SPECIAL STATEMENT BY THE
PRESIDENT ON THE
DECLARATION OF A STATE OF NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
— The Background of the Declaration of a State of National Emergency —
fV)
National Security Council Decision No. I
Cabinet Council Decision No. 1125
PRESIDENTIAL
DECLARATION OF A
STATE OF NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
A close watch and careful review by the govern-
ment of the Republic of Korea on the rapid
changes in the international situation, includ-
ing the recent admission of Communist China
into the United Nations, its effect upon the
Korean peninsula, and the various fanatic
moves by north Korean Communists for inva-
sion preparations have prompted a conclusion
that the Republic of Korea is now faced with
a crucial time for reshaping its national se-
curity posture.
The government, therefore, declares herewith
a state of national emergency with a view to
informing the people of this stark reality, keenly
realizing the urgent necessity of jointly renew-
ing the firm determination of the government
and people to overcome the current difficult
situation.
7. The government will henceforth place top
priority on national security matters and
promptly establish a stronger security
posture at the earliest possible date,
2. Any social unrest that represents a risk
to national security will not he tolerated,
and all elements of such unrest will he
removed,
3. Irresponsible arguments on national se-
curity matters must he avoided,
4. Every citizen must willingly shoulder his
share and faithfully fulfill his duty in
safeguarding national security,
5. Every citizen must establish in himself a
new sense of values consistent with natio-
nal security requirements,
6. Every citizen must be prepared with
determination, should the worst contin-
gency arrive, to concede some of the
freedom that he enjoys for the sake of
protecting national security.
1971. 12. 6
PARK CHUNG HEE
PRESIDENT
SPECIAL STATEMENT BY THE
PRESIDENT ON THE
DECLARATION OF A STATE OF NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
Dear citizens !
Today, I have declared a state of national emergency to inform the people
that our country, the Republic of Korea, is at present confronted with a
grave situation. I have, in my duty as president to safeguard the nation and
preserve the freedom of the people, derived this estimate from a thorough
analysis, review and evaluation of the recent international situation and the
north Korean moves.
North Korea (doubled its pre-Korean War
military potential during the 1953-1960 period.
It carried out with success its so-called four milit-
ary policies from 1961 to 1968, completing pre-
parations to fight out a war against the Republic
of Korea without foreign assistance. Continuing
to strengthen its all-out war capability, Kim II-
sung of north Korea boasted during the north
Korean Labour (Communist) Party meeting in
November, 1970, that north Korea had com-
pleted war preparations.
North Korea re-organized its military set-up,
expanding commando-type units since 1969. It
has brought in a great quantity of surprise attack
arms and equipment since 1968, increasing its
fire power twofold. North Korea now can make
surprise attacks on the capital area of Korea and
its industrial rear areas.
North Korea emphasizes training in surprise
attacks by large units, guerilla warfare, and fast-
victory tactics. Military position and fortifica-
tions have been built in the more forward areas.
In addition, the Red militia of 1,400,000 citizens
and farmers and the youth guard of 700,000
students of secondary school and up are equal
to the regular forces in equipment and training.
Centering on heavy and military industry, eco-
nomies have been geared to a war time system
in north Korea. With a build-up of arms into
sufficient quantity, Kim says when a decisive
moment arrives he can strike successfully. The
decisive moment as seen by Kim is when Com-
munist China checks the U.S. and Japan diplo-
matically and the Republic of Korea proves
incapable of handling its internal confusion and
disorder.
The Rodong (Labour)
Shinmoon, north Korea’s
official organ, and all other
party-manipulated propa-
ganda machineries, shout
out “one for a hundred”,
demanding inhuman mili-
tary training for the popu-
lace. “One for a hundred”
means that one should
defeat a hundred enemies.
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El]
It is well to say that the general trend of international society tends towards
peace, and is moving from confrontation to negotiation. This trend, how-
ever, is only an aspect of efforts of the big powers to maintain status quo in
a stalemate of the nuclear arms race. The situation on our Korean peninsula,
however, is not at all running parallel to such a trend. On the contrary, we
must be fully aware of the fact that the local tension on the Korean peninsula
is constantly mounting. This is because north Korea is dead set upon its
Red scheme to unify the country by communization only, and does not cease
aggressive provocations, taking advantage of the general trend when the
manoeuverability of the major powers is limited by a stalemate in the
nuclear arms race.
Recent international trends, such as the SALT
talks, Sino-American rapprochement, the seating
of Red China in the UN, appear to indicate a
thaw. These trends, however, are products and
developments of the process of reorganization of
international power distribution based on the
theory of power and self-interest under a nuclear
stalemate.
The Korean peninsula is surrounded militarily
by the three powers of the U.S., Communist
China, and the U.S.S.R, while politically by the
four powers of these three plus Japan. The con-
flicts of diplomatic and military interest and
checks-and-balances among these world powers
help create various problems and tension inside
Korea.
Problems and tension in Korea are being fur-
ther aggravated by Kim Il-sung who schemes
constantly to communize the whole Korean
peninsula by means of force.
Kim Il-sung’s north Korea decided that the
opportune time presents itself now to push ahead
its own communization program of the whole of
Korea, taking into favourable consideration a
series of international moves involving Korean
such as the partial withdrawal of the UN Forces
from Korea and the corresponding decrease of
the UN role on the Korean question, the em-
ergence of Communist China as an international
force speaking on behalf of north Korea, and
competition between Communist China and the
USSR to win the support of north Korea in
their ideological feud.
It is to be seen whether the handshakes between the
leaders of divided Germany could really thaw their
icy past relations.
im
;
• 5
r
The seating of Communist China in the ON drew the
concern of the Republic of Korea.
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w» 4»*
World powers are intent on detente as exempli-
fied by the US-USSR nuclear ban talks. These
efforts sometimes give the impression that
nuclear powers try to monopolize nuclear bombs,
thus solidifying their international position as
well. The thawing mood among these powers,
therefore, has little to do with the harsh Korean
realities.
Nuclear Capability
U.S
USSR
Britain
France
ICBM
1,054
1,510
—
IRBM
—
100
—
9
MRBM
—
600
—
—
SLBM
656
350
64
16
Medium Range
Bombers
430
640
—
—
Communist China conducts nuclear tests.
Nuclear ban conferences, US-Communist
China rapprochement, etc, are but the means of
world powers to secure their own national
interest. They are not to protect and guarantee
the interest of weaker nations. Aren’t those
Southeast Asian countries not directly exposed
to the Communist threat trying hard to secure
the right to survive?
, 000 miles
<3
2, 500 miles
1. Communist China's nuclear tests:
12 times
2. Communist China’s nuclear bases
a) Missile Testing Grounds: 12
b) Missile Plants: 7
O MissUe Sites: Over 50
d) Nuclear Test Grounds: Nopunol
Sinkiang Province
3. Nuclear Missile Development
a) ICBM (2. 500-7. 000 miles) to be
completed in 1972
b) IRBM (1.000-2.500 miles) 80-
100 are esiimatesd to be in Com-
munist China
c) MRBM (les than I.OIO) capable
of actual deployment in war-
7.000 miles
Following ,he US. USSR. Red China no. places .he Far East .i.hin its nuclear missile ranpe.
North Korea’s War
Capability
Regular Forces 500,000
Red Youth Guard 700,000
Red Militia 1,420,000
Total: 2,620,000
Major Armament
Artillery Pieces
11,000
Tanks
1,300
Naval Ships
300
Airplanes
790
North Korean troops reading ‘*Kim ll-sung*s Works
Helicopter-borne north Korean troops during an exercise.
The local tension on the Korean peninsula, which occupies only a comer
of the globe, may not seem significant in the major powers world per-
spective, which is mainly directed to maintaining status quo. Nevertheless,
we must unmistakably realize that those very people who live in this tense
corner of the world are none other than ourselves, and that the tension
here is a matter of our very own life or death.
Despite the general international trends to-
wards thawing, local wars are in progress. Israel
and Arabic countries, after two wars, are still
the powder-kegs of the Middle East which may
explode any moment. There seems no guarantee
or clue to peace there. Then, there is, of course,
Vietnam. India and Pakistan plunged into an
all-out war, and the United States, Russia and
Communist China acted as their interest dictated.
The United Nations proved helpless as an inter-
mediator. The two opponents fought it out.
The Republic of Korea, which had already
experienced the Korean War and is now con-
fronted with the ever growing north Korean
military threat and provocation to renew the
Korean war, can hardly overlook these facts as
irrelevant.
North Korea spends 33% of its annual budget
on heavy industry, 7% on light industry, and
30% for military purpose. Heavy industry
stressed by north Korea is linked to strengthening
military potentiality.
Workers forced to work overtime to fulfill
absurdly excessive production quotas at the
Nakwon Machinery Plant
Overworked workers at the fVhanghae Iron Refinery. "Let’s us arm
ourselves with the absolute thought of the party" is seen hung over the
workers.
Women are forced to
work as hard as men.
Technical School Students are forced to work in plants under the
pretext of on~thefob training
Communist Ch.na, which aided and joined with north K„r '
invasion of the south in the tramr .nH r / ^ """
been admitted to the United Lf ™ "f ^as now
Security Counci,. ^
no!*rotf° r demand of
rth Korea calling for tmmediate dissolution of the United Nations Forces
an t e United Nattons Commission for Unification and Rehabilitation of
orea, we must foresee thorny obstacles that might appear in the path of
our national security.
In his maiden speech in the UN General As-
sembly on November 15, 1971, Communist
Chinese chief delegate Chiao Hwan-hua said that
Peking supports the eight-point unification plan
proposed by north Korea and the north Korean
demand to abolish the UNCURK (United
Nations Commission for Unification and Rehabi-
litation of Korea) and abrogate all UN resolu-
tions concerning the Korean question.
Communist China, in other words, wants to
have null and void the express and majority will
of the world body on an important and crucial
matter including such Security Council resolu-
tions as the resolution on the independence and
lawfulness of the Republic of Korea and the
withdrawal of foreign troops (Dec. 12, 1948), the
resolution for military assistance to Korea by
which 16 UN member states contributed to the
UN Forces (June 27, 1950), the resolution to
establish a unified command for the UN Forces
(July 7, 1950), the resolution for relief and aid
to south Korean civilians (July 31, 1950), and
such General Assembly resolutions as the re-
solution for the creation of UNCURK (Oct. 7,
1950), the resolution branding Communist China
as an aggressor (Feb. 1, 1951), and the resolution
proclaiming an embargo on strategic goods to
Communist China (May 8, 1951). All UNCURK
reports, insisted the Communist Chinese delegate,
should be made void.
The Communist Chinese delegate, in fact,
demanded abrogation of the recognition by the
UN of the lawfulness of the Republic of Korea
government as the sole government on the Korean
peninsula, the withdrawal of the accusation by
the UN Security Council of north Korean
aggression (June 25, 1950), the disavowment of
the branding of Red China as an aggressor, the
withdrawal of the UN Forces from Korea, and
the abolishment of UNCURK. In short, Red
China wants to force a divorce between the
United Nations and the Korean question. Should
the UN abrogate or retract any of its own de-
cisions, what future would there be left for the
UN?
Communist China ought to have apologized
for its aggressive acts before the assembled
nations of the world. Instead, from the very out-
set, Communist China was imprudent and brazen-
faced enough to make such preposterous de-
mands to the UN, assigning itself the role of the
mouthpiece of north Korea.
It posed a grave threat to the security diplo-
macy of the Republic of Korea. Over-shadowed
by Communist China, Kim ll-sung and his
followers are casting sidewise glances at the
movement of the United Nations. Perhaps they
are dreaming of the day when their crimes will be
“cleansed”. They are, at the same time, scheming
for the renewal of the Korean War.
Kft-Prmt
I^fi Ct^dM
f hw rubsf Coo(rcM
rtUT tb*i ib» E«tt
'••m be
a naeift «r («o «
^
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•» Wical bnafint
by ttn
* ** •■3>*ni*at d-
« PatUa-
• •‘.auiti u bn
wnlatar
• *P* pteblr!li
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ax' be*
atoisao
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apaaUd ^
^ baij*B-
— ***
P*»niGiT>.
T'' to
\l27. No. 299
W«<ln*Klay, Od. 27, r*.
Peking
-Taiwan Walks
T
. Votes to Seat Red China
reimer Reiterates
tai
Natiooalistj
EmotioDal
Kl Farewell
'VSfif
Nm ^ *il
Body
rAonf Sends Inptiaiion;
Peking MuUs Delegates
wmp waik#\»-7iTI> jTcUad ^ ^
n» nwh -nt « Mm tkw «-**** mm
* ^ *»;« »«atetlB« 4ma»<^ Cui *a <
ater «*• CwMd MamtlT te*.' ateMNrMiM aW'v
•-. »fii ^ tk.
t.
0?mmw/iwr CAwa, >vA/cA fought against the United
Nations Forces during the Korean fVar, became a
member of the UN, taking advantage of the thawing
mood of the world powers.
A wolf showed up wearing the mask of a sheep.
Human wave tactics. Communist China threw into
the Korean theatre its seemingly unlimited manpower
under the slogan of '‘Resist U.S., and assist north
Korea”.
E. p0ki
ySb Gan
llution i
Communist Chinese delegation arrives at
the UN.
The Communist Chinese demand that UN-
CURK be dissolved and the UN Forces be with-
drawn dumfounded the UN delegates.
it^ Siorra Umlti
Clio Hoon foAiont^
iMj * TM rtM
Most«r Tollor '
15 Won
S5f<H WtWiB
LATE art EDITION SEOUL. WEDNESDAY. NWKMBER 17. U»7l
T. P«ld»tan Prehitm
ys* Gandhi Foresees
lution in 2 Months
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P>«t>tom d ‘aoBfU Dodt”
«Mld bo odtlod «lUuo t«o
tncntiw ood perhopo iOoB»r.
Red China Warns
Pakistan Against
Outbreak of War
<AT») - Commu-
u*t Oiiao hao eieorlp ood to-
!**?»*? w»«od PafcuUa Iboi
u Moo e« •'onv a w\r to bmk
« on ibc tndtoa MbconUBCBt.
*» loijrmod aourcM d)Mliaod
Mandop.
TW laureta aok) Chlaa'o
OT*f lb* rtA e< BB
war vaa Mavcp-
S.?*S*****> ta Paktotaa Proa.
*ad tto thro* PakiMaal amw
dariag talka tbep hod
*ir*?** **® »«b
“d athar rhimw
^ChlBaa* WIT* pwiievlar.
r « Uw BwiiHy tl
• Par w>ib tedU te
^^wttb lb* Ibr^af
<»wiiaiBW». iba atan»
Peking Asks U.N. to Annul
All Resolutions on Korea
. II, -fa fM# d*» ad padWpitlaa
LiSrCNINO AT TM« U*. — ehtorTolpe^T P*re»t« Mbotde'
t th. C^ornm Chmrn Ai*a^«- h
^h, UelM WadaB* 11^ - boox— « ^
oeadlKf* Mirau^ aaipbiw aaa^^
Chiao Delirers
Hard-Hitting
Debat Address
UNITED NATIONS
(UPJ) — CMBiBumit Chioi,
ia (u lirti tpccdi in the Cra-
enl A»c»olr. aaajled VX
polkY MwUr o»dh« awl do-
mamied American widi-
drairal Irani Indoclun*. Tai-
van and Korea.
WaraJsf uai lb* dmgwi *f
a ae* world war mill
Otoe KaM boa. dmdy
mtai0rr at the Pobtef §*'«»
moat, told lb* amomdy * ■
bartdUM opairh lAm iw
Chiao. the Communist Chinese delegate,
delivers maiden speech at the UN, disorting
the facts and making preposterous demands.
lyM Par bam d*tr»«Ttod »
~tow**T“
aftn^rfwi ^
CMM*
CaM m* OeC » *«fc
OS'* UX oaa* la
a *Hmi at
m ^ a *i*ia»7 **
And, examining the situation of the United States, we feel that the
United States is running into too difficult a position to allow us to depend
on or ask for the same level of support for our national security as before.
The heated debate in the United States Senate on the foreign aid bill is a
warning to the aid-recipient countries to hasten to assume the burden of
their own national security requirements. We have also learned that the
question of an additional reduction of the United States troop strength in
Korea has already been raised in the United States.
Japan, our neighboring country, has embarked on more frequent contacts
with both Communist China and north Korea. Only we, the Koreans who
have had personal experience, can tell how terrible the Asian communist
menace is.
The dollar crisis, racial disputes, and anti-war
demonstrations were major domestic problems
the United States had to cope with, while engaged
in Vietnam war. The United States gradually
drifted into the Nixon doctrine.
The official American policy that the United
States expects that the local Asian disputes will
be settled by those directly involved and that it
will not intervene unless nuclear arms are em-
ployed in such disputes is widely interpreted as
the re-adjustment of its Asian policies and
strategy influenced by the emergence of Com-
munist China.
This new U.S. policy makes us acutely aware
of the importance and urgent necessity of a self-
reliant defense.
Japan, already an economic power, is about to
emerge as a political power. as well. Stimulated
by the new American approach to Communist
China, it is re-examining its relation with the
United States. It already has begun to grope for
its own approach to Communist China and north
Korea.
The statements of the Japanese government on
various occasions that it intends to improve its
relations with Communist China, the Japanese
public opinion to renounce the Sino-Japanese
treaty involving Nationalist China, the increasing
number of Japanese companies accepting the
terms of the so-called Chou’s four principles,
the moves on the part of Japanese firms to boost
trade with north Korea, and the organization of
the north Korean-Japanese parlimentary union
are but some of the concrete examples of the
recent Japanese approaches.
There is bound to be a certain difference in
attitude toward north Korea between the Korean
people who are faced directly with tangible armed
threat of north Korea and those who regard north
Korea from across the Pacific.
American troops, part of the UN
Forces, pull out of Korea as part of
de-Americanization program.
ROK Required to Pay $20 1
In Won for Military, Assistai
WASHINGTON (Dcngh
Korea wUl ■ ■" '
Passes
KiA
J^ov<et
^2.6 Billion
uSSiS « Foreign Aid
».672.55S.000 forfiS
^ BDd
Of Rossis
WASHINC
— Three Ml
«wry 10 Ri
road <
Korea, aeca
[Sressunal r
The reeon
port compile
Itioiul Peace
tute which
Soviet Uoior
little over 20
400 &QG-17S.
iSs, and ab
a total of ab
of IfiG type
20 year*.
According
N ia
' Ji: ±
” <•} I-
I ''i ^
*7 o-t W C«3
I Y* o I
" t') #L
w i it. (0
G
m
\
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11
-7
I.
V
tc
n
*•
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n
<n
<
*}
m
o
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<
It
•;
jn c
m
fz
n«
•t
«
A.
■j'
tk
ar. •
K
i*
(
lately began to widen
the scope of its contacts not
only with Communist China
but also with north Korea.
This does disservice to the
Korean security. However,
we must re-examine and stren-
gthen our security posture
to meet difficulties with our
own preparedness.
Japan sent many missions to Com-
munist China and many Japanese
firms accepted Chou’s four principles.
orei
usB
SUNG
e« HJ
10 Ri
r«re t
acco
nal n
recon
implle
Peace
hich
Uhior
rer 20
Q>17s,
Kt ab
of ab
i tJPe
f.
•ding
Japan’s policy to separate politics
from economics led to the visit by
Governor Minobe of Tokyo to Com-
munist China and north Korea.
mat is supposed to be Kim Il-sung’s
birthplace near Pyongyang is made
a sanctuary, and north Koreans are
forced to visit the place to pay their
respect.
Close watch and analysis of these rapid changes in the international
situation and of the north Korean moves show us that our national security
matters have entered a momentous phase calling for reshaping of our
defense posture.
North Korea has built up a fanatic dictatorial state through totally brain-
washing the whole populace via the so-called “Kim Il-sung You 111 Cult”.
The north Korean communists have already turned their entire land into
a huge garrison with formidable fortifications.
North Korea’s Four Military Policies
North Korea adopted its so-called four military
policies during the party congress in December,
1962, spurring up frantic war preparations. The
four military policies were; (I) to arm the whole
populace; @) to fortify the whole country; to
tram all regular force personnel to undertake
higher command and functions; @ and to moder-
nize armament.
The party representatives’ meeting in October
1966, disclosed that “north Korea will extend the
current seven year economic development plan
by three years to run into 1970, in order to
accelerate war preparations. The result was that
in 1971 north Korea’s military spendings stood
at IJS$846.2 million eating up 30% of its annual
budget, or 300 million dollars more than the
defense budget of the Republic of Korea which
included US military assistance.
Since 1970 males under 32 and females under
27 have been forbidden to marry in north Korea.
This measure aims at the maximum military
mobilization. North Korea has also stored 1,000,
000 tons of rice for emergency. The steps leading
to a war have been taken.
The “Absolute Thought’’ of Kim Il-sung; This
thought was “adopted” by the party represent-
atives’ meeting in October, 1966. North Koreans
have ever since been subjected to an Orwellian
nightmare in which they are forced to think, act,
and breathe as Kim Il-sung. “Revolution History
Study Rooms” have been made part of all factor-
ies, schools, offices, and collective farms. Factory
workers, students, farmers, and office clerks are
forced to study” fabricated anti-Japanese strug-
gle records of Kim Il-sung. North Korean leaders
are trying fanatically to consolidate a dictator-
ship.
Mass Production of Arms; Some 20 factories
across north Korea are turning out various fire
arms including 120m/m mortars. Produced arms
are stored.
In addition, 500,000 regular forces, 1 ,400,000 Red militia and 700,000 Red
Youth Guards can be instantly committed to armed conflict, equipped with
weapons and training comparable to those of regular forces. Furthermore,
north Korea is busily occupied in mass production of war weapons, and thus
has nearly completed preparations for invasion.
It should also be noted that the north Korean militia units are obligated
to undergo five hundred hours of military training a year.
The parade of Red militia in Kim Il-sung Square in Pyongyang in November. 1970.
‘Sung's
made
ns are
y their
V'-
s
Under teacher’s
surveillance
school children
study the ab~
solute thought
of Kim li-song.
Red Militia
Date of
Organizatioo: The dual organizational principle is adopted. Regiments, battalions, companies
and platoons are organized both as administrative area units and working place units.
Membership: Males between 18 and 50. Unmarried females between 18 and 35.
Aimament: All units are issued AK infantry rifles. 76.2m/m field, guns, 37m/m anti-aircraft
artillery pieces, and T-34 tanks are issued to non-administrative area units with more than 1,000
militia members.
Training: One to two hours daily (500 hours per year). Field exercises on weekends and end of
months. Joint exercise with the regular forces at the end of the year.
Military Training of
Students in north Korea
From the activation of north
Korea’s regular force in February,
1948, and up to 1958, senior high
school and college students under-
went military training.
From 1959 to 1970, senior high
school and college students were
trained as the student Red militia.
College students were trained to
use crew-served weapons.
Since April 1970, the Red Youth
Guard was organized with students
of middle school (junior high
school) and up. This 700,000-
strong youth guard receives the
same training as the regular forces.
The women red guard are manning an anti-aircraft artillery.
Red militia field exercise includes crossing a river.
Junior high school students of the
kyungdae Rovolutionary School j
baste drill as Red youth Guard me
Shooting and marksmanship training
of women and elder people.
Following Kim ll-sung's
instruction during the party
representatives' meeting in
October, 1966, that efforts
should be directed to the
final stage of the armament of
the whole populace, women
and elder people receive
shooting training.
Rim ll-sung said during the
fifth term party congress in
blovember, 1970; "The
people in general, men and
women, young and old, know
how to shoot and carry rifles
>vith them".
From the Nove^
mber 18. 1971
edition of the
Mainichi Shim
bun of Japan.
Military Training of
Children
All children became members of
“the Defense Gymnastic Clubs”
and began to learn how to shoot in
July, 1969.
The “Children’s Military Game”
was adopted as a formal course in
school curriculum. An organized
military training including dis-
sembling and assembling of mock
rifles and light machine guns began.
In addition to the playing Soldiers
at school, school children in Pyongyang,
the north Korean capital, must train
in shooting technique twice a week in
‘*the children's palace”.
School children receive
training for handling
rifles in “the children's
palace".
sU
1 m
m
CO
iD
: 6'J
m
tz
m
=p
m
(D
m
/JN
/JN
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~c
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)
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' aiii
ti
o
wt
■3
o
u
>
a
>
^ :
r
c,
Aj ^
-
I
•3
>
CO i
s
f^TsfnVW lo overt
ffljjy that north Korei
rS right before the
|cial system gndi
^er recall cl^arlj
Shooting and marksmanship
training of Primary School
students
While north Korea is letting its representatives meet ours in the Red Cross
talks for the uniting of separated families, as proposed by our Korean
National Red Cross, it is, on the other hand, stepping up infiltration of
armed espionage agents into the south, and their methods of penetration
are becoming ever more vicious in nature.
talked vai
•'P' Hf « E ^ ♦
nnyiM -h
X^ af f a •*
mt^h
^si 4-^— 5 3
I =1
♦ ~ •? O ol
2t|'^|f ^
■ ^ 5v ,
North Korean violation of armistice
Year
1970
1971
DJegal
Bringing in of Heavy
Annament
168
196
Provocative Acts
862
1.634
Fortification
28
28
1 01^^ JKitti^a Mi^i
tured’
jfense
inier
fiSlOf ••«£
LATI
• K;'- • -Wirat.
^ trifcv
1**^-
W -t ‘ftir%! vmK
• bMir
V*
'he aJ^
iORTH Korean provocation —
lorth Korean "reportert" who come to
•*nmunjom for the Uth eouth neHh
led Cress meeting yesterday turned
ut to be rowdy, assaulting R<JK report
M and smashing the camera of a U.S.
wdier. Here, a north Korean reporter
second from right with g aigeratte In
hU mouth) stares abet
eurlty guard (left> take
Sftion and a Seoul re
the ne^ Korean) trie
dignant north Korean
tur hats and the indlei
•f the Seoul reporter or,
(Reiatod Story and Ph.
An arucle entitled: ‘ north Korean reporters attack
o«r rqwr/e„ ’ which was carried in the December 18
1971 edition of the Korea Herald Daily. The report
i^as about an incident of scuffle at PammunJom Red
Cross talks site.
-r-7
Some of the equipment carried by north Korean
agents.
.i-'A
VcT > .
WJIH IfJVj
a Saoul
Caraan)
rth
I tha
ra^rfar
»ry a»4
Some of the equipment carried by north Korean
agents.
North Korea pays lip-service to peaceful unifica-
tion only to earn time and catch an opportunity for
military aggression against the Republic of Korea.
Fountain-pen shaped poison needle used by north
Korean agents. O.ll cc of solution in the barrel
containing 0.9 cc of Alkaloid equivalent to toxicity
100 times stronger than the same amount of cyanide
will paralyze the human body in 15 seconds and
kill within 60 seconds.
Some evidence of north Korean provocation on August
27 and 28, 1971, near the western sector of the
Demilitarized Zone.
Poison-ejecting silent pistol of north Korean agents
assigned to the task of assassination and kidnapping.
NORTH KOREAN PROVOKED INCIDENT CN THE BANKS (W THE
IMJIN RIVER. 27-28 AUGUST
%
Two of north Korean officer guerillas
who sneaked into the Republic of Korea
on the East Coast in Nov., 1968.
The two captured guerillas (the rest
were all killed) brought to light north
Korean atrocities.
Dear citizens!
Let us now take a close look at our own internal situation- when the
external threat is so imminent. First of all, I must point out that there is
even dissension over such vital matters as the continuation of the Homeland
Reserve Force and college military training. There has been hardly any
sincere discussion for the good of the country’s security. Instead, the free-
wheeling arguments on national security matters are frequently used as tools
for partisan politics and election tactics, and are only driving the whole
populace into bewilderment.
Even when north Korea’s aggressive intent is
expressive and armed guerillas and espionage
agents from north Korea are resorting to more
atrocious means in their destructive works,
certain politicians in the Republic of Korea,
unaware of north Korea’s dark designs, tend to
make use of matters concerning national security
to attain their factional and political gains.
Their favorite security issues are the dissolve-
ment of the Homeland Reserve Force, the ending
of military training of students, and the shorten-
ing of military service terms. College students
take to the street leaving the campus behind and
demand an end to military training, creating
social unrest and disorder.
Students in the Republic of Korea receive a
total of 180 hours of military training throughout
four years of college life, while their north Korean
counterparts are subjected to 400 hours of hard
training in a single year.
When north Korea forces children and elder
citizens to participate in shooting and training,
how could our college students dare refuse 180
hours of training in four years to train themselves
to defend their own freedom?
Seoul students demonstrate against the military training. Should we sit idly while north
Korean communists are bent on communization of the whole Korea?
m f
5,000 Students Battle Riot Police
— At loMt %.m ctu-
dooti froB ilirw a«}or ouver-
<tttee her* dwhid with not ^
Be* TiMmdajr m the thtfd
mM -* ^itmi I
rtot troo|w. roBce io civiliu
dothes irrohM several of the
demonsiralon end whisked
(heoi off to aeartijr vatu om* iht
neleiM* betu. At least M stu-
'*»»»* emOMt awl ftv* la.
2 Days of Clashes
At about 1 pm. another. I.OOt
students huned u> a second mass
Mi-in and waited for the police
rhanse win. Tear eas cants-
Im and pavina stones w*r*
Ikanas kw>S mwJ ■ — .— -
Across the ciljr a
veruty. 2^ stud
with police at a r
pass m a pitched t
most IS mimries.
Korea U. Students Riot
4 Spies
Arrested
S£Om.» Violent rUsliee
Betwwaa etudenta and polkw
n***d at Korea Univwmty
to the eecond day m a tow
R«dMwlai was I* a CBS ca«-
waoMB who ww aiabbod b) atw
1.000 atudnta took to the
•ttwto (wotoatiiu the i*.
«aad ^itary training Uwe
to college atu^u.
Csa
The cameraaian iMd at-
tempted to eater the campus to
^**ede«u He «m laotaiad
hv about M , ho diiW h^ m
(he frowod and betan bckbif
Cycled dMathancM at otfe-
•r Seoul campaoM talM to
todmi lo«ton al
Taaa« Cwrerslt,
a maaatvw damenetrattoa at l
T?* f wdhd hatwme af
**■* of pabee fwialuitBa.
■ |toaa Uatveeaay. oohee
JUJ,***' »• eoaarol Uw
~ Henna ucKinf
him. fcrewmini that the ptws*
h^ 1^ our to lha taveew
Mn and that u wes • torn of
«he Itowao Central iMetlieowcw
The tOideau Ml (Iw tiaiirm
to Brat Use at u U a.a M
• mao* meeUM at a
^ hawra MBMVft chi ft»
by •««< tear
fas A ettciM M ^
* - *0 COM,
toted and ao sludaaia wen ai^
maiad. accee^ac to the pnitce
•ho said tajudee la Uwsr wwii
ranks were tnlwor
OmanatraiMM aeataai the to-
croaaad auUUry tnaaine at Mb
varsiiy campuaai wars eipwetad
*• contlBue this week, anordlaa
to siadM tea dart wte said tbav
•er* -ntrad" af hw»e •‘ti.
yto" ^ .ytool aad eoearw-
BMi autboritiaa
stpw earned by stu-
de^ Wedaea^ arfMd f
to naw mliliary'trnialaf laws
and maiteiaaad wbat they
fwtwinmeai lotarteiemo aa Uw
In Seoul
SEOUL (StM> - rnr Na^
^oraaa yas. aaai Iwcw te dte
mt to wprwBlM Mdawl ^
Ueaa aad capttSm aa pahMi
tears eaeitaaiJ by tea raeaal
UJ. iroap wttedraw^ vara m
reaMd bee* Marcb «. tee Gate*
n Intetttswea Cneamaad eete
itemdaj.
, The fete e«Wa ware pert af I
hm rta epmtea *ui w te
Saeaf ateted el
to^yete.teeitewi*teew
Thare eppearad to ba M pobo-
to stfas earned by an;; af tee
ftadeots, alibaucb the Mitory
iralniBi raamraspiou Mve baaa
tww af 1 _ _ .
•aka caataai |dte tea atew
two. wba «*rc Mtefted as i
d wda tmm bp te
CIC
JiViJ
I Pi^ential Nominees Clash
On National Security Issues
*«|M SDP
4$ 'FamUttir ttUdim'
m 0m tib
» ^ hmm ^
^ Park _s_aid Sunday that
South Kari^ dpfe p^s-
idenr"said North Korea has a
500,000 man army and a better
air force than South Korea.
Charging that the Korean Com-
munists had 30,000 guerrilla
troops poised for infiltration of
the south, Park said South
Korea’s 600,000 man army alone
is not suffirwni tn with all
these thn £)e$pife Talks
‘•So l(j
premier)!
the amy
Republid
arms, ai
elusive &
his aggrj
ing Non
t-viiviiio IL I
He said 1
ments to gt
Park’s hom
to win son
where Pari
majority in
Vice Prei
of the rulin
promise th;
fourth term
the nation s
face value.
deouiites
I Speak
that the government is trying to
turn campuses into barracks
through the program.
OlLnational security, a major
campaign issue, Kinu-repealed
his previous, Dledgg
woulji^ek a joint guaran^P
Korean security from the Unit
i^nist China and Japap.
T^ark has said that it is too
dangerous to entrust the fate of
-w- essive powers
a and Russia.
Park: Reds Still Threat
SEOUL (UPI) — President
P»rk Chunc He« mH Wednes-
day ^ current Red Crass Uiks
b*t«««n South and North Korea
OR eeparatad (amlbcs must suc-
ceed. but North Korea U acting
dangerdu^.
IR a nassaie markinK the
tM anniversary oi ihe South
Korean Red Crass, Park ae»
cased the North Korean Conma-
Bists of eadmfertiic ttui talks by
coattnuad provocattons agalmt
landa at the meeting table In
PanmunJom-
“The aspirations of the Sg mil-
lion people of the nation for
peaceful unification of tha fa-
tNerland grow day after day and
the ardent nadonal desire tor re-
unloo of families seperatad la
the south and the north grow all
tho more,*' Park said.
"My eanmst expecUOm Is
that the (Sooth) Korean Nation-
al Rad erase wiU achieve re-
markaMe resnlts in nttainlng
■> .^.1.... f win
an possible lupeoTt lo make Ihe
talks successful "
Park said North Korea, while
responding to tha Rad CroM
talks. Is laAltraUng Its amod
ngeoU acraas tha troca bordar
on miaaloos of otplonaps tad
murder.
"This, It may be said, brought
to uii^ North Korea's arU poltU-
^ schemas under vhkh It pul
on n mask of paeceful propa-
gtnda to accept our bamanlta-
rtan call for tha falka,” Park
•aid.
lUon in which
s, a major ally
is now moving
rove relations
j*v iiionpwd l«
r*MUnl. eauMI mi mrnmm
ta ’MMaM % (MS taw. le
r ' ITS VSeSa
Newspaper articles reporting 1971 general and presidential election platforms of some
irresponsible politicians including the abolishment of the Homeland Reserve Forces and
military training on campus.
Even as north Korea is training children and elder people in military art, we can hardly
afford the luxury of opposing military training and burning in public military uniforms.
( University student demonstration in Seoul )
papers carried in north
5^4■t^^ ^9\-6r
in-q
^4*«■t■ -^^iq-eM>. <<d
*-t.tf]>
■fl »•! ’0*lil*U-t-*f51 5}A^ 4a*1
4^ «V4 44. -fr* aV4 4-fr, 4444*
1^4-pi 4o|st4
^1444.
n4*I*4*I 444 44, 4'd
"The decisive moment" as seen by ^4>* 4**imi4 4^.^ 4
north Korea is when political, social, ^-44 4444* 44st4.
and economic disorder takes place ►•>• <li4* ^4 4*44
within the Republic of Korea, To help
bring about such a moment as soon
as possible, north Korea is carrying
out various "struggles", such as
creating distrust between the govern-
ment and people and spreading
rumours.
Mass media in north Korea is entirely
devoted to the role of the mouthpiece
of the party. Managed under double , ^ v\V * *i
and triple censorship, all newspapers ^*>944 4414.
in north Korea print the same articles 4 44 :«4>|
supplied by a single state-run news
agency. iwuti nmtMsi
44444* »J444* 4
^ 44^^ 4T^ 4
1*4444*
44 *44 4
t*4 4'd*4*^^ 444 V
44 *4j^ai4.
4 ^114*4 445t4 4«.
44f> 44 fl«4«4’d
MfiTiaioiM mascot etejsisiiisiif oisr»
B»ii&i«ereF89 i^eos tcbsi
499 01901 e.»9»0(8S9 SA1@8503 S4Ai7(ne2i!!
jaa482i Bsqqsoi ©Tiwof ]iie9 mtiiL Tiaol a«U8 m9ai
ui «^si«04a98 99oi fi)«n ®ma5e»fife^9f*s o??
G!Baa>« Fiasi aawfll 7f?4S9 aaiflElD
lOi nSte aMVa «B7i aotvn na sei moiasrtestt eiam/.
Some self-styled intellectuals in the name of freedom of expression irres-
ponsibly enjoy taking up indiscreetly the matters of national security, adding
more confusion in the mind of the general populace. Such widespread and
imprudent arguments on national security result not only in lowering public
morale, but also impede the formation of a united opinion of the people of
the country, and are consequently very harmful to the nation’s security.
North Korean people are subjected to excessively hard work, mass meetincs where
they are forced to shout for military invasion of the Republir of Korra, anff milkati
training even for women. They are allowed no mdinent of rest aniTprl^acy. T .
Mass meeting after mass meeting. North Koreans
are driven to preparations for armed invasion of the
south.
Red militia's women AAA unit called the "airplane
hunters".
When I see certain aspects of our society deteriorating in an easy-going
mood that seems to have forgotten the very fact of the presence of the com-
munists tn the north at our doorstep, I cannot help being reminded of the
eve of the outbreak of the Korean war in 1950.
Ti
t
.
Women in the Republic of
Korea are awakening to
the security necessities,
giving up past indulgence
in the easy life.
It seems to me that there are many people who have already forgotten
the bitter experiences of the Korean war.
I am deeply concerned lest our people again fall victim to popular catch
words such as “the thaw” “the peace mood” and “detente” which weaken
the people’s thinking to the extent that they tend to resort to such wishful
terms as “not so likely to happen”, which was characteristic of the mood
prevalent in the pre-war period of early 1950.
Kim Il-sung on the one hand paid lip service to
the south-north negotiations, the exchange of
politicians, and peaceful unification ever since
the division of Korea in 1945, while, on the other
hand, plotted and schemed for the Korean War
of 1950. The United States declared Korea out of
its Far East defense perimeter in January, 1950.
Before the Korean War, leaders of the Republic
of Korea made vain claims that the Korean forces
would defeat the north Korean army speedily so
fast, in fact, that the luncheon would be had in
Pyongyang and the supper in Sinwiju, the north-
ern city bordering China.
This was the fatal and unforgivable mistake
committed by a leadership absorbed in idle life
and vague expectation that things will work out
by themselves. Korea paid rather dearly. Korea
cannot afford to repeat its pre-Korean War folly.
It must prepare itself for any eventuality.
Pre-War Military Strength South and North
Republic of Korea North Korea
Total troops
102,800
(Eight Divisions)
198,300
Airplanes
22(12 liaison planes
10 trainers)
211
Tanks
—
242 plus 54
armored cars
Naval ships
26
30
Artillery
—
2,393
^ 5IUC
Troops: 270,000 killed, 700,000 wounded
Civilians: 550,000 dead or missing,
230.000 wounded,
130.000 slaughtered,
90.000 taken to north forcibly
1,970,000 persons
600.000 houses destroyed
Total:
r>r
blic of
ng to
sities,
Igence
Russian-made tanks driven by north Korean Forces roll down a
Seoul street in the initial stage of the Korean War.
North Korean moto-
rized columns invading
the Republic of Korea
during the Korean War.
The Korean people do not forget the bitter experience of the
Korean iVar. They crossed rivers whose bridges were blown up,
trudged down the sub-jero country road escaping Communist Forces.
The Korean fVar came unpredictably to a people unprepared~~it reduced villages to ashes, took away lives of
families and friends.
Seoul, A Ruined City, and War Orphans.
Farmers mobilized to work on
state collective farms are given
little time for recreation: they
are constantly worked or made
to learn by heart a fabricated
biography of Kim Il-sung. Given
free time, argue north Korean
Communists, workers would
seek happiness and family life
and become “reactionary revi-
sionists”.
Dear citizens!
I have faith in the superiority and efficiency of a free democratic system
over the Communist totalitarian system. I am also firm in my belief that the
best defense against communism is the democratic system.
However, for the present emergency, I am afraid that our current peace-
time system has numerous vulnerabilities.
Contrary to Kim Il-sung’s
plan, north Korea was the loser
in the Korean War. Acute
labour shortage drove Kim to
turn north Korea into one vast
forced labour camp, preparing
for another fratricidal war.
The tightly controlled north Korean society
rations out the most basic foods. In order to get
food rations, one must obtain food ration
tickets. Fathers must have food ration tickets
even while visiting their sons.
Supposedly classless, north Korea has special
department stores where only high party officials
can buy while ordinary citizens suffer from an
extreme insufficiency of basic daily goods in
north Korea.
A department store exclusively for ranking party
officials .
Students digging air raid shelters in ryongyang.
North Korean people can obtain foods with food ra-
tion tickets.
North Korean armed personnel attacked
UN Forces patrol to the south of the De~
I now pose the question that, if we value our democratic system as the
most precious thing, then how should we react when someone tries to seize
or destroy such a precious thing?
It is self-evident that the aggressor’s sword and gun cannot be warded off
by only calling out “peace” and “freedom.”
North Korean armed guerrillas killed in-
nocent women and children in Samchok
and Ulchin areas in late 1968.
Mi
‘ >■-
uurin Ikorea is working
OTo organize ami-governmenlal force by planting
agems ,n schools, labour unions, and armed forces
ZlZ: ^
OTo help promote elements of social unrest hamp-
enng economic growth, and
OTo turn Korea into a hotbed for violent revolution
and military aggression.
The sole survivor of the 31-man north
Korean commando team which attempted
to raid the Presidential Residence in Seoul.
Young students volunteer for military service during the Korean
War.
To defend freedom and peace from communist aggressors, we must pay
the price. We have to face up to it with firm determination to forsake, if
necessary, even some of the freedoms we now enjoy.
AflU
une must not forget
the security of his country.
During the first nationwide civil defense exercise
government employees run to the shelter carrying
important documents with them.
Dear citizens!
As a result of assiduous observation and deep thinking on the changing
external as well as internal situation, I have declared today a state of national
emergency for the sake of the security of the nation and the permanent
preservation of our precious democracy, with a view to informing the people
o the emergency. I now determinedly resolve to tide over this national
emergency with the concerted efforts of the Government and the people.
The north Korean Labour (Communist) Party
constitution states that the ultimate objective of
the Communist group is to communize the whole
Korean peninsula. North Korea started the
Korean War to fulfill this objective and is frantic
at the moment preparing for the renewal of the
war. In the Labour (Communist) Party general
meeting in October, 1970, Kim Il-sung made no
secret of the fact that north Korean armed forces
have equipped themselves with functioning
offensive and defensive means, that all north
Korean citizens know how to shoot rifles, and
that all production facilities have been fortifiec
by going underground.
Backed up by its closer alliance with Com-
munist China forming a joint front against the
U-S. and Japan, north Korea is posing a grave
threat to the security of the Republic of Korea.
The Korean people are fully aware that they will
not sit Idly before this threat and that there would
be few who would come to their aid. They know
they must overcome this crisis with their own
Strength and determination.
91
The Homeland Reserve Forces were activat-
ed to safeguard freedom.
The Republic of Korea people demanded
an immediate return of the passengers
ere w members, and the plane of a Korean
Air Line hijacked by north Korean agents
The primary responsibility entrusted to rh
security of the "ation, and ferrpolMf 'h'
therefore, have the duty to determine tl! ^ unavoidable. I.
threatening the national security and to de
in good time to protect the securitv f th appropriate measures
ability of our people to surmol™; f-'
ize the urgency of the situation.
ration.' '' ^is inaugu-
sh2 oh ‘he nation that I
all observe the Constitution, defend the State
promote the freedom and welfare of the people’
offi ®hall faithfully execute the duties of the
office of the President”. The President shoulders
the duty and the lesponsibility to ensure the
national security and democracy.
Since the most important and decisive reason
for the recent Declaration of National Emergency
in Korea was this military threat posed by north
Korea against the Republic of Korea and the
that the basic national policy should now be
national security-oriented.
This self-reliant and independent view on the
national security is urgently required and
rneasures should be taken immediately to further
strengthen the national security.
fr.,I^ determined to crush and
ano thS^ T attempt at provoking
another Korean War by achieving national
solidarity through frugal living, perseverance,
and an invincible will for victory.
One. ■
:> Dec,
c *
50 easy.
“Wise and intelligent people
have demonstrated spiritually
sniind at.tif.nrip AnH hfijirA
A.. Qa. /.. ^
^ is
. Tik A r-G'i A
New Values through National Solidarity.
I solicit herewitl^ therefoif , the understanding and the coope^tion of the
people in this national emergency, and wish to ask every citizenfo contribute
to the furtherance and attainment of an adequate national s^ity^^up.
Let us now resolve together that we will never again rjga|B|ksame
mistake and be so shortsighted as those ancestors of ours heed
to the repeated wam4s of Lee Yul Gok and ignored his foresight. a
. .. ... „n tnJhe camoaign to remedy wisely the present stjTof
Park Chung Hee
President
■*’«wi;,s5v.
S. Korea, educator urges
The Rev. Dr. Samuel H. Moffett, an Amer-
ican educator in South Korea, strongly be-
lieves that for "psychological reasons’*
American troops should remain in that coun-
try.
Dr. Moffett, dean of the Graduate School
of the Presbyterian Seminary, Seoul, spoke
in the morning service yesterday at Pine
Street Presbyterian Church.
He told The Evening News in an inter-
view, "There is a psychological need for
American troops in South Korea. The psy-
chological reasons are much more important
than the military reasons. Security is the
most im^portant concern of the South Koreans
today and the presence of even a token force
of American troops would help insure this
feeling of security."
Contending that the American military
presence is still popular in that area of Asia,
Dr. Moffett declared that Westerners came to
Korea with "built-in measures of goodwill.
The only anti-imperialistic feelings have been
against the Japanese."
★ ★ ★
Asked about another North Korean in-
vasion of the south, the veteran missionary-
educator said that this was always a possi-
bility. “South Korea is outstripping North
Korea economically," he said, "which is dis-
turbing to the latter. One of these days the
Communists may want to get the initiative.
At any rate they are likely to keep up their
threats."
He said there is a good deal of manufac-
turing taking place. "The major exports are
plywood and textiles," he said. “They get the
raw wood from the Philippines and reprocess
it. They are now making good radios and
television sets."
★ ★ ★
Strange as it may seem, the dean added,
false eyelashes are another big product in the
region around Seoul. They have exported
nine million of them. He classified the Ko-
rean workers as fast and well trained for
their jobs.
Queried as to whether South Korea might
be a major center for Christianity in the fu-
ture, he declared that the Christian faith was
growing faster there than in any other region
of the world.
"The population growth is 2.3 per cent per
year," said the educator. "But the Christian
growth is 10 per cent per year. This is quite a
statistic.”
However, he doesn’t feel there will be any
one center of Christianity in the future. “The
faith can be revived anywhere," he said.
"The growth of the Christian church in In-
donesia is also phenomenal and this is the
only country in the world where Mohamme-
dans are being converted to Christianity in
droves. And in Africa there are several coun-
tries which are likely to become Christian
centers."
The Presbyterians are now the largest
Christian denomination in South Korea, he
said. The Roman Catholics are second, the
United Methodists, third, and the Holiness
groups, fourth.
Dr. Moffett belongs in Seoul to the Church
of the Everlasting Joy Presbyterian Church.
Every Sunday morning, he told the Pine
Street congregation, there are between 9,000
and 10,000 worshippers. The church can’t
hold them so they gather around the outside
and the minister preaches over a closed TV
circuit.
The Everlasting Joy church has 40 evan-
gelists covering all the small villages around
Seoul. But the remarkable thing, Dr. Moffett
said, is that the church supports two mission-
aries to Thailand and two missionaries to
Ethiopia where they work among the Bud-
dhists and the Moslems respectively.
Dr. Moffett is on a year’s furlough and
for the last six months he has been doing
research work at the University of Cam-
bridge, England, and for the next six months
he will be working at Princeton University
gathering material to write a history of Chris-
tian missions in the Orient.
June 1971
KOREA end CHRISTIANITY
by
Stanton Rodger Wilson
Team Teachers i Min Byung Gil, I&/ak Jae Ki
I, KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - COMMENTS
A, CULTURAL COMMENT - HISTORY
B, CREATURE C(MIENT - PEOPLE
C, CRUCIAL COMMENT - RELIGICW
n, KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - BOOKS
A, A STUDY WORKBOOK ON KOREA & KOREAN CHURCH
B. REPORT FROM THE R.O.K, (196^1-1969)
C. Additional paper, "ON THE RUN" (1970)
D, Clinebell, T® BASIC TYPES PASTORAL COUNSELING
(Translated by Min B3ning Gil)
III. KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - FILMSTRIP
"PEOPLE BECOME CHRISTIAN IN KOREA"
IV. KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - DISCUSSICN
KCREA 4nd CHRISTIANITY
.1
Introduction - Mt, 24»14 and Acts l6:6-10
A, Mt« 24il4 - "This Gospel of the Kingdom shall be proclaimed throughout
the whole world as a testimony to all nations and then the end will come*
In this versei the word "ecumenical", has its basic meaning.
It refer# to a house, oikos. It refers to all the inhabited houses of
the whole world, Jes\is here relates the Gospel message with proclamation
to all natipns (including Korea ) . It is our "thing to do",
B, Acts l6» 6-10
In these verses, Dr, Luke and Preacher Paul are .just below the
38th Parallel in *Vest"- Ai^ift. ’ If yot L\se a transp-xrent template and move
to Bast Asia, this is the geographic reality, 1971*
6i And they went through the region of Phyrgia (JAPAN) and
Galatia (R.O.K.), having been forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the
word in Asia (MAINLAND ASIA).
7« And when they had come opposite Mjrsia (PYENGYANG), they
attempted to go into Bithynia (NORTH KOREA), but the Spirit of Jesus did
not allow themj 8* so, passing by Ifysia (PYENGYANG), they went down to
Troas (SEOUL), 9* And a vision appeared to Paul in the night j a man of
Kore* and Christianity
Macedonia (RRD CHINA) concltiding God has called us to preach the Gospel
to them,"
In verse 10, 1 man, Paul, has a vision. Note how "he" changes
to "we" (PARTNERSHIP) in proclaiming the Gospel,
C, The words of Jesus (the ecumenical idea) and the words of the Early
Church (the partnership idea) are introductory words, God has spoken His
Gospel in Korea, within this cultiure. There is a Korean Gospel which is
Christ's Gospel, There is a Global Gospel which is Christ’s Gospel,
and Koreans are involved in this total Gospel for the whole world.
I, KOREA and CHRISTIANITY - COMMENTS
1945
Like many of you, I’ve been a soldier
1953
Like many of you, I've been a refugee
1954-1963 Like many of you, I’ve lived in rural Korea
1964-1971 Like many of you, I now live in a big city
A, Cultiural Conmnat - History
1, Long history I 1971 is 4304, Korea pro-dates Abraham,
Buddha’s 2593d birthday this year takes us back to 622 B,C,
(Reformation by Josiaht Israel must woi*ship only Yahweh),
Korea and. Christianity
-3-
Half is pre-history. Many Koreans have not seriously studied their great
history. Too few Koreans really know such famous people ast Lee Soon Shin,
Chung Ta San, Lee Tai-Gay, Lee Yul-Gok, There is now a renaissance of
historical study with interdisciplinary objectivity. Historians,
anthropologists, archaeologoists must study together,
2, Independence » A national longing of the nation. The longest
truce in world history (1953 - present) to preserve ROK Independence,
Your March 1 Independence Day is part of your inner heart and feeling of
pride in your nation,
3t Asian Imperialism! Cortristed to many Asian lands, the basic
imperialism has not been Western, but Asian, At various times, Russia,
China, and Japan (Your neighbors) have either ruled here or fought battles
for control of Korea,
VJhat does this "Asian Imperialism" concept say to the Christian
injunctions t "Love your neighbor"? "Love your enemy"?
4, American and Korean Relationships have developed for almost
a century because yoiur neighbors weren't very fri jndly. The basic deep
tie between om* two nations is one of "blood", sacrifice in the Korean
Conflict (U,S, dead 34,600} U,S, wounded 140,000),
Kore* and Christianity
-4-
B, Greattge Corim^^nt - People
Several concepts hi-light the Korean people and their amazing
ability to be able to change from a "sleeping" nation to a "progressive"
nation, A small nation (a peninsula and 3 ,^>'00 islands) geographically,
but a large nation in niomber of people (31,000,000 R,0,K. , - 12,000,000 N,K, )
and excellently trained,
1, Education - more xiniversities than VJest Germany, Willingness
of parents to spend much money on education may be a new type of family
planning, a "social security for the parents in later years,"
2, Description
a« Irish ^ the Orient ” proud, touchy, tough, tenacious.
Just what is needed for breakthrough to an industrialized
society,
b, Welsh of the Orient - Song in the heart; everyone sings;
sense of humor especially on the pun (play on words),
c. Scotch of t^ .Orient - Clannish. But large family concept
is underfire and apartment-living e’^Th’sizes nuclear family.
Kore* and Christianity
d, Americans of the Orient - try anything. This o
dare is a creatuire concept in both our cultures. And from a pla;
concept, it goes like this (with Christian implications),
D - discover real needs
A - ask for resoiirces
R - respond in action
E - ^ndure the diffictilties
Eare to be objective I Dare to do the Gospel!
e, K~0-R-»E“A-N first and always! And because this is true,
these “creature concepts" should be mentioned,
(1) Loyalty or allegiance ia to a person who gets things don
(2) Pre-Planned thinkers - often do a "dry run" or
“walk through" on what you will do or say before conferences,
(3) Psychologists of people - very perceptive of
personality traits. Ability to size up a person with uncanny accuracy.
Stronger emphasis on how a person "feels" than on logic , Very capable
of using flattery.
Korea and Christianity
-6-
(^) Organization Man - You are a most highly organized society,
so much so that in Korea one does not speak with an individual person, but
a group personality. This is a concept of tremendous strength (group action)
and of tremendous weakness (nothing confidential).
(5) Localism or historical dis-harmony (Yungnam, Chullas, Seoul,
etc.) is very real. Group action always requires harmonizing these
geographical areas,
(6) Authoritarian. Korean society, on the outer surface, appeern
"male dominated", I think this is a camouflage for the real area of
strength in Korea, namely the women and the students. Who handles most of
the money in Korea? ’iVho represents more than half the voters? Who took to
the streets in I960?
(7) Democracy is developing with several emphases: taking the
vote seriously? having a posture of anti-commonisraj selecting leadership
from somewhat younger generation,
C, Crucial Comment - Religion
Korea has no national religion. Its religious posture has a
psychedelic, panorama like the Korean traditionally many-colored choguri
(blouse). We call this religious concept synchrotism, like a good Korean soup
of turnip, beef, onions, etc.
Korea and Christianity
-7-
(1) ^ddhism stresses several things. Let me mention two only
here — desire and equality,
a. Desire states "anything you desire too much, you corrupt
it and you," So Korean Buddhism tends to retreat from problems, "Free
yourself from worldly ties , "
b. Equality for both sexes makes a real appeal to the female,
(2) Confucianism stresses behaviour and a moral way of life.
a. Behaviour - You BECOME a person if you are educated,
join some elite group, can run things, can get things done, You BECOME a
non-person if you don't live according to rules, don't do the gracious things.
OK for h. non-changing stable society but no
answers for revolutionary, rapid- changing times as in the Korea of the 1970’sl
b. Moral Way of Life - is provided based on several ways of
doing things within a loyaJ.ty (not love) pattern. Basically a good scheme,
but not based on responsible, individual freedom,
(3) Shamanism or animism is a way of life based on concepts of
fear and superstition. It represents a seelcing after something spiritual
through "localized control places".
Korea and Christianity
-8-
?1y. joint is this - These three religious concepts are found in all Koreans.
They provide a modus. operand i for living. They are partially reconcilable.
They are more likely impossibly irreconcilable J Therefore Koreans have a
ISE: « t»eal religion which can ^ theirs for real living in
Korea?
The Judeo-Christian Tradition deals with a Pilgrim God
(who travels with you) and his dealings with a Pilgrim People (and Koreans
are moving from farm to city, from terraced rice fields to terraced cement,
from walking to jetting, from intra-national to transnational).
a. Moorod in Korean history - The Roman Catholics and
Protestants (like Thomas) have been mar’-yrs for the faith. The word for God,
Hananim", is an old, old word of this aiicient land, Christianity as it
expresses itself in Korea is not foreign; it is Korean with a flavor both
very indigenous and somewhat ecumenical,
b. Proclamation methods must follow the "Oriental" technique
Jesus used on the edge of Asia, He is Lord and Saviour, These are his
1st Names » Lord of life. Saviour from sin. But Jesus never pushed these
first Names, He always dialogued aroLuid his second names i "teacher",
"physician", "carpenter", "social worker", messenger,"
KoreA and Christianity
-9-
These second names make Christianity what it ought to be> concerned with
society, its needs, its renewal, its change, its reconciliation. They also
lead to questions, real questions as to xorho this Jesus is,
1. Teacher - watchword* "Teacher, what shall I do,.,?" (Luke 10i25)
The Church must teach, teach perceptively and redemptively or it dies.
The Church must teach theology and techniques for life! How to worship
and how to work! How to live and how to lovei
2, R^sician ■ watchword (Went to him and bound up his wounds,,,"
(Lul<e 10*33)
3* Carpenter “ watchword* "Is not this the carpenter,,,?" (Mark 6*3)
The Korean Church needs to stress *Tlteu" (Carpenter) as well as "Moksa"
(clergyman). With Korea and world’s "Greatest need being housing",
shouldn’t the Seminaries include a practical course on carpentry and a
sociology course on the Church in apartment life?
Social Worker - watchword* "...and took care of him" (Lul^e 10*3^)
5i Messenger - watchword* "I am the light of the world,,.
It
(John 8j12)
Korea and Christianity
-10-
Ct Theological implications -
1. Message of forgiveness "Your sins are forgiven"
(Present Perfect tense meaning your sins are and remain forgiven) Lulte 7*^-8
2. Message of faith John 3*16
3. Message of hope "Now faith is the substance of things
hoped for ..." (Heb, 11 :l)
4. Message of reconciliation "God was in Christ
reconciling the world to Himself.,,, and entrusting to us the message of
reconciliation," (2 Cor, 5*19)
5. Message of renewal "If anyone bo in Christ he is a new
crej?>ture, . .all things are new" (2 Cor, 5*17)
tnl
PKSSBYTCRL^N MISSION CON.?eiC5>[OE
3o«wl Unio-i Clubi , .Octo’oor, 1971
Irt Scroic'’.
Pri0.r,y, Octo'bor, 7 p_,in,
'•‘■”12 .'^.2X22 A2'l2^222».
L, O"»onia': Worp'iip, conducted by Rov, Barry Rov;e
2. Paoars on the Future of trie Australian Presbyterian Mission in Korea
2nd „S_e s s i^on
3 at u :i^ay , l6_t h October, 9 _2’V‘V
1. ITew A.P.B.II. Structure (Miss Gath Ritchie)
2. II Sin Hospital Juridical Person
3. Use of Tongnae Property
4* Use of Keum Sung land, sale proceeds
5. Future of overseas mission work in Pusan City
12.30 Lunch
A222^°ii». JLt.3J5. JliJIi*
5. Prooosed visit of G.A. Moderator to Australia
7. Special Projects
G. J.O.L. nroblom
. Schooling for mi. sionarj” chilii'en (as part of G.O.L.j
I . Furlough deputation
5.3 •• e.u. Dinner
i)
ii)
iii)
iv) „ , . - .
v) Dr. S.R. Wilson (U.P. Mission)
vi) Dr, G.T. Brovm (S.P. Mission)
vii) Rev, F.M, Bayliss (U.G.G, Mission)
3. General Discussion
Y lLJ,l
i
oa-:'o _2
4'f) 7
Ji*Ie to oonvoMo
1, I,c«tin/; orocodvrc for nia’J-tov
2, Ilo'-govt fron P’loanjin Clurrcb
3, Urgent buoinco?
4, Other bu.?ineeio
5, Glooing
>Tv\ W A /» »» *v «»
CiHC£/\
»f Australian PrasbytTian Mission Work
Center*
Promotion ef Cooperation in Mission for the Korean Residents in Japan.
Study of a Plan for Mutual Exchange between the Korean and Australian Cliurrhe
the -Australion Government to accept Korean migrants©
(o) Study of plans ibr the 4istrar.ian church to invite Christians from
among Korean fishing end farm mg experts for observation in Australia#
A strong provision against possible denominational divitions in the future#
(a) Diagnosis of the effect on tlve Azorean Chucch of posoible denerainational
division resulting from the projected union of the U.p, and S#P#
churches in the USA*
Need to discover a plan for ihe elimination of strain resulting from
differences of personal and theologioal idear> botw'een sending bearda and
missionary ooworkers#
(c) Study of plan for unifioatlcn of administra‘»:ion and common understanding
of a theology of mission of the mission Boards, •working within the Korean
General Assembly#
(a) Study of plans for iiie Au3-tj»alian Church to invite Korean short term
students and observer teams#
(b) Plan fer the Australian Chur^-h uo study and make suggestions concerning
the widening of Australians ixu'd tgration doors for the purpose of getting
Drr. Kim Hyung Tae
THE FUTURE OF THE A,P.M. IN KOREA ^
■SM ' '
The opening paragraph of the findings f the 3nd East Asia Christian Medical
Workers* Conference held in Japan in 1S67 retds "Christendom was once easily-
defined as the West, There is no lenger euc> a Christendom. A geographical
entity has beenraplaeed by a Christian Corm-Ju ity spread throughout almost all lands
as the result of God*s blessing upon the earlier rork of mission boards and
missionaries. This does not mean the end of -che ”nirsion* It signifies, rather,
the advent of one world mission of the wh'l'e Church directed to the whold world
ef men. God has put the Church into the *-erld to proclaim that He has in Shrist
reconciled that world unto Himself."
To date, out part in this ministry in Korea hac b een through the A.PaM.
Organi«ationally, it has been changing and will have to change further until the
AwP.M* as represented byihe K.F.C. will disappear' altogether* I will leave it to
others more competent that I to work cut hew this shoxildto dona. I believe, howeve
that the Australian Church through sending missionaries, - mlntsters and/or layman,
should be represented in Korea ^nd I hope the Korean Churoh will be repreo«ntc»d \xx <
Australia to carry cut this ministry of reconciliation and our world miflaion*
The findings go on to say, ”This message of reconciliation ia proclaimed in
the minsitry of reconciliation through three forms cf the preaching of God* These
are the verbal word in speech and print} the dramatic word sf servioe, i^rtiioh valic . .
the spoken word} and the visible unity ef love in the ohuroh, vrtiioh gives authenti
to the other two^ ministry of health and healing is an essential element in a',
three forms of the preached word, but is most evidently a fundamental part of the
word through service# It is an essential mode of operation of the Holy Spirit#
Therefore, jxist as the *^uroh must live for mission unto the end of history, there
must always be a ministry of health and healing within that witness*” It is on
this part #f our mission that I particularly want to concentrate in this paper*
I hope that what I have to say doesn^t just sound like a paper on the II Shin
Hospital* It is not meant to be just that,, but our present medioal work is that
and I believe that we must start by looking at what we are doing now if we are to
evaluate it in relation to our tetal mission, and especially ovir mission of health
and healing* As we know only too well, the need will always exceed our resources*
We need te see whether our resources in manpower and money a re being used to the
best advantage and decide what adjustments should be made*
II Shin was eoramenoed in Sept* 1952 by the A.P.M* and, after various attempts
to place its administration under a local Board, the present self-perpetuating Board
of Cireotors was established with membership representing the General Assembly,
Kyung Nam Presbytery, *the K.F*C* and members of the Pusan Community* This Board
is taking more and more responsibility f or the hospital o The internal administra-
tion, however, is still not provided for satisfactorily and it would be unfair
to expect a Korean to take over the medioal administration before the busir^s
administration is in oompetent hands« A solution to this problem is therefore
urgent in our planning for the future*
The objeotiTOS of the hospital as out in Ihe constitution o an be sumraarlz.
as follows X - that, following 0hrist*s c:.miafnd and example and in His spirit (l) it
treat* obstetric, gynaeoologioal and infant patients, (2) it train doctors in these
departments and nurses in midwifery, (3) it do matoruaj. « child health and other w''srk.
related to the above* The question is., •• aie these sti, ' the right objectives., sen-
if so, should the Australian Churoh siiii be involved in it^ sending missionaries ahA
financial suppol*t? Let us look at them*
(1) The twtmaot ef patiante; A siBgla apeoialty hospital was started,
rather than the usual general hospital, in order te place some kind of limit
on the work. This is still valid but even within this limit there are more
patients than oan be managed easily. It is essential that doctors and midwives
working out in the oommUnity have a hospital to rhiohthey oan send patients they
oannot handle. Government hospitals are, at present, imable to provide this
service especially for the poorer patients, II shin is providing it, not only for
Pusan city, but for country areas as well. The big questions isi - hew is this
service to be financed? Only if some outside provision oanbe made oan it be
adequately staffed and poor patients given treatment. The Government is not likely
Jw give finanoial support which it oan*t give its own hospitals. We must, however.
Use all ohannels available to persuade the government exemption frem duty
and taxes as leng as free work is being done, Costs must be kept as lew as is pos-
sible oonsistant with providing reliable treatment and conforming with Government
requirements. In addition, the enly praotioal way in which we as a mission oan
ensure the carrying cn of the treatment of patients regardless of their ability to
pay is that envisaged viien it was decided to set aside certain funds from the sale
of property tobe invested for this purpese. If this hospital were te become just
another private hospital, even if a good one, fbr those who oan pay enough, we will
have failed in ovr mission.
(2) Trainingt To quote the 'findings’ again* "Training is a major responsi
bility ef Christian medical work, and from the largest medical college to the small
est teaching hospital the aim is to produce quality joined with dedication in
service,"
n Shin Hospital has two training pregrams s
(a) Training doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology is important in that
we have enoughoases to provide a good praotieal training and olinioal
experience i^ioh is sadly lacking in so many training programs. The
training being a long one, however, the number of doctors we oan train is
minimal in terms of supplying Korea -s ever all need.
(b) The training of m5.dwives on the other hand is of major importanoa
to the overall need of the oommun'.ly f*»d it is this program in particular
wdiioh will help fulfill the hospital. ’s third objective of maternal and child
health. While it was common knowj.edge that the big percentage of Korean
mothers would have their babies at home for many dooades to come no ene weis being
trained to leek after them and it was the complete lack, of provision for midwifery
training in the Korean iawwhiohwas the chief reason for commencing this kind ef
hospital. Under the Japanes system midwives had b een brained but even the youngest
of these must be nearing 50 so that tl'.e v/orking days of most must be over. On
switching over te a U.S. oriented ’midw Ifoless ’ traiji ',Oi^ ooheme for nurses in 1945
the need for midwivos seemed to be onbi.x oly forgotterv Between 1946 and 1962 hu/i •
dreds of nurses were given midwives licences on gradual. ion from nursing school
and often they had never seen a boby bern. The youngeut of these, unfortiinately,
must be less than 30 years old and our experienoe shoivs that it is often safer
for mothers to have their babies alone.-, as most still do in the country, than to
call a 'midwife. ' It was into this ti aining vacuum that we Australians seemed
especially trained to fit. Until 1962 we ooulJ offer only an unrecognized, inform
training but, largely through the persuasion o.” jur graduates, the Government
revised its laws in 1962 to require 12 T.c’^Ihr graduate training before issuing
licenses to practice as a midwife^ Evo*. oev/, b'-'.-fyvor, there are few hospitals w5.th
chough maternity patients to pro’ll de e\ ‘..dei^uc.bo tral’.ri.n.go
I^ugh not. of course, one of the reasons for having training nr.erams we
should be aw^e of the fact ihat in terms of hospital eooLmy the servioirof^h.,«
in training help to keep the sgaary bill lower and running tlsts down.
. Materna^ and Child Health; Effect:’ ve ir.idi’riferv ■nran+'.in* j.u_
^st ^por^^aspects of public healoh. Hot oply does U midwife LSribJt^
t if! she has an unprecendented opportunity for teaching
pubUo health, channelling babies for iimurization- ann mothers for family plLning
to the places they can get these things, m she can do some ef this work Lrself!
Prom ^e beginning we have t aken our trainess largely from the country
training schools, many of them Provincial Government Schools, believing that these
girls are much mo ^likely to return to the country than the nurses trained in the
oity hoepltals. While for some Pusan’ is, no dcubt, a step toward Seoul and over-
se as, very many go back to their homes to marry and settle down and practice where
they live. I oannot produce any statisti<-s but am sure there are a large number
of our 649 gradu&'tea praoi/ioing in ■fchair local coin':''i'Mi*ties^
4. evaluate this in relation tc Korea’s total need, Onoe more to
quote the findings’ - There is a growing recognition of the need of, and oppor-
tunity for, public health and preventive services, i^ithin the framework of medical
missions. This ©alls f or a comprehensive approach which inoorpohated the curative
and preventive in an interaotirig relationship between % base and peripheral units
with a two-way flow of personnel, patients and educational effort. Preventive
activities can be developed cnly through a program of health education and the
building upon a successful curative program."
I think that n Shin Hospital is providing a comparatively l»w cost beae to
which those working on the periphery can send their ’high risk- materni-te patients
and those meeding curative measures. With: i it such a ba,3 any outreach too easily
X ft •
This base is also providing traii.’.ng for ni'lmvcn to practice in private and
in public health services. Our graduates are working m-) almoot all of the mission
run public health program. A few are in Government Ijaar-jh cenures although the
Oovermnent will have to appreciate a midwife's worth and value what she can do
more than at present if they expect girls to work there. Midwives provide low
cost care for patients# not only in the country, but in the cities too, for tticse
who oannot afford a doctor even when he is available.
We need to demonstrate how government health centres could use midwiveo for
their maternal and child welfare work and toward this end we have started negotia-
tions with the Pusanchin Health Center with the idea of a midwife from II Shin
Hospital, taking trainees with her, hol.d.lng an ante-natal clinic at the center wnoe
a week. Health visitors from the center vjou] d e’tic'/Ui’agu patients who plan on
having the baby at home, and are not attei. ding a doctor, to com© for preventive
care. The director says that nothing in this line is being attempted and has invitr
us to begin as soon as ks can release a room for i.r; t^o use. If this works out the
same thing could be done in other oity health centers.
The next step in the plan xz to g:: 'v coxntry a3't'>as accessible to us but
t#o far for patients to come to the hos[ * ' al» Choositi*^ an area where there is
no doctor or resident midwife, the idea a.j for our mi drives to go for weekly
antenatal and infant welfare olinici and bo do family plannings teaching, a doctor
going once a month to supervise.
The hop® 'i« that this should demonstrate to t he community hovr much a midwife can
do to ensure- safe delivery and health &r raother and baby* and at the same time
inspire in our trainees an interost in village Work. If the government would-,
employ midwives to live’ in- a Oentrai olace and provide her with means to travel
out and hold clinics on market days in -vari-juv’ areas of the district their maternal
and child health programs could be much more effective.
In conclusion, and to. cone baok te the A»P.M. and the hospital, I believe
that even after ihere. is no A.P.M. as suoh in Korea, and even after the management
of the hospital has b ©en completely handed over to the Hospital Board and a
Korean Superintendent, there still will be a place for Australian missionaries to
share in the work and outreach of the hospital. I don't mean by this that it is
the only place in which Australian medical workers can carry out a 'ministry of
health and healing' in Korea. Varied talents and training will, I hope, be
offered and can be used in many different programs. I pray that the Australian
Church will continue to have its representatives sharing with Korean Christies
in a healing ministry so that those who are sick may become vdiole again irt Christ.
4 -
Where ehouli Mission Co From Here?
'. ■ . -W./v
You are not long in Korea, hef ore you learn that you must fee very careful
how you werd a question - the i. vevy polite and ' he can daSot ^y Sy '
means what _ answer -you are expecting or hop.: , f., . thav p.ill be’the answer yoU
excused spent the greater part of :;he -enyear-i in Korea l' could be
excused for approaching this question, from a somer.-h^t Korean perrpective wha h
are you expecting to hear? There are many answer:- being g-.ven these days for thx.
and similar questions and I'm sure there r .wld be an answer to make each .f you '
happyl However, my problem is. that. I don icnow you well enough to know what
would make you happy - ner am I enough of the circumspect politician to weave the
necessary answers into one talk with out re-ealing the inherent contradiof o'ns '
^at would be ^^Ived. I^m afraid I have only experienced skin-deep KoreaSzabion. '•
Ity intention i^ to be very unKoreau^.to, ignore your expectations - to he
straightf orward and blunt - as the time all.o-bed requires: ■ .
sure'I need not prdface these remarks with any disclaimer of divine ■
J only;*ut of my own understanding and experience. I do not
clam to say it as it is - only to say it as I see it. I have not walked in
your mocassins for the required ’moon’ - I oannot see it as you do - I oannot
expect each of you to s.8e it as I fo. The best we can hope for is that our indi-
Tidual fears, prejudices and feelings of TOlnerability will not prevent us hearing
what we are trying to say to eaoh ether - and I do anticipate that you will have
opportunity for your say too - else I shall be the poorer.
But briefly, as I see it, missions are at this point: missionaries came -Hn
a land unf^i liar with the G^apeij ib ^as proclaimed: converts were realized and
then organized into a churoh. Through ^be years, with ;.i.:'.s,g ionary help the ohur-u
wap nurtured to. a fairly highly deveiopedi slate of ma-.u.;,.-,:.ty insofar as orgavdzaf I- •
and institution are oonoerneT .. and he.r , we stand: Cl...L.-ohas are organized, san;..
tuaries dot the countryside manned by iorefc... cl.orgy •hva...,;ed by Korean in Scininari-
administered by Kordans with the san,. tiou of the va-icjs denominations. These
national churches are structured aftec the good patterns of the west (south),
complete with boards and oommitteos unlimited. They are Sailing a bit behind in
restructuring’ but I’m sure when the word is heard that to-day the Kingdom comes
not through committees but through ’restruoturrlng » they will reorganize with
the test#
With this as pur starting point where do missr’.ons g-? Certainly we oannot
simply l«ok with^ pride on our aocomplisljinbr.v- o.r^. leaving behind a job
well and completely donej It least I tru...t the:-. are none satisfied with the
results t© date:: Of course if a-Maving the high standards wa have known in our
home churches wa§ o«r goal then p3.rh.aps we do have cause for pride - it has nearly
all been duplicated here. In fait there sre ways in which the Korean churches
excel #ur western churches - some co'rmei.5.ahle - soma not so oojnmendable.’
purpose of m.ic-sion not to duplio.ate vj-estern manifestations of
onrlstianlty in Korea - Pa'Xl givs.; a bolter .reason in Ephesians o;17-19 or we .
night take John’s purpose in wn-ioing his gc«^pa.1 at 20<2;!. or again Jesus ’words’
I have come that they might have l;l.?o a-od ’ a-.e L'.t mo.re abundantly’. Whatever cur
interpretation of these or simi.lar p.ao =-n. , ni sure we would all agree that th--
rean churoh has no more then any otic; come yet to experience all thaL
d has in store for her. The fu.iness ol new life’ Is n*»t everywhere evident
in the Korean church nor have the fvu:I+-3 df trat liy, .-liltered through its members
into the society around the ohuroh in any dramatic w,-y. Tne job is net yet don'. '
I think that the beginnings cf an ans-.-er to our questien of where we re
emerges from the realization and accepta\oe of the fact that 4. 4.4 in
instltutio„,ny « „ „an
have to the^ Korean ohuroh. Organlza-cx-.-nal .iv +r° s tructures all exist f.rr+ •/
function as a responsible, indepen^ient i.ixu. o*j. inuring for its fleok and >.
r
to me that *>>ere is no l.nger a place fii- laaslons'' as organisations ilannlng. '
initiating and admlnis^ring work that is p.nperly the work .f the ChuJohr Ih;re
now emlsts in Korea a auroh -the miss:.. hare helped ereate it, we must now
aooept it, recognize its integrity and r.^rereignty over wrrk here in
step baokand out as mission, organ! zatio..:Vi • • ® here in, Kerea and
Ihis does not mean the end of mi.^u :.ouaries - Vt does mean the end ef
missionaries, mis A ions and Mission Boa--'.: deciding wnut wfJ'k needs te be done in
Kerea and idiat work missionaries sbouxo -to, i am not the oooperative
•rgahizations whereby the Korean ohiu-onr- ostensibly oall, plan «or assi-n and
super Vi se_ the work of missionaries. I luiow, this goes on in your oi/v-^ „q it
4#es in ours but I haTO been part of the^^e oo-operative otmmittaes too to
fool myself about the cooper ativeness of i^hat goes on in them, MissicnariW ^
where they want to go - #r where their fellew missionaries want themt • g«
ding on who is the stronger) - they do what they want to do- #r what their' fellew
missionaries want them to de - or so I see it, I am n#t suggesting that this
situation has^resulted in' any damaging effects for the Korean ohuroh « se far as
I know most missionaries have don© their Job as well as they could and probably
most have done the work that allowed them to make their maximum ©ontribution,
^ saying that this has come about because the *mission^ has so directed
(overtly or covertly) and net beouase of decision by the Korean ohuroh,. In most
oases the Korean ohuroh has been content to stand by, and mak© whatever approving
signs were needed to allow the mission oon- c;-nul to maintain its. image of being
abreast of the latest ^ in mission thinkint^o
The reasons why. the Korean ohuroh has do.; j i;h:ls are very simple. They are
dealing with persona they hardly know Tf.'hat to do with, personnel recommended by*
foreign Boards who in turn have recommended persons who have volunteered to fill
'mission opportunities' described in personnel requii'ement lists drawn up with
considerable missionary influence# How can, in fact why should the Kerean church
accept responsibility f or placing these people<i Besides) through long years of
experience the ohuroh has learned that missioneiries by and large do more geod
than harm and therefore it takes little risk in accepting them and letting '-Hhem
do what they want whether it sees the value in what they plan #r not, Seocndly
the Korean ohuroh does get something from Mission Boards which it can see the
value of -money- opportunities for overseas study and travel - and money.
Please do not understand me to be critical of the Korean church at this point*
contrary I have the highest regard for the patience with which it pu'is up
with CO much for the meagre returns it often receives a This is especially true
vdien one remembers the high proportion of money too t-l'at is channeled down
avenues ef service recommended by missioneiries, or reco-^;nized by the naticna-1
leaders as projects that will gain the support and approval of ©verseas boardso
All of this they suffer so that they may receive son. a ney to do things they
really want to dbJ
Here again for clarity let me say that I do not wish tt' go on record as sup^ortir
all the things the Kor^^n ohuroh wants to do, in fact most times
there are other programs I %vould prefer, and I L-xe rej.jaed with others when
our Board has supported 1 fiioughV'Aiorti'y over some that the Church waritv.
beog^a© I knew those I supported were more impojiantJ
■“ 2 —
f
cv<.\ W# -t I^VvVp-
I am not suggesting tJiat we should support all the thino-., -v, u ^
what they wish to do fbr ^at ihey see is the eocd !r v w ® ^ ^ *
thereby deprieved of the right to express alteLtlre cSnlen^rT J.
programs -but our influence should be re-’uood io renr«e,«L suggest other
ralue .f the idea we express and not oL'^with H hh
eurewewebXd ell etrobgly re.et to ore of IS gi^eSelf P»fsuad,re 1%
Blent unduly influenoing the decleicnB of the KoLan goTerMn«t“”^wr
belief a,,t Korea le a eoirereign nation and deearvee III
house. We eught to support ns 1,03 a right for the Korean otairoh This I M, ,
missions and missionaries must reilr-i viaU the yav-por they exerol<,«’
pewer the Korean ohuroh believes they exercise Yri’ietiBr this is L T the
j i«r TOxs is real »r magin#d.
To be practical about this let u.-*. begin by 4-v 4. ^
Karean church accepts finsccial support :.;Vum overseas ihe
- but it can be impreved. We may be slicvcer'^- in our ’/roCessicn thav, ^ purified
a two-way street and-ftiat our home churehe , n^ed the go d influences o> "
Church but the still talks louder^t# It is ntill i.rao that he who pays ^-^per
calls the tune# Even when the payor is benevolent and calls tunes we like «
are still subject t# his whims and wo murt be always alert net te offend. Over^^^as
Mission Boards are s till paying the piper sofaras the central budgets of most
korean denominations are ooncernedn In the case of the PROK I understand the
U.C. of C. grant only represents 6% of the total church budget - but it comes to
over 70^ of the budget administered by the General Assembly office# For those
who exercise administrative power and who control the major policy decisions of the
ohuroh this represents a very large proportion of their ^bread and butter’# It is
impossible to estimate and probably imp:)ssil '’ e to over-estimate the influence the
source of these funds has in determii^ing policies anh planning programs# This
remains true in our situation ■vdiere cooperative ocmrditces have been abolished’ r:nd
all planning is done by the respective comriLMots oi ihe General Assembly on wiiicH
sometimes one, sometimes no missionary sits. Floating in the background is alway:^
the knowledge yhat whatever decisions are t akenihey m-ist at some point pass over
the desk and under the scrutiny (jf che Mission Board and sometimes even a missionariy
on-^e field# In such a situation the qaest.lon inevitably arises - •vdiat will they
support most" happily Ihis year?
This being the case I believe that Misslcn Boards miist, with all possible
haste extricate themselves from the support of reguj.a;.’ on-going church programming#
They must do this quickly but they must do it responsibly# Let us be honest, we
are not the victim of either circumstances or a greedy Korean ohuroh, in our present
situation# We are at least as responsible if not more responsible than the Korean
churches for the present situation. True they have always been happy to receive
money - ^d we have been happy to be in the position of giving itJ We have not been
insensitive to or unmoved by the power that acoruse to thtse who can hand out money..
We have enjoyed it« some have coveted it and rare indeo^'. Is the person who has
tried to do anything to alter the situation# Too many have sensed that their worth
in the eyes of the Korean ohuroh is intimately related lo their connection with „the
so^oe of the funds that passes through their hands - and noone wants to be judged
worthlessj What I am trying to emphasize is not that we have lusted after power -
but that we are not the victims of K«'ieaa chixrches who have wheedled more and more
out of us until they have become utterl;j' oependent upon us against our will# So
we are not justified in simply cutting them off and makt.ng them stand up on their
own feet# We are as much the cause bf their dependency as they are and we have
probably enjoyed it more than they have# The situation must be changed but it
must be changed responsibly - we must pay our share of the cost of change#
- 3 -
I see this cost in terms ef establishing the support fer the en-going work
ef the churohes on a purely natienal basis, I think I am not betraying any state
secrets when I say that the PROK has asked our Board for a ene-time-gr?^t equivalent
te five years' budget to oreate,.an encovanent. fund. With the interest from this fund
the PROK would then \indertake respons'ibility for all work now supported by our
. Board," Because' ef* fallj.pg revenue at- hor.’e the Board htas not been able, .to respond
favourably ,to this request - I doubt if they have yet :aocepted the principle (l say'
yet because I still hope to' odnvinoe them tku+i the principle is valid) Ip any
event, accepting the, validity of eur Board’s! negative reac-oion an alternative
proposal has gained consi-clorable support arriong many of our churoh people. They are
asking that mi.s.sion property no longer needed by the mission be turned 'byer to them
to establish the endowment fund. Needless say there has been some reaction from
'missionaries who feel threatened by such a proposal and some from those who disagree
with ■the principle, J1 am not partioulary concerned with method at this point except
to illustrate posaiblities# I ^ oonoerned to emphasize my conviction th^t missions
must ''get b^t of the bus^poess of supporting on-gning work in national oh urohs. The
one exception would be an unconditional block gran c. requiring no report-baolf beyond
the asBUrsinoe that it hadheen received and incorp ;i,'ibed into the regular accounts
of the church subject to the same internal control procedures as all other revenues
of the ‘church. Any Cbher kind of support no matter how innocently given is almost
bound to be interpreted as imperialistic er paternalistic ^by a church becoming
ever more sensitive to outside interference, ' “
' X * •
* • • ^ I * '
I am suggesting that present- forms of support must be disoontinued -and.furl;hr::»r
that the present structures within -vdiich our relatiorlships operate must be radically
changed. I am not suggesting severing railationships# Rather I look towardr-to the
formation of a new kind of relationship in which, in fact as well as word, we-act *
toward each other as responsible and equal partners* Specifically that overseas
missions recognize that the Korean chur'^n* ov-ber Christian organizations cr even in
some oases secular KoreEin organizations i:^ve prime responsibility f or determining
the needs ef the Koreein people and deoioir-g L.i.pon the kind of action appropriate to
those needs* I would see the overseas chu:rches throu^'x their international or
inter-ohuroh oo-operatlon boards informing the churches and ether agencies in. Ko^^ea
of their willingness to enter into joint ventures with them to meet the needs .of thel'
people* Then in response to proposed programs the ohu.:*ohes would offer support
including both personnel and resources to be integrated .i.xito the national program a-d
administered by the national agency* Churohes would rta!:uj*ally set their own critevja
as to the type ef venture in which they would join, cj-iterria related to the urgency
of the program, the level of national support, the loag-* be^'^l benefits, the likellhooc
of continuance und®r national support following the perL^d of the joint partieij ai.ior
etc* etc* But once having assured itself of’ the validity of the program it would
turn over its resources and personnel to the national agency for administration.
■Whenever personnel were involved the national agency would platt fer the complete
logistical support within its budget and this would be part of the total support
figure and again'would be controlled by the national agency or church.
This entire .approach is based or. rhe belief that while the work of serving
God^s people anyvrtiere is the responsibility of God’s people everywhere, the people
of God in any ^one place have a partlcuior oh? > gatlon to assume resp*msibility f v
serving the needs of God’s people in Korea^ the puop.’t.e of God here in Korea, ic •'bg
churches, have the prime responsibility **<bis wor’w-? Wo must trust them with Jo
We can encourage, suggest, constructively r.titioizo our conscience directs bvic we
can no longer use any form of ooerc^.i-n *! ■. exoioise (^ntrol over aotivites that are
properly theirs to decide* If wo wishoa to call a Ko.aan nasuor to serve a Korean
congregation in our home church and the Korean ohuroh trica to exercise the kind of
control over everything he touched that we attempt here we would be extremely resent-
ful* We ought to expect the same from the Korean church and respect the rightfulnesr
of their resentment when we arouse it*
- 4
9
f
I must quickly bring this to a close but I know there are At least two glaring
omissions in this presentation (in additi:;n to what some will consider glaring
errors in judgment and oversimplification)* I have said nothing about leng term
missionaries and nothing about insituutions* Although I have intimated that future
relations should be on a contractual basis '‘*ith a jefinite time period included
I do not wish to suggest the elimination vf lonj term missionaries* I see no
reason wky they should not evolve from the same pattern. If a project requires a
person with language and therefore includes this in the plan end the budget and if
the person having learned the language and fulfilled the contract seems tc» the
national ohiiroh to be the kind of persen i :ey would like te continue with them in
some other capacity there is no reason why this oould not happeno The national ohurcl
will recognize that the overseas church &nly has the ability to respond to a limited
number #f joint projects at any one time* If the Churoh feels that the individual
oonoerned has the potential and the adaptabll ity to make further oonstruotive con-
tributions to its life and wishes to have bs expected allotment #f support used in
that way - there should b e n# reason why b'' r cannot be done and redone and continued
on an indefinite basis* I would hope the national churoh vrauld see the advantage
of a certain member of overseas personnel continuing on a leng term basis - but I
als» -think that until they make the decirilons involved and know that they have the
unconditional right to make them -bliey will never takeimny of us very seriously and
certainly never use us to their best advantage*
A final word about institutions and this will be have to be brief* I believe
they should be given over to K'^rean administration a s soon as it is practically p.s
sible. VJhen this has been done then j iui-nk the same rules apply as outlined above
for relationships with churches* They should be informed that the •verseas churoh
is happy to consider certain joint-ventures to include financial and personnel supp''
and when entered into they should be administered by the institution. One further
word on institutions such as school! s.- h''sp:Hals^ social centers, agricultural
projects etc. I happen to believe bhat rhou'V'i not be placed under the adminis-
trational jurisdiction of churches I e they should h^e independent boards ^
In creating such boards reasonable . ecUi"' . ■ ons shoiilJ be made to ensure as far as
possible the Christian oharaotor of the Inr . " butlijii lat they should be independent
of the churches* The exception would come lx ibie inrti'bution had keen founded by
the churoh,, as opposed to a miss ion^. and substantially supported by the church from
its inception - and even here an independent board would be preferable* Apart from
political and economic factors vihioh I are great in Korea at the present time
1 personally subscribe to the theological principle bhat the Churoh is better repre-
sented in the institutions 'sf man's sooi&l lni*e through ihe participation cf indivi-
dual members of the 'people of God' raiher 1-han by institutional participationo I
believe it confuses the cultivation and nuri;uring of the spirit with the production
and manifestation of the fruits of the spiril^j This oould lead into a long discuss:'
which would not be helpful at this point - I merely state my conviction about the
principle involved. Apart from that pri-ncipT e a book could be written abcut the
praotioal problems in present day Korea related to the Gnucoh exercising control
•ver institutions she might inherit fr^m Mission Boards*
This has been a big question - a ques*l:ion with '.Tide ranging implioationsr
I have barely outlined the bare bones of an answer., I sure I have not pleased
all of you - I may not have pleased any of you but I am not enough of a Korean
to have tried nor to worry about whei-ne'' . nob I have succeded* If you i*nve
heard anything that gives you cause to !1-. m’>re abo : ; i-e problems involved and
if you have not become angry with me in tlie process I am nolj. satisfied*
Thank you*
- 5 -
A Ilgcugalon on ^ 9j Auetrallan Prosbvterian Jiissl.n in K.rea
Hvy j^rwvj ('fVP IWutv) i«CwP . £>it. /r /^7/ ‘ “
Far some time there has been much thought given ta the gaals, methods and structure
relating ta mlssianary involvement in Ko^ea. In spite of the fact that frem time
to time nearly all af us have felt a lac-k -f satisfying sub-goals and a question-
ing af the real value of it all/noone denfeo the validity of the missionary task
af the Churoh in Karea nor the validity cf the Austrel-.p,:i Prestyterian Church's '
participating in it. There is always the bi .'ad gral oi' .bristian missions - to
preach the Gospel to every creature and fssooiated with Christ's command, the
respansibility ta teach and heal and engage in the manifold other’ works to improve
human life and welfare*
The "Regulatiena fer Missionaries" published by hhe Australian Prenbjrtorian Board
Missitns states one of the froals of JT'^.s.-slon work a little more speoifioally:
"Sinoe the B«ard attaches the highest imnovtance to te.e formation and derelopmont
in every area cf self-propogating and soji-support^'^g congregations and the upbuild
of a strong, independent, indigenous churoh, missionaries shall consistently work
toward that end*"
COEMAR has proposed that the future use of the TTPCUSA resources and participating
action by missionary personnel should be governed by the following four goals
(1) the establishment of Christian Oomaiunit-ies won to f aith in Christ as Saviour
and Lord through the effective nonimunioat5-on of tho Gospel (i.e* the task of
evangelism aimed at initial commitment to Jesus Christ) (2) the establishment of
Christian coirmunities fully equipped for life and service (i*e* the task cf
Chris’^ian education and leadership development) (3) the establishment of Chrlstia
communities engaging in social action (i.e, the t ask of relief, healing, social
justice and community development) and (4) the establishment of Chris^an
communities seeking unity and mutual anoeptanoe in Christ (i.e. the task cf
ecumenical mission, encounter withihe non-Christian religions and alienated groups
These goals> based on what is believed to be God^s will for man, along with the
open invitation of the Korean Churoh and the freedom with which foreigners can livf
and work in Korea are all aspects of the call to missionary involvment in Korea
today. The case for continuing and expanding missionary work in Korea has often
been made in terms of the above goals but what demands more attention is the future
pattern (methods and structures) of our missionary involvemen;^.
There are several factors that make a radical rethinking of our present pattern cf
missionary work necessaryj
(1) Financial - One thing that As abvious to even the most casual observer of the
Korean scene is the rapid economic development which is taking place* 1972 begins
a third 6-year economic development plan d»iring which an annual average eoonomio
growth of 8.6^ is envisaged© The per capita income is expected to rise from $20»^
to $400 per irg!b^. Exports will increase 5*3 times the volumne in 1969, The pepu?
tion increase will be kept at lo5G ctempared with \c9% in 1969 and the unemploymen*^
rate reduced to less than 4^0* Most major goals of the second 5-ydar plan were
successfully attained by 1970, the fourth year of the plan so that the third 6-yeai
plan will be off to a good start.
This growing prosperity means ihat is becoming more and more costly to ceirry on
a missionary programme based on the pattern wu have follrwed up till now, where
the total cost of a missionary's logistics is borne by the sending church.
(2) Development of the Korean Church. Follewing the nation's economic pregress the
Church's eoenomy is revealing a change for the better. Presbytery and Congrega* :
tional'centributions to General Assembly programmes is rising,- (1970-$12®00)
2^ million wen ($70C®) was contributed to the Presbyterian Seminary rn~Sefml last
year and $32,000 for overseas Korean missionaries this year. The Assemblv nnw
supports 10 missionaries in Taiwan, ThailandTMeH^.^ Briiil, Ethiopa, South Viet-
nam aad Indonesia, The General Assembly is developing and carrying through its own
programmes in evangelism, Christian education etc. There is gi-owing social
concern e.g. the free blood bank established by the Yong Nak Church, the prjgrammet
conducted by the Institute of Urban Studies at Yonsei University, Academy House
and the church in the Kwangju Estate. There is a gnowing number of capable
scholars and leaders. It is estimated that over 10^ of Korea's 31 million people
are now Christian and the growth percentage wise is ahead of population growth.
In the light of these facts the need for missionary finance and personnel should
be declining,
(3) A need for realising the changed concept of the missionary enterprise. For a
number of years the concepts of partnership and co-operation have been applied to
our missionary endeavour in Korea but in Mission related projects these concepts
have rarely been put into practice. There has generally been too great, if not
total, reliance on foreign resources of finance and personnel. As costs rise 5.n
Korea, this state of affdars oonnct continue and it becomes more and more unrealis-
tic for overseag churches to carry the burden of supporting institutions and other-
programmes in this way,
(4) Problems in the Home Church, These appear tobe, briefly, dwindling financial
resources, theological uncertainty and the need for revising priorities in over-
seas missibnary endeavour e^g^ Are there valid reasons w^hy the Australian Presby-
terian Churcii should continue to put such a large part of its resources available
for overseas missionary work into Korea ra-'-her than, say, Japan or Vietnam or
Indonesia? (The budget for the Korea Missioii ree^'lies approximately $80000 annuallj'-)
What effect will the proposed Churoh union have cn overseas mission priorities and
policies?
(5) Rapid change. Changes ooour so rapidly now that we must always be on the
alert in changing situations, A missionary strategy basically developed several
decades ago oannot be expected to remain relevant in a day when eoonomio, social
and political conditions change so rapidly and ■ ’ '■.expextedly. We must develop a
strategy of missionary involvement which Is adaptable to present realities.!
For these reasons it -will not be pcss-lble to continue very much longer working
under the present pattern and ray suggestion would be that the APBM be urged to
give prompt and serious oonsidoraticn to phasing cut the present organization, the
Australian Presbyterian Missicn in K-^-'ea ani the present pattern of missionary
engagement in Korea over the next five years i.e, by 1976,
This would involve personnel and property matters and a suggested approach might be
(a) With regard to personnel, to end tbs present terms cf appointment of Korea •nc'.
sionaries as periods of service on the ] are oonoluded in or before lD/6 and
in terms extending beyond 1976 making IG.o -'I.e cut cff year e.g.
Present terms of
Appointment to end
Rev. J*hn BroTwn (General Assembly Se..,inui/)
Miss lorothy kifatson "
Rev. Barry Rowe (Crippled People's Soho'.i)
Rev. Desmond Neil (I.P.M.O.)
Mr. Cam Lamb (Sheep Project)
Dr. Helen Mackenzie (ll Shin Hespital)
Miss Cath Madcenzie ”
Dr. Barbara Martin '*
Miss Joyce Anderson "
Miss Derethy Knight ”
(b) With regard to property -
1. Set up a separate JP for the II Shi
2. Sispose of the Seoul houses, the Tongnae house and the proceeds fr'h the
sale of the Chinju property (presently committed t* paying part of the
interest te Chinju Presbytery fcrfeur years to 1974 for evangelistic out-
reach)
3* Dissolve the Australian Presbyterian Mission JP
I am not suggesting that the ending of tPei present pattern of missionary involvement
in Korea necessarily means the end of vhs missionary relationship between the Korea-
and Australian Presbyterian Churches. This ooxfLd sii.'i be maintained but in dif‘-
ferent ways. Some possibilities might be the sending 'f
(a) financial assistance for specific projects
(b) Personnel (i) those who wou].d work directly under the General Assembly > f: the
Pres byte riaj'i Church vf Korea (or some other church body, in v ov.
of the imminent Gh'uooh xinion in Australia) e.g. in Christ.'. au
education, or the Seminary or an institution related to the
General Assembly. The terms of their appointment and legistioa;
support to be decided by the APBM or its successor and its
counterpart in the Korean church or the Board of the institutions.
(ii) those who are seconded, tj other missions
(lii) those who are lay people in secular employment
While not denying that there may be occasion.t; i‘,‘aen the Australian Chxirch mj.ght
feel that it should initiate and carry through a programme or project, its
missionary assistance will primarily be a response to programmes and projects
Initiated by the church in Korea.)
A note on the Mutual Agreement and the Committee on Cc-operation: Under the presen
mutual agreement the APBM is committed to a form of partior.pation in missionary
activity in Kbrea through the 0rTiFii.'.b1;ee >n Co-operation till the next revision o
the agreement in 1974. It cann,'-; therefcre; unilaterally decide on major policy
changes before the present agreement expires. It must, however, make plans for
new structures and new relations to meet '.he ohang:.rg realities.
On past performance it seems a vain hop- /■' look to .he C.O.C. for the kind of
planning that needs to be done for the iuture of mi'..-<ion work. If it becomes
pobsible to implement the kind of pattexn outlined i.l ux'e for future missionary
participation in the Korean church, then the importuuoe ^f the C.#.C. will grea
diminish until such on org.anization is no longer necessary.
Desmond J. Nell
1974
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1S76
1976
1975
1976
(Furlough due)
(furlough due 197G7)
(furlough due)
It
II
(retirement 973)
( " n75)
(furlough .’ue 107.’)
(furlough aue)
( " )
Ln Hospital
Seoul, October, 1971
A liscussion Paper on the Future ef the Australlsoi Presbyterian Mlasien in Kerea
Per some time there has been much thought given te the geals, methods and struotxarc
relating te missienary involvement in Kr^-ea. In spite of the fact that frem time
to time nearly all ef us have felt a lack rf satisfying sub-goals and a question-
ing ef the real value of it all, noone J.enies the validity cf the missionary task
ef the Church in Kerea nor the validity of the Australia! Presbyterian Churoh^s
participating in it. There is always the bi rad goal of vhiistian missions - to
preach the Gospel to every creature and fssjoiatod with Christas command, the
respensibility te teach and heal and engage in the manifold other works to improT©
human life and welfare.
The ^Regulations for Missionaries” publi.shed by the Australian Presbyterian Board
Missions states one of the goals of ti - .^r.lon work a little more specif ioallyj
”Sinoe the Beard attaches the hj.ghest i-jiDortance to the formation eind development
in every area cf self-propo gating and sojl- -support congregations and ths upbuU '
of a strong, independent, indigenous church, mist -ouaries shall consistently work
toward that end.”
COEMAR has proposed that the future use of the TJPCUSA resources and participating
action by missionary personnel should be governed by the following four goals'
(l) the establishment ef Christian Gommunities won to f aith in Christ as Saviour
and Lord throtsgh the effective communication of the Gospel (i.e. the task ef
evangelism aimed at initial commitmerfb to Jesus Christ) (s) the establishment of
Christian oonmunities fully equipped for life and service (i.e. the task ef
Chris’^ian education and leadership development) (3) the establishment of Christiein
communities engaging in sooial action (i.e» the t ask of relief, healing, social
justice and community development) and (4) the establishment ef Chrislgian ’
communities seeking unity and mutual acceptance in Christ (i.e. the task of
ecumenical mission, encounter withihe non-Cnris I'ian religions and alienated groups
Thee© goals, based on what is believed to be Ged^s will for man, along with the '
open invitation ef the Korean Church and the freedom with which foreigners can livf
and work in Korea are all aspects of the call to missionary involvment in Korea
today. The case for continuing and expending missionary work in Korea has often
been made in terms ef the above goals but what demands more attention is the future
pattern (methods and structures) of our missionary involvement*
•f
There are several factors that make a radical rethinking ef exir present pattern ef
missionary work nocessaryi
(1) Financial - One thing that is abvious to even the most casual observer of the
Korean scene is the rapid economic deve.lopment which is taking place. 1972 begins
a third 5-year economic development plan during which an annual average economic
growth of 8.6^ is envisaged. The per capita income is expected to rise from
te ^40# per month. Exports will increase 5.3 times the volumne in 1969. The pcj.u
tion increase will be kept at l;i55 compared with in 1969 and the unemployme: i
rate reduced to less than Most major goals of the second 5-ydar plan were
successfully attained by 1970, the f curth year of the plan so that the third 5-yeai
plan will be off to a good start.
This growing prosperity means that i^ is beocming more and more costly to carry on
a missionary programme based on the pattern we have followed up till now, where
the total cost of a missionary’s logistics is borne by the sending church*
1
- 2 -
(2) 0,y,l,p„,nt .f th. K,r.a. Chur=h. Followins th, ,oon,mlo pr.gress the
auroh'8 1» revealins a chahE« for the better. Preebytery. and tongrega- -
General Assembly programme&- is ri sing. (1970-112000)
2i million w#n($700«) was contributed td-the Presbyter.ian Seminary in Seoul last
year and $ZZjtOO for overseas Korean missionaries this year. The' Assembly now
supports 10 missionaries in Taiwan, Thailande Mexico, Brn.^il, Ethiona South Viet
nama:d Indonesia. ITxe General Assembly is developing ant oa^ryS^th^^ougf its om^
programmes in evangelism, Christian eduoabion etc. There is g-owinp; social
TafT TP bank aatabliahed by the Yong Bak Ohurehf t^ pLgranmee
.. oondueted by the Institute ,f Urban Studies at Yonsei University, Academy HoSr^
and the church in the Kwangju Estate, There is a gnowing number of capable
scholars and leaders. It is estimated that over 10^ of Kerea’s 31 million people
1 the growth percentage wise is ahead of population gro'^h,
^ these facts the need for missionary finance and personnel should
be deolining.
(3) A need fer realising the changed concept *f the missionary enterprise. For a
number *f years the concepts ef partnership and co-operation have been applied t*
our missionary endeavour in Korea but in Mission related projects these oono'epts
have rarely been put into practice . There has generally been too great, if not
total, reliance on foreign resources of finance and personnel. As costs rise in
Korea, this state of affiars connct continue and it becomes more and more unrealis-
tic for overseag churches to carry the burden of supporting institutions and other-
programmes in this way,
(4) Problems in the Home Churoh, These appear tobe, briefly, dwindling financial ■
resources, theological uncertainty and the need for revi.sing priorities in oveh-.
seas missionary endeavour e.g. Are there valid reason, -i v^hy the Australian Presby-;-,!:
terian Churoh should continue to put such a large part of its resources. availali'Le' --'C
for overseas missionary work into Korea ra'rher than, say, Japan or Vietnam rr
todonesia? (The budget for the Korea Mission reaches approximately $80000 annu'aily).
What effect will the proposed Churoh union have rn OTerseas mission priorities and ■
policies? ,•
(6) Rapid change. Changes occur so rapidly nsw that we must always be on the . .-v
alert in changing situations. Amissionary st.ra-i agy basically developed several '
decades ap oannot be expected to remain rel.ovanl in a day when eoonemio, social
and poiltioal oonditions change so rapidly and unexpextedly. We must develop a
strategy of missionary involvement which is adaptable to present realities.
For these reasons it will not be pcssible to crrib-'nue very much longer working
under the pre,sent pattern and my s’-ggestlon would be that the APBM be urged to
give ppmpt and serious consideration to phasing cut the present organization, the
Australian Presbyterian Mission in Korea and the present pattern of missionary
engagement in Korea over the text fi.v-e years i.e. by 1976, ■ ’
This would involve personnel and pr^pei^.-’ty matters and a suggested approaoh might be
(a) With regard to personnel, to end the- p-e, sent terms of appointment of Korea mi^.
sionaries as periods of service on the -.'* i-r.' I are concluded in or before 1076 and
in terms extending beyond 1976 making 19, o o.-.e out off year e.g.)
Rev. Jeha Brown (General Assembly Sej. inary)
Miss loro thy Watson "
Rev, Barry Rowe (Crippled People’s School)
Rev, Desmond Neil (I.P.M.O.)
Mr, Cam Lamb (Sheep Project)
Dr, Helen Mackenzie (ll Shin Hespital)
Miss Cath Maekeneie
Dr, Barbara Martin
Miss Joyce Anderson
Miss Derethy Khight
n
It
It
Present terms of
Appointment to end
1974
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1976
1976
1975
1976
(Furlough due)
(furlough due 1978?)
(furleugh due)
II
(retirement
(
.1973)
1975)
(furlough '’u3 1977)
(furleugh due)
( " )
(b) With regard to property -
1.
2,
3.
Set up a separate JP for the H ahin Hospital
lispose of the Seoul houses, the Tongnae house and the proceeds frem the
sale of the Chinju property (presently committed to paying part of the
interest te Chinju Presbytery for four years to 1974 for evangelistio out-
reach)
Dissolve the Australian Presbyterian Mission JP
I am not suggesting that the ending of the present pattern of missionary involvement
in Korea neeessarily means the end of the missionary relationship between the Korear
and Australian Presbyterian Churches, This could still be mainJSained but in dif-
ferent ways. Some possibilities might be the sending of
(a) financial assistance for specific projects
(b) Personnel (i) those who would work directly under M:e General Assembly ef l;ho
Presbyterian Church cf Korea (or some other church body, in rhov,
of the imminent church union in Australia) e.g, in Christ, tan
education, or the Seminary or an institution related to the
General Assembly# The terms of their appointment and logistical
support to be decided by the APBM or its successor and its
counterpart in the Korean church or the Board of the institutions^
(ii) those who are seconded to other missions
(lii) those who are lay people in secular employment
While not denying that there may be occasions when the Australian Church might
feel that it should initiate and carry through a prcgi'amme or project, .its
missionary assistance will primarily be a resp.’Use to programmes and projects
initiated by the ohuroh in Korea.)
A note on the Mutual Agreement and the Committee on Co-operation; Under the presen
mutual agreement the APBM is comm it bed to a form of partiolpatian in missionary
aetlvity in K*rea through the Cr.irrmlttee >n Co-operation till the next revision of
the agreement in 1974, It oann'^ bhe.re.fore.. unilaterally decide on major polloy
changes before the present agreement expijes. It must, however, make plans for
new structures and new relations to meet the changing realities.
On past performance it seems a va.in hop=- b'- look tu .ha C.O.C. for the kind of
pla&uing that needs to be done for the fiiture of mission wark. If it becomes
pobsible to Implement the kind of pattern outlined above for future raissioneury
participation in the Korean ohuroh, then the importance of the C,f,C. will groalTy
diminish until such an organization is no longer necessary.
Seoul, Ootober, 1971
Desmond J, Neil
■ ff\
(1) . Criteria for sendia^ mi a a ion peraonael and fu*<
Bej^ a ;2™£2!1-®!5S4 ^£.0^ U .111, s Ion. ^ ^ lU, , 0 .1
tip & partioular land*
(a). THSOLOGICiL, States very simply 1his refers to the need for salvation,
y salvation we mean the total welfare of man (spiitually, mentilK.^dThysioally)
in his sooie^, Hov/ever you define the Gospel (both in terms of personal salvation
and S' oial action) what ar e the obligations it demands of us in terms of human needs
here now in th^ oountry? In terms of ohuroh membership the question might be what
percentage of the, people are as yet unrelated to t he organised visible ohuroh?
In tenns of social concern the question would be to what extent the influence of
the Gosppl is applied to society (health, employment, justice, exploitation of
labor, ; etc,; j?
Now, it would seam that if we are totake -the theologioal implications of
our message seriously, the answer to the question "Are missionary personnel and
funds needed in Korea?** would be a categorical "YES". Here in Korea, still
over 9(i% Of the people are as yet unrelated to the Church of Jesus Christ* Social
concern measured in almost eva^y category 1* defective in terms of what our under-
stating-cf the Gospel has oome ta be. (See 0. Breidenstein’s Christians and
documentatiom.) However we understand the Gospel it iT^iffioult
to say that the missionary task is completed.
(b), CULTURAL. Yiihat is the' degree of response on the part of oeoDle to the
message and tte messenger? Docs the f act"lh'^'e is & white, Anglo-Saxon westerner
him oiat a« an effective ins truoont of- the Gospel? In spl^of his foreignness
is he accepted and v/eloomed?
In aome countries and cirouiMtanoei the foreigner might be more of a liability
than yi .asset* But it has ^een my experianoe that this is not true here in Korea,
rhe situation may change* but at least for the present there seems to be a reservoir
'cf good vdll for the astern representative of Christianity. This does not mean
bhat all are equally aoeepted or that at 111000 pur foreigness does not cause offetiBe^
jut it does mean that just the fa<st that we are white Anglo-Saxons does not dis-
qualify us* J»st yesterday sne of the elder statesmen of our denomination^ Rev.
jce Ki Hyuk* presented a petition to our three mission board representatives
ppealing for q dramatis increase in the missionary presence as a part of a national
vangeliatic crusade leading up to tha IJOth anniversary sf Christianity in Korea*.
♦
(o). ECONOMY OF TOTAL RBS0I3RCES* How do the needs in our particular land
other priorities around the* world? We xuust recognize the principal
^hat the total reso'ii'ces of the church universal should be distributed evenly and
"airly where they will do the roost good. The priorities of the Kingdom of God
^ight change from decade to decade and from oountry to oountry end it is possible
vhat the program here might have to be put on a “back burner” in order to exploit
a break-through” somewhore else#
Now this is really not otur problem but that of some board executive at his
mahogany desk b.ok homei But looking at facts and figures it is difficult to
conclude that over-seas missions (including is getting more than its
fair shore”. For example, my denomination (Presbjrt^^.c;^3hiiroh, U*S.) last year
^ave for all causes something ower 133 million dollarj o* ‘ . h. 3. ’ wen***
jverseas. 97*2^ of the churches finnn oial r^aouroes was spent ihc ^ ^
of cur sQuthezTi states while wag used for the rest of the worldj
nagaill'of !f. S^ (official
some disturbing statistics for s^LaJtfns ? ?” and it had
are more young preachers lookin^for churohes
During the last decade there ^fs al ilZTasl aTallab.e,
with a corresponding decrease qf 44 denomination
jf doctors per every 10,000 peeple in Korea *r^^ tt *4.^ comparison of the number
Seoul the figure tol Ko^ea dootSrforlTv ll c^ ""“r-
or. ext.) or pick Just about any other oomparison you’w^Sirwanrto
of resources available to meet human need ami T h«lL,r ^ ^
about the same place. Granted the wealth of o^r^hom!
personnel, skills and technology, wa can hardly say thf Mssl^n^is'rC.-.^"
here ifthf rib/' ““ »« *o b e faoed. And
STRUCTURAL. TSIhat about the ability (willinffne<5<, V r,a *.v, u
U accept and ^ilize effectively fore J i atructuT-e
are frontiers? Here we~gat Vm»»Ad down — rr,.”TT —p —t— ^ significant mission'
5uta’rTEnj„^l,: ”%f
aries not beinec offeotivelv u^iH desoriptions, capable mlBsion-
ste>™rdship ts'ro12lii::!r *”
lays upii'us'! Z Jw **“ ”»‘lSutlons which the Gospel
tion 0? prioLtles oA*i?al
soreazn even louder f'or m4 ..4 .1 ano neec} I believe we should
But from the standpoint of the\ind*«f*Jtr^f£^rrSatl** everything;
sently involved there miiyht ho . * o. •> »•, relation in which we are now pre-
would be a "YES" but it ^ i v bilenee. Even here, I think my answer
«uuia oe a XJiS but it Would have to be a oualified »'vi?q'* <4- t/
4«ite as enthusiastio as before. ” YES and it would not be
struot5arAi«iir“?i; / It tis.0 to begin a orltioal re-eraalnation of our
of M. tho bottleneck to the full utilisation
I or the kingdom of God, then struoture can and must be changed J
(2). Reappraisal of the "Church Based"^ Struoture.
based"^^ distinguish from what was formerly "mission
rp.,fbn * probably over-simpUfy-we mean to refer to that plan by which overseas
struoWe and^flnenoes) are "integrated" into the natiLal church
responsibiliWor^J^°*^ organization of foreign missionaries charged with
esponsibility for the program passes out of existence and its place is t Ln bv
denomination or a joint consnittee. In KorL^^foTus Sou^^ern"^
ami of a "mutual agreement"
«ie establishment of the "Department sf Oooperative Work".
?or onf ^d the change did accomplish a great many things^
Ssions JntoTS^ United Presbyterian and sLthern Irasbyterian
oontributions. ^ of work and witness. And there ^are many other positive
that detecting more and more "straws in the w^*
just about evervbodv^*T^^*^*^® dissatisfaction with our present structure from
staff 5 ^ of the Board of World Missions and
quite f^a^kl^ai influential people were speaking quite
perpetuation of the Churoh
^ .r:“’ • -
.- ;.S S^Hs.HSSS's^i.uKr’S; •“’ ‘“«“”
.. "advlsdry" or a 4up.I=ng" ^otMoe ^ **“ ««» «
: from churoh. related hiiiieteriee to inetituti^'^* a? a **odue of mieeionarlea
ohurdh hlereroy. m « oM^i rcS'l ? »»•
defined. Today, with all onf ialk about tn^!r}a,°i*“'r‘r? '■*“P''”«lbllitleB are
ha re fewer hia.tonarie. willing or eble to u4k wituf "*
Ing.iut'ar^n^^S^^SsffllrMfl^ S?r!!°'‘“”?a*’“*'‘
the prerogatives f oraierly helfl hv the •»m4ee4 » ' tj expectation t hat all
al churoh. But thi^ is Kar* J transfered to the nation-
01 Sion making reverted baok to the hciie authority and de-
in inoreaeing number of oas»t that heme boarS^S ^ leadws found
fioult to deal vrith that miggionaf lea naor eway were even more ilif- .
tration (orientation, furlough*, iot desorioti^J^^ arf adminis-
required by the bureaucraoybSok hone) ere hJedi eJ ** reports
institutions which they thLght wer* goiat “?** Some
laetieal foodbaaket, have ooS under into the eooles-
less responsive to the will of Se are even
to the mission. Ihe relpoLlbirnyY ^ JtW ^ were directly related
headache than am hs.,^/ S duri^rt^U tecom^more of a
nurrvbe.v' of missionaries had dwindldd and Wnawe* i ©huroh based approach"., the
For u»any of the national ohurch leader# th^S^h^ been out repeatedly,
vK.t it oo.uid not deliwer. It il a mi^Jg^^ ^®d approach® has promified
a’l exeoutl^ StiSal
prcgressiv$. as eoumeniMAi ,1 churphes have not been as
urportant to the h^e boards hev^*Tf+^ thought. Priorities
aanmitteas expending the fu^d^ Thf^®" priorities of the churoh
at home to undS s W, ^ ^
emphasis on the worlt t£^neee«Uv f^rwoXff Theology and its
on the field is more and mo»a hi? / through an eoolesiastioal st,uotura
tendency S the T^l being called into question. There is a growing
is realty 8ignif?^t^and'^SDdrt![n+* that n^en they want to do something they feel
^truow^ ^ghMTrSl exiating^^ohur^h
"ohuioh\SS 'rlprffS^k^n too often rigid adherence to the
that is antaLnisSfto ® particular denomination
obtect to inoludirp broad^based ecumenical program, Eenominational leaders
tlons , GrantX L^^nir? other denominations on boards of institu-
heme, are out before denominat4°^r*** hoard members back
leak tte local inriliF-ln programs# Yet ©oumenioal agencies themselves
lb to .ffuotiyely roprooont KoroL. Ohriu-ttunlty
tl* Joyolw., »* „.4ui4j„ or?hoif4\“J5?;?4f°'’‘'*
- 3 • ■
f
« • *v
(e ) , From the Eerepeotive of the man ^ hack home. Ultimately, any
program which must depend on voluntary iTFte will t ail if it^ee not challenge
the local' giver on -vdxose eupport the ;*ole enterpriee reeta* And the man in the
oGw is finding it much more difficult to have "a piece of the action" in a "church
b-3aGd aporoach". There is growing dieeatisfaotion with the inititutional church «
and this includes boards at home and church structure abroad# The whole systan of
budgets# priorities# equalization and the general mission fund tm*ns him off*
More and more he is giving his money direst to individual missiccaries (if this is
permitted, and somatin,e8 when it is not i) ^or to independent organizations not
enc\]fflbered with any churoh . etruotures* . '
(3)* Sooner or Later a Crisis*
The alarming thing to me, about our present approach to the problem with a
traumatlo mission relationg consultation every four or five years is that sooner
or later it is bound to lead to a oriaSt*, For the "ohuroh based approach" as
understood by national church leaden is a pne way road# With epoh new mutual
agreement, some. new. oonoeas ions are expeote^T” How is the ultimafe goal to
T^ioh this one way road if leadingt Ultimately it would b# the total integration
(absorption) of missionary personnel and rmdi into the ecclesiastical structure*
j.iiis would mean block grants# with nO restriotions whatsoever from abroad with
which the national church would hire miss! >nari«s and support whioliever their
orogrom they wanted# All prop.erty (the onrrent point of dispute within our
denomination) would revert to the highest! pourt of the-ohuroh. Not that all of
these demands are to bo made this yea^ or the next, or even on the horizon<,
But logically this is tdien the "ohUrch based approach* will lead*
Not' that tois is what our board secretaries at home mean* Quite the contrary
But the point is that this is what many of ou** national churoh leaders think it
means* And if there is misunderstanding here,; we have given considerable reason
for them to think this#
Actually# to my knowledge, no overseas board is willing to go any-
where near this far# And# in my opl&loo# they are not willing to go as far today
as they were o decade ago* *’or' this Mind of interpretation of the "ohuroh-based
approf oh" would be '^at the board a^ home would simply beooioe a reoruiting and a
fund rdbing agency for the national ohwoh abroad#
Now the dangerous thing about all ef this is that sooner or later at one of
our formal consultations the limit will be reached# Both "sides" will be backed
into corners. Demands will b e made •vdilch are unaooeptable* then the sending board
vdll have only two options ^ to give in completely or break the relationship*
In either case it would be a. tragedy for missions and national churoh*
This is precisely^ in jay opinion# vdifcit reoently took plaoe in Mexioo»
American mission hoards (UP & SP) same ts an impasse with the national Presbyterian
Churoh of Mexico over the matter »f eopmenical relations with the Roman Catholics
of that country# The national church refuaed to sanction €uiy degree of fraternisu-*
tion with catholics on the part of their clergy# including missionaries* COEMAR
(New York) and BW. (Nashville) came to the point of oohsoienoe where they simply
could not go along* Result? A break in the relationship# At the most recent
consultation COEMAR and BlfBf and the National Churoh in Mexico have agreed to
separate# the Committee on Cooperation has been disolved and Nashville has
announced that beginning next year they vd 11 be continuing in missionary activity
m Mexico# but not in collaboraticri with the national <^uroh of Mexico#
4
understood ty
(^ ) • Sew Patterns.
It is always more fun to find fault with tltt nrfl«A«4- +•>,-*
direction for the future! But here are soae .catwtrtLulS ^d^’td^L! "
neoe.iJurS'"!^“eiotiM'‘orXlwy^pOT.omerM^^ *
approach”. But „e haro got to h!l™ a ?iSS” p1tS™°“ThT‘<“°°
some rather delieate negotiaticns to say the least! ^A«d
the next formal Consultation on dhuroh aisslon tetter feegln before
it wlU be too late for both ^0^^111 he oo^e lllil
begin .or. informal talks ^tt^
throuS^Hgiout ^^S^o Wt^®
r:SEr“”"=^ ^^~x\ssx s.=i,rc..
Si. MaS 'J t^sethar Uhdar ona aU-poaerful OoMittea on CooparatlonT
raatS-S- SSn-laaJ^TS^nttSnr
irSaiLffSi^^^
own directlv undar^the ^ ++^ ®®Q8e» The project would then be on its
vtMnh under the national ohurph afenoy or a hew project might be negotiate ■'
TrtoZ"l\lT Tt reduced solle. MissLnarierS^t ' ■
The tamna^A,. ^ ministry withm a projeet^ith other missionaries and natiomfls.
Empire”! ?ro^0ot would keep it fr on, becoming a private mission uy
Assembly' Asse^ly Staff. At the request of the General
werkar nC J^®®Aonafy mignn oe assigned to the, agency staff. Possibly as a field
clTl li 7/^ representative but direptly responsible to, , say, the Board of
Council^ uoation, (g©e John Brpwn»s paper presented atthe last Presbyterian
Send^g Societies. By voluntary is meant a
tlonal mission h A X antagonistic to) the denominc .
boabd might find°it diffioult^t^ specialised emphases, viiloh the denominational
and th7£of w w7 4. !: support, could be undertaken. (Note The Wa^
^sTr-arrLe llngt^)° Institute of Church Growth whioh developes thiT^
I N^5 - i~Ct;ii.5
G# Thompson Brown
Seotbl*
October 16, ,1971
October 15 i 1971
FRC^^ ALL TIT] ^^ORLD
• “ • TO ALL THI,^ ''ORID^
(Some Ideas on the Future of i-asoion)
By Stanton R, ‘-/ilson
Let me stress at the beginnlnfr that I'n tryin^r to suggest ''ideas" on the
future of mission, I will, only say enough to whet your appetite and then hope
we wj_ll chew on these ideas together. We might call this "A Bevel opiig Vision
of an Open Ecumenical Exchange,"
It The ajjn, both of polio 3^ and work, is to deliver the saving Imowledge
of the Sospel of our Lord and Savious Jesus Christ, My own home Board expresses
this aim as follows i
"The supreme and controlliner aim of the Christian mission to the
world is to make the Lord Jesus Christ Imown to all men as their
divine and onl3^ Savior, and to persuade them to become His dis-
ciples and responsible members of His Church, in which Christians
of all lands share in evangelizing the world and in permeating; all
of life with the spirit and truth of Christ,"
2, The framework, both of polic3/' ^-nd work, embodies two conceptsi
a, "From all the world, • t world," To use Korea as
an illustration, the best thing that can happen is for missionaries
coming to Korea to come from all areas of the world (bringing the warmth
of how the Gospel permeates their culture), and then continue to expect
^^orea to be sending out its best missionaries all over the world. This
movement, Ti'7o areas should be stressed on the in-coming
groupi first, the^r como on Korea’s invitation? second, their constituencj^
should stress "'Vsian-ness" and "Black-ness ^ ■ikfiT ^ ^
b, Trans na t i ona 1 , This concept stresses the ability to bridge two
or more nations in 3''our understandin g of life. It also means the word
"international" and even "national" are dead words for the sps-ce age
when 179 see this earth as one planet. This enlarged understandjjig of
a P^roirro.^- world culture Is as old as John 3il6 — "God so loved the
world. . To ovorstress 22L nation -ther as a missionarv or as a
national, is to invert the Christian rotif, "life for others. " Trans-
national is a secular word for an oc • " esiastical term, Tcuraenical
Mission, which is the "Mission of the whole Church to all men in the
entire xrorD.d."
3* ^droain” be3?'ond today, I am convincGd that ei;ood planninp; for tho
next phase of ]oartnership demands not only an appraisal of the present C.O.C.
and this day in mission, but also a preview of what may bo in store for tho
mid-70's and early 80 *s.
Although I basically foel there are strong merits in tho present partner-
ship plan of tho Committoo on Cooperation in tho Presbyterian Church of Koroa,
I am becoming awaro that perhaps in a fow years wo need to be more broadly
related, to the wholn church hore, th(( idea of what might bo called "the
fifth ora'* in Korea, Tho four ooumonj C'’-J. eras to date have boon called^
Tho Mission Cra
Tho Church-'Mission Cooperation iJra
Tho Intonation "^ra
Tho Partnership Era,
Tho caption I wovild give to a future ora for the mid-70 *s is "Ecumonical
Mission and Rolations I^oroa Toam, "
I visualize this as a much smf'.ller number of miooionarios consisting first
of a group starring at least ten years, who \<nm tho lt.=''c^in,gG and would probably
work quite similarly to tho present CnO.C. setup x*rithin the mainstream of
Presbyt-orianism, Those people would bo - to use baseball language - tho
manager and the coaches.
Then tho rest of t.ho team would specialises on shorter contracts
asked hy educational institutions , tho Koroou gov''Uvr^x-.ont , ecumenical agoncios,
other denominations , and perhaps partialis or totally paid hy Korea,
4
-3-
It mirtt Include swoialists bv thon on Romn C=>tholi„ Md h-dtodtant
i-oUtlons. I thtnb- thd posturd of oip- Co«.4-oio„ is such thftt ,m must not
ullo» oursolvos to ,ot into «ny stnnlt . 3„c-t in any „ntiu„,
wo aro roAdy to vontm-o in somo brand now pionooring vonturos on this ponin-
sula.
I would also hopo that Porsonnol who 'cnot. both Korea and Japan might pla
a role on this team to develop between these two nations and churches bettor
understandings. By then dialogue with R,ed China and North Korea must also be
considered.
The "dream" can become reality if Church is sensitive to total non-
self ish mission opportunities and challenges, and makes sure each expatris.te
has a Job description accurate and meaningful for his gifts. I-kny of the new
breed of missionaries m9.y well bo part of a team ministry including specialists
from mny disciplines, thus permitting a deeper swoop of the Spirit in this
pluralistic dair.
The focus of Scriptural motivation. AH policy and all work of the
Church focuses on txjo Scriptures s
Church and gave Himself for her" (Ephesians 5i25b),
and tne Groat Commission of Jesus, Matthew 28slS-20. "And Jesus came
and saxd to them, »AH authority in heaven and on earth has been <iivcn
to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, bantizinv"
hem the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit,
oacning them to observe all that I have commanded you; and lo, I am
XTith yon alvjays, to tho close of th':
t n
n obod.ionco to Christ we labor together to brin<^
l.ost^world. And -wo -prAy "even so oo*ao Lord Josus."
His Gospel to a
Stant on P • ^i].s on
NARRATIVE REPORT ON KOREA
(Covering .October 1970 - October 1971)
So much has happened in the year-October 1970 - October. 1971 in this land
and in this Church, that the only title suitable is
The report is in two parts: ^Happenings'* and "Observations." The first
part , ' "Happenings" , provides a -sequential picture, ,6f the year here. The
second part , . "Observations" deals with an attempt to appraise, the politi-
cal climate and trends, the economic and social , situation, , religion in
general, Christian community, and Self-Development., of . People . Of neces-
sity Part P is the longer because it demanded extensive research and many
conversations.
I . HAPPENINGS ,
-* ■
A; Autumn 1970
'••777 couples- married in mass wedding! October 21,,. 1970 at
Changchung Gymnasium, Seoul. The Reverend Sun Myung kOCN, founder
of the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of^ World
Christianity, tied more "knots" than any Boy Scout 777 wedding
knots! ICnown for liking, mass weddings, Reverend l^bojn,,. outdid any
of his earlier endeavors in this respect^. ..The press^. referred to
it as "the largest mass wedding in South Korean History."
Among, the couples w/erc 5.30 Korean, 231 Japanese, -six American, and
^ ten from West Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands,, and Nation-
alist China. ■ . *;
Rev. Moon "claims to be a Korean Jesus (*the Jewish one failed,'
he says!)"
. 2. "Like C.O.C. ! " The Commission on Ecumenical Mission and *
• ^ . 'Pelaiions ' new General Secretary,. Dr.' Donald . Black , visited, J^orea
in November. In extended conversations, with Church pleaders of the
..-Presbyterian Church of Korea, Korean leaders . stressed , "We like
the Committee ■ on Cooperation." .,Dr« Black responded by indicating
this concept of "Partnership in Mission" has now spread from Korea
to many parts of the vjorld.
'I ' I •
3. Evangelism! For three weeks in 'late autumn Drs. St. Paul Epps,
Rodney Sundberg, and Newton Thurber studied evangelism in Korea.
During 1970 the Korean Church continued a strong program to wxn
■people' to Christ,. In one well planned campaign 20,000 hew belxevers
responded. .
4. Methodist boy burns to dearh! In, early December Tae ,11 CHUN,
a 17-year old -worker in a swe^l; shop, covered himselLf with gaso-
. .line .and lit it.- In his doath, Vcv.a.a vja's shocked again at the
unsafe, primitive working conditions in many factories. His
2-
mother held up the funeral for ore hour until the owner promised
four, things safe working condi'tions, shorter hours, no child
labor, and better pay. She won, but at such a cost;
5. Korean-American- Consultation’ Vor the fxrst time in the long
hxstory -of .these two nations at vjork in Mission together, their
two. National Councils of Churches sponsored a consultation in
Seoul , ■ December. 2-5 , 1970* -The topic: "Kppean-American Relations: ' .
Dilemmas an^ Opportunities ^ in the Future of Northeast Asia," Some
35 distinguished .Church leaders from the two nations ■ participated,
but only two American missiorarips in Korea were- invited,. Before
and during most of 'the -‘Consultation, -Korean delegatos were uneasy--.--
about the presence of Professor Frank Baldwin, Assistant Professor, ’-
of Korean Studies, East Asia Institute, Columbia University. He ’
knows Korea very well and was believed to be a North Korean sympa-.,, '
thizer. The American delegation was made very impressive with the ■
presence of Mr. Emerson Chapin, Foreign News Desk, New York Times,"
The Consultation worked diligently and produced a 174-page report.
The. American delegates have met- often on follow-up. The Korean
delegates, due to political uneasiness in the nation, have done
practically nothing^ with the report;-. The first real working' ses-
sion in Korea came in September 1971 (nine months after the Con-
sultation) when the Steering Committee met and made plans for a
more active follow-up.
At this stage the importance of the Consultation lies in two areas
only the fact that we met, .and the cl '-ious truth that our meet-
ing^served only as a prolegomenon for a lo-t of subsequent consul-
tation. needed, I might add that future consultations should be
more multi-national, as befits this ecumenical day!
B, Winter 1970-71
■\r 'i* Korean Treasurer! .With the dawn of the "Year of the Pig"
rsymbolizing prosperity) .The Reverend Chong Dae KIM became the
fu&l trc?asurer of the Committee on 'Cooperation , ,,and all its trea-
surer books were turned over to the Genora'l Assembly of f ice ,
Presbyterian Church of Korea. This v;as a good and correct move.
The day-by-day v/ork is done by the staff treasurer, Elder Am KIM,
who is a very honest individual.
I
4
At the same time in C.O.C. four concerns seem to be receiving
major emphasis :
a. A team ministry for Pusan probably related to East Asia
Christian Conference to develop and execute more penetrating
programs in this port city of 2,000,000 people,
b, A. .team program of evangelism called "Operation Lighthouse"
'With plans to probe new church development in Chinju and
Chungmu area.s (where the. Christian presence is very dmb.ll).
-3-
c. ''Op^.U£nJ?everse_^?^^^^^^^ a concreto pl-n for helping
exght Korean Ph.D's and t.oir families to re-ontcr Korea at
the college, university, and cemin— y levels, has already
seen two .scholars return '-nd more to fclloxv. This is a re-l
breakthrough in reversing the "brain drain." The ConraissiL
xn New York has worked out this financial plan in li.^Sorx'th
tne Commxtteo on Cooporatxon, Presbyterian Church of Kcre-^.
missionary co-workers are being
much more carefully worked out by the Sub-Committee on Per-
sonnel of the Committee on Cooperation. For the first time
Korean members on this conamittee are realizing missionaries
want real work and are not here just to bide time.
2. Women »s Libi^ When the United Presbyterian missionary co-
workers had a brief annual meeting in January, the Mission for
the first time opened up its chairmanship to women! Although
not proceeding at once to a woman chairman for 1971, the dav is
not far off.
missionaries . The table below shows the trend in
United Presbyterian missionaries:
Year
U.P, Missionaries
in Korea
Furlough
Leave of
Absence
Total
1955
55
6
5
66
1965
^3
17
6
66
1970
47
10
8
65
1971
34
5
8
47
Several factors should be noted:
a. Vfhile the Korean Church continues to increcose its numbers
of missionaries sent abroad, the number of missionaries to
Korea is on the decrease in most missions.
b. *'Reasons’': The missionary's growing conviction that the
Korean Church is strong in its own leadership; that God's
call, is to needier areas.
c. The table shows that we held our own until the Seventies!
The shrinkage is due to retirements, ending of term assign-
ments, resignations, and pi'actically nc new appointments. .
dm Volunteers (now numbering sov^n), affiliates (noiv number-
ing eight), and one conscientious objector all add up to l6
people. These folks are •'.t crucial tasks and boost our
United Presbyterian fellowship by almost 30%.
4. A new universit;^ ia born! .Jlistoric Soongsil College (formerly
of Pyungyang and now of Seoul: ar.d College (a post-Korean
War development by the Presbyterian G..arcl .3.) have combined to
become Soong Jun University. For several v Frank Wilson
distinguished bls^ck U.S« educirtor, came to help in the develcorrent
of the new university. With cinpuses in reo’l'and Taejon, this
new university hopes to serve Korea and the Church with strong
Christian technical leadership for t^'.is new industrial day in Korea.
Spring 1971
1* Biggest Easteri The Pan-Protestant Easter sunrise service
sponsored by the Korea National Council of Churches drew 40,000
people. This great service also was used by the government * s
television station to inaugurate its nev; nation-wide television
coverage. Thus the message of the Resurrection, so clearly ex-
pounded by Dr. Kyung Chik HAN, went out over a complete TV cover-
age of South Korea, in addition to complete radio coverage on at
least two stations including the Christian Radio Network. (Dr.
Han is Senior Pastor of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, Seoul).
"Birth of Democr^acyi" It is now clear that democracy has taken
a major step forward with the 89 seats \ion by the opposition party
in the National Assembly election in May. The ruling party, with
113 seats, now has a strong opposition party to contend v/ith.
Koreans refer to this strong two-party Assembly as the "birth of
democracy."
Just a few notes on the elections. In late April President Park
began his third four-year term v/hen he defeated his opponent, Mr.
Tae Joong KIM, by almost 1,000, OOC votes. 79% of the eligible
voters went to the polls. Yet with all the money spent by both
parties in the campaign, President Park won on the basis of
localism. His area of Southeast Korea is more heavily populated
than Mr. Kim^s area in Southwest Korea. It*s as simple as that!
But the National Assembly saw the ruling party, the Democratic
Republican Party, lose every seat (except one) in the major cities.
This also has been characteristic of National Assemblies, but never
was a ruling party so unanimously defeo.ted by the urbanites.
Voting vjas one of the lowest in Korean history, only 72.8^ of
eligible voteris.
3* Seminary 70th Anniversary. The Presbyterian Theological Semi-
nary celebrated its 70th anniversary with one unexpected event
(a student strike) a.nd two long expected events ( the . inauguration
of The Reverend Jong Supg RHEE, Th.D., as President, and Dr.
Edward A. Dowey, Jr.’s lec tur., ship on Calvin). The strike pre-
ceded the celebration, and because of its persistence made for
deep concern if the celebration would take place. Real recon-
ciliation ensued — v\rith much more student participation in
decision-making. Dr. Dowey *s lectures v/ere exceedingly well re-
ceived. And the inauguration of Dr- Rhee was a "love feast."
-5-
Through Fifto Hillion Fund osaistunuo, major
buildings oontrnuo to bo complo* ' li;,o tho F ^
at Soong Jun Hnivoreity and tho start of a vicmen's dorm at Teasel
University. ^ The latter marks the first attenyt by our g^l-t jSer
national university to provide ..using for its 150O „onfn students
5. Aib.Cargo. With May I971, Korean /.irlines inaugurated its
Trans-Pacific Freight Service. The large advertisLents ar^
really Korean. In the small background is a B-707. In the 1-re-e
foreground is a Korean laborer nearing the familiar Korean luggfL
carrier, the A-frame, on his back. Says the ad: ^Sg-ge
"A-FRAME?
Yes, it’s a carrying device used in Korea for 5,000
years, A-Frame service has never received complaints
for 5,000 years. Why? Because of its reliable personal
touch and care. Now, you have the same quality of
service on our B-707"
6. driver . Seoul's traffic snarls are legion,
eoul's driving patterns are frightening. But nov; some 80 of
Seoul s taxx drivers have formed a Christian Tr.xi Drivers Group.
They use "tracts", practice evangelism, and try to give very
courteous service. Headed by The Reverend Chang-shik KIM, they
meet twice monthly for worship and planning at ".'est Gate Presby-
terian Church. They have distributed more than a quarter million
leaflets v/hich on one side says: **Thanks for your patronage."
The reverse side carries & pertinent Biblical quotation.
The organization pl.ans to spread to Pusan. In n.n occupation that
can ^ get mighty lonely and very mechanical, another purpose of the
Christian drivers is "to protect and help one another in case of
accidents."
D. Summer 1971
1. !!P_^.sbyterian_|Pigs * all av;ay"l In early summer, the Commission
Representative discovered a strange situation. The Stated Clerk
and General Secretary of the Presbyterian Church of Korea, Dr.
Hyung lae KIM, v/as in the U.S.A, at Assemblies; the Secretary for
Evangelism, The Rev. Kivcn Chan LEE, v/as in Taiv/an; The Rev. Gap
Shik SUNG, Secretary for Christian Education, was in Lima, Peru,
for ^ the -World Council of Churches-World Council of Christian Edu-
cation meeting. I was "alone", and all the key admip.istrative
leaders of the Presbyterian Church were far away. They were liv-
ing it up in the Year of the "Pig" —
really getting around 2
2. Riots were the order of tne summer: -at Kwangju Estates (a. satel
lite city of 200,000), and at Han jin Company's headquarters (whoso
boss is the wealthiest man in Korea).
-6-
Let me tell a bit about :.'Jctates, a new "unplanned city."
And something of its church and the riot there.
A little more than a year ago, ail u ■ t v'as there v;ere rice fields
and a few farmers’ homes. Now P-E-C-P-L-E living in all sorts of
conditions — tents, shacks, houses,' But to give y*ou a "feel" of
v/hat’s going on — come to First Presbyterian Church, Kwangju Estates.
An Adventure of the "Peal Thijig" — Faith. The Pev, Dr, Sung C.
CHUN, his wife Kay, and children sold their city home and moved
to this pioneer open-country ciby 20 miles from Seoul. In faith,
they and some Christians built a two-story church, the Chuns liv-
ing on the first floor, the sanctuary upstairs. This v/as late
last fall-^-less than a year ago.
Things started happening ^ With his deep love of our Lord Jesus
Christ and the "little guys". Dr. Chun and his associates began.
The "secret" is prayer! Every morning they meet at 3*30 for
prayer and planning. We’ve gone through two double membership
campaigns and nov/ have 500 believers, more than 150 on their
first confession of faith. People are responding because this
church is alive to God and people in their needs!
Unexpected riot. In early August this "unplanned" city had one of
Korea’s v^orst riots. Probably 80,000 people (boys and girls in-
cluded) rose up with fists, stones, clubs, a.nd the pmver of noise
and suffering to demand justice and a chance to live as people.
They had been moved out to this "pla.ee of hope" by the government
because they lived in sha.cks here in garguantuan Seoul. But noth-
ing was happening — things v;ere just getting v/orse. Although not
advocating the riot, as church leaders in this situation, Dr. Chun
and his associates had already orgo.nized the whole city for getting
improvements. Quite natura.lly he became the reconciler in the
tough negotiations. And God used him magnificently! Imagine the
joy of these people with the government’s decision for city water,
sewers, electricity, paved reads, reduced taxes, and 70 nev; fac-
tories! I
A Contemporary Church . This church emphasizes NOW and plans for
the future. For eXvample, in wrpship \7e heave two Sunday morning
services, and Sunday and Wednesday evening g'et-t ogethers . And
the new believers are the honored ones up frent so they can feel
and hear the response to Gla.d Tidings in Christ.
In community service. We have the v/hole city of 200,000 organized
for study and action to make this a GOOD place to live. The sanc-
tuary during the week is a comm'-nity bivouac. Many groups meet
there in the daytime and stud.nts the I zens come there to
study in the evening. We run preventive medicine clinics, rnr^lk
feeding station for babies, family planning projects, a real
estate office, job training programs^
-7-
In teaching techniques v:e have ioneered in giving children many
experiences of learning the :'oy of the Christian faith. Church
School meets three times a week -- Sunday morning, early evening,
and Wednesday. About 400 are attar di .g each time. ; ,
■ f-
D. 3. City-wide Evangelistic Meetings^ The Presbyterian Church of
Korea conducted city-wide evangelistic meetings in most major
cities with good responses,- In addition a number of international
evangelists v/ere here for meetings. The churches of Korea are
building up evangelistic knov;-how .for next year’s nation-wide
emphasis v;hen it is hoped Dr. Billy Graham will be here in Sep-
tember,
4, Special Meetings in Korean Churches in U.S^A^ A former
Moderator and distinguished pastor of Tongsin Presbyterian Church,
The Rev. Say-Jin KIM, left in late summer for the U.S.A. tq con-
duct two months of specia:! evangelistic emphasis in several Korean
congregations,
At the same time observant Korean Christians believe that Korea
should give, concrete a^ttention to future work with the American
Indians. Part of this emphasis comes from recognizing the common
ethnic heritage of the Korean and American Indian (from Mongolia).
Phase-out of Church ,Forld Service. On July 1 the Commission
Representative in Korea added to his portfolio the title of CVS
Correspondent. Korea Church ■■^orld Service will be 'completely
phased out by the end of October, and moat of its continuing work
taken up by Korea National Council of Churches.' The more than 20
years of effective service will always be remembered. But Korea
has now progressed economically, and the Church here^is ready to
assum.e its fuller role in, Christian service.
6. Korea Red Cross’s Startling Announcement! In August the Korean
Red Cross startled Koreans North and South with its overture to
North Korean Red- Cross to begin bringing the 10,000,000 separated
families together again. Nopth Korea ,, accepted the challenge. ;
Several meetings have been hel.d at Panmuhjom, and all Korea is on
tiptoes as to what this all can mean..,
United Seoul' Station Meetings. As summer drew to\a close the
Seoul Station's ' of -the United Presbyterian, Southern Presbyterian,
and AustrCvlian Presbyterian Missions planned to meet monthly for
dinner and' programs-il This- is a new and reassuring emphasis- of-;
the solid working together of these three groups" v;ho already have
their business offices together, and are v/orking together, with the
Presbyterian Church of Korea in its Committee on Cooperation.
-8-
II, OBSERVATIONS
My New York her.dquarters , COEM/.E, has suggested that- the 1971 Narrative
Survey include observations in six areas. I now deal v;ith these.
A. Political Climate and Trends
The ^Democratic Republicr.n^ Party, the ruling party since the I96I
military coup, continues in pov^er. President Chung Hee PjiRK v/as
re-elected in April to a third four-year term as President. The
National Assembly elections ir May saw the opposition party, the
New Democratic Party, take h0% of the seats. As I've indicated
earlier in this survey, many astute observers call this the
"Birth of Democracy" because Korea now has the possibility of two
strong parties.
In long-range planning the ruling party intends to stay "in" and
already has President Park’s likely successor, Mr. Jong Pil KIM,
as Premier. ’
^ r t i e s are not being seriously curbed. Conversations
with many Koreans indicate basic freedoms, except for the politi-
cal area, are being honored* Because of continuing tensions with
North Korea, Koreans in public are careful what they say about
reunification. Tax evasion is a serious, offense, and responsible
citizenship is developing.
Students are watched very carefully by the government since one
government (Dr. Syngman PHEE’s) in I960 was overthrown by stu-
dents, and strong student riots preceded elections last spring.
On most campuses, since about one-fourth of the students are re-
turned veterans, study is serious and in preparation for a life
job. i.s I I'^nrite in early October the larger universities are
having demonstrations against R.O.T.C. training on the campuses.
There is probably a lot more student unrest than appears on the
surface since the government has somewhat strong control on news
releases, and has "contacts" on every campus.
This report was written before the military takeover on
several university campuses in mid-October. Seme have reopened.
Yet the framework of the ."student climate" as indicated in the
above paragraph is basic. Also President Chung Hee PARK’S in-
voking of the "garrison decree" on the campuses — a step just
short of martial law — is related to many other political over-
tones, and further comment here cannot be pr.rt of an "open letter"
type of report.)
I
political climate right noxj is in tremendous flux awaiting
developments of the Nixon-Chou conV',;rsabions. Not only that but
the Red Crosses of North and South Ko.rea are meeting frequently
at Panmunjora talking about the reunion of 10,000,000 Koreans.
What I^mean by this i^'th'at Kcrer»s political scene is being ex-
ternalxzed as spGcuii_.tion naxse^ izppos b' t.i noference North Korea
and this area of Ea$t is at a very crucial location
when Amerlcan-China trad'e opens again*
Korea continues t.o be one \cf. tA^e* few Asian nations thcat has a basic
real desire, for close re^latiors Mth .IJ,S.A, This is so eo^y to mis-
understand*. Koreea has ’ through, .tile ' years had serious problems with
her . neighbors' wanting to take ever here.". Her tie with the U.S.A,
is 'onfe' of sacrifice togetho.r War. But one item
really has Korean businessmen’ 'h;.i!p- tigh't-” and that is the textile
quota on exports' to U, S, A. Korean businessmen have over-extended
themselves in: this area '-of business,, and just when they need
markets,' U*S*/*. 'is saying "no.” Nixon's economics should differ-
entiate ■'between a "big guy" named Japan and a "little fellow" named
KoreaV' ‘ ■- ^
' A.S Korea ho.s become an international exporting na.ticn facing the
v/hole world, her relations are now Vifith.many nations on all conti-
nents--including nations of Eastern Europe. This has broken the
polarity of so much Kored-^U.S^*A> only relationship.
• -I ' ' " •••! J A
Korea feels deeply anyf\ joy 'or -^ain-'tfie_U/S. Ah '’experiences. The
lunar successes are ,fpllov>ed niore. avidly 't|ian .in U.S.A. The
"Ame,rican economic crisis^ disturbs 'iKore'ans, 'i'h^' U.S .A. racial
‘-crisis is .hardly 'uhdorstood her;© .because Koreans t"^'^ *3 identify
with the white man. Yet at bhe same there is an ambivalence
‘because' books by Martin Lutheir King hre crrc,r.*gst best sellers in
‘"the Korean language..,.,,
Ec onomic.^ --S ituat ion
y >n .1 ———MM ■
1971 saw the- ec-pn6mi‘c growth pattern take a significant dip dovm-
ward duevtb world edonomde Conditions . , The economic growth rate
in" the -riast .dcco.de ho^s' been:
. - ; r. 5/
,1961:" ■ ;
„ 4.2
:i96e
3c5
1963
9.1
1964
1965 -' '■
7,^:-
:,l966' ■
. 13.4
1967
8.9
1968 ^ '■
.13.3
•1969 •
15.9
1970
, 8,9
V!hilc the government is tryirlg to control ,iiLf Tat ion, the upward
spiral on mcony items is unbelievable. Some oil products have gone
up k0% ±n a fev; months.. Farmers, v^hose real income has gone up 9%^
are paying an average of 259^ more for the items they must purchase.
10-
With, no expertise in-this »area, but trying to be sensitive to what
is happening, these, facts seem av':iarent •
!• Per capita income is rot keeping pace with "'inf i'at ion . ’ In
1970 per capita income was S225. .. .
f or . 1969- v/,as 8,2. .tj.iTies that of 196^0, using current
^ market prices, but Gi-IP for ,I9\-i9 at 19^5 constant prices was
just .2,2 times that of I96O.. The reason is 139^ yearly price
(increase during the decade.
6/
3* _^^Q^'^-th_in GNP is retlect.ed in tetter living conditions
. fop many..^ But the ordinary citizen in Korea, at least- in num-
b.ers, is in the poor class, and he is not . getting ahead,' par-
ticularly in the last two years. As an illustration, our
Christian Day Schools (Bible Clubs) which minister to the very
poor, have ascended in numbers. .again from about 40,000 students
to 60,000, I»m sure that poverty tells something here when v
many parents can't afford^ ,send their children to regular 1
schools. . ■ ■ ■ ^
One of the worst riots in Korea's history .(.see part one of
this report) at Kwangju. Estates, a, neiv satellite city, in
.ixugust was^ an uprising of. the little guy against- impossible .
living conditions. Or, for .another example, in the district . ..
where we live 'in western . Seoul with. 30,000 people — one-
^^0 still living, in shacks, ..One. of the. most pressing
needs is decent housing, ' . , . ■ ' '
25*5% of Korea's families are without housing.. Rere's the
situation, - ..
"In Seoul', there were only 562,000 dwelling units
in 1970, although the number of families living • \ .
in the capital city was 1,091,000. This meant ■
that 508,000 Seoul families were living with other
families in houses intended for single families,
or were living in make-shift shacks, backrooms of
stores, or even caves. The picture is only slightly
better in Pusan,
V
r
MThe number of housing units needed to reach the
goal of 'one house for each family* was 1,491,000
for the country as a wholek (This figure does not
take into consideration obsolete residential build-
ings that should be replcced;>;
"In Seoul ^ the number '^1 housing units should be ' •
almost doubled* Pusan nteds :..bout 80 percent more ’
dv/elling units. -In' the provinces, the situation is
less severe, but still 30 to 4o percent more housing ■ ’
.. :.unit^. shoulcJ b-Q bjiilt • . ^v^uslng is perhaps the most
■- difficult socio-ec ■ nruic -r blem for Korea to solve*
- One. reason for ' the difficulty is' sca.rcity of land,
^ which cau^ses soaring land prices in and around major
■ cities, v/here the population is increasing rapidly.
Rents alsovgo up sharply year. after year in large
cities* , . - ;
”To combat, problems arising .out 6f population expan-
sion coupled with rapid urbanization, the Government
is taking, various measures, including encouragement
of decentrali^iatipn of industry, development of
*satellit(^ tovms,. * and improvement of public transit
systems* , But it appears, certain that the urban ills
will get worse before they can take .a . turn for the
better**’
Food production, while expanding slowly, is not keeping up
with population growth\ahd industrial advances* Korea contin-
ues to impoi^t grain In large quantities from U.'S.A. and Japan*
However, radical shifts are, goihg on in food products as the
Koreans are noiu becoming a milk drinking nation, at least in
the cities. Also many improved food production schemes are
underway, and it appears that Korea can anticipate meeting
■ most of its food needs over the long haul because the nation
has taken such a serious step forward in family planning.
Population grov/th stands at 1*9?^ in 1971 1 ^ new record low.
^*Experts note that the decline in the population
' * ihcrease rate cannot be attributed solely to con-
'"traceptive practices. Other important factors are
'■ late marriages and artificial .abortion* It is an
operi secret that abortion 'is increasingly widely
^practiced in. Korea. . .
• I . j ^ ^ ■ I '''
f- ,/,^”The population p:rcblem-iis formidable - for the
Republic of Korea, which is already one of the
world's most densely populated . areas , '
e **According ■ to the most recent census, 31i^6l,000
Koreans are crowded into a land, area of only 98,477
square kilometers. This means a jpopulation density
of 519*1 persons per square kilometer. When con-
sideration is given the fact that', the country is
mountainous, population density: per square kilometer
of arable land exceeds 1,200', perhaps the world's
highest for a nation cf substantial size.
-12.
’Between I960 nnd 1970, Sc/uth Xc-reu’s pcpulr.tion
wept^ up about 26 peroeiit « But'- per capita national
^in'cope almost doubled dura:i|^ th'q 1960s^, becausQ^^
the. .economy grew much fa^ater- than the -r^pulat ion.:"
i^voh sq,*^Kcrea has been facing' an ino-reasiiig shoi^t-
age of domestic f^ocd suasply in :-re-eent years because
of lagging agricultural development. '
"In other v/ords,, Korer. '3 ■ occncmlc growth in .the past
decade '-was due,- to vePy sharp expansion of the. urban-
industrial sector,. J?.; such a pattern -of economic
, development, rural areas served as;-the major source
of. low-cosf labor 'to fi’.an , fa.ct cries, .stores and ser-
vice establishments mushrooming in and around
cities. » 'i
"Owing to its 'pathological growth,' Seoul in I970
accounted for a staggering 17.5 percent of the
total Ko.^'ean. population. The comparable ratio was
9.9 percent in I969 and 15 percent in I966. Thus
Seoul has become an even more concentrated popula-
tion center than Tokyo and London, where around 12
percent, of the respective. na.ticnal populations r
' reside." „ , -
9/
76^ of the national wealth is in the capital city. ;
The urban-rural problems are many. To mention just a.'few
a. A growing economic gap is obvious,
b, |T Migration, according, to the' latest census, is to the
cities. Last year Korea's real population increased by
600,000- of which 500,000 were' in Seoul , and the 100,000 in
other cities. The rural' population is nc't growing.
Let me give you an ”in-lcok" On* facts behin'd' Seoul ' s explod-
ing population which h-s now hit 6.000,000 and made Seoul
the seventh largest' city on the planet- cal, led Eari^^ .
’’IndustriaLi'zaticn has' brought urbanization io' .
Korea at_ a frightening pace. Seoulites, the
, prime victims of - urban- g.vcv;th, cai^e surrounded
by a v/onld in constant flux wiiere buildings,
streets, -bus stops, cross-avalks , ^and taxi stands
appear and disappear v;ith bewildering suddenness.
Every few months, f-:r instance, the city’s massive
bus system is thr^'vrx int.O:chn.os as route rand route-
numbers 'care radlonl.iy ch'^'ugGd overnight by mini-
sterial fiat. Al chough the authorities always
claim to have given whining, there are periodic
outcries from shanty-dwellers v/hen the bulldozers
and trucks descend on them. And, in the fall of
1570, when Serulites were paying traditionnl visits
to their ancestral gr:-v...3, many were horrified to
' - discover the graves missing; the government i had the
month before moved 7^?000 tombs to -an area 15 miles
further to' the north.
”»We live from headline to headline. The only thing
that's sure is change itself,' one journalist com-
plains,”
c. The city's opposition to the ruling party's authoritar-
ianism, and the rural a^-'ea's simplistic support to the rul-
ing party because of its "promises” for them,
d. With the development of turnpikes, truck farming is a
naticn-vjide enterprise which brings the v/hole nation to-
gether in a new way.
The nation is putting tremendous emphasis on helping the
farmers in new methods, good roads, fertilizers, and is
trying^ to spread the industrial developments throughout
Korea, Thus the future should see a stronger inter-ming-
ling of farmer and factory worker* at the local level. In
fact, for some ^people there is the possibility ' to live on
their litt3:e farm and. still be factory~\vorkers.
The Ghurch*s main'' help is at two institutions —
For the farmers, at Union Christi-r n Service Center which has now
expanded, into forage and sheep, raising', the latter intrbduced by
Australian missionaries, ■
j;
For. the urb^ites, the Urban’ Institute at Yonsei University is
pioneering in many studies, such as apartment house living, in-
expensive housing, etc. Both of these institutions are get-
ting: good backing by the Church,
7, In literacy the Church and nation have 'worked 'together for
some years, A recent study says:
"Education is an essential ingredient to social and
personal improvement in Korea, Because of the empha-
sis on the importance- vf education, ■ illiteracy is a
’-' Very small problem. According to, the 1966 census,
the literacy rate was 83 per cent for the whole coun- ■
try; 93 per cent for males and ?S per cent for females,
Elemento.ry education is required' f or every child in the
S-11 group. Literacy otatistics that this , policy
has' practically eliminated illit'erady from the younger
age gr9ups. The largest group of ^ illiterate persons
is among those aged 50 and. above.'*
-14-
The Church for yer.rs h-d^i separate Literacy office. It has now
been combined with the ’ Ghrieti- r Literature Society, feeling
that its pioneer job is -basic’ ?-j.y, -accomplT-Shed 'except atncrg the
older folk. The government uses many university students during
the winter vacations to do literacy work. On literacy it looks
8. And there are active programs in the nation and Church on
hunger and nutrition. In fact, f- , Church-related colleges
.have many of the -leaders in the field of nutritional studies.
In the fight against poverxy five church-related hospitals are
doing an exceptionally fine piece of work among the poor in
family planning, thus reducing the unfortunate tensions due to
large families, and- no food and net enough room. These five
hospitals are at Wonju, Kwangju, Inchon, Severance in Seoul,
and Ilshin in Pusan, ■
- j
9. The "brain drain", is very serious, particularly in the field
of medicine where there is a mass exodus of doctors annually to
the U.S.A., and nurses to West Germany, I'm not sure of the
overall "brain drain' s" ' effects on the economy, but Korea is
doing everything P9ssible to' get* "brains" back and has several
Korean scientists back here from abroad at its Korea Institute
of Science and; Tephnolcgy. (KIST) by providing large salaries
and politically free, good working' and living conditions . The
Chui^ch through- "Operatic n .Reverse Flow" is assisting eight
schola.rs and their families to- reroute into -the Korean academic
scene',, ^
10. Foreign capital, m'ostly in loans'or joint ventures, is very
large in Korea, The huge amount- from Japan makes many a Korean
talk about Japanese economic imperialism. Korea wants money for
investment , and' bas itself- quite -Extended now , in repaying loans.
The biggest; pressure- for the next-'-three yehrs^ is right here in
repaying loans. At the^^same time-' Korea, screens foreign invest***
raents with tremendous care'/"'' One of the :peculiar areas of for-
eign investment is in factories for export consumption only.
This means Korea's role, is pr'dvl'ding 'labor, usually at a very
cheap v/age, ^ - ■
il# Geheral Description Ton family 'income and expenditure, 1970.
The Economic. Planning. Board , Bureau of Statistics, H.O.K. Gov-
ernment , in it.s Annual Report on- -the- Family Income and Expendi-
ture Survey 197Q7 p. 3*d, says: -j .
j . , ** ' , .
•* '. . . I
'"(a)' The average .monthly consumption-expenditure per
h'ou'sehold of .all citieo In 1970 aracunte-d _^to W29»950
registering an increase of - 1^/99^ over the previous
year. This ..rate .of increo.se for 1970 was^ slightly
lower than 15.99^ for I969;
"On the ether hand, consumer prices continued to
advance, recording a 12^7% rise over the previous
-15-
' r
year j with the result that the ihcore per capita in
real terms, when the price was ta en into account,
registered an increase of 2.8%. Accordingly, this
was also lower than that for the prevccus year, 1969.
"(B) Among the five major items of per-household ' '' ■
consumption expenditure, the expenditure on food
amounted to W12,120 and the ratio of food and con-
, sumption expenditure, v/h:ch is called Engel’s Co-
efficient, recorded This Engel's Coefficient
for 1970 was slightly lov-er than 4o.9% for I969 but
remarkably lov/er than 56.7% for I965.
"On the other hand, the ratios of the other major
items; Housing, Fuel and Light, Clothing and Mis-
cellaneous are l8.4%, 5*5%j 10.0% and 25.6% respec-
tively."
Note exchange rate in 1970 was approximately $1:270 won.
C. .Social Situation ,
^^oquired education is through sixth grade. The number of
elementary school children has stabilized and v/ill start to
decrease in the next decade* . Seoul City has eliminated triple
sessions, but many elementary,, schools in the capital city still
run two sessions daily. More than- half ox , the-, junior high,
senior high, and colleges/universities are privately run. With-
out th.em the Korean government would be in a bad \vay in .fulfil-
ling educational needs.
Increasingly technical schools are developing to provide .skilled
workers for the growing industrial complex. By government pol-
icy nev/ colleges must be in the technical field. World Bank
loans go only to higher education needs in the technical speci-
alties. But some • technical fields are getting too many trained
personnel for the job market. This has now hit engineering in
almost every specialty.
IVhat makes it really tough in the dynamics of needed social
.changes is th^at ’*there is no, standard .value system" in Korean
society. "Christianity is a fundamental ethical principle in
the European and American societies. A new value system should
be found by which to combine foreign influence and our tradi-
tional culture and set more rational and liberal cultural
patterns of our own." '■
■-.> •!
-16-
Dr. Charles Chakarian calls this need for a new value system
"a coordinated massive , continuing campaign towards the crea-
tion of a new morality to fit the emerging hew Korean social
order. Nothing less v/ill dp.. . • Without the creation of such
a hew morality suitable to tir.:es like the present, Korea’s
economic and military progress may prbve- to be of secondary
worth in the long run."
2. -'The -generation gap is a real life issue in society because
of^ the radical shift in thrs past decade -from the large family
concept'* to the nuclear faiiii.ly concept. This means a tremendous
tension has developed in many ‘ families.
In a number of churches, youth are demanding real changes in the
program provided for them, and they are also demanding that their
local church show more .social concern for the disadvantaged.
The dress code is a good example to illustrate the.'Generation
Gap. The contrast between the long, loose-fitting Korean skirt
worn by»-most older women, and mini-skirts and hot-pants worn by
college coeds is more than just "size." It is a whole differ-
ence of attitude toward life.
Someone has put it ^that in. what took three centuries in the West
has been compressed into an 80-year period here. Korean grand-
mothers are still in the. l8th century, mothers in the-19'th, and
daughters in the late 20th S
Academy House recently sponsored a "Dialogue between Generations.^
Fifty-five people participated from' three groups: the estab-
lished generation (over 45 years), the revolutionary generation
(30-35 years, the group involved 'in student revolution of i960),
and the college generation (20-25 yes.rs). Out of this two-day
meeting came three conclusions: ■
a. ■ "The differences of thinking, attitude, senses, and way
of life -arO a reflection , of the changes that Korea has under-
gone,..'
b, "They discovered the utility and need for dialogue to re-
solve differences between generations without extreme con-
flict .
I -
1 ' .
' c. "More conflict results from difference's in economic and
political pov/er, i.e., between haves and . have-nots , than
.differences between generations. M
3* Ethnic tensions are at a minimum because of the homogeneity
of the Korean people. One area, however, provides huge tension,
the Eurasian child, who is neither accepted by his peer's nor by
society. Leading social workers still believe the best thing
for the Eurasian child is to take him out of Korea.
-17-
Koreans are much .mar^ a^elaxed -about the Japanese visiting Korea.
Even Japanese language - institntr s re seen. For the first time
hlso a- Russian has visited as coach of the Iranian soccer team.
a ^serious problem except as Koreans living near
U.S. Array installations serve as "feeders" of drugs. Marijuana
gro\/S wild in Korea, but dojs not seem to be a serious problem
v;ith K'oreans,
5* mo V ement n l.r! change can be mentioned hern , aI 1
having an avid »»push” fro>7 -'ThurcF ^
Austerity - headed by Catholic laywomen, and with many
other church and non-church participants, v;omen are organ-
izing to get other women not to waste their money on unneeded
luxuries, especially expensive imported items. In a sense
it is a teaching process to introduce people to the best and
wholesome areas of food, clothing, housing, so that a minimum
is spent on yourself and a maximum can go into savings, group
action, and the good of others*
■ In a sense this goes hand-in-hand with a government policy
to revive Korea's culture. Really be Korean in all yoA do,
in your dress, in your manners, in your ways of life.
I^g^bo^r-rylanagement- -working together is in its fifth year
of development at Jesuit lugang University, headed by Father
Price. Labor and management study together, work together,
eat together, and discover*^ how they creatively make a team
and need each other.
c. Credit Unions, In a land where private loans bring
interest /month , the credit union has brought a ^'social cons-
ciousness'* to rural communities and some urban areas. The
Church has been at the very forefront in this. . In addition,
the group responsibility has brought a new sense of integrity
to the social scene.
• >
A new book in Korean and English by Dr. Gerhard Breidenstein
of Germany, a specialist in Social Ethics and teacher for
three years at Yonsei University, is entitled, Christians
and Social Justice. Its sub-title clearly tells its impor-
tance for Korea, Study Handbook on Modern Theology,
Socio-Political Problems in Korea, and Community Organiza-
tion.” It is a handbook for Korean students' study and
.j. action.
Religion in General
Largely through the Academy House, today there is frequent dia-
logue among the major religicns of Korea, namely Ghrisbianity ,
Buddhism, Confucianism'', and Shamanism. Both Buddhism and'iChun-
dokyoism (a syncretistic religion)’'- have been attempting revivals,
but I do not observe an authentic revival, only some flourishes.
• -l8-
However, religious leaders are prominent in all walks of life,
and as individuals — not ss groups-«are havin'^ real influences in
all areas of life here*. I'm not sure how one would measure this,
but no Korean fears sharing his religious faith at his place of
work as well as at his place of worship.
At an Academy House sponsored conference, 47 representatives
from seven religions, and social scientists struggled for two
days with the topic, "'The A'jle of Religions in Korean Social
Development.” Seeking to cn.derstand how religions could coop-
erate for national develor they observed "that most reli-
gions, in some respects, bt:cause of their passive or negative
social participation, ivere considered a hindrance to develop-
ment.” The passiveness depends on the degree to which
Shamanistic elements are contained in the religion.
^ • Christian Community
Lii^itations are basically " non-existent for the Christian in
this land of openness for the Gospel. Christians participate
openly in the life of the nation, often making it quite clear
that their attitudes on issues are based upon their Christian
convictions.
2* Commitment to social -economic -political development of the
nation probably is not a paramount part of the average Korean
Christian's 'discipleship. But this does not mean that it is
non-existent. The action programs tend to be limited to the
local church's outreach -- or to action by Councils or youth
groups. Action programs per se seem to be few. The best ones
are in the new apartment buildings and in the satellite city of
Kvjangju Estates. Also Hankuk Seminary of the Presbyterian Church.
ROK, running an open lecture series each month on "Liberation
Theology." Professor Stephen Moon's lecture on "Black Theology"
got a warm response with many questions.
3. Discussions of faith and action with non-Christians is mini-
mal, but is coming. The Academy House has enabled many to have
this experience. Often Korean Christians have been tremendously
influenced through participation in East Asia Christian Confer-
ence and other ecumenical gatherings^ srd are really trying to
get involved with non-Chrdstians in faith and action.
4. U.S. influence in the churches here is minimal but signifi-
cant. For the ecumenical agencies of Korea, U.S. and World
Council of Churches support has been too much compared to Korean
Church supports As a consequence a great injustice has been
done to the integrity of ecumenical agencies here. This must
, .be* corrected speedily.
s. ' ” - S •
'Most U.S. personnel are working very well alongside Korean
counterparts, the latter usually in' the key position. i-
-19-
Church viewed from outside. A new short story, Dawn, by
Ki-won SUH, has appeared." ^y'Aeople with problems r^^’exas-
peratingly to the ringing'of t’.e c- -rch boll at dawn prayer
meetings. One perceives also tneir understanding of the uncon-
cerned . Christian theology that has come their way via singing.
From many points of view this story should be' studied to get a
more objective understanding as to how the average Korean sees
the "club” called the Church. .■ ^
The whole nation is observing new churches (some of very expres-
sive design) going up everywhere. One city district has at
least four new churches. On the show-place island, Yoido, here
in Seoul, the Assemblies of God are building a million dollar,
multi-thousand seating sanctuary. Even our new Christian Center
of 10 stories is an impressive edifice for all to behold in the
heart of Seoul.
Hardly a city home this summer has not been aware of the evan-
^e^istic thrust of the Church, with meetings for several days
in all major cities.
But the area where the Christian impact is most dramatic is in
the area of healing. Medicines in Korea are terribly expensive,
and Korea: has more than its share of quack medicine men. Here
let me. mention a Christian healer having a dramatic ministry.
Mrs* Seen He HYUN, the healer, is a very attractive Korean lady
in her 50* s, an active leader in the Presbyterian Church. She
was first moved, in this area of ministry some years ago when s
someone asked her to pray for a" child who was ill. She asked
the Holy Spirit to heal the child and to her utter amazement
healing came. She fought off the idea,, of ever wanting to be
involved 'in a healing ministry, but again and again God seemed
"touse her -in this ministry.'
In recent days perhaps the most colorful thing that has happened
was to a 31-year old man named Hwang Jung KANG, who went' state-
side- several months ago to set up one of the Korean judo gymna-
siums,' He is- an attractive,, able, husky fellow who was discov-
ered to have a very bad liver cancer situation, and in despondence
because American doctors gave him no hope except perhaps ’ three to
six months, more of life, he returned to' Korea. He came' back on
June 4 of this year, and someone ehco-uraged him to go and meet
Mrs, Hyun, She holds meetings in Seoul from the l6th of each
month to the end, and then goes on .'at the -beginning of the month
to have meetings in Taegu. This young- man had returned with this
terrible 'medical situation, and he just seemed to be getting
worse. At the first meeting' Mrs. 'Hyun prayed over him; she got
the whole group of people there (which was hundreds of people)
to pray over him also* and he felt a real healing and seems to
be much better. There has been one return of the problem but
that too seems to have been alleviated. ■- He has become a Christian^
He feels a strong call to the ministry.
-20-
Now what all this means I don't know, but in Mrs. Hyun's exper-
ience, she says, that the. power of: flife ’’oly Spirit -seems to have
, a ;.vyay of bringing restored heclth where frith says a full ”Yes"
to God I
^elf-Development of People ■ - ,
Governlri'ent and Church, and all community agencies give lip ser-
vice and some action in this most vital area of life. " Let me
cite a few specific examples .
1. "The Role of the Churrh in Community Development"' was the
title of a conference for two days at Academy House. Thirty-five
pastors and laymen met. Three things were observed:
t
a. Over the years the churches here have contributed to the
development of Korean society in many, ways. But now churches
seem to concentrate their energies on their own inner activi-
ties and neglect the community^
b. Therefore, what are some of the new modes of - pr-oclamation
and new ways to restructure church activities in a fast chang-
ing society? , .
c. Results followed: several . church buildings have been
opened for- Ghlldren’ s use , during week day,s. A few churches
■i opened their education halls for **special education of news-
paper boys, shoeshine boys, and other helpless children
■immediately*" -,„/ ' ■
iZ/ -
g.9.MP_g_ ^ity will soon be.-., the location of-'Asia’s largest steel
complex* In helping this small port city to grapple .with the
great ^changes coming, our Keimyuhg Christian ■ College headed up
a sociological, educational ,- and religious study of the whole
area# Its findings are nov; being implemented--relocation of one
satellite town to evade smog problems, development of a voca-
tional school -to prepare '-youth for factory jobs, ecological
studies on pollution to save Pohang's lovely bjeach^ and shrrelinec
Rosources f op,, development are being given gittention
by Chyrch and government . At a’*conferehce' dealing with this sub-
ject, 57 women met representing church' women ' s"^orgahizations,
female officials of the government , profe;Ssors, girl student
leaders, and women journalists. These robserVations .
f I :(■ ' '
a# Neither cultivation nor mobilization o^ women's power
resource for. .‘development has begun.
^be process* of indu-str ialization, Kbrea-will suffer
from a shortage of semi-skilled and skilled labor , and the
hidden resources of women should be mobilized to aid national
development#" _ o y '■"
- • • •• lo/ .
-21-
C-. Men'musrbe awakened' to the fact th^t they have been hin-
drances in improving vjo-l.er ' s place in Society and in utiliz-
^ ing them as resources-.
3* ^he Government ' is really bending every
effort to develop ^independence of defense^* by developing its own
small arras arsenals, etc. . Although an unfortunate illustration
because of its militaristic overtones^ it nevertheless portrays
the "vifill" for self-doing- which is a very-'clbse brother of self-
development. Korea is gettyng tired of dependence on another,
even on its friend, the U-'io.A,
* f » f
The government is working hard to reduce the ^Mistance" between
the rural and urban' way of life.
In public health through preventive medicine techniques, TB con-
trois, family planning* clinics and equipment, and innoculations,
the government is showing concrete involvement in the self-
development of people.
j
4. Problems in development are many! Here are a few. One of
the most persistent traditional habits which resists change is
t'he idea* that a Korean couple must have two sons. This can add
up' 'to a' lot of kids if the sons don't arrive first. Corruption
is rampant now, and was "part and parcel" of the old past ^^the”
idea being what you can get out of a job, not what you can put
into it. Eat, drink and be merry — the "non-economic trio" —
still continue to waste much money. The tendency to say
the initiative is with some other person makes bureaucratic de-
cisions very burdensome. • ' ■
5* In education and teaching materials the Educational Research
Institute at Yonsei University, headed by Professor' Ki' Young OH,
is making a revolution in education, and many of has new ideas
for real teaching and real learning are now being incorporated
by the Ministry of Education into its educational materials for
use in public schools.
6, On population growth the government has given* strong impetus
to a vigorous, well-run family planning pl-ogramf. And the Church
(through KNCCy is now officiai]-ly at- work in this same area* This
is bound to have a strong effect ' for good. ' '
?• Self-Development demands savings as well as spendings. In
March 1971 bank savings hit 1,000 billion woh ($2.8 billion dol-
lars), two months ahead of schedule^ Savings have multiplied"^50
times in the last decade although the GNP of goods and services
only rose ten time's.
And the largest number of savings account users are small deposi-
tors* These people save for development purposes: to improve
their livelihood, to finance the schooling of their children and
their business operation, and to secure money to buy or construct
residences*
-22-
8* In evaluating some of the development programs , let me mention
three I and, speak in more detail on two of them.
Educational — see above ny paragraph on Education Insti-
tution at Yonsei University. . ■
b* Kojedo Project of Pph? c Health Education. This project
headed up by Dr. John Sib.' one of our United Presbyterian
medical missionaries, has r*’ssed its first tests and trials,
and now shows how commuun i,/ medicine combined with other dis-
ciplines of social work a-.J agriculture can team together to
bring real health care to a remote island. It is having its
effects on the island, and rt is also helping to show the
medical profession a great and needed area of service.
Severance Hospital Clinics at Satellite City, pr. Lim,
Superintendent of Severance Hospital, a strong convert to
community medicine (partially sparked by our own Dr. Kit
Johnson), is helping his staff and medical students to dis-
cover the fun and involvement through free clinics for the
desperately poor in Kwangju Estates (a satellite city) where
nearly 200,000 live. Other medical groups have sporadically
trie'd the same, but Severance has succeeded beyond expecta-
tions because they know and use effective community medicine
techniques, and they care!
9* Kelationship with COEMAR. In a sense the Korean Church thinks
that C0EMAR*s present priorities are zeroed in most crisply on
Self-Development of People. After all, when one takes C0EMAR»s
current four Priority Ob jectives--of communicating Jesus Christ
as Lord and Saviour, of equipping for fulfillment of life and .ser-
vice, of participating in God’s redemptive action in the world, and
of contributing toward "a world community - — this development
in its fullest dimensions! — ^
t ■ • ,
COEMAR must now lay -those priorities alongside the Korean Church's
priorities (now being formulated) and discover what this means for
Partnership in Mission Korea-style. Certainly one of the changes
needed to enhance and encourage self-development is to stress rural
development because this is where the "smallest fellow" is on the
economic ladder in Korea. COEMAR must stress an ‘ "Asian-ness" in
its ■ selection of personnel and "black-ness" because these are lack-
ing now*
At the same time, COEMAR must never assume it has a BIG role in
Korea. COEMAR is just one of three overseas Boards related to ‘ ■
the- Presby1:erian Church of Korea. Sydney’s and- Nashville ’ s rela-
tionships are also very import^rt. So are those of the Methodists,
Baptists, TEAM, and others.
A CLOSING REFLECTION
-25-
One day we came wheeling around a busy corner and zingo, right in our
pathway, a man with a large cat-t.. Brakes screeched, our ’^wheeled
vehicles"’ (ours with a motor, his pushed by the one arm he has) just
missed touching by a hair. And he gave us a full smile we’ll never
forget* Ih living out his life wJ^h a severe handicap, he has taught
us a bold truth - live it winsomclv' He, too, is the type that should
be "helped to help himself" into a lob not as taxing on his limitations
(imagine being one armed and pushing a cart with up 'to I50 pounds of
vegetables) *
Yes, we’re in such situations in Korea to live out our lives for others*
And as Thanksgiving and Christmas 1971 breathe across the mountains,
valleys and islands of Korea, at least 30,000 new believers in 1971
will worship our Lord Jesus Christ because things are happening, men
and women, boys and girls are discovering Christ. A "tithe of Korea"
(10?^ or 3,100,000) is God’s leaven here as we venture forth into 1972.
My colleague, Dr. Samuel H. Moffett, has made a graph which portrays
the upward March of Christ. In a sense it forms an "3" 2q/
(see attached) —
Stanton Rodger Wilson
Commission Representative to Korea
United Presbytex'ian Church in the U.S«A,
I.P.O. Box 1125
Seoul, Korea Zip 100
24-
r
2^000,000
,1,400,000
‘ 1,200,000
- 1,000,000
800,000
60pj000
400.000
200.000
/ *
t
-25-
Pacific St^r^^d Cotcl.r 1970, P. 7
Samuel H. Moffett in a letter dated July 10. 1970
The Korea Tijnes, May 5, 1971, P* ^
The Kor^a__Tyne£ , June 15, 197
• Qf^tistics, The Bank of Korea, 9.1971, P. 9
Monthly Economic Statistic ,
.rnpaet of Population Oro.tU on Korean Koonomy. Ite National aamaly
Planning Center, 1971, P*
T TTph 1 1971, Vol. II, Mo. 2, pp. 6-7
Korea Journal, Feb. i, f
T 1 Ppb 1. 1971, Vol* ^
Korea Journal, Feb, 1, ^y f
1 iTpb 1 1971, Vol. II, Mo. 2, p. 5, 6
Knrea Journal, Feb. i, ^y (
i\ T 1 Q71 Vol. II, Mo. S, p. S
Ko^ouraal, Aug. 1.9, p„p„intion
Country_P«mea, "The Eepubla^ - Human
C^^ilSf the If April 1970, p. 1
Beproduction, Columbia hnivereity, P
„ e.nlv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, Ho. 1-2. P-
. Korean Quarter]^, spring
. The Korea _^ra^, ^^S* ^5, 1970, P » ^ ao
T^erlv spring-summer 1970, Vol. XII, No. 1-2, P* 99
. Korean^iHilSii’ ^ t l 2 op. 101-102
4- iv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, No. 1- , P
. Korean Qy^£i££ii» ^ i 1Q71.
^ ^ r. T TH The Korea Trmes , Aug* i
.. English translation by Jeong-due LIH,
o terlv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, Ho. 1-2, P- 97
7, Korean Quarterly, P a, t ? o 102
^ Tv Spring-Summer 1970, Vol. XII, No, - , P*
im Korean ^
9. TheJCorea^Her^J. April 30; 1971.
T*nl letter dated July 10, 197
0. Samuel H- Moffett general letter
CHURCH SCHOOL (CHRISTIAN EDUCATION DEPT.)
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STAFF
The Rev. Kyun^ Chik Han, D.D. Pastor
Assistant Pastors:
Rev. K. C. He
Cho Choon Park
Jong Sup Kim
Kee Won Han
Yoon Goon Kim
Kwan Soon Chee
Sae Hee Kim
Visitors:
Mr. Suck Yoon Jo
Mrs. Shin Un Choi
Mrs. Sung Won Lee
Mrs. Woo Jung Park
BRIEF HISTORY
1945— First service attended by Christ-
ian refugees from North Korea
(27 members) .
1947 — Two morning services held on
Sunday.
1949— The cornerstone of the New
Sanctuary laid.
1954 — The New Sanctuarv dedicated.
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1956— First missionary sent to Thailand.
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1957— The New Education Building
• •
-
dedicated.
Three morning services held on
Sunday.
The New Memorial Chapel dedi-
cated.
CQ < cj o w o
OFFICERS SUNDAY ATTENDANCE
Ruling Elders 57 Parish Visitors 139 Adults 6,800
Former Elders 56 Deacons 260 Students 1,331
Ordained Deacons 42 Deaconesses 302 Children 1,005
Every Sunday by Open- Air Evangelistic Society.
Since 1947 to today ninety-two new churches have been established are now
self- supporting.
Thirty-one other new churches have been supported.
/
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i
JUST A FEELING
. , . . cuiu uiiau itifiepican iriissionapiGS concGniipa
on assisting in programs where nationals are not yet ready to handle.
3. We feel that American missionaries should acculturate themselves with
the culture of the community, and live within the standards of the
community. (Keep your extra dollar in the Bank of America for vour
retirement.)
li. We feel that American missionaries also concentrate their effort in
the "American Ghetto" in Asian country.
?. We feel that we owe it to our American brothers to tell them the cold
facts that the giving of aid, particularly scholarships, is castrating
on the part of the recipient •
3. We feel that attempts at establishing ideals, goals and theology of th
national church is based upon Riverside^ s category#
\ We feel that the present stance of American missionary to some extent
perpetuates our colonial mentality.
The United Front for Asian Christians
POLITICS OF GOD AND DEVELQP^flSNT OF PEOPLE
a tihaological irsfXectlon on devolopinent
Yong Bok Kim
Introduction
The United Presbyterian Claurch in the U.S.A. in its 182nd General Assembly
authorized a "Fund for the Self-Development of People". The mission program of
'Self-Development of People" is a very significant nex^ point of departure in
Christian people’s movement to shape human history in this century. Although
its implications are not yet clear and its developments are yet to unfold the
program is based upon a far-reaching vision of the human future, upon profound
analysis of human historical reality today, and upon courage and determination.
We are happy to note that the W.C.C. and the Roman Catholic Church are struggling
in search of clearer vision on development, through various conferences and
studies. A review of all the literature put out by churches will show that there
is much work, struggle, and experience required in discerning a clear direction for
our Involvement in development.
It is common thinking that governments of nations are judged according to their
policies and their execution of those policies on development, regardless of their
ideological and political differences. Scientists and social scientists are hard
at work to enhance the development of the world as well as that of their own
countries.
Many enlightened Intellectuals have begun to recognize development as a global
question. International organizations such as the U.N. have done considerable work
to quicken development for the world, although the evaluation of their over-all
work has not been promising.
What are these efforts for? Development. What is the development for? What are
the ends of the development? How should we understand development as Christians?
Development as a "political" question
For Christians, development is the problem of suffering in history; development Is
a part of the historical struggle to overcome human suffering* Suffering is a part
the most comprehensive category under which the misery of poverty and disease,
social ills, and even political oppression can be subsumed.
Various definitions of development can be measured against this understanding of
suffering as the basic historical problem today. Economic growth, realization of
a set of social goals such as improvement of health and cultural development, even
development of political Institutions as integral dimensions of development should
be seen in the light of man’s struggle to overcome Suffering in history. For
this reason Christian Involvement In development requires the most comprehensive
vision and the most profound understanding of the problem of history today — that
is, the problem of suffering.
- 2 -
xui aetvejLopm^in;;.
our
The foremost character of suffering of flie people in the Bible Is "
cotnnr^hprifi'f \T«» ooinota. Uov*a «>-Via ^ tt ^ . « .
aspects of human suffering, but they are only partial. T
HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING can be no other than a politics
1b the primary focus of history and the stuff of history,
biblical understanding of history.
Tills Is the proper
The political character of suffering in the Bible can be seen clearly in the fact
that suffering is not merely by virtue of the limitations of man's ability to
deal vrf-th his historical destiny, but above all by virtue of the existence of the
oower of evil ~ demonic power in history. Suffering is understood in terms of
£Ow^. ^e primary focus of the biblical understanding of suffering is the suffer-
Ing of r.he people of Israel imder the political power, the Pharaoh of the Egyptian
Empire. Tlie suffering Messlali In the vision of Isaiah is an expression of people's
political, experience of suffering under the power of the Babylonian Empire. Jesus*
cross expresses his affinity with suffering people under the Roman Empire. The
vision of the New Jerusalem - new POLIS Is an authentic vision out of the suffer-
ing and persecution of Christldn people under the "demonic** pof^^er of the Roman
Emperors. The problem of suffering in the Bible is a question of power - political
Sufjgripg as a radical contradiction to God's justice
There is a radical contradiction in history between the suffering of people and the
Justice of God the Almighty. TI\is contradiction is the fundamental structure of
human Mstory which Is overcome by the "political activities'* of the Just God. Tlie
profundity of the biblical tinderstanding of people's suffering is not revealed until
it is jtuctaposed to God's Justice; the dynamic character of history is not intelli-
gible until God is involved in the contradictory structure of human history. Tliat
is , the^d qf the suffering of people. The movement of . .
history Is the movement of God and his people to overcome the pruUej of suffnri.ne -
the fundamental contradiction of human history. There is no better witness and
tegtlinony to this view of history than the Bible itself and St. Augustine In hla
book. The City of God.
Biblical history Is God's involvement vrt.th suffering people to overcome the power
of evil - the demonic power. The just vindication, the promise of the vindication
of suffering people is done and is to be done by the power of God’s Justice through
his suffering Itesslah and the messianic people. This is the content of the
political activities of God and his people.
This contradiction is not between man and nature; therefore it cannot be re-
solved by the mere technological ability of man, man's ability to control nature.
The resolution of this fundamental contradiction of history is not to over-come
through personal and contemplative conquering of suffering (a snrt of religious
eaivation in the Buddhist sense), nor will it come through ritual or mystical union
with metaphysical reality (as it was viewed in gnostic tradition), nor will It coma
through man's moral growth or evolutionary process.
- 3 -
Augustine, in his book The City of God, although writing for his own time, ex-
presses most vividly and persuaaively~Elie vision of the struggle between the
politics of God and the politics of the earthly, a struggle between the city
(POLIS) of God and earthly political power. In his vision there was no question
that the oppressive and corrupt, demonic and rebellious power of the Roman Empire
was going down, not because it lacked an enlightened law, or technology, or men of
good ability, or strong soldiers; but because the justice of God was in struggle
against the Empire.
To Augustine there was no doubt that the process of history v;as the marching of the
City of God toward his POLIS, God’s politics. History was properly understood in
terms of God's politics of justice to overcome the demonic power which causes the
suffering of Innocent people.
Politics of God and Development
Development cannot be understood without understanding the politics of God, when
we accept a view of history as the process of God’s vindication of suffering people
and of his overcoming the fundamental contradiction of the existence of suffering
and evil.
VJhat Is the "politics" of God?
God's politics refers to God's activities for human political community - "New
Polls", new city. New Jerusalem. The main dynamic of His political activities is
Che realization of His justice in human history, overcoming Che suffering of people
and the underlying force of evil. Suffering and e.vll in history are contradictory
Co God's politics of Justice.
Unlike the theologies of our protastant tradition, the political question in this
essay is treated as the primary focus in understanding the gospel; therefore, the
primary task of theological thinking is the theory and practice of the politics
of God and ills people. In traditional doctrine Che political question was outside
of the proper activities of God. It was a "strange" work of God, to use Luther's
phrase. The net result of this doctrine and similar doctrines of the past and
present was that God was depolitlcized in his struggle against the power of evil;
and Che categories. The Justice of God, People, and political imderstandlng of
suffering, were spiritualized, mystified, and metaphysicallzed , and therefore
became ahlsCorlcal and even antl-historlcal. To a certain extent this is the way
Christians become anti-Christians in the struggle for Justice In modem world
history.
The politics of God is the most central and fundamental category of the
gospel, not the marginal one. The vision of development can be understood In this
concept of God's politics.
Those who dichotomize evangelism and social witness and see development as a
question external to the gospel are committing the sin of reactionary politics
against the politics of God, for they depoliticlze God in His struggle against the
suffering of people. These apolitical "heretics" debilitate the people's move-
ment for justice.
Tlie politics of dichotomy between evangelism and social Involvement Is in con-
tradiction to the politics of God's justice.
Let the minds of social scientists and social philosophers be exposed to the
dynamic of God's justice. The question of tinders tending human POLIS (political
4
<
conaaunlty) Is not merely phenomenological. Phenomenological (both scientific and
phlloaophlcal) analysis of the world, and calculative plana for the future are not
aufflclent. This may be called the politics of technocracy. This politics of
technocracy must be exposed and challenged by the politics of God's Justice, for
politics is not the mere question of technical analysis and calculative plan, but
the question of overcoming the suffering of people — the transformation of the world
into a New Polls in which the justice of God flows like a stream, the suffering of
the people is overcome, and the power of evil is conquered by the victory of His
jusl^ice and His people.
Let those who have control over the politics of the "earth" also get exposed
to the politics of God's justice. "Prlnclpaities" and "powers" are ordained to
the service of the ongoing struggle for justice for people and liberation of people
from suffering. No Christian can come to an adequate understanding of the role
of secular power in human history and therefore In the developmental process, unless
he understands the politics of God.
Two Axial Events
Let me turn again to the politics of God in the Bible. We can easily come to
the conclusion that two axdal events in the Bible, Exodus and the Jesus Christ
event, are the political actions of God in human history.
Exodus was an event in which the power of God's justice confronted the Imperial
poser and the Hebrew people were liberated. The Hebrew people suffered under the
Imperial power of the Egyptian Pharaoh; Hebrews were the aliens or an alienated
people, deprived of the right and power of self-determination. "Political"
oppression made them into Instruments of economy and constiructlon of the empire
with no sufficient economic means to enjoy life. The oppression deprived th^
of the opportunity for spiritual growth.
The justice of God could not allow the Hebrew people to continue to suffer.
The politics of God's justice was in contradiction to the politics of imperial
oppression in Egypt at that time.
The Hebrew people were transformed into the Exodiia people, an exodus community,
a messianic people. They marched into a new community, with a new law, new authority,
and new political structure. This was the integral part of the dynamic politics
of God's justice. Here the politics of God Is characterized by the liberation
dynamic and the formation or the "transformation" of the Hebrew people into the
messianic people. There is no question that the history of the people of God,
the people of Israel, was determined by this axial event.
Then the Messiah event, or the Messianic event. Is the primary axial event
for Christian people. This event is usually named the Christ event after the Greek
expression. The term "Christ" really hellenlzes "Jesus the Messiah," the original
title, and to a certain degree eliminates the political content from the gospel
and transforms the language of Messianic people into metaphysical-philosophical
language. Therefore, we prefer to iise the term Jesus the Messiali.
The classical discussion of Christology was put totally in the Greek metaphysical
context (Chalcedon) in terms of the two natures of Jesus Christ. V7e must recover the
messianic and therefore political-historical character of Chris tological thinking
by putting the focus on Jesus the Messiah.
5
llie Biblical historians firmly documented the messianic expectations among
the oppressed Jews under the imperial rule of the Soman Empire. This political
suffering was no temporary or marginal reality for the people of Israel throughout
their history. It was the axial and the central experience of the people of Israel,
They suffered under the Babylonian* Assyrian, Egyptian, and Roman Empires.
The event of Jesus the Messiah was a histoi^'-shaklng, revolutionary event
which created a messianic moment among the people. The crucifixion of the Messiah
is the supreme expression of the contradiction between Ctod’s jiistlce and the
suffering of people. This event can never be evaporated into the apolitical,
ahistorical sphere of Greek etemlcity and into a myth of Christ-event, The
crucifixion of Jesus the Messiah was cruelly historical and political. Pontius
Pilate, the representative of the Roman Empire, executed him, the innocent Messiah
whom the Law of the Jews condemned.
Even the depolltlcizing of the gospel in early Christianity was out of political
expediency, considering the historical and political circumstances of the Fall of
Jerusalem in the year 70 A.D. No amount of effort to spiritualize the gospel can
eradicate or diminish the deeply political character of the Measlazilc event.
The God of Justice was acting in radical contraditlon to earthly power.
The result was an emergence of the dynamic of Resurrection — a just vindication
of the Messiah \idio was crucified. Kow else can the Messiah be vindicated except
by God's raising the Messiah from death — the supreme symbol of historical contra-
dlceJ.on to God's justice?
The event of Resurrection is a messianic event in which the suffering Messiah
was vindicated, and a concrete unfolding of messianic movement of the people of
God. The anergenc* of the new people. New Israel — catholic, universal people —
the Skklesla — is an integral part of the messianic dynamic in history* This dynamic
is the process of God's vindication of justice for suffering people.
The Impact of the Resurrection faith must be understood in terms of the politics
of God, otherwise its historical reality is ephemeral. The eschatological things
such as the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead at the Second Coming of the Messiah
for the establishment of a new polls, lose their historical impact and power when
they are seen in Greek mythological terms. These categories must be politicized
in a proper way, not merely demythologlzed or depoliticized.
Such a crucial traditional doctrine as the doctrine of the Holy Spirit has
been so mystified and so splrittaallsed that its historical character has been lost
except as a mysterious ghostly reality, or rather unreality.
The Holy Spirit was the Spirit of God in the historical experience of the
people of Israel; and in the New Testament period the Holy Spirit was above all
the Spirit of Ch^st — the Spirit of Messiah — as well as the Spirit of God. One
distinctive characteristic of the experience of the Holy Spirit was the fact that
it was the experience of the people or the community. It was the Spirit for the
community of people. It may be contra-distinguished from the collective consciousness
such as Volk-geist. In other words, the Holy Spirit is the Messianic spirit which
evoked a messianic consciousness among the people. Thus the people participated
in the messianic dynamic in the historical process. This is the messianic people.
The concept "The Body of Christ," or the Body of the Messiah, refers to the
6
1
Uvu enat as, cne reaolucloa of the ultimate contradiction.
f ‘
Thus Christianity is the people’s messianic movement which is the ongoing
Pfocees ot the vindication '»f the suffering Messiah *ad his people.
Politics as Central
I riM ■■■Ml fi»ai«ji MiiM fi^nw
Prom the fotegolng ne can easily see that development is a ’'political'’
question In a compreherjeive sense, not merely the question of GNP growth, economic
growth, improvement i'n >x set of social goals, or spiritual or moral growth. All
of these atw subsamed under the "political" In the sense that; development li» a
part of the histor^.cal process in which suffering is overcome.
Christian circles and some secular intellectuals have argued that technical
definition le arxatheira for humane development. At least It is very limiting.
Theolcgicelly ’ye cannot define the problem of poverty and suffering as the coniva-
dictiot. hetwoan man and nature; hut it must be defined as a fundamental contraoictio;
hufwe/jo. the justice of God and the suffering of the people,
lar.lo Americans and some of the development e:xpert8 in the liberal tradition
have alfi'.c argued that the simple technical definition of development and its con-
C'.’miitanir solution — more aid end ecomomlc buildup — is the disguised Ideological
itout for international domination of the Imperialist kind, justification of domestl.-.
dictarorshlp under the notion that political stability is a must for etonomlc
d,eve.'. opment. They call for u radical transfomatlon on interneitlonal and domestic
f>omfc relations. Ihus the political has priority over the economical or technical.
We do not have to argue minor points to establish firmly the "politics" of
Gc'd as sotmd theological thinking. But one must not forget that modem Ctirlst.lanlty
la tlie major religious force which has almost diabolically eacapud Its political
struggle against political evil and the suffering of people. It has long been
aseoclatcd with the politics of. capitaliasm and bourgeoisie, and thus is the crown
of ImperlaliRm and colonialism. I am afraid that wa have not come to terms with
t!ic! political sin of our past, portly due to oir unwillingness to see the political
Impact of the gospel, end partly due to our historical, even polltleal, interest.
Our assumption here is that Christian people cannot make a profound Impact
upon Che derfeiopmental process unless they go clearly beyond reactionay and liberal
politics. So far Christian critlcismE of capitalism and political liberalism
ate spltitually based; their political implication is not clearly visible as to
discern the "messiaol.c dynamic" in the world,
Thle is not to Identify the politics of God with any politics of revolution.
Ihls Is cnother subject. But we must see clearly the contradictions hetvreen the
poltlics of God and politics of Imperlalisra and colonialism in the past and the
prsBcnt.
» Revolution or Refotm (Evolution)?
-So revolution Is more revolutionary than the politics of God. All .levolutlons
are under the judgment of the politics of God, not because it is revolutionary,
but because they are not revolutionary enough. No revolution made by man can re8ol^^e
7
*
the ultimate contradiction of the suffering of people,
Christians have a better causa in revolutionary toovements in the vorld than
Jo reactionary or imperialistic or colonial politics, as long as the revolution
ta the people’s movement. ’'Reform" — as basically amending the structures — is not
enough for Christiana, particularly when It is conceived in an evolutionary line.
Reforms too are seen In the perspective of the revolutionary politics of God, pot
from the liberal or recatlonaty political perspective.
Thus the question of revolution or refom as a choice for ceanmitment la a
false question. By deflnltltm Christians are messianic people, therefore,
revolutionary people.
Development aa People’s Movement
Revolution can be either empty rhetoric or a violent and oppressive phenomenon.
This becomes particularly true when revolution is not people's movement. People
are deeply acquainted with the reality of suffering. By virtue of their suffering
they have yeatninge and groanlngs for justice and a messianic age — the state of
affairs which resolved the problem of sufferingo Even without Christian faith
and without understandlstg of the politics of God's justice, one can discern a
certain propensity ten/ard universal laesslanism. This Is an inherent dynamic of
suffering people. This is the dynamic of justice and liberation from suffering.
Revolution, Development, and Christian Mission cannot be authentic without
proper relation to the central people’s moveaento The people’s movement can be
a final criterion for hiatorlcal-polltical movements, including Cliristlan movementa.
Tlie characi eristics of the people’s movement are l)eschatologlcal; that is,
the people’s movement is measianlc toward the age of the Second-Coming Messiah and
his politics of justice which will vindicate the justice of God and account for
the suffering of his people. 2) The messlsmic people are universal in that no
particular center of power can be the source of messianic claim except the Messiah
who is coming. This is the "xmlversal people," They know no absolute national,
ideological, or cultural boundaries. 3) And yet universal people are emerging
and reanerging In the ongoing process of struggle between divine justice and the
power of evil. Ttiey are found in the midst of the contradictions of history,
struggling for a creative resolution — liberation of the people.
An object lesson from East Asia; people's movement sad Christian mission
In China Christian missionaries and their sponsors expairlenced a radical
repudiation of Christian mission despite a long and expensive enterprise and
Inveacment.
The why of this repudiation of Christian mission in China is a complex question
to answer, but one thing is clear in the minds of people of East Asia. Christifj.i
mission, though it tried to be a people's movement, failed to be a genuine people's
movement in Chinese terms, whereas the other communist Ideology, the negative outcome
of the Cliristisn bourgeois ideology, has succeeded In answering basic messianic
aspirations of the Chinese petople. Of course the final outcome la yet to be seun-
In China Christian mission was identified and associated with the politics of
Imperialistic colonialism of the west; the politics of Ghinsae nationalism was In
profound contradiction to the politiCB of Chriiian mission, which Insensitively
8
insisted that Christian faith is above politics. But political neutrality was only
debilitating for the Christian mission; Chinese Christians themselves had a funda-
mental crisis in their national consciousness « To many Chinese nationalists.
Including Mao Tse Tung. Christian mission was a disguised or not-so-dlsgulsed agent
of Western imperialism.
In Japan. Christian mission made a significant Impact upon the samurai-
intellectual class of Japanese society. By and large, however. Christian mission
failed to generate a people's movement in Japan. Even Christian socialists suffered
the lack of people's response to their call of social justice and social revolution.
The future of the Japanese society lies largely in political development.
In the past she has experienced a politically suicidal and tragic history. The
past is a lesson for the future; yet many, Incltsdlng more conscious Japanese
Intsllectuals . have grave doubts about the outcome of Japanese political development
In the near future.
Many Asian countries, including the People's Republic of (^ina. are fearful
of Japan's economic, military, and political thrust into Asia. The Christian mission
and Japanese airlstlanlty are facing a historlnl Judgment as to their vitality la
the process of the politics of God.
In Korea, due to curious combinations of several historical factors, Clirlstian
mission was a people's movement. Some call the Korean Christian movement a mass-
movement. By no means was the Korean Christian movement purely religious. Korean
Christians were revolutionaries of national liberation against Japanese colonial
power. In Korea Christian mission, despite its neutral political position, was
unambiguously on the side of Che people. For Korean Christians there was no prayer
which was not a plea for national liberation.
The missionary heritage of apolitical gospel has not had the same meaning
during the period of American domination since liberation. The Korean Christian
popular movement, since 1945, has lost Its dynamic political character; and is
ilargely apolitical or politically reactionary. Korean Christianity has lost its
struggle for the liberation of the suffering people despite its past heritage and
despite Korean people's high expectations. In this context one is painfully forced
) to recognize the fact that after all Christian mission in Korea too has been a
colonial heritage. The remaining colonial establishment must disengage before
i it destroys the feeble seeds of political dynamism in the Korean Christian people's
movement r
For Christians. "Development" is to overcome the innocent suffering of people,
calls for the people's messianic movement. U.P.U.S.A. 's Program.x>f Self-
Development of People must be viewed as a part of the movement of the people
geneiratlng other people's movements in struggle against the contradiction of
suffering.
Christian people's movement is based on the politics of God's justice In
world history. It is in concrete and yet radical conflict with powers of oppression
and suffering. It is Indeed a new people's movement for a new POLIS. This new
movement is ijnpelled by the messianic vision of the future of the world-people
(all people).
Conclusion
T. B o K.
f
i
CONSCIOUSNESS
I am Youth.
I may be Greek or Freak,
Atheist or one of the Jesus People;
i//hatever j’cm I may find myself in
I have one common characteristic -
I am a Searcher -
For what, and why, and how I am not yet sure.
The torch is still raised at the gate of the land
3at instead of life, liberty and freedom
It illuminates
Disorder, corruption, hypocrisy, war
Poverty, distorted priorities,
Law-making by private power,
Uncontrolled technology
Mutilation of the environment,
Decline of democracy, pcwerlessness,
Artificiality of work and culture.
Absence of community,
And loss of Self,
I think of what to do on Saturday night
Or Henry Aaron's batting average, but
Walter Cronkite brings my thoughts
Oscillating back like a fan
To the turmoil before me.
I am concerned.
I cannot help but be.
I have more responsibility, sooner.
I can cringe from the heat of the flaming ghetto
Or search doggedly with Charlie Company in Nam
As both stare at me in vivid color in my room.
Pollution, the population explosion
And the giant foot of nuclear annihilation
Brings the realization that today' s
Problems are no less than immediate.
1 am impatient.
My dreams are advocated in faith
And I shun the baffles of time and machinery
Which society projects to snag my dreams like driftwood.
I am an idealistic.
Yet I am pot^erless.
My leaders are killed;
Turned backs loom larger than listening ears;
My dreams seem shelved like a thrice-read paperback;
Marches evolve into riots;
Violence breeds violence
But which violence is breeding which violence?
I am frustrated and alienated.
Consciousness
page - 2
Kent State, Jackson State immobilze
And instill rae -vjith helplessness.
I am now afraid,
The sweet dreams of ray youth
Have apparently, like the flower, withered.
I lapse into an eerie tranquility
Of enlightened apathy.
I have not lost my ideals
But my methods have mired
So I must regroup and adjust to reality.
But most of all. I still feel a loss of Self.
Perhaps it is because of the
Discrepancy between the realities
Of our society and our beliefs espoused about them.
The contrast between parents’ ideals,
Which Youth accepts
And the parents' failure to live these same ideals
Has cataclysmic consequences.
Or to some
The freedom from work, from restraint, from accountability,
Wonderous in its conception.
Has become banal or counterfiet.
Without rules, there was no way to say no,
And worse, no way to say yes.
So in the search for a new "yes"
Or the path through the haze of hypocrisy
I search for a new consciousness -
A total re-orienting of understanding,
Of values, insights, emotions, politics, philosophies,
A total configuration to make up
A whole new perception of reality.
The guide lines in my search are varied,
Yet it is still founded on liberation -
A freedom from automatic acceptance of social imperatives.
I must be true to myself
- Not selfish, yet not subservient.
I must uphold the worth of every individual
- My neighbor is ray brother not my competitor.
I must find honesty in my personal relationships
- Not hypocrisy.
I am searching for authority, love, and understanding.
Some have turned to the mystics,
Thousands have joined the marriage of the rebelious counter-culture
And conservative religion.
As Jesus provides a father figure
Encompassing the ingredients of their search.
Consciousness
page - 3
But many are not yet ready
To deny themselves the experiences of life
For any cause
For to them being the object to serve the cause
Would subvert the cause itself.
And some won’t even admit they're searching.
Corvettes and split-level homes bring a claustrophia of the soul
Which only time can pervade.
But as I peep through the keyhole of knoxjledge
Understanding lays spread out before me,
Yet now only dimly,
I have hope that one day the clouds will clear
To reveal what - I am not yet sure.
But my hope, like the flame of a burnt match,
Is lost to the wind
Unless I keep searching for
A new perspective - a new position
To look through the keyhole - a new consciousness.
My plea is that we will all keep searching
And accept nothing without a conscientious challenge.
If grace
and hope
and >jill
and determination
One day culminate in a new consciousness
And I find what I'm looking for
That will be the start of a new world I
Brent Burkholder
Seoul Union Church
September 5i 1971
THEOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME
TAP - ASIA
REPORT
and
MINUTES
The Second Asia Evangelical Consultation on Theological
cinnnnnre June 8-12, 1971
The Second Asia Evangelical Consultation on Theological Education,
Singapore. June 8-12, 1971.
REPORT AND MINUTES
General Introduction
The second Asia Evangelical Consultation on Theological Education
sponsored by the Theological Assistance Program of the World
Evangelical Fellowship was held at Dunearn Road University Hostel
Singapore 8-12 June 1971 under the general chairmanship of Dr. Saphir
Athyal, Vice Principal, Union Biblical Seminary, Yeotmal, India. 23
delegates and 12 observers attended from 12 Asian nations, plus
USA (2), United Kingdom (1), Australia (1), Latin America (2). At
the first Asia Evangelical Theological Consultation, Singapore 5-7 July
1970, 2 commissions were named, one to survey the needs of Theolo-
gical Education in Asia and the other to investigate the possibility of
establishing a Center for advanced Theological studies. Resolutions
were also passed on the need to coordinate the several ministries of
Theological Education by Extension in Asia, and on the coordination
of Bible teaching ministries between Asian nations. Further, the con-
sultation called for a survey and critical evaluation of attempts towards
the indigenization of the gospel in the Asian context. During the
ensuing year, 3 questionnaires were sent out to evangelical schools
in Asia, one a 91 point questionnaire evaluating present needs and
trends. A 20 page report based on an analysis of 51 Theological
Schools was prepared, and is available from Dr. Bong Rin Ro. A
second questionnaire on the proposed Center for Advanced Theo-
logical Studies and a third on Theological Education by Extension were
well received. During the year, the Singapore based sub-committee
of the commission for the Center on Advanced Theological Studies
met three times. They presented their report to the consultation on
the feasibility of Singapore as a suitable location for the center. Thus
the primary purpose of the second consultation was to fulfil the
mandate given to it by the earlier consultation and to outline plans
for the implementation of these recommendations. Two of the 15
original members of the two commissions were unable to attend.
The second consultation was made up of 5 separate consultations
namely:
1. Commission on Assistance for Theological Education in Asia
2. Commission on the Center for Advanced Theological Studies
3. Consultation on Theological Education by Extension
4. Consultation on Evangelical Theological Societies
5. Consultation on Bible Teaching Ministries.
1
All the delegates and observers participated in the first consultation
but divided into 2 groups for the second and third and again for the
fourth and fifth. The resolutions of each consultation were finally
approved at plenary sessions.
Goals of the Consultations:
To strengthen national initiative and safeguard national autononny in
the diverse areas of theological education.
To draw together in fellowship evangelical theological educators in
Asia irrespective of their denominational or world affiliations, for
the co-ordinating of functional projects of common concern.
To develop within Asia adequate functional structures in order to
fulfil these goals with an emphasis on honorary part-time co-
ordinators rather than on conciliary structured committees. These
functional structures were designed to maintain the autonomy
and control by Asians of theological education within Asia. To
this end TAP-ASIA was launched as an autonomous Asian body
but in fellowship with TAP-International. At the same time the
consultation was anxious to enter into fellowship with evangelical
theological educators in Africa and Latin America.
The Spiritual Emphasis of the Consultation
Dr. Bong Rin Ro, the TAP co-ordinator for South East Asia and local
administrator for the Consultation, set the theme and spiritual goals
for the consultation with the verse "Unless the Lord build the house,
those who build it labour in vain. Unless the Lord watches over the
city, the watchman stays awake in vain." (Ps 127:1)
In the opening worship service. Dr. Chandu Ray, commenting on Eph.
3, stressed our resources: the Word of God to which we must con-
tinually return for transforming our lives and culture, our door of access
to God through prayer, the love of God which we can only know
through Christian fellowship, and the Holy Spirit to whose leadings
we must be continually open. Dr. Eui Whan Kim, the TAP co-
ordinator for North East Asia, spoke on "For it seemed good to the
Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these
necessary things" (Acts 15:28) in the closing worship service. He
called the delegates to dedicate themselves to the gospel, even being
ready to sacrifice their lives, and also to the conscious control of the
Holy Spirit in all their decisions and actions. Other devotional leaders
included Dr. John Chongnahm Cho (Korea), the Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro
(Philippines), Rev. Peter Savage (Bolivia), Dr. Susuma Uda (Japan),
Rev. Pham Xuan Tin (Vietnam).
2
Vote of Thanks, "that we express our heartfelt thanks and gratitude
to Dr. Lawrence Chia of Singapore University and the authorities of
Dunearn Road Hostel for their hospitality and gracious accommodation;
to Dr. Bong Rin Ro for his efficient efforts in administration and travel
arrangements; and to those who helped finance the travel expenses
of the delegates to the consultation." ^
I
COMMISSION ON ASSISTANCE FOR THEOLOGICAL
EDUCATION IN ASIA
Introduction
The expanded commission worked in three sub-committees. Their
reports and recommendations after modification were approved in
plenary session.
I. Patterns and Standards of Training
Critical observations on Existing patterns in Theological Education in
Asia
1. Evangelical Theological institutions are marked by denominational
fragmentation and duplication. This has weakened our united
evangelical effectiveness considerably.
2. Most seminaries and Bible colleges are patterned after Western
models. This has retarded and prevented the emergence of in-
digenous patterns.
3. The existing pattern is basically curriculum examination oriented
rather than man-training oriented. This has often contributed to
the over-emphasis of the academic aspect to the frequent neglect
of the other aspects.
4. Curriculum-oriented pattern based on Western models has failed
to pay due attention to the implementation of the Christian faith
to the historico-cultural contexts of Asia.
5. There is a serious lack of unified objective standards in ministerial
training in Asia.
Resolutions
71/1 To reduce fragmentation and duplication
a. We endorse the cluster concept by which theological
schools exchange teachers, students, and credits at the
Th.B. and B.D. levels.
3
b. We encourage cluster-schools on the same campus where-
by the faculty, curriculum, and library are shared and
co-ordinated.
c. We urge evangelical mission and church organizations to
form united evangelical seminaries or colleges either around
one institution or by creating new ones at undergraduate,
graduate and post-graduate levels.
71/2 "We encourage all evangelical schools to indigenize their
theological education programme, especially in administration,
personnel and finance as rapidly as is consonant with the
growth of the national church.
71/3 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the conditions of
membership and accreditation with the S.E. Asia and N.E. Asia
associations of theological schools with particular reference to
maintaining our evangelical freedom.
71/4 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the possibility of forming
an association of evangelical Bible Schools and Th.B. colleges
with special reference to establishing evangelical accreditation
at these levels.
II. Curricula and Textbooks
Observations and Recommendations
1. We are concerned about fragmentation of curricula and the com-
partmentalization of teaching which has hindered students in
having an integrated total view of their ministry.
We recommend that TAP Research Centers investigate a much
greater interdisciplinary integration of the various courses in the
curriculum. Rather than merely memorizing material we recom-
mend the mastery of Biblical models of exegesis by application of
skills.
2. We recommend that in ministerial training the study of theology
should not be purely academic but stress alike scholarship and
devotion. Group testimony meetings give opportunities for
students to share their understanding of the relevance of their
theological study to the practical problems of ministry.
3. We recommend that seminaries should experiment in developing
comprehensive Bible courses which will involve a devotional and
analytical approach in which the teaching will be related to the
historical and cultural background of the books and also of the
student himself. At the same time the student must be taught
how to communicate the teaching of the books and relate its
principles to church planting and strategy.
4
4. In methodology we should avoid a system of teaching which
merely requires the student to listen to his lecturers and then
reproduce that which he has heard. The student must learn to
discover the truth for himself and be trained in methods of re-
search. At the same time he must be taught to teach others.
This can be best accomplished by the use of seminars, tutorials
and discussions. Classes should be small enough to allow free
interaction between students and lecturer. There should be a
measure of flexibility which will enable students with varying
gifts and personalities to develop under the guidance of the Holy
Spirit. In certain courses students should be encouraged after
consultation with the staff to choose particular topics and prepare
a study in depth on them. There needs to be considerable study
as to how academic work can be related to practical experience
and expression.
5. We recommend that courses dealing with contemporary local
cultures and ideologies be introduced into our seminary curricula
and teachers make their courses relevant to the existing cultures
and ideologies as each course may demand.
6. Recognising that true learning can only take place as the students
relate their studies to real live situations we recommend that
theological seminaries investigate the possibility of regular periods
of practical work in evangelism and Church life, we recommend
that this be done through student teams in order to gain a wider
objective view by mutual interaction.
7. Recognizing the fact that few theological teachers have had formal
teacher-training we recommend that TAP investigate the possibility
of providing for the 'teacher-training' of theological teachers either
through the setting up of a centre for short or long term courses
or through the appointment of regional specialist as advisors who
through visitation could give on the spot guidance and hold
seminars.
8. We recommend that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text
books be made by TAP in co-operation with other organizations,
where these exist, such as Evangelical Theological Societies and
a concrete proposal be presented at the earliest possible time.
We also felt strongly that good evangelical libraries should be
established in the major Asian theological institutions, with an
efficient system of loaning books.
Resolutions
71/5
"that TAP investigate the possibility of sponsoring teacher
training institutes and courses for theological teachers con-
ducted by educational specialists.
5
b. We encourage cluster-schools on the same campus where-
by the faculty, curriculum, and library are shared and
co-ordinated.
c. We urge evangelical mission and church organizations to
form united evangelical seminaries or colleges either around
one institution or by creating new ones at undergraduate,
graduate and post-graduate levels.
71/2 "We encourage all evangelical schools to indigenize their
theological education programme, especially in administration,
personnel and finance as rapidly as is consonant with the
growth of the national church.
71/3 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the conditions of
membership and accreditation with the S.E. Asia and N.E. Asia
associations of theological schools with particular reference to
maintaining our evangelical freedom.
71/4 "that TAP-Asia be requested to study the possibility of forming
an association of evangelical Bible Schools and Th.B. colleges
with special reference to establishing evangelical accreditation
at these levels.
II. Curricula and Textbooks
Observations and Recommendations
1. We are concerned about fragmentation of curricula and the com-
partmentalization of teaching which has hindered students in
having an integrated total view of their ministry.
We recommend that TAP Research Centers investigate a much
greater interdisciplinary integration of the various courses in the
curriculum. Rather than merely memorizing material we recom-
mend the mastery of Biblical models of exegesis by application of
skills.
2. We recommend that in ministerial training the study of theology
should not be purely academic but stress alike scholarship and
devotion. Group testimony meetings give opportunities for
students to share their understanding of the relevance of their
theological study to the practical problems of ministry.
3. We recommend that seminaries should experiment in developing
comprehensive Bible courses which will involve a devotional and
analytical approach in which the teaching will be related to the
historical and cultural background of the books and also of the
student himself. At the same time the student must be taught
how to communicate the teaching of the books and relate its
principles to church planting and strategy.
4
4. In methodology we should avoid a system of teaching which
merely requires the student to listen to his lecturers and then
reproduce that which he has heard. The student must learn to
discover the truth for himself and be trained in methods of re-
search. At the same time he must be taught to teach others.
This can be best accomplished by the use of seminars, tutorials
and discussions. Classes should be small enough to allow free
interaction between students and lecturer. There should be a
measure of flexibility which will enable students with varying
gifts and personalities to develop under the guidance of the Holy
Spirit. In certain courses students should be encouraged after
consultation with the staff to choose particular topics and prepare
a study in depth on them. There needs to be considerable study
as to how academic work can be related to practical experience
and expression.
5. We recommend that courses dealing with contemporary local
cultures and ideologies be introduced into our seminary curricula
and teachers make their courses relevant to the existing cultures
and ideologies as each course may demand.
6. Recognising that true learning can only take place as the students
relate their studies to real live situations we recommend that
theological seminaries investigate the possibility of regular periods
of practical work in evangelism and Church life, we recommend
that this be done through student teams in order to gain a wider
objective view by mutual interaction.
7. Recognizing the fact that few theological teachers have had formal
teacher-training we recommend that TAP investigate the possibility
of providing for the 'teacher-training' of theological teachers either
through the setting up of a centre for short or long term courses
or through the appointment of regional specialist as advisors who
through visitation could give on the spot guidance and hold
seminars.
8. We recommend that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text
books be made by TAP in co-operation with other organizations,
where these exist, such as Evangelical Theological Societies and
a concrete proposal be presented at the earliest possible time.
We also felt strongly that good evangelical libraries should be
established in the major Asian theological institutions, with an
efficient system of loaning books.
Resolutions
71/5
"that TAP investigate the possibility of sponsoring teacher
training institutes and courses for theological teachers con-
ducted by educational specialists.
5
71/6 "that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text books in
each country be made by TAP in co-operation with other
organizations, such as evangelical theological societies where
these exist, and that concrete proposals be presented at the
earliest possible time.
III. Property, Library, Staffing and Finance
Problem Areas:
After preliminary discussion of the scope of the agenda and the pro-
blems to be dealt with, five problem areas concerning theological schools
were outlined for discussion.
1. Establishing guidelines for financial priorities in school planning
which can be supported subsequently by the national church.
2. Compiling a list of basic theological books as a guide to Christian
reading.
3. Exploring methods for recruiting, training and sharing of faculty.
4. Seeking ways to attain self-support for a theological institution.
5. Examining methods of obtaining outside financial support during
the formative period of a theological institution.
Recommendations on School Planning
1. We recommend the selection of school property which has future
income producing possibilities. There should be no slavish
imitation of Western institutionalism.
2. Property selection and building planning should be consistent with
the cultural context and the national church's ability to maintain
such.
3. Attention should be paid to a strategic location, area for future
growth, zoning laws, etc.
4. Maximum utilization of property should be envisaged from the
beginning, e.g. multi-purpose building, evening schools, con-
ferences, etc.
Recommendations on Theological Book List
1. In building a library of basic books for an evangelical theological
institution, attention should be paid to the following factors:
a. Academic level of training envisaged
6
b. Realistic needs of students, e.g. language and academic ability
c. Research needs of faculty
d. Availability of other library facilities
e. Cultural relevance of the books
f. Wider use of library by alumni and the Christian community
generally.
2. That a TAP committee be formed to compile such a supplementary
list of evangelical books in English and appoint in each country
a resource person to advise on indigenous literature.
Recommendations on Faculty
1. Recruitment: We recommend a long range programme for re-
cruiting candidates for Christian teaching including the following
features:
a. Exposing selected secondary and tertiary student groups to
the challenge of the Christian ministry.
b. Challenging local churches to set apart suitable men for the
ministry.
c. Providing scholarships and a post-graduate training programme
for promising seminary students.
d. Urging nationals abroad to return home for teaching.
e. Pooling and/or merging faculties of neighbouring institutions.
f. Loaning of short term teaching staff from missionary and
church bodies.
2. Training faculties:
a. Faculty members may be released part-time to go to secular
universities.
b. There should be developed an external training programme
for faculty members, e.g. scholarships and transportation
funds, sabbatical leaves etc.
c. Provision should be made for short term in-service courses
on an accredited basis by TAP.
d. Staff should be encouraged to take higher external degrees,
e.g. by correspondence.
7
71/6 "that a comprehensive survey of evangelical text books in
each country be made by TAP in co-operation with other
organizations, such as evangelical theological societies where
these exist, and that concrete proposals be presented at the
earliest possible time.
III. Property, Library, Staffing and Finance
Problem Areas:
After preliminary discussion of the scope of the agenda and the pro-
blems to be dealt with, five problem areas concerning theological schools
were outlined for discussion.
1. Establishing guidelines for financial priorities in school planning
which can be supported subsequently by the national church.
2. Compiling a list of basic theological books as a guide to Christian
reading.
3. Exploring methods for recruiting, training and sharing of faculty.
4. Seeking ways to attain self-support for a theological institution.
5. Examining methods of obtaining outside financial support during
the formative period of a theological institution.
Recommendations on School Planning
1. We recommend the selection of school property which has future
income producing possibilities. There should be no slavish
imitation of Western institutionalism.
2. Property selection and building planning should be consistent with
the cultural context and the national church's ability to maintain
such.
3. Attention should be paid to a strategic location, area for future
growth, zoning laws, etc.
4. Maximum utilization of property should be envisaged from the
beginning, e.g. multi-purpose building, evening schools, con-
ferences, etc.
Recommendations on Theological Book List
1. In building a library of basic books for an evangelical theological
institution, attention should be paid to the following factors:
a. Academic level of training envisaged
6
b. Realistic needs of students, e.g. language and academic ability
c. Research needs of faculty
d. Availability of other library facilities
e. Cultural relevance of the books
f. Wider use of library by alumni and the Christian community
generally.
2. That a TAP committee be formed to compile such a supplementary
list of evangelical books in English and appoint in each country
a resource person to advise on indigenous literature.
Recommendations on Faculty
1. Recruitment: We recommend a long range programme for re-
cruiting candidates for Christian teaching including the following
features:
a. Exposing selected secondary and tertiary student groups to
the challenge of the Christian ministry.
b. Challenging local churches to set apart suitable men for the
ministry.
c. Providing scholarships and a post-graduate training programme
for promising seminary students.
d. Urging nationals abroad to return home for teaching.
e. Pooling and/or merging faculties of neighbouring institutions.
f. Loaning of short term teaching staff from missionary and
church bodies.
2. Training faculties:
a. Faculty members may be released part-time to go to secular
universities.
b. There should be developed an external training programme
for faculty members, e.g. scholarships and transportation
funds, sabbatical leaves etc.
c. Provision should be made for short term in-service courses
on an accredited basis by TAP .
d. Staff should be encouraged to take higher external degrees,
e.g. by correspondence.
7
3. Sharing faculties:
a. TAP should publicise a list of lecturers in specialised fields.
b. TAP should seek subsidies to make it possible for qualified
personnel to travel in Asia.
c. TAP should recruit and circulate qualified foreign teachers for
Asian school ministry.
Recommendations on Self Support
1. Seminaries should encourage the pooling or merger of institutional
resources wherever possible.
2. They should explore all possible ways for increasing indigenous
support including:
a. Organising a sponsoring society of laymen
b. Getting national churches to finance personalised scholarships
c. Promoting “seminary days" and offerings in national churches
d. Getting seminary grants into church budgets
e. Providing regular public relations material
f. Encouraging legacies and grants.
3. Seminaries should seek finance, nationally and internationally, for
building up endowment funds for faculty chairs.
4. Seminaries should cultivate income producing projects, e.g. English
schools, farms, service projects to the community, rental of pro-
perty, etc.
5. Christian business men should be challenged to allocate investment
funds for theological institutions.
6. TAP should be encouraged to form a foundation to give financial
aid to approved theological institutions in Asia.
Recommendations on Outside Support
Methods used for obtaining outside financial support during the forma-
tive period of a theological institution should include the following:
a. Seeking endowment fund for faculty chair, etc.
b. Encouraging foundation to be organised by TAP
8
c. Soliciting the help of businessmen in allocating funds for
schools
d. Getting overseas churches to support faculty members
e. Encouraging overseas churches to adopt theological schools
or faculty members for financial support for a specified period
f. Establishing fraternal relations with well-established theological
institutions abroad.
Resolutions
71/7 that TAP make available to theological schools information
regarding available lists of theological books in English.
71/8 “believing that the time is now opportune to seek substantial
support for the work of Christ and His Church in Asia,
especially in the light of urgent needs for centres for advanced
theological studies, scholarships for theological educators and
students, for theological education by extension, for the work
of co-ordination of evangelical theological education, for evan-
gelical theological libraries for existing and new institutions,
etc., we, TAP-Asia appeal to Christians throughout Asia and
other interested countries, for the establishment of a fund
equivalent to US$1 million as a trust foundation to be known
as PAN ASIAN FOUNDATION FOR EVANGELICAL THEO-
LOGICAL EDUCATION.
71/9 “resolved that investigation be made into the legal aspects of
the formation of such a foundation as a registered trust within
a country where tax exemption can be secured and where
expert knowledge can be had, where Christian men will be
willing to accept the responsibility of the formation of such
a society, including men in legal, educational, banking, and
other professions, and to appoint an ad hoc committee of Dr.
Chandu Ray (convenor). Dr. Lawrence Chia and Dr. Donald
E. Hoke to investigate all the aspects by coopting such men
as they need on this ad hoc committee, and report in detail
to the Executive Committee of TAP-Asia and the board of the
Centre for Advanced Theological Studies.
u
COMMISSION ON CENTRE FOR ADVANCED
THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
Introduction: As the terms and autonomy of the Commission vyere
clearly defined at the Consultation July 1970, voting on the resolutions
,was restricted to the original members of the Commission.
9
3. Sharing faculties:
a. TAP should publicise a list of lecturers in specialised fields.
b. TAP should seek subsidies to make it possible for qualified
personnel to travel in Asia.
c. TAP should recruit and circulate qualified foreign teachers for
Asian school ministry.
Recommendations on Self Support
1. Seminaries should encourage the pooling or merger of institutional
resources wherever possible.
2. They should explore all possible ways for increasing indigenous
support including:
a. Organising a sponsoring society of laymen
b. Getting national churches to finance personalised scholarships
c. Promoting "seminary days" and offerings in national churches
d. Getting seminary grants into church budgets
e. Providing regular public relations material
f. Encouraging legacies and grants.
3. Seminaries should seek finance, nationally and internationally, for
building up endowment funds for faculty chairs.
4. Seminaries should cultivate income producing projects, e.g. English
schools, farms, service projects to the community, rental of pro-
perty, etc.
5. Christian business men should be challenged to allocate investment
funds for theological institutions.
6. TAP should be encouraged to form a foundation to give financial
aid to approved theological institutions in Asia.
Recommendations on Outside Support
Methods used for obtaining outside financial support during the forma-
tive period of a theological institution should include the following:
a. Seeking endowment fund for faculty chair, etc.
b. Encouraging foundation to be organised by TAP
8
c. Soliciting the help of businessmen in allocating funds for
schools
d. Getting overseas churches to support faculty members
e. Encouraging overseas churches to adopt theological schools
or faculty members for financial support for a specified period
f. Establishing fraternal relations with well-established theological
institutions abroad.
Resolutions
71/7 that TAP make available to theological schools information
regarding available lists of theological books in English.
71/8 "believing that the time is now opportune to seek substantial
support for the work of Christ and His Church in Asia,
especially in the light of urgent needs for centres for advanced
theological studies, scholarships for theological educators and
students, for theological education by extension, for the work
of co-ordination of evangelical theological education, for evan-
gelical theological libraries for existing and new institutions,
etc., we, TAP-Asia appeal to Christians throughout Asia and
other interested countries, for the establishment of a fund
equivalent to US$1 million as a trust foundation to be known
as PAN ASIAN FOUNDATION FOR EVANGELICAL THEO-
LOGICAL EDUCATION.
71/9 "resolved that investigation be made into the legal aspects of
the formation of such a foundation as a registered trust within
a country where tax exemption can be secured and where
expert knowledge can be had, where Christian men will be
willing to accept the responsibility of the formation of such
a society, including men in legal, educational, banking, and
other professions, and to appoint an ad hoc committee of Dr.
Chandu Ray (convenor). Dr. Lawrence Chia and Dr. Donald
E. Hoke to investigate all the aspects by coopting such men
as they need on this ad hoc committee, and report in detail
to the Executive Committee of TAP-Asia and the board of the
Centre for Advanced Theological Studies.
u
COMMISSION ON CENTRE FOR ADVANCED
THEOLOGICAL STUDIES
Introduction: As the terms and autonomy of the Commission were
clearly defined at the Consultation July 1970, voting on the resolutions
yvas restricted to the original members of the Commission.
9
Recommendations
1. That this consultation appoint an all-Asian board to develop Asian
theological centers.
2. That the purpose of the board be to carry out through Asian
centers:
programmes of research on the evangelical interpretation of
the Christian faith in the Asian context.
a graduation programme leading to degrees on the masters
and doctoral levels.
3. That the six TAP commission members serve as a nominating
committee for members of the new board.
4. That this TAP consultation recommend to the new board that we
anticipate establishing all-Asian centers in Seoul, Korea, India
(Yeotmal or Bangalore), and Hong Kong and/or Singapore by
1975, each with its own governing board.
Resolutions
71/10 The following persons were elected to serve on the Board of
the Asian Centre for Advanced Theological Studies:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal (convenor) Dr. B. S. Oh
Dr. Lawrence Chia Dr. John Pao
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho Dr. Chandu Ray
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro Dr. Susuma Uda
That the TAP International Co-ordinator and the Asia regional
co-ordinators be invited to serve as consultants to this board
and that the board consider forming a council of reference.
71/11 That the statement of faith of the World Evangelical Fellowship
be adopted as the minimal doctrinal standard of the board and
faculty of the proposed centres.
71/12 That the new board consist of 7-12 members, and that it draft
its own constitution and by-laws.
71/13 That the following suggestions be submitted to the board from
this consultation:
A. That the board consider criteria for recognition and accre-
ditation of a graduate degree programme.
B. That each center work in English and another language if
desirable.
10
C.
D.
E.
F.
That the board normally meet once a year.
That each center be encouraged to develop according to
its own local needs in its local situation under the guidance
of its own board within the framework of principles laid
down by the central board.
That the Korean school be developed in close co-operation
with the Korean Evangelical Theological Commission.
That the major financial responsibility for the facilities of
each center be the responsibility of the host center and
its board.
Ill
CONSULTATION ON THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION BY EXTENSION
Reports
India: The development of The ASSOCIATION FOR THEOLOGICAL
EXTENSION EDUCATION (TAFTEE) was reported. 25 member bodies
representing evangelical schools, churches and mission bodies and
evangelicals within the mainline churches, have joined together to
provide nation-wide extension courses leading to degree, diploma and
certificate levels in English and vernacular languages. Pilot centres
begin in August 1971 in 4 cities. TAFTEE has a clearly defined evange-
lical statement of Faith.
Indonesia: Considerable interest exists among many groups but so far
there has been little active co-operation. It is suggested that perhaps
the most fruitful approach will be in the production of Programmed
Instruction Materials.
Vietnam: It is expected that 10 centres will be opened in the coming
year. Programmed Instruction Materials mostly at a low academic
level are being translated into Vietnamese.
Taiwan: The China Evangelical Seminary is sponsoring the Extension
project at diploma level.
Malaysia: At least one Extension centre has been started but as yet
there is no Programmed Instruction Material.
Latin America: The Revs_ Savage an L extension structures
Latin America experiments. f ^®f®®.®°dents and the spiritual life
must be flexible and that f ° noted that
of the churches are the key factors connected with a seminary.
Theological Extension does not need to be connected wim
A thP work of CAMEO in initiating and
Appreciation was expressed for the okons in Asia during 1970
sponsoring several national extensmn work shops in a
and the proposed 5 more during August-September
11
Recommendations
1. That this consultation appoint an all-Asian board to develop Asian
theological centers.
2. That the purpose of the board be to carry out through Asian
centers;
— programmes of research on the evangelical interpretation of
the Christian faith in the Asian context.
a graduation programme leading to degrees on the master's
and doctoral levels.
3. That the six TAP commission members serve as a nominating
committee for members of the new board.
4. That this TAP consultation recommend to the new board that we
anticipate establishing all-Asian centers in Seoul, Korea, India
(Yeotmal or Bangalore), and Hong Kong and/or Singapore by
1975, each with its own governing board.
Resolutions
71/10 The following persons were elected to serve on the Board of
the Asian Centre for Advanced Theological Studies:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal (convenor) Dr. B. S. Oh
Dr. Lawrence Chia Dr. John Pao
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho Dr. Chandu Ray
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro Dr. Susuma Uda
That the TAP International Co-ordinator and the Asia regional
co-ordinators be invited to serve as consultants to this board
and that the board consider forming a council of reference.
71/11 That the statement of faith of the World Evangelical Fellowship
be adopted as the minimal doctrinal standard of the board and
faculty of the proposed centres.
71/12 That the new board consist of 7-12 members, and that it draft
its own constitution and by-laws.
71/13 That the following suggestions be submitted to the board from
this consultation:
A. That the board consider criteria for recognition and accre-
ditation of a graduate degree programme.
B. That each center work in English and another language if
desirable.
10
C.
D.
E.
F.
That the board normally meet once a year
That each center be encouraged to develop according to
its own local needs in its local situation under the guidance
of its own board within the framework of principles laid
down by the central board.
That the Korean school be developed in close co-operation
with the Korean Evangelical Theological Commission.
That the major financial responsibility for the facilities of
each center be the responsibility of the host center and
its board.
Ill
CONSULTATION ON THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION BY EXTENSION
Reports
India: The development of The ASSOCIATION FOR THEOLOGICAL
EXTENSION EDUCATION (TAFTEE) was reported. 25 member bodies
representing evangelical schools, churches and mission bodies and
evangelicals within the mainline churches, have joined together to
provide nation-wide extension courses leading to degree, diploma and
certificate levels in English and vernacular languages. Pilot centres
begin in August 1971 in 4 cities. TAFTEE has a clearly defined evange-
lical statement of Faith.
Indonesia: Considerable interest exists among many groups but so far
there has been little active co-operation. It is suggested that perhaps
the most fruitful approach will be in the production of Programmed
Instruction Materials.
Vietnam: It is expected that 10 centres will be opened in the coming
year. Programmed Instruction Materials mostly at a low academic
level are being translated into Vietnamese.
Taiwan: The China Evangelical Seminary is sponsoring the Extension
project at diploma level.
Malaysia: At least one Extension centre has been started but as yet
there is no Programmed Instruction Material.
Latin America: The Revs_ Savage an L extension structures
Latin America experiments. They stresseo spiritual life
must be flexible and that motivation ofstude^^^^^^^
of the churches are the key factors connected with a seminary.
Theological Extension does not need to be connecteo wiin
Appreciation was expressed for the of EO ^ ^1970
sponsoring several national extens^n work shops m
and the proposed 5 more during August-September
11
Resolutions
71/14 That TAP establish a co-ordinating agency for TEE in Asia.
Its terms of reference are:
1. To act as a clearing house for the collection and dissemination
of all relevant TEE information
2. To co-ordinate and advise national TEE bodies on the pro-
duction of Programmed Instruction Material (PIM)
3. To recommend curricula objectives to be reached at each level
4. To co-ordinate publishing matters
5. To co-ordinate translation arrangements
6. To co-ordinate academic standards
7. To organize training
8. To investigate accreditation for TEE
9. To liaise with other non-TAP Asian bodies interested in TEE.
71/15 THAT TAP appoint an Asia Co-ordinator for TEE as soon as
possible, and that in the meantime one of the national TEE
co-ordinators be appointed as acting TAP Co-ordinator for
TEE, for a maximum period of two years.
71/16 THAT an Asia TEE Committee be formed, initially to include
Messrs. McCleary, Dainton, Tin, Hoke, Janepiriyaprayoon,
Hitchen, Meadowcroft, Liao, and either E. Banguelo or another
Filipino representative. This committee shall have authority to
to revise and increase its own membership. Mr. McCleary will
convene the first meeting.
71/17 THAT these recommendations on finance, viz.:
a. That all regional and national TEE bodies be asked to make
an annual contribution of at least US$25.00 for the
travelling expenses of the Co-ordinator
b. That the operating expenses of the Co-ordinating Agency
be borne by the TEE budget of TAP
c. That national churches and organizations and missionary
bodies be asked to take into consideration the strategic
needs of TEE when determining their annual budget al-
location for overall TAP ministries be remitted to the TEE
Committee established by Resolution 71/16 as the basis of
its financial operation in consultation with TAP.
12
IV
CONSULTATION ON EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL
COMMISSIONS AND SOCIETIES
Reports
Japan: The Japan Evangelical Theological Society was formed April
1970 for the purpose of establishing study groups, publishing a journal
and sponsoring lectures throughout Japan. ETS has 200 members.
Study commissions in the field of Biblical studies, historial, systematic
and pastoral Theology, History and Philosophy, have been appointed.
The first consultation was held in Tokyo April 1971. The first issue
of the ETS journal. Evangelical Theology in Japanese has been published.
Korea: The Korea Evangelical Theological Commission was organized
a year ago. So far 5 consultations have been held. To the Con-
sultation 4-5 June 1971 on the theme "Evangelism in Asian Crisis",
delegates from Japan and Taiwan participated in the reading of papers
and discussion.
Philippines: The Theological Association of the Philippines was or-
ganized in 1970, open to members holding a Th.B. degree. After 5
years, membership will be limited to those holding B.D.
India: The Evangelical Theological Commission was formed in 1963.
Several consultations have been held and papers published. The ETC
is in the process of being reconstituted into an evangelical theological
society open to theological teachers, pastors, and laymen.
Malaysia: There is interest in forming an evangelical theological society.
Latin America: A theological society known as FRATERNIDAD DE
TEOLOGOS LATIN AMERICANOS was formed in 1968 at Bogota. The
first consultation in which 23 scholars participated, was held at Coc a-
bamba, Bolivia in December 1970. The theme was The Word of God ^
Four regional fraternities have been formed and consultations planned
on "The Doctrine of the Church". In Argentina, evangelicals plan to
form^ a .heological society. ^ The_l;ate-nity_plm to sponsor
Resolutions.
71/18 That a TAP-Asia co-ordinator for evangelical theological com-
missions/societies be appointed.
71/19 That TAP-Asia should seek to launch a journal of theology
within the next 5 years.
critT^al ■ ev^ n'oTeJangeLT develop
an iSnors^'^ in their respective countries.
13
Resolutions
71/14 That TAP establish a co-ordinating agency for TEE in Asia.
Its terms of reference are:
1. To act as a clearing house for the collection and dissemination
of all relevant TEE information
2. To co-ordinate and advise national TEE bodies on the pro-
duction of Programmed Instruction Material (PIM)
3. To recommend curricula objectives to be reached at each level
4. To co-ordinate publishing matters
5. To co-ordinate translation arrangements
6. To co-ordinate academic standards
7. To organize training
8. To investigate accreditation for TEE
9. To liaise with other non-TAP Asian bodies interested in TEE.
71/15 THAT TAP appoint an Asia Co-ordinator for TEE as soon as
possible, and that in the meantime one of the national TEE
co-ordinators be appointed as acting TAP Co-ordinator for
TEE, for a maximum period of two years.
71/16 THAT an Asia TEE Committee be formed, initially to include
Messrs. McCleary, Dainton, Tin, Hoke, Janepiriyaprayoon,
Hitchen, Meadowcroft, Liao, and either E. Banguelo or another
Filipino representative. This committee shall have authority to
to revise and increase its own membership. Mr. McCleary will
convene the first meeting.
71/17 THAT these recommendations on finance, viz.:
a. That all regional and national TEE bodies be asked to make
an annual contribution of at least US$25.00 for the
travelling expenses of the Co-ordinator
b. That the operating expenses of the Co-ordinating Agency
be borne by the TEE budget of TAP
c. That national churches and organizations and missionary
bodies be asked to take into consideration the strategic
needs of TEE when determining their annual budget al-
location for overall TAP ministries be remitted to the TEE
Committee established by Resolution 71/16 as the basis of
its financial operation in consultation with TAP.
12
IV
CONSULTATION ON EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL
COMMISSIONS AND SOCIETIES
Reports
Japan: The Japan Evangelical Theological Society was formed April
1970 for the purpose of establishing study groups, publishing a journal
and sponsoring lectures throughout Japan. ETS has 200 members.
Study commissions in the field of Biblical studies, historial, systematic
and pastoral Theology, History and Philosophy, have been appointed.
The first consultation was held in Tokyo April 1971. The first issue
of the ETS journal. Evangelical Theology in Japanese has been published.
Korea: The Korea Evangelical Theological Commission was organized
a year ago. So far 5 consultations have been held. To the Con-
sultation 4-5 June 1971 on the theme "Evangelism in Asian Crisis",
delegates from Japan and Taiwan participated in the reading of papers
and discussion.
Philippines: The Theological Association of the Philippines was or-
ganized in 1970, open to members holding a Th.B. degree. After 5
years, membership will be limited to those holding B.D.
India: The Evangelical Theological Commission was formed in 1963.
Several consultations have been held and papers published. The ETC
is in the process of being reconstituted into an evangelical theological
society open to theological teachers, pastors, and laymen.
Malaysia: There is interest in forming an evangelical theological society.
Latin America: A theological society known as FRATERNIDAD DE
TEOLOGOS LATIN AMERICANOS was formed in 1968 at Bogota. The
first consultation in which 23 scholars participated, was at Cocha-
bamba, Bolivia in December 1970. The theme was The Word of God _
Four regional fraternities have been formed and consultations planned
on 'The Doctrine of the Church". In Argentina,
form a theological society. The fraternity plans to sponsor sabbaticals
for theological writers, pastors' conferences and to publish papers.
Resolutions.
71/18
That a TAP-Asia co-ordinator for evangelical theological com-
missions/societies be appointed.
71/19 That TAP-Asia should seek to launch a journal of theology
within the next 5 years.
an indigenous theology m their respective countries.
13
A Third World Theological Conference.
As well as encouraging the development of theological consultations
and workshops on the national, regional and all Asian level, interest
was expressed in joining with our evangelical brethren in Africa and
Latin America to share our common problems and goals and to en-
courage each other in the maintaining the historic evangelical Faith.
71 /21 ^ Believing that God will be glorified and His Church advanced
by a Third Theological Consultation within the next few years,
we your brethren in Asia, invite the Christians of Latin America
and Africa, to pray and plan with us for such a consultation.
Therefore we in this consultation, request our TAP-Asia execu-
tive committee, to investigate the feasibility of such a con-
sultation by communicating our desire to responsible evangelical
bodies in Africa and Latin America and by initiating such plans
as their response may deem advisable and possible. A report
should be brought back to the executive committee for decision
and implementation.
V
CONSULTATION ON BIBLE TEACHING MINISTRIES
Recommendations
Recognizing the great need for Bible Teaching ministries at the level
of the local church; that courses taught in our seminaries often lack
in relating expository preaching to the relevant cultural issues of the
day; that the available source of professional and non-professional
personnel who give evidence of prophetic and teaching gifts of the
Holy Spirit, is largely untapped, we recommend that:
1. National evangelical theological societies and commissions give
careful attention to the listing and developing from the total body
of Christ, those men gifted in Bible teaching ministries and en-
courage them to share in the holding of seminars and workshops
for the purpose of training and commending others to the study,
the communication and the teaching of the Bible as the Word of
God.
2. That these national evangelical theological societies and commis-
sions make available at the national level lists of persons available
for these teaching ministries and give co-ordination and advice
on the implementing of widespread expository teaching ministries.
3. That a TAP-Asia Bible Teaching Ministries Co-ordinator be ap-
pointed for the purpose of:
a. Assisting and advising regional ETSs in the planning of lay
preacher training programmes and deeper life conventions.
14
b. Compiling a list of interested and available Bible teachers of
international acceptance who could be invited to share in
Bible exposition training programmes and selected national
conventions.
c. Inviting mission groups, churches and other organizations to
share in the sponsoring and finance for travel for Asian Bible
teachers.
Resolution
71/22 That TAP-Asia appoint a Co-ordinator for Bible Teaching
Ministries within Asia.
TAP-ASIA
The consultation in its sub-committee and plenary sessions recognized
the need to develop a loose and autonomous structure within Asia in
order to co-ordinate the several programmes envisaged in the con-
sultations. To this end, TAP-Asia was constituted as an autonomous
fellowship. TAP-Asia will be a member body of TAP-International.
71/23 That TAP-Asia be formed with an executive committee com-
posed of the following: The general co-ordinator for Asia,
the regional co-ordinators for N.E. Asia, S.E. Asia, S. Asia
and the Pacific area, 2 representatives from the Center for
Advanced Theological Studies, one from the Theologica
Education by Extension, one from Evangelical Theological
Societies and one from the Bible Teaching ministries. The
Co-ordinator for TAP-International will be a member ex-officio.
71/24
71/25
71/26
That Dr. S. P. Athyal be reappointed as General Co-ordinator
for TAP-Asia as well as Regional Co-ordinator for
that Dr Eui Whan Kim for N.E. Asia, Dr^ Bong Rin Ro for
S E Asia and Dr. G. J. McArthur for the Pacific area, be
reappointed as Regional Co-ordinators. All these appointments
will be for a 3-year term of office.
That Hr llHa be aoDointed as Asia Co-ordinator for Evan
Mr. McClear, be appointed Co^ordjnator
logical Education b, E^ns.on and
appomted Assoojate Cb^"'dm=tor for Tbeo^g ^
SsTd Me sr"“ , Mcctry, M. Dainton for 2 years.
. TAP-A.;ia Executive Committee draft a constitution
“c" ro^n,"eac"b‘''''c*^.^' “o^e^n^TfoB. and' I.D.
15
A Third World Theological Conference.
As well as encouraging the development of theological consultations
and workshops on the national, regional and all Asian level, interest
was expressed in joining with our evangelical brethren in Africa and
Latin America to share our common problems and goals and to en-
courage each other in the maintaining the historic evangelical Faith.
71/21 "Believing that God will be glorified and His Church advanced
by a Third Theological Consultation within the next few years,
we your brethren in Asia, invite the Christians of Latin America
and Africa, to pray and plan with us for such a consultation.
Therefore we in this consultation, request our TAP-Asia execu-
tive committee, to investigate the feasibility of such a con-
sultation by communicating our desire to responsible evangelical
bodies in Africa and Latin America and by initiating such plans
as their response may deem advisable and possible. A report
should be brought back to the executive committee for decision
and implementation.
V
CONSULTATION ON BIBLE TEACHING MINISTRIES
Recommendations
Recognizing the great need for Bible Teaching ministries at the level
of the local church; that courses taught in our seminaries often lack
in relating expository preaching to the relevant cultural issues of the
day; that the available source of professional and non-professional
personnel who give evidence of prophetic and teaching gifts of the
Holy Spirit, is largely untapped, we recommend that:
1 . National evangelical theological societies and commissions give
careful attention to the listing and developing from the total body
of Christ, those men gifted in Bible teaching ministries and en-
courage them to share in the holding of seminars and workshops
for the purpose of training and commending others to the study,
the communication and the teaching of the Bible as the Word of
God.
2. That these national evangelical theological societies and commis-
sions make available at the national level lists of persons available
for these teaching ministries and give co-ordination and advice
on the implementing of widespread expository teaching ministries.
3. That a TAP-Asia Bible Teaching Ministries Co-ordinator be ap-
pointed for the purpose of:
a. Assisting and advising regional ETSs in the planning of lay
preacher training programmes and deeper life conventions.
14
b.
Compiling a list of interested and available Bible teachers of
international acceptance who could be invited to share in
Bible exposition training programmes and selected national
conventions.
c. Inviting mission groups, churches and other organizations to
share in the sponsoring and finance for travel for Asian Bible
teachers.
Resolution
71/22 That TAP-Asia appoint a Co-ordinator for Bible Teaching
Ministries within Asia.
TAP-ASIA
The consultation in its sub-committee and plenary sessions recognized
the need to develop a loose and autonomous structure within Asia in
order to co-ordinate the several programmes envisaged in the con-
sultations. To this end, TAP-Asia was constituted as an autonomous
fellowship. TAP-Asia will be a member body of TAP-International.
71/23 That TAP-Asia be formed with an executive committee com-
posed of the following: The general co-ordinator for Asia,
the regional co-ordinators for N.E. Asia, S.E. Asia, S. Asia
and the Pacific area, 2 representatives from the Center for
Advanced Theological Studies, one from the Theoogica
Education by Extension, one from Evangelical Theological
Societies and one from the Bible Teaching ministries. The
Co-ordinator for TAP-International will be a member ex-officio.
71/24
71/25
71/26
That Dr. S. P. Athyal be reappointed as General Co-ordinator
for TAP-Asia as well as Regional Co-ordinator for
that Dr. Eui Whan Kim for N.E. Asia, Dr^ Bong Rin Ro fo
S E Asia and Dr. G. J. McArthur for the Pacific area, be
reappointed as Regional Co-ordinators. All these appointments
will be for a 3-year term of office.
rh.t nr S IJda be appointed as Asia Co-ordinator for Evan-
.elical Theologjcal mISS
ogical Education by bjt^Theological Education by
tppomted Assocmm Co^ord appointed for 3
;SsTd Mess"s‘'rM^Cteary, M. Dainton tor 2 years,
rhat the TAP.Asia
E°TC™ro"n,"ea'o^'cS2.rrsS o.ering Th,B. and B.D,
15
degrees. Theological Education by Extension national organiza-
tions, and any other evangelical organization working in the
field of theological education.
71/27 That the Overseas Missionary Fellowship and the Discipleship
Training Centre be requested to release Dr. Bong Rin Ro to
serve part time as South East Asia co-ordinator and TAP-
Asia administrator and that TAP-Asia provide Dr. Ro with an
administrator and adequate secretarial help.
Appendix A
AN OPEN LETTER TO MISSION EXECUTIVES, MISSIONARY THEO-
LOGICAL EDUCATORS, AND NATIONAL CHURCH LEADERS IN
ASIA FROM PARTICIPANTS IN THE SECOND ASIA EVANGELICAL
THEOLOGICAL CONSULTATION HELD IN SINGAPORE JUNE 8-12,
1971
A Plea for Indigenizing Theological Education and Ministerial Training.
Dear Brothers in Christ,
By the grace of God we gathered in Singapore this last week to examine
our common problems in ministerial training and to find ways of making
our theological teaching more relevant and effective.
First of all, we want to express our sincere gratitude to all who under
difficult conditions have pioneered ministerial training in Asia. We
rejoice that through our existing Bible schools and evangelical seminaries
Asian churches in recent years have attained increasing maturity. With
increasing visa restrictions upon foreign missionaries in several countries
however, it is our conviction that we must accelerate the assumption
of responsibility by gifted national theologians.
We see the danger of blanket resolutions, recognizing that the degree
of penetration of non-Christian cultures, the growth of the churches
and especially indigenous scholarship varies tremendously from country
to country. The emerging national churches in a few countries, still
have no qualified theological educators at all, many countries as yet
have far too few, while a few countries have been increasingly blessed
with well qualified nationals returning from post-graduate training
overseas.
16
We emphatically repudiate all nationalistic prejudice against missionaries.
The right kind of missionaries are still needed in our teaching staffs
in many places, and because of the international nature of the Christian
Church it is axiomatic with us that until Christ returns, we expect
always to enjoy some international involvement in theological teaching.
We are concerned now, however, for a greatly accelerated development
of our theological institutions, and believe that this will be forwarded
by hastening wherever possible the indigenization of the administration,
faculty and finance of our evangelical schools. We believe that the
development of a truly evangelical theology, true to the Word of God
and relevant to our various socio-cultural contexts will be speeded up
by proper national initiative in leadership in mutual creative endeavour
alongside missionary educators.
We think we can do a better job if we evangelicals pool our resources.
Our survey of existing institutions showed an unfortunate multiplication
of inadequate institutions owing to denominational duplication, short-
sighted competition, and individualistic fragmentation. We want to
urge missions and churches to find ways of co-operating together and
wherever possible uniting schools of similar level and purpose, so that
we may train men better for effective leadership and ministry.
Many of our seminaries and Bible Schools are stereotypes of Western
models and are curriculum-examination orientated rather than training
men practically for pastoral ministry in Asia. We have transplanted
the Western content of theological education without sufficient atten-
tion to our very different needs. We want missions and churches
therefore to re-examine our existing patterns and curricula, and to
re-structure both the content and methods of training in the light o
contemporary Asian situations. We are eager to join with you in
developing a more Biblical pattern of ministerial training along less
monastic and institutional lines, seeking more flexibility and greater
involvement with needy people. We believe we should both de
westernise and, where we have been guilty o , ujs.oricai
de-indigenize our theological teaching in the light
and cultural research. We have occasional^ nn ntw v^avs
clericalism of our own, which has hindered exploring new ways of
ministerial training.
we wish that more of you -Id have been with^us^
thrilled and encouraged as we have b . ctandards of conservative
united by a common /S ’'’'we ‘m
theological scholarship throughout thpnioaical training as credible
to prolide Centres lor P^^XeMrn sSari^^^^
contemporary alternatives to Wes , • . teachers for Asia,
produce inside Asia better Asian theological teacners
17
degrees. Theological Education by Extension national organiza-
tions, and any other evangelical organization working in the
field of theological education.
71/27 That the Overseas Missionary Fellowship and the Discipleship
Training Centre be requested to release Dr. Bong Bin Ro to
serve part time as South East Asia co-ordinator and TAP-
Asia administrator and that TAP-Asia provide Dr. Ro with an
administrator and adequate secretarial help.
Appendix A
AN OPEN LETTER TO MISSION EXECUTIVES, MISSIONARY THEO-
LOGICAL EDUCATORS, AND NATIONAL CHURCH LEADERS IN
ASIA FROM PARTICIPANTS IN THE SECOND ASIA EVANGELICAL
THEOLOGICAL CONSULTATION HELD IN SINGAPORE JUNE 8-12,
1971
A Plea for Indigenizing Theological Education and Ministerial Training.
Dear Brothers in Christ,
By the grace of God we gathered in Singapore this last week to examine
our common problems in ministerial training and to find ways of making
our theological teaching more relevant and effective.
First of all, we want to express our sincere gratitude to all who under
difficult conditions have pioneered ministerial training in Asia. We
rejoice that through our existing Bible schools and evangelical seminaries
Asian churches in recent years have attained increasing maturity. With
increasing visa restrictions upon foreign missionaries in several countries
however, it is our conviction that we must accelerate the assumption
of responsibility by gifted national theologians.
We see the danger of blanket resolutions, recognizing that the degree
of penetration of non-Christian cultures, the growth of the churches
and especially indigenous scholarship varies tremendously from country
to country. The emerging national churches in a few countries, still
have no qualified theological educators at all, many countries as yet
have far too few, while a few countries have been increasingly blessed
with well qualified nationals returning from post-graduate training
overseas.
16
We emphatically repudiate all nationalistic prejudice against missionaries.
The right kind of missionaries are still needed in our teaching staffs
in many places, and because of the international nature of the Christian
Church it is axiomatic with us that until Christ returns, we expect
always to enjoy some international involvement in theological teaching.
We are concerned now, however, for a greatly accelerated development
of our theological institutions, and believe that this will be forwarded
by hastening wherever possible the indigenization of the administration,
faculty and finance of our evangelical schools. We believe that the
development of a truly evangelical theology, true to the Word of God
and relevant to our various socio-cultural contexts will be speeded up
by proper national initiative in leadership in mutual creative endeavour
alongside missionary educators.
We think we can do a better job if we evangelicals pool our resources.
Our survey of existing institutions showed an unfortunate multiplication
of inadequate institutions owing to denominational duplication, short-
sighted competition, and individualistic fragmentation. We want to
urge missions and churches to find ways of co-operating together and
wherever possible uniting schools of similar level and purpose, so that
we may train men better for effective leadership and ministry.
Many of our seminaries and Bible Schools are stereotypes of Western
models and are curriculum-examination orientated rather than training
men practically for pastoral ministry in Asia. We have transplanted
the Western content of theological education without sufficient atten-
tion to our very different needs. We want missions and churches
therefore to re-examine our existing patterns and curricula, and to
re-structure both the content and methods of training in the light o
contemporary Asian situations. We are eager to join with you in
developing a more Biblical pattern of ministerial training along less
monastic and institutional lines, seeking more flexibility and greater
involvement vvith needy people. We believe we
westernise and, where we have been guilty o , ujstoricai
de-indigenize our theological teaching in the ig o reactionary
and cultural research. We have occasional^ n new wavs
clericalism of our own, which has hindered exploring new ways
ministerial training.
X ha\/p been with us this week and be
We wish that more of you ^®en
thrilled and encouraged as we have ' g^g^^grds of conservative
united by a common ^ , ^Ve are especially concerned
theological scholarship throughout .heoloqical training as credible
to provide Centres for POSt-graduate t^heoio^
contemporary alternatives to Western sem na ies m om
produce inside Asia better Asian theological teacne
17
We hope you will join with us in an enlarged and accelerated programnne
for training national administrative and teaching staff and putting them
in positions of leadership and responsibility. Most missions have long
since transferred leadership to nationals at the church level and many
are doing the same in theological education, but there are places where
the transfer of responsibility to nationals seems overdue, and where
mission boards seem reluctant to trust their national colleagues, pro-
longing indirect control by attaching strings to financial support. "He
that hath a cap that fits, let him wear it, and he that hath an itch, let
him scratch it."
We believe that this consultation marks a substantial step forward
in the development of a truly evangelical scholarship and training of
men for the ministry who will be true to the Word of God, faithful
pastors of the flock and effective heralds of the Gospel, able to com-
municate with the non-Christian societies around us.
Your affectionate brothers in Christ's
work in Asia.
18
Appendix B
List of Participants; Delegates
Dr. S. P. Athyal
Rev. Jonathan Chao
Dr. Lawrence Chia
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho
Mr. Martin B. Dainton
Mr. Michael Griffiths
Mr. Thomas Heng
Dr. Donald E. Hoke
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro
Rev. T. Janepiriyaprayoon
Dr. Eui Whan Kim
Mr. J. E. Langlois
Dr. G. J. McArthur
Mr. Ian McCleary
Mr. Bruce J. Nicholls
Dr. John Pao
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Dr. Chandu Ray
Dr. Bong Rin Ro
Rev. Jason Shen
Rev. Pham Xuan Tin
Dr. Susuma Uda
Rev. James Wong
Yeotmal, India
Taipei, Taiwan
Singapore
Seoul, Korea
Djakarta, Indonesia
Singapore
Selangor, Malaysia
Tokyo, Japan
Manila, Philippines
Bangkok, Thailand
Seoul, Korea
Forest, Guernsey, C.l.
Marsfield, Australia
Bangalore, India
Yeotmal, India
Kowloon, Hong Kong
Manila, Philippines
Singapore
Singapore
Taipei, Taiwan
Nhatrang, Vietnam
Tokyo, Japan
Singapore
Observers;
Mr. David Adeney
Mr. Chua Wee Hian
Rev. Ong Van Huyen
Dr. E. Kilbourne
Mr. Stephen Knapp
Rev. Ruben Lores
Rev. Peter Savage
Dr. Quek Swee Hwa
Rev. Russell Self
Mr. Michael Smith
Rev. Hugh D. Sprunger
Rev. S. T. Sutherland
Singapore
Singapore
Nhatrang, Vietnam
Seoul, Korea
Valley Forge, U.S.A.
San Jose, Costa Rica
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Singapore
Singapore
Valley Forge, U.S.A.
Taichung, Taiwan
Nhatrang, Vietnam
We hope you will join with us in an enlarged and accelerated programme
for training national administrative and teaching staff and putting them
in positions of leadership and responsibility. Most missions have long
since transferred leadership to nationals at the church level and many
are doing the same in theological education, but there are places where
the transfer of responsibility to nationals seems overdue, and where
mission boards seem reluctant to trust their national colleagues, pro-
longing indirect control by attaching strings to financial support. "He
that hath a cap that fits, let him wear it, and he that hath an itch, let
him scratch it."
We believe that this consultation marks a substantial step forward
in the development of a truly evangelical scholarship and training of
men for the ministry who will be true to the Word of God, faithful
pastors of the flock and effective heralds of the Gospel, able to com-
municate with the non-Christian societies around us.
Your affectionate brothers in Christ's
work in Asia.
18
Appendix B
List of Participants: Delegates
Dr. S. P. Athyal
Rev. Jonathan Chao
Dr. Lawrence Chia
Dr. John Chongnahm Cho
Mr. Martin B. Dainton
Mr. Michael Griffiths
Mr. Thomas Heng
Dr, Donald E. Hoke
Rev. Gadiel T. Isidro
Rev. T. Janepiriyaprayoon
Dr. Eui Whan Kim
Mr. J. E. Langlois
Dr. G. J. McArthur
Mr. Ian McCleary
Mr. Bruce J. Nicholls
Dr. John Pao
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Dr. Chandu Ray
Dr. Bong Rin Ro
Rev. Jason Shen
Rev. Pham Xuan Tin
Dr. Susuma Uda
Rev. James Wong
Observers:
Mr. David Adeney
Mr. Chua Wee Hian
Rev. Ong Van Huyen
Dr, E. Kilbourne
Mr. Stephen Knapp
Rev. Ruben Lores
Rev. Peter Savage
Dr. Quek Swee Hwa
Rev. Russell Self
Mr. Michael Smith
Rev. Hugh D. Sprunger
Rev. S. T. Sutherland
Yeotmal, India
Taipei, Taiwan
Singapore
Seoul, Korea
Djakarta, Indonesia
Singapore
Selangor, Malaysia
Tokyo, Japan
Manila, Philippines
Bangkok, Thailand
Seoul, Korea
Forest, Guernsey, C.l.
Marsfield, Australia
Bangalore, India
Yeotmal, India
Kowloon, Hong Kong
Manila, Philippines
Singapore
Singapore
Taipei, Taiwan
Nhatrang, Vietnam
Tokyo, Japan
Singapore
Singapore
Singapore
Nhatrang, Vietnam
Seoul, Korea
Valley Forge, U.S.A.
San Jose, Costa Rica
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Singapore
Singapore
Valley Forge, U.S.A.
Taichung, Taiwan
Nhatrang, Vietnam
You may write to our staff at the following addresses:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal
TAP-Asia Co-ordinator
South Asia Co-ordinator
Union Biblical Seminary
Yeotmal, Maharashtra
India.
Dr. Bong Bin Ro
S.E. Asia Co-ordinator
33A Chancery Lane
Singapore 11.
Dr. Eui Whan Kim
N.E. Asia Co-ordinator
146-6 Shin Sul Dong,
Dongdae Moon Ku,
Seoul, Korea.
Dr. G. J. McArthur
Pacific Area Co-ordinator
26, Wilding Street,
Eastwood 2122,
New South Wales, Australia.
Dr. Susuma Uda
Asia Co-ordinator for Evangelical
Theological Societies/Commissions
1 -8-1 5 Hikawabar, Kurume-Machi,
Kitatama-Gun, Tokyo 118, Japan.
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Asia Co-ordinator for
Bible Teaching Ministries
210A, Martinez, Mandaluyong, Rizal,
P.O. Box 2557, Manila, Philippines.
Rev. Ian McCleary
Asia Co-ordinator for Theological
Education by Extension
Glenwood, Coongor 1, Nilgiris,
S. India.
Rev. Bruce Nicholls
General Co-ordinator
TAP International
Union Biblical Seminary,
Yeotmal, Maharashtra,
India.
Mr. John E. Langlois
TAP International
Administrator
Merevale, Forest,
Guernsey, Channel Islands
United Kingdom.
20
You may write to our staff at the following addresses:
Dr. Saphir P. Athyal
TAP-Asia Co-ordinator
South Asia Co-ordinator
Union Biblical Seminary
Yeotmal, Maharashtra
India.
Dr. Bong Rin Ro
S.E. Asia Co-ordinator
33A Chancery Lane
Singapore 11.
Dr. Eui Whan Kim
N.E. Asia Co-ordinator
146-6 Shin Sul Dong,
Dongdae Moon Ku,
Seoul, Korea.
Dr. G. J. McArthur
Pacific Area Co-ordinator
26, Wilding Street,
Eastwood 2122,
New South Wales, Australia.
Dr. Susuma Uda
Asia Co-ordinator for Evangelical
Theological Societies/Commissions
1 -8-1 5 Hikawabar, Kurume-Machi,
Kitatama-Gun, Tokyo 118, Japan.
Rev. Nene Ramientos
Asia Co-ordinator for
Bible Teaching Ministries
210A, Martinez, Mandaluyong, Rizal,
P.O. Box 2557, Manila, Philippines.
Rev. Ian McCleary
Asia Co-ordinator for Theological
Education by Extension
Glenwood, Coongor 1, Nilgiris,
S. India.
Rev. Bruce Nicholls
General Co-ordinator
TAP International
Union Biblical Seminary,
Yeotmal, Maharashtra,
India.
Mr. John E. Langlois
TAP International
Administrator
Merevale, Forest,
Guernsey, Channel Islands
United Kingdom.
20
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Printed by Yeat Sing Art Printing Co., (Pte) Ltd.
SEOUL ONION CHURCH
194 IN-SA DONG, CHONG RO KU
SEOUL, KOREA
BACKGROUND OF SEOUL UNION CHURCH. FOUNDED 1886
“Held our first stated Sunday service this eve after dinner •” wrote
Dr. Horace Allen, M. D. in his diary, June 28, 1885 “Dr. and Mrs- He-
ron the elder Mrs. Scranton, myself, and wife being present ” It was
the beginning of Seoul Union Church, the oldest organized Protestant
church in Korea. (July 25, 1886J Services were held in the American
Legation upon invitation of the Minister, Captain William H. Parker.
Two missionary pioneers were the first pastors, Mr. H. G. Appen-
zeller, a Methodist, and Mr. H. G. Underwood, a Presbyterian. Mem-
bership was open to any person in good standing in an evangelical de-
nomination. For a time the Episcopal order of service was used on al-
ternate Sundays In 1892, under the pastorate of S A. Moffett, the hour
of service was changed from morning to afternoon to avoid conflict
with Korean church services.
For years it was literally a pilgrim church. The pastor changed ev-
ery year, the preacher every Sunday, and the church location almost as
often In 1888 services moved to the Presbyterian guest house, in 1889
to Pai Chai High School, l905 to Chung Dong Methodist Church. 1907
to Ewha. 1919 to Pierson Memorial, 1924 to Morris Hall (Seoul Foreign
School), and in 1956 to the present location at Tai Hwa Center, 194 In-
sa Dong in downtown Seoul.
This church has survived the five wars in which Korea has been in-
volved since 1886, and today effectively serves its congregation which
averages about 300 per Sunday.
With the rapid growth of the Korean economy and the expanding
diplomatic and economic relations of the ROK Government, increasing
numbers of businessmen, diplomats, teachers, and tourists are coming
to Korea. In order to provide these people of all nationalities with an
English language Protestant worship service and Sunday School, the
Seoul Union Church is holding services twice a day each Sunday. How-
ever, during July and August only one service is held each Sunday.
In order to meet the new challenges and increased responsibilities con-
fronting it, the Seoul Union Church now has a full time pastor and
several associate ministers Rev, and Mrs Glenn S Fuller and family
arrived in the summer of 1970 to lead the congregation.
PROGRAM
This church is a center of fellowship bringing together people from
business, diplomatic, military, missionary and other groups in the
community.
The youth fellowship group, the choir, and other interest groups
meet regularly.
Sunday School
Worship Services
July and August
Worship Service
Pastor: Rev. Glenn S. Fuller
9: 30 A. M.
10:45 A. M.
4: 30 P. M.
9: 30 A. M.
Tel. 73-2011
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