mass baptism in Korean army
SEOUL, KOREA. Apr. 25, 1972.
Artillery practice thudded in the background and
choppers whirled overhead on surveillance along the DMZ, but
in a small valley between the mountains that divide North
and South Korea, 3,478 men and officers of the Korean Army,s
20th Division stood to sing "What A Friend We Have in Jesus"
and then knelt quietly to confess their new faith in Christ
in one of the largest mass baptisms in modern times. It
happened almost within sight of the communist lines, on a
parade ground north of the 38th parallel.
This was only the most recent inxaxs«Fiax public
evidence 01 a remarkably evangelistic movement in the HOK
Armed Forces which has been spearheaded by the Korean Chaplains
Corps with its 322 Protestant and 44 Homan Catholic chaplains.
25 Buddhist chaplains have recently been added by the government
without much effect. But as a result of the Christian chaplains'
witness, on at least four other recent occasions a thousand or
more soldiers have been baptised in one day, and last year a
group of 900 ROK Marines were all baptized at once. There has
also been one large Catholic mass baptism. Since January 1971
over 20,000 Protestants and 2,000 Catholic* servicemen have
received baptism. The percentage of Protestants in the Armed
Forces is now 25#, compared to emiy less than 10# in the national
36 (\ff. [T7o?
Baptism - 2 2 2 2 2
average. Catholics In service are 4.7*, and Buddhists
k'k%' M°St ^oreans Profess no religious connection.
At the 20th Division, 44 miles north of Seoul,
8S the 3,478 men llned UP thirty deep and 140 rows wide]
two choirs, one from a great, 9,000 member Seoul church,
the other from a little Bible Club, sang anthems, and Dr.
Kyung-Jlk Han spoke on the subject, "What Does Baptism Kean?"
taklnS 88 MS text the acc^t of Pentecost In the Book
Of Acts where once before 3,000 had believed and were bap-
tised. "This Is your second birthday," he said. "Don't
ever forget It. You are now soldiers of the cross."
Then the men knelt and more than 140 ministers from Korea's
major denominations baptised them. One young wife broke
eway from among the onlookers to stand proudly beside her
husband, a young captain, as he Joined her in the faith and
received the sacrament.
Questions Inevitably arise concerning any such
massive religious demonstrations. Will mass-produced con-
verts stand the test of time? Is there a taint of military
coercion clouding the miracle of faith? Korean Christian
leaders point out In reply that neither the commanding
general of the 1st Army, nor the commanding officer of the
20th Division are Christian. Bather than directing the
event, they seem almost startled by It. The congratulatory
address of the Division Commander was carefully neutral,
religiously.
But will the converts persevere'* Dr. Otto DeCamp,
one of two missionaries who participated In the baptisms.
GUI ■JvQt
Mass Baptisms
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
asked that question on the way to the service. His answer
came from a fellow-passenger, a well-known Presbyterian
elder and staff member In the office of the Stated Clerk.
"Only God knows, of course," he said. "But I was converted
In the army as a sergeant, back In 1957. And I am still a
Christian. "
Samuel H. Moffett
Presbyterian Mission
IPO ^ox 1125
Seoul, Korea
Apr. 26, 1972
p;-- Newspaper account here mentioned the participation
»t°r vJ,sl^lng American evangelists. Jack Wyrtzen, of
]£e W°rld Mission Alliance’', and Dr. Jess L. Pedigo of
Lhe /.o rid Crusade Army Federation". You may want to mention
it also. I haven't done so, partly because their presence
was peripheral and probably accidental, and partly because
tnere was some feeling locally here that they had gotten in
on the event only for publicity purposes. This may be un-
justified, and if you have good reason for doing so, it
would be quite in order to mention them. The two missionaries
more actively involved were Dr. Otto DeCamp and Dr. Allen
Clark of the United Presbyterian Mission. But it was a
Korean affair.
-2-
Ia o rder to keep fro a binding your hand*, it wruld ae&a boat
fo: ic to submit j*y resignation as CKaia&a of the Office of Planning and
•;wvelopnent. This does not ae&u t^t I aa uni n tores tod in tt» future of
Soon^Jun University for I fool that I an wore ooncernod new than rr^r before
for m cuv aspects of its devslopaent* One of ay greatest concerns is 'or th#
spiritual evelopncnt~-saoug faculty, etaff and e tud snts— a:»d I would liko,
if possible, tc continue to work on that* However, If it woul,1 ae*t host for
ig to co-apl tely leave tho Cniversity, I rill do that without hard f soil «£•
toward you or otkero*
lust statement in position as Chairman of Planning & Ttevelopatnt*
1* In o*'**r to aspire clows cooperation and eoordln .tion of the liberal
arts colleges on both a* i puses, it would bs wall to ^mUcs the position bn the
Seoul caopua aw rice-dean and that on Taejon canpu* as Dean* Thus the v os-deju.
in Seoul Id .noraaDly to the operatic, there, but the dean wc :ld have
ti9 final authority, thus helping keep tha unit of the college of liberal arts
together* this should help each campus l ;arn end b© aware of what the otfrr is
doint .
2* Tue Uhl wars ty Board aho .Id appoint a strong Personnel fiecrultumt Oonflittee
to c &ta tly seek outstanding Christian professors and a iulnistratoro fur tha
sc iOcl(ln Korea and abroad)*
3» Ihs University Board should appoint- c. oo*/dttee is eiiately to ba^ia look-
ing *or «. . iCo owner to ye ’br* Jto, • * on ' •••'' indicated your plan to only
rsnain one aor*» , . t — -'-‘.I t..* nearca osn take cyjitc* soac time*
/* TW.t ap;:ci tv -wt3 of doaui uid uyper lvvel ad jjiaistrc.tr. on bo ran-ie in such
a naarjer ttini the new president oou7<5 rsplrxe *u\y that ae wo. id feol helpful to
)iia itho i too much ..-explication*
5* \-&rw ehouL' be ^ strong Planning & jDsvelcjoent Office with a full-tiia
atafffuew people *< tr challenging ideas) of at least two perse ns who weald
responsible to the Board of Dirac tors* Cue of the immediate study n%<«4. s is
the area of Program aid Peraojual*
6* lismdlr.te assessment of Soong Jim's present eoanltaen a(ap<>oo, facilities,
faculty, etc.) for tih© Information of the Boerd aid faculty oo.wuitteeR*
7» There should be » further expansion of tha tJui wrsity until cne areas
which we now l*&ve can be consolidated, iroperly staffed and
8fc It would c© most helpful to hav© training eeaeiOiA for thh^ faowlty in huw
9* CI-j *rl^T outline channels of oowuni cation between faculty, students iiid
adninistoaties*
T^.ere are several s ^watiens that 1 would Ilk to z aKw as a
ooaaittee oanbsrs ai^e to aaouwe rwspoasibility and work within the 'STnivwreity
system* a
?onnk yuu a^ain tor your consideration*
aobert -U Goqtts
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4nrxalllb ad bXx/orie , Xoadoe iial4ehiiC a ea , Xoadoe nt/o wo/l nol ^ilXael lo
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• Xoortoe 944 lo 4nacqoiavob baonaXad ®44 tmaonoo 41 aa aXqlonln . Xanenaa
Korea Nat ional .liouiu' I 1 of Churches
'wang-Wha-Moon
Seoul ,
l\0. Box 134
Korea
July 10, 1972
The Rev. Edwin M. Luidens
The National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA
475 Riverside Drive, Room 616
New York, New York 10027
Dear Mr. Luidens:
On behalf of the Committee on Social Action Policy, Church and Society
Department of the Korea National Council of Churches, I would like to
propose a new program of the committee, and to ask financial support
of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA and related
churches for this program.
The program may be called "Christian involvement for justice and social
change," aiming at the churches' awareness and action to redress in-
justices caused by the government's control policy, and to open the path
through which the voices of people can be heard in public, at least
through the pulpit.
As for method, the committee will form a standing committee, or ad hoc
committees, to receive information and appeals for justice and to in-
vestigate facts about injustice. Then, the committee will bring the
matter to the related government office in order to give that olficc
opportunity to revise their policy. At the same time, or afterwards,
the committee will send a circular letter to all churches, informing
them of facts, and asking congregations to pray for justice.
I am sure that the joint communique of July 4, concerning peaceful
approach for Korea unification does not mean change in government
policy uf controlling tightly the press and social and labor move-
ments in Korea for some time.
The Korean churches are not well prepared to face this new situation
created by political dealings between government agencies. However,
the Korea National Council of Churches is now given a significant time
and a great opportunity to educate the churches for missio dci of today
and to raise their Christian consciousness of the historic role they
have in this particular moment and place.
To carry out this program we will need at least one person, a secretary,
who will be responsible for coordinating the work of the committee.
KNCC has no budget for the extra person to be hired or for the actual
setting up of the committees to investigate and publish facts concern-
ing.social justice.
Therefore, in behalf of the Korea National Council of ru u
request the brother churches in the United States and CanIda°rA
™ P™Yldln8.£ln*nces f°r °nC yoar's Performance of the program
mg this coming September, 1972? program,
The budget needed will be:
Salary for Secretary per year S 1 son
Committee meetings and travel 2*000
Printing, publications, and postage. . 1*500
$ 5,000
Your consideration of this request will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely,
PHKrjk
7'/ /
< ■ y' '/(,***■ /-t
Park", Hdunjj Kyoo
Chairman
Committee on Social Action Policy
cc :
Charles Germany, United Methodist Church
Kyoji Buma, United Presbyterian Church USA
Newton Thurber, United Presbyterian Church USA
F. Carey, United Church of Canada
Kwan Suk Kim, Korea National Council of Churches
may I
assist
start
division of oveRseAs ministRies
Rev. Kim, Kwan Suk
General Secretary
National Council of Churches in Korea
P. 0. Box 134, Kwang-wha-Moon
Seoul, Korea.
Dear Pastor Kim,
I want to thank you for your good letter of June 26 in response to the
questions and issues discussed in my -letter of May 26 about financial issues.
You may recall that I sent you two letters dated May 26. The second one
dealt with the issues around the Family Planning activities of the NCCK
and the FPIA. I do not have in hand any response to that second letter of
May 26. It would be very helpful to me to hear from you on this matter of
the relationships among NCCK, its Family Planning Unit and CWS/?PIA.
Let me acknowledge ulao the receipt of your letter of May 5 addressed to
James MacCracken responding to his sending you the article from the New York
Times about Evangelism in the Korean Army. This information has been shared
with the executives responsible for mission and service relations with Korea.
I trust that you have received by now your copy of a letter delivered to
us by hand from Mr. Heung Kyoo Park. On the NCCK letterhead, dated July 10,
1972, Mr. Park wrote as Chairman of the Committee on Social Action Policy
proposing a new program of the Committee and asking financial support from
the North American churches for that program. He describes the program as
"Christian involvement for justice and social change". Its aim is to arouse
the Churches’ awareness of and action for the redressing of injustices; he
hopes it will open a way through which the voice of the people can be heard
in public. He describes the formation of a Standing Committee to receive
information and appeals for justice and to investigate facts about injust ce.
This Committee would then bring the appeal to the attention of the relate
government office and at the same time to the attention of the Churches. He
speaks of the need for this Committee to have a secretary, presumably on a
full-time bads, and he outlines a possible budget in terms of U.S. Dollars.
We explained to Mr. Park that we would expect to be hearing about this matter
officially from you. We are awaiting some word from you indicating whether or
not this proposal as described by Mr. Park in his letter of July 10 has the
endorsement and approval of the NCCK. If so, we would expect to be notified
about the way in which the Committee was to be established, the executive was
to be selected and the budget was to be supervised. If a budget presentation
is made to the North American boards, it should be made in terras of Won rather
than U.S.Dollurs, as you know. It should be quite clear whether t e
.. .2..
contininmt tlui imoQiumt of the Oiviaion of foumqn miMion* *ii& chuncli vtouio •novice
2.
Aiiftimt 3, 197?
Vw
Rev. Kwan Suk Kim,
Seoul, Korea.
is the responsible channel for these funds or not. It would be very helpful If
we could have some word from you on this subject before the end of August.
We are now hoping and planning to have a meeting of the Executives dealing with
Korea on September 19, here in New York. Whatever information we have by Sept-
ember 1 can be shared with them in advance so that they can discuss the matter
and make some decision at the meeting on September 19.
Obviously, there would be opportunity for you to raise any other questions or
concerns that you have for that meeting. We would be gad to hear from you for
exampie, on the rapidly developing situation inside of Korea in the light of
the July 4 communique. We would be happy to hear from you about any other
ZliVrl °'COn?eTn whl'h y°u would to call to the attention of the North
American Church executives.
Our plans for travelling to East Asia are becoming more specific. Subject to
Ootnhpr Is 1 ,,m now spotting to fly from Tokyo to Seoul on Wednesday
October 18 (about noon or early afternoon) and to return to Osaka or Tokyo on
the last flight on Tuesday October 24 in order to be there for meetings on the
morning of Wednesday. I trust that these dates will not be Inconvenient for
you. I will write with more specific details in mid-September at which time
we can discuss the schedule of conferences and events which I am beginning to
plan so that you can give me your advice on several parts of the schedule. T
look forward to seeing you and the other friends in Korea at that time.
Cordially yours,
Edwin M. Luldens
Director, East Asia Office.
EML/bb
THE KOREA TIMES, SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1972
Pioneers of Modernization - - (12)
The following is the
twelfth in a monthly series
of articles on outstanding
Korean leaders and foreig-
ners who, now all deceased,
played important roles in
modernizing Korea. Dr.
Fisher, an old hand in Ko-
rean affairs, writes the art-
icles in the form of his per-
sonal recollections of the
leading figures. — ED.
By J. Earnest Fisher
The American military oc-
cupation of Korea after the
Japanese surrender was poor-
ly planned, or hardly planned
at all, and got oil to a very
bad start. In contrast the Rus-
sians had been very carefully
planning to occupy Korea
north of the 38th parallel of
I latitude for months, if not
I years before the Japanese sur-
render.
They had hundreds of Ko-
reans who had lived in Siberi-
a, and were thoroughly indoc-
trinated in communism and
well instructed in their duti-
es of occupation administra-
tion. They came into north
Korea a month before the
American forces landed in
Inchon, and were in full con-
trol of every district north
of the 38th parallel.
They even came three miles
south of the line and stripped
Songdo (Kaesong) of its wealth
in money and ginseng before
they were told to go back to
the area that the Yalta agree-
ment had assigned to them.
The American forces came
into Inchon on Sept. 9 under
the command of Lt. Gen. John
R. Hodge, who had led the
American army to victory in
Okinawa. He was a brilliant
military commander, but his
training and experience had
! no way prepared him for
the situation with which he
was faced in Korea.
He obviously knew nothing
about the history of Korea,
that it was a country with
a proud history and a high de-
gree of culture going back
over 3,000 years, and that it
had been under Japanese co-
lonial domination for 35 years
prior to the surrender. He
was very poorly prepared for
the big task that lay before
him on that September morn-
ing in 1945.
General Hodge is not to be
blamed or condemned, but the
higher-ups in the military and
State Department certainly
were at fault in not giving
more attention to planning for
the great responsibility of as-
suming governmental control
of this country of thirty mil-
lion people.
There were many Americans
who had spent most of their
lives in Korea, who spoke
the language, knew the his-
tory of the country, and the
psychology of the people.
There were many educated
Korean in America who were
also available, if they had
been called upon. With some
of these Americans and Ko-
reans as consultants and ad-
visors. Gen. Hodge could have
avoided many of the errors
that he made in the beginning
of his administration as com-
manding general in Korea.
So far as I have been able
to ascertain, there were only
two men on Hodge's staff who
had ever been in Korea. They
were the sons of missionaries,
and were here as children, but
had not been back to Korea
for at least twenty years, and
had forgotten all the Korean
language they ever knew,
which was probably very lit-
tle.
uc“- J”lul nuusc, ieii, commanding general of the U.S. occupation army in
a« * vt surrender of Japan in 1945, waves to the crowd at the ceremony for the fou
of the Korean government on Aug. 15. 1948. At center is Gen. Douglas MacArtl
Dr. Syngman Rliee is at right.
ashore and took over com-
mand of the country from the
Japanese general, Abe.
It is well known that Gen.
Hodge gave orders for the Ja-
panese military and civil au-
thorities to keep their posts
until they were relieved by
American military personnel.
This resulted in the Japanese
police firing on a group of
several hundred Koreans on
the pier, who tried to present
flowers to the American gen-
eral when he came ashore.
Five Koreans were killed and
nine wounded among those
Koreans who were trying to
show their gratitude to their
American liberators!
An incident that happened
soon after Gen. Hodge came
to Seoul shows very clearly
how completely ignorant he
was regarding the whole Ko-
rean situation. One of his staff
officers came to him to inform
him that a delegation of Ko-
reans was making a big de-
monstration and demanding
that the Japanese immediately
be relieved of all official posts
and duties, and that Koreans
be put in their places.
The general is quoted as
saying, “What difference does
it make? They are all the
same breed of cats, ain’t
they?” As is well known, the
general soon learned that they
were a very different “breed of
cats,” when he got orders
from Washington to relieve all
Japanese in official positions,
civil or military, in the short-
est time possible and replace
them with Americans or Ko-
reans.
When we remember that
Gen. Hodge was first and fore-
most a military man, who had
been fighting the Japanese
for four years, we can under-
stand his confusion about Ja-
panese and Koreans. There
were thousands of Koreans in
the Japanese military forces,
and many had been taken pri-
soner by his command along
with Japanese prisoners. So
Gen. Hodge might be excused
on this ground for consider-
ing the Koreans as belonging
with the enemy against whom
he had been fighting for four
years.
It seems strange that an
intelligent man, as Gen. Hodge
certainly was, would not have
been better informed on Ja-
pan-Korea relations, but the
events of the first few days of
office. I could not imagine
why I was wanted by the
general but hurried over and
up to the office in the Bando
Hotel.
I was delighted and surpri-
sed when I came in to be
greeted with my old college
nickname, “Hant” by my old
friend and schoolmate General
Tom T. Handy, deputy chief
of staff, who was on an inspec-
tion trip visiting the Ameri-
can military posts in the Far
East.
We sat down and had a good
talk on matters of mutual in-
terest back home in Virginia.
As Tom was a full general
while Hodge was a lieutenant
general, the fact that Tom and
I were friends of long stand-
ing evidently favorably im-
pressed Gen. Hodge toward
me.
As I was leaving the office
he came to the door with me,
and said," After this when you
want to see me, just come
in at any time; you don’t need
to go through official chan-
nels and make an appoint-
ment to see me.”
Sunday Election
As a result of this fortuit-
ous circumstance, I often call-
ed on the general during the
two and a half years that he
was in Korea after this first
meeting. On a number of oc-
casions I was asked by groups
of Koreans to take them to
see Gen. Hodge on a matter
of public interest or concern.
The occasion that I especi-
ally remember was connected
with the first national elec-
tion in May 1948. It will be
remembered that the day for
this election, as first announ-
ced by Gen. Hodge, was Sun-
day, May 9. At once there
was an outcry from church
people and Christian leaders
throughout the country, op-
posing having a political elec-
tion on Sunday, a day held
sacred by all Christian deno-
minations.
A group of pastors and
church leaders asked me to
make an appointment for them
to meet the general and state
their objection to having the
election on Sunday. The time
was set and about a dozen of
the pastors of the leading
churches and several outstand-
ing Christian laymen assem-
bled in the general's office.
tation of the Korean
in the preliminary tei
national assembly w.’
set up to help bring
order to the country
a final determination
independent Korean
ment.
Dr. Rhee did not
include Communistic
ed groups or individu
would have nothing to
the body which Gen.
' organized and calle<
South Korean Interim
ment,” (SKIG).
Gen. Hodge did hav
tain amount of resf
Dr. Rhee and admii
for his strong stand o
involving the admis!
those who had coll.’
with Communists in
government plan that •
posed.
At one time when
on Hodge in compai
Dr. Hugh Cynn, I ask
“Why don't you li
Rhee?”
He at once replied
like him, I love the o
but he is just so dan
born, I can’t do anythi
him."
I think this stateme
up the general’s attil
ward Dr. Rhee very
He liked him, but he
ed other Korean leadej
Dr. Rhee did not like
not trust, and for thi<
there was very little
way of harmonious <
tion between the gent
the "old man” during I
of the military gover
Gen. Hodge was in
in early 1947 and wen
Dr. Philip Jaison at h
near Philadelphia. He
much impressed with
son and liked him so v
he invited him to c(
to Korea as his persi
visor. He came to Koi
his daughter Muriel
secretary in June of t
and remained till som-
September 1948. He h
mat *«- was *»
a proud history and a high de-
gree of culture going back
over 3,000 years, and that it
had been under Japanese co-
lonial domination for 35 years
prior to the surrender He
was very poorly prepared for
the big task that lay before
him on that September mom-
in General5 Hodge is not to be
blamed or condemned, but tne
higher-ups in the military and
State Department certainly
were at fault in not giving
more attention to planning for
the great responsibility of as-
suming governmental control
of this country of thirty mil-
lion people.
There were many Americans
who had spent most of their
lives in Korea, who spoke
the language, knew the his-
tory of the country, and the
psychology of the Pe°Pj®j
There were many educated
Korean in America who were
also available, if they had
been called upon. With some
of these Americans and Ko-
reans as consultants and ad-
visors, Gen. Hodge could have
avoided many of the errors
that he made in the beginning
of his administration as com-
manding general in Korea.
So far as I have been able
to ascertain, there were only
two men on Hodge s staff who
had ever been in Korea. They
were the sons of missionaries,
and were here as children, but
had not been back to Korea
for at least twenty years, and
had forgotten all the Korean
language they ever knew,
which was probably very lit-
tle.
•Korean Delegates’
I was told by my good fri-
end Prof. Lee Choon-ho that
he and Dr. Chough Pyung-
ok and Dr. Paik Sung-kyu got
in a boat that morning when
the American transports ar-
rived in Inchon, and sought
out the flagship and when
they got alongside they hail-
ed the guard and told him
that they were representing
the Korean people, and that
they wanted to come aboard
and talk with Gen. Hodge.
Their message was taken
to the general and word
brought back to them that the
general had his own plans
and he would not talk to any
Koreans until he had taken
over the surrender from the
Japanese commanding general.
1 have often thought how
many mistakes Gen. Hodge
might have avoided, if he
had welcomed these three in-
telligent, American-educated
Koreans aboard and consulted
with them before he went
was regarding the“whole Ko-
rean situation. One of his staff
officers came to him to inform
him that a delegation of Ko-
reans was making a big de-
monstration and demanding
that the Japanese immediately
be relieved of all official posts
and duties, and that Koreans
be put in their places.
The general is quoted as
saying, “What difference does
it make? They are all the
same breed of cats, am t
they?" As is well known, the
general soon learned that they
were a very different "breed of
cats,” when he got orders
from Washington to relieve all
Japanese in official positions,
civil or military, in the short-
est time possible and replace
them with Americans or Ko-
reans.
When we remember that
Gen. Hodge was first and fore-
most a military man, who had
been fighting the Japanese
for four years, we can under-
stand his confusion about Ja-
panese and Koreans. There
were thousands of Koreans in
the Japanese military forces,
and many had been taken pri-
soner by his command along
with Japanese prisoners. So
Gen. Hodge might be excused
on this ground for consider-
ing the Koreans as belonging
with the enemy against whom
he had been fighting for four
years.
It seems strange that an
intelligent man, as Gen. Hodge
certainly was, would not have
been better informed on Ja-
pan-Korea relations, but the
events of the first few days of
the occupation certainly indi-
cate his complete lack of in-
formation in this field, of
which he now found himself
in command. , .
But the general learned fast
and he very soon had a grasp
of the situation which enabled
him to deal with the many
problems that came before
him in a judicious and effi-
cient manner.
He was fortunate in secur-
ing as his Korean secretary
and advisor one of my out-
standing former students at
the Chosun Christian College
(predecessor of Yonsei Uni-
versity), who also took a doc-
tor's degree at an American
university, Dr. Lee Myo-muk.
I am sure Dr. Lee must have
performed a great service to
Korea and to America by the
advice and assistance that he
gave to General Hodge.
A short time after I arrived
in Korea the first week in Jan-
uary 1948, I received a tele-
phone call in my office from
Gen Hodge's office, requesting
me to come to the general’s
m As I was leaving the office
he came to the door with me,
and said,” After this when you
want to see me. just come
in at any time; you don t need
to go through official chan-
nels and make an appoint-
ment to see me.”
Sunday Election
As a result of this fortuit-
ous circumstance, I often call-
ed on the general during the
two and a half years that he
was in Korea after this first
meeting. On a number of oc-
casions I was asked by groups
of Koreans to take them to
see Gen. Hodge on a matter
of public interest or concern.
The occasion that I especi-
ally remember was connected
with the first national elec-
tion in May 1948- 11 J1*1 ?e
remembered that the day fo
this election, as first announ-
ced bv Gen. Hodge, was Sun-
day, May 9. At once there
was an outcry from church
people and Christian leadeis
throughout the country, op-
posing having a political elec-
tion on Sunday, a day held
sacred by all Christian deno-
minations.
A group of pastors and
church leaders asked me to
make an appointment for them
to meet the general and state
their objection to having the
election on Sunday. The time
was set and about a dozen of
the pastors of the leading
churches and several outstand-
ing Christian laymen assem-
bled in the generals office.
They stated their case, and
even said that if the election
were held on Sunday, thou-
sands of Christians who
would like to cast their bal-
lots as good citizens, would
be compelled by their Christi-
an consciences to have no-
thing to do with it.
Gen. Hodge heard their case
very courteously and patient-
ly. He then said that the day
had been set and was known
all over the country. It was
a day when most of the peo-
ple were free from work and
could have plenty of time to
go to the polls and vote. Also
he said that in many Christi-
an nations in Europe elections
were held on Sunday. He said
he v/ as very sorry, but it
would be very difficult and
confusing to the general pub-
lic, of which the Christians
formed only a small part, if
the days were changed.
He also said that he hoped
that the pastors and leaders
would encourage the Christi-
' ans to take part in the elec-
tion, which they could do and
still attend their regular re-
ligious services. The church-
men were disappointed, and
left the meeting with less
respect and admiration for the
general than they had pre-
viously had.
As is well known, it was
announced about two weeks
before the time of the elec-
tion that there would be a
total eclipse of the sun about
noon on the Sunday set for
the election. This natural
phenomenon has always been
regarded by the Koreans and
Chinese as a bad omen, and
at once the whole nation de-
manded that the time of the
election be changed, and Gen.
Hodge was forced to change
it to the following Monday,
May 10. So what could not
be achieved by orthodox
Christian belief was accom-
plished by popular supersti-
tion!
Gen. Hodge did not see eye
to eye with Dr. Syngman
.Rhee. The point on which
they usually failed to agree
was that Gen'. Hodge wanted
the widest possible represen-
At one time when
on Hodge in compai
Dr. Hugh Cynn, I ask
"Why don't you li
Rhee?”
He at once replied
like him, I love the c
but he is just so dan
born, I can’t do anyth;
him.”
I think this stateme
up the general's attil
ward Dr. Rhee very
He liked him, but he
ed other Korean leade
Dr. Rhee did not like
not trust, and for thi*
there was very little
way of harmonious *
tiou between the .gem
the "old man” during 1
of the military gover
Gen. Hodge was in
in early 1947 and wet
Dr. Philip Jaison at h
near Philadelphia. He
much impressed with
son and liked him so '
he invited him to ct
to Korea as his pers<
visor. He came to Koi
his daughter Muriel
secretary in June of t
and remained till som
September 1948. He h
IBER24, 1972
PAGE 5
in of Energy , Action
the U.S. occupation army
wd at the ceremony for the foundation
iter is Gen. Douglas MacArthur and
lagine
y the
•r and
Bando
surpri-
to be
:ollege
,iy old
eneral
chief
nspec-
\meri-
le Far
a good
ual in-
rginia.
;eneral
Itenant
»m and
stand-
by i in-
to ward
; office
th me,
en you
come
t need
■ chan-
jpoint-
,'ortuit-
•n c a li-
ng the
hat he
is first
of oc-
groups
lem to
matter
sncern.
especi-
mected
1 elec-
will be
lay for
nnoun-
is Sun-
there
church
leaders
*y. op-
il elec-
y held
i deno-
tation of the Korean people
in the preliminary temporary
national assembly which he
set up to help bring law and
order to the country pending
a final determination of the
independent Korean govern-
ment.
Dr. Rhee did not want to
include Communistic inclin-
ed groups or individuals, and
would have nothing to do with
the body which Gen. Hodge
organized and called “The
South Korean Interim Govern-
ment.” (SKIG).
Gen. Hodge did have a cer-
tain amount of respect for
Dr. Rhee and admired him
for his strong stand on issues
involving the admission of
those who had collaborated
with Communists into any
government plan that was pro-
posed.
At one time when I called
on Hodge in company with
Dr. Hugh Cynn, I asked him,
"Why don’t you like Dr.
Rhee?”
He at once replied. “I do
like him, I love the old man,
but he is just so damn stub-
born. I can’t do anything with
him.”
I think this statement sums
up the general’s attitude to-
ward Dr. Rhee very neatly.
He liked him, but he also lik-
ed other Korean leaders whom
Dr. Rhee did not like and did
not trust, and for this reason
there was very little in the
way of harmonious coopera-
tion between the. general and
the “old man” during the days
of the military government.
Gen. Hodge was in America
in early 1947 and went to see
Dr. Philip Jaison at his home
near Philadelphia. He was so
much impressed with Dr. Jai-
son and liked him so well that
he invited him to come out
to Korea as his personal ad-
visor. He came to Korea with
his daughter Muriel as his
secretary in June of that year
and remained till sometime in
September 1948. He had plea-
sant relations with Gen. Hodge
while he was in Korea, and
was often called upon ior
advice and suggestions.
Gen. Hodge was below me-
dium height, stocky and had a
commanding military appear-
ance. He smoked a pipe and
had a genial, friendly and in-
terested attitude whenever I
called on him, either alone or
with others. I called on him a
short time before he left Ko-
rea in August 1948, and gave
him a small, antique brass
Korean bowl, which had a
very clear -ring when struck
with a pencil. He put it on
his desk and said he would al-
ways use it on his desk as a
call-bell, and it would bring
back pleasant memories of Ko-
rea.
He liked to hunt and often
went to the country on hunt-
ing trips while he was in Ko-
rea. He loved children and al-
ways liked to see the children
of his Korean friends. He like-
ed the Korean people of all
kinds and classes, the country
people whom he met when on
hunting trips, and the more
educated and sophisticated
ones whom he met in Seoul.
Early Mistakes
Although Gen, Hodge made
some unfortunate mistakes in
the first few days of his com-
mand in Korea, as has been
mentioned, he soon overcame
any ill effects that they might
have had in his relations with
the Korean people. He learned
very fast, and it was not long
before he had a thorough
grasp of the main issues and
factors in the commission with
which he had been entrusted.
He was intelligent and he was
a man of great energy, and he
directed this intelligence and
energy with full commitment
to the work before him.
On the eve of his departure
from Korea there were many
statements by various organi-
zations, Koreans and Ameri-
can, in praise of his outstand-
ing work as commander of the
American military forces in
Korea. All the leading news-
papers had editorials praising
in glowing terms the distin-
guished way in which he had
served both America and Ko-
rea during the three years that
he had been in Korea.
In closing this article on
Gen. Hodge, I should like to
reproduce here some quota-
tions from an editorial that I
wrote and that was published
in the Union Democrat (Eng-
lish newspaper edited and pub-
lished by Dr. Hugh Cynn) of
Sept. 4, 1948.
“The most important period
in almost a century of Ko-
rean-American relations has
just closed, and the man whose
name is inseparable connected
with this era, has just return-
ed to his homeland for as-
signment to new duties.
“Gen. Hodge upheld the
finest traditions of the Ameri-
can soldier, statesman and di-
plomat during his three years
as commanding general of this
area. It was with a feeling of
real regret that all who knew
him saw him leave Korea.
While he was here everyone
felt that the highest and best
interests of the Korean people
would be protected, and that
something would be done
about any unsatisfactory condi-
tion existing within the field
of his authority, among either
Americans or Koreans. He is
preeminently a man of action,
and when something is wrong
he wants to do something to
correct it.
"Gen. Hodge had a sense of
mission, which was fully equal
to that- of any of the long line
of Christian missionaries who
have labored in this land. In
his talks to military and civili-
an workers under his com-
mand he often told them that
we Americans are all mission-
aries. who are here for the
definite purpose of helping the
Korean people toward the re-
alization of their goal of an
independent democratic na-
tion. There is no question but
that he always kept upper-
most in his consciousness this
sense of the great responsibili-
ty that rested upon him. His
steadfast devotion to his offici-
al duties, his intense interest
and deep human sympathy for
the, Korean people, in their
personal and national pro-
blems set an example that
Christian missionaries might
well emulate . . .
“In his farewell message to
the Korean people the general
made a statement which pro-
bably expresses his ideal for
this country in as clear lan-
guage as it is possible to put
it. He said: ‘The only Koreans
I do not admire are the Com-
munists and the fellow tra-
velers, who are trying to sell
your nation to the slavery of
a foreign dictatorship, and the
grasping oportunistic politici-
ans who work only for their
own selfish gain.’ It takes only
a little imagination and rea-
soning power to deduce from
these words just what was the
general’s greatest desire for
Korea, and what was back of
every public action that he in-
itiated. Here we have Gen.
Hodge's final words of advice
to the Korean people, and we
should remember that in the
final analysis, in a real demo-
cracy, ‘Communists,’ ‘fellow
travelers’ and ‘opportunistic
politicians,’ can be ousted
from all places where they
will do any harm, by the vote
of the people ...”
Before coming to Korea
Gen. Hodge had a long and
distinguished career as a mili-
tary leader. He graduated
from Virginia Military Insti-
tute. often called “the West
Point of the South.” In World
War I he served as a second
lieutenant with American for-
ces in France.
In World War II he served
the Pacific theater in cam-
paigns in Guadalcanal, New
Georgia. Bougainville, Leyte
and Okinawa, before coming
to Korea in command of the
occupation in September 1945.
After leaving Korea he was in
command of the 5th Army
Corps 1945-50, and the 3rd
Army Corps 1950-52. In 1952
he became a four-star general
and was made chief of the
army field forces.
General John Reed Hodge
died November 12, 1963, in
Washington, D.C.
PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
I.P.O. Box 1125, Seoul, Korea
December, 1972
Dear friends :
A month and a half of in-
voluntary vacation under martial law
shifted our attention for a while this
fall from the empty campus to the
very active world of our 2000 alumni.
Let us introduce a few of them to you.
Most of them, of course, are
in pastorates, but Capt. Kim Soon-
Kwon is a chaplain in the Korean army,
one of the 344 Christian chaplains who
have spurred a recent remarkable up-
surge of Christian faith in the Korean
military services. Great mass baptisms
have seen as many as 3,470 officers and men profess their faith in Christ in one afternoon. In the
two years 1971 and 1972, 50,000 men have been baptized. Some quite naturally fear that this
may be only an artificial, staff-directed movement, but the conversions seem to be real, and follow-
up continues as the draftees return to take an active role in their village churches. 25% of
Korea s servicemen now call themselves Christian, comapred to an over-all national percentage of
between 10% and 13%. More than 75 of our graduates are serving, like Captain Kim, in the
military chaplaincy.
More difficult but just as rewarding, is the ministry
of others, like the Rev. Shin San-Gil, who have chosen to live
and work with the very poor. Half of the people in Seoul,
which is now the fifth largest city in the world (population, 6
million), live in underprivileged housing, and of those three
million half a million live in
• squalor that would make some
American slums almost a para-
dise by comparison. One Seoul
district, Mapo, is said to have
the highest population density
in the world: 77,500 per square
mile. Mr. Shin, one of our first
Th.M. graduates, lives with his
family in the tiny rooms of a
“poor peoples apartment”.
When he came three years ago
he found 40% of the 600 fam-
ilies (3000 people) in the apart-
ments unemployed, so he
formed a Community Self-Help
Organization to find jobs and
Sincerely yours,
Sam and Eileen Moffett
fight for justice. City Hall
resisted him as an annoying
irritant. But today 85% of
his people have work, and he
has been honored by the mayor
for setting a model for urban
renewal. He persuaded near-
by Severance Hospital to start
a free health service in the
apartments as a Christian ser-
vice. In eight months it
treated over 10,000 patients.
He has even set up a commu-
nity wives’ “college” with
$1.25 tuition fee for a ten-
day “semester”. Twenty-eight
been brought together in a Community Church Council to share K^cem^and^misrion6
Community morale is as high and spirited as the expressions on the faces of the contestants in
the commumty-day grandmothers' race, pictured above. Best of all, and not surprisingly, one-
third of the people in the apartment community are now Christians.
Th ,™e,Rr,K‘m Sun'Tai is blind- He lost both eyes and both parents in the Korea War
hfmcptTi 'a tn" b0y’ Un! 6 t0 See hlS Way and beati"g the earth in a frenzy of weeping, puUed
himself together, survived by picking up scraps of food thrown away in the streets, beat down all
barriers and finished both college and seminary. Now he tells his blind friends that “eyes of the
s z ihan e!,e'' ,,esh" ““ ■« ” ^
As for the two of us, I am still Associate President, and Eileen is busy at both ends of
e seminary s academic spectrum. She is superintendent of the kindergarten, and teaches a
| Graduate School course in Korean on
communicating the gospel. We were
disappointed when martial law' forced
postponement until spring of the open-
ing of the School of Mission. But in
one course at least we survey the
church around the world and follow
the work of our own graduates over-
seas in mission for the Korean church.
Happily, martial law was lifted Dec.
14, and the New Year looks a little
brighter. In any case, whatever
happens, “the Lord God omnipotent
reigneth.”
REPORT FRO CRSA
EARLY 1972
By; Dr. Stanton 1 . Fils on
Coro.iiss" c ' Representative to "orea
United Presbyter fan Ch.rcl in the U.3.A.
I
So much has happened in this land and in this Church in the past year to 15
months that the only title suitable for this "Report from Korea" is an "I'\
******
INTRODUCTION
Here in Korea we are in the "Year of the Rat." But another animal, the frog,
who knows how to leap, speaks most crisply of reality for this leap year 1972,
".And 1 had toi " a comment by a frog, describes our lives and that of
vigorous .orea at this time. Now to the story about the frog, a borrowing from
Abe Lincoln’s story-bag. The frog Was stuck in a deep, muddy wagon track, Even
though his frog friends came and tried everything to get. him out, he was still
stuck. In despair they left, A day later, to their utter surprise, they found
the frog by the pond, robust, happy, and mighty pleased with himself, "We
thought you couldn’t get out of that rut." Replied the frog, "I couldn’t', but
a wagon was coming along and I had toi "
The "rut" seems to be the "same old thing" here of a divided North and South
Korea and a split Asia, But the rut has beeh smashed since Kissinger’s visits to
Peking, and all sorts of new things are happening. We’re in a whole new ball
game in Asia, What it all means we don’t know, but the rut is going! And God is
Lord of all Asia!
The "wagon" seems to be a Red Cross van at- Panmunjom, There; only, thirty
miles from Seoul, Red Cross workers of North and South "orea are meeting often
on plans for reuniting the ten million separated Koreans from the Korean war of
almost two decades ago. I was in Panraunjom recently and talked with Rod Cross-
folks. Amidst hard realities, we must remain HOPEFUL! God is Lord of -all
voreans, whether they know it or not!
The "had to" seems to be descriptive of Christian living h'ere whore a
persistent, persuasive Church has seen more than thirty thousand now believers
come into the Church in 1971 .
For example, in a somi- planned satellite city of Kwangju Estates, during
^eleven months our congregation has grown from 0 to 500; wo’ve gone through a
"doubling the faithful "campaign twice. Ard we fve already he un mis sion?*W work
in a nearby village where its struggling church needed a missionary vision of
its own - community.
You anci I have to’
"Ask anci it will be given you;
Seek, and you will fine/;
Knock and it will be opened to you" - for these are words of Christ,
-2-
We must be persistent in our faith, amidst accelerated chanee, awri be "robust,
happy, anc / mighty pleased" to venture with Christ into a new leap year.
Ky report this leap year is the most comprehensive I've yet prepares. The
fii*st division is rather brief and covers these most recent exciting months.
The seconc t division (covering October 1970 - October 1971) was prepared for
the Commission in New York to give an in-c epth understanding of Korea anci its
Church,
* # # * * * if
Qf' ^
FIRST riVISION
(Covering bid-October 19?1 - wid- January 1972)
This first division deals with people related items in the life of the Korean
Church and nation since mid-October 1971. Each item is a "Happening" and then
"Observations" are made to interpret its meaning for this day* in the life of
the Korean Church and nation.
747 fs arc coming to Seoul. You'd expect this to be big news, but the news hit
only the back page of the Korea Times January 1, 1971# in the smallest head-
lines, This is all that was saidi
"KUfFO PliTICATES EXTENT ED RUNWAY — The expanded runway of Kimpo
International Airport was dedicated yesterday to accommodate such
large aircraft as Boeing 747 Jumbo jetliners. The runway was
extended to 3 >200 meters from the previous 2,468 meters to meet
the international level."
On January 3# 1972, we watched our eldest son, Jack, board a Korean Airlines
707 at Kimpo enroute back to Ohio University after a wonderful three weeks
here. Eight people boarded the semi-huge plane, but 150 people were on the
observation deck to wish them bon voyage! A massive enlargement of Kimpo's
terminal facilities is still to be done to handle the small (maybe 40) passen-
gers arriving or departing at one time. But waiting rooms and' observation
decks must average space for at least ten times that number who arc enthusi-
astic well-wishers.
What does this signify beyond the aches and pains of building a gigantic new
terminal? For the Church, an opportunity where large crowds assemble to be
available in some form — a chapel, a counselling service — I don't know.
But responsible Christians should be sensitive to this challenge of new forms
of ministry, anc/ start planning now.
The meaning of the Taeyunkak Hotel Fire Disaster speaks of something at the
very heart of the Gospel, in the mind of John Calvin, and in comments by
thoughtful people following the Christmas Day holocaust that took at least
160 lives anci raised a dark cloud on the skyscraper business in Seoul, The
meaning is this — in our daily labor we are responsible workers for the sake
of others. We do our work with integrity, concerned for the other guy. We
do not live by chance; wc live by faith, marked by good works to the glory of
God and the good of others.
-3-
Soong Jun University became a reality in December 1971 when the I Minister of
Education fully approved the merger of former Soongsil College and Taeion
Presbyterian College, and the addition of an Engineering College, On Janu-
ary lA, 1972, Dr, Hyung Nan (Herman) Kira was inaugurated as the first President
of the University, He served earlier as President of Soongsil College, and
more recently as President of merged Soong Jun College, The University win
have college campuses in Seoul and Taejon, As such, some call it the "Turnpike
University, "
This tense time in Korea seems
and day. On October 16, 1971,
Riots; Garrison Decree Invoked, _r _
"Par:< Declares State of National Emergency." £/ ^ 'w 28, 1971, the
headline read: "National I$mergonc2r Law Put Into Forco." 27 The article con-
tinues s
"HOUSE P. SSES BUL IN ANNEX BEFORE DAVJN — The Government yesterday
promulgated the special law on national security and defense follow-
ing a blitzkrieg passage on the bill by the National Assembly earlier
at dawn,
"The promulgation of the 12-article law giving omorgoncy powers to
the President was decided at an extraordinary session of the Cabinet
and put into force immediately,
"The Assembly dealt with the disputed bill in five 'minutes starting
at 3 a,m, in an annex building of the Assembly in the absonco of tho
opposition lawmakers." ft/
What doos this say to developing democracy which had its real birth only in
May last yoar with tho first emerging of a strong opposition party? Dr,
Thurbcr and Wrs, barren Smith of tho Commission were here in early Docombor
whon President Park doclarod "the "State of National Emergency," Wo wore
unable to have our planned conversations with Korean loaders on Xoroan-
American relations because the Korean leaders were not really froe to talk
openly,
At the same time in Docombor, our conversations with Korean Church leaders
reference priorities and property got nowhere. Tho situation politically and
ecclesiastically in those above mentioned aroas can bo described as nothing
but "really up tight" - t-o-n-s-oi
r- -*.-Y " • »
This thrilling time is also upon us. Amidst tho nation's- tensions, thousands
aro turning to Christ. In tho First ROK Army in Docombor over 1,000 soldiors
wore baptized in one dayi Something is happening* _.Tho now yoar sees th^-
whole Protestant Church on spiritual tiptoes for its yoar of evangelism. It
appears Dr. Billy Graham and six evtngolists (including two Blacks) will bo
hero in Soptombor 1972 to climax this year of evangelistic leap, What a day
to bo part of the Church at this cross-roads in siai
like a spiritual smog s tic Icing close by night
the /headline road: "Park Orders End of Campus
On December 6. 1971. the headline read!
i r
" IL
-4-
SECOMP DIVISION
(Covering October 19?0 - October 1971)
2' ;'f°S *SK".4* J” ‘"° ".'laopcnlngs" m "Otecrv- tlona." The
stoir tht ion8c!' b<c,““5 “ «•«»* j’iZ’%%.
I. HAPPENINGS
A, Autumn 1970
I,’ — ?--couolc5 marri€cf in mass weeiaing i October 21. 1970 at
^ngciung gymnasium, Seoul. The Revcrencl Sun Myung MOON, founcier
of the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christ-
x nity, tied more knots" than anyBoj Scout — 777 wedding knots;
inown for liking mass .weddings , Reverend boon outdid any of his
earlier endeavors in this respect. The press referred^ it as
the largest mass wedding in Korean History." 1'
Among the couples were 530 Korean, 231 Japanese, six American, anc,
alistlhina! TOany’ ***”** ' Italy' thc *thcrl«Ss, and Nation-
hcVsays!)""|)?“S t0 bC * Kor6an Jcsus <’«* J™ish one failed,'
2. "Like C.O.C./:" Thc Commission on Ecumenical Mission and Relations'
T™ J:nC1’al SeorGtaiy, Pr* Donald' Black, visited Korea in November.
In extenoeo conversations with Church leaders of thc Presbyterian
CnnnC\+l Ko«CaA J'°*\can leac,crs stressed, "We like thc Committee on
Cooperation. Ur. Black .responded by indicating this concept of
the2'worldhiP lilSSion" has now sPrcaci from Korea to many parts of
3. Fvangelism! For three weeks in late autumn I'm. St. Paul £pps
ooney Sundberg, and Newton Thurber studied evangelism in Korea.
^continued a strong program to win
responded. hV± ’ In °n€ W€llpplann«' campaign 20,000 new believers
_ ethooist boy burns to death! In early reccmbcr Tae II CHUN
L,7^ab° TWOrkcr in a swcat sh°P> covered himself with gasoline
enci lit it. In his death, Korea was shocked again at the unsafe
primitive working conditions in many factories. His mother held ’up
■ic funeral for one hour until the owner pro iiscc/ four things
safe working conditions, shorter hours, no chile., labor, and better
Pay* She won, but at such a cost l
-5-
- *- vican Consultation •
■ esc : ti 3 it ■
rticral Ccu.neils c •j^wc
1 1-5 # lc '
'ic - ;o?.*t unities i
** - first tv x in t c iro
, t? crir
co:is'.v t£-.tio*> in ,
.:i€l£*tlor:3S ixleiz
i'iv.t" oi' e 15 c io-
Tf
:s o 0"soi*cC.
iJz. "
;• vro ,1',eiar'^ Jd.ssienf.ries in ci-ea were invitee. :.Em, •'*
turm- most of t e Consultatio; , orcan c.ele r.tes were • :
t:c ;;rEsrcf c~ rie?-°v y - rX"^>- 0.f
r'ls'J’ ,tl*- ■’•*** "st Asia Institute, Columbia University, Me know'
orea very well and was believer, to be a Worth Korean sympathiser
1 fn6*‘lcdn ''elevation was made very impressive xrtth the" presence
of r. i'merson Chapin, Foreign News Teak, New York Times.
The Consultation worked c/iligently and produced a 174-oage report
The American delegates have met often on follow-up. The Korean
le-egates, cue to political uneasiness 5n the nation, have done
practically nothing with the repo, , first real working ses-
sriLSonfwb C^,6 in+Septemb^r 1971 ^ "°"ths after the Con!
?• when the Steering Committee met ant/ made plans for a
moi G clctlVG follow-up,
in1vliS MP°ftar.cc of the Consultation lies in two areas
. ' / tlc wc met, and the obvious truth that our meet-
ing served only as a prolegomenon for a lot of subsequent consulta-
nt- nCGi,GCi’ m1 migTt ac,c/ tliat future consultations should be more
multi-national, as befits this ecumenical day;
B, ' /inter 1970-71
1. Korean Treasurer! With the dawn of the "Year of the Pig"
(symbolizing prosperity) ; the Reverend Chong Pae KIM became the
full treasurer of the Committee on Cooper* , and' all its trea-
surer books were turned over to the General Assembly office
Presbyterian Church of Korea. This was a good and correct move.
-he c, ay-by-day work is done by the staff treasurer, Elder Am KI
who is a very honest individual,
' t the same time in C.O.C. four concerns seem to be receiving
major emphasis:
a, A team ministry for Pusan probably related to East Asia
Christian Conference to devt ’ P ai.«: execute more penetrating
programs in this pore city of 2,000.000 people,
b. A team program of cyangeJ r i-d "Operation Lighthouse"
with plans to probe new church development in Chinju and
Chungmu areas (where the C aistian presence is very small).
-6-
c. "Operation Reverse Flow11, r. concrete- plan for helping
eight Korean Pn.D's and thear families to re-enter Korea at
the college, university, and seminary levels, has already
seen two scholars return and mere to follow. This is a real
breakthrough in reversing tho "brain drain." The Commission
in New York has worked out this financial plan in liaison with
the Committee on Cooperation, Presbyterian Church of Korea.
d. Rg^l Qpb descriptions for missionary co-workers are being
much more carefully worked out by the Sub-Committee on Per-
sonnel of the Committee on Cooperation. For the first time
Korean members on this committee are realizing missionaries
want real work and are not here just to bide time.
^omen,s Lib! When the United Presbyterian missionary co-
workers had a brief annual meeting in January, the Mission for
the first time opened up its chairmanship to women! Although
not proceeding at once to a woman chairman for 1971, the day is
not far off.
5* Concerning missionaries.
The table
below shows the
trend
United
Presbyterian missiona
.ries :
U.P. Missionaries
Leave of
Year
in Korea
Furlough
Absence
Total
1955
55
6
5
66
1965
^3
17
6
66
1970
47
10
8
65
1971
3^
5
8
47
Several factors should be noted:
a. While the Korean Church continues to increase its numbers
of missionaries sent abroad, the number cf missionaries to
Korea is on the decrease in most missions.
b. "Reasons": The missionary’s growing conviction that the
Korean Church is strong in its own leadership; that God's
call is to needier areas.
c. The table shows that we held our own until the Seventies!
The shrinkage is due to retirements, ending of term assign-
ments, resignations, and practically no new appointments.
d. Volunteers (now numbering seven), affiliates (now number-
ing eight), and one conscientious objector all add up to 16
people. These folks are t crucial tasks and boost our
United Presbyterian fellowship by almost 50%.
-7-
4. A new university is born! Historic Soorgail College (formerly
of Pyungyang and nQ^f of Seoul) ;a;.d Taejon lcilege-(a post-Korean
War development by the Presbyterian Church U.3.) have combined to
become Soong Jun University. For several- reeks Dr. Frank Wilson,
distinguished black U.S. educator, came to help in the development
of the new university. With campuses in Seoul and Taejon, this
new university .hopes to serve Korea and the Church with strong.
Christian technical leadership for this new industrial day in Korea.
C. Spring 1971
1. Biggest Easter! The Pan-Protestant Easter sunrise service
sponsored by the Korea National Council of Churches drew 40,000
people. This great service also was used by the governments
television station to inaugurate its new nation-wide television
coverage. Thus the message of the Resurrection, so clearly ex-
pounded by Dr. Kyung Chik HAN, weht out over a complete TV cover-
age of South Korea, in addition to complete radio coverage on at
least two stations including the Christian Radio Network. (Dr.
Han is Senior Pastor of Y.oung Nak Presbyterian Church, Seoul).
2. MBirth of Democracy l3 * * * * * * * 11 It is now clear that democracy has taken
a major step forward with the 89 seats won by the opposition party
in the National Assembly election in May. The ruling party, v/ith
113 seats, now Has a strong opposition party to contend with.
Koreans refer to this strong two-party Assembly as the "birth of
democracy. "
¥
Just a few notes on the elections. In 1 te April President Park
began his third four-year term when he defeated his opponent, Mr.
Tae Joong KIM, by almost 1,000,000. votes. 79$ of the eligible
voters went to the polls. Yet with all the money spent, by both
parties in the campaign, President Park won on the basis of
localism. His area of Southeast Korea is more heavily populated
than Mr. Kim*s area in Southwest Korea. Itfs as simple as that!
But the National Assembly saw the ruling party, the Democratic
Republican Party, lose, every seat (except one) in the major cities.*
This also has been characteristic of National Assemblies, but never
was a ruling party so unanimously defeated by the urbanites.
Voting was one of the lowest in Korean history, only ?2.8% of
eligible voters.
3. Seminary ?0th Anniversary. The Presbyterian Theological Semi-
nary celebrated its 70th anniversary with one unexpected event
(a student strike) and two -long expected events (the inauguration
of The Reverend Jong Sung- RHEE, Th.D-.i; as President, and l)r.
Edward A. Dowey, Jr.'s lectureship on Calvin). The strike pre-
ceded the celebration, and because of its persistence made for
deep concern if the celebration would take place. Real recon-
ciliation ensued — with much more student participation in
decision-making. Dr. Dowey* s lectures were exceedingly well re-
ceived. And the inauguration of Dr. Rhee was a ’'love feast."
-8
k. New buildings . Through Fifty Million Fund: assistance, major
buildings continue to be completed like the Engineering College
at Soong Jun University and the start of a women'**- dorm at Yonsei
University. The latter marks the first attempt by our great inter-
national university to provide housing f,or its 1500 women students.
J- • t
5* -ir Cargo. 'With May 1971 , Korean Airlines inaugurated its
Trans-Pacific Freight Service. The large advertisements are
really Korean. In the small background is a B-70?. In the large
foreground is a Korean laborer wearing the familiar Korean luggage,
carrier, the A-frame, on his back. Says the ad:
Yes, it's a carrying device used in Korea for 5,000
years. A-Frame service has never received complaints
for 5,000 years. Why? Because of its reliable personal
touch and care. Now, you have the same quality of
service on our B-707"
D.
Nqw type of taxi driver. Seoul's traffic snarls are legion,
Seoul's driving patterns are frightening. But now some 80 of
Seoul's taxi drivers have formed a Christian Taxi Drivers Group.
They use "tracts", practice evangelism, and try to give very
courteous service. Headed by The Reverend Chang-shik KIM, they
meet twice monthly for worship' and planning at West Gate Presby-
terian Church. They have distributed more than a quarter million
leaflets which on one side says: "Thanks for your patronage."
The reverse side carries * pertinent Biblical quotation.
The organization plans to spread to Pusan, in an occupation that
can get mighty lonely and very mechanical, another purpose of the
Christian drivers is "to protect and help one another in case of
accidents." ^ /
Summer 1971
• “Presbyterian 'Pigs' all aw.ay" ! In early summer, the Commission
Representative discovered a strange situation. The Stated Clerk
and General Secretary of the Presbyterian Church of Korea, Dr.
Hyung T.ae KIM, was in the U.S.A. at assemblies; the Secretary for
Evangelism, The Rev. Kwcn Chan LEE, was in Taiwan; The Rev. Gap
Shik SUNG, Secretary for Christian Education, was in Lima, Peru,
for the Vvorld Council of Churches-World Ccuncil of Christian Edu-
cation meeting. I was "alone", and all the key administrative
leaders of the Presbyterian Church were far away. They were liv-
ing it up in the Year of the "Pig" — really getting around!
^ • jiQt s were the order of the summer: at Kwangju Estates (a satel-
lite city of 200,000), and at Hanjin Company's headquarters (whose
boss is the wealthiest man in Korea).
4 -I
i * - / ‘ y > - • - T ;
He 'tell a" bit abotA KwWr.gju'
And. something of its chu-rc - and**
Estates, a now "unplanned city."
•the riot there.
A little more than a year ago, nil l t v;.s there were rice fields
and n few farmers* homes. Now P-E-O-P-L-E living in nil sorts of
conditions — tents, shacks, houses. But to give you n "f^.cl" of
what * s going on — come to First Presbyterian Church, Kwangju Estates.
- w* ; A . ‘ * • » • * » •
An Adventure of the "Peal Thing" — Faith, The Rev. Dr. Sung C.
CHUN, his wife Kay, and children sold their city home and moved
to this pioneer open-country city 20 miles from Seoul. In faith,
they and some Christians built a twc-stcry church, the Chuns liv-
ing on the first floor, the sanctuary upstairs. This was late
last fall--less than a year ago.
Things started happening. With- his deep love cf our Lord Jesus'
Christ and the "little guys", Dr. Chun and his associates began.
The "secret" is prayer! Every morning they meet at 5:30 for
prayer and planning. We've gone through two double membership
campaigns and now have *500 believers, more than 150 on their
first confession of faith. People are responding because this
church is alive to God and people in their needs!
Unexpected riot. In early August this "unplanned" city had cne of
Korea's worst riots. Probably 80,000 people (boys and girls in-
cluded) rose up with fists, stones, clubs, and the power of noise
and suffering to demand justice and a chance tc live as people.
They had been mrved out to this "place of hope" by the government
because’' they lived in Shacks here in grrguantuan Seoul. But noth-
ing was happening — things- were just getting worse. Although not
advocating the riot, as church leaders in this situation, Dr. Chun
and his associates had already organized the whole city for getting
improvements. Quite naturally he became the reconciler in the
tough negotiations. And God used him magnificently! Imagine the
jcy of these people with the • government ' s decision for city water,
sewers, olectricity, paved re ads, reduced taxes, and- 70 new fac-
tories ! !
A Contemporary Church. This church emphasizes NOW and plans for
the future. For example, in worship we have two Sunday morning
services, and Sunday and Wednesday evening get-togethers. And
the new believers are the honored ones up fr:nt so they can feel
and hear the response to Glad Tidings in Christ.
In community service. We have the whole city of 200,000 organized
for study and action to make this a GOOD place tc live. The sanc-
tuary during the week is a community bivouac. Many groups meet
there in the daytime and stud nts by the dozens come there to
study in the evening. We run preventive medicine clinics, milk
feeding station for babies, family planning projects, a real
estate office, job training programs.
-10-
lL-t.e^.chln^ tec,hnjr°-ues we have pioneered in giving children many
experiences of learning the joy of the Christian faith. Church
School meets three times a week — Sunday morning, early evening,
and Wednesday. About 400 are attending each time.
D# City-wide Evangelistic Meetings. 'She Presbyterian Church of
Korea conducted city-wide evangelistic meetings in most major
cities with good responses. In addition a number of international
evangelists were here for meetings. The churches of Korea are
building up evangelistic know-how for next year's nation-wide
emphasis when it is hoped Dr. Billy Graham will be here in Sep-
tember.
^ • Special Meetings in Korean Churches in U.S.A. A former
Moderator and distinguished pastor of Tongsin Presbyterian Church,
The Rev. Say-Jin KIM, left in late summer for the U.S.A. to con-
duct two months of special evangelistic emphasis in several Korean
congregations.
At the same time observant Korean Christians believe that Korea
should give concrete attention to future work with the American
Indians. Part of this emphasis comes from recognizing the common
ethnic heritage of the Korean and American Indian (frcm Mongolia'
5. Phase-out of Church V orld Service. On July 1 the Commission
Representative in Korea added to his portfolio the title of C’7S
Correspondent. Korea Church V'orld Service will be completely
phased out by the end of October, and most of its continuing v/ork
taken up by Korea National Council of Churches. The more than 20
years of effective service will always be remembered. But Korea
has now progressed economically, and the Church here is ready to
assume its fuller role in Christian service.
6. Korea J?ed Cross's Startling announcement! In August the Korean
Red $ross stai^le^. Koreans North arid South its bfyerture to
j . - ;> !:■••. Po.'! ^ S
families together again. North Korea accepted the cnailenge.
Several meetings have been held at Panmunjom, and all Korea is on
tiptoes as to what this all can mean.
7* United Seoul Station Meetings. As summer drew to a close the
Seoul Stations of the United Presbyterian, Southern Presbyterian,
and Australian Presbyterian Missions planned to meet monthly for
dinner and programs. This is a new and reassuring emphasis of
the solid working together of these three groups who already have
their business offices together, and are v/orking together with the
Presbyterian Church of Korea in its Committee on Cooperation.
'V--' vr t T.f COfimoll
-11 -
II. OBSERVATIONS
My New York headquarters, COEM.R, hc.o posted that the 1971 Narrative
Survey include observations in six areas. I now deal with these,
A. Political Climate and Trends
The Democratic Republican Party, the ruling party since the 1961
military coup, continues in power. President Chung Hee PjiRK was
re-elected in April to a third fear-year term as President. The
National Assembly elections in May saw the opposition party, the
New Democratic Party, take k0% of the seats. As I * ve indicated
earlier in this' survey, many astute observers call this the
"Birth of Democracy" because Korea now has the possibility of two
strong parties.
In long-range planning the ruling party intends to stay "in" *and
already has President Park's likely successor, Mr. Jong Pil KIM,
as Premier.
Civil Liberties are not being seriously curbed. Conversations
with many Koreans indicate basic freedoms, except for the politi-
cal area, are being honored. Because of continuing tensions with
North Korea, Koreans in public are careful what they say about
reunification. Tax evasion is a serious offense, and responsible
citizenship is developing.
Students are watched very carefully by the government since one
government (Dr. Syngman RHEE's) in i960 was overthrown by stu-
dents, and strong student riots preceded elections last spring.
On most campuses, since about one-fc u *h of the students are re-
turned veterans, study is serious and in preparation for a life
job. As I write in early October in larger universities are
having demonstrations against R«0,T.<. training on the campuses.
There is probably a lot more sti 4 : .tost than appears on the
surface since the government has somewhat strong control on news
releases, and has "contacts" on every campus.
(Note : This report was written before the military takeover on
several university campuses in mid-October. Seme have reopened.
Yet the framework of the "student climate" as indicated in the
above paragraph is basic. Also President Chung Hee PARK’S in-
voking of the "garrison decree" on the campuses — a step just
short of martial law — is related to many other political over-
tones, and further comment here cannot be part of an "open letter"
type of report.)
The political climate right now is in tremendous flux awaiting
developments of the Nixon-Chru conversations. Not only that but
the Red Crosses of North and South Korea are meeting frequently
at Panmunjom talking about the reunion of 10,000,000 Koreans.
-12-
.t
TTiat I mean by this is that Kore-'s ? .litieal scene is being ex-
,tv'^n^^Zed as SS'5Cul?-tion rciises hop. 3 b'th reference North Korea
and this area of East .'.sin. " area is at a very crucial location
when iimerxcan-Chinr. trade opens ao-ain.
Korea continues to be one of the few Asian nations that has a basic
real desire for £lQ3^_r£lati_r,s_ with D.S.A. This is so easy to mis-
understand. Korea has through ihe years had serious problems with
her neighbors wanting to take rVer here. Her tie with the U.S.A.
is one of sacrifice together in the Korean War* But one item
really has Korean businessmen "up eight'*, and that is the textile
quota on exports to U.S.A. Korean businessmen have over- extended
themselves m this area of business, and just when they need
markets, is saying "no,," Nixon's et,onom.i..-s should differ-
entiate between a "big guy" named Japan and a "little fellow" named
Korea*
As Korea has become an international exporting nation facing the
whole world, her relations are now with many nations on all conti-
nents including nations of Eastern Europe. This has broken the
polarity of so much Korea-U.S.A. only relationship.
Korea feels deeply any joy or pain the U.S.A. experiences. The
lunar successes are followed here more avidly than in U.S.A. The
American economic crisis disturbs Koreans. The U.S.A. racial
crisis is hardly understood here because Koreans tend to identify
with the white man. Yet at the same time there is an ambivalence
because books by Martin Luther King are amongst best sellers in
the Korean language.
Economic Situation
■ — — — — - - ■ 1 ■-
1971 saw the economic growth pattern take a significant dip down-
ward due to world economic conditions. The economic growth rate
in the last decade has been:
1961
k02
1962
3,5
1963
9d
196*t
8,3
1965
7 A
1966
13o4
1967
3.9
1968
13.3
1969
15.9
1970
8.9
hilc the government is trying to control inflation, the upward
?n man^ ^ems is unbelievable. Seme oil products have gone
up 40% in a few months. Farmers, whose real income has gone up 9%
are paying an average of 25% more for the items they must purchase]
-1>-
’rith nc expertise in this area, but trying to be sensitive to what
is happening, these facts seem apparent.
1# Pe.r capita inc_j;e is net keeping pace with inflation.
1970 per capita incline was £225.
In
2. GNP for 1969 was 8.2 times that cf i960, using current
market prices, but GUP for 1969 r.t 1?65 constant prices was
just 2.2 times that of i960. The reason is 13 % yearly orice
increase during the decade.
6/
3. The growth in GAP is reflected in better living conditions
for many. ^ But the ordinary citizen in Korea, at least in num-
bers, is in the poor class, and he is not getting ahead, par-
ticularly in the last two years. As an illustration, our
Christian Day Schools (Bible Clubs) which minister to the very
poor, have ascended in numbers again from about 40,000 students
to 60,000. I'm sure that poverty tells something here when
many parents can't afford to send their children to regular
schools.
One of the worst riots in Korea's history (see part one of
this report) at Kwangju Estates, a new satellite city, in
. ugust was an uprising f the little guy against impossible
living conditions. Or, for another example, in the district
where we live in western Seoul with 30,000 people — one-
third are still living in shacks. One of the most pressing
needs is decent housing.
25 *5% of Korea's families are without housing. Here's the
situation.
"In Seoul, there were only 582,000 dwelling units
in 1970, although the number of families living
in the capital city was 1,091,000. This meant
that 508,000 Seoul families were living with ether
families in houses intended f r single families,
or were living in make-shift shacks, backrooms of
stores, or even caves. The picture is only slightly
better in Pusan.
"The number of housing units needed to reach the
goal of 'one house fer each family' was 1,491,000
for the country as a whole. (This figure does not
take into consideration -bs^l te residential build-
ings that should be replaced#)
"In Seoul, the number cf housing units should be
almost doubled. Pusan needs about 80 percent more
dwelling units. In the provinces, the situation is
less severe, but still 30 to 40 percent more housing
-14-
units should be built. Housing is perhaps the ra st
difficult svcio-e'c-nnnic problem for Kcr.a to solve.
ne reason for the difficulty is scarcity cf land,
which causes soaring land prices in and around major
cities -where the prpu! tion is increasing rapidly!
citie- 1 S° UP Sh”rrly yeclr after year in large
"To combat problems arising out of population expan-
sion coupled with rapid urbanization, the Government
is taking various measures, including encouragement
of decentralization cf industry, development of
s^s ! and imProvt'lent "f public transit
system^. But it appears certain that the urban ills
beucr» W°rSe thSy °an take a turn for the
production, while expanding slowly, is not keeping up
ues to imi!rtCn ^ industrial fences. Korea confin!
to import grain m large quantities from U.S.A. and Japan.
However, radical shifts are going cn in food products as the
th!6citiare b0COn,lns a railk drinking nation, at least in
Dlnny lmproved food production schemes are
underway, and it appears that Korea can anticipate meeting
?°®V5 S f°°d neLds 0Vcr the lrnS haul because the nation
m.s taken such a serious step forward in family planning.
Population growth stands at 1.9g in 1971, a new record low.
'Experts note that the decline in the population
increase rate cannot be attributed solely to con-
traceptive practices. Other important factors are
l'lte marriages and artificial abortion. It is an
open secret that abortion is increasingly widely
practiced in Korea* . 0 .
£/
’’The population problem is formidable for the
Republic 'of Korea, which is already one of the
world’s most densely populated are-
’According to the most recent census, 31,461,000
Koreans are crowded into a land area of only 98,^77
S?U^n ^ilometerSa This means a population density
of 319.1 persons per square kilometer-. When con-
sideration is given t*. the fact that the country is
mountainous, population density per square kilometer
of arable land exceeds 1,200, perhaps the world’s
highest for a nation cf substantial size.
-15-
"Between I960 and 1970, Scuta Korea's population
went up about 26 percent. But per capita national
income almost doubled during the 1960s, because
the economy grow much faster than the yrulaticn.
Even so, Korea has been facing an increasing short-
age of domestic food supply in recent years because
of lagging agricultural development.
"In other words, Korea's cccn.mic growth in the past
decade was due to very sharp expansion of the urban-
industrial sector. In such a pattern of economic
development, rural areas served as the major source
of low-cost labor to man factories, stores and ser-
vice establishments mushrooming in and around
cities. • •
"Owing tc its 'pathological growth,' Seoul in 1970
accounted for a staggering 17«5 percent of the
total Korean population. The comparable ratio was
9«9 percent in 1969 and 13 percent in 1966. Thus
Seoul has become an even more concentrated popula-
tion center than Tokyo and London, where around 12
percent of the respective national populations
reside."
76% of the national wealth is in the capital city.
5* The urban-rural problems ore r any. To mention just a few —
a, . A growing economic gap is obvious.
b. Migration, according to the latest census, is to the
cities. Last year Korea's real population increased by
600,000 of which 500,000 were in Seoul, and the 100,000 in
other cities. The rural population is not growing.
Let me give you an "in-lcok" cn facts behind Seoul's explod-
ing population which has now. hit 6.000,000 and made Seoul
the seventh largest city on the planet called Earth.
"Industrialization has brought urbanization to
Korea at a frightening pace. Seoulites, the
prime victims of urban growth, are surrounded
by a world in constant flux where buildings,
streets, bur tops, cross-walks, and taxi stands
appear and : 'appear with bewili ring suddenness.
Every few months, f r instance, the city's massive
bus system is thr ;n into chaos as route and route-
numbers are radically ch nged overnight by mini-
sterial fiat. Although the authorities always
claim to have given warning, there are periodic
outcries from shanty-dwellers v/hen the bulldozers
and trucks descend on them. And, in the fall of
1970, when Se- ulites were paying traditional visits
to their ancestral graves, many were horrified to
discover the graves mi'sing; the government had the
month before moved 7^.130 t-.mbs to an area 15 miles
further to the north.
"•We live from headline to deadline. The only thing
that's sure is change itself,' one journalist com-
plains." 1Qy
c. The city's opposition to the ruling party's authoritar-
ianism, and the rural area's simplistic support to the rul-
ing party because of its "promises" for them.
d. With the development of turnpikes, truck farming is a
nati' n-wide enterprise which brings the v/hole nation to-
gether in a new way.
The nation is putting tremendous emphasis on helping the
farmers in new methods, good roads, fertilizers, and is
trying tc spread the industrial developments throughout
Korea. Thus the future should see a stronger inter-ming-
ling of farmer and factory worker at the local level. In
fact, for some people there is the possibility to live on
their little farm and still be factory workers.
6. The Church's main help is at two institutions --
For the farmers, at Union Christian Service Center which has now
expanded into forage and sheep raising, the latter introduced by
Australian missionaries.
For the urbanites, the Urban Institute ,-t Yonsei University is
pioneering in many studies, such as apartment house living, in-
expensive housing, etc. Both of these institutions are get-
ting good backing by the Church.
7. In literacy the Church and nation have worked together for
some years. A recent study says:
"Education is an essential ingredient to social and
personal improvement in Korea. Because of the empha-
sis on the importance f education, illiteracy is a
very small problem. Arc rding to the 1966 census,
the literacy rate was '5 per cent ioi he whole coun-
try; 93 per cent for males and 7 8 per cent for females.
Elementary education as o fox* every child in the
6-11 group. Lit . r; tutiscics that this T ‘ licy
has practically eliinur tv.-d il i r fr m the younger
age groups. The largest group f i ’.literate persons
is among those aged 50 and above." n
The Church for years h d - separate Literacy ffice. It has now
been combined with the Christian Literature Society, feeling
that its iiicr.eer job is ' sic My accomplished except among the
older folk. The government uses many university students during
the winter vacations tc d literacy • rk. On literacy it looks
good.
8. And there are active r grains in the nation and Church on
hunger and nutrition. In fact, the Church-related colleges
have many cf the leaders ir. the f iel ?. cf nutritional studies.
In the fight against poverty five church-related hospitals arc
doing an exceptionally fine piece of work among the poor in
family planning, thus reducing the unfortunate tensions due to
large families and no food and net enough room. These five
hospitals are at Wcnju, Kwangju, Inchon, Severance in Seoul,
and Ilshin in Pusan.
9. The "brain drain” is very serious, particularly in the field
of medicine where there is a mass exodus cf doctors annually to
the U.S.A., and nurses tc West Germany. I'm net sure of the
overall "brain drain's" effects on the economy, but Korea is
doing everything possible to get "brains'1 back and has several
Korean scientists back here from abroad at its Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST) by providing large salaries
and politically free, good working and living conditions. The
Church through "Oporati n Reverse Flow" is assisting eight
scholars and their families to reroute into the K( rean academic
scene ,
10. Foreign capital, nwostly in loans or joint ventures, is very
large in Korea. The huge amount from Japan makes many a K rean
talk about Jap.anese economic imperialism. Korea wants money for
investment, a,nd has itself quite extended now in repaying loans.
The biggest pressure for the next three years is right here in
repaying loans. At the same time Korea screens foreign invest-
ments with tremendous care. One of the peculiar areas of for-
eign investment is in factories for expert consumption only.
This means Korea's role is providing labor, usually at a very
cheap wage.
11. General Description on family incc-rs and expenditure, 1970.
The Economic Planning Board, Bureau of Statistics, R.G.K. Gov-
ernment, in its Annual Report on the Family Income and Fx ;ndi-
ture Survey 1970 » p. 3^7 says :
"(A) The average monthly consumption expenditure per
household of all cities in 1970 amounted to W29,950
registering an increase f 14.9$ over the previous
year. This rate of increase fc r 1970 was slightly
lower than 15*9$ for 1969#
"On the ether hand, consumer prices continued to
advance, recording a 12.7$ rise over the pre-vicus
year, with the result t lat the income per capita in
real terms, when the < rice was ta er. into account,
registered an increase of .8#. accordingly, this
was also lower than that for the previous year, 1969*
"(B) Among the five major items of per-household
consumption expenditure, the expenditure on food
amounted to £12,120 and the ratio of food and con-
sumption expenditure, which is called Engel* s Co-
efficient, recorded 40.5#. This Engel’s Coefficient
for 1970 was slightly lower than 40.9# for 1969 but
remarkably lower than 56.?# 1965 •
"On the other hand, the ratios of the other major,
items; Housing, Fuel and Light, Clothing and Mis-
cellaneous are l8.4$, 5*5#i 10.0# and 25*6# respec-
tively."
Note exchange rate in 1970 was approximately Si: 270 won.
Social Situation
1. Required education is through sixth grade. The number of
elementary school children has stabilized and will start to
decrease in the next decade. Seoul City has eliminated triple
sessions, but many elementary schools in the capital city still
ru*- two sessions daily. More than half of the junior high,
senior high, and colleges/universities are privately run. With-
out them the Korean government would be in a bad way in fulfil-
ling educational needs.
Increasingly technical schools are developing to provide skilled
workers for the growing industrial complex. By government pol-
icy new colleges must be in the technical field. ,forld Bank
loans go only to higher education needs in the technical speci-
alties. But some technical fields are getting too many trained
personnels for the job market. This has now hit engineering in
almost every specialty.
What makes it really tough in the dynamics of needed social
changes is that "there is no standard value system" in Korean
society. "Christianity is a fundamental ethical principle in
the European and American societies. A new value system should
be found by which to combine foreign influence and our tradi-
tional culture and set more rational and liberal cultural
patterns of our own."
J.9..
Dr. Charles. Chakauian calls tis need for c. new value system
a coordinated, mnssiv. , cort nuing c .i-n towards the crea-
tion of a new morality to :'it the emorg-.-g new Korean social
order. Nothing less will do. . . :Vithout”the creation of such
a new morality _ suitable to times like th, Present, Korea's
economic and military progress may prove to be of secondary
worth m the long run." , *
13/
2 The generations is a real life issue in society because
of the radical shift m this past decade from the large family
concept to the nuclear family concept. This means a tremendous
tension has developed m many families.
In a number of churches, youth are demanding real changes in the
program provided for them, and they are also demanding that their
local church show more social concern for the disadvantaged.
The dress code is a good example to illustrate the Generation
Gap. The contrast between the long, loose-fitting Korean skirt
worn by most older women, and mini-skirts and hot-pants worn by
college coeds is more than just "size." It is a whole differ-
ence of attitude toward life.
Someone has put it that in what took three centuries in the west
as been compressed into an 80-year period here. Korean grand-
mothers are still in the l8th century, mothers in the 19th, and
daughters m the late 20th
Academy Bouse recently sponsored a "Dialogue between Generations.'
titty-five people participated from three groups: the estab-
lished generation (over 45 years), the revolutionary generation
(JO-35 years, the group involved in student revolution of i960),
and the college generation (20-25 years). Out of this tv;o-day
meeting came three conclusions:
a. ’The differences of thinking, attitude, senses, and way
lire are a reriectior or me cnangets that Kor^a fc-s 1 r-
gone .
b. '’They discovered the utility and need Tor dialogue to re-
solve differences between generations without extreme con-
flict .
c. More conflict results from differences in economic and
political power, i.e., between haves and have-nots, than
differences between generations • 51
^ n ic tension s are at a minimum because of the homogeneity
o the Korean people. One area, however, provides hug-e tension,
e Eurasian child, who is neither accepted by his peer's nor by
society. Leading social workers still believe the best thing
for the Eurasian child is to take him out of Korea.
Koreans are much more relaxed bout the Japanese visiting Korea.
Sven Japanese language insult tes are seen. For the first time
also a Russian has visited as co^.ch of the Iranian soccer team.
4. Drugs are not a serious problem except as Koreans living near
U.S. Army installations serv: as "feeders of drugs. Marijuana
grows wild in Korea, but _-s not seer to be a serious problem
v/ith Koreans.
5. Three social movements in change can be mentioned here , all
having an avid "push" from Church leaders.
a. Austerity - headed by Catholic laywomen, and with many
other church and non-chum. h participants, women are organ-
izing to get other women not to waste their money on unneeded
luxuries, especially expensive imported items. In a sense
it is a teaching process co introduce people to the best and
wholesome areas of food, clothing, housing, so that a minimum
is spent on yourself and a maximum can go into savings, group
action, and the good of others.
In a sense this goes hand-in-hand with a government policy
to revive Korea's culture. Really be Korean in all you do,
in your dress, in your manners, in your ways of life.
b. Labor -Man a gem :■ n t working together is in its fifth year
of development at Jesuit Sugang University, headed by Father
Price. Labor and management study together, work together,
eat together, and discover how they creatively make a team
and need each other.
c. Credit Unions. la a land where private loans bring 3-7%
interest/ month , ifce credit union has brought a "social cons-
ciousness" uo ru<.c.L communities and some urban areas. The
Church has been at the very forefront in this. In addition,
the group responsibility has brought a new sense of integrity
to the social scene.
A new book in Korean and English by Dr. Gerhard Breidenstein
of Germany, a specialist in Social Ethics and teacher for
three years at Yonsei University, is entitled, Christians
and Social Justice. Its sub- title clearly tells its impor-
tance for Korea, Study Handbook on Modern Theology,
Socio-Political Problems in Korea, and Community Organiza-
tion." It is a handbook for Vrean students' study and
action.
Religion in General
Largely through the Academy House, today there is frequent dia-
logue among the maj^*’ religions of Korea, namely Christianity,
Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shamanism. Both Buddhism and Chun-
dokyoism (a syncretistic religion) have been attempting revivals,
but I do not observe an authentic revival, only some flourishes.
Fo weverj religious leaders ?.re prominent in all walks of life,
and as individuals— not as groups— are having real influences in
all areas of life here. I’m not sure how one would measure this,
but no Korean fears sharing his religious faith at his place of
work as well as at his place of worship.
;.t an Academy Rouse sponsored confererce, 47 representatives
from seven religions, and social scientists struggled for two
days with the topic, "The Role of Religions in Korean Social
Development." Seeking to understand how religions could coop-
erate for national development, they observed "that most reli-
gions, in some respects, because of their passive or negative
social participation, were considered a hindrance to develop-
ment." ^ / The passiveness depends on the degree to which
Shamanistic elements are contained in the religion.
Christian Community
1. Limitations are basically non-existent for the Christian in
thisTand ~of openness for the Gospel. Christians participate
openly in the life of the nation, often making it quite clear
that their attitudes on issues are based upon their Christian
convictions •
2. Commitment to al -aconomic-political development of the
nation probably is not a paramount part of the average Korean
Christian's disciple-ship . But this does not mean that it is
non-existent. The action programs tend to be limited to the
local church's outreach — or to action by Councils or youth
groups. Action programs per se seem to be few. The best ones
are in the new apartment buildings and in the satellite city of
Kwangju Estates. Also Hankuk Seminary of the Presbyterian Church,
ROK, running an open lecture series each month on "Liberation
Theology." Professor Stephen Moor's lecture on Black ineolog:
got a warm response with many questions.
Discussions of faith and action with non-Christians is min-
mal but is coming The Ac demy House has enabled, many to have
this experience. Often Korean Christians have been tremendously
influenced through participation in East -sia Christian Confer-
ence and other ecumenical gatherings, and are really trying to
get involved v/ith non-Christians in faith and action.
4. U.S. influence in the churches here is minimal but signifi-
cant. For the ecumenical agencies of Korea, U.S. and World
Council of Churches support has been too much compared to Korean
Church support. As a consequence a great injustice has been
done to the integrity of ecumenical agencies here. This must
be corrected speedily.
Most U.S. personnel are working very well alongside Korean
counterparts, the latter usually in the key position.
• 22-
5# Church viewed from outside . i* new short story, Dawn, by
Ki-v/on 3UH,"T“F“r pp~oared . ^ , .?er°e with problems react exas-
peratingly to the- ringing of the church bell at dawn prayer
meetings. One perceives also their understanding of the uncon-
cerned Christian theology that has come their way via singing.
From many points of view this story should be studied to get a
more objective understanding as to how the average Korean sees
the "club” called the Church.
The whole nation is observing now churches (some of very expres-
sive design) going up everywhere. One city district has at
least four new churches. On the show-place island, Yoido, here
in Seoul, the Assemblies of God are building a million dollar ,
multi-thousand seating sanctuary. Even our new Christian Center
of 10 stories is an impressive edifice for all to behold in the
heart of Seoul.
Hardly a city home this summer has not been aware of the evan-
gelistic thrust of the Church, with meetings for several days
in all major cities.
But the area where the Christian impact is most dramatic is in
the area of healing. Medicines in Korea are terribly expensive,
and Korea has more than its share of quack medicine men. Here
let me mention a Christian healer having a dramatic ministry.
Mrs. Seen He HYUN, the healer, is a very attractive Korean lady
in her 50* si an active leader in the Presbyterian Church, ohe
was first moved in this area of ministry some years ago when s
someone asked her to pray for a child who was ill. She asked
the Holy Spirit to heal the child and to her utter amazement
healing came. She fought off the idea of ever wanting to be
involved in a healing ministry, but again and again God seemed
to use her in this ministry.
In recent days perhaps the most colorful thing that has happened
was to a 31-year old man named Hwang Jung KANG, who went state-
side several months ago to set up one of the Korean judo gymna-
siums. He is an attractive, able, husky fellow who was discov-
ered to have a very bad liver cancer situation, and in despondence
because American doctors gave him no nope except perhaps three tc
six months more of life, he returned to Korea. He came back on
June 4 of this year, and someone encouraged him to go and meet
Mrs. Hyun. She holds meetings in Seoul from the 16th of each
month to the end, and then goes on at the beginning of the month
to have meetings in Taegu. This young man had returned with thi.
terrible medical situation, and he just seemed to be getting
worse. At the first meeting Mrs. Hyun prayed over him; she go l
the whole group of people there (which was hundreds of people)
to pray over him also, and he felt a real healing and seems to
be much better. There has been one return of the problem out
that too seems to have been alleviated. He has become a Christian
He feels a strong call to the ministry.
-23-
Now .what all this means I don't know, but in JMrs. Hyun's exper-
ience she says that the power of the Holy Spirit seems to have
a way of bringing restored health .iere faith says a full ’’Yes"
to God!
F • Self-Development of People
Government and Church, and all community agencies give lip ser-
vice and some action in this most vital area of life. Let me
cite a few specific examples.
1. "The Role of the Church in Community Development" was the
title of a conference for two days at academy House. Thirty-five
pastors and laymen met. Three things were observed:
a. Over the years the churches here have contributed to the
development of Korean society in many ways. But now churches
seem to concentrate their energies on their own inner activi-
ties and neglect the community.
b. Therefore, what are some of the new modes of proclamation
and new ways to restructure church activities in a fast chang-
ing society?
c. Results followed: several church buildings have been
opened for children's use during week days. A few churches
opened their education halls • • "special education of news
paper boys, shoeshine boy.: , and other helpless children
immediately." /
Pohang City will soon be the lo. . ion of Asia’s largest steel
^lfer~In helping this small port city to grapple with the
great changes coming, our Xeimyung Christian College headed up
a sociological, educational, and religious study of the
area. Its findings are now being implemented— relocation of one
satellite town to evade' smog problems, development of a. voca-
tional school to prepare you'll for factory jobs, ecological
studies on pollution to sum Huhang's lovely beach and shoreline,
2. Women's Resources for v .ni.-nt are being given attention
by Church and government ,.r u conference dealing with this sub-
ject, 57 women met reive -si" c mrch women's organizations,
female officials of the ' •u.ie:: i1 . professors , .girl student
leaders, and women jcurn iJuis The ~e observations.
a. Neither cultivation «• .1 tion of women's power
as a human resource iv1 1 v« ier.i has begun.
b. "In the proc?r' *v - n- l m trial i •*. ■
from a shortage of serrii-sk.Lilect and
hidden resources of women should be
development." 3.8/
tion, Korea, will snfA* *
skilled labor, and the
mobilized to aid national
-?.4*
c. Hen must be* awakened to the fact that they have been hin-
drances in improving women’s place in society and in utiliz-
ing them as resources.
3 . The Government in self-development is really bending every
effort to develop "independence of defense" by developing its own
small arras arsenals, etc. Although an unfortunate illustration
because of its militaristic overtones, it nevertheless portrays
the "will" for self-doing which is a very close brother of self-
development. Korea is getting tired of dependence on another,
even on its friend, the U.3.A.
The government is working hard to reduce the "distance" between
the rural and urban way, of life.
In public health through preventive medicine techniques, TB con-
trols, family planning clinics and equipment, and innoculations ,
the government is showing concrete involvement in the self-
development of people.
4. Problems in development are many! Here are a few. One of
the most persistent traditional habrts which resists change is
the idea that a Korean couple must have two sons. This can add
up to a lot of kids if the sons don't arrive first. Corruption
is rampant now, and was "part and parcel" of the old past, the
idea being what you can get out of a job, not what you can put
into it. Eat , drink and be merry — the "non-iconomic trio"—
still continue to waste much money. The tendency to say
the initiative is with some other person makes bureaucratic de-
cisions very burdensome.
5. In education and teaching materials the Educational Research
Institute at Yonsei University, headed by Professor Ki Young OH,
is making a revolution in education, and many of his new ideas
for real teaching and real learning are now being incorporated
by the Ministry of Education into its educational materials fer
use in public schools.
6. On population growth the government has given strong impetus
to a vigorous, well-run family planning program. And the Church
(through KNCC) is now officially at work in this same area. This
is bound to have a strong effect for good.
7. Self-Development demands savings as well as spendings. In
March 1971 bank savings hit 1,000 billion won ($2.8 billion dol-
lars), two months ahead of schedule. Savings have multiplied 50
times in the last decade although t e GNP of goods and services
only rose ten times.
And the largest number of savings account users are small deposi-
tors* These people save for development purposes: to improve
their livelihood, to finance the schooling of their children and
their business operation, and to secure money to buy or construct
residences.
-25-
8. In evaluating so ne of the development programs, let me mention
three, and speak in i.ore detail on two of them*
a. Educational — see above my paragraph on Education Insti-
tution at Yonsei University.
b. Kojedo Project of Publ. c Health Education. This project
headed up by Dr. John Sibley, one of our United Presbyterian
medical missionaries, has passed its first tests and trials,
and now shows how community medicine combined with other dis-
ciplines of social work and agriculture can team together to
bring real health care to a remote island. It is having its
effects on the island, and it is also helping to show the
medical profession a great and needed area of service.
r. Severance Hospital Clinics at Satellite City. Dr. Lim,
Superintendent of Severance Hospital, a strong convert to
community medicine (partially sparked by our own Dr. Kit
Johnson), is helping his staff and medical students to dis-
cover the fun and involvement through free clinics for the
desperately poor in Kwangju Estates (a satellite city) where
nearly 200,000 live. Other medical groups have sporadically
tried the same, but Severance has succeeded beyond expecta-
tions because they know and use effective community medicine
techniques, and they care!
9<» Relationship with COEMAR. In a sense the Korean Church thinks
that COEMAR* s present priorities are zeroed in most crisply on
Self-Development of People. After all, when one takes COEMAR* s
current four Priority Objectives — of communicating Jesus Christ
as Lord and Saviour, of equipping for fulfillment of life and ser-
vice, of participating in God’s redemptive action in the world, and
of contributing toward a world community this is development
in its fullest dimensions! — "
COEMAR must now lay those priorities alongside the Korean Church* s
priorities (now being formulated) and discover what this means for
Partnership in Mission Korea-style. Certainly one of the changes
needed to enhance and encourage self-development is to stress rural
development because this is where the ”sma?-lest fellow” is on the
economic ladder in Korea. COEMAR must stress an ”Asian-ness” in
its selection of personnel and ” t lack-ness” oecause these are lack-
ing now.
At the same time, COEMAR must never assume it has a BIG role in
Korea. COEMAR is just one of three overseas Boards related to
the Presbyterian Church of Korea, Sydney’s and Nashville’s rela-
tionships are also very important. So are those of the Methodists,
Baptists, TEAM, and others.
-26-
A CLOSDTG fTM' BCTIOF
One day we came wheeling arour.d a busy corner and zingo, right in our pathway,
a man with a largo cart. Brakes screeched, our "wheeled vehicles" (ours with
a motor, his pushed by the one arm he had) just missed touching by a hair.
And he gave us a full smile we'll never forget. In living out his life with
a severe handicap, he has taught us a bold truth - live it winsomolyi He, too,
is the type that should be "helped to help himself" into a job not as taxing
on his limitations (imagine being one armed and pushing a cart with up to 150
pounds of vegetables ) .
Yes, we're in such situations in Korea to live out our lives for others, ^ind
as Thanksgiving and Christmas 1971 breathe across the mountains, valleys, and
islands of ' orea, at least 30,000 now believers in 1971 will worship our Lord
Jesus Christ because things are happening, men and women, boys and girls aro
discovering Christ. A "tithe of Korea" (10 jb or 3*100,000) is God's leaven
here as we venture forth into 1972.
My colloague, Dr. Samuel H. Moffett, has made a graph which portrays^ho
upward Larch of Christ. In a sonse it forms an "i" (see attached) — '
PERSPECTIVE
1971 was marred by many tragedies on many sides — in Indonesia, in India and
Pakistan, the Near East, Northern Ireland, in the Taeyunkak Hotel holocaust,
in .America's traumas, and elsewhoro.
But 1971 climaxed with Christmas, the burst of God's Glad Mossago. Hear
these words of Howard Thurmans
"When the song of the angel is stilled,
When the star in the sky is gone,
iJhon the kings and princes are hone,
VJhcn the shophords are back with their flock,
The work of Christmas bogins i
To find the lost,
To hoal tho broken,
To food tho hungry,
To release the prisoner,
To rebuild nations,
To bring peace among brothers,
To make music in tho heart."
(As quoted by Dr. James Phillips, Japan, in his Christmas 1971**
Few Year's 1972 letter)
VJhat a day for Mission I What an opportune tine to think clearly^ plan care-
fully, and pray constantly for the coming of Christ's kingdom. Even so come,
Lord Jesus, to your Church, to your world, through your Word,
Anon .
Stanton Rodger Wilson
I.P.O. Box 1125
February 1972 Sooul, Korea 100
- 2?
r
J* 2,200,000
-28-
1. Tho
2. .The
3. The
4. The
F00TTTQT5S FOR FIRST DIVISION
Korea Tines,
Korea Tines,
Korea Tines,
Korea Tines,
October I-: , 1
Docombor 6, 1971
December 28, 1971
Decombor 28, 1971
-29-
FOOTNOTES
1. Pacific Stars and Stripes, October 22, 1970, p. 7
2. Samuel H. Moffett in a letter dated July 10, 1970
3. The K o re a Times , May 3, 1971, p. 4
4. The Korea Tlrnes , June 13, 1971
5. Monthly Economic Statistics, The Bank of Korea, 9.1971 , p. 9
6. Impact of Population Growth on Korean Economy, The National Family
Planning Center, 1971, P • 93
7. Korea Journal, Feb. 1, 1971, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 6-7
8.
Korea
Journal ,
Feb .
i.
1971,
Vol. II,
No. 2,
P.
5
9.
Korea
Journal ,
Feb.
i,
1971,
Vol. II,
No. 2,
P*
5, 6
10.
Korea
Journal ,
Aug.
i,
1971,
Vol. II,
No. 8,
P.
8
11. Country Profiles, 'The Republic of Korea", issued by the Population
CouncTl~oT the International Institute for the Study of Human
Reproduction, Columbia University, April 1970, p. 1
12.
Korean Quarterly, Spring-Summer 1970,
Vol.
XII,
No. 1-2,
P*
29
13.
The Korea Herald, Aug. 15, 1970, p. 2
, 3
14.
Korean Quarterly, Spring-Summer 1970,
Vol.
XII,
No. 1-2,
P*
99
15.
Korean Quarterly, Spring-Summer 1970,
Vol.
XII,
No. 1-2,
PP
. 101-102
16.
English translation by Jeong-duc LIH,
P. 3, 6
The
Korea
Times, Aug.
1, 1971,
17.
Korean Quarterly, Spring-Summer 1970,
Vol.
XII,
No. 1-2,
P-
97
18.
Korean Quarterly, Spring-Summer 1970,
Vol.
XII,
No. 1-2,
P*
102
19. The Korea Herald, April 30, 1971, p. 3
20. Samuel H. Moffett general letter dated July 10, 1970
REPCRT FROM KOREA
OCTOBER , 1970
ON THE RTTN
We've been back in Korea less than tr.ro months after a year on Home
Assignment, Only one phrase describes t' 'sc breath-taking weeks. The
phrase is "On the Rim", The economy cont .'nnos o;. -he run; in i us trial
growth is definitely on the run; international developments aro surely
on the run, Seoul gallops on the run and the Church is apparently on
the run. These five areas will provide the mosaic of this survey on tho
fast changing scene of Korea as it has ertored a new decade,
1, Economy, Let mo give three eye-openers:
a. Wages of the family
Recent surveys show that tho 1969 monthly family earnings in
urban areas are now &89. (27,800 won). This is a rise of 16.7$ from 1968.
But consumer prices also on the run, cut the real increase to 3,7$.
Even more startling is a comparison of 1965 and 1969 incomes
per household. 1969 income was 20*1$ higher than 1965. In real terms - up
97.9$. Is it any wonder that the city dweller is much better off than a
few years ago?*-
Although I have not been able to track down similar statistics
for rural Korea, two facts appears the household income would be consider ally
less, but Korea is having a best-ever rice harvest, even x^ith advorso
September weather,
b. Strikes for More Pay
Medical centers across the land have been plagued by strikes
led by residents, interns, and nurses. Most Christian hospitals have
settled these strikes with higher wages provided. As I write, the National
Medical Center's nurses have just gone out on sti’ike. 232 nurses turned in
letters of resignation and their dormitory keys, and left protesting
"retaliatory reassignment" of the head nurse.
However one looks at this strike, some items are obvious. First
it paralysed the overall activities of a mammoth hospital. Second, the strike
is probably to blame for the death of an out-patient x/ho was refused hospital-
isation at the Center and died enroute to another hospital. Who is the person
we're concerned with here?
c. Atomic Energy
Korea has been an the atomic energy field for almost a decade.
Just recently it began projections for a radiation process ing pilot plant.
Noted international atomic scientists here observed "Korea is in a more
developed stage in atomic science and technology than they had thought,"^
For a developing nation l* is is a wise s -lection because it Is
not an expensive venture, and will bring about huge changes in crucial areas
for Korea: elimination of tho hairy caterpillar which do: troys many pine
trees in Korea, prevention of water pollution by sterilising human excrement
(used as a "fertilizer")* cut down the price of gamma ray irradiator from
On the Run
-2-
Octobor 1970
present $50*000 to $5*000; change fr :i ash into blocks the remains of coal
briquettes - Korea's major fuel for heating its hot floors, Tho blocks can
be made by mixing the used briquette . -.th an adhesive substance called Monomer,
2, Industrial growth
Industrial growth has been at the astounding rate of 40 $ per year
lately. It has grown 25 timos in 10 years ,3 Just to say these "new math"
figures may not mean much. Therefore 'lot ne deal with three specifics.
a. Time magazine (Asia Edition) for September 21, 1970, relates why
industry is moving to Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore - cheap wages-,- The- - • — ..
Signet ics Corporation, a mile from my home, was mentioned. "Signotics Corp.,
a Corning Glass Works subsidiary, for instnee, flies components to Seoul,
South Korea, where workers assemble them into integrated circuits that are
flown back to the U.S. to be fitted into computers. The operation makes
economic sense because Signetics pays the Korean workers only $45 a month
vs. the $350. or so it would have to pay an employee in Sunnyvale, Calif,"
If we are concerned about the self-development of people, the
wages at Signotics say something to the Church. At the same time the Korean
government keeps wages low in such international plants to attract foreign
capital and industry.
b, Seoul Foreign School, traditional school for missionaries',
diplomats', and business peoples* children, with nearly 500 students, finds
that 62 yo are from the international business community. Never before has
any group had a larger percentage than the missionaries.
c. Tight Funds ore somewhat slowing the industrial growth. One
of the main sources of developing large industrial funds is through combined
savings in the banks which still pay 22$> annual interest on savings. Savings-
type deposits are not meeting targets. Recently only 41. 7^ of 1970's target
had been reached and the year is three-quarters gone. However, note how much
was deposited’ in the first eight months of 1970 to indicate the strength of
this system where savings come from people of all walks of life. The 41.7ft
represents 79.2 billion won or $250,000,000.5 Small money for giant U.S.A.,
but giant money for small Korea |
3. Internet ional Developments
South Korea's economic and political developments oven have inter-
national moorings - in Japan, Vietnam, North Korea, U.S0A., etc. An export
economy is the secret of Korea's development accent, and the Korean leaders
are venturing into markets on every continent. Earlier Korea received many
grants of economic aid; more recently it has been loans. Tho teso is on
now - the repayment of these loans on schedule. Let me hi-lite three itoms.
a . Reference Japan and UgS A «
These are tt two big nations, plus West Germany, who have done
much to helm in Korea's amazing development, . The i960 9 s saw large developments
by Japan and U.S. in Korea, some bi“la.‘Uor<il , some multi— .lateral as in the
construction of Asia's J. j._v js'g .integrated steel mill at Pohung, Korea. Let
me deal specifically with Japan.
On the Run
-3-
October 1970
Japan signed a treaty of friendship in 1965. Six: agreements
have now been signed. Japan has promised to supply aid of U.S. *300,000,000,
economic coloration of U.S. >200, 000, up to 1975. Now with withdrawal
of U.S. Forces beginning, Korea has asked <.apan for an additional
n S 4200.000,000. The Japanese, through tic Korean government, have helped the
Koreans develop their highways, bri' os, irri.;ation projects, shipping, and
other communication facilities. Developments are in many commodities ranging
from textiles to steel.
"Korea has become Japan's largest Asian buyer and Japan is South
Korea's second-largest importer after the U.S. But the ratio of exports frog
Japan to exports to it, is an inequitable 5il and this has Koreans worried.
Tire Korean worry increases because of Japan's economic ties with
North Korea and Cormnunist China. With 190 Japanese projects in South Korea
since 1959 and a combined investment of almost U.S 4530, 000, 000, .io
show realism by saying: "More than the Japanese need our market, we need tuo
capital, know-how, and even their market*" f
b. Arden* Area being t^f^med. We lived for ten years in Andong,
/^orv!*pr* of SoutOoreaTs’-*^- conservative, non-progressiive eve*, Northern
‘ Province. We longed for the day when the opportunity for a bo^er
’srjs.’zsr^ «. -> *°>shis; stgs xs?
But now dawn has broken, and a new day beckons with international dev i p-
mental investments in that area.
Here is what is haPi*?ning. "The government has invited loading
projected multi-purpose da, a in Andong, Kyungsang-p^o.
p jL (V-or>\ official^ said yesterday tin- Under to be held m Novemoei xs
Oh. a.». The preconstruction In “ e-.pecW
ssav^sssaz
Kcci'ct^Kcy .ndkpprexdmtely *17 ^ to wTSJ”
of i.he dam Will not only help control -xoo-s ' ® hectares (47,000
supply 186 million tens of ,»tcu ..u.»Uy to of
production of
97 million kilowatts electricty a year.
c. Korea he'll fng other nations.
Korea has participated for many years to
assist°South Vietnam and provided
medical teams for several Asian and African nations.
But in autumn 1970 it has projected launching
national development plans with some politico * foreign Ministry
this development ergon .111 be under the » * > B*
"designed to formulate and carry out all assistance progr
foreign countries
On the Run
October 1970
-4-
Aid programs will go to Southeast Asia, Africa, Middle East and
Latin America, Some $3 - $5 million anni'/Tly will go into aid funds for
technical cooperation and capital assistance.
But "the new body ic a?. so designed to seek 'r^aximum effect with
minimum funds' in diplomatic o -J.ig.io to block North Korea's diplomatic
irEmeuverings in the areas concerned, to strengthen further Korea's position
in non-aligned states, and to expand trade volume."-^
Seoul
Seoul City lives and dies on "gas" - "gas" odors from cars, bottled
"gas" for heating and cooking; poisonous ‘'gas" emitted from heating briquettes.
Not a day passes without stories on "gas".
If putting one's foot on the speed pedal can be called "putting on
the gas", we note also that there is an increased tempo of life here which
really keeps you hopping.
Now with more than 5,000,000 people and the seventh largest city on
the planet called earth, this bustling city continues to grow by almost 1,1200
people daily, many coming from rural Korea in search of a new and better way
of life.
Seoul 1970 has some significant changes from a year ago. Perhaps
several hundred more apartment buildings, new shopping complexes, one of the
world's finest international hotesl (the Now Chosun), connections to a new.
turnpike making Pusan only five hours away, a fast growing Korean international)
airline with a 747 on order, congestion at peak hours like you'll see nowhere*
Such is Seouli
The criticisms of this hug© city are many. The government's English-
language paper editorialized recently with the caption "Choking Metropolis'',
Here it is;
"Despite official claims to the contrary, the capital city of
Seoul seems to be going down the drain from the viewpoint of oeauty, comfort
and functional utility. This is the some old complaint which has been raised
by so many for so long, but for which no remedy appears in sight. Or rather
we have already passed tlie point of no return 'S far as the deformed and^ ugly
development of Seoul is concerned. But something must bo done, inadequate
though it may be, to improve the existing conditions, or at least to prevent
things from getting ev-n worse.
"One reaso i for the congestion of Seoul streets and thoroughfares
was partially explained when statistics revealed that streets account lor
only five per cent of the capital aroa, The total area of Seoul streets is
put at 32,340,000 sq. meters out of the total metropolitan area. of 612 sq. km.
City officials compare this rate with an average of 15 percent in cities of
most advanced countries.
"In making public the figures, the municipal authorities honestly
admitted their ml' taken 'assumption* in tho past. -tbs. t about >.? per cent of
the city area tfa. occupied by streets. Their honesty is refreshing enougxi;
but it is a dismaying discovery that their administration may have relied so
On the Run
October 1970
~5~
heavily upon an assumption based on the rule of thumb or a gross mis calc ulatioa.
What a far cry from the precision expected in this ago of science and
computerized living! •••
'Wrongly conceived city Planning and its undisciplined implementa-
tion are responsible for a complex of urban blights— traffic congestion,
housing shortage, epidemics, poll' d1 " i and. nervous breakdowns. It is worth
listening when visitors from abroc though impressed by the development boom
and the brisk pulse of the city, inv ..rtably agree that Seoul is vast jumble
and lacks rudimentary things like *. oquate running water and sewage systems.
Now is the time for Seoul’s municipal administration to focus on the essentials
and the basic requirements of a decent and viable metropolis 11
A United Presbyterian missionary son, Norman Sibley, 15 , has opened
a campaign to do something on Seoul® s pollution, to create enough sentiment
for change so that Seoul will have an "Eftrth Day" soon. Yonsei University’s
student council is cooporating and i be idea if; spreading to Roman Catholic
Sogang University, Something is going to happen for Norm Sibley’s ecological
idea is "on the run" l
5. Church .
The p^ast year has been basically a good year for the Church in
several respects. The Church continues to grow significantly in numbers.
Of South Korea's 31 ,000,000 people more than 10$ are Christian; in fac*c,
the growth of the Church percentage-wise is keeping slightly ahead of the
population growth. The big component in the growth is the Church’s work
with youth.
Christianity here has historically been related to Korean patriotism.
And right now severe 1 leading politic V-ns in both political patios are
active Christians, As Presidential erection ..ears in June 1971. both parties
will try their best to woo the Christian and his vote.
Significant developments in 1970 were these;
a. Young Nak Presbyterian ChurcVs 25th Anniversary has had
several special features all year Jong* P-x.l'ip s most notable. was 'ts
sponsorship of an int er —denomina t xonal evangelistic campaign in three ci
led by Dr. John E. Fiaggai of Atlanta. 32 meetings in Fusan, 30 in Taegu, an
44 in Seoul saw nearly 20,000 new professions of faith, 13,000 of wn ,ch came
from University and College students "the most responsive in professes of
faith."12 The campaign’s name was lived up toi "Seventh Decade Spiritual
Revolution Crusade." So large wore the crowds, totalling 270,000, uhat
people could hardly make their way forward to make their professions.
Young Nak itself, largest Presbyterian Church in the world, reports more
than 2,000 new members from the Campaign.
In a la • lore
the Church should provide -*• free
of its anniversary . It has now
and has thus made another bread
blood is never given free, Young Nak decided
b'locd bank. So it launched the plan as part
been followed by othor churches joining in,
trough for the church "in God's world".
On the Run
-6-
October 1970
b. Presbyterian
meeting in Taegu’s histoi
r^uroh of Korea 1 s 55th General Assembly September
•j First Presbyterian Chiu* eh elected the Principal
of Keisung Boys* High School, the Rev, 3-Vr-^ik Synn, as Moderator, The
vie e-mod erat or ship was a real battle because the winner is "predestined" to
be Moderator next year, 1 -otod was the R v . Chi- II Fang, until 1958
missionary from the Korean Church to Shantung China, Since his return he
into brand new hands when the Rev* Eyung-T&o Kim, Ph,D,, a pastor was elected,
Ko has also been appointed Acting General Secretary of the denomination.
c. New Seminary Pros idonts
In the spring Hankuk Seminary, related to the Presbyterian Church
in the R,0,K, (the "liberal" denomination) elected the Rev, Chong Choon Kim,
Ph,D,, as its new Presdient. With organizational changes, Hankuk Seminary is
altering most of its faculty and bringing on some younger professors.
Trustees, unanimously nominated the Rev, Jong^Sung Rhoe, Th,D0 to become
President, The 55th General Assembly unanimously confirmed this nomination.
Dr. Rhee holds his doctorate from San Francisco Theological Seminary and
succeeds the Rev, H Seung Kay, PheD,, President sinco 1959- Dr, Rhoo thus
becomes President of the largest Presbyterian Seminary outside the U.S.A.
with 200 students in its B.D. and Th.M. programs.
d. Consultation on Korean- American Relations with subtitle "Dilemmas
December 2-5, 1970 here in Seoul, As Acting East Asia Regional Secretary of
the Commission last spr:u I T-as in on a number of tho American preparation
meetings, and now am participating on the Korean preparation committee.
Sponsored by the respective N»C«»C;, 's * •xiellent leadership is being provided
and the results of this ccr ...nultatlon should be important for future planning.
Korea's chairman is Dr, Wc -long Kang, Director of Academy House, and a
leading speaker among collegians.
e, K.N.C.C, Statement on U.S. Forces. In August the Korean National
reduction of U,S, military forces in Korea, Dr0 Ed Poitras, Methodist
clergyman, summarizes the following points.
tho 'Nixon Doctrine.* not only on military grounds, but on the basis of
international political ethics and res pais Ability ■
"The American administration's mistaken .-judgment leading to the
withdrawal of forces in Korea led to the ou . 'oak of war in 19w0*
has pioneored in industrial missions t The Stated Clerk's job also changed
In September the Presbyterian Theological Seminary's Board cf
and Opportunities in the Future of Northeast Asia" is now schod.ulod for
Council of Churches' Executive Committee issued a statement opposing tho
IV<
The Christians of Korea oppose the reduction associated with
"In light of the war preparations and machinations of the North
On the Run
-7-
October 1970
"We do not seek military force which oppresses, but rather which
guarantees freedom and peace. We do rot wfsh unlimited military establishment.
We wish security through defense and * v --.-’orce. An American reduction would
cause concern among our people and dir: opt the plans for Korean self-defense.
We ask that a friendly nation like tho 7,1. A. fulfill its obligation and
responsibility to prepare Korea for her own defense needs.
"August 5, 1970
Korea National Council of Churches
Chairman: Dong Shik Chi
General Secretary: ICwan Suk Kim" ^
f. President Park's Comments on Christians came as a roal surprise
because Park himself is not a Christian. Tho Kor0a Times, Octobor 1, 1970
carried this report: "President Park Chung-hee yesterday said that Korea and
other Free Asian nations expect unity and efforts of the anti- Communist
Christians in their struggle against the Communists. Such an expectation is
based on the conviction thst Christianity has made a great achievement in
terms of love, service and struggle, always sixling with justice an-, freedom.
Park's remarks came in a message, read by Prime Minister Chung H-kwon, to
the sixth Asian Christian anti- Communist Conference held at the Fyongon
church in Seoul last night. The President also expressed hope that the
current conference may achieve its objectives :u,'* the protection of Asia
from the Communist expansion and defeat the Coin- .unis ts with the strength o
the Christians."
g. Buildings
Several significant Christian buildings were completed -- the
10-story Christian Center Building housing most ecumenical offices and some
denominational offices to Seoul, and a now 8-story Polycltoic Budding at
Taegu Presbyterian Hospital with a ffcJO.OOO gift from the West German Church.
The Edward Adams Memorial Building at Iveirayung Christian College nears
completion and will be dedicated at Founders Day, May 1971.
At old Severance Hospital site near the Seoul Railroad Station
recent construction diggings unearthed 23 historical items contained in a
lead box buried at the tine of the cornerstone laying in 1902. ^Papers
and coins of that time plus a congratulatory message by Horace H. Allen, then
Minister of the U.S. Mission to Korea (and earlier the first Presbyterian
missionary to reach Korea in 1884) were found in excellent condition after
68 years In the lead container t
h. Union Christian University, a merger of Taejon Presbyterian
College and sS5S£?31 College appears near at hand.
been its Korean name, now confirmed as Soong-Jun. Dr. Herman (Hyun0 ..
Kim, former President of Soongsil College, is its new Eresiaon .
i. Methodists Pidicate Church of Atap»w^» In September *e
"Church of dodlcit^d Cheam near Suwon. Tho money ( o
$30,000) came entirely from Japanese Christens as an atonem “ ,
terrible Cheam Mi- ore of 1919 'hen Japanese policemen burnt tho church
after forcing 29 _ ung villagers into tho building.
-8-*
October 1970
On the Run
j. International Education . Koimyung C olio go in Taegu, ono of our
Presbyterian related, colleges, playc' an unusual role in international
graduate study this last spring sore -tor* ’r, O'Conner, Principal of the
U.S. Forces Dependents' School, Taegr, noe \o.\ an Arts course for his Masters
program at New York University, Arran -emerts wore made for him to do it at
Keimyung under Professor Chung in lor ear* calligraphy. He passed and later in
the summer, while in America, completed t %e degree.
k. Blind Girl and Missionaries . The Korea Times , Sunday, October 4,
1970, features a long article called ’'Blind Voice Major Begins ih.D. Studies,”
Jeanie Kim is at Indiana University, a straight "A” student. But her road to
Indiana began with The Rev, and Mrs. Harrj^ Hill (now retired) of our United
Presbyterian Mission who took her in years ago, loved her, taught her, and
made life meaningful for her in the security of Christ* 1 2 3 s love,
l. Christian Literature Society Celebrates 80th Birthday, Beginning
from a meeting in Rev, H, G. Underwood's home in 1890, this great literature
organization has now reached its 80th year. Some 1,000 titles were available
up to World War II, Then all destroyed in the Korean War, But again the book
titles are back up to about 1,000, and rapidly increasing, with two- thirds
being original writings by Koreans,
Notable ventures in recent years are the new Union Hymnal of 19^7 »
and a merger with the Korea Christian Litoracy Association in 1969*
Reflections
Any Report from Korea must be open-ended, especially one written just
after returning from Home Assignment to a nation ”on the run”.
Let me mention three items on docket for lovely October,
1, Cultural - Koreans love music. On October 5 th begins a four day
Music Festival at Korea's favorite Citizens Hall, During the Festival
40 creative works by 28 Korean composers will be featured.,
2, Ecumenical - Here in Korea the missionaries of the rresbyterian
Church, U.S,, Australian Presbyterian Church, and ours work side by side in
our partnership with the Presbyterian Church of Korea, For us here "merger"
has been present for many years. Therefore we watch with more than casual
interest the reunion negotiations of our two great Presbyterian Churches in
the homeland which comes at a meeting October 26-29, 1970,
3, Commission - Late in October the Church here welcomes our General
Secretary- Elect , Dr. Donald Black and his wife for an eight day visit. These
visits remind us of our close walk in Christ with our brethren in this land
and across the world. May such endeavors hasten the day of mission when
people of all nations may be CN THE RUN TO JESUS I
SRW i mas
Stanton Rodger Wilson
-9-
Octcber 1970
Footnotes
1. Reported in Pacific - tars and Stri.es , i-r it ember 20, 1970, p.23
2. The Korea Tires , October ?, 19?C
3, Statistics by Robert Kinney, September 1970
4, Time, Septomber 21, 1970, p.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The Korea Times , October 4, 1970, p.8
The Asia Magazine, October 4, 1970, pp* 12-13
Quotation in The A»ia Magazine, October 4, 1970, p. 13
The Korea Times , October 4, 1970, Pt 8
Ibid, p.l
Ibid, p.l
The Korea Herald, Editorial, September 23, 1970
Christianity Today, July 17, 1970, p* 31
Prepared by Dr. E. W. Poitras, September 17, 1970 as reported in
Kyo Hwe Yun Hap Shin Bo (United Church News), Seoul, .august lo,l.V
13.
ACTS 10
May, 1972
PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS OF THE CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT
In Korea today, and indeed throughout the world, there is a very exciting and
puzzling movement abroad, which closely resembles the experiences of Paul
Cornelius and his friends in the chapter read. I want to talk about it now
because I would like to share with you something of my own pilgrimage and also
because I believe that sooner or later, whether you like it or not, everyone of
you in this room is going to be affected by it and have to make some kind of
response, whether it be positive or negative.
This movement goes under various names, some of them derogatory, but I think the
most widely accepted name is the ’charismatic movement*. To my knowledge it is
only about 18 months since it began to spark in Korea, but right now the spark is
being fanned into a veritable bush fire.
Another name for this movement is the Pentecostal movement, and that is where you
all switch off your receiver sets as I did at first. I remember Oral Roberts
being asked to leave Melbourne by the authorities because of his so-called sham
healing for personal profit, and being accosted in the street by a stranger who
told me that if I couldn't speak with tongues then I couldn't possibly be a
Christian. Because of these and other off-putting experiences, it has been very
difficult for me, as it probably would be for you, to be open-minded about the
new emphasis on the Holy Spirit and speaking with tongues which the charismatic
movement is all about. I am at one and the same time attracted and repelled, and
after months of reading about the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, studying and
discussing it, praying about it and observing others, I find myself where I was
a year ago - sitting on the fence, neither in nor out of the group. But with a
difference, because I have struggled through to a renewed commitment to God, a new
openness to Him, and a new willingness to undertake any task for Him or have any
experience He might want me to have. And for that spiritual growth I thank Him.
V/hat are the manifestations of the charismatic movement as seen from the fringe
where I am?
1. Deep needs are being met for all types of people, from drug addicts to
embassy employees, from missionaries to ox-convicts. For many it is a conversion
experience, for all it brings peace, power and purpose to their lives.
2. There is direct communication with God and an overwhelming assurance of
His constant presence. The dialogue with God, either directly or through another
person, is most impressive.
3* There is a beautiful atmosphere of love, acceptance and unity of spirit
among people of very different theologies, backgrounds, nations and ages. Here
at least the generation gap is bridged, and the gulf between Catholic and Protestant.
4. Speaking with tongues is experienced as one surrenders himself completely
to God, with the laying on of hands. This is such a beautiful and cleansing
experience that those who experience it for the first time radiate joy.
All of us here have known the guidance and blessing of God’s Holy Spirit since we
first committed our lives to Him, and yet I would be surprised if there was anyone
among^is who does not yearn for a closer walk with Him. Sometimes He seems far away,
and we know our love for Him and commitment to Him are far from adequate. It is for
this Reason that the direct and close communion with God experienced within the
charismatic movement attracts me.
ACTS 10
Personal Impressions of the Charismatic Movement
-2-
I hesitate to talk about the debit side of the ledger, because wo all see things
bTr We — 811 different- I d°n't want to pu t you off the
charismatic movement because of my personal prejudices and interpretations or
misinterprets .ions. But this very subjective picture would not be complete or
honest if I failed to mention the aspects which do not appeal to me, and so
for what it is worth, I present the contrary side. ’
From my somewhat uncomfortable perch on the fence, I see:
1. An absorption with spiritual experiences which seems to make people
! ( °r m°I!’ f lika> human, and remote from everyday life,
A barrier is thus created between the ’believer* and the rest of dull old humanity.
2. This also gives rise to the oft-heard criticism of a tendency to be rather
arrogant in spiritual matters - ’I’m closer to God than you are’ kind of approach
though maybe this applies mainly to new believers. approach,
3. Although deep needs are met, a new need is created by the experience, the
need for constant recharging of the batteries' in fellowship with others of the
«o°that mXT Spe"tfln/!el^ng this f0ll°wship and spiritual nourishment,
so that families ^nd work tend to be neglected.
h* I soe little evidence that this undoubtedly uplifting and beautiful
experience results either in greater sensitivity to the fe lings and needs of
others, or in action to relieve suffering, need or distress in the community.
It does not seem to be anything other than spiritually oriented, although it
does give depth of moaning and new impetus to Christian endeavour already engaged in.
speaking through this movement today in a very real way. He is speaking to
and through individuals as He cannot do readily through the institutionalized
church. Lives are being radically changed and God is given the glory. Hallelujah I
, , ® gives this experience only to those who have a deep need of some kind which
they have been able to express opanly. Our present-day world is one of such
tension fear and insecurity that many are feeling the need for the power of
rj~.s - 1,1 thelr lives as n0vor before, and through the charismatic movement
their need is being met.
I^laybe this experience is not meant for all of us. But we do need to be committed
to God and open to His guidance, trusting that He wants only what is good and
healthy for us. If w© trust Him this much, then we will be ready and willing to
respond if He calls us to new experiences, and able to accept and love those who
have a new and different experience of the Holy Spirit than we have.
PRAYER
• e praise and thank you, dear Father, that you did not leave us comfortless, but
sent your Holy Spirit among us. We praise you for your work in the world through
all generations, and thank you for personal guidance and innumbrable blessings
through your Spirit over the years. We ask your continued presence with us. Lead
us, we ask, so that everything we undertake in the days ahead might be your will
for us, and not our own. „
HYMN No. 191 *Come down, 0 love Divine*
iv\U*6 Cll*Av» tvdic ^
K )2f w. Tap.)
■* l/flvvfhr fftvU'V Cli f )
v.)
La (s.P.)
PLu Cv 9.)
W,U«~ ? (<< 9.)
4 f» 44-} 441!, cd.'f'fii
Norma Brown
Australian Presbyterian Mission Meeting
Pusan, Korea
■ .'/KR/.TIVE REPORT OK KOREA
"NEW
NETWORK OK
NEIGHBORS"
October 1972
. \^-V
lO.-yw^
^3
INTRODUCTION
By* Dr. Stanton n. Wilson
Commission Representative to Korea
United Presbyterian Church in t: o .
Oroams and prayers have taken on flesh. 54 Seoulites traveled to
Pyongyang on August 29, 1972. For five days, representing the Red Cross and
tho Press of the Republic of Korea, they were wined, dined, entertained, and
treated as "mighty close neighbors". In mid- September again for five days
54 Pyongyangites wore in South Korea.
los, with Forth Korea. And with Japan, and with th< People's republic
of China, And to be sure with Taiwan and Vietnam, a whole new network of
neighbors is at Seoul's threshhbldi
Therefore this 1972 Roport on Korea both transnationally and indeed
nationally has one magnified marking, "New Network of Neighbors'. In
Red Cross headquarters; at the United Nations; in Seoul- Pyongyang- Tdkyo-
i-eking, in local neighborhoods an exciting NEW ness is here.
gpfltinium of beauty is landscaped with the same multi-colored cosmos
flowers from Pusan to Pyongyang, and golden rice fields from Pusan to Peking.
Ate challenge oT action is in an Oriental proverb: "When tho dust passes,
thou wilt see whether thou ridest a horse or an ass." By God's brace tho
clearing dust must not see Korea riding an ass. Rather may wo see all the
■•ast riding a horse - as neighbors! 1
In reporting on the first nine months of 1972, a 3-part outline seoms
sensible : I. Happenings, II Observations, III Reflections. uappenings"
provides a sequential picture of the year in the life of the nation and church.
Observations" deals with an attempt to appraise the political climate and
trends, the economic and social situation, religion in general, the Christian
community, and self-development of people. "Reflections' relates directly to
the Red Cross attempts to make the two Koreas neighbors again.
I. HAPPENINGS
EARLY 1972 - "neighbors in tension." as 1972 dawned in the 'band of
tho Morning Calm" the nation and its largest church, The Presbyterian Church
of Korea were in great tension.
In the nation, both the students and the press were under strict
control due to the Garrison Decree reference campus activities (October 1971)
and National Emergency Decree giving the President strong controls (December
1971). The Taeyunkak Hotel holocaust on Christmas Day had stunned the whole
nation, and raised serious ethical questions about one's responsbility for a
neighbor who happens to be living in a fire trap.
Narrative Report on Korea
-2-
Octobor 1972
In the Presbyterian Church of Korea, the Presbytery at Taegu split
at its March meeting. Although only some 10 churches in a Presbytery of 133
fragmented from the Presbytery, the tension was fierce. The struggle is one
of power between strong personalities and the Church’s control over its
related institutions. All spring and summer reconciliation attempts were made,
but to little avail.
3. SPRING 1972 - " neighbors with blossoms."
Ova n holism began to show its blossoms of new believers everywhere,
especially in the R.O.K. military. This was dramatized by mass baptismal
services. One 1 attended on April 25th near the 38th parallel saw 3,478
officers and men baptized. This was reported to be the largest mass baptism
in the military since the tine of Clovis in 490 A.D.X O^o writer labeled it
as "the largest mass Christian ritual in world history."' Whereas most of
these services were Protestant, one Catholic service saw 800 baptized.
The :rmed Services since 1969 have had a "one-man one-religion"
campaign. In 1971 and up to June 1972 more than 20,000 R.O.K. troopers
have said "Yes to Jesus" and received baptism.
.-.is sjon administration on logistics for expatriates at work hern saw
the Inter- Presbyterian Mission Office take on anothor Mission, that of the
United Church of Canada. Already it handles the throe Presbyterian missions s
.ustralian, Presbyterian Church U.S., and United Prosbyterdian U.S.A.
Lannin for the future, t its May meeting the Committee on Cooperatio ,
PresbytoriarTChurch of Korea, made a tentative priority list of vl, 000,000 for
ure needs. mey is expected from property sales, largely of the United
Presbyterian Church holdings in Korea,
death of the first infant bantizod in the Presbyterian Church of Korea
me 7, for i ’ year old Pyung-Ho Suh. Thus a visible "bri t
beginnings of the Church became an "invisible bridge’ to leaven
lition to the first infant baptized, the first son o * tl ■
ordained oa stor , the first graduate in the first class of hyungsin oys
ol, id Ider ii Korea’s first church, an Presl
o ''^rved with distinction as principal of his aljna meter,
I yungsin School.
One of the last pictures of this solid citizen is one told by his
aughter. , she saw him in prayer before lawn.
She "listened unnoticed to his extended prayer first in Korean and then ending
i en" i : nglish . in a sense this prayer exp* ri< 1
marked the closing of his life in this world.
,g 197" - "neighbors in mission and mercy".
’ r : 1 a p c June for one week 7^ me r i c a n s f r om th o Cynod oj _ i Q nn sylva nia —
rjsitf 1 0 Presbyterian Church of Korea for a fellowship and study on Partnership
Vn is s ion.
;his unique first in United Presbyterian USA and Presbyterian Korea
carried some unique experiences in a "New Network of Neighbors on either s id f
of the vast Pacific.
arrative Report on Korea
O^tobdr 1972
1. Ecumenical Service for North Korea - was held on Sunday, June 23,
27th anniversary of North Korea's infamous invasion of South Korea. 3,000
Protestants gathered bn South Mountain, Seoul, ./hat gripping moments as a
Korean pastor prayed four times: "God, All Korea's God, remove the unnecessary
38th parallel." And 8,000 united voices rumbled down over the world's seventh
largest city - "Amen"! Near the end of the service all 8,000 prayed aloud for
ten minutes for the new day for a united Korea. This was a sizzling, seizin?,
Spirit- filled, experience for Pennsylvanians and the Foninsulaitest
were invited by 10 Presbyterian Churches to dinners and an evening of worship
and fellowship in local Churches. Ten of the American clergymen preached. This
experience set up a whole new network of noighborlinoss for the visitors and
hosts alike.
warmth, delightful fellowship, and a strong emphasis on evangelism and mission
together for today and tomorrow here and worldwide. Each visitor received a
brass wall olacnue to become a visible symbol of daily prayer for ono another
and the world .
turnpike for Taejon, Kyungju, and Taegu, one bus had a flat tire. The Rev.
Yoon-Sik Tim, ( eneral fee rotary of the Church), -Jr. Horace G. Underwood (Professor
at Yonsei University), and Paul Kingsbury (agriculturist) took the group into a
village only a stone's throw away. For 40 minutes they lived in a little village -
talking with villagers, seeing their homes and manner of life. :o one seemed
sad about the flat tire - except the driver I
largest Satellite Pity 1200,000 people). Their host was Dr. S. C. Chun, called
by many ■Treacher to the poor". Through his neighborhood church the whole
unplanned city has been revitalized and dozens of families have been able to
rise from total poverty to a basic standard of living which has made them feel
like persons again. Here is self-development of people" alive, awake, active
amidst Peril and possibility.
(mostly buried in debris and landslides); 368,000 were left homeless. The
nation and its people, and particularly its Christians, responded in mercy
with 1 magnificence quite unparalleled. t one point 40,000 individuals and/or
groups in the Church had sent hard cash, clothing, and food. (Thoso same
Christians had already sent .£2,500 to 1 ennsylvania when they heard of that
terrible flood of late June that came even while the Tennsylvania delegation
was in Korea). United Presbyterians, Presbyterian Church, U, 8., and Australia
Presbyterians have sent significant relief money from One Great Hour of Sharing
to help some of these many who have lost everything.
Higge st Happening of 1972 was the July 4, 1972 North- South Korea Kounificatior
2. "Home away from home" - on a Sunday evening the 70 Pennsylvanians
3. >n*~>r°l -r semhly reception and dinner . one night was donee with real
A. Flat tire -nd a rural villa go visit. As we headed south on tho
5. Preacher to th^> poor. Some visited Kwangju '/states , world's second
In August Tore0 1 s 1 'orst flood hit Seoul iirJUJ and HEAVYi 400 died
Accord !
copy forms append ix I.
Summarized the Accord says seven things*
: arrative Report on Korea
-4-
October 1972
1. Principles for unification
a. Independent Korean efforts
b. Through peaceful means
c. Great national unity sought (transcending differences
in ideas, idealogies, and systems).
2. iiiase tensions.. . * foster an atmosphere of mutual trust.
3. Various exchanges
4. Cooperate positively.... seek early success of the Couth-North
Red Cross talks.
5. Direct telephone line between Seouland Pyongyang.
6. Establish and operate a South- North Coordinating Committee.
7. Faithfully carry out these agreed items.
The NCCK's Statement on the Accord . A copy forms appendix li. jji earnest
attempt by the Church's best thinkers tried to get all Christians (Protestants
and Catholics) to come out with a common statement. If such were possible
4,000,00Cr Christians would represent the most powerful people- block in Couth
Korea.
As it turned out only NCCK was able to como out with a statement
(representing about 1,000,000 Christian a). It is an excellent statement, basically
supporting the Accord and emphasizing reconciliation. Two salient comments
should be picked up:
1. "Unification by ourselves" - this concept must be studied further.
2. To be united, freedom of the press must be allowed at once.
II. OBSERVATIONS
A. POLITICAL CLIMATE AND TRENDS
The Democratic Republican Party, in power for 11 years (since the
1961 military coup), continues very much in POWER. President Chung Hee rarih, '
is now one-third through his third four-year term as ^resident, ^ost big
decisions come from the Blue House (President Park's mansion) ana like
President Nixon, the Korean President has his "Kissinger", Kr. Hu-r,ak
whose secret mission to Pyongyang in May set the stage for this >e wor
of Neighbors."
Civil liberties are basically in evidence. But as a result of the
Presidential decree, December 1971, the press and mass media are seriously
compromised with censorship and surveillance. The Korean language has a phrase,
•'ma-um taero" like the French for "laissez- fairs" . This type of irresponsible
freedom (with little or no regard for your neighbor) is being gradually con ro e
The computer makes it harder now to evade taxation.
Nonetheless, the strong control on the press must be removed to allow
responsible democratic writing to flourish.
arrative Report on Korea
-5-
October 1972
Take the story of Korea's most gifted poetic satirist, Chi- KIM, 31-
This man has been in and out of jail most of his adult life, his satires seem
to be negative parables concerning the present party in power, lake one:
"What kind of thing have they done to mo?
[ was clad 1ri rags and starved and worked r.o hard
I was beaten up and was suppressed
but did not say a word of protest
What devilish crime did 1 do
To bring uoon me punishment so severe?"
This nation's noted poet, Professor Too- Chin PARK (whoso best lines
are now translated into English by Methodist missionary, Jr. iiward roitras)
puts it this way: "Kim has pioneered a new style in Korean poetry, adopting
it from the traditional Korean ballads known as p'anson.
most talented young poets in Korea, a fine lyricist.
Kim was released from prison in July, largely due to international
pressure. .Some of the twentieth century’s most illustrious writers and
intellectuals signed a petition to President Park insisting on Aim s freedom.
Signers included: Jean- Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, ..erbert ---reuse,
•:oam Chomsky, and a galaxy of scholars and authors from neighborm:/ country,
Japan.
Says Kim concerning tho principle for which he is battling. . ihe
liberty to write freely is tho single thing 1 hope for." 1 fry. point ^s, it
Chi-Ha Kim writes responsibly, he should be given the freedom to m
if the satirical poetry has a way that the "shoe fits' .1 ' .
Kim; I am only using him as an illustration to say t emocr
tc, grow »nd flourish; responsible freedom is a major ingredient!
Students are "quiet" ever since the October 1971 Garrison Decree
forbidding student strikes, rioting, and street action. In fact their
"cuiot oncifity" shows in two ways; positively most aro really concentrating
on their studios; negatively no collegian aspires to a student oiuco.
Student papers have virtually disappeared.
In a conversation with a Yonsei University senior, I asked: "What .
do you think it will be like the first time you meet a senior tr ora ryongy, ang 3
;hn II .Jung University?" Said he very thoughtfully: 1 don t An o- . bu
id bo like this - we'll look alike; use basically the same language ; h e
common Korean heritage; yet" (and ho paused) "we may bo two very different
Deoplo because he has grown up entirely under communism and to gro'
democracy. Neighbors next door but worlds apart in our thinking and outlook
toward life and our people." a
On October 6, 1972 the 53rd National Athlotic beet opened at jam
eked Seoul Stadium (same size as Shea Stadium and just as noisy). i:.e
student athletes number 13,000. Tho theme - "physical strength, solid mity
and brilliant advance."
Using the entire soccer field, Kyungbok High Dchool s ctuo ont. forme
an outline map of an undivided Korean peninsula in a i mass J^mation calle
" Grand March to the National Unification." And ta the stands at mad ii
the 3,000 member card section team of ilansong Girls High c oo. i —
"Until the day of Unification."
Narrative Report on Korea
-6-
Octobor 1972
SVen a national sports festival of students is concerned about the
day we live in. And more than any other group, the students of South Korea have
studied democracy and sociology and they "want democracy terribly in which
thoro is real freedom. "°c Among students there is a real openness for eyeball
to eyeball dialogue, and doing, thinking, trying together. .«nd this idealism
says: "Me are one with all Koreans!"^
The political climate continues in exceeding flux due to ,:ixon-Chou
conversation, the South North Korea Unification accord (July 1972),
The Red Cross Pyongyang and Seoul visits (beginning August 1972), the Tanaka-
Chou agreement (October 1972), the anticipated best Germany- Red China accord
(October 1972), and Emperor Hirohito' s Invitation to President Park to make a
State Visit to Japan (November 1972).
Let me portray this flux on the Korean calendar of 1972.
1. May 1, 1972 - "Seoul Rally Lashes North Korea." On i.ay 1st, the
Orient's favorite day to show their thing, Seoul really did it. A half
million Korean students and citizens attended an anti- communist rally in Seoul
at tho May 16 Plaza (this date commemorates the 1961 military coup which took
over Korea and propelled Chung Hee Park into his dynasty). The number alone
is noteworthy. But the huge crowd "reiterated their pledge to defeat North
Korean Communists" ' And in 17 other major cities similar large rallies did
the same.
2. June 14, 1972 - "Join us, ASP AC tells Rods. " President Park took
the lead at the seventh Asian and Pacific Council (A5PAC) gathering in Seoul
to insist that the organization must have a new open door policy to admit
Asia's three communist countries - China, North Korea, and North Vietnam.
Bocauso ASP AC is not a political or military agroement, it endorsed the
Korean President's idea and "recognized that any easing of tension that
reduced the danger of conflict would benefit the countries of Asia and the
ASPAC as a council is an organization for regional cooperation,
promotes mutual understanding, and seeks durable peace and balanced progress
in the region. A phrase used to describe the 1970' s was "Harmony within
Diversity. ASPAC projected the concept of regional neighborliness and
cooperation in the economic, social, and cultural fields, and to an atmosphere
to create an Asian and Pacific region where progress and prosperity prevail.
( IMPORTANT NOTE - Between 1 and 2 above, came the secrot visits of South
Korea's "Kissinger" to Pyongyang (Hu Rak Lee) and North Korea's emissary
to .Seoul (Sting Chul Park) in preparation for the July 4f 1972 Unification
ccord . )
3. June 25» 1972, "Peaceful reunification is the only path, " , said
President Park on the 22nd anniversary of North Korea's invasion of South Korea.
To pick up this theme in his speech, note:
"It is imperative for us .... the more vigorously ..to press our
sincere endeavors for peaceful unification."
"Wo are now faced with the great trial of confrontation between
North and South, which is impending upon us minute by minute Let us all
march forward resolutely toward a reunified fatherland, where the full bloom
of prosperity never fades.
Narrative Report on Korea
-7-
October 1972
4. July 4, 1972 - North South Korea Reunification .ccord (earlier
outlined on p. 4 of "Happenings" and a copy of the Accord forms Appendix 1).
This dramatic Accord stunned Seoul and the World. Radical, wonderful,
unbelievable were words used to describe this amazing breakthrough. No one
really opposed the basic idea, but many hard questions began to bo asked on
how to implement. Almost at once Church loaders of Korea mot and huddled
with expatriates to study the document. Obviously the gigantic concorn was
Article 1, "Principles for unification" as "a great national unity" was
sought "transcending differences in ideas, ideologies, ana systems". ..ithout
greatest discernment, after much bloodshed and pain, Couth Korean Churchmen
raised much caution here. As someone said, "You could find yourself and your
people 'when the dust clears* (referring to the proverb quoted in the
Introduction) 'riding on the tail of the ass'".
The New York Times' Harrison E# Salisbury (who visited i-yongyang
in May) wrote, "Suddenly, old foes agreed."
He first quoted the Pyongyang Times of May 20th. The Park
Chung Hoo puppet clique of South Korea, traitors for all ages, aro rushing
headlong along the road of treachery like a headless^qhicken, trampling
undorfoot the aspiration of the South Korea People."
He says further: "The joint Seoul- Pyongyang communique
came as an almost complete surprise So radically different have the
two Koroas become that, their getting together seemed like a reversal of the
natural order of things in that part of the world."
"Unification - even real oooperation - is, of course, still a
long way off. The first fruits of last week's agreement will probably take
such forms as restoration of mail service between North and South and visits
back and forth among members of families separated for more than two decades,
•xt, probably will be exchanges of cultural and scientific groups" and
"begin on getting trade going The United States views all this with
considerable favor.
The current approach of Kim II Sung, Premier of ..orth Korea, is
tormed "smile diplomacy".^ The Accord is filled with the pos sibil it ies ol
great danger; it is also filled with fantastic possibilities. Saia the
loadin ; newspaper of the world: "The surprise Fourth ol' Jul r ' r< mei t u
i.oroa to renounce the use of force and negotiate a stable acco Liio ation
between Communist North and Capitalist South promises to terminate the
world's most dangerous confrontation within a partitioned country.
Note further: Lip service to "reunification* is repeatedly
obvious with the word mentioned 12 times in the brief 14 r ' CC( rd.
"But the l:oy phrase is the one that talks about ' transcend ing ' rather than
eliminating the differences in the 'idealogies and systems' 01 the t..o states.
. >ntii Lly, the objective to cro te a basis tor further n otiations
and an atmosphere that might make talks fruitful."
5. August 13 » 1972 - "Prepare for Unity" was the topic of iresident
Pork's address on IToreas "Freedom bay" mar Icing the 2?bh anniversary ox the
ond of World War II, and Korea's freedom from the Japanese Empire. In this
speech on a very emotional day for Koroans, and before leading Koreans
in tho Capital, "Park exclusively dealt with the unification issue.
..arrativo Report on Korea
-8-
October 1972
Referring both to the July 4 Accord and the Red Cross talks, he " called on ‘jO
million neoole in Couth and North Korea .... to 'unite firmly’ to prepare for
tho day of national reunification 'in the deep bolief that such a day will come
in tho not too distant future. ",lf3
6. September 8, 197?- ~ "Korea to begin pullout of all troop', .in Vie n-
in ! Jo comber • " This announcement will see the remaining i.orean 37»000 troops
withdrawnon a step-by-stop basis. Related to this important announcement is
outh Korea's search for the United Nations favorable policy of no action" on
the Korean question this fall and detente adjustments related to the current
Couth- North Korean Red Cross talks.
7. Late Soptember 1972 - U.N. Ruts Off Korea iJ abate for Jetente. This
passed by a large majority at the U.N. Assembly to "further contributetoward the
success of the current mutual contacts between Couth and North Korea .
8. November 1^, 1972 - President Park visits Japan on a btate Visit at
tho invitation of Japanese .Emperor Hirohito. He will meet with the bmperor and
i-rimo ionister Tanaka.
The announcement made on October 7» 1972 Sgysi ' ^ X;T11 be the
first time for a Korean Chief of State to visit Japan" although. Resident
Gyngman Rheo in 1950 and President Park in 1961 made unofficial visits m times
of crises (Korean War outbreak, the Military revolution or coup).
Further "their meetings would have great significance in the ^ ^
strengthening of tho friendly relations between the neighboring countries."
Truly a NEW NETWORK OF NEIGHBORS is developing concurrently all
around South Korea I
Clone relations with U.3.A. continue but with greater realism and more
independence. Nixon's visit to Peking began the radical shift. In Confucian
terms the shift is from a father- son relationship to an older brother- younger
brother relationship. In democratic, transnational terms, for two nations
who are close allies, the shift is to interdependent friends who must trust each
other as concerned Pacific neighbors, now drawing up additional relationships
with other East Asia nations (some of them communist) but trying to keep one
another informed ahead of time. This might be called "programmed partnership
with each other and beyond".
The U.3.A. has poured $5 billion into Korea to revive her economy, lhis
is $25 per person in the U.S.A. Korea knows that the U.3.A. has done
;nd the basic feelings among Koreans are ones of comradery and 1^1®^^FresDected
a nation trying to give a smaller nation the opportunity to be a people respected
among the family of nations.
Ono other comment. Not only American missionaries (like hiss Lilian Ross)
but American military personnel by the hundreds (like a 4- star General named
John H. Michael is ) are retiring in Korea. As to the latter, who untxl gu J .
1972, was Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, Korea, to retire in
is a startling thing to the Koreans. And .Michaelis did this on his
birthday, tho big celebration time in one's life.
He now becomes a consultant to Korea Air Lines. And, oi course, is the
first /Imerican 4- star General to make his home in this country after retirement.
Narrative Report on Korea
-9-
Uctober 1972
As a man he is loved by the Koreans because of his Korean .ar days
as commander of the famed Wolfhound Regiment, largely credited with holding
the critical Pusan perimeter. Without their tenacity South Korea surely
would have fallen.
Says Klchaelis, now an American civilian at work in Korea i "1 lovo
Korea, the people and its climate. 1 have affection as well as deep respect
for this courageous nation, which has achieved almost a miracle out of the
devastation of war."
B. ECONOMIC SITUATION
General Economic Situation is a Discovery. "The Republic of Korea is
today a bustling, prosperous, proud and progressive nation that cherished its
past and. looks forward to an even more glorious future."^1 The essential
discovery is that in the 1960's Korea was economically transformed from just
underdeveloped nation into one of the world's fastest
In the '60s the First and Second Five- Year Dconoaic
saw "unprecedented growth, resulting in an accelerated
a green revolution , and a rapid expansion in the nation ' s
another stagnant,
growing oconomies
Devolopruont Flans
indus trialization .
infrastructure.
The nation has been propelled beyond economic "take-off into "the
self-sufficiency stage."
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT. In the First Five-Year period (1962-1966)
the Korean economy grew at an average annual growth rate of 8.3,J (the target
was 7. l/£). In the Second Five-Year period (1967-1971) it grew by 11 A* (with
a target of 7,0/j ).
See "Gross National Product" graph below:
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0
GNP
Gross National Product
Pe- Capita GNP
400
350
300
250
200
I 50
i 00
0
I
23
Narrative Report on Korea
-10-
October 1972
G.N.r. swelled from a 1961 $2.4 billion to a 1971 38. 0 billion, a 330^
growth in a decade.
For capita GNP rose from a 1945 350 to a 1961 395 to a 1971 y252. -ven
with coriour; inflation times period ically tho por capita income has kept ahead
of inflation.
major influences were:
a. Accelerated progress in industrialization.
b. report growth averaging more than 40> per annum.
c. Government's efforts to implement the economic plan.
d. Creative and cooperative mood of the people.
e. Near neighbor nation (Japan), far neighbors (U.L.. West Germany),
and world banking agencies making loans and entering joint
ventures.
This growth in G.N.P. is reflected in improved living conditions for
many ordinary citizens. Ti>nployment rose by 50- between 1965 and 19^9 » and
wages wont up 250/u. New homos by the tens of thousands, many new condominium
apartments oven in the small cities, new and improved homes throughout the
nation. Certainly also there has been a great improvement in the diet with
more buying power. The iiorgan Guaranty Gurvey of October 1970 has an article
on Korea's economy entitled "Couth Korea: Asia's newest Growth economy. '
Tho bicycle for the past throe years has now become a toy for youth
instead of just a work biko. Leisure- time recreational developments arc
mmerouj . Y< t in Seoul one-third of the 6,000,000 have an average floor space
of 3’ x 9'. There is room for vast improvement!
fronds in food production do not show as rapid a growth as projected.
The years” 1961 to 1971 saw an annual average growth in agriculture of only 3.7/-
Part of this was poor weather. Contrasting to agriculture's slow growth, the
forestry sector grew at 9*3 $ per annum and fishery production grew by 12.5/- per
annum.
Still farmer's income has risen steadily because oi
projects aimed at increasing farm products, fostering all weather farming
conditions, and raising or more cm sh crops.
To be r rcific in the decade 1961-1971 :
a. Cereal production jumped from 5» 933,000 jm to / , , -,000 i.I in 1'gi,
b. Agricultural products, in constant terms of value, cliir
from 250 billion won in 1961 to 3 77 billion won jin 1971.
c. Farm household income per household multip four-fold (up to
f 00 won) by 1970 as compared to 19* •
d. The 1960's saw: traditional farming heavily dependent on rice
challenged by a modernized and diversified agriculture, and a
conducive environment proper to complete the green revolution.
/Ocause food production is also from fishories and forestry sources,
as well as from a gri culture note thoso indicators.
i arrative iteport on Korea
-11-
October 1972
Principol Indicator* of Agriculture. Fiihery and Foreitry
1961 CV)
1966-il.
1971 C
E/A
C B
C A
Volu® odded in floriculture**
(million won)
250. 1 50
313. 128
376. 4£0
1.25
1.20
1.50
Cereol production (thousand torsi
5.933
7. 567
7.274
CD
0.96
1.23
Fertilizer consumption
Ithousand MT elements) -
308
423
605
1.37
1. 43
1. 96
form household income
(won, p or household)
67,885,) 130. 176
255. e04,J
1. 92
1. 97
3. 77
Volue added m fishery
(million won)
9,012
15.067
28 290
1.67
1. 88
3. 14
cishmg (loot (tons)
142. 395
245. 962
358. 365*’
1. 73
1. 46
2. 52
*ish catch (MT)
468 641
702. 295 1
1. 073 733
1. 50
1. 53
2. 29
Aguocullure production (MT)
12.067
91. 085
147 396
7. 55
1. 62
12. 21
Note; 1) At 1965 constant prices 2)
Figure fey
1962 3
r
j
f (or
1970
RURAL/ URBAN rkOdLDKS
Problems are many. First miration . 456,840 migrated into Seoul
in one year , October 1, 1970 to September 30, 1971. -ho were these more
than 450,000?
a. 87,809 were botwcen 15 to 19 » 3/5 girls.
b. 108,5^0 came looking for jobs
c. only 37»000 came with promises of jobs. ^
Rural /Urban porcenta ges have tipped heavily toward Urban where some
55.4 of South Korea’s 32,000,000 now live. At the Urban Institute, Yonsei
University, the careful study on low cost housing has been completed. Other
research studies include: market research on Seoul housing, living conditions
of poor in 'Seoul, and immigration patterns into Seoul. In apartment ministries
(also supported by the Church and city) emphasis is on: educational programs for
adults and leadership conferences. The Institute, along with severance Hospital,
has opened The Yunhi Dong Community Medicine Clinic, a clinic serving 20,000
people in apartments and hillside shacks. A clinic call costs 12#.
Seoul needs to be described for it is whpre l/5 of oouth Korea lives.
To one specialist it is "the rural village city"^° because so many of its
dwellers have just come from rural villages and are adapting rural village ways
to this city. To another "....that seething vortex.,., which has formed the
swirling penter of national life during its nearly 600 years as the nation's
capital." "A forest of skyscrapers"^ At midnight "lights blink out, and
Seoul sleeps for four hours, when Church bells usher in a new day. Then this
indestructible city and its indefatigable people will awaken again to encounter
another day..."'-' "The City of Churches (with more than 1600 of them)' .
The "urban sprawl" with many suburbs.'^ "Seoul, the 'Phoenix City',
which rose from its own ashes to become a new and greater metropolis."
. ymbolically therefore This Phoenix City can be called "Resurrection City'l
Narrative Report on Korea
-12-
uctobor 1972
Rural Korea' s "New Community movement" is a key ingreuient in the
Third Five Year Economic Plan. In Korea it is called "CaemauT meaning
"a now village" or "new community". "Saemaul" now symbolizes Korea's nation-
wide movement to push modernization of its rural communities. Increased
income, a hotter way of life, a "self-development of rural pooplos" — these
are ultimate goals of the movement. Already two years old, in a sonso its
power of contagion has not only hit the 45,000 rural villages but the whole
nation. "Rural business" has become the entire nation's concern and national
goal.
Things being emphasized are :
a. It involves many fields of national life, mainly spiritual,
economic, and social. (The Church is solidly a partner.)
b. With four years still to develop the movement, the plan has
three categories*
(1) realization of spiritual revolution
(2) development of the farm economy
(3) improvement of social environment
c. Budget is"adequate"
(2) 1972-76 -$5,000,000,000 equivalent for rural development programs.
economy, social and cultural life will diminish, perhaps be eliminated.
LITERACY is not a serious problem. The church and nation have done
a fantastic job since 1945 in almost eliminating illiteracy, When you consider
the mammoth size of this literacy endeavor, remember in 1945 Korea had
16,000,000 people; in 1972 it has doubled to 32,000,000. latest figures show
the literacy rate well above 85/p for the whole country. The largest group of
illiterates are the older womenT^5
Remember that "three quarters of the population was illiterate at the
time of liberation (1945). After the Japanese were repatriated, ivorea was left
with virtually no administrative, managerial, or technical manpower. J -oon
as the Korean War ended the nation and church had a fantastically good and huge
nation-wide literacy drive which by i960 reduced the proportion of illiterates
to 30, &
HUNGER, POVERTY, NUTRITION. Mass hunger problems arc not serious in
i.oroa. That many go to bed at night hungry is undoubtedly true, nutrition 1-
definitely improved and our nutrition schools at several Christian High Jchool^
and Colleges aro playing a very creative role. Many oi our hospitals are in
tho lead on "Family Planning," and Korea is taking vory seriously its demanding
noed for controls on size of families. Several contraceptive methods are used
but tho IUL) is most prevalent in Korea.
(1) 1972- $750,000,000 equivalent
d. For the first time in Korean history "rura
given fair treatment in the national development piano"
munitios are being
Imbalances in the
e. Ultimate success will come when it is embraced
population, regardless of age, sex, religion or occupation."
the whole
-13-
Qctober 1972
Narrative Report on Korea
The Poor-Rich Gap is huge in Korea, excessive and tormenting.
For years this writer has been saying it is the most serious "growing chasm."
To bo sure there is an enlarging middle class, but the G-A-P between the
poor- poor and the rich-rich is widening.
Finally Ur. Yon g- ho Leo, i-drector of the Policy Research Institute
in Seoul, has completed a thorough study on attitudes in this area, uet me
deal horo only with his crucial questions, answers, and conclusion from
research :
a. Questions i "At the present stage of economic development,
should Korea put greater emphasis on economic growth or on tho elimination
of the poor-rich gap? In other words, where should Korea place a higher
priority: on economic growth or on distributive justice?"-'
b. Answers : "What seems somewhat striking is the fact that a
clear majority of Koreans consider the poor-rich gap to be so serious as to
make tho current economic growth meaningless. This indicates that economic
growth itsolf constitutes only a relatively weak basis for political
legitimacy. A pattern of economic development whore growth is combined with
distributive justice is called for in order to put the regime's legitimacy on
a firmer basis.
c. Conclusion. The achievement or maintenance of a high rate of
economic growth in a society whore poverty is still as widest read as in Korea
is important. However , perhaps equally important is tho realisation of
distributive justice.
The Korean people in general show a relatively high degree of
sensitivity to the problem of distributive justico. There is also a general
Perception that Korean society loaves much to bo do sired in this area. This
implies that there is a popular demand for more government efforts to bring
about reater distributive justico in Korean society, -.s far as the eneral
public is concerned, it shows attitudes supportive of welfare legislation.
Tho legislators as a whole also show oven greater sensitivity
to this problom. However, closer analysis shows that such sensitivity is not
evenly distributed between the two major parties, but highly concentrated in the
o >position low Democratic Party. This has some important practical implications.
Tho Democratic Republicans who constitute the majority party remain yet to be
persuaded of the need for stronger efforts to realize greater distributive justice
in Korea.
"Kit AIK DRAIN" continues largely in medical doctors and nurses. ..est
jrm r 1 r contracts to get Korean nurses. On June 29, 1972, I happi
to bo at Seoul (Kimpo) International Airport when a chartered -iifthapsa departed
with 153 nurses "under a three year contract with German hospitals'.'-'0 I don't
believe this medical brain drain is hurting urban Korea here nodical facilities
are froquont. But Korean medical specialists have no "national missions zeal
to o to rural Korea where income is small and the need tremendous, but they
have lots of "foreign missions zeal" to earn high pay abroad. Probably this
"excess' brain drain is aiding the Korean dollar earning economy.
(The idea of exporting its people and their brains is not new in Korea,
before 1945 "at least 10 percent pf the Korean population was abroad" - 700,000
in Japan; 2,000,000 in Manchuria;^7 400,000 in Siberia, etc. For instance, by
Narrative Report on Korea
-14-
Uctober 1972
3940, Osaka had the third largest Korean population aftor Seoul and
Pyongyang."® Koreans have been living in neighboring nations a long time,
not always in small numbers.)
Korea in 1972 sends its best technical brains overseas on competitive
contracts. For example on October 1, 1972 a leading Weoul newspaper carried
this word: "Korea's overseas construction contracts amounted to ^3b, 700,000
as of Wednesday, representing 72 percent of this year's goal oi pdO million,
according to the Construction Ministry.
"Ministry officials are quite optimistic about the goal achievement.
They basod their hope on the expected 12 contracts amounting to *78 million
which aro all under negotiation with their customers in south Asian countries.
"One promising contract is expected to bo made soon by Jaelim
Construction Co. to build a highway in Sumatra, Indonesia."
F0R5IGN CAPITAL
Korea wants foreign capital, must have it, and is seeking it from
many sources largely in the form of long-term government and private loans
at modest interest rates. Korea knows how to screen foreign capital with
circumspection, and in most joint enterprises Korea always^has at least 51*
control, has the top executive positions, and uses Korean "name tags."
Two graphs follow: "Status of Foreign Direct Investment Approval by
Year", and "Foreign Direct Investment by Industry".
Status of Foreign Direct Investment
As of December 31,1971
Approval by Y ear
ir million US Odl*' »
I OO
75
I U S $269
374 projects)
50
25
0
N
Fitfu'ns ir pe»*ntheses represent
40
Narrative lie port on Korea
-15-
October 1971
Foreign Direct I nvesii.e^*. c / r»JuStry
As of Dec ymoe' 3 > r
Oi.micoli
l.«»W Gnd Coi"'»«l 2i
*■’ ' k
.j',1 I <i.r *»il tx*
C.fOmiCl
* j<«Ii pfix ailing
,.,.nulix >r“J !•'
'•••0
i i 2 L^igiiias nr«r. Msaaac&iaT^. _ ?
i4 . t amw^miiam J0 4
y b iiliiiTfTI 26 “>2
90 LZEQ222Z2L2I .4 40
u 0 Bszsmi 2 62
7 6 r~^JL>u*m 2
T jt«l U S I 269 million 374 y : pc’.s
Not a Figures in pa'enthosos 'eo'esont \~d
6 Z
hi
ECONOMIC "THINGS" HAPPENING
1. In Pusan, an 18,000 ton ship "Pan-Korea", largest vessel ever
constructed in Korea, was launched in 1972.
2 . Maritime Oil Surveys near Korea's southern coast are started
(some in Korean waters, some in Japanese). Reports state: "The subject
blocks wore regarded as containing a huge amount oil resources which may
surpass the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf...."
3. The Economy of Tea-rooms - Korea has 7*852 tea-rooms with 3,007
or 38, v in SoouTT “Last year Koroans s'pent a staggering 7-h billion won
($17,500,000) in these tea rooms. This is the place Koreans rol-i x, make
business deals, arrange marriages, listen^o good guitar, hayagum (Korean
stringed instrument), or classical music.
ot.ij - exchange rate in 1971 averaged $1040 won, in October 1972 it is $1*400
won and will probably be pegged here for some time.
C. SOCIAL SITUATION
THK EDUCATIONAL SI STEM is desperately trying to meet the challenge of
more childron. Five basics mark this big field.
1. administrative inflexibility really bogs own the system. "The
system clearly needs tp^be reformed if manpower bottlenecks are not to strangle
growth in the future.”
2. Planning is really off the drawing boards finally.
Council for Long Range jiducational Planning (CLGP) was officially starte m
February 1969. The ox-officio Chairman is the Prime Minister ; /ice ohairmen
are the Minister of the Economic Planning Board and the riinister of -due* ion.
Michigan State University has assisted with consulting specialists.
It is moving. Its major directions are ten.
a. Priority is given to expanding and developing secondary and
highor education.
ilarrative Report on Korea
-16-
October 1972
b. Mmphasis is placed on innovative changes and improvement of
graduate education.
c. Improvement of incentives for the teaching profession, like
salaries, promotions, etc.
d. i'/iucational hard and soft technology for education under
crisis conditions.
Research and development to provide innovative ideas and
developmental tools.
Continuous emphasis of science and technology.
Cultivato objectives like: intellectual enquiry, developmental
values, cooperative attitudes.
Functional cooperation between school and industry.
,'iduca tion for reunification of the nation is to be emphasized,
"the basic assumption being that the reunification of the
divided nation
Korean people.
This is so CRUCIAL I It calls for "supor- communist education,"
study of communist educational methods, educational readiness preparing for the
period aftor reunification, etc.
j. Optimal investment in education, -it least 20 of annual budget
and earmarked especially for the emphasis and priorities in
this educational planning.
3. Required education is still through 6th grade. Just recently it
has boon announced that the uping it through 9th grade (Jr. ..igh) could not bo
oxpoctod until 1930.
A. ’ilucation for Activating Intermediate Croups is underway by the
Christian Academy. This plan over the next four years should brin a new
strongth to democracy. In the words of the leaders: ' lhe most important and
immediate task for bringing Korean society into more democratically progressive
and stable nation is training and developing the human resources, i.e., leaders
of the intermediate group."
jis one of the supreme tasks conirontmg the
»i4y
e.
f.
g«
h.
i.
Its purpose is to provide training opportunities for the formation,
rovitalization , and efficient functioning of Korea's intermediate roups.
Its target groups are four: Religious grou \>n (youn Catholic
>r ios ts , Catholic and Protestant laymen, young Protestant • tors,
tie n Professors Association, Buddhist layi < n, lout! ro »
of church education); Industrial groups ; student groups ; and >.omen roup .
. arrativo Report on Korea
-17-
October 1972
College and Universities have roquirec under, _;rad
- If is now bein ' cut to 1**0 or an
experimental basis at a few school; by perron lo • " 1 ’ . ini; trj of 3duc« tioi .
In this now plan the entering student is not immediately locked -in to on
specialty. Instead ho takes a general course curriculum hie fr< a ",
rH then selects his specific field for major beginning with his solid *or<
year. Most of our Christian colleges and university
till.: now system with the noxt school year beginning in larch 1973* This new
flexibility also allows for a minor for the first time. Colle tens arc
delighted with this now credit system.
POOR CHILbRdh' find it hard to go beyond the required minimal th grade
or Elementary School graduation. Lble Hubs ©conoi Lc
educational needs at the Junior High and Senior high level still l ave more
than 60,000 students. This is a program of tho x^resbyterian Church of Korea
which over the years has brought good education (with a strong Christian and
democratic emphasis) to more than 500,000 Korean youth.
U_ : ;i iPLOYMFNT in 1971 edged up to 6.6^ compared to 5.0, in 1970. This is
largely due to world-wide business slowdown which began in 1971. Unemployment
is only .7 (1971) in rural areas. The nation's salary anc wage earners
caw their wanes rise by an annual 21.2$ in the 5 years (196ynl97l)» but in
real tor ms (due to inflation) the rise was an annual 8.0,;. ''
’ ,01 rCU '.70 hh OHO PAIj HA1F IMGK3 OF i'.MN , work more than 11 hour: day, aro
mostly unskilled laborers and receive average monthly wages of about 11,000 won
( 527.50). Women's lib, take notei
.jomen represent 3^$ of tho nation's total laborors. Of the women vrorkers 77/>
aro single. Only 26.2$ are given monthly menstruation holidays. '
0 TT'JKaTIOl-I GAP is sharply marked as a real-life issue in society. Urban
living is for tho nuclear family concept, while rural living still can
condone the large family concept. Hie wrenching that goes on is hardest on the
elderly. The freedom and joy is highest for the daughter-in-law in the new
ultra modern apartment, free from the orders of her mother-in-law, and blessed
by such items as ramyon, instant noodles, and the beginning of frozen foods.
.0 tho generation gap is widening, and only one or two special holidays
annually bring the clan together.
MTHNIC TENSIONS are basically unknown because of the homogeneity of Koreans.
And Korea does not have largo expatriate groups residing within the nation.
MitUGG are only beginning to be a problem in Korea, and mostly among U.8.
soldiers. Marijuana grows wild in Korea. Marijuana hemp is used for funeral
garments (looks like rope). You can buy a quantity equivalent to a quart
measure for 2 5^. I've even heard it said that Korea's cheapest cigarettes
carry a definite marijuana smell. Korea since November 10, 1970, has had a
very punitive law against use of drugs. ;ind a Korean would think twice before
using drugs.
SOCIAL MOV MMMNTS IN C HANOI (Church-related and others).
(330 per square mile), women marrying usually at 23 years, a birthrate of
29 per 1,000, Korea since 1961 has become a leading nation with its National
Family Planning Program. All Christian hospitals have active Family rlanning
More than 3*610,000 women are employed in 200 typos of occupations.
1. Family planning. With the third most dense population in the world
Narrative Report on Korea
-18-
October 1972
Clinics and procedures,
involved .
NCCK has a developing program. The Church is solidly
Horn's the picture.
NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM
Target growth rate
Contraception practice
bearing IUL)
Accepting pills
accepting condoms
Vasectomy
1971
2.0*
27, *
300,000
200,000
150,000
12 5,000
I9?i
1.5/>
35*
700,000
300,000
150,000
150,000
PERSONNEL
Health Center Vjorkors;
Township Workers:
i anticipating Doctors:
BUDGET (estimate)
from Korean Government;
911
1,470
1,400
National
Local
TOTAL
from Overseas honors:
1,100,000,000 won (*2,900,000)
W0, 000 r000 won („1, 050. 000)
1,500,0'00',000 won (.*3,950,000)
( 760,000,000 won) ^2,000,000
PRIVATE WTORT3
Abortions :
Pills :
Cities
Rural
1 in 3 pregnancies aborted
1 in 6 pregnancies aborted
100,000 cycles a month. 49
2. Leisure time. In 1972 most everyono has Sunday for leisure, many also
have Saturday afternoon. October alone has four holidays. Low to use one s
loisuro time is a real "social movement in change.” Churches^re build in g >ou_f-
camps (which are crowded all summer), thousands of hikers depart Seoul every
Wrk-on-J for the mountains. You can rent motorcyclos (mcludin a lomale caboose
companion), Seoul has at least 50 golf driving, ranges. A new children s
Disneyland (Korean fashion) is in progress on 50 acres of land on the eastern
outskirts of Seoul.
Movies are presently the most popular form of entertainment.
Domestic studios annually crank out 200 films, foreign films which always pack
the theaters are: "The Sound of Music" (which speaks to Korea s love of freedom
and music), "Benhur" (with its message of being under a foreign power and th,
scourge of leprosy, let alone its marvelous message oi Jesus Ohnst s heaii,:i
touch) .
600,000 TVs dot Korea with the possible markot being 6,000,000 sets.
Prime time on December 24 and 25. 1972 on Korea’s 3 major stations will be open
to Church programs live and movies. Korean Audio-Visual Committee, KkCC,
now magna- scribing the great Lutheran film called Chris mao lor us,
Yulotide Season on KBS, the government's nationwide TV Station.
Narrative Report on Korea
-19-
Uctober 1972
./omen are more in evidence in key places of the nation.
133 women are heads of schools, including 2 7 College presidents (out of about
100). ./omen have pushed the "equality concept' , strong in their fight against
men's power prejudice.
On September 29 » 1972 they demons
],000 mot at the 10th anniversary of the National Federation of ..omen's
ssociations. They honored 28 women that day for their social activities. ^
Several were leading Christian women like: i-irs. Pilloy Kim, for many years
Principal of rresbyterian Chungsin uirls boconciary Nchool and past rresident
of Presbyterian women, and Mrs. Nun-Chon PARK, former . ational ssembly lady,
and Chairman of the Board of Presbyterian Soongeui uirls High School and
Junior College with 6,000 students.
August, 1972, and has been long overdue. It has put at one© ■ c.' .llon./o to
tho missionary and overseas groups in social work (who have n organization
called Korea Association of Voluntary gencies - .. V..) to join lands, to join
the Council and render more active contribution to tho social v/clfaro needs of
>un - : © C 0 Chairman of KNCSW, "w© should hav< co 1 lit!
■ 1 nt jencies, international, legal aid, healtl cal,
re, women1 r , < >1 fart i for - id ,
ivitic ■ . Eventually, tho Council will pi 1 v t jr
/ dvisory organization to the Government in the field of social .. Lfare."J
13 y KAVA devolutionizing and joining hands in KhCS . the first
cornice}' on rive program in social welfare is l:-. ginning in Korea!
L>. u.-.LXGio;: it g ■::j. :)cal
'boro is no authentic revival of any of the historical ancient faiths,
, nfued ni 1 , 1 1 n. Ui du a * s ,
, 1972 t < worn-out slogan was up - "Fr© /-oursel fro worldly ties."
o onl , relevant thing that Buddl ism did so *« r in 9 7< was for its 17 sects
( r >an- u si rally on Ju Ly 37th a 1 n ,0( ; vow<
to ’ pro 10 to national solidarity to bring about the territorial unification
..’ti tie strong unity of so von million Korean Buddhist believers.
■ x icating itsolf as a religion in a fast-changin. day. Cl i.an'.sni, with
its thousands of "mudangs" (women sorcorors) continues its voodoo of driving
out evil spirits - to be suro at a price I
points (like the end of the Korean war), or in periods of rapid, social change
(like the 1960's). Pho largest boasts 600,000 followers, but many have only a
handful. Their total followers may be as high as 1,600,000 (3, of the H.O.K.'s
people) .
4. Korea National Council of .Nodal uelfaro (KNCbw) began in
I say "right on"!
./it) 1 this new united front, accordin to ational scu lblyman
Confucianism says nothing in those revolutionary .y: , perhap.
has struck Korea like a typhoon. They number more than variety. They
ro products of complex religious movements, arising at Leal turning
Nut coming out of these ancient religions, a w r set of religions
Narrative Report on Korea
-20-
October 1972
With such large numbers and such widespread subjective r octrinos in
those new Korean religions, Korea Christian academy encouraged the .,ast .^sia
G'hritian Conforonco to give financial support for a study of now roll 'ions in
R.O.K. Thoir research papers are very revealing.
Hore are common characteristics of the now religions:
1. The believers generally belong to lower classes of society —
poor laborers, farmers, illiterates, etc. In most religions, women
believers greatly outnumber men.
2. Now religions are generally obsessed with Korea- centered ideas.
They believe that the various world religions will someday be
unified by some Koroan religion, or by a Korean whom they
worship as their god.
3. The idea of time-limit eschatology governs v;holly in the world
of new religions.
4. New religions include various elements of sorcery; they show
close affinity with traditional popular beliefs.
3. Come new religions, practice occult rituals in which peculiar
symbols are used. -53
More than 80> of the new religion groups stress diseaso-curing
activities, usually using magic power as that means. The new religions'
followers consider institutionalized religions as poworless, and therefore
deify their chief, thus turning God-centered religiorc into man-centered
religions.
The most highly publicized of the new religions is the Unification
Church of Korea , founded by 51 year old 3un-Hyung MOON, claiming 400,000
followers in 26 countries. He hit the world press October 21, 1970 when he had
"the largest mass wedding in Korean History", 777 couples using mammoth Changchung
Gymna s ium , Seoul •
To Moon "Christianity is no longer the answer."^ He is. In February
1972 he announced a .J;100,000 contest ^for writing a book by putting a .j>6,300
advertisement in the New fork Times .
These new religions leaders have powerful social and political
influence by their authoritarian and semi-divine positions. Ono new religions'
leader boasts that he can muster 600,000 votes for President rark whenever
they are needed! Having said this, their social and political influence is
not commondable, but it is powerful and in sections of the country where
their headquarter is, theBe groups loom even more powerful. They are demigods
of social and political connivered power!
Narrative Report on Korea
-21-
October 1972
E. CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY
LIMITATIONS are exceedingly few in the Korean Christian's life and
work. The doors for Gospeling the Good News are wide open throughout the
nation .
But a very basic limitation, namely freedom of the press, really
"bugs" the younger Christians. Since December 1971 and the blitz passage
of the Presidential Decree (giving full powers to the Chief -Executive),
the press has been both overly controlled and carefully surve ilia need,
j.'or example, Christian Thought Magazine (a monthly) is completely censored
by the government before it can be printed. The popular Catholic monthly
magazine has been throttled since spring 1972. Dome young pastors have
boon put under continuous questioning for Id to 36 hour stretches when some
sermon they proachod was too contemporary on certain criticisms. The NCCK's
Statement on the July 4, 1972 South-North Accord was never printed or
announced over any news media BECAUSE it stressed a priority item, press
freedom1' .
CHRISTIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE LIFE OF THE NATION is at many levels.
1. In the crucial Red Cross talks between South and North Korea,
4 of the 7 South Korean delegates are Christian (2 Presbyterians including
Chief Delegate Bom-suk LEE; 1 Methodist, the only lady delegate, ms. Hee-Kyung
CHUNG; and a Catholic. What larger participation could the Church ask for
in the nation's most crucial activity of the moment?)
2. 68 of the National Assemblymen are Christians out of a total of
204.
3. When the Bank of Korea in April 1972 was about to issue a new
30.000 won paper note with Buddhist pictures on it, the whole Church, plus
the Buddhists, said a UNITED "N0|" Do great and telling was the pressure,
that the entire printing of the new bills (just before distribution)
withdrawn •
The Christian argument was powerful - the pictures of a Budciha
statue and Buddhist Temple appear to be an expression of national support
for one particular relgion contrary to the nation's Constitution which
prohibits the oxistenoo of a national religion. Perhaps here is an illustration
that tho Church stands on its own feet;
4. Missionary writers have from the early beginnings been concerned
with tho life and thinking of the nation. Most famed of the early writers was
one of our own denomination's Dr. James D. Gale. His famed ^
OR ', AN rEOPLIS has just been re-printed in a new edition by 3ishop Richara icu .
Jale lidn’t stop there. He also translated into English KUUMQgG or W,—
OP rHE UNIS, which along with Chunhyang-.jon are Korea’s two most outstanding
^la7^c"^els. Written by Man-jung KIE (1637-1692), this novel has now made
its road world- wide .
. arrativo Report on Korea
-22-
Uctober 1972
In 1972 Jr • Edward W. roitras, United uethodist mission .
, .. - novpl in Korean which is already a best seller.
- .a •
larigua -o for Korean audience oX road or:,.
tev. !■ Ransom Rico, United Prosb; t / " °°7" r r
• I i ,d a significant booklet called ’ fhe yi^feronce .
Jramatic story of the Barkan Older Orphan Educational Pro r -• «
SoSt "the difference" to many young Korean lives - a new purpose, a new
job, a new relationship with life and the Giver o„ lnoi
f Vo 79 bailed KOK i Old and New, the Church is r rreci to ar>
- 7 l ■ ' ■
uniotu no. point is, and the ^ver^i^nt jojowj: it, the
it never speaks as one voice.
r'l
In a government publicity
com rrii'OT TO ■ » -T a i r> hCONUhiC- POLITIC • > ■L — °- l,i";
UUiiaiJiULL w — — 0ver- organised nation, also
few of the nowor
rJooDor and more active than many roalize. d,i
has an over-organized church constituency. Here are -
commitments from a long list of active participations.
1. Jesuit - So gang University has the best labor-management school
in Korea.
? Korea Christian Academy has seminars and workshops on the most
• P-grams in the social, economic and
political spheres in full swing at its Seoul cademy, at its
huwon Academy, and oven in somo othor places they ront.
3. Yunhi Apartment iledical Clinic for poor (nontioned earlier) was
opened in March 1972.
4. Third Day, a monthly magazine, using Korea's famed torch first phrase
-^I^as its title f £p r^ivfneed for.
carries the sharpest articles on the Church ^ racritical
involvement in all of liie. ..o ,
of many social, economic, and political onae^ o f
Church’s critical voice - perhaps prophetic voice - on the lile
the Nation.
ACTION PROGRAMS aro numerous. I mention only two.
1. In innovative education, Professor Ki-Hyoung Oh,
University's .ducdtional Research been in Irica, along with
educational methods and He has and compeling methods
o black American, Mr. ienwith Pitney, to Cameroon. In a recent seminar,
•ith educational leaders in Kenya, Tanzani , ' ' shared their adventures
, carefully as a number of Korean educators shurea
narrative Report on Korea
-23-
October 1972
(in outstanding results with their students) through Professor Oh’s pioneering
methods. A whole new day is dawning, and one of the "stars on the sunrise"
is a dedicated Presbyterian elder, professor Oh of Korea |
2. In migration. Because Cardinal Stephen (boo-hwan) KIM of .xjouI
(the world’s youngest Cardinal) does his work with care, his agency's studies
on their own Church is providing insight on the whole rural exit - urban
entrance migration. To wit facts - In 1971 the Korean Catholic Church baptized
'JO.OOO people. But statistic-wise the Church increased in numbers by only
2,000. Beeper study showed that of the 800,000 Korean Catholics, 160,000 are
registered in Seoul. BUT 50,000 additional former rural church Catholics have
left for Seoul and are now "wandering" and not attending a city Church, otill
deeper study shows that for many new migrants to Seoul they want complete
freedom from everything, including their Church. Right here is the beginning ol
"action insight" about new Seoulites without a soul!
Discussion of faith and action with non- Christians, seculars, and
other religions is not a big problem in Korea, We ' re . involved in this all the
time. The Christian faith moves in Korea via discussion, long sustained confabs
The Christian community covers all walks of life, all spoctrums so there is a
naturalness to discuss one's faith and then to seek how to put it into action.
Seoul's terrible summer flood and the magnanimous Church response is
illustrative of 1972 Korean Christian faith put in action.
U.S. influence is really minimal but significant. In the major
denominations, all expatriate personnel work under the Korean Church through
"Committoos of Cooperation". Nonetheless, the Korean Church expects the
expatriate to do an effective pioce of work. Major U.L. influence ior break-
through s is in community medicine (like at Koje Island Community nealth Project;,
in urban problem- solutions (by visiting personnel and a Peace ^orps worker a
Urban Institute Yonsei University), and in self-development oi people fby the
Bcrkan Older Orphan Vocational-Educational Program).
BIG HH&IKTHKUS 1972
1. Presbyterian Federation starts. On September 14, 1972 the Moderators
and General Secretaries of the leading 4 Korean Presbyterian Churches met.
Together those four denominations represent almost 1,500,000 believers.
Remember this is tho first time they have done this since the first division c
in 1950. We've waited 22 years for such a move!
They prayed for the nation and the success of the itec Cross talks,
the developing plans of a Christian mission to North Korea, and lor the oneness
of the Presbyterian enterprise.
They agreed (unofficially as individuals, not as Church officials)
for tho common interest in this land to:
a. Periodically meet together
b. Establish for our overseas mission purposes a cooperative
organization to keep traditional Presbyterian faith,
c. Join efforts toward the government whenever there is
inter feronce reference freedom of the faith affecting bunday activiti.o.
d. Work diligently toward striving to show the oneness
of tho Presbyterian Church to our descendants.
e. Let our prayers and desires bo acceptable to all our
Prosbytorian friends and co-workers throughout the country.
Narrative Report on Korea
-24-
October 1972
This is a start, an important start, --jid we must pray ior
ran- Presbyterian growth in dynamic oneness in Christ o love I
CJ ristian 3r pad casting y/stom receives German gift of j j
This groat noW3 moans purchase of nowor, moro poworJ ' 1
f iv© stations, a new FM Station in Seoul, and a Ci ri
ready for fuller service to All Korea at the crucial time of South and North
1 orGa Red Cross talks and strong efforts for reunification of the two ^oroas.
vhe Korea Church is also raising $80,000 to mold into this larger splendid
-ift from the German Church.
d. 1st Christian Opera entitled Esther was presented in early 1972
' the leading music auditorium, Citizens' Hall, before
ovori i nights. Its composer an irector is Or. Chai-hoon r - t >onior
Choir • ■ c tor , *oui -esbyterian :hurch, Seoul, He was • •
the ational Symphony Orchestra. Response has been most favor. 1 ,
nt. ( Speaking of music, so loved by Koreans , i heard ,
\ kt ov t’ Seoul National University s school of i-Jisic (with 10J
students) 90. arc Christians.
Celebrations were the order for 1972.
1 jpOth Anniversary for Korea Council of Christian - uc tion
October 1972.
60th Anniversary for the Presbyterian Church of Korea, whose
O, i SSI mbly was started in 191 • For this sp
published a picture-story book of more than 200 pag >s. U. S. ss; JT'-
Mr. Philip Habib, brought greetings. He; imentionei r
the same lovely Korean house where Dr. Horace Allen, U.S. lanii ; ’ 1
ari ■ 1900's lived (and who or' Ly came to Korea in 1884 as a Rrosbyte
■ dssionary). ho also gave the General Assembly a rare ^.o to; raop iron
mbassy's "Horace N. Allen Collection", raken Minister
residence in 190% it is a photograph of the foreign ministers in beoul. I
notes that Japanese Minister .Hyashi, was suddenly called away b; news of the
, ttlo of fsusl ima which ondod the Kusso-Japanese War. neighbors at war
right in Korean waters I
The celebration Sunday was climaxed by a ^aat ran-ft-otestant
evangelistic service on South Mountain, Seoul attended by almost 15,
hundreds of docisions for Christ were made.
Seoul Foreign School, started by the missionary community an 1912
has developed from a one room school to a 30 acre campus with 3 classroom
il in , an auditorium, 2 gymns (1 costing £300,000 in bull mf --fovoss ,
2 faculty apartment buildings, and a faculty duplex. 600 students from
; nations, with only 35% being "mish-kids". But the >0 y< ars s many umq
bridges. Ono is in its head principal. Miss lithel Van Wagonci (
Hr s . H . H. Underwood) was the first teacher and principal with 18 scholars, ner
son, Richard, is currently Superintendent.
. 75th /innivorsary for Soongjun University camo on October 10, 1972.
Called the "Turnpike University" with campuses near the "^^'^^en^heSed
, Seoul and Taejon (100 miles south), it is now a school ox iJOO _ students h
by a scientist , Ur. Hyung-Nam (Herman) KIM. Having its roots in Pyongyang until
1945, ono tends to believe its campus will some day elongate to inclu J
campus in Pyongyang 130 miles north of Seoul 1
Narrative Report on Korea
-25-
Uctober 1972
Trauma for the Elderly Church Leaders came in September 1971 when the
Presbyterian Church's General assembly decided pastors and elders must retire
at 70 years of ago. Idealistically interpreted the retirements bo f yin at once
\u loca] churches, on all Presbytery and General Assembly r La ■ Lttoos,
and on boards of all Church-sponsored institutions. Statistics are not
completely in but at least 70 pastors were rotirod, and probably 200 elders.
In a nation which traditionally honors with warmth and charm its
elders sixty and over, although gracious services were held at all levels
honoring these leaders of many years, conversations with many of them make it
obvious ’to this writer that this decision came like double-iced water on
their sensitive spiritual souls!
The decision had to come sooner or later with longer lives for it
was a strangulating cord not giving openings to younger men coming up. But
in its first year such major surgery was most traumatic for these 70 and
older men of the Church.
The Missionary situation. In the Protestant missionar,. groups,
family units hiTiTTropped by 100 sinco 1971. devolution is moving rapidly.
„s of October 1972 there are approximately 350 units (married and/or single/,
in the Catholic Missionary groups there are 400 missionaries to Korea,
mostly priests. The Philippines have sent 10 sisters. Korean Protestant
Churches have approximately 40 missions rios overseas, the Catholix^Jwv^
the latter all working with expatriate Koreans.
The Korean Church sees itself as a missionary base for launching
mission to its own people, to North Korea, Asia and the world. James Irwin.
, polio 15 moon walker on Mount Hadly has in Octobor 1972 boen wal King and
talking on Louth Mountain, Sooul, speaking of Jesus, billy Graham vail bo
conducting special mootings in Korea late Kay and early June 1973"
anticipate that it may be his greatest Campaign of the century, -nd the
reason is this. THE WHOLE KOREAN CHURCH IS A MISSIONARY CHURCH ON THE MOVE
IN CHRIST'S MISSION TO DISCIPLE THE WORLD!
F. GGLI'-LEVdLOPMKHT OP PEOPLE
GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVES in self-development aro heavily concentrated ^
in the "New Community Movement" (mentioned earlier in this report/. -J. though
aimed primarily at rural Korea, it is affecting all of Korea with its goals
to solf-dovelop the lower economic eschelons o t Korean society .
Specific objectives are :
1.
fo accomplish a green revolution through enlarging the foundations
of agricultural production.
2. To improve the environment in rural areas (ecological thrust,
including wise location of industry not adjacent to large loou
production enterprises).
3. To prouote farm mechanization.
4. To maintain appropriato prices for farm products.
5. To improve marketing structures.
6. To develop farming techniques and strengthen technical guidance.
Narrative Report on Korea
-26-
October 1972
7. To revolutionize food production and self-sufficiency of staple
grains .
Let me explain this last one. Between 1972 and 1976, the supply of
fertilizer and insecticides to farmers is being j'reatly increased. ..t tne
same time irrigation facilities are expanding cultivated land is being
re-arranged, farm mechanization is proceeding, and a new variety of rice,
known as "Tongil" (Unification) is being diffused. As a result of this
comprehensive development plan "staple food grains will be self- supplied
by 1976." 58
Lest the reader falsely assumes this is a minor a bn, in 1973 grain
imports will tot$l 1,212,000 tons (415,000 tone of rice and 797,000 tons of
wheat and corn).
Here is Korea's gigantic self-development plan for its 15,000,000
formers which will affect its entire population of 32 - 33.000,000 people.
The Church is working side by side with the government and the rural
people in the "New Community Movement." For the first time in Korean history,
the government has the funds and. plans to do on a nationwide scale what our
agricultural missionaries have been working on in driblets for a long time.
Pohang City, location of Asia's largest steol complex, begins to
operate its first major unit in September 1972. This huge industrial giant
is transforming the city of Pohang on the southeast coast, fortunately the
Church has been in on the area's planning from the start because our
Keimyung Christian College in nearby Taegu sparkplugged the comprehensive
sociological, educational , and religious study which outlined t o basic
plans for the area.
The Church continues to grapple and dialogue with the overnment and
industry or. smog problems, locations of new satellite vill s (or su urbs),
jol preparation in vocational trainin , u » lflbor union
unfoldings, pollution, recreation, etc.
, ;^.riOIJoHIP OF Th_ NATION L alTU^riu:. TO IV. -V --CTIVITl^.
1 think we're solidly on the ground floor, with our ; Leev< foil »
perspiring together with this nation in its all out endeavors in self-development,
I want to high- light this relation;' p ii V <. '-.as.
1. Self-Development of students . (one-hal of
25 years).
, black man, Or. I«rank Wilson, CO-TDuD s former Lucation Secretary,
16 i orean, Professor Ki-llyoung OH, gifted Kor
> go had a dream about revolutionizing educational methods i:
or« • . Their aim was to smash (graciously to be sure) ” • lecture,
■ >te taking single- system, and to replace it witi
: orea baaed educational schemes of teaching.
.Successor to Dr. ail son at Dr. Robert Lodwick ana i-r.
Yenwith Whitney, have continued to cooperate/ in this venture. ..hat you have
Harrativo Report on Korea
-27-
October 1972
now at the Yonsei University's Educational Research Institute (where
Professor Oil is Director) is the focus point of an educational revolution
which the Ministry of Education is backing and many leading Secondary
Schools say "THIS IS IT."
This past summer Professor OH and iir. Whitney (a black man)
were in .frica sharing this program. The response was beyond expectation
because Oh is from the Third World. This is what was being said.
1. We can hear you. You communicate because like us
"you're from a $200 country" (meaning a poor nation economically).
2. We can feel you. You're from a nation formerly under
colonial rule. You speak with the emotion of freedom from a nationalistic
motivation.
3. We can know you in your struggles, .je've been reading
about the North .South Red Cross talks and the South North Korean ccord and
we are vitally concerned WITH you that this is underway.
2. Self- Jevelo pment through Community Health . lifter three years
of planning and progress, in June, 1972, Koje (island) Community Health
and Dnvolopmont Project edited a volume entitled uu.K- health Reports (Vol.l).
Pioneered initially by a COEMAR medical couple, Jr. and Mrs.
John R. Sibley, with tho assistance of many Korean medical specialists
(some trying to figure out "what the deuce is going on here"), and the
(gifted modical abilities and pen of a community health specialist, Jr. Kit G.
Johnson (also a COEMAR appointee), this Self-ueveloprnent project has become
the most talked about new involvement of the Church in tho lives of common
Korean folks.
To put it right on the line. This developing project works from
basic suppositions to make its plans and move toward objectives. They are:
a. Health care is a right.
b. Health care must be accessible to all.
c. Health care resources and distribution must be oriented
to the entire community.
d. Health care can be simplified without a corresponding
decrease in effectiveness.
This means the Church, too, must develop a new orientation in
Christian medical work emphasizing "comprehensive health care of man, his
family, and his community.
It is to this end that folks like the Cibleys, Jr. Joung-Hun YU,
Dr. Tai-Dan CHUNG f and their specially trained staff work, think, plan, and
pray.
Narrative Report on Korea
-28-
Uctober 1972
III. REFLECTIONS (on Red Cross Talk) - No report from Korea in 1972 can
end without some reflections on the present Louth Korea - North Kore* ;.ed
Cross talks in Pyongyang arri Seoul, and the "air of expectancy that
something is going to happen. An observant Korean puts it gl. way.
"the new shift in Korea is scarcely short of mmdboggling.
1 First form, later content. When Koreans deal with such a mammoth
task of’rounitinp 10,000,000 people, they must give first attention to
"setting the stage" which means form and symbols first. The late "gust
meeting of the Red Crosses in Pyongyang and mid- September in Seoul wore
basically ceremonial. Content and substance take root with the next meetings,
starting at Pyongyang on October 24, 1972.
? Pvonrvanr Experience . For five days beginning late august, oouth
Korean lied- toossieaders""and—20 Pressmen were in North Korea. There were no
crowds to greet them, no TV to herald their arrival in i yongyang. But they
were most courteously chaperoned, one by one.
a . Comments .
Said a South Korean .journalist: "Seoul— At 10:30 on tne chilly,
cloudy morning of August 29, a convoy of 30-odd black sedans ^
si-man Red Cross group crossed the bridge of no return over a little creek
near ranmunjon, which since the Korean armistice had been the northernmost
limit for South Koreans,
"Our group of 7 delegates, 7 advisors, 20 officials and
20 newsmen sped past a North Korean sentry box at the other side ol tne
bridge, with two guards standing erect and expressionless.
"For the next five days, we had the unusual experience
"North Korea was no fish bowl, but what I was allowed to see -
which was very little - was enough to startle me. What I suspected was
concealod from our view was equally disturbing.
And a French writer put it observantly: Ihe Kortn uore
leaders are vague concerning the concrete form which reunify °^t
take, and the only explanation I heard during my stay s ^th Koreans ...
of confederation could be studied. It never occur o idoilogical rigidity,
that the Pyongyang regime, marked by. strong disciplin f£exibility
under the absolute leadership of a single man, migh p
in the context of a dialogue with Seoul. " ^
b. Christianity in th. »orth, «• .«* ? «. ft
when South Korean reporters interviewed The Rev. I Hyoni -uk ang,, ^ e
ational Unification Democratic Front. (Appendix III car 1 Kh
interview.) Basically Rev. Kang was saying there is no church and t*™
the United States for destroying all ?ias -°"£any siortf Korean
Korean War. He also had a word for us missionaries
Narrative Report on Korea
-29-
October 1972
Christians had abandoned their belief because of the 'erroneous preaching by
American missio naries' .... .American missionaries preached that .*orth Korea's
opposition to the U.3. meant opposition to God.
Jr. Samuel H. Moffotb, one of our Unibod Prosbyborian m ssionary
co-workers in Seoul, who was born and reared in Pyongyang, comments:
•"What has happened to the church in the north,' reporters aske< Kan
in an interview reported in The Korea rimes, the first ir< ct inter
professing Christian in north Korea for more than twenty years.
"i.r. Kang should know the answer to that question. He is reportedly
an uncle of premier Kim II- sung and chairman of the * National unification
omocratic Front, ' but he is also a former pupil of my father's anc was once
an assistant pastor of that same Central Presbyterian Church of Pyongyang.
q\.j seventy years old, he was ordained an elder in the test iate C .urch near
our house.
"3ut all he could say in answer bo the question about the churches was a
rotost, 'They were all bombed out by LI. 3. be rs.' »
too, in the war, and many of its churcl out. "•
freedom of religion and they were bin It ay. in.
1 _ th ■ is really freedom of religion in the north, .■ n ■ insists, why
ui today have some 1,300 Christian churches, and ?yon . ig, *t
churches' have none?"*- fJ
The conducted Pyongyang tour included a good visit to the Student
\ >uth Palace. An observant reported says: "The are* her
Palace' stands i s the ar< re the Changdae-
byterian Church was founded by Jr. Samuel . i-.offett and was the
largest Christian Church in a 11 Korea. Often referred to in In jlish as Central
• ■ ’ urch, it was pastorod for years by a listinguishec patriot and
pastor, a blind person, The Rev. Son-Chu KIL.
The visitors never got to Hest Pyongyang where most missionaries
lived and where many Christian institutions were located, .rcoaoiy ill
changed now, in pro- 19^5 this was the site of the lar est Presbyterian mission
sbation in the world. And Pyongyang, with its many churches, .as calico,
"Tho Jerusalem of the Orient".
One thing wo do know. Communists, as well as missionaries,
like nice locations to live in. The Hresbyterian single ladies residence in
1950 was transformed into a private residence for Premier H-sung Aim ^nd
equipped undorneath with a bomb shelter 50 feet deep!
3. Seoul .'Experience - For five days in mid- September the *.orth ..orean
Red Cross loaders and 20 rressmon wore in South Korea. There were crowds. all
along the route to Seoul, and in Seoul huge crowds lined the streets (estimated
at 1,000, 000 to watch and sometimes to applaud. The North ..orean communists
naively assumed tho crowds were welcoming them because they were communist o .
How wrong I Seoul ites all week long tried to view these visitors out of
curiosity and wonderment.
Narrative Report on Korea
-30-
October 1972
a. "Two worlds” - at the main talks at the New Chosun hotel, the
"tv/o worlds of Korea" became frustratingly obvious. South Koreans wore
incensed when North Korea's Chiof delegate, Tao-hul KIM, over and ov< r again
used Premier 11-sung Kim’s name. (Later ho made an apology. But by now
South Koreans began to realize that North Koreans just have to mention his
name frequently and credit him with everything.)
b. Openness. All 3 TV Stations carried live coverage of all meetings,
plus several radio stations. The visitors went down into the new subway area
under construction, upon South Mountain and Sky Way Drive to see the city. They
even traveled 50 miles down the turnpike to visit i\dmiral Sun-Shin Lob's grave.
Now this is really significant because the turnpike at two places had wider
areas for airfields and parking aprons. But beyond this exposure risk,
South Koreans wanted the North Koreans to experience a "oneness in their
earlier history" for in Admiral Lee all Koreans are one. He in 1598 defeated
the Japanese Navy; in his whole career he was the undefeated. In Admiral lee,
both North and South could be historically one and victorious!
c. Comments
Eftha High School girls, who presented flowers to each North Korea
visitor as he or she entered South Korea at Panmunjon, had quite a unique
experience. The North Koreans gave them small wrapped-up presents, including a
little book with Premier Il-sung Kim’s picture and his sayings. The comment -
"I'm shocked! "
Dr. Okgill Kim's comments in a congratulatory address at the New
Chosun Hotel, spoke both for womanhood and for Christianity. President of bwha
(Methodist) Woman’s University, she also spoke for the common folk: "Thirty-five
million people living in the south of Panmunjom, including the ferryman at
Imjin River and the woman diver catching the abolone in the sea off Seoguipo,
the southern tip of Cheju Island, all welcome you, the representatives of the
North Korean Red Cross. Not only that. Every Korean on this peninsula is
praying that this great meeting may bear much fruit."
South Korea ' s Foreign Minister, Mr. Yong-shik Kim, always comments
clearly. To him, and of course the South Korea government, the dialogue with
the north has stages:
"First sta ge is consideration of human conditions, including
the rejoining of families separated
" Second step would be the establishment of trade
69
"Third tackling political problems for reunification."
A Korean Educator at one large reception held at Kyungbok Palace learned
that in North Korea there is one University only and named Kim Il-Sung University
with 8, 000 students. In the provinces there are vocational colleges. South Korea
has 97 colleges and universities with 160,000 students.
Narrative Report on Korea
-31-
October 1972
R.yongyang Reporter - "Oooul looks like many matchboxes piled up
in disorder We who had breathed fresh air in Ryongyang experienced during
our stay in Seoul for a few days air pollution which we had known only in
words.... :>ooul is 8 miniature of the south Korean society whicF is widely known
Lo the world as a society whero the rich become richer and the poor become
poorer. "
A North Korean Delegate' s comments are picked up by Newsweek.
"Through it all, the North Korean delegation kept a Communist stiff upper lip.
After a banquet of shrimp cocktail, fried chicken, tenderloin steak, roast tuna,
champagne, French wines and liqueurs, one Northerner was asked how he liked the
food. 'Oh,' he replied bravely, 'this isn't much different from what the average
person eats in our country. '
4. The future . Obviously each nation put its best
a show, really spent lots of money on the first hosting.
:.ow Democratic Party, is saying the government had alloca
of $4, 500,000 for the Red Cross talks). ‘‘
foot forward, put on
(Already the Opposition,
ted excessive funds
The future must face many realities, many problems. <nd the Red Cross
talks do not go on in a vacuum. As to its neighbors, Japan and Rea China have
just had meetings, R.Q.K. and Japan have one in early November.
Unification is a by-word now - "unification rice"; unification
bridge" (Kae sung North Korea), But hard thinking is under way. Christian
Thought magazine for October 1972 has as its theme, Couth a no North, were
are somo of its thought- provoking articles: "encounter Between Couth and
North" , "Unification of Country and Korean Church", Reconciliation in Korea' ,
and "Struggles for the Founding of 'New Korea'".
CLOSING RFFLTCTION - In the end the basic question posed by the Red Cross
talks is this. o love you ■ ; ! this ps learn
from tho Japan- China Accord of October - use something very oriental - they
"signed with Chinese writing brushes"; use somo thing very occidental - they
"toasted in champagne" . ■ -J
But most of all we can loarn from Jesus - use somethin ; very basic -
"Love your neighbor as yourself I" If this can happen, fhe 1 ’ etwork oi
LI moan peace and progress j;. Asi« » and h< e for world Ood loves.
Narrative Report on Korea -32 October 19?
foot kot;s
i. brdi 1 f >r. Kyung-Chik Han, preacher at the Servic , 20th ftC
Jivision, pril 25, 1972.
;hao, bung-hoe, The Korea Ho; raid, april , 1972.
Ur. ifon-Yong Kang uses this statistic. formally most of us : , ,
. e should know as director of academy house, which does uuc of ti
creative si *eai
of the bouth-Uorth Coordinating Committee is at Panmunjom October 12, 197*-.
4. quoted in "Noetic Protest”, Newsweek, July 31, 197', ->• 1; (thi.
censored completely from all copies sold on Korean now:;t< : :< ' ■ ).
Ibid; p. 13
Op. cit, p. 15
6a. Conversation between 3. K. Wilson and a
'• f ho Korea Times, October 7, 1972, articles on the athletic -t, . 1,4.
6c. lords of Dr. Won- Yon g Kang, "pastor to students", Seoul, tore ,
at a breakfast of Church learlers reference July 4 ecorc .
hi. Words of Dr. Samuel H. Moffett at same breakfast, Seoul, July 10, 1072.
7. Pacific Stars and Stripes, May 4, 1971 » P« 7
8. Ibid, June 18, 1971, P» 6*
9. The Korea Times, June 15, 1972, p. 1.
10. Ibid, p.l. (lead article)
11. "Text of Park's Speech", Tho Korea limes, Juno 25, 1972, p.
If . Tl~i v ■ how York Times aeckly Review, July 9, 1972.
13 . Ibid .
14. i acific Stars and Stripes, July 21, 1971
15. "Stabilizing Korea", and editorial. The hew York I'jjnes ykl£ Kevicow,
July 9, 1972, p. 6.
16. Ibid, p. 6
17. ".Prepare for Unity”, The Japan Times, august 17, 197* , • *
'
,
Karra tive Report on Korea -33- October 1972
19. A s recommended by The United Nations Commission for the Unification and
Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCUrtK) to the current U.N. assembly, The Korea
Times, .September 20, 1972, p. 1. A few days later this concept was
approved by the U.N. General Assembly.
20. "Michaelis Retires - But Not from Korea" (staying as industrial consultant),
Pacific Stars and Stripes, September 3# 1972, p. 7.
21. Korea Old and New, a picture and narrative brochure published by Public
Relations Association of Korea, Seoul; undated (published cither ir. 1971
or 1972).
22. The Bank of Korea, Economic Progress in Korea 1972, p. 1
23. Ibid, p. 1.
24. Op. cit. p. 9
25. The Korea Times, June 29# 1972, p. 4
26. Dr. Paul Crane in a lecture at Royal Asiatic Society, Koroa, November 1971.
27. Several quotes from Korea Old and Now brochure.
2d. "Now Community Movement", The Japan Times, in mid- September 1972, p. 7*
29. Ibid, p. 7.
30. Country Profiles, "The Republic of Korea", issued by the Population Council
of the International Institute for the Study of human Reproduction,
Columbia University, April 1970, p. 1.
31. Kuznet, P.W., "The Korean Take-Off", Korea Journal, Vol XII, No. 1 (Jan. 1972),
p. 11.
32. Ibid, p. 20.
33. Lee, Young-ho, "The Korean People's Jistributive Consciousness : .in ivnalysis
of Attitude," Korea Journal, Vol. XII, No. 9 (Sept. 1972), p. 34.
34. Ibid, pp. 3^-35
35. Op. cit, p. 17
36. The Korea rimes, June 29# 1972, p. 4
37. Lee, Chung-myun, "Population Movement of Korea - International .-.ovement" ,
Korean affairs (19&3) p. 21.
38. Taouber, I.B. and Barclay, G. W. , "Korea and the Koreans in the ..ortheast
Asian Region," Population Index, (October 1930), p. 2 o7
39. The Korea Times, October 1, 1972, p. 7
40. Economic Progress in Korea 1972, p. 16.
41. Ibid, p. 19.
Karra tive Report on Korea
October 1972
-3 4-
42. Tho Korea Times, October 8, 1972, p. 2
43. Ibid, July 23, 1972. • r t 1
un August 3, 1972 tho private loan market v/as frozen by tne economic Oontroi:
Lav;. No one can now loan at private interest rates (usually 3/^ to
month) moro than $75*
4/4.. Kuznets, P. W. , ’’The Korean Take-Off", Korea journal, Vol. XII, No. 1
(Jan. 1972), p. 18.
45. Kim, Chong-chol, "Long-Range iOducational Planning in Korea,' Korea Journal,
Vol. XI, No. 10 (Oct. 1971) p. 9.
46. "Proposal for Education Programs of Activating Intermediate Groups."
Korea Christian Academy, 1972, p. 3 •
47. The Korea Times, July 28, 1972, p. 4.
48. "Survey Shows," The Korea Times, Sept. 23, 197*-, -•
49. April 1972 statistics sheet prepared by Population Council onice, Kore*.
50. Korea Association of Voluntary Agencies, KAVa News, No. 9-7 , Gept. 7, 19/*-, P
51. Ibid, p. 3.
32. Tho Korea Times, July 28, 1972.
« Yi Pu-von-. "A Psychological Jtudy" (of the How Religions of Korea),
Kola Journal, Vol. XX, So. 12 (Dec. 1971), P- 24.
54. "This is tho Day of Hope," The Korea Herald, Feb. 19, 1972, p. 3 •
55. "ROK Founder of Holy Spirit Assn, claims New Revelation Keedoc ,
The Korea Herald , Feb. 27, 1972, p. 5-
56. "Calendar of Forthcornii Activities," Korea Brand oft
Society, a letter dated Sept. 25, ^97- •
57.
Presbyterian Church of Korea ( Ecumenical)
Presbyterian Church of Korea (1959 split N;^)
Presbyterian Church in R.O.K.(1953 split)
Korea Presbyterian Church (1951 split)
580,000
590,000
,
_n0j0_pc
,
59.
60.
Tho Dank of Korea, Economic l'ro;ress in Korea 19 /: »
Tho Korea Times, October 10, 1972, p. 4.
Koje Community Health and Development Project, Kojj
Jun 1972, p. 5*
P-
>ol. I,
arrative Report on Korea
-35-
Octobcr 1972
61.
62.
■
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
O- , : c r t I ' i3s" , The ... J • • •
Only shortly after it was jointly announced that x>uth and . or ; * / ' * .^:V
worst flood in 47 /ear t . • ' r open door for the -or oroan nod
, to MET HI ' I J Ci ■ <
bit help came from t\ e n ■ n st nei 01 >rt >rea.
on orth Korean Red Cross's part.
Chin, Chul-soo, "Seoul /liter, in Pyoi yang, PI , tartled* disturbed",
/hn .iVishinirton Post, Sept. It, 1 '?■ , P* 1 •
,-i ,ro du Sablon, Joan, . Korea's 3est Shown to Gue oul*
The Times, Sept. 19, 1972, p.
KKRC Press Corps, "Few Christians ir The Korea Tijnes, Se . 1.
p. 1. (Copy of article is Appendix HI)
Moffett, Samuel H., "Old Pyongyang landmarks Vanish," Th. 23®
Sept. 10, 1972, p. 6.
The Korea Times, Sept. 8, 1972.
Obordorfer, Don, "Worth, South Korea Start Polite, Cnea
The Washington Post, Sept. IS, 1972, p. A 18. J
^liundreds of th^Tsands". The Korean papers m r r U
numbers.
Euha ’..Oman's University, I'.Vha Voice. Vol. XVII, o. 5, Sop1:. A , 3'- ’ • 1
Tho Korea Times, October 1, 1972, p. 1.
Ibid., Sept. 20, 1972, p. 2.
"Korea i Bright Welcome," bewsweek, Sept. 25, ...■<■ > ■
ixcossive Funds Set for R.C. Talks: Solon, 1 The Korea Tit , Sept. 50,
p. 1.
" Tanaka Given Gala Sendoff After China Tact," Pacific J5SES SB*
October 1, 1972, P* 4.
From Pyongyang*
/wtc^y
Noted Seoulites Moved
At Acquaintance News
Some noted persons in
Seoul had moments of recol-
lect.on with mixed feelings
yesterday when they heard
the news from Pyongyang that
one of north Korean leaders
inquired after them person-
ally. calling them by name.
A noted Presbyterian min-
'Js'er in Seoul, Han Kyong-
j i K . fii, said he was deeply
impressed with the news that
Kan y Hyang uk, chairman of
north Korean "National Uni-
fica'ion Democratic Front
• NUUK)," told south Korean
qires'.men that he knew l’.istor
Jinn well.
A consultant to Yongnak
Church, Pastor Han recalled
that he had first met the for-
mer pastor Kami while making
preaching tours in Pyongyang
m 1 IJ2 and 1 93 t Kang w as
pastor of Kirimri Church, lie
Said.
Kx pressing a regret over
the complete disappearance of
churches and the plight of
persecuted Christians in north
Korea, the eloquent Presby-
terian minister said, "I hope
Kani; will make ellorts to re-,
build churches for north K
rcan Christians as he was
their pastor himself.”
He said that the first thing
he wants to know is the
whereabouts of his fellow
clergymen who remained m
nortli Korea or were taken
there forcibly before and after
the Korean War.
Mrs. Hoh Kun-uk, 42, a not-
ed novelist, said she was
"touched and heartbroken”
when she first read the story
of a press interview with her
elder sister Mrs. Hoh Chong-
suk, secretary-general of tlie
"National Unification Demo-
cratic front."
An author of novels about
the tragic territorial division
of * his land, Mrs, Hoh said
thoughtfully, "I wish 1 could
see how she looks now. about
22 ve.irs after I saw her last."
She recollected that she had
felt even closer to her sister
who did not talk much about
party or ideologies when she
met her in 1!>47 in Wonsan.
Then her sister was the north
Korean minister of culture
and propaganda.
Three years later on Octo-
I.oc
II^ii
Hob
her mr.O when the allied for-
ces launched a massive thrust
to the north, they parted with
each other and the woman
novelist came to the smilh
with her only son in Decem-
ber of that year.
Lee Vun young, 02-venr-old
foriTTrr .aHIng phrm* minister,
said lie was very pleased to
hear that Kane Ityang-uk,
north Korean NTJDF chair-
man, inquired after him when
he met Lee llum-suk, chief
KNltC delegate, now partici-
pating in the Pyongyang talks.
The father of Lee Uum-suk's
wife, the elder I.ee remember-
ed that lie had often met Kang
while they were serving ns
church ministers in Pyong-
yang, hut they were not close
friends because of the differ-
ent ideologies they were fol-
lowing.
He also recalled that Kang's
wife had been one of his
church members and there had
been an incident in which
Kang was terrorized by right
wing youths as he was a Com-
munist and one of Kim li-
sting's relatives.
If only I could have a chan-
ce to meet him again, I would
ask him to have a more sin-
cere attitude about religion
and make more contributions
to his fatherland.
Kim Yun-clian, parson of
I’yongan Church, who is one
of those whom Kang inquir-
ed after, is now on a tour of
tin' United States, tint his
wife Kim Pong-ok, fib, said on
hearing the news that Kang
must repent in the words of
Clod.
She claimed that Kang told
a lie when he told south Ko-
rean pressmen that all the
churches in north Korea had
been destroyed by American
bombers during the Korean
War. ,
Hut she added that now she
can forgive what Kang did in
the past and pray for Ciod's
blessings for him.
North Korean actress Kirn
Son -young, who was reported
to have appeared in the movie
"Flower-selling Malden”, was
a melodrama per ormcr in
south Korea, before the Ko-
rean War, said Dee Hae-rang,
president of National Federa-
tion of Art and Culture As-
sociations.
Movie actor Dee Tong-won
recalled that Kim had just
looked like an ordinary house-
wife but on stage showed sur-
prising acting ability.
He added that it Is very
hard In believe that she volun-
tarily went to the north du-
ring the war.
At Acquaintance News
Some noted persons in
Seoul had moments of recol-
lect.on with mixed feel i tics
yesterday when they heard
the news from Pyongyang that
one of north Korean loaders
inquired after them person-
ally. calling them by name.
A noted Presbyterian min-
ister in Seoul. Han Kyong-
Mik. fi:», said he was deeply
I impressed with the news th.it
Kang Ityang uk, chairman of
north Korean "National Um-
lica’ion Democratic Front
•NPDFi,” told south Korean
Vressmrn that he knew l'.istor
Han well.
A consultant to Yongnak
Church, Pastor Han recalled
that he had first met the for-
mer pastor Kang while making
preaching tours in Pyongyang
in 1 ! » .' J 2 and 1031 Kane, was
pastor of Kirimri Church, he
said.
Kxpressing a regret over
the complete disappearance of i
churches and the plight of /
persecuted Christians in north/
Korea, the eloquent Preshy- 1
terian minister said. "I hope/
Kang will make elTorts to re-
build churches for north Ko(
rean Christians ns he was
their pastor himself.”
He said that the first thing
he wants to know is the
whereabouts of his fellow
clergymen who remained in
north Korea or were taken
there forcibly before and after
the Korean War.
Mrs. Hoh Kun-uk. 42. a not-
ed novelist, said she was
"touched and heartbroken”
when she first read the story
of a press interview with her
elder sister Mrs. Hoh Chong-
suk. secretary-general of (lie
"National Unification Demo-
cratic h ront."
An author of novels about
the tragic territorial division
of this land, Mrs. Hoh said
thoughtfully. "I wish I could
see how she looks now. about
22 years after I saw her last.”
She recollected that she had
felt even closer to her sister
who did not talk much about
party or ideologies when she
met her in 11*47 in Wonsan*
Then her sister was the north
Korean minister of culture
and propaganda.
Throe years later on Octo-
her lOHO when tlie allied for-
ces launched a massive thrust
to the north, they parted with
each other and the woman
novelist came to the south
with her only sun in Decem-
ber of that year.
I Lee Vun young, n2-ycar-old
I fnnTT7^."iLVfng pFTfnf- minister,
said he was very pleased to
hear that Kang Kvarig-uk,
north Korean NTJDF chair-
man. inquired after him when
lie met Deo Ilum-suk, chief
KN'ItC delegate, now partici-
pating in the Pyongyang talks.
The father of Lee llum-suk's
wife, the elder Lee remember-
ed that he had often met Kang
while they were serving ns
church ministers in Pyong-
yang. hut they were not close
friends because of the differ-
ent ideologies they were fol-
lowing.
He also recalled that Kang's
wife had been one of his
church members and there bad
been an incident in which
Kang was terrorized hy right
wing youths as he was a Com-
munist and one of Kim li-
sting's relatives.
If only I could have a chan-
ce to meet him again. I would
ask him to have a more sin-
cere attitude about religion
and make more contributions
to Ills fatherland.
* *
Kim Yun-chnn, parson of
I’yongan Chureli. who Is one
of those whom Kang Inquir-
ed after, is now on a tour of
the United States, but his
wife Kim Pong-ok, fit), said on
hearing the news that Kang
must repent in the words of
Clot!.
She claimed that Kang told
a lie when he told south Ko-
rean pressmen that all the
churches in north Korea had
been destroyed hy American
bombers during the Korean
War. ,
Hut she added that now she
can forgive what Kang did in
the past and pray for God's
blessings for him.
North Korean actress Kim
Son-young, who was reported
to have appeared in the movie
"Flower-selling Maiden”, was
a melodrama per ormer in
south Korea, before the Ko-
rean War, said Lee Ilne-rang,
president of National Federa-
tion of Art and Culture As-
sociations.
Movie actor Lee Tong-won
recalled that Kim had just
looked like an ordinary house-
wife hut on singe showed sur-
prising acling ability.
He lidded that it Is very
hard fo believe that she volun-
tarily went to the north du-
ring the war.
* * *
Tal/:s With Kang, Iloh
few Christians in Norl
Women Work Like Men
7z
By KNRC Press Corps |
PYONGYANG— Kang Ryang- 1
ik former pastor and currcnt-
v chairman of north Korean
•National Unification Dernocra-
ic Front,” blamed the United
jlotes yesterday f<*r “having
lestroyed all the churches here
luring the three-year Korean
iVnr period.”
In an interview with the
KNRC Press Corps at Mnn-
zyong-dae. Kang alleged that
nany north Korean Christians
had abandoned their belief be-
cause of the "erroneous preach-
ings by American missionaries
Kang is a close relative of
north Korean premier Kim li-
sting.
In another interview, Mrs
Iloh Chong-suk. secretary-gen-
eral of the "National Unificn- .
tion Democratic Front. said
that women in north Korea on- 1
iov the same treatment as men
in every field including educa-
tion and labor.
( ine tune minister of culture
ami propaganda, Mrs. Hob ex-
-'ained many women are in
nportant posts .n every orga-
i ration of the north Korean
iciety. particularly in rural
reas
Knng'i Interview went as
>llows ,
Q: ••Tell us the present si
i.ation of Christians here
V "All the churches were
est*royed by the U S bombers
uring the war period. Amrri-
an missionaries preached that ,
orth Korea’s opposition to the
S meant opposition to <>ori
knd many Christians ^ have
bandoned their belief
Q: "IIow many Christians arc
, ere and how do they wor-
A: "We cannot tell how many
here are because all the cliur-
•hes were destroyed and many
lelievers abandoned their be-
icf. T personally don't know
aow many believe In (iod.
Q: "You, yourself, are a pns-
:or. Tell us about your belief
A: "Well. . .'apparently be-
ing confused'. . my belief has
never changed. It is the same
as in the past."
Q: MI)o you have any mes-
sage to be delivered to Chris-
tians in the south?”
A: "Now. all the people have
strong wishes for national uni-
fication. Red Cross men in the
south and north have talks to
settle problems involving dis-
persed families. Taking these
as foundation-stones, we ( hns-
tiani must make efforts f<*r
unification in cooperation with
the entire nation."
Q: "Any message to your
lends in south Korea with
nom you were associated per-
nally before?”
A: "I know many persons
ere. I know pastor Han
yong-jik 'a noted Preshyte-
an minister in Seoul' though
ve no direct friendship with
im. I also know pastor Kim
\ W V
r
Kan* ,,oh
Yun-ehnn of the Seoul Pyong-
nn Church." . A
<1: "Do you believe in tnc
existence of God?
A: “I’m a pastor. How can
I doubt it?" .
Q: "Wc could not find even
a single church on the streets
A: "It’s quite natural. All of
them were destroyed during
the war."
<)• "Do you have any Inten-
tion to build a new church?"
A: "l don’t know. I thinK
we can build a new one if the
Christians want to do so. The
republic constitution guaran-
tees freedom of belief.
<i: “Do Christians have
meetings here?"
A: I don’t think so. but
I don’t know if they do In the
provinces."
Q: "How about the supplies
of the Bible?"
A: "Not many people want
it because all the churches
have perished."
(): "How is your health?"
A: "I’m fine, though my
age nears 70." (actually he
looked healthy)
Q: "Do you have any Inten-
tion to make opportunities for
Christians In t lie south and
north to exchange dialogue.’"
A: "Opportunities of those
kinds will do good for us. I
think it is good for us to meet
together in every Held on the
spirit of the south-north Joint
communique."
In her Interview with the
press corps following Kang,
Mrs. Iloh explained that worn-
on in north Korea contribute
nearly 50 percent of the total
national productive activities
here.
She boasted that north Ko-
rean women are free from child
care because the government
takes full charge of the up-
bringing of children at day
nurseries and kindergartens.
— joint Communique —
July 4, 1972
Recently there were talks held both in Pyongyang and Seoul to dis-
cuss problems of improving South-North relations and unifying the di-
vided Fatherland.
Director Lee Hu-rak of the Central Intelligence Agency of Seoul visit-
ed Pyongyang from 2 to 5 May 1972 to hold talks with Director Kim
Young-joo of the Organization and Guidance Department of Pyongyang.
Second Vice Premier Park Sung-chul, acting on behalf of Director Kim
Young-joo, also visited Seoul from 29 May to 1 June 1972 to hold further
talks with Director Lee Hu-rak.
With the common desire to achieve peaceful unification of the Father-
land as early as possible, the two sides in these talks had frank and open-
hearted exchanges of views, and made great progress in promoting mu-
tual understanding.
In the course of the talks, the two sides, in an effort to remove the mis-
understandings and mistrust and mitigate increased tension that have a-
risen between the South and the North as a result of long separation, and
further to expedite unification of the Fatherland, have reached full agree-
ment on the following points:
1. The two sides have agreed to the following principles for uni-
fication of the Fatherland:
First, unification shall be achieved through independent Korean ef-
forts without being subject to external imposition or interference.
Second, unification shall be achieved through peaceful means, and
not through the use of force against each other.
Third, as a homogeneous people, a great national unity shall be sought
above all, transcending differences in ideas, ideologies, and systems.
2. In order to ease tensions and foster an atmosphere of mutual trust
between the South and the North, the two sides have agreed not to
slander or defame each other, not to undertake armed provocations
whether on a large or small scale, and to take positive measures to pre-
vent inadvertent military incidents.
3. The two sides, in order to restore severed national ties, promote
mutual understanding and to expedite independent peaceful unification,
have agreed to carry out various exchanges in many fields.
4. The two sides have agreed to cooperate positively with each other
to seek early success of the South-North Red Cross talks, which are
underway with the fervent expectations of the entire people.
5. The two sides, in order to prevent the outbreak of unexpected
military incidents and to deal directly, promptly and accurately with pro-
blems arising between the South and the North, have agreed to install a
direct telephone line between Seoul and Pyongyang.
6. The two sides, in order to implement the aforementioned agreed
items, solve various problems existing between the South and the North,
and to settle the unification problem on the basis of t h e agreed prin-
ciples for unification of the Fatherland, have agreed to establish and
operate a South-North Coordinating Committee co-chaired by Director
Lee Hu-rak and Director Kim Young-joo.
7. The two sides, firmly convinced that the aforementioned agreed
items correspond with the common aspirations of the entire people, who
are anxious to see an early unification of the Fatherland, hereby solemn-
ly pledge before the entire Korean people that they will faithfully carry
out these agreed items.
Upholding the desires of their respective superiors
Lee Hu-rak Kim Young-joo
Text of Accord on Hot Line on Page 2
-r J££g||
THE STATEMENT ON JULY 4 ANNOUNCEIIENT
Tho National Council of Churches ir. Korea, estimating the internal
and external political situation, affirmatively recogaizen the July 4 Joint
announcement which was arranged for release of tension and peaceful unifica-
tion between tho North and the South Korea0 And we hope that this announcement
can come to fruition and that the unification can be attained through the
endeavor of the two sides by peaceful mean 3 e
In order to darry out a more effective and progressive role in Korean
histox^y, the Korean Church should make efforts actively in concern and in
actual practice for unification.
To carry out these historic tasks, the Church should steadily hold
firm in anti -communist beliefs and fully prepare foi* the confrontation t o
come some day. Wo cannot disregard our responsibility in study, analysis
and criticism on the communist ideology for the establishment ol a true
democratic nation, which is the goal of our lives in society.
But the article in this announcement that "Unification shall be achieved
through independent Korean efforts without being subject to external imposition
or interference" should bo reconsidered carefully. It can only be on the
basis of a balance of power between the two 3ides. However, the hasty
withdrawal of the U. E. nrny makes us anxious, because it could bring about
a blank in military power in Korea. And the article, "As a homogeneous
people, a great national unity shall bo sought above all, transcending dif-
ferences in ideas, ideologies, and systems" should not mean that democratic
ideology could oe made light of by tho government under the cIook of lo-
cation or detente, if North Korea is attempting to accomplish its aggressive
communistic purposes and enforce communist education in its domain, we cannot
relax oui anti-communist attitude but we ohoulu advance anti -communist
education and an anti-coiamunist social order, so that we might further
democratic power.
We should do our hast in tho establishment of civil power in econo;raca,
society, and culture, in order to achieve our goal in the dialogue and not
be dazzled by the new political trends.
At this time, continuing self-examination is
weaken the national power for unification through
in our country.
needed in order not to
bocial unrighteousness
In this situation, we should make firm the democratic system. And
confronting the new political situation 'dialogue between North and ^outh
Korea', we dare to say that any suppression of organs of
be prohibited, even for the goal of national unity, ^ ' should be
of the people's opinion on the dialogue between North and ooutKoreasnoui
developed widely 2nd freely. It is very possible that ^.gerous^ccidents
might happen, when anti -communist public opinion i-> s pp
the promotion of dialogue between the two sides.
We Christians, positively agree to the purpose
for we are believers in a Gospel of reconciliation 0
serious situation, arrange our political and social
lor Christian mission to North Korea# xor this, we
determination to exert ourselves in preparation and
mission#
of the joint announcement.
Therefore, we, in this
attitude and prepare
Christians assert our
practical projects for
JPJL
'•fi
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— 27 —
(•) (Records of Adoption)
(1) 4*1 (Records on yearly basis)
Year
1955
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
4 ^ I 12
Number |
191
287
598
441
458
600
156
333
280
°d r
Year
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72 (64 154
4 Til
ToTal
4 4
Number
210
180
263
452
704
1,091
1,589
807
8, 652
(2) 44 (Records on national basis)
America
Okinawa
Japan
Swi'erland
Belgium
Norwa y
Denmark
6139
377
322
239
510
300
298
France
Italy
Guam
Germany
Korea
England
Australia
220
103
55
40
13
11
5
Holland
Hawaii
Ireland
Finland
Paraqua
Tunisia
Total
2
2
2
1
2
1
8,652
Japan 4 Korea -fe- a. *1 ej t\ ^
(Residential U. S. homes in Japan and Korea)
(3) 44 * 4^4 4^(i97iit4MI IMF)
(Records on racial and sexual basis (only for the year of 1971)
Korean
White
Negro
Spaniard
Total
4 *KM)
366
28
12
1
407
4 4(F)
1, 141
28
13
1, 182
Total
1,507
56
25
1
1,589
— 28 —
Purpose of Holt Children's Services
The purpose of Holt Children’s Services is to protect children in
need and to find them suitable homes where they can be assured
the love and the security necessary for their normal growth and devel-
opment. To provide proper guidance and sufficient encouragement for
those children with physical or mental handicaps is also one of our
primary aims. It is our sincere hope and belief that we can contribute
to the betterment of the whole society through participation in social
welfare work-which ought to be considered most important in our
community.
The following is the Statement of Purpose which has been ado-
pted by Holt Children’s Services:
Every child, of whatever nation or race, has the right to
grow up with parents of his own. The silent call of homeless
children is to all men of good will to see that neither apat-
hy nor prejudice, neither custom nor geographical boundary
shall prevent them from receiving their God-given right.
History of the Holt Children’ s Service
The Holt Children’s Servicesfformerly-Holt Adoption Program) beg
an in June 1955, when the late Mr. Harry Holt, a United States
civ, 1, an, adopted eight mixed race children who had been fathered
and then left by American soldiers, after the Korean war
Early in March 1956 an office was established at the headquarters
of the Salvation Army in Seoul. On 13 June 1956, the first group of
18 children arrived in Los Angeles and went to new homes in the
-30-
United States. Eventually, a home to acommodate mixed race orphan
children was built at a site rented from Christ Church. But this
home was not adequate for the increasing number of these orphans.
Out of necessity, several additional buildings, including a hospital
and infant room, were built in an area of Nokbon-dong, Suhdaem-
oon-gu.
In December 1960, the Holt Children's Services was established as a
foundation and it received official approval and authorization to operate
from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Mr. Harry Holt was
the first director of the Board. By February of 1961, over 570 children
had been placed in the Holt orphanage which then occupied 2000
pyong. In November of 1961, the baby home received final approval
from the Seoul city government.
Five houses were erected on a site of 60, 000 pyong in the country-
side. These home were located in II San, Koyang County, Kyongee-do,
and were used to house the 120 physically handicapped children.
These children were mDved from the Nokbon-dong home in September
1962. The younger children, now numbering over 550, remained at
the old home. On 29 April 1953, the home for the physically handic-
apped children obtained the approval of the Korean authorities.
Several buildings were added on the property and on 30 November of
that same year, all the babies at the Nokbon-dong home were trans-
ferred to the home at II San. This home had been named “Holt
Memorial Orphanage". The office was moved to Choong-jong-noh in
the downtown area of Seoul, -so that administrative matters could be
handled more efficiently.
On 28 April 1964, Mr. Holt who loved homeless childrean so very
much and who had been working so hard for them, died of heart
failure. There was not one person among the children and adults who
knew him who did not mourn his untimely death. The entire village
was shrouded with deep sorrow and lament. His great work, however,
has been continued by those whose interest is in the area of child
welfare.
In August 1964, Rev. Louis O’Conner was appointed the director of
the program and attempted to improve the services Holt was offering.
During this period of time, foster home care was begun and Okinawa
adoptions were initiated. The program continued to grow over the
next two years and it gained its greatest recognition in 1966 with the
selection of Mrs. Holt as “Mother of the Year".
In January 1967, Rev. Jack Theis replaced Rev. O’Conner as
director. On 20 November of the same year, the Program was
authorized by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs as an agency
of foreign civilian aid. In 1968 several families in Europe began to
take an interest in our children and we began meeting success in
placing them in European countries. In 1967, two homes for the
teen -age boys and girls were established to provide these mixed
youngsters, whose possibilities for adoption were slim, a home and the
opportunity for proper education in the city of Seoul. The boys home
was named “Joseph Home" and the girls house was named “Rebecca
With the increasing number of children going to so many different
areas of the world and with the program expanding rapidly,
additional office space was required. A mew building was constructed
near the Han River, where the program moved in August 1968. We
hate now grown to be a large organization which works in various
child welfare. These areas include intercountry adoptions,
- 3 2 -
teen-age work, foster home care, and the maintenance and support of
a major orphan complex in II San.
In June 1971, Rev. Jack Theis went to the United States on
furlough and Rev. Robert M.Chamness has been in the position of
interim director. He has been largely responsible for the expansion
and renovation of our facilities. Previously, we were working on two
floors and our work has now expanded to require four floors: the
first floor, now remodeled; the third floor; the fifth floor now
remodeled; and the sixth floor newly added.
In February 1972, the Holt Adoption Program was renamed Holt
Children s Services, a name to which we wish to link the finest in
child welfare.
A Brief Summary of the Services provided
by Holt Childrens Services
1. Holt Memorial Orphanage is located on 60,000 pyong of land at
Songpo-myun, Koyang-gun, Kyongee-do. It has the capacity to
accomodate over 600 children who are need of Holt Services. Children
in our program who are over two years of age are residing at this home.
The facilities include a clinic, a church, a school, and a workshop,
in addition to the regular living quarters for the children.
2. Foster Homes are a very important part of our program. All of
the babies in our program, who are under two years of age, are
cared for in foster homes. This allows the babies to grow and develop
normally as would any other children who are with their natural
families.
3. The Mixed Race Teen-agers reside at two homes located in Seoul.
The possibilities of these older children being adopted are very slim
so that these residences have been provided them so that they have
the opportunity to attend school in Seoul, and have counselling and
vocational guidance available to them.
4. The Mentally Retarded Children generally are not eligible for
adoption. We, however, provide a program for them which includes
education and training based on their capabilities.
5. Counselling of Unmarried Mothers as needed is an additional
service provided by Holt Childrens Service.
6. Intercountry Adoption involves a large portion of our program.
We have completed and continue to process adoptions to the United
States and ten European countries.
7. Homes for the Handicapped Children are constantly being sought.
Such children include those with polio, congenital heart disease, blind
children and children with speech difficulties.
8. Our agency has also been appointed as a Temporary Protection
Center. The Korean government has taken this measure to protect
the children who are abandoned in the Kyor£ce-do area, north to
the Han River.
OFFICE AND FACILITIES
The Holt Children’s Services is located at 382-14 Hap Jong-dong,
Mapo-gu, Seoul city. The building of six floors occupies a site of 100
pyong. We use the first, the third, the fifth, and the sixth floors.
The regular clinic and the waiting room occupy the first floor; the
foster home department and the medical departments are located on
the third floor; the fifth floor is used by the translation and intake
departments, the sixth floor includes the processing department and
the administrative offices.
Holt Memorial Orphanage at II San includes several houses on a site
of 32,880 pyong and a farm of 39, 180 pyong. The total number of
buildings is thirty-nine, of which thirteen units are used for childrens
living quarters and five units for staff. The office and the clinic
occupy one unit each. In addition, a school, a church, four ware
houses, three boiler rooms, a staff dining rccm, a bath house, a laun-
dry room, one milk preparation kitchen, a coal cake factory, a
generator building, and a garage are located on the property. The
director s family occupies a two storied home on the grounds.
The following is a description of the location of our children:
Homes
Boys
Girls
Total
Seoul Foster Homes
94
426
520
11 San Foster Homes
30
39
69
Holt Memorial Orphanage
214
261
475
Outside Hospitals
4
5
9
Other Institutions not Maintained by Holt
61
80
141
Boy's & Girl's Home
24
9
33
These figures are as of the end of May 1972
“INTAKE DEPARTMENT"
1. Introduction
Choosing a child for overseas adoption, we take the greatest
concern about relatives the child has or has not, and we are trying
the best we can for a parents not to lose their beloved child
unwillingly. Besides, we make it a rule for a child, who can be
adopted to a family in Korea through a connection with another
adoption organization, to be adopted to a Korean family so far as
possible after a decision.
For those children abandoned from their parents, we are trying to
open a new way for them to have nice adoptive parents to grow
agreeably in the future as a real member of our society studying
their emotional, mental, spiritual and physical states correctly.
Children released to our program for adoption, our worker first
decides the possibility of adoption. Generally speaking, we do not
send children for adoption for the necessity and to fill the desire of
those who are going to adopt the child, but we send children for
their future and their happiness.
2. Children Adoptable;
1) Boys under 5 and girls under 9 years old can be chosen for
adoption. A special case can be free from this requirement. The
restriction of age might be due to legal issue, but the major
reason for it is for the children’s quick social adjustments in
their new and strange environments as they are most sensitive.
2) Children, who are normal and sound physically and mentally,
can be chosen for adoption.
3) We decide for adoption according to the regular rule disregarding
the restriction of age in a special case, namely, for a child,
physically weak, physically deformed, when It has a specific
disease or when is an older mixed-race child.
4) A child who has a mental problem is not considered for adoption.
3. Children who come to our program;
1) Through government organization;
As the Holt Memorial Orphanage in II San has taken charge
of Kyungee Provincial Reception Center, they take care of
children abandoned in this area for a time until their parents
or relatives show up. When they do not come to take their child
after a certain period, children's processes are put into action
for overseas or home adoption.
2) Through orphanages;
a) we receive those children, who are unable to be adopted to a
a family in Korea, for overseas adoption unless they have
problems mentally, through provincial, city, Kun reception
centers.
b) we receive children through the directors of babies home and
orphanages who release children for adoption.
3) Through relinquishment paper;
we have a relinquishment counselling department and a
professional counsellor in our program for those who come to
have children unwillingly.
a) In the case of a mixed-blood child, who has different skin
color and a complex in his mind against the society due to
contempt from people around, we usually recommend overseas
adoption for the child to live with people who have similiar
skin color to his after a full service and advice for him and
his mother.
b) Through an interview with an unmarried mother, who came
to give birth to a child unwillingly we receive her child for
adoption and provide her with advice to adjust well in soc-
iety.
3 7
4. How we care for children until flight;
Taking the child’s mental and physical developing state into full
consideration, we place the child in a suitable foster home or other
places as following;
1) Foster home in Seoul;
we make it a rule to place a child under 18 months old in a foster
home, but those children, who are awfully weak physically and
poor at adjustment, are placed in a foster home as well, regard
less of age.
2) Holt Memorial Orphanage in II San;
Children, who are over 18 months old, are placed here taking
advantage of group-care.
3) Foster home in II San;
4) Special Places
Children, who are physically deformed and under-developed,
are placed in an speciaily equipped place to be provided with
constant medical treatment and physio-therapy that they are
in need of.
5) . Hospitals
Children, who are premature or in need of medical attention
for a long time are placed in a hospital.
6) Others
He make it a rule to have a child
orphanage as he has been during process
emotional and social issues that might be
him to another place.
grow in his original
for flight in fear of
caused by transferring
Intake Department Role
'>;«*. . «. tl, Mm >t
»"L"T "T Ph>'‘l'■, d™‘“™ «*«. »«i.l adju-
} ag[jStUdH the ClUldS menta1, Spiritual a'ld social developments
am and ch a sujtable tQ care ^ wm untu
1. h. In addition, we provide special care when he has fallen
behind physically.
3) Through a concrete study, we provide some aids to babies home
orp anages and reception centers under the sponsorship of
government in districts.
4) We also make it a rule to another adoption organization for
in country adoption, as can be placed.
foster home department
Purpose of Foster Homes
The foster home department began with eighty homes in March
1965. A foster home helps a baby to grow and develop normally. A
baby's basic needs for satisfactory growth and development in physi-
cal, mental, and emotional areas should be met through family love
and security. In addition, and most importantly, we try to provide
the best in nutritional care for the child. Many of the babies, upon
entry in our program, are in poor physcial condition, but after a few
short weeks, we see them beginning to develop into strong and
healthy infants.
Selection of Foster Homes
Selection of foster, homes is based on the following criteria:
a. Family members must be normal in physical and mental areas.
b A fami'y muSt inc,ude no ^ildren under eight years of age.
C. A family should have some interest in child welfare,
d. A family should have an average income.
Genera] Description of the Foster Home Program
tan, .1. of ihe children .ho „ ml„ „„ ^ our
‘ '"7" “ " i. Placed I. ,
"PP. admission .„r p„mm.
- - — - —
W-e« Most of h -od younpdeun-
F e • most ot the homes are in the *
af 0 Jatter two areas. A baby nlsce-1
at a home undergoes an init-iai ^ Q
• , „ . n,tlal examination. One month after a child
States for th t0 a family in the United
es the purpose of adoption, the foster mother, with the case
i;
oc of our ; l~7‘
necessary, hospitalization is also provided.
Supplies Provided the Foster Homes
and the necessary ^Isfor ^ ^ ^ dothes-
provided for each fos^r P f P are
dLD r°ster home. A fee of 9 son nr
Responsibilities of the Foster Home Workers
A worker interviews foster mother applicants and selects foster
"r the interview' a
I t deS'reS t0 Care f°r 3 Child- After the section of homes.
chL^ CrS C°ndUCt mfant Care daSSeS* After the P^acement of a
chdd the case worker visits the home month, y and at other times
as it becomes necessary.
Progress Reports
A worker records each home visit and makes a regular report on
the child s progress. She a, so submits a final report to the adoptive
amtly, and a report just prior to a child’s departure for its adoptive
family. An expiration report is made if a child dies while in the
care of a foster mother. In addition, the worker is responsible for
assisting m the dispensing of foster fees. When the adoption process
‘S COmP'eted and the Chi,d is f°r departure, the worker escorts
the child to the airport.
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
The medical department is responsible for the medical care of all
of the children under the Holt Program. These children are located
'n HOlt Mem°rial °rPha"a^ i" ^ter homes and in other orphanages.
The medical department keeps the medical records of all these children
he following offers a description of „ur responsibilities on behalf
of the children in the Hoit Children’s Services:
a. The babies in foster homes are given a full medical examination
y r. Hong pang Yee, Professor of Pediatrics at Seoul National
mversity. This examination includes a chest X-Ray, a skin test
'W, stoo, and urine test. It is completed soon after the child is
admitted into the Holt Program.
Dr\!Tt baP7 2 f0St6r h0me in Se0Ul iS eXamined by
' 0 y0"g 00k at a WeI1 bafay cI;nic Which is held on the first
oor of the Holt office building. Dr. Cho is head of pediatrics at
the City Baby Hosmtal At tu ■ ,• • f
,. • - is clinic, the babies receive their DPT
polio, and measles shots and are riven •*
supplements if required Advic, ' "S ^ ^
proper child care " ^ yarding
c. Babies who become ill are taken to the Citv Rab u •
«•» ... h. c ’ a"7'“
be admitted if necessarv PonU , ’ d Wl11
Or ... .dr**.
e' ChildteT 7° 316 Se"0USly iH 3re admUted t0 Severance Hosptal.
e* Children at our home in ii p
a resident doctor. ,f necessary th " ^ **
. they are admitted to the small clinic
- 4 2 -
there at the home. This clinic has a capacity for 40 children and is
usually fall. We have some groups of children requiring special care,
t e mentally retarded children, the emotionally disturbed children
epileptic children, and children who have tuberculosis. In addition'
the children with polio and cerebral palsy are treated by our threl
Physical therapist. Those children who are deaf or who have speech
difficulties are assisted by our two speech teachers. Children who
have physical defects, e.g., harelip, cleft palate, crossed eyes, scars
from burns, etc., are treated at either Wonju Union Christian
Hospital or at the Presbyterian Medical Center located in Chonju.
Children who have orthopedic problems are examined by Dr. Ahn
Hwa Yong and if necessary, admitted to his Se Kang clinic for
surgery.
f. Children with congenital heart disease and children needing
corneal transplants are always of concern to us. We attempt to find
an adoptive family for them and to have the surgery performed
overseas. In addition to the above, medical examinations are provided
for those children under our program who are residing in other homes
during the length of time the adoption case is in the processing. The
medical department also is responsible fo rthe overseas shot record,
for handling medical matters prior to an orphan flight, and the fin-
al medical examination before the child departs the courtry. Our
aim and purpose is to provide the best medical care we can with
the resources available to us in Korea.
Processing Department
While Holt has been adopting thousands of orphans overseas this
department has been handling all the necessary papers: i. e. drawing
UP’ k6eping paPers for ^e processing of each child, although
!t haS n0t b6en SUpervisinS the child himself. Even at the present ti-
me’ We are in process about 150 children’s papers each month plus
preparing to process for new children received by Holt. Thus all the
adoptabie children’s papers are channeled through this department
At present we adopt children in the United States and over 10 Euro-
countries and the procedure is different according to the adopti-
on law of each country. Here we will explain the work this depart-
ment does in detail, introducing the fundamental legal procedure.
•Lhe course of processing is;
1. Taking all the responsibilities of a child;
2. Establishment of a census register for the child brought in
without such; in
3. Nuance of Certificate of Orphanhood, Certificate of Appointm-
ent to the Guardian for the Minor Orphan accommodated in the
orphanage, and Census Register and the translations of them-
4. Accepting and filing of adopting parents’ documents-
rr,
::T 0,"~ » *»« Ministry
Of Health and Social Affairs
7' iTAftirns;and iSSUanCe ^ ^ fr°m ^ MiniStry°f F°r-
8. Acceptance of escort applications
9. Acquiring permit for entry and visa from the different embassies
in Korea
10. Selecting escorts and drawing up a flight list
11. Escort briefing
I2' PreParation for flight and simple physical check necessary for
a trip overeas
13. Departure from Korea
Each staff takes charge of a portion of the work, and explaining
further, since most of the children taken in by this agency are
foundlings who have had no opportunities of having their census reg-
ister made, we, on behalf of them, acquire each child census register so
that he can have legal qualifications. By obtaining census register he
becomes a legal orphan and further receives certificate of orphanihood
and certificate of appointment to the quardiar for the minor orphan
accomodated in the orphanage. Korean documents are transated-into
English and sent to the government of the country with which we work
for adoption. In that country, adoptive parents get reports on a child,
including his health examination report and send necessary papers for
adoption (Consent of Adoption, Affidavit of) Support, Home Study, etc. )
to this ageney. Upon receipt of them, we attach them to the child’s
and send them to the court to obtain certificate of adoption in accordan-
ce with the Korean civil law. Upon receipt of it, we further work to ob-
tain permit for overseas immigration and visa from the embassies in
Korea. By this, we complete all the necessary papers for adoption.
On the other hand, we need escorts who care for our children on
the plane, so we at all times receive escort applications and have
interviews with them when necessary for our use. After selecting
escorts we call them for an escort briefing where they are instructed
about the work they will have to assume when escorting children
They also are acquainted with the work Holt is doing.
For the final stage, those who are on a flight list, children and
escorts, meet at the Holt office and go to Kimpo Airport for departure.
The departed children are received by their adopting parents at the
airport led by the representative of Holt.
The other necessary work this department does is recording inform-
ation on a child brought in, keeping other pertinent departments
apprised of this, keeping cards by the name of adopting parents and
keeping cards by the names of children, keeping files of departed
children, etc. Besides, we keep reports on children who die of
accident, disease, etc. , file papers of release from relatives, send
report on the change of nationality for the departed child, make
various kinds of regular reports, making children’s and parents’ cards
up to date, etc. At present 10 staff members are sharing this work
with each other, and the countries we adopt in are the United States,
Japan, Okinawa, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Germany,
France, etc. In some special cases, we also adopt children in England,
Argentina, Australia, etc.
ADDITIONAL DEPARTMENTS
A. Accounting Department
This department handles the financial matters of the Seoul office
and the II San Complex. These matters include:
a. Payment of foster home fees
b. Payment of salaries
c. Payment of Regular Office Operation Expenses
d. Bookkeeping
e. The Preparation for the Annual Audit
f. Responsibility for Mailings
g. Monthly Financial Report to the Home Office
Two accountants are responsible for the operation of this department.
B. Translation Department
This department is responsible for the translation of the reports
from the Intake Department, the Foster Home Department and ad-
ditional reports written by the social workers. In addition, correspond-
ance written to their sponsors by the teen-agers living at the Boys
Home and the Girls Home is translated by this department. Any
additional material requiring translation, with the exception of that
regarding legal documents, is usually handled by this deparment.
The department is staffed by three translators and two typists.
C. Switchboard
Two operators are responsible for operating the switchboard.
D. Transportation
Four drivers are employed by Holt Children’s Services.
Program for the Mixed Race Teen agers
JOSEPH HOME(BOYS) ANI) REBECCA IIOME(GIRLS)
PURPOSE
The Boys and Girls Home were established on 25 August 1967 by
the Director, Rev. Jack Theis, who is presently on fu.rlough since their
establishment, Mr. Boo, Chong Ha, Executive- in-General, has been
the supervisor of the homes. The purpose of these homes is to provide
a home environment for the mixed race teen-agers who have little
possibilities for adoption.
With the expansion of this program, there are currently twenty-
three boys and nine girls living at the respective homes. The
supervisor, a case worker, three teachers for special activities, and
three Bomos are presently responsible for operating the program. The
boys house is a two storied building which stands on a site of 100
pyong and has 43 pyong of floor space. The girls home is a one storied
dwelling.
guidance and counselling
These mixed-race teenagers are not easily accepted by local
communities. They require a warm family situation, much
encouragement and as any other teen-ager, a good education. Many
of these young people had not received regular education before they
came into our program and thus may be behind in school. We attempt
to cooperate with the school authorities in allowing them to be provided
special outside classes so that they might be brought up to their
grade level. Six students are presently attending middle shool and
fifteen are in high school. Counselling is also provided for those in
need of this service.
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
Those teen-agers who have finished regular schooling or who show
interest are provided with vocational education after they receive
proper counselling. The following is the variety of skills these young
people are now learning in vocational training:
a. Motor Mechanics
b. Refrigerator Repair
c. Hairstyling
d. Typewriting
SPECIA1 ACTIVITIES
Our boy scout troop is affiliated with the Seoul Boy Scouts Association.
Most members of the unit have been awarded the medal for skill.
In November 1971, three boys were made tiger scouts: one of these
boys has now been awarded the highest skill medal in korea. All the
boys have proved to be excellent members.
The Instrumental Band has a lesson twice weekly and it performs
for special occasions. The band consists of thirteen boys.
Most boys are very much interested in sports activities. Three of
them are boxing champions: one is on the school baseball team; two
are excellent basketball players.
All the boys and girls participate in the Bible Class and also in the
English lessons as scheduled.
EMIGRATION
An opportunity for emigration to the United States has opened
to five of our teen-agers.
-49-
HOLT MEMORIAL ORPHANAGE
Along with the Seoul office, Holt Memorial Orphanage performs
the important service of caring for the children in the Holt Children’s
Service program. The following are the departments of Holt Memorial
Orphanage, with a brief description of each.
The Clerical Department
The clerical department is responsible for all the necessary paper
work required at the orphanage when children are admitted or
released. This department also handles the arrangement and up dating
of all the cards regarding the children, the receiving and sending of
official documents related to the government office, the completion of
reports, the drawing up of a budget, the translation of letters and
reports and the receiving and sending of mail. At present, five men
and three women staff this department.
Child Care Department
The bomos assume the care of children and live with them in their
individual units. Ninety-two Bomos, working in three shifts, care for
572 children. One Bomo has six to ten children under her care. All
Bomos are responsible for seeing that the children are fed and they
remain with the children during the meanime. The Bomos also assist
in the preparation of the children who are being adopted overseas.
Medical Departmeet
As previously mentioned, the II San Complex has its own clinic.
One doctor and four nurses staff this clinic and are responsible for
the health care of the children. In addition, a physical therapist is
on the staff to provide this service when necessary.
Social Work Department
The social workers complete the children’s progress reports on a
regular basis and as requested, and they provide counselling to
individual children as it becomes necessary. In addition, they complete
the intake reports of children who are not admitted through the
Seoul office. An important responsibility of these social workers is to
work with the children, keep track of their progress, and assist
them whenever necessary. Also, two workers are responsible for
sixty six foster homes, which are provided for children who may
require special attention.
Education Department
Some of the children in Holt Memorial Orphanage attend school in
II San village. Our children can also receive regular schooling at our
own Wanda kindergarten or primary school, which is part of the II
San Complex. In addition, special education is provided for the menta
lly retarded.
Mentally Retarded Program
This is an important part of our work at Holt Memorial Orphanage
and it has been reported upon separately.
Christian Education Department
The Holt Program was founded as and remains a Christian
organization. The Christian Education Department introduces the
children to Christ and His teachings. The children attend Sunday
school on a regular basis, and morning chapel is a regular part of the
program at the orphanage. Most of the staff attend the church which
is in the II San Complex.
Supply Department
With such a large number of children in our orphanage, the cooking
of meals and the laundering of clothes are major projects, but ones
which must be done on a daily basis. This department now manages
four stores, where goods are purchased and distributed ; the
department also works with the goverment in obtaining grain. The
staff in this department is responsible for preparing and serving the
food to the children and staff. In addition, this department launders
all clothing daily.
Building and Repair Department
The staff of this department assumes the responsibility of maintaining
the cars, of transportation to and from the Seoul office when
necessary, and of maintaining the grounds. The farm, which is also
located in the II San Complex, is the responsibility of this department.
PROGRAM FOR THE MENTALLY
RETARDED CHILDREN
Our woik with the mentally retarded children seeks to help those
children who may be severely retarded who may be retarded
to a lesser degree. In addition, the program for the mentally retarded
includes those phychically handicapped children who may be behind
in their mental development. For example, we assist the children
with speech difficulties, children suffering from cerebral palsy, and
the epileptic children. We are trying to provide all of these children
with the special care and guidance needed for them to experience
as normal a growth and development as is possible.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PROGRAM FOR THE MENTALLY
RETARDED CHILDREN
In 1957, when Holt Adoption Program begun, some children brought
into the program were mentally retarded. As the number of children
in our program began to increase yearly, the number of mentally
retarded chidren entered into the program also increased. We then
realized that we had to begin to plan a separate program for these
special children. A study was made with the result that Church
World Service of Korea made possible a five year grant to enlarge
the services. The program was officially begun in November 1971.
PROGRAM AT PRESENT
Approximately 50 children who have learning potential are grouped
into four classes. Reading, writing, counting and handicrafts are the
subjects taught. Children whose I.Q. is below 30 are taught personal
habits and are learning other simple tasks. Children who have been
taught certain basic skills are allowed to work at barbering, in the
laundry, as carpenters or in the coal cake factory. All of these units
are located on the grounds of the llSan Complex.
Children v ho have speech difficulties are provided with special
education which is carried out by staff trained in this area of work.
Staff training for those working in the mentally retarded program is
provided twice weekly.
CHILDREN IN THE PROGRAM
There is a total of 144 children in this program; 21 are educable,
60 are be trainable, 19 are vocationally trainable, and 14 will need
continual care.
FUTURE PLANS
• With a need for services to these special children continuing, we
anticipate the need for expansion of our program. We hope to cont-
inue staff training to assist our personnel in working with these special
children. We look forward to expanding our facilities where necessary
and we anticipate working in close cooperation with community res-
ources. In addition, we will continue to seek homes for these children
who may have the opportunity for adoption.
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