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UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATIONS
IN
BIOLOGY
Volume 2, No. 4, pp. 103-228
December, 1936
KEYS TO THE FISHES OF WASHINGTON,
OREGON AND CLOSELY ADJOINING
REGIONS
BY
Leonard P. Schultz
C.
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS
SEATTLE. WASHINGTON
1936
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Oceanographer, Writer,
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UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATIONS
IN
BIOLOGY
•.
Volume 2, No. 4, pp. 103-228
December, 1936
KEYS TO THE FISHES OF WASHINGTON,
OREGON AND CLOSELY ADJOINING
REGIONS
BY
Leonard P. Schultz
MARINE
&&6GIGAL
W. H. C U.
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS
SEATTLE. WASHINGTON
1936
o
o
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Index to the families 107
Introduction. How to use the keys 109
Artificial key to the families of fishes of
Washington and Oregon Ill
Artificial keys to the genera and species of fish in
Washington, Oregon and in closely adjoining
regions 130
Glossary : Explanation of terms, counts and measurements
most frequently used in keys and descriptions 198
Index to common names 215
Index to scientific names 221
(105)
INDEX TO THE FAMILIES
Fam. Page
No. No.
Acipenseridae 16 133
Acrotidae 57 161
Agonidae 70 182
Alepisauridae 34 152
Alepocephalidae 19 133
Alopiidae 7 131
Ameiuridae 31 150
Ammodytidae 75 191
Anarrhichthyidae 81 195
Anoplopomidae 64 170
Argentinidae 24 142
Atherinidae 49 160
Aulorhynchidae 47 159
Bathymasteridae 76 191
Batrachoididae 86 197
Bothidae 43 156
Bramidae 54 160
Brotulidae 85 197
Catostomidae 29 142
Carchariidae 5 13 1
Centrarchidae 59 161
Cetorhinidae 9 131
Chauliodontidae 26 142
Chimaeridae 15 132
Clinidae 78 192
Clupeidae 17 133
Coregonidae 21 139
Coryphaenoididae 38 154
Cottidae 68 172
Cyclopteridae 71 186
Cyprinidae 30 145
Dalatiidae .
11 131
Embiotocidae 73 189
Engraulidae 18 133
Eptatretidae 1 130
Erilepidae 65 1 70
Esocidae 35 152
Gadidae 39 154
Galeorhinidae 6 131
Gasterosteidae 46 159
Gobiesocidae 87 197
Gobiidae 74 191
Gonostomidae 27 142
Hexagrammidae 66 171
Hexanchidae 3 130
Icosteidae 56 161
Fam. Page
No. No.
Lamnidae 8 131
Lampridae 42 156
Liparididae 72 186
Macrouridae 38 154
Melamphaidae 45 159
Microstomidae 25 142
Molidae 88 197
Moronidae 60 163
Myctophidae 33 151
Nemichthyidae 28 142
Novumbridae 36 152
Oneirodidae 89 197
Ophiodontidae 67 172
Osmeridae 23 140
Otolithidae 61 163
Paralepididae 32 151
Percidae 58 161
Percopsidae 40 156
Petromyzonidae 2 130
Pholididae 79 192
Pleuronectidae 44 157
Ptilichthyidae 83 195
Rajidae 13 131
Rhamphocottidae 69 182
Salmonidae 20 133
Scomberesocidae 37 154
Scombridae 51 160
Scorpaenidae 63 163
Scylliorhinidae 4 131
Scytalinidae 82 195
Somniosidae 11 131
Sphyraenidae 50 160
Squalidae 10 131
Squatinidae 12 131
Stichaeidae 80 192
Stromateidae 55 161
Sudidae 32 151
Sygnathidae 48 160
Thunnidae 52 160
Thymallidae 22 140
Torpedinidae 14 132
Trachipteridae 41 156
Trichodontidae 62 163
Trichiuridae 53 160
Zaproridae 77 191
Zoarcidae 84 195
(107)
Keys to the Fishes of Washington, Oregon and
Closely Adjoining Regions
BY
Leonard P. Schultz
INTRODUCTION
This publication contains keys for the identification of the ma-
rine and freshwater fishes reported to have been taken or expected
to occur in the waters of the states of Washington and Oregon
and neighboring waters. It originally appeared in mimeographed
form, October, 1931, University Bookstore, Seattle, Washington,
and was designed especially for use in the ichthyology laboratory
of the University of Washington, School of Fisheries. During the
last few years we have carefully checked the keys with specimens
in the collection of fishes, School of Fisheries, University of Wash-
ington. The illustrations include several original drawings, made
by Arthur D. Welander or the author. Certain portions of the keys
have been modified after publications by Jordan, Evermann, Starks,
Gilbert, Hubbs, Burke, and Parr, whose contributions are acknowl-
edged as footnotes in the proper places.
How to Use the Keys
The statements are arranged so one must consider ALTER-
NATIVE CHARACTERS. One character is given under a desig-
nation as "la" and the contrasting character as "lb." In some cases
three or four alternatives are given as "lc" and "Id." If in using
the key the characters under the first alternative, for example "la"
do not agree with the specimen at hand try the next alternative, in
this case "lb." When the characters do fit, read on down as long
as they continue to fit, never progressing under designations that are
not true for the specimen at hand. For example in running down
a salmon to the family, use lb, 3b, 15b, 16a, 17b, 19a, 20a, 21a, 22b,
24a, 25a, 26b, 27a, before you finally find the name at the end of the
paragraph under 28a, "Salmon and Trout." 20. Salmonidae p. 134."
The number "20" preceding the family (all families end in idae)
refers to the 20th family, and the "p. 134" refers to the page on
which the key to the genera and species of this family occurs. The
keys to the genera and species should be used in exactly the same
manner as the family key, continuing until the name of the fish is
found at the end of a paragraph under a certain symbol as "15a."
(109)
110 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
To be more certain of your identification, the specimen at hand
should be compared with a description of that species. Good de-
scriptions and some figures of most of the American fishes may be
found in the publication "Fishes of North and Middle America" by
Jordan and Evermann, 1896 to 1900, Bulletin 47, Parts I to IV,
United States National Museum.
No bibliography of the fishes of Washington and Oregon is
given in this publication. However, if the reader is interested in ob-
taining a nearly complete list of papers on the fishes of this area it
may be found in the Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institute
which appears as a section of the Mid-Pacific Magazine for 1935
and 1936, entitled "Fishes of the American Northwest. A catalogue
of the fishes of Washington and Oregon with distributional records
and bibliography" by Leonard P. Schultz and Allan C. DeLacy.
In the preparation of keys as complicated as these, it is likely
that mistakes were made. Though they have been used for several
years by students of ichthyology at the University of Washington,
should errors be found the author will be pleased to have the op-
portunity of correcting them.
1936]
Schults: Keys to Fishes
111
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FISHES
OF WASHINGTON AND OREGON 1
la. Mouth a sucking disk, without jaws, but with teeth on the disk; a single
median nostril ; body eel-shaped with gill openings pore-like, 6 to 15 in
number on each side. Fig. 1.
Rq.3
Fig. 1. A diagram showing the arrangement of the teeth in the buccal cavity or
mouth cavity of lampreys. Dk — disk teeth; Ling — lingual teeth; Lt — lateral teeth; Info —
infraoral teeth; Oe — oral opening leading to the oesophagus; Pap — papillae of lips; Sp —
supraoral teeth.
Fig. 2. Prionace glauca, showing the five gill openings on the side of the body, and
two dorsal fins without spines. Modified after Jordan and Evermann.
Fig. 3. The lunate keeled tail of a "tiger shark." Ke — keel on caudal peduncle.
2a. Eyes covered by skin and aborted; gill openings 10 to 15 in number on
each side and remote from head.
Hagfishes 1. Eptatretidae, p. 130
2b. Eyes developed in adult but concealed in the larvae ; gill openings close
behind head and 7 in number on each side.
Lampreys 2. Petromyzonidae, p. 130
lb. Mouth normal, agape, with well developed jaws; nostrils not single or me-
dian but paired.
a Certain parts of this key were modified after E. C. Starks, 1921, Fish. Bull. No. 5,
California Fish and Game Commission.
112 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
3a. (See 3b, p. 114.) Gill openings 5 to 7, not covered by a large flap of skin
or bones (the operculum) ; skeleton cartilaginous. Fig. 2.
4a. (See 4b, p. 113.) Gill openings wholly on the side of the body; body not
depressed into a disk but normal in form. Fig. 2.
5a. Gill openings 6 or 7 on each side ; a single dorsal fin.
Cow Sharks 3. Hexanchidae, p. 130
5b. Gill openings 5 on each side ; 2 dorsal fins, the 2nd sometimes small.
6a. Anal fin present ; dorsal fins not provided with spines.
7a. First dorsal over or behind the pelvic fins.
Cat Sharks 4. Scylliorhinidae, p. 131
7b. First dorsal in advance of the pelvic fins.
8a. Caudal fin not lunate ; side of caudal peduncle without keel ;
head and tail normal. Fig. 2.
9a. Caudal fin forming less than l /z of the total length of the
fish; 1st dorsal nearly equal distance between space from
pectoral base to pelvic fin base; eye with a nictitating mem-
brane.
10a. Spiracles obsolete ; distance from tip of snout to origin
of 1st dorsal is greater than the distance from origin of
1st dorsal to posterior margin of 2nd dorsal so that the
former distance extends a little beyond the 2nd dorsal fin.
Gray Sharks 5. Carchariidae, p. 131
10b. Spiracles present; the distance from tip of snout to origin
of 1st dorsal a little less than distance from origin of 1st
dorsal to posterior margin of 2nd dorsal so that the for-
mer distance extends only to middle of 2nd dorsal fin.
Oil Shark. Soup-fin Shark.. 6. Galeorhinidae, p. 131
9b. Caudal fin forming more than y 2 of the total length.
Thresher Sharks 7. Alopiidae, p. 131
8b. Caudal fin lunate, side of caudal peduncle with a well developed
keel. Fig. 3.
11a. Dorsal fin just behind pectorals; gill slits about as long
as snout, not extending up the whole side of head ; gill
rakers short, not long and slender.
Mackerel Sharks 8. Lamnidae, p. 131
lib. Dorsal fin about midway between pectorals and pelvics;
gill slits more than twice as long as snout, extending
up the whole side of head ; gill rakers long and slender,
resembling whale bone.
Basking Shark 9. Cetorhinidae, p. 131
6b. Anal fin absent.
12a. Dorsal fins each with a stout spine.
Dogfish Sharks 10. Squalidae, p. 131
1936]
Schidts: Keys to Fishes
113
12b. Dorsal fins without spines.
Sleeper Sharks 11. Somniosidae, p. 131
4b. Gill openings wholly on lower side of body or in a deep notch at the
"neck" ; body much depressed. Figs. 4 and 5.
13a. Spiracles less than Vz length of snout behind the eyes, usually almost
bordering on the eyes ; snout longer than interorbital space.
Fig. 4. The ventral side of a male skate,
Raja binoculata, showing the position of the
mouth, gill clefts, and the pelvic fins with-
out the notch. A — anus; Cla — clasper; GC
— gill clefts; Mo — mouth; PF — pelvic or
ventral fins; Ros — Rostral cartilage. Drawn
by A. D. Welander.
Fig. 5. A sketch of an Angel Shark
showing the gill openings in the "neck."
After Starks.
14a. Disk very broad and circular anteriorly; no spines or prickles
anywhere; dorsal fins 2, the 1st dorsal anterior to the posterior
tips of pelvics ; jelly-like electric gland present at base of pec-
torals on dorsal side.
Electric Rays 14. Torpedinidae, p. 132
14b. Disk not evenly circular anteriorly ; spines and prickles present ;
origin of dorsal fin far back of tips of pelvic fins (claspers are
not fins) ; no electric gland is developed.
Skates and Rays 13. Rajidae, p. 131
13b. Spiracles from z / 2 to Y<\ length of snout behind the eyes ; interorbital
space longer than the snout; origin of 1st dorsal at extreme pos-
terior tips of pelvic fins. Fig. 5.
Angel Shark 12. Squatinidae, p. 131
114 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
3b. A single external gill or opercular opening; the gills are covered by a
fleshy or bony covering, the operculum.
15a. Gill cover composed of flesh or soft cartilage, not hard bones ; tail
tapers to a fine point ; skin without scales ; snout blunt ; teeth rat-like ;
1st dorsal with a long sharp spine.
Ratfish 15. Chimaeridae, p. 132
15b. Gill cover bony, composed of opercular elements (bones).
16a. (See 16b, p. 129.) Gill openings in front of or above base of pectoral
fin, never behind it ; no "bait" above on anterior part of head.
17a. Dorsal fin preceded by short free spines, not connected by mem-
branes and none of which is developed into "bait" or luminous
organs, Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Free spines before the dorsal fin.
18a. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and to 2 soft rays; 2 to 15 free spines
before the soft dorsal ; snout not prolonged and not tubular.
Sticklebacks 46. Gasterosteidae, p. 159
18b. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 4 soft rays; more than 15 spines
before the soft dorsal.
Many-spined Sticklebacks 47. Aulorhynchidae, p. 159
17b. Dorsal fin not preceded by free spines, if spines are present these
connected by membranes except when specialized into long fila-
ments or into "bait."
19a. (See 19b, p. 120, and 19c, p. 126.) Pelvic fins present, abdom-
inal in position, the pelvic girdle not connected by bones with
the pectoral or shoulder girdle. Fig. 7.
20a. (See 20b, p. 117.) Dorsal fins 1 or 2 (the 2nd adipose) pres-
ent on back, finlets not included as these are detached soft
rays; if 1 dorsal fin is present, photophores are present.
21a. (See 21b, p. 117.) The anterior dorsal fin composed of
rays ; the posterior fin chiefly adipose or if an adipose fin
is absent the body has photophores.
22a. Body scaleless.
23a. Head with barbels on chin and snout; teeth rather
small and not fang-like; pectorals each with a strong
spine. Fig. 8.
Catfishes 31. Ameiuridae, p. 150
23b. No barbels on head ; dorsal fin long and high ; teeth
fang-like ; no spine in pectoral fin.
Lancet Fishes 34. Alepisauridae, p. 152
1936]
Schults: Keys to Fishes
115
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116 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
22b. Body covered with scales.
24a. Origin of dorsal fin little if any behind middle of
body.
25a. Sides of body without photophores or luminous
spots; head without scales.
26a. Dorsal and anal each with 1 or 2 spines.
Trout Perches 40. Percopsidae, p. 156
26b. Dorsal and anal of soft rays only.
27a. Pelvic fin with a scaly appendage above its
base ; stomach with more than 1 1 pyloric caeca ;
dorsal fin base, shorter than length of head.
28a. Maxillary extending to posterior edge of, or
behind eye in adult ; dentition strong ; mouth
deeply cleft; scales in more than 115 oblique
rows on side of body.
Salmon and Trout
20. Salmonidae, p. 133
28b. Maxillary not extending behind eye, usually
ending before or just at anterior edge of
eye ; dentition weak ; scales in fewer than
105 oblique rows on side of body.
29a. Dorsal fin of fewer than 17 fin rays.
Whitefishes 21. Coregonidae, p. 139
29b. Dorsal fin of 20 to 24 fin rays.
Grayling 22. Thymallidae, p. 140
27b. Pelvic fin without a scaly appendage above its
base; stomach with 11 or fewer pyloric caeca.
30a. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching un-
der eye; both jaws with teeth; tongue
with teeth on upper surface.
Smelts 23. Osmeridae, p. 140
30b. Mouth small, maxillary not extending un-
der eye ; premaxillary toothless ; tongue
toothless except probably fine teeth on
sides.
31a. Branchiostegals about 6. Fig. 12.
24. Argentinidae, p. 142
31b. Branchiostegals 3 or 4. Fig. 12.
25. Microstomidae, p. 142
25b. Sides of body with photophores; head without
scales. Fig. 9.
32a. Pseudobranchiae present.
Lantern Fishes . . .33. Myctophidae, p. 151
32b. Pseudobranchiae absent ; teeth canine-like.
33a. Opercles incomplete, interopercle rudimen-
tary; fig. 10; origin of dorsal in front of
base of pelvic fin; gill rakers absent.
Viper Fishes
26. Chauliodontidae, p. 142
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 117
33b. Opercles complete ; origin of dorsal behind
base of pelvic fins ; gill rakers present and
long ; adipose fin absent.
Viper Fishes . .27. Gonostomidae, p. 142
24b. Front of dorsal considerably behind middle of body.
32. Sudidae, p. 151
21b. The anterior dorsal fin composed of spines connected by
membranes, the posterior dorsal fin composed of soft
rays ; no adipose fin present ; pectoral fins entire, the low-
er 5 to 8 rays not detached, not prolonged, and not fila-
mentous.
34a. Teeth strong, canine-like, unequal ; lateral line pres-
ent ; branchiostegals 7.
Barracudas 50. Sphyraenidae, p. 160
34b. Teeth weak ; lateral line absent ; branchiostegals
5 or 6.
Silversides 49. Atherinidae, p. 160
20b. Dorsal fin single; no adipose fin and no photophore present.
35a. Dorsal fin followed by a series of detached soft rays
or finlets. Fig. 11.
Sauries 37. Scomberesocidae, p. 154
35b. Dorsal fin not followed by finlets, nor preceded by dis-
connected spines ; no adipose fin present.
36a. Upper lobe of caudal fin much longer than lower
lobe and tail heterocercal ; body with large bony
plates, each with a sharp keel or spine.
Sturgeons 16. Acipenseridae, p. 133
36b. Upper lobe of caudal fin not longer than lower and
tail homocercal ; body without plates as above.
37a. Head with scales ; anal and dorsal fins placed
in the posterior 3rd of the body ; origin of dorsal
fin nearly over the origin of anal.
38a. Lateral line present; jaws shaped much like a
duck's bill and prolonged; teeth strong.
Pikes or Pickerels 35. Esocidae, p. 152
38b. Lateral line wanting; jaws normal and not pro-
longed; teeth not strong or canine-like.
Mud Minnows 36. Novumbridae, p. 152
37b. Head without scales ; dorsal fin placed in middle
3rd of the body except in the Alepoceplialidae ; origin
of dorsal much in advance of anal origin, less so
in the Alcpocephalidae.
39a. Branchiostegals 6 to 15; gill membranes not
joined to isthmus ; fig. 12.
40a. No lateral line ; gill rakers long and slender.
118
University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Pec.Sf>.
FiQ.8
Ro.lO
Rq.12
Ro.13
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 119
Fig. 8. The head of a catfish showing the pectoral spine and the location of the bar-
bels; Ba — barbels; Pec Sp — pectoral spine.
Fig. 9. A lantern fish, Myctophidae, showing the arrangement and names applied to
the photophores. Aao — anterior anal organs; Pao — posterior anal organs; Pco — precaudal
organs; PI — posterior lateral organs; Sbp — suprapectoral organ; Spa — supra-anal organs;
Spcs — supracaudal luminous scales; Spp — suprapectoral organ; Spv — supraventral organ;
Th — thoracic organs; Veo — ventral organs. Modified after Parr.
Fig. 10. A sketch showing the arrangement and names of the opercular bones in
Sebastodes caurimis. Ope — operculum; I Ope — interoperculum; P Ope — preoperculum;
S Ope — suboperculum.
Fig. 11. The Pacific Saury, Cololabis saira, showing the finlets behind the dorsal and
anal fins. Drawn by Arthur D. Welander.
Fig. 12. The ventral side of the head of Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus to show
the free fold of the gill membrane across the isthmus. Br. — branchiostegal ray; Br Mem —
branchiostegal or gill membranes broadly joined to each other; Fo 1st — gill membranes
forming a free fold across the isthmus by being unattached along their margins; Pec —
pectoral fin; Ve — ventral or pelvic fin. Modified after Jordan and Evermann.
Fig. 13. The ventral side of the head region of Catostomns macrocheilus, the Colum-
bia River coarse-scaled sucker, showing the corners of the mouth without the notches in
the lips. Br 1st — branchiostegal or gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; Inc —
incision in the lower lip; Mo — mouth. Drawn by Arthur D. Welander.
'^>x--\-J3kUt
Fig. 14. A diagram of a hypothetical flatfish, Plenronectidae, to show the various
modifications of the lateral line and the asymmetry of the head. Ar Lat — a distinct arch
in the lateral line; Db Lat — dorsal branch of the lateral line; N Ar Lat — no distinct arch
in the lateral line.
41a. Mouth terminal ; not excessively large ;
maxillary not nearly reaching to gill open-
ings.
Herrings and Shad
17. Clupeidae, p. 133
41b. Mouth inferior, below a tapering snout ;
mouth very large, the maxillary reaching
nearly or quite to gill openings.
Anchovies 18. Engraulidae, p. 133
40b. Lateral line present; dorsal fin in posterior
3rd of body.
19. Alepocephalidae, p. 133
39b. Branchiostegals 3 ; gill membranes united to
the isthmus; fig 12; gill rakers not long and
slender; lateral line usually present.
120 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
42a. Pharyngeal teeth many more than 9 and in
1 row arranged like the teeth of a comb ;
mouth usually directed downward, exces-
sively protractile and sucker-like with or
without papillous lips. Fig. 13.
Suckers 29. Catostomidae, p. 142
42b. Pharyngeals few in number, less than 9
and in 1 to 3 rows, not comb-like ; mouth
not especially directed downward, without
papillous lips.
Minnows. Chubs. Dace
30. Cyprinidae, p. 145
19b. (See 19a, p. 114, and 19c, p. 126.) Pelvic fins thoracic (placed under or
just a little behind the pectorals, and internally connected with the
shoulder girdle, with exceptions), or jugular (placed in front of the
pectorals) ; the rays are not modified into round pads forming a sucking
disk. Figs. 16 and 17.
43a. Both eyes on the same side of the head. Fig. 14.
44a. Pelvic fins symmetrical in position or nearly so, neither located on
the median ridge of abdomen.
Flounders. Halibut 44. Pleuronectidae, p. 157
44b. Pelvic fin of eyed side located on median ridge of abdomen; eyes
and color on left side.
Sand Dabs 43. Bothidae, p. 156
43b. Eyes normal, each eye on opposite side of the head.
45a. A bony stay (suborbital stay) extending from below eye backward
across the cheek just under the skin, or else the side of the head is
mostly covered with bony plates. Fig. 15.
46a. Head and body mostly covered with bony plates in 8 to 12 long-
itudinal rows.
Sea Poachers 70. Agonidae, p. 182
Fig. 15. A sketch showing the
position of the bony suborbital
stay.
46b. Head and body not covered with bony plates arranged in rows.
47a. Gill openings not extending to opposite lowest pectoral ray;
slit behind the 4th gill reduced to a mere pore or wanting.
Northern Sea Horse 69. Rhamphocottidae, p. 182
47b. Gill opening extending down to at least lowest pectoral ray.
48a. Body wholly or partly naked, or covered with prickles but
never completely covered with scales ; when the body is par-
tially scaled, the scaleless areas occur between the bands of
scales.
Sculpins 68. Cottidae, p. 172
1936] SchuUz: Keys to Fishes 121
48b. Body uniformly and evenly covered with scales in local species.
49a. Slit behind 4th gill a mere pore or wanting; anal spines
III, dorsal spines XII to XVII ; preopercle with 5 or 6
strong spines. Fig. 10.
Rockfish. Rock Cod 63. Scorpaenidae, p. 163
49b. Slit behind the 4th gill larger than a pore, an obvious slit;
preopercle without 5 or 6 strong spines.
50a. Nostril single on each side and the second if present re-
duced to a mere pore ; dorsal fins contiguous or con-
nected often with a deep notch between the spines and
soft rayed portion.
51a. Mouth smaller, the maxillary not reaching or barely
reaching to orbit; jaws without strong canine teeth.
Greenlings 66. Hexagrammidae, p. 171
51b. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond orbit;
jaws with strong canine teeth.
Ling Cod 67. Ophiodontidae, p. 172
50b. Nostrils 2 on each side and of nearly equal development.
52a. Dorsal fins widely separated ; dorsal rays XX to
XXII, 16 to 18; anal 15 to 17.
Skilfish. Black Cod.. 64. Anoplopomidae, p. 170
52b. Dorsal fin deeply notched; dorsal XIV-I, 15; anal
ii+11.
Priest Fish 65. Erilepidae, p. 170
45b. No bony suborbital stay or plates on side of head as in 45a.
53a. Pelvic fins completely united with each other ; fig. 16, the
rays being normal and not modified into round pads as in the
Liparididae ; fig. 17.
Gobies 74. Gobiidae, p. 191
53b. Pelvic fins separate, not united.
54a. Body covered with scales.
55a. (See 55b, p. 123.) Pelvic fins definitely I, 5, the spine some-
times grown fast to the first soft ray ; pectoral fin entire.
56a. Dorsal and anal each followed by finlets. Fig. 11.
57a. There is no middle keel on each side of caudal peduncle,
only the small pair of keels dorsally and ventraliy ; 1st
dorsal separated from 2nd dorsal by an interspace as
long as or longer than snout ; color on back of almost
vertical stripes.
Mackerels 51. Scombridae, p. 160
57b. There is a middle keel on each side of caudal peduncle,
and a small keel above and below the large one.
Tunny and Albacore 52. Thunnidae, p. 160
122
University of Washington Publications in Biology
IVol. 2.
56b. Dorsal and anal not followed by finlets.
58a. Vomer with teeth. Fig. 18.
59a. Dorsal fin, without pungent spines, continuous (un-
notched) ; dorsal fin not beginning on head; caudal
rounded or truncate.
60a. Lateral line running high, not far from the dorsal
fin base and not reaching the caudal fin (lateral
line incomplete).
Ronquils 76. Bathymasteridae, p. 191
60b. Lateral line if present not high on back, but reach-
ing to caudal fin.
Ragfishes 56. Icosteidae, p. 161
'eSo
>D4K
Fiq.17
F19.I8
Fig. 16. The ventral side of the goby, Rhinogobiops nicholsii, showing the modification
of the pelvic fins into the sucker. Ve Su — ventral or pelvic fins modified into the sucking
disk. Drawn by Arthur D. Welander.
Fig. 17. A diagram of the ventral side of a sea snail, Liparididae, showing the mod-
ification of the pelvic fins into a sucking disk. Ddk — width or diameter of the disk.
Fig. 18. A diagram to show the approximate positions of the teeth bearing bones in
the roof of the mouth of many fishes. Max — maxillary; Pal — palatine; Prem — premaxil-
lary; Vo — vomer.
Fig. 19. The fringe-like "teeth" of the Sandfish, Trichodon trichodon. Fr — fringes
of lips (not true teeth).
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 123
59b. Dorsal fin or fins with pungent spines anteriorly and
soft rays posteriorly.
61a. Dorsal fins 2, entirely separated or slightly joined
together when a spine is present in the 2nd fin,
preceding the soft rays.
62a. Anal III, 11 or 12; dorsal IX-I, 12; body with
very narrow longitudinal stripes in local species.
Bass 60. Moronidae, p. 163
62b. Anal I or II, 7 or 8; dorsal VI to XVI, 12 or
13 in local species.
Perches 58. Percidae, p. 161
61b. Dorsal fin single (deeply emarginate in Aplitcs) ;
body with not more than 1 longitudinal stripe ; anal
normally III to VI (rarely II), 10 to 19; dorsal
VI to XI, 11 to 15.
Bass and Sunfishes ..59. Centrarchidae, p. 161
58b. Vomer without teeth. Fig. 18.
63a. Scales just before middle of body, 3 or 4 times
deeper vertically than longer horizontally.
Pompreys 54. Bramidae, p. 160
63b. Scales not as above.
64a. Dorsals and anals without distinct spines.
Ragfishes 56. Icosteidae, p. 161
64b. Dorsal and anal with spines.
65a. Anal spines I or II in local species.
Croakers or Sea Bass
61. Otolithidae, p. 163
65b. Anal spines III.
Viviparous Perch
73. Embiotocidae, p. 189
55b. Pelvic fins definitely not I, 5.
66a. Pelvic fins with more than 5 soft rays and with or with-
out a spine.
67a. Numerous nearly round light spots, about the size of
the pupil or smaller occur all over the body; dorsal
fin single, very long, elevated, falcate in front, of 49
to 55 rays, without distinct spines ; anal fin long and
low, not elevated or falcate in front, of 33 to 41 rays;
in life all fins are scarlet in color ; pelvic fins of 14 to
17 rays, and about as long as head; pectorals nearly as
long as head; depth of the compressed body l-)4 in
standard length.
Moonfish 42. Lampridae, p. 156
67b. Characters not as in 67a.
68a. Dorsals and anals without spines.
69a. Tail not tapering to a point, dorsal and anal fins
separate from the distinct caudal fin.
Cods and Hake 39. Gadidae, p. 154
124 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2
69b. Tail tapering to a point, the dorsal and anal fins
confluent, there being no caudal fin.
Grenadiers 38. Coryphaenoididae, p. 154
68b. Dorsal spines III.
45. Melamphaidae, p. 159
66b. Pelvics with fewer than 5 soft rays, and with or with-
out a spine.
70a. Body covered with bony plates.
Sea Poachers 70. Agonidae, p. 182
70b. Body not covered with bony plates ; the body either
naked or covered with scales.
71a. Dorsal composed of soft rays only.
72a. Body tapering to a blunt point behind ; dorsal
and anal continuous around the caudal ; gill mem-
branes joined to isthmus.
Eel Pouts 84. Zoarcidae, p. 195
72b. Body not tapering to a blunt point ; the caudal
fin distinct.
Brotulids 85. Brotulidae, p. 197
71b. Dorsal composed of spines anteriorly with or with-
out soft rays posteriorly.
73a. Dorsal fin with at least 1 soft ray but less than
20, usually 5 to 13 in local species ; vertebrae
52 or fewer ; lateral line arched high above
the pectoral, if present.
Blennies 78. Clinidae, p. 192
73b. Dorsal fin without soft rays (except in Ccbi-
dichthys which has 40 to 44) ; vertebrae usual-
ly more than 53.
74a. Origin of anal fin under the 34th to 55th
spinous ray of dorsal fin; body ribbon-like
and never with multiple branched lateral
lines ; all vertebrae with haemal arches.
Blennies 79. Pholididae, p. 192
74b. Origin of anal fin under the 12th to 32nd
spinous ray of the dorsal fin; body round
and not ribbon-like except in Phytichihys
which has multiple branched lateral lines and
II (rarely III) anal spines; only the caudal
vertebrae with haemal arches.
Blennies 80. Stichaeidae, p. 192
54b. Body naked and smooth, or armed with tubercles, prickles,
scattered bony plates, or scales in rows between which are
naked areas, never uniformly covered with scales.
75a. Breast with a sucking disk. Fig. 17.
76a. Gill membranes free from isthmus ; a single soft dorsal
placed posteriorly.
Cling-fishes 87. Gobiesocidae, p. 197
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 125
76b. Gill membranes joined to isthmus.
77a. Skin smooth ; dorsal somewhat hidden by the lax skin,
long and continuous or with a short portion anteriorly
more or less separated by a notch.
Sea Snails or Rock Suckers.. 72. Liparididae, p. 186
77b. Skin with strongly developed tubercles or spines ; dorsal
fins 2, well separated and about of equal length.
Lump Suckers 71. Cyclopteridae, p. 186
75b. Breast without a sucking disk.
78a. Dorsal and anal followed by detached rays or finlets.
Fig. 11.
79a. There is no middle keel on each side of caudal peduncle,
only the small keels, 1 above and 1 below ; 1st dorsal
separated from 2nd dorsal by an interspace as long as
or longer than snout ; color on back of almost vertical
stripes.
Mackerels 51. Scombridae, p. 160
79b. A single median keel on each side of caudal peduncle
and a small one above and below the large one. Fig 3.
Tunny and Albacore 52. Thunnidae, p. 160
78b. Dorsal and anal without finlets.
80a. A bony stay (suborbital stay) extending from below
eye backward across the cheek just under the skin,
or else the side of the head is bony.
81a. Gill opening small, not extending below the lower
edge of the pectoral fin.
Northern Sea Horse
69. Rhamphocottidae, p. 182
81b. Gill opening extending at least to lower edge of
pectoral fin.
Sculpins 68. Cottidae, p. 172
80b. No suborbital stay or bony cheeks.
82a. Body tapering to a blunt point behind ; the dorsal
and anal continuous around caudal ; gill membranes
joined to isthmus.
Eel Pouts 84. Zoarcidae, p. 195
82b. Body not tapering to a point.
83a. Anal fin absent; caudal fin directed obliquely
upward.
Ribbon Fishes 41. Trachipteridae, p. 156
83b. Anal fin present ; caudal normal.
84a. Dorsal spines soft and ray-like.
85a. Both jaws of about the same length; head
about 4 in length ; depth about 3 ; lateral
line and fins with prickles ; body not long
and not ribbon-like.
Ragfishes 56. Icosteidae, p. 161
126 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
85b. Lower jaw longest; head about 7 to 8 in
length ; depth 6 or more in length ; body
ribbon-like ; skin naked without scales or
prickles.
Cutlassfishes ... .53. Trichiuridae, p. 160
84b. Dorsal spines stiff and sharp.
86a. Lips with long teeth-like fringes ; mouth
when closed nearly vertical. Fig. 19.
Sand Fishes.. 62. Trichodontidae, p. 163
86b. Lips without fringes ; mouth often oblique
but not vertical.
87a. Dorsal with only I or II very short spines
just behind head; body with many small
luminous organs or photophores arranged
in series.
Toad Fishes
86. Batrachoididae, p. 197
87b. Dorsal with many spines; body often rib-
bon-like.
88a. Dorsal fin with at least 1 soft ray but
fewer than 20, usually 5 to 13 in local
species ; vertebrae 52 or fewer ; lateral
line, if present, arched high above the
pectoral.
Blennies 78. Clinidae, p. 192
88b. Dorsal fin without soft rays (except in
Cebidichthys which has 39 to 44) ; ver-
tebrae usually more than 53.
89a. Origin of anal fin under the 34th to
55th spinous ray of the dorsal fin ;
body ribbon-like and never with mul-
tiple branched lateral lines ; all verte-
brae with haemal arches.
Blennies 79. Pholididae, p. 192
89b. Origin of anal fin under the 12th to
32nd spinous ray of the dorsal fin ;
body round and not ribbon-like except
in Phytichthys which has multiple
branched lateral lines and II (rarely
III) strong anal spines; only the cau-
dal vertebrae with haemal arches.
Blennies 80. Stichaeidae, p. 192
19c. (See 19a, p. 114, and 19b, p. 120.) Pelvic fins absent or modified into
sucking disks. Fig. 17.
90a. Gill membranes united to the isthmus, Fig. 12, (gill opening some-
times reduced to a small slit high on the side).
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 127
91a. Jaws long, very slender, almost thread-like, diverging to form a
snipe-like beak. Fig. 20.
Snipe Eels 28. Nemichthyidae, p. 142
Fig. 20. The snipe-like jaws of Ne-
michthys avocetta. Modified after Jor- ^*>^^ ^i£s 7 — < &&///////////
dan and Evermann.
91b. Jaws not as above.
92a. Snout elongate and tubular, bearing very small toothless jaws at
the end ; covering of body of bony plates.
Pipe Fishes 48. Syngnathidae, p. 160
92b. Snout not tubular ; mouth and body covering not as above.
93a. Breast with a sucking disk. Fig. 17.
94a. Skin smooth and lax ; anal fin with more than 20 rays.
Sea Snails 72. Liparididae, p. 186
94b. Skin thick and firm, smooth or covered with tubercles or
broad plates bearing spines ; anal fin of fewer than 20 rays.
Lumpsuckers 71. Cyclopteridae, p. 186
93b. Breast without a sucking disk.
95a. Skin very loose and lax, without scales ; gill opening above
pectoral or not extending below the base of the middle ray
of the pectoral fin.
Sea Snails 72. Liparididae, p. 186
95b. Skin firm, normal, with or without scales, never loose and
lax; gill opening extending down below the base of the
middle ray of pectoral fin.
96a. Body elongate not short and deep and not truncate be-
hind ; dorsal fin single, extending along nearly the whole
back ; gill openings in front of the pectorals.
97a. Jaws and vomer with some coarse molar or pebble-like
teeth ; body tapering to a slender point behind in local
species.
Wolf Fishes 81. Anarrhichthyidae, p. 195
97b. Teeth not as above, or not molar-like.
98a. Origin of anal fin under the 34th to 55th spinous
ray of dorsal fin ; body ribbon-like and never with
multiple branched lateral lines ; all vertebrae with
haemal arches.
Blennies 79. Pholididae, p. 192
98b. Origin of anal fin under the 12th to 32nd spinous
ray of the dorsal fin ; body round and not ribbon-like
except in Phytichthys which has multiple branched
lateral lines, and II (rarely III) anal spines; only
the caudal vertebrae with haemal arches.
Blennies 80. Stichaeidae, p. 192
128 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
96b. Body oblong, short and deep, compressed, truncate be-
hind so there is no caudal peduncle ; dorsal not extending
along the back as in 96a; gill openings in front of the
pectoral as is usual in fishes.
Head Fish. Ocean Sunfish 88. Molidae, p. 197
90b. Gill membranes free from the isthmus or with a wide free fold across
isthmus, or continuing forward before becoming joined. Fig. 12.
99a. Caudal fin not widely forked or lunate ; least depth of caudal pe-
duncle if present fewer than 6 times in greatest depth of body ; depth
of body more than 2.5 times in the standard length.
100a. Dorsal rising so gradually from the back that its beginning is
scarcely evident.
101a. Dorsal and anal not reaching to caudal; caudal peduncle slen-
der, caudal fin concave behind.
Great Ray Fishes 57. Acrotidae, p. 161
101b. Dorsal and anal connected with caudal fin.
102a. Tail tapering to a point and with a caudal filament (usually
broken off preserved specimens) ; head about 16 in length
without filament.
Quillfish 83. Ptilichthyidae, p. 195
102b. Tail rounded; head about 8 in length.
Burrowing Blennies 82. Scytalinidae, p. 195
100b. Beginning of dorsal fin evident, rising more or less abruptly.
103a. Gill membranes broadly united to each other.
104a. Dorsal fins 2.
Sculpins 68. Cottidae, p. 172
104b. Dorsal fin single.
105a. No sucking disk on breast.
106a. Small imbricated scales on gill membranes, all over
body and on the fins except the distal third ; dorsal
fin of very flexible spines ; depth of body about 3 to
4 1 /- in length.
Flaccid Fishes 77. Zaproridae, p. 191
106b. Scales if present usually embedded and never occur-
ring on gill membranes nor on the fins ; dorsal fin
spines not flexible ; depth of body more than 5 times
in the length.
107a. Origin of anal fin under the 34th to 55th spinous
ray of dorsal fin ; body ribbon-like and never with
multiple branched lateral lines ; all vertebrae with
haemal arches.
Blennies 79. Pholididae, p. 192
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 129
107b. Origin of anal fin under the 12th to 32nd spinous
ray of the dorsal fin ; body round and not ribbon-
like except in Phytichthys which has multiple
branched lateral lines and II (rarely III) anal
spines ; only the caudal vertebrae with haemal
arches.
Blennies 80. Stichaeidae, p. 192
105b. A large sucking disk on breast ; fish tadpole-shaped.
Cling Fishes 87. Gobiesocidae, p. 197
103b. Gill membranes free from each other, or nearly so, contin-
uing far forward under the head ; depth of body about 9 or 10
times in standard length.
108a. Body with scales arranged to form oblique folds ; cau-
dal fin deeply concave.
Sand Lances or Launces . .75. Ammodytidae, p. 191
108b. Body scaleless ; sometimes the scales are embedded ;
dorsal and anal continuous around the tail ; skin rather
lax, at least not firm.
Eel Pouts 84. Zoarcidae, p. 195
99b. Caudal fin very widely forked, nearly lunate; caudal peduncle small,
its least depth about 6.5 to 9 times in greatest depth of body ; body
compressed, its depth 1.9 times in standard length; premaxillaries
not protractile.
Pampanos 55. Stromateidae, p. 161
16b. Gill opening behind the base of the pectoral fin; the spinous dorsal fin
is represented by a single upright spine, developed into "bait" ; the
bait consists of a bulb supplied with filaments ; pectoral radials 3 ; ar-
ticular spines well developed and crossing, that of the quadrate, longer
than the mandibular.
Angler Fishes 89. Oneirodidae, p. 197
130 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
ARTIFICIAL KEYS TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF FISH IN
WASHINGTON, OREGON AND IN CLOSELY
ADJOINING REGIONS
Family 1. Eptatretidae. Hagfishes or Borers
la. Head to first gill opening 6.5 times in total length ; gill openings, ventral
fold and anal not bordered by white. Range : Alaska to Santa Barbara
Islands. Marine. Common.
Black Hagfish 1. Polistotrema dcani Evermann and Goldsborough
lb. Head to first gill opening 4.5 times in total length ; gill openings bordered
by white ring. Range : British Columbia to San Diego. Marine. Common.
Common Hagfish 2. Polistotrema stoutii (Lockington)
Family 2. Petromyzonidae. Lampreys
la. Teeth of the buccal funnel not in distinct radiating series, but in several
groups ; several enlarged lateral teeth, usually multicuspid, at the edge of
the oral opening ; a marginal series around edge of disk ; few to many teeth
on the anterior part of the disk; supraoral broad, the main cusps are sep-
arated by a bridge. Fig. 1.
2a. A posterior series of small teeth developed, parallel to the marginal series
and connecting the last pair of enlarged laterals ; 57 to 74 mytomes be-
tween last gill slit and anus. Range: Unalaska to southern California.
Marine and freshwater. Common.
Three-toothed Lamprey. Pacific Lamprey... 3. Entosphenus tridentatus
(Gairdner)
2b. No teeth other than the marginals on the posterior field of the disk ; 3
enlarged laterals ; myotomes between last gill opening and vent 57 to 70.
3a. Dorsal fins usually well separated by an interspace except during
spawning; myotomes between the last gill opening and the vent 63 to
70 ; all teeth sharp and strong. Parasitic. Range : Eurasia and western
North America. Freshwater. Locally abundant.
River Lamprey. Lake Lamprey. .. .4. Lampctra fluviatilis (Linnaeus)
3b. Dorsal fins separated only by a notch to base ; myotomes between last
gill opening and vent 57 to 66 ; all teeth weak and blunt, non-functional.
Non-parasitic. Range : Eurasia and western North America. Fresh-
water. Common.
Brook Lamprey 5. Lampetra planeri (Bloch)
Family 3. Hexanchidae. Cow Sharks
la. Gill openings 7 on each side. Range : Puget Sound to Monterey Bay.
Marine. Not rare.
Spotted Cow Shark. Mud Shark 6. Notorynchns maculatus Ayres
lb. Gill openings 6 on each side. Range : Mediterranean, North Atlantic and
North Pacific, Puget Sound to Monterey Bay. Marine. Not rare.
Mud Shark. Shovelnose Shark 7. Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre)
(=H. corinus Jordan and Gilbert)
1936] Schultc: Keys to Fishes 131
Family 4. Scylliorhinidae. Cat Sharks
Range: Puget Sound to Gulf of California. Marine. Not rare.
Brown Shark. Cat Shark 8. Apristurus brunncus (Gilbert)
Family 5. Carchariidae. Gray Sharks
Range : Warm seas. Marine. Rare northward.
Great Blue Shark. Fig. 2 9. Prionace glauca (Linnaeus)
Family 6. Galeorhinidae. Oil Shark. Soup-fin Shark
Range: British Columbia to Lower California. Marine. Rare northward.
Soup-fin Shark 10. Galeorhinus zyopterus Jordan and Gilbert
Family 7. Alopiidae. Thresher Sharks
Range : Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Marine, Not rare.
Fox Shark. Long-tailed Shark. 11. Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)
Family 8. Lamnidae. Mackerel Sharks
Range: North Atlantic and North Pacific. Marine. Common northward.
Salmon Shark. Tiger Shark 12. Lamm nasus (Bonnaterre)
Family 9. Cetorhinidae. Basking Sharks
Range: Arctic seas southward to California, Virginia, and Portugal. Ma-
rine. Common northward.
Basking Shark. Elephant Shark. Bone Shark.. . .13. Cetorhinus
maximus (Gunner)
Family 10. Squalidae. Dogfish Sharks
Range : Aleutian Islands to Santa Barbara. Marine. Abundant.
Grayfish. Dogfish Sharks 14. Squalus suckleyi (Girard)
Family 11. Somniosidae (=Dalatiidae). Sleeper Sharks
Range : North Atlantic and North Pacific south to San Francisco. Marine.
Common.
Sleeper Shark.. 15. Somniosus microcephalia (Bloch and Schneider)
Family 12. Squatinidae. Angel Sharks
Range : South eastern Alaska and southward. Marine. Rare northward.
Angel Shark. Fig. 5 16. Squatina calif omica Ayres
Family 13. Rajidae. Skates and Rays
dy at each side of the snout convex or stra
nout to outer tip of pectoral angle passing
disk. Fig. 4.
2a. Outline of body undulating, first convex and then concave.
la. Outline of body at each side of the snout convex or straight ; a line drawn
from tip of snout to outer tip of pectoral angle passing everywhere inside
of outline of disk. Fig. 4.
132 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
3a. Shoulder girdle with about 6 spines ; orbital rim with spines ; width of
disk about 1.2 in its length; tail is contained about 1.4 times in length
of disk, 1.7 in width of disk; the tail is shorter than the disk by 24
length of snout. Range: Unalaska to California. Marine. Not rare.
Prickly Skate 17. Raja stellnlata Jordan and Gilbert
3b. Shoulder girdle and orbital rims without spines; width of disk V/ 2 in
its length ; tail longer than the disk by l / 2 the snout. Range : Central
Alaska and Santa Barbara in deep water. Marine. Rare.
Rough-tailed Skate 18. Raja trachura Gilbert
2b. Outline of body everywhere evenly rounded or convex, the anterior mar-
gin not undulating ; shoulder girdle with a spine ; tail as long as the disk.
Range : Puget Sound region. Marine. Rare.
Black Skate 19. Raja kincaidi Garman
lb. Outline of body at each side of snout concave ; a line drawn as in la, pass-
ing at some one point well outside of the outline of the body.
4a. Pelvic fins with a notch that divides it into 2 distinct lobes when the
anterior tip is held at right angles to the axis of the tail (often in
Raja inornata the edge of the fin is deeply concave) ; usually 3 to 10
hooked orbital spines.
Sa. A line drawn from tip of snout to outer angle of pectoral touches
the outline of the body near the middle of this line ; interorbital
space 3 to 3.4 times in length of snout ; length of tail about equal
to the disk ; in the young there are 2 or 3 spines in middle line of
back followed by a space without spines before the continuous
series begins just anterior to the pelvics. Range: Str. Juan de
Fuca to San Diego. Marine. Rare northward.
California Skate 20. Raja inornata Jordan and Gilbert
5b. A line drawn from tip of snout to outer angle of pectoral passes
the width of the interorbital space outside the outline of the body
(except in the young) ; interorbital space 3.5 to 4 in snout; tail
shorter than disk by 2 /z snout; in the young of rhina there is 1
strong spine followed by a space before the continuous series on
mid-line of back begins over the pelvics. Range : Alaska to Pt.
Loma, California. Marine. Common.
Long-nosed Skate 21. Raja rhina Jordan and Gilbert
4b. Pelvic fins without a deep notch, when the anterior tip is held at
right angles to the axis of the tail the edge of the pelvic fin is nearly
straight; the hooked spines around the eye number 3 or fewer on
young and are usually absent on adults; length of disk about 1.1 in
width; tail about 1.3 in length of disk; in the young there is only a
single spine in mid-line of back (this may be absent in very young)
followed by a continuous series which begins over pelvics. Range :
Sitka, Alaska, to San Diego. Marine. Common.
Big Skate 22. Raja binoculata Girard
Family 14. Torpedinidae. Electric Rays
Range : Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island to San Diego Bay. Marine. Com-
mon northward.
Torpedo. Crampfish 23. Tetranarce calijomica (Ayres)
Family 15. Chimaeridae. Chimaeras
Range : Alaska to San Diego Bay. Marine. Abundant.
Ratfish. Chimaera 24. Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett)
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 133
Family 16. Acipenseridae. Sturgeons.
la. Plates between pelvics and anal small, in 2 rows of 4 to 8 ; dorsal rays 44
to 48 ; anal rays 28 to 30. Range : Alaska to Monterey. Marine and fresh-
water. Common.
White Sturgeon 25. Acipenser transmontanus Richardson
lb. Plates between pelvics and anal large, in 1 or 2 rows of 1 to 4 each; dorsal
rays 33 to 35 ; anal rays 22 to 28. Range : North Pacific southward to Mon-
terey Bay. Marine and freshwater. Not abundant
Green Sturgeon 26. Acipenser acutirostris Ayres (=A. medirostris)
Family 17. Clupeidae. Herrings.
la. Ventral scutes strong and sharp, the ventral edge of the belly much com-
pressed ; depth 3^4 in length ; peritoneum white ; about 60 scales in a lateral
series. Range : Atlantic Coast of U.S. and southeastern Alaska to Monte-
rey Bay. Marine and freshwater. Abundant.
Shad 27. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)
lb. Ventral scutes not strong, the ventral edge of the belly only a little com-
pressed ; depth 4 to 5 in length ; peritoneum black or dusky ; about 38 to 55
scales in a lateral series.
2a. About 40 rakers on lower arch of first gill ; peritoneum dusky ; vomer
with teeth ; about 38 to 45 scales ; no striae on the operculum. Range :
Kamchatka to San Diego. Marine. Abundant.
Pacific Herring 28. Clupca pallasii Cuvier and Valenciennes
2b. About 50 to 60 rakers on lower arch of first gill ; peritoneum black ;
about 53 scales ; opercle with 7 long striae extending downward and back-
ward. Range : British Columbia to Gulf of California. Marine. Abundant.
Pilchard. Sardine 29. Sordino ps cacrulea (Girard)
Family 18. Engraulidae. Anchovies
Range : Vancouver Island to Lower California. Marine. Abundant.
Northern Anchovy 30. Engranlis mordax mordax Girard
Family 19. Alepocephalidae
Range : Coast of Oregon. Marine. Rare.
Deep Sea Fish 31. Bathytroctes stomias Gilbert
Family 20. Salmonidae. Salmon and Trout
la. Anal fin elongate, of 13 to 19 rays (rarely 12 or 18 or 19) ; vomer narrow,
long, flat, with weak teeth; gill rakers 19 to 40 (rarely 19 or 20) on 1st
gill arch; branchiostegals 13 to 19; species with or without black spots,
adults with anal and dorsal seldom spotted. Figs. 21, 22, 23, and 24.
2a. Scales very small, in about 170 to 231 oblique rows on the side, and us-
ually 30 to 37 (range 26 to 40) above, and 28 to 35 (range 25 to 40) be-
low, the lateral line; caudal spots large and oblong; gill rakers 11 to 13
+ 15 to 18 (usually totaling from 27 to 35) ; anal rays usually 14 to 16;
young without any trace of parr marks. Range : Northern Japan to
Alaska, southward to San Francisco. Marine and freshwater. Abundant.
Pink Salmon. Humpback Salmon 32. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
(Walbaum)
134
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
2b. Scales in fewer than 160 oblique rows crossing the lateral line, usually
about 120 to 153. Fig. 25.
Dorsal fin
Parr narlcs jL Lateral. line
Caudal
fin
3a.
4a.
Fig. 21. A diagrammatic sketch of a trout to show the names
of the parts that are used in differentiating species. Parr marks
occur, with certain exceptions, in immature fish only. After
Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of the Washington Sportsman.
Gill rakers comparatively short and few, 19 to 28 (rarely 29) in num-
ber on the 1st gill arch.
Scales usually 19 to 26 (range 19 to 31) above, and usually 15 to 24
(range 15 to 27 below, the lateral line; anal rays usually 13 to 15;
gill rakers 7 or 8+11 to 13; pyloric caeca 150 to 180; young with
rather faint small parr marks mostly above the lateral line. Range :
Kamchatka to Alaska to San' Francisco. Marine and freshwater.
Abundant.
Chum Salmon. Dog Salmon. .. .33. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)
gill rilaj»nt»
Fig. 22
Fig. 22. This diagram illustrates the method employed in
counting the number of rays in the dorsal and anal fins. The
first two or three short, unsegmented rays closely crowded to-
gether are not counted. The first ray counted is unbranched
and extends nearly as far out as the first branched ray which
follows. The last ray is usually "double-branched" at the base
giving the superficial appearance of two rays, and hence is count-
ed as one ray. After Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of the
Washington Sportsman.
Fig. 23. This diagram illustrates the gill rakers on the first
gill arch, the latter located under the operculum. The gill rak-
ers, including all rudiments are always counted on the first gill
arch; those on the upper half of the arch are given first, followed
by those on the lower half of the arch as 8 + 13 in the draw-
ing. After Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of the Washington
Sportsman.
Fig. 24. This diagram illustrates
the approximate positions of the
various tooth-bearing bones in
the roof of the mouth of a sal-
monoid game fish. After Schultz
and Hanson. Courtesy of the
Washington Sportsman.
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
135
4b. Scales usually 25 to 31 (range 23 to 34) above, and usually 23 to 34
(range 19 to 39) below, the lateral line.
Length Kyc
of diameter
Snout
Preoiax
y Lengtn of
oauaal peduncle
rancalostegal rays
Fig. 25. A diagrammatic drawing of a Rocky Mountain
Whitefish, illustrating various anatomical characters used in the
identification of salmonoid game fishes. After Schultz and Han-
son. Courtesy of the Washington Sportsman,
3b.
5a. Anal rays usually 15 to 17; pyloric caeca about 140 to 150; 1st
2 or 3 anal rays in individuals less than 4 inches long, not extend-
ing behind or longer than the following rays of anal fin ; gill rak-
ers 7 to 9+11 to 13; parr marks usually wider than the interspaces.
Range: Northern China to Alaska to San Francisco. Marine and
freshwater. Abundant.
Chinook, King, or Spring Salmon 34. Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha (Walbaum)
5b. Anal rays usually 13 to 15 (rarely 16) ; pyloric caeca about 50 to
80; the 1st 2 or 3 anal rays are characteristically longer than rest
of anal rays and are margined with white, in individuals less than
4 inches in length ; parr marks usually narrower than the inter-
spaces. Range : Japan to Alaska to Monterey Bay. Marine and
freshwater. Abundant.
Coho or Silver Salmon 35. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)
Gill rakers comparatively long and numerous, 30 to 50 in number, (11
to 24+20 to 26) ; scales about 130 (125 to 145) in the lateral line, and
usually 19 to 24 (range 18 to 26) above, and usually 19 to 23 (range 17
to 27) below, the lateral line; anal rays usually 14 or 15; young with
rather large round black spots above the lateral line ; sides red at
spawning. Range : Japan to Alaska to Klamath River, California. Ma-
rine and freshwater. Abundant. Fig. 26.
Sockeye or Blueback Salmon. Little Red Fish. Silver Trout.
Red Salmon 36. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)
Fig. 26. Silver Trout. Redfish. Land-
locked Salmon. Oncorhynchus nerka. Af-
ter Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of the
Washington Sportsman.
136 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
lb. Anal fin short, of 9 to 12 rays, rarely 13 ; gill rakers 20 or fewer on 1st
arch; branchiostegals 10 to 12; dorsal fin black-spotted.
6a. Species with darkish spots on a lighter background ; fewer than
190 scale rows crossing the lateral line ; vomer flat, its toothed
surface plane, teeth on shaft of the vomer in alternating rows or
in one zigzag row, those on the shaft placed directly on the sur-
face of the bone, not on a free crest.
7a. Red dash on dentary (between lower jaw bone and isthmus)
evident in life; no red spots on side of body; vertebrae 58 to
62 (usually 60 or 61) ; dorsal rays 9 to 11 (usually 10) ; anal
rays 9 to 11 ; maxillary on adults extending behind eye, about
1.6 to 2.25 in head; hyoid teeth (those located behind the patch
of teeth on tip of the tongue) usually present but few and
scattered.
8a. Black spots large and scattered over the body, those on an-
terior part of the body widely separated, the spots are usually
absent from belly and almost to the lateral line ; scales above
and below lateral line 32 to 42 (usually 35 to 38) ; scales
in the lateral line 156 to 190 (usually about 165 to 170) ;
gill rakers 6 to 9+10 to 13, totaling 15 to 22. Range: Mid-
dle and upper Columbia River drainage. Introduced else-
where. Freshwater. Abundant. Fig. 27.
Montana Black-spotted Trout 37. Salnw clarkii lewisi
(Girard)
■Cutthroat- nark
Fig. 27. Montana Black-spotted Trout.
Cutthroat Trout. Salmo clarkii lewisi. Af-
ter Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of the
Washington Sportsman.
8b. The body is profusely covered with black spots, a few even
occurring on the belly, the spots about as close together pos-
teriorly as anteriorly ; scales above the lateral line 35 or
fewer ; scales below lateral line 35 or fewer ; scales in the
lateral line 120 to 180 (usually fewer than 160). In the
Puget Sound drainage 2 types of cutthroat trout have been
observed. They are distinguishable as follows : Scales 120
to 140 (usually about 125 to 130) instead of 143 to 180 in
the lateral line ; scales 25 to 29 instead of 30 to 36 (usually
31 to 35) above the lateral line; scales below the lateral line
about 27 to 28 instead of 30 to 34. Recent evidence indicates
that this great variation in the number of scales may be
caused by the different temperatures during which early de-
velopment takes place in the various localities. Range :
British Columbia to California. Marine and freshwater.
Fig. 28
Coastal Cutthroat Trout 38. Salmo clarkii clarkii
Richardson 2
'Under this name we are including Salmo clarkii crescentis, the speckled trout of
Lake Crescent, Olympic Mountains.
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
137
"Cuttbrotf cart
Fig. 28. Cutthroat Trout. Coastal Cut-
throat. Steelhead Cutthroat. Salmo clarkii
clarkii. After Schultz and Hanson. Cour-
tesy of the Washington Sportsman.
7b. No red dash on dentary evident in life; dorsal fin rays 10 to 13
(usually 11 or 12) ; hyoid teeth always absent.
9a.
Vertebrae 56 to 59 (usually 57 to 58) ; color brownish yel-
low and usually with a few red spots on the sides ; scales
in the lateral line 118 to 130 (usually about 125) ; scales
24 to 28 above the lateral line and 22 to 30 below it; gill
rakers 6 to 9+9 to 10. Range : Introduced into western
United States. Freshwater. Abundant locally. Fig. 29.
Brown Trout 39. Salmo trutta Linnaeus
9b.
Fig. 29. Brown Trout. Salmo trutta.
After Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of
the Washington Sportsman.
Vertebrae 59 to 65 (rarely 59 or 60), usually 63; color
not brownish yellow, but gray to bluish above, the reddish
lateral band usually but slightly interrupted by faint parr
marks on adults ; no red spots on sides of body ; gill rak-
ers 7 to 9+9 to 13; maxillary usually 2.0 to 2.5 in head of
adults, and not extending behind the eye.
10a. Scales 120 to 138 (usually 125 to 135) in the lateral
line ; 23 to 30 above and 20 to 26 below the lateral line ;
body profusely spotted. Range : Coastal region and
lower and middle Columbia River. Marine and fresh-
water. Abundant. Fig. 30.
Coastal Steelhead or Rainbow Trout
40. Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii Richardson 8
fiefl lateral band
Fig. 30. Rainbow Trout. Steelhead. Sea-
run Rainbow. Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii.
After Schultz and Hanson. Courtesy of the
Washington Sportsman.
'Under this name we are including Salmo gairdnerii beardsleei, the blueback trout of
Lake Crescent, Olympic Mountains.
138
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
10b. Scales 135 to 160 (usually 140 to 150) in the lateral
line ; 27 to 32 above and 25 to 30 below the lateral line.
Range : Upper Fraser River basin and the middle and
upper Columbia River in northeastern Washington.
Marine and freshwater. Abundant.
Kamloops Trout. Rainbow Trout
41. Salmo gairdncrii kamloops Jordan
6b. Species with light spots (white or gray) on a darker background
of color ; often with red spots on the sides ; over 190 scale rows
crossing the lateral line; vomer boat shaped (the shaft de-
pressed), shaft without teeth.
11a.
Vomer with a raised crest extending backward from
the head of the bone, this crest armed with strong
teeth ; species gray spotted, without red spots ; fins
not markedly bright edged. Range : Northeastern
United States ; Great Lakes region ; Columbia and
Fraser rivers. Freshwater. Not common. Fig. 31.
Lake Trout. Mackinaw Trout
.42. Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum)
lib.
Fig. 31. Lake Trout. Mackinaw Trout.
Cristivomer namaycush. After Schultz and
Hanson. Courtesy of the Washington
Sportsman.
Vomer without a raised crest which extends back-
ward, head of bone toothed ; species red-spotted in
life, the lower fins with bright silvery edgings.
12a. Back unspotted, but strongly mottled with olive
and black, that is, the spots run together causing
the mottled appearance ; dorsal and caudal finely
mottled; body robust or stout, the head heavy.
Range : Northeastern North America. Introduced
into the western States. Freshwater. Common.
Fig. 32.
Eastern Brook Trout
43. Salvclinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
Fig. 32. Eastern Brook Trout. Salvelinus
fontinalis. After Schultz and Hanson. Cour-
tesy of the Washington Sportsman.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 139
12b. Back not mottled, but with light spots like those on
the sides of the body, only smaller and paler ; body
less robust or stout. Range : Coastal streams from
Alaska to northern California. Marine and fresh-
water. Abundant. Fig. 33.
Western Charr or Bull Trout. Dolly Varden Trout.
44. Salvclinns malma spectabilis (Girard)
Fig. 33. Dolly Varden Trout. Bull Trout.
Salvclinus malma spectabilis. After Schultz
and Hanson. Courtesy of the Washington
Sportsman.
Family 21. Coregonidae. Whitefishes
la. Upper jaw longer than lower jaw, projecting over the latter; gill rakers
short, conic, 15 or fewer on lower limb of 1st gill arch; snout pointed;
maxillary not reaching past vertical line to anterior of eye ; 1 nasal flap be-
tween the 2 nostrils instead of 2 as in the genus Coregonus.
2a. Scales in lateral line fewer than 65 ; species small, usually much less than
8 inches.
3a. Scale formula 8+60 to 63+6; length of pectoral fin 7 times in standard
length ; height of dorsal fin 7 times in standard length ; length of head
4.5 to 5 in standard length. Range: Alaska (L. Aleknagik, Kendall,
1921) to headwaters of the Columbia. Freshwater. Common.
Brown-backed Whitefish
45. Prosopium coultcri (Eigenmann and Eigenmann)
3b. Scale formula 7+58+4 to 7; length of pectoral fin 4.3 in the standard
length ; height of dorsal fin 4.6 in standard length ; length of head
4.0 in standard length; gill rakers 5+10. Range: Lake Crescent, Olym-
pic Peninsula, Washington. Freshwater. Rare.
Lake Crescent Whitefish 46. Prosopium snyderi Myers
2b. Scales in lateral line more than 75, usually 8 to 10+80 to 95+6 to 9.
4a. Adipose base contained 1 to 1.2 in anal fin base; total length of adi-
pose fin 1.9 to 2.4 in head. Range: Streams and lakes of western
slope of Rocky Mountains from Fraser River and Jasper Park south-
ward to the Truckee River, Lahontan Basin of Nevada and the head-
waters of the Saskatchewan and Missouri Systems. Freshwater.
Common. Fig. 34.
Rocky Mountain Whitefish 47. Prosopium williamsoni (Girard)
140
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
Fig. 34. Rocky Mountain Whitefish. Pro-
sopium williamsoni. After Schultz and Han-
son. Courtesy of the Washington Sportsman.
4b. The base of the adipose fin is contained from .75 to 1 times in anal
fin base; total length of adipose fin in head 1.3 to 1.6. Range: Co-
lumbia River and tributaries. Freshwater. Common in Columbia
River.
Oregon Whitefish. . .48. Prosopium orcgonium (Jordan and Snyder)
Family 22. Thymallidae. Grayling
Range : Rocky Mountain region of northern United States and of south-
ern Canada. Freshwater. Locally abundant. Fig. 35.
Montana Grayling 49. Thymallus montanus Milner
Fig. 35. Montana Grayling. Thymallus
montanus. After Schultz and Hanson. Cour-
tesy of the Washington Sportsman.
Family 23. Osmeridae. Smelts 4
la. Scales of moderate size (fewer than 80 in the lateral line) ; scales on
sides not forming villous bands in the breeding male although they may be
enlarged and edematous.
2a. Teeth on the vomer canine-like, few in number, and not covering the
whole head of the bone. Fig. 18.
3a. Vomerine teeth confined to lateral tips of U shaped vomer, fang-like,
1 to 3 in number on each side, very strong, not deciduous at spawning ;
pelvic fins inserted distinctly behind origin of dorsal ; gill rakers in
moderate number, 8 to 10+19 to 23 on first arch; scales 66 to 69 in
lateral line ; anal fin low, its height contained 2.6 to 3.3 times in head ;
upper jaw about reaching vertical from posterior margin of eye; spawn-
ing in streams. Range : Northern China to Alaska. Marine. Abundant.
Rainbow "Herring" 50. Osmerus dentex Steindacliner
'Modified after Hubbs 1926, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
1936] Schtdta: Keys to Fishes 141
3b. Vomerine canine moderate, inserted at front of vomerine arch (often
flanked on one side by a smaller tooth, other teeth of moderate
strength).
4a. Teeth larger and stronger ; never deciduous ; head sharply pointed as
seen above ; pelvic fins inserted under or barely in advance of origin
of dorsal fin; opercles weakly striate; gill rakers longer 10 or 11
+22 to 26 in number on the first arch ; anal fin of moderate length,
with 15 to 17 rays; probably spawning in the ocean; pigmentation
on top of head and chin very fine stippling in the young. Range :
Str. Juan de Fuca to San Francisco Bay. Marine. Common.
Whitebait 51. Allosmerus attemiatus (Lockington)
4b. Teeth smaller and weaker ; deciduous at spawning, the breeding fish
are almost completely endentulous ; head bluntly rounded anteriorly,
as seen above ; pelvic fins inserted much in advance of origin of dor-
sal fin ; opercles strongly striate concentrically ; gill rakers much re-
duced in size and number, only 4 to 6+13 to 16 on first arch; anal
fin elongate with 17 to 22 rays (usually 20 or 21) ; spawning in
freshwater streams. Range: Bering Sea to Klamath River, Califor-
nia. Marine and freshwater. Common.
Columbia River Smelt. Eulachon. Oolachan. Candle Fish
52. Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson)
2b. Teeth on the vomer not canine-like, rather numerous and forming a con-
vex series along the entire head of the bone ; teeth not deciduous, all
small, or scarcely canine-like. Fig. 18.
5a* Mouth large (as in all preceding genera and species) 1.8 to 2.2
times in the head ; the maxillary reaching at least to posterior edge
of the pupil, its upper surface concave; teeth larger, always evenly
uniserial on vomer and palatine bones.
6a. Fins less elongate, the pectoral not longer than the head, and not
reaching pelvic insertion; pectoral fin, 1.25 to 1.4 in head; gill
rakers 11 to 13+23 to 28; upper jaw, 1.8 to 1.9 in head; eye
3.6 to 4.4 in head ; head in length to caudal 4.0 to 4.2 ; pigmenta-
tion on top of head and under chin rather coarse and scattered in
the young ; spawning at night in ocean surf. Range : La Push,
Washington, to Monterey Bay, California. Marine. Abundant.
Night Surf Smelt 53. Spirinchiis starksi (Fisk)
6b. Fins much enlarged, the pectoral almost as long or longer than
the head, and often extending beyond the pelvic insertion ; pec-
toral fin 1.0 to 1.25 in head; gill rakers 11 to 13+28 to 31 ; upper
jaw 2.0 to 2.15 in head; eye 4.4 to 4.8 in head; head in standard
length 4.35 to 4.6; spawning in freshwater, the breeding males
have the rows of scales along the lateral line greatly dilated.
Range : British Columbia to Tillamook Head, Oregon. Marine
and freshwater. Common.
Long-finned Smelt. Puget Sound Smelt
54. Spirinchiis dilatus Schultz and Chapman
5b. Mouth much smaller, about 2.5 to 3.0 in the head, the maxillary
not reaching beyond the middle of the pupil, its upper edge con-
vex ; teeth minute, in biserial arrangement or nearly so, on vomer
and palatine bones
7a. Scales larger than in pretiosus, 54 to 62 along lateral line;
pelvic fins usually inserted a little before origin of dorsal ; fins
all larger than in pretiosus, the pectoral reaching more than
142 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
half-way to pelvic insertion ; color darker ; breeding at small
size in fresh water. Range : Japan to Alaska southward to
San Francisco. Spawning in freshwater. Common.
Freshwater Smelt 55. Hypomesus olidus (Pallas)
7b. Scales smaller, 66 to 76 along lateral line ; pelvic fins usually
inserted behind origin of dorsal ; fins all shorter than in olidus,
the pectoral not reaching half-way to pelvic insertion; color
more silvery; breeding at larger size in the surf. Range:
Alaska to central California. Marine. Abundant.
Silver Smelt. Surf Smelt.. 56. Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard)
lb. Scales of small size, over 150 in the lateral line; scales on sides forming
two villous bands in the breeding males ; mouth large, teeth small. Range :
North Pacific southward to Str. Juan de Fuca, and North Atlantic Ocean.
Marine. Abundant.
Capelin 57. Mallotus villosus (Miiller)
Family 24. Argentinidae. Deep Sea Smelt
Range : Unalaska, Albatross Station 3330, and to California. Marine. Rare.
58. Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert
Family 25. Microstomidae. Deep Sea Fish
Range : Coast of Washington in deep water. Marine. Rare.
59. Bathylagus pacificus Gilbert
Family 26. Chauliodontidae. Viper Fishes
Range : Queen Charlotte Islands, B. C, to California. Marine. Not rare.
60. Chauliodus macouni Bean
Family 27. Gonostomidae
Range : Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Oregon to Panama (Jordan, Ever-
mann, & Clark 1930)
61. Cyclothone microdon (Giinther)
Family 28. Nemichthyidae. Thread Eels. Snipe Eels
Range : Puget Sound, Washington to Oregon. Marine. Rare.
62. Nemichthys avocetta Jordan and Gilbert
Family 29. Catostomidae. Suckers
la. Mouth terminal, lower jaw oblique, lips thin, without papillae.
2a. Gill rakers short and shaped like the Greek letter Delta, A, with edges
unarmed and entire ; snout long, the premaxillary spines forming a dis-
tinct projecting nose; scales about 12-J-80+9; dorsal rays about 11; anal
9. Range : Klamath Lakes Drainage. Freshwater. Common.
Lost River Sucker 63. Deltistes luxatus (Cope)
2b. Gill rakers long and not like the Greek letter Delta, A-
1936] Schnltc: Keys to Fishes 143
3a. Mouth inclined at an angle of about 15° ; upper profile of snout smooth
without conspicuous hump caused by premaxillary spines. Range :
Klamath Lake, Oregon. Freshwater. Common.
Sucker of Klamath Lake 64. Chasmistes brevirostris Cope
3b. Mouth inclined at an angle of 40° or over.
4a. Mouth inclined at an angle of about 40° ; head about 3.9 to 4 in body ;
snout 2 2 /t, to 2j4 in head ; premaxillary spines more protruding than
in cope'x. Range : Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Freshwater. Common.
Sucker of Upper Klamath Lake 65. Chasmistes stomias Gilbert
4b. Mouth inclined at an angle of 45°; head 3 2 /$ in body; snout less
prominent, 2.5 in head; premaxillary spines less protruding than in
stomias. Range : Upper Klamath Lakes, Oregon. Freshwater. Com-
mon.
Sucker of Upper Klamath Lake
66. Chasmistes copci Evermann and Meek
lb. Mouth inferior ; lips thick with many papillae.
5a. A distinct notch at the corner of the mouth between upper &nd
lower lips, fig. 37 ; upper lip recurved ; lower lip but little incised,
3 or 4 rows of papillae crossing the mid-line; edge of jaw inside
the lower lip with a hard cartilaginous sheath ; scales about 16
+90 to 100+14; scales before dorsal about 48; fontanelle not fully
closed, (fig. 36) ; dorsal 10 or 11; anal 7. Range: Columbia River
basin and Upper Missouri. Freshwater. Common.
Mountain Sucker 67. Pantosteus jordani Evermann
5b. No distinct deep notch at the corner of the mouth between upper
and lower lips, occasionally a very slight indentation appears on
a few individuals, fig. 13; upper lip not recurved but nearly flat;
edge of jaw inside the lower lips without a hard cartilaginous
sheath, the sheath if present rather flexible; fontanelle present or
absent.
6a. Lower lip not very deeply incised, at least 1 or 2 rows of pa-
pillae are continuous across the mid-line.
7a. Fontanelle present. Fig. 36.
8a. Scales 20 to 22+97 to 111 + 19 to 22; scales before dorsal
53 to 58; dorsal rays 11 to 13 (usually 12) ; peritoneum nearly
jet black, the color showing through the body wall in the
young. Range : Columbia River in eastern Washington, Ore-
gon and Idaho. Freshwater. Abundant.
Fine-scaled Sucker of the middle and lower Columbia River
68. Catostomus syncheilus Hubbs and Schultz
8b. Scales 15 to 19 + 73 to 79+14 to 15; scales before dorsal
37 to 42; dorsal rays 10 or 11; 2 or more rows of papillae
cross the mid-line of the lower lip ; peritoneum dusky, not
jet black. Range: Oregon Lakes and tributaries. Fresh-
water. Common.
Coarse-scaled Sucker of Warner Lake Basin
69. Catostomus warncrensis Snyder
144
University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
ON
Fig. 36. A view of the dorsal side of the head of Catostomus syncheilus, showing the
fontanelle (dotted) surrounded by ossified bones. Fon — fontanelle. Drawn by Arthur
D. VVelander.
Fig. 37. A view of the ventral side of the head of Pantosteus delphinns, showing the
overhanging upper lip and the notches at the corner of the lips where the upper and
lower meet. Drawn by Arthur D. Welander.
'7b. Fontanelle closed in adults and nearly closed in young; at
most represented by a narrow slit; scales 14 to 18+80 to 93
+ 11 to 13; scales before dorsal 37 to 52, usually about 40 to
42; anal rays 6 to 7; dorsal rays 10 to 12; eye 6y 2 to 8 in
head ; peritoneum dusky ; scales little if any increased in size
posteriorly.
9a. Lower lip deeply incised, so that not more than 1 row of
papillae extend across the symphysis. Range : Upper Sac-
ramento River and Goose Lake Drainage. Freshwater.
Not common.
70. Catostomus micro ps Rutter
9b. Lower lip not deeply incised, so that 2 or more rows of
papillae extend across the symphysis. Range : Rouge and
Klamath rivers, Oregon and California. Freshwater. Com-
Fine-scaled Klamath River Sucker
71. Catostomus rimiculus Gilbert and Snyder
6b. Lower lips very deeply incised, no row of papillae crossing the
mid-line or at most only a rudiment of a row ; fontanelle present.
10a. Fewer than 80 scales along the lateral line.
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 145
11a. Species of the Columbia River and coastal streams
of Washington and Oregon except the Klamath ;
scales 12 to 16+65 to 79+8 to 10; scales before
dorsal 30 to 40; dorsal rays 12 to 15 ; caudal peduncle
very slender in young and half grown ; peritoneum
white to dusky, the color not showing through the
body wall in the young as observed in syncheilus.
Range : Puget Sound drainage, Columbia River,
Coasts of Oregon and Washington as far south as
the Sixes River, Oregon. Freshwater. Abundant.
Coarse-scaled Sucker of Columbia River
72. Catostomus macro chcilus Girard
lib. Species of the Klamath River basin; scales 13 to 14
+ 69 to 77+10 to 11 ; scales before dorsal about 32;
dorsal rays about 11; caudal peduncle not slender in
young and half grown. Range: Klamath Basin, Ore-
gon. Freshwater. Not common.
Coarse-scaled Sucker of Klamath River
73. Catostomus snyderi Gilbert
lie. Species of the Goose Lake drainage and the Sacra-
mento River; scales 13 to 17 (usually 14 to 16) +62
to 75 (usually 64 to 72) +8 to 10; scales before dor-
sal 29 to 36; dorsal rays 11 to 15 (usually 12 or 13) ;
this species is very much like macrocheihis from
which it may not be distinct. Range : Goose Lake and
tributaries. Freshwater. Common.
Coarse-scaled Sucker of Goose Lake and Tributaries
..74. Catostomus occidentalis lacus-anserimis Fowler
10b. Scales in the lateral line 95 to 115; 18 to 21 scales
above and 15 to 18 scales below the lateral line; dorsal
rays 9 to 11; peritoneum dusky, seldom whitish, but
never jet black. Range: Upper portions of the Missouri,
Saskatchewan, and Columbia rivers. Freshwater. Com-
mon.
Long-nosed Sucker
75. Catostomus catostomus griseus Girard
Family 30. Cyprinidae. Minnows. Dace. Chubs
la. A spine, usually serrated, is developed at front of dorsal and anal fins ; the
dorsal fin is very long, usually the anterior rays much longer than those
behind middle of fin.
2a. Barbels in 2 pairs on the side of the upper jaw. Range: Introduced into
North America. Freshwater. Abundant.
Common Carp 76. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus
2b. No barbels on the side of the upper jaw. Range: Introduced into North
America. Freshwater. Abundant.
Common Goldfish 77. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)
lb. No spines developed in the dorsal or anal fins ; sometimes in very large
specimens the first simple ray is very hard but it is not a sharp spine.
146 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
3a. More than 100 scales along the lateral line ; a barbel terminal on pos-
terior tip of maxillary. Range : Introduced into the Columbia River
system, Puget Sound drainage and Vancouver Island. Freshwater.
Abundant.
Tench. Green Tench. Yellow Tench 78. Tinea tinea (Linnaeus)
3b. Fewer than 100 scales along the lateral line.
4a. A single row of pharyngeal teeth, the lesser row never developed.
5a. Lower jaw with a conspicuous, broad, straight-edged, horny plate;
alimentary canal at least twice the length of body, with more than
1 main loop ; teeth usually 4-5, seldom 5-5, hooked and short ; per-
itoneum jet black; young with a black spot at the base of the cau-
dal fin rays in the mid-line. Range : Lower Columbia River sys-
tem, and Malheur Lake drainage, Oregon. Freshwater. Common.
Chiselmouth. Square Mouth
79. Acrocheilus alutaccus Agassiz and Pickering
5b. Jaws without straight edged horny plate as above ; alimentary canal
about equal to or shorter than length of body, with but a single
main loop.
6a. Scales with radii on all fields appearing like the spokes of a
wheel; 8 to 9 (usually 9) short blunt gill rakers on first gill
arch ; origin of dorsal fin posterior to base of pelvic fins ; head
about 4.7; depth 4.7; eye in head 4.6; scales 12 to 15+54 to 61
+8 ; dorsal 8, anal 7 ; scales before dorsal 32 to 38 ; pharyngeal
teeth usually 4 on right side and 5 on the left; peritoneum black
to dusky. Range : Streams tributary to the north end of Goose
Lake. Freshwater. Common.
Northern Roach 80. Hcsperoleucns mitrulus Snyder
6b. Scales without radii in all fields, if radii are present ; 13 to 20
gill rakers on first arch, not very blunt ; origin of dorsal fin
above base of pelvic fins ; peritoneum dusky to white ventrally ;
(the species of Siphateles usually recognized are not clearly dif-
ferentiated except by drainage systems ; the differences when
studied statistically are probably significant).
7a. Individuals inhabiting the Columbia River and Malheur Lake
drainage; scales 11 to 13 (11.6) +41 to 53 (46) +5 to 7 (6) ;
scales before the dorsal 24 to 29 (26); anal 8 to 9 (8.2).
Freshwater. Common.
Roach of the Columbia River System
81. Siphateles bicolor columbianns (Snyder)
7b. Individuals inhabiting the Klamath River and Klamath Lakes
drainage systems; scales 10 to 12 (10.6) +43 to 53 (48) +5
to 7 (6.2) ; scales before the dorsal 22 to 27 (25) ; anal 7 to
8 (7.7). Freshwater. Common.
Roach of the Klamath System
82. Siphateles bicolor bicolor (Girard)
7c. Individuals inhabiting the Sacramento-San Joaquin system,
Goose Lake and tributaries; scales 10 to 13 (11.0) +44 to 54
(49) +5 to 7 (5.8) ; scales before the dorsal fin 22 to 28 (25) ;
anal 7 to 9 (8.4). Freshwater. Common.
Roach of the Sacramento System
83. Siphateles bicolor fornwsus (Girard)
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 147
7d. Individuals inhabiting the lakes of southeastern Oregon, name-
ly lakes Abert, Summer, Silver, Alkali, Warner, and their trib-
utaries ; scales 11 to 14 (12.2) +45 to 60(52)+6 to 9 (6.8);
scales before dorsal fin 24 to 33 (29); anal 7 to 11 (7.8).
Freshwater. Common.
Roach of Southeastern Oregon Lakes
84. Siphatclcs bicolor orcgonensis (Snyder)
7e. Individuals inhabiting the lakes and streams of the Lahontan
Basin; scales 12 to 16+50 to 60 (usually 53 to 56) +7 to 8;
scales before the dorsal 27 to 33 (usually 29 to 31) ; gill rak-
ers 8 to 20 (usually 10 to 18) ; anal rays 7 to 8; dorsal 8.
Freshwater. Common.
Roach of the Lahontan Basin
85. Siphatclcs bicolor obesus (Girard)
4b. Pharyngeal teeth present, in 2 rows, the lesser row occasionally
absent on one side.
8a. Teeth in main row blunt, molar or stump shaped in adult,
but often slightly hooked in the young; the teeth never ta-
pering evenly to a hooked point as in 8b.
9a. Premaxillary not protractile but bound to snout by a fre-
num ; no barbels on maxillary ; scales between occiput and
dorsal fin 45 to 55; (found only south of Oregon). Range:
Sacramento River system. Freshwater. Abundant.
Hardhead. (Sacramento River system)
86. Mylopharodon conoccphalus (Baird and Girard)
9b. Premaxillary proctractile ; barbel present on maxillary ;
28 to 35 scales between occiput and dorsal fin ; peritoneum
dusky to black in very young; young without a jet black
spot at base of caudal fin rays as found in Ptychochcilus,
the spot in Mylochcilus at most is very pale. Range :
Drainage systems from the Columbia to the Fraser.
Freshwater. Common.
Columbia River Chub
87. Mylochcilus caurinus (Richardson) °
8b. Teeth in main row hooked and usually compressed, tapering
to a more or less hooked point ; never blunt and without
grinding surface.
10a. A barbel on the posterior angle of maxillary, usually
small and seldom obsolete except on very young in-
dividuals.
11a. Premaxillary protractile.
12a. Between occiput and dorsal fin 16 scales ; 35 to 40
scales in the lateral line. Range : Willamette and
Umpqua rivers. Freshwater. Common.
Oregon Chub or Minnow
88. Oregonichthys crameri (Snyder)
12b. Between occiput and dorsal fin 28 to 34 scales and
more than 43 scales in the lateral line.
"Reasons for changing name see Hubbs and Schultz 1931, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Mich. No. 232: 1-6.
148 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
13a. Barbel just anterior to tip of maxillary ; 55 to
58 scales in the lateral line; 10 to 11 scales above
and 6 to 8 below the lateral line ; teeth 2 :4-4 :2.
Range : Stuart Lake, headwaters of Fraser Riv-
er, B. C, and Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho.
Freshwater. Abundant.
Chub Minnow. Lake Chub
89. Couesius greeni Jordan
13b. Barbel terminal on maxillary ; 43 to 90 scales in
the lateral line (usually 52 to 75) ; 13 to 15
scales above and 9 to 11 below the lateral line;
teeth 2:4-4:2 to 0:4-4:1.
14a. Dorsal fin with the distal edge concave, some-
times strongly falcate ; innerside of rays of
ventral fins with more or less conspicuous
membraneous stays joining them to the body;
sides of body with blackish-brown blotches,
sharply contrasting with lighter color of body.
15a. Scales 63 to 70 in lateral line ; least depth of
caudal peduncle more than half postrostral
length of head. Range : Columbia River ba-
sin east of Cascade Range and in Payette
and Salmon rivers, Idaho. Freshwater. Com-
mon.
Dace 90. Apocope umatilla
(Gilbert and Evermann)
15b. Scales 50 to 57; least depth of caudal pe-
duncle less than half postrostral length of
head. Range : Columbia River Basin east of
Cascade Range. Freshwater. Locally abun-
dant.
Dace 91. Apocope falcata (Eigenmann
and Eigenmann)
14b. Dorsal fin with the distal edge not concave and
never falcate, instead rounded; sides of body
without large dark blotches, instead the sides
are speckled with numerous small brownish-
black spots which cover about 2 or 3 scales.
16a. Scales 47 to 70 in the lateral line.
17a. Intense dark lateral band; streams of
coastal area. Range : Lower Columbia
River and coastwise streams of Washing-
ton and Oregon. Freshwater. Common.
Black-nosed Dace. Black-sided Dace....
92. Apocope oscula nubila (Girard)
17b. Lateral band faint ; body speckled ; streams
east of the coast range, usually in non-for-
est areas. Range : Middle and upper Co-
lumbia River basin, the Great Basin, and
Coast Range of southeastern Oregon.
Freshwater. Abundant.
Speckled Dace
93. Apocope oscula carringtoni Cope
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 149
16b. Scales 68 to 80 in the lateral line. Range:
Klamath basin. Freshwater. Common.
Klamath Dace 94. Apocope klamnthensis
(Evermann and Meek)
lib. Premaxillary not protractile, a broad frenum pres-
ent binding it to the snout; mouth inferior, the snout
projecting over the mouth; teeth 1:4-4:1.
18a. Dorsal rays 9 or 10; scales 57 to 59 in lateral
line ; depth of caudal peduncle 10 times in standard
length. Range: Umpqua River, Oregon. Fresh-
water. Common.
Long-nosed Dace of Umpqua River System
95. Rhinichtkys evermanni Snyder
18b. Dorsal rays 8, seldom 9; scales 62 to 75 in lateral
line ; depth of caudal peduncle about 8.3 in standard
length. Range: Streams of northwestern United
States. Freshwater. Abundant.
Long-nosed Dace
96. Rhinichtkys cataractae dulcis (Girard)
10b. No barbel on maxillary; premaxillary always protrac-
tile.
19a. Anal rays 7 to 10; mouth terminal, horizontal.
20a. Eye 1 times in the length of snout; scales 13 to
15+60 to 67+7; body less slender, the dorsal con-
tour more arched; depth 3^4 in length; eye 5 to
Sy 2 in head; dorsal 8; anal 7 to 9; about 9 short
blunt gill rakers; peritoneum black; mouth 3% to
2>y 2 in head; maxillary barely reaches to vertical
below front of eye; interorbital much convex.
Range : Klamath Lake and tributaries. Freshwater.
Not rare.
Chub 97. Tigoma bicolor Girard
20b. Eye \ l / 2 in snout; eye 7 l / 2 in head; interorbital
flattened; scales 13 to 24+67 to 86+7 to 9; head
and body long and tapering; dorsal outline not
abruptly curved or arched; depth 4.6 to 5.2 in
standard length; dorsal 10; anal 8; 5 to 8 short
blunt gill rakers on first gill arch; teeth scarcely
hooked, but strong and set wide apart; always 2
teeth in the lesser row as 2:5-4:2; peritoneum sil-
very and usually speckled with black ; mouth deep-
ly cleft, the maxillary reaching to under the eye;
young with a jet black spot at base of caudal fin
rays.
21a. Scales fewer than 45 (usually 36 to 41) on back
before the dorsal fin; scales 13 to 15 above the
lateral line. Range: Sacramento River system.
Freshwater. Common.
Sacramento Pike. Squawfish
98. Ptychocheilus grandis (Ayres)
150 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
21b. Scales more than 45 on the back before the dor-
sal fin; 16 to 24 scales above the lateral line.
22a. Scales 46 to 56 before the dorsal; 16 to 20
above the lateral line and 67 to 75 scales in the
lateral line. Range : Puget Sound drainage,
Columbia River drainage and coastal streams
of Oregon and Washington. Freshwater. Abun-
dant.
Squawfish. Oregon Pike
..99. Ptychocheilus orcgonensis (Richardson)
22b. Scales 55 to 68 before the dorsal; 19 to 24
(21) above the lateral line; 73 to 85 (75) in
lateral line. Range : Coastal streams of Ore-
gon — Siuslaw and Umpqua rivers only. Fresh-
water. Common.
Squawfish. 100. Ptychocheilus umpquae Snyder
19b. Anal rays 10 to 22; mouth oblique; depth 3% to 4^4
in standard length; eye 3 to 4 in head; scales 13+55
to 63+6; head 4 to 4 l / 2 in length; body much com-
pressed with a wide lateral band of blackish color
between two silvery streaks.
23a. Anal rays 10 to 13, usually 11 or 12. Range:
Palouse River of eastern Washington; Bo-
vill, Idaho ; above falls of the Snake River ;
and Salt Lake drainage of Utah. Fresh-
water. Abundant.
Red-sided Shiner or Bream... 101. Richard-
sonius balteatus hydrophlox (Cope)
23b. Anal rays 13 to 22, usually 14 to 18. Range :
Columbia River system; streams of Wash-
ington, of Oregon, and Fraser River.
Freshwater. Abundant.
Red-sided Shiner or Bream... 102. Richard-
sonius balteatus balteatus (Richardson)
Family 31. Ameiuridae. Catfishes
la. Caudal fin deeply and sharply forked. Range: Mississippi and Great Lakes
drainage. Probably introduced into the Columbia River system.
Channel Cat 103. Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)
lb. Caudal fin emarginate to rounded.
2a. Anal rays 17 to 21 (including rudiments) usually 18 to 20; pectoral
spines at all ages entire or only slightly roughened behind ; outer 2 /z of
inter-radial membranes of anal fin uniformly pigmented, always darker
than the rays, the fin never mottled or barred or uniformly pigmented
on both membranes and rays as in ncbulosus. Range : Introduced into
western United States. Freshwater.
Black Catfish. Horned Pout 104. Ameiurus mclas (Rafinesque)
2b. Anal rays 19 to 24, usually 20 to 23; pectoral spines in the young with
long sharp barbs on posterior edge, their length more than half the diam-
eter of the spine, (barbs increasing in number and desceasing in relative
size with age) ; black pigment on anal fin typically densest on the mem-
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 151
branes near their margin, or in spots forming an obscure longitudinal bar
near base of fin, or in faint mottling s on both rays and membranes (in
pale and unmottled specimens, membranes and rays about equally pig-
mented). Range: Introduced into most of the streams and lakes of
United States. Freshwater. Common.
Catfish. Horned Pout 105. Amciuriis nebulosus (LeSueur)
Family 32. Sudidae (=Paralepididae)
Range : Puget Sound. Marine. Rare.
Pelagic Fish 106. Arctozenus coruscans (Jordan and Gilbert)
Family 33. Myctophidae. 6 Lantern Fishes
la. Luminous scales absent or present in varying numbers and positions ; but no
large infra.- or supra.- caudal plates, the median luminous tissues or
glands above and below the caudal peduncle are, when present, always
divided into separate organs, each occupying the space and position of only
one single normal scale, in an overlapping series ; or the entire tissue may
in some cases be confined to the space of only 1 single scale altogether, but
never expands as an undivided organ beyond the size of a scale. Fig. 9.
2a. (See 2b and 2c.) Only 2 precaudal organs, usually well separated from
the posteroanal series, very rarely confluent with the latter, median lu-
minous scales often present infra.- and supra.- caudally, according to the
sex, but only rarely found in both positions on the same specimen ; no
luminous scales on any other part of the fish, antorbital organs not con-
spicuously enlarged ; photophores without a black dividing septum.
3a. Ventral organs 6 ; posterior-lateral organ 1 ; anal organs in 2 separate
groups ; suprapectoral organ above base of pectoral fins ; scales ctenoid.
Range : Washington to San Diego. Marine. Not common.
107. Myctophum crenulare Jordan and Gilbert
3b. Ventral organs 4 ; postero-lateral organ 1 ; anal organs in 2 separate
groups ; supra-anal organs 3 ; supra-pectoral organ above base of pec-
toral fin; 2nd ventral organ in a line with rest of the series; scales
smooth (cycloid) ; supra-anal organs angulate ; anterior supra-anal or-
gan approximately on the same level as second supra-anal organ, the 2
organs being on a more nearly straight line with the supraventral or-
gan, than with the last (superior) supra-anal organ. Range: Wash-
ington to San Diego. Marine. Not common.
108. Myctophum californiense Eigenmann and Eigenmann
2b. (See 2a and 2c.) Precaudal organ, when separate from the postero-anals,
present in the numbers of 3 to 6, never 2 only ; the lower precaudals may,
however, in many forms be quite confluent with the posterior anals, in
which case their numbers can not be made out ; median series of luminous
scales usually present both infra.- and supra.- caudally in the same speci-
men; similar scales are also common on other parts of the body, partic-
ularly along the bases of dorsal and anal fins ; the 2 subpectoral organs
rarely or never form a straight series with the 1st thoracic organ; antor-
bital organs not conspicuously enlarged ; photophores without dividing
septum; 4th thoracic organ elevated considerably above the rest of this
series; subpectoral organs not above the pectoral fin base; luminous scales
sometimes found at or before the adipose dorsal fin, but otherwise only
on the caudal peduncle; no dorsal glands.
"This key has been modified after the publication by A. E. Parr (1928), Bull. Bing-
ham Oceanographic Collection.
152 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
4a. No photophores on cheeks or on shoulder ; only 2 to 4 precaudal or-
gans, often confluent with the anal organs (always count the last
4 organs in these series as precaudals) ; pectorals very small or ves-
tigial, not reaching beyond the base of the pelvics, sometimes absent ;
33 or more scales in lateral line ; dorsal 12 to 19 ; anal 14 to 25.
5a. Usually 5 ventral organs ; only 2nd ventral organ elevated ; head
3 to 3 l / 2 in standard length ; supra-anal organs in a straight, oblique
series. Range : North Pacific Ocean in deep water. Marine. Rare.
109. Lampanyctus nannochir (Gilbert)
5b. Usually 4 ventral organs ; supra-anal organs in a straight, oblique
series ; head 3.6 to 3.8 in standard length ; eye 3.5 in head. Range :
Alaska to San Diego. Marine. Rare.
110. Lampanyctus leucopsarus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann)
4b. No photophores on shoulder, one or many minute ones on each cheek ;
supra-ventral organ twice as far from the base of the pelvic fin as
from the lateral line ; eye about 5j4 in head ; about 37 or 38 scales
in lateral line ; numerous minute photophores on each cheek and a
somewhat larger organ in the lower posterior corner ; anal organs
8+7 to 8; 4 precaudal organs. Range: Coast of Washington. Ma-
rine. Rare.
111. Lampanyctus regalis (Gilbert)
2c. (See 2a, and 2b.) Precaudal organs 4, usually or always distinctly sep-
arate from the posteroanals ; no supra.- and infra.- caudal luminous scales,
except in a few species ; luminous scales are also probably always present
at the suprapectoral organ, but never along the bases of dorsal and anal
fins ; the 2 subpectoral organs always form an approximately straight series
with the 1st thoracic organ; antorbital organs often greatly enlarged,
each of the photophores on the body is divided by a black septum into
an upper and a lower part, but this feature may be difficult to make out
in poorly preserved specimens. Range : Alaska to San Diego in the Pa-
cific. Marine. Not rare.
112. Diaphus rafinesquei (Cocco)
Family 34. Alepisauridae. Handsawfishes. Lancet Fishes
Range : North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Marine. Not rare.
Lancet Fish 113. Alcpisaurus jerox Lowe
Family 35. Esocidae. Pickerels
Range : Mississippi River and tributaries of Great Lakes. Probably intro-
duced into Washington. Freshwater. Locally abundant in eastern
Washington.
Little Pickerel 114. Esox vermiculatus LeSueur
Family 36. Novumbridae. Western Mud-minnow
Range : Chehalis River at Satsop, Washington. Freshwater. Rare.
Western Mud-minnow. Fig 38 115. Novumbra hubbsi Schultz
1936]
Schults: Keys to Fishes
153
154
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
Family 37. Scomberesocidae. Sauries
Range: North Pacific, Japan to Alaska and to California. Marine. Not
rare.
Pacific Saury 116. Cololabis saira (Brevoort)
Family 38. Coryphaenoididae (=Macrouridae). Grenadiers. Rat Tails
la. Pectoral 20; eye 3 l /> in head; head 4^4 in total length; dorsal about XI,
111+ ; anal 94+. Range: Alaska to Monterey, California. Marine. Not
common.
117. Macrurus acrolcpis Bean
lb. Pectoral 17; eye A]/ 2 to 5 in head; head 6 in total length; dorsal about X,
128; anal about 121. Range: Off the coast of Oregon. Marine. Rare.
118. Albatrossia pcctoralis (Gilbert)
Family 39. Gadidae. Cods
la. Dorsal fins 3 ; anal fins 2.
2a. Lower jaw included (upper jaw extends beyond the tip of the lower
jaw) ; barbel present at tip of the chin, always more than */4 the diam-
eter of the pupil; gill rakers on 1st gill arch 16 to 29; caudal fin slightly
concave or truncate.
3a. Barbel equal to or longer than the diameter of the eye ; transverse
processes of vertebrae not swollen at tips; vertebrae 51 to 56; de-
pressed 1st dorsal scarcely reaching to origin of 2nd dorsal; length
of depressed 1st dorsal less than the distance from eye to insertion of
1st dorsal ; lateral line breaking up into separate tubes under middle of
2nd dorsal ; arch in lateral line evenly curved ; anus located under base
of 2nd dorsal fin (usually near its origin); peritoneum blackish; all
vertical fins with their margins whitish, the proximal portion of the
fins being pigmented ; air bladder with a pair of short horns anteriorly,
extending toward the mid-line, with an arm curved forward and a
rudimentary tip curved inward. Range : Bering Sea, south to the coast
of Oregon. Marine. Abundant.
Pacific Codfish. Gray Cod 119. Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius
3b. Barbel equal to or less than the diameter of the pupil (rarely longer
than the pupil).
4a. Transverse processes of vertebrae swollen into hollow balls at tips,
the 1st occurring on the 9th abdominal vertebra; vertebrae 60 to 62;
1st dorsal with the posterior margin rounded; depressed 1st dorsal
scarcely reaching to origin of 2nd dorsal ; peritoneum silvery, stip-
pled with black ; lateral line breaking up into separate tubes under
Fig. 39. Arctic Cod. Elcginus gracilis. After Schultz and Welander. Courtesy of Copeia.
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
155
origin of 2nd dorsal; arch in lateral line flat-topped; anus located
under the posterior edge of 1st dorsal fin base or under interspace
between 1st and 2nd dorsal fins. Range: Siberia to Alaska. Marine.
Abundant.
Northern Cod. Wachna Cod. Fig. 39.. 120. Eleginus gracilis Tilesius
4b. Transverse processes of vertebrae flattened and unswollen at tips ;
vertebrae 55 to 58; 1st dorsal with the posterior margin truncate;
depressed 1st dorsal extending for about l /~, its length beyond the
origin of 2nd dorsal ; lateral line breaking up into separate tubes
below the posterior % of the 3rd dorsal fin; arch in lateral line
evenly curved ; anus located under the posterior 4th of the 1st dorsal
fin base. Range : Alaska to Monterey. Marine. Common.
Pacific Tomcod. Fig. 40 121. Microgadus proximus (Girard)
Fig. 40. Pacific Tomcod. Microgadus proximus. After Schultz and Welander. Cour-
tesy of Copeia.
2b. Lower jaw equal to or longer than the upper jaw; the barbel very small
or absent on the tip of the chin ; always less than Y2 diameter of pupil ;
gill rakers on first gill arch more than 30; caudal fin distinctly forked
or concave behind.
5a. Teeth in upper jaw slender, wide set, in 1 or 2 series ; subopercle
and postclavicle normal (similar to the other opercular bones), not
swollen nor ivory-like in adults ; distance from posterior tip of
2nd dorsal to origin of the 3rd dorsal y 2 the diameter of the eye ;
caudal fin forked; gill rakers 9 to 11 above the angle on the 1st
gill arch. Range : Arctic Sea, Greenland to Alaska and northern
Russia. Marine.
Arctic Cod 122. Borcogadus saida (Lepechin)
5b. Teeth in upper jaw in a villi form band, the outer ones somewhat
enlarged and rather wide set ; subopercle and postclavicle swollen
and ivory-like in the adults (but normal in the young) ; distance
from posterior tip of 2nd dorsal fin to origin of 3rd dorsal from
2 /j, as long as to a little longer than eye; caudal fin slightly con-
cave; gill rakers 5 to 7 above the angle on the 1st gill arch.
Range : Puget Sound and coast of Washington and British Colum-
bia. Marine. Abundant.
Puget Sound Pollack. Whiting
123. Theragra chalcogramrna fucensis (Jordan and Gilbert)
156 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
lb. Dorsal fins 2; anal fin single.
6a. Anal fin notched.
7a. The 2nd dorsal and anal fin emarginate ; caudal fin truncate
behind; barbel absent; teeth in jaws canine-like and depres-
sable on hinge-like ligament; lower jaw longer. Range: Alas-
ka to Gulf of California. Marine. Common.
Pacific Hake 124. Merluccius productus (Ayres)
7b. Dorsal fin scarcely if any emarginate ; barbel short, equal to
about l /z diameter of eye ; snout flat, depressed, and keeled on
sides. Range : North Pacific Ocean off Queen Charlotte Is-
lands in deep water. Marine. Rare.
125. Antimora microlepis Bean
6b. Anal fin not notched ; the 2nd dorsal and anal very long but not
emarginate ; caudal fin rounded ; barbel present and longer than
the eye; teeth in jaws forming a broad villiform band; lower
jaw included. Range : Eastern and central United States, Co-
lumbia River system and north to Arctic waters. Freshwater.
Common.
Ling. Burbot. Lake Lawyer.. . .126. Lota maculosa (LeSueur)
Family 40. Percopsidae. Trout Perches
Range : Columbia River in lower portions. Freshwater. Not common.
Columbia River Trout-perch
127. Columbia transmontana Eigenmann and Eigenmann
Family 41. Trachipteridae. Ribbon fish
Range : Washington to southern California. Marine. Rare.
Ribbon Fish . 128. Trachiptcrus rex-salmonorum Jordan and Gilbert
Family 42. Lampridae. Moonfish. Opah
Range : Open seas north to Newfoundland and north to Yakutat, Alaska.
Moonfish. Opah 129. Lampris regius (Bonnaterre)
Family 43. Bothidae. 7 Sand Dabs
la. Dorsal rays 88 to 102; anal rays about 71 to 81 ; vertebrae 38 to 39; inter-
orbital space wide, concave, scaly with a high bony ridge above lower eye ;
gill rakers on lower arch l2 to 16. Range: Kiska Island, Alaska, to Cerros
Island, Lower California. Marine. Common.
Mottled Sand Dab 130. Citharichthys sordidus (Girard)
lb. Dorsal rays 79 to 89; anal rays 59 to 70; vertebrae 34 to 37; no high bony
ridge above the lower eye ; interorbital space not concave and not wide ;
gill rakers on lower arch 8 to 9. Range : Prince William Sound, Alaska,
to San Diego, California. Marine. Common.
Speckled Sand Dab 131. Citharichthys stigmacus Jordan and Gilbert
'Some of the fin ray and vertebra counts have been taken from L. D. Townsend
(1936) Report No. 11, International Fisheries Commission.
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 157
Family 44. Pleuronectidae. 7 Halibuts and Flounders
la. Mouth large, symmetrical, dentition of jaws equal on eyed and blind side
or nearly so ; length of maxillaries on eyed side contained fewer than 3
times in the head. (Hippoglossinac, subfamily, halibut tribe.)
2a. Lateral line with either a distinct arch in front or an accessory dorsal
branch or both. Fig. 14.
3a. Lateral line with a distinct arch in front, but without accessory dorsal
branch; anterior dorsal rays not elongate or fringe-like; dorsal rays 91
to 107; anal rays 69 to 80; vertebrae 49 to 51. Range: Japan, to Alas-
ka, to northern California. Marine. Abundant.
Pacific Halibut 132. Hippoglossus stcnolcpis Schmidt
3b. Lateral line without distinct arch in front, but with accessory dorsal
branch; eyes small; interorbital space very wide; 1st 10 dorsal rays
elongated and fringe-like ; dorsal rays 72 to 85 ; anal 53 to 62 ; ver-
tebrae 37 to 39; scales about 112. Range: Alaska to Monterey. Ma-
rine. Common.
Sand Sole 133. Psettichthys melanostictiis Girard
2b. Lateral line without distinct arch in front or accessory dorsal branch.
4a. Mouth very large, the maxillary reaching to below the posterior mar-
gin of lower eye; teeth in jaws arrow-shaped in adults; dorsal rays
95 to 111; anal rays 81 to 99; scales about 135; vertebrae 47 to 49.
Range : Bering Sea to San Francisco. Marine. Common.
Arrow-toothed Halibut
134. Atheresthcs stomias (Jordan and Gilbert)
4b. Mouth moderately large, the maxillary reaching only to about the
center of the orbit of the lower eye.
5a. Upper jaw with a single series of small sharp conical teeth; scales
small, about 110 to 120 in the lateral line (88 to 92 pores); no
scales directly on lateral line ; dorsal rays 72 to 90 and anal 57 to
71 ; vertebrae 42 to 46 ; principle caudal rays 18. Range : Alaska to
Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
Sole. Flathead. 135. Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan and Gilbert
5b. Upper jaw with a double row of conical teeth.
6a. Scales large, about 68 to 73 in the lateral line; scales located
directly upon lateral line contain pores ; dorsal rays 72 to 88 ;
anal 57 to 64; vertebrae 42 to 45. Range: Alaska to San Diego,
California. Marine. Common.
Rough Sole 136. Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan and Gilbert)
6b. Scales small, about 88 to 100 along lateral line ; no scales lo-
cated directly upon the lateral line ; dorsal rays 87 to 101 ; anal
rays 67 to 79; vertebrae 41 to 44; principle caudal rays usually
19, seldom 18 or 20. Range: Puget Sound to San Diego Bay.
Marine. Common.
Sole. English Sole 137. Eopsctta jordani (Lockington)
lb. Mouth asymmetrical, dentition and cleft extending much further on blind
side than on the eyed side ; total length of maxillaries on eyed side usually
contained more than 3 times in the head. (Pleuronectinae, subfamily ; floun-
der tribe).
158 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
7a. An arched lateral line and accessory dorsal branch present;
dorsal rays 67 to 82; anal 51 to 62; vertebrae 38 to 41.
Range : Japan, Alaska to southern California. Marine. Abun-
dant.
Rock Sole. Flounder 138. Lcpidopsetta bilineata (Ayres)
7b. Arch of lateral line absent, accessory dorsal branch present.
8a. First 5 to 10 dorsal rays on blind side; body covered with
smooth scales, mostly cycloid ; scales not imbricated, scarcely
touching each other ; interorbital space narrow and very
high ; anal rays 46 to 56 ; dorsal rays 66 to 77.
9a. Origin of dorsal fin on blind side on a level with the up-
per lip, the 1st 5 or 6 dorsal rays occur on the blind side ;
dorsal rays 65 to 78 ; anal 46 to 55 ; vertebrae 36 to 38.
Range: Alaska to San Diego. Marine. Common.
Sole. "C-O" Sole... 139. Plenronichthys coenosus Girard
9b. Origin of dorsal on blind side on a level with the lower
lip, the 1st 9 rays occur on the blind side ; dorsal rays 68
to 79; anal 46 to 52; vertebrae 37 to 39. Range: Alaska
to Santa Barbara Islands. Marine. Common southward.
Sole. Turbot
140. Plcuronichthys decurrens Jordan and Gilbert
8b. Origin of the dorsal fin either on the mid-line or slightly
on the eyed or blind side, not more than 1 or 2 of the 1st
few dorsal rays occur slightly on the blind side.
10a. Scales smooth, mostly cycloid, closely imbricated,
about 94 to 104 along the lateral line ; upper eye situ-
ated on dorsal outline ; interorbital space narrow and
low ; dorsal rays 72 to 89 ; anal 54 to 70 ; vertebrae 42
to 44. Range : Alaska to San Diego. Marine. Common.
Sole. English Sole 141. Parophrys vetulus Girard
10b. Scales rough ctenoid on one or both sides of the bod}'.
11a. Dorsal rays 65 to 76; anal rays 50 to 61; scales 76
to 86. Range : Puget Sound. Marine. Rare.
Bastard Sole. Hybrid Sole
142. Inopsetta ischyra 8 (Jordan and Gilbert)
lib. Dorsal rays 84 to 90; anal rays 63 to 68; scales about
87 to 90. Range : Puget Sound to Point Conception.
Marine. Common.
Rock Sole. Scaly-finned Flounder
143. Isopsctta isolcpis (Lockington)
7c. Lateral line with neither an anterior arch over pectoral fin nor
an accessory dorsal branch.
12a. Body covered with ordinary smooth fine scales, not
stellate; body elongate; scales about 130 to 145.
13a. Pectoral fins very long, that of the eyed side
longer than length of head ; dorsal rays 87 to
110; anal rays 79 to 93; vertebrae 62 to 65; op-
ercular opening extending much above pectoral
8 Schultz, L. P., and Smith, R. T., have found this to be a hybrid between Platichthys
and Parophrys.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 159
fin base. Range : North Pacific south to San
Pedro Bay. Marine. Common.
Rex Sole. Long-finned Sole
144. Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington
13b. Pectoral fin much less than length of head; dor-
sal rays 94 to 116; anal 80 to 96; vertebrae 51
to 54 ; opercular opening barely extending above
pectoral fin base ; body less elongate. Range :
Alaska to San Diego, California. Marine. Com-
mon.
Slippery Sole. Chinese Sole. Slime Sole
145. Microstomas pacificus (Lockington)
12b. Body with rough scattered stellate tubercles ; bases
of dorsal and anal on each side with a single row
of stellate tubercles ; no stellate scales on lateral
line ; vertical fins marked with wide black bars ;
dorsal rays 52 to 66; anal 38 to 47; vertebrae 34
to 37. Range : Alaska to Santa Barbara County,
California. Marine. Common.
Starry Flounder
146. Platiclithys stellatus rugosus Girard
Family 45. Melamphaidae. Deep Sea Fishes
la. Dorsal III, 13; anal II, 9; scales 23. Range: Alaska to Oregon. Marine.
Rare.
147. Plectromus cristiceps (Gilbert)
lb. Dorsal III, 15; anal I, 8; scales 26. Range: Bering Sea to Panama. Ma-
rine. Rare.
148. Plectromus lugnbris (Gilbert)
Family 46. Gasterosteidae. Sticklebacks
la. Dorsal fin with fewer than 12 separate spines.
2a. Dorsal fin with 2 to 4 spines.
3a. Body wholly covered with plates on sides. Range : Europe, Asia and
North America. Marine, brackish and entering freshwater. Common.
Three-Spined Stickleback
149. Gastcrosteus aculeatiis aculeatus Linnaeus
3b. Body with no plates or only a few developed anteriorly. Range :
Europe, Asia, and North America. Freshwater. Common.
Three-Spined Stickleback
150. Gastcrosteus aculeatus microcephalus Girard
2b. Dorsal fin with 8 to 11 spines. Range; Europe and northern North
America. Freshwater and brackish water. Common.
Northern Stickleback 151. Pungitius pungitius Linnaeus
Family 47. Aulorhynchidae. Marine Sticklebacks
Range: Alaska to southern California. Marine. Abundant.
Tube-snout. Many-spined Stickleback
152. Aulorhynchus flaindus Gill
160 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Family 48. Syngnathidae. Pipefishes
Range: Southeastern Alaska to Monterey Bay, Marine. Common.
Pipefish 153. Syngnathus griseo-lineatns Ayres
Family 49. Atherinidae. Silversides
la. Teeth bifid at tip, forked, on premaxillaries ; about 63 scales in the lateral
series. Range: Northern Oregon to southern California. Marine. Com-
mon.
Bay-smelt 154. Atherinops affinis oregonia Jordan
lb. Teeth all normal, the tips not divided into horns; about 75 scales in a
lateral series. Range: Northern Oregon to Lower California. Marine.
Common.
Jack Smelt 155. Atherinopsis californicnsis calif omicnsis Girard
Family 50. Sphyraenidae. Barracudas
Range: Puget Sound to Gulf of California. Marine. Common southward.
Barracuda 156. Sphyracna argentea Girard
Family 51. Scombridae. Mackerels
Range : Prince William Sound, Alaska to Lower California. Marine.
Common southward.
Pacific Mackerel 157. Pneumatophorus diego (Ayres)
Family 52. Thunnidae. Tunny and Albacore
la. Pectoral fin reaching to anal fin or beyond ; pectoral fin longer than the
head. Range : Puget Sound to Lower California. Marine. Common south-
ward.
Albacore 158. Gcrmo alalunga (Gmelin)
lb. Pectoral fin not reaching to anal fin and shorter than the head.
2a. Color markings of longitudinal stripes on upper half of body; dorsal of
about XVIII-I, 12 and 8 or 9 finlets; anal II. 11 and 6 finlets. Range:
Puget Sound to Chile. Marine. Common southward.
Bonito. Skipjack 159. Sarda chilcnsis (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
2b. Color of body without conspicuous stripes ; dorsal XII to XV-I, 13 and
8 to 10 finlets ; anal I, 12 and 8 finlets. Range : Oregon to Guadalupe
Islands. Marine. Common southward.
Tuna. Bluefin Tuna 160. Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus)
Family 53. Trichiuridae. Hairtails. Cutlass Fishes
Range : North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Marine. Not common.
Cutlassfish. Hairtail
161. Benthodesmus atlanticus Goode and Bean
Family 54. Bramidae. Pomfret
Range : Alaska to Santa Catalina Island. Marine. Not common.
Pomfret 162. Bratna raii (Bloch)
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 161
Family 55. Stromateidae
Range : Puget Sound to San Diego. Marine. Common southward.
California Pampano 163. Peprilits simillimus (Ayres)
Family 56. Icosteidae. Ragfishes
Range: British Columbia to California. Marine. Rare.
Ragfish 164. Icostcus acnigmaticus Lockington
Family 57. Acrotidae. Pelagic Fish
Range : Petersburg, Alaska to San Pedro, California. Marine. Not rare.
Ragfish 165. Acrotus zvilloughbyi Bean
Family 58. Percidae. Perch
Range : Eastern United States, introduced into the western United States.
Freshwater. Common.
Yellow Perch 166. Perca flavescens (Mitchill)
Family 59. Centrarchidae. Bass and Sunfish
la. Body not elongate but sunfish-shaped, depth about Yi to 2 /s the standard
length; scales 35 to 55; pyloric caeca unbranched, 5 to 11; anal spines
strong, the longest more than half as high as the soft fin.
2a. Anal III (rarely IV), 8 to 12; anal fin less than half as long as dorsal;
dorsal IX to XII, 9 to 13; ctenii of scales well developed.
3a. Tongue, hyoid and pterygoids toothed ; preorbital serrate ; the upper
jaw extending beyond middle of eye; supplementary maxillary well
developed ; lower pharyngeal narrow, with conic teeth ; operculum
scarcely produced, with stiff margin ; caudal vertebrae 17 ; gill rakers
well developed. Range : Introduced into western United States. Fresh-
water. Not common.
Warmouth Bass. 167. Chaenobrythis gulosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
3b. Tongue, hyoid, and pterygoids toothless ; preorbital strickly smooth ;
mouth smaller, the upper jaw not extending to middle of eye; supple-
mentary maxillary reduced or absent.
4a. Upper jaw extending nearly to (rarely a little beyond) middle of
eye; supplementary maxillary well developed; ctenii of scales ob-
solescent ; anal spines low, little more than half as high as the soft
fin ; lower pharyngeals narrow, with conic teeth ; operculum scarcely
produced, with stiff margin; caudal vertebrae usually 17; gill rakers
about x /2 as long as eye ; usually a blackish spot on posterior part of
soft dorsal. Range : Introduced into western United States. Fresh-
water. Common.
Green Sunfish 168. Apomotis cyancllus (Rafinesque)
4b. Upper jaw not nearly reaching to middle of eye; supplementary
maxillary variously reduced or absent; ctenii of scales well devel-
oped; anal spines higher, more than 2 /$ as high as the soft fin.
5a. Lower pharyngeals narrow, the width about Ys the length of the
toothed portion, the outer margin straight or nearly so, the teeth
long, slender and more or less conic ; operculum more or less pro-
162 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
duced as a flap, the latter thin and flexible toward the margin;
membranous border without a distinct red spot ; pectoral fins
pointed, about as long as head; caudal vertebrae usually 17, gill
rakers about Vi as long as eye. Range: Introduced into western
United States. Freshwater. Common.
Bluegill Sunfish.169. Helioperca incisor (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
5b. Lower pharyngeals broad, about y 2 the length of the toothed por-
tion, the outer margin strongly gibbous, the teeth short, broad
molars ; operculum scarcely produced, the margin stiff, contrast-
ing sharply with the membraneous border, which always bears a
conspicuous red spot; caudal vertebrae 18, gill rakers rudimentary.
Range : Introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Com-
mon.
Pumpkinseed Sunfish 170. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus)
2b. Anal V to VII, 16 to 19; anal fin about as long as dorsal; dorsal V
to VIII (rarely IX), 13 to 16; tongue, hyoid, and pterygoids toothed;
mouth large ; supplementary maxillary well developed ; preopercle strong-
ly serrate on entire lower margin as well as around angle; gill rakers
long and slender, more than 20.
6a. Dorsal VI (rarely V or VII); caudal vertebrae usually 18;
origin of dorsal farther back so that a line perpendicular to upper
jaw passes in front of 1st dorsal spine; dark markings arranged
to form vertical bands. Range : Introduced into western United
States. Freshwater. Common.
White Crappie 171. Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque
6b. Dorsal spines VII or VIII (usually VII), rarely VI, IX, or X;
caudal vertebrae usually 19; origin of dorsal farther back so
that a line perpendicular to upper jaw passes behind the third
dorsal spine ; dark markings not forming bands. Range : Intro-
duced into western United States. Freshwater. Common.
Black Crappie 172. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepede)
lb. Body elongate, bass-shaped, the depth about Vz the length; scales small,
60 to 85 along the lateral line; pyloric caeca 11 or more; anal spines III
(rarely II or IV) and very small, the longest less than y 2 the longest soft
ray ; opercle bilobed ; supplementary maxillary well developed.
7a. Pyloric caeca typically unbranched ; preopercle scaleless ; fins
better scaled ; dorsal fin shallowly emarginate, the shortest
spine more than 2 /z as long as longest, the top of the spinous
portion being gently rounded; dorsal soft rays 14 (rarely 13
or 15) ; caudal vertebrae 17 (rarely 16) ; scales on cheek much
reduced in size; mouth of moderate size (the upper jaw ex-
tending beyond middle of pupil but not to hind margin of eye) ;
color pattern consisting chiefly of short vertical bars. Range :
Introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Not com-
mon.
Small-mouth Black Bass. .173. Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede
7b. Most of the pyloric caeca in any one fish always bifid; pre-
opercle partially scaled ; dorsal and anal scaled only at very
base; dorsal soft rays 12 or 13; caudal vertebrae 17 or 18;
scales on cheek only moderately reduced in size ; mouth large
(upper jaw extending beyond hind margin of eye in adult) ;
color pattern consisting chiefly of a dark lateral streak. Range :
Introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Common.
Large-mouth Black Bass
174. Aplitcs salmoidcs Rafinesque (=H«ro floridana LeSueur)
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 163
Family 60. Moronidae. Sea Bass
Range : Introduced on Pacific Coast ; northern Oregon to southern Cali-
fornia. Marine and Freshwater. Common.
Striped Bass 175. Rocctts saxatilis (Walbaum)
Family 61. Otolithidae
Range : Coast of California, occasionally taken as a visitor as far north as
southeastern Alaska. Marine. Rare northward.
White Sea Bass 176. Atractoscion nobilis ( Ayres)
Family 62. Trichodontidae
Range : Kamchatka to Oregon. Marine. Common northward.
Sand Fish 177. Trichodon trichodon (Tilesius)
Family 63. Scorpaenidae. 9 Rockfish
la. Dorsal spines XIV to XVII; top of head scaly; vertebrae 29; palatine
teeth present ; anal III, 5 ; pectorals with lower rays broadened or pro-
longed into linguiform lobe.
2a. Dorsal spines XV to XVII (usually XVI) gill rakers 18 to 22 on 1st gill
arch ; longest spines of dorsal, the 4th or 5th are contained 2.9 to 3.5 in
head ; light vertical lines or rows of spots across the dark pectoral
blotch ; branchiostegals naked. Range : Alaska to California. Marine.
Not common.
Spiny-headed Rockfish. Lobe-finned Rockfish
178. Sebastolobus alascanus Bean
2b. Dorsal XIV to XVI (usually XV) ; gill rakers 21 to 24 on 1st gill
arch; longest spine of dorsal, the 3rd, is contained 1.7 to 3.0 in head; no
light vertical rows or lines of spots across the dark pectoral blotch;
branchiostegals scaly. Range : Aleutian Islands to San Diego in deep
water. Marine. Not common.
Spiny-headed Rockfish. Lobe-finned Rockfish
179. Sebastolobus altivelis Gilbert
lb. Dorsal spines XIII (very rarely XIV) ; vertebrae 27; palatine teeth pres-
ent.
3a. Interorbital space more or less convex (never concave), broad, less
than 3 l /2 in base of skull ; cranial ridges very low or obsolete, the
spines when present, delicate ; base of skull strongly curved, meseth-
moid processes not elevated (not directed upward), ventral process
of basisphenoid rudimentary (or fairly developed only in young) ;
anal rays III, 6 to 9 ; gill rakers usually long and slender ; snout, pre-
orbitals and jaws more or less scaly.
4a. Cranial ridges (except parietal) all obsolete or very slightly de-
veloped, cranial spines absent or very inconstant and minute (regu-
larly present only in young; preocular spines usually present in
mystinus) ; lower jaw much projecting.
5a. Parietal bones not meeting; mesethmoid processes weak and de-
pressed ; scales small, in 90 to 100 transverse series above lateral
line, 65 to 80 tubes; lower jaw much projecting, entering profile,
"Modified after Jordan and Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S.N.M. 1896-1900, and after Hubbs
and Schultz, Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol. 1932.
164
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
a large symphyseal knob, directed forward; peritoneum white or
with dark dots; depth about 2> 2 /t, length; anal rays III, 9; color
light olivaceous-red ; young olivaceous, somewhat mottled. Range :
Barclay Sound, B. C., to San Diego. Marine. Common southward.
Bocaccio. Grouper 180. Scbastodcs paucispinis (Ayres)
Fig. 41. A view of the dorsal
side or top of the head of a rock-
fish, Sebastodcs, showing the ar-
rangement of the cranial spines
and ridges. Cor — coronal spine;
Nas — nasal opening; Nas Sp — Orb-
nasal spine; Hum — humeral
spines; Nuch — nuchal spine;
Parie — parietal spine or ridge;
Pre Sp — preocular spine; Post — -
postorbital spine; Supra — supra-
ocular spine; Sym — symphyseal
knob; Tym — tympanic spine.
Drawn by Arthur D. Welander.
— How
5b. Parietal bones usually meeting; mesethmoid processes better de-
veloped, straight, not elevated; smaller symphyseal knob. Fig. 41.
6a. Peritoneum white to dusky; dorsal fin deeply emarginate.
7a. Body usually more slender (depth in adult 2.9 to 3.5 in stand-
ard length) ; snout sharply pointed; symphyseal knob conspicu-
ous; lower jaw strongly and sharply projecting; pectoral rays
17 or 18 (rarely 19 in fiavidus) ; dark specks on body few and
relatively inconspicuous, and not extended onto the dorsal fins ;
light blotches near base of dorsals well developed ; caudal
fin more or less yellow ; anal fin truncated ; unbranched pector-
al rays less thickened than in melanops; no light band along
mid-sides; size moderate, usually less than 15 inches long;
adults living offshore ; young not normally inhabiting the tide
pools.
8a. Tips of nasal spines concealed (except rarely) ; occipital
ridges very inconspicuous ; spinous dorsal long and low
(highest spine 2.8 to 3.0 in head) ; dorsal soft rays 15 or 16;
anal 9, rarely 8; pectoral 17 or 18, usually 17; unbranched
pectoral rays 8 or 9, usually 8 ; body usually more slender
(depth 3.2 to 3.5), and anterior profile less steep; profile of
snout more arched ; upper profile of symphyseal knob form-
ing an angle of about 45° with horizontal axis; eye smaller
(in adults about one foot long 1.3 in snout, 1.2 in interorbital
and 4.5 in head) ; color much darker, blackish olive on head
and back ; dark specks on body difficult to discern ; light
blotches along dorsal base usually more conspicuous ; vertical
fins not margined with blackish ; caudal fin blackish olive-
yellow. Range : California, from San Francisco to Mexican
boundary. Marine. Common.
181. Scbastodcs scrranoides Eigenmann and Eigenmann
UNIV. WASH. PUBL. BIOL. VOL. 2
[SCHULTZ] PLATE 5
Fig. 42. Yellowtail Rockfish. Sebastodes fiavidus. After Hubbs and Schultz. Courtesy
of University of Washington Publications.
Fig. 43. Sebastodes columbianus. After Hubbs and Schultz. Courtesy of the Uni-
versity of Washington Publications.
Fig. 44. Black Bass. Sebastodes melanops. After Hubbs and Schultz. Courtesy of
University of Washington Publications.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 165
8b. Tips of nasal spines exposed and sharp; occipital ridges
moderately well developed ; spinous dorsal higher (highest
spine 2.4 to 2.7 in head) ; dorsal soft rays 14 or 15; anal 8
rarely 7; pectoral 17 to 19, usually 18; unbranched pectoral
rays 7 to 10, usually 9; body usually less slender (depth
2.9 to 3.3 usually about 3.0) ; anterior profile steep ; profile
of snout less arched ; upper profile of symphyseal knob form-
ing an angle of much less than 45° with horizontal axis;
eye larger (in adults about one foot long about equal to
snout or interorbital, 4.0 in head) ; color much lighter,
brownish on head and back ; dark specks distinctly evident ;
light blotches along dorsal base usually less conspicuous ;
vertical soft fins usually margined with blackish ; caudal fin
bright yellow. Range : Washington to Lower California.
Marine. Common.
Yellowtail Rockfish. Fig. 42.. 182. Scbastodcs flavidus Ayres
7b. Body usually deeper (depth in adult, 2.6 to 2.9 in standard
length); snout blunter; symphyseal knob less conspicuous;
lower jaw less strongly and more bluntly projecting; pectoral
rays 19, rarely 18 or 20; dark specks on body numerous and
very conspicuous, and extended onto vertical fins ; light blotches
near base of dorsal inconspicuous ; caudal fin dusky, not yel-
low ; tips of nasal spines exposed ; upper profile of symphy-
seal knob forming an angle of 45° or more with the horizon-
tal axis.
9a. Body more ovate, the anterior profile steeper ; eye (in larg-
est available adults) smaller, 4.7 to 4.9 in head; interor-
bital space averaging narrower, 4.0 to 4.3 in head; dorsal
spines higher (highest 2.3 to 2.6 in head) ; anal truncate
behind ; unbranched pectoral rays less thickened and
leathery, and fewer, 8 to 10 (usually 9) ; soft rays of ver-
tical fins averaging fewer (dorsal 14, sometimes 13; anal
7 or 8) ; color much paler; dark spots smaller; no light
band along mid-sides ; larger, commonly about 20 inches
long ; inhabiting sandy river mouth ; young not occurring
in tide pools of reefs. Range : Columbia River mouth.
Marine. Not rare. Fig. 43.
183. Sebastodes columbianus Hubbs and Schultz
9b. Body more elliptical, the anterior profile less abrupt ; eye
(in largest available adults) larger, 4.1 to 4.2 in head;
interorbital space averaging wider 3.8 to 4.2 in head;
dorsal spines lower (highest 2.6 to 3.1 in head) ; anal
rounded with 8, rarely 7 or 9 soft rays ; unbranched pec-
toral rays thick and leathery, typically 10 (rarely 9 or
11) ; soft rays of vertical fins averaging more numerous,
dorsal 13 to 16, most frequently 15 ; color very dark, al-
most black above ; a rather prominent light band along
mid-sides (just below lateral line anteriorly, along lateral
line posteriorly) ; smaller adults usually less than 15 inches
long, inhabiting rocky shores ; the young developing in the
tide pools. Range : Southern Alaska to Pt. Arguello,
California. Marine. Common.
Black Bass. Fig. 44... 184. Sebastodes melanops (Girard)
166 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
6b. Peritoneum dusky to black; colors dusky, fins blackish, dorsal
fin not very deeply emarginate ; anal rays III, 9; preocular ridges
present, usually ending in spines, frontal region between them
bulging ; color blackish. Range : Alaska to San Diego. Marine.
Common.
Black Bass 185. Sebastodes mystinus (Jordan and Gilbert)
4b. Cranial ridges somewhat developed ; preocular, postocular, tympanic,
and parietal spines usually present, delicate (supraocular also pres-
ent in some species); fig. 41; lower jaw projecting; parietal bones
usually not meeting.
10a. Lower jaw much projecting; scales rather small; lat-
eral line 50 to 75; anal rays III, 7 to 9; dorsal fin not
deeply emarginate, soft dorsal low; 2nd anal spine not-
ably longer than 3rd ; peritoneum black or dusky.
11a. Supraocular spines usually present; body elongate,
depth more than 3 in length; pores of lateral line
50 to 52; pectorals reaching vent; anal III, 8; body
dusky above, with faint traces of darker blotches
along back. Range : Bering Sea to Santa Barbara,
California. Marine. Not common.
Long-jawed Rockfish
186. Sebastodes alutus (Gilbert)
lib. Supraocular spines absent, body rather elongate;
anal III, 7; color chiefly red; lateral line with about
52 to 55 pores, vertical scale rows about 100 to 110.
Range: Puget Sound to San Diego. Marine. Not
rare.
Red-striped Rockfish
187. Sebastodes prorigcr (Jordan and Gilbert)
10b. Lower jaw little projecting; anal III, 6 or 7.
12a. Supraocular spine present ; scales 45 to 55 in
lateral line ; anal 7 ; color red or orange.
13a. Scales on mandible smooth ; color chiefly orange.
Range : Hecate Str. to Lower California. Ma-
rine. Common.
Orange Rockfish. 188. Sebastodes pinniger (Gill)
13b. Scales on mandible very rough ; color chiefly
brick red, color above, deep vermilion, mottled
with flesh color on sides, belly light red. Range :
Oregon to San Diego. Marine. Common.
Vermilion Rockfish
..189. Sebastodes miniatus (Jordan and Gilbert)
12b. Supraocular spine absent ; scales 41 to 45 in the
lateral line; anal III, 7, the 2nd spine longer than
3rd. Range : Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
190. Sebastodes cmphaeus Starks
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 167
3b. Interorbital space flat or slightly concave, of medium width; meseth-
moid processes but little or not at all elevated, ventral process of ba-
sisphenoid rudimentary; cranial ridges and spines moderately strong;
lower jaw moderately or not much, sometimes not at all, projecting;
gdl rakers usually long and slender; anal III, 6 to 8; deep water
species.
14a. Supraocular spine absent; base of skull strongly curved.
15a. Premaxillaries without prominent dentigerous knobs ; lower jaw
somewhat projecting; parietals not meeting.
16a. Gill rakers 10+22 to 23, the longest 2 /$ orbit; dark bars on
sides faint becoming obsolete with age; lower jaw much pro-
jecting; peritoneum black. Range: Southeastern Alaska and
southern California. Marine.
Olive-backed Rockfish 191. Sebastodes saxicola (Gilbert)
16b. Gill rakers 10+21, slender, 2^ in orbit; no distinct dark
cross bars; lower jaw scarcely projecting; peritoneum dark
brown. Range : Coast of Oregon. Marine. Rare.
192. Sebastodes crameri Jordan
16c. Gill rakers 12 or 13+29 or 30, the longest l / 2 orbit; anal III,
6 or 7 ; peritoneum black. Range : Swif tsure Shoal, B. C., to
Monterey, California. Marine. Not common.
193. Sebastodes wilsoni Gilbert
15b. Premaxillaries with prominent dentigerous knobs, between
which the tip of the lower jaw fits; mandible not projecting;
gill rakers very long and slender, y 2 orbit, 9 to 11+22 to 25.
Range: Nanaimo, B. C, to Coronado Islands. Marine. Not
common.
Lobe-jawed Rockfish 194. Sebastodes diploproa (Gilbert)
14b. Supraocular spine present, fig. 41, quite strong; coronal and nu-
chal spines usually present ; 2nd anal spine equaling 3rd in length ;
anal III, 7; lining of mouth and gill cavity largely black. Range:
Bering Sea to Santa Barbara, California. Marine.
Alaskan Red Rockfish 195. Sebastodes introniger (Gilbert)
3c. Interorbital space as a rule concave and narrow ; the cranial ridges and
spines well developed ; base of skull straight or nearly so ; mesethmoid
processes directed upward; ventral processes of basisphenoid well de-
veloped; gill rakers usually short.
17a. Supraocular spine present; interorbital space concave.
18a. Second anal spine scarcely longer than 3rd; color red, nearly
plain ; cranial ridges broken and armed with accessory spines,
except in the young (the ridges begin to break up into sep-
arate spines at about 20 cm. standard length) ; interorbital
space nearly flat in adult (ridges smooth, interorbital space
concave in young, as in Sebastodes rosaceus) ; peritoneum
white; the distal y 3 to l / 2 of the ventral, anal, and caudal
fins of the young are black in color, fading proximally; the
pectorals and soft dorsal fins are generally blackish; the black
color of the fins is still evident on 20 cm. specimens. Range :
Southeastern Alaska to San Diego. Marine. Common.
Red Rockfish. Red Rockcod. Red Snapper
196. Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer
168 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
18b. Second anal spine much longer, usually stronger than 3rd;
cranial ridges smooth ; fins of young without the dense black
pigmentation.
19a. Color more or less rosy, with 3 to 5 round blotches of pink
on sides of back; dorsal spines usually low, the highest
less than ^ the length of head ; no small green spots on
sides of back ; body without stellate spots ; mandible naked ;
pale blotches on sides surrounded by purple shades ; head
with purplish above ; supraorbital ridge rather high with
spines ; peritoneum blackish ; nuchal spines absent. Range :
Puget Sound to Cerros Island, Lower California. Ma-
rine. Common.
197. Scbastodes rosaceus (Girard)
19b. No round blotches of pink on sides of back, nuchal spines
present ; peritoneum black. Range : Southeastern Alaska
and Cerros Island, Lower California. Marine.
198. Scbastodes rupestris (Gilbert)
17b. Supraocular spine wanting, fig. 41 ; interorbital space some-
what concave.
20a. Mandible scaly ; peritoneum dusky to black.
21a. Lower jaw only slightly projecting; peritoneum jet
black ; roof of mouth, dusky posteriorly, buccal and
branchial cavities otherwise white ; dorsal XIII, 14
or 15; anal III, 7 or 8. Range: Puget Sound to Santa
Barbara, California. Marine.
199. Scbastodes zacentrns (Gilbert)
21b. Lower jaw much projecting and entering profile; per-
itoneum dusky ; roof of mouth, buccal and branchial
cavities whitish ; sides above with irregular horizontal
interrupted olive-green bands; dorsal XIII, 12 or 13;
anal III, 6 or 7. Range: Puget Sound to Lower Cal-
ifornia. Marine. Not common.
Green-striped Rockfish
200. Scbastodes elongatus (Ayres)
20b. Mandible naked ; peritoneum pale or white ; body usually
deep.
22a. Scales on head mostly cycloid; lower jaw project-
ing ; head large, pointed ; 2nd anal spine 2 l / 2 in head,
much stronger than 3rd ; color pinkish white, banded
with deep crimson. Range : British Columbia and
southern California. Marine.
Spanish Flag
..201. Scbastodes rubriznnctus (Jordan and Gilbert)
22b. Scales on head ctenoid; lower jaw usually included;
2nd anal spine little enlarged.
23a. Nuchal spines absent ; body not barred with black ;
interorbital space widening markedly from before
backward.
24a. Coronal spines usually present, color brownish,
mottled. Range : Puget Sound to San Martin,
Lower California. Marine.
Brown Rockfish
202. Scbastodes auriculatas (Girard)
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 169
24b. Coronal spines none ; ridges with entire edges.
25a. Gill rakers much higher than wide; dorsal
spines high over y 3 of length of head; inter-
orbital somewhat convex posteriorly, so that
the postocular spines do not enter the profile;
profile but slightly indented behind nasal
spines; mouth small, upper jaw usually not
extending beyond vertical from hind border of
orbit, and contained 5.3 to 5.7 times in stand-
ard length; ridges of head narrower; dorsal
spines scarcely excised posteriorly; a pale
area along posterior f$ of lateral line more or
less distinctly evident. Range: Sitka, Alaska,
to Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Marine. Common.
Yellow-backed Rockfish
203. Sebastodes canrinus (Richardson)
25b. Gill rakers and dorsal spines the same as in
25a; interorbital more or less concave, so that
the postorbital spines may enter the profile
(tips of spines sometimes not entering profile
in maliger) ; profile deeply and widely indent-
ed behind nasal spines.
26a. Interorbital only moderately concave; the
orbital rims not greatly thickened and ele-
vated, not abruptly entering the profile; 4
posterior interspinal membranes of dorsal
rather deeply incised to about l /z or J4 height
of spine; body deep and ovate; depth 2.3 to
27 in standard length; caudal peduncle de-
cidedly more than half as deep as long; tips
of caudal fin broadly rounded; interorbital
with median pair of ridges inconspicuous;
most conspicuous element of color pattern
consisting of pale wedge (more or less dis-
rupted) below first dorsal; anterior parts
usually heavily spotted with orange, brown
in preserved specimens; opercular blotch
merely dusky ; cheek stripes pale ; no oblique
bands on pectoral fin; no blackish spots on
pectoral or caudal fin rays, these spots may
occur on base of pectorals ; no dark-bordered
light streak along lateral line posteriorly;
size large, to 20 inches. Range : Sitka, Alas-
ka to Monterey, California, in moderate
depths. Marine. Common.
Speckled or Brown Rockfish. Orange-spot-
ted Rockfish
204. Sebastodes maliger (Jordan and Gilbert)
26b. Interorbital deeply concave ; the orbital rims
greatly thickened, and sharply elevated,
abruptly entering profile ; 4 posterior inter-
spinal membranes of dorsal scarcely incised ;
body deep and ovate; depth 2.3 to 2.75 in
standard length; size medium; rarely ex-
ceeding 12 inches.
170 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
27a. Spines of head less strong; parietal ridges
less elevated ; anal rays 6 ; pale blotches
on sides not forming a continuous lateral
band ; body and fins not speckled with pale ;
fin spines stronger; highest dorsal spines
distinctly less than half as long as head;
unbranched pectoral rays greatly thick-
ened; dark markings black; light mark-
ings orange. Range: Central California.
Said to range from Puget Sound to San
Diego but we know of no northern record.
Marine.
Black and Yellow Rockfish
205. Sebastodes chrysomelas (Jordan and
Gilbert)
27b. Spines of head stronger ; parietal ridges
very high ; anal rays 7 ; pale blotches on
sides forming a very conspicuous and con-
tinuous streak along the lateral line ; body
and fins profusely speckled with pale ; fin
spines very strong; highest dorsal spine
usually nearly half as long as head; un-
branched pectoral rays excessively thick-
ened ; dark markings black ; light mark-
ings yellow. Range : Vancouver Island to
central California. Marine. Common.
Chinese Rockfish. Yellow-spotted Rock-
fish.... 206. Sebastodes nebulosus (Ayres)
23b. Nuchal spines present, sometimes coalescent
with parietals ; cranial ridges high, arranged
nearly in a straight line on each side of the
narrow top of head ; the cranial ridges with
the surface broken and spinous ; frontal
ridges elevated ; color bright red, with black
bands or cross bars overlaid by red, some
red at least on head. Range : Alaska to Mon-
terey, California. Marine. Common.
Black-banded Rockfish
207. Sebastodes nigrocinctns (Ayres)
Family 64. Anoplopomidae
Range : Alaska to southern California. Marine. Common.
Sablefish. Skil Fish. Coalfish. Black Cod
208. Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas)
Family 65. Erilepidae
Range: Alaska to Monterey, California. Marine. Not common.
Giant Sea Bass. Priest-fish. . .209. Erilcpis sonifer (Lockington)
1936]
Schults: Keys to Fishes
171
Family 66. Hexagrammidae. Greenlings. Rock Trout
la. Anal fin with 3 spines.
2a. Gill membranes very narrowly joined together, but free from isthmus;
2nd dorsal spine very high and long; a black streak before eye; dermal
flaps on top of head small or absent ; color of body not of vertical stripes.
Range : North Pacific southward to San Diego, California. Marine.
Common.
Long-spined Greenling.
Broad-finned Greenling
210. Zaniolepis latipinnis Girard
2b. Gill membranes broadly united ; 2nd dorsal spine not long ; no black streak
before the eye ; 2 pair of dermal flaps on head ; 6 vertical stripes on body.
Range : Puget Sound to San Miguel Island, Lower California. Marine.
Common.
Convict Fish. Painted Greenling 211. Oxylebius pictus Gill
lb. Anal fin without spines ; gill membranes broadly united ; 4 or 5 lateral lines
on each side.
3a. Dermal flaps 2, 1 above eye, the other small and located on each side
of the nape. Range: Kodiak Island to Pt. Conception. Marine. Com-
mon.
Kelp Greenling 212. Chiropsis decagrammns (Pallas)
3b. A single pair of dermal flaps above eye only.
4a. Fourth lateral line ends at about middle of anal fin base ; supraocular
flaps large ; least depth of caudal peduncle equal to distance from tip
of snout to about posterior edge of eye. Range : Bering Sea to Mon-
terey Bay, California. Marine. Common. Fig. 45.
Red Greenling 213. Lcbius supcrciliosus (Pallas)
Fig. 45. A view of the ven-
tral side of the head region
of a greenling, Hexagrammos,
showing the possible positions
of the 4th and Sth lateral
lines. Br 4th Lat — ventral
fin branch of the 4th lateral
line; 4th Lat — fourth lateral
line; 5th Lat — fifth lateral
line.
-Br4tbUt
_4f/. Lat
-5TU Lot
172 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
4b. Fourth lateral line ends near middle of length of ventral fin rays.
5a. Fourth lateral line unbranched ; dermal flaps 2 times in diameter
of eye. Range : Kamchatka to San Francisco. Marine. Common.
Greenling 214. Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius
5b. Fourth lateral line branched, lower branch running to base of ven-
tral fin insertion, the other continuing to about under the middle of
pelvic fin rays ; a pigment spot above base of pectoral ; dermal flaps
less than 2 times in the eye. Range : Alaska, westward to Petro-
paulski and Robben Islands. Marine. Common.
Alaska Greenling 215. Hexagrammos octogratnmus (Pallas)
Family 67. Ophiodontidae. Ling Cod
Range: Alaska to San Diego, California. Marine. Abundant.
Ling Cod. Cultus Cod 216. Ophiodon elongatus Girard
Family 68. Cottidae. Sculpins. Bullheads
la. Spinous dorsal not evident, its spines slender and hidden in loose skin or
indistinguishable from soft rays ; head and body hidden in smooth lax skin ;
gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines ; ventrals I, 3 the base adnate to body.
2a. Spinous dorsal of short, slender flexible spines entirely embedded in the
skin and not visible without dissection. Range : Kodiak Island to Puget
Sound. Marine. Common.
Tadpole Sculpin 217. Psychrolutes paradoxus Giinther
2b. Anterior spinous dorsal rays not bound down by the skin of body, the 1st
apparent ray nearly over gill opening. Range : Puget Sound. Marine.
Common.
218. Gilbertidia sigalutes (Jordan and Starks)
lb. Spinous dorsal evident and not concealed in the flesh or hidden by loose
skin ; spines, bones, or tubercles of head not all hidden in lax skin.
3a. Pelvic fins entirely absent; skin perfectly smooth; no slit behind the
4th gill ; gill membranes free from isthmus ; teeth on vomer and pala-
tines. Range: Sitka, Alaska to Fort Bragg, California. Marine. Com-
mon.
219. Ascelichthys rhodorns Jordan and Gilbert
3b. Pelvic fins present and well developed.
4a. Pectoral fins continuous around the throat and joined together; back
with spinous scales ; gill membranes free from isthmus ; no slit be-
hind last gill ; teeth on vomer and palatines ; preopercle with a short
bifid spine ; ventrals inserted far back. Range : Vancouver Island
and Puget Sound. Marine. Rare.
Manacled Sculpin 220. Synchirus gilli Bean
4b. Pectoral fins not continuous around the throat and not joined to
each other.
5a. Pelvic fin rays I, 5 ; vomer and palatines with teeth ; gill mem-
branes broadly united but free from the isthmus.
6a. Body more or less scaly above, or with rough plates or prickles.
1936 ] Schultz: Keys to Fishes
173
6b.
7a. Dorsal fin very long, with about 17 spines ; no slit behind last
gill arch; back with rough scales; sides with oblique ser-
rated folds ; ventral fins well behind pectorals. Range : Puget
Sound to central California. Marine. Not rare.
221. Jordania conope Starks
7b. Dorsal fin of XII or XIII spines; body very long, sides of
back with rough plates.
8a. Chin with 2 barbels; last gill arch without slit behind it
Range: Off Oregon to Cortez Banks. Marine. Rare.
222. Paricelinns hopliticus Eigenmann and Eigenmann
8b. Chin without barbels; last gill arch with slit behind it
Range: Northern California. Marine. Rare.
223. Alcidea thobumi (Gilbert)
Body covered with smooth skin, a slit behind 4th gill; dorsal
spines XI ; body very robust. Range : Washington to San Diego.
Marine. Common.
Blue Cod. Marbled Sculpin. Bull Cod
224. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres)
5b. Ventral rays not I 5, usually I, 2, I, 3, or I, 4; spinous dorsal
with tewer than XIII spines and always shorter than soft dorsal.
9a. Body definitely more or less scaly above, the scales sometimes
arranged in bands, or sometimes modified as bony plates these
usually placed along the lateral line or at base of dorsal fin ; in
no case is the skin entirely naked.
10a. Sides of body below lateral line with oblique serrated folds
of skin; vomer with teeth; palatines without teeth; last gill
arch with a distinct slit or pore behind it; preopercular
spines small, simple or bifid; gill membranes wholly free
from isthmus; spinous dorsal not emarginate; body slender.
11a. A series of bony tubercles along back a short distance
away from base of dorsal fin ; breast naked with cross folds
of skin, containing mucous tubes ; lower pectoral rays little
extending beyond membranes; dorsal rays about X or XI
23 to 26 ; anal 24 to 26. Range : Alaska to Puget Sound.'
Marine. Common.
225. Triglops beani Gilbert
lib. Back without bony tubercles along or near base of dorsal
fin ; breast not as above ; lower rays of pectoral much pro-
duced beyond membranes; dorsal rays about XI, 29; anal
about 29. Range : British Columbia and Puget Sound. Ma-
rine. Not common.
226. Prionistius macelhis Bean
10b. Sides of body below lateral line without oblique serrated
folds of skin.
12a. Vomer with teeth; palatines without teeth; if rows or
bands of scales occur along the back they do not meet each
other in front of the spinous dorsal fin.
174 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
13a. Preopercular spine simple, very long and strong, longer
than eye; body robust, its greatest depth less than 4
times in standard length ; gill membranes broadly united
to isthmus; dorsal rays VIII, 9; anal rays 9. Range:
Alaska to Pt. Conception, California. Marine. Abun-
dant.
Buffalo Sculpin 227. Aspicottus bison Girard
13b. Preopercular spine bifid (sometimes simple) shorter than
eye; body long and slender, its greatest depth about 8
to 9 in the standard length; dorsal VIII to X, 21 or 22;
anal 23 or 24.
14a. Eye small 3^3 in head ; interorbital space scaly. Range :
Puget Sound to Santa Catalina Island. Marine. Rare.
228. Radulinus boleoides Gilbert
14b. Eye larger 2.6 to 3.3 in head; interorbital space naked.
Range : Puget Sound to Farallon Islands, California.
Marine. Common.
229. Radulinus asprellus Gilbert
12b. Vomer with teeth; palatines with teeth.
15a. Body with 2 separate bands of coarse rough scales,
the dorsal band meeting its fellow in front of spinous
dorsal ; last gill arch with distinct slit or pore behind
it ; lateral line without bony plates ; spinous dorsal
notched; preopercular spine shorter than eye.
16a. Gill membranes not wholly free from isthmus, there
being only a broad fold across it, which is not at-
tached ; upper band of scales in about 4 rows ; skin
in interspace firm and thick. Range : Kamchatka to
Monterey Bay, California. Marine. Common.
Red Irish Lord
230. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus (Tilesius)
16b. Gill membranes wholly united to isthmus, not form-
ing a free fold across it (sometimes the skin is
shriveled and forced forward artificially making it
appear like a fold on poorly preserved fish) ; upper
band of scales in about 7 rows at its widest part;
skin in interspace thin and lax. Range : Cape John-
son, Washington to Santa Barbara Islands, Califor-
nia. Marine. Common.
Yellow Irish Lord
231. Calycilepidotus spinosus Ayres
15b. If 2 or fewer rows or bands of scales occur on the
body, the dorsal band does not meet its fellow in front
of the spinous dorsal fin ; last gill arch without slit or
pore behind it (a minute pore may occur in Astro-
lytcs) ; gill membranes united but free from the isth-
mus.
17a. Preopecular spine with 1 to 5 enlarged hooks or ant-
ler-like processes above, besides the 2 on the tip.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 175
18a. Back above lateral line evenly scaly; spinous dor-
sal emarginate, III-VII, 15; anal 14; pelvic fin
rays I, 3. Range: Puget Sound to San Diego,
California. Marine. Common.
Rough-backed Sculpin
232. Chitonotns pugetcnsis (Steindachner)
18b. Back above lateral line with a series of enlarged
plates or scales, the space above and below this
naked.
19a. Lateral line armed with a series of bony plates
which catch on the finger when the latter is run
forward; preopercular spines more than 3 (1
at the angle is long with from 2 to 4 strong
spines or barbs directed upward and 2 or 3
spines on the lower margin of the preopercle
which are directed downward).
20a. Dorsal fin with 1 or more of the anterior
spines elevated and filamentous ; scattered
plates behind axil of pectoral fin; pelvic fin
rays I, 2.
21a. First 2 dorsal spines filamentous, about
equally produced; dorsal series of plates
much longer than head, reaching end of soft
dorsal ; nasal filament present ; dorsal rays
X, 16 to 17; anal 14 or 15. Range: Alaska
to Santa Barbara Islands. Marine. Not rare.
Long-rayed Sculpin
..233. Tarandichthys filamentosus (Gilbert)
21b. First dorsal spine filamentous, the 2nd little
if at all produced; dorsal series of plates
usually shorter than head, not reaching mid-
dle of soft dorsal; no nasal filament; dor-
sal rays X, 17 to 19; anal 15 to 17. Range:
Alaska to southern California. Marine. Not
234. Tarandichthys tenuis (Gilbert)
20b. Dorsal fin without filamentous spines ; no
plates behind axil of pectoral; preopercular
spine with 3 or 4 antler-like processes; pelvic
fin rays I, 2.
22a. Dorsal series of scales continuous and joined
together behind soft dorsal fin; the lower
edge of preopercle with 2 small spines; the
lower one longest and sharpest pointing
downward and curved forward above a
smaller spine directed downward ; rarely an
obsolete spine above these 2 strong ones;
nasal spines well developed and nasal ten-
tacles present, slender. Range: Alaska to
Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
235. Icclinus borealis Gilbert
(=/. strabo Starks)
176 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
22b. Dorsal series of scales ending 1 to 3 rays
before end of soft dorsal and never meeting
its fellow behind ; the lower edge of the pre-
opercle with 3 well developed spines ; the low-
er strong one directed downward and curved
forward; the middle one pointing backward
and downward ; the upper one directed back-
ward ; nasal spines short and obscure ; nasal
tentacles obsolete. Range : Alaska to Santa
Barbara Islands. Marine. Rare.
236. Icelinus burchami Evermann and
Goldsborough
19b. Lateral line with scales unarmed ; body robust ;
no filamentous spines ; top of head scaly ; preop-
ercular spines 3 or fewer (that is, 1 small one
in addition to the bifid tip) ; outer margin of
preopercle with 1 blunt spine or only small prom-
inences covered by skin.
23a. Dorsal band of scales meeting its fellow be-
yond the dorsal fin; 31 to 35 oblique rows in
the longitudinal series along base of fin ; a
small pore behind 4th gill arch ; pectoral rays
IS or 16. Range: Unalaska to San Francisco
Bay. Marine. Common northward.
237. Astrolytes fenestrates (Jordan and Gilbert)
23b. Dorsal band of scales not meeting its fellow
posteriorly, not extending beyond dorsal fin;
no pore behind the 4th gill ; pectoral rays 16.
Range : Str. of Juan de Fuca southward to
southern California. Marine. Rare northward.
238. Parastrolytes notospilotus (Girard)
17b. Preopercular spine bifid or simple, without the extra
hooks or antler-like processes above the bifid or
simple spine at tip of preopercle.
24a. Back with a distinct band of scales on each side
above the lateral line ; the interorbital space flat or
concave.
25a. Top of head depressed; lateral profile somewhat
pointed anteriorly ; scales in 26 to 29 oblique se-
ries along base of dorsal but not meeting behind
dorsal fin. Range : British Columbia to Pt. Con-
ception, California. Marine. Common.
239. Artcdius lateralis (Girard)
25b. Top of head not depressed ; lateral profile
bluntish; scales in 31 to 60 oblique series at base
of dorsal.
26a. Scales in 31 to 35 oblique rows in the longi-
tudinal series of scales along the base of dor-
sal fin ; ventral side of chin unmarked. Range :
Unalaska to San Francisco Bay. Marine.
Common southward.
237. Astrolytes fenestralis (Jordan and Gilbert)
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 177
26b. Scales in 40 to 60 oblique rows in the longi-
tudinal series of scales along the base of dor-
sal fin.
27a. Preorbital cirrus (on front of rim of eye)
a large plumose tentacle about twice length
of eye ; postorbital cirrus about H eye ; dor-
sal IX, 16; anal 13; pectoral 14. Range:
Vancouver Island. Marine. Rare.
240. Pterygiocottus macouni Bean and Weed
27b. Preorbital cirrus less than diameter of the
eye ; postorbital cirrus very small ; under
side of chin marked with cross bars ; dorsal
IX to X, 17 to 18; anal 13. Range: Van-
couver Island to Monterey Bay, California.
Marine. Common.
241. Axyrias harringtoni Starks
24b. Back covered with rough scales above lateral line ;
spinous dorsal without a notch; head very rough;
preopercular spine more or less evidently bifurcate ;
a small cirrus above eye; dorsal X, 14; anal 12.
Range: Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
242. Ruscarins meanyi Jordan and Starks
9b. Body not definitely scaly above and no bony armature to the
lateral line; the skin smooth, prickly, villous, or with scattered
scaly processes.
28a. First dorsal not elevated in front, all the spines of about the
same length as those following; the skin smooth or velvety,
sometimes warty but not covered generally above and below
lateral line with stiff prickles.
29a. Gill membranes united to the isthmus and not forming a
free fold across it.
30a. Head weakly armed, the preopercular spine simple at the
angle or absent.
31a. Palatine teeth absent, or weakly developed in males.
32a. Preopercular spines absent, the preopercle entire,
without spines.
33a. Soft dorsal with 17 rays, anal 12. Range: Wood
River, Shoshone, Idaho. Freshwater. Not common.
243. Cottus leiopomus Gilbert and Evermann
33b. Soft dorsal with 21 to 23 rays; anal 16 to 18.
Range : Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Fresh-
water. Not common.
244. Cottus princeps Gilbert
32b. Preopercular spines present.
34a. One spine at angle of preopercle, none below this
one or at most only an elevation where spine usu-
ally occurs.
178 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
35a. Anal rays 18; soft dorsal 21. Range: Lost River,
tributary to Klamath Lake, Oregon. Freshwater.
Not common.
245. Cottus evcrmanni Gilbert
35b. Anal rays 10 to 15, soft dorsal 15 to 20 (usually
15 to 19) ; depth in the length 3.5 to 5.5.
36a. Posterior nostril not at all tubular ; anal rays
11 to 14 (usually 12 or 13) ; body smooth; cau-
dal vertebrae 20 to 23. Range : East of Cas-
cade Mountains in the Columbia River drain-
age and south to Lake Lahonton. Freshwater.
Common.
Smooth Bullhead 246. Cottus bcldingii
Eigenmann and Eigenmann
36b. Posterior nostril tubular.
37a. Caudal vertebrae 20 to 23 (usually 21 or 22).
38a. Anal rays 11 or 12 (seldom 13) ; soft dor-
sal rays 16 or 17. Range : Tributary of
Clearwater River near Bovill, Idaho.
Freshwater. Not common.
. .247. Cottus tubulatus Hubbs and Schultz
38b. Anal rays 13 to 16 (usually 15) ; soft dor-
sal rays 17 to 20 (usually 19). Range:
Klamath River system, Oregon. Fresh-
water. Not common.
248. Cottus klamathcnsis Gilbert
37b. Caudal vertebrae 25 or 26; anal rays 12 to
16 (usually about 14) ; dorsal rays usually
about 18 or 19. Range : Coastal streams
from Unalaska to Monterey, California.
Freshwater. Common.
249. Cottus aleuticus Gilbert
34b. Preopercular spine single at angle, and 1 or 2 be-
low ; posterior nostril not tubular.
39a. Depth in length 7 times ; pelvics I, 3. Range :
Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Freshwater. Not
common.
250. Cottus tenuis (Evermann and Meek)
39b. Depth in length 4 to 5.5 ; caudal vertebrae 21 to
23 (usually 22 or 23).
40a. Pelvics I, 4; anal rays 14 to 17 (usually 15
or 16) ; soft dorsal rays 17 to 20 (usually 18
or 19). Range: Alaska to California. Fresh-
water. Common.
Bullhead 251. Cottus gulosus (Girard)
40b. Pelvics I, 3; anal rays 14 to 16 (usually 15) ;
soft dorsal rays 17 to 19, (usually 18). Range:
Mill Creek and Walla Walla River, Washing-
ton. Freshwater. Common locally.
252. Cottus marginatus (Bean)
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 179
31b. Palatine teeth present and strong.
41a. Soft dorsal rays 20 to 23 (seldom 19) ; caudal ver-
tebrae 25 to 29 (usually 25 or 26) ; preopercular
spine at angle less than l / 2 diameter of eye; lateral
line complete ; caudal peduncle of the round con-
stricted type, little if any compressed ; anal rays 16
to 19 ; body and head usually with prickles. Range :
Coastal streams from Alaska to Ventura County,
California. Freshwater and in brackish water.
Abundant.
Prickly Bullhead 253. Cottits aspcr Richardson
41b. Soft dorsal rays 14 to 20; caudal vertebrae 20 to 23.
42a. Preopercular spine at angle long and slender, its
length contained from l / 2 to 2 /z in the diameter of
the eye ; lateral line complete ; pelvic fin rays com-
monly I, 3 and I, 4; anal rays 11 to 14 (usually
12) ; body and head usually with prickles ; dorsal
rays VII to VIII, 15 to 17 (usually 16) ; anus
behind middle of body ; caudal peduncle only mod-
erately compressed ; width of mouth about l /i
length of head, rather large as in rhothens. Range :
Rattlesnake Creek near Camp Harney, Oregon.
Freshwater. Common.
254. Cottus bendirei (Bean)
42b. Preopercular spine at angle shorter and heavier,
and less than l /i diameter of the eye; pelvic fin
rays I, 4, rarely I, 3.
43a. Lateral line complete, occasionally 2 or 3 pores
absent on caudal peduncle ; no definite black spot
in the spinous dorsal ; mouth large ; anal rays
12 to 14; caudal peduncle round and slender;
posterior nostril slightly elevated and slightly
tubular. Range : Puget Sound drainage, Colum-
bia River, and Kootenay River, British Colum-
bia. Freshwater. Common.
Bullhead. .. .255. Cottus rhotheus (Rosa Smith)
43b. Lateral line incomplete, ending under soft dor-
sal; anal rays 11 to 13 (usually 12) ; usually a
black spot in the spinous dorsal ; caudal peduncle
of the moderately compressed type and about
equal to the diameter of eye ; dorsal VII to
VIII, 16 to 18. Range: Headwaters of the Co-
lumbia and Missouri Rivers and the Green River
of the Colorado system. Freshwater. Common.
Rocky Mountain Bullhead 256. Cottus
punctulatus (Gill) [=C semiscaber (Cope)]
30b. Head strongly armed, the preopercular spine not simple,
but with 2 spines or more, or else the skin is loose and
lax and nearly obscures the spinous dorsal except the
tips of the spines.
180 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
44a. Vomer and palatine with teeth ; preopercular spines
antler-like ; head depressed ; skin smooth and firm.
Range : Kodiak Island to San Diego, California. Ma-
rine. Abundant.
Bullhead 257. Leptocottus armatus armatus Girard
44b. Vomer and palatine without teeth ; preopercular spines
not antler-like, but short, there being 2 diverging spines
at angle of preopercular bone ; skin loose and lax ;
head of normal shape. Range : Puget Sound. Marine.
Not rare.
258. Malacocottus kincaidi Gilbert and Thompson
29b. Gill membranes free from the isthmus or else forming a
broad fold across it.
45a. Palatine without teeth; vomer with teeth.
46a. Maxillary reaches to under pupil but not to the pos-
terior margin of the eye; skeleton spongy; lower jaw
equal to upper or a little projecting; preopercular
spines 3 or 4, the one at the angle sharp and curved
upward.
47a. Dorsal IX, 15; anal 13; pelvics I, 3; head with bony
tubercles ; body with bony tubercles along base of
dorsal. Range : Bering Sea to Puget Sound. Ma-
rine. Not rare.
Woolly Sculpin 259. Dasycottus sctiger Bean
47b. Dorsal VI or VII, 13; anal 8 to 11; pelvics I, 2;
pectoral 20; body and head smooth, no granulations,
tubercles, or filaments present. Range : Bering Sea,
Alaska and in great depths off California. Marine.
Rare.
260. Zcsticelus profiindorum (Gilbert)
46b. Maxillary reaches beyond eye ; skeleton hard and firm ;
lower jaw equal to or a little shorter than upper, in-
cluded ; preopercular spines straighter, the one at the
angle without a distinct upward curve. Range : Bering
Sea to Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
Great Sculpin. Fig. 12
261. Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalu-s (Pallas)
45b. Palatine teeth present ; vomer with teeth.
48a. Anus immediately in advance of the anal fin (in very
young Blennicottus globiceps the anus is located about
Yi of the distance in front of the anal fin between the
origin of the anal and the insertion of the pelvic fin) ;
penis very slender and flexible ; the first 1 to 3 anal
rays enlarged in the male.
49a. Preopercular spine unbranched.
50a. Body covered with prickly scales at all ages ; head
pointed anteriorly ; cirri of head single or rarely
doubled ; no cirri on body above lateral line ; dorsal
spines IX; first 2 anal rays of male enlarged, sub-
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 181
equal, not separated from the other rays. Range:
British Columbia to Monterey County, California.
Marine. Not rare.
262. Rusciculus rimensis Greeley
50b. Body naked ; head very blunt anteriorly ; (young
of this species). Range: Kodiak Island to Pt.
Conception, California. Marine. Common.
Round-headed Sculpin
263. Blennicottus globiceps (Girard)
49b. Preopercular spine branched; body scaleless at all
ages ; dorsal spines usually VIII, cirri of head mul-
tifid.
51a. First 3 or 4 anal rays of male enlarged, subequal,
grading into and not separated from the normal
rays; body without developed cirri above lateral
line ; snout slightly blunter ; nasal spines somewhat
weaker ; preopercular spine bifid or rarely trifid ;
soft dorsal rays 16 or 17. Range: Okhotsk Sea
and southern Alaska to near Tunitas, San Mateo
County, California. Marine. Common.
Tide Pool Johnny
264. Oligocottus maculosus Girard
51b. First anal ray of male much larger than the 2nd,
the 2nd ray not at all enlarged but normal, wholly
separated from rest of fin in adult ; membrane be-
tween the 1st 2 rays thin and little folded; soft
dorsal usually 17 to 19; preopercular spine nor-
mally bifid (rarely trifid) ; light spots on throat
conspicuous. Range: Queen Charlotte Islands,
British Columbia, to Pt. Loma, San Diego County,
California. Marine. Common.
Cirrated Sculpin
265. Dialarchus snyderi Greeley
48b. Anus in advance of normal position before anal fin, lo-
cated in middle l /z of distance between orgin of anal
and insertion of pelvic fin ; penis thick and more rigid,
conic or cylindric; lateral line with a slight anterior
curve.
52a. Intestine short and little coiled; teeth of jaws conic,
without definite arrangement ; head rather sharply
pointed anteriorly ; mouth terminal with wide lateral
gape; skin not especially thickened.
53a. Penis conic, without terminal appendages ; anus of
female about midway between origin of anal and
insertion of pelvic fin ; dorsal spines usually IX ;
body scaleless; preopercular spines small and sim-
ple; banner-like flaps never developed on dorsal
spines ; cirri mossy, on body reduced to a series
along the anterior portion of the lateral line; not
developed along preopercular margin. Range:
Aleutian Islands to Pt. Lobos, California. Ma-
rine. Not common.
. . . .266. Allocottus embryum (Jordan and Starks)
182 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
53b. Penis cylindric, bearing at its end a pair of short
lateral horns anteriorly and a median horn be-
tween them ; anus of female much nearer pelvic in-
sertion than anal origin; dorsal spines usually
VIII, preopercular spine simple; banner-like flaps
usually developed on dorsal spines ; cirri on lateral
line not mossy. Range : Aleutian Islands south to
Sausalito, Marine County, California. Marine.
Common.
267. Oxycottus acuticeps (Gilbert)
52b. Intestine elongate and considerably coiled; teeth of
jaws triangular, more or less definitely arranged in
straight rows ; head very blunt and broadly rounded,
suborbital decidedly narrower than orbit ; mouth in-
ferior, with restricted lateral gape ; skin leathery ;
penis cylindric abruptly constricted into a slender
median appendage at tip; anus in adult nearer ana'
origin than pelvic insertion ; dorsal spines IX ; nasa
spines moderately strong ; preopercular spine un
branched, well developed and curved upward; cirri
of head and scapular region dense and mossy. Range
Kodiak Island to Pt. Conception, California. Ma-
rine. Common.
Round-headed Sculpin
263. Blennicottus globiccps (Girard)
28b. First dorsal with the 1st 2 or 3 spines elevated, at least or
more than twice the length of the longest of the last 3 dorsal
spines ; skin rough with small bluntish prickles almost every-
where except in small but well defined areas.
54a. Gill membranes free from isthmus ; pelvics small ; spinous
dorsal deeply notched. Range: Alaska to San Francisco.
Marine. Common.
Silver Spot 268. Blepsias cirrhosns (Pallas)
54b. Gill membranes united to the isthmus ; pelvics long ; spinous
dorsal not notched. Range : Alaska to Monterey, California.
Marine. Common.
Sailor Fish 269. Nautichthys oculofasciatus (Girard)
Family 69. Rhamphocottidae
Range : Sitka, Alaska, Puget Sound to Monterey, California. Marine.
Common in Puget Sound.
Northern Sea Horse. Gruntfish
270. Rhamphocottus richardsotiii Giinther
Family 70. Agonidae. Sea Poachers. Alligator Fishes
la. Dorsal fins 2.
2a. Gill membranes free from the isthmus.
3a. Body short and high, compressed; vomer and palatines without teeth;
dorsal fin long and high. Range : Bering Sea to Puget Sound. Marine.
Common.
Four-horned Sea Poacher
271. Hypsagonus quadricornis (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 183
3b. Body elongate, more or less depressed.
4a. Snout produced into a tube; single long barbel on tip of lower jaw;
plates of body slightly keeled, without spines; dorsal VI to IX
(VII or VIII), 6 to 9 (average 7 or 8) ; anal 10 to 14 (average 11
or 12) ; pectoral 10 to 13 (average 11 or 12) ; plates in front of
pelvics 2 or 3 (usually 2). Range: Aleutian Islands, Puget Sound
to coast of Oregon. Marine. Common.
272. Pallasin-a barbata aix Starks
4b. Snout not produced into a tube.
5a. Teeth on vomer and palatines ; plates on breast large. Range :
Cold Bay, Alaska, to Oregon. Marine. Not common.
273. Occa verrucosa (Lockington)
5b. No teeth on vomer and palatines ; no median rostral plate ; breast
prickly. Range : Coast of California and Oregon. Marine. Not
common.
274. Stellerina xyosterna (Jordan and Gilbert)
2b. Gill membranes joined to isthmus, often with a free fold across isthmus.
6a. Tip of snout without median plates or spine, but with paired plates
or spines.
7a. Vomer and palatines without teeth ; mouth located on ventral
side ; gill membranes without barbels. Range : Alaska to Puget
Sound. Marine. Common.
Sturgeon Sea Poacher. Alligatorfish
275. Podothecus acipcnserinus (Tilesius)
7b. Vomer and palatines with teeth; eye with 4 or 5 (usually 4)
spines anteriorly and 1 triangular shaped spine posteriorly ;
branchiostegal rays with cirri or small dermal tentacles ; the
tentacles on branchiostegals not present in young which have
a large knife-like spine over middle of eye (named by Jordan
and Starks Xystcs axinophrys) . Range: Alaska, Puget Sound
to Monterey, California. Marine. Common. Fig. 48.
Window-tail Sea Poacher
276. Averruncus emmelane Jordan and Starks
6b. Tip of snout with median plate, and with paired spines or plates
besides the median plate ; teeth on jaw, vomer and palatines.
8a. Tip of snout with median plate without a spine ; occipital
pit deep, nearly y 2 as deep as head. Range : Vancouver
Island, Puget Sound and coast of Washington. Marine. Rare.
277. Bothragonns swanii (Steindachner)
8b. Tip of snout with terminal rostral plate bearing one or
more spines directed upward; occipital pit if present not l /z
depth of head.
9a. A single upright spine on terminal rostral plate, besides
the lateral ones.
10a. Occiput with pit with longitudinal division ; dorsal
ridges not converging in front of dorsal fin ; no spines
below eyeball ; 4 or 5 plates on branchiostegal mem-
branes under the chin ; pectoral fin rays not exserted.
Range : Alaska to Pt. Loma, California. Marine.
Common. Fig. 46.
278. Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington
184
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
10b. No occipital pit as above.
11a. Cheek below suborbital crest naked, without plates;
only 1 spine developed on preopercular margin ; gill
membrane with a wide free fold ; 3 to 5 spines on
eyeball ; spinous dorsal with distal margin of mem-
brane black. Range : Washington to San Diego,
California. Marine. Common.
279. Xeno pyxis latifrons (Gilbert)
lib. Cheek below suborbital crest with 3 plates; 2 pre-
opercular spines developed ; gill membranes without
free fold ; no spines on eyeball. Range : Washington
to off San Diego. Marine. Common.
280. Xcncretmus triacanthus (Gilbert)
9b. Upright spines on rostral plate 3, besides the 2 lateral
ones.
Fig. 46. A dorsal view of Odontopyxis trispinosus.
Fig. 47. The rostral plate of Asterotheca infraspinata.
Fig. 48. The rostral plate of Averruncus emmelane.
Fig. 49. A cross-section of the plates in the region of the caudal peduncle.
Fig. SO. A cross-section of the plates in the region of the dorsal fin.
Diagrams showing the anatomical features of the sea poachers, Agonidae. Drawn by
Arthur D. Welander.
Do — dorsal fin; Do La — dorsal lateral series of plates; Do Sr — dorsal series of
plates; Lo La — lower lateral series of plates; Nas Sp — nasal spines; Oc P — occipital pit;
Pre — preorbital; Ros PI — rostral plate; Up La — upper lateral series of plates; Ve Lat —
ventral lateral series of plates.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 185
12a. Lower jaw produced beyond maxillaries; lower 4
or 5 rays of the pectoral fin not thickened and not
separated from the other rays by a notch. Range :
Aleutian Islands to coast of Washington. Marine.
Common.
Black Sea Poacher
281. Bathyagonus nigripitinis Gilbert
12b. Lower jaw not produced beyond maxillaries ; ter-
minal rostral plate with 5 small spines ; origin of
1st dorsal on 8th plate of dorsal series.
13a. Plates on cheeks thick, inflexible, immovably
united with each other and with the interopercle ;
lower 5 pectoral rays thickened ; a single median
pair of plates in front of pelvics, the remaining
plates of median series unpaired, (the plates of
the 2nd pair fused) 10
14a. Margin of preorbital not spinous, ventrolateral
series of plates smooth throughout (without
spines) ; spines of lower lateral series weak
or obsolescent, this especially marked on cau-
dal peduncle ; deep nuchal depression ; space
between dorsal ridges deeply concave ; plates
on cheeks, in adults, without spines or tuber-
cles ; gill membranes without posterior free
margin ; lower pectoral rays much exserted
beyond the membrane, a distinctly deeper
notch between the two portions of the fin.
Range : Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Com-
mon.
Gray Star-snout
282. Astcrotheca alascana (Gilbert)
14b. Lower margin of preorbital strongly spinous
in adults; anterior plates of ventrolateral se-
ries with short but evident spines ; lower lat-
eral plates all strongly spinous, figs. 49 and
50, except the anterior 5 or 6, which are
smooth as in other species ; plates on cheeks
with minute spines ; nuchal depression shallow ;
space between dorsal ridges shallowly concave ;
gill membranes with a narrow free margin
posteriorly ; lower pectoral rays comparatively
little exserted, no conspicuous notch between
the 2 portions of the fin. Range : Washington.
Marine. Common. Fig. 47.
283. Asterothcca infraspinata (Gilbert)
13b. Plates on cheeks thin, flexible, not fused, read-
ily movable, all (or the posterior 2) bearing each
a strong backwardly directed spine ; ventrolateral
series of plates sharply spinous throughout as is
the lower lateral series, with the exception of
the first 5 or 6 ; 2 median pairs of plates in front
of pelvics ; lower 4 pectoral rays thickened, a
deep notch between the two portions of the fin ;
eye very large ; spines on eyeball weak or obso-
10 This part of the key is modified after C. H. Gilbert (1917), Proc. U.S.N.M.
186 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
lescent; palatine patches of teeth narrower than
those on mandible. Range : Str. of Juan de Fuca
to San Diego. Marine. Not common.
284. Asterothcca pcntacantha (Gilbert)
lb. Dorsal fin single (spinous dorsal absent). Range: Alaska to Columbia
River Mouth. Marine. Common.
Smooth Sea Poacher 285. Anoplagonus inermis (Giinther)
Family 71. Cyclopteridae. Lumpsuckers
la. Head and body nearly naked, only a few scattered spines over it; dorsal
V, 7 ; anal 6 ; color red in life. Range : Puget Sound. Marine. Rare.
Smooth Lumpsucker or Lumpfish
286. Eumicrotremus vinolentus (Jordan and Starks) 11
lb. Head and body covered with spiny conical tubercles, the largest in a group
of 7 or 8 on the flank behind the pectorals; dorsal VI to VII, 9 to 11;
anal 8 to 10. Range : Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
Spiny Lumpsucker 287. Eumicrotremus orbis (Giinther)
Family 72. Liparididae. 12 Sea Snails. Rock suckers
la. Nostril double ; pseudobranchiae present ; pectoral typically with more rays
than anal.
2a. Pyloric caeca fewer than ISO (not matted) ; probably always fewer than
100; peritoneum pale or silvery, usually with scattered brown or black
dots.
3a. Caudal free from the dorsal or connected for not more than ]/$ its
length.
4a. Dorsal notched; gill opening either above the pectoral or extending
down in front of not more than 6 rays ; anal fewer than 30 rays ;
dorsal not more than 35.
5a. Gill slit above the pectoral, sometimes appearing to extend down
in front of the upper ray.
6a. Disk 2 or less in head; pyloric caeca less than 50 (15 to 37) ;
anterior dorsal rays often elevated ; pectoral rays 30 to 33 ; a white
bar across base of caudal fin. Range : Alaska to Oregon. Ma-
rine. Not rare.
288. Liparis rutteri (Gilbert and Snyder)
6b. Disk more than 2 in head. Fig. 17. Range: Aleutian Islands to
Washington. Marine. Common.
289. Liparis callyodon (Pallas)
5b. Gill slit extending down in front of 3 to 5 pectoral rays.
7a. Body deepest below origin of 1st dorsal ; disk more than half
as long as head ; anus nearer anal fin than disk ; eye 5 to 7
in head; 1st dorsal fin is low and broadly rounded, not incised
behind. Range: Cape Johnson to central California. Marine.
Rare.
290. Liparis mucosus Ayres
•'Probably this is the young of some species of Lumpsucker.
"This key is modified after V. Burke (1930), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 187
7b. Body deepest below front part of 2nd dorsal ; disk less than
half as long as head; anus nearer disk than anal fin; eye 8
to 9 in head ; 1st dorsal a high, distinct lobe, incised behind.
Range : Vancouver Island to Monterey County, California.
Marine. Abundant.
291. Liparis florae Jordan and Starks
4b. Dorsal unnotched, or if notched the gill slit extends down in front
of more than 6 pectoral rays.
8a. Pectoral with 29 to 32 rays, and less than the number of
dorsal rays ; gill slit in front of 10 or fewer, usually 3 to
5, pectoral rays. Range : Alaska to Washington. Marine.
Common in Puget Sound.
292. Liparis cyclopus Giinther
8b. Pectoral 37 to 43 with more rays than dorsal ; gill slit in
front of 12 to 16 pectoral rays. Range: Alaska to Crescent
• City, California. Marine. Common.
293. Liparis fucensis Gilbert
3b. Caudal connected to the dorsal for more than ]/$ and less than 94 of
its length ; the number of pectoral rays greater than the number of
anal rays ; pectoral usually notched in adult and young ; gill slit ex-
tending down in front of more than 10 pectoral rays ; caeca fewer than
55 ; dorsal 37 to 40 ; no prickles. Range : Alaska to Washington. Ma-
rine. Common.
294. Liparis dennyi Jordan and Starks
3c. Caudal connected to the dorsal for ji or more of its length ; pectorals
notched; the number of pectoral rays equal to or fewer than the num-
ber of anal rays ; gill opening above pectoral or in front of 1 to 4 rays ;
dorsal rays 48 to 53; anal 40 to 41. Range: Alaska to California.
Marine. Common.
295. Liparis pulchellus Ayres
2b. Pyloric caeca more than 150, probably always more than 200 and matted
or close together ; dorsal rays 40 or fewer ; anal 30 or fewer ; pectoral 37.
9a. Color light brown with the epidermis removed ; gill slit
either above the pectoral or in front of 1 to 4 rays ; dorsal
connected to less than Y% the caudal fin. Range : Alaska
to Puget Sound. Marine. Not common.
296. Polypera greeni (Jordan and Starks)
9b. Color pale gray ; gill opening above the pectoral or in
front of the upper ray. Range : Alaska to Puget Sound.
Marine.
297. Polypera beringianus (Gilbert and Burke)
lb. Nostril single ; pseudobranchiae present ; coloration not variegated ; pec-
toral typically with fewer rays than anal ; dorsal unnotched or if notched
the pupil is round.
10a. Disk present ; disk perfect ; gill slit well developed ;
no barbels on snout ; pupil round or but slightly oval,
never reduced to a horizontal slit ; no color blotches on
the body ; dorsal unnotched ; teeth elongate, slender,
simple, sometimes arrow-shaped, the lateral lobes hard-
ly evident ; peritoneum pale or black.
188 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
11a. Gill slit above the pectoral; pectoral with more than
25 rays ; disk smaller than the eye, rarely equal to it ;
usually distinctly cupped or triangular.
12a. Caudal not forked ; pectoral distinctly notched ;
peritoneum black, rarely silvery and dotted; mouth
and gill cavity dusky to black ; no prickles. Range :
British Columbia to southern California. Marine.
Not rare.
298. Careproctus melanurus Gilbert
12b. Caudal forked ; pectoral notch hardly evident ; depth
4.5 in length ; pyloric caeca 29. Range : Okhotsk
Sea, Bering Sea to off coast of Washington. Ma-
rine.
299. Careproctus cypselurus (Jordan and Gilbert)
lib. Gill slit extending down in front of the pectoral fin.
13a. Disk well developed, not over 4 in head; depth
of body not over 4 in length ; vent near disk.
Range: Off Queen Charlotte Islands, B. C. Ma-
rine. Rare.
300. Careproctus ovigerum (Gilbert)
13b. Disk small, 7 to 9 in head; gill slit in front of
10 or more pectoral rays. Range : Southeastern
Alaska and British Columbia. Marine.
301. Careproctus gilberti Burke
10b. Disk absent.
14a. Branchiostegals 6 ; vent vertical ; gill slit at
least partly above the pectoral fin.
15a. Snout without barbels.
16a. Teeth trilobed ; gill slit in front of 4 pec-
toral rays ; pyloric caeca 13 to 18 ; pec-
toral rays 30 or more. Range : Alaska and
California. Marine. Rare.
302. Paraliparis dactylosus Gilbert
16b. Teeth simple, conical and in bands ; mid-
dle pectoral rays not rudimentary; pector-
al with fewer than 30 rays.
17a. Mouth horizontal; middle pectoral rays
widely spaced.
18a. Gill slit extending down in front of
10 pectoral rays ; dorsal 56 ; anal 46.
Range: Alaska and California. Rare.
303. Paraliparis dcani Burke
18b. Gill slit above pectoral fin ; pectoral
25 ; the upper edge on a level with the
upper margin of the eye ; color black,
including mouth and gill cavity.
Range: Bering Sea and Gulf of Cali-
fornia. Marine.
304. Paraliparis ulochir Gilbert
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 189
17b. Mouth oblique.
19a. Snout to vent 5.5 times in length ;
pectoral 14 ; the upper edge of the
pectoral fin above the angle of the
mouth ; symphysis behind the front
of the eye. Range : Bering Sea to
Gulf of California. Marine. Rare.
...305. Paraliparis cephalus Gilbert
19b. Snout to vent 9.8 times in length ;
pectoral 16 ; depth 6 times in length ;
the upper edge of the pectoral fin
below the angle of the mouth ;
symphysis in front of the eye.
Range : Washington to California.
Marine. Rare.
306. Paraliparis mcnto Gilbert
15b. Snout with barbels.
20a. Gill slit extending down in front
of 5 pectoral rays ; pyloric caeca
7. Range : Bering Sea, Okhotsk
Sea and California. Marine.
307. Rhinoliparis barbulifer
Gilbert
20b. Gill slit above pectoral fin ; py-
loric caeca 12. Range : Bering Sea
and Monterey Bay. Marine. Rare.
308. Rhinoliparis attenuatus Burke
14b. Branchiostegals 5 ; vent forward on throat,
opening forward ; gill slit restricted to in
front of the pectoral fin ; pectoral lobes separ-
ated. Range : North Pacific from Hokkaido,
Japan, to southern California. Marine. Rare.
309. Nectoliparis pelagicus Gilbert and Burke
Family 73. Embiotocidae. Viviparous perches. Surf-fishes
la. Scales large, about 38 (36 to 50) in lateral line.
2a. Lower lip without frenum ; dorsal fin IX or X, 18 to 21 ; caudal peduncle
short and slender, least depth about S l / 2 in body. Range : Southern Alaska
to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California. Marine. Common.
Perch. Shiner. Viviparous Perch
310. Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons
2b. Lower lip with frenum; dorsal fin VIII, 15 ; least depth of caudal peduncle
7 in body; depth 3 in body; head 3.3 in body. Range: Vancouver Island
to San Diego, California. Marine. Common.
311. Brachyistius frenatus Gill
lb. Scales small, more than 50 in the lateral line.
3a. Lower lip with a frenum, the groove not continuous across the tip of
chin; dorsal fin X or XI.
190 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
4a. Gill rakers 15 or 16 below angle of first arch (seldom 14) ; least
depth of caudal peduncle 6 l / 2 to 7j4 times in body; scale formula
about 10+65+20; body with numerous narrow almost parallel blue
lines. Range: Vancouver Island to San Benito Island, Lower Cali-
fornia. Marine. Common.
Blue Perch 312. Tacniotoca lateralis (Agassiz)
4b. Gill rakers fewer than 14 below angle of 1st arch (usually 11 to 13).
5a. Dentigerous surface of lower pharyngeals convex; dorsal X, 21
to 24; anal III, about 25 to 29; dark blotch below posterior corner
of jaw just back of maxillaries ; gill rakers 13 below angle (rarely
12) ; least depth of caudal peduncle about 7 to 8 in body ; scales
about 8+56 to 64+18. Range: Vancouver Island to Todos Santos
Bay, Lower California. Marine. Common.
Pile or Silver Perch 313. Damalichthys vacca Girard
(=£?. argyrosomus)
5b. Dentigerous surface of lower pharyngeals flat or concave; dorsal
X or XI, 22 to 26; anal III, 29 to 34; no dark blotch just behind
maxillaries; least depth of caudal peduncle 8 to 9>4 in body; gill
rakers about 11 or 12 below angle of 1st arch; scales 66 to 69 in
lateral line. Range: Vancouver Island to San Diego, California.
Marine. Common.
Splittail Perch. White Surf -fish. Forktail Perch
314. Phanerodon fnrcatus Girard
3b. Lower lip without a broad f renum, the groove continuous across chin ;
dorsal spines VIII to X (usually IX).
6a. Gill rakers 15 or more below angle of 1st arch.
7a. Below angle of 1st arch 15 to 19 rakers; 65 scales in lateral
line ; eye Yz head ; anal III, 29 to 35 ; dorsal IX or X, 25 to
29. Range : Cape Johnson, Washington to southern California.
Marine. Common.
Silver Perch or Porgy. . .315. Tocichthys cllipticiis (Gibbons)
7b. More than 20 rakers below angle of 1st arch; 72 scales in the
lateral line; eye 2 /s head; anal III, 32; dorsal IX, 27; charac-
teristic black tips to pelvic fins. Range : Columbia River mouth
to Lower California. Marine. Common.
White Perch. Wall-eyed Perch
316. Hyperprosopon argent earn Gibbons
6b. Gill rakers fewer than 15 below angle of 1st arch, usually 6 or
7+11 to 13; about 60 to 69 scales in the lateral line; anal III,
26 to 30 ; about 9 to 10 orange to brassy colored vertical bars on
sides of body. Range : Washington to Monterey, California.
Marine. Common.
Porgy 317. Holconotus rhodoterus Agassiz
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 191
Family 74. Gobiidae. Gobies
la. Pelvics united to form a sucking disk but free from the belly posteriorly.
Fig. 16.
2a. Dorsal IV or V, 14 to 17; anal 15 to 17 soft rays; scales 45 to 70 and
about 18 in a transverse series.
3a. Cutaneous flaps 2 or 3 on inner edge of shoulder girdle; anal 15; scales
in about 50 cross series. Range : Vancouver Island to Guaymas, Sonora.
Marine. Not rare.
318. Quietula y-cauda (Jenkins and Evermann)
3b. No cutaneous flaps as above; anal 16 or 17; scales in about 70 cross
series. Range : Vancouver Island to San Diego, California. Marine
and in brackish water. Common.
319. Clevelandia ios (Jordan and Gilbert)
2b. Dorsal VI or VII, 12 to 18; anal 10 to 15 (rarely 16) ; scales if present
in more than 70 or in fewer than 45 cross series.
4a. Anal 10 or 11 ; dorsal VI, 12 or 13 or VI-I, 12 to 14; scales if pres-
ent in fewer than 40 cross series, or indistinct ; no dermal flaps on
shoulder.
5a. Eye 6 or 7 in head ; interorbital space larger than eye. Range :
Puget Sound to Guaymas, Sonora. Marine. Not rare.
Long-jawed Goby 320. Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper
5b. Eye 3 or 4 in head ; interorbital space about equal to pupil. Range :
British Columbia to southern California. Marine. Not rare. Fig 16.
321. Rhinogobiops nicholsii (Bean)
4b. Anal 15; dorsal VII, 16 to 18; scales about 86 in lateral line; shoul-
der girdle with 2 to 4 dermal flaps under gill cover. Range : Vancou-
ver Island to San Diego, California. Marine. Common.
322. Lepidogobius lepidus (Girard)
Family 75. Ammodytidae. Sand Launces or Lances
Range : Alaska to southern California. Marine. Abundant.
Sand Launce 323. Ammodytcs tobianus personatus Girard
Family 76. Bathymasteridae. Ronquils
Range : Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Common.
Ronquil 324. Ronquilns jordani (Gilbert)
Family 77. Zaproridae. Flaccid Fishes
Range : Sitkalidak Island, Alaska, to Puget Sound. Marine. Rare.
Highbrow 325. Zaprora silenus Jordan
192 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Family 78. Clinidae. Blennies
la. Dorsal rays XXXIV to XXXVI, 5 to 8 ; a slight emargination at about the
5th spine; anal II, 23 to 28. Range: Vancouver Island and southern Cali-
fornia. Marine. Common in California.
Spotted Kelpfish 326. Gibbonsia elegans montereyensis Hubbs
lb. Dorsal rays V-XXXIII, 13 ; a deep notch following the 5th spine ; anal
rays II, 34. Range: British Columbia and southern California. Marine.
Common in California.
Kelpfish 327. Hetcrostichns rostratus Girard
Family 79. Pholididae. Blennies
la. Anal spines 2, small and unmodified ; origin of anal fin under the 34th to
the 41st dorsal spine; pelvic fins present, but small.
2a. Dorsal spines LXXX to LXXXIX; anal soft rays 40 to 44; head less
than % total length ; pectoral fin about 2.5 in head. Range : Coast of
Washington to Del Norte County, California. Marine. Common.
328. Pholis™
2b. Dorsal spines LXXIV to LXXIX ; anal soft rays 33 to 37 ; head more
than l /s total length.
3a. Black markings along base of dorsal, ornate spots as ( ) ; pectoral
fin 2.4 to 3.0 in head. Range : Alaska to Del Norte County, California.
Marine. Common.
Bracket Blenny 329. Pholis laetus (Cope)
3b. Black markings along base of dorsal more spread apart ventrally as
) ( ; pectoral fin 2.0 to 2.3 in head. Range : Alaska to San Francisco.
Marine. Common.
Saddled Blenny 330. Pholis omatus (Girard)
lb. Anal spine single, enlarged, recumbent and fitting into a dermal sheath ;
origin of anal fin under the 42nd to 55th dorsal spine; pelvic fins wholly
undeveloped.
4a. Anal spine single, very large and channeled along the anterior edge ;
origin of anal fin under about the 45th or 46th dorsal spine ; dorsal
about XC to XCIV; anal soft rays about 40 to 42; vertebrae 97 or
98. Range : Southeastern Alaska to Pt. Conception. Marine. Common.
Blenny 331. Apodichthys flavidus Girard
4b. Anal spine small, not channeled, (another smaller spine is usually
obsolete) ; origin of anal fin under about the 53rd to 55th dorsal
spine; dorsal about LXXXIV; anal about 36. Range: Puget Sound
to San Clemente Island. Marine. Not rare.
Fucus Blenny 332. Xerepes jucorum (Jordan and Gilbert)
Family 80. Stichaeidae. Northern Blennies
la. Pelvic fins present.
2a. Gill membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus, the gill slit not
continued forward below.
"This species appeared as a nomen nudum in the check-list by C. L. Hubbs (1928)
Jour. Pan-Pacific Research Inst., and again in this key when first mimeographed. It
is to be described by Hubbs in the near future.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 193
3a. Top of head covered with many fleshy cirri ; origin of anal fin under
the 12th to 15th dorsal spine ; no anal spines ; head blunt.
4a. Snout 6 to 8 in head; the fleshy cirri of head extend to the origin of
dorsal fin but they are not developed on the rays, cirri smaller and
less mossy than in decoratum. Range : Washington to Fort Bragg,
California. Marine. Not common.
Ornamented Blenny. .333. Bryostemma litigator Jordan and Williams
4b. Snout 4 to 5 in head; the fleshy cirri of head extend back to the 6th
dorsal spine. Range : Bering Sea, Petersburg, Alaska to Puget
Sound region. Marine. Not rare.
Decorated Blenny. . .334. Bryostemma decoratum Jordan and Snyder
3b. Top of head without cirri; origin of anal fin under the 19th to 21st
dorsal spines ; 2 anal spines ; head pointed. Range : Washington and
Oregon. Marine. Not common.
Barred Blenny 335. Plcctobranchus evides Gilbert
2b. Gill slit carried forward below, the gill membranes joined to isthmus with
or without a free fold across it.
5a. Pectoral fin with the lower rays longer than middle and upper
rays; teeth on vomer and palatines. Range: North Atlantic; North
Pacific southward to Puget Sound.
336. Leptoclinus maculatus (Fries)
5b. Pectoral fins with the lower rays not as above, the middle rays
are longer than upper or lower rays.
6a. Anal spine I ; sides of body with black markings on a lighter
background of color.
7a. Dorsal spines about LXXII, anal soft rays 45 to 50 ; about
21 gill rakers on 1st arch; gill membranes without a free fold
across isthmus ; no teeth on vomer, those on palatines small
or wanting. Range : Alaska to San Francisco. Marine. Com-
mon.
Snake Eel 337. Lumpenus angiiillaris (Pallas)
7b. Dorsal spines XLIX; anal soft rays 31; gill rakers present;
gill membranes with free fold across isthmus ; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Range : Nanaimo, B. C. Marine. Rare.
338. Allolumpenus hypochromic Hubbs and Schultz
6b. Anal spines III to V ; sides of body plain or with white cross
bars on a dark background of color ; anal soft rays 38 to 42.
8a. No teeth on vomer or palatines ; body without white cross
bars ; dorsal spines LXII to LXXI ; gill rakers about 16
or 17; snout long and fleshy overhanging the premaxillary.
Range : Alaska to Nanaimo, B. C. Marine. Not common.
339. Lumpenella longirostris (Evermann and Goldsborough)
8b. Vomerine and palatine teeth present ; sides of body with 10
to 12 narrow white cross bars ; dorsal spines LVII to LX ;
gill rakers rudimentary ; snout normal. Range : Alaska to
San Diego. Marine. Rare.
340. Poroclimis rothrocki Bean
194 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
lb. Pelvic fins absent.
9a. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus.
10a. Eye small, 10 to 13 in the head.
11a. Maxillary extending behind orbit, a distance equal
to 3 or 4 times the diameter of the eye ; depth 7 in
length. Range : Alaska to southern Oregon. Marine.
Common.
"Congo Eel" 341. Delolcpis giganteus (Kittlitz)
lib. Maxillaries ending below or before the orbit; depth
14 or 15 in length. Range : Aleutian Islands to Puget
Sound. Marine. Not common.
Red Devil 342. Lyconectcs aleutensis Gilbert
10b. Eye in head 4 to 6 times ; origin of dorsal about over
the insertion of pectoral fin ; evident crest of flesh on
top of head ; dorsal about LVI ; anal 36 to 40. Range :
Southeastern Alaska to San Francisco. Marine. Com-
mon.
Crested Blenny
343. Anoplarchus purpurescens purpurescens Gill
9b. Gill membranes free from the isthmus.
12a. Anal spines present, distinct.
13a. Dorsal with soft ravs posteriorlv, XXII to
XXV, 40 to 43; anal I or II, 41 or 42. Range:
California. Marine. Common.
344. Cebidickthys violaccus (Girard)
13b. Dorsal without soft rays, LXIX to LXXIV ;
anal II (rarely III), 40 to 50. Range: British
Columbia to central California. Marine. Common.
Belted Blenny. .. .345. Phytichthys chirus chints
(Jordan and Gilbert)
12b. No anal spines.
14a. Pectoral slightly longer than diameter of eye ;
median teeth of premaxillary canine-like and
separated by smaller teeth between the 2 large
ones ; dark color bands below and posterior to
eye bordered by a black line. Range : South-
eastern Alaska to central California. Marine.
Common.
346. Xiphister mucosus (Girard)
14b. Pectoral slightly shorter than eye ; median
teeth of premaxillary canine-like but not sep-
arated by smaller teeth between the 2 canines ;
dark color bands on cheek and head bordered
by narrow whitish lines. Range : Alaska to
Santa Barbara. Marine. Common.
Rock Blenny
....347. Epigeichthys atropurpureus (Kittlitz)
19361 Schultz: Keys to Fishes 195
Family 81. Anarrhichthyidae. Wolf Fishes
Range : Alaska to Monterey. Marine. Common.
Wolf Eel 348. Anarrhichthys occllatus Ayres
Family 82. Scytalinidae. Burrowing Blennies
Range : Aleutian Islands to Monterey County, California. Marine. Not
common.
Burrowing Blenny 349. Scytalina cerdale Jordan and Gilbert
Family 83. Ptilichthyidae
Range : Alaska to Puget Sound. Marine. Rare.
Quill Fish 350. Ptilichthys goodei Bean
Family 84. Zoarcidae. Eel Pouts
la. Pelvics present ; upper jaw overlaps mandible.
2a. Vomer without teeth ; palatines without teeth.
3a. Body slender, depth 12 to 16 in length ; lateral line short, faint, and
ventral in position, incomplete; upper jaw greatly overlaps lower;
cheeks much projecting laterally, a series of 7 pores along mandible
and preopercle, series of 7 or 8 pores extending from snout alongside
of head above premaxillary ; lateral line single, faint, running obliquely
downward to near base of anal, thence backward, not reaching base of
caudal; lining of mouth, gill cavity, and peritoneum jet black; a broad
light band across head behind eyes extending to cheeks. Range : North
Pacific and off Santa Barbara Islands. Marine. Rare.
351. Embryx crotalimis (Gilbert)
3b. Body more robust, depth 8 to 9 in length ; upper jaw about twice the
horizontal diameter of orbit; lateral line lateral in position; pelvics
l /2 length of orbit; pectoral */> length of head; small embedded scales
on body and vertical fins; upper jaw slightly overlaps mandible; mouth
and gill cavity lined with dark epithelium; peritoneum black; no scales
on head, nape and axil of pectoral ; vertical fins margined with black,
scales paler than skin. Range: Central Alaska to central California.
Marine. Common.
352. Lycodopsis pacificus (Collett)
2b. Vomer and palatines with teeth.
4a. Lower jaw included, the upper overlapping lower less than l / 2 pupil;
middle rays of pectoral fin longest; pelvic fins about 1 to 1.5 in eye;
dorsal rays about 116; anal rays about 93; no vertical color bars
evident (at least on adults) ; margins of vertical fins darker than rest
of fin ; scales lighter than general color of body giving the appear-
ance of white specks. Range : Southeastern Alaska and northern
California. Marine. Rare.
353. Ly codes jordani Evermann and Goldsborough
4b. Lower jaw included, the upper overlapping the lower as much as or
more than the diameter of the pupil.
196 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
5a. Peritoneum, jaws and gill cavity, jet black or nearly so; middle
rays of pectoral shortest ; lateral line ventral and single ; pectoral
rays 20 or 21 ; pelvics short and inserted under middle of opercle ;
scales small, embedded, and covering entire body and vertical fins ;
eye large only 3 to i 2 /z in head ; whitish color bars, if present usually
double and expanding ventrally like an inverted V ; second color
bar behind origin of dorsal fin. Range: Unalaska to California.
Marine. Not rare.
354. Furcimanus diaptents (Gilbert)
5b. Peritoneum reddish slightly dusky to white, never jet black; middle
rays of pectoral longest.
6a. Pelvics minute, about 3 in eye ; dorsal rays about 85 ; anal rays
about 74 ; peritoneum reddish or pale in preserved specimens ;
upper jaw overlaps mandible about Ys horizontal distance of or-
bit ; labial folds fairly conspicuous ; narrow light band across
nape, and 9 to 11 across back, which become obscure in adults;
the 2nd bar being behind the origin of dorsal fin ; the dorsal and
anal have dark margins. Range : Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound.
Marine. Not common.
355. Lycodes brevipes Bean
6b. Pelvics longer, about equal to diameter of eye ; dorsal rays 105 ;
anal rays 90 ; peritoneum pinkish or pale in preserved specimens ;
upper jaw greatly overlaps lower, equal to Y$ horizontal diameter
of orbit ; labial folds very conspicuous (membranous lobes on
middle of each mandible) ; 14 to 16 light vertical color bands
across body except sometimes absent in adults ; the 2nd bar is in
front of the origin of dorsal fin. Range : Alaska to Puget Sound.
Marine. Not common.
356. Lycodes palcaris Gilbert
lb. Pelvics wanting, teeth on vomer, palatines and jaws.
7a. Body without scales; peritoneum, gill cavity, and mouth jet
black; iris silvery; mouth oblique, lower jaw slightly the
longer; skull thin, papery, translucent; dorsal and anal joined
with caudal ; dorsal rays about 82 to 85 ; anal rays 70 to 74.
Range: Southeastern Alaska to Gulf of California. Marine.
Not common.
357. Lycodapus fierasfcr Gilbert
7b. Body with scales.
8a. Two distinct lateral lines, the anterior running high on sides,
parallel with back, discontinued at a point about 1 orbital
diameter behind vent, the posterior line beginning below and
slightly in advance of this point and running along middle of
sides to the tail; dorsal rays about 107 (without caudal);
anal rays about 92; pectoral about 17; gill rakers 3 + 15.
Range : Alaska to California. Marine. Not common.
358. Lycogramma brunnea (Bean)
8b. Lateral line if present single, usually obscure, not double as
above.
9a. Dorsal rays about 112 (without caudal) ; anal about 94;
pectoral 13 to 16; gill rakers 4+15; pectoral rays exserted
at tips. Range: Washington to California. Marine. Rare.
359. Bothrocara remigera Gilbert
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 197
9b. Dorsal rays 100 to 105 (to middle of caudal) ; anal 89 to
95 (to middle of caudal). Range: Queen Charlotte Islands
and southern California. Marine. Rare.
360. Bothrocara mollis Bean
Family 85. Brotulidae. Brotulid Fishes
Range: Puget Sound to San Pedro, California. Marine. Not common.
361. Brosmophycis marginatus (Ayres)
Family 86. Batrachoididae. Toad Fishes
Range: Sitka, Alaska to Gulf of California. Marine. Common.
Singing fish. Midshipman 362. Porichthys notatus Girard
Family 87. Gobiesocidae. Clingfishes
Range: British Columbia to Pt. Arguello, California. Marine. Common.
Clingfish 363. Caularchus macandricus (Girard)
Family 88. Molidae. Headfishes
Range : Temperate and tropical seas of Atlantic and Pacific, and north-
ward to southeastern Alaska. Marine. Common southward.
Ocean Sunfish 364. Mola mola (Linnaeus)
Family 89. Oneirodidae. Angler Fishes
Range : Santa Barbara Islands.
Angler Fish 365. Dolopichthys acanthias (Gilbert)
198 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
GLOSSARY
Explanations of Terms, Counts and Measurements Most
Frequently Used in Keys and Descriptions
Abdomen. Belly, the cavity containing the digestive and reproduc-
tive organs.
Abdominal. Pertaining to the belly; said of the ventral fins of fishes
when inserted considerably behind the pectorals, the pelvic
bones to which the ventral fins are attached having no connec-
tion with the shoulder girdle.
Abortive. Remaining or becoming imperfect.
Accessory caudal rays. Short, procurrent rays on the upper and
lower (rather than posterior) part of the caudal peduncle.
Accessory pelvic scale. An enlarged scale or fleshy appendage on the
upper side at the base of the pelvic fin.
Actinosts. A series of bones at the base of the rays of the paired
fins.
Acuminate. Tapering gradually to a point.
Acute. Sharp-pointed.
Adipose fin. A fleshy fin-like projection behind the rayed dorsal fin,
on the back of certain fishes, usually lacking typical fin rays.
Adnate. Adhering or grown together.
Adidt. A mature animal.
Agape. In a gaping state. Jaws open.
Air bladder or swim bladder. A sac filled with gas situated in the
body cavity beneath the backbone and corresponding to the
lungs of higher vertebrates.
Alisphenoid. A small bone on the anterior lateral wall of the brain
case.
Ammocoetes. A name applied to the larval form of lampreys.
Amphicoelian. Double-concave ; concave at both ends ; said of verte-
brae.
Anadromous. Running up ; said of marine fishes which run up riv-
ers to spawn; used in a broader sense any fish entering fresh
water or going from deeper water to shallow water for the
purpose of spawning.
Anal. Pertaining to the anus or vent.
Anal fin. The fin on the ventral median line behind the vent.
Anal fin III, 10 etc. — three spines and ten soft rays.
Anal papilla. A protuberance in front of the genital pore and behind
the vent in certain groups of fishes, corresponding to the penis
of higher vertebrates.
Anchylosed. Grown firmly together.
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 199
Angular. A small bone on the posterior end of the mandible.
Antrorse. Turned forward.
Anus. The external opening of the intestine; the vent.
Arterial bulb. The muscular swelling, at the base of the great artery.
Articular. The bone of the mandible supporting the dentary and at-
tached to the quadrate.
Articulate. Jointed ; said of soft fin rays.
Atlas. The first vertebrae.
Atrophy. Non-development. Diminutive in size.
Attenuate. Long and slender, as if drawn out.
Auditory capsule. The ventrolateral swelling of the skull, and con-
taining part of the inner ear.
Axil, as "no scales in axil." The region under or behind the pectoral
fin base.
Barbel. An elongate, fleshy projection, usually about the head.
Basal. Pertaining to the base ; at or near the base.
Base of skull. The lower or ventral portion of the cranium ; the ven-
tral outline of the parasphenoid is said to represent the "base
of the skull" in Sebastodes.
Basioccipital. A median posteriorily and ventrally located bone of
the skull to which the atlas is attached.
Basis cranii. A structure formed by shelves of bone developed from
the inner sides of the prootics which meet and form a roof to
the myodome and a floor to the brain cavity.
Bicolor. Two-colored.
Bicuspid. Having two points.
Brachial ossicles. See Actinosts.
Branchiae. Gills, the respiratory organs of fishes.
Branchial. Pertaining to the gills.
Branchiostegals. The bony rays supporting the branchiostegal mem-
branes, under the head of fishes and below the opercular
bones behind the lower jaw, and attached to the hyoid arch.
Breast. The region on the ventral side of the head, anterior to the
ventral fins and posterior to the isthmus.
Bristle. A stiff hair or hair-like structure.
Buccal. Pertaining to the mouth.
Caducous. Falling off early or easily.
Caecal or coecal. Of the form or a blind sac.
Caecum, (pi. caeca). An appendage of the form of a blind sac, con-
nected with the alimentary canal at the posterior end of the
stomach, or pylorus.
200 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Canines. The teeth behind the incisors — the eye teeth ; in fishes any
distinctly enlarged conical teeth longer than others.
Cardiform teeth. Teeth coarse and sharp, and arranged like the
spikes on wool cards.
Carinate. Keeled ; having a ridge along the middle line.
Catadromous. Running down ; said of fresh-water species which
run down rivers to spawn in the sea.
Caudal. Pertaining to the tail.
Caudal fin. The fin on the tail of fishes.
Caudal peduncle. The tapering portion of the body behind the base
of the last ray of the anal fin. Its length is taken from that
point to the base of the mid-caudal rays. The least depth of
the caudal peduncle is taken at its slenderest part.
Cavernous. Containing cavities, whether empty or filled with mu-
cous secretion.
Centrum. The body of a vertebra.
Cephalic fins. Pertaining to fins on the head as in certain rays ; a
detached portion of the pectoral.
Ceratobranchials. Bones of the branchial arches just below their
angle.
Ceratohyal. One of the hyoid bones.
Chiasma. The union of the trunks of the optic nerves, in ganoid
fishes. In teleostean fishes the optic nerves cross or interlace
without uniting to form a solid chiasma.
Chin. The space between the rami of the lower jaw.
Chondrocranium. The rudimentary cartilaginous cranial skeleton,
corresponding to the primitive skull of cartilaginous fishes, of
which traces remain in bony forms.
Ciliated. Fringed with eyelash-like projections.
Cirrus, pi. cirri. Fringes; tendril-like flexible tufts of skin; hair-
like.
C las per s. Organs attached to the ventral fins in the male of sharks,
etc., the myxopterygia.
Compressed. Flattened laterally or side to side.
Conus arteriosus. A muscular and contractile bulb between the ven-
tricle and the root of the aorta. It is furnished interiorly with
one or more transverse rows of packet-shaped valves to pre-
vent a backward flow of the blood.
Coracoid. The principal posterior bone of the shoulder girdle in
fishes supporting the pectoral radials.
Cranial. Pertaining to the cranium or skull.
Ctenoid. Rough-edged ; said of cycloid-like scales having the pos-
terior margin minutely spinous, or pectinated, or toothed.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 201
Cycloid. Smooth-edged ; said of scales concentrically striate, with-
out any trace of minute spines.
Deciduous. Temporary; falling off.
Decurved. Curved downward.
Dcntary. The anterior bone of the lower jaw or mandible, usually
bearing teeth.
Dentition weak. Teeth scarcely evident.
Dentition strong. Teeth very easily observed and highly developed.
Denticle. A little tooth.
Depressed. Flattened vertically, like the skates and rays.
Depth. The vertical distance through the body at its deepest part,
not including the fins.
Dermal. Pertaining to the skin.
Diaphanous. Translucent.
Disk (of skate). The more or less roundish body of the skate ex-
cluding the tail, ventral fins, claspers. The pectoral fins which
form a part of the body of the skate are a part of the disk.
Distal. Remote from point of attachment.
Dorsal. Pertaining to the back.
Dorsal fin. The fin on the back, in front of the adipose if that is
present. In counting the fin rays, the anterior rudimentary
rays are omitted in certain groups of fishes such as Cyprinidae,
Catostomidae, Salmonidae, etc., or are given separately as sim-
ple rays in the following formula, 2 + 10, the simple rays be-
ing given first. Rudimentary rays are those rays, in general, at
the beginning of the fin which are unbranched, membraneless,
closely appressed the one to the other, and in ordinary cases
not more than half the length of the fully developed rays. The
last ray of the dorsal or anal fins is often split nearly or quite
to the base and appears as two rays, although counted as one.
In all cases, the last two rays are counted as one. In descrip-
tions, etc., Arabic numerals are used to indicate soft rays and
Roman numerals to indicate spines. A dash" — " separates ele-
ments not connected ; a comma those connected.
Emarginate. Slightly forked or notched.
Endoskeleton. The skeleton proper; the inner bony framework of
the body.
Enteron. The alimentary canal.
Epibranchials. The bones directly above the angle of the branchial
arches.
Epihyal. One of the hyoid bones.
Epipleurals. Rays of bone attached to the ribs and anterior verte-
brae.
202 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Erectile. Susceptible of being raised or erected.
Ethmoid. A median anterior bone of the skull, above the vomer.
Exoccipitals. Two bones of the skull ; one on each side of the for-
amen magnum.
Exoskeleton. Hard parts (scales, scutes, bony plates) on the sur-
face of the body.
Exserted. Projecting beyond the general level, as fin rays beyond
the membranes.
Extralimital. Beyond the limits (of this key).
Eye. The diameter of the eye, called "eye" in descriptions, is meas-
ured lengthwise (horizontal diameter), the form of the orbit
not always being round. Most investigators use the greatest
diameter of the eye, if the latter is not circular.
Eye in snout. The diameter of the eye is measured in the length of
the snout.
Facial. Pertaining to the face.
Falcate. Scythe-shaped, long, narrow and curved.
Falciform. Curved, like a scythe.
Fauna. The animals inhabiting any region, taken collectively.
Filiform. Any thread-like, slender structure.
Fin height. The height of a fin is the length of the longest ray.
Fin length. The length of a fin is measured along its base unless the
length of the depressed fin is specified. The latter is measured
from its origin to the most posterior point of the fin.
Finlets. A series of specialized fin rays, usually separate from each
other and occurring posteriorly to the dorsal or anal fins.
Fontanel. An unossified space on top of the head, between the par-
ietals, covered with a membrane.
Foramen. A hole or opening.
Foramen magnum. The aperature in the posterior part of the skull
for the passage of the spinal cord.
Forehead. Frontal curve of the head.
Forficate. Deeply forked, furcate.
Fossa (nasal). Groove in which the nostril opens, a shallow depres-
sion.
Frcnum. A small piece of flesh binding the lip to the edge of the
jaw.
Frontal bone. Anterior bone on the top of the head, usually paired.
Fulcra (singular fulcrum.) Rudimentary spine-like projections ex-
tending on the anterior rays of the fins of the ganoid fishes.
Furcate. Forked.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped, tapering toward both ends, but more
abruptly forward.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 203
Ganoid. Scales or plates of bone covered by enamel.
Gape. Opening of the mouth.
Geniculate. Having knee-like bends or joints or protuberances.
Gibbous. Sharply convex or rounded.
Gill arches. The bony arches to which the gills are attached.
Gill membranes. The thin wall of skin, supported by the branchios-
tegals, and closing the gill cavity below.
Gill membranes free from the isthmus. Not connected to the isth-
mus so that a needle can be run across the isthmus and under
the membranes if the right and left sides are connected.
Gill openings. Opening leading to or from the branchiae or gills.
Gill rakers. A series of bony appendages, variously placed along the
anterior edges of the gill arches. The gill rakers are counted
on the first gill arch only, unless otherwise specified. The num-
ber of rakers is counted both above and below the angle or
bend of the gill-arch, the upper number being mentioned first.
All rudiments are counted. The formula, 15 + 25, for exam-
ple, indicates 15 rakers on the upper and 25 on the lower limb.
Gill slit. The openings between the gill arches. The "slit behind the
4th gill arch" may be pore-like, absent, or a small slit. If pore-
like it is a tiny round opening like the letter "o", but if a small
slit, it is a small elongate opening. In both cases this opening
is very close to the bony arch and not in the loose membran-
eous tissue behind the 4th arch.
Gills. Organs for breathing the air contained in water.
Glabrous. Smooth.
GlossoJiyal. The tongue bone.
Graduated spines. Progressively longer backward, the third ele-
ment being as much longer than the second as the second is
longer than the first, etc.
Granulated. Rough with small prominences.
Gnlar. Pertaining to the gula, in fishes the region between the chin
and isthmus.
Gidar plate. A single hard plate or plates between the dentary bones
of the lower jaw.
Haemal arch. An arch between the haemal spines, for the passage
of blood vessels.
Haemal canal. The series of haemal arches as a whole.
Haemal spine. The ventral spine of a caudal vertebra in fishes.
Head length. Usually called "head" in descriptions. The length of
the head is measured from the tip of the snout to the extreme
hinder margin of the bony portions of the opercle. It includes
the opercular spines in percoid fishes, etc., and the opercular
membrane in most fishes.
204 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Head width. Measured at the widest part.
Height. Vertical diameter.
Heterocercal. Said of the tail of fishes when vertically unequal, the
backbone deflected upward into the upper lobe.
Hispid. Rough with stiff hairs or bristles.
Holotype. See type.
Homocercal. Said of the tail of fishes when not externally unequal,
the last vertebrae fusing into a more or less symmetrical plate,
the hypural plate.
Humeral spine. A spine above the base of the pectoral fin, attached
to the pectoral girdle and directed posteriorly.
Humerus. Bone of the upper arm.
Hyoid. Pertaining to the hyoid bone or arch.
Hyoid apparatus. Formed by a series of bones supporting the tongue.
Hyomandibidar. A bone by which the posterior end of the suspen-
sorium is articulated with the skull ; the supporting element of
the suspensorium, the mandible, the hyoid apparatus, and the
opercular apparatus.
Hypercoracoid. The upper of the two bones attached to the cleith-
rum or clavicle, indirectly bearing the pectoral fin.
Hypurals. The modified plate-like last few vertebrae supporting the
caudal fin rays.
Hypobranchials. Bones of the branchial arches below the cerato-
branchials.
Hypocoracoid. The lower of the two bones attached to the clavicle
behind.
Hypohyals. Small bones, usually 4, by which the respective sides of
the hyoid apparatus are joined.
-id (suffix). Indicating membership in a family, thus percid, a mem-
ber of the Percidae.
-idae (suffix). The family name always ends in idae, as Percidae,
Cyprinidae, etc.
Imbricate. Overlapping like shingles on a roof.
Imperforate. Not pierced through.
-inae (suffix). The subfamily name always ends in inae, as Pcrcinae,
etc.
Inarticulate. Not jointed.
-ine (suffix). Indicating membership in a subfamily, thus percine, a
member of the Percinae.
Incisors. Front teeth compressed to form a cutting edge.
Inferior pharyngeals. Synonymous with pharyngeals. Main bones
of pharyngeal arch.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 205
Infraoral. Below the mouth. The teeth of the mouth or disk be-
low the oral opening, in lampreys.
Infraorbitals. A chain of small bones below the eye.
Insertion of fin. A term applied to the point where the paired fins
begin or arise from the body.
Interhacmal spines. Elements supporting the anal fin rays.
hiterhaemals. See interhaemal spines.
Interhyal. Upper hyoid bone attached to hyomandibular.
Inter maxillaries . The premaxillaries.
Interneural spines. Elements supporting the dorsal fin rays.
Interneurals. See interneural spines.
Interopercle. Membrane bone between the preopercle and the
branchiostegals, usually anterior to subopercle when latter is
present.
Interorbital space. The distance between the eyes on the top of the
head. The bony interorbital space is measured unless other-
wise specified.
Interspinous bones. The interneurals and interhaemals.
Isocercal. Said of the tail of fishes when the last vertebrae progres-
sively become smaller and smaller and end in the median line
of the caudal fin, the hypural plate being nearly obsolete.
Isthmus. The region just anterior to the breast of a fish where the
gill membranes converge. The fleshy interspace between gill
openings.
Jugular. Pertaining to the lower throat; said of the ventral fins
when placed in advance of the attachment of the pectorals.
Keeled. Having a ridge along the middle line.
Lacustrine. Living in lakes.
Lamellae. Plate-like processes like those inside the bill of a duck.
Larva. An immature form, which must undergo change of appear-
ance before becoming adult.
Lateral. Pertaining to the side.
Lateral line. A series of sensory tubes opening to the exterior or a
sensory canal along the sides of a fish, sometimes single, some-
times multiple.
Lateral line with an arch in front. The lateral line has a distinct ele-
vation over the pectoral fin in the form of an abrupt arch,
not a mere curve.
Lateral line with an accessory dorsal branch. An extra dorsal branch
begins on the head and runs posteriorly off the main lateral
line.
Lateral processes. See parapophyses.
206 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Lateral Teeth. See teeth lateral.
Laterally. Sidewise.
Length of upper jaw. Often referred to as "maxillary" in descrip-
tions, measured from tip of the upper jaw (premaxillary sym-
physis) to the posterior end of the maxillary.
Length of body (standard length). Usually this length is measured
from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal rays (end
of the last vertebra or hypural plate).
Lingual. Pertaining to the tongue.
Lunate. Form of the new moon ; having a broad and rather shallow
fork.
Mandible. Lower jaw.
Marbled. Variegated ; clouded.
Maxilla or maxillary. Upper jaw. See length of upper jaw and see
maxillaries.
Maxillaries. Outermost or hindmost bones of the upper jaw ; in
fishes they are joined to the premaxillaries in front or below,
and usually extend farther back than the latter. They often
lie above the premaxillaries.
Mesocoracoid. Median bone in the form of an arch in front of the
coracoids, found only in certain soft rayed fishes.
Mesethmoid. See ethmoid.
Mesopterygoid. A bone of the suspensorium.
Metapterygoid. A bone of the suspensorium, supporting the lower
jaw.
Molars. The grinding teeth; posterior teeth in the jaw; flat topped
teeth.
Mottled. Color spots running together, blotched.
Mouth inferior. The mouth is located ventrally and a little behind
the tip of the projecting snout.
Mouth oblique. The mouth is a modified terminal one in which the
jaws usually lie at an angle of about 40 degrees or more to the
anterior-posterior axis of the body.
Mouth ventral. The mouth is located much behind and below the
tip of the snout, usually a distance equal to or more than
length of snout.
Muciferous. Producing or containing mucus.
My comma (pi. Mycommata). A septum between two myotomes.
Myodome. Cavity under the brain cavity for reception of the rectus
muscles of the eye.
Myotomes. Muscle segments.
Myxopterygia. See claspers.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 207
Nape. Upper part of the neck, next to the occiput.
Nares. Nostrils, anterior and posterior.
Nasal plate. Plate in which the nostrils are inserted.
Neural arch. The dorsal arch of a vertebra for the passage of the
spinal cord. See neural spine.
Neural canal. The cavity of the neural arch as a whole.
Neural processes. Two plates rising vertically, one on each side of
the centrum of the vertebra, which unite toward their ends
and form a spine.
Nictitating membrane. The third or inner eyelid.
Nuchal. Pertaining to the nape or nucha.
Nuchal spine. Posterior to and in line with the parietal spine (at
posterior edge of parietal ridge) occurs the nuchal spine. If
one of these spines is absent it is the nuchal spine.
Obsolete. Faintly marked, scarcely evident.
Obtuse. Blunt.
Occipital. Pertaining to the occiput.
Occipital condyle. That part of the occipital bone modified to ar-
ticulate with the atlas.
Occiput. Back of the head. In fishes, specifically the cross line sep-
arating the fleshy nape from the head.
Ocellate. With eye-like spots, generally roundish and with contrast-
ing borders.
-oid (suffiix). Like; as percoid, perch-like.
Opercle or operculum. Gill cover; the posterior membrane bone of
the side of the head, in fishes.
Opercular flap. Prolongation of the upper posterior angle of the
opercle.
Opisthocoelian. Concave behind only, said of vertebrae with ball and
socket joints.
Opisthotic. A bone of the skull with which the lower limb of the
posttemporal usually articulates.
Orbicular. Circular.
Orbit. Eye socket, (see length of eye).
Origin of fin. The term applied to where the median fins begin on
the body.
Osseous. Bony.
Otolith. A bone of the inner ear of fishes lying in the sacculus.
Oviparous. Producing eggs which are developed and hatched after
exclusion from the body, as in all birds and most fishes.
Ovovoviparous. Producing eggs, usually with much yolk. Usually
hatching occurs before exclusion.
Ovum. Egg.
208 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol.2.
Palate. The roof of the mouth.
Palatines. Membrane bones of the roof of the mouth, one on each
side extending outward and backward from the vomer.
Palustrine. Living in swamps.
Papilla. A small fleshy projection.
Papillose. Covered with papillae.
Parapophyses. The lateral projections on some of the abdominal ver-
tebrae for the support of ribs.
Parietal. A bone on the top and back side of the head.
Parotic process. A posterior lateral process of the skull formed by
the pterotic and opisthotic bones.
Parr marks. The vertical color bars found on Salmonoids.
Pectinate. Having teeth-like projections as in a comb.
Pectoral radials. See actinosts.
Pectoral fins. The anterior or uppermost of the paired fins, in fishes,
corresponding to the anterior limbs of the higher vertebrates.
Pelagic. Living on or in the high seas.
Pelvic girdle. The bones supporting the ventral or pelvic fins.
Pelvic fin. See ventral fin.
Perforate. Pierced through.
Peritoneum. The membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
Pharyngeal bones. Bones behind the gills and at the beginning of the
oesophagus of fishes. They are of various forms and almost al-
ways provided with teeth.
Pharyngeal teeth. In Cyprinidae the main row of teeth on each phar-
yngeal bone contains 4 or 5 teeth (seldom more or less) ; inside
of this main row is a so-called "lesser row" which may contain
1 or 2 teeth or none, in the latter case being designated in
the formula, as for example, teeth 2:4-4:0 means 4 teeth in
each main (outer) row, and 2 teeth in one lesser row of one
side and teeth in the other lesser (inner) row.
Pharyngobranchials. Upper elements of the branchial arches with
teeth.
Pharyngognathous. Having the lower pharyngeal bones united.
Photophores. Small bead-like organs, light colored, for production
of light.
Physostomous. Having the air bladder connected by a tube with the
oesophagus.
Physoclistic. Having no open duct to air bladder.
Pituitary body. A small organ in the ventral part of the brain.
Plicate. Folded ; showing transverse folds or wrinkles.
Plumbeous. Lead colored ; dull bluish gray.
1936] Schults: Keys to Fishes 209
Polygamous. Mating with more than one female.
Polyphyodont. Said of teeth which are shed and new ones immedi-
ately take their place from beneath.
Postclavicle. A ray-like bone composed of one or two elements at-
tached to the inner upper surface of the clavicle and extending
downward.
Postorbital. Behind eye. In measurments, the greatest length of head
between hindermost edge of orbit and opercular edge.
Postrostral. Behind the snout.
Post-temporal. The bone by which the shoulder girdle is suspended
to the cranium in fishes.
Precoracoid arch. See mesocoracoid.
Prefrontals. Bones forming lateral projections on the anterior mar-
gins of the orbits.
Premaxillaries. The bones, one on either side, forming the front of
the upper jaw in fishes.
Preocular. Before the eye.
Preopercle. The membrane bone lying in front of the opercle, near-
ly parallel with it.
Preorbital. The large membrane bone before the eye, in fishes.
Procoelian. Concave in front only.
Procurrent fin. With the lower rays inserted progressively farther
forward.
Profile. The curve from the front of the dorsal fin to the tip of the
snout.
Projectile. Capable of being thrust forward.
Prootic. A bone forming an anterolateral ossification of the brain
case.
Protractile. Capable of being drawn forward.
Proximal. Nearest; basal.
Pseudobranchiae. Small gills developed on the inner side of the oper-
cle near its junction with the preopercle.
Pterotic. A bone at the posterior lateral process of the skull.
Pterygoids. Bones of the roof of the mouth in fishes, behind the
palatines.
Pubic bones. Same as pelvic bones
Pulmonary. Pertaining to the lungs.
Punctate or punctulate. Dotted with points; either of color or struc-
ture.
Pyloric caeca or coeca. See caecum.
Pylorus. Passage from stomach to intestine.
210 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Quadrate. A bone of the suspensorium on which the mandible is
hinged.
Quincunx. Arrangements in sets of 5, thus,
Ray. One of the cartilaginous rods supporting the membranes of the
fin. Rays are either spiny or soft, the latter are simple or branch-
ed.
Recurved. Curved upward or backward.
Reticulate. Marked with a network of lines.
Retrorse. Turned backward.
Rictus. The posterior corner of the mouth.
Rostral plate. A small terminal plate on the tip of the snout.
Rudimentary. Undeveloped.
Rugose. Rough; wrinkled.
Scales above the lateral line. The number of scales is counted for-
ward in an oblique row beginning at lateral line and running
anteriorly to just before the dorsal fin.
Scaly appendage. The accessory scale which is a fleshy triangular
projection just dorsal to the ventral fin base on certain fishes.
Scales below lateral line. The number of scales is counted in an ob-
lique row beginning at the anterior margin of the ventral fin
base and running forward or backward to the lateral line.
Scale formida. A conventional formula, "scales 7+65 + 12", for ex-
ample, indicates seven scales in an oblique row above the lat-
eral line, sixty-five scales in the lateral line, and twelve in an
oblique series below the lateral line.
Scales in lateral line. Usually the number of scales bearing tubes in
the lateral line or the number of oblique series (rows) along
the side of the fish. The scales are counted, beginning just a-
bove the opercular opening, to the end of the hypural plate of
the vertebral column, omitting the scales on caudal fin rays.
Scapida. Shoulder blade ; in fishes, a bone of the shoulder girdle, the
upper bone of coracoid series.
Scapidar arch. Shoulder girdle.
Scute. Any external bony or horny plate, usually more or less spiny
or keeled.
Second dorsal. The posterior of two fins, usually the soft rayed dor-
sal fin of "spiny rayed" fishes.
Septum. Thin partition.
Serrate. Notched like a saw.
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 211
Sessile. Without a stem or peduncle ; attached.
Setaceous. Bristly.
Setiform. Bristle-like; like bristles of a brush.
Shoulder girdle. Bony structure posterior to the head, pectoral girdle
to which the anterior limbs are attached, the pectoral fin.
Snout. The portion of the head which projects beyond the eyes. The
snout is measured from the tip of the upper jaw to the anterior
margin of the orbit.
Soft dorsal. The part of the dorsal fin in fishes composed of soft or
articulated rays.
Soft rays. Fin rays which are articulated like bamboo fish poles.
Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula.
Sphenotic. A lateral bone of the skull.
Spine. A sharp projecting point ; of fin rays, technically inarticulated,
unpaired (median) rays, regardless of whether or not they are
stiff and pungent.
Spinous. Stiff or composed of spines.
Spinous dorsal. Anterior part of dorsal fin of spinous rays ; dorsal
fin composed of inarticulated rays.
Spiracles. Respiratory openings in the head and neck of sharks and
rays and certain other fishes.
Standard length. The distance from the tip of the snout to the base
of the caudal fin rays.
Stellate. Star-like, with radiating ridges.
Striate. Striped or streaked.
Sub-. Less than ; somewhat, not quite, under, etc.
Subcaudal. Under the tail.
Subopercle. First bone below the opercle, suture often hidden by
scales or skin.
Suborbitals. See infraorbitals.
Suborbital stay. One of the suborbital bones in certain fishes, extend-
ing across the cheek, to or toward the preopercle.
Subidate. Awlshaped.
Sucking disk. A sucking organ, usually modified paired fins, used for
clinging to rocks, etc.
Superpharyngeals. Upper pharyngeals or sometimes a synonym of
pharyngobranchials.
Supplemental maxillary. A small bone or bones lying along the up-
per edge of the maxillary in some fishes.
Supraclavicle. Bone interposed between clavicle and post-temporal.
The word cleithrum is in common usage.
Supra-. Above.
212 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2.
Suprascapular, or supracleithrum. A bone lying between the post-
temporal and the cleithrum of the shoulder girdle.
Supraorbital spine. The spine above the eye, between the preorbital
spine and the postorbital spine. If only two spines are present,
the supraorbital is absent in Sebastodes.
Supraoral teeth. Teeth on the supraoral plate or lamina of lampreys.
Suspensorium. The chain of bones from hyomandibular to the pala-
tines.
Suspensory bones. Bones by which lower jaw is fastened to the skull.
Suture. Line of union of two ossified bones.
Symphysis. Point of junction of the two parts of lower jaw; tip of
chin.
Symplectic. The bone that keys together the hyomandibular and
quadrate posteriorly, in fishes.
Synonymy. A list of technical names applied to a certain genus or
species.
Swim bladder. See air bladder.
Tail. The part of the body posterior to the body cavity ; in fishes ap-
lied to the caudal fin only.
Teeth bifid or bicuspid. With two projections.
Teeth deciduous. Said of teeth which are shed. On certain fishes the
teeth are shed during spawning season. Certain pharyngeal teeth
are attached by flesh or cartilage to the pharyngeal bone and
are called deciduous although they may replace the normal teeth
when the latter are lost.
Teeth lateral. Said of the series of teeth on each side of the oesopha-
geal opening of lampreys.
Teeth midticuspid. Many cusps or projections on the teeth.
Teeth supraoral. See supraoral teeth.
Terete. Cylindrical and tapering.
Terminal. At the end.
Tessellated. Marked with little checks or squares, like mosaic work.
Thoracic. Pertaining to the thorax or chest ; ventral fins are thoracic
when attached immediately below the pectorals, the bones being
attached to the shoulder girdle.
Transverse. Crosswise.
Transverse processes of vertebrae. Lateral processes of the verte-
brae (abdominal) to which the ribs are attached.
Trenchant. Compressed to a sharp edge.
Truncate. Abrupt, as if cut squarely off.
Tubercle. A small excresence, like a pimple.
1936] Schultz: Keys to Fishes 213
Type. The particular specimen upon which the original description
of a species was based or the species upon which was based the
genus.
Type locality. The particular place or locality at which the type was
collected.
Ultimate. Last or farthest.
Unicolor. Of one single color or shade.
Vent. The external opening of the alimentary canal.
Ventral fins. Paired fins corresponding to posterior limbs, or pelvics.
Ventral fins, I, 5; I, 4 ; I, 2, etc.; one spine (Roman) and five soft
rays (Arabic), etc.
Ventral plates. A row of plates along the belly between throat and
vent.
Ventricle. One of the thick-walled chambers of the heart.
Versatile. Capable of being turned either way.
Vertebra. One of the bones of the spinal column.
Vertebrae, Abdominal. Anterior vertebrae which occur dorsal to the
body cavity and to which the ribs are attached. They lack the
haemal arch and canal, and the haemal spines on their ventral
sides.
Vertebrae, caudal. Posterior vertebrae which possess an arch, canal
and spine on the ventral side.
Vertical. Up and down or dorso-ventrally.
Vertical fins. Fins on median line of the body ; median fins, the dor-
sal, caudal and anal.
Villiform. Said of the teeth of fishes when slender and crowded in-
to velvety bands, or compact patches.
Viscous. Slimy.
Viviparous. Bringing forth living young. Usually the mother con-
tributes food to the growth of the embryos.
Vomer. In fishes, the front part of the roof of the mouth ; a bone ly-
ing immediately behind the premaxillaries, and usually bearing
teeth.
Width. The width of a fish is taken at the widest part of the body.
Weberian ossicles. A chain of small bones developed in connection
with the modified anterior vertebrae and connecting the air blad-
der with the ear in the Ostariophysi, such as suckers, carps, cat-
fishes, minnows, chubs, etc.
Zygapophyses. Points of bone affording to the vertebrae more or
less definite articulation with each other.
1936 J
Schult::: Keys to J'ishcs
215
INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES OF FISHES
OCCURRING IN THESE KEYS
Page
Alaska greenling 172
Alaska red rockfish 167
albacore 160
alligatorfishes 182
anchovy, northern 133
angel shark 131
angler fish 197
arctic cod 154, 155
arrow- toothed halibut 157
barracuda 160
barred blenny 193
basking shark 131
bass 161
black 162, 164, 165, 166
large-mouth 162
sea 163
small-mouth 162
striped 163
warmouth 161
white sea 163
bastard sole 158
bay-smelt 1 60
belted blenny 194
big skate 132
black bass .164, 165, 166
black catfish 150
black cod... 170
black crappie 162
black hagfish 130
black sea poacher 185
black skate 132
black and yellow rockfish 1 70
black-banded rockfish 1 70
black-nosed dace 148
black-sided dace 148
black-spotted trout, Montana .... 136
blennies 192
barred 193
belted 194
bracket 192
burrowing 195
crested 194
decorated 193
fucus 192
northern 192
ornamented 193
rock 194
saddled 192
blue cod 173
blue perch 190
blueback salmon 135
blueback trout 137
bluefin tuna 160
bluegill sunfish 162
bocaccio 164
bonito 1 60
Page
bone shark 131
borers 130
bracket blenny 192
bream, red-sided 150
broad-finned greenling 171
brook lamprey 130
brook trout 138
brotuloidfish 197
brown-backed whitefish 139
brown rockfish 168, 169
brown shark 131
brown trout 137
buffalo sculpin 174
bull cod 173
bull trout 139
bullheads 172, 178, 179, 180
prickly 179
Rocky Mountain 179
smooth 178
burbot 156
burrowing blenny 195
California
pampano 161
skate 132
candlefish 141
capelin 142
carp 145
cat sharks 131
catfish 150, 151
black 150
channel cat 150
charr 139
chimaeras 132
Chinese sole 159
Chinese rockfish 1 70
chinook salmon 135
chiselmouth 146
chubs 145, 149
Columbia River 147
lake 148
Oregon 147
chub minnow 148
chum salmon 135
cirrated sculpin 181
clingfishes 197
C-Osole 158
coal fish 170
coarse-scaled suckers 143, 145
Columbia River 145
Goose Lake 145
Klamath River 145
Warner Lake basin 143
coastal cutthroat trout 136
coastal steelhead trout 137
cods 154
arctic 154, 155
216
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
Page
black 170
blue 173
bull 173
cultus 172
gray 154
ling 172
northern 155
Pacific tomcod 155
Wachna 155
codfish, Pacific 154
coho salmon 135
Columbia River
smelt 141
chub 147
trout perch 156
Congo eel 194
convict fish 171
cow shark 130
crampfish 132
crappies 162
black 162
white 162
crested blenny 194
cultus cod 172
cutlass fishes 160
cutthroat trout 136, 137
coastal 136, 137
Montana black-spotted 136
steelhead 137
dace 145, 148
black-nosed 148
black-sided 148
Klamath 149
long-nosed 149
speckled 148
Umpqua River 149
decorated blenny 193
deep sea fish 133, 142, 159
deep sea smelt 142
dog salmon 135
dogfish shark 131
dolly varden trout 139
eastern brook trout 138
eels 195
Congo 194
snake 193
snipe 142
thread 142
wolf 195
eel pouts 195
electric rays 132
elephant shark 131
English sole 157, 158
eulachon 141
fine-scaled suckers 143, 144
Columbia River 143
Klamath River 144
flaccid fishes 191
flathead 157
Page
flounders 157, 158
scaly-finned 158
starry 159
forktail perch 190
four-horned sea poacher 182
fox shark 131
freshwater smelt 142
fucus blenny 192
giant sea bass 170
gobies 191
goldfish 145
gray cod 154
gray shark 131
gray star-snout 185
grayfish 131
grayling, Montana 140
great blue shark 131
great sculpin 180
green-striped rockfish 168
green sturgeon 133
green sunfish 161
green tench 146
greenling 171,172
Alaska 172
broad-finned 171
kelp 171
long-spined 171
painted 171
red 171
grenadiers 154
great sculpin 180
grouper 164
gruntfish 182
hagfishes 130
black 130
common 130
hairtails 160
hake, Pacific 156
halibuts 157
arrow-toothed 157
Pacific 157
handsawfishes 152
hardhead 147
headfishes 197
herring, Pacific 133
highbrow 191
horned pout 150, 151
humpback salmon 134
hybrid sole 158
Irish lord 174
jack smelt 160
Kamloops trout 138
kelp greenling 171
kelpfish 192
king salmon 135
Klamath dace 149
Klamath sucker 143
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
217
Page
lake chub 148
Lake Crescent whitefish 139
lake lawyer 156
lake trout 138
lamprey 130
brook 130
lake 130
Pacific 130
river 130
three-toothed 130
lancet fish 152
land-locked salmon 135
lantern fishes 151
large- mouth black bass 162
ling 156
ling cod 172
little pickerel 152
little red fish 135
lobe-finned rockfish 163
long-finned smelt 141
long-finned sole 159
long-jawed goby 191
long- jawed rockfish 166, 167
long-nosed dace 149
long-nosed skate 132
long-nosed sucker 145
long-rayed sculpin 175
long-spined greenling 171
long-tailed shark 131
Lost River sucker 142
lumpfish 186
lumpsuckers 186
smooth 186
spiny 186
mackerel, Pacific 160
mackerel shark 131
Mackinaw trout 138
manacled sculpin 172
many-spined stickleback 159
marbled sculpin 173
marine stickleback 159
midshipman 197
minnows 145, 147
Montana black-spotted trout 136
Montana grayling 140
Moonfish 156
mottled sand dab 156
mountain sucker 143
Mountain whitefish, Rocky 139
mud-minnow 152, 153
mud shark 130
night surf smelt 141
northern anchovy 133
northern blennies 192
northern cod 155
northern roach 146
northern sea-horse 182
northern stickleback 159
Page
ocean sunfish 197
oil shark 131
olive-backed rockfish 167
oolachan 141
opah 156
orange rockfish 166
orange-spotted rockfish 169
Oregon chub 147
Oregon pike 150
Oregon whitefish 140
ornamented blenny 193
Pacific codfish 154
Pacific hake 156
Pacific halibut 157
Pacific herring 133
Pacific lamprey 130
Pacific mackerel 160
Pacific saury 154
Pacific tomcod 155
painted greenling 171
pampano, California 161
pelagic fish 151, 161
perch 161
blue 190
forktail 190
pile 190
porgy 190
shiner 189
silver 190
splittail 190
trout 156
viviparous 189
wall-eyed 190
white 190
yellow 161
pickerels 152
pike, Oregon 150
pike, Sacramento 149
pilchard 133
pile perch 190
pink salmon 134
pipefish 1 60
pollach, Puget Sound 155
pomf ret 1 60
porgy 190
prickly bullhead 179
prickly skate 132
priest fish 170
Puget Sound smelt 141
Puget Sound pollach 155
pumpkinseed sunfish 162
quillfish 195
ragfishes 161
rainbow "herring" 140
rainbow trout 137, 138
ratfish 132
rat tails 154
218
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
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rays 131, 132
ray, electric 132
red devil 194
red Irish lord 174
red fish, little 135
red greenling 171
red rockcod 167
red rockfish 167
red salmon 135
red-sided bream 150
red-sided shiner 150
red snapper 167
red-striped rockfish 166
rex sole 159
ribbon fish 156
river lamprey 130
roaches 146, 147
rock blenny 194
rock sole 158
rock suckers 186
rock trout (see greenlings) 171
rockcod (see rockfish) 163, 167
rockfish 163, 164
Alaskan red 167
black and yellow 170
black-banded 170
brown 168, 169
Chinese. 170
green-striped 168
grouper 164
lobe-finned 163
long-jawed 166, 167
olive-backed 167
orange 166
orange-spotted 169
red 167
red-striped 166
speckled 169
spiny-headed 163
vermilion 166
yellow-backed 169
yellow-spotted 170
yellowtail 164, 165
Rocky Mountain bullhead 179
Rocky Mountain whitefish 139
ronquil 191
rough sole 157
rough-backed sculpin 175
rough-tailed skate 132
round-headed sculpin 181, 182
sablefish 170
saddled blenny 192
sailor fish 182
salmon 133
blueback 135
chinook 135
chum 135
coho 135
dog 135
humpback 134
Page
king 135
land-locked 135
pink 134
red 135
silver 135
sockeye 135
spring 135
salmon shark 131
sand dabs 156
mottled 156
speckled 156
sand fish 163
sand lances 191
sand launces 191
sand sole 157
sardine 133
sauries 154
scaly-finned flounder 158
sculpins 172
buffalo 174
cirrated 181
great 180
long-rayed 175
manacled 172
marbled 1 73
rough-backed 175
round-headed 181, 182
tadpole 172
wooly 180
sea bass 163
giant 170
white 163
sea horse, northern 182
sea poachers 182, 183
sea snails 186
shad 133
sharks 130, 131
angel 131
basking 131
bone 131
brown 131
cat 131
cow 130
dogfish 131
elephant 131
fox 131
grayfish 131
great blue 131
longtail 131
mackerel 131
mud 130
oil 131
salmon 131
shovelnose 130
sleeper 131
soup-fin 131
spotted cow 130
thresher 131
tiger 131
shiner, red-sided 150
shovelnose shark 130
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
219
Page
silver perch 190
silver salmon 135
silver smelt 142
silver spot 182
silver trout 135
silversides 160
bay-smelt 160
jacksmelt 1 60
singing fish 197
skates 131
big 132
black 132
California 132
long-nosed 132
prickly 132
rough-tailed . . 132
skilfish 170
skipjack 1 60
sleeper shark 131
slime sole 159
slippery sole 159
small-mouth black bass 162
smelts 140
bay 160
candle fish 141
capelin 142
Columbia River 141
deep sea 142
eulachon 141
freshwater 142
jack 160
long-finned 141
night surf 141
oolachan 141
Puget Sound 141
rainbow herring 140
silver 142
surf 142
whitebait 141
smooth bullhead 178
smooth lumpsucker 186
smooth sea poacher 186
snake eel 193
snipe eel 142
sockeye salmon 135
soles 157
bastard 158
C-0 158
Chinese 159
English 157, 158
hybrid 158
long-finned 159
rex 159
rock 158
rough 157
sand 157
slime 159
slippery 159
soup-fin shark 131
Spanish flag 168
speckled dace 148
Page
speckled rockfish 169
speckled sand dab 156
spiny lumpsucker 186
spiny-headed rockfish 1 63
spotted cow shark 130
spotted kelpfish 192
splittail perch 190
spring salmon 135
square mouth 146
squawfish 149, 150
Columbia River 150
Umpqua River 150
Sacramento River 149
starry flounder 159
steelhead trout 137
stickleback 159
many-spined 159
marine 159
northern 159
three-spined 159
striped bass 163
sturgeons 132
green 132
white 132
sturgeon sea poacher 183
suckers 1 42
coarse-scaled 143, 145
fine-scaled 143, 144
long-nosed 145
Lost River 142
Klamath Lake 143
Klamath River 145
mountain 143
rock 186
Upper Klamath Lake 143
sunfish 161, 162
bluegill 162
green 162
ocean 197
pumpkinseed 162
surf-fishes 189
surf-smelt 142
night 141
tadpole sculpin 172
tench 146
green 146
yellow 146
thread eels 142
three-spined stickleback 159
three- toothed lamprey 130
thresher sharks 131
tide pool johnny 181
tiger shark 131
toad fishes 197
tomcod, Pacific 155
torpedo 132
trout 133
blueback 137
brook 138
220
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[Vol. 2.
Page
brown 137
bull 139
charr 139
coastal cutthroat 136
coastal steelhead 137
cutthroat 136
dolly varden 139
eastern brook 138
Kamloops 138
Lake 138
Mackinaw 138
Montana black-spotted 136
rainbow 137, 138
rock 171
silver 135
steelhead 137
trout perch, Columbia River 156
tube-snout 159
tuna, bluefin 160
tunny 1 60
turbot 158
vermilion rockfish 166
viper fish 142
viviparous perches 189
Wachna cod 155
wall-eyed perch 190
Page
warmouth bass 161
Washington mud-minnow 153
western charr 139
western mud-minnow 152
whitebait 141
white crappie 162
whitefish 139
brown-backed 139
Lake Crescent 139
Oregon 140
Rocky Mountain 135, 139
white perch 190
white sea bass 163
white sturgeon 133
white surfhsh 190
whiting 155
window-tail sea poacher 183
wolf eel 195
wolf fishes 195
woolly sculpin 180
yellow Irish lord 174
yellow perch 161
yellow tench 146
yellow-backed rockfish 169
yellow-spotted rockfish 170
yellowtail rockfish 164, 165
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
221
INDEX TO THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES OCCURRING
IN THESE KEYS
Page
acanthias, Dolopichthys 197
Acipenser
acutirostris 133
medirostris 133
transmontanus 133
Acipenseridae 133
acipenserinus, Podothecus 183
Acrocheilus alutaceus 146
acrolepis, Macrurus 154
Acrotidae 161
Acrotus willoughbyi 161
aculeatus aculeatus, Gasterosteus. 159
aculeatus microcephalus,
Gasterosteus 159
acuticeps, Oxycottus 182
acutirostris, Acipenser 133
aenigmaticus, Icosteus 161
affinis oregonia, Atherinops 160
aggregatus, Cymatogaster 189
Agonidae.. 182, 184
aix, Pallasina barbata 183
alalunga, Germo 160
alascana, Asterotheca 185
alascanus, Sebastolubus 163
Albatrossia pectoralis 154
Alcidea thoburni 173
Alepisauridae 152
Alepisaurus ferox 152
Alepocephalidae 133
aleutensis, Lyconectes 194
aleuticus, Cottus 178
Allocottus embryum 181
Allolumpenus hypochromus 193
Allosmerus attenuatus 141
Alopias vulpinus 131
Alopiidae 131
Alosa sapidissima 133
altivelis, Sebastolobus 163
alutaceus, Acrocheilus 146
alutus, Sebastodes 166
Ameiuridae 150
Ameiurus
melas 150
nebulosus 151
Ammodytes tobianus personatus . . 191
Ammodytidae 191
Anarrhichthyidae 195
Anarrhichthys ocellatus 195
anguillaris, Lumpenus 193
annularis, Pomoxis 162
Anoplagonus inermis 186
Anoplarchus purpurescens
purpurescens 194
Anoplopoma fimbria 170
Anoplopomidae 170
Page
Antimora microlepis 156
Aplites salmoides 162
Apocope
falcata 148
klamathensis 148
oscula carringtoni 148
nubila 148
umatilla 148
Apodichthys flavidus 192
Apomotis cyanellus 161
Apristurus brunneus 131
Arctozenus coruscans 151
argentea, Sphyraena 160
argenteum, Hyperprosopon 190
Argentinidae 142
argyrosomus, Damalichthys 190
armatus armatus, Leptocottus. . . . 180
Artedius lateralis 176
Ascelichthys rhodorus 172
asper, Cottus 179
Aspicottus bison 174
asprellus, Radulinus 174
Asterotheca
alascana 185
infraspinata 184, 185
pentacantha 186
Astrolytes fenestralis 176
Atheresthes stomias 157
Atherinidae 160
Atherinops affinis oregonia 160
Atherinopsis californiensis
calif orniensis 1 60
atlanticus, Benthodesmus 160
Atractoscion nobilis 163
atropurpureus, Epigeichthys 194
attenuatus, Allosmerus 141
Rhinoliparis 189
Aulorhynchidae 159
Aulorhynchus flavidus 159
auratus, Carassius 145
auriculatus, Sebastodes 168
Averruncus emmelane 183, 184
avocetta, Nemichthys 142
axinophrys, Xystes 183
Axyrias harringtoni 177
balteatus,
Richardsonius balteatus 150
Richardsonius, hydrophlox 150
barbata aix, Pallasina 183
barbulifer, Rhinoliparis 189
Bathyagonus nigripinnis 185
Bathylagus pacificus 142
Bathymasteridae 191
Bathytroctes stomias 133
222
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[Vol. 2.
Page
Batrachoididae 197
beani, Triglops 173
beardsleei, Salmo gairdnerii 137
beldingi, Cottus 178
bendirei, Cottus 179
Benthodesmus atlanticus 160
beringiannus, Polypera 187
bicolor bicolor, Siphateles 146
columbianus, Siphateles 146
formosus, Siphateles 146
obesus, Siphateles 147
oregonensis, Siphateles 147
Tigoma 149
bilineata, Lepidopsetta 158
binoeulata, Raja 132
bison, Aspicottus 174
Blennicottus globiceps 181, 182
Blepsias cirrhosus 182
boleoides, Radulinus 174
borealis, Icelinus 175
Boreogadus saida 155
Bothidae 156
Bothragonus swanii 183
Bothrocara
mollis 197
remigera 196
Brachyistius frenatus 189
Brama raii 160
Bramidae 160
brevipes, Lycodes 196
brevirostris, Chasmistes 143
Brosmophycis marginatus 197
Brotulidae 197
brunnea, Lycogramma 196
brunneus, Apristurus 131
Bryostemma
decoratum 193
nugator 193
burchami, Icelinus 176
caerulea, Sardinops 133
californica, Squatina 131
Tetranarce 132
californiense, Myctophum 151
californiensis californiensis,
Atherinopsis 1 60
callyodon, Liparis 186
Calycilepidotus spinosus 174
Carassius auratus 145
Carchariidae 131
Careproctus
cypselurus 188
gilberti 188
melanurus 188
ovigerum 188
carpio, Cyprinus 145
carringtoni, Apocope oscula 148
cataractae dulcis, Rhinichthys. . . . 149
Catostomidae 142
Page
Catostomus
catostomus griseus 145
macrocheilus 145
microps 144
occidentalis lacus-anserinus . ... 145
rimiculus 144
snyderi 145
syncheilus 143, 144
warnerensis 143
Caularchus maeandricus 197
caurinus, Mylocheilus 147
Sebastodes 169
Cebidichthys violaceus 194
Centrarchidae 161
cephalus, Paraliparis 189
cerdale, Scytalina 195
Cetorhinidae 131
Cetorhinus maximus 131
Chaenobryttus gulosus 161
chalcogramma fucensis, Theragra. 155
Chasmistes. .
brevirostris 143
copei 143
stomias 143
Chauliodontidae 142
Chauliodus macouni 142
chilensis, Sarda 160
Chimaeridae 132
Chiropsis decagrammus 171
chirus chirus, Phytichthys 194
Chitonotus pugetensis 175
chrysomelas, Sebastodes 170
cirrhosus, Blepsias 182
Citharichthys
sordidus 156
stigmaeus 156
clarkii clarkii, Salmo 136, 137
crescentis, Salmo 136
lewisi, Salmo 136
Clevelandia ios 191
Clinidae 192
Clupea pallasii 133
Clupeidae 133
coenosus, Pleuronichthys 158
Colliei, Hydrolagus 132
Cololabis saira 154
Columbia transmontana 156
columbianus, Sebastodes 164, 165
Siphateles bicolor 146
conocephalus, Mylopharodon 147
copei, Chasmistes 143
Coregonidae 139
corinus, Hexanchus 130
coruscans, Arctozenus 151
Coryphaenoididae 154
Cottidae 172
1936]
Schultz: Keys to fishes
223
Page
Cottus
aleuticus 178
asper 179
beldingii 178
bendirei 1 79
evermanni 178
gulosus 178
klamathensis 178
leiopomus 177
marginatus 178
princeps 177
punctulatus 1 79
rhotheus 179
semiscaber 179
tenuis 178
tubulatus 178
Couesius greeni 148
coulteri, Prosopium 139
crameri, Oregonichthys 147
Sebastodes 167
crenulare, Myctophum 151
crescentis, Salmo clarkii 136
cristiceps, Plectromus 159
Cristivomer namaycush 138
crotalinus, Embryx 195
cyanellus, Apomotis 161
Cyclopteridae 186
cyclopus, Liparis 187
Cyclothone microdon 142
Cymatogaster aggregatus 189
cypselurus, Careproctus 188
Cyprinidae 145
Cyprinus carpio 145
dactylosus, Paraliparis 188
Dalatiidae 131
Damal ichthys
argyrosomus 190
vacca 190
Dasy cottus setiger 180
deani, Paraliparis 188
Polistrotrema 130
decagrammus, Chiropsis 171
decoratum, Bryostemma 193
decurrens, Pleuronichthys 158
Delolepis giganteus 194
delphinus, Pantosteus 144
Deltistes luxatus 142
dennyi, Liparis 187
dentex, Osmerus 140
Dialarchus snyderi 181
Diaphus rafinesquei 152
diapterus, Furcimanus 196
diego, Pneumatophorus 160
dilatus, Spirinchus 141
diploproa, Sebastodes 167
dolomieu, Micropterus 162
Dolopicthys acanthias 197
dulcis, Rhinichthys cataractae. . . . 149
elassodon, Hippoglossoides 157
elegans montereyensis, Gibbonsia . 192
Page
Eleginus gracilis 154, 155
ellioticus, Tocichthys 190
elongatus, Ophiodon 172
Sebastodes 168
Embiotocidae 189
embryum, Allocottus 181
Embryx crotalinus 195
emmelane, Averruncus 183, 184
emphaeus, Sebastodes 166
Engraulidae 133
Engraulis mordax mordax 133
Entosphenus tridentatus 130
Eopsetta jordani 157
Epigeichthys atropurpureus 194
Eptatretidae 130
Erilepidae 170
Erilepis zonifer 170
Esocidae 152
Essox vermiculatus 152
Eumicrotremus
orbis 186
vinolentus 186
Eupomotis gibbosus 162
evermanni, Cottus 178
Rhinichthys 149
evides, Plectobranchus 193
exilis, Lyopsetta 157
falcata, Apocope 148
fenestralis, Astrolytes 176
ferox, Alepisaurus 152
fierasfer, Lycodapus. 196
filamentosus, Tarandichthys 175
fimbria. Anoplopoma 170
flavescens, Perca 161
flavidus, Apodichthys 192
Aulorhynchus 159
Sebastodes 164, 165
florae, Liparis 187
floridana, Huro 162
fluviatilis, Lampetra 130
fontinalis, Salvelinus 138
formosus, Siphateles bicolor 146
frenatus, Brachyistius 189
fucensis, Liparis 187
fucensis, Theragra chalcogramma . 155
fucorum, Xerepes 192
furcatus, Phanerodon 190
Furcimanus diapterus 196
Gadidae 154
Gadus macrocephalus 154
gairdenerii, beardsleei, Salmo .... 137
Salmo gairdnerii 137
kamloops, Salmo 138
Galeorhinidae 131
Galeorhinus zyopterus 131
Gasterosteidae 159
Gasterosteus
acuelatus aculeatus 159
aculeatus microcephalus 159
Germo alalunga 1 60
224
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[Vol.2.
Page
Gibbonsia elegans montereyensis. . 192
gibbosus, Eupomotis 162
giganteus, Delolepis 194
gilberti, Careproctus 188
Gilbertidia sigalutes 172
gilli, Synchirus 172
Gillichthys mirabilis 191
glauca, Prionace 131
globiceps, Blennicottus 181, 182
Glyptocephalus zachirus 159
Gobiesocidae 197
Gobiidae 191
Gonostomidae 142
goodei, Ptilichthys 195
gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus 133
gracilis, Eleginus 154, 155
grandis, Ptychocheilus 149
greeni, Cousesius 148
Polypera 187
griseo-lineatus, Syngnathus 160
griseus, Catostomus catostomus . . 145
Hexanchus 130
gulosus, Chaenobryttus 161
Cottus 178
harringtoni, Axyrias 177
Helioperca incisor 161
Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus 174
Hesperoleucus mitrulus 146
Heterostichus rostratus 192
Hexagrammidae 171
Hexagrammos 171
octogrammus 172
stelleri 172
Hexanchidae 130
Hexanchus 130
corinus 130
griseus 130
Hippoglossinae 157
Hippoglossoides elassodon 157
Hippoglossus stenolepis 157
Holconotus rhodoterus 190
hopliticus, Paricelinus 173
hubbsi, Novumbra 152, 153
Huro floridana 162
Hydrolagus colliei 132
hydrophlox, Richardsonius
balteatus 150
Hyperprosopon argenteum 190
hypochromus, Allolumpenus 193
Hypomesus olidus 142
pretiosus 142
Hypsagonus quadricornis 182
Icelinus
borealis 1 75
burchami 176
strabo 175
Icosteidae 161
Icosteus aenigmaticus 161
Ictalurus punctatus 150
incisor, Helioperca 161
Page
inermis, Anoplagonus 186
infraspinata, Asterotheca 184, 185
Inopsetta ischyra 158
inornata, Raja 132
introniger, Sebastodes 167
ios, Clevelandia 191
ischyra, Inopsetta 158
isolepis, Isopsetta 158
Isopsetta isolepis 158
jordani, Eopsetta 157
Lycodes 195
Pantosteus 143
Ronquilus 191
Jordania zonope 173
kamloops, Salmo gairdnerii 138
keta, Oncorhynchus 134
kincaidi, Malacocottus 180
Raja 132
kisutch, Oncorhynchus 135
klamathensis, Apocope 149
Cottus 178
lacus-anserinus, Catostomus
occidentalis 145
laetus, Pholis 192
Lamna nasus 131
Lamnidae 131
Lampanyctus
leucopsarus 152
nannochir 152
regalis 152
Lampetra fluviatilis 130
planeri 130
Lampridae 156
Lampris regius 156
lateralis, Artedius 176
Taeniotoca 190
latifrons, Xenopyxis 184
latipinnis, Zaniolepis 171
Lebius superciliosus 171
leiopomus, Cottus 177
Lepidogobius lepidus 191
Lepidopsetta bilineata 158
lepidus, Lepidogobius 191
Leptoclinus maculatus 193
Leptocottus armatus armatus. ... 180
leucopsarum, Lampanyctus 152
Leuroglossus stilbius 142
lewisi, Salmo clarkii 136
Liparididae 186
Liparis
callyodon 186
cyclopus 187
dennyi 187
florae 187
fucensis 187
mucosus 186
pulchellus 187
rutteri 186
1936]
Schultz: Keys to Fishes
225
Page
Lota maculosa 156
longirostris, Lumpenella 193
lugubris, Plectromus 159
Lumpenella longirostris 193
Lumpenus anguillaris 193
luxatus, Deltistes 142
Lycodapus fierasfer 196
Lycodes
brevipes 196
jordani 195
palearis 196
Lycodopsis pacificus 195
Lycogramma brunnea 196
Lyconectes aleutensis 19-4
Lyopsetta exilis 157
macellus, Prionistius 173
macouni, Chauliodus 142
Pterygiocottus 177
macrocephalus, Gadus 154
macrocheilus, Catostomus 145
Macrouridae 154
Macrurus acrolepis 154
maculatus, Leptoclinus 193
Notorynchus 130
maculosa, Lota 156
maculosus, Oligocottus 181
maeandricus, Caularchus 197
Malacocottus kincaidi '. 180
maliger, Sebastodes 169
Mallotus villosus 142
malma spectabilis, Salvelinus 139
marginatus, Brosmophycis 197
Cottus 178
marmoratus, Scorpaenichthys . ... 173
maximus, Cetorhinus 131
meanyi, Ruscarius 177
medirostris, Acipenser 133
Melamphaidae 159
melanops, Sebastodes 164, 165
melanostictus, Psettichthys 157
melanurus, Careproctus 188
melas, Ameiurus 150
mento, Paraliparis 189
Merluccius productus 156
microcephalus, Gasterosteus
aculeatus 159
Somniosus 131
microdon, Cyclothone 142
Microgadus proximus 155
microlepis, Antimora 156
Micropterus dolomieu 162
microps, Catostomus 144
Microstomidae 142
Microstomus pacificus 159
miniatus, Sebastodes 166
mirabilis, Gillichthys 191
mitrulus, Hesperoleucus 146
Mola mola 197
Molidae 197
Page
mollis, Bothrocara 197
montanus, Thymallus 140
montereyensis, Gibbonsia elegans. 192
mordax mordax, Engraulis 133
Moronidae 163
mucosus, Liparis 186
Xiphister 194
Myctophidae 151
Myctophum
californiense 151
crenulare 151
Mylocheilus caurinus 147
Mylopharodon conocephalus 147
Myoxocephalus
polyacanthocephalus 180
mystinus, Sebastodes 166
namaycush, Cristivomer 138
nannochir, Lampanyctus 152
nasus, Lamna 131
Nautichthys oculofasciatus 182
nebulosus, Ameiurus 151
Sebastodes 170
Nectoliparis pelagicus 189
Nemichthyidae 142
Nemichthys avocetta 142
nerka, Oncorhynchus 135
nicholsii, Rhinogobiops 191
nigripinnis, Bathyagonus 185
nigrocinctus, Sebastodes 170
nobilis, Atractoscion 163
notatus, Porichthys 197
Notorynchus maculatus 130
notospilotus, Parastrolytes 176
Novumbra hubbsi 152, 153
Novumbridae 152
nubila, Apocope oscula 148
nugator, Bryostemma 193
obesus, Siphateles bicolor 147
Occa verrucosa 183
occidentalis lacus-anserinus,
Catostomus 145
ocellatus, Anarrhichthys 195
octogrammus, Hexagrammos 172
oculofasciatus, Nautichthys 182
Odontopyxis trispinosus 183, 184
olidus, Hypomesus 142
Oligocottus maculosus 181
Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha 133
keta 134
kisutch 135
nerka 136
tshawytscha 135
Oneirodidae 197
Ophiodon elongatus 172
Ophiodontidae 172
orbis, Eumicrotremus 186
226
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
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oregonensis,
bi color Siphateles 147
Ptychocheilus 150
oregonia, Atherinops affinis 160
Oregonichthys crameri 147
oregonium, Prosopium 140
ornatus, Pholis 192
oscula
nubila, Apocope 148
carringtoni, Apocope 148
Osmeridae 140
Osmerus dentex 140
Otolithidae 163
ovigerum, Careproctus 188
Oxycottus acuticeps 182
Oxylebius pictus 171
pacificus, Bathylagus 142
Lycodopsis 195
Microstomus 159
Thaleichthys 141
palearis, Lycodes 196
pallasii, Clupea 133
Pallasina barbata aix 183
Pantosteus
jordani 143
delphinus 144
paradoxus, Psychrolutes 172
Paralepididae 151
Paraliparis
cephalus. 189
dactylosus 188
deani 188
mento 189
ulochir 188
Parastrolytes notospilotus 176
Paricelinus hopliticus 173
Parophrys vetulus 158
paucispinis, Sebastodes 164
pectoralis, Albatrossia 154
pelagicus, Nectoliparis 189
pentacantha, Asterotheca 186
Peprilus simillimus 161
Perca flavescens 161
Percidae 161
Percopsidae 156
personatus, Ammodytes tobianus. 191
Petromyzonidae 130
Phanerodon furcatus 190
Pholididae 192
Pholis
laetus 192
ornatus 192
Phytichthys chirus chirus 194
pictus, Oxylebius 171
pinniger, Sebastodes 166
planeri, Lampetra 130
Platichthys stellatus rugosus 159
Plectobranchus evides 193
Plectromus
cristiceps 159
lugubris 159
Page
Pleuronectidae 157
Pleuronectinae 157
Pleuronichthys
coenosus 158
decurrens 158
Pneumatophorus diego 160
Podothecus acipenserinus 183
Polistotrema
deani 130
stouti 130
polyacanthocephalus,
Myoxocephalus 180
Polypera
beringianus 187
greeni 187
Pomoxis
annularis 162
sparoides 162
Porichthys notatus 197
Poroclinus rothrocki 193
pretiosus, Hypomesus 142
princeps, Cottus 177
Prionace glauca 131
Prionistius macellus 173
productus, Merluccius 156
profundorum, Zesticelus 180
proriger, Sebastodes 166
Prosopium
coulteri 139
oregonium 140
snyderi 139
williamsoni 139
proximus, Microgadus 155
Psettichthys melanostictus 157
Psychrolutes paradoxus 172
Ptervgiocottus macouni 177
Ptilichthyidae 195
Ptilichthys goodei 195
Ptychocheilus
grandis 149
oregonensis 150
umpquae 150
pugetensis, Chitonotus 1 75
pulchellus, Liparis 187
punctatus, Ictalurus 150
punctulatus, Cottus 179
pungitius, Pungitius 159
purpurescens purpurescens,
Anoplarchus 194
quadricornis, Hypsagonus 182
Quietula y-cauda 191
Radulinus
asprellus 174
boleoides 174
rafinesquei, Diaphus 152
raii, Brama 160
Raja
binoculata 132
inornata 132
1936]
Schults: Keys to fishes
227
Page
kincaidi 132
rhina 132
stellulata 132
trachura 132
Rajidae 131
regalis, Lampanyctus 152
regius, Lampris 156
remigera, Bothrocara 196
rex-salmonorum, Trachipterus . ... 156
Rhamphocottidae 182
Rhamphocottus richardsoni 182
rhina, Raja 132
Rhinichthys
cataractae dulcis 149
evermanni 149
Rhinogobiops nicholsii 191
Rbinoliparis
attenuatus 189
barbulifer 189
rhodorus, Ascelichthys 172
rhodoterus, Holconotus 190
rhotheus, Cottus 179
richardsoni, Rhamphocottus 182
Richardsonius
balteatus balteatus 150
balteatus hydrophlox 150
rimensis, Rusciculus 181
rimiculus, Catostomus 144
Roccus saxatilis 163
Ronquilus jordani 191
rosaceus, Sebastodes 168
rostratus, Heterostichus 192
rothrocki, Poroclinus 193
ruberrimus, Sebastodes 167
rubrivinctus, Sebastodes 168
rugosus, Platichthys stellatus. ... 159
rupestris, Sebastodes 168
Ruscarius meanyi 177
Rusciculus rimensis 181
rutteri, Liparis 186
saida, Boreogadus 155
saira, Cololabis 154
Salmo
clarkii clarkii 136, 137
clarkii
crescentis 136
lewisi 136
gairdnerii
beardsleei 137
gairdnerii 137
kamloops 138
trutta 137
salmoides, Aplites 162
Salmonidae 134
Salvelinus
fontinalis 138
malma spectabilis 139
sapidissima, Alosa 133
Sarda chilensis 160
Sardinops caerulea 133
Page
saxatilis, Roccus 163
saxicola, Sebastodes 167
Scomberesocidae 154
Scombridae 160
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus 173
Scorpaenidae 163
Scylliorhinidae 131
Scytalina cerdale 195
Scytalinidae 195
Sebastodes
alutus 166
auriculatus 168
caurinus 1 69
chrysomelas 170
columbianus 164, 165
crameri 167
diploproa 167
elongatus 168
emphaeus 166
flavidus 164, 165
introniger 167
maliger 169
melanops 164, 165
miniatus 166
mystinus 166
nebulosus 170
nigrocinctus 170
paucispinis 164
pinniger 166
proriger 166
rosaceus 168
ruberrimus 167
rubrivinctus 168
rupestris 168
saxicola 167
serranoides 164
wilsoni 167
zacentrus 168
Sebastolobus
alascanus 163
altivelis 163
semiscaber, Cottus 179
serranoides, Sebastodes 164
setiger, Dasy cottus 180
sigalutes, Gilbertidia 172
silenus, Zaprora 191
simillimus, Peprilus 161
Siphateles
bicolor bicolor 146, 147
columbianus 146
formosus 146
obesus 147
oregonensis 147
snyderi, Catostomus 145
Dialarchus 181
Prosopium 139
Somniosidae 131
Somniosus microcephalus 131
sordidus, Citharichthys 156
228
University of Washington Publications in Biology
[Vol. 2.
Page
sparoides, Pomoxis 162
spectabilis, Salvelinus malma 139
Sphyraena argentea 1 60
Sphyraenidae 1 60
spinosus, Calycilepidotus 174
Spirinchus
dilatus 141
starksi 141
Squalidae 131
Squalus suckleyi 131
Squatina calif ornica 131
Squatinidae 131
starksi, Spirinchus 141
stellatus, Platichthys rugosus . ... 159
stelleri, Hexagrammos 172
Stellerina xyosterna 183
stellulata, Raja 132
stenolepis, Hippoglossus 157
Stichaeidae 192
stigmaeus, Citharichthys 156
stilbius, Leuroglossus 142
stomias, Atheresthes 157
Bathytroctes 133
Chasmistes 143
stouti, Polistotrema 130
strabo, Icelinus 175
Stromateidae 161
suckleyi, Squalus 131
Sudidae 151
superciliosus, Lebius 171
swanii, Bothragonus 183
syncheilus, Catostomus 143, 144
Synchirus gilli 172
Syngnathidae 160
Syngnathus griseo-lineatus 160
Taeniotoca lateralis 190
Tarandichthys
filamentosus 175
tenuis 175
tenuis, Cottus 178
Tarandichthys 175
Tetranarce californica 132
Thaleichthys pacificus 141
Theragra chalcogramma fucensis. . 155
thoburni, Alcidea 173
Thunnidae 160
Thunnus thynnus 1 60
Thymallidae 140
Thymallus montanus 140
thynnus, Thunnus 160
Tigoma bicolor 149
Tinea tinea 146
tobianus personatus, Ammodytes. 191
Tocichthys ellipticus 190
Torpedinidae 132
Page
Trachipteridae 156
Trachipterus rex-salmonorum . . . . 156
trachura, Raja 132
transmontana, Columbia 156
transmontanus, Acipenser 133
triacanthus, Xeneretmus 184
Trichiuridae 160
Trichodon trichodon 163
Trichodontidae 163
tridentatus, Entosphenus 130
Triglops beani 173
trispinosus, Odontopyxis 183, 184
trutta, Salmo 137
tshawytscha, Oncorhynchus 135
tubulatus, Cottus 178
ulochir, Paraliparis 188
umatilla, Apocope 148
umpquae, Ptychocheilus 150
vacca, Damalichthys 190
vermiculatus, Esox 152
verrucosa, Occa 183
vetulus, Parophrys 158
villosus, Mallotus 142
vinolentus, Eumicrotremus 186
violaceus, Cebidichthys 194
vulpinus, Alopias 131
warnerensis, Catostomus 143
williamsoni, Prosopium 139
willoughbyi, Acrotus 161
wilsoni, Sebastodes 167
Xeneretmus triacanthus 184
Xenopyxis latifrons 184
Xerepes fucorum 192
Xiphister mucosus 194
xyosterna, Stellerina 183
Xystes axinophrys 183
y-cauda, Quietula 191
zacentrus, Sebastodes 168
zachirus, Glyptocephalus 159
Zaniolepis latipinnis 171
Zaprora silenus 191
Zaproridae 191
Zesticelus profundorum 180
Zoarcidae 195
zonif er, Erilepis 170
zonope, Jordania 173
Zyopterus, Galeorhinus 131
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATIONS
The University of Washington Publications are offered in exchange for similar pub-
lications issued by universities, scientific societies and other institutions. These papers
contain the results of research work in various departments of the University. They are
issued in separate monographs numbered in several series. There is no stated interval of
publication. All inquiries and all matter sent in exchange should be addressed to the
University of Washington Library, Seattle, Washington. Inquiries regarding purchase of
these publications should be addressed to the Publications Editor, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle, Washington.
(O.P. — Indicates that publication is out of print.)
ANTHROPOLOGY
Volumes I, II, III, and IV completed. Volume V in progress.
Vol. 1. 1. The Whaling Equipment of the Makah Indians, by T. T. Waterman
(formerly Vol. 1, No. 1 of the University of Washington Publications
in Political and Social Science, discontinued). Pp. 1-67. June, 1920... O.P.
2. The Distribution of Kinship Systems in North America, by Leslie Spier
Pp. 69-88. Maps 1-9. August, 1925 $ .50
3. An Analysis of Plains Indian rarfleche Decoration, by Leslie Spier.
Pp. 89-1 12. August, 1925 25
4. Klallam Folk Tales, by Erna Gunther. Pp. 113-170. August, 1925 50
5. Klallam Ethnography, by Erna Gunther. Pp. 171-314. January, 1927.. 1.25
Vol. 2. 1. Adze, Canoe, and House Types of the Northwest Coast, by Ronald L.
Olson. Pp. 1-38. November, 1927 50
2. The Ghost Dance of 1870 among the Klamath of Oregon, by Leslie Spier.
Pp. 39-56. November, 1927 25
3. Some Tales of the Southern Puget Sound Salish, by Arthur C. Ballard.
Pp. 57-81. December, 1927 25
4. The Middle Columbia Salish, by James H. Teit. Edited by Franz Boas.
Pp. 83-128. June, 1928 50
5. A Further Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony, by Erna Gunther.
Pp. 129-173. June, 1928 50
6. Northwest Sahaptin Texts, 1, by Melville Jacobs. Pp. 175-244. June, 1929 .75
Vol. 3. 1. Growth of Japanese Children Born in America and in Japan, by Leslie
Spier. Pp. 1-30. July, 1929 35
2. Mythology of Southern Puget Sound, by Arthur C. Ballard. Pp. 31-150.
December, 1929 1.00
3. Wishram Ethnography, by Leslie Spier and Edward Sapir. Pp. 151-300.
Illustrated. May, 1930 1.50
Vol. 4. 1. The Indians of Puget Sound, by Hermann Haeberlin and Erna Gunther.
Pp. 1-84. September, 1930 1.00
2. A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar, by Melville Jacobs. Pp. 85-292.
1 Map. March, 1931 2.00
3. Plains Indian Parfleche Designs, by Leslie Spier. Pp. 293-322. Illus-
trated. December, 1931 35
Vol. 5. The Sanpoil and Nesplem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington,
by Verne F. Ray. Pp. 237. Illustrated. November, 1932 2.00
BIOLOGY
Vol. 1. 1. The Spiders of Washington, by Leonard G. Worley. Pp. 1-64. August,
1932 50
2. Coleoptera of Washington: Chrysomelidae, by Samuel Beller and Melville
H. Hatch. Pp. 65-144. Plate 1. August, 1932 50
3. Coleoptera of Washington: Silphidae, by Melville H. Hatch and William
Rueter, Jr. Pp. 147-162. September, 1934 15
Vol. 2. 1. A New Catostomid Fish from the Columbia River, by Carl L. Hubbs and
Leonard P. Schultz. Pp. 1-14. October, 1932 15
2. Descriptions of Two New American Species Referable to the Rockfish
Genus Sebastodcs, with Notes on Related Species, by Carl L. Hubbs and
Leonard P. Schultz. Pp. 15-44. Plates 1, 2. July, 1933 25
3. The Age and Growth of Atherinops affinis oregonia Jordan and Snyder
and of other subspecies of Baysmelt along the Pacific Coast of the United
States, by Leonard P. Schultz. Pp. 45-102. Plates 3, 4. December, 1933 .50
4. Key to the Fishes of Washington, Oregon and Closely Adjoining Re-
gions, by Leonard P. Schultz. Pp. 103-228. Illustrated. December,
1936 75
Vol. 3. Key to the Rusts of the Pacific Northwest, by J. W. Hotson. Pp. 1-194.
Illustrated. November, 1934 150
Vol. 4. 1. Oligochaeta of Washington, by Luther Clare Altman. Pp. 1-137. Illus-
trated. May, 1936 75
Vol. 5. A Botanical Survey of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, by George
Neville Jones. Pp. 1-288. Illustrated. June. 1936 2.00
FISHERIES
Volumes I and II completed.
Vol. 1. 1. Preserved Pickled Herring, by Clarence Louis Anderson. Pp. 1-64
March, 1925 1.00
2. Field Characters Identifying Young Salmonoid Fishes in Fresh Waters of
Washington, by Donald R. Crawford. Pp. 12. April, 1925 25
3. Synostosis in the Spinal Column of the Rainbow Trout, by Donald R.
Crawford. Pp. 8. April, 1925 25
4. A Study of the Gases in Canned Foods, by Ray W. Clough, Oscar E.
Shostrom, Ernest D. Clark. Pp. 86-100. September, 1925 25
5. Notes on the Presence of Indol in Sea Foods and Other Food Products,
by Ray W. Clough, Oscar E. Shostrom, Ernest D. Clark. Pp. 101-108. Sep-
tember, 1925 25
6. Iodine Content of the Pacific Coast Salmon, by Norman Donald Jarvis,
Ray William Clough, Ernest Dunbar Clark. Pp. 109-138. February,
1926. Reprint. December, 1928 25
7. Biochemical Study and Proximate Composition of Pacific Coast Crabs, by
Carl R. Fellers and Clarence T. Parks. Pp. 139-156. February, 1926... .25
8. Bacteriological Investigations on Raw Salmon Spoilage, by Carl R. Fel-
lers. Pp. 157-188. July, 1926 25
9. Canned Salmon: A Five-Year Correlation Study of Certain Quality
Factors, by Carl Raymond Fellers, Ernest Dunbar Clark and Ray William
Clough. Pp. 189-204. August, 1926 25
10. Fish Preservation by Hypochlorites, by Tung Pai Chen and Carl R.
Fellers. Pp. 205-227. September, 1926 25
11. Non-gaseous Spoilage in Canned Marine Products, by Carl R. Fellers.
Pp. 229-238. October, 1927 25
12. Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Sea Foods, by Norman D. Jarvis. Pp.
239-250. November, 1928 25
Vol. 2. 1. Ecto-Parasitic Infusoria Attacking Fish of the Northwest, by John E.
Guberlet. Pp. 1-16. October, 1926 25
2. Studies on the Control of Gyrodactylus, by John E. Guberlet, Harry A.
Hanson and Jean A. Kavanagh. Pp. 17-29. December, 1927 25
3. Notes on a Species of Argulus from Gold-Fish, by John E. Guberlet.
Pp. 31-42. December, 1928 25
4. Check-list of the Fresh-water Fishes of Oregon and Washington, by
Leonard P. Schultz. Pp. 43-50. January, 1929 25
5. Fish Meals as Food for Young Salmonoid Fishes, by Donald Russell
Crawford and Ahamedur Rahman Nizam. Pp. 51-71. June, 1929 25
6. Description of a New Type of Mud-Minnow from Western Washington
with Notes on Related Species, by Leonard P. Schultz. Pp. 73-82. Plates
1, 2. July, 1929 25
GEOLOGY
Volumes I and II completed. Volume III in progress.
Vol. 1. 1. Tertiary Faunal Horizons of Western Washington, by Charles E. Weaver.
Pp. 1-67. Plates 1-5. February, 1916 1.00
2. Paleontology of the Oligocene of the Chehalis Valley, by Katherine E.
H. Van Winkle. Pp. 69-67. Plates 6 and 7. January, 1918 50
3. Fauna from the Eocene of Washington, by Charles E. Weaver and
Katherine Van Winkle Palmer. Pp. 1-56. Plates 8-12. June, 1922.. .50
4. Foraminifera from the Eocene of Cowlitz River, Lewis County, Washing-
ton, by G. Dallas Hanna and Marcus A. Hanna. Pp. 57-64. Plate 13.
October, 1924 50
Vol. 2. The Geology of the San Juan Islands, by Roy Davidson McLellan. Pp.
185. Illustrated. 1 map 27"x33". November, 1927 2.00
Vol. 3. 1. The Geomorphology and Volcanic Sequence of Steens Mountain in
Southeastern Oregon, by Richard E. Fuller. Pp. 1-130. Illustrated
November, 1931 1.50
2. The Geology of Mount Rainier National Park, by Howard A. Coombs.
Pp. 131-212. Illustrated. July, 1936 75
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Volumes I, II, III, IV, V and VII completed.
Vol. 1. The Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, by Frederick Morgan
Padelford. Pp. 238. October, 1920. See Vol. 5.
Vol. 2. 1. Spenser's Use of Ariosto for Allegory, by Susannah Jane McMurphy.
Pp. 1-54. November, 1923 75
2. Thomas Dekker: A Study in Economic and Social Background, by Kate
L.Gregg. Pp. 55-112. July, 1924 75
3. A Bibliography of Fifteenth Century Literature, by Lena Lucile Tucker
and Allen Rogers Benham. Pp. 113-274. March, 1928 1.00
Vol. 3. A Critical Edition of Ford's Perkin Warbeck, by Mildred Clara Struble.
Pp. 216. 1 Map. January, 1926 2.00
Vol. 4. 1. A Bibliography of Chaucer, 1908-1924, compiled by Dudley David
Griffith. Pp. 1-148. March, 1926 1.00
2. Adam, translated by Edward Noble Stone. Pp. 159-193. March, 1926
Reprint. December, 1928 75
3. A Translation of Chapters XI-XVI of Pseudo-Augustinian Sermon
Against Jews, Pagans and Arians, Concerning the Creed, also of the
Ordo Prophetarum of St. Martial of Limoges, by Edward Noble Stone.
Pp. 195-214. March, 1928 25
4. Roman Surveying Instruments, by Edward Noble Stone. Pp. 215-242.
Illustrated. August, 1928 75
Vol. 5. The Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, by Frederick Morgan
Padelford. Pp. 284. 2 illustrations. October, 1928. Revised Edition.
Cloth, $3.00; paper 2.00
Vol. 6. 1. The Political Thought of Roger Williams, by James E. Ernst. Pp. 230.
March, 1929 2.00
Vol. 7. The Nature of Poetic Literature, by Louis Peter de Vries. Pp. 246.
November, 1930. Cloth, $2.50; paper 1.50
Vol. 8. 1. The Origin of the Griselda Story, by Dudley David Griffith. Pp. 1-120.
September, 1931 75
2. Presiding Ideas in Wordsworth's Poetry, by Melvin M. Rader. Pp.
121-216. November, 1931 75
Vol. 9. A Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel, by Edward Godfrey Cof.
Pp. 416 2.25
The Publications in Language and Literature are designed to include studies in the
various languages and literatures, ancient and modern, represented at the University.
The series replaces and absorbs The Publications in English of which the following vol-
umes have appeared:
Vol. 1. Uno Linderlof's Elements of the History of the English Language,
translated by Robert Max Garrett. Cloth O.P.
Vol. 2. The Political and Ecclesiastical Allegory of the First Book of the Faerie
Queene, by Frederick Morgan Padelford. Cloth 75
Vol. 3. Johannes Steenstrup's The Medieval Popular Ballad, translated by Ed-
ward Godfrey Cox. Cloth 1.75
Vol. 4. 1. The Pearl: An Interpretation, by Robert Max Garrett. Paper. Pp. 45.. .50
MATHEMATICS
Volume I completed. Volume II in progress.
Vol. 1. 1. An Arithmetical Theory of Certain Numerical Functions, by Eric Temple
Bell. Pp. 1-44. August, 1915 O.P.
2. Cyclic-Harmonic Curves: A Study in Polar Coordinates, by Robert E.
Moritz. Pp. 1-58. June, 1923 1.00
3. Five Studies in Mathematics: Modular Bernoullian and Eulerian Func-
tions, by E. T. Bell; Point-Line Correspondences Associated with the
General Ruled Surface, by A. F. Carpenter; On the Sum Products
of n Consecutive Integers, by Robert E. Moritz; Some Finite Linear
Non- Associative Algebras, by L. I. Neikirk; The Ternary Hesse Group
and Its Invariants, by R. M. Winger. Pp. 1-80. June, 1926 75
Vol. 2. 1. Six Studies in Mathematics: A Postulational Introduction to the Four
Color Problem, by J. P. Ballantine; Electrical Oscillations in a Non-
Uniform Transmission Line, by W. H. Ingram; Quintuples of Curves
in Four-Space, by A. R. Jerbert; Sufficient Conditions in the Problem
of Lagrange of the Calculus of Variations with One Variable End
Point, by L. H. McFarlan; A Class of Continuous Curves Defined by
Motion Which Have No Tangent Lines, by L. I. Neikirk; A Class of
Totally Discontinuous Functions, by L. I. Neikirk. Pp. 1-68. Decem-
ber, 1930 1.00
2. Four Studies in Mathematics: The Theory of dk Differences with Ap-
plications to the Numerical Solution of Differential Equations, by J. P.
Ballantine; Ruled Surface Symbionts, by A. F. Carpenter; Methods of
Solving the Euler Equations for the most Simple Problem of the Calculus
of Variations in the Parametric Form, by L. H. McFarlan; Self-Projec-
tive Rational Octavics Invariant under a Dihedral Collineation Group
of Order Twelve, by J. A. Carlson. Pp. 1-65. April, 1934 1.00
OCEANOGRAPHY
Vol. 1. 1. Seasonal Distribution of Plankton at Friday Harbor, Washington, by
Martin W. Johnson. Pp. 1-38. Figs. A-C. November, 1932 3S
2. Seasonal Distribution and Occurrence of Planktonic Diatoms at Friday
Harbor, Washington, by Lyman D. Phifer. Pp. 39-81. Figs. A-E.
January, 1933 35
3. Vertical Distribution of Diatoms in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, by Lyman
D. Phifer. Pp. 83-96. Figs A-C. November, 1934 IS
4. Phytoplankton of East Sound, Washington, February to November, 1932,
by Lyman D. Phifer. Pp. 97-liO. Figs. A, B. November, 1934 IS
5. The Plankton and the Properties of the Surface Waters of the Puget
Sound Region, by Thomas G. Thompson and Lyman D. Phifer. Pp.
111-134. Figs. A-E. March, 1936 35
Vol. 2. 1. Seasonal Settlement of Shipworms, Barnacles, and other Wharf-Pile Or-
ganisms at Friday Harbor, Washington. By Martin W. Johnson and
RoVrt C. Miller. Pp. 1-18. Fig. 1. March, 1935 20
Vol. 3. 1. The Distribution of Phosphates in the Sea Water of the Northeast Pacific.
By Iver Igelsrud, Rex J. Robinson and Thomas G. Thompson. Pp. 1-34.
Figs. 1-10. March, 1936 25
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Volumes, I, II, III, V, VII and IX completed. Volumes IV, VI and VIII in progress*
Vol. 1. 1. Studies in Matriculation Statistics, Intelligence Ratings and Scholarship
Records at the University of Washington, by Alexander Crippen Roberts.
Pp. 68. January, 1924 75
2. Causation and the Types of Necessity, by Curt John Ducasse. Pp.
69-200. February, 1924 1.50
Vol. 2. 1. Tiberius Caesar and the Roman Constitution, by Olive Kuntz. Pp. 1-78.
August, 1924 75
2. The Logical Influence of Hegel on Marx, by Rebecca Cooper. Pp.
79-182. October, 1925 1.00
3. A Scale of Individual Tests, by Stevenson Smith. Pp. 183-204. May,
1927 50
Vol. 3. 1. A Study of Mobility of Population in Seattle, by Andrew W. Lind.
Pp. 1-64. 2 Maps. October, 1925 75
2. History and Development of Common School Legislation in Washington,
by Dennis C. Troth. Pp. 65-260. 2 Maps. February 1, 1927 1.50
Vol. 4. 1. John III, Duke of Brabant and the French Alliance, 1345-1347, by
Henry Stephen Lucas. Pp. 1-64. May, 1927 75
Vol. 5. 1. Suicides in Seattle, 1914 to 1925, by Calvin F. Schmid. Pp. 1-94.
Illustrated. October, 1928 1.00
2. Pupil Mobility in the Public Schools of Washington, by John E. Cor-
bally. Pp. 95-180. 1 Map. July, 1930 1.00
3. The Unemployed Citizens' League of Seattle, by Arthur Hillman. Pp.
181-270. February, 1934 50
4. County Finances in the State of Washington. Pp. 271-374. 26 illustra-
tions. February, 1935 1.00
Vol. 6. 1. History of Early Common School Education in Washington, by Thomas
William Bibb. Pp. 1-154. June, 1929 1.50
Vol. 7. Utah and the Nation, by Leland Hargrave Creer. Pp. 276. 2 Maps.
July, 1929. Unbound, $2.00. Bound 3.00
Vol. 8. 1. The Cost of Municipal Operation of the Seattle Street Railway, by Harry
Leslie Purdy. Pp. 1-28. August, 1929 65
2. A Plan for Regional Administrative Districts in the State of Washington,
by Selden C. Menefee. Pp. 29-80. December, 1935 50
3. Seasonal Unemployment in the State of Washington, by William S.
Hopkins. Pp. 81-168. Illustrated. December, 1936 60
Vol. 9. An Introduction to Some Problems of Australian Federalism, by Kenneth
O. Warner. Pp. 1-312. November, 1933. Cloth, $2.75; paper 1.75
MEMOIRS OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
Vol. 1. Paleontology of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of West Central Argentina,
by Charles E. Weaver. Pp. 1-596. Plates 1-62. March, 1931 15.00
DIGEST OF THESES
Vol 1. Digests of Doctoral Theses: 1914-1931. Pp. 265 1.25
The Publications of the Engineering Experiment Station Series include bulletins of
information and investigation concerning engineering and scientific problems.
The Extension Service Series includes monographs of interest and value to the lay-
man. While authentic, they are not written in highly technical terms with which the
general public is unfamiliar.
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