry on ahead of the farmer, utilize the certificates is-
sued to the soldiers, and buy up as many more blocks of land as
seem appropriate or as many as they can pay for. And then, in
order to satisfy the law and not to lose their claims, they put up a
little cabin on each 160 acres as well as some fencing, even plough
up a little piece of meadow, have a man live in turn on a whole
succession of so-called farms, and then wait quietly until the ad-
vancing population gives them an opportunity to make double and
triple what they themselves have paid a short time before.

To call a complete halt to the misuse in this way of the bounty
of the government will be very difficult; but it can be foreseen that
voices will be raised against a practice whereby relief and benefit
intended for the needy ones come only to people who do not need
them. Unfortunately, among the land speculators are found men
of the highest reputation and influence, people who are able to throw
a heavy weight into the balance if anyone should consider attack-
ing their freedom of enterprise and their freedom of trade, even if
such an attack be in harmony with the laws of humaneness. How-
ever, in order to discover such abuses, I might almost say inveterate

376 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

evils in human society, one does not need to go to the far West ; we
find them everywhere where human beings live together, and where
therefore egotism, prejudice, conceit and differences of opinion exist
and form the basis for oppression and hatred that cannot be over-
come. 36

The city of Lawrence is beautifully situated on the right bank of
the Kansas at the foot of the slopes of the prairie which lies about
300 feet higher and which at that point approaches to within a
thousand yards of the river and its wooded valley. The population
may comprise 12,000, and there is great activity in the main streets
which are lined with beautiful, massive four-story buildings, by
shanties and by log cabins. 37 Shops, poolrooms and saloons are to
be found side by side in motley mixture, and among these one notices
a German beer house here and there where good Bavarian beer is
served by heavy-set fellow countrymen.

The prejudices of Americans against everything originating in
Germany have in some respects diminished considerably. For even
though, for example, the wearing of a mustache was, as I remember
quite well, taboo among native Americans a few years ago, just as
beer drinking was considered ridiculous, one now notices beards even
in the Eastern states and among all classes of society ; beards which
would do honor to a German demagogue and make a pampered en-
sign proud.

Likewise the Americans, accustomed to stronger beverages, now
drink beer as if they had learned it at German universities. Al-
though the former, like all customs which are subject to fashion, has
no special significance, and I only mention it as a kind of curiosity,
nevertheless the latter is to a certain degree not without blessing
for the nation, for obviously the taste for alcohol diminishes in the
same degree as the love for the malt brew grows. 38

We betook ourselves at once down to the Kansas river and I was
no end delighted to see the broad stream again, which, swollen by
the numerous downpours, raged and foamed in wild anger. Com-
munications had been completely cut off on the preceding day and
not until shortly before our arrival had they begun, by means of a
spacious flat-bottom boat, to transport waiting passengers back and
forth, along with wagons, horses and cattle. As I now watched the

36. Note that the federal land policy described by Mollhausen was not that contained in
the homestead act of 1862 as Mollhausen was writing in 1858. But the abuses of the land
policy were discussed with considerable truth.

37. Mollhausen had been so long away from "large" towns that Lawrence deceived him.
Its population in 1860, according to the federal census of that year, was 1,645; that of To-
peka, 759.

38. Doubtlessly Mollhausen would be astonished and more than pleased to see his argu-
ment for the use of malt brew appearing in this publication of a dry state.

SANTA FE TRAIL THROUGH KANSAS 377

heavy craft which danced like a feather on the surging waves and
every moment ran the danger of being smashed to bits by huge
drifting tree trunks I thought of times long past. In my mind's
eye I saw the peaceful Kansas with its firm bed and its mirror-
smooth surface as I had known it when I had entered the plains of
the Missouri river for the first time, and had crossed the river a
short distance above this point in company with Duke Paul of
Wurttemberg. 39

The ferry man disturbed me in my contemplations: "All ready,
gentlemen," he called to us and shortly after that we were busy
loading our goods and animals. Without mishap we reached the
left bank of the stream where we continued our journey without
losing any time. The road led through low-lying land which was
partly inundated and as a result we made very slow progress.

Towards noon we reached higher ground and just as we expressed
the hope that we would no longer be hindered by impassable roads,
we suddenly found ourselves at the edge of a deep gorge, filled with
water, whose bridge had been torn away by recent rainstorms. On
both sides I noticed groups of people standing there in expectation
of making the crossing on a raft put together from the remains of
the bridge. Since, of course, the travelers had to be taken across in
the order of their arrival, we could not count on continuing our
journey the same day. We set our animals free and camped on the
bank, from where we watched how the people were ferried across
on the craft so frail that their lives were in danger. The wagons
eventually followed one after the other.

The glowing heat of the sun made the atmosphere in the shady,
damp woods almost unendurable; this, together with the circum-
stance that wagon and luggage often sank into the water, and
could be pulled out only with the help of several obliging Shawnee
Indians, and that we had to protect our collections above everything
else from dampness, induced us to inquire whether there wasn't an-
other road leading to Fort Leaven worth. A young Irishman who
lived there among the Shawnees and who likewise helped with the
crossings, informed us that he did indeed know of another road but
that it was at least six miles farther away. The possibility of dan-
ger to our collections seemed to us so great that we could not shun
the detour, and since the Irishman was willing to act as our guide,
we saddled up before evening and followed him up the ravine. We

39. On a trip to Fort Laramie in the summer of 1851, Mollhausen had accompanied
Prince (or Duke?) Paul of Wurttemberg and crossed the Kansas river on the outbound trip
at the Uniontown crossing in present Shawnee county. See Prince Paul's account in the New
Mexico Historical Review, Albuquerque, v. 17 (July, 1942), p. 198.

378 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

soon found ourselves on an extensive meadow which was enclosed
by strips of woodland. We rode rapidly through the tall grass, the
blades of which reached up over our saddles.

Not without anxiety we watched the western sky which with
lightning rapidity became overcast by threatening clouds and which
was tinged fiery red and sulphur yellow by the hidden rays of the
sun. We soon heard the dull roar of thunder, sharp individual claps
became pronounced, and before we had agreed upon the place where
we were to pitch camp for the night, the storm broke over us with
such violence as I had never before experienced.

We tried to protect ourselves from the cloudburst by laying our
saddles on the ground and crouching down on them with our
weapons under us and a blanket around our shoulders. But the
firmament seemed to collapse and after a few minutes we were sit-
ting in deep water which rushed violently down toward the Kansas.
The yellow tinge had in the meantime spread over the whole sky,
and like a flaming dome the bursting clouds seemed to rest on fiery
pillars of forked lightning. The peals of thunder were endless;