The Kymry : their origin, history, and international relations

^sss?

THE KYMRY:

THEIR

ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS.

BY THE

REV. ROBERT OWEN, B.D.

Sometime Fellcnu of Jesus College, Oxford ; Senior Puhlic Examiner in Law and

Modern History.

Author of 'Treatise of Dogmatic Theology,' 'Sanctorale

Catholkum, j 'Essay on the Communion of Saints,' 'Institi'tes of Canon

Law,' ' The Pilgrimage to Rome, a Poem,' &c.

'' Proximi oceano Kimbri parva nunc civitas, sed gloria inpens." Tacitus, Ger-

mania, c. 37.

CARMARTHEN :

W. SPURRELL AND SON.
1891.

[All Rights reserved.]

THE KYMRY

ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Chapter I. The Kymry on the Continent of Europe ... i

Chapter II. The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain ... 25

Chapter III. Character and Manners of the early Kymry ... 49

Chapter IV. The Kymry under the Roman Empire ... 63

Chapter V. The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry ... 75

Chapter VI. The later Welsh Princes ... ... 88

Chapter VII. Welshmen on the Continent ... ... 96

Chapter VIII. Ecclesiastical Sketches ... ... 103

Chapter IX. Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry ... ... 117

Chapter X. Later Literature of Wales ... ... 124

Appendix. No. I. Greek-Kymric Vocables ... ... 133

Appendix. No. II. Latin-Kymric Vocables ... ... 15c

Appendix. No. III. Ancient Gallic Vocables, preserved by the

Classic Writers ... ... ... ... ... 206

Appendix. No. IV. Kymric Affinities with the Basque or

Euskara ... ... ... ... ... ... 209

Appendix. No. V. Kymric Affinities with the Sanskrit 212
Appendix. No. VI. Greek Proper Names retained in or ex-
pounded by the Kymric or Gadhelic (Erse) ... ... 215

Appendix. No. VII. Gallic and British Proper Names ex-
pounded through the Kymric ... ... ... 218

Appendix. No. VIII. Geographical Traces of the Westward

Migrations of the Kymry from their Asiatic Cradle ... 221
Appendix. No. IX. Latin Names of Persons retained by the
Kymry, including those of the later Roman Empire, and

Greek Names therein occurring ... ... ... 276

Appendix. No. X. Griffith Roberts's Prologue ... 218

Appendix. No. XL French-Kymric Vocables ... ... 283

Appendix. No. XII. English-Kymric Vocables ... 292

THE PREFACE.

The subject of the antiquities and foreign relations of the Kymry
seems to admit of a more interesting treatment than it has hitherto
received. The few scholars who have handled it generally fail in
acquaintance with foreign literature ; and their ambition has too
often led them to acquiesce in a dreary isolation and a barren
nationality.

The very term nationality now serves as a pretence for a fierce
attack on institutions, and a corresponding defence not always
conducted with temper nor with an absolute regard for truth.
The temper now roused in Wales is the Nemesis pursuing the
neglect of later times. Time was when a Roman Catholic self-
exiled from Cambria could dedicate a Grammar to the noble
William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, as to one who spoke pure
Welsh. Of late, how rarely find we one of the landed gentry who
even attempts a barbarous utterance of it ! Some of the ornaments
of the Church, Welshmen by blood, have studiously slighted it.
Yet Griffith Roberts, Vicar-General of Milan, could say :

" I beseech every native Kymro to pay due regard to the
Welsh language ; so that none may say of any of them, that it
was a sin ever to breed them on the milk of a Kymraes's breast,
for that they wished no better to the Welsh tongue."

Most Welsh scholars have employed their time on the pro-
duction of grammars and dictionaries. The Hebrew learning of Dr.
John Davies of Mallwyd seems to have influenced his countrymen

vi. The Preface.

to accept the Puritan atavism of referring Welsh to the language
of Moses as its fountain. I cannot admit even the plausibility of a
theory which derives clearly Latin words, such as prcseb {praesepe)
and ysgcler {sceleratus) from Ebus and Sakal. Edward Lluyd ap-
pears to be the most candid and reasonable of Welshmen. A few
hints in his Archaeologia Britannica suggested the present Work.

Dr. Owen Pughe expounded the archaic Welsh of Aneurin and
Taliesin, which otherwise would have remained unintelligible. He
will even resolve terms of Greek origin, proper to Christianity, into
Welsh elements. But he wisely contents himself with suggesting.
John Williams, late Archdeacon of Cardigan, perceived traces of
Kymric settlements in Italy ; I had sought to develop the idea
more extensively before his essays came to my hand. The pa-
triotism which I share with most of my countrymen may have led
me into error, but it must take its own course. I may in this
Work have given the reins too freely to my imagination ; perhaps
the subject invited the indulgence. For have I not presumed to
trace the Kymry " through all the bounds of Doric land," and
" over Adria to the Hesperian fields, and o'er the Keltic roam'd the
utmost isles"? {Paradise Lost, Bk. /"., lines 51Q 21.) May I
hope the candid reader will respect a venture of patriotic sentiment,
which seeks to construct a national memorial, but not at the ex-
pense of others, nor to promote selfish ends ?

THE KYMRY:

THEIR ORIGIN. HISTORY, ANT) INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS.

1. The original
home of the Euro-
pean or Western
Aryan family of
mankind.

CHAPTER I.

THE KYMRY ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE.

In tracing the Kymry and their Keltic kinsmen the Gael to their
origin, some would confess the problem insoluble, and thereby gain
a cheap reputation for sound judgment. Re-
garding such discretion as unfruitful, I would
run the risk of being treated as a visionary.
And so I avow that Mons^ Sylvain Bailly's theory
finds favour with me; namely, that the original
civilization of mankind was antediluvian in the high plateau of
central Asia, whence it extended to India, Persia, and China; and
that it was a favoured climate before the transposition of the polar
axis of the earth. [Lettres sur VAtlantide de Platan, I77Q.] His
argument is supported by the fact of the cycles of iq and of 600
years being known to the ancients in those parts, the latter of
which cycles is attributed by Josephus to the antediluvians. [See
Count Carti, Lettres Americaines, 1788.] Modern discoveries coun-
tenance this hypothesis. Sir Robert McClure found in Arctic lands
an abundance of wood in places where now the willow and birch
have to struggle for existence; and Webb had seen flourishing fields
of corn at altitudes far exceeding the height of Mont Blanc*

* Justin (lib. ii. c. 1) sensibly infers the prior antiquity of the Scythians over the
Egyptians, because the higher regions of the world would be sooner habitable after a
general deluge; and, in fact, the great rivers sprang from the highlands of Asia.

2 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

The most homely incidents of a people's life will not be over-
looked by a philosopher, who would judge of the relations or
perhaps the original identity of nations now
I. Itoois rrom widely separated by language, polity, and locality.
Thus, when we find a farm-house in Turkestan
presenting the well-to-do features of a comfortable English homestead,
down to the shelves of clean earthenware and ornamented wardrobes;
the village boys, in their hob-nailed boots, cutting out slides on the
frozen roadside pond; the extremely fair women, recalling the crea-
tions of Rubens; it is indeed difficult to treat all this as accidental.
[Mr. Robert Shaiv^s Travels, i86g.~\ Sir Joseph Hooker noticed in
Tibet a child playing with a popgun of bamboo : he had seen men
in India for hours flying kites, and had got a jew's-harp from Tibet.
[Himalayan Journal, 1849.] Athenaeus (c. 23) notices the pipes a
span long used by the Phoenicians, and their shrill mournful sound.
It is uncertain whether the Keltic Highlanders brought their bag-
pipes from the East in the dawn of history or derived them from
the Phoenician intercourse with Britain.

The multiplication of families, and the necessity of finding

ampler provision for them, leading to separation and emigration, is

familiar to all from the example of Abraham

3. How they came and Lo ^ and the rels of their herdsmen.

to emigrate.

These causes would operate before the ambition

of the earliest princely dynasties filled the world with rapine and
destruction. But these more obvious reasons did not always actuate
mankind in their infancy. Imagination played a more important
part than moderns are apt to admit; although even now the pendu-
lum has swung widely from the prosaic motives of the eighteenth
century. Full faith in the destinies of the Slav race works power-
fully to their fulfilment; and the present condition of Europe belies
the flattering dreams that made a Palace of Crystal the fitting
exponent of the unity of mankind. I think we may trace the
motive which impelled the Hindu-Aryas eastward to the sunrising.
" Our great and ancient sires," says Vama-deva, " set out to seek
the light in its source." [Rig-Veda, translated by Langlois, p. 2J7.]

Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 3

Two centuries before Christ, we are told, a Chinese explored the
eastern seas to find the elixir of immortality. [Michel Chevalier,
Mexico Ancient and Modern, /. 143 49.] And an impostor per-
suaded an emperor that he possessed ingredients (he unkindly forgot
to name them !) mingled with vermilion, which would produce a
drink whereby Ngan-ki-seng, who dwelt in an isle of the sea, had
already lived more than a 1000 years. [Annals of China, translated
by Moyrt'a dc Mai/lac.} Our age of Progress hath its knaves as well
as the Juventus mundi; but they are by no means so picturesque.

M. Viollet-le-Duc contends that the possession of the horse and
the employment of timber in building are marks distinctive of the

Aryan family of mankind. The Aryan cherishes
4. Westwards.

timber as having served for the abode of primi-
tive heroes, as a memento of a race that issued out of the northern

mountains and forests of Asia. This will apply to those who first
pressed on westwards from Balkh or Bactra, which was built by
Kayamurs the founder of the Persian monarchy, still believed to
be one of the earliest peopled portions of the earth. Aryana, the
home of the Aryas, ' the honourable or pure race, 1 was in Bac-
triana; and their name is connected with Iran or Persia in the east
and with Erin or Ireland in the west, with the Persians' ancient
name of Artaioi [Herodotus, VII. 61] and the Hebrew Elam or Air-
yama, with Plato's Er the Armenian and the German Ehren. The
noble Persians of old were the most chivalrous people of antiquity,
the finest horsemen, and the most dignified and refined in manners.
It is a pleasure to think of the near relation their language bore to
our own Teutonic as well as Keltic. The elder Cyrus is smiled on
by Heaven in Holy Scripture as its chosen instrument; and the
younger still lives in the pure Attic speech of Xenophon. Carte
the historian assigns the fruitful lands of Hyrcania and Bactriana to
Gomer the son of Japhet; and Pomponius Mela places the Chomari
and Cimmerii above the Caspian Sea. Travellers vie with each
other in extolling the glorious fertility of Hyrcania or Mazanderan.
[See Jean Straws. A.D. 16/O; Jean Chardin: Fraser : Sir Alex.
Barnes.] "The high and hard brown features of the peasantry

4 Origin, &c, of the Kytnry.

often reminded" Mr. Fraser "of those of Scotland." {Travels,
A.D. 1822.] When the early emigrants reached the Caspian Sea,
we may imagine how, as they marked the line of light playing on
the waves towards the burning west, they longed " to tread that
golden path of rays, and thought 't would lead to some bright isle
of rest." Certainly the term ' UywenyddJ which in Welsh desig-
nates the glowing western horizon, suggests the sound and meaning
of ' llawenydd] or joy.

The traditional lore of the Kymry, embodied in the Triads,

designates Hu Gadarn, or Hesus the Mighty, as the hero who first

conducted them from the Land of Summer

5. Antiquity of /Qw/ad yr Hav) to the isle of Britain, and
such emigration.

taught them to plough land. We are not told

where that summer land was (I venture to treat as an unauthorized
gloss the parenthetic addition of " where Constantinople now is "),
nor where the lesson was conveyed. But bearing in mind the mys-
terious terms applied to their demigod by the later Welsh poets, I
am led to think they allude to some primoeval benefactor of remote
antiquity, if not to the Pater Ipse co/endi, the Parent of all
culture, the good God who never left His wandering children with-
out manifold tokens of His care. The land of summer denoted a
more genial clime, which the Kymry had quitted. It might be the
South of France; it might even be that ancient Thrace, " where
Constantinople now is," the land of Keltic princes, of Rhesus and
Medocus (Rhys a Madoc); but it ever pointed eastward to the
cradle of their forefathers. Iolo Goch styles the hero "emperor of
land and sea, and life of the world, who after the deluge held the
strong-beamed plough, showing to man that it was the best and
singular art with the faithful Father;" while another resolves the
myth into a parable of God, saying, " He is our lord and myster-
ious God; a particle of lucid sunshine is His chariot; He is greater
than the worlds." We are carried back to Asia, to days of Eld,
when the later Aryas of the East and West were yet one family.
Hear how Sobhari addresses the Twilights in words closely akin
to those of the Kymric bards: "Ye erst gave to Man the light of

Origin, &c. t of the Kymry. 5

heaven; ye taught him to labour with the plough and to sow
barley ! " u Come not from the far-off country to make us depart
from the paternal life which Manou has traced for us ! " [A'ig-
Veda, pp. 4/6, 422.] Diodorus Siculus, to mark the extreme
antiquity of the inhabitants of Atlantis, says they M were un-
acquainted with cereals, because they had separated from the rest
of mankind before those fruits were shown to mortals." [Book F.]
Now barley was the only cereal with which the Guanches were
acquainted [Humboldt, Aspects of Nature, p. i"Ji\\ and it is called
by Pliny " the most ancient kind of food." [Nat. Hist. L. xiiii.
c. 7.] I consequently infer that the invention of the plough and
of barley-food was antecedent to the first emigration westward
whether of Iberians (Basques) or Kelts, as they had knowledge
thereof in common with the eastern Aryas and the Turanians. In
connexion with this I must remark how " this best and singular
art " of ploughing was held in honour by the Incas of Peru. The
Marquis De Beauvoir lately (March 25, 1867) saw "the gilt plough
and the sacred harrow with which the Emperor of China yearly
traces the furrow to call down the blessings of Heaven upon the
seed-time and harvest." [Voyage round the World.]

I have hinted that the Summerland of the Kymry ever retreats

eastward to Asia. It is connected with the strange name of Deffro-

bani. Scholars have striven to detect it under

6. Analogy of some Greek guise on the shores of the Euxine.
the Hindu-Aryas , , . ,

and thp "Kelts an un P romisin g locality tor a land of summer.

It must have been a Kymric rendering of
Taprobane, or Ceylon, the golden land of Parvaim. [2 Chronicles,
Hi. 6.] Many points of connexion exist between the Kymry and
the Hindii-Aryas. Not only does the language applied to Hu
Gadarn recall the pantheistic hymn to Indra in the Rig-Veda,
" This world ye see is he " [Langlois, p. Jji] ; " the thousand
magic appearances" of Indra, the illusive apparitions of the Braminic
gods, are preserved in the Triads ; the Manou of the Hindus is
the original of the Menw, son of the Three Cries, in the Mabin-
ogion; the Alpeii-gluh, that most lovely rose-red flush of the Alpine

6 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

summits long after the valley sunsets, described by Kalidasa, at
least 50 B.C., was known to the Kymry of Cornwall by the truly
poetic name of Haul y meirw, a the Sun of the dead;'' the Indian
cairns of Malabar are simply identical in shape with those found
in Britain and Armorica; the doctrine of the Transmigration of
souls and the practice of human sacrifices prevailed in Britain as
in India; and a passage in the Appeasing of Lludd by Taliesin
might tempt us to assume (with Mr. Godfrey Higgins) the relation
of the Druids with Arya priests from the north of India, were it
not that the Phoenicians and cognate Hivites offer a nearer
analogue. The passage runs thus: "Men of the land of Asia and
of the Hivites, a prudent perfect folk of an unknown country,
ample their robes; who is equal to them?" " Gwyr gwlad yr
Asia, a gwlad Gavis, Pobl pwyllad enwir, eu tir ni wys, Amlaes eu
peisiau, pwy eu hevelys ? "

Before proceeding further, I must glance at the traditions pre-
served by the Kymry of the Deluge and other fearful cataclysms
that have changed the face of the globe. One

7. Traditions f ^ e Triads mentions, as one of three awful

of the Deluge and of . c , _ ,

4.x. 7** . events, the eruption of the Ocean or Llyn

other cataclysms. v y

L/ion, " The Lake of Floods," and immersion
of all lands, so that all men were drowned, save Dwyvan and
Dwyvach, who escaped in a bare ship; adding that by them Britain
was repeopled. I conceive this to be a later form of the legend,
and that its simpler original refers to the ship of Nevydd Nav
Neivion, which bore in it male and female, when the Lake of
Floods broke out. It looks like a tradition of Noah's Ark ; and
taken in connexion with legends of most remote climes, which
reproduce the Hebrew tale with variations suggested by localities,
(as when the Mexican Tezpi sends out the humming-bird instead of
the dove), leaves little room for doubt. But the Kymry bore in
remembrance a secular catastrophe by fire. They spoke of " the
terror of the torrent fire, when the earth split up to its depth, and
most things living were destroyed." The terror of such a cataclysm
is brought home to us in a lively manner by the Codex Chimal-

Origin, frV., of the Kymry. 7

popoca of Guatemala, saying that, " While a rain of sand fell, they
saw the tetzoutii boil and form rocks of a red colour." [Brassrur
de Bourbourg, Histoire des Mcxh ains, crV., /. 427.] Whence did
the Kymry derive these traditions ? I think, from Egypt. While
pro? lay as or cycles of mundane catastrophes caused by the destruc-
tive action of the four elements occur among the Hindus, the
Mexicans, and the ancient Etrurians [Humboldt, Researches, 1'<jI. I.
pp. /6, jo, 245], in the Egyptian and Kymric tradition the deluges
alternate with conflagrations. \Plato s Ttmaeus.] Strabo says the
Druids, while maintaining that the world was imperishable, held
that fire and water would prevail at last.

The Hindus are rich in traditions of submerged continents.
They tell of Lanca, a continent embracing Madagascar, the Maldi-
ves, Ceylon, and southern India, and separated
8. Traditions of the by a sea from the Himalayas; of Suxda, whose

A , . , fragments exist in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and

other submerged

continents tne Moluccas [Janus Bircherode, Schediasma

de Novo Orbe non nwo or Ttfj-rj Tifuuov, cap.

I2~\\ and of Atai.a sunk in the ocean, which Krishna visited by

cutting a strait and went to the land of Maha-Sweta or ' great

silver.' Atala appears to me to mean the Atlantis of Plato.

the subject of so many beautiful dreams; and the land of silver

may be Spain. If (as Buffon holds) the Arctic Ocean of old

communicated with both the Euxine and Caspian Seas; if the

Aegean Sea was formed by the submersion of Lvktonia; if the

great African desert of Sahara was once an inland sea, perhaps

the Tritonian lake described by Diodorus; if the Mediterranean once

reached the volcanic rocks of Auvergne, and was drained by the

bursting of what was the Isthmus of Gibraltar [Albert Gaudry\\

we may imagine how the displacement of these vast waters effected

the ruin of Atlantis. Some have treated the account Plato gives

us of Atlantis as ' a noble lie.' But the concurrence of patient

investigators, ancient and modern, convinces me of its substantial

correctness. The ten kings answering to the Sujfetes of Carthage;

the midnight deliberations like the American custom " before a

8 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

large common fire " [John Halhett] ; the blue robes (a colour
still affected in the Azores) [Henriques, Bullar]; the description
given of the capital, recalling that of the African Lixos in Pliny;
the appreciation of copper, "fine copper, precious as gold" [Ezra
viii. 2J\ a metal which now produces a magnificent show in
lances that shine with the glow of flaming torches [Schweinfurth,
Heart of Africa, II. 4j] ; all are touches which would hardly have
occurred to an Athenian bent on framing a romance. That honest
soldier-historian Ammianus Marcellinus not only accepts the account
of Atlantis, " an island in the Atlantic Sea larger than Europe,
torn away into the dark deep " [xvii. 7, ij], but also seems to
allude to it as a source of migration into Gaul, speaking of some
"from the outermost isles, driven from their seats by the inunda-
tion of the fervid sea " [xv. p, /]. If, as I think probable, the
Atlantic islands are remains of Atlantis, may not some of the
American tribes, as well as the Cambolectri, Alpine mountaineers,
called Atlantic by Pliny (" qui Atlantici cognominantur '," Nat.
Hist. III. 4), and the Guanches, have been refugees from the vast
cataclysm, for the South of France and northern Africa must have
previously been under water ?

Many considerations point to a possible connexion of the

Guanches or primitive inhabitants of the Canary Isles with the

Iberians and Kelts. Aluise Da Ca' da Mosto,

9. The Guanches in the 15th century, found them with fair

and their possible flaxen h and their bodies stained green
relations with the

Kelts &c rec ^> anc * y e ^w with juice of herbs, as the

Britons painted themselves blue. In Gomera

they wore their goatskins coloured with red or violet. Mrs.

Murray lately reports mummies with red-brown hair; and the

sacred reliquary of Camaxtli, the deified hero of Tlascala in Mexico,

was found to contain fair hair [Brasseur de Bourbourg], not

black like that of the Aztecs.

In Fuerteventura, their stone temple was a circle of stones like

those of Karnac and Stonehenge. Their singing was plaintive like

the Welsh. Their speed in climbing steep rocks, as seen by Sir

Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 9

Richard Hawkins, A.D. 1593, reminds us of Giraldus Cambrensis'
picture of the bare-footed Kymric prince Kyneuric ap Rhys. The
king of Gaidar was crowned, seated on a consecrated stone, like
that of Scone in Scotland. A Briton would fain translate as
GtoaUog the name of the hero of Gomera Gualhegueya, who saved
his companions by leaping on a shark's back and stifling him.
They sang of him, " He was brave that day ! " [ Webb and
Bcrt/iclot, I. 114.} They had small clay pipes, similar in every
respect to those found in old kistvaens in Ireland, and were
acquainted with smoking, though it may not have been tobacco.
Their skulls are of a well-formed Caucasian race. [Sir W. Wilis
Wilde, A.D. 18J7.] The custom of polyandry or a woman's being
the wife of several brothers in rotation obtained among the
Guanches as among the ancient Britons [Caesar, De Bella Gallico,
V. 5] and the modern Tibetans; a circumstance which, taken with
the extreme antiquity of the Kymry, may imply some relation
between those primitive races.* Moreover, I invite attention to the
following Guanche terms with their British equivalents:

Aemon, ' water '=Avon, 'river.'

Ahof and Achemen, ' milk ' = Huven, 'cream.' [M and V being commutable
letters.]

A /to, 'the sun '=Haul.

Ben-tayca, a mountain in Ferro deemed sacred= Pen-teg, 'fair head."

Luna and Aguyan, ' a dog '=Cwn, ' dogs.'

Enac, 'evening '=Heno, 'to-night.'

Gantgo, ' a milk pail '=Can.

Gomera, the island so called =from the same root as Kymry.

Guanar-teme, ' the prince '=Gwanar, ' lord.'

Guanche, ' fair '=Gwyn, 'fair, white.'

Guang, 'a boy'=Ieuanc, 'young.'

Hara, 'a sheep '=Hwrdd, 'a ram."

* Polybius informs us that the same custom obtained in Sparta. Fragmenta
Va/icana, it'. 384. It was doubtless induced by the peculiar circumstances of that

military state.

io Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

Nor may I forget to notice the Irish traditions concerning Tir
Hudi, the land of illusion, and O'Breasail, turned by the Greeks
into Basileia, the royal island of the Gods, a submerged portion of
Ireland, often rising to the sight of enthusiastic dreamers; which
lured S. Brandan from the cloister, and tempted learned inquirers
to connect it with Plato's ' noble lie.' [Vallancey, Introd. to
Vindication of Ancient Hist, of Ireland, p. 52; and Whitehurst,
Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth, p. 258.
The latter specially dwells on the existence of subterraneous fires
under the Atlantic Ocean.]

The institution of religious women living in community in the
Isle of Canary and endowed with privilege of sanctuary, called
Magadas, whose long white ^ robes and amber ornaments connect
them with the Druids, may have been akin to the Gallicenac off
the coast of Britanny, of whom Pomponius Mela tells such fairy tales
of enchantment, though the Guanches entertained a simpler faith
than that of the Keltic race. I think these remnants of Atlantis,
the Elysian Fields of the Hellenes, the Fortunate Islands of
Horace, were in truth the Gwerddonau Llion, the Green Isles of
the Ocean, which the Kymry peopled with the Fairies (Tylwyth
Teg) and departed heroes, in quest whereof Gavran ab Aeddan
with his faithful followers disappeared for ever, and where Havgan
{summer-shine) king of Fairyland still lavishes his superb laurels and
Hesperian fruit on the land of Doramas the brave.*

Justly to conceive the wild enjoyment of physical existence,

when Man was yet in his springtime, and Nature warm with

divine breath overflowed with life, we must

10. The Kelts' pro- transport ourselves into the primitive world, as

cress from the East ., n s* , * ,.,. , r ,

traced in Caucasia. Maunce De Guenn has done in hls " onderful

work, called the Centaur. We trace in the dawn

of history a wide dissemination of various races of men, who must

originally have obeyed the wild impulse of curiosity and the

transport of animal life, which constitutes the child ' the father

* The orange and the laurel attain to perfection in the Atlantic islands.

Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 1 1

of the man.' Among the earliest of those roving Centaurs we
already distinguish the Kimmerioi, whom I will presume to read
Kymry, placed in the imagination of the Greeks of Homer's age far
west beyond the river Ocean, that cloudy west, which they converted
into a land of perpetual darkness. About as long a time after
Homer as has now elapsed since the Reformation, the father of
history Herodotus, B.C. 450, say, places the Kelts " beyond the
Pillars of Hercules, bordering on the Kynetae, who dwelt farthest
westward of Europeans." [//. JJ.] In the language of later times
these would be the Veneti of Armorica who dwelt furthest west of
Gallia Keltica, in their own tongue Gwyndyd and Gwyddyl. But
it must be noticed that a kindred tribe of these Gwyndyd were in
Homer's age settled in Paphlagonia (he calls them Henetoi) [Iliad
II. 852], whence they emigrated into Italy under Antenor and
founded the state, still a living name, Venice. The vanguard of
the race were Gael, or Galli, who long preceded the march of their
brother Kymry, whose movements are related by Herodotus. But
their presence in the various countries which they traversed west-
wards is, I submit, amply testified by the geographical names
transmitted to us; particularly those of rivers, which I exhibit
elsewhere. In leaving the far east, they must have occupied a
country south of the Caucasus, extending from the river Araxes to
the Palus Maeotis or Sea of Azof, where Herodotus remarks on
the many places yet bearing the name of Kimmerian in his time.
In that land they must have practiced the Aryan fashion of timber
constructions. An old English traveller in Armenia, A.D. 1 58 1,
observes: " Here the houses are built of fir-trees, like unto the
houses in the Alpes." [Pure has, II. 1417} They had left far
behind them the stupendous Roof of the World, the Indian Koosh,
whose ancient name of Hemodus retains their speech denoting it
Y-man-dd, the place of snow.* They had crossed the great
river Iaxartes or Sihoon, which to them perhaps was Ia-sarth,
" the ice serpent," and Seiont, which now laves the regal castle

* Man-oii is still a fine mountain overlooking the charming vale of Festiniog.

12 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

of Caernarvon. They possibly occupied Quaris, a city on the
Oxus, which seems purely Kymric, Caerwys-ar-Wysc. The Oxus
would conduct them to the Caspian Sea, when they would
traverse the rich land of Hyrcania and cross the Socanda or
Sychan, ' the dry river.' Arrived in Armenia, they again behold
the snows on mount Niphates, derived from nyv, nives, snows.
There was Balisbiga, Bal-ysbig, the spiked summit. They would
advance to Albania and Iberia, countries still retaining in the west
their primitive names of Albany and Iberione, Alban ac Iwerddon,
as the Kymry term the Scottish Highlands and Ireland. In
Albania the river Auxan reproduces the name of the Oxus or
Usk; and the Udon, Ud-on, ' resounding water ' retains its own
in the Odon in Normandy. Involved in the Caucasus they cross
the black summit (Gor-ddu) of the Gordyaean mountains, where we
find the Dandari ' dwellers under the oaks ' (Dan-dar) ; a name
which retains the Druidical refrain of Hob i deri dan do, which
the swineherd sang to invite his charge to shelter beneath the
oaks. Let us descend the water-shed (Parth-e-dwr) of Partedorus
into Colchis, and cross the rivers Dyriodorus, Dur-dwr, the iron
water, the Adienus, Addien, fine, and the Isis or Usk, dear to
the lovers of letters and romance, as the cradle of learning and
chivalry. The rude fort of Borgys might be the bwrch or burg of
Kelts or of Teutons. The Kimmerian chersonese or Crimea pro-
claims its former indwellers; but the famous name of Bala-klava is
not so well known as the ally of the Balas and Ballys of Ireland,
Wales, and the Isle of Man. Gemelli-Carreri visited " the big
village of Bala" in Turkey, January 5, 1694. We then come to
the Palus Maeotis or Sea of Azof, which is written Maietis by
Herodotus, and so the Pwll-Maith, the long tedious lake, fully
deserves the name from its muddy shallows. If, as Pliny tells us,
its Scythian or Gothic name Temerinda signified Mother of the sea,
its meaning to a Kelt would be Tem-mer, the stagnant expanse.

There in Sarmatia we have the hoarse river Corax (Croch)
and the loud Totordanes [Ammiauus Marcellinus, xxii. 2Q\, which
a Kelt would derive from Dwrdan, noise. There is yet a Durdan

Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 13

in Normandy. The Alani in the vicinity would in Irish be
termed Alain, white or fair. But, wherever the Kelts wandered,
three or four root-terms denoting rivers are sure to occur. They
are Ab or, as it would be sounded, Av, and Aw (meaning in
Welsh flmving motion), which the Latin developes into Amnis, the
Welsh into Avon, ' a river.' Perhaps, its primitive form would be
Aa, an imitation of the flow of water, retained in the Aa of France
and Holland. The next form Ab we find in the vaunted Abana
of Damascus, the Abas of Armenia, the Punj-ab or five rivers of
India, and the Abus or Humber in England. The Amnias of
Bithynia and the Amana or Ohm of Hesse in Germany belong to
the Latin amnis; while the Evenus of the Troad and of Aetolia.
the Anio of Latium, the Oanus of Sicily, the Aenus or Inn of the
Tyrol, the Gaves of the Pyrenees, the Auvona or Yonne of France,
and the numerous Avons of Britain preserve the Kymric Avon.
[Tacitus couples Auvona, the Bristol Avon, with the Severn.]

The next class group under the Irish root-word East or Uisck,
meaning water. This is numerous, as is shown by the Axon in
Lycia, the Oscios in Thrace, the Axios in Macedonia, the Oescus
and Escamus in Moesia, the Oxula (Ossola) and Aroscia in Italy,
the Oaxes in Crete, the Axona in France, and the Isca in Britain,
now expressed as Exe, Axe, Usk, and Esk. Perhaps I may add
the Osca and Escua of ancient Spain, though towns; and opine,
that Euscaldunac (as the Basques term themselves) may refer to
their settlement on the Sea, Wysc-al-dun-awc, ' the race dwelling
by the water.' A softened form prevailed, as we see by the Isis
of Colchis, the Aous of Macedonia, the Aesis of Italy, the Oise of
France, and the Isis and Ouse of England. I at present omit to
notice the compound names relating to the root Easg.

The third class of derivatives belong to the root-word, Dwr in
Welsh, Dobhar in Irish, Hydok in Greek, all meaning water. I
take the Irish to be its earliest form, preserved by the Macedonian
river Doberus and the torrent Doveria on the Simplon. Closer to
the Greek are the Dora of Piedmont, the Doron of Savoy, the
Dore of France (an affluent of the Allier), and our Herefordshire

14 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

Dore. Kymric in sound are the Tyras of Bessarabia, the Atyras
of Thrace, the Turias of Arragon ["Ad CeltiberosT Plin. Hi. 4],
the Autura or Eure of France, the Duranius or Dordogne, the
Durius of Portugal and England, now the Douro and the Dart, and
the Adour of Gascony, in Sussex the Adur. Possibly the Tiber
or Tevere belongs to this class. With the Kymric prefix Ys,
which answers to an emphatic ' It is,' the grand Danube becomes
Ister, ' Ysdwr ' (// is wafer), and is allied to the Italian Stura and
the many English Stours.

Lastly, we have the Irish root-word Ach, wafer, in Latin
Aqua. Few rivers, comparatively, are related to this term: but we
have Acis in Sicily; the Akesines in India and Sarmatia, which to
a Welsh ear proclaims itself Ach-iesin, fair water/ and the Medua-
cus of Venetia, Byron's ' deep-dyed Brenta,' in Welsh Mawdd-ach,
' the expanding water,' a name expressed by the Kentish Medway,
and by my own native stream, the Mawddach of Merioneth.

To this root we refer the Achaei, the men of Achaia, the sea-
environed Peloponnese. On a review of all these facts I am led
to think that as the ancestors of the Gael and the Latin nations
are found geographically further west, so, as is seen, in priority of
nomenclature, did they also precede the Kimmerian and Greek
kinsmen in their westward migration.

I have sought in the nomenclature of rivers and mountains

some grounds for inferring the occupation of the country east of

the Euxine Sea by Kelts or Kymry at a very

'. . ,_. earlv period; because I find abundant traces of

Asia Minor.

their presence, which any temporary irruption

in later times will never suffice to explain. That that region was

for long the home of the Kymry is certain from Herodotus's clear

words: "The land the Scythians now dwell in is said to have been

of old that of the Kimmerioi." [L. IV. c. //.] He then proceeds

to tell of one of those tribal displacements, so common in barbaric

Asia; how the Massagetae pushed on the Scythians, and they in

turn threatened the Kimmerioi. who chose to avoid by flight an

unequal conflict. Thus early began the inveterate duel between

Origin, &c, of the Kymry. 15

the Kelt and the Teuton, the Kymry and the Saxons. This
established historic event occurred B. Christ 635; when the Kimmer-
ian chief Lygdamis, whom by help of the Irish I would call Luchd-
amusadh, the archer (Callimachus), took Sardis, and held it eighteen
years. 1 may be told by 'the philosophy of history' that our
Kimmerioi were not Kymry, nor even a nation, but a temporary
association of warlike tribes like the much later Franks in Gaul:
but we find Homer about B.C. 962 places his Kimmerioi in the
extreme west of Europe. Their migration westward must then
have taken place long before historic memorials. To follow them
westward, we must imitate the later Kimmerioi, " who in their
flight ever pursued the seaboard." [Herod. IV. c. 12.] M. Adolph
Pictet assigns to the Kelts the line of migration I myself have
traced, with the sole exception that he makes them follow the
shores of the Euxine north instead of southwards. [Origines Indo-
Europcens, p. 5/.] We meet with the Pontic rivers Sidenus, or
Sid {circling); the Iris, or ir, fresh (it is still called in Turkish 'the
green river'); and the Halys, perhaps Heli, the briny. We pass
Blaena {Straho) or Blaenau, the frontier, into Paphlagonia, where
the Henetoi or Gwyndyd had settled before the Trojan war; and
traverse the Bithynian rivers Rhyndacus, Rhintach, the indented,
Rhebas, Rhev, the big, Sangarius, Sain-gar, of pleasant sound, and
the lake Ascanius, whose name is clearly the Irish Easgann, an eel.
Eryannos in Mysia will be Eirian. the bright river. We come to
the world-wide renown of the Granicus, Granig, the lustrous river.
and the Scamander in the Troad; the latter Ysgavn-dwr, truly a
scanty water, seeing Xerxes' army drank it dry. That lofty head-
land Sigeum is in Irish Suighe, a seat or coign of vantage, whence
we discern the sacred towers of Troy or Pergama, a name retained
in the Italian Bergamo, the Welsh Brig, a sum/nit, and the
German Berg, a hill. There is Mount Ida, the haunt of fabled
gods. Coelius Rhodiginus says the name means a mountain with
a wide view. It still, as Y Wyddva, designates the peak of
Snowdon. At its foot dwelt the Idaei Daktyli, the Gwyddyl
Dathyl or famous woodmen. Hereby were the mountains Gargarus,

1 6 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

Gaer-garw, the rude fort, and Pindasus, Pen-das, the head of the
massive range. Further south in Lydia, again to be occupied by
Kymry, we meet with rivers of Keltic sound, the Cogamus, Cog-
avon, echoing river, Halesus, Hallt-wysc, briny water, and Pactolus,
Paith-61, straight track. Perhaps the name of the Lydian king
Ardys B.C. 678, and of Ardiaeus the Pamphylian tyrant of remote
antiquity [Plato, De Republic A. \ may be interpreted by the Irish
Arddwy, governor. In Caria we have the rivers Glaucus, Glas, the
blue, Cludrus, Llwyd-dwr, gray water (if it be not identical with
the British Lleder and Lodore), and the Telmedius, Telmydd, the
running stream. Besides, some words of the old Carian tongue
remain to us, ' Labrys ' signified a hatchet \Plutarch\ and Llabir is
an old Kymric word for a sword. ' Alam ' was a horse, and Llam
is the Welsh for a leap. Pass we into Lycia; we are in the land
of Olen the most ancient of poets, whom we may identify with the
Keltic Alon, the author of musical cultivation. Here, too, a word
has escaped the ruins of Time. It is Ulamos, in the Magyar alma,
in the Erse ubhal, in Welsh aval, an apple. In the Lycian
remains of Tlos (W. tlos, beautiful?) Sir Charles Fellows saw a
resemblance to the mullioned windows of old England; Dr. Clarke
noticed in the Troad the raised dais, panelled wainscot, and high
latticed windows of an English manor-house; another (Lieut. Spratt)
at a village wedding pronounced the dance to be like a Highland
reel, and the air like a Scotch strathspey on a bagpipe. The steep
bluff of Cragus could only be the Kymric Craig, the rock, eminently;
Myra and Limyra, Llim-myr, the smooth sea, were towns by the
sea; the mount Amanus in Cilicia is the Keltic Avan, high; Crug,
the mound, would be the mount Corycus in Ionia, Cilicia, and
Crete; Pindenissus in Cilicia, the reduction of which nattered the
vanity of M. Tullius Cicero, may be Pendinas, the head fortress,
the British name of St. Ives in Cornwall, and of Pendennis castle
by Falmouth. I reserve the Keltic province of Galatia, so Keltic
that it retained its own tongue in S. Jerome's time (A.D. 340
420), and so brings our modern Kelts in contact with S. Paul's
disciples, to be dealt with separately.

Origin, &"c, of the Kymry. 17

The traces of the Kelts multiply as we follow them westwards.

Some, who have not examined the matter, may be sceptical when

told of their close connexion with the primitive

' . _ Greeks, and even shocked by their pretended in-

central Europe.

fluence on the most beautiful language and the

most intellectual race in the world. But the earliest Pelasgians had

not attained to the perfect speech of Sophokles and Plato, and M it

is very probable that the ancient Greek aspiration was much coarser

and rougher" than that preserved in after-times. [H. N. Coleridge,

On the Study of the Greek classic /hets, />. 224.] The Cyclopean

ruins of Tiryns in Argolis have remained in their present state

above 3000 years, and exhibit lancet arches almost as ancient as

the time of Abraham. Dr. Clarke inclines to believe them of Keltic

origin from their resemblance to Stonehenge. [Travels, \'<>l. I'/.

<(//>/>. 7, 8.] My vocabulary of Greek and Welsh words will amply

vindicate my contention; and I can at present notice only a few

vestiges of the Kymry in Greece. Apia, from the Kymric root

Aw, or Av, Ap, ' water,' that is, ' the water-environed land,' was

the name of the Peloponnese prior to the arrival of the Achaei.

Perhaps it is meant by Taliesin's gwlad Gavis, coupled with Asia,

as the land whence came the long-robed Druids. The broad

Aegean they would term Mor-aig from aig, the sen. Byron sings

of the isles of Greece. " Eternal summer gilds them yet ; " and

Samos seems derived from the Irish ' Samh,' in Welsh ' Haw'

summer. Among the Cyclades, Oliaros would share with Uliaros

(now the isle of Oleron in France) the parent-word Uliar, denoting

humidity. At Delos the goddess of dreams was Bri/o, Breuddwyd,

a dream. Sailing between Attica and Laconia they would encounter

the Myrtoum mare. Mor-mwrth. the hammering sea. The island

of Aegina denotes in Irish Aighe. a hill ; and if immortal Athens

was named from Athene the goddess of wisdom, the Irish Aithne

again denotes knowledge. The Attic headland Skiradium is Ysgyr-

ryd, the rough, and answers to the Skirrid in Monmouthshire.

Now we come to what I regard as a sure proof of the presence of

Kelts in Greece. The gulf between Athens and Corinth was called

1 8 Origin, cfc, of the Kymry.

from Saron, the ancient name of an oak, because it was beset
with groves of oak. {Pliny IV. 5) Dar or Daron signifies oaks
in Welsh, as does ' zero ' in Breton, but in composition only.
Saronidai was an old Greek term for the Druids, meaning men of
the oak; and Sarron a Keltic king, Daron, oaken, was, probably, a
Druid. (Diodorus.) Cnacadium a mountain of Laconia (Pausa-
tiias) is the Irish Cnagaidh, protuberant ; we find yet in Radnor-
shire Cn wee-las, the green knoll. Skillus, the picturesque retreat of
the historian Xenophon in the Peloponnese, is the Irish Scealp,
the cliff: and perhaps, as Laconia and ' the isles of Elishah ' were
famous for ' blue aud purple ' (Ezekiel xxvii. 7), and those violet
seas could be lavish of their treasure, as the false queen suggests to
Agamemnon (Aeschylus), I may not greatly err in deriving Corcyra
from the Irish Corcor, purple* Advancing northward through
Macedonia into Thrace, which I regard as a Keltic settlement, and
passing the rivers Hebrus, Tibesis, and Oskios, which are yet
represented in Wales by the Hyver (by Nevern), the Teivi, and
the Usk, we arrive at the snowy Mount Haemus, the Haiv or snow-
drift, under its Turkish name Bal-cann, equally Welsh, meaning
the white peak, the object of European interest. Its offshoots are
the Ismarus, Ysmawr, the great, and Orbelus, Oervel, the cold.
Beneath it is the town of Uscudama (if not too bold a guess),
Wysc-ud-avon, the river of loud water. We meet with the Drugeri
(Pliny), Drwg-wyr, evil men; the Odrysae, Godrewys or borderers
(from Godre a border, and the plural termination l wys'); and the
Odomantes, to do them no injustice, Odd-mant-wys, men of the
projecting lip. The Skordiskoi were confessedly of late Gallic origin,
remnants of Brennus's invading host. The Diana of the Thracians
was Bendis (Strabo), in Irish Baindia, the goddess. Beside the
Rhys and Madoc already noticed, we have Scuthes, Saethydd, the
archer, the name of many Thracian princes; Sadales, Sadiawl, the
firm ally of Pompey the Great (Caesar); and Rhescuporis (Tacitus,
Annates, II. 64), perhaps Rhys-cu-por, Rhesus the beloved lord; and

Ek ttovtov tociScos. Homer, Odyss. V. I. 56. See Appendix No. I.

Origin, &c. t of the A'vmry. 19

Rhoemetalkes, Rhwyv-e-talch. the shattering ruler. We proceed
by Dardania, Dar-dan, the oak-land of Moesia, and the towering
height of mount Skomios (Ysgwn) mentioned by Thucydides.
Reaching the briny waters of Lake Hal-///vr/.v (Hallt-myr) we
embark on the mighty Danube, and fall in with the Sygynnai, a
people whose name signified 'merchants' (Herodotus); perhaps from
Sygannu, ' to mutter, to chaffer.' You may hear the busy folk in a
French market-town, buzzing like myriads of insects. Mounting
the Danube, behold its fine tributaries, the Hungarian Teyss,
Tibiscus or Teivi-w ysc, and the Marissus, Maros or Mawr-wysc, the
great water; on the other hand the Carinthian Save, allied to the
Sow of India and of Stafford, in (Cymric Saw, the obstructing river,
and the Draw, " violentior ainnis " Pliny terms it (iVat. Hist. If I.
25), Trews, ' the sharp river' The name of Solva, a Romano-
Keltic town above the Drave, still lives in Pembrokeshire. The
city of Gran has two Keltic names Bregetium (Molemy), an ancient
fortress on a high rock, which would be Bre-ceth, the dark mount;
and a later, Strigoniuni, Ystry-gwvn. the white or fair dwelling.
In Austria we have the Roman town of Scarabantia (Pliny), Esgair-
pant, the bend or depression in the hill range. Mount Ketius, the
Kahlenberg by Vienna, is Mynydd-ceth, 'the dark mountain'; the
river Juvavus or Salza, Iou-avon, the river of Joie. Southward
beyond the Terglou, the Tri-gledd, three swords or peaks of the
Julian Alps we encounter the Carni, so called from Cam, a stone
heap, the dwellers in the stony Karst; and descend to Tergeste,
Ter-gest, the fair round expanse, the modern Trieste hemmed in
by the Karst and open only to the Adriatic*

We have now pursued the Centaur's course, and traced our

Kelts to the land of the evening star, to Hesperia, the West. At

the head of the Adriatic is Yenetia, or Gwyn-

13. The Kelts in cJd sett i e( j m i ater ages by fugitives from

Western Europe.

Troy, as they say. Perhaps the Vennonetes

* AV.</ means in Welsh a plate among mountains with but one outlet. Sa,
V (iCst near Portmado* , and Hergest in Herefordshire.

20 Origin, &c, of the Kymry.

of the Vintzgau in southern Tyrol were Gwyndyd like the Veneti.
Re-inforced long after by the Galli Senones of France, the Kelts
became masters of two thirds of Italy. But in a pre-historic period
they seem to have been throughout the Peninsula. Whether the
Volsci were related to the Belgae of Gaul and Britain, I cannot
say: but the Osci, so called for their broad speech, seem to get
their name from the Welsh root Wsg, that which opens. How well
do the chief cities of Italy harmonize with Keltic roots ! Imperial
Rome derives from the Greek Rhome, the Welsh Grym, strength.
Milan or Mediolanum, built by the Gauls {Pliny III. iy), was at
first Mai-Ian, the clearing or place in the plain. It is still in
German Mailand. If we sought a Keltic name suited to its
modern splendour, it might be Meddv-lan, the delicate town. How
admirably does Genoa express its position at the bend where the
two Riviere trend east and west ! For Genoa, like Geneva and
Genabum (Orleans), is but the Irish Cean-abhan, the head of the
river, the Welsh Pen-avon. The grand features of nature, the
Alps and the Apennines, express to the Kelt their snowy height and
eminence. Vesuvius would be Gwes-wv, moisture (lava) in motion.
The vocable Wysc abounds in Piedmont in the form of Asca.
[J5. G. Anzasca, Calasca, Verzasca, Biasca, Novasca.] I venture
to interpret the Lacus Verbanus, Lago Maggiore, as Llwch Gwerdd-
van, the lake of the green hills; that of Lugano, as Llwch Llug-
gain, lacus lucis candidae, the bright lake; that of Como, the Lacus
Larius, as Llwch Llariaidd, the gentle lake; and that of Garda, the
Lacus Benacus, as Llwch Ben-aig, the head-water of the Mincio.
How characteristic the names of the Keltic rivers in Italy ! The
P6 or Padus was so called from the pades, in Welsh ffawydd,
beeches growing near its source. The Ticinus, a river grievous by
its inundations, with its tributary the Blenio, as also the Athesis,
were called Dygyn, Blin, Aethwysc, words denoting the trouble they
occasioned. The foaming Mincio must have been Mynych, frequent]
from its impetuosity. The torrent Quirna on the Simplon is
identical with the Guirna of Hindostan and the Chwernwy, a
tributary of the Irvon in South Wales; but the Welsh reveals its

Origin, cfr., of the Kvmrv. 21

meaning of Chwyrn, rapid. If we wont seawards to the west, we
should be led to pursue the Ligurian Kelts, who have given their
names to Lloegyr (England) and Liguria, along that hones-path.
which might express Int-e-mel-ium (Hynt y mel) or Vintimiglia;
but in approaching Gallia, y Ore Gal, the chief settlement of the
Kelts, we meet with their traces everywhere; and having touched
Switzerland and Spain we will close this long excursion. At
Geneva, which was Cean-abhan, the head of the lake, as Pennilucus,
Pen-llwch, the head of the loch, was the Roman port at the upper
end of it, we are on the Lacus Lemanus, Llwch Llivon the lake of
Hoods, so called from "the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone."'
The Italians must have been preoccupied by the Arthurian romance,
when they called the city Ginevra after Arthur's queen Guenevere
(Gwen-hwyvar). So have I seen a Castello di Mcrlino mirroring
its snows in a green Alpine tarn at the head of the Val d' Antrona;
and a pass traversed by Hannibal became the Mont du Chat Artus,
the mountain of Arthur's Cat. (Paradin, Savote.) Let us indulge
our fancy in a Keltic tour round Mont Blanc. We leave on the
right the Mount Saleve. It is justly termed in Irish Sal, in Welsh
Sawdyl, the heel or extremity, from its precipices; on the left, the
Brezon, which is synonymous with the Welsh Breiddyn. Onwards
we come to Nant-arpenaz and Nant-Bourant; the one Nant-ar-pen-
wys, the hollow by the water-fail; the other, Nant-Brwnt. the toil-
some hollow, which it certainlv is. Attendant on the Monarch of
mountains are the Brevent, the windy summit (Bre-wynt); unless it
be Pen-vre, the head summit; and the Buet, Bu, the bull. Proudest
of the glaciers is Brenva, which I would willingly believe to be
Brenn-va, the royal place. There too is Tal-efre, Tal-geivr, the
jutting rock of the chamois; and Mont Tacul, Taccl, the arrow.
East of Mont Blanc is the Cramont, called so from its rocks
(creigiau). The lake Combal towards the Mount of Jupiter (the
Great S. Bernard) may have been Cwm-Beli. Bclinus' combe, whose
worship is indicated by the Sylva Belini, Belitfs wood, near Lau-
sanne. We descend to the valley of the Rhone by the Forclaz, a
verdant pass, which is the green fork (Fforch-las). We pass under

22 Origin, crV., of the Kymrv.

the Dent de Morcles in the Valais, the Dant-mor-cledd, the tooth
of the great sword. Under the Dent du Midi is Lake Lioson,
Lliaws-on, abundant water. Again on Lake Leman we are at
Chillon, Cil-llon, the pleasant recess; opposite is Meillerie, which
for its beautiful name deserves to have the lark (Meilierydd) for
its sponsor. At Vibiscum, Cwm-wysc, we again detect the
Keltic wysc. 'Sweet Clarens' is Claer-wen, bright. Lausanne or
Losanna the Irish renders L6s-an, the water's end. We close
with fair Montbenon, Mwnt-benn-on, the mount at the head of
the ivater.

The Kelts advanced along the shores of the Mediterranean,
and were known by the name of Ligurians. They were intrepid
seamen, worthy of being the progenitors of Christopher Columbus.
They will again appear in Britain, and bequeath their name and
spirit to England, the Keltic Logres {Milton, Paradise Regained)
or Lloegyr. From Aquitania, the modern Gascony and Guienne,
called from its many rivers Ach-tan, the spread of water, they
would cross the ' Bryniau ' or Pyrenees beneath the towering
Canigou, Cann-ig-wy, the white terrible place, or, as M. Bullet has
it, Cann-gwddwv, the ivhite or snowy neck or ridge. To the South
they would find a race more ancient than themselves, the unsub-
dued Iberians or Basques; they, too,- had come from the Caucasus,
but were now Cantabri, called, I suggest, from Caint-tavar, the
spreading reach of land; for I cannot believe Biscay was their
Cvnta-vro or aboriginal land, as Lluyd holds. Here the two races
combined, or were so mixed up as to be called Kelt-iberians by
the Latin writers. It is perilous to advance Keltic claims in the
land of the Euscaldunac; but I will observe that some names of
their princes seem Keltic. Such I regard Abelux, E-belauc, the
warlike, a. chief opposed to Scipio (Livy), with Albutius and his
betrothed Indibilis, the. objects of Scipio's generosity, {Arrian) who
might be Elwyddan and Tudvil in Kymric. The mountain range
of Idubeda is Y du-bedw, the dark birch {Pliny III. J). Talavera
(in Castille) is pure Welsh, Tal-aber, the head of the confluence of
the Tagus and the Alberche; and Cape Finisterre is Artabrum

Origin, crY., of the Kymry, ix

promontorium, Pcnrhyn Aberarth or Arthvar, the fell headland.

The British familiar names of the Avon, Tamar, Monnow, Towy.

Teivi, Llugwy, and Dee already distinguished rivers in the

Peninsula. The tribe of Praesamarci arc marked ' Keltic '

by Pliny; they got their name from their Pres-march or fleet

steeds. The people of the province of Alemtejo in Portugal were

also known as Kcltici; one of their towns was Turobrica, Dwr-

brig, waters end. Another tribe in Baetica stvled 'Keltic' bv

Plinv was the Mirobrigenses, Myr-brig. dwellers on the sea

dunes. Bordering on the Kelticoi, in the forests of Tartessus

Gargoris or Gorgwr, chief] the oldest king of the Kynetae

(Gwyndvd) first discovered th- way to gather honey {Justin,

XLIV. 4)\ and I would imagine that Arganthonius king of

Tartessus, who lived a hundred and fifty years (Pliny, Strabo),

won from his silvery hair the name of Argann-tonn, the

glistering zcai e .

It may seem needless to discuss the notion of the Kelts having

passed through North Africa. But Nennius and the Irish scholars

will derive their Scottish ancestors from Egvpt

14. Were the Kelts bv of Spain; and the authoritv of Tacitus

in Africa? J

persuades me to accept the Iberian origin of, at

least, the Silures of South Wales. Baron Bunsen favours the

notion, as supported by a few etymons. An ingenious inquirer

derives the river Nile from the Erse Neimeamuil. hcarenly, blue.

The Lake iMoeris seems to be W. Mor, the sea. The Egyptian

goddess of art and industry, Neith. is connected with the Greek

net/io. the Welsh nvddu, to spin.' Thermuthis the daughter of

Pharaoh, who protected the infant Moses, might be Termud, silent ;

an epithet suited to that mysterious land. If the Iberians or Ligu-

rians reached Spain by way of Libya, they might have termed the

Libyans so from lleb, pale yellow, the Moorish complexion. The

Irish would interpret the Gaetuli as Gaoidheal, dwellers in the bush.

(M. le Baron De Bclloguet.) The Garamantes may imply Garm-

maint, loud outcry, or Garmwynion, horsemen. (E. Lhuyd.) In

Mauritania we have the river Mulucha, moloch, tumultuous, and the

24

Origin,

of the Kviurv

Lixus or Llugwy, bright water. Dyrys or Diryn was the name of
a portion of mount Atlas, if not the Peak of Teneriffe; otherwise
Duryn, a beak or snout, as we speak of the Naze and the Cap du
Gris-Nez. Abyla opposite Gibraltar implies an Alp or highland.
The Phoenicians gave to Cadiz the name of Gaddir or Gadeira,
meaning like the Welsh ' Cader ' a fort or castle.

CHAPTER II.

THE KYMRY IN PRE-HISTORIC BRITAIN.

We have now " fled over Adria and the Hesperian fields, And o'er

the Celtic roam'd the utmost isles." [Paradise Lost, Book /.)

Gallia, so called from Gal, the open dis-afforested

_ ' . , . . plain, was reduced to cultivation by tribes more

Britain; probable '

survival of Saurians. advanced in civilization than the ruder Kelts
who dwelt in the hash as trappers and fisher-
men. The latter were called Gwyddyl from their life in the wood-
lands. I avoid dwelling on France or Gallia, because its Keltic
origin is incontestable; the proofs are abundant; and my aim is to
illustrate only a portion of the race, the Kymry, as the Welsh still
call themselves. To them their Armorican brethren are still Britons
(Brython); their Gaelic or Irish cousins are Gwyddyl, Kelts; their
English supplanters, Saxons (Saeson,) but England remains Lignria
(Lloegyr). To believe their traditions, the Gwyddyl or Gael appear
as tribes, some hostile, some friendly, but ever subordinated to the
primary claim of possession advanced by the Kymry. I must think
that the westerly position of the Irish Kelts implies rather that
they, and not the Kymry, have the best title to priority of settle-
ment. Weird traditions exist of aboriginal dwellers so barbarous
that the foxes were their dogs and rude stone heaps their cabins.
But I judge this must refer to a dark consciousness of some
Turanian stragglers who preceded the Kelts. Britain, we are told
in the Triads, was known to the Gauls of the continent (Y Gal
Gre) by the name of Clas Meiddyn, the Green spot of the cliffs
before the Kymric settlement ; afterwards Y Vel Ynys, the honey
island. I suppose the name really was Y Wenn Ynys, the white
island or Albion. It later on was called Prydain, Britain, after an

2i> The Kynirv in Pre- historic Britain.

heros eponymos, Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, a hero whose existence is
a myth. The Kymry found the island, not only the home of
wolves and bears, but also of the ychain bannawc, loild bulls or
buffaloes like the Urus of the Hercynian forest ; and it was infested
by the formidable Avanc, whose capture was a principal feat of the
Kymric chief Hu Gadarn. This, I presume, indicates the survival
of gigantic saurians in the ample swamps of Britain, and is con-
nected with similar legends e.g. of the Tarasque which S. Martha
in Provencal story drew out of the Rhone, and of those weird
monsters (Gwydd Ellyll,) which a Triad describes in terms (banawg,
ednyvedawg drythyll, a melyn) that would tinge with horror Mr. De
Quincy's wildest dream. [Confessions of an English Opium-eater.)

The account of themselves rendered by the Kymry of Britain
makes them consist of three tribes of the same stock, who came

over as peaceful settlers, eschewing wrong and

2. The original ., r . . . , ,

_ . . ., & ,, oppression ; the Kymrv (in a restricted sense),
Kymric tribes; the

Kymry. the Lloegrwys, and the Brython. The two last

are made to come from Aquitania (Gwasgwyn)

and Armorica (in a large sense,) in other words, the coast of France

from the Pyrenees to the Rhine. Though bearing names implying

they were seamen (Liguria, Llyr, the sea) and plaided warriors, they

are distinctly said to have issued from the primitive stock of the

Kymry, and to have coalesced into one nation with the tribe

which bore the name of their common ancestors. This leading

tribe, they say, came over the hazy sea (Mor Tawch) under the

conduct of Hu Gadarn, or Hesus the Gallic war-god, from an

undefined country designated as. the summer-land. Caesar confirms

the tradition as it relates to their Gallic origin, and calls the people

Britanni. Not a single Roman or Greek writer seems to know

the name of Kymry, nor was it emploved by the Saxons. To

them the Britons were Welsh, (Gallici, Wylysce) ; an offshoot of

the continental Gauls, whose likeness they shunned and whose lack

of energy they despised.* With the Irish and Gael, the Welsh are

* " Inertia Gat/orum." Tacitus, Germama c. 28.

The Kymry in Pie- historic Britain . 27

always Rrcathnach. The Armoricans always call themselves Bre'zon,
' Britons.' We know not how the Britons called themselves in
their own tongue, while the Roman empire stood: their earliest
monuments date a century or more after the fall of the empire; but
from that period they have down to the present persistently called
themselves Kymry. M. Aurelien De Courson ingeniously supposes
they adopted the name in the sense of Aboriginal Britons, as a sort
of protest against Anglo-Saxon intruders. But this savours of a plea
set up in a law-court to estop encroachments. The debate between
the two nations was maintained in a ruder fashion, and I think it
more probable that the name which the Britons inherited from
their Kimmerian ancestors was never forgotten during the past, and
that it asserted itself vigorously when the framework of Roman
polity disappeared. One of the latest French Keltic scholars M.
Valroger offers no explanation of the term Kymry, (as De Courson
does,) nor notices the remains of Keltic speech in northern Europe
(as given by Pliny,) nor explains why the Kimmerioi (if German)
are found in the extreme west by Homer and Herodotus. I bow
to the authoritv of Tacitus, when, recalling the former splendour of
the Kimbri (of Denmark) in conflict with the Romans, he says it
took over two centuries to set about conquering Germany; [Germ.
c - 37) thereby implying that he took the Kimbri for Germans.
Yet when I read in Pliny that in the language of these Kimbri
the Northern Ocean was called Morimarusa, the sea of the dead,
and find it pure Welsh (Mor-marwys.) I cannot resist concluding
that either the Kimbri were Kymry, or else that in remote times
the tongues of Kelt and Goth agreed. This conclusion is fortified
by the fact that, according to Hecataeus, the name the Scythians
(Goths) gave the same Ocean was Amalchium, signifying congealed;
and in Welsh Mwlwch means a concrete mass. (P/inv.) It
is not impossible that some of the Kimmerioi. who retired from
their Asiatic home before the onset of the Scythians, took a
northern course, which the pursuers afterwards followed under the
conduct of Odin from the Sea of Azof to the shores of the Baltic.
Preciselv on the Baltic we find the Aestvi (or Esthonins.) whose

28 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

language approached the British, and who termed their valued
amber Glesum (Glwys, the beautiful thing) {Germ. c. 45) Their
adventurous neighbours the Goths seem to derive their name from
the Erse Gaoth, the sea; they were pirates. Treva (pure Welsh)
was the Kimbric name of Hamburg. In the North, a promontory
termed by Pliny ' Keltic ' was Lytarmis, perhaps Llwyd-armes, the
hoary presage of weather. Indeed Tacitus himself points out how
slight a barrier the Rhine proved to prevent the Gauls and
Germans from mutual encroachment, and how the Helvetii and the
Boii were confessedly Kelts. {Germ. c. 28.) Perhaps the Catti (or
Hessians) might be mixed Kelts. Their name seems to be Cad-wyr,
warriors. One of their princes was Catumerus, or Cadvor, the
great warrior. A bishop of Metz was Caddroe, or Cadwr, warrior.
The ancient tribe of Condroz near Liege were the Catuaci, or Cad-
gwawch, the war-cry men. The Hainaulters were Nervii, or Ner-
wyr, the strong men. Those of Brabant were the Levaci, Llevawc,
the shouters. They of Louvain were Grudii, from Gryd, a war-
hoop. Two Belgic princes occur with names clearly Kymric ;
Catualda, or Kadwal (Tacitus, Annates II. 62.) and Boduognatus,
Buddug-nawdd, victorious auspices (Caesar,) whom Antwerp honours
with a statue. The lake that afterwards became the Zuyderzee in
Holland was of old known as Flevum, Lliv, the flood. At
Domburg in Zealand an inscription was found to Nehalenia, the
Keltic goddess of the briny sea (Nyv-halen.) The coastmen of
ancient Belgium were called Menapii from their dwelling on the
waters edge (Min-av). This array of facts may, perhaps, justify
a conjecture that the Kymry were meant by the Gambrivii, whom
Tacitus mentions as among the true and ancient factors of the
nation more recently termed 'German.' (Germ. c. 2.) But,
assuming the Kymry came to Britain from the north, I am
persuaded they came thus gradually and by the narrowest passage,
not from the Kimbric peninsula. When Caesar [De Bello Gallico
II. 2Q~\ makes the Atuatici among the continental Belgae of
Kimbric origin, he would hardly have done so, had all the Gallic
Belgae been equally of Kimbric descent, that is, Kimbric of Jutland.

The Kymry in Pre-kistortc Britain. 2q

Next to the Kymry, whether from priority of settlement or

larger occupation of territory I cannot tell, but certainly in order,

come the Lloegrwys or Ligurian Kelts, who

3. The original came over from Aquitania and appear to have

\ r ' admitted foreign elements t<> some extent; and

Lloegrwys and

Brython. therefore, perhaps, were on the whole less

homogeneous and loyal to their stock than the
other two tribes. While the Kymry glory in the untarnished
lustre of Caractacus, and the Brython bred the heroes of Gododin
and of the Strath-clyde, the Lloegrwys have to bear the infamy
of Vortigern. They were less successful than the Kymry in
maintaining their independence ; and their last foothold of liberty,
Cornwall, was wrested from them centuries before the extinction of
Kymric autonomy. The Cornish knight Sir Tristram occupies no
enviable position in the legends of chivalry. The cause of this
difference may be the completer subjection to Rome of the southern
Britons. The rude mountains, the inhospitable sea, have ever been
more kindly to liberty than the affluent ease of the lowlands. But
the Lloegrwys had long been inured to the citizenship of the world.
They had acquired the elegant tastes of the cultured Romans, as
the Aquae Solis of Bath and the hypocausts of Uriconium still
witness. Claudia Rufina had wedded the senator Pudens, and was
complimented by Roman poets. But, I imagine, a foreign strain
in their blood rendered them less sternly patriotic than the Kymry.
I conjecture that that foreign strain proceeded from intermixture in
Aquitaine with the Basques: but the consideration of this must be
reserved for the following section.

Third of the Kymric tribes were the Brython, who came from
Armorica or Llydaw ; not the Armorica restricted to the peninsula
that yet bears the name (Britanny,) but the Ar-e-mor or seacoast
of north-western France, Gallia Belgica. They seem to have been
more closely identified with the Kymry, and in later times
reproduced Kymric features in their continental settlement. This
view accords with Caesar's account. Bearing regard to the identity
of religion, their speech ' not very different,' and their behaviour in

;o The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

courting, and presently shrinking from ' danger,' he believed the
Southern Britons were Gauls, who still bore the names of those
' cities ' or ciwdawd whence they came to Britain for plunder.
Such were the Parisii settled on the Seine and the Humber ; the
Atrebates of Artois and Berkshire ; and the Belgae of the north of
France and the west of England. Pliny notices a tribe of Britanni
along with the Ambiani. (Nat. Hist. IV. 1 6.) It may be that
Taliesin alludes to them in these lines ; " Morini Brython rhyddaro-
ganon, A medi heon am Havren avon." But more remains ;
Dionysius Periegetes notes Britanni south of the Rhine. Pliny
{XXV. :. 6.) remarks with astonishment a medicinal plant of Fries-
land that was in his time called Herba Britannica. A chain of
hills there is Brettenberg. Near Ems are vast heaths called
Bretansche Heide. The old name of Mons in Hainault was
Bretten. At the mouth of the Rhine by Katwijk was the fort of
the Britons, Brettenburg. At Domburg in Zealand was found an
inscription to the Keltic goddess of the briny sea, Nehalenia, Nyv-
halon. Ecbert of Holland, archbishop of Treves (ioth cent.) was
styled E. de Britannia. {De Belloguet.)

To conclude; the result of my inquiries implies the relation i.
of the Lloegrwys with the Ligurians of Italy and Gaul. 2. of the
Silures with the Iberians or Basques of Spain. 3. of the Kymry
or Britons with the Gauls of the continent, but especially with the
Belgae and Britanni of the lower Rhineland.

The red hair and large limbs of the Caledonians convinced

Tacitus they were of Germanic origin; a Triad classes the 'ciwdawd

Kelyddon' in the North, first of three protected

4. As reported tribes that came to Britain without arms or

by the Romans: The assault by consent of the R The second
non-Kymric tribes.

was " the Gael stock (Yr al Wyddyl,) and in

Albany they remain." The third was the men of Galedin, who

came in bare ships to the isle of Wight, when their country sank

beneath the sea. Lluyd suggests they were from Holland; but

their landing in Wight points to a catastrophe in the Pays de

Caux on the opposite coast; they were ' viri Caletini.' The whole

77//' Kymry in frc-kistoric Britain. 31

subject is involved in difficulties. If we accept the account given
by the later Kymry, it offers no explanation of the origin of the
Gwyddyl or Gael, who certainly occupied South Britain long before
the Brython, whom Caesar encountered. I venture to suggest that
they occupied the place assigned by the Brython to themselves
under the name of 'Kymry' in the Triads; and that the three
tribes relate to 1. Kimmerians who arrived at a very early period;

2. Kimmerians who arrived from the shores of the Mediterranean;

3. Kimmerians who came from (iaul and the Baltic. It is said
that the Picts in Scotland were from Scandinavia. They are
called Gwyddyl Ffichti, painted (rael or dwellers in the bush, to
distinguish them from the true Gaelic stock from Ireland, that is
to say, Yr al Wyddel. But Lluyd has given a Pictish poem,
which is simply very barbaric or archaic Welsh. Their princes
Ougen (Owain) and Talargan (Tal-arian), A.D. 736 750, have
Kymric names. Another foreign race were the Korannyeid or
Coritani dwelling by the Humber, who are charged with being
ready traitors of the Kymry, and with uniting with the Romans
and Saxons. This will help to explain how the Angles so easily
overran eastern England. If the Korannyeid be derived from corr,
a (hvarf, they were probably dark squat people of Ligurian origin,
regarded with aversion by the Kymry. Mr. Price (Carnhuanawc)
says they were so clever as to ken every speech the wind fell in
with, and their mintage was arian corr: a tradition of the superior
intelligence of the Ligurian race ! The Triads make them come
from Pwyl, Apulia in Italy; and Pliny curiously notices in South
Italy the Corani, " a Dardano Trojano orti." (TV. H. III. 5.)
De Belloguet erroneously cites Owen Pughe as assigning the first
place to the Coritani among the settlers in Britain, according to
an old tradition, " which only admits the Britons after them,
making no mention of the Kymry." The truth is that the
tradition relates to seven hostile occupations, beginning with the
Coraniaid, then Draig Prydain, ' the Dragon of Britain ' (whatever
that was!), and ending with the Romans and Saxons. The painted
faces and black curly locks of the Silurians of South Wales as well

32 The Kymry in Pre-histortc Britain.

as their situation over against Spain, made Tacitus believe they
were Iberians, who had emigrated into Wales. Other facts point
to the same conclusion. Dioscorides refers to Kourmi or cwrw, as
a drink made of barley, used by the Western Iberians and the
Britons. The Welsh of South Wales seem to have much affected
lime or whitewash. I cannot but think the taste and practice
came from the Basques or Iberians, from whom Tacitus derives the
Silures. May it not be that they in turn humbly imitated the
superb stucco of the Phoenicians, whose richly ornamented palaces
in Malta so impressed Diodorus ? (Lib. V.) Davydd ab Gwilym
calls on the summer to gild the castles of Glamorgan " white with
lime." The Germans too sometimes applied a plaster so pure and
resplendent as to resemble painting. (Tacitus, German. 16.) Henry
of Huntingdon avers that there came people from Spain into
Ireland, and that some of them remained who in his time still
used the same speech and were called Navarri. He means the
Iberians or Basques. (Lib. T.) It is remarkable that the Achau'r
Saint affirm that some of the sons of Brychan of Brecknock
(himself an Irish Kelt) went into Spain as Penrheithiau or chiefs
of jurisprudence;* and when S. Vincent Ferrer (A.D. 1400) preached
in Britanny, he was struck by the resemblance of the Breton charac-
ter and that of the Keltiberians of Spain. (Sanctorale Catholicum.
Aurelien De Courson.)

Nennius confesses that the origin of the Scots was uncertain.
He relates a strange tale of their encountering in mid-ocean a
tower of glass, and perishing in the attempt to investigate it.
They may have been deceived by a mirage. A visionary Island of
S. Brandan is sometimes seen in the latitude of the Canaries. Or
the tale may relate to a Druidical myth of the Isles of the Blessed,
which is preserved among the American Zuni, presumed descendants
of Madoc of Wales; and the Triads say that Merlin and his bards
went to sea in a house of glass. We tread on firmer ground,

* Their names were Pascen, Neffai, and Pabiali, born of a Spanish mother.-
Wm. Owen, Kambrian Biography.

The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 33

when we are told that the sons of Liethan occupied Menevia,
Gower, and Kidwelly, till they were expelled by Kunedda Wledig
and his sons. This is confirmed by a poem of Howel ab Owain
Gwynedd, who mentions Rheged and Caer-liwelydd as being in
South Wales. He had ridden thither from Kerry. But as Caer-
liwelydd certainly was Carlisle, and Rheged in the north of England
or in Galloway, the names must have been applied by the men of
Kunedda to their new settlements in Wales; as so many Welsh
names were revived in Britannv, among them Kerdluel or Liywel
or Carlisle. Tacitus agrees with Caesar as to the Gallic origin of
the Belgae, the most numerous tribe of the Brython. Plutarch
tells how Cato the elder and Sulla had red hair and blue eyes, like
the Gauls. The type still survives in Wales. The Irish, thought
Plutarch, differed little from the Britons, and not for the better.
(Agricola, ii, 24) The geographer Mela, who confesses his means
of information imperfect, pronounces them " ignorant of all virtues,
and void of piety to a degree;" a charge which may turn to the
honour of the Gwyddyl, seeing Pompey's finding the Holy of
Holies at Jerusalem void of images made the Romans infer that
the Jews were next door to atheists. Diodorus, before Mela, notes
that the northern Britons towards Scythia, and those that dwelt
in Erin, some of them, were cannibals. Anthropophagy was a
Scythian custom; and I should thence infer that some of the
northern tribes (such as the Attacotti) were from Scandinavia.

Before the Britons reached their island-home, they had inherited
or invented the essentials of primitive civilization. Some of their

traditions resemble Semitic records of antedi-

5. Traditions of , , v , , . XT .

, ,*: , .,. luvian patriarchs. Nevydd nav Neivion, whose

primitive civilizers. J

ship saved the survivors of a deluge, may be

a memory of Noah, unless the Triad intends indefinitely The

Heavenly One, the Lord of lords. Gwyddon Ganhebon, " the first

in the world that composed vocal song," and " whose stones had

written upon them all the arts and sciences of the world," must,

surely, be intended for Seth, whose inscribed tablets in Egypt are

mentioned by Josephus, and whose name was borne by Sethos the
E

34 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

Egyptian king. If a portion of the Kelts traversed Egypt, they
would have been impressed by such monuments.

In Idris the astronomer I discern a myth of Enoch, who is
known to the Orientals as Edris. Under astronomy are veiled
the pretences of astrology. Such was the knowledge of the stars,
their nature and conditions, possessed by Idris, says the Triad,
that he foretold what men desired to learn. Such astronomy,
perhaps, Pliny was entitled to treat with little respect. {Nat. Hist.
XVIII. 25) Not so, the simple music that soothed the infancy
of mankind. " The ancient wisdom of the Greeks," remarks
Athenaeus, " appears to have been chiefly devoted to music."
Such musical wisdom was the endowment of Tydain-tad-awen, the
Father of song, whom Owen Pughe regards as the Egyptian Taaut
or Hermes Trismegistus; of Alon, who I think was the Olen of
Lycia; and of Blegrwyd the ancient king, whom Geoffry of Mon-
mouth pronounces 'incomparable' and 'the God of music,' and whom
Thomas Walsingham oddly classes with Orpheus and Nero of
Rome in respect of voice and skill in singing.* The connexion of
Hu Gadarn with the invention of ploughing land has been already
noticed: but it is difficult to imagine any Aryan race ignorant of
ploughing, unless the Kymry had lost the art in the forests of the
North and been barbarized into mere trappers and fishers, and Hu
had succeeded in recovering it. The Armorican S. Iltutus before
A.D. 480 introduced an improved method of ploughing. Many
less important inventions were owing to the continental Kelts.
The art of inlaying brass with silver, especially for the adorning
of horse-trappings was the invention of the Bituriges. Others
invented ploughs with wheels, hooped casks to preserve wine,
barm produced from ale to ferment bread, the use of marl to
enrich land. {Pliny, Nat. Hist.) Morddal, called in the Triads
Gwrgweilgi, the seaman, clearly a foreigner, perhaps a Phoenician,
taught the Kymry to work with stone and lime. Corvinwr, the
bard of tall Keri of the white lake, first made a ship with sails

* He calls him Bledgabred the Briton.

The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 35

and rudder for the Kymry. Coll mab Collvrewy first brought
wheat and barley into Britain. Coel, a grandson of Caractacus,
introduced a mill with wheels. A curious mill, with a wheel
partly of iron, apparently made to work by magnetic action, was
to be seen A.D. 1574; and the remains of such an one was found in
Edeyrnion, says Dr. John Davies the lexicographer.* In a higher
department of civilization, that of government and law, Menw
appears to belong to remote antiquity. His name connects him
with the Hindu Menu, Menes the first king of Egypt, Minos king
of Crete, the Teutonic Mannus, and the Persian Mani. Prydain
ab Aedd mawr, Britannns son of Aednus the great, is said to have
ordained an elective monarchy, answering to the Greek Hegemonia
and very much resembling the Imperial constitution lately set up
in Germany, where the Emperor is Kaiser in Deutsch-land; this
certainly corresponds with the rule adopted in Keltic Gaul; but
Prydain, if he represents the Britanni of Gaul, as M. De Belloguet
maintains, should not be son of the Aedui, for the Britanni,
Ambiani, &c, were under the leadership of the Treviri. Dyvnwal
Moelmud, about B.C. 400, and Bran ab Llyr, are said to have
completed the work of their predecessor. Had the Kymry faith-
fully adhered to the spirit of this constitution, they would have
fared better. But the restless Keltic nature asserted itself. Tacitus
observes that the government of kings had given way to that of
chieftains; the result was faction, so that two or three 'states'
(ciwdawd, civitates) would rarely combine to ward off a common
peril; fighting singly, all were overcome. (Agrico/a, 12.) Pom-
ponius Mela also notices, that, although the British chiefs were rich
in land and flocks only, as was afterwards the case in Wales, yet
the lust of dominion and desire to extend their possessions caused
them often to molest one another. {III. 6.)

The Kymry from the earliest period of their
6 The Druids, their hist r to have ^^ dominated by a

religion, gods, and J

mythic personages, priestly caste, which offers a striking resem-

* See Owen Pughe's Dictionary under Breuan.

^6 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

blance to the Brahmins of India. In Gaul they appear to have
superseded the more primitive and less organized rule of the
chiefs of clans. This sacerdotal order was called Derwyddon
or Druids, in Irish Draoith, after the oak or deru\ their
sacred tree, without whose leaves they performed no religious
rite. It procured them the name of Saronidae with the Greeks.
They used the vervain as well in their incantations; as Taliesin
sings, " A'n maglas blaenderw O warchan Maelderw," " A sprig of
oak has ensnared us by Maelderw's incantation." They were
regarded as enchanters by the Romans, as seems clear from the
Augustan History, where a Gallic Druias or Druidess predicts to
Dioclesian, then a private soldier, his future elevation to the
purple; and from Mela, who tells how a college of Druid virgins
in the isle of Sena assumed the forms of animals and procured
favourable winds to the mariners. We here perceive the origin of
the mediaeval fairies and enchanters. All are familiar with their
devotion to the mistletoe, and the ceremonious employment of a
golden falchion to gather it. The sacred isle of Mona, then dark
with umbrageous oaks, and called Ynys Dywyll, the dark isle, was
the Druids' favourite residence, such must have been that famous
forest of Darnant in the romances of Perceforest and of Lancelot,
which extended to the sea of Cornwall and of Sorelloys
(Scilly).* Their place tf solemn assembly in Britain was Abury in
Wiltshire, called Gorsedd-bryn-gwyddon, the throne of the wizards'
hill; in France "the ancient famous religious Druids" had their
chief abode at Dreux in the territory of the Carnutes. (Sir
Nicholas Throckmorton. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series,
June 24, 1560.) Even in Galatia, the Gallic emigrants met under
an oak, as the Basques did under that of Guernica. For they
termed their place of national assembly Dru-nemeton, or Derw-
nyvedon, the sacred oak. According to Taliesin, the Druids' lore
must have resented the fresh influence of their forest-life. He
says, " Pan yw dien gwlith, A govwy hinon, A mel a meillion, A

The name is pure Welsh, Dar-nanl, ihe brook or glen of the oaks

The Kymry in Pte-historic Britain, 37

meddgyrn meddvvon, Addwyn i ddragon Ddawn y Derwyddon."
" When the dew lies still, and summer visits us, and the honey and
trefoils, and the mead-horns are full, pleasing to the prince is the
lore of the Druids." Caesar tells us that their teaching was oral
and embraced all knowledge available to them, but chiefly astronomy
and physical science. They taught their adepts a great number of
verses, so that some remained learners twenty years. M. De la
Villemarque in his Popular Songs of Britanny has preserved a
Druid song sung in a place in Finisterre, in which scraps of
matter are strung on numbers, as in the Welsh Triads. The
Druid teaches the mab gwenn or child, there are "three beginnings
and endings to man and an oak, three realms of Merlin, yellow
fruit, bright flowers, laughing infants." " Tri derou ha tri divez,
D'ann den ha d'ann derv ivez; Tri rouantelez-barr Varzin; Frouez
melen, ha bleun lirzin, Bugaligou o c'hoarzin." {Aurelien De
Courson, Histoire des Peuples Bretons, T. I. p. 57.) Above all
the Druids taught the immortality and transmigration of souls; but
whether it ended in Pantheism, I cannot resolve. The Metem-
psychosis is taught in the Kad Goddeu (Battle of the Trees) of
Taliesin; and in the Discourse between Arthur and his nephew
Eliwlod transformed into an eagle. If they on this side approached
the truth, a practice of human sacrifices and cannibalism was so
revolting, that in Gaul it was forbidden by Tiberius Caesar. {Pliny
XXX. I.) The motive of such atrocity must be sought in magic
and in a supreme effort to procure Divine aid, as we find exemplified
in Mesha king of Moab sacrificing his son in his utter distress.
The same motive is assigned in the Popol Vuh to the elders of
the Quiche nation, after their sufferings in icy regions ere they
reached America. Cannibalism was practised in Erin {Diodorus) ;
and we have already met with the formidable Attacotti near
Glasgow. {Gibbon, Decline and Fall, &c, Vol. III. p. Jl6.) A
gruesome example of incongruous religion is afforded us by the
Triad, which speaks of Gwrgi Garw-lwyd, a Caledonian who united
with Aethelfrid of Northumbria against the Kymry, and who
practised anthropophagy with a singular reservation in favour of

38 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

the Sunday. The birds of the ivhite lake (Adar y Uwch gwyn),
with golden collars about their necks, may designate Attacottian
cannibals decorated with the torques. If such at all existed, we
can understand how Druidic sanctuaries presented portentous images
of deformed lineaments and frightful aspect within deserted walls,
which with rugged mountains and destructive rivers were objects of
veneration to the Britons. (Gildas.)

The religion of the Druids in its primitive aspect closely
resembles that of the earliest races of men. The ancient inhab-
itants of Ceylon, Diodorus tells us, venerated the all embracing
Heaven and the Sun, and generally all the host of heaven. At
the feast of the Sun in May the Peruvian Yncas invoked the
Creator, the Sun, the Thunder, to multiply the people and grant
them peace. [Rites of the Incas by Chris toval De Molina, trans-
lated by Clements Markham.) So, we are told, Teutates, Duw-tat,
the Father- God, was the chief divinity adored by the Gauls. Then
we have Belenus or Belin, the sun-god, derived from the Phoenician
Belus or Baal, whose river, Avon-Beli, was a name of the estuary
of the Mersey, anciently Belisama, Beli-ys-avon; his Gallic name
also was Grannus, in Irish Grian, the Sun. He seems to have been
worshipped also as Belatucadrus, Bel-y-duw-cadr, Belt the mighty
God. Taranis was the divinified thunder, and is mentioned by
Lucan along with Hesus or Hu Gadarn, the special national god of
the Kymry, venerated as their leader in emigration and the author
of agriculture. He was sometimes identified with the Supreme
Being, and figures in romance as Huon of Bordeaux ' emperor of
Constantinople.'

Camulus (from the Irish Kama, the brave), was the Gallic
Mars. In Welsh, Campus means the dexterous. Ogmios (from
the Welsh Og-Hogyn, a youth, ' the strong ') was the Gallic
Hercules. The magic caldron of Keridwen denoted the renovating
power of Nature; to it Taliesin imputes his inspiration in the lines,
" Mi a gevais awen O bair Keridwen." Olwen, too, was a Nature-
goddess, in whose footsteps sprang up four white trefoils, whose
hair was yellower than the flowers of the broom, and her flesh

The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain. 39

whiter than the foam of the wave. Her name, like the German
Alvina, seems allied to the Alfar or elves. ( Ystori Kwllwch.)
Gwenidw was the Kymric Leukothca, who daily drove ashore her
white flock of waves. Margan was a goddess of the deep ("dwywes
o annwvn;") which perhaps accounts for Morgaine la Faye being
called the Lady of the Lake. Perhaps she may be identified with
the Persian Peri Merjdn. Or, possibly, Gwenddydd, the day-star,
the sister of Merlin, may have been adopted in romances as the
sister of Arthur, and rendered through the German Morgen,
morning, into Morgaine la Faye, the enchantress and mistress of
Sir Lancelot. In Italian, the Fata Morgana gave celebrity to that
lovely phenomenon of the Mirage, so well described by Father
Angelucci in the Straits of Messina, Aug. 15, 1643. (Sivinburnc,
Travels in the Two Sicilies.) The Kymry conceived of the Power
of Evil as a female whose magic steed March Malaen conveyed
witches through the air, as the Canon Law intimates of Hecate
and Herodias, and as we read in the romance of Cleomades.
Possibly Malaen came from the Latin Maligna. Arianrod, a star-
goddess, was the mystic name given to the seven stars of Bootes
by the Britons. It signified the silver wheel* Gwyn ab Nudd,
Fair son of the Mist, was the happy name assigned to the
illusion of the king of Faery {Buchedd Collcnn. Sanct. Catholicum);
rendered, I conceive, by the romance-writers, in German as Elberich,
in French as Alberon, Auberon, or Oberon, being a translation of
Gwyn, the fair or white. He is classed by the Triads with Idris
and Gwdion ab Don as one of the three astronomers of Britain.
The latter seems to be Odin, borrowed from the Teutons. The
milky way is his burg or caer, Caer-gwdion, the Valhalla of the
Norsemen. But if borrowed, he was invested with a more pleasing
character by the Keltic imagination, and is found associated with
Math ab Mathonwy in conjuring by magic out of the blossoms of
the oak, the broom, and the meadow-sweet the fairest damsel
ever seen. (Mabinogion.) Taliesin treats them as enchanters, in

* Caer-Arianrod castrum argenteae rotae.

-|.o The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain.

company with Eurwys and Eurion, and Euron and Medron, who
perhaps were Druids living in tradition. Galiant, "the most skilled
armourer of his time," was meant for Wayland smith, the Volundr
of the Edda. ( Ystoryau Chyarlymaen.)

The fact that minstrels and composers of poetic eulogies came
next the priesthood in the Druidic hierarchy marks the antiquity

of their system, and carries us back to the age

7. The Bards: their of Homer He tells us the si met with
ideal of civilization.

honour and respect among all men. (Odyssea,

VIII. 4, So.) The science of the old Kymry, like that of the
early Greeks, lay in music. Diodorus Siculus, B.C. 50, says that
the composers of lays among the Gauls, whom they call Bardoi,
sing praises or invectives along with instruments resembling lyres.
Robed in skyblue togas, the emblem of peace and heaven, they
also acted the part of the Hellenic keryx, and sought to reconcile
contending warriors. As among the early Greeks, they were
respected, and sometimes richly rewarded. Llywarch Hen could
boast of a cantrev and a hundred oxen, the gift of Rhun. Kyn-
ddelw says, Rhiryd gave him a gift of ruddy gold, nothing less.
''Kelenig rudd aur a roddai Riryd, Nym rhoddai a vai lai." A
later bard boasts, that Rhys Gryg shed his gold into the bards' lap
like full ripe fruit, But the expenditure of the West was neces-
sarily mean, compared with that of ancient India. The Hindu-
Aryas lived in the golden age. " The gifts of Prithousravas are
magnificent," says Vasa, " that generous master has given me a
golden car." {Rig-Veda, p. 434, translation by Langlois.) Another
boasts of a gift of three hundred horses and ten thousand cows;
he was a master of hyperbolic style. But mere material ease and
wealth do not necessarily connote true civilization. The spiritual
must control the material. The most ferocious nation of America,
the Aztecs, whose imperial palace stank with human sacrifices, had
the most refined taste in goldsmith's work; and their speech possessed
inflexions expressing the respectful style. The Basques, Horace's
' untamed Cantabrians,' have besides, a style to address children
with and one suited to women. {Baudrimont, Histoire des Basques

The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain. 41

primitifs, p. 195) On the contrary, the gentle Guanches of the

Canaries, unacquainted with wheat and the use of fire, were obliged

by law to make way for every woman they met. The Keltic

bards, too, rose superior to mercenary motives. They stigmatized

the man who loved his appetite, wealth, and ease as one who was

no patriot; they reckoned learning of equal dignity with the noblest

descent; they declared there were three persons, whom everybody

should look upon with respect, namely, he that looks lovingly on

the face of the earth, on the exertion of art, and on little children;

and they professed their delight in the increase of knowledge, the

improvement of morals, and the triumph of peace over devastation

and anarchy.

I have ahead)' indicated the motives of fear, of curiosity, or of

interest that impelled the barbarian nations of antiquity to quit

their precarious settlements; how Lygdamis the
8. Keltic migrations K to avoid the more pmverfu i G oths,

to the East. ' '

poured his horde on the rich plains of Lydia

from the Kymric settlement on the Palus Maeotis. More than a
century later, Elico or Helig, a Helvetian merchant, was employed
by an injured Etruscan to tempt an invasion of Italy by the Gallic
Kelts with the luscious bribe of figs and grapes, of the wine and
oil of that favoured land. {Pliny.) The children of Nature eagerly
embraced the offer; and under the conduct of Sigovesus (Sig-was,
the smasher) and Bellovesus (Bel-gwas, the warlike), Arvernian
princes, established themselves in the fertile plain of the P6,
founded the grand city of Milan, and were known as the Isambra
(in Irish noble), a name corrupted into Insubres. They were
followed by Gauls of Maine and Chartres, led by Elitovius (E-llid-
wv, the hurricane), who founded Brescia and Verona at the expense
of the Etruscans. Lastly, the Boii (in Irish Buidhe, the yellow-
haired) and the Senones (a name derived from Sen or Hen, the old,
the honoured) pushed forward and drove the Etruscans from their
settlements on the Adriatic. {Livy.) Observe, how their princes'
names still live in existing Keltic speech. Britomarus, a chief of
the Isambra, is in Welsh Brith-mawr, the great painted warrior.

42 The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain.

(Livy.) And Moritasgus, a king of the Senones (Caesar), is
Mortagh or Murdoch, an Irish name. I know not whether the
similarity of sound in that of Omortag king of the Bulgarians,
A.D. 824 (Eginhard), be accidental or not.

A portion of these Gauls, following the auguries of the flight
of birds, doubled the Adriatic, and scaling the Carnic Alps settled
in Hungary. (Justin XXIV. 4.) B.C. 389 the Kelts of northern
Italy under their captain, whose title (not name) was Brennus (the
brenhin or king) took and burnt Rome, anticipating the equally
transient success of Alaric and Genseric. Meanwhile the Kelts of
the Danube inspired terror among neighbouring princes by their
very name. Belgius (Bel-gwas, the warrior) defeated the Mace-
donian king, B.C. 278. The brenhin, whose name we know not,
followed up this success, and proceeded to attack the sacred shrine
of Delphi in hope of plunder; with true Gallic levity he jestingly
remarked how the rich gods should bestow on men what they had
no need of. Unlike the austere Iberians of Spain, who would not
violate their rich soil, unless the lightning tore out its golden
ingots, and gave them as it were a gift from God. (Justin XLIV.
J.) A severe hailstorm, aided bv terrors of the supernatural, the
multiplied echoes and visions of the gods, saved the temple from
violation. The defeated Gauls fled, some to Asia, some to Thrace,
seeking their Pannonian home. One detachment under the name
of Skordiskoi (in Welsh, Ysgorddion, strangers) settled at the
confluence of the Danube and the Save. Another, the Tectosages,*
found their way back to their western settlement at Toulouse.
They were induced by a pestilence to cast their sacrilegious store of
Grecian plunder into a lake; as the Yncas of Peru did with their
coveted treasures. (Justin XXXII. J.) The gold of Toulouse became
proverbial, as bringing ruin on its possessors. The defeat of the
Romans by the Kymry in B.C. 101 was attributed to it. Some
scholars refuse to identify the Kimbri allied with the Teutons,
whom C. Marius defeated, with the Kymry and Kimmerioi of

* Teith-sach, from their use of the plaid or over-all, journey-sack ?

The Kymry in J 're- historic Britain. 43

remote antiquity. Pliny (IV. c. 14) expressly classes them with
the Teutons as inland Germans; " Ingaevones (Innwohners) quorum
pars Cimbri, Teutones," &c. Suidas gives 'brigands' as the mean-
ing nt the word Kimbri, and it may be of the Welsh root Cymmer-
yd, t<> take or spoil; but if they were Germans, why are they not
included under the generic name of Teutons- Deutsch ? Besides, I
have shown from Tacitus that some Kelts were intermingled with
Teutons in Germany; some words of their speech, preserved to us,
are simply Welsh yet intelligible; and it is difficult to understand
how Tacitus could write that the Kimbri were in his day ' a small
estate, but their renown mighty,'* if they only formed an item in
the Teutonic nationality. [See Appendix No. VII.]

Few of the modern Kelts, Kymry, Brezonet, and Gael, are
aware that the Apostle S. Paul addressed an Epistle to a people of

their blood and kindred. Yet such is indubit-

9. The Galatian , , iU c . o

, ably the tact. So great an opinion was enter-

settlement.

tained in the East of the dash and prowess of

the Kymry-Galls that no prince engaged in war without Gallic

valour in his pay. (Justin XXV. 2.) And so Nicomedes king of

Bithynia gained their support by the cession of a province called

after them the Gallic Greece or Galatia. The settlers were from

the South of France, the Tectosages, the Trocmi (Trwch-wyr, truces

riri, ' desperadoes '), and the Tolistoboii (Tolws-tov-wyr, uproarious

band or array). The leader of the first tribe was Leonorios, in

Welsh Lluniwr, the marshal or disposer. (Strabo L. 12.) The

name was afterwards borne by a Breton saint. One of the most

interesting traditions connected with this colony is found in the

Triads of the Isle of Britain, which relate that Ur Luyddawg, Ur

the layer of hosts, a Scandinavian chief, doubtless of the kindred

Kvmry of Jutland, for a stranger would not so easily have

succeeded, came to Britain in the time of Gadial ab Erin (when we

are not told), and by artifice procured succours of men and treasure

to go on one of those marauding expeditions so dear to the Keltic

* " Parva nunc li vitas >ed gloria ingens." Gam. ,-,-.

44 The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

spirit. They never returned, but went as far as the sea of Greece,
and settling in the land of Galas and Avena became Greeks. The
learned Lhuyd guessed Galas was Corfu; he could give no account
of Avena, and he has been followed by later scholars. But the
names, surely, indicate Galatia and Armenia the lesser; and the
adventurers went to re-inforce their Keltic congeners. Many names
of men and places in Galatia support its Kymric character. One
of its kings, Deiotarus (Duw-tarw, the divine bull), was the subject
of an oration of Cicero. His treasure-castle in Bithynia was
Blukion (Blwch, a box or treasury). Brogitarus (Broch-tarw, the
angry bull) was the Gallo-Greek priest of Pessinus. {Cicero.)
Donilaus (Dyvnwal or Donald) was a Galatian prince on Pompey's
side; Orgiagontis or Gwrgant, a Galatian king (Florus); Adiatorix
was, perhaps, Aedd-twrch, the loud boar (Strabo); Centaretus, Kyn-
drud, the chief brave, or Kyn-dardd, the first shot (Pliny); Poredorax,
a Gaul slain by Mithridates, P6r-e-dorch, the lord of the chain or
torques. (Plutarch) Camma (the crooked) avenged the murder of
her husband Sinetus (Henydd ?) by poisoning his slayer Sinorix,
Hein-rhi, chief of the swarm. Then there are the districts of
Cammanene or Cam-maenan, the crooked slate rock, and Morimene
bordering on Galatia, which I would fain connect with Morven the
realm of Fingal. (Morben or Penmawr, the great headland) We
find the mountains Gorbeus, Gor-van, high place, and Lithrus,
Llethr, the steep. We have Gangra the seat of king Deiotarus,
Gann-gra, the white gravel, perhaps white- washed in Iberian fashion;
and I ask indulgence for my fancy in rendering Rosologiacum by
Cwm-rh6s-g\vylla\vc, the combe of the gloomy moor. The manners
of these Gallo-Greeks were those of the parent nation. One of
their tetrarchs kept open house for a whole year, and even caused
travellers to stay till they had dined at his table. It was a Gallic
custom, says Caesar, to constrain travellers to tarry and answer
questions, and to crowd about pedlars in small towns. The
language of Galatia was that of the country about Treves in the
fourth century, says S. Jerome. Kenones was a term used by the
Montanist sectaries in Phrygia to denote the second rank in their

The Kymry in Pre-historic Britain. 45

hierarchy, below Patriarchs but above Bishops. Perhaps the Phry-
gians borrowed it from the Keltic Galatians. Kynon in Welsh is
'a chief; and I observe that Conon was the native name of the
Isaurian emperor Leo IV. Cynon and Cynan were common Welsh
names. Tasgodroungitai was the name given in the vernacular of
Galatia to certain heretics, signifying ' men with a peg in their
nose.' (S. Epiphanius) Probably, they snuffled like our old
Puritans.

Not content with their indigenous traditions, the Kymry of

Britain, after the Roman conquest, greedily affected kinship with

the Masters of the World, to solace the wounded

10. lne fabulous susceptibility of a vanquished people, and pos-
Trojan origin of the

Kvmrv sibly to secure the favourable regard of the

Romans. How was this object to be effected ?

They soon perceived that all the Roman culture flowed from

Hellenic sources; and that by the irony of events the fountain of

Hellenic inspiration, the immortal Iliad, derived through the silver

tube of Virgil's melodious verse the praise of ' Troy divine ' as well

as of its captors. Rome had adopted the myth of a Trojan descent

through that correct but insipid hero, the pious Aeneas; all were

ambitious of securing a fashionable ancestry; Padua adopted Antenor

the Trojan, Lisbon the ingenious Ulysses, for their founders; the

Kymry invented a descendant of Aeneas, Brutus Darian/as, ' of

the blue shield,' who sailed from Italy and vanquished the giants

of Albion. How deeply and how long this fable influenced the

Kymric imagination may be judged by the fact, that Priam,

Hectcr and his victor Achilles, Paris, and Helena, Aeneas and

lulus, long lived in Kymric speech as Periv, Echdor ac Achelarwy,

Peris ac Elen, Einion ac Iolo. Taliesin terms the Kymry Gwedd-

illion Troia, ' relics of Troy.' When the Chronicler of Strata

Florida would scatter wild flowers on the grave of the Lord Rhys

of South Wales, A.D. 1197, he surpassed himself, when he made

his hero a match to Achilles for strength of chest, a Hector for

prudence, a Paris for beauty, an Ulysses for eloquence, and an

Ajax for spirit. {Brut y Tywysogton.) A century later, Arch-

4 6 The Kymrv in Pre- historic Britain.

bishop Peckham laments, that the Welsh wore " too intent on

dreams and fanciful visions, following the footsteps of Brutus, who

advised by Diana's whisper entered Britain by dreaming;" and

bids them in future boast, not of the vanquished Trojans, but of

the Cross of the Lord Jesus, Who hath made all mankind one in

His Blood. [A.D. 1284. Wilkins, Concilia.] [See Appendix

No. VI.]

On this sandy foundation did Gruffydd ab Arthur, commonly

known as Geoffrey of Monmouth, erect a stately gallery of kings

anterior to the subjugation of Britain by the

11. The British kings R omans . From the pious credulity of un-
before the
Roman conauest critical ages we have fallen back on blank

scepticism. Like Herodotus the Father of
History, Geoffrey has been branded as utterly mendacious. But
modern travel and research have vindicated the credit of Herodotus;
and it is possible that after all the chronicler of British kings
was not entirely fabulous. Tacitus says expressly of the Britons,
" Formerly they obeyed Kings; now owing to Princes they are
distracted by factions, nor is any circumstance more favourable to
us than that they do not plan in concert." (Tacitus, Agricola
c. 12.) Mr. Stephens has shown that Geoffrey was possessed of
Armorican monuments procured by his philo-Kymric patron Walter
De Mapes. It is hard to relinquish to the iconoclast those
4 radiant shapes ' that have for so long tenanted our island, that
have preceded the gorgeous series of mediaeval romance, and that
have inspired some of the sweetest creations of Shakespeare, of
Spenser, and of Milton. I will not insist that Abaris, the myster-
ious Hyperborean who visited Greece in the mythic age, was a
Keltic Druid, an Ivor or Avarwy. But I may be permitted to
notice the names that are interwoven with our history and
literature. The reader of Milton's Comus is familiar with Locrine
the son of Brutus (Lloegrin), whose daughter Sabrina fled the
pursuit " of her enraged step-dame Guendolene." Her mother
Estrildis or Esyllt borrowed her name from Hersilia the wife of
Romulus, and transmitted it to the Yseulte or Isolda of romance.

The Kymry in Pre -historic Britain. 47

Mombricius or Mymbyr gave his name to an old Italian writer,
Boninus Mombricius, and to the city of Oxford. Rhun Baladyr-
bras, of the stout shaft, was the original Sir Hudibras. Spenser
and Wordsworth derived the beautiful tale of the true brothers
Artegal and Elidure from the Brut of Arthal and Elidyr. Dun-
wallo Molmutius or Dyvnwal Moelmud is always acknowledged as
the source of Kymric legislation. His name lingered in Cumber-
land as Dunmail. A Donoual bishop of Alet occurs A.D. 1127.
(Cartn/airr de Redon.) In Scotland it is Donald. Bath was the
city of king Bladud, or Bleiddyd. His son Llyr, Shakespeare*-
' King Lear,' has supplied a text for one of the profoundest
expositions of human nature. Belin and his son Lludd still live
on the lips of men in Billingsgate and Ludgatc. Another son of
Belin, Caswallawn or Cassivellaunus king of the Cassii is recorded
in the narrative of Julius Caesar. That wonderful man must have
deeply impressed the minds of the Britons, for they know the
Romans simply as Kessarieid, Caesar's-men ; and in the romantic
style of Kelts they termed his sword Yr Angeu Coch, Red Death.
The Triads assign a cause for the invasion of Britain, very far
removed from the politic motives that dwelt in the mind of Caesar.
It appears that Caswallawn 's mistress Fflur (Flora) was carried off
by Mwrchan the thief, a chief of the Gauls of Aquitaine, with a
view to present her to Caesar. Caswallawn crossed the sea to
recover her, accompanied bv his nephews Gwenwynwyn and
Gwanar with a numerous host. Most of them never returned,
but settled " among the Caesarians " in Gascony, which retains
traces of their settlement, according to Lhuyd quoting Goudelin.
Goyrans, Ganelu, Guitrad, Mouric, Goudelin, are the Gascon forms
of Geraint, Kynddelw, Gwerthydd, Meurig, and Gwythelin: among
names of places we have Chabanos or in Kymric Kevnau, the
backs; Carabodas or Kae'rbedw, Birch-field; Garrigue or Kerrig,
the stones; Vinnez or Gwynedd; Mont-audran or Mwnt-Aeddren
{Mom Adriani); and Mont-esquieu or Mwnt-yscaw, the mount of
elder trees. It was in revenge for this expedition, say the Kymry,
that the Romans invaded Britain. Caesar himself tells us, it was

4^ The Kvmry in Pre-historic Britain.

in consequence of the naval aid the islanders afforded their brethren
of Gwenet (Vannes) in Armorica. His expedition, though it
stopped short of subjugation, yet proved to be the first sweep of
the tide, which laid Britain open to future conquest. The Kymric
princes, before the final success of Agricola, bowed before the
Roman Caesar, and paid a light tribute on the exports from Gaul,
ivory necklaces, amber, glass vessels, " and such rubbish." (Strabo.)
Such a prince was Kunobelinus of the coins and of Roman history,
the Cymbeline of Shakespeare. His name is still preserved by
Llan-gynvelin in Cardiganshire and by Plou-gonvelin near Ouimper
in Britanny. It is a semi-Gaelic form of the Welsh Pen-velyn,
and means yclloiv-head. His son Adminius may be the later
Welsh Ednyved, though W. Baxter renders the name by Adhvin-
was, the man with the projecting lips. {Etymologicon Britannicum.)
Far better known are his other children; the maidenly grace of
Imogen, the ingenuous freedom of Arviragus and Guiderius in their
sylvan solitude, who can forget ? The Kymric form of Imogen is
Enogent, perhaps from the Latin Innocentia. Her brothers were
Gweirydd and Gwydyr. Their refusal to pay tribute is said to
have occasioned the invasion under the emperor Claudius. Juvenal
thought the possible fall of Arviragus from his war-chariot a
compliment to Domitian. (Satira TV.) He is said by Polydore
Vergil to have granted land at Glastonbury to S. Joseph of
Arimathea. His son Meirig was the Bericus of Roman history.

CHAPTER TIL

CHARACTER AND MANNERS OF THE EARLY KYMRY.

I no not attempt to write a formal history of the Kelts in

general, or of the Kymry in particular: my object rather being to

exhibit such points as may serve to interpret

. HUM er o e |.| ie | r character and place in the commonwealth
Kelts '

of nations. The report of Diodorus, B.C. 50,

concerning the Britons was, that thev were simple, and far removed
from the guile and wickedness of modern times. So far from
regarding the custom of polyandry, that is, of a woman serving as
wife to a family of brothers (if such custom really existed among
them ?), as a proof of special depravity in the Kymry, I should
infer that it was a survival from some remote period and a conse-
quence of some special pressure; seeing it existed among the most
primitive and innocent race of men, the Guanches of the Canaries.
But the custom probably obtained only among non-Keltic tribes in
our island; and is the parent of the Pictish institution of succession
by the mother's side. I think it must be conceded that the Kelts
did not possess the virtue of purity to the extent that Tacitus
credits the Teutons with. When a Roman empress ventured to
reproach the wife of Argentocoxus (Ariant-goch, bright silver), a
Caledonian chief, with the immorality of her countrywomen, the
lady replied that the British women bestowed their favour on the
noble and the brave, and were strangers to the filthy excesses of
the Italians. {Xipliilin.) When the queen of the Brigantes Cartis-
mandua forsook her husband Gwyddno (Venutius) in favour of his

esquire Kadwal (Vellocatus), the public sympathy was enlisted in
G

50 Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

favour of the injured spouse.* Nennius marks hospitality as the
Britons' distinctive virtue, anger as their special fault. To their
simplicity and passion were allied a silly, vainglorious ostentation
and excessive love of ornament. Their chiefs were loaded with
gold chains, brilliant with dyed stuffs, and plastered with gold.
(Strabo) The skeleton of Benlli Gawr was found under the
Fairies' Hill near Mold, with a corslet studded over with some
hundreds of beautiful amber beads and a filigree work of fine gold
based on pure gold. (Robert Williams, Eminent Welshmen) It
is remarkable that Homer describes a Phoenician merchant wearing
a gold chain strung with amber. (Odyss. XV. 460) When
Bituitus king of the Arverni (Bytheiad, the hound) fought against
the Romans, it was in a silver car; he had his pack of bloodhounds
with him, and boasted the foe could scarce serve them for a meal.
His envoy was escorted by gasindi glittering with gold and purple,
and beside him a bard sang to his crtvth the glory of the Arvernian
king. [Morns. Panlns Orosins.) This levity of temper some-
times led to tragical results. The Triads notice the battles of the
Scrubs and of Arderydd in Scotland, arising from disputes about a
doe with young, a lap-wing, and even a lark's nest. " Vetus
Britannia jugi cruore madescit," " Ancient Britain drips with con-
tinual bloodshed," became an adage. The saying applied most truly
to the period, which Milton stigmatized as offering (among the
Saxons) nothing but battles between kites and crows. This Keltic
recklessness mingled with their notions of grandeur. A prince of
Auvergne would rain his gold pieces on the public, and fill a huge
vat with liquors for his guests. {Posidonins, apud Athenaeum.)
Such a scene was exaggerated by the Provencal nobles before the
Albigensian crusade, when they out of ostentation sowed a furrow
with silver and slew their chargers. Ebriety was a natural result;
as when " men went to Cattraeth, a freespoken throng, the green
mead their dainty and their poison; three hundred combatting with
weapons; and after the war-shout there was the silence" of death.

* " Pro man to stadia civitatis." Tacitus, Hist. III. c. 45.

Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 5 1

Gwyr a aeth Gattraeth, oedtl ffraeth y llu,
Glas-vedd eu hancwyn, a'u fjwenwyn vu;
Trichant trwy beiriant yn catau,
A gwedi elwch tawelwch vu. (Aneurin, Godtxini.)

When Rein the Scot (i.e. of Ireland), a pretender to the throne of
South Wales, A.D. 1020, led on his forces to battle, we are told
it was " after the manner of the Scots, proudly and ostentatiously "
(yn valch syberw) ; he was ' fearless,' but an arrogant ' challenger.'
{Brut y Tywysogion.) Sawyl Ben-uchel, Saul lofty-head, is noticed
in the Triads; but we are also told that his arrogance led to faction
and conspiracy with the Saxons against the Kymry. As Mr.
Matthew Arnold says, "Just the expansive, eager Keltic nature;
the head in the air, snuffing and snorting." (On the Study of
Keltic Literature.) A lively sketch of the bold, buoyant spirit of
the Gael and their French descendants, rather than that of the
Kymric race subdued by a strain of melancholy.

A shrewd and honest observer in the reign of Julian, A.D.
361, describes the Gauls in a way that brings before the eye scenes
that occur even now in Keltic lands. He notes their tall stature,
red hair, and threatening eyes; how greedy they were of quarrels;
how foreigners could not abide a domestic encounter, when a lady
with inflated neck and ponderous white arms administered kicks as
well as cuffs to her less adroit spouse, quick as the strokes of a
catapult. Even the voices of many of them, whether angry or
not, seemed to menace the hearer. Glancing at their fondness for
various drinks resembling wine, he notes with disgust the reeling
motion of some of the lower class, whose senses were dulled by
continual ebriety. But he praises their neatness of attire, where,
as in Aquitaine, the poorest female was never seen in rags, as
elsewhere. Above all, he commends the bravery of young and old,
fortified by labour and a bracing climate; among whom was never
found, as in Italy, a coward who cut off his thumb to escape
military service. (Ammianus Afarcellinus, XV. 12. I.) I regret
to say, that the Roman officer's account is confirmed by the Triad
relating to Rhore Yawr and her sister-viragos in Britain. But, in

52 Character and Manners of the early Kxmrv.

fine, the leading feature in the Keltic character appears to me to
be their indomitable love of freedom and a spirit of independence
sometimes leading to a deplorable excess. We see it in the
conduct of Seuthes the Thracian (whom I would almost pronounce
a Kymro); banished from his home, he chose the life of a marauder
rather than exist a pensioner on another's bounty, " looking fur-
tively to his table like a dog." {Xenophon, Anabasis, VII 2.)
We see it in the long resistance the Britons offered their Teutonic
invaders, when the other provinces of the Roman empire fell an
easy prey to the barbarians. Giraldus of Wales notes how his
Kymric countrymen would speak boldly before kings and not be
ashamed. This feeling goes far towards solving the problem, why
the Anglican Church (too often the obsequious waiter on the
providence of Kings) has to such a serious extent lost the sympathy
of the people. Nor is it absent from the mental development of
such as Scottus Erigena, Abailard, and Renan. The heresy of
Morgan (Pelagius) proceeded mainly from the bardic influence,
which Titan-like would fain escape from the constraint of a
supernatural Power, which overruns the purposes of Man. M. De
Belloguet sums up the characteristics of the Gallic and Ligurian
elements in a masterly manner. They blend in the modern
French and in a lesser degree the Welsh nature. The Gauls had
a wild temper, wanted judgment, loved display, were proud of race,
frank, hospitable, simple. The Ligurians had quick wit, eloquence,
raillery {Tesprit Gau/ois), cunning, loved music and dancing, were
boastful (the Gascon humour) and avaricious.

We have already seen that Britain before the Roman conquest

had been governed by Kings, rich only in flocks and extent of

territory.* That form of government had given

J1 wa y to tne presidence of petty chieftains.

Kelts.

{Pomponius Mela III. 6. Tacitus, Agricola

xii.) A kingship, so precarious in its origin, was bound to yield

* Consult for the Welsh, Giraldus; for the Ligurians, Florus IT. j; for the
Iberians and Silurians, Tacitus Ann. xii. j2.

Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 53

to the fluctuations of popular feeling. ' The nation of the Kymry,
the voice of country and people,' was paramount, ' The voice of
the country' is joined to 'monarchy' in the Triads, as forming
gwernment; and the monarchy thus limited is declared in accord-
ance with the regulation of Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, that is. the
primaeval genius of the Kymric race. Not a trace is discovered of
the Divine right, which was later on developed from Hebrew
sources by the Catholic clergy, not altogether unnaturally, perhaps,
yet with a singular oblivion of the sinister origin of the Israelitish
monarchy under Saul. The pernicious refinements of the Imperial
jurisprudence of Rome were, of course, unknown. Kymric royalty
was declared to be " under the protection of the voice of the
country;" and the old proverb, ' Trech gwlad nac arglwydd,' 'The
country is stronger than the prince,' is cited in confirmation. It
would seem indeed, that the Unbennaeth Prydain, The Monarchy
of Britain, which was the subject of their national air which urged
them to the battle, was nothing more than the Hegemonia of
Agamemnon before Troy; for a Triad derives the right to command
of Caractacus himself from a national convention distributed into
the fragments of commote and cantrev, in a word, from universal
suffrage. Such traditions were sure some day to wake up and
disturb the creation of priests and jurisconsults.

But, although the king's right to govern proceeded from the
will of his free people, his divinity was guarded from violation by
minute and whimsical penalties. Thus the laws of Howel Dda
rates the fine for insulting the Prince of Aberffraw at a hundred
kine for every cantrev belonging to him; a white bull with red
ears to every hundred kine; and a gold rod as long as himself and
equal in roundness to his little finger, and as thick as the nail of
a husbandman who has served for nine years. The local primary
chieftains were called Penhynaiv, chief of elders. Arthur, before
his elevation as Emperor or Penteyrnedd, was Penhynaiv at Pen-
rhyn Rhionydd in the North. In Wales a chief was called Cawr,
in North Britain Piiodawr, in Loegria Gwledig. The Pencenedyl
or chief of a clan was bound to support one of his clansmen; nor

54 Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

was he fit for the position, unless he possessed the power as well
as will to fulfill his duty. A vast system of fines and payments
prevailed, invented to check eternal feuds and to secure to the
state its interest in men able to do it service. Even homicide was
condoned on the principle of not crying over spilt milk, and of
securing compensation. As Mr. Barnes well observes, " If exactness
of laws be a token of civilization, then the Britons of the ninth
century were more civilized than the Saxons." (Notes on Ancient
Britain and the Britons, by Rev. Wm. Barnes, B.D.) Land was
held of the king, and mortuaries paid to him, pretty much after the
feudal fashion of later times. " The mountains and the forests the
king reserved to himself as waste, so that he might receive exiles
from beyond sea for his liegemen, and grant free gifts, and appro-
priate the same to monasteries as eleemosynary land." ( Welsh Laws.)
In Caesar's time there were men among the Gauls pledged to
fight in their chieftains' cause, called Soldnrii. (Sawdwyr, from

' Sawd,' war, battle) (De Bello Gallico, VI.
3. Their military , Th are termed b p i yb j us Qaessatae,
system. J J

probably from Gwastrawd, equerry, and denote

the semi-feudal associations of the ancient Gauls, answering to the
Gasindi under the Lombard kings of Italy, and the Gweision
bychain or retainers of the later Princes of Wales. On the
conquest of Wales the Archbishop of Canterbury, a Saxon and a
monk, viewing the unfamiliar and unknown with true English
dislike and distrust, begged Edward I. " for God's sake to do away
with the manner of living of Wysshan bighanP A.D. 1284. "On
his side he had ordered the with-holding the sacraments of Holy
Church from the idle; for that no one is in a state of salvation
who doth nobody any good." (Registrnm Peckham)

In the time of Caesar the Britons were armed in the Gallic
fashion, and their chiefs mounted on a cowain (covinus) or war-
chariot like the Hellenic heroes in the Trojan war. Homer notices
the war-chariot of Rhys the Thracian king and ally of Priam, how
it was adorned with gold and silver, and his arms of gold, a
wonder to see, meet only for the immortal gods ! (Iliad, I. X.,

Chraractc and Manners of the early Kytnry. *,*.

lines 438 441.) Bituitus of Auvergne fought in coloured armour
on a car of silver. (Morns TIT. 2.) Cassivellaunus was one of
the three princes with golden cars. (Triads.) Their arms were
inlaid with gold and coral. Boadicea, as well as the Gaul slain by
Manlius Torquatus, wore their golden linked chain or torques.
Poor Llywarch could boast of having had twenty-four sons, leading
chiefs invested with the golden chain: " Pedwar meib ar ugeint
a'm buvn'. Eurdorchawg tywyssawg unbyn." Such must have
been the chain Joseph wore in Egypt. As the Gauls could furnish
the Tyrian dye, it is likely they painted themselves with vermilion
as Camillus did in triumph (Pliny xxxii. 2, xxxiii. /, 7), and
resembled an Indian brave in his war-paint. The Britons, says
Mela, stain their bodies with glass, whether for ornament or some
other reason is uncertain. (III. 6.) The better informed Pliny
says they did it with glastum or woad producing a blue dye.
(Nat. Hist.) The cavalry of the Kymry opposed to Marius, B.C.
10 1, was fearful to behold, with their helmets covered with the
grinning jaws of wild beasts and surmounted with birds' wings.
(Plutarch.) A Gallic chief was named Athenomarus or Adain-
mawr, The great wing; and Keindrech Ben-asgell, of the winged
head, occurs in the Triads. This monstrous head-gear was adopted
to add to their martial effect. Sometimes, a chief like the Kelt-
Iberian Salondicus (Alawn-dig, angry music ?) shook his silver spear
as one inspired by Heaven, and so won confidence. (Florus). In
the Mabinogion Kulloch (Kwllwch) waves his silver inlaid spear.
Like Queen Elizabeth they loved loud music, inspiring terror.
When the Kelts advanced towards Rome, B.C. 225, we are told
that besides unceasing horns and trumpets, " there rose all at once
such a concert of bellowings, that the earth seemed to roar
emulously." (Polybius I. II.) Froissart, long ages afterwards,
says, their kindred Scots made such a noise in playing their horns
at night, it seemed as if hell were let loose.*

* "II sembloit, que tous les grans diables d'enfer fussent la-venus." Chroni-
fius, I. c. iq.

56 Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

It would be strange, if an insular nation, holding relations (as
we have seen) with the Scandinavians, at least with the Kymry of
Jutland, was not possessed of ships whether of
" war or commerce. Caesar was astonished at
the powerful navy of two hundred and twenty vessels, which the
Veneti of Armorica opposed to the Romans. Caswallawn was sent
to aid them, and his nephews chose to settle in Gaul. The Triads
mention Geraint and March (both Devonian or Cornish princes) as
owners of fleets of 120 ships, with 120 men in each ship; an
evident exaggeration in view of that of the Veneti ! And Dolor
son of the king of Man, with two others, appears as owner of a
pirate fleet (Llynges cynniwair). The British intercourse with
Ireland and Armorica seems never interrupted.

Strabo says the cities of the Britons were 'the bush;' mere
huts protected bv palisades or earth-works. Such was the Kaer-

verlam of Kaswallawn; such the hendrev of the

5. Their rural life. v .,, . . , ,. .. . , , *

Kymry, their winter home, distinguished from

the havotty occupied only during the summer months, when they

drove their flocks to the upland pastures. The Irish still kept up

this practice in the seventeenth century. They " removed, with

their tenants and cattle, from one place to another, where there is

conveniency of grass, water, and wood; and there having built a

house, which they do completely in an hour or two, they stay till

thev want grass, and then dislodge to another station." Such are

the mayens of the Swiss Alps even now. The sweetness and

nourishing quality of the Irish grass growing between limestone

rocks is noticed by Pomponius Mela as well as General Ludlow.

(Me/a, III. 6. Ludlow, Memoirs, I. pp. 327, 365)

The Triads mention three national shepherds and three national

herdsmen in Siluria, Mona, and Tegeingyl, who, according to the

primitive custom of the Kymry, looked after as many flocks of a

whole tribe, 120,000 sheep, and 20,000 herds each, with the

assistance of 300 slaves, under the protection of the nation. This

was their ancient pastoral life, coming from times when flocks and

herds made their owners princes. Such was Abraham in the eyes

Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 57

of the Hittites; and Mesha the king of Moab was ' a sheep-master.'

Something of it still survives in those vast flocks that are driven

to pasture in the high Alps, when the magic of summer converts

the snowfields into sweet pastures of emerald verdure. The Britons

dwelling inland raised no corn, according to Caesar, but fed on

milk and flesh. But 1 doubt the accuracy of his information as

to the corn. The strange myth of Coll map Collvrewi seems to

belong to times long before Caesar, where a mystic sow of Dall-

waran Dal ben crosses the sea and deposits wheat in Gwent, barley

in Dyved, rye in Lleyn. which Dr. Owen Pughe ingeniously

supposes to point to a foreign, probably Phoenician, ship, which

imported these things into Britain. {Cambrian Biography.) They

reared poultrv and hares for their pleasure, but ate them not; the

reason in the latter case being the polluted fecundity of the hare,

which is mystically expounded in the Epistle of S. Barnabas as the

reason for the Mosaic prohibition of it.

The condition of women, though they were much at the mercy

of their husbands, and had to perform labour more suited to men,

was yet superior to that of proud Rome. They

shared with their husbands in a common stock,
women.

which the survivor was finally entitled to. If

they were not the objects of a sacred esteem, as among the

Teutons, some among them, as the priestesses in Gaul, were

consulted as the oracles of the gods: Boadicea and Cartismandua

were, among the Loegrian Britons, invested with the supreme

authority: and when Conan Tindaethwy prince of Gwynedd died in

A.D. 817 without male heirs, his daughter Esyllt was entitled to

secure the sceptre to her husband Mervyn king of the isle of

Man.

The domiciles of the Kymry were mere huts of timber and

clay with a pointed roof. Late in the ninth century, Howel Dda

convened a national council in his Ty Gwyn

7. Domestic ar Dav, the white timbered house on the Taff.

manners: domiciles; _ . _. , , . r

home-life Even in the fifteenth, the advance is only trom

wattles to whitewash; a Lancastrian bard sings,

58 Character and Manners of the carlv Kymry.

" Iddo vo mae neuadd valch,
Ac yn wengaer gan wyn-galch;
Ac o gylch og)-lch i hon
Naw o arddau yn wyrddion."

" To him belongs a gay hall, white-walled with fair lime (\cvkoI
(ltto(tti\/3ovt<; a\ci<f>a.To<s . Homer : Odyss. III. 408), and round about
it nine gardens that are green." (Lewys Glyn Cothi) The
account given, January 23, 1 5 1 3, by a Venetian attache, of the
home-life in London quite corresponds with that of the old Kymry.
" In England," he reports, " the houses are all of wood. Aloft, at
the window-sills, they put rosemary, sage, and other herbs. Over
the planked floors they strew rushes, every ten days a fresh layer."
{Calendar of State Papers, Venetian Series) This pestilential heap
of vegetable matter was only removed on Easter Eve, I learn from
Caxton. Llywarch Hen lamenting over the ruined hearth covered
with ants sighs, saying, " Mwy gorddyvnasai babir gloew A chy-
veddach cywir;" "More congenial were the shining rushes with a
true banquet." They sate on rushes; "a youth was seen sitting
on a seat of green rushes." ("Yn eistedd ar demyl o ir-vrwyn."
Mabinogion) Even the Kymric king slept on rushes; for we are
told, that " the groom of the chamber's nawdd or right of affording
protection from arrest was from the time they go to gather rushes,
until they have finished spreading the king's bed with rushes, and
have covered him with clothes." ( Welsh Laws) It was a long
step from this rude simplicity to the luxury of the Normans, from
whom the Kymry learnt to bestow on ' the emperor ' Arthur a bed
of scarlet, and fur, and velvet, and fine linen. (Ystori Owain ab
Urien) The court of Howel Dda united the Saxon coarseness
with some strange reminiscences of the Roman empire. While the
court blacksmith was entitled to the delicacies of the banquet,
which are specified to be "the first liquor that shall come into the
hall;" and the troediatvg or footman was to hold the king's feet
in his lap from the time he sits at a banquet till bed-time (a
circumstance which has not escaped Sir Walter Scott in his
' Betrothed ') ; the porter was not to sit in the hall, but upon his

Character and Manners of the early Kymry. 59

knees to perform his business with the king; and the torch-bearer
was to hold the torch before the king when at meat. {Welsh
Laws) It was the custom to strike seven bells, when the servants
sat at the royal table. S. Paul Aurelian's bell, called by the
Bretons Hir-glas (for it is long and green), is still preserved at
the cathedral of S. Pol de Leon. S. David's miraculous bell was
called Ban-gu; S. Iltutus even coveted a brass bell, " that beautiful
thing more precious than gold." (Sane tor ale Ca thallium, pp. lJJ t
43"J.) At a court of Llewelyn ab Iorwerth were golden bells,
unless the bard deceives us:

" Mae llys yn RhAs Yair, BUM llyn,
Mae eur-gluch, mae Arglwydd Llewelyn."

I perceive in Xenophon's amusing account of the dinner given
to him and other Greek captains by the Thracian prince Seuthes,

the earliest narrative of a Keltic entertainment.

8. Festivities, music. Tu . . , . . , c ,

Ihey sate /;/ a circle; tripods of carved meat

and loaves skewered together were brought, which vSeuthes tossed

to his guests, saving that one Arystas an Arcadian, a dreadful

hand at eating, dispensed with the distribution and helped himself,

and ate off his knees to the amusement of the company. The

servitors bore horns full of wine to the guests who pledged their

host and made him presents. Lastly came music with horns and

trumpets, and military vaulting or dancing, and there came in

buffoons. The Hir-las horn of mead inspired the princely bard

Owain Kyveiliawg; the amusement afforded by privileged fools or

buffoons long lingered in England. 'My lord of Canterbury's fool'

formed part of the state of Archbishop Abbot in the seventeenth

century. {Anabasis L. vii. c. j. John Chamberlain s Letters.)

We owe to a Greek philosopher the earliest description of a Gallic

dinner. The table was round, like king Arthur's. All the guests

sat, arranged according to their personal distinction; first the chiefs,

next the ambacti or feudal retainers behind them bearing their

lances. If these were of bright steel or brass, they must have

made a grand show, such as Dr. Schweinfurth witnessed in Africa,

60 Character and Manners of the early Kvnirx.

when rows of dazzling lances, ' all of pure copper,' formed a
magnificent background to a royal throne. {Heart of Africa, II
4J.) They were served with bread and a quantity of roast and
boiled meat on plates of wood or earthen ware or silver. The
attendants frequently plied a goblet of wine or beer or mead.
After meat they indulged in a sham-fight, which, as soon as their
blood was up, grew terribly earnest. (Posidonius apud Athenaeum ,
L. IV. c. ij.) Enough has been said to show, that the Kelts were
more advanced in the culinary art than the Teutons, whose
ordinary diet, says Tacitus, was wild fruits, fresh game, and
curded milk, and a drink of barley "corrupted into a resemblance
to wine." (Germania c. 2j.) I know not, whether, with Gauls
as well as Germans, to keep on drinking day and night brought
no disgrace (Ibid c. 22); but the Welsh festivity was marked by a
flood of liquors and tuneful song ("lliv gwirodau a llavar gerddau.")
(D. ab Ieuan Ddu.) Well, a full table, good wine, and song made
up Ulysses' ideal of happiness. [Odyssey, IX. 7.) The laws of
Howel Dda refer to a ceremonious cup, Givirawd yr Ebestyl, a
draught in honour of the Apostles; which we may presume was
something analogous to the wine drank formerly ' for the love of
S. John ' in the south of Germany. The potations, however, were
excessive. " Owain's liquor," sings Kynddelw, " how incessantly
it goes round ! Of clear sparkling wine without stint, and of
mead; all out of the buffalo's horn."

Gwirawd Ovvain mor vynych ei harvoll !
. O win cyvrgain, nid cyvrgoll,
O vedd: o vuelin oil."

That intoxication was a matter of course is clear from Xenophon's
surprise at Seuthes' rising from table " no ways like a man in
liquor." (Anabasis, ubi supra.) And the Triads consign to infamy
the three arrant drunkards, the Silurian Geraint, Seithenyn of
Demetia, and the Loegrian Vortigern, whose misfortune deepened
into crime. But the music favourably distinguishes the Kelts from
the Teutons. The barbarian harp and the British chrotta, crivth.

Chm mtrr unit Minimis of the early Kymry. t>\

or guitar are mentioned in the sixth century by Venantius Fortu-
natus, lib. 7. carm. 8, in Gaul;* and as the Saxon pirates had no
humanizing tastes, when they settled in Britain, we may safely
conclude they acquired some skill in music from their Kymric foes
in the intervals of peace: for Bede says that all guests were
expected to sing to the harp in turn, as it was passed round the
company. {L. IF. 24.) S. Dunstan was skilled on the harp as
well as in designing patterns for embroidery.

For the outward aspect of the Kymry, Caesar says they wore

skins (surely, not necessarily undrest, perhaps furs), and shaved all

but the head and lip. Transalpine Gaul had

Q T^fPQQ ft 1 t"n A

*L learnt to produce the Tyrian dye and all other

Kymry.

hues to adorn their clothing. {Pliny, Nat. Hist.

L. xxii. c. 2.) The British nobles rejoiced in their gorgeous plaid
and solid torques of gold. 'The coat of many colours' gladdened
Jacob's eyes on his favourite son; and divers colours of needle work
on both sides Sisera's mother deemed meet for the necks of them
that take the spoil. This taste is universal in primitive nations.
The Spaniards, says Peter Martyr of Anghiera, found the natives
of Yucatan in vestures made of cotton of divers colours. {Decade
III. p. 149.) Sir Richard Hawkins, A.D. 1594, says, the Indians
of Araucania wore "cassockes most curiously woven, and in colours,
and on both sides alike." {Observations, &c, />. 98.) Capt. Basil
Hall in 181 b saw many dresses in the Loo-choo islands resembling
in every respect Highland tartans. A passage in the Brut y
Tywysogion, citing ' purple vestures ' (porfforolyon wiscoed) along
with jewels, may imply a predilection for crimson or deep red
clothing. Tacitus remarks how the German women affected purple
stripes in their linen. Red is still the garb of the British soldier.
In the Dream of Rhonabwy, a knight's mantle is of yellow-
velvet lined with green silk; "and that which was green in his
dress and his steed's trappings was as green as the leaves of the

* " Romanusque lyra plaudat tibi, Barbarus harpa, Graecus Achilliaca, chrotta
Britanna canat."

62 Char aiter and Marnier s of the early Kymry.

pine tree, and the yellow such as that of the flowers of the broom:"
while in the tale of Gereint, though his surcoat of velvet and
cordovan shoes set with amethysts and pommels of gold are
borrowed from the later gorgeousness of chivalry, he is yet described
as bare-limbed like the Kelts. The Dream of Macsen Wledig
(Prince Maximus) describes a hero " with bracelets of gold on his
arms, many gold rings on his hands, a chain of gold round his
neck, and a diadem of gold on his head supporting his hair, and a
lordly state was his." Centuries of privation and poverty reduced
this magnificence. Giraldus Kambrensis describes Kenewric ab
Rhys, son of the Prince of South Wales, as he met the Archbishop
in the wilds of Elennith, "clad in his country fashion in a thin
cloak and tunic only, his bare legs and feet regardless of thorns and
briars;" but he "was fair and tall and had yellow curly hair," and
he possessed what was better than gold, a "great natural dignity,
with little aid of art." Later on the Kymry in Wales seem to
have conformed to the fashions prevalent in the powerful English
court. An old englyn describes Prince Llywelyn with his ' tall
men' or Gweision bychain dressed in green and white: "Mae
arglwydd Llywelyn, A gwyr tal yn ei ganlyn, Mil myrdd mewn
gwyrdd a gwyn." This livery of green and white recalls Philip
De Commines' mention of troops ' vestus en verd.' Green was the
colour affected by the young; afterwards by the commons, who
could not assume the chivalrous scarlet. For example, we read
that " the Maior of London with the aldermen in scarlet, and the
commons in greene, brought K. Edward IV. from Lambeth to the
Tower of London." {A.D. 1461. Stowe.)

It is very remarkable how the Britons, like the Etruscans,
Hindus, and old Siberians, burnt all that was dear to the departed,
down to animals, in one holocaust. Sometimes
" ' survivors would willingly share the funeral pile

of those they loved, to partake with them of another life. (A/e/a,
III. 2.) Carneddau or large heaps of stones marked the spot
where the ashes, or sometimes the inhumed remains, were deposited;
a custom which grew into disrepute, when Christianity prevailed.

CHAPTER IV.

THE KYMRY UNDER THE ROMAN KMI'IRK

Although about a century elapsed from the imperfect attempt on
Britain by Caius Julius, the ablest of all the Caesars, to its success-
ful reduction under Claudius the most stupid of

1. Supposed them the comp i ete subjugation of Gaul, bound

succession of British

kings. ky every tie of religion and of race with the

islanders, could not but seriously affect their hope
of maintaining their freedom. Accordingly we find that during that
interval the Kymric chiefs, at least in the south, tried to escape
the ruthless maw of the monstrous Empire by paying voluntary
tribute to its Prince. Such is the tradition respecting Cunobelinus
or Cynvelyn, the yellow-head ', about A.D. 40, whom Shakespeare
has immortalized as ' Cymbeline.' And the discontinuance of
tribute by his son Arviragus or Gweirydd may have been the
pretext afforded to Rome for her final attack on Britain. The
testament of Prasutagus or Brasydog king of the Iceni, by which
he vainly sought to ensure protection for his more famous widow
Boadicea at the hands of the Emperor, is another example of that
feeble policy which afterwards became proverbial, the Saxons' policy
of buying off the Danes. Tacitus remarks that the Britons cheer-
fully underwent the taxation and duties imposed by the Empire,
" if injuries were absent " an important proviso, so painfully
neglected for centuries by the English in their treatment of the
Kelts. {Agricola.)

A succession of native Kymric princes, maintaining a claim on
the allegiance of their countrymen during the four centuries of
Roman dominion, has been conjured up by enthusiastic Cambrians.
I should deem it impossible, looking to the stern and jealous

64 The Kvmry under the Roman Etnfire.

character of the Roman Emperors throughout. Any pretender to
regal rights was speedily disposed of. Besides, in the instances of
imperial pretenders, supplied us by History, they are always
military adventvirers unconnected with the Kymry, of foreign
extraction, bearing names equally foreign. Carausius was a Belgian
of Gessoriacum; Maximus, an Iberian of Spain. True it is, that
their names were cherished as successful rebels against a hated
domination; and that the later Welsh princes ambitiously claimed
descent from the great Iberian. Even so, the imperial dynasties of
Habsburg and of Hohenzollern trace their descent from Swiss and
Swabian foreigners. Such British princes, as occur under the
Empire, appear to have been only petty chieftains allowed, perhaps,
some precarious sway, where the military communications of the
Empire were yet imperfect. Lies ab Coel, who introduced Christ-
ianity from Rome, betrays by his name his vassalage to the
Empire; he was Lucius son of Coelius. And if the glorious
Caractacus (Caradog) returned to his hut in Britain, there is no
record of his kingly pretensions; while his grandsire is marked as
Llyr Llediaith, ' of barbarous speech.'

The Imperial government of Rome pursued a logical policy in
reducing the mvsterious island of white cliffs, which had formed a

corps of reserve to the provincials of Gaul.
2. Roman occupation T ike the Samnites and Gaul the Briton5 had
of Britain

no endurance in battle. Their charge alone

was terrible. What in fact could be expected from naked barbar-
ians, headed by a few gold-bedizened chiefs mounted on obsolete
chariots, against the steady discipline of Roman troops, who had
not yet forgotten the traditions of Rome's palmy days ? In thirty
five years (A.D. 43 78) the whole of south Britain had been
reduced by a series of able generals. Aulus Plautius subdued the
Britons in the south-east, Vespasian the Belgae in the south-west,
Ostorius Scapula the Silures of South Wales under the noble
Caradawg; Anglesey was reduced by Suetonius Paulinus, the Bri-
gantes or hill tribes of Yorkshire by Petilius Cerealis, the indomit-
able men of Wales by Julius Frontinus and Cneius Julius Agricola.

The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 65

Their resistance and the energy of Agricola have been immortalized
by his son-in-law Tacitus, the first among Roman historians.

I am not composing historic annals; but am engaged in tracing
the features which preserve the unity of the Kymric race, as it
emerges from the waves of Time. Let me here point out how
they had profited by the Roman domination. It took the Saxons
one hundred and fifty six years (that is, A.D. 457 613, from the
battle of Crayford, when the Britons abandoned Kent and fell back
on London [Saxon Chronicle], to the Gweith Cair Legion, the
action of Chester, when Aethelfrid took Chester and thereby cut
off the communication of the Kymry of Wales and those of
Cumbria) to win and hold England east of the Dee and Severn.
Even two centuries passed, ere the West- Welsh were driven out of
Devonshire. The principal events that mark the period before the
reign of Constantine appear to be th? construction by Hadrian of
a vallum of turf between the Frith of Solway and the river Tyne,
A.D. 120, afterwards rendered in stone by Severus, A.D. 208; and
that of the Wall of Antoninus between Kinnoul and the mouth of
the Clyde, A.D. 146. How feeble a defence such primitive walls
afforded, when military courage and discipline declined, was too
painfully proved by the event. But upwards of forty cohorts of
Barbarian auxiliaries were settled in the northern districts, princi-
pally near the Roman walls: e.g. Tungrians brought in by Agricola
to carry on the war against Galgacus or Gwallawc the Caledonian,
whose descendants continue stationed near Castle Cary, Cramond,
&c. {Palgrave, History of the English Commonwealth, pp. 354 6.)
In the early period of the Roman occupation the five provinces of
Britain were governed by Praetors. The cities were nine colonies,
governed on the exact model of Rome; two Municipal cities,
Verulam and York, possessing the Roman citizenship and the right
of self-government; and ten Latian cities who could choose their
own magistrates. In the decline of the Empire they were all
invested with equal privileges; and Nennius has transmitted to us
a list of twenty eight cities, whose British names prove the
tradition of their former importance. The Kymry, who gradually

66 The Kymry under the Roman Empire.

retired to the mountains of Wales, by force of circumstances,
retained little, if aught, of the internal economy of those their
ancestral cities. But we may be sure that the main idea was
preserved in those corporations that fell under the Saxon yoke.
The Mayor and Aldermen of modern English cities derive their
origin from the Senate or Curia of those Roman creations, as
presided over by their Principal, afterwards styled Count. And
the various Guilds of the City of London came down from the
Colleges or incorporations of artificers, which, possessing a common
property and a common fund, were empowered to regulate their
own affairs by the enactment of bye-laws. These corporations were
not without serious drawbacks. For the Decurions or members of
a city Curia were personally and individually liable to make good
any deficiency in the quota of taxation assessed upon the city; and
the Colleges of operatives were linked to their avocations by caste,
so that the employment of a handicraftsman descended to his
children, and his daughter's suitor could only obtain her by
wedding the trade of her family. Besides caste, they were some-
times attached to land as villani, in fact, as serfs. I find that
James I. granted manumission to John Williamson, miller, a bond-
man and villein, regardant to the manor of Gymingham in Norfolk,
releasing him and his children, as late as A.D. 1604. (Cal. of
State Papers) The incomparably learned Sir Francis Palgrave
illustrates the position by the practice of the Irish Kelts and of
certain Hindu villages. (Palgr. pp. jjj, 4.) The last instance
exhibits the unity of the Arya race under the most distant climes;
though it would seem by S. Paul's taking up his residence with
Aquila and Priscilla "because they were tent-makers," that this
system obtained in other parts of the East.

Under Constantine the government of the island was committed
to the Vicar of the Britains, residing at York; while under him
the three southern provinces of Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda,
and Flavia Caesariensis were administered by Presidents, and the
two northern, Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia by Consulars.
The importance attached to the possession of Britain is shown, not

The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 67

only by the presence and death at York of two emperors Severus
and Constantius Chlorus, but also by the glowing eulogy pro-
nounced on it by the orator Eumenius (Gibbon, Dec/, and Fall,
ch. XIII.) and the splendid remains of vanished luxury that dis-
tinguished Caerleon in the time of Henry the Second. (Giraldus
Cambrensis) Not only the cities, but even towns like Uriconium
(by Wroxeter, Salop) could boast of the special Roman indulgence
of public baths. The British provincials adopted the religion of
their masters; they were anxious to participate in the legendary
glory of a Trojan origin; they incorporated a large proportion of
Latin terms in their stubborn Keltic speech, especially terms
denoting objects (such as bridges, military walls, &c.) borrowed
from the Romans; and the Catholic Church introduced all the
words that denote the new ideas rendered necessary by the adoption
of the Faith. Traces of classic lore are still discernible. Gwgon
of the strong hand emulated the exploit of Sisyphus; Culhwch trod
in the steps of Hercules; Mel was lurked in the May-leaves to
abduct his mistress like Pluto; March was the British Midas;
everything he touched he turned into gold, but his ears were those
of a horse; Nynniaw and Peibiaw were the Neptune and Phoebus
of the classic poets. The names of persons prevalent under the
later Empire are abundantly represented in the British history long
after the retirement of the Romans, however strange and even
uncouth they may seem to moderns acquainted chiefly with the
earlier Roman history. Yet after fair deductions, the fact remains
that the Imperial government never succeeded thoroughly in Latin-
izing the Britons, as it did the Gauls. When the hour of trial
came, its system vanished as by magic; Ambrosius Aurelius or
Emrys Wledig appears in Nennius as the sole remaining teyrn of
Roman origin; according to his own statement, his father was a
consul (or Count) of the Romanic nation: and I suspect that, where
the Romanized natives escaped the sword of the Saxons, they, like
their Gallic brethren, were soon merged in the denomination of
the conquerors.

But greater vitality lingered in the military traditions of the

68 The Kymry under the Roman Empire.

Empire. The Military constituted a distinct estate of three pro-
vinces, governed respectively by the Count of

3. The Roman Britain, the Count of the Saxon shore through-
military adminis- . .

tration (jU * Britain, and the Duke of the Bntai/is,

who were the magistrates as well as the com-
manders of the soldiery. The first bore sway in South Britain;
the second from Branodunum (Brandon in Suffolk) to the Portus
Adurni (Shoreham in Sussex); the third had charge of the Roman
Walls in the north. The soldiers of the Borders, called Limitanei,
held lands upon condition of military service, which approached
the feudal tenures of the Middle Ages, and appear to have been
adopted as the basis of the defensive system of the Empire. The
duty of bearing arms was inseparably connected with the property,
and descended from father to son. Again, territories were ceded
to the barbarian Laeti (Lueti-leod) on similar conditions. Vandals,
Marcomanni, and Quadi were settled in Britain. We find Thrac-
ians at Maglona (Machynlleth) and Moors at Aballaba (Appleby);
elsewhere Batavians, Dalmatians, Spaniards, and even Syrian and
Taifalic cavalry, " The ' Guests ' of the Romans lived apart from
the other inhabitants in distinct communities, owing obedience to
their own chieftains, themselves subordinate to the general military
administration of the Empire." {Palgrave, p. JSS-)

Thus was the island held in subjection, in the districts
traversed by the great roads constructed by the soldiery, the strata
viarum, still denominated ' Ystrad ' in Wales; and the Sarnau or
causeways, bearing the name of Helena, wife of Maximus, who
in Welsh tradition becomes the daughter of Euddav or Octavius of
Segontium (Caernarvon). On the other hand, the flower of the
Kymric youth was drafted abroad to serve in foreign countries,
according to the wise plan which avoided blunders analogous to
the English employment of Hindu sepoys in their native country.
The Notitia Dignitatum utriusque Imperii, the official blue-book of
the Empire, marks regiments of Britons serving in Illyricum, in
Thebais, and (if I mistake not) at Petra in Arabia. Something of
the Laetic infeoffment remained among the Kymry; for we are

The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 69

told by Howel Dda, that the king reserved the mountains and
forests as waste lands, that he might be enabled to receive foreign
exiles as his liegemen.

The Britons long retained traces of Roman discipline. When
the Imperial troops finally left Britain, A.D. 418, they left samplers

of managing arms to guide the wretched pro-

4. Roman tactics , ... , A , r r

. . , vincials, as they bade them farewell for ever.

[Gildas, Hut. XIV.) At the battle of Cerdic-

esora, A.D. 514, the British leaders marshalled their troops finely

4 according to the rules of war/ says Huntingdon; they displayed

skill and caution; and as the rays of the rising sun smote on their

golden shields (another relic of Gallic ostentation), they struck

terror into the Saxons. Again, A.D. 556, this writer, who appears

possessed of authentic information, notices the array of the Britons

in nine lines, and the archers, pikemen, and cavalry disposed ' by

Roman ordinance;' again, A.D. 577, at Derham; again in 591 the

Britons won a battle by their Roman tactics.

At the battle of Pen, A.D. 658, the inherent fault of the
Kelts betrays itself; they lacked the persistency, the bulldog courage
of the Angles, " and their energy melted away like snow." It
had been remarked in the old Gauls, how their bodies and weapons
were huge, their charge beyond men, their endurance less than
that of women; how that their Alpine frames had something akin
to the snows, they melted in the heat of an engagement. (Mortis
I. ij, II. 4.) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks how the
Welsh, their twelve divisions notwithstanding, fled from the Angles
'like fire.' In A.D. 617 Redwald king of the East Angles obtained
the victory over Aethelfrid of Northumbria by aid of tactics pro-
bably derived from the Romano-British. In the time of Giraldus
we may still detect the threefold order of combatants, thus summed
up in a single luminous sentence of Gibbon; "The cavalry of
Armorica, the spearmen of Gwent, and the archers of Merioneth
were equally formidable; but their poverty could seldom procure
either shields or helmets." {Bed. and Fall, ch. XXXVIII)

The orator Eumenius confessed that the province of Britain

"jo The Kymry under the Roman Empire.

well deserved to become the seat of an independent monarchy

{Panegyrici Veteres V. 12); and the successful

0. The British rebellion of at least six pretenders may justify
Emperors; faint tra-

ditions of them Nennius s reference to the purpura Britanniae.

During ten years (A.D. 287 97) Carausius the
Menapian and his minister Allectus defied the power of Rome; the
former was even reluctantly acknowledged by Dioclesian. The
Flavian dynasty was intimately connected with Britain. A tradition
of Pagan Rome lingered in the legend, that Constantius (A.D. 306)
sowed three seeds in the pavement of Kair Segeint (Silchester) to
charm away poverty. {Nennius) He passes with the Welsh as
wedded to a British princess, Helena the mother of Constantine
the great. But the balance of probabilities weighs in favour of
Naissus in Dacia as his birthplace, and degrades her into an inn-
keeper's daughter of Drepanum in Bithynia. Her merits as the
zealous patroness of the Catholic faith and inventress of the Holy
Cross would naturally enlist warm advocates of her noble birth;
anyhow, her son assumed the purple in Britain, and his name was
long cherished by the Kymry, as a proverbial ideal of worth.
' Constantine was not his equal ' (Ni ryvu gystal Gwstennin ac ev),
a late Welsh bard would say of his patron. [Davydd Benvras to
Llywelyn ab lorwerth) A Custennhin, grandson of Idwal prince
of Wales, occurs in A.D. 979; and I am tempted to regard the
title of Gw/edig, so common in British history, as the Kymric
rendering of the grade of Spectabilis established by Constantine.
The title of Augustus was retained by Awst a chieftain of Breck-
nockshire. The Pendragon represented to the Kymry the title of
Impcrator, and was probably connected with the dragons that
waved in gold and silk about the throne of the later emperors.
The golden dragon of Eryri is sung of by Kynddelw; and it would
appear that red and yellow were the colours affected by the Welsh
and Irish. (Iolo Goch.) A golden dragon was the ensign of the
kings of Wessex {Henry of Huntingdon), borrowed, I doubt not,
from the partly Romanized Britons; for the true Saxon ensign was
the white horse. Who knows not the White Horse of Wantage ?

The Kymry under the Roman Empire. 71

But the principal figure in the imperial history of Britain is
Maximus, an Iberian by birth, called by the Welsh Macsen Wledig,
who assumed the purple, A.D. 385, in emulation of his more
successful countryman Theodosius the great. Orosius says of him,
he was worthy of being Augustus, had he not been elevated in
violation of his military oath. (Beda I. g.) Many Welsh princes
and Saints long afterwards claimed to be his descendants. To
establish his position, it was necessary to secure the adhesion of
Gaul and Spain, which with Britain then formed the Praetorian
Praefecture of the Gauls. He fixed his seat at Treves, where he
disgraced his fame by sentencing heretics to death against the
reclamations of Pope Simplicius and of SS. Ambrose and Martin.
His withdrawal of troops from Britain (according to the practice
before alluded to) was the direct cause of the disasters that ensued.
If he granted them beneficiary lands from the Mount of Jupiter
(the Great St. Bernard) to Cantguic (Etaples in Picardy), as
Nennius says (c. 2j) } we may understand why none of them
returned home. Among their chiefs was Conan Meriadec of Wales,
the legendary spouse of S. Ursula. He first commenced the
Kymric settlement in Armorica, and his granite sepulchre still
exists in the grand cathedral of S. Pol-de-Leon. In A.D. 388
Maximus tried conclusions with Theodosius, when his invasion of
Italy proved his ruin. If his consort Helena was a daughter of a
Kymric chief Euddav or Octavius of Segontium (Caernarvon), and
if his line was prolonged in the princes of Strathclyde, we need
not be surprized at the absence, in Welsh tradition, of the sinister
features of treachery and craft assigned him by the Romans, which
yet accord with his Iberian origin. In less than twenty years his
example was followed by the British soldiery in the election of
Marcus as Emperor; then of Gratianus, one of the municipal
magistrates ( u municeps tyrannus." Beda I. c. 11) lastly, of
Constantine; who, drawn from the lowest grade of soldiers and
unsupported by merit, owed his elevation to the hope inspired by
his name. Like Maximus, he ruled over Gaul and Spain, was
acknowledged by the legitimate emperors, and finally perished as a

72 The Kymry under the Roman Empire.

rebel. If Dr. Owen Pughe is correct in identifying him with

Cystennin the Blessed, the son of Cynvor, to whom a church is

dedicated near Conway, it may teach us caution in accepting

traditions coloured by national prejudices. His own name, as well

as those of his sons the Caesars Constans and Julian, point to his

foreign origin or Latinized stock; and it is singular that the

countrymen of Carausius the Menapian and Maximus the Iberian,

I mean the Flemings of Gower and Pembroke and the Basque

auxiliaries of Edward the First, were precisely the people employed

to harass the Kymry, with whom they were unconsciously connected.

[See Appendix No. IX.]

In the year 411 a revolution, unparalleled in the annals of the

Empire, took place in Britain and Armorica. It appears accurately

stated in the words of the Greek historian

6. Revolution Zosimus: "The barbarians above the Rhine
of Britain and

Armorica ( t ^ Le Saxons) forced the dwellers in the British

isle and certain of the Keltic tribes to revolt

from the Roman empire, expelling the Roman commanders, and

setting up a government of their own, as they were able. The

emperor Honorius wrote to the British cities, charging them to

provide for themselves." {Lib. VI. pp. 376, 381.) The Welsh

Triads supply some valuable help towards explaining this event.

One of them calls it a resumption of the sovereignty from the

Roman emperor according to the natural right of the Kymry.

Another connects it with their refusal to pay their assessment

(' tribute ' they call it !) in consequence of the Roman government

drafting off the men best capable of military service to " Arabia

and other distant countries, whence they never returned." This

was strictly in accord with their practice in former times; but the

Triads insinuate that the Roman authorities accepted the levies in

lieu of arrears of assessments. The merit of this revolution is

attributed by the Kymry to Owain or Eugenius the son of Macsen

Wledig, that is, the emperor Maximus; who is, with Prydain and

Caradoc, styled one of the three Conventional Monarchs of Britain,

because their authority was conferred on them by a national

The Kymry tinder the Roman Empire. j$

convention of the Kymry. This fact also is in harmony with the
picture supplied to us by the pen of Tacitus; and clearly indicates
a conscious return to the old Keltic tradition of an oligarchy of
petty chieftains, controlled in time of peril by an elected Pendragon
or military Imperator. But when the Kymry pretend that the
Roman conscription was so drastic, that " only women and little
children were left behind," we must regret a spirit of exaggeration,
which only tends to discredit the noble resistance offered by their
countrymen to the Saxon invaders of Britain. Nennius states that
after Maximus "began Consuls, and never after were there Caesars;"
by which is meant that the magistrates of the poleis or communi-
ties, which Honorius urged to fight for themselves, thenceforth bore
sway independently of the Emperor. But he takes no notice of
Constantine the Blessed (the lucky private soldier elected Emperor),
because, perhaps, his memory was merged in the more striking
figure of Maximus; and he is, moreover, classed with Gwrddyled
and Morien as one of the three foreign sovereigns of Britain.

The principal nations, who poured down from the north on

the feeble Roman empire, had many of them held commercial

relations with the Romans or even served as

. nvasi no e aux jii ar i es m their armies. Many German
Barbarians. J

tribes had received Luetic feuds as a gage for

their military service. The Burgundians and Visigoths in particular
were so reasonable in their exactions, that the Roman provincials,
oppressed by fiscal rapine, eagerly welcomed a change of masters.
They were long accustomed to the presence of the barbarians on
their soil. But the natives of Britain, while they derived precar-
ious benefit from the Roman government, knew the Saxons only
as cruel pirates, to whom it was a pastime to cleave the blue sea
with their hide-bound barks. [Sidonius Apollinaris; Gibbon c.
XXV.) Their depredations were so continuous and formidable,
that we have seen how a chief military officer was in charge
of the Saxon shore or frontier. During one hundred and sixty five
years, from the time of Carausius to the settlement of Hengist
(A.D. 284 449), the ravages of these pirates were unceasing; nor
J

74 The Kymry under the Roman Empire.

were they mitigated by any conversions to Christianity. Although
the Britons were courageous enough to assert their independence of
the tottering Empire, they were fain to invoke succour from the
masters they despised. About A.D. 400, they were relieved by the
illustrious Stilicho; and even five years after their revolt the
Romans aided them in repairing the Wall of Severus after the
usual mode of construction, left them plans of military tactics, and
bade them a last farewell. (Gildas, c. 14.)

The Saxon Chronicle naively expresses the vexation of the
pirates in missing their loot: "The Romans amassed all the gold-
hoard that was in Britain; and some they hid in the earth, that
sithence no man might find it." We may justly estimate the
estrangement effected between Rome and her late provincials, as
well as the weakness of the former, by the fact that thirty years
later (A.D. 446) the Britons, pressed by the onset of the Picts of
North Britain, applied in vain for succour to the Patrician Aetius.
Their land " was left as a tree in the wilderness to lose her leaves
by the continual blasts of these sharp northern winds." (Speed,
Chronicle, p. i8g.)

CHAPTER V.

THE HEROIC AGE AND DECLINE OF THE KY.MRY.

The year following, A.D. 449, proved the most fatal to the
independence of the Kymry; for it witnessed the grant of Ynys
Rhuothim (the Isle of Thanet) as a feudal
tenure to Hengist the pirate, the Ealdorman of
the Jutes, by Vortigern (Gwrtheym) the Loegr-
ian Pendragon or Imperator of the Britons. This was done in
pursuance of Roman policy to engage the valorous strangers as
auxiliaries against the Picts. Vortigern has been consigned to
eternal infamy by his countrymen as their betrayer; and his conduct
attributed to his passion for Rowena the fair-haired daughter of the
Teuton. But I find no just ground for the severest censure. He
was guilty of a fatal blunder rather than of treachery. His sons
Vortimer and Catigern fell in defence of their country. Nor is it
likely that he invited the Saxons over from Germany {Gildas c. 2J;
Bcda I. 15; and the Saxon Chronicle); for Sidonius long before
calls them 'arch-pirates.' {fyp- L. VIII. 6.) Nennius points to
three chiulac (keels, ships) exiled from their home, say, on an
expedition of plunder. They came not to return; and were re-
inforced by Jutes from Jutland, Angles from Sleswick, Frisians,
Rugians, Danes, Huns, old Saxons, Prussians. (/ithelwcrd, L. I.
Bede, V. g.) These barbarians soon turned their arms against
their employer; and in A.D. 457 forced the Britons to abandon
Kent and fall back on the city of London. In further mitigation
of the wretched Vortigern's conduct, I must remark that " he was.
while he reigned, urged by fear of the Picts and Scots, by Romanic
attacks " (an obscure hint of the existence of an Imperial party in
Britain), " and by apprehension of Ambrosius " (Emrys Wledig),

76 The heroic Age and Decline of tlie Kymry.

the sole remaining Count or Teyrn of Roman origin. {Compare
Gildas c. 25, and Nennius cc. 28, 45) We hear no more of
Hengist: but Gibbon regards the invasion of Scotland by Saxon
hordes at his instigation and the subsequent silence of English
history about them, as a proof that the Saxons were not always
successful. But Nennius distinctly says that they occupied much
land beyond the Frisic sea, " between us and the Scots." (c. j8.)
If so, may we not fairly conjecture that they rendered the Lothians
Teutonic, as we find later on that Cunedda (Kenneth) came from
that district called by the British Manaii Gnotodin, and expelled
the Scots or Gael (Gwyddelod) from North Wales with vast
slaughter, so that they never returned to dwell there ? It argues
great vitality and courage in the Loegrian Britons, that as each
successive wave of fierce barbarians burst on their shores, they
offered a gallant, if hopeless, resistance. From the silence of the
Saxon chronicle as to Aella's victory at the battle of Mearcredes-
burn in Sussex, A.D. 485, Langhorne infers the signal success of
the Pendragon Ambrosius Aurelius; who, perhaps more truly than
Arthur, was the pride of the Britons {Gildas c. 25. Nennius c.
45), and who (Cardinal Baronius imagines) continued in his person
the legitimate succession of the Empire of the West. But Aella
soon (A.D. 490) repaired his defeat by the capture of Caer-andred
(Anderida) and the ruthless extermination of its inhabitants; which
Huntingdon admits to have been owing to the losses the Saxons
had suffered at the hands of the defenders of that noble city.
{p. 710.) In opposing the landing of a fresh horde at Llongborth
(Portsmouth), A.D. 501, was slain the Duke of the Province,
Gerontius son of Urbinus (Geraint ab Erbin), whose loss the poet
Llywarch deplored, and whom the invaders themselves record as ' a
young and very noble man.' Seven years later, A.D. 508, Cerdic
the West-Saxon slew in battle the British Pendragon or ' chiefest
king,' as Huntingdon terms him, Natan-leod, whom some at chrono-
logical risks suppose to have been Ambrosius Aurelius. Eight
years pass, and Cerdic meets with a more puissant foe in the
illustrious Arthur, who by his success in the battle of Mount

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 77

Badon (Bath) delayed the westward advance of the Saxons for sixty
years. Yet the battle of Chardford (A.D. 519) marks the establish-
ment of the kingdom of Wessex (Saxon Chron.); and the Welsh
traditions concerning Arthur invariably represent him as exercising
authority in Wales, Cornwall, and Cumbria, with Maelgwn, Caradoc,
and Gwrthmwl as ' chief elders,' and Dewy, Bedwini, and Kenti-
gern as ' primates,' in Church and State. Arthur, the Map Uthyr
or ' the terrible,' was in fact the son of Meuruc son of Theodoric
of Tintern, prince of the Silures. The traditions of the Empire
converted the British Pendragon into 'the Emperor Arthur;' and
the fact of Riothamus (Rhi-tavwys, ' prince of the Thames ') having
sailed up the Loire with 12,000 Britons of either Britain or
Armorica and been quartered at Bourges in the pay of the Emperor
Anthemius to oppose the Visigoths (Sidonius Apollinaris, Epp. L.
III. p), may have helped the fiction of his warlike advance in
Italy. But the judicious William of Malmesbury allows that
Arthur clearly deserved to be celebrated by veracious History rather
than by dreamy fictions, seeing he had long supported his falling
country and animated the unbroken courage of his people. (Gail.
Malmes. f. 4.) We may, perhaps, accept as authentic his success
in twelve battles fought against the Saxons in the west and the
Angles in the north, and his death in that of Camlann (Camelford)
in Cornwall against his treacherous nephew Medrawd or Mordred,
A.D. 537. Some of the localities of these engagements, such as
the banks of the Duglas and the Ribble in Lancashire, the bank of
the Bassas and the forest of Galtres (Coit Celidon) in Yorkshire,
mark the advance of the Angles, of whom we learn so much less
than of the Saxons. Between the death of Arthur and of the
historian Gildas (A.D. 537 570) the Kymry were mis-ruled by
sundry petty princes, consigned to execration in the invectives of
Gildas, with what amount of justice we cannot ascertain. He
enumerates Constantine teym of Dumnonia (Devon), Aurelius
Conanus, Vortipor of Demetia, Cunoglasus, and Maglocunus of
North Wales. Cunoglasus would in the Pictish speech be Kond-
glas, in the Welsh Pen-glas, ' the gray head.' (Baxter.) Con-

7 8 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry.

stantine was, probably, Cystennin Gornau. Maglocunus was the

Maelgwn Gwynedd, who perished by the yellow plague described

by his contemporary Procopius, and whose last long sleep at

Llanrhos by Conway became proverbial, as ' Hir hun Wailgun en

lis Ros.' {Annates Kambriae.) His name is preserved in Britanny

by the Chateau Tremelgon near Vannes. Ten years after Arthur's

death the Britons of the north were still waging internecine war

against Ida the Angle, called by them the Flame-bearer (Fflam-

ddwyn). The fortifying of his stronghold of Bamborough was a

reproach to them, Din-gwarth Berneich, ' the reproach of Bernicia.'

They fought under Urien and his sons Owain, Gwallawc, and

Morcant; and their struggle was ennobled by the song of Taliesin

and Llywarch.

The long continued resistance offered by the Kymry to the

barbarians awoke in them the heroic spirit, which had of old

sustained their efforts against the Romans.

&. xtevival oi Unlike the more civilized invaders on the
heroism: the Arthur-
ian legend continent, the Saxon pirates offered no terms

but serfdom or death. At first Armorica
invited a multitude of fugitives from Britain; the greatest Exodus
thither occurred perhaps about A.D. 458, when the Saxons over-
ran Loegria from sea to sea. (Gildas c. 24.) Afterwards the
Kymry seem to have with varying success contested every foot of
territory. As a consequence of the exalted temper wrought by a
supreme effort in defence of life and freedom, we notice an out-
burst of poetry in the imperilled nation; it is now we are told
flourished at the same time Talhaearn, Aneurin, Taliesin, Blegrwyd,
and Cian Gueinthguaut; the last now unknown, unless the Bretons
retain his memory as Guench'lan. Now too began that marvellous
legend which gathered around Arthur and his knights, and was
improved by Norman ingenuity into a very Iliad of Keltic heroism.
Foremost of them is Sir Lancelot; his name L'ancelot or the
servant of the king seems a translation of Mael-gwn, and he some-
times figures as Melwas king of Somerset, who abducted Queen
Guenevere. In the Seint Greal his Norman name remains as

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 79

Lawmlot Dy lac. His son Sir Galahad or Galaath was the grandson
of a fabulous King Pellenor, ennobled by Milton where he sings of
11 knights of Logres and of Lyonness, Lancelot and Peleas and
Pellenore." {Paradise Regained) If Lancelot is intended for
Maelgwn, an historic son of the latter existed in Romanus the Fair
(Rhuvon Bevr), noted for his beauty, who fell in battle and was
buried on the brink of the sea; of whom Howel ab Owain
Gwynedd sang, Tonn wen orewyn a orwlych bedd, Gwyddva
Rhuvon Bevr ben-teyrnedd ; "The white foaming wave moistens
the grave, the barrow of Romanus the Fair, chief of princes."
Mannot is the fabled realm of Lancelot's father King Bann; a
mountain, in Merioneth still bears the name.

Caradawg Vreichvras, of the brawny arm, prince of Cornwall,
was Arthur's chief cavalry officer: he is the 'Sir Caradec' of
romance, and claimed by the Bretons as their own Guaroch count
of Vannes. Trystan ab Tallwch figures in romance as ' Sir Tris-
tram,' the lover of Esyllt (Yseult); but enjoys a fairer reputation
in the Welsh traditions. Kei ap Kynyr or ' Sir Kaye ' and
Bedwyr ab Pedrog or ' Sir Bedivere ' were by the Normans trans-
ferred to Maine and Anjou. (Villcmarquc, Les Romans de la Table
Ronde.) Gwalchmai the golden-tongued was Arthur's nephew and
herald: he is the 'Sir Walwayne,' whose gigantic skeleton drew
forth the admiration of a later age. Owain ab Urien or ' Sir
Gawayn ' justified the fictions of romance by his brave defence of
his country. The poetic merit of Llywarch surpasses the interest
inspired by ' Sir Lamorack.' Garwy son of Geraint ab Erbin is
the courteous knight 'Sir Gareth;' Llew ab Kynvarch, the 'King
Lot' of romance; Merddin Emrys, the ' barz Marzin ' of Britanny,
is the powerful enchanter Merlin. But the most congenial char-
acter is the knight of the red tabard, Peredur Gymro ab Evrawg,
' Marchog y cwnsallt coch,' the genuine Kymro ' Sir Perceval.' If
he met with a church, his mother enjoined him to say his prayers.
If, where he found meat and drink, no one invited him to partake,
he was to help himself. If he heard a voice of one in distress, he
was to give heed to it. If he found a fine diamond, he was to

So The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry.

take and make a present of it. If he saw a pretty woman, he
was to address her without waiting permission. The fall of Arthur
by domestic treachery and the lack of heroic men in the following
centuries caused the Britons to deplore the breaking up of his
noble fellowship or Round Table, and to hope for their national
hero's return on earth to secure a victory which his successors
could not achieve.

We have already noticed the gradual process by which the

ancient Loegria became Engla-land, the Angles' land. I resume

the subject, as it helps to invalidate the notion

3. Long- resistance that the g axon or English occupation of the

of the Kymry and

its effects island was speedy or complete. It was over a

century and twenty years after the conquest of
Kent, when the Britons lost Aylesbury and Eynsham. In A.D.
577 they lost Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, when three kings,
Conmail, Condidan, and Farinmail fell, supposed to be Maelgwn
Gwynedd, Cynddylan, and Caranmael, sung of by Llywarch. But
Maelgwn died A.D. 547 of the yellow plague; and the two last
must have fallen when the Angles won Shrewsbury. They may
have fought at Derham. In 607 Ethelfrith took Chester, defeating
Selyv ab Kynan, when the massacre of the* monks of Bangor-Iscoed
took place. In 614, 2065 Wala or Welshmen were slain at
Bampton in Somerset; a proof that there they were still numerous.
In 72 t Rhodri Malwynawc won a battle against the Saxons at Heilin
or Hayle in Cornwall. Probably he was regarded by the Loegrian
Britons of West Wales as the Imperator. In 760 they fought at
Hereford. In 777 the princes of Powis were finally driven from
Shrewsbury, which they must have recovered after the fall of
Cynddylan: and Offa thereupon constructed his dike, the last
attempt at the Roman system of fortified boundaries, and won the
land east of the Wye. It was only in 816, that the Saxons
ravaged the mountains of Eryri. Caer Ebrauc (York) was not
taken till 866; Strathclyde in Scotland, not till 946; but a Keltic
prince Dwnwallawn (Donald) still ruled there till" 974. The result
of this prolonged struggle was a feeling of mutually intense

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 8 1

animosity, which even Saints could not overcome. When Beuno
the Kymro fell in with a Saxon on the Severn-side, he quickly
withdrew from the neighbourhood of 4 the man of uncouth speech '
(Y gwr anghyvieith); and Guthlac the Angle's fears were allayed
when he discovered that the British brigands in the marshes of
Crowland were after all only devils, not men. (Sanctora/e Catholi-
cnm.) And I regret to notice that in A.D. 959 Owain son of
Howel the Good broke up the choir of S. Iltute's, because he
found therein certain scholars of the Saxon nobility.

It is generally supposed that the Saxon invaders blotted out

the very outlines of the Keltic settlement in Loegria, leaving

material ruins alone to witness to the Past.

4. Permanence of But not to dwell on the purely British nomen-

the Keltic race in 1 ^ c !* n r

, " ~j *~ clature of many localities, especially of rivers

England and Scot- ' .

land. an d mountains, and the impossibility of the

strangers' adopting it without long intervals of
peaceful intercourse with the dispossessed race, it must be borne in
mind that the Saxons were Germans, and must have acted in
Loegria, as they did in Germany, towards vanquished foes. The
serfs were not reduced to perform their lords' menial work, as
among the ostensibly more civilized Romans. But the masters
enjoined a certain quantity of corn or cattle or clothing; and the
serf to that extent obeyed. It was rarely that they beat or
imprisoned the serfs. When they slew them, the act proceeded
from a sudden impulse of anger, not from designed severity: but
the death of a serf went unpunished. {Tacitus, Germania, c. 25.)
To exterminate the Britons would not have profited their con-
querors; and it is reasonable to believe that the miserable remnant
which failed to escape from Loegria was spared.

To illustrate the position in detail: the Life of S. Collenn
gives the Kymric name of Rhysffa Cadvarch to the Torr of
Glastonbury; and Asser calls Selwood Forest Coet-maur. The
Cambrian Saints Kynngar, Keinwen, Tangwn, and Nwython be-
came the patrons of Congresbury, Keynsham, Taunton, and Hart-
land. King Alfred as a pilgrim invoked S. Guerir of Cornwall to

Si The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry.

cure his headache; King Athelstane enriched the abbey of Middleton
in Dorset with the relics of S. Branwalator (Bran-gwaladr, ' royal
chief), an ancient Loegrian bishop, invoked as a Saint in the old
Litany of Exeter. British bandits infested the Fen-country; and
perhaps Morial carried off fifteen hundred head of cattle from
before Lincoln: "Y rhag Caer-lwydcoed neu's dug Morial pymthec-
cant biiyn a phen Gwrial ? " Professor Phillips has remarked in
mid-England and south-Yorkshire populations of short slim size,
with round head, dark eyes and hair. {Massy, Analyt. Ethnology,
p. 45.) According to Owen Pughe, S. Rhawin was buried at
Lincoln; SS. Samson and Dirynnig had churches dedicated to them
at York. S. Eoglodius (Hy-glod) was abbat of Iona, A.D. 606
{Ferrari)-, and Eadwin king of Northumbria was baptized by Rhun
map Urbgen in 626, say the Annales Kambriae. S. Evan occurs
at Irvine in Scotland, A.D. 839 {Memorials of Ancient British
Piety)-, later on, Iwen abbat of Furness. {Ms. Cotton. Vitellius A.
8.) A.D. 1 199, Griffin the Welshman and Matilda his wife
engage in a plea with Robert Fitz Ywenn about some land in
Warwickshire. {Hardy, Rotnli de Finibns.) In the same year
Robert Oein sues Gumbaud in Essex. {Palgrave, Rotnli Curiae
Regis.) Next year Iorverd, Ithel, Osbert and Arkeim, Madoc and
Morgan Philipp, sons of /ago the presbyter, pay King John 10
marks, that no one trouble them but in the King's presence.
{Hardy)) This was done in Lancashire, and is very remarkable,
in that we see here a British married priest settled in England
and protected by the King against the rigour of the Canon Law.
A.D. 1 2 14, Angereta daughter of Res (Angharad verch Rhys)
agreed with King John for 60 marks and two palfreys for leave to
marry whom she pleased. This was in Dorset or Somerset.
{Ibid). A.D. 1250, Seysil Gogh and Perewera his wife pay Henry
the Third a mark for an' assize of novel disseizin in Herefordshire.
{Roberts, Fines) Four years later Uctred (Uchdryd) De Depedene
in Suffolk and Esilia (Esyllt) his wife pay the King a mark for a
brief. {Ibid.) A.D. 1255, Robert Yweyn and others pay 40
shillings in a suit touching land in Worcestershire. {Ibid.) Four

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 83

years later John De Sainct Oweyn and Jane his wife in Oxford-
shire pay a mark for a brief. (Ibid.) These facts form but a
slender induction to ground a theory upon; but, in connexion with
other considerations already supplied, they deserve attention.

The Kymry acted in accordance with the universal tendency
of the Keltic race, when they split up into a petty clan-organization,
incapable of development into a durable com-
monwealth. This passion for a mischievous
pakties. r

Home Rule rendered them more liable to

absorption by an encroaching foe. The tradition of a lord para-
mount or generalissimo was preserved in Kambria, and the powers
were exercised in general by the princes of Venedotia, Gwynedd,
or North Wales. I append the succession of these rulers as a
tribute to the permanent vitality of the Kymry. The figures
denote the death of each prince.

A.D. 560, Maelgwn Gwynedd. 586, Rhun. 599, Beli. 603,
Iago. 630, Cadvan. 660, Cadwallon. 686, Cadwaladyr. 698, Ivor
son of Alan of Armorica. 720, Idwal Iwrch. 755, Rhodri Mael-
wynog. 817, Kynon Tindaethwy. 843, Mervyn Vrych king of
the Isle of Man, who acceded in right of his wife Esyllt daughter
of Kynon. 877, Rhodri Mawr. 913, Anarawd. 944, Idwal Voel.
950, Hywel Dda. 967, Iago. 973, Hywel. 984, Cadwallon. 985,
Maredudd ap Ywein. 999, Kynan. 1015, Aeddan. 1020, Llyw-
elyn vab Seisyll. 1031, Iago. 1061. Gruffydd ab Llywelyn. 1137,
Gruffydd ab Kynan. 1169, Owain Gwynedd. 11 72, Hywel ab
Owain. 1192, Davydd ab Owain. 1240, Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.
1246, Davydd ab Llywelyn. 1282, Llywelyn ab Gruffydd.

The next in importance of these principalities would seem to
be Deheubarth or South Wales, when its chief the Lord of Dinevor
was able to maintain his paramount authority over the chieftains
of Keredigiawn (Cardiganshire), Brycheiniawg, Elvael, and Glamor-
gan. But the last long prospered under a succession of Morgans,
renowned for their liberality, prudence, and longevity. The most
eminent of the South Wallian princes was Rhys ab Tewdwr, A.D.
1090, who, called upon to occupy the throne after a long period of

84 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry.

exile in Armorica, is said to have introduced into Wales the
romantic literature then rising into notice on the continent. His
grandson, commonly called the Lord Rhys, though he did homage
to Henry II. and even acted as his Justiciary, did not by his
policy secure for his sons immunity from the encroachments of the
Normans and the rapacity of the Suzerain. For, independently of
the conquest of the rich district of Kemmeys by Martin De Tours,
we find Henry III. granting to a Norman his castles of Caermar-
then and Cardigan and the lands which were Meilgon filz Meilgon's,
grandson of Rhys. {Roberts, Fines; A.D. 1250) The chief of
Demetia (Dyved) anciently bore the singular but euphonious title
of Pendaran Dyved ' the thunder chief of Demetia.' In A.D. 808
an Irish prince Rein appears to have been recognized. Gwent
(now Monmouthshire) is chiefly illustrated by the heroism of
Arthur grandson of Theodoric of Tintern and the Roman magnifi-
cence of Caerleon. It had its chief Madoc ab Iddon as late as
A.D. 1187.

The men of the principality of Powis (now Central Wales)
enjoyed the first rank in warfare, because of their constant exposure
to the attacks of the Angles and of their being so far the " van-
guard of liberty." But their princes seem to have earlier become
vassals of the English monarch: Owain Kyveiliog is known by his
poem on the Hirlas horn, imitated by Gray; his son Gwenwynwyn
became the feudal subject of King John. {A.D. 1208. Ms. Harl.
86.) The seat of these princes was at Caer-Pengwern (Shrewsbury)
in the sixth century, when Kynddylan fell, whose death the aged
Llywarch so pathetically deplores. Perhaps the Vale Royal of
Cheshire, then called Deyrnllwg, formed a part of their dominion,
where Cadell occurs in the fifth century. At the same period we
dimly discern Cadrod in Calchvynydd, a district among the
Cotswolds; who may have retained a precarious independence,
as well as Elidyr Mwynvawr (Heliodorus the munificent) in Lanca-
shire. The gallant little principality of Elmet near Leeds,
encircled by the Angles, only yielded in A.D. 616, under its chief
Keretic.

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 85

Cornwall, the most important state after Wales, was less
successful in maintaining its freedom. One of its sovereigns
Dwrngarth was drowned, A.D. 875; half a century later its bishop
Cunan represented it at the court of Athelstane. Elystan Glod-
rydd, a godson of that able monarch, enjoyed a dependent domain
in Herefordshire. The once powerful states of Bernicia and Deira
(Bryneich a Deivyr) melted before the Angles; we have no records
of their struggles, save the names of three brothers, warriors as
well as bards, who wreaked vengeance on the traitors of their
nation; and the British name of Bamborough intimates the disgrace
of Bernicia. But the Britons in Scotland and Cumbria offered a
more vigorous resistance. The state of Strathclyde, whose centre
was Dunbarton (Dinbrython) or Caer-Alclwyd, enjoyed a long
existence from the time of Rhydderch Hael down to that of
Dwnwallawn, who went to Rome, A.D. 974. We cannot now
determine the exact position or extent of the states of Rheged and
Mannau Gododin; but they were the scenes of Kymric prowess
and temerity, as we learn from Llywarch. It was still possible in
his time for the defeated warriors of the north to fall back on
Kambria, the last hope of the Britons: but the conquest of Chester
by the Angles broke up the solidarity of the Kymry (Cumberland
and Westmoreland). Still we find Westmere represented at Athel-
stane's court by its petty king Idwal in A.D. 931, and Galloway
(as detached from Strath-clyde), by Iago. The king of Strathclyde
(as we have seen) was Dwnwallawn, A.D. 974. The last Kymric
king of Westirere was Dunmail (Dyvnwal, Donald.) The Isle of
Man had a Kymric king Howel, A.D. 825; its king Mervyn had
acceded to the throne of. Gwynedd, A.D. 817. The Pictish
population in Scotland is involved in great obscurity: but I enter-
tain the opinion that they were the remnant of the ancient tribes
in the North, who had remained pagans and had never been
subjugated by the Romans. Gwendoleu map Keidiau about A.D.
573 seems to have been opposed to the Christian king of Strath-
clyde; and Aidan map Gavran, A.D. 607, is execrated by the
Kymry as a traitor to their cause. The names of the Pictish

86 The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry.

kings, such as Ougen (Owain), Talargan (Tal-arian), and Eochod
Buidhe, are Kymric and Gaelic.

The Kymry seem to have felt the prestige that attached to

the possession of London, the principal seat of their more civilized

Loegrian brethren even before the Roman con-

6. Their dependence quest t h a t, whenever a vigorous ruler
on the
Crown of London appeared among the Saxon monarchs, we find

him asserting his supreme authority over the

Kymry, and that claim admitted when moderately enforced. Thus,

in A.D. 926, Athelstane confirms a peace with his subject kings

Huwal of West Wales (Howel the Good), Constantine of Scotland,

and Uwen of Gwent. {Saxon Chronicle.) Five years later, Huwal

and Eugenius (Owain), together with Juthwal (Idwal) of Cumbria,

Morcant of South Wales, and Cunan bishop of Cornwall, witness a

grant of land by Athelstane in Berkshire, where they evidently

had been paying court to the Bretwalda, the Saxon successor of

the Imperator and Pendragon of old. [Chronicon Abingdon^*

In A.D. 963 Eadgar exacted a tribute of wolves' heads of Iago king

of North Wales; an admirable expedient, if successful ! But instead

of an extirpation of those ferocious animals, we read that upon an

engagement of the Normans and Welsh in Gower, A.D. 1136, the

bodies were horribly mangled and devoured by wolves in the open

country. (Continnator of Florence of Worcester.) And in A.D.

1 28 1 Edward the First enjoined the taking of wolves in the

counties bordering on Wales. (Rymer, Foedera.) Malcolm king

of Scots and Rhys prince of Demetia did homage at Woodstock to

Henry the Second, A.D. 1163. (Matth. Paris.) Later on, A.D.

1 1 79, Cadwallon prince of Elvael, a district on the upper course of

the Wye, was slain on his return from doing homage to Henry,

who severely avenged his death as an affront on his safe-conduct.

* Gibbon falls into a singular error, when he describes these princes as " four
British lords of Somersetshire . . . honourably distinguished in the court of a Saxon
monarch." Dec/, and Fall, &c. C,a/>. XXXVIII.; quoting Carte ; Hist, of Engl. Vol.
I. p. 278.

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry. 87

Many were hung for the cruel deed, and others suspected were
compelled to hide in the woods. "The Welsh may mutually
comfort one another on the death of one of them receiving funeral
rites, sad to the English and hateful to the Normans, in the death
of many marchers," observes the sarcastic Londoner Radulf De
Diceto. Henry the Third, weak as he appears in his foreign
relations, showed exceptional vigour in his dealings with the Welsh.
He grants seizin of land in Merioneth through his Justitiary of
Chester (A.D. 1242. Roberts, 1242).); and the Prince of North
Wales pleads that he had received an outlaw, Fouques De Breaute,
" only a day," but adds with dignity, " Not that we are bound to
excuse ourselves in receiving him and his; for we have no less
liberty than the King of Scotland, who receives English outlaws
with impunity." (A.D. 1224. Ellis's Letters of Henry III)

The Anglo-Norman monarch not only bore sway from the

Scottish border to the Pyrenees, but was also strong in the physical

appliances of warfare, and dealt with more

7. The Castles, durable engines of subjugation than the Kymry
the State engine of could successfu n y resist . A single dark line

subjugation in

Wales. m tne Chronicle of the Princes reveals that

terrible engine of Feudalism, which worked

their downfall: "The Franks" (for so they styled the Normans),

" came to Demetia and Ceredigion, and strengthened the castles."

(A.D. 1091.) Roger earl of Clare, A.D. 1157, stored the castles of

Ystrat Meuruc, Aber Dyvi, Dinevor, and Rystut (Aberystwyth).

When Henry III. was worsted by the Welsh at Grosmont, he left

Poitevin routt'ers, those criminal soldiers of fortune, in the castles

of Wales. (A.D. I2jj. Roger of Wendover.) A little later, he

attacked them near Gannoc Castle (Dyganwy), near Conway;

" which is a thorn in the eye of the Welsh," charitably observes

that very English monk Matthew Paris. (A.D. 1245.) These

strongholds, which secured the infiltration of alien elements, had

nearly done their work, when Edmund Crouchback, King Edward

I.'s brother, began to build the castle of Aberystwyth. (A.D.

1277. Brut y Tywysogion.)

CHAPTER VI.

THE LATER WELSH PRINCES.

The Annals of the Kymric Princes in the later middle age afford

little to instruct or entertain the reader, save the spectacle of an

heroic struggle of a declining and antiquated

1. .Notes on tne race ma tched with foes of equal bravery and
Welsh Princes: the . .

Llewelvns superior military science. But " the Llewelyns

displayed qualities which only needed larger

room to render their names immortal." (M. Valroger) I would

notice that they were, by matrimonial alliances and increasing

social affinities, on the way to be absorbed in the feudal hierarchy

of England, before the policy of Edward demanded a more

immediate control of his feudatories in Scotland and Wales. And

I have little doubt that the Welsh princes would have been

mediatized, after the fashion we are familiar with in Germany, had

they loved inglorious ease more than freedom. While Owain of

Gwynedd asserted his independence in the mountains of Eryri,

Rhys of South Wales was proud to be nominated the Justitiary of

Henry II., and Gwenwynwyn of Powis became the liegeman of

King John. Howel, the gallant eldest son of Owain by an Irish

lady, who united some skill in military engineering with a true

poetic feeling and cultivation, soon gave way to the intrigues of

his wretched brother David, who seems to have copied his

connexion King John to the extent of blinding his unfortunate

prisoners. For he had been fain to marry Dame Emma, an

illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, by

a woman of Maine, " with the hope of so enjoying his possessions

in peace." {Benedict. Petriburgens. Brut y Tywysogion.) He

held the lordship of Ellesmere as a fief of Henry II. since A.D.

The later Welsh Princes. 89

1 177; but it was only by extreme instance that he with difficulty

obtained the hand of the haughty Norman's base sister ! (Radulf

De Diceto) A curious difficulty occurs about the end of this

unworthy Kymro. For the Chronicle of Aberconwy states that he

was strangled at Aber by his nephew and successor Llewelyn I. in

A.D. 1 190: while that of Strata Florida avers that being banished

from Wales he died in England, A.D. 1203. Probably at Elles-

mere. For I regard the latter as the truer version of facts; seeing

that King John did not bestow that lordship on his son-in-law

Llewelyn till April 16, A.D. 1204. (Rymer, Foedera.) It is a

matter of just astonishment to observe how minutely the great

Popes of that period exercised their right of supervision over the

Western Church. Innocent the Third, who could at the same

time regulate the affairs of Iceland and enjoin Thermopylae and

Thebes (A.D. 1208) to pay tithes, would direct the abbat of

Aberconwy and the prior of Enlli to confirm in his name the

espousals of Llewelyn to the daughter of the Prince of the Isles

(Sodor and Mann), who had been espoused before nubile years to

her father's brother; an evil incident, lately renewed in Italy under

Papal sanction. {Epistolae Innocentii, A.D. upp 120J.) It does

not appear that Llewelyn also 'confirmed' those espousals; for we

soon after find him married to King John's base daughter Joanna,

termed ' Domina Walliae ' {Annals of Tewkesbury), probably from

the same motive that swayed his uncle, the hope of greater security

and the agreeable dowry of the Lordship of Ellesmere. The

inconstant dame's intrigue with a prisoner of her husband, the

Lord William De Braus, provoked Llewelyn to take summary

vengeance. For on May 2nd, A.D. 1230, De Braus was "hung

on a tree, and that not secretly or by night, but openly and in

broad day, before eight hundred men and more, summoned to that

miserable spectacle." (Sir Henry Ellis, Royal Letters, Henry III.)

But her light conduct did not prevent Llewelyn from founding the

priory of Pen-mon to do honour to her last resting-place. He

died after her in A.D. 1240, "of long-continued palsy" (Matthew

Paris), after a successful reign of fifty years. His two daughters
L

9<D The later Welsh Princes.

connect the Welsh reigning family with some interesting historic
characters. Helen the eldest married John Le Scot, Earl of
Chester, whose three sisters were the mothers of the three claim-
ants of the Scottish crown, John Balliol, Robert Bruce, and Henry
Hastyng. On his death, A.D. 1237, not without suspicion of
poison, Helen married his uncle or cousin Robert De Quincy, Earl
of Winchester; "at which," we are told, "Llewelyn was indignant."
{Annates de Dunstaple) Whether because of the nearness of
connexion, or from suspicion of their misconduct, or that the lady
presumed to dispense with his permission, I know not. His
younger daughter Gladusa married Roger De Mortimer, Earl of
March, and became the mother of the unhappy paramour of Queen
Isabella. His grandson Llewelyn ab Gruffydd is, on the whole, the
most interesting of the Princes of Wales. His connexion with the
monastic hero Simon De Montfort, Earl of Leicester; his romantic
attachment to his affianced bride Eleanor De Montfort (herself a
niece of Henry III.); his happy marriage to her at Worcester in
the presence of the kings of England and Scotland, A.D. 1277
(Chromcon Joan. De Oxencdes); his bravery and patriotism; the
interest he inspired in his people and even in foreigners (the
Annals of Dunstable call him " a most handsome man and stout
in war, who had all the Welsh as it were glued to him"); all
make us regret that he at last fell a victim to the settled policy
of Edward the First, aided (it must be granted) by the restless
temper of the Kymry. It was ' the malice of the Welsh,' that is,
their stubborn resistance to the feudal system of Edward I., that
reduced that able Prince to borrow money to subdue them. {Ayloffe,
Rotidi Walh'ae.) What accelerated the bitter end was the atrocious
conduct of David, the Prince's brother; who came suddenly on the
castle of Pen-harddlech (now Hawarden) and slew all the garrison,
save Roger De Clifford the lord of the castle and another. (A.D.
1281, 2. Brut y Tywysogion. Annates de Wigom) The just
prejudices of the Catholic Church and of Feudalism were outraged
by this act; in that it was perpetrated on Palm-Sunday; and
because the King had granted David the earldom of Huntingdon,

The later Welsh Princes. 9 1

held heretofore by the Heir to the crown of Scotland; thereby
placing him in the first rank of the English peerage. But,
happily for the Kymry, this foul fact is balanced by the humane
conduct of two South-Welsh chiefs, Gruffydd and Rhys, who the
year following took and burnt the castle of Aberystwyth, " sparing
the lives of the garrison, because of Passion-tide that was nigh."
(Brut y Tywysogion.) The gallant Llewelyn perished by mis-
adventure of a soldier in Brecknockshire on December the nth,
A.D. 1282. A white monk (Cistercian) sang mass before him the
very day he was slain, thus sealing the loyalty of that order to
their native sovereign. (Archbishop Peckham to Edward I. apud
A'v/ncr.) His maimed and lacerated corpse was buried in the abbey
of Cwmhir (Bartholomew Cotton) ; while his comely head was
crowned with ivy and exposed to the jeers of a London rabble.
The King's chief instrument in the conquest of Snowdonia (Llew-
elyn, recognising its strategic importance, had assumed the style of
1 Lord of Snawdune '), were seven thousand Basques (themselves
unconscious kinsmen of the Kymry !), sent him by the King of
Spain, "who nearly all perished in battle." (Chronicon dc Hagncby;
Ms. Cotton. Vesp. B. XI.) Some however returned home under
the conduct of Sanchez De S. Aubin. (March II % 1283. Ayloffe.)
"After Llywelyn's death, his brother David, hoping that he himself
would be de jure Prince of Wales, convened his parliament of
Welshmen at Kynbergha, and renewed the war." (Chronicon de
Me/sa.) The locality, thus expressed in a Lincolnshire chronicle,
would be Kymmer abbey in Merioneth. For we find that on
June 17, A.D. 1284, David was taken prisoner in the castle of
Bere, described as a place almost inaccessible by reason of woods
and morasses. (Annals of Oseiuy.) This is Castell-ybyri, whose
weird ruins, half of hollowed rock and half of masonry, still lurk
in the recesses of Cadair Idris. The hapless ' Earl of Huntingdon '
was drawn and hung at Shrewsbury as a rebel against the honour
of the Church and of Chivalry, October 2, 1284. At that date,
the Chronicle of Hagneby in Lincolnshire (from which I gather
the facts) observes, that " David's younger son Reginald, grandson

92 The later Welsh Princes.

of the Lord Reginald De Gray, abides with him." His daughter,
whom Edward II. styles ' the lady Gladusa daughter of David late
Prince of Wales,' was a nun of Sempringham, and received alms
(alas !) from that king, who (whatever were his errors) was kindly
disposed towards the Kymry. (A.D. IJIJ. Ms. Cotton. Nero C.
8.) Gwenllian, the daughter of Llewelyn, was also a nun of
Sempringham, and a pensioner of Edward III. out of the revenue
of Lincolnshire. (Oct. JO, 1327. Rymer.) Her mother Eleanor
De Montfort had fortunately died before the final catastrophe.
(June 19, 1282. Barth. Cotton?) Ten years later, Madoc, a base
son of Llewelyn (I presume), but " who had made himself Prince
of Wales," was finally defeated at Maesmeidoc; and, to avoid his
uncle David's fate, came with his retinue into the King's peace,
was brought to London, and consigned to perpetual imprisonment,
(Aug. 10, 1295. Annates de Wigorn. Nicholas Trivet)) Again
King Edward from Aberconwy thanks his good seamen of Bayonne
for their services, that is to say, of Iberians against their Keltic
kinsmen.* He marked his sense of the importance of his successes
by a grand tournament held at the remote hamlet of Nevyn, by a
solemn pilgrimage to Menevia, and by a harmless bit of ritual
(betraying however his inner mind), when at Baladeulyn he enjoined
the Canons of Llangatauc to wear purple almuces in honour of S.
Maurice and " in memory of the departed, who were slaughtered
like sheep in Ystrad Teivi." (June 10, 1284. Ms. Harl: 6568)
" From that time," observes the shrewd Annalist of Oseney by
Oxford, " war long ceased in Wales: the Welsh now live almost
like the English, and amass treasures, fearing the loss of property,
what they used not to do before." But the politic monarch took
care to secure his conquest by ecclesiastical as well as municipal
colonies of foreigners, protected as a dominant institution by those
regal Castles, which now excite admiration by their ruins, as they
formerly inspired terror. After two centuries and a half had past,

* Letttes de Rots. Pierre De Langtoft in his rude French notices the service
of the Basques and Gascons ' en Snaudouns.')

The later Welsh Princes. 93

44 Lord Clifford never saw any place more princely and pleasant
than Conway, save Windsor Castle." [Nov. 7, 1635. Calendar of
State Papers) After five centuries, Caernarvon Castle surpassed
Dr. Johnson's ideas; he did not think there had been such build-
ings: he pronounces it 44 an edifice of stupendous magnitude and
strength." {Aug. 20, 1774. Diary in North Wales.) Little
inferior was the picturesque Castle of Harlech. In remote times
called Caer-collwyn, it was the scene where Bran sate on the rock
on a summer's evening and descried on the blue horizon the bark
that brought evil tidings from Erin. The names of its earliest
Constables, Hugh De Wlonkeslowe and James De S. George {A.D.
1284, I2QD. Aylojfc), betray its political purpose. Its greatest
Constable was Sir Walter Manny, Knight of the Garter, A.D.
1332; it sheltered Queen Margaret of Anjou, and was the last in
Wales that surrendered to the Parliament, A.D. 1647, {Whitc-
loskc.)

The innate valour of the Kymry was henceforth utilised by
the English King against his fojs in France and Scotland. Edward
II. orders a contingent of 1400 foot from North Wales for his
army against the Scots; the proportion furnished by Merioneth and
Ardudwy being 300, and by Dyffryn Clwyd 200. {A.D. IJ09.
A'ymcr, Foedcra) Again in A.D. 1325, he orders 7 men at arms
and 274 footmen from North Wales to assemble at Bala, to be
thence conveyed by way of Salop and Portsmouth to serve the
King in Gascony. {Ibid) At the battle of Crecy the light-armed
Welsh and Cornish were employed in plundering and despatching
the fallen knights encumbered by their heavy armour. Even a
claimant of the inheritance of Llewelyn appeared at the French
court, known as Yvain de Galles, Evan or Owain of Wales, a
descendant of the last Prince. He was employed by the French
king, but was basely murdered by an English retainer, who was
rewarded for the act by the Black Prince to his eternal disgrace.
{Froissart. Pymer, Foedcra. Sept. 18, A.D. Ij8l) Another
famous Welshman of that period was the Chevalier Rufin (Gruff-
ydd), who ravaged France between the Loire and Seine as Captain

94 The later Welsh Princes.

of a Free Company of marauders. {Ibid.) Few, perhaps, are
aware that the English Company of Enguerrand De Coucy, defeated
by the Swiss on January 13, 1376, at Buttisholz, was commanded
by Ieuan ap Einion; whom an old song of the period styles
1 Hertzog Yffo von Callis mit sim guldinen hut,' the chief Evan of
Wales with his golden hat. {Tschudi.) EnguerranI was a son-
in-law of Edward III. and held fiefs in Wales, which explains his
having a Welsh lieutenant. I find another Cambrian Thomas
Ellis, ' marshal of the English ' in the service of Venice, signing a
treaty to appease an affray between them and the Italians in the
harbour of Chioggia, on Feb. 4th, 1380. (Cal. of State Papers,
Venetian Series).

But far beyond the sparse records of these adventurers is the
fame of Owain of Glyndwvrdu, known to the world in the pages

of Shakespeare. A law student, attached to

2. Owen Glendonr. ., t -o- u a n u a u

the person 01 Richard LI., he was driven by

personal wrongs to attempt independence of the Crown of England
worn by a usurper. The increasing superstition of the time would
have it, that the rain, snow, and hail, Henry IV. suffered from in
Wales in the autumn of 1402, were raised by magic art of Owen
of Glendore. (Thomas Walsingham) But the ability and bravery
displayed by him is beyond dispute. While a humble monk of S.
Alban's wrote in the choir lines expressing the universal appre-
hension, " Christe, Dei splendor, Tibi supplico, destrue Gleendor "
(Annates Henrici IV. C.C.C. Cambr); the House of Commons
long after his death, A.D. 1431, declared that his success would
have been "to the destruction of all English tongue for evermore."
When Owen ' by the grace of God Prince of Wales ' had com-
missioned " at Doleguelli Master Griffin Yonge, Doctor of Decrees,
our Chancellor, and John Hanmer, to treat about an alliance with
the King of France, May 10, 1404;" Charles VI. on the 14th of
July ensuing duly concluded a treaty, styling Owen " the magnifi-
cent and powerful Owin Prince of Wales." (Rymer.) Troops
were despatched to South Wales; but, owing to Owen's inability
to afford them supplies, they were forced to return. Henry

The later Welsh Princes. 95

Hotspur of Northumberland, who in A.D. 1401 had defeated the
Welsh by Cadair Idris ('/?' Catlierederys. 1 Ordinances of Privy
Council), became his ally; and Edmund Mortimer, last Earl of
March and Ulster, taken prisoner by Owen at Brynglas by
Knighton, A.D. 1403, was wedded to his daughter. {Annals of
Wtgmore) The family of Mortimer was already connected with
the Welsh Princes: Edmund died in 1424, almost twenty years a
prisoner in the castle of Trim in Ireland. (Wecver, Funeral
Monuments.) The English Prince of Wales, Harry of Monmouth,
far from being a mere boon-companion of a Falstaff, was busily
employed over ten years in reducing the Welsh insurgents. Now
he directs the siege of Harlech and Llanbadarn castles; now he
signs an indenture for the surrender of Aberystwyth; again he
pays the wages of sixty men at arms tarrying at Kymmer abbey
and Bala. (A.D. 1402, 7, 12. Rymer. Nicolas, Ordinances of
P.C.) On the decline of his fortune Owen retired to Hereford-
shire, where he dwelt obscurely in shepherd's weeds, near his
daughter Lady Scudamore, and died unmolested at Monnington-on-
Wye, Sept. 20, 141 5. His manor of Glyndouvrdwy was granted
by Henry VIII. to one Thomas Salter at the yearly rent of one
red rose. (A.D. 1514. Cal. of State Pafiers.) But, although no
attempt at independence again occurs, were the Kymry content
with the Government imposed on them by force ? Edward III.
complains to the Pope, that " the Church in Wales hath stubborn,
wayward, and extravagant subjects, as well of English origin as
Welsh." (A.D. 1328. Rymer) The Cymmort/ias or Kymric
custom of mutual help and festivity became obnoxious from the
insurrection of Glendower. Henry IV. ordained that it should not
be suffered, as heretofore; nor minstrels, bards, rhymers, wasters,
and other Welsh vagabonds (sic) be allowed to overcharge the
country. (A.D. 1401. Rymer.) The politic object of Govern-
ment is disclosed in an Order of Privy Council for the appre-
hension of a monk that told chronicles at Comorthas and open
gatherings to the stirring up of the people. (A.D. 1443. Nicolas)

CHAPTER VII.

WELSHMEN ON THE CONTINENT.

Having traced the vestiges of Keltic migrations on the continent

of Europe, we may not omit noticing the presence of the Kymry

abroad in their later and decaying state. We

; ^ have seen how under the Empire thev contri-
abroad. ...

buted troops to the Imperial service in Egypt

and Illyria. An uncertain tradition makes Lucius the first Christ-
ian prince of the Britons the Apostle of Rhaetia or the Grisons.
Pelagius or Morgan, the sturdy champion of the Free Will of
Man to the detriment of the supernatural as implied by Revelation,
became famous in Italy and Palestine. In the sixth century
Wales and Armorica interchange their Saints. While SS. Samson
archbishop of Dol, Cadoc the Wise abbat and bishop of Bennavenna,
Gildas the historian ? Paul Aurelian bishop of Leon, Maelor of
Arvon, Machutus (Mechell), Tysilio the chronicler (S. Suliac), were
Cambro-Britons in Armorica; some of the founders of churches
and monasteries in Wales came over from Britanny. Such were
SS. Laudatus (Llawddad) abbat of Bardsey, Paternus bishop of
Llanbadarn by Aberystwyth, Cadvan of Towyn, Iltutus of Lantwit,
Tudwal of Lleyn, Mellon of Cardiff. S. Gudwal, the Patron of
Ghent, " who first the Flemings taught " (Drayton, Poly-olbion
XXIV.), was a Cadwal from Britain or Armorica. When S.
Columban on Nov. 3rd, A.D. 603, subjects his monastery of
Bobbio in North Italy to the See Apostolic, Cunochus (Kynog) a
monk, Gurgarus (Gwrgar) " by birth a Briton," Domcialis a Scot,
subscribe the document. (Monumenta Historiae Patriae I. Turin,
1836) Marbod bishop of Rennes, a writer on Gems, was (if we
may trust Pits) " a Cambro-Briton by birth, and surnamed Euanx."

Welshmen on the Continent. 97

Cuhclin, a Cambrian better known as Alexander of Wales, was
present at the slaughter of S. Thomas of Canterbury, and wrote a
Latin account of it. Possibly he was the Archdeacon of Anglesea,
who interpreted in Wales for Archbishop Baldwin preaching the
crusade, A.D. 1188. {Gtraldus Cambrensis.) The chiefs in Wales
cut a poor figure at that juncture of supreme interest to Christen-
dom. They assumed the cross and stayed at home. One of the
princes of Powis, Morgan, stung by remorse for deeds of blood,
actually reached Palestine, but died at Cyprus on his way home.
{Brut y Tywysogi'on .)

Wales, if not the Kymry, may boast of a Cardinal in the
person of Thomas Jorze or George, called Gualensis, Chaplain to
Edward I. and Card. Bishop of S. Sabina, who died at Grenoble,
A.D. 1305, and was buried at Oxford. {Cave, Historia Ltttcraria.)
The Welsh take part in the relations of England with the
Continent. We find Sir John Trevnant in attendance on
the regent of Gascony, A.D. 1442. {Bcckington Diary) When
the English surrendered their fortresses to the French, A.D.
1450, John Edwards was captain of I^a Roche Guyon, and
Gryffyn Ddu ap Meredith of Regnieville-sur-le-mer. They
behaved no worse than those great lords of Guienne, the
Captal De Buch and the Souldich De l'Estrade. {Letters of Henry
VI.) Philip Morgan bishop of Ely was Henry Vth's ambassador
at the Council of Constance, A.D. 141 5. Sir Hugh Johnys of
Landymor Castle in Gower, Knight of the Holy Sepulchre, had
gone further afield, and had served five years " in the werris under
John Palaeologus Emprowre of Constantinople," and was buried at
Swansea, A.D. 1460? Nicholas Roberts, a knight of Rhodes, was
an envoy to 'the Great Turk,' A.D. 1523. {Cat. of State Papers.
Brewer.) Sir Edward Came of Glamorgan, descended from
Ithel king of Gwent, the last Ambassador of England to the Holy-
See, refused to return home, and died at Rome, A.D. 1561. Mary
the Catholic or the Sanguinary ? afforded him scant supplies; for
he complains he was so far in debt that the Roman merchants
would be loth to trust him any further. {Aug. 2j, 1558. Cal.

M

9 8 Welshmen on the Continent.

of State Papers, Foreign?) Dr. John David Rhys, of the univer-
sities of Oxford and Sienna, appears to have been equally versed
in Welsh and Italian, and wrote on the grammar of both languages.
Though a Roman Recusant, his love of his native land induced
him to accept an invidious position at home. He died A.D. 1609.
About the same time ' one Evans ' was " made Rector at Padua
and graced extraordinarily." ( Winwood'* s State Papers; Jan. 26,
1604.) But the most interesting of these expatriated Kymry is
Owen Lewis of Malltraeth in Anglesea, sometime Archdeacon of
Douai, Vicar General to S. Carlo Borromeo Archbishop of Milan,
Nuncio in Switzerland of Pope Gregory XIV., Bishop of Cassano
in the kingdom of Naples; who laid the foundations of the English
colleges at Rome, Douai, and Rheims, and died A.D. 1595, having
lived thirty six years in exile. {Ferdinando Ughclli, Italia Sacra)
He was nearly being made Cardinal; but his favouring the
succession of the King of Scots to the English Crown marred his
chance, and the pious Caietan obtained the Hat. I observe with
pain that the mean jealousy of their own countrymen (a grievous
fault in the Welsh character !) crops up even at Rome: " Owen
and the rest laugh at Cassano's being Cardinal." This was Thomas
Owen, Head of the English College at Rome. The Bishop was
succeeded as Vicar General at Milan by Griffith Roberts, known in
Italy as Griffidio Rnberio. This worthy man, though an exile
from Cambria for his attachment to the Roman Church, cherished
a warm affection for the rude home of his forefathers. In the
preface (beautiful as an exordium of Plato) to a Welsh grammar,
published at Milan in 1567, he complains in limpid Kymraec of
certain unpatriotic Welshmen, that " so soon as they see the
Severn or the steeples of Shrewsbury, or hear an Englishman once
say ' good morrow,' they forget their Welsh." Beautiful Italy had
not weaned him from his first love. " Fair though this place be,"
he saith, " and pleasant to see the green leaves a shelter from the
heat, and agreeable to hear this northerly breeze blowing beneath
the vines to cheer us in this excessive heat that oppresses all men
bred and born in so cold a land as Wales yet a Kymro's heart

Welshmen on the Continent. 99

warms not towards them as it would on the Dee side or in the
low lying Vale of Clwyd, or many places I could name from
Maenol Dewi to Holyhead in Mona."

He longs " for many things found in Wales to pass away the
time merrily whilst avoiding the heat of a long summer's day. If
you would meditate or read alone, you might choose a fit place,
however intense the heat, either in green bowers, or beside a
running brook in a glen and greenwood, or in a blooming valley,
or in a grove of birch or ash trees, or on a clear breezy mountain,
or elsewhere away from the weariness bred by the warm weather.
But about this city (Milan), there is nothing of the sort."
Roberts's attachment to his country led him to warn one Roger
Smythe not to set foot beyond the Alps ("this side the mountain")
for. fear of imprisonment by the Inquisition, whose locks could not
be picked easily. " The Holyhead men say, ' Blacksmith, apply
thy work, or get thee hence.' " {May 28, 1596. Cal. of State
Papers.) Elsewhere he says; " I could feel a glow within, and my
heart bounding within my body of very joy, in hearing the
utterance of the British tongue." {Dr. Owen Pughc, Dictionary,
sub voce Cyrchncidiaw.'') Maurice Clennock, or of Clynnog,
Bishop-designate of Bangor under Mary, became the first Rector of
the English College at Rome about A.D. 1560, and was there
" noted for his great partiality towards his own countrymen of
Wales." {Anth. a Wood, Athcnae Oxonienses.) [See Appendix
No. X.] Another Roman Catholic of note in his day must be
noticed; John Jones, originally of Llanvaethlu in Anglesea, Arch-
bishop Laud's chamberfellow at S. John's College in Oxford, in
religion Father Leander a Sancto Martino of the Order of S.
Benedict, who died President of the English Congregation, A.D.
1636. Another Welshman, Augustine Llewelyn was 'Prefect of
the Province of Canterbury,' A.D. 1685. {Gallia Christiana.)

Most readers have been acquainted by Southey with the

legend, related in the Triads, of Madoc ap

. . JP Owain Gwynedd's having sailed westward in
tion to America. '

quest of a new land, whence he never returned.

ioo Welshmen on the Continent.

It is traced to Cyneuric ap Grono and Gutyn Owain in
Edward IVth's time, who yet have left no proofs to establish it;
and is maintained by Humphrey Lloyd of Denbigh, Hakluyt.
Purchas, and strenuously by Sir Thomas Herbert, Charles Ist's
faithful attendant, whose family pride led him to glorify a collateral
ancestor. He cites (I know not on what authority) the following
words as used by presumed Cambrians in America: Gwrando, to
hearken; Pengwyn, a white head; Gwyn-dowr, white water; Bar a,
bread; Tat, father; Mam, mother; Bryd, time; Bn, a cow; Clugar,
a heathcock; Llwynog, a fox; Wy, an egg; Calav, a quill; Trwyn,
a nose; Nev, heaven. "None save detracting opinionatists," thinks
the gallant knight, " can justly oppose such worthy proofs of what
I wish were generally allowed of." {Travels, p. 222) Now, how-
ever amusing Sir Thomas's confidence may appear, and although
the late Mr. Thomas Stephens has produced a presumption of
Madoc's death in his native land, it may be well to submit the
following passages which tend to render the legend not absolutely
incredible. Some nations of antiquity undertook voyages, which
(if we regard their slender means of navigation) are simply
marvellous. The Goths swept the seas from Scandinavia to
Trebizond. The Saxons in their frail barks braved the ocean and
sailed up the French rivers in search of plunder. Gavran is
reported to have sailed with his faithful liegemen (teulu, gasindi,
gweision bychain) in quest of the green isles of the ocean (Gwer-
ddonau Llion).

The Icelanders had a tradition of a country called by them
Hvitramannaland edr Irland ed mykla, White-Man's-land or Great
Ireland, placed west of Ireland, somewhat behind Vinland the
Good, which Professor Raske proves to have been the modern
States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The people were
reported to Thorfmn Karlsefne, A.D. 1007-9, to wear white
clothes and carry poles before them. Later on, A.D. 1029, Gudleif
Gudlaugson was driven from Iceland to the southwest of Ireland to
a strange land, where it seemed to them that the people spoke
Irish. Lionel Wafer at the close of the sixteenth century describes

Welshmen on the Continent. ioi

the Indians of Darien as wearing long white gowns and bearing
pikes. Their speech strongly reminded him of Gaelic and Irish.
Some of them wore black gowns. The Abbe Emile Domenech
thinks the Powhatan language, once spoken in Virginia, is of
Keltic origin. In expression and harmony it is equal to Erse,
Gaelic, and the Kymric. (Deserts of North America) But does
the Abbe know these languages ? Further, Strabo tells us that
the natives of the Tin-lands (ancient Cornwall) wore black cloaks
and tunics reaching their feet, and walked with staves. S. Indrac-
tus an Irish pilgrim bore a staff tipped with brass, after the Irish
fashion. (Sanctoralc Catholic, p. 77.) Taking these facts together,
I think we may fairly infer some intercourse of Kelts with the
Western continent ages before Madoc or Columbus. Catlin believes
the Mandans on the Missouri descended from Madoc and his
adventurers, instancing their fair complexions, hazle eyes, and sweet
expression. (Prichard, p. 400.) Ten-Broecke says the same of
the Moqui in Colorado, and that they weave in the same manner
as the people of Wales. (Schoolcraft.) " Their features," says
Ives, " are strongly marked and homely, with an expression gener-
ally bright and good-natured. Many of them have fair hair and
blue eyes." (Bancroft, I. p. 530.) Ruxton says that the American
trappers call them Welsh Indians. (Ibid, p. 528.) The Zuni
Pueblos of New Mexico are thought to be of Welsh descent.
Their cacique, an old man with clear dark-blue eyes told Mr.
Cozzens a legend of a young Zuni warrior, who embarked in a
canoe brilliant as crystal, and reached the Island of the Blessed
with its eternal verdure; which certainly recalls the Hellenic golden
cup of the Sun-god, the Elysian plain of Pindar, the Green Isles
of the floods in the Triads, and Merlin's house of glass in Nennius
and Ariosto. (Cozzens, Marvellous Country.) Schoolcraft traces
certain characters common to Keltic and Virginian inscriptions.
(/. /. 124.) And Georg Van Hoorne, accepting the legend of
Madoc, sees him in a Virginian hero called Matec Ziinga. (III. 2.)
In fine, there appears to have been a constant tradition kept
up among seamen of a land in the far West, which the legend of

102 Welshmen on the Continent.

Madoc represented to the Kymry and that of S. Brandan to the
Irish Kelts. "Thlyde [Lhuyd] the cunning mariner of all England"
navigated a Bristol ship, A.D. 1480, in quest of the fabulous " isle
of Brasylle in the West part of Ireland, sailed about for nine
months, but found no island." {Itinerarium Willclmi Wyrcestre.)
Eighteen years later, the Spanish ambassador writes from London,
that " the people of Bristol have for the last seven years sent out
light ships or caravels in search of the aforesaid isle according to
the fancy of a Genoese." (Bergenroth) This was " Zuan Cabot,
styled the great admiral." An Italian tells the Duke of Milan,
that " these English run after him like mad people, so that he can
enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a number of our own
rogues besides." It was reported that Cabot " had discovered the
Seven Cities on the western passage from England, the territory of
the Grand Cham " or Khan of Tartary.

CHAPTER VIII.

ECCLESIASTICAL SKETCHES.

The first notice we have of the early Christian missionaries to the
Kymry relates that Hid, Kyndav, and Arwystli hen (or Aristobulus

the elder priest ?) came over about A.D. 70,
1. The early British wJth the blessed Brkn the father of Caractacus,
Church.

who had become a Christian at Rome, Hid is

said to have been an Israelite; and is the S. Lide of the Scilly
isles. If S. Paul himself did not visit Britain, these Romans must
have known the great Apostle; and Hid, as a Jew, would belong
to the mission of S. Peter. A century later, Lleirwg, known
as king Lucius, a prince of the Silures, is said to have sought
help from Eleutherus bishop of Rome (y Pab Elidyr), who sent
Damianus and Paganus (Dyvan a Phagan), Meduinus and Albanus
(Mydwy ac Elvan), who taught the faith in Siluria and the isle of
Avallon. (The Triads.) It was maintained in later times that
the foundation of the See of Llandav was the fruit of their
mission. There is no trace in Welsh tradition of the connexion
of S. Joseph of Arimathea with Glastonbury. We have no details
of the government and discipline of the Church in Britain in the
Roman period; but may safely infer that it was in harmony with
the rest of the Catholic Church, save that the personal discipline
was more stringent, the government less developed, the endowment
precarious or entirely wanting. In proof of the first point; not
content with the ordinary Lent, they fasted the Apostles 1 Lent
(Graiiys yr ebystyl) from Ascension Day to Whitsunday, Mary's
Lent (Graiiys Meir) from the first to the fifteenth of August, and
Elias his Lent (Graiiys Helias) from Martinmas to Christmas.

104 Ecclesiastical Sketches.

(Mus. Britannic. Addit. Mss. 14,912.) In proof of the second,
they appear to have been shepherded by rcgionary bishops, that is,
bishops who were not permanently attached to local sees. Thus,
we find S. Gistlianus (Goeslan) bishop of Menevia before a see
was established there; S. Maucannus (Meugant) bishop of or at
Silchester; S. Branwalator (Brangwaladr) in Dorsetshire; S. Cadoc
at Bennavenna; S. Dubricius (Dyvrig) at Kaergwair or Warwick.
{Leland IV. 169.) On the other hand, it is probable that the
more approved system prevailed among the Loegrian Britons, who
had become more thoroughly Latinized. S. Theanus passes as the
first bishop of London; and it is likely that the centres of Imperial
government would receive a settled episcopal supervision. Thus,
London, York, and Colchester were represented at the Council of
Aries, A.D. 314, by Restitutus, Eborius, and Adelphius, attended
by the priest Sacerdos and the deacon Arminius. The two first
are known in Welsh as Rhystid and Ivor. The third name defies
the efforts of Welsh scholars, who would appropriate him. I
think it probable that Colchester, the Colonia Londinensium, being
within the Littns Saxojiicum, was already but half Kymric; and
that the Latin names belonged to Latinized Loegrians, while
Arminius can only be the German Hermann. The martyrs under
Dioclesian in Britain all belong to that class of Britons, such as
Augulus bishop of London, Albanus and Amphibalus of Verulam,
Julius and Aaron, Stephen and Socrates of Caerleon. Vodin and
Gwythelin (Vitalianus) bishops of London were also, I conceive,
Loegrians; as well as Eldad of Gloucester, known at Oxford as S.
Aldate, and the hermit Abben of Chilswell by Oxford. In proof
of my third point, it may suffice to mention, how the poverty of
the British bishops compelled them to accept a subsidy from the
emperor when they attended the Synod of Ariminum, A.D. 359;
and the account given us of S. David and his monastery bears
witness to a more than Apostolic poverty. {Sane tor ale Catholicnm.
March J.) The Triads refer to David as chief bishop of Wales,
Bedwini of Cornwall, and Kyndeyrn of British Scotland or Cumber-
land in the larger sense; this account corresponds with the three

Ecclesiastical Sketches. 105

principal fragments of Kymric dominion, after the Saxons had
broken up its solidarity.

It has been too much the fashion to assume the absolute

independence of the British church in respect to the See Apostolic

(as all Antiquity styles Rome), because Augus-

l. Its gradual t j nc f oun( j ft varied in a few trifling particulars
subjection to the See . ___ ,

of Rome from the Western church on the continent.

These related to mere discipline. If we accept

the common view, we are forced to condemn the great and holy

Pope Gregory as arrogating usurped rights, when he expressly

leaves the British bishops to the correction of his emissary. But

Gregory's disclaimer of universal dominion, as well as his known

moderation, forbid the assumption. The Welsh bishops may have

forgotten it, but the decrees of the Emperors subjected the West

to the supervision of 'the Bishop of the Eternal City;' and the

nature and extent of that supervision is marked by Gregory's own

words, where, while assuming the parity of all bishops in general,

he declares, that, when the decrees of Councils were violated, he

knew not what bishop was not amenable to his supervision. But

the British bishops would have risen above human nature, had

they readily admitted the claims of a stranger, who came under

the patronage of their country's bitterest foes. The Welsh custom

of consecrating bishops on the festival of S. Peter's Chair (February

22nd) seems to imply a recognition of the Roman Primacy, at

least in its moderate form. If the bishop of Caerleon-on-Uske was

obeyed as Metropolitan, he does not appear to have left a succession.

The honorary title of Archbishop is a precarious circumstance. For

W find Elvod of Bangor, who was instrumental in procuring

conformity with Rome, A.D. 808, styled 'Archbishop of Gwynedd;'

and Asser bishop of Sherborne, A.D. 906, ' Archbishop of the Isle

of Britain.' {Brut y Tywysogion.) When Howel the Good went

to Rome, A.D. 926, he was accompanied by the bishops of

Menevia, Bangor, and Llandav. " The bishop of S. David," says

Henry of Huntingdon {Lib. /.), " received the pallium from the

Pope in our time, as it had been at Kairlegion; but he instantly

106 Ecclesiastical Sketches.

lost it." Such too was the fate of Festinianus of Dol: the sons of
Zeruiah were too strong for them. Ivan had received it from
Pope Gregory, A.D. 1076, but reserving due subjection to the
church of Tours. The strong Norman will asserted itself; and
Bernard was hallowed bishop of Menevia at Westminster, A.D.
1 1 15, <( without leave or greeting of the clergy of the Kymry; and
then the bishop of Dewy lost his privilege, and the bishop of
Kent took it." {Brut y Tywysogion.) David, a venerable monk
of the Scots' abbey of S. Alban at Mainz, " elected by the Prince
of North Wales Gruffydd, the clergy, and people of Wales," was
also consecrated bishop of Bangor, A.D. 11 20, at Westminster by
the Norman archbishop {Continuator of Florence of Worcester); but
the circumstances indicate some forbearance on the part of the
suzerain King Henry I., probably induced by a show of firmness
by the Kymry. Near seventy years later, archbishop Baldwin, in
preaching the crusade, marked his spiritual conquest; for ''he sang
in every cathedral church of Wales a mass in pontificals, and that
was never seen before that time." (Trevt'sa, Foly-chroiticon.) As
the English archbishop prevailed over the native clergy of Wales
by might rather than right, we may not regret to find him super-
seded by his master the Pope of Rome. For we have on record
a few consecrations performed abroad either by the Pope or by his
subaltern. Thus, Richard De Carew, known by the Welsh as ' yr
Athraw Risiart o Gaer Ryw ' {Brut y Tywys.), was consecrated
Bishop of S. David's at Rome by Pope Alexander IV., A.D. 1280.
John Trevor Bishop of S. Asaph in the Roman Court, A.D. 1353.
Llywelyn ap Madoc, nominated Bishop of S. Asaph by the Pope's
bull, at Rome, A.D. 1357. {Le Neve, Fasti) Howel ap Grono,
by Papal provision Bishop of Bangor, at Avignon, A.D. 1371,
{Stubbs.) Edmund Bromfield, Bishop of Llandav, and John Trev-
nant, of Hereford, at Rome, A.D. 1389.

There is not the slightest indication that the Catholics of
Wales ever opposed the tendency, not merely to

e us &anct- i 10nour re ligiously, but to develope largely and to
exaggerate the place and office of the Mother-

Ecclesiastical Sketches. 107

of-Gon and of His Saints in the Communion of Heaven and
Earth. The worship of Mary sprang from the heated zeal bred
by the early controversies relating to the Incarnation of the Son of
God; and must have been even welcomed in an illiterate age, when
few were inclined or qualified to pursue the purely intellectual
disquisitions of S. Paul in his epistles. The pseudo-Aneurin
proclaims Mary as ' the Royal Maiden born to lead us out of our
hard captivity;' u Merch vrenhinawl a aned A'ndiig o'n dygn
gaethiwed." A passage clear to any one conversant with Catholic
Theology, but which from lack of that knowledge the late Mr.
Stephens took to be a prophecy relating to Gwenllian daughter of
the last Llewelyn, who died a Nun of Sempringham. A popular
poem assigns Mary the rule of Purgatory, and sees her " over the
cold mountain, with a halo round her head, securing a place
between every soul and hell." (Satictorale Catholicum, sub voce
Longtnus.) The Blessed Mother (Mam wenn) was known as ' yr
Arglwyddes Vair,' the Lady Mary; a proof, I take it, of great
antiquity of style, seeing the most ancient Church calendars never
employ the titles of 'Saint' or 'Blessed.' With the Kymry, nuns
were ' Morwynion gwynion Mair,' Mary's fair maidens (Pscudo-
Taliesin); the pure fountain that burst from the hill-side was
4 Ffynnon Vair,' Mary's well. Even the Immaculate Conception
appears to have been admitted, in the sense of Wordsworth's " Our
tainted nature's solitary boast," when it was said " Ni chavad
arwydd pechawd na'i arlwybyr ami;" 'There was not found the
mark of sin nor its trace on her.' {Owen Pnghc, Diet, snb voce
Arlwybyr?)

Next to Mary, they venerated the archangel Michael and the
apostle S. Peter. Their churches (Llanvair, Llanvihangel, Llan-
bedr) abound in Wales; but we never find those of S. Paul or S.
John; a fact deserving notice, as I think it tells against the notion
of either the former's preaching ' in Britain or of a supposed
connexion of the British church with that of Ephesus. Of the
indigenous Saints, David and Winifred were the most popular as
Dewi and Gwenvrewi; and Faith hardened into superstition, if,

108 Ecclesiastical Sketches.

indeed, bullocks were ever sacrificed to S. Beuno, or offerings
made at the wells of Elian and the venerable Kynvran. (Cal. of
State Papers, May JO, 158Q. Owen Pughe, Cambrian Biography)
The veneration of relics of the Saints seems to have struck
deep roots among the Kymry. In the Welsh Laws swearing on
relics in lawsuits was of constant occurrence.

4. The worship of The famous C roiz-neth or Croesnawdd, the
Relics.

Cross of protection, supposed to contain a

portion of the Lord's Cross, and adorned with gold and gems, was
solemnly borne before the Prince of Wales, as a palladium of
national salvation. On Llewelyn's death, it was offered at West-
minster abbey, April 30, T285; and Gavaston was made to swear
on it not to return to England. {Annals of Waverley, Matthew
of Westminster) S. David's miraculous handbell called Bangu
was kept at Glascwm in Elvael in 11 88 (Girald. Cambrcnsis, Itin.
I. 7); and the golden torques of S. Kanaucus (Kynog) at Dinevor.
It was in four pieces, constructed of rings. No one durst swear
falsely by it. {Ibid. I. 2.) The Bretons of Armorica evinced
similar veneration for the hand-mill of S. Gildas and the bell of S.
Paul of Leon. The undecaying hand of S. Oswald procured him
the surname of Lamn-guin ' blessed ' or ' fair hand ' {Ncnnins) ; a
solitary instance of Welsh regard for a Saxon saint, procured
him by his relic, not by his virtues, as Sir Francis Palgrave
imagined.

Of all the customs of the mediaeval Church, none could have
been more congenial to the Keltic nature than the institution,
which gratified their curiosity under the respect-
5. Pilgrimages. abJe sanction of Religion. And of all pilgrim-
ages, that of Rome promised the most ample satisfaction. If in
some respects it was injurious, it took the pilgrim out of his
narrow surroundings at home, and ennobled his thoughts, to go
" wandering and wondering among the ruins of ancient magnifi-
cence." One bard asks, " Is there any season so spiritual as to be
on the road, a course of great estimation, to the city of Rome
teeming with population ? "

Ecclesiastical Sketches. 109

A oes hryd mor ysbrydawl

A bod ar ffordd

Tuedd cymmyredd mawr,
Trev Ruvain tyrva ryvawr ?

Meilir styles himself ' S. Peter's pilgrim ; ' Kynddelw dwells on the
wondrous sight of Rome

Caer Ruvain, ryvedd olygawd,
Caer uchav, uchel ei devawd.

Howel ab Rhys, a prince of Glamorgan went to Rome, A.D. 880,
and died three days after, owing to the heat, at the age of 124
years. Joseph bishop of Llandav died, A.D. 1043, at Aosta on
pilgrimage to S. Peter. {Liber Landavcjisis.) The records of
the English College at Rome notice Welsh pilgrims of all ranks
in the reign of Henry VII.; among them, Dom John Conway,
abbat of Bardsey, A.D. 1506.

The pilgrimage to S. James of Compostella in Spain was so
popular, that the Kymry gave the Milky Way the name of //jut
S. /aim, ' S. James's Way.' The Provencals too called it Camiu
dc St. Jacques. Henry VI. granted the owner of the good ship
Mary of Pembroke in Wales leave to convey passengers to S.
James of Galice, A.D. 1451 (Rymer)\ and William Wey found
Welsh ships at Corunna, A.D. 1456. (/tiucrary.) The home
pilgrimages were numerous and frequented. Two to Menevia (S.
David's) made up for one to Rome. (Oivcu Pughc, Diet, sub voce
Gordal.) Menevia could boast of royal pilgrims, Henry II. in
1 1 73, and Edward I. with his queen Eleanor in 1284. (Brut y
Tywysogiou. Auualcs Kambriac.) Leland remarks, " Greate pil-
gremage and offering was a late to S. Armon " (Germanus) at
Llanarmon in Yale (/tiucrary V.); the scene recently, not of
' offering,' but of with-holding tithes. One of the looting class of
Reformers notices that five or six hundred pilgrims offered, A.D.
1538, to the image of Dervel Gadarn. (Elis Price, apud Sir
//airy Ellis's Original Letters.) This was at Llanddervel near
Bala. I regret to find in an old Ms. Kalendar ' the feast of the

no Ecclesiustical Sketches.

living Image,' Gwyl y Ddelw vyw, on Sept. 9th; which must have

been a clumsy replica of some Italian Madonna, at Rhyw in Lleyn.

[Browne Willis.)

Whether it proceeded from a national repugnance to a tight

discipline, which rendered the clergy more amenable to the Pope

and his ally the English monarch, or from

, c y some cause inherent in the Keltic nature, I

clergy.

know not; but the celibacy of clerks appears

less strictly enforced in Wales and its sister land of Britanny.

Maredudd son of the Lord Rhys, Archdeacon of Cardigan, was

married, A.D. 1240. In the eleventh century Orscand bishop of

Quimper was forced to alienate some of the property of his see to

his brother the Count of Cornouailles for his license to take a

wife. Again, when his said wife Onwen disdained to rise in church

before the Countess Judith, the Bishop was obliged to give up

Loc-Maria. \Morice, Lobinean) How detrimental to the Church

such cases proved in a rude age may be seen by what we read of

a church in Norfolk, which " the parsons had ever held from

father to son to the parson that died last." {A.D. 1194. Palgrave,

Rotuli Curiae)

On no subject connected with religion is the feeling of

moderns so estranged from that of their forefathers as on that of

Monachism and the reason of its existence.

7. The Welsh monks; ^ , , , ... u . .

. . . . .. Enough has been written, however, to correct

their patriotism.

the fierce intolerance of the disciples of Cranmer

and Calvin. I am here no further concerned than to point out

the grounds, whereon in my judgment the ancient monks of Wales

are entitled to the respect and sympathy of the Kymry. Though

the faith of the moderns " has been reduced to a very few articles "

(I employ the language of a Swiss Protestant in relation to their

present pastors), yet most of the parishes in Wales recall the work

and devotion of those holy men of old. Far different was the

feeling which induced the old Kymry to call the Pleiades by the

name of ' the congregation of Theodosius ' (Twrr Tewdws), who

kept up their ceaseless vigil of prayer and praise in Glamorgan.

Ecclesiastical Sketches. Hi

That perpetual service of God day and night, first mentioned in
the act of foundation of the abbey of S. Maurice in Switzerland
about A.D. 603, was called by the Kymry Dyval gyvangan, and is
stated to have been held at Ynys Avallon (Glastonbury), Caer-
Caradawg (Old Sarum), and Bangor-is-coed. {Triads.) This Laus
Percnnis therefore must have been earlier than the Swiss example,
for the two first places were lost to the Britons at the date above
mentioned. Next to their devotion, I will commend their patriot-
ism. Never shall we find among them a vile traitor like Madoc
Vin bishop of Bangor. Llewelyn ab Iorwerth escaped the English
by the help of a Cistercian of Cwm-hir. The Abbat had to pay
dearly for it to Henry III. to save his abbey from destruction.
{Mattheiv Paris.) The same monk even misled the castellain of
Montgomery and his men into a morass, where the Welsh
despatched them with their lances. (Roger De Wendover) Two
Welsh abbats, commissioned by the Pope in the cause of their
prince David ab Llewelyn, had the audacity to summon Henry III.
before them at Kerry in Wales (Carte, Hist, of England), A.D.
1245. And seven abbats, those of Whitland, Strata Florida,
Cwmhir, Strata Marcella, Aberconway, Kemer, and Vallis-Crucis,
wrote A.D. 1274, t0 PP e Gregory X. not to trust the Bishop of
S. Asaph, who tried to defame Lewelyn, Prince of Wales, their
strenuous patron. (Red Book of S. Asaph: Hengwrt Mss.)

The Cotton Ms. Titus C. X. gives the following order and

filiation of the religious houses in Wales; with which I blend brief

notices from other sources. In S. David's

8. Origin and filia- diocese, 1. Blancheland, Alba Domus, Whit-

, land, or Tygwyn-ar-Dav, an abbey in Howel

Dda's time. S. Paulinus or Peulyn Hen was

its first abbat; Rhydderch A.D. 11 80, Cadwgawn 12 10, Howel Seys

1352. 2. Strata Florida or Ystrad Fflur, founded by Griffin ap

Rhys. This abbey was in South Wales, what Aberconway was in

North Wales, the burial-place of the Prince and the depositary of

State charters. Its abbats were David A.D. 1180, Seisill 1188,

Kedivor 1220, Joab 1260, Phylip Goch 1280, Einawn Seis, Rhisiart

H2 Ecclesiastical Sketches.

ap Griffith 1407. The Cistercian Menology of Henriquez gives us
on Feb. 13 "blessed Wulfrid " (probably Griffith) "a monk of
Strata Florida, endowed with prophetic gifts." 3. Cwm-hir in
Radnorshire; Meurug abbat A.D. 1180. 4. Lanheir ? 5. Neath;
Lleison abbat A.D. 1 513. 6. Margam; John de la Warre abbat
A.D. 1253, David 1 5 13. 7. Talley or Tal-y-llychau in Caermar-
thenshire. Its abbats were Iorwerth A.D. 12 15, Gruffin 1239,
David ap Ieuan 1519. 8. Caermarthen. Its priors were Kadmor
A.D. 1208, John Mathewe 1427, Griffin William 1524.

Landav diocese: 1. Caerleon, an offshoot of Strata Florida. 2.
Tintern, a daughter of Eleemosyna in France. 3. S. Kymmarch.

4. Ewenny. S. Asaph diocese: 1. De la Pole or Welchpool, a
daughter of Strata Florida. 2. De Valle Crucis or Llanegwestyl
yn Ial, a daughter of Pole, founded by Madawc at Gruffydd
Maelawr, 'an especial founder of monasteries.' [Brut y Tywysogion)
Its abbats were David ap Iorwerth A.D. 1500, David ap Owen
1504, David ap Bleddyn 15 18. 3. Basingwerke, a daughter of
Buldewas, Salop; founded by Henry II. 4. Bangor-iscoed, of early
British foundation. Its abbats were S. Dunawd in the time of
Augustine of Canterbury, Nenna A.D. 1252, Owain 1256. 5.
Strata Marcella in Montgomeryshire. Its abbats were Ithel A.D.
1 1 80, Gruffydd n 90, John ap Rice 1529. 6. Rhuddlan; Anian
prior A.D. 1267. Bangor diocese: 1. Insula Henlis, Ynys Enlli, or
Bardsey island, an abbey in king Arthur's time. Its abbats were

5. Laudatus or Llawddad of Armorica, Gervase ap David A.D.
1377, David ap Meredith 1448, Robert Meredith 1464, John
Conway 1506. A composition made on July nth, 1252, between
the abbat and convent of Enlli on the one part and the secular
Canons of Aberdaron on the other throws light on the Ritual
carried out in remote Wales in the old times. For it appears that
the former had given ' sacerdotal vestments, a silver chalice, and a
missal ' to the church of Aberdaron, and engage to give ' a pound
of incense ' yearly on S. John Baptist's day. {Ms. Harl. 6q6.)
2. Aberconwy, founded by Llewelyn 1st, A.D. 1 198, and translated
by Edward I. to Maenan near Llanrwst. Its last abbat Hugh

Ecclesiastical Sketches. 1 1 3

Price was buried at Saffron Walden in Essex, where Mr. William
Cole saw his brass in 1747, vested in orfreyed cope with a pastoral
staff. {Ms. Cole, Vol. 2*J. Weever } Funeral Monuments) 3.
Kemmer in Merioneth, a daughter of Cwmhir, founded by Llew-
elyn I., A.D. 1209. Its first abbat was Esau. Old Testament
names seem to please the old Catholics as well as the Puritans.
Thus we find Enos Mac Nessa bishop of Connor, A.D. 506, and
Ooliba (Aholibah !) bishop of Angouleme in 892. Its last abbat
Lewis Thomas was consecrated by Cranmer Suffragan Bishop of
Shrewsbury; conformed under Mary, and held an ordination for
Bonner at S. Paul's cathedral, March II, 1542; and died Rector of
Llandwrog in Arvon under Elizabeth in 1560. {Mss. Harl. 6974,
6955.) 4. Arbeln magh ? sic. Does it relate to Abermawddach or
Barmouth and mean Egryn abbey? 5. Beddgelert or the Valley
of blessed Mary of Snowdon, declared by bishop Anian to be M the
oldest religious House of all Wales (except Bardsey the Isle of
Saints), and of the best hospitality to English and Welsh travelling
from England and West Wales to North Wales, and from Ireland
and North Wales to England." [Rymer ad ami. Dom. 1286.) Its
Priors were Madoc A.D. 1286, Lewelyn 1322, John de Leyn 1337,
Ievan ap Bledhyn 1380, Mathew 1390, David Conway last Prior.
6. Nevyn, whose prior in 1252 was William.

There were other religious houses, but mostly alien and
advanced posts of English domination, little connected with the
Kymry. I will here cite only three, the priories of Llanvaes and
Penmon or S. Seirioel of the Isle of Glannauc (called Priestholm)
and the collegiate church of S. Cybi at Holyhead. The priories
were founded by Llewelyn I. Llanvaes ruined in the Welsh wars
was restored by Henry V., " considering that the bodies of the
daughter of king John, of the son of a king of Denmark, of Lord
De Clifford, and others slain in the Welsh wars, rest there." Two
out of eight brethren were to be Welshmen, in order to procure
food for their support. {Rymer ad aim. 1414) Priestholm had
English Priors, Gervase de Bristol A.D. 1309, Thomas Trentham

1413, William Whalley 1444, William Ardescote 1452, John Ingram
o

114 Ecclesiastical Sketches.

1468. Among the Provosts of Kaerkeby were Peter De Abyton
in 131 2, Thomas de Feriby 1390, Richard Clifford 1394. The
chief religious Orders known in Wales were Y Crevydd du, Black
monks or Benedictines; Y Crevydd gwyn, White monks or Cis-
tercians; Y Crevydd troednoeth, Barefooted freres or Franciscans;
Crevydd Ieuan, Knights of S. John or Hospitallers; and Y myneich
cochion, Red monks or Templars. The Hospitallers had land at
Gwanas in Merioneth, A.D. 1285 (Aylqffe, Rotuli Walliae); Edward
II. attached Templars in North and West- Wales, A.D. 1307.

A steady policy of espionage and a perverse mis-use of Church

Patronage was persistently kept up by the Suzerain Norman Kings

to subdue the Kymry. They little recked of

"V the ungodliness and indifference bred by this

Patronage.

wicked policy. The Welsh princes seem to

have incautiously helped it by their donations to aliens. For we
find Haghmon abbey, for example, endowed with lands in Wales
by three of them, one being Cadwaladr brother of Owen Gwynedd.
(Dug-dale.) The bad practice grew from the right of conquest.
Henry III. presents Lawrence de S. Martin to the church of Llan-
badarn-vawr, " in the King's gift, by reason of his conquest of the
lands of Maelgwn of South Wales." (A.D. 1246. Ms. Harl.
6gs7) Master Eudo de Berkeley held the same church, A.D.
1328. In 1361, William de Wykeham holds two prebends in the
collegiate church of Abergwili. In 1368, William Goldwin is
Archdeacon of Caermarthen. Richard II. is the chief offender in
this business, as we might expect from his weak and arbitrary
character. In his luckless reign we have Thomas de More parson
of Tenby; Robert Hallam portionary of Clynnog-vawr; John Sloleye
and Samuel de Wyk archdeacons of Merioneth; Thomas More
treasurer of Abergwili; Henry Chichele parson of Llanvarchell ;
John Innocent precentor of Abergwili; Robert Boleyne precentor of
Landav; William de Hunden parson of Aber; and Thomas de la
Feld parson of Llanrwst. Again, in 141 3, John de Bosco is parson
of Llanrhaiadr, in Bangor diocese; in 1447, Thomas Boleyn pre-
bendary of Abergwili; in 1452, Geoffrey Kemmer parson of Llan-

Ecclesiastical Sketches. 1 1 5

rwst; till the abuse culminates in the appointment of De Puebla
the Spanish envoy to Henry VII. to the Archdeaconry of Llandaff.
(A/ss. Harl.) The Kymry entertained little reverence for such
intruders; we find, for example, A.D. 12 10, Robert of Shrewsbury
bishop of Bangor taken in his church and ransomed for 200 hawks.
This worthy had stolen S. Winifred's relics from Gwytherin to
enrich the abbey-church of Shrewsbury. The last Welsh princes
Llewelyn and David complained to the Pope, that the Archbishops
of Canterbury sent among them English bishops ignorant of the
customs and language of the Welsh, who could neither preach to
the people nor hear their confessions, save through interpreters:
charging them moreover with living luxuriously in England on
the plunder of the Welsh sees, and like the Parthians discharging
the arrows of excommunication while on flight and at a distance.
The Holy See had no relief to afford them. Hildebrand and
Innocent the third were at rest; and Innocent the fourth, of the
Genoese banking firm of Cibo, looked after money.

So enthusiastic a race as the Kymry could hardly be expected
to behold unmoved the innovations, which swept away the pictur-
esque religious observances of more than a

10. The decline of thousand years. Nor again, bearing in mind
Boman Catholicism

in Wales tne cnurc h abuses above enumerated, could

others fail to rejoice in the downfall of their

alien pastors. Nor yet, when once embarked on the dangerous

current of Reformation, could some fail to abhor a course, which,

though prudent, savoured to them of cowardice and time-serving.

Thus we find, that, although the Welsh generally accepted the

changes wrought by the wire-pullers in London, the party of

Recusants or Romanists refusing the tests imposed by the State,

and that of root-and-branch Reform headed by John Ap-Henry,

found room in Wales. No enthusiasm could be evoked by the

cruel end of a Protestant bishop such as Ferrar of S. David's, who

sacrilegiously sold the lead off the roof of his cathedral. The

bishops of the Via Media or Anglican church were sarcastically

told by Sir William Cecil, that " spiritual things were meetest for

1 1 6 Ecclesiastical Sketches.

spiritual men ; their preaching would move the tenants to run after
them to pay their duties." {A.D. I55Q. Cal. of State Papers
Foreign.) In the diocese of S. David's, the bishop reports, A.D.
1583, there was "little popery, but the people were greatly infected
with atheism and wonderfully given over to vicious life." Six
years before, "there were no persons in S. Asaph diocese refusing
or neglecting to come to church." In 1603, there were only four
men and six women Recusants in the deanery of Dyffryn Clwyd.
(Ms. Harl. S94)

In the diocese of Bangor the Roman party was considerable.
A.D. 1570, 'disorderly services' were performed at an interment in
Beaumaris; the parties had all done penance. A secret meeting of
priests occurs in a hidden place, a cave by the seaside about three
fathoms deep, in the county of Caernarvon. In 1594, Mr. Robert
Pughe of Penrhyn, " who keeps a pinnace, dwells on a fortified
rock, and so draws the people to him, that in two parishes near
him scarce three or four go to church." Matters seemed ripe for
a rebellion. Twenty men could take Conway castle in an evening.
One Richard Williams spoke of building " two sconces on a bridge
that passes over a river into Anglesey." Thirty one years later,
Bishop Bayly of Bangor reports to Charles I., that the same party
was audacious, and a stranger lately surveyed the havens. One
hundred men would overrun the Isle of Anglesey. One of the
King's ships would be a great protection. (Cal. of State Papers.)
Shortly before, Father John Roberts of Merioneth, one of the first
Benedictine monks who came on the Anglo-Roman mission to
England, suffered for his zeal. (Reyner, Apostolatus Benedictinus.
Anth. a Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, I.) In 1679, Father David
Lewis and other priests were executed at Usk for exercising their
functions. To say Mass privately was hypocritically called 'pre-
ferring Roman power; ' and the priest was liable to cruel torture
and death.

CHAPTER IX.

MEDIAEVAL LITERATURE OF THE KYMRY.

Whkn we consider the depressed and precarious condition of the
Kymry after their severance from the Roman empire, how for
centuries their ambition was confined to the
' successful assertion of their national independ-

ence, we may be inclined to admire their retention of literature in
any form rather than condemn their barrenness. We might in
vain look for such thinkers as Ockham or Duns Scotus; but the
kindred families of Kelts in Ireland and Britanny supply us with
John the Scot of Erin (Erigena), a wonderful genius for the period
he lived in, A.D. 874, and with the free thinker Abailard, A.D.
1 142. We know too little of Morgant (Pelagius) to fairly estimate
him; but the interest he excited abroad in the fifth century marks
him as a great man, though the true instinct of the Catholic
Church proscribed his teaching. I find no theological remains
save translations. Such is the Book of the Anchoret of Llanddewi-
brevi, Llyvr yr And*, a free rendering of the Elncidarius of S.
Anselm, which in the manner of a catechism gives on the whole
an admirable breviate of dogmatic Theology. Also, in the four-
teenth century, Davydd Ddu of Hiraddug, a priest, produced a very
poetical version of the Office of the blessed Virgin.

The department of Law is fairly represented by the Code of

Howel Dda, A.D. 926, which deals with the

2. Law, Medicine, minutest details of the civil and social life of the

.. ' ," Kymry. Medicine is occupied by the Physicians
culture, Geography, J ' r J '

History. of Myddvai in Caermarthenshire, Rhiwallon and

his three sons, A.D. 1230; of whose work I

1 1 8 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry.

supplied a correct transcript for the latest edition at Llandovery.
A treatise called Kato Kymraeg, 'the Welsh Cato,' probably by
Walter Mapes, relates to Agriculture. Geography is rudely
sketched in Delw'r Byd, a translation of a popular work, the
Imago Mundi. The eastern travels of a Venetian friar, Odrigo da
Pordenone, were rendered into Welsh by Sir Davydd Vychan of
Glamorgan as ' Taith y brawd Odrig yn yr India,' A.D. 1490. In
1270, Edeyrn Davod Aur or Golden-tongue published a Grammar
under the sanction of the Welsh princes. History, in the infant
form of chronicles and declamation, was supported in the seventh
century by Gildas, Nennius, and Tysilio. Later on, A.D. 906, we
have Asser of Menevia, the tutor of king Alfred and bishop of
Sherborne. The Annales Kambriae occur in the twelfth century.
Then in n 52, Brut y Brenhinoedd, the Chronicle of the British
Kings, by Gruffydd ab Arthur, bishop of Llandav, better known as
Geoffrey of Monmouth, partly imitated in Norman French by
Maistre Wace. In 11 56, the Brut y Tywysogion, the Chronicle
of the Welsh Princes, founded on a work of Caradoc of Llancarvan,
and continued down to 1280 by the monks of Strata Florida, as I
think it evident from the minute notices relating to that monastery.
The Story of Gruffydd ab Kynan prince of Gwynedd exhibits the
vicissitudes of a sovereign, Irish by birth and sympathies. In
1 1 70, we have Walter de Mapes, archdeacon of Oxford, son of
Blondel de Mapes and Flora of Llancarvan, Author of Le Roman
des diverses Quetes du Saint Greal, versified by Chretien De
Troyes, and of La Mort d'Arthur, Englished by Sir Thomas
Malory or Maelor, A.D. 1480. In Gerald de Barry or Giraldus
Kambrensis, the grandson of Rhys prince of South Wales, A.D.
1 21 5, Wales possessed a writer whose lively spirit and patriotic
feeling proclaim him one she should be proud of. His Itinerary,
written in attendance on the Archbishop preaching the Crusade, is
a faithful mirror of the manners and feelings of his time.

In the department of legend and fiction, as of poetry, the
Keltic genius luxuriates. The historic Triads of the Isle of
Britain contain notices which descend from primitive national

Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 119

tradition, possibly a portion of the oral teaching

, , of the Druids. Diogenes Laertius (in Proem. 1)

legendary lore.

reports a Triad as theirs, which is found in the

Welsh form also. It enjoins us 1. to worship the Gods; 2. to

do no wrong; and 3. to exercise courage. The Story of Kwllwch

and Olwen seems to belong to a remote antiquity; and the lovely

description of Olwen, the goddess of Nature in "whose steps spring

up four white trefoils, whose " head was more yellow than the

blossoms of the broom, her skin whiter than the foam of the wave,

her hands fairer than the opening buds of the water-lily amid the

small rippling of the fountain," has been pronounced unsurpassable.

{Matthew Arnold, On the Study of Keltic Literature.) The Mabi-

nogion or Juvenile Tales also belong to remote antiquity; but, like

the tales of Arthurian romance, the adventurous spirit was infused

into them by the Normans; the Catholic clergy chastened and

refined their tone. "Of the high-toned sentiments > which breathe

through the Mabinogion, we have no traces in the works of the

bards nor in the civilization of the period." {Thomas Stephens,

Literattire of the Kymry, pp. 411, 417.)

One tale, Kyvranc Lludd a Llevelys, The Reconciliation of
Lud and his brother Levelys, belongs to the pre-Roman period;
another, The Dream of Prince Maximus (Macsen Wledig) relates
to the fall of the empire; a third, The Dream of Rhonabwy, to the
Princes of Powis. The Story of Owain ab Urien (Sir Gawain),
that of Peredur ab Evrog (Sir Perceval le Gallois), and of Geraint
ab Erbin, together with the vast repertory of Y Saint Greal, form
the basis of the Arthurian romance, which was the solace of the
dreary hours in many a castle and even monastery; which helped
the conception of Spenser's Faery Queen and found reluctant favour
with the majestic Milton. Hagiology offers us the Lives of SS.
Beuno, Collenn, and Winifred, and doubtless others now lost.

We may regret that none of the grand creations of the classic

writers of Greece or Rome reached the Kymry in the baldest

translation. Greek must have been unknown;
4. Borrowed legends. and Ladn ^ attainable only in thc debased

120 Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry.

mintage of theology. Virgil must have been studied. He was S.
Cadoc's favourite author, and is known in Welsh as Fferyll. But
I am persuaded that the natural beauties of Homer would have
been felicitously rendered,' when the Kymric speech flowed limpidly
in unpolluted channels. As the fact is, the gross taste of the
middle ages purveyed congenial nourishment. The Story of Dares
the Phrygian (Ystori Dared) told the Kymry the tale of Troy: that
of Hadrian the emperor and Epictetus the philosopher (Idrian
amherawdwr ac Ipotis ysbrydol) served for Ethics; followed up by
the Tales of the. Wise Men of Rome.

The Gospel of Nicodemiis, and the Gospel of the Sunday
(Ebostol y Sul), a pretended letter from Heaven enjoining Lord's
Day observance, traceable to Spain, gratified the taste of the
cloister. The Story of Bevis or Bovo of Hampton (Yst. Bown o
Hamtwn), that of Charlemagne (Yst. Siarlymaen), a work fathered
on Archbishop Turpin or Tilpin of Rheims, and The fellowship of
Amelius and his friend (Kydymdeithas Amlyn ac Amig) belong to
the ages of chivalry. Mr. Lhuyd also mentions the Golden Legend
(Y Llithon Euraidd Legenda Aurea). From that ample storehouse
they borrowed gruesome details of the harrowing of hell and
Christ's triumph over the old serpent, who. as a bard tells,
"boiled in his jaws 700,000 caldrons' full of souls;" "Y sarph
avlawen yn ei enau ydd oedd yn berwi Saith can mil peiriad o
eneidiau." {Gruffydd ab yr Ynad Coch.) Another bard transfers
to Yskolan the penance of Judas Iscariot. Attached to the pole of
a weir at Bangor his feet were devoured by sea- worms: " Edrych
di poen i mi gan mor-bryved ! " Hence the Kymry also learnt to
call the Holy Innocents Y vil veibion, The thousand children, and
S. Ursula and her company Gweryddon yr Almaen, The virgins of
Germany.

Foremost of Kymric poets stands Aneurin, A.D. 590, a prince

of the Otodini-Britons in Scotland, who in the Gododin narrates

the ruin of his clansmen in the fatal battle of

5. Poetry. Cattraeth (Cataractonium). It is, perhaps, the

longest sustained poetic effort of the Kymry, but singularly devoid

Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 12 1

of incident, and, in truth, a string of descriptive panegyrics. His
contemporary Tai.iksix is styled Ben-beirdd, Chief of Bards, which
marks the judgment of his countrymen. But his poems are
disfigured by barbarous affectation and scraps of bad Latin; and
most moderns would with me strongly prefer the elegiac effusions
of Llywarch Hkn, a prince of Cumbria, A.D. 630, the Sir
Lamorack of romance. Very true and tender is his Lament over
his host Kynddylan of Powis; and his fond regret for his bravest
son slain in battle, " Teg yd gan yr aderyn dan berwydd bren Uch
pen Gwen; Kyn ei olo tan dywarch, briwai galch Llywarch Hen."
" Fair is the song of the bird on the apple-tree, above the head of
Gwen: Ere he was laid under the sod, he would bruise the mail of
old Llywarch." Mr. Stephens has laboured to show that the poet
Myrddin Wyllt of Scotland is identical with Myrddin Emrys
(Martinus Ambrosius); but Giraldus found a copy at Nevyn of
Merlin Wyllt, " long sought for and desired." {April p, 1188.
Itiuerar. Kambriae.) The same meritorious critic has assigned to
a later period the Stanzas of the Months attributed to Aneurin; I
will only notice their resemblance to those found in the old
Editions of the Kalendrier des Bergers, e.g. Paris, 1499. From
the seventh to the twelfth century was the Dark Age of Kymric
poetry; in its murky womb was slowly maturing the monster of
Alliteration, as Mr. Stephens humourously puts it. The true
poetic spirit reposed in the cloister. Bernard of Morlaix, a Breton
and kinsman of the Kymry, wrote his lovely Sequence ' Hie breve
vivitur,' the original of the now popular hymns, ' Brief life is here
our portion/ and ' Jerusalem the golden.' And a very free Welsh
translation of the Vent Creator Spiritus, ' Tyr'd Yspryd Sanct,
Creawdwr byd, bydoedd Eur-nav,' is found in the Llyvyr yr Ancr.
From the twelfth century till now there is an uninterrupted series
of poets of varying merit, who struggled in the bonds imposed by
their pedantic ancestors. It will suffice to notice Howel ab Owain
Gwynedd, prince of North Wales, A.D. 1130, Irish on his mother's
side, a charming fellow and a genuine unaffected poet; Gwalchmai
ab Meilyr, A.D. 1 1 60, whose war-song was admired by Bishop

122 Mediaeval Liter attire of the Kymry.

Percy; Davydd ab Gwilym, A.D. 1370, the amatory poet of

Wales; and Lewys Glyn Cothi, A.D. 1470, an ardent partisan of

the House of Lancaster.

Although I may not be qualified to pass judgment on this

rough lyre of wild Wales, and have already intimated my small

respect for its artificial bonds and excess of

6. Suggestive Alliteration, I will not omit a brief notice of
character of Kymric . , TTri _

poetry- lts su gg estlve character. When Tahesin sings,

" Neud garw hin, Pan yw gorvaran twrv tonau

wrth Ian ? " we are reminded of the melodious strength of Homeric

Greek or the poetic vividness of old French prose-writers, such as

Paradin. [Cronique de Savoie.) And in fewest words he suggests

the spring by " Pan yw dien gwlith, A briallu a briwddail,"

' When the dew is fresh, and the primroses and tender leaves.'

Alliteration is sometimes happily employed, as by Meredydd ab

Rhys; " Treisiaist goed am eu trysor, Tymhestyl, a mawr gwestyl

mor," ' Thou hast rifled the wood for its treasure, Thou tempest

and great whistle of the sea.' And by Davydd ab Gwilym, " Y

gwynt, ystyrmant yr ystormydd," ' Thou wind, the instrument of

the storms.' Llewelyn Vardd writes, " Ym mher Aber-Menwenver

ucher echwydd," ' In the sweet estuary of Menwenver of tranquil

evening;' a picture in a single line like the cvScieAos 'lOaKrj of the

Odyssey: and Gwalchmai " Addvwyn dyddaw dwvr dychwardd

gwyrdd wrth echwydd," ' Charmingly glides the dimpling green

water at evening.' Davydd ab Gwilym calls the snow ' lledrith

blawd gwenith,' an illusion of wheaten flour; and the verdure of

the earth is ' casul hav,' the chasuble of summer. The ceremonies

of the Church inspired men's imagination. In his Song of the

Blackbird the same bard describes the sweet bird singing at dawn

like a silver bell, celebrating Mass (cynnal Aberth) till the hour

when vapours have cleared off. In following the order of the

Church's offices, he strikes the note that lingers tremulously in

Herrick's lovely lines to the Daffodils. Another bard sees in the

primrose an image of the consecrated Hostia (avrllad).

It has been remarked that the poetic spirit of the Kymry is

Mediaeval Literature of the Kymry. 123

better seen in some prose remains than in the stiff artificiality of
the bards. Mr. Matthew Arnold appears to

7. Picturesque admire the euphonious names of places, such
names of the British

Kelts as "ehndre, Caernarvon, &c. Let me draw

attention to the wealth of poetic surnames
among the Kymry of the Middle Ages. Such are Gwineu Deu
vreuddwyd, 'of the two dreams;' Kynvas curvagl, 'of the gold
staff; ' Dyvrig beneurog, ' golden head ; ' Davydd esgid-aur, ' of the
golden buskin;' Gogan g/eddyv-rhudd, ' of the ruddy sword;' Padr-
ogyl pa/adr-dde//t, ' Patroclus with the shivered shaft;' Rhiwallon
ivallt-banhadlcn, ' broom-head ; ' and Sandde bryd-ange/, ' Alexander
of angelic beauty.' (Owen, Cambrian Biography.) The Bretons
have fortunately retained the beautiful names of their fathers: the
Welsh, seeking conformity with the English, have lost them; and
by their adoption of Puritanism have taken up many of the mis-
pronounced and misunderstood names of the old Hebrews, as if a
return to Judaism was the crowning glory of Christianity.

CHAPTER X.

LATER LITERATURE OF WALES.

If we accept a certain aptitude for re-producing an exhausted stock
of ideas, then we must acknowledge some merit in the numerous
bards and poetasters of Wales since the Reformation period. But
I prefer reminding the reader of men who, now greatly forgotten
in Wales, are more interesting and better merit attention. Their
writing in English or Latin and for a wider audience should not
deprive Kambria of the merit of her sons. We have then

i. Sir John Prise, who wrote a ' Description of Kambria,'
A.D. 1553.

2. William Thomas, Clerk of the Council to Edward VI.,
author of a 'History of Italy' in black letter, A.D. 1554, a rare
and valuable work, and the first on that subject published in
England, full of racy old English.

3. Griffith Roberts, already mentioned, Vicar General of S.
Carlo Borromeo Archbishop of Milan, Author of ' Dosbarth byrr i
ramadeg Cymraeg,' dedicated to William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
and Lord of Cardiff, who himself spoke the Welsh tongue purely;
published at Milan, A.D. 1567.

4. Maurice Clennock or Morys of Clynnog, bishop-elect of
Bangor, Rector of the English College at Rome, Author of a
manual of Christian doctrine, Athrawiaeth Gristnogawl, printed at
Milan, A.D. 1568. It contains expositions of the Creed, the
Pater, the Ave Maria, the Salve Regina, the Ten Commandments,
the Five Commandments of the Church, the Seven Sacraments,
the Eight Beatitudes, the Works of Mercy, and the Rosary or

Later Literature of Wales. 125

Fifteen Mysteries of Our Lord, five joyful, five sorrowful, and five
glorious.

5. William Salisbury, Translator of the New Testament into
Welsh, A.D. 1567.

6. Humphrey Llwyd of Denbigh, Author of a History of
Wales, founded on the Welsh of Caradoc of Llancarvan, A.D.
1568.

7. William Morgan bishop of S. Asaph, the first Translator of
the holy Bible into Welsh, A.D. 1588.

8. Robert Gwynne, a Roman Catholic priest, Translator of
Parsons' Llyvr y Resolusion into Welsh, " a book much used and
valued among the Welsh people," A.D. 1 59 1 .

9. John Penry of Brecknockshire, too well known as the
writer of the Martin Mar-prelate tracts, the spirit of which a single
title reveals, ' Pap with an hatchet or a fig for my godson,' A.D.

1593-

10. Sir Roger Williams of Penrhos in Monmouthshire, a writer
on military science, A.D. 1595.

11. Captain William Middleton of Gwaenynog near Denbigh,
the first Translator of the Psalms into Welsh metre, A.D. 1595.

12. Thomas Churchyard of Monmouth, Author of a poem
'The Worthiness of Wales,' A.D. 1604.

13. Michael Drayton, the poet of 'the Poly-Olbion,' though
English, a warm Philo-Kambrian; whose knowledge of Welsh
topography was as correct as it is remarkable, A.D. 1631.

14. John David Rhys, an accomplished Italian and Welsh
grammarian; A.D. 1609.

15. John Owen 'the Epigrammatist,' of Llanarmon in Caer-
narvonshire, A.D. 1622.

16. Sir John Wynne of Gwydyr, Author of highly interesting
Memorials,- A.D. 1626.

17. Lewis Bayley of Caermarthen, bishop of Bangor, Author
of a once popular Manual, 'The Practice of Piety,' A.D. 1632.

18. John Philips, bishop of Man, Translator of the Bible into
Manx, A.D. 1633.

126 Later Literature of Wales.

19. Doctor John Davies of Malhvyd, the Latin- Welsh lexico-
grapher, A.D. 1644.

20. Rhys Prichard, Vicar of Llandovery, Author of a popular
book in verse, called Canwyll y Kymry or the Candle of the
Welsh, A.D. 1644.

21. Edward, Lord Herbert of Chirbury, the Philosopher, A.D.
1648.

22. Thomas Vaughan, the Rosicrucian, writing under the name
of Eugenius Philalethes, A.D. 1665, whose Platonic disquisitions on
the soul anticipate some fine passages in Wordsworth's great Ode
on Intimations of Immortality.

23. James Howell of Jesus College, Oxford, the first Historio-
grapher Royal, a lively and agreeable writer, A.D. 1666.

24. Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt, the learned antiquary and
collector of Welsh manuscripts, A.D. 1667.

25. Henry Vaughan of Usk, brother of Thomas Vaughan,
self-styled the Si'/uri'st, an exquisite poet, whose lines on the
Pre-existence of the Soul may worthily compare with Wordsworth's
grand Ode above referred to, A.D. 1695.

26. Edward Lluyd of Chirk, the learned Author of ' Archae-
ologia Britannica,' and Wales's most judicious antiquary, A.D.
1709.

27. Ellis Wynne, Author of Bardd Cwsg, ' the Bard of Sleep,'
a popular work in Welsh after the manner of the Visions of Don
Alonzo de Quevedo, A.D. 1720. Mr. George Borrow has Englished
the work incorrectly as ' the Sleeping Bard.'

28. William Baxter of Llanllugan in Montgomeryshire, nephew
of the saintly Richard Baxter, Author of a Dictionary of British
Antiquities, A.D. 1723.

29. John Gambold of Haverfordwest, a Moravian bishop, Author
of some fine sermons, A.D. 1 771 . William Gambold, A.D. 1700,
was the author of an English- Welsh grammar.

30. Theophilus Evans of Llangammarch, Author of a popular
abstract of Welsh history, Drych y Priv Oesoedd or ' The Mirror
of the Early Times,' A.D. 1775.

Later Literature of Wales. 127

31. Thomas Pennant of Downing in Flintshire, the happiest
of descriptive tourists, A.D. 1794.

Lastly, I gratefully commemorate Owen Jones of Myvyr and
Doctor William Owen Pughe, to whom we owe the preservation of
the Kambrian language and antiquities.

Shakespeare, as the Poet of humanity, presents the multiform

aspect of the thought of Man, not of any special race or family;

so it is no arrogance to claim for the Keltic

i. Keltic race a 5]^,^ } n hj s thought and sentiment,

influence on modern

literature ^ nc * ^ s0 > tne P rox i m ity ar, d political position

of the Kymry indicate them rather than the
Gael or Irish as the source of the Keltic strand in the many-
coloured web of Shakespearian thought. To enjoy the exquisite
proofs of the presence of that strand in Shakespeare, I must refer
the reader to Matthew Arnold's sympathetic account in his book of
1 Celtic Literature.' For the romantic, the unexpected, the revel-
ation of tender sentiment as by a lightning-flash of intuition, the
perception of the beautiful in evanescent forms and dew-drops of
thought such traits betoken the stirrings of Keltic genius. Spenser,
having chosen the mould of Middle Age romance for the production
of the Faery Queen, thereby adopted the creations of Keltic
thought; and in his delineation of King Arthur transports us to
Merioneth, where the silver Dee springs under ' Rauran mossy
hoar ' and old Timon reared his famous nursling. Drayton lingers
delighted among the torrents of Cambria, and like the Kelts pre-
sents a fairy vignette in a couple of lines. We owe ' the Bard '
of Gray to the enthusiasm created at Cambridge by Mr. Parry the
harper, who " scratched out such wild ravishing music as set the
learned academicians dancing."

Whether Macpherson invented Ossian or improved on Gaelic
fragments matters little, so it be granted (as it must) that he
caught the true ring and inspiration of Keltic poetry; his poem,
for poem it is and a grand one, inflamed the imagination of
Napoleon; and Oscar became an honoured name in the House of
Bernadotte. The learned few, such as Ussher and Stillingfleet, had

128 Later Literature of Wales.

long before done justice to the British Church; but the tide of
prejudice slackened, when Wotton edited the Laws of Howel Dda,
Sharon Turner vindicated the Bards, and Sir Francis Palgrave
investigated the records of Wales. The conception of Childe
Harold is akin to the wild self-assertion of Llywarch Hen, unsub-
dued as yet to the perfect beauty of sentiment and colouring of
Tennyson's lines ' Tears, idle tears,' &c. De Musset's fine stanzas
depicting autumn betray a Keltic feeling. Sir Walter Scott's
imagination was saturated with Keltic poetry: he was unfamiliar
with the Kymry, and failed comparatively in ' the Betrothed.'
Southey's ' Madoc ' shows at least his appreciation of the wild
charm of that romantic legend. Wordsworth loved Wales and its
scenery, as a true mountaineer could not fail to do. His glorious
Ode on Immortality, which saith that " trailing clouds of glory do
we come From God who is our home," echoes the Platonic strain
of Thomas Vaughan, who attributes the waywardness of the soul
to her dissatisfaction with aught but God, from Whom at first she
descended; " if she fancies herself in the midst of the sea, presently
she is there, and hears the rushing of the billows" this Words-
worth expands into one of the finest passages in the Ode. Lady
Charlotte Guest opened to the English reader the rich casket of
gems locked up in the Mabinogion. William Barnes, the Dorset-
shire poet, has written honestly and fairly about the Kymry. The
German Zeuss has established the basis of Keltic philology: De
Courson in his History of the Bretons has in part traversed the
field of Welsh antiquities; De la Villemarque is an enthusiast in all
that appertains to his race; while De Belloguet has left admirable
fruit of patient and critical research.

In quitting my subject, I invite the reader to contemplate the

last home and character of this old Kymric race, ere the effacing

fingers of modern Progress have marred its

, , **y lineaments beyond recall. The true Welshman
and character. '

will still applaud the outburst of enthusiasm in

the lines of Howel ab Owain Gwynedd:

Later Literature of Wales. 129

Carav ei br/Jedd braint hywredd, A'i diffaith mawr-vaith a'i maranedd ;

Carav ei morva, a'i mynyddedd, A'i chaer ger ei choed, a'i chain diredd,

A'i dolydil, a'i dwvyr, a'i dyffrynedd, A'i gwylain gwynion, a'i gwymp wragedd."

' I love her regions with their gift of heroism, her vast solitude and strands:
I love her sea-land and her mountains, her fort by its wood and her bright

lawns,
Her dales and water and valleys, her white seagulls and her fair women.'

No later guide-book has surpassed in interest Leland's minute
gossip concerning the castles and abbeys, whilst there was yet an
1 Abbat of Whitland ' to welcome the tourist and draw his regard
to ' some praty pile longging to ould Syr Rhece.' Drayton (A.D.
1 631) was quite at home in Wales, though he may have learnt his
lore from his patron 'Master John Williams, goldsmith, of London,'
who seems to have opened the path more boldly pursued by the
noble furrier of Thames Street, Owen Jones of Myvyr. A little
later (A.D. 1639), Thomas Johnson the botanist traversed North
Wales, and recorded his impressions in elegant Latinity. A chemist
on Snow Hill, London, his classic taste converted Mynydd Bychan
in the home of storms (so he terms the most westerly point of
Merioneth) into Mi/viv fiapeiav. Another amiable naturalist, John
Ray, is full of sympathy with the Welsh, whom he pronounces
' generally ' to be " extremely civil and well bred, very honest and
courteous to strangers." (A.D. 1658. Itinerary?) Two Venetian
envoys to the English court (A.D. 1 53 1 , &c.) reported somewhat
differently. Saith one, they " are given to larcenies, and boast of
being the true aboriginal Britons:" saith the other, "The Welch-
man is sturdy, poor, adapted to war, and sociable (conversevole);"
and "far above all, tall of stature, and robust." (Venetian State
Papers) In the eighteenth century Herring bishop of Bangor,
one of Myrddin's ' Esgyb anghyvieith, diffaith, diffydd,' on his
primary visitation, " rode intrepidly, but slowly, through North
Wales to Shrewsbury; and in a place of the most frightful solitude
(Beddgelert ?) a harper drew about him a group of figures, that
Hogarth would give any price for." (letters. Sept. 11, 1739.)
The poet Dyer, a native of the Towy-side, has in his ' Grongar

130 Later Literature of Wales.

Hill ' depicted the milder beauties of Kambria. When Dr. Clarke
reached the summit of Parnassus in Greece, it resembled Kader-
Idris in Wales, with its crater and large pool of water. [Travels.
Dec. 76, 1801.) Samuel Johnson was never an admirer of Nature;
but Caernarvon Castle surpassed his expectations, and he even
discovered that the Welsh language was not inharmonious in a
pulpit discourse. [Diary of a Journey in North Wales.) Cadair
Idris and Penmaenmawr find notice in Wordsworth's 'Excursion;'
the first discharged lava three feet deep as lately as 1769. [Annual
Register. June 75.) Wordsworth records with admiration ' the
sea-sunsets of the Vale of Clwyd,' and " the sublime estuary of
Barmouth, which may compare with the finest of Scotland, having
the advantage of a superior climate." [Memoirs of W. W. } Vol.
IL. } p. 125) While Queen Victoria, whose artistic judgment all
admit, is reported as saying that " the scenery surrounding Pale
(in Merioneth) was brighter than that in Scotland at Balmoral."
The Standard. August 28, 188Q.)

.31

APPENDICES

w^

APPENDIX. No. I.

GREEK-K Y.MRIC VOCABLES.

AaskO) to hurt = gwascu, to press.

Ablcchros, incomplete, weak = avlwyr.

Abrotc, night = abred, the unseen world.

Abyssos, the deep = aphwys ; Sanskrit, avisha, the ocean ; Irish,

aibheis.
Ac/ieo, to suffer pain = achwyn, to complain.
Ac /mat, chaff = chwyn, weeds.
Achnymai, to complain or be vexed = achwyn.
Achos, grief = ochaiti, to groan.
Ade/os, uncertain = annilys.
Adranes, a wretch =y druan.
Ael/a, a gale = awe/.
Ageiro, to drive, e.g., cattle = gyrru.
Agcli\ a herd = /'/, hiliogaeth, seed, posterity.

= haig o bysgod, a shoal of fishes.

Ag/aoSf fair = glan; aglaon hydor, dwr gldn.

Agotu'a, a wrestling = egni, force, intense effort.

Agrios. wild = agarw.

Aigi'a/os, aigialon, a sea- beach =g/aun.

Ailinon, a dirge = allwynin, sorrowful.

Aipys, high = e/>ynt, a slope.

Airomat, to carry = arwedd.

Akares, a dwarf = korr.

Akcomai, to heal = iachan.

134 Appendix. No. I.

Akos, healing = t'dck, sound.

Akoustikc, hearing = gosteg, bidding to hear or to be silent.

Akroaomat, to hear = gwrando.

Aktc: Demeteros akte (Hesi'od), a crop of com=atgen y ddaear,

the fruit of the earth.
Aktin, a sunbeam = echtywynnu, to glitter.
Aleo, to grind = main; chwalu, to scatter.
Aleipho, to besmear = llyvu, to lick; gw/yb, moist.
Ah'sgeo, to po\\ute= ha/ogt.

Allochroeo, to change colour, to fade = l/ygru, to corrupt.
Alios, another = all, second.
Alysco, to avoid; alalco, to ward off=gochel.
Amaldyno, to corrupt = mallu.
Amblyno, to blunt = ambylu.
Amblys, blunt = ambwl.
Ameter, a husbandman = antaethwr .
Ametros, immeasurable = anveidrol.
Amphi, around = am.

Amphibrochos, washed over = amvrochus, foamy.
Amphilyke nyx, night dawning into day (Homer) = nos amlwg, a

clear night.
Amyno, to ward off = amwyn.
Anagraphe, a copy = anghraifft, a sample.
Anangke, necessity = angen.
Anchi, near to = wngc and agos.
Aner, a man = ener, natural.
Anerithmos, countless = aneiriv.
Anogo, to urge = annog.
Ao, to flow = aw-on, a river.
Apeileo, to threaten = bygylu.
Apene, a chariot or wain = menu, y venn.
Araios, infrequent = arav, slow.
Arche, a beginning = dechreu.
Archo, to bid = erchi.
Arctos, a bear = arth.

Appendix. No. I. 135

Argaleos, difficult = erchyll, horrible.

Arithmos, number = rhiv.

Aronrai, acres = erwri.

Askopera, a scrip =ysgreppan.

Aspis, a shield = aes.

Asyphelos, injured, hence bashful = swil.

Atar and autar, but = eithr.

Athreo, to see = athraw, a teacher, one who sees or who knows.

Atmetios {Homer), a slave = adyn, a wretch.

Attn and Tetta {endearing terms in Homer) = tad, father.

Atyzo-atychtheis, terrified = dychryn, fright.

Andao, cud, 1, to utter a cry = dywawd, say thou.

Attde, a cry = gwaedd.

Atiete, a shout = gwaedd.

Attge, light = awch.

Auo, to dry up = gwywo.

Aurion, to-morrow yvoru.

Baios, little = bdch.

Bambaino, to babble = baban; Italian, bambino, a baby.

Baptizo, to baptize = bedyddio.

Bapto, to dip = boddi, to drown.

Bart's {Josephus), a king's palace =prain.

Beio, to live = byw.

Belemnos, a bolt = bliv.

Belos, a bolt = bollt.

Bex, bechos, a cough =peswch: also, beichio, to hiccough.

Bios, K bow = bwa.

Biotos, a living = bywyd, life.

B/aisos, stammering = bloesg.

Bombaino, to buzz = bwhwmman.

Bora, food = bar a, bread.

Boreas, the north wind = bhr, violence.

Boubalos, a buffalo = bual.

Bottle, counsel =pwyll, discretion.

136 Appendix. No. I.

Bou/esis, will = etvyllys.

Bounos, a hill = bann, bryn.

Bous, an ox = bu.

Brachion, an arm = braich.

Bradys, slow = braidd, scarcely.

Bremo, to roar = brevu, to low.

Briar os, strong = breyr, a baron or mighty man.

Broche, a loud sound = broch.

Brycho, to chafe = brochi.

Bryion, moss = bnvyn, rushes.

Bythos, depth = bedd, the grave.

Kaballes, a horse = keffyl.
Kakos, evil = kachiad, a coward.
Kados, a cask = kadw, to keep.
Kainos, kainon y new = hoen, fine.
Kalamos, a reed = kalav.

Kaleo, to call = galw : kalessa, I called = gelwais.
Kalon, fair = gldn.
Kalos, fair = glwys.

Kalypto, to hide = kelu : kelyddon, coverts.
Kamatos, labour = keimiad, a wayfarer.
Kampto, to bend = kammu.
Kanachizo, to knock = knoccio.
Kangkanos, dry = kaingc, a branch.
Kangchrys, barley = bar a kannrhyg, rye bread.
Kantharos, a pitcher = kann.

Kapane, the cover of a carriage = kavnu, to hollow.
Karanos, the head or skull = karan or garan.
Karkinos, a crab = krangc.
Kardia, the heart = krai.
Karpalimbs, instantly = kyvlym, swiftly.
Karteros, strong = kadarn.

Kazo, ekekasto, ' he had the trick of managing ' the spear {Homer)
= Aast, a trick.

Appendix. No. I. 137

Kutccho, to detain = kadw.

Kathairo, to cleanse = karthu.

Kathcdra, a chair = kadatr.

Kaulos, pot-herbs = kawl, potage.

Kedet'os, dear = ku.

JCedo, to assail = kydio.

Kelainos, black = ke/at'n, a livid object, a corpse.

Keleuo, to bid, call on = galw ar.

A'ni/iio, kcntiin, to pierce = gwanu.

Knitron, a spur = Armoric, qttentr; Welsh, gottoyw.

Keraizo, to waste = kcryddu, to chastise.

Kercho, to curl = krychu.

, to scold = keccru.

Kerchnos, quarrelsome = keccrus.

Kcrdeon {Homer), better = goreu.

Kerdon, a cobbler = krydd.

Keryx, a crier, a herald = crt\ a cry.

Kestos, a girdle = kest, the stomach.

Keutho, to hide = kuddio; Sanskrit, Kiid y to cover.

Keyx, a kingfisher =gwyac/i 1 waterfowl.

Kt'bdeleuo, to deprave (coin) = kribddeiliaw, to extort.

Kichetni, to pursue = kychwyn, to start on a journey.

Kinados, a fox = kadnaw.

Kinco, to move = egi'no, to sprout.

Kirkos, a circle = kylch, and kyrch.

Kistc, a chest = kist. Kithare, a guitar = krwth.

Klados, a branch =ysg/odyn, a chip.

Klaio, to weep = wylo.

Klazo, to cry aloud = llais, a voice.

K/eio, to lock up = kloi.

Klema, a bough = kloven.

K/eoSy glory = glew, brave.

Klino, to bend towards = glynu, to adhere.

, to bend or give way = kilio.

Klotnax and Kolone, a knoll = klogwyn.
R

138 Appendix. No. I.

Kloneo, to crowd = glynu, to adhere.

Klozo, to sibilate = clock, a bell.

Klyo, to hear = klywed.

Klyster, a syringe = chwistrell.

Klytos, renowned = glyd, a lord.

Klyzo, to wash = golchi.

Knaio, to bite = knot; Armoric, naff, to gnaw; Welsh, newyn,

famine.
Knemi, to shear = kneivio.
Knetho, to rub = knithio.
Kokkos, a red dye = koch, red.
Kokkyx. a cuckoo = kdg.
Koile, a gaol = geol.
Koilos, hollow = gwyll, spectres. The Persians term their evil

spirits Ghoids.
Kolone, a hill = klogwyn.
Kolouo, to maim = klwyvo.
Komizo, komizein, to carry = kywain.
Kompos, display = kamp, an exploit.
Kompsos, elegant = gwymp.
Konie, fine white dust = gwyn, white.
Konos, a. cone = konyn.
Korax, a raven = kryg, hoarse.
Koros, a boy = korr, a dwarf.
Korthyo, ' to lash ' into foam (Homeric with regard to waves =

korddi, to churn.
Korymbos, the topmost sprout = koryn, the head.
Koryphe, koryphen, the top of the head = koryn.

, a conclusion = gorphen, to finish.

Kouphon, light =ysgavn.

Kourmi, ale = kwrwv.

Kradaino, to shudder = krynn; and kryd, a fever.

Kradao, to shake = kryd, a fever.

Kraipna, quick = krap (olwg), at a glance.

Kranion, the skull = kreuan.

Appendix. No. I. 1 39

Kratos, strength = kadr, strong, valiant.

Krauge, a cry = kriccied, a cricket.

JCreas, kreatos, flesh = knawd.

Krt'os, a ram = Irish, kaor; preserved in the Welsh kor-lan, a

sheepfold.
Krizo, to cry = krto.
Krige, a creaking = kryg, hoarse.
Kroaino, to clatter = krynu, to shake.
JCrouo, to knock = kuro.
Ktypos, a din = wbwb.
Kyaiios } dark blue = gwinau.
Kykdo, to disturb = gwg, anger.
KykJos, a circle = kylch.
Kyllos, bent = M/, narrow.
Kyma, a wave = cftwyv, a swell.
Jfymbe, a bowl = kwmm, a combe or hollow.
Kynee, a helmet = Gaelic, kean, head ; W. pen.
Kynidion, a whelp = kenau.
Kyo, kyso, to kiss = kusanu.
Kyon, a dog = hi.
Kypellon, a cup = hwppan.
Kyrtos, short or squab = korr, a dwarf.

C/iairo, to sport = chwarae.

Chaite, hair = kudyn, a lock of hair.

C/ialaino, to loose = gollwng.

Chalkon, brass = alka?i, tin.

Charadre, a waterfall = rhaiadr.

Chazo, chade, to allow or permit = gadael.

Chei/os, the lip = gwevl.

Cheimoiiy winter = gauav.

Chele, a pair of tongues = gevel.

Chcras, gravel = graian.

Cherros, rough, desert = gerwin.

Chleuazo, to mock = hellwair.

140 Appendix. No. I.

Chliaros, lukewarm as klaear.
Cholos, lame = kloff.
Choiridion, a little pig = kardydwyn.
Chorde, a string = kortyn.
Choreuo, to dance = chwarae.
Choros, a choir = kor.
Chroys, chroyn, skin = krocn.
Chthes = echdoe, yesterday.

Dai'o, to burn = deivio, to singe ; diva, to consume.

Dakno, to bite = knoi; also dygn, painful.

Dakrya, tears = dagrau.

Darthano, to fall asleep = dar-hun.

Das, dados, a torch = dydd, the day.

Dasys, thick = das, a haystack ; Sanskrit, dhasas, a heap.

Deka, ten = deg.

Dcesis, a request = deisyv.

Deiknyo, deiknyeis, to show = dangos.

Deile, evening = tywyll, dark.

Deleo, to delude = twyllo.

Delo, to bait = da/a, to catch.

Demos, fat = tew.

Deomai, to beseech = deisyv.

Depseo, to bake = toesi.

Deriao, deriaasthon {Homer), to contend = taeru, to aver conten-

tiously.
Derko, to behold = edrych.
Dero, to flay = torri, to break or rend.
Deron, long ago = hir.
Deyro, hither ! = dyred, come here !

Diaeta, diet, or Diota, a drinking cup = diawd, diod, drink.
Dikella, a fork or prong, i.e., an irregular weapon = dichell, deceit.
Dinai, the eddies of deep water = dwvn, deep.
Do (for doma Homer), a house = ty.
Dodeka, twelve = deuddeg.

Appendix. No. I. 141

Dolos, deceit = twyll.
Drakon, a dragon = draig.
Drimys, pungent = trwm, heavy.
Dryinos, oaken = derwen, an oak.
Drypto, to tear = dry //to.
Drys, dryn, an oak = derw.
Dyno, to dip = dwvn, deep.
Dyo, two = dan.

Ear, the spring = ir, fresh, green.

Ekei, there = accw .

Echeo, echein, to scream = ochain.

Echetle, a plough-handle = haeddc/.

Echos, a scream = aich.

Eeldomai, to desire = ewy//ys } will.

Egeiro, to wake = agor, to open.

Eido/on, an image = dclw .

Eidos, appearance = gwedd.

Eilapine, a feast or merry-making = //aw en, merry.

Et/eo, to eddy = cnwy/, wheel.

Ei mi, I am = wyv.

Eimi, I go = mi a &v.

Eipe, he said = eb eve.

Eirgo, to enclose = argae.

Ei/a, after that = wedi.

E/aion, oil = e/t\ ointment.

E/ao, to chase = he/a.

E/aphos, a stag = e/ain, a doe.

E/asson, less = //at'.

E/auno, to drive = erlyn.

Elektor (Homer), the sun = hylathr, dazzling.

Elcphantos, an elephant = o/ijfant.

E/entheros, liberal = helaeth.

E/innyo, to tarry =g/ynnn, to adhere to.

E/itha, copiously = Ihoyth, a load.

142 Appendix. No. I.

Emplastron, a plaister =plastr.

Emplen, beside =ymyl.

En (Doric, em), in =yn.

Enkykleo, to surround = amgylchu.

Enkylindeo, to surround = Armoric, englennaff, to stick to; Welsh,

glynnu.
Endon, within =ynddo.
Engys, near = wng and agos.
Enipe, reproach = enllib, slander.

Entha, here ; entha kai entha, here and there = yna, there.
Erannos, amiable = eirian, fair.
Eremos, quiet = arav, slow.
Ereundn, to search = olrheam.
Ergao, eorga, to do = ev a orug, he did.
Erike, heath = gryg.
Erinnys, a fury = arynnaig, fear.
Eris, strife = gwrys.
Erizomai, to strive = ymryson.
Erbe, eroes, a stoppage = aros, to stay.
Erythros, red = rhudd.
Ethos, habit = gwedd.
Eti, yet = eto.
Etor, heart = torr, belly.

, courage = hyder.

Enaldes, effectual = hyull.
Euboulos, well advised = hybwyll.
Eukelos, quiet = hygel, obscure.
Euklees, renowned = hyglod.
Enkolos, simple = hygoel.
Eukraes, well-tempered = hygrawn.
Eukyldos, well-rounded = hygylch.
Encharis, pleasing = hygar.
Eicchole, a vow = golwch, prayer.
Euaelos, conspicuous = hywel.
Eudromos, of free course = hydrytn.

Appendix. No. I. 143

Eulabcs, dexterous = hylaw.

Eu/ampros, splendid = hylathr.

Eufytos, fragile = hylithr.

Eumathes, well-nurtured = hyvaith.

Eumeides, joyous = hyvaidd, bold.

Eumenes, amiable = hyvwyn; or, hywcn, smiling.

Eutnetros, skilful = hyvedyr.

Eunflo, to sleep = httno.

Enne, a bed, sleeping-place = htiti, sleep.

Eunous, indulgent, kind = hynaws.

Euphron, pleasant = hyvryd.

EuphronZ, night = hyvrwyn.

Eup/ekes, intricate = hyblyg.

Euporos, well-supplied = hyborth.

, expert = hyfforddus.

Euprepes, handsome = hybryd.
Eys, strong = hy, bold.
Eufe/es, cheap = hydal.
Euteyktog, easy, pliable = hydwyth.
Euthales, luxuriant (as to foliage) = hyddail.
Eutharses, confident = hyderus.
Euthraustos, easily shattered = hydraidd.
Eutribes, friable = hydraidd.
Eutrocha/os, easily rolling = hydreigyl.
EutycheSy lucky = hydwg.

Galene, a calm after a storm = goleuni, light.

Gamphelai, the jaws = gavae/, a hold.

Ganos, joy = hoen.

Ganymai, to be glad = /leiniv, joyous.

Gasier, the stomach = gest; also costre//, a bottle.

Gauros, fierce = cawr, a giant.

Gegoneo, to speak loud = keg, the mouth.

Genethle, a race or nation = kencdyl. Genys, a chin = gen.

Geranos, a crane = garan.

144 Appendix. No. I.

Geron, an old man = gwr hen.

Geythmos, a taste = chwaeth.

Ginglismos, a tickling = goglais.

Glaukos = glds, gray, as in caseg las, a gray mare; green, as in

cae g/ds, a green field ; blue, as in awyr las, a blue sky.
Glenea, gems = glain, ornaments.

Glichomai, to desire voluptuously = gwlychn, to moisten (the lips).
Glypho, to scrape = llyvu, to lick.

Gnampto, to curry; also gnapto, to shear = hieivio, to shear.
Gnotos, manifest = honnaid.
Godo, to wail = gwaeddu.
Goe'ros, lamentable = goer, cold.
Gonia, a corner = congl.
Gbos, woe = gwae.
Grapho, to write or scratch with a metallic stylus = hravn, to

scratch; also argraffu, to print.
Grays, an old woman = gwrdch, a hag.
Gripaomai, to scratch = kripio.
Grypos, bent = hrwbach, a crook.
Gryzo, gryzein, to grunt grydian.
Gymnos, stript, naked = gwyn, white.
Gyne, a woman = given, fair.
Gyros, bent = gwyro, to bend.

Habros, delicate = arab, gentle.

Hades, the unseen world = hadau, seeds, atoms, the lowest state of

existence.
Halatos, salty = hallt.
Halios (Doric Greek), the sun = haul.
Halt's, enough = gwala, satiety.
Halisho, to drag or catch = llusgo.
Hallomai, to leap = llammu.
Haloo, to catch = hela, to hunt.
Hals, salt = halen.
Hamalos, soft = meddal.

Appendix. No. I. 145

Hamilla, wrestling = amaclyd or ymavlyd.

Hap to, to touch = haeddti.

Hebt (Doric, Habd), bloom = hdv, summer.

Hekyros, a father-in-law = chwegr.

Helko, helkeis, to drag = kwyso, to turn up clods.

Helos, a nail = hoel.

Hesperos, evening = gosper.

Hesychia, quiet = heddwch.

Hex, six = chwech.

Hikanos, enough = digawn.

Holkos, a furrow = kwys.

Ho/os, whole = ho/I.

Homalos, alike = haval.

Horos, a border = goror.

Hyalon, glass = glain, beads.

Hye/os, glass = uvel, a sparkle.

Hygieia, health = inch, healthy.

Hypnos r sleep = hint.

Hypselos, lofty = uchel.

Hys, a sow = hwch.

Iachein, to groan = ochain.

Iallo, to speed = hivylio.

Iaotnai, to heal = iachau.

Ichor, a thin fluid = ichivr.

Ide (in Ionic Greek), forest {Herodotus) = gwydd.

Idia, property = eiddo.

Idioma, idiomatos, speech = iaith.

Jdmen (Doric Greek), we know =givyddom.

Ilys, dregs, mud = il, sediment.

lues, nerves = gwyn, aching.

lorkos {Oppian), a roe = iwrch.

Ion, oh ! = ow!

Ites, daring = ehud, rash.

Ixys, a leg = gwtsgt, nimble.

146 Appendix. No. I.

Labros, vehement = llawer, abundant, multitudinous.

Lachne, fine down = gwldn, wool.

Laltma, breadth = llydan, broad.

Laleo, elalesa, to speak = Mat's, a voice.

, to talk = lol, babbling, idle talk.

Lamyros, eloquent = llavar, sonorous.

Laos, a people = lliaws, a throng; and //, a host.

Larynx and laukania, the throat = llwngc, swallow.

Lasho, to speak = Hat's, a voice.

Lathra, secretly = llathrudd, a clandestine abduction.

Lathraios, stealthy = lladradaidd.

Laura, a broadway = llawr, a floor.

Lechomai, to couch = llechu.

Lechos, a bed = lloches, a covert ; and llechu, to lie hid.

Lego, to cease = gollwng, to drop.

Leianeo, to smooth = llyvnhdu.

Leibo, to lick = llyvu.

Leinton, a meadow = llyvn, smooth ground.

Leirion, a lily = elestr.

Lepros, withered = lleipr.

Leukos, white = llewych, light.

Leusso, to look = gweled, gwelsom.

Lilaiomai, to desiie = ewyllys, will.

Limne, a lake = llyn.

Lix, an ancient Greek name of the earth {Clemens Alexandrinus) =
llwch, dust.

Lobetos, maimed = llabi, awkward.

Lochao, to lay an ambush or snare = llechu, to lurk.

Lochnie, a lurking-place = llechva.

Loigos, pestilence = llwg.

Lophao, to cease ; and loipos, what remains = llqffa, to glean, rem-
nants.

Lygros, wretched = llwgr; llygru, to corrupt.

Lyma, dirt = llyvi.

Lymd, a pestilence = klwyv, a disease.

Appendix. o. I. 147

Lythros, clotted gore = l/uttrod, mire.
Lyttao, to madden = llidio, to be angry.

Ma, an adverb used in swearing ; e.g., Ala ton Dia, by Zeus or

God = myn Dnw.
Afakar, happy = mygr, fair.
Alakros, long = mawr, great.
Ma/a, very = gwala, enough.
Afalachos, soft = meddal.
Alalatto, to soften = meddalu.
Miileros, consuming = malurio, to grind small.
Alalthakos. soft = meddal.
Alalthao, to soften = meddalu.
Mandra, a sheep-fold = mangre, a dwelling-place.
Maniake, a necklace = mwnwgl, the throat.
Afanos, rare = man, minute ; and main, thin.
Maraino, to wither = merwinaw, to be stupefied.
Afarmairo, to glow = marwor, hot cinders.

Marnamai, mamasthai, to fight = ymomestu, to combat mutually.
Mekedanos, lengthy = maith, long in duration.
Aledo, to possess = meddu.
Megaron, a house = amogawr, a shelter.

Afegas tyrannos, a great prince = mech-dcym, a lord paramount.
Aleilisso, to sweeten = meluso.
Afeis, a month = mis.
Meleos, wretched = gwael.
Melinos, apple-coloured = melyn, yellow.
Afe/on, a sheep = mil, an animal.
Alelpo, to sing = maw/, praise.
Menio, to resent = monni, to be sullen.
Menoinao, to wish for = mynnu, to will.
Menos, mind = mynnu, to will.
Menyo, to indicate = mynegi.
Merimnao, to care = merwino, to throb.
Mermerizo, to reflect = myvyrio.

148 Appendix. No. I.

Meros, a thigh = morddwyd.

Meta, after = gwedi.

Metaxy, betwixt = mysc.

Methiemi, to remit = methu, to fail.

Methy, strong drink = medd, mead.

Methysos, drunken = meddw.

Mz'kkos, little = bychan.

Miltos, scarlet dye = mellt, lightning (?).

Miskelos, abjectly poor = musgrell.

Mokao, to mock = moccio.

Monarcha, a sole ruler = mimer

Moros, destruction, death = marw, to die.

Mychos, a dark covert = mwgwd, blindfold.

Mydao, to rot from moisture = mzvydo, to grow wet.

Myelos, the marrow = miwail, soft.

Myrias, myrtados, ten thousand = myrdd.

Myrmex, an ant = myr and mor-gryg.

Myrfos, a myrtle-tree = myrtwydden.

IVakos, a fleece = hm.

Naio, naiein, to inhabit = kyvanneddu.

JVaos, a temple = neuadd, a hall'.

Necho, to swim = novt'o.

Net'atos, young = newydd, new.

Neottia, a nest = nyth.

Nephele, a cloud = nivwl.

jVetko, to spin = nyddu.

JVotis, moisture = tiddd, sap.

Obe/os, a wimble = ebill.

Oka, quick = tocc.

Okeanos and ogen, the ocean = eigiawn.

Okrioeis, jagged = ochrog.

Okys, quick = og, active.

Ocketo, he went = aeth.

Appendix. No. I. 149

Ochlyzo, ochlisseian, to dislodge = lluchio, to fling.

Ochthco, to repine = ocheneidio, to sigh.

Ode, an ode = awdl.

Odyrmos, wailing = godwrdd, noise.

Oida, I know = adwacn, to ken.

Oideo, to swell = chwyddo.

Oigo, to open = agor.

Oima, motion = chwyv.

Ottos, sorrow = govid.

Olios, wealth = alav.

Olene, the elbow = elin.

Olisthlros, slippery = llithro. to slip.

Ollymi, to lose = colli.

Ololygmos, lamentation = gwylovain.

Olophyromai, to lament = galaru.

Oneidizo, to reproach = dannod.

Onyx, a nail = ewin.

Ophello, to augment = llwyddo, to prosper.

Orchamos, a prince = gorchav.

Ornis, a bird = aderyn.

Ornymi, to rouse = orti, fear.

Oro, to urge = gyrru.

Oros, a mountain =gor, high, that which overtops.

Orymagdos, a war-shout = gorwaedd.

Otheo, to push = gwthio.

Otryno, to urge, to press = godro, to milk by pressing the cow's

udder.
Oulos, wild = gwyllt.
Oxys, sharp = awchus.
Oyranos, the sky =y wybrcn.
Ozos, a branch = osgl.

Paio, to beat =pwyo.

Paipalc, fine dust =paill, farina, meal.

Palton, a javelin =paladr, a spear-shaft.

150 Appendix. No. I.

Pas, every one =pawb.

Patio, to cease =peidio.

Pedon, the ground = bedd, the grave.

Peiko, to pick wool =pigo.

Pelagos, the deep sea = gweilgi.

Pelekys, a bill or hatchet = bilwg.

Pempe (Aeolic Greek), five =pump.

Pephno, to kill =paffio, to beat.

Pepto, to bake ; Sanskrit, pdta, fire =poethi, to heat.

Pemlmi, to barter =prynu, to buy.

Petalon, a leaf = deilen; dail, leaves.

, page = dalen.

Peteinos, a bird or flying thing = edn, a wing.

Petroselinon, rock-parsley = persli.

Phailone, a cloak =ffaling.

Pheidomai, to spare =pez'dz'o.

P/ierbo, to feed =porthi.

Phlao, to splinter =J?aw, a flaw.

Phobos, phobon, fear = ovn.

Phoiton, they kept coming and going {Homer} =ffwdan, an ado.

Phor, a marauder =fforio, to foray.

Phorbe, a pasture =porva.

Phrazo (Doric, phrasdo), to speak = ffraeth, eloquent.

Phrix {Homer), a ripple = crych, crisp.

Phylatto, to guard = gwylied.

Pikros, bitter = chwerw.

Plax, a plank plane.

Plethos, a crowd =plith, the midst; and llwyth, a tribe.

Plinthos, a brick = peithyn, a slate.

Plouteo, to be rich = llwyddo, to prosper.

Polemos, war plymnwyd, a conflict.

Polos, a pole =pawl, polyn.

Polos, a foal = <W.

Pompholyx, a bubble =pwmpyl, a knob or rising; bwmbwl, a bubble.

Porphyre, purple = porphor \

Appendix. No. I. 151

Porrho, far off=pe//.

Posoi, how many? =py saw/?

Posti's, a door post =p6st.

Pote, ever = byth.

Poterion, a drinking-cup =pot.

Pons, podos, a foot; Sanskrit, pada, a foot = haw d, a thumb.

Pressomen, let us set about it =prysurwn.

Priamai, to buy =prynu.

Prinos, an oak -=pren, a tree; Sanskrit, parnin.

Proi, early = boreu, morning.

Ptai'ro, to sneeze = bytheirio.

Pyrgos, a tower = bwrck, a rampart.

Rhadios, easy = rhdd, cheap ; rhawdd, easy.

Rhaphe, a suture = rhdff, a rope.

Rheethron, a stream = r^af, a ford.

Rhegmin halos, the surf or breaking of the briny sea = rhwyg-vin

heli.
Rhegnyo, to tear = rhwygo; and rhygnu, to saw.
Rhenchein, to snore = chwyrnu.
Rhe'o, to flow = rnedeg, to run.
Rhetre, a compact = rhaith, an oath.
Rhezo, rhexas, to do = gorug.
Rhigos, chill = rfow, frost.
Rhiknos, wrinkled = rhygn, a notch.
Rhimpha, freely = rhwydd, free.
Rhin, a nose = trwyn : also r^p, headland.
Rh'nes, nostrils =ffroenau.
Rhinos, skin = kroen.
Rhion, a headland = rAp.
Rhiza, a root = gwraidd.
Rhodon, a rose = rhudd, red.
Rnoge, a rent = rhwyg.
Rhoma/eos, strong = rpt>.
Rhongchos, a snoring = rhwngc.

152 Appendix. No. I.

Rhydon, abundantly = rhwydd, free.
Rhyomai, to deliver = rhyddhdu.

Sabakos, rotten = swbach, withered.

Sathroo, to shatter = sathru, to trample.

Satto, to load = sadell, a pack-saddle.

Skate, the left hand = aswy.

Skairo, to leap or dance = esgeiriau, legs.

Skelos, a leg = hegyl.

Skia, a shadow = kysgod.

Skorpizo, to scatter = gwasgaru.

Skotos, darkness = kysgod, shadow.

Skyleno, to strip a prey = ysglyvaethu.

Sky Ion, a prey =ysglyv.

Skymnos, a whelp = kyw, a chicken.

Skythros, difficult =ysgythredd, rough rocks; and ysgyrryd, rough.

Semnos, venerable = hen, old.

Sibyne, a. lance = saffwy.

Smycho, to smoke or smother =ysmygu

Sphalma, unluck = ffalm, gwynt ffalm, a whirlwind.

Sphyron, the ankle -=.ffer.

Sporas, sporades, scattered =yspred, refuse.

Stachys, an ear of corn = tywys.

Sterxis, natural affection = serch.

Stonachos, moaning =ystuchan (transposed syllables) = to complain.

Stratagema, a stratagem = y strange.

Stygeo {Homer), to fear = gostegu, to command silence.

Synedrion, a synod = seneddr.

Tachys, quick = tocc, soon.

Tagos (a Thessalian term for ' chief '= tywyssawg.

Talaos, miserable = tlawd, poor.

Tanyo, to spread = tanu : also tan.

Tarasso, to disturb = dyrysu.

Tarbeo, to scare = tarvu.

Appendix. No. I. 153

Tarbos, a fright = tarv.

Tartaros, the place of darkness = tarth, a vapour.

Tasso, to order = tywyso, to lead.

Te [Homer. Odyss.), here, take it = hwde.

Tege, a house = ty.

Teino, to stretch = tynnu.

Te/e, far off =///.

Te/cios, perfect; and telentaios, final, complete = te/ediw, beautiful.

Te/eo, to pay or discharge = ta/u.

Te/eiotes, perfection = teledt'wrwydd, beauty.

Te/os, a tax = to//, custom.

Teretron, an auger = taradr.

Terso, to dry up = tes, heat.

Thego, to whet = hogi.

Thews, an uncle = ewythr.

Theorema, a sight, a view = trem.

Theriakc, a medicament = triag/.

Thermal, warm baths = ennaint twymyn; i.e., unguenta tcpida.

Thermaino, to warm = twymno.

Thermos, hot = tes, heat.

, = terwyn, white heat, violent.

Thin, a sandy beach = tywyn.

Th/ao, to shatter; and tho/eros, violent =s dii/io, to knock.

Tho/os, a hole = tw//.

Thorax, the breast = torr.

Thoresso, to arm = trwsio, to array.

Thorybos, a tumult = twrv.

Thouros, brave = dewr.

Thrasys, harsh = traws, stern.

Thrano, to knock = tar aw.

Threnos, lamentation = truan, miserable.

Thryganao, to rub = rhugno.

Thrypto, to relax = trwyth, dissolute.

Thyclla, a storm = tywy/l, dark.

Thymos, temper = tymmer.

154 Appendix. No. I.

Thyreos, a door = dribs.

Tilos, manure = tail.

Titaino, to pull = tynnu.

Titrao, to pierce = treiddio; and trwyddo, through.

Titthe, the mother's breast = teth.

Tityskomai, to make ready = tidaw, to attach {e.g., a team); tywyso,

to lead ?
Tomos, a cut = tarn-maid, a morsel.

Tonos, tension, and tonthrys {Hesiod), commotion = tonn, a wave.
Tonthorys, a loud noise = dwndwr.
Toreo, to perforate = torri, to break.
Tomeuo, to turn = turnie.
Tree ho, to run = rhedeg.
Tromeros, trembling = trwm, heavy.
Tropos, a turn = tro.

Trypkos, a fragment = torri, to break; try w ami, to pierce.
Tn de (Doric for su de), thou too = tydi.
Tymbos, tymbon, a tumulus = tommen.
Tynchano, to befall = tyccio, tyceiant, success.
Typhlos, blind = tywyll, dark.
Typho, to singe = deivio.
Tyrannos, a prince = teyrn.
Tytthon {Homer), a little = tippy n.

Zeo, to boil = sio, to simmer.

Leibniz, Adelung, Ottfried Mtiller thought it was the Keltic
that supplied to the Latin the non-Hellenic portion of that lan-
guage {De Belloguet). Some primitive speech appears to have
affected the Greek as well; as may be inferred from the lost sound
known as the Digamma, and from the non-Hellenic forms found in
geography. The Kymric presents some reasonable claim to be that
speech.

APPENDIX. No. II.

LATIN-KYMRIC VOCABLES.

Ab, from = mab, a son, offspring.

Abbas, abbat-is, an abbat = abaci.

Abrado, to scrape off = bradw, worn away.

Abscns, absent = absennol.

Abstrnsus, perplexed = astrus, crabbed.

Ac, and = ac.

Accentus, accent = accen.

Accersior, to fetch = kyrchu.

Accipiter, a hawk = hebog.

Accresco, to increase = achrwys.

Acer, sharp = egr, hagr.

Acerbus, bitter = chwcrw.

Acernns, a maple-tree = masarn.

Acridus x bitter = echrydus.

Aculeus, a sting = kolyn.

Acuo, to sharpen = hogi.

Acus, a needle = awch.

Addisco, to learn = addysg, learning.

Addo, to add = addu, to proceed.

Adduco, adduxit = addug, he brought.

Adeo, to approach, adii'it = acth, he went.

Aditus, a passage = adwy.

Admissus equus, a stallion = amws.

Admttto, to admit = addewid, a promise.

Adnoto, to annotate = adnodi.

156 Appendix. No. II

Adoleo, to worship (with burning of incense) = addoli.

Adorior, adortus, to attempt = adorth, studious.

Adorno, to adorn = addnrno.

Adoro, to worship = addoli; properly corresponding with adoleo.

Adparo, to prepare = darparu.

Adsono, to echo = adseinio.

Advena, a stranger = advan.

Adventura, an adventure = antur.

Aedilis, a Roman officer charged with the reparation of public

buildings = adeiladu, to build.
Aequor, the sea = hoeg, sea-green.
Aerumna, originally a fork to hang things on ; in a derived sense,

' trouble ' = rhwym, bound.
Aes, aer-is. brass = air, brightness.
Aetas, an age = oed.
Affectio, affection = affaith.
Afflictio = avlwydd, misfortune.
Ager, a field = acr, an acre.
Agnus, a lamb = oen.
Alienus, an alien = aliwn.
Alius, another = ail, second, a match.
Allegoria, an allegory = allcg.
Alluvio, an inundation = lliv.
Alodium, a freehold = anlloedd, wealth.
Aloe, aloes = elyw.
Altare, an altar = allawr.
Alius, high = gallt, a steep.
Amarus, bitter = avar, grief.
Ambigo, to doubt = ammheu.
Ambiguus, doubtful = ammheuus.
Ambio, to surround = ambwyaw .
Amictus, clothing = amdo, a shroud.
Amnis, a river = avon; in Sanskrit, avani.
Amoenus, pleasant ; in the Quichua of Peru, munay, love ; in

Sanskrit, many a = addvwyn, agreeable.

Appendix. No. II. 157

Amp/itudo, fulness = antledd.

Amp/us, ample = ami.

Anachorcta, a solitary = ancr.

Anchor a, an anchor = angor.

Angc/us, an angel = angel.

Angor, anguish = angau, death.

Angulus, a corner = hong/.

Anhelitus, breath = anad/, anciently anhclit.

Animal, a living thing = anivail.

Annuo, to beckon = amnaid, a nod, beckoning.

Aperio, to open = ebyr (applied to the opening of flowers, &c).

Apex, a point pig.

Ap/uda (a Sabine term), coarse flour (A. Ge/lius) - blawd, fine flour.

AppeUo, to appeal to =ymbil, to entreat.

Apprehendo, to catch the meaning of something = amgyffred.

Aposto/us, an apostle = aposto/.

Aprilis, April = Ebrill, the opening month.

Apius, fit = addas.

Aqua, water = ach.

Aratrum, a plough = aradr.

Area, a chest = arch, an ark, a coffin.

Archidiaconus, an archdeacon = archddiagon.

Archicpiscopus, an archbishop = archesgob.

Arduus, lofty = hardd, comely.

Argentnm, silver = ariant, arian.

Argumentor, to reason = argymmhennu.

Aries, ariet-is, a ram = hwrdd.

Arma, arms, instruments = arvan.

Armarium, a press or aumbry = almari.

Aro, to plough = aru, arcdig.

Articu/us, an article = erthygl.

Arvum, a field = eriv, an acre.

Ascendo, to climb = csgyu.

Asinus, an ass = asyn.

Asperitas, sharpness = aspri, mischievousness.

158 Appendix. No. II

Assula, a spar = astyllen.

Astutus, politic = astud, studious.

Atrox, savage = ethrych-wyllt.

Attempero, to season = ardymheru.

Attrecto, to touch = adrywedd, the scent that hounds follow in

hunting.
Auceps, a fowler = hebog, a hawk.
Auctor, an author = awdwr.
Auctoritas, authority = azudurdod.
Audeo, to dare = beiddio.

Aula, a court of justice = hawl, a claim at law.
Aura, a breeze = awyr, air.
Auratus, golden = euraidd.

Auriphrygium, orphreys, the ornament of a cope = gorffreis.
Aurora, the dawn = gwawr.

Aurum or ausum, from the Sanskrit ush, to burn, gold = aur.
Austerus, severe = astrus, crabbed.
Avidus, greedy = awyddus.
Avis, a bird = avais.
Autem, yet, beside = hi autem, they too, hwythau; me autem, me

too, minnau; eum autem, him too, yntau; haec autem, she too,

hithau; nos autem, we too, ninnau.
Auxilium, help = achlus.
Axilla, an arm = asgell, a wing.
Axis, an axletree = echel.

Bacca, a berry = bach, small.

Baculus, a staff = bagl.

Bajulo, to carry = baich, a burthen.

Balaena, a whale = balaen, steel. Perhaps a metaphor.

Bancus, a bench = maingc.

Barba, a beard = barv.

Baro, a soldier (emphatically, a man) ; in Low Latin, a baron =

breyr.
Basia, kisses = bus, gwe-vus, a lip.

Appendix. No. II 159

Batuo, to beat = baeddu.

Baxea (Plautus), a wooden clog = bacsio, to tramp.

Bclua maris, a sea beast = morvil, a whale.

Bcncdictio, blessing = bendith.

Benedictus, blessed = bendigaid.

Beneficium, a loan of land conferred by the emperor on the Roman

veterans; thence, a feudal tenure or feoff; lastly, a boon or

benefit = benffyc, corrupted into benthyg.
Bestia, a beast = bwyst-vil.
Bibo, bibit-um } to drink =yved.
Blatero, to prate = baldordd.

Bonitas, goodness; hence, nobility = bonedd, noble descent.
Brassica, cabbage = bresych.
Brevis, short = byrr.

Brockus, having jagged teeth = br6ch, a badger.
Bruma, winter = barrug, a cold mist.

Brusca [Pliny), a gnarled knob in a maple tree = brysg, a mark.
Brutus, brutish = brwnt.
Bucca, the cheek = bdch.
Bufo, bufon-is, a toad = llyffant.
Bursa, a purse =pwrs.
Buteo, a buzzard = bdd y gwerni.

Cado, to fall = codwm, a fall; and cwyddo, to fall.

Caducus, falling = caddug, darkness attending sunset.

Caedes, slaughter = cad, battle; kcd, havock.

Coldarium, a caldron = callawr.

Calendae, the first day of a month = dydd Calan.

Calidus, warm = clyd.

Calix, a cup, a chalice = caregl, in the latter sense.

Calico, to ken, to be able=gallu.

Callidus, crafty = call, shrewd, knowing.

Callus, hardened flesh = calcd, hard.

Calx, lime = calch.

Camisia, a shirt = casmai.

160 Appendix. No. II.

Campus, a field = campau, games of athletes.

Camurus, crooked = cam.

Cana/is, a channel = canaw/, cano/, middle.

Cance/ti, rails = canghcU, a chancel of a church.

Cande/a, a candle = cannwyll.

Candeo, to whiten = cannu, to bleach.

Candidus, white = cannaid.

Cano, to sing = canu.

Canonici, canons of cathedrals, originally men living under religious

rules = kynhonwyr .
Cantilena, a song = cathyl.
Cantor, a singer = cantor.
Canus, hoary = cann. Canutus = canwy.
Capellanus, a chaplain = caplan.
Caper, a goat = gavr.
Capio, to snatch = hipio.
Capistrum, a snaffle = kebystr.
Capitanctis, a captain = capten : not cadben, a battle chief, a term

of distinct origin.
Capitolavium, head- washing on Maundy Thursday = dydd Ian

1 Cab/yd:
Capihdum, the chapter of a cathedral = cabidwl.
Cappa, a cope or mantle worn in quire = cappan cor.
Captivitas, captivity = caethiwed.
Captivus, a captive = caeth.
Career, a prison = carchar.
Cardo, car dinis, a hinge = corddyn.
Caritas, caritat-is, affection = cariad, love.
Carpentum, a chariot = carvan, a beam; kerbyd, a chariot.
Carrus, a car = carr.
Cams, dear = car, a kinsman.
Casens, cheese = caws.
Cassns, worthless = eds, odious.
Castanea, a chestnut tree = castanwydd.
Castellum, a. castle = caste//.

Appendix. No. II. 161

Castigatio, punishment = kystydd.

Castigo, to punish = kystwyo.

Castrum, a camp or fort = caer.

Casula, a chasuble or priest's vestment at mass = casul.

Catena, a chain = cadwyn.

Catus, a cat = cath.

Caucus, a bason = cawg.

Cauda, a tail = c6d, cwd, a bag; cwtta, short.

Can/is, pot-herbs = caw/, broth.

Caussa, a cause = achaws.

Cavea, cavella, a coop = catvell, a hamper.

Cavo, to hollow out = cauo.

Cavum, a hollow, a cave = ogoi>: cavn, a trough.

Cavus, hollow = can : gau-brophwydi, ' false ' prophets.

Kcdo, to give way = kadw yn 61.

Kclla, a cell or pantry = hell: gwin-gell, a wine-store.

Kelo, to hide = he hi.

Kenttim, hundred = cant.

Kenturio, a centurion = canwriad.

Kera, wax = cwyr.

Kerasus, a cherry tree = keiroes.

Keres, the Latin goddess of corn ; hence ' cereal ' crops = keirch, oats,

the cereal proper to the North.
Kervix, the neck = gwarr.
Kervus, a stag = kanv; plural, keirw.
Kiborium, a cupboard or cabinet = kib, a pot.
Kibus, meat = kibau, husks.
/Cicatrix, a scar, craith.
Kiker, vetches = keirch, oats.
Kicur, tame = gwdr.

Kicuta, hemlock = kegid; analogous to cocl, hollow.
Kingulum, a girdle = kengl.
Kippus, a stock = kyff.
Kircueo, to circle = kyrchu.
Kivitas, kivitat-is, a city, a state = h'wdawd, a people.

1 62 Appendix. No. II

Clades, a slaughter = lladd, to slay.

Clamo, clamare, to shout = llavar, loud.

Clangor, noise = clegyr, to cackle.

Clams, br'ght = claer, llary.

Claudo, to enclose = clawdd, a fence or wall ; claddu, to hide or

bury.
Clandns, lame = cloff.

Clanstrnm, a cloister or close, a confined place = elds.
Clava, a club = clwppa.
Clavis, clavem, a. key = allwedd.
Clavns, a nail = clan, secure.
Clemens, gentle - llyvn, smooth.
Clocca, a bell = cldch.
Cludo, to shut up = cuddio.
Clunis, the hip = ctiin.
Coadnno, to unite = hyttuno.
Cochleare, a spoon = llwy.

Coctum; e.g., aurnm coctum, refined gold = coeth, aur coeth.
Codex, the stump of a tree, a wooden board, a book originally

made of boards = coed, wood.
Coecns, blind = coeg, vain.

Coena, a dinner or principal meal = Tciniaw and cwynos.
Conors, cohort-is, a band of soldiers = gosgordd, a train.
Columba, a dove = colommen.
Columna, a pillar = colovn.
Coins, a distaff = cogail.
Collatio, a setting together = kyvladd, suitable.

, and collatae pecuniae, an impost = kyllid, income.

Collatro, to bark = kyvarth, 'by transposition.'

Collis, a hill = col, a projection.

Colloco, to arrange = Icyvlen; (in a secondary sense), to hire = kyvlogi.

Collnceo, to shine forth = hyvlwg, luminous.

Collnctor, to struggle with = kyvhtdd, to hinder.

Comedo, to eat =kyvedd, to feast.

Comedere, comesse = hyvysn, to consume.

Appendix. No. II 163

Comes, coin it-cm, a partner = kydwcdd.

, a companion = kydymaith.

Comitas, courtesy = kyweithas.

Comitatns, a train of followers = kymdcithas.

Comitinm, an assembly = cwmmwd, a commot.

Commeatns, a supply of provisions = menedd, possessions.

Commcndo, to bequeathe = hymmynu.

Commcnsurattis, suitable = kymmhesnr.

Commercium, exchange of wares = kyngwcrthydd.

Comminatio, threatening = kymmincdd, battle.

Comminno, to break to pieces = kymmynu, to hew or chip.

Commisceo, to mingle = kymmyscu.

Commoda, advantages = kyvoeth.

Commodo, to reconcile = kymmodi.

Commodus, advantageous = kymmhwys.

Commotio, disturbance = kymmwy.

Commovco, commotum, to stir = kyvodi, to rise.

Communio, the Holy Communion = Kymmun.

Communis, common = kyvnn.

, wonted = kynnevin.

Compages, a setting together = kyvagos, close.

Compar, a mate = hymmhar.

Comparo, to get up or set in order = kywciriaiv.

, to compare = kymmharu.

Compello, to compel = kymmhell.

Compleo, to complete = cwhlhau.

Complctio maris, the sea-tide = kymmlawdd mdr.

Complcxus, complex = kymmhlyg.

Compono, to comprize = kyffrcd; whence the term Kyffredin (vulgus),

the Commons, all comprized or reckoned together.
Compono, to arrange = kymmoni.
Compositns, set in order = kymmhwys, meet.
Comprchendo, to take up = kymmeryd.
Comprobo, to approve = kymmhrwyaw, to advantage.
Comedo, to grant = caniattau.

164 Appendix. No. II

Conkentus, harmony = Tcynghanedd.

Concilio, to gather together = kynnull.

Concilium, a council = cwnsli.

Concino, to agree = kynghanu.

Concordia, an agreement of minds = kynghor, counsel.

Concordo, to agree = kyd-gordio.

Concresco, to grow up = kynnyrchu.

Conditio, a disposition = kynneddv.

Condo, to lay up, to hide = cuddio.

Conduco, to bargain = kynnyg.

Conducti milites, hired troops = kyndod, a band.

Confectio, a making up = kyffaith, dressing of leather.

Confero, contul-i, to collect = kynnull.

Confessio, confession = kyffes; e.g., gldn gyffes, the Sacrament of

Confession. Kyffes Ffydd, a Confession of Faith.
Confinis, a border = kyffin.
Confiteor, to confess =kyvaddev.
Conformo, to conform = kydffurvio.
Confortor, to succour = kymhorth and kynnorthwy.
Confrater, an associate = kymmrawd.
Confremo, to ring again = kyffroi, to wake up.
Congeries, a heap = kyngherth, entangled.
Congestum, heaped up = kynghest.
Congrcdior, to meet = kynghreiriaw, to confederate. Also, to engage

in battle = kyhydreg.
Conjicio, to guess = kynnyg.
Conj'ux, a wife, a partner = kywedd.
Connitor, connixus, effort = kynnudd, growth.
Consecro, to hallow kyssegru.
Consensus, agreement = kysswyn.
Consentior, to agree = kydsynied.
Consilium, counsel = kyssul.

Consolido, to solder or to join together = kyssylltu.
Consolor, to comfort = kyssuro.
Consonus, agreeing = kysson.

Appendix. No. II. 165

Constralum, covered = kyvystrawd, a saddle.

Constringo, to bind tightly = kystrin, secrecy.

Constructio, grammatical construction = kystrawen.

Contendo, to strive = kyndynn, a man of strife.

Contention strife = kynnenn.

Couticeo, conticui, to hold one's peace = kynnhewi.

Contineo, to hold or contain = kynnwys.

Continuus, holding together = kyttnn.

Contorquco, to writhe or twist = kynddeiriawg, furious with emotion.

Contraho, contractus, a contract = kyvathrach, alliance.

Contrarius, adverse = Armoric, contraul ; Kymric, kythraul ; the

Adversary, the Antiquus Hostis or Old Enemy, as S. Gregory

the Great calls the Devil.
Contribulo, to vex = kythryblu.
Contribution a grant = kynnhreth.
Contrudo, to crowd = kythrudd, perturbation.
Contundo, to bruise = kystuddio: to afflict, kymmhwyo.
Conturbatio, disturbance = kynnwrv.
Conhirbo, to disturb = kynnhyrvu.
Convcntus, a convent = cwveint. Also, kenvaint vocn, a herd of

swine.
Cofiverro, to sweep clean = kyweiriaw.
Converto, convertit, to exchange = Icyngwcrthydd, what is given in

exchange.
Cojwictus, living in common = kyweit/ias, society.
Co-opertura, a cover = cwvert.
Copula, a couple = cwpl; cwvl, an embrace.
Copulatio = cov/eidio, to embrace.
Coquina, a kitchen = kegin.
Coquus, a cook = c6g.
Cor allium, coral = cwrel.
Corium, leather = croen, skin.
Cornus, a cornel-tree = cwyros.
Cornu, a horn = corn.
Corona, a crown = coron.

1 66 Appendix. No. II.

Corpus, a body = corph.

Correctio, a setting right = kyvraith, law. Also, a rebuke = kerydd.

Corrigia, a shoe-latchet = carrai esgid.

Corylus, a hazle-tree = collen.

Costa, a rib = cost, a side, a coast.

Coxa, the hip = coes, the leg.

Crassus, heavy = eras, high baked : bras, thick.

Crates, cratella, a grate = gradell, a gridiron.

Creator, the Creator = Creawdwr.

Creatura, a. creature = creadur.

Creber, thick, frequent = r/iev.

Credo, to believe = credit.

Creo, to create = creu.

Cribellum, a rake = cribell.

Cribrum, a comb = crib.

Crinis, hair = rhawn, horse-hair.

Crispus, curley = crisb and crych.

Crudelis, cruel = creulawn.

Crudus, unripe, unseasoned = cri, raw; croyw, fresh.

Crumena, a leathern purse = croen, skin.

Cruor, gore = crau.

Crus, a leg = esgair.

Crux, a cross = crvg; in later times, croes.

Crystal/us, crystal = crisial.

Cubile, a bed = gwely.

Cubitus, an elbow = cuvydd.

Cuculus, a cuckoo = c6g.

Cucullus, a cowl = cwccwll; and cochol, a cloak.

Culices, flies = kylion.

Culpa, a fault = cwl.

Cultellus, a knife = hyllell.

Cutter, a coulter or plough-share = cwlltwr.

Cultus, cultivation = coledd.

Cumulus, a heap; hence in a derived sense, a cloud = cwmmwl.

Cuneus, a wedge = cun.

Appendix. No. II, 167

Cufiicu/us, a cony or rabbit = cwningeu.

Cupa, a cup = cxvppan.

Cupidus, covetous = kybydd, a miser.

Cuprum, copper = copr.

Cttra, care = cur, ache.

Currens, aqua, a stream = kerhynt.

Curro, to run = gyrru, to drive.

Currus, a car = carr.

Cursus, a course = cwrs.

Cur tots, short = cwtta; corr, a dwarf.

Curvum, crooked = crwmm.

Curvus, bent = gwyr.

Cuspis, the point of a spear = cospi, to punish.

Cutis, the skin = cwd, a bag.

Chrismatio, the Sacrament of Chrism or Confirmation = Crysvad.

Dama, a doe = gavr danys, through the French dain.
Damnum, loss = damwain, hap.
Debeo, to owe = dylcu.

, debet, it is owing = devawd, custom ; deddv, law.

Debitois, due = dyledus.

Decanus, the Dean of a cathedral church = dcon.

Decido, to fall out, to happen = digwyddo.

Declaro, to clear up = disgleirio, to shine.

Decuma, the tenth or tithe = degwm.

Decuplum, the tenth = czvbl, entire.

Decus, grace, comeliness = teg, fair.

Defectus, a defect = diffyg.

Defcndo, to defend = diffyn.

Deficio, to fail = diffygio.

Dcfiuo, to flow forth = dylivo, to drip.

, to proceed = dcilliaw.

Defodio, to bury diffodd, to quench.
Deinde, thence = oddi yna.
Deitas, the Godhead =y Duwdod.

1 68 Appendix. No. II.

Deleo, to blot out = dileu.

Deletum, blotted out = dylaith, death.

Deligo, to chuse = dethol.

Delineo, to mark out = dilyn, to follow.

Deliquium, a fainting fit = llewyg, llwgva.

Delubrum, a shrine = delw, an image.

Demando, to require = dytnuno.

Demeto, to cut down corn = diweddu, to finish.

Demo, to take away = diddymmu, to abolish.

Demoneo, to summon = dyvynnu.

Dens, dent-is, a tooth dant.

Densus, thick = dwys.

Denude, to strip = dynoethi.

Denuo, again = dyna.

Dependeo, to hang down = dibyn, a precipice.

, to hang on = dibynnu.

Deporto, to carry = dyborthu.

Depravatio, a spoiling = divrawd, a laying waste.

Depreteor, to under-rate = dibris, worthless.

Descendo, to descend = disgyn.

Describe, to describe = dysgrivio.

Descriptio, a description = dysgriviad.

Deserta, desert places = diserth.

Desicco, to dry up = dysychu.

Desperatus, hopeless = disperod, astray.

Destillo, to drop = distyllio.

Destinatio, purpose, destiny = tesni.

Destructio, a break up = distrych tonn, the foam of a wave.

Destruo, to destroy = distrywio.

Desubito, suddenly = disyvyd.

Detego, to uncover = didoi, to unroof.

Deus, God = Duw: perhaps originally the same as the Sanskrit

Dyaws, the Zeus, Dios of the Greeks, meaning the clear

ethereal sky, the image of the unseen God.
Develo, to strip = dihwylo.

Appendix. No. II 169

Devotus, devout = dihexvydtis.

Dexter, a war-horse = eddestr.

Dextera, the right hand = dethan or deheu.

Diabolus, the devil = dt'avol.

Diaconus, a deacon = diacon.

Dialectike, the art of logic = dilechdid.

Dictito, to say = dywedyd.

Dies, day = dydd; diau, as in tridiau, three days.

Difflo, to blow out = diffodd.

Diluo, to dissolve = hidlo, to drop.

Diluvium, a deluge = diluw.

Ditnico, to strive = mic, spite.

Dimidium, the half = dimmai, a halfpenny.

Diminuo, to lessen = divynnio, to chop up.

Diri, wicked men = diriaid.

Dirimo, to break up = dirymmu, to abrogate.

Diskerno, to exhibit = disgyrnu dannedd, to show the teeth, to gnash.

Discipulus, a disciple or learner = dysgybl.

Disco, to learn = dysgu.

Discus, discul-us, a dish = dysgl.

Dispello, to dispel = disbwyllo, to cure.

, to draw out = dispeilaw cleddyv, to draw the sword.

Dispensator , a steward = distain.

Dispertior, to distribute = dosparthu.

Disseco, to dissect = disgywen, manifest.

Dissipatus, dried up = dispydd : dispaidd, an eunuch.

Distringo, districtus, reduced to shivers = dystrych tonn, the spray

of a wave.
Ditio, a lordship = tiid, a region.

Divello, to pluck up, to clear = diwyll, to cultivate land.
Divcrto, to divert, or in low Latin, ' to amuse ' = divyrru.
Dives, rich = tew, fat, rich; e.g., terra dives, tir tew.
Divestio, to strip = diosg.
Divinatio, divination, conjuring = dctvaiut, midnight, the witching

time.

170 Appendix. No. IT.

Divino, to divine = dewinio.
Divinus, a diviner or wizard = dewin.

, a divine or theologian = dewinydd.

Divisio, a division = dewis, choice.

Divitiae, riches = devaid, sheep, the most primitive form of wealth.

Diu, ago = hwy, longer.

Diurnus, a day = diwrnod.

Do, to give = dodi.

Doctus, learned = doeth, wise.

Dolor, pain = dolur.

Domitor, The Subduer, God = Dovydd.

Domo, to tame = dovi.

Dona, gifts = doniau.

Donatus, a famous grammarian = dwnad, a grammar.

Donee, until = hyd oni.

Donnm, a gift = dawn.

Drulla, a dray = drbl.

Dulce melos, sweet melody = dwsmel, a dulcimer.

Dumeta, thickets = twyni.

Duplex, twofold = dyblyg.

Duplus, double = dwbl.

Durus, hard = diir, steel.

Dux, a. leader, a duke = di\g, tywysog.

Ebibo, ebibitum, to drain = yved, to drink.

Ebrius, drunken = brwysg.

Ecce, lo, behold = accw; Italian, eccof

Ecclesia, the Church = Eglwys.

Edo, esum, to eat=ysu, to consume; Sanskrit, ush, to burn.

Effectus, an effect effaith.

Effluvium, an overflow =yn yfflwn, in shivers.

Egenus, indigent = anghenus.

Egestas, want = eisiau.

E/'ulo, to wail = wylo.

Atpendix. No. II 171

Elcctrtim, amber = elidr.

Elcctus, chosen = etholedig.

Elccmosyna, alms = eluscn.

Eleemosynarius, an almoner = amnerydd.

Eletnentum, an element = clven.

Elido, to dash = erh'd, to harass.

Eligo, to chuse = ethol.

Eluceo, to shine forth = cglwg, bright; e/wc/i, joy.

Emendo, to amend = emendaw.

Emotio, emotion = emod.

Episcopus, a bishop = esgob.

Epistola, an epistle = epistol.

Epistomium, a spout =ystw.

Ercmita, a hermit or solitary = ermid, meudivy.

Esse, to be, being = oes, an age.

Eiim, him = ev.

Eval/o, to clear = c/iwa/u, to disperse.

Evatigeh'um, the Gospel = Evengyl.

Examen apum, a swarm of bees = haid wenyn.

Excavo, to scoop =ysgdu.

Exce/sus, high = tic he/.

Excipio, to take up =ysgtpio, to snatch.

Exczpti/tis, a snare =ysgwvy/, a prey.

Excommum'cu, to excommunicate =ysgymmuiw.

Excoriatus, peeled 0% scoured =ysgarth, offscouring.

Excorio, to scour = ysgwrio.

Excuso, to excuse = esgusodt.

Exctitto, to shake out =ysgwyd and ysgydio; also, esgitd, nimble.

Excmplum, a sample = stamp/.

Exiguus, few =ychydtg.

, scanty = ei'siwedig, poor.

Existi'matio, esteem = cdmyg.

Exorior, to spring up, to be born = esgor, to give birth to.

Expello, to thrust out =yspellu.

Expendo, to deal out, to spin or shell pease = yspeiniaw .

172 Appendix. No. II

Expletus, full, complete = esplydd.

Explico. to unfold =ysp/ygu.

Exploro, to spy out = yspi'o.

Expono, to expound = esponio.

Expositus, set forth, assured = ysbys, certified.

Exscalpo, sca/pere, to scrape = ysgravellu.

Exsculpo, to carve, to seize = ysgwvyl.

Exccare, to cut out = ysgar, to separate, to divorce.

Exseco, to cut out = yszgo, to bruise.

Exsi'h'o, to issue forth = esill, offspring.

Exspecto, to look out = yspcithiaw.

Exspuere, to spew out = ysbwria/, sweepings, rubbish.

Exsul, an exile = swil, distrustful, shy.

Extendo, to stretch forth = estyn.

Extentus, stretched out ystwyth.

Exterreo, to frighten =ystwrdio, to rate or scold.

Extimtis, outermost = cithav.

Extorris, an outsider = eithyr, a foreigner.

Extra, besides = eithr, but.

Extractum, drawn out = ystre, a course.

Extraneus, a stranger = estrawn,

Extumeo, to swell up = ystyvnig, obstinate.

Extundo, to hammer out = ystuno, to vex.

Fab a, a bean =ffa.
Faber, a joiner = saer.
Factum, a fact =ffaith.

, a thing done = gwaith, work.

Facu/a, a torch =ffagyl, a blaze.
Fagus, a beech-tree = ffaivydd.
Fa/co, a hawk = givalch.
Fa/lax, deceptive = gwallawg.
Fallo, to deceive = gwall, fault.

, to fail =ffaelu.

Fafsus, false =Jfals.

Appendix. No. II 173

Famulus (in Oscan, fame/), a servant = mod; in Irish, m#o/, a

shaven person, as slaves were wont to be.
Fart] to speak = llcvaru.
Faskella, a bundle =ffasgcll.
Faskia, a swaddling band = gwasgu, to squeeze.
Fash's, a bundle of rods = batch, a burthen.
Fateor, to own = addev.
Fa turn, fate =-ffawd.
Favco, favet, favours = ffawd.
Favilla, ashes = w/a>.
Favor, favour =ffavr.
Februus, February = Chwevror.
Felo, a felon =Jfel, crafty.
Femina, a female = benyw.
Fenestra, a window =.ffencstr.
Fermentum, barm or yeast = burym.
Ferox, fierce =Jfer, strong.

Ferrum, iron =Jferr, intense cold; haearn: in Spanish, hicrro.
Ferveo, to boil = berwi.
Fervidus, hot = brwd.
Festino, to hasten =ffestinio; ffest, fast.
Fes turn, a feast = gwest.
Fetus, pregnant =ffaeth, ripe.
^fcitf, a fig =#)'*.
Fides, faith =jfydd.
Figo, to prick =pigo.
Finis, end = ////, //*.
Firmamentum, the sky =ffurvavcn.
Firmus, steady = $j'rz\
Fistula, a conduit =pisty//.
Flaccidus, flabby = //ace.
Flagellum, a whip =Jffaugd/.
Flagro, to burn, to glow as fresh vegetation does = blaguro, to

blossom, to burgeon.
Flamma, a flame fflamm.

174 Appendix. No. IT.

Fiasco, a flask or flagon = fflasg.

Flavus, pale yellow -=jfawliw.

Flecto, to bend =plethu, to weave.

Floccus. a lock of wool =Jfluwc/i, a full head of hair.

Fluenta, streams = Want, fluent.

Fluidus, flowing =ffrwd, a stream; also, hidl, distilling.

Fluo Jtuere, to flow = I/wo/ lliveir-iant, a stream.

, =ffreuo, to gush out.

Fluvius, a stream = lliv.
Focus, a hearth = ffoc, a forge.
Foedus, foul =ffiaidd.
Foenum, hay = gwaun, a meadow.
Foetus, offspring = ffaeth, ripe.
Folium, a leaf = gwull, foliage.
Folk's, bellows ffull, haste.

Foils, fontana, a fountain = ffynnawn; in Breton, fonteun.
Foris, abroad = ffivrdd and fforest.
Forma, a fashion =ffurv.
Formica, a pismire = morgrug.
Forum, a market =ffair.
Fossa, a ditch =Jf6s.

Fossatum, a military entrenchment = ffossawd.
Fovea, a den ffau.

Fragilis virga, a light rod =ffrcwyll, a switch.
Frango, to break =Jfrwch, a violent outlet.
Frater, a brother = brawd.
Fraus, fraud-is, fraud =ffrawdd, harm.
Fregi, I have broken = breg, a breach.
Fremo, to chafe -=ffrojnmi.
Fretum, a firth or narrow sea =ffrwd.

Frigeo, to grow chilly = barugaw (pronounced brigo), a word ex-
pressing the fall of the rime or hoarfrost.

, to starve = trigo.

Frigo, to fry =ffrio.
Frio, to crumble = briwo.

Appendix. No. II 175

Frivolus, a weakling =ffrll.

Froenum, a bridle =Jfrwyn; and ffrocn, nostril.

Fructus, fruit =ffrwyth.

Frustro, to hinder = rhwystro.

Frustum, a fragment =ffrwst, haste.

Frutcx, a sprout ffrwst, soon.

Fuctis, a disguise =jfitg.

Fugio, to escape =$oi.

Fulgco, to shine = gwoleuo, to lighten.

Fuligo, soot = huddigyl.

Fumarius, a chimney = ffumer.

Furca, a fork = fforch.

Furia, a fury=^w>r, a vehement onset.

Fur nits, an oven = ffwm.

Fustis, a cudgel =-ffust.

Galea, a helmet = kcih'og, a cock; i.e., galeatus avis, a crested bird.

Galliis, a cock = keiliog.

Gaiidiiim, joy = hoyw, gay.

Gemelli, twins = gevelliaid.

Gemma, a jewel =gem.

Genae, cheeks = genau, lips.

Genita, a daughter = geneth, a girl.

Genor, to be born = <??".

Gentilis, one of a clan = kenhedyl, a clan or race.

Gentilitas, gentilitatis, a clan = kenhcdlaeth.

Gestio, to play = castiau, tricks, games.

Gilvus, pale red = gwelw.

Glabcr, bald = cfoz;, corrupt, sick.

Gladiiis, a sword = cleddyv.

Glarca, gravel = graean.

Globus, a ball = globyn, a mass.

Glomus, a ball = clamp, a mass.

Gluten, glue = /</.

Glutino, to glue = glynnii, to adhere.

176 Appendix. No. II.

Glutto, a glutton = glwth.

Gradior, to walk = kerdded.

Gradus, a step = grddd.

Grammatical grammar = gramadeg.

Grandis, big = crawn, heap.

Granum, grain = grawn.

Gratia plains, gracious = rhadlawn.

Gratia, grace = rhad.

Gressus, steps = grisiau.

Grillus, a grasshopper = grill, a chirping noise.

Grex, a herd = gre.

Grunno, to grunt = gryngian.

Grus, a crane = crehyr.

Gula, the throat =y gylla.

Gurges, a spendthrift = gwrgi, a ravenous dog.

Giistus, taste = gwst, moist.

Guttur, the throat = gwddwv.

Habenac, the reins of a bridle = avwynau.

Habilis, able = abl.

Habitatio, a dwelling, home = haddev.

Hac node, to-night = henoeth, heno.

Haedus, a kid = hydd.

Haeres, an heir = aer.

Hedera, ivy = eiddiorwg.

Helveolas, pale red = gwelw, pale.

Hie, he; haec, she, hi; hanc, her, honn; hi, they, hwy; hnnc, him,

hwn; hi antem, they too, hwythan.
Hircus, a goat = iwrch, a roe-buck.
Hirrire, to neigh (Festns.) = gweryru.
Hirsntus, prickly, harsh = arswydns, repulsive.
Hirtns, rough = hurt, stupid.
Hispidus, rugged = hispydd, barren.
Historia, a story =ystori; also, ystyr, meaning.
Hiulcus, gaping = bwlch, a gap.

Appendix. No. II. 177

Hodie, to-day = hcddyw.

Honcstus, honest = gonest.

Honoratus, honoured = anrhydedd, honour.

Hora, an hour = awr.

Hordcum, barley = haidd.

Horridus, horrible = hyll.

Hortus, a garden = gardd.

Hospes, a guest = osp.

Hospitium, an hospice or inn =yspytty.

Humilis, humble = huvyll.

Humilitas, humilitat-is, humility = uvylltawd.

Humus, moist ground; humidus, moist = wv, flowing.

Hyades, the wet stars = hwyaid, ducks.

Hymnus, a hymn = emyn.

Ibex, the steinbock of the Alps=jy bwch, the goat par excellence.
Ictus, a blow = ich, that which penetrates, sharp.
Idoneus, a rich man = eidion, oxen; hence, the owner of them.
Ignis (Sanskrit, agni), fire = egino, to spring up as vegetables by

heat.
Illi, they; illi duo, they two = ill dau.
Immitis, savage = anvad.
Immortalis, undying = anvarwawl.
Imperator, a military commander or Emperor = Ymherawdwr. Im-

pero, to order = peri.

Impeto, to assail =ymbwyo.

Imploro, to beseech =ymbil.

Import- a ticium frumentum, imported corn = ymborth, nourishment.

Imprudens, unwise = ammhrudd.

In, the preposition 'in'=^w.

Incendo, to kindle = ennyn.

Incommodus, unfit = anghymmhwys .

Incomparabilis, incomparable = anghymmharawl .

Iticonditus, ill-framed = anghynnwys.

Incongruus, unsuitable = anghyngres.
w

178 Appendix. No. II

Incurro, to set on = ymgyrchu.
Incus, an anvil = eingion.
Incutio, to engage = ymgydio.
Inde, thence =yna.
Induviae, clothes = amdo, a shroud.
Ineptus, silly = anaddas.
Inferna, the lower region or hell = uffern.
Infidus, faithless = anffydd.
Infinitus, not ended = anniben, endless, slow.
Informis, shapeless = anffurv.
Ingenium, a man's nature = anian.
Inimici, enemies = envys.

Initium, beginning = preserved in Df Mawrth Ynyd, Shrove Tues-
day, Initium Quadragesimae , the beginning of Lent.
In querela, in a quarrel = ymgeccru, to wrangle.
Inqmsitio, an inquiry =ymgais.
In-quit, he saith = yn gweyd.
Inruptio, an invasion = anrhaith, spoils.
Insono, to echo = amseiniaw .
Instabilis, unsteady = anystywallt.

Instrumentum, instrument = ysturmant, a Jew's harp.
Insula, an island =-ynys.
Inlendo, to wrestle =ymdynnu.
In terra-mentum, burial = terment.
Intus, within =yn ty, in the house, at home.
Inungo, to anoint = enneinio.
Invidus, envious ynvyd, foolish.
Ira plenus, ireful = irllawn.
Iratus, angry = eiriad, dreadful.
Ita, yes = ie.
Item, besides = hevyd.
Iter, itin-eris, a journey = hynt.

Jugulum, the throat = gwegil, the nape of the neck.
Jugum, a yoke = iau.
Jusculum, broth = isgell.

Appendix. No. II. 179

Juvencus, young = iettanc.
Juventns, youth = ewaint.

Labasco, to decay = llesg, feeble.

Labor, labour = llavur.

Labor, to slip = llithro.

Laboriosus, laborious = llavnrus.

Labrusca, a wild vine = brwysg, drunken.

Lac, lact-is, milk = Uacth.

Lacus, a lake = llwch.

Laedo, to hurt = //add, to slay.

Laesio, a hurt =gloes, anguish.

Laesus, hurt = clais, a mark of a blow.

Laevigo, to smooth = Uyvnhdu.

Lacvis, smooth = llwvn.

Lacvns, oblique = Ueddv.

Laicns, a layman = gwr lleyg.

Lambo, to lick = Uyvn.

Lamina, the blade of a sword = Uavn.

Lana, wool; lanugo, downy hair = gwldn.

Langueo, to relax = gollwng.

Languesco, to languish = llesghau.

Latiguidus, weary = llnddedig.

Lanista, a fencing master = llain, a sword.

Lapido, to stone = llabvidio.

Lapis, a stone = clap, a round mass.

Latebra, a covert = Hetty, a place of refuge.

Latex, juice, liquor = llaith, moist.

La tr ones, robbers = lladron.

Latus, wide = llydan.

Laurtis, a bay-tree = llaivr-wyddcn.

Lans, laud-is, praise = llawdd and clod.

Laxo, to loose or discharge = llocsi.

Laxus, loose = llaes.

Lcctica, a litter = lleit/iig, a footstool.

180 Appendix. No. II.

Lector, a reader = lleawdr.

Lectus, a bed = Hetty, a shelter.

Legio, a legion = lleng.

Lego, to read as lleain.

Leo, a lion = llew.

Lepra, leprosy = clavr.

Lethum, death = llaith.

Levament-iim, & rising = levain, leaven.

Levis, smooth = llyvn.

Lex, a law = llech, a stone. The Law given to Moses was written
on tables of stone.

Liber, a book = llyvr.

Liber (aditzis), a free passage = llwybr, a path.

Lignum, timber = llwyn, a grove.

Lilium, a lily = lili.

Lima, a saw = lliv; also, limaius, sharpened = llymm, sharp.

Limpidns, clear = /limp.

Linea, a line = llinell.

Linum, flax = llin.

Liqnesco, to melt = llesgdu, to be relaxed.

Lis, lit-is, contention = Hid, anger.

Littera, a letter = llythyr.

Lividus, ashy pale = llwyd.

Lixivium, lye-ashes = lleisw. *

Locellus and loculus, a safe-box = llogell.

Loco, to hire = Hog, wages.

Locus, a place = lie.

Locus ta, a locust = lieges t.

Locutio, a speech = llochwydd, a prayer.

Longa, a long boat or ship = Hong.

Lorica, a coat of mail = llurig.

Lubricus, slippery = llwvr, faint-hearted.

Luceo, to lighten = llewychu.

Lucerna, a lantern = llugorn and llusem.

Lucidus, bright = lluched, lightning. Lucet, it shines.

Appendix. No. II 181

Lu-crum, gain = elw.

Luctor, luctaris, to withstand = lluddias.

Lumbricus, an earth-worm = llyngyren, a worm.

Lumbus, the loin = y llwyn; also, llwmm, bare.

Lumen, light = llewyn.

Luna, the moon = llitn, in Df Llun, Monday.

Lurco, a glutton = llyngcu, to swallow.

Luridus, sombre = lliir.

Luscus, a man that is dim-sighted, as affected by glaring heat =

llosc, burning; in Armoric, heat.
Luscinia, a nightingale, a bird that is heard in warm weather =

perhaps from luscus and llosc.
Lutum, mud = llaid; lludxv, ashes.
Lux, light = lliich, Hug, and llewych.

Maceria, a rough wall = magwyr, a partition.

Machina, a machine = megin, a pair of bellows.

Macto, to slay = maeddu, to injure.

Mactus, nourished = maeth.

Macida, a spot = magi.

Madeo, to be drunk = mwydaw, to moisten.

Madidus, moist = maidd, whey.

Maenia, walls or fortifications = macn, a stone, pi. menu.

Magi's, more = mwy.'

Mdgister, a master = mcistr.

Magnitudo, size = maint.

Magnus, great = myg, majestic.

Major, greater = mawr, great.

Maledictio, a curse = melldtth.

Malitia, malice = malais.

Ma/us, evil = mall; y Vail, the Evil One.

Mamma, the mother's breast = mam, mother.

Mando, to eat = mant, mouth.

, to order mynnu.

Maneo, to abide = man, a place, abode.

1 82 Appendix. No. II.

Manganellum, a war engine = mangnel.

Manica, a glove = maneg.

Mantile, a mantle = mantell.

Mantisa, a profit = mantais.

Manubrium, a handle = mcnybr.

Manus, a hand = mini.

Mare, the sea = mor; Sanskrit, mirah; German, meer.

Margarita, a pearl = mererid.

Margo, a brink = bargod, eaves.

Marinus, a seaman = morinwr.

Marra, a ram = maharen.

Martellus, a hammer = morthwyl.

Martyr, a martyr = merthyr.

Masticatus (cibus), chewed meat = mestig.

Materia, matter = madredd.

Maturatus, ripe = addved.

Medicina, medicine = meddyginiaeth.

Medicus, a physician = meddyg.

Medulla, the marrow = meddal, soft ; in a derived sense, meddwl,

mind, thought.
Mel, honey = mel.
Melius, better = gwell.
Melleus, honeyed = melus, sweet.
Membrana, parchment = memrwn.
Membranula, a shred = mymryn.
Memor, mindful = myvyr, studious.
Mens, ment-is, mind =ymmennydd, the brain.

= mynmi (inentem habeo), to will.
Mensura, a measure = mesur.
Meo, meantes, to go = myned.
Mercatus, traffic, a market = marchnad.
Merula, a blackbird = mwyalch.
Metallum, metal = mettl.
Meto, to reap = medi; meddu, to measure.
Metrum, a measure or metre = medr, to skill.

Appendix. No. II. 183

Mcttio, to fear = methu, to fail.

Metis , mine, my = man.

Micans, glittering = mychedyn, the sun.

Migratio, a wandering = crwydrad.

Mini, to me = i mi.

Miles, a soldier = milwr.

Mille, a thousand = mil.

Milliarium, a milestone = milltir, a mile.

Milvtis, a cormorant = mulvran.

Minister, a servant = menestyr.

Minutum (tempus), a minute = mnnud.

Miuutus, fine, thin = manwaidd; main.

Miracuhim, a miracle = mirach.

Miranda, admirable = mirain.

Miror, to gaze on = mir, comely.

Mitia, dainties = moethan.

Mitis, mild mivyth, mwydig, mocthns; esmwyth, smooth.

Mitto, to let go peidio; also, to remit = madden.

Modes ins, modest = moddns.

Modins, a measure = mwys.

Modulus, a hay-cock = mwdwl.

Mo/a, molendina, a mill = melin.

Molaris, a cheek-tooth = malurio, to grind.

Moles, a mass = mwl.

Molcstia, trouble = molest.

Molior, molitus, to attempt =ymavlyd, to lay hold of.

Mollis, soft, relaxed = mwyll; also, miwail, smooth.

Mollities, softness = malldod.

Molo, to grind = main.

Monac litis, a monk = mynach.

Moneta, money = mwnai.

Monile, a necklace = mwnivgyl, the throat.

Mons, montis, a mountain = mynydd and intent.

M'jiiumentum, a monument = mynwent, a cemetery.

Morior, to die = marw.

184 Appendix. No. II.

Morosa, a nice, dainty lady = mursen (in a bad sense).

Mortahs, mortal = marwol.

Morum, a blackberry = mwyar.

Morus, a mulberry tree = morwydd.

Mos, a manner or habit = moes; also, maws, moral.

Motus, motion = mwth, speedy.

Afoveo, to stir = ckwyvio, to wave.

Mox, soon, presently = moc/i, quick.

Mucro, a sword = mygr, bright.

Mucus, the filth of the nose = mygn, mire.

Mu/tum, much = maith.

Mu/us, a mule = mul.

Muneratio, a bestowal = munerawd.

Munificus, liberal = mwynvawr.

Munus, a gift = mwynhdu, to enjoy; also, kym-mwynas, an obligation.

Mums, a wall = mur.

Musa, the Muse, wit = tnwys.

Miiscus, moss = mwswg.

Mussito, to murmur = mwstr, a muster.

Muto, to remove = mudo.

Mutus, dumb = mud.

Naevus, a blemish = niweid, an injury.

Napus, a turnip = maip, turnips.

Natalis, natalic-iiis {Christi), 'the Birthday' or Christmas day = Na-
talie or Nadolig Crist.

Natrix, a water-snake = neidr, pi. nadroedd.

Natura, nature = natur.

Nauci, a nut = cnau, nuts.

Navo, navare, to work strenuously = gwnav, I will do it, from
gwneuthur ', to do.

Ne, not = ni.

Nee, nor = nac.

Neco, to kill = nychu.

Appendix. No. II. 185

Negatio, a denial = naccad.

Nego, to deny = naccdu.

Negotium, business = negcs, through the French negoce.

Nemo, not one = neb un.

Nepotes, nephews = neiod.

Neptis, a niece = nith.

Nervi, nerves, strength = north.

Neuter, neither = ncodr.

Neutralis, neutral = nidrol.

Nidus, a nest = nyth.

Nimis, too much, excessive = nxvyvus, wanton.

Nives, snows = nyv.

No, to swim; navigo, to sail = novio, to swim.

Noceo, nocitum, to hurt = niwaid.

Noctc hes tenia, last night = ncithiwr.

Nomen, a name = enw.

Nona, the ninth hour or noon = nawn.

Nonna, a nun, a term borrowed from Egypt, where it signified

' an aged woman ' = nain, a grandmother.
Nos, we = ni : nos autem, but we = ninnau.
Nota, a mark = nod; and nawd, a character.
Noto, to mark = nodi.

Notus, known = hynod; also, gnawd, customary.
Novem, nine = naw.
Novitas, novelty = nevoid, a change.
Novitius, new = newydd.
Nox, night = nos; in Sanskrit, nisa.
Nubcs, clouds = nyv, nev; Sanskrit, nab hah, the sky.
Nucleus, a kernel = cnyivyll, cnywyllen.
Nudus, naked = noeth.
Xumcn, the Divinity = Ndv.
Numerus, a number = niver.
Nupera hora, recently = neithiwr, yesterday.
Nuptiac, nuptiarum, a wedding = neithiawr.
Nutrimcntum, nurture; nutrio, to nourish = mcithrin .

1 86 Appendix. No. II.

Nutus, assent = nawdd, protection.
Nux, a nut = cncuen.

Obedio, to obey = uvuddhdu.

Obitus, decease = obediw, a heriot due to the feudal lord on the
tenant's demise.

Obstinatus, stubborn =ystyvnig.

Occasio, an occasion = achlysur.

Occidens, the setting sun, the west = ozhideint. (Nennius.)

Occino, to sing as ill-omened birds do = ochain, a sigh.

Occludo, to shut up = achludd, to hide; whence mac Mud haul, sun-
set.

Occo, to harrow = ogi.

Occulo, to hide = gochel, to avoid.

Occupo, to take up = achub.

Octava nox, the eighth night = wythnos, a week.

Octo, eight = wyth.

Octihts, an eye = gotwg, sight; but the plural golygon, eyes.

Offerenda (in French, Offrande), the Mass or Eucharistic Oblation
= Offer en.

Offerens, a priest or he that offers sacrifice = offeiriad.

Oleum, oil = olew.

Olwa, an olive tree = olew-wydden.

Olor, a swan = alarch.

Omitto, to pass by = gommedd, to refuse.

Omni die, every day = beunydd.

Opera, a work = gwobr, work's pay.

Opus, oper-is, a work = gober.

Ora, a border = goror.

Oratio, a speech = araeth.

Orbis, the world, an orbit or circumscription = bro, a district.

Ordo, an order, the sacred ministry = urdd.

Oriens, the sunrise, the east = dwyrain.

Origo, a source = argre.

Orior, to rise = dwyre, arwyre, and orwyrain.

Appendix. No. II 187

Omits, an ash-tree = onnen.

Ovis, a sheep = davad.

Ovum, an egg = ivy; ova, eggs = wyau.

Pagtts, a village =//, a dwelling; hence lywys or Powis-\zx\& in

Wales.
.Prt/tf, a spade =pdl.

Palatt'um, a palace = palas, through the French palais.
Palatus, the palate = bids, the taste.
Palleo, to turn pale = pallu, to faint.
Pallium, a mantle =pall.
Palma, a hand = palv; also, pawen, a paw.

, a palm-tree = balalwyv.

Palpo, to grope = palvalu.

Pains, a pool =pwll; also, pawl, a pole.

Pando, to open =pant, a hollow.

Paneterium (Low Latin), a bread-store = pantri.

Pant's, bread = pain, fine flour.

Pannus, cloth =pann. Pannwr, a fuller; pandy, a fulling-mill.

Papa, the Pope = 7^3.

Papains, the Papacy = Pabaeth.

Papaver, a poppy =pabi.

Papilio, a tent = pa bell.

Papyrus, a rush = pabwyr; also, papur, paper.

/frr, a match =par.

Parabola, a j arable =-parabl.

Paradisus, a Paradise = Paradwys.

Paralysis, palsy =parlys.

Paratus, ready =.parawd.

Paries, pariet-is, a partition-wall = pared.

Parma, a shield = parvais.

Pars, part-is, a part =parth.

Paro, to order =peri.

Par -oc hits, a parish priest = periglor '.

Pasclta, Easter = /fr^.

1 88 Appendix. No. II

Pasco, to feed = pesg*.

Pascor, to graze =pori.

Patella, a pan = padell.

Patco, patens, bare ground, the open =paith, desert, unoccupied

space.
Paternoster, the Lord's prayer, ' Our Father," &c. =y Pader, the

Pater, &c; Paderau, beads, or the recital of several Paternosters.
Paucitas, smallness = bychodedd.
Paucus, little = bach.
Pavimentnm, a pavement =palmant.
Pavio, to beat against =paffio, pwyo.
Pavo, pavon-is, a peacock =paun.
Pavor, fear = braw.
Peccatum, sin pechawd.
Pecco, to sin -=pechu.

Pec ten, a comb =peithyn, a weaver's stay.
Pcdalis, a foot's measure =-pedawl, a horse's shoe.
Pedes tris, a foot passenger = peddcstyr.
Pedites, infantry = peddyd.
Pello, to drive afar =pell, far.

Penates, household gods = pennacthiaid, presidents.
Penitus, utterly -=pen iddo, an end to it.
Penna, a pen = pin.
Penso, to weigh -=pivyso.
Peractus, perfect =^peraidd, ripe.
Percntio, to strike = ergydio.
Perdix, a partridge =petris.
Peregrinus, a pilgrim = pererin.
Perfectns, perfect = pcrffaith.
Periculum, peril =perygl.

Per-media, through =pen>edd, the entrails, the interior.
Persona, a person, the parson of a parish = person.
Pcrtinentes, belongings = perthynasan, relations.
Pertineo, to belong to =perthyn.
Pes, ped-is, a foot =pedd.

Appendix. No. II 189

Phiala, a vial = ph'io': paeo!, a holy water stoup.

Pica, a magpye = //, p'iogcn.

/'it en, the pitch-tree =pyg, pitch.

Pi/a, a ball =pel.

I*ilus, hair = blew; in French, poil.

Pinus, a pine-tree = pin-ivy dd.

Pper, pepper = tupur.

Piscatio, fishing =pyscotta, to fish.

Piscator, a fisherman = pysgodwr .

Piscis, a fish =pysg.

Pisum, pease =pys.

Pix, pitch =pyg.

Placitum, a law-suit = plaid; in French, plaids. Also, plcgyd.

Plaga, a pestilence -pla.

Planta, a plant = plannigyn.

Plantae, plants, young trees = plant, children.

Manto, to plant = plannn.

Planum, a level or clearing = llan.

Piatanus, a plane-tree = llydau, spreading. ({ Piatanus patidis diffusa
rami's ' Virgil.)

Plaudo, to applaud = bloeddio, to shout.

Plaustrum, a waggon = llestr, a vessel.

Plausus, applause = bloddest.

Plcbs, the people or commons -plwyv, a parish.

Plecto, to plait =plethu.

Menus \ full = llaivn; llamv, a tide; llenwi, to fill.

Plcrumque, for the most part = llwyr.

Plico, to fold =plygu.

Plumae, feathers =p/uv, phi.

Plumbum, lead = phvm.

Plures, more = llawer, many.

I'luvia, rain =gialaw.

Poena, a penalty =poeti, pain.

Pn'iiitcntia, penance =penyd.

fhem'teo, to do penance --pcnydiu.

190 Appendix. No. II.

Pollen, fine flour = peilliad.

Pondo, a pound weight = pwnn, punt.

, ponder-is (genitive case) =pynnyr, a pack.

Pondus, a weight =pwys, through the French pois.

Pons, pont-is, a bridge = pont.

Popina, a cook shop =pobi, to bake.

Populus, the people =pobl; pawb oil, all entirely.

, a poplar tree =poplys.

Porcellus, a. pig = porcl/ell.

Porta, a gate -=porth.

Porto, to convey =-porthi, to feed.

Partus, a haven porthladd.

Post's, a lintel = post. Perhaps from positus {lapis), a stone or other

thing set up to indicate distance.
Pot-est, potis est, he can, he possess :s =piau.
Practicus, practical =praith.
Praeda, a flock of sheep, plunder = praidd.
Pracdator, a robber = preiddwr.
Praedicatio, a preachment = pregcth.
Praedico, to preach = pregcthu.
Praescns, present = presennol.
Praesepe, a manger =preseb.

Praesidium, a defence = pryseddva and preswylva, a camp.
Praesto, speedily =prest.
Prandium, a luncheon =prain.
Pravus, wicked = brau, brittle, worthless.
P-rec-atia, an imprecation = rheg.
Prehenda, to take = prynnu, to buy.
Premo, to press, to squeeze = briwa, to hurt.
Pressura, a pressure =prysur, hasty.
Prctium, a price =prid-zverth; that is, pret-ii vert-us, worth the

price. When pretium came to be pronounced and written

precium, the Welsh got the word pris through the French

prix.
Prima liora, the hour of Prime = awr briv.

Appendix. No. II. 191

Primatus, superiority = bri, dignity, precedence.

Primula (veris), the primrose = briallu.

Primus, chief = priv.

Privatus, private or peculiar = priawd.

Probatio, a proof =proviad.

ProbOj to prove =provi.

Procclla, a storm = brochcll.

Procu/, afar = pell.

Prodo, to betray = bradu.

Prqfessio, profession -=-proffcs.

Profundum, the deep = pryffwnt, the centre.

Prohibitum (in the Oscan, Pru/iipid), a forbidden thing = r/iybudd,

a warning.
Prologus, a prologue = prol.
Prophcta, a prophet = prophwyd.
Prof>rius, proper =propr, neat.
Provincia, a province =prew.
Prudcns, sage =prudd.

Prudentia, prudence =pryd, reflection, thought.
Psalferium, a psalter = sallwyr.
Puber, lusty, young =pybyr.
Pulcher, beautiful =pevyr.
Pulchritudo, beauty =pryd.
Pulli cantus, the cock-crowing = Pylgain or Plygain, the early Mass

on Christmas day.
Pullus equinus, a mare's foal = ebol.
Pulmentarium, gruel = llymru.
Pulver, dust = pylor.

Pulvinar, a feather cushion; from the Welsh pluv, feathers.
Punctum, a point =pwyta, a stitch.
Putigo, impingo, to pierce or peck =pigo.
Putiiceus, purple, bright deep Ted=pfiion cochav.
Punio, to punish = pocni, to hurt.
Pit/go, to cleanse =puro.
Purus, pure =piir.

192 Appendix. No. II

Puteus, a well =pydew.
Putreo, to rot =pydru.
Putris, naughty = budr % unclean. Putres ocirfi {Horace), golygon

budr.
Pyrus, a pear-tree = per en; from per, sweet.

Qua, which way = /to.

Qua cunque, which way soever =pa bynnag.

Quadragesima, Lent = Garawys.

Quadrangulus, four cornered =pedrogl.

Quadratus, square =ysgwdr.

Quadrilateralis, four square = betrual.

Quacso, to seek, to get = ceisio.

Quaestor, a receiver of tribute = keisiad.

Quaestus, cost = cost : ve gyst, it will cost.

Qua/is, such as = mdl; pa valf

Qualitas, a sort = gwehelyth, a stock.

Qualus, a hamper = catvell.

Quam, how? = pa ham, why?

Quamdudum, how long?=^ hyd f

Quando, when =pan.

Quantitas, bigness = maint.

Quantus, how many? = pa vaint?

Quasi, in a manner =pa sut.

Quatuor (in Aeolic Greek, petores; in the Oscan, petora), four =

pedwar.
Quern ad-modum, how ? =pa vodd?
Querela, a complaint, a quarrel == cweryl.
Quernus, oaken =pren, a tree.
Quertdus, complaining = goriawl.
Qui, who = pwy ?

Quicunque, whosoever =pwy bynnag.
Quid, what ? = beth ?

Quidquid, whatever; in the Oscan, pitpit (Festus.)=pa beth?
Quies, quiet-is, rest = hedd; echwydd, the calm of evening.

Appendix. No. II. 193

Quicsco, to sleep = kyscu.

Quinquc, five =pumf>.

Quisquiliae, sweepings = gwehilio7i, gweddill.

Quo, by how much =po.

Quondam, formerly = kynt.

Quot, how many? = pet {Talicsin).

Rabies, madness = rhaib.

Radius, a ray = rhaidd, a spear.

Radix, a root = gwraidd.

Rado, to scrape = rhathu.

Rapax, greedy = rheibus.

Rapio, to snatch = crap {olwg), a moment's glance.

Raptim, in a hurry = rhawth.

Rastellum, a rake = rhadell.

Rastrum, a rake = rhaw, a. spade.

Ratio, ration-is, a reason = rheswm.

Ratus, resolved, determined = rhaid.

Raucus, hoarse = cryg.

Rebellio, rebellion = rhyvel, war.

Rector, a ruler = rheiddwar.

Rectum, right = rhaith.

Redditus, set free = rhydd, free.

Reddo, to render = rhoddi, to bestow.

Redimo, to redeem = rhivymo, to bind.

Reditus, a return, rent = rhent.

Regalis, royal = rhial.

Regina, a queen = rh'iain, rhwyvanes.

Registrum, a register = rhcstr.

Regula, a rule = thiol.

Regulator, a manager = rhaglaxc.

Reliquium, the remainder = rhelyxv.

Remcdium, a remedy = rhwymcdi.

Remigo, to row = rhwyvo.

194 Appendix. No. II

Remus, an oar = rhwyv.

Ren, the reins = arenau.

Rete, a net = rhwyd.

Revereor, reverit-us, to regard with awe = rhyverthwy, a portentous

outbreak.
Revideo, to look back at or regard a thing = rhyveddu, to admire.
Rex, a king = rhwyv.
Rheda, a chariot = rhedeg, to run.
Rigeo, to stiffen = rhewi, to freeze.
Ringo, to grin = rhingcian.
Ritus, a method = rhith.
Rivus, a bank = rhiw, an acclivity.
Rixa, strife = ymryson.
Rixator, a striver = rhyswr, a warrior.
Rosa, a rose = rhosyn.

Rostrum, a snout = taro (by transposition).
Rota, a wheel = rhod.

Rotari, to take a turn = rhodiaw, to walk about.
Rotulus, a roll = r^o/.
Rotundus, round = crwnn.
Rubellio, a roach = rhuvell.
Rubidus, red = rhudd.

Rudera, ruins = rhwd, rust. Rudis, uncultivated.
Ruga, a wrinkle = crych.
Rugio, to roar = rhuo; also, rhoch, a grunt.
Rm'na, ruin = rhewin.

Ruitur-us, about to rush = rhuthro, to rush.
Rumor, a. stream (in an old poet cited by Cicero and in Virgil) =

rhyverthwy, an inundation.
Rumpo, to break off = rhympio, to break an engagement ; rhwmp,

an auger.
Runa, verse = rhin, a charm.
Rus, cultivated land = rhws.
Ruta, the herb ' rue ' = rhut.
Ruti/us, red dyed = rhuddell, ruddle.

Appendix. No. II 1 95

Sacapcrium, a scrip = ysgrcppan.

Saccus, a sack = sacli.

Sacramentum, a sacrament = sacraven.

Sacrifkiiun, a sacrifice = Segyrffig, the Sacrifice of the Mass.

Sagax, shrewd =ysag, studious.

Sagitta^ an arrow = saeth.

Saliva, spittle = haliw.

Salix, a willow-tree = helyg.

Salsamentum, sauce = selsig.

Sambucus, an elder-tree =ysgaw.

Sajictus, holy = sanct.

Sauna, banter = senn.

Sauo, to cure = swyno.

Sapiens (in the Oscan, sipus), a wise man = syw.

Sapo, sapon-is, soap = sebon.

Sapor, taste = sawyr.

Saturn, that which is sown, a crop = had, seed.

Saturitas, fulness, dung = siwtrws, a mass, debris.

Scaber, scabratus, rough =ysgyrryd.

Scala, a ladder = ysgol.

Scamillum, a bench =ysgemmydd.

Scamnum, a stool to mount up by = ysgavn. easy.

Scapha, a boat =ysgrapf.

Scapular e, a scapular ^ysgablar.

Scarifico, to lance a sore =ysg- iffinio.

Scatco, to abound =ysgadati, h-jrrings, the most abundant fish in

the British seas.
Sccleratus, criminal =ysgeler.
Schola, a school = ysgol.

Scliolastici, scholars, or in Church phrase, ' clerks ' = ysgol licigion.
Scintilla, a spark = ysglcnt, rebounding.
Scobs, saw-dust =ysgoew, light.
Scopae, a besom =ysgub.
Scorbutics, foul matter = ysgerbwd, a carcase.
Scoria, refuse metal = ysgar, to separate.

196 Appendix. No. II

Scortum, an harlot =ysgarth, refuse matter.

Scribo, to write =ysgrivenu.

Scrinium, a screen or shrine =ysgrm.

Scriptura, a writing, the Holy Scripture = Yr Ysgrythur.

Scruta, trumpery =ysgrwd, a carcase.

Scutella, a dish =ysgutell.

Scutum, a shoulder, a shield = ysgwydd.

Seco, to cut = sigo, to bruise.

Securitas, idleness = seguryd.

Securus, idle = segur: steer, safe.

Sedatus, settled = syth, straight.

Sedes, a seat = eisteddva; hedd, peace.

Sedile, a seat =ystol, a stool.

Seges, a crop = hesg, sedge.

Semita, a bye-path = kemz'ad, a border.

Senator, an elder = henadur.

Senatus, a senate = senedd.

Senex, old = hen.

Sensus, sensorzttm, sense = synwyr.

Sejitio, to perceive = synm'aw, synniad, feeling.

Sefiaro, to set apart, to spare = arbed.

Septem, seven = saith.

Sequor, to follow = in Irish, seichim; Welsh, haig byscod, a shoal

of fish.
Serenus, fair = seirian.
Sericum, silk = sirig.

Serpens, a serpent = sarph; Sanskrit, sarpa.
Serra, a saw = serr, a sickle.
Serum, the evening = hwyr.
Severus, stern = sarrng, sour.
Sevutn, tallow = saim.
Sibilo, to hiss = s'io.
Siccus, dry = sych.
Sidera, stars = sir.
Sidus, a constellation = sewyd (Talicsin).

Appendix. No. II. 197

Sigillum, a seal = sil.
Signa, constellations = sygnau.

Signo, to cross one's self in token of surprise = synnu, to mar-
vel.
Simia, an ape = simach.
Similis, like = haval and hevelydd.
Simplex, simple = syml.

Simulo, to counterfeit = siommi, to disappoint.
Sindon, fine linen = syndal.

Singulus, single = sengl (in the sense of ' celibate ').
Siren, a mermaid = sywen.
Situs, a position = sutt, swydd.
Soboles, offspring = eppil. Sovl, stubble.
Sol, the sun = Sid, used only in Dydd Sid, Sunday.
Solidus, a shilling = swllt.

Solum, ground as sail, foundation ; and sylvaen. .
Sonus, a sound = sain, son, and swyn.
Sordes, filth = sorod, dregs.
Soror, a sister = chwaer.
Sors, sort-is, a lot = syrthio, to fall out.
Spatium, space =yspaid.
Speculor, to spy =yspio.
Spiculum, a dart =yspikell.
Spinus, a sloe-tree =ysbyddadcn.
Spiritus, a spirit = yspryd.
Splendidus, splendid = ysplennydd.
Spolio, to plunder = yspeilio.
Spolium, plunder = yspail.
Spongia, a sponge =ysbtvng.
Spuma, foam = ysgwyv.
Stabulum, a stall =ystavell, a chamber.
Stadium, a distance =ystod.
Stamen, the warp =ystov.
Stannum, tin =ystaen.
Status, a condition or estate =ystdd.

198 Appendix. No. II.

Stella, a star =ystivyll, e.g. Dydd Ystwyll, Festum Stellae, the Epi-
phany. Perhaps through the French estoille.

Stemuto, to snore =ystrewi.

Stimulo, to urge = teimlo, to feel.

Stimulus, a prick = swmwl.

Stola, a priest's stole =ystol.

Stomachus, a stomach = ystumog.

Strages, destruction =ystryw; connected with which is the Latin
struo, to design evil.

Strata viarum, a paved causeway = ystrad.

Strenuus, valiant = ystrin, a battle.

Suavis, accusative suavem, sweet = syvi and mevus, both words sig-
nifying ' strawberries,' the sweetest fruit the Kymry knew of.

Subdo, to put down = soddi, to sink.

Subitaneus, sudden = sydyn.

Submovco, submotus, to remove = symmud.

Subnoto, to take note of = sy 111111, to wonder.

Succus, juice = siig.

Sudor, sudos, sweat = chivy s.

Sudus, fair, clear = syw.

Sugo, to suck = sugno.

Sulcus, 2l furrow = sylch.

Sum, I am = wyv; mi y sy.

Summa, a sum = swmm.

Super bus, proud = syberw.

Sur-culus, a spray = osgyl, by transposition.

Surdus, deaf = swrth, slow.

Susurrus, a whisper = sibrwd and sisial.

Syllaba, a syllable = sillav.

Sylva, matter = sylwedd, substance.

Tabella, a tablet = tavell, a slice.
Taceo, ticui, to be silent = taw, tewi.
Talio, a requital = talu, to pay.
Talpa, a mole = talp, broken earth.

Appendix. No. II 199

Tapes, tapestry = tapin.

Tata, father /^.

Taverna, a tavern = tavarn.

Taurus, a bull = tarw.

Tecta, roofs or houses = tat.

Tectum, a house = ty.

Tego, to roof or cover = tot.

Tela, weapons = tac/au, arrows.

Tempera, to temper = tymmheru.

Tempestas, a storm = tymmhestl.

Templum, a temple = tcml.

Tcmpus, tempor-is, time = tymp and tymhor.

Temu-lentus, warm with drink = twym.

Tendo, to stretch = tynnu.

Tener, tender = tyner.

Tentus, strained = tynn, tight.

Tenuis, thin = teneu.

Tcpidus, lukewarm = tes, heat.

Ter-ebell-um, a wimble = ebill.

Teres, smooth = ter, fine.

Terminus, a boundary = tervyn.

Tero, to bore through = treiddio.

Terra, earth = tir, land; daear, earth; in Sanskrit, dhara.

Terribilis, terrible = teryll.

Tertiana, the ague =y dyrton.

Tertius, third = trydydd.

Testis, a witness = tyst.

Tetricus, harsh = tcrrig.

Textus, a text = tes tun.

Thesaurus, a treasure = trysor.

Thyrsus, a sprig = tusw; e.g. thyrsus lactucae, ' a sprout of lettuce,'

in Suetonius; tusw vriallu, 'a posy of primroses,' in Drych y

Priv Oesoedd.
Tiunio, to tinkle = tingcian.
Toga, a gown = twyg.

200 Atpendix. No. II.

Tollo, to take away = toliaw, to spare.

Tonus, a tune = ton.

Torqueo, to twist = torch'.

Torques, a wreathen chain = torch.

Torreo, to parch = torn', to crack.

Torta, twisted bread = torth, a loaf.

Tractatus, a treatise = traethawd.

Tracto, to treat of = traethu.

Tractus, drawn out, expanded = traeth, a flat sea-beach.

Trado, to hand down = traddodi.

Traho, to draw = trot, to plough ; treio, to ebb.

Trames, a path = tramwy, to traverse.

Tranquillus, still = trangc, death.

Trans, across = traws.

Transeo, to pass by = trosi.

Transgredior, to transgress = trosedd, transgression.

Trans mare, beyond sea = tramor.

Transmeo, to traverse = tramwy.

Transtrum, a cross-beam = trawst.

Tribus, a tribe = trev, a town.

Tributum, a tax = treth.

Tricae, impediments = dyryswch, perplexity.

Triduum, three days = tridiau.

Trinitas, the Holy Trinity =y Drindawd.

Tripos, a trivet or tripod = trybedd.

Tristis, sad = trist.

Trudo, to thrust = trwyddo, through.

Trulla, a vaulted room = trial, a throne : trulliad, a butler in at-
tendance in the hall.

Trusus, thrust away = dyrys, perplexed.

Trux, savage = drwg, evil; e.g. viri truces, gwyr drwg.

Tu, thou = ti.

Tumeo, to swell = tyvu, to grow.

Tumidus, swollen = tywydd, weather, generally applied to bad weather ;
bydd tywydd, it will be a storm.

Appendix. No. II. 201

Tumulus, a mound, a tomb = tommcn.

Tundo, tunder-e, to thump = divndivr, noise.

Turba, a crowd = tyrva.

Turbcn, a storm = twrv, commotion.

Turgeo, to swell with anger = twrch, a boar.

Turma, a troop = twrv.

Turn's, a tower = tu>r.

Tursio, a sturgeon = tivrch.

Tussio, to cough = tusian.

Tussis, a cough -=pcswch.

Tuns, thine = tan.

Typicus, similar = tebyg.

Typus, a fashion = tyb, an opinion.

Udum, moist = uwd, pap for infants.
Uligo, moisture = gwlych.
Ulmus, an elm-tree = llwyn.
Ultimus, the last = olav.

Ultra, beyond, in excess oi=uthr, wonderful.
Um-bilic-us, the navel = bogcl.
Unda, a wave = tonn.
Unguentum, ointment = ennaint.
Unguis, the nail of a toe or finger = cwin.
Unicus, only one = unig.
Uniformis, uniform = unffurv.
Unio, to unite = uno.
Uuitas, unitat-is, unity = undod.
Unus, one = un.

Urgeo, to press, to drive =gyrru.
Urna, an urn = givrn.

Uva, a grape = connected with the Welsh root-word II v, signifying
'flowing liquor;' gnyv, that which runs out.

Vacca, a cow = buwch, y vuwch.

Vacillo, to move up and down = gic<irll, a knitting-needk .
z

202 Appendix. No. II.

Vacuitas, emptiness = gwagedd.

Vacuo, to empty = gwdghau.

Vacuus, empty = gwdg.

Vado, to go = gwadn, the sole of the foot.

Vadum, a ford or shallow = gwaddod, sediment.

Vae, alas ! = gwae.

Vagina, a scabbard = givaen.

Vagitus, an infant's wail = gwaedd, a cry.

Vagor, to rove = gwasgaru, to scatter.

Valde, exceedingly =gwala, over-much.

Valeo, to be able = gallu.

Vallis, a valley = gwaelod.

Vallum, a wall or entrenchment = gwdl.

Vanit-as, weakness, vanity = gwendid.

Vanus, weak, vain = givan.

Vapulo, to be beaten = gwabio, to strike.

Varius, spotted = mywyr, 'meniver,' a rich fur.

Vassus, a lad in waiting = gwds.

Vastatus ager, a clearing in a forest = gwastad, a flat, level ground.

Vectura or veha, a sledge or plough-cart = gwcdd, a yoke.

Vel, even as = vel.

Vellico, to pluck = gweyll, tweezers.

Vellus, a fleece = blew, hair.

Velox, swift = hwylus, easy.

Velum, a sail = hwyl.

Vena, a vein = gwythen.

Venenum, poison = gwenwyn.

Venio, venttcm, to come = myned, to go.

Ventil-abrum, a winnowing fan = givyntyll.

Ventus, the wind = gwynt.

Venus-tas, beauty = gwen, a smile.

Ver, the spring = gwerydd.

Verbum, a word = gair : berv, a verb.

Ver go, to bend aside = gwyro.

Vermis, a worm =pryv.

Appendix. No. IT. 203

Veronica, 'the Vernacle* or legendary picture of Christ impressed

on a handkerchief =y Vcmagl.
Versus, a verse = givers.
Vertex, a summit = gwarthas.

Vertigo, vcrtigin-is, in the sense of emotion = chwerthin, a laugh.
Vcrtns, power = gwerth, price: gxvyrth, a miracle.
Vern, a spit = bcr.
Vents, true = gwir.
Vesica, a bladder = chxvesigcn.
Vesper, evening = gosper.
Veterasco, to wax old; Italian, vecchio, old = gweccry, weak, old,

worn.
Vexo, to vex = gwasgu, to oppress.
Vids, viatis; viaticus, a journey gwaith, a battle.
Vibro, to quiver = givibio; also, ewybr, quick.
Vicia, vetches = gwyg.
Victito, to fare = bwyta, to eat.
Victns, food = bwyd.
Vic us, a village = gwig.
Video, to see = gwydd, sight.
Viduus, single, a widower = gweddw.
Vieo, to hoop = .^wtf k, to knit.
Victns, withered = gwyw.
Vigeo, vigens, to flourish; also, vegetns and vigesco, lively = gwy< h.

fine.
Vi^il. a watcher = bugai/, a shepherd.
Vigilia, a watch, an holyday = givyl.
Vigiliae, vigils of holydays mywyliau.
Vigilo, to watch = gwylicd.
Viginti, twenty = ugeint, again.

Vigor, strength = gwryg; also, gwychr, bold, vigorous.
Vi/is, cheap = givacl.
Villanns, a husbandman = bilain.
I'illnSy hair = blew.
Vin-cnlnm, a chain = cwlwm, a knot.

204 Appendix. No. IT.

Vinum, wine = gwin.

Viola, a violet = mill.

Viper a, a viper = gwiber.

Vir, a man or husband = gwr.

Virago, a woman = gwraig.

Virga, a twig = brig.

Virgo, a maiden = merch.

Virgulta, twigs = gwrych, a thicket.

Viridis, green = gwyrdd; gwrid, bloom.

Virilis, manly = gwrol.

Vires, strength = bryw, lively.

Viscera, bowels ymysgaroedd.

Vita, life = bywyd; also, chwyth, breath, the primitive analogue of

vita.
Vitigin-eus, belonging to a vine =gwydn, clammy, tough.
Vitis, a vine = gwydd, trees.
Vitium, vice = gwyd. \

Vitricus, a. step-father = ewythr, an uncle.
Vitrnm, glass = gwydr.
Vitulits, vitu-lo, a calf = Ho.
Vivax, lively = bywiog.
Viverra, a ferret = gwiwer, a squirrel.
Vivus, alive = byw.
Vocalis, a vowel = bogel.

Vocatio, a call = gwaedd: gwahawdd, an invitation.
Volnn-tas, will = balon, willing.
Vomitus, a vomit = chivy d.
Vomo, vomer e, to vomit = bwrw, to pour out.
Voro, to swallow = bwrw, to pour out.
Votum, wish, pleasure = bodd, satisfaction.
Vulnus, a wound = gweli.
Vulva, the womb = bol.

Appendix. No. II. 205

Messrs. Betham and Edwards say, the one, that few Latin
words exist in the actual Kymric; the other, that none existed in
the ancient form thereof. I leave the above lengthy vocabulary to
tell its own tale. Only I would warn the reader, that whereas
terms expressing Christian belief and practice come from the Greek
through the Latin, and others expressing complex ideas and foreign
loan-words may safely be referred to the Roman domination, many
seemingly borrowed words belong to the common heritage of Aryan
speech. The latest Teuton and the earliest Kelt have retained
fragments of primaeval language.

APPENDIX. No. III.

ANCIENT GALLIC VOCABLES, PRESERVED BY THE
CLASSIC WRITERS.

Abranas, an ape (Hesychius) = Erse, abran, mischievous.
Agassaios, a good hound (Oppian) = Welsh, gust, a bitch.
Alauda, a lark (Suetonius) = W. alou-adar, the musical bird.
Ambactus, a serf or slave (Pestus) = W. amaethwr ', a husbandman.

(Z)<? Belloguet.)
Arinca, rye (Pliny) = W. r^>g\

^4, applied by the Taurini (of Turin) to barley = W. liaidd.
Bacaudae, applied to an insurrection in Gaul under Dioclesian =

W. bagad, a disorderly troop.
Bardus, a singer of heroic lays = W. bardd.
Barrtis, a Sabine term for an elephant = W. barr, top, high.
Bascauda, a basket, a term borrowed by the Romans (Martial) =

W. basged.
Benna, a Gallic panier on wheels (Cato) = W. y venn.
Bctula, a birch-tree (Piiny) = W. bedw; Sanskrit, pittala, pale

yellow.
Brake, fermented grain (Pliny) = W. brag.
Bulga, a leathern sack = W. bwlgan, a sack.
Capauna, in the modern Italian as well as in the old Gallic, a hut

= W. caban.
Cateia, a Gallic barbed spear (Virgil) = W. cad, battle.
Caterva, a troop of soldiers (Vegetius) = W. cad-tyrva.
Caurus, a strong west wind = W. cawr, a giant.

Appendix. No. III. 207

Kerns Caesar, an ambiguous cry of a Gaul, preserved by Servius;

meaning either gadewch Caisar, let Caesar go ! or, very possibly*

cachgi Caisar, Caesar is a coward ! A coward knight is called

' y Marchawg cachiad 1 in the Saint Greal.
Kervisia, ale {Pliny) = W. cwrwv.

Kcra, the Alpine cow giving excellent milk = W. caws, cheese.
Kirkius, the violent north-west wind = W. kyrch, assault.
Coccus, with the Galatians a shrub producing a deep red dye = (.V.

Jerome.) = W. <:6cn, red.
Covinus, a waggon = W. cowain, to carry land produce.
Didoron, a sort of tiles two palms long among the Gauls (Pliny.) =

W. deuddwrn.
Endromis, a thick winter garment used by the Gallic Sequani

(Juvenal) = W. yn drom, heavy.
Esox, a large fish caught in the Gallic rivers = W. cog, a salmon;

Basque, izoquia.
Essedum, a Gallic war-chariot = W. eisteddva, a seat.
Gaesum, a Gallic javelin = W. ymgais, an aim.
Gigonia, a name given to a rocking-stone near the western ocean

(Ptolemy.) = W. gwingo, to vibrate.
Glastum, woad = glas, blue.
Gliscomarga, white marl = W. glwys-marl.
Gurdus, a Keltiberian term for 'a fool' (Quintilian.) = W. hurt,

awkward.
Guvia, a lever (S. Isidore.) = W. gwiv.
Liduna, the sea-tide (Marccllus of Bordeaux, Dc Bclloguet.) = W.

llydan, the broad.
Litana, a name given by the Boii of Italy to a vast forest in their

country = W. llydan, wide.
Marca, among the Kelts a horse (Pausauias.) = W. tnarch.
Matarcs, a Gallic javelin (Caesar.) = W. mad-tar aw, good thrust.
Meddixtuticus, the title of a chief magistrate among the Samnites

(Livy) = W. meddu-tiid, ruler of the people.
Mirmillo, a gladiator who wore the image of a fish on his helmet

(Festus, De Bclloguet) = W. morvil, a big fish or monster.

208 Appendix. No. Ill

Murcus, a fellow who maimed himself to escape military service

{Ammianns Marcellinns) = W. musgrell, idle, wretched.
Nero, Suetonius tells us this name signified 'strength' in the Sabine

language = W. nerth, strength.
Pcmpedula, the cinque-foil {Apidcius) = W. pump-dail.
Petorritum, a Gallic four-wheeled car {Horace) = W. pedwar-rhod.
Planarete, a plough with two wheels in the Veronese {Pliny.) = W.

plann[u] arad[i'\ the planting plough.
Ploxenum, a Cis-Alpine Gallic term for a 'a carriage-box {Qm'ntil-

ian, De Belloguet) W. blwck, a box.
Palis, fern = W. rhedyn.
Scovies, an elder-tree = W. ysgaw.
Soldurius, a Gallic term {Caesar) meaning a retainer, a man in

pay = W. sawdiwr, a soldier.
Taxea, lard {S. Isidore.) = W. tewychu, to grow fat.
Thyreos, a shield {Pansanias .) = W. tarian.

Tomentum, a stuffed bed (a Gallic invention) = W. twymn, warm.
Tripetia, a three-footed stool {Sulpicins Severns) = W. trybedd.
Tncceda, a pork sausage, (whence the Roman name Tncca) = from

the W. tewychu, to fatten.
Vargae, thieves {Sidonius ApoIIinaris.) = Armoric, goarag, bowmen ;

W. gwarrog, bow; Erse, bearg, a robber.
Veltris, a harrier {Monachus S. Gallensis, De Belloguet.) = W.

gwyllt-red, the wild runner.
Vergobretus, the title of a Gallic magistrate at Autun, who had

power of life and death {Caesar.) = Erse, Fear-go-breath; W.

gwr-gobrwyydd, the man that awards penalties.
Virgae, the colour 'purple' {Servius, De Belloguet) = W. gwridawg,

blushing.
Volema, a kind of large pear {Senmis on Vergil.) = Erse, folaml/,

growth.
Zephyrus, the west wind = Erse, seaf-iar.

APPENDIX. No. IV.

KYiMRIC AFFINITIES WITH THE BASQUE OR EUSKARA.

Thk Basque language presents strong presumptions of antiquity
far exceeding those of the Keltic, Latin, or Teutonic. Its resem-
blance to the monosyllabic Turanian stock, especially the Polynesian
and American branches, might tempt us to believe the Euscaldunac
to have preceded the rest in their arrival in the West, and to have
reached the further West beyond the Atlantic in pre-historic times.
Their legends betray the existence of some connexion with Ireland
at a remote period; and Tacitus was not altogether wrong in assigning
an Iberian, that is, Euscaric origin to the dark-complexioned Silures
of Glamorgan. The comparison of the following vocables mav prove
interesting to the reader.

Agor, to open = Basque, cguairea, the dawn.

Agoriatf, a key = B. a germ.

Air//, a scream = B. aicca, the wind.

Aran, a mountain = B. arranoa, an eagle, the bird that haunts in-
accessible cliffs. Arima was the Phrygian term for ' mountain.'

Asgwrn, a bone = B. assurra

Attr } gold = B. urrea.

Avon, a river = B. ibaya.

Bar, high place = B. b/irua, a summit.

Bcrtlmxvg, wealthy = B. abcrea, a flock, the ancient source of wealth;
and aberatsa, riches.

Bu, an ox or cow = B. beta, a cow.

AA

2IO Appendix. No. IV.

Bys, a finger = B. bcsoa, an arm.

Carreg, a stone = B. arria.

Carrog, a brook = B. errequia.

Dwrdto, to scold = B. deadarra, a cry.

Dyn, a man or servant = B. duenean.

Eidion, an ox = B. idia.

Eira, snow = B. Hurra. In the Aymara of Peru yurac is ' white.'

Eirin, plums = B. arana, a plum.

Garw, rough = B. garra.

Gauav, winter = B. gaua, night.

Glaswellt, green grass = B. lastoa.

Gwaed, blood = B. odda.

Gwallt, hair = B. ullea.

Gwas, a youth, an attendant = B. gaztia.

Gwasgod, a covert = B. bason, a wood ; connected with the Doric
Greek, bassai\ thickets, and the English bush.

Gweilgi, the sea = B. gueldz, the calm sea.

Gweryd, moss = B. uguerra.

Gwres, heat = B. goria.

Gwrid, blush = B. gorria.

Gwrryw, male = B. arra.

Gwydd, a goose = B. antzarra; in German, Ganz.

Huan, the ' sun ' ; the same words, h and s being interchange-
able. Perhaps the Peruvian huayna, handsome youth, is con-
nected with it = B. su } fire; Sanskrit, suncfyu, the same.

Hwrdd, a ram = B. ardia, a sheep.

Uwyad, a duck = B. ahatea.

Ion, lord = B. Jaincoa.

Isel, low, still = B. isil, I am silent ; Latin, sileo.

Llan, a clearing, a village = B. landa, an open place.

Llawr, the ground = B. lurra, the earth.

L/et'rwg, light = B. illargia.

Mam, mother = B. ama. Amma was the Egyptian term for an
abbess or mother in religion.

Mwydro, to become infatuated or distracted = B. modurria, fatuity.

Appendix. No. IV. 21 1

Mvnvdd, mountain = B. tncndia.

Oer, cold =s B. urn, water.

Pashvn, a staff = B. bastoca; French, baton.

Pen, a head ; Gaelic, kean; B. gaina.

Rhno, to roar = B. orrqya, a roaring.

SeV, stars = B. izarra, a. star ; Sanskrit, tdra.

Sz'wgr, sugar = B. sagarra, an apple.

Tad, father = B. aita; Sanskrit, tdta; Homeric Greek, atta.

U/w, ashes = B. ube/a, pale; Sanskrit, /, to burn.

Yn dda, well (adverb) = B. undo.

Yscnbor, a threshing floor or barn = B. escnbarca, a threshing fan.

APPENDIX. No. V.

KYMRIC AFFINITIES WITH THE SANSKRIT.

Whatever resemblance these venerable languages may present must
be due to a common inheritance of thought in their primitive
Iranian home, not to a communication between them in their final
settlements. If Deffrobani, the home of the Kymry in the mythic
' land of summer,' be not Taprobane (Ceylon), they at least have
left material monuments strangely resembling the Indian cairns of
Malabar ; and Taliesin dreams of long-robed sages, who might be
Brahmins, if geographical difficulties could be overcome. But the
existence of Cyclopean remains in India, Greece, and Britain, may
be due to the very early dispersion of nations owning a common
heritage of ideas ; nor is it yet established that the Sanskrit, with
all its wealth of diction and metaphysical lore, is more ancient than
the Hellenic or Keltic. Its development may have been aided by
the gorgeous colouring of oriental skies ; as the Greek may have
borrowed its incomparable lucidity from the happy perfection of its
seas and atmosphere, or as the Keltic may have assumed a sombre
hue from the swamps and forests of the West.

Amser, time = Sanskrit, amasa.

Aran, the name of a mountain in North Wales and of a valley in

the Pyrenees = S. aranya, a wild forest.
Bara, bread = S. bharana, food.

Brig, a mountain summit ; the same in Illyrian = S. bhrgu.
Byddar, deaf=S. bad'ira.

Appendix. No. V. 213

Cairn: , a branch = S. qanku, a stem.

Caterwcn, a spreading oak = S. Kataru, 'What a true! 1

Carreg, a stone = S. karkara, lime, hard.

CraU) clotted blood = S. kravya, raw flesh.

Cuckiaw, to frown = S. knk, to bend.

Aj^ a stem = S. qapha, a root.

Chwarcl, a missive engine = S. svaru, an arrow.

ZW/, leaves = S. da/a, a leaf.

Dam, a piece = S. darana, a division.

Dawn, a gift = S. ddna.

Derw, oak. = S. fl^r?/, a tree.

Dodi, to give = S. W.

Do/, a valley = S. da/a, a cleft.

Z?or, a gate = S. dvdr.

Dwr, water ; Erse, dobhar = S. dab'ra, the ocean.

Eirin, plums = S. arani.

Emyd, evydd, brass = S. nmd, light.

Entyrch [jicv], heaven = S. antariks'a, the deep sky.

Gauav, winter = S. hima, snow.

Graean, a pebble = S. grdvan, a stone.

Gwahannwyn or gwanivyn, the spring = S. vasanta.

Gwanc, desire = S. vdncd.

(hvdncg, a wave = S. vana, a strong wave.

Gtveddi, prayer = S. vet, to ask : hence the Vedas.

Gwerncn, an alder-tree = S. varana, a tree.

Given, to spin = S. ve.

Gwrysg, shrubs = S. rtiksha, a tree.

Gteysti, a wage = S. vis'ti.

Haidd, barley ; Erse, saidh, wealth = S. sdd/iu, excellent.

Hdv, summer = sura, the sun.

Hep/an, to snore = S. sv<"ip, to sleep.

Hevin (Cornish, gwaintoin) = Zend, Mmtna, summery.

Hir, long = S. cira.

Lbl, a lullaby = S. lal, to rock.

LlanCy a scion, a. youth = lanko, a branch.

214 Appendix. No. V.

Lleuad, the moon = S. klaidd.

Lloer, the moon = S. glaur, light.

Llywen, the west, derived perhaps from the earliest period, when

the salt lake or Sea of Aral was to the west of the primitive

Aryas = S. lavana, salt ; lavanoda, the sea, the brine.
Mes, acorns = S. mash, to mash up, to smash.
Moron, carrots = S. mida, a root.
Nad, a. cry = S. nada, a river.
Nadu, to cry = S. nad, to utter a sound.
Naid, a leap = S. nat, to dance.
Nochd (Erse), night = S. nakta.
Parvati, in the Hindu mythology the consort of Siva and goddess

of the earth = W. pridd, earth, soil.
Peth, a thing = S. pet-va, a particle.
Pone, a hillock = S. punga, a heap.

Porus, an Indian king subdued by Alexander the Great ~pdr, lord.
Pridd, earth = S. prt'vi.
Rhwmn, rhwnin, a pear = Persian, romand, a pomegranate; Sanskrit,

ru, to flow, from the abundant juice.
Teg, fair = S. tegd, splendour.
Y wybr, the sky = S. ab'ra.

APPENDIX. No. VI.

GREEK PROPER NAMES RETAINED IN OR EXPOUNDED
BY THE KYMRIC OR GADHELIC (ERSE).

It will be seen that the Kymry adopted some of the following
names from the Aeneid of Vergil, the sole classic read in the Welsh
monasteries, I suspect. It was S. Cadoc's favourite study. The
clear meanings suggested by other names, <a>vavTa a-vviroiaL, would
savour of a remote antiquity.

Achilles, the hero of the Iliad = W. Echell and Achelarwy.

Adonis, of Phoenician origin = W. adon, lord.

Adraste, the goddess of fate = Erse, adhras, worship, awe.

Aegeus, king of Athens = Erse, aighe, valiant.

Aeneas, accusative Aencan, the hero of the Aeneid = W. Einiawn.

Aias or Ajax, an Homeric hero = Erse, agh, a bull.

Alecto, one of the Furies = Erse, allaidh, savage; W. alaeth, wailing.

Almon, a warrior in the Aeneid = the Cornish Elmon (e.g. Trev-
Elmond).

Amalthea, the nurse of Jupiter = W. amallid, genial warmth.

Amphitritc, the goddess of the sea = W. am-drwyth, pervading.

Anius ('rex Anius idemque sacerdos ' Vergil) = Erse, anitis, a
soothsayer.

Aonides, the Muses = Erse, aoinoa, a swan ; W. awen, poetic in-
spiration.

Ares, the god of war = Erse, air, slaughter; W. aeru, to slaughter.

Ariadne, the spouse of Bacchus = W. eirian, beautiful.

216 Appendix. No. VI.

Arsaccs, a favourite name of the Parthian kings = Erse, arsaigh^

ancient.
Assaracus, a king of Troy = the Brut y Brenhinedd gives 'Asser '

as the Kymric equivalent. I suspect Asser of Menevia, bishop

of Sherborne, king Alfred's tutor, adopted his name from the

Biblical Asher; the K-elts being partial to the Hebrews, as

were the Puritans. In France we meet with Jesse bishop

of Orleans, and even with Aholibah ! (Ooliba) a bishop of

Angouleme.
Ate, the goddess of vengeance = Erse, aithe, revenge.
Caranus, a prince of Macedonia {Justing = W. caran, chief.
Caunus, in Greek fable = W. Caw.

Kinyras, a king of Cyprus = W. Gynyr; Irish, Connor.
Clio, one of the Muses = W. Llio.

Clotho, one of the Fates = W. clwydd, one that causes to come to pass.
Creusa, the Trojan wife of Aeneas = W. croessen, maiden.
Crocus, the flower so called ; also, a Greek name of a man = Erse,

crock, red, blooming. W. crock, vehement.
Danaus, a most ancient leader of the Greeks = Erse, dann, bold.
Deucalion, the Greek Noah = W. dylan, the sea.
Diomedes, the Grecian hero = the Welsh equivalent of his name

would be Duw-medd, possessed of God; or, Dwyv-zaSdd, divine

aspect.
Dione, the Homeric mother of Beauty = W. droynwen, the alluring

smile.
Doris, a sea-goddess = W. dur, water.
Erechtheus, a king of Athens = Erse, arrachda, mighty.
Eros, the god of love = W. eiros, scarlet, deep blushing.
Galatea, a nymph = W. galacth, the milky way.
Ganymedes, a prince of Troy = W. cain-wedd, fair aspect.
Gargittius, the dog of Geryon = W. gwrgi, a huge dog.
Geryon, the monster of Tartessus, slain by Hercules = gerwin,

harsh.
Gorgones, fabled objects of terror with the Greeks = Erse, gorg,

terrible.

Appendix. No. VI. 21 J

Haba, the Doric form of Hebe the goddess of ripe youth = W. Mv,

summer, the prime of the year.
Helena, the fairest woman of Greece = Erse, mine, beauty. W.

elain, a fawn.
Hermes, the messenger of the gods = Erse, armes, presage.
Irene, peace = W. Enircin, quiet.

Iris, the goddess of the rainbow = W. >r, green, blooming.
Nemesis y the goddess of retribution = Erse, ncamh-ais, cruel.
Oidipous, Oidipod-os, king of Thebes = the Kymric equivalent would

be chwydd-vawd, swollen-foot.
Orcos, the god of hell = W. erch, terrible.
Papaios, a name very properly (in Herodotus's judgment) applied

by the Thraeians to the Father of the gods, as it meant

' fatherly ' = Bugarth Papan, the Father's fold, was ' heaven '

with the Cornish, as William Baxter asserts.
Paris, prince of Troy = W. Peris.

Patroclus, the friend of Achilles = W. Padrogl. {Triads.)
Priamns, king of Troy = W. Periv, e.g. ab Kedivor. {Triads.)
Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles = W. Fyrr.
Rhadamanthns, a judge in Hades = W. rhawdd-mant, open mouth

or sentence.
Rhoctus, one of the Titans = W. Rhitta Gatvr. {Triads.)
Seilenus, the chief of the wood-gods = W. Elain, 'a fawn'?
Telamon, the father of Aias = Erse, taihnh, sling.
Triton, the sea god = W. tri-tonn, 'the third' or powerful 'wave;'

Erse, triath, a wave.

BB

APPENDIX. No. VII.

GALLIC AND BRITISH PROPER NAMES EXPOUNDED
THROUGH THE KYMRIC.

In offering the subjoined list, I do not pretend that the Kymric
with its modern orthography .exactly represents the original names
even as disguised by Roman taste or affectation ; but, taken as guesses,
the forms suggested may lead to the discovery of the genuine and
primitive. An honest guess may be more fruitful than a blank
and supercilious ignorance.

Ambigatus, a Gallic king (Livy) = amygaid, protector.
Androgens, a traitor British prince = an-drwg-was, the evil man.
Balanus, a Gallic prince (Livy) = balaen, steel ; or, Armoric, balan,

broom.
Boadicea, queen of the Iceni = Aregwedd Voeddawg, the victorious.
Caburus, a chief of the Helvii (Caesar.) = cawr, the giant.
Caractacus, the British hero = Caradawc; Erse, Carthach.
Carvilius, a British chief (Caesar.) = Cdr-Be/i, dear to Belinus.
Casticus, a Gallic prince (Caesar .) = castiawc , accomplished.
Catamentel-es, a Gallic prince (Caesar.) = cat-wynty '11, 'the fan' or

impeller ' of battle.'
Cativtdcns, a chief of Liege ( Caesar?) = cdt-walch, the hawk of

battle.
Catnmandus, a Gallic chief at war with Marseilles, B.C. 388, (Justin

xltii. 5.) = cat-van, battle-field.
Cavarinus , a Gallic chief (Caesar.) = Gavran.

Appendix. No. VII 219

Cogidumnus, the British chief who betrayed his country to Ostorius

Scapula ss Cbch-Dwvn, the chief of Devon. (Baxter.)
Combutis, a general under Brennus in Greece (Pausanias.) = Erse,

combaithe, succour.
Commius, a prince of Arras (Caesar.) = commiaw, discourse, i.e. the

orator.
Conctodunus, a Gaul opposed to the Romans (Caesar.) = kyndynn,

stubborn.
Convictolita nis, a chief of Autun (Caesar.) = kynwyd-llydan, wide

devastation.
Coitus, a king of the Graian Alps = coth, the elder. The name

seems to be allied to Cotys (king of Thrace).
Divico, a Helvetian chief B.C. 107 = diviawc, ferocious.
Divitiacus, another Helvetian (Caesar.) = dcvcidiawc, abounding in

sheep, rich; or else, divindiawc, valiant.
Donnas, king of some Alpine tribes = dwun, swarthy.
Dumnacus, a chief of Anjou (Caesar) = Dyvnog, which name in

S. Modomnoc's case answers to the Latin Dominicus.
Duratius, a Gaul friendly to the Romans = driid, valiant.
Drusus, a Roman name, but probably borrowed from the Cis-

Alpine Gauls = traws, the adversary.
Empone, a Gallic heroine (Tacitus.) = unbennes, lady.
E-pasnactus, a Gallic ally of Rome (Caesar.) = e-pasg-gnawd, the

stout.
Eporedorix, a chief of Autun (Caesar )= e-pbr-twrch, the princely
b >ar ? Selden, in his notes on Drayton's Poly-Olbion, makes
this name Teutonic and the same as Fried-rich.
Ga/ba, a king of Soissons (Caesar.) = Calvan; Erse, galbha, force.

Suetonius makes the name mean ' very fat.'
Ga/gacus, the Caledonian hero = Gwallaw c ; according to Theo-

philus Evans, Aneurin Gilgoch.
Gaston, a favourite name in the Keltic Aquitaine = Erse, gasta,

brave.
Gobanitio, a chief of the Arverni (Caesar.) = gov-anuydd, smith.
Immanuentius. a British king (Caesar.) = Maenwyn.

220 Appendix. No. VII.

Indutiomarus, a Gallic chief {Caesar) = ynad maivr, the great judge.
Liscus, a Gallic vergobret (Caesar.) = llwysawc, hallowed.
Litavicus, a chief of Autun (C) = Clydawc; the same name as

Chlodwig, Ludovicus, or Clovis.
Litem, a prince of the Arverni (Posidonius ) = llewyrn, the meteor.
Lugotorix, a Gallic prince (C) = llwyd rhi, the gray lord.
Luterius, a chief of Quercy (C.) = Elidyr or Elidurus, the same

name as Hlothair and Luther.
Mandubratius, a British traitor = Avarddwy Vrds.
Maponos, the Keltic Apollo = Mabon ab Modron.
Maricus, a Gaul thrown to the lions, who refused to devour him

(Tacitus.) = Meurig.
Ollovico, a Gallic prince friendly to Rome (C) = golo-vig, protector.
Orgetorix, a Gallic chief (C.) = erch-twrch, terrible boar.
Oscar, son of Ossian = Erse, 'champion.'
Prasutagus, husband of Boadicea = Brasydawg.
Procillus, a Gallic chief (C.) = brochwel, blustering.
Segonax, a Gallic chief (C) = Erse, seanach, elder.
Ser/o, a Gallic name in the early middle age = ser-loyw, star-glow.
Tancred, the noblest of crusaders = tanc-rhi, prince of peace.
Tarchon, an Etrurian chief (Vergil); also, Tarcondimotus, a prince

of Cilicia (Cicero), perhaps allied to twrch, a boar, and applied

to princes, e.g. y Twrch-trwyth.
Tasgetius, a Gallic chief (C) = tasgydd, task-setter.
Teutomatus, a Gallic chief = Duw-tadmaeth, nursling of God.
Thessalorus, a Gaul who attacked Delphi under Brennus (Justin)

= twyssawl-wr, the leader.
Vercingetorix, a Gallic chief (C) = Erse, fear-cean-go-turus, the man

who is at the head of the State.
Vergasillaunus (C) = Erse, fear-go-saelan, standard-bearer.
Verodoctius, a Helvetian (C) = gwr doeth, wise man.
Virdumarus, a Gallic chief (C.) = gwr du mawr, the great dark man.
Urganda, the enchantress = eurgain, the brilliant.

APPENDIX. No. VIII.

GEOGRAPHICAL TRACKS OF THE WESTWARD MIGRATIONS
OF THE KYMRY FROM THEIR ASIATIC CRADLE.

In attempting this investigation we are reduced to probable con-
jectures grounded on the slippery base of etymology. I am c >n-
vinced that the wealth of the induction here supplied, in most cases
by my own industry, deserves attention, though I may often have
been led astray. The testimonies supplied by the names of Rivers
are especially remarkable. Nor have I scrupled to insert what may
prove only instances of the felicity of the Keltic tongues in sug-
gesting meanings, where classical Antiquity fabricated absurd myths
to account for what it could not solve. For example, my resolution
of Arcadia into the Kymric Ar-goed, ' the wooded highland,' ought
to gain assent, where a fabled Areas, son of Zeus and Callisto, ex-
plains nothing. In grouping together rivers which bear a common
name, I classify the presumed later forms under that which I find
nearest the parent home of the Kelts. Nor do I think it necessary
to separate ancient from modern geography. It does not follow
that names, which have not come down to us in a Latin garb, are
really of recent or later invention.

India.
The river Annas in Gwalior = W. avon, river. The Anas or

Gnadiana in Spain ; the Avo in Galicia ; the Anza in Italy.
Caberis or Cavcry in India = W. Iu'w-yr, apt to overflow. The

Chaboras in Mesopotamia ; the CkabrtUi in Macedonia.

222 Appendix. No. VIII.

The river Dhona, in India = tan, spreading. The Donaw or Danube
in southern Europe ; the Tanqis or Don in Scythia ; the Tonus
in Argolis ; the Daven in Cheshire ; the Don in Yorkshire ;
the Doon and the Devon in Scotland. Perhaps the two first
and two last may come from W. dovn, deep.

- Indus = Sanskrit, sindhn, the sea. The Strides in Ariana ; the
Sind or Shannon in Ireland.

Kainas in India == W. cam, white ; Latin, candidus amnis. The

Kennet; W. cannaid, bright, in Berks. ; the Ken in Westmore-
land ; the. Ken in Kirkcudbrightshire, N.B. ; the Cain in Mont-
gomeryshire ; the Pistyll Cain in Merionethshire.

Logur in India = W. llachar, glittering. The Lugar in Ayr-

shire, N.B. ; the LJychwr or Loughor in S. Wales.

Loony in India = W. llaiven, joyous. The Lianne in France ;

the Lune by Lancaster ; the Lyne near Dunfermline (Llawen,
Llywarch Hen) ; the Leven in Scotland.

Ravee by Lahore = W. rhev, strong. The Rlia in Scythia ; the

Rhebas in Bithynia ; the Roja in Venetia ; the Roya in Li-
guria ; the Areva in Keltiberia ; the Onvell in Suffolk.

Sabee near Delhi in India = W. saw, obstructive. The Zabis

or Zab in Assyria ; the Savus in Numidia {Mela.) ; the Stf/to
or Savio falling into the Adriatic {Pliny) ; the Savo in Cam-
pania ; the Save in Gascony ; the Sabis or Sainbre in France ;
the Soiv in Staffordshire.

Sewan in India ; the Seyon and Sionnc in Switzerland ; the &?-

quana or W>/? in France = Erse, seach-an, winding river ; the
Seiont or Segont by Caernarvon ; perhaps akin to Saguntum in
Spain ?

Sookree in India = W. sugyr, sweet ? the Sucro or Xncar in

Spain.

7oo>tf in India = W. /yw, pouring ; the Tua in Portugal ; the

Tlwuc in Poitou ; the Tow by Towcester ; the Towy in South
Wales ; the Tweed in Scotland.
Mount Maleus in India Sanskrit, Mala, a bare mountain ; Malea
in the Peloponnese ; Malo/a, an Alpine pass in the Engadine ;

Appendix. No. VIII. 22$

the Afo/r, a bare ridge near Geneva = W. moe/, bare ; Mod
Siabbd in Snowdonia, and others in Wales.

Turkestan, Persia, &c, Armenia.
The river Ochus in Bactriana = W. og, rapid; the Ock in Berkshire;
the Okement in Devon; the Ogvanw {Gwalchmai.); the Ogwen
in Caernarvonshire.

Akcs in Chorasmia = W. ac/i, water ; the Akis in Sicily.

Albanus, in Armenia = W. ahven, pure white ; the Almus in

Moesia ; the Albtnca in Etruria ; the Fons Albunca of Horace ;
the Fons Hchrina in Campania ; the A/wen of Merioneth : per-
haps, also, the Elmund in Kashgaria, and the Almond in Scot-
land.

Araxes in Armenia = W. crch, violent ; the Orcos in Thessaly ;

the Morgns or Oreo in Piedmont ; the Morge in Switzerland
as W. morcath, the roaring of the sea; the Ourcq in Champagne;
the Irk in Lancashire.

Arms in Persia = the Aeron in South Wales ; the Arun in Sussex.

Attmck in Turkestan = W. cthryg, impetuous ; the Atrax in

Aetolia ; the Ettrick in Scotland.

Candriakes in Gedrosia = W. candeiriawc, wild.

Kyros in Armenia = W. carrog, a torrent, or carawg, a wild

boar ; the Caravaca in Murcia, Spain ; the Carawg in North
Wales.

Daradax in Armenia = W. tardd-wysc, bursting water ; the Tar-

taro in Italy; the Tartessus in Spain.

Elymandcr in Persia = W. E-llimyn-dwr \ the sharp water ?

Erindcs in Persia = W. rhint, a groove ?

Manais, in Persia = W. manaw, that extends ; the Menoba in

Spain ; the Menai in North Wales.

Mardus, a tributary of the Caspian Sea = W. Marth, flat.

Mygdonius in Mesopotamia = mtic/i-don, the dark wave ?

Orontes in Syria = W. r/wnt, playful.

Stratiga in Mesopotamia (S. Epiphanins) = W. ystranr, trick,

the wayward river.

224 Appendix. No. VIII.

The river Tonderos, in Persia [Pliny .) = W . dwndwr, a loud noise;
English, thunder; the Tyndarus in Laconia.
Mount Cambalidus in Persia {Pliny), a branch of Caucasus =
W. cwm-bal, high combe ; connected with Combat, Combalaz,
&c, in Switzerland.

Carrhae, a city in Mesopotamia = W. caer, the city.

The Caurarani, a people in Arabia, whose name meant 'rich in
herds ' (Pliny.) = Erse, caor, a sheep.

The Chomari, a people east of the Caspian Sea, possibly a remain-
der of the Kymry.

The Gumbritae, a people on the borders of India (Pliny.), possibly
of the primaeval stock of the Kymry.

The Turkae or Turks of Tourkistan = Qu. from W. twrch, ' a wild
boar,' the symbol of warlike ardour ?

The Uxii, a people in Persia = Qu. from W. wysc, water.. Cf. the
isle of Uxi off the coast of Peru.

Lychindus, a fen in Armenia = W. llychwin, dusky.

Oroandes, a mountain in Armenia = W. gorvan, a high place.

SCYTHIA, OR SARMATIA.

The river Buges (Pliny.) = W. bwg, a scare, or bibch, a buck ; the
Buech in Provence.

Carambtikes (connected with Keltica), (Pliny.) = W. caran-bwch,

the goat's head.

Kyrnaba = W. chwyrn-wy, the impetuous water. The Quirna

on the Simplon ; the Dorovemia or the Dwr-chwym, an old
name of the Stour in Kent ; the Churn by Cirencester ; the
Cerne in Dorset.

Gerrhus = W. garw, pi. geirw, rough. The Cervo in Piedmont;

the Arve by Geneva ; the Garumna or Garonne in France.

Hypanis or Bog = W. wbain, howling.

Silys, as the Scythians call the Jaxartes flowing into the Cas-

pian (Pliny.) = W. silyn, the source or outlet of water, or else
sil, fish-spawn. The Sela in Messenia ; the Silis in Venetia ;

Appendix. No. VIII. 225

the Si/ in Portugal ; the Sihl near Zurich ; the Sieu/e in Au-

vergne ; the Scille by Lons-le-saulnier.
The river Turuntus or Velica in Russia = Sanskrit, taranta, a torrent;

dravanti, river ; Basque, turunta, a trumpet ; W. twrwnt, loud,

resonant. The Tiaranthus in Moldavia ; the TruenUim or

Tronto in the Abruzzo ; the Tordino running into the south

Adriatic ; the Tordine by Tarare (Lyonnais) ; the Druentia or

Durance in Dauphine.
The Abii, a Scythian people near the Maeotis = perhaps ' gwlad

Gavis ' in the Triads may refer to them.
The Budaei or Btidifii = Erse, buidhe, 'yellow' haired.
The Geloni (Russia) = W. a/on or ge/ynion, enemies ?
The Oor-pata, ' man-beaters,' as the words meant in the Scythian

tongue {Herodotus.) ; a name given to the warlike females, the

Amazons = W. gwr-baeddu, man-beaters ?
The Roxolani, the Russians = W. rhwch-ivlan, rough wool. It is

notorious that rude sheepskins still form the garb of the

Russian peasants.
The Thyrsage/ae, a people on the Palus Maeotis = W. tyrsacth,

' draw the shaft,' that is, archers.
Rlriphaei monies, the Ural mountains in Russia = W. rhiff, that

separates.
Rubeas, a cape on the Northern Ocean {Philemon) = W. rhibyn,

a projection.

The Danubian Provinces and Southern Germany.

The river Licus or Lech in Bavaria = W. l/ug-wy, bright river.

The Luxia in Baetica (Spain) ; the Arricge or (as Froissart writes
it) Liege in southern France ; the Loxa or Lossie in Suther-
land (Scotland) ; the Lugg in Herefordshire ; the L/ugwy in
North Wales. Cf. Latin /ux, luc-is, light.

Temes in Transylvania = Sanskrit, tdmasa, water. The Tabbia

in Liguria (Italy ; the Tabuda or Scheldt in Belgium, allied to

the Tamuda in Mauritania {Me/a.) ; the Tava in Moravia ; the

Thames = W. tav-wysc, spreading water ; the Tame in Oxford-
CC

226 Appendix. No. VIII.

shire ; the Teme = W. Tevidiog in Salop ; the Tavy in Devon ;

the TCiv by Cardiff; the Taw by Barnstaple ; the Tawy by

Swansea ; the Tay in Scotland.
The river Vindo or Wartach in Bavaria = W. gwyn-don, the white

wave or eddy.
Abnoba, the Schwarzwald or Black Forest in Swabia, the birthplace

of the Danube = W. abwy-ntm, vehement flow, or avon-bv, the

raw or infant river ?
Aquincum, Old Buda in Hungary = W. ach-yn-cwm, water in the

combe.
Artobriga, a town in Noricum (Austria) = W. artk-brig, the bear's

hill?
Burnum, a castle in Liburnia {Pliny) = W. bwm, an intrenchment.

Born in Auvergne was the castle of the famous troubadour

Bertrand De Born.
Campodumim, Kempten a town in Bavaria = W. dinas y camp an,

the city of the games.
Camicae Alpes, the Alps of Carniola = W. alp-gamau, the high-
lands of cairns.
Carnuntum, Altenburg a town in Hungary = W. caer-neint, the

fort of torrents.
Kelemantia, a place in Moravia = W. kelvaint, stock.
Clunia, Feldkirche in the Tirol = W. llwyn, the grove.
Eburodunum, Brunn in Moravia = W. Dinevwr, Dinevor.
Gabromagus, Krems a town in Austria = W. gavr-maes or gavr-

magh, the goat's field.
Hercynia sylva, the Black Forest = W. erc/z-van, terrible place ?
Idunnm, Windischmatrey in Bavaria = W. y dun, the hill fort.
Mount Marmolatta, one of the Tirolese Alps in the splintered

Dolomite district = W. marmor-ldth, the chalky wand ?
Martiana sy/va, the Black Forest = W. coed-marth, the heavy wood.
Meh'odunum, Milensko in Bohemia = W. din-mael, the iron fort.
Meran in the Tirol = W. marian, gravelly soil.
Naunia {Pliny), the Val di Non in the Tirol = W. nonau, the

streams ; nannan, the ravines.

Appendix. No. VIII. 227

Pons Oeni, Innsbruck = W. pont-avon, river bridge.
Tcriolis a castle in the Tirol = W. tir-iol, a pleasant spot.
Vendenis a city in Servia = W. givcn-dinas, the white fort.

Northern Europe.
The river Albis or Elbe = W. alb-ivysc, white water. The Elwy
in North Wales.

Nava or Natv in Rhenish Prussia = W. navawl, that which

forms or deposits soil. The Nabalia in Guelderland ; the Na-
bius in Keltiberia (northern Spain).

Obrincus or Moselle = W. ob-rhwngc, loud motion.

Rhenus or Rhine = W. rhe, to flow.

Rotte by Rotterdam in Holland = W. rhwth, wide, open.

The Arrottx in Burgundy ; the Rother in Sussex and in Yorkshire ;
the Rotha in Cumberland.

Ruhr near Ruremund in Guelderland = W. rhawr, roaring.

Scaldis or Scheldt in Holland = W. isga/-dwys, thick foam.

Viadrus or Oder in Prussia = Erse, beathra, water.

Vistida in Poland = W. gwys-twyl, deep fear ?

Visurgis or Weser = W. gwy-sorig, sullen stream.

The Aesthonii, a people on the Baltic, whose language approached

the British (Tacitus, Germania.) = W. aes-don-wyr, men of the

ample buckler ?
The Borussi or Prussians = W. brwys, big well-grown men.
The Bructeri, the ancient people of Guelderland = W. brwch-twrv,

the excitable ? men of strong impulse.
The Germani=W. garni, the war-cry.
The Gugerni or Sicambri, a tribe on the lower Rhine = W. gwg-

gem, the frowning sirs.
The Lygii, men of Silesia = W. //ug-wyr, the pestilential ?
The Osi=W. aws, defiant?

The Quadi, men of Moravia = W. cdd-wyr, warriors.
The Rugii, men of Rugen in the Baltic = W. r/nvawg, thick

bearded.
The Ubii, a tribe of Gauls on the Rhine = W. wb-wyr, the exiles.

228 Appendix. No. VIII.

Argentoratum, Strassburg = W. caer-arianrod, the city of the silver

wheel.
Bannomanna, a Kelto-Scythic name anciently applied to some ele-
vated region in the Northern Ocean, probably Norway {Pliny.)

= W. ban-van, the highland.
Borbetomagns, Worms on the Rhine = W. maes-pryved, the field

of worms, that is, serpents, as e.g. the Worm's Head, the

Orme's Head in Wales.
Cronium Mare, the Frozen Sea of the north = W. mor-crawn, the

congealed sea.
Dort in Holland, called by Froissart Dourdrech = W. dwr-drech,

the impetuous water.
Maguntiacum, Mainz on the Rhine = from the Erse, magh, field.
Manarmanis, Harlingen in Friesland = man-aerven, the place of

battle.
Rigomagus, Remagen in Rhenish Prussia = W. rhyg-maes, rye-field.
Vosania, Oberwesel on the Rhine = W. gwys-an, deep river.

Asia Minor.
The river Aesacus in the Troad. The Eisack in the Tirol.

Arycandus in Lycia = W. argannaid, very bright.

Karesos in the Troad {Homer?) = W. cor-wys, eddying water.

The Correze in Aquitaine ; the Corys in Merioneth ; the Keir-
iog or Chirk in Denbighshire ; the Cere by Aurillac, and the
Cher by Tours in France.

Evenus in the Troad = W. e-wenn-wy, white water. The

Ewenny in Glamorgan.

Hy litis in Lydia = W. tell, sudden.

Lamns in Cilicia = W. Ham, a leap. The Lemme in the Jura,

which forms a fine cascade, ' la chute de la Lemme.' The
Learn by Warwick.

Sarus in Cappadocia = W. sdr, wrath, i.e. the angry river.
The Sars by Santiago in Spain {Mela.) ; the Sarine in Switzerland ;

the Sanr in Luxemburg.

Siberis in Galatia = W. hyverw, boiling over, inundating.

Appendix. No. VIII. 229

The Syverns in Attica {Pliny xxxvii. g) ; the Sybaris in south Italy;
the Iberns or Ebro in Spain ; the Hyver in South Wales.

Simois in the Troad = Erse, saimh, quiet. The Simmeti in

Switzerland ; the Semoy in Belgium ; the Samara or Somme in
Picardy.

Tame, the fountain of the Pactolus in Lydia ; the Atarnes in

Thrace ; the Tarn in Languedoc ; the Tern in Salop ; the Tren
or Trent in England ; the Trininm in the Abruzzo.

Tembrogins in Phrygia {Pliny) = W. tcm-brog, the swelling ex-

panse.
The lake Tatta Pains in Lycaonia = W. tawd, extended.
The Treroi in Mysia =. Erse, treoirac/i, vigorous.
The Teukroi=W. dewr, stout. These two Kimmerian tribes were

driven from Mysia by the Thracian Maesi, long before the

Trojan war. {Herodotus)
Mount Berekynthos in Phrygia = W. berwyn, white peak.

Bcrmius in Macedonia ; Berwyn in Merioneth.

Dindymns in Galatia = W. din-dwym, the sultry fort ?

Ida in Asia and Crete = W. gwydd, woodland.

Taurus in Cilicia = W. torr, 'the hill' pre-eminently, from torri,

to break ; abrupt. The Torr by Glastonbury.

Amorinm, a strong town in Phrygia = W. all-mor, a secluded spot.

Aspetidus, a city in Pamphylia = W. aspant, a hollow depression.

Carambis, a promontory of the Euxine = W. caran-bn, the ox's
head. It was opposite Kriou-metopon in Taurica.

Gordium in Phrygia = W. gor-ddn, the black summit.

Pessitins, a town in Galatia, with a richly endowed temple of
Cybele = W. pcncs-wyn, the blessed district.

Tavinm, the town of the Gallic Trocmi in Galatia {Pliny.) = per-
haps from Tav, as in Llandav. A bishop of Tavium, the
Galatian Llandav, attended the Council of Nicaea.

Termessns, a city in Pisidia = W. tcr-maes, fair field.

I'i/idia, a place in Galatia = W. gwent, an open plain.

230 Appendix. No. VIII.

Thrace.

The river Akesines (Thucydides) = W. acli-iesin, bright water.

Araros, an affluent of the Danube {Herodotus iv. 48.) = W.

arav, slow. The Ararius or Aar in Switzerland ; the Arar
or Saone in France ; the Are in Yorkshire.

Ardiscos (Pliny.) = W. hardd-wysc, fine water. The Ardeche in

France.

Brongos (Herodotus?) = W. bronawg, full bosomed.

Kontadesdos = allied to W. kyndawd?

Tearos, a salubrious river in Thrace (Herodotus.) = W. ter, pure.

The Terias in Sicily (Thucydides?). The Ter in the north of
Spain.

Trauos = Sanskrit, dravanti, a river ; or W. traws, sharp.
The Tresa in Lombardy ; the Dranse in Dauphine.

Mount Edon = W. e-dun or y-ddmas, the fort.

The Moesi = W. maes-wyr, men of the plains; the Bryges = W. brig-
7vyr, hill-men ; and the Thyni = W. tywyn-wyr, coast-men, be-
tween the Danube and the Bosphorus, became the ancestors of
the Mysians, Phrygians, and Bithynians of Asia Minor. (Plinii
Nat. Hist. v. c. 32.)

The Thrakes, presumably Keltic in origin = W. treck-wyr, the more
powerful.

Macedonia.

The river Echedorus = W. ech-dwr, parent of water.

Eordaeos = W. hwrdd, the ram.

Erigonos = W. e-rhig-on, the water groove.

Genusus (Lucan.) = W. gwen-wysc, fair water.

Lydius = W. //wyd, the gray river.

Lynkestos = W. llyngc-kest, the swallowing paunch.

Rhocdias (Pliny.) = W. r/iwydd, free.

Strymon = W. ystrym-on, the main stream.

Suemis = W. swyv, foam.

Mount Pimpla = W. pwmpyl, a knoll or projection.

Appendix. No. VIII. 231

Greece.

The river Achclons in Aetolia = W. ac hcl-wysc , water in the
covert.

Acheron in Aetolia = Erse, achar-on, sharp river.

Alphaeus in Arcadia = W. alp-wysc, water of the highland.

Amphrysos in Thessaly = W. amvrwys, luxuriant around.

Balyras in the Peloponnesus (Pausanias) = W. ballasarn, blue.

The torrent Balira in the valley of Andorra in Spain.
The lake Boibeis in Thessaly, that of old inundated the country
= W. baw, slime, mud.

Bolbd limne in Macedonia (Thucydides.) = W. llyn-bol, expansive

lake.
The river Charadros in Phocis = W. rhaiadr, waterfall.

Kelydnos in Epirus = W. kelyddon, the brakes or coverts.

Kephissos in Attica = W. kyff-ivysc, the main water.

Kladaos in Arcadia (Xenophon.) = W. cleddeu, sword ; or, pos-

sibly, clwyd, warm. The Cledden in Pembrokeshire ; the Clwyd
in Denbighshire ; the Clyde in Scotland ; the Glyde in Ireland.

Kokytos in Epirus = W. crdck, violent ; or, c6ch-chwydd, red

swelling.

Crathis in Achaia = Erse, crathaidh, tremulous.
Dirkc, a fountain near Thebes = Erse, dearc, an eye.
The river Eurotas in Laconia = W. rhwth, the wide river.

Iardanos in Crete (Hesiod.) = W. ir-ddon, the fresh wave. The

Eridanos or Po, ' nullo amnium claritate inferior ' (Pliny Hi.
16); the Irthing in Cumberland.

Ilissos in Attica = W. il-wysc, the bubbling water.

Ladon in Arcadia = W. llydan, the broad. The Loddon in

Hants.

Lethe, the fabled river of oblivion = W. llaith, death.
Libethra, a fountain in Magnesia = W. llethyr, steep.

The river Minykos in Thessaly (Homer) = W. mynych, rapid. The
Mincins in north Italy.

Neda in Arcadia = W. nedd, whirling. The Neaethus in Cala-

232 Appendix. No. VIII.

bria ; the Nide in Lorraine ; the Nethe in Belgium ; the Nedd
or Neath in Glamorgan ; the Nidd in Yorkshire ; the Nith and
the Nethan in Scotland.
The river Olbios in Arcadia = W. elwy, the joyous. The Elwy by
S. Asaph.

Olyras near Thermopylae = W. llyr, water. The Liris in south

Italy ; the Laeros in Spain {Mela.) ; the Lair a by Plymouth ;
the Liger or Loire in France ; the Leir by Leicester (Caer-lyr),
now corrupted into Soar.

Peneios in Thessaly = W. pen-wysc, head water.

Selimnos in Achaia = W. selwyn, keen. The Selune in Nor-

mandy.

Thyamis in Epirus. The Tamega in Portugal ; the Teivi in

South Wales ; the Teviot in Scotland.
The Achaez] the ancient stock of Greeks = W. ach, water ; the sea-
men.
Acarnania, a wild part of Greece = W. allt-garn, craggy steep.
Aetoh'a, a district whose inhabitants were reckoned the most wicked

in Greece = W. aethawl, prickly, offensive.
Ambrakia, a city of Epirus at the end of a gulf = W. amffrach,

at the bend ; Latin, amfractus.
Arakynthos, a mountain in Greece = W. aran-gwyn, the white

mountain.
Arcadia in the Peloponnese = W. ar-goed, the wooded upland.
Lyktonia, a submerged land under the Aegean sea = W. llug-ton,

the luminous strand.
Marathon in Greece = W. marth, flat, the plain.
Skyros, an isle in the Aegean = W. esgair, the spur. Cf. the

Skironia saxa in Attica, and the Skerries off Mona.
Tenedos, an isle in the Aegean = allied with Ynys Daned or Thanet

in Kent.
Trikaranon, a Greek fortress [Xenophon^) = W. tri-carafi, the three

headed.
Cambunii montes in Thessaly = W. cam-bryniau, the bent or beetling

hills.

Appendix. No. VIII. 233

Mount Erymanthos in Arcadia = W. eiry-mynydd, snowy mountain.

Hyntettos in Attica, famed for honey = W. y medd, mead ?

Maenalos in Arcadia = W. maenawl, stony.

Olympos in Thessaly = W. Iwtnp, a mass.

Ordymnos in Lesbos = W. gor-ddiovn, precipitous.

Othrys in Thessaly = W. uthyr, terrible.

Parnassos in Boeotia = W. par-natvs, spear of nature.

Pelinaion in Chios {Strabo.) = W. pellen, a round mass.

Pindos in Thessaly = W. pen-dwys, massive head.

Saoke in Samothrace = W. sawch, an heap.

Skardos in Dalmatia = W. esgair-du, the black spur.

Tilphyssos in Boeotia = W. Diphwys, precipitous, in Merioneth.
Ascra, a mountain village in Boeotia = Erse, aisgcir, mountain ;

W. esgair.

Bcmbinadia, another name of the Nemean wood in Arcadia {Pliny,
iv. 6) = Erse, Beinn-feadha , the woody heights.

Blenina, a town in Arcadia {Pansanias.) = W. blacnau, the ex-
tremities of a vale.

Boeotia, a province rich in pastures as W. buod, oxen.

Brilessos, a mountain in Attica = W. breilw, a rose.

Calydon, a forest in Aetolia = W. kelyddon, the coverts.

Candavia, a mountain district of Epirus {Cicero?) = W. can-ddv,
white spread.

Cnidos, a town in Caria = W. cnibd, ' a crop,' fruitful.

Daulis, a city of Phocis = W. dul, a dale.

Dodona, a city of Epirus = W. dazvd-on, water-deposit.

Doris, a district on the Kephissos = W. dibr, water.

lalysos, a city in Rhodes = W. ial-wys, fair water.

Ithake, the home of Odysseus, termed by Homer hylicssa, ' the
wooded ' = W. gwyddawg, of the same meaning.

The Lokroi Opountioi, near Boeotia = W. Lloegrwys Epynt, the
Ligurians of the upland slopes.

Mount Tomaros in Thesprotia = W. to-mawr, great roof.

DD

234 Appendix. No. VIII.

Sicily.

The river Alabus = W. alaw, a water-lily.

Damyrias {Plutarch) = Sanskrit, tamasa, water. The Tamara in

Spain ; the Tamar in Devonshire.

DcJas = W. du-las, dark blue. The Dulas in North and South

Wales ; the Douglas in Lancashire and in Scotland.

Gela (Thucydides.) = W. geleu, that which flows imperceptibly.

The Geleu in Denbighshire.

Her minium = W. ir-avon, fresh river. The Irvon in Radnor-

shire ; the Irvine in Scotland.

Motychanes = W. mwth-uc henaid, rapid murmuring.
Mount Acragas = W. y graig, the rock.

Aetna = W. aeth-nev, piercing the sky.

Argennum = W. ar-gwyn, the white upland.

Eryx = W. erch, terrible.

Hybla, famed for its honey W. hyvelydd, the sun.

Lilybaeum, a cape = W. Hob, bulging out. Cf. Lopper, an ex-

tension of Mount Pilatus into the Lake of Lucerne.

Malimnus, full of apple-trees = W. aval-llwyn, apple-grove.
Mtrgantium, a city = W. mor-gamt, great plain.

Rhodunia , the crater of Aetna (Livy.) = W. yr odyn, the lime kiln.
Tauromenium, a city = W. tawr-meinz] the formidable walls.

Italy.

The river Acalandrus in South Italy = W. ack-lawnder, abundance

of water.
The lake Acherusia in Campania = W. ac/irwys, plenty.
The river Akiris in South Italy = W. agwyr, winding.

Addua in Lombardy = W. add-wy, redundant water ? from its

destructive floods.

Aesar = W. aeserw, bright.

Albula, the primitive name of the Tiber = W. alp-ul, the high-

land stream.

Appendix. No. VIII. 235

The Aponi Fontes, Abano in Venetia = W. Ffynnon Aban y the

tumultuous spring.
The river Aprusa in South Italy = W. ehr-wys, quick water.
Artafa'a, a fountain among the Lmc s try gone s, a Keltic people in

Campania, signifying 'the bear's fountain' [Apollom'us R/iodius.)

=s W. Arthog, a name known near Barmouth in Wales.
The river Clanis in Etruria = W. g/dn, fair. The Glanc by Ro-

mont in Switzerland ; the Clain in Poitou.

Bedesis, near Ravenna = W. bedw-wys, the birch river ; also

called the Ronco = W. r/iongca, hollow. The Ranee in Bri-
tanny.

Bormida in Piedmont = Erse, borram, to swell.

Bradanns in Calabria = Erse, bradau, a salmon.

Clitumnns in Campania = W. lliv-dwvn, deep stream.

Clusone in Piedmont = W. glwys-on, pure water.

Crevola on the Simplon = W. crev, a cry.

Dobbia in Piedmont = W. dyvi, deep ; Erse, dnbh; W. <///,

black. The I dub a in Arragon ; the Dubis or Daubs in Bur-
gundy ; the Douve in Normandy ; the Z?o# in Staffordshire ;
the Duvey in North Wales. *

Galcsus in Calabria = W. gdl-wys, fair water.

Grana in Piedmont = W. gran, lustre.

Hylas in Calabria = W. u/-/as, blue water.

/r/V? or Scrivia in Lombardy = W. zr, fresh ; ysgriv, jagged.

Labinius in North Italy = W. llavyn, a blade or sword.

Lambrus, an affluent of the Po = W. llamre, swift.

Libarna or Lavagna in the Apennines = W. lliveiriain, flowing

in a torrent.

Lima and Lemuris in the Apennines = W. ///'^, torrent. The

Lamia in Portugal.

Mcdama in Calabria = W. medd-avun, soft stream.

Merula in Liguria = \V. mer-ul, rich water.

Metniirus in Calabria = W. myd-taur, flowing surface.
Neminia, a fountain in Samnium, allied to Nevyn in North Wales

and to Nemausus or Nismes in its meaning, 'sacred.'

236 Appendix. No. VIII.

The river Olane, a tributary of the Po, {Pliny Hi. 16.) now the
Olona by Milan = W. alon, harmony. The Alagnon in Au-
vergne ; the Aulne in Britanny ; the Alaunus, Allen, or Avon in
Dorset ; the Alne by Henley-in-Arden ; the Alne in Northum-
berland ; the Alun in Flintshire ; the Allan in Scotland.

Ollius or Oglio in Lombardy, a turbid stream = W. gwyllt, wild.

The Ulla by Sant, Iago in Spain ; the Olle in Dauphine ; the
Oltis or Lot (a wild stream) in the Cevennes.

Pactins in Apulia = W. paith, a straight course.

Pisaurus = W. pisawr, spouting, gushing.

Rubicon = W. rhuv-ig, red and impetuous.

Rutuba, Rotta near Ventimiglia = W. rhiidd-wv, the red stream.

Sabatus, an affluent of the Vulturnus = W. savaddou, calm.

Samnia in Venetia = W. sarnau, the stepping-stones.

Scultenna, an affluent of the Po = W. ysglcnt, rebounding.

Sermenta in Val Sesia = W. servan, dizzy.

Sertta in Piedmont = W. serin, precipitate.

Sessites, Sesia in Piedmont = W. swysiad, impulse. The Suze

in West Switzerland.

Tanager in Calabria = W. tdn-agwyr, spreading awry, winding.

Tanarus or Tar anus = W. taran, thunder. The Tarannon, an

affluent of the Severn in North Wales.

Taro in the Apennines = W. tar, shock.

Tilaventum in Friuli = W. tail-avon, river deposit.

Timavus in Venetia (with hot springs) = W. twym-avon, warm

river.

Tinea, near Nice = W. tywynnu, flashing. The Tyne in Scot-

land.

Tosa or Toccia in Piedmont = W. tocc, quick. The Toss by S.

Gall in Switzerland ; the Touques in Normandy.

Umbro or Ombrone in Italy as W. Hymyr, the Humber.

Vesciris, by mount Vesuvius = W. gwescrydd, agitated.

Vesubia, near Nice = W. gwts-wv, water in motion.

Vulturnus in Campania = W. gwyllt-dwrn, wild eddy.
Larius lacus, the Lake of Como = W. llary, gentle.

Appendix. No. VIII. 237

Mandurium in Apulia = W. mann-dwr, place of water.

Pantanus lacus -- W. pant-an, river in a hollow.

Papyrius or lake of Bracciano = W. llwch-pabwyr, reedy lake.

Sabatinus = W. llwch-savaddon, the calm lake.

Sebinus lacus, the lake of Iseo in Lombardy = W. llwch-scbin, the

confined lake.
Si'acha, a Kimmerian name of lake Avernus near Cumae, preserved

by John Tzetzes = W. sych, dry, of volcanic origin.
Trasi menus, a lake famous for the defeat of the Romans = W.

traivs-vann, the ill-omened place.
Marc Tyrrhenian, the Tuscan Sea = W. Mor Tcryn.
Mountains : Col d } Albergian in Val Pellice in Piedmont = W. al-

brtg-gain, the high white summit.

Alburnus in Lucania = W. al-bwm, a mighty heap.

Alpes = W. Mynneu, from the Latin montes, the mountains.

Apenninus = W. penn-wyn, white head.

Balmadant in the Vaudois valleys = W. bal-mawdd-ddant, the

peak of the expanding tooth. Serre le Cruel, ' the cruel saw,'
is another Vaudois locality.

Balsille = W. bdl-sil, the peak of the outlet.

Bolca, near Verona = W. bwlch, jagged, basaltic.

Braulio, a portion of the Stelvio = W. brawl, swelling out.

Brans, and Mont Brouis above Nice, (covered with lavender) =

W. brwys, luxuriant.

Brenner, an Alpine pass = W. bre-cn, the summit.

Broglia, by Courmayeur = W. brawl, swelling.

Cent's = W. kean or penn-wysc, head of the water.

Kiminius in Etruria = W. kevn, the back or high ridge.

Coelius, one of the hills of Rome = Erse, coill, a wood.

Col d^Artercva, near Courmayeur in Piedmont = W. bwlch-

arthrev, the pass of the huge bear.

Cunarus, now Mount Corno, the highest peak of the Apennines =

W. ciin-aran, the chief mountain.

Garganus = W. y gaer-gann, the white fort.

Gaurus, near Naples = W. gawr, azure ?

238 Appendix. No. VIII.

Mountains : Genevre = W. gwen-vre, the white summit.

Gingunum in Umbria = W. pen-gwvn, white crest.

Graiae Alpes = W. creigiau, the rocks.

Grivola in Piedmont = W. criviaw/, indented.

Hirpinus in Samnium = W. Mr-pen, the long head.

Lucretilis {Horace?) = W. Uiig-crethyU, bright.

Muanda and Moud, two passes in Val Sesia in Piedmont = W.

bwlch-y-mant, ' the pass of the mouth ' or opening.

Oropa in Piedmont = W. yr hvb-al/t, the swelling height. Y

Robe//, a mountain in Merioneth.

Penninae Alpes = W. alpau penwyn, white topt high crags.

Stelvio = W. yste/v, rude.

Tabnrmis in South Italy = W. ta-bwrn, spreading mass.

Tersiva, a snowy summit of the Graian Alps = W. ter-swyv,

clear ice.

Tnrlo, an Alpine pass in Piedmont = W. twrlla, a marmot.

Vesula or Vt'so = W. syll-va or gwydd-va, place of vision. The

latter denotes in Wales the summit of Snowdon. Cf. Mount
Voidhia by Patras in the Morea.
Tribes or nations : The Brnttii on the strait of Messina = W.
brwyd, ' rent,' with allusion to the country.

Falisci in Etruria W. ffal-wysc, whirling water.

Genauni, the Keltic tribe of the Val d'Agno in North Italy =

W. gwynion, the fair race.

Hcrm'ci, a people of Latium, so called from Herma, in the

Sabine tongue, signifying ' stones ' = Erse, cairneach, stony ; W.
arennigion, mountaineers ?

Iktymuli in the Val Anzasca = W. ith-mwl, a mass of wild corn.

Laestrygoncs, a Kimmerian people who were ' sons of Neptune,'

i.e. pirates in South Italy before Homer's time = W. llesteir-
iawg, obstructive.

Lebui, between Brescia and Verona = W. llcb, pale yellow.

lepontii in the Val d'Ossola = W. llc-pant-wys, they of the glens.

Ligurjs of West Italy, probably the same as the Iberi of Spain

and the Lloegrwys of Britain = W. //yr, ' the sea,' seamen.

Appendix. No. M II. 239

Tribes or nations: Ombriri or Umbrs] a people of Illyricum and of
Italy = W. Kymry.

Salasst in the Val d'Aosta = W. salw-wfis, sickly men. Per-

haps cretinism early prevailed there.

Tanrini, near Turin = W. torr, a steep hill.

Uencti, the men of Venice and of Vannes in Britanny = W.

Gwynedd and Guenct, the fair country ; North Wales.

Vestini in Samnium = Erse, luchd-faistine, wizards.

Abe/fa, a town in Campania = Erse, abhal, apple.

Anxur, " in the language of the Volsci " {Pliny Hi. 5.) the name of
Tarracina = W. acserw, bright.

Apulia, a province of South Italy, = W. Gwlad y Pwyl. {Brut y
Tyuysogion, A.D. 1260.)

Ardca, a city in Latium = Erse, airde, height.

Ariminum in Gallic Italy = W. ar-vin-wy, on the water's edge.

Arpinum, a town in Samnium = W. ar-pen, the high summit.

Bagnasco, a place in the Apennines = W. bann-wysc, height of the
water.

Balmuccia in the Val Sesia = W. bal-miich, the dark peak.

Banlia in Campania = W. bant (in Gwentian dialect), upland.

Barderate, Bra a town in Piedmont = W. barr-derwaidd, the oak
summit. This may have been its Liguro-Keltic name ; but Sir
Francis Palgrave derives Bra from brauda, broad, a Teutonic
word which could scarcely date earlier than the Lombard occu-
pation in the sixth century.

Bencvcntum in South Italy = W. pen-gwent, head of the champain.

Bcrgomtim in North Italy = W. brig-cwm, end of the combe.

Brcgaglia, a valley in North Italy = W. breg-ae/, brow of the fissure.

Brembana, a valley in the Bergamasque = W. brecu-ban, the con-
spicuous summit.

Brianza, a hilly tract near Como = W. brigant, the summit.

Brixia, Brescia in Lombardy = W. brwysg, inebriate.

Bur gum Ausugii in Venetia = \V. bwrc/i-awsog, defiant rampart.

240 Appendix. No. VIII.

Kaecubum in Campania, famed for its wine = W. cae-cwv, the

sloping enclosure.
Kaere in Etruria, and Carrea or Chieri in Piedmont = W. caer,

a walled city.
Caesena in Umbria = W. cae-sena, the fort of the Ra-sena.
Calabria in South Italy = W. ca/a-vro, the point of the land.
Camere in Calabria {Ovid. Fasti) = W '. ca-mer, the marrow or rich

field.
Carriers in Etruria = W. ca-Mawrth, ' Mars ' field.
Camonica, a valley in North Italy = W. dul-cammawn, the valley

of battle.
Canter turn, a headland in Umbria = Erse, hean-tir; W. pen-tir,

headland. Cf. Cantire in Scotland.
Caniisium, a town of Apulia on the Aufidus, a violent stream =

W. cann-wysc, white water.
Cara/is, a seaport in Sardinia = W. cacr-heli, city of the salt sea.
Carbantia, an old town in Lombardy = W. caer-pant, city in the

hollow.
Caristum in Lombardy = W. caer-wys, city on the water.
Carmagnola in Piedmont = W. caer-maenawl, fort in rich soil.
Carseoli, a city of Tuscany = Erse, caisea/, the bulwark.
Casilinnm in Latium. Cf. Caer-sihn, Silchester, to the venerable

ruins whereof Pliny's words still apply, as to the Italian city

of yore 'Sunt et morientis Casilini relliquiae,' iii. 5.
Casmona in Liguria = W. cds-mdn, the isolated fort.
Cas-uent-illan-um in Umbria = W. cas-gwent-y-llan, the fort of the

meadow-land.
Cherasco in Piedmont = W. c/aer-wysc, clear water.
Clastidium, Casteggio in Liguria = W. c/ds-tiid, the people's hold.
Clatema in Cis-alpine Gaul {Cicero) = W. llad-wern, the rich

meadow.
Cotnum or Como = W. cwm, a combe.
Corfiniwn in Umbria = W. cur-ffin, the border fort.
Corioli in Latium = W. cor-iol (iawt), the choir of worship.
Covto, an impregnable Venetian fort = Erse, com/i/a, a horn.

Appendix. No. VIII. 241

Cnmae, a Kimmerian city in Italy = W. cymmau, the glens.
Cumero, a headland in Picenum = W. penrhyn Kymry.
Dervio on the lake of C01110 = Armoric, dcrv; W. derw, an oak.
Dnggia, Va/, in Piedmont = W. dol-ddnaivg, the dark valley.
Eporedia, Ivrea, in a district anciently inhabited by Kelts (Galli

Insubres) = W. cbol-rhydd, the free colt. Pliny says, " The

Gauls call good horsebreakers Eporedicae," iii. 17.
Eza, a fort above Monaco = Erse, ais, hill-fort.
Felsina, the Umbrian name of Bologna, "cum princeps Hetruriae

esset " {Pliny iii. 5.) = W. gwely-Sina, the settlement of the

Ra-sena ' or Etruscans. (Archd. John Williams, Essays)
Fesnlae, Fiesole by Florence = W. gwes-id, the place of water.
Ilva, the isle of Elba = W. il-va, the place of ferment. Ou.

whether of old volcanic ?
Laberii campi in Campania = W. llavyr, spreading out.
Lannvinm, a town = W. llan-wv, moist spot.
Laveno on lake Maggiore = W. llawen, joyous.
Liternnm, a town in Campania = W. llwyd-wern, gray swamp.
Lncania, a province of Italy = W. ling-gain, fair light.
Lima, a Ligurian city near Spezzia = W. llwyn, a grove.
Maggia, Val, in Piedmont = W. dol-mai, the open valley.
Mantna, city surrounded by water = W. mant-wy, mouth of the water.
Masncntnm in south Italy = W. maes-gwent, the open field.
Mediolannm, Milan = Erse, magh-lan ; W. macs-Ian, fair meadow;

or W. midlan, field of battle.
Mendrisio at the foot of craggy Monte Generoso = W. mcini-dyrys,

intricate stones.
Mevania in Umbria = W. mei-van, the open spot.
Morbininm in Val Tellina = W. morben, the headland.
Okelum, Exilles in Piedmont = W. nchcl. high. Cf. Okelum pro-

montorium, Spurnhead.
Olloccia, Val, an offshoot of Val Anzasca = W. DyfFryn-Golych

(Glamorgan), the vale of worship.

Ravenna, the great harbour of the Romans, a town of the Sabines,

originally Umbri or Kymry = W. yr havyn, the haven,
EE

242 Appendix. No. VIII.

Raudii campi, near Milan = W. campau rhawdd, open plain.

Rhcgium on the strait of Messina = rhwyg, a rent.

R/gomagus, Trino in Lombardy = W. rhyg-vaes, the rye field.

Roncalia, a famous plain by Milan W. rhonca-cail, hollow field.

Sabatia, Savona in Liguria = W. sav addon, the calm water.

Seguszo, Susa = W. seg-wysc, the inaccessible stream.

Seriana, Val, in the Bergamasque = W. dol-seirian, bright valley.

Sylva Sz/a, a forest in the Apennines = W. coed-selw, the remark-
able wood ; as in Selwood Forest.

Tarpeium saxum, a rock at Rome = W. Erse, tarp, a clod.

Tifcrnum in Umbria = W. ty-gwem, house in the meadow.

Tigulia, a Ligurian town on the bend of the Gulf of Genoa = Erse,
tz'gh-uz'leann, the house at the elbow or bend.

Treba, a town of the Aequi = W. treva, town.

Trebzda, a town in Samnium = W. tre-ba/a, the town where
streams meet.

Ulvemum = W. ul-gwem, the moist meadow.

Venusia in Apulia = W. gwen-wysc, white water.

Verkellae in Piedmont = W. gwer-kyll, camp of the hazels.

Verona in Lombardy = W. gwer-on, camp by the river.

Savoy and Switzerland.

The lake Acrom'us, or of Constance = W. achrwm, curved.
The river Birse in Val Moutier = Erse, btr, water.

Brz'da in Savoy = W. brid, eruption, i.e. of mineral waters.

The Brid by Bridport in Dorset.

Broye by Morat = W. brwch, foam or ferment. The Brigus

or Barrow by Waterford in Ireland. (Ptolemy.)

Kander near Thun = W. cann-dwr, white water.

Divona or Divonne, near Nyon = W. dwyv-on, divine water.

The Deba in Spain ; the Deva, Dyvr-dzvy, or Dee in Scotland
and Wales.
The Doron in Savoy = W. dwr, water. The Deveron by Banff in
Scotland.

Appendix. No. VIII. 243

The Li magus or Linmiat by Zurich = W. lliv-vagh, meadow-flood.

Muotta in Schwyz as W. mwyth-wy, rapid water. The Meduacus

or Medway in Kent. The Mowddwy in Merioneth.

Reuss by Lucerne = W. rhwys, vigorous. The Reus in Spain*

the Reissousc by Bourg-en-Bresse.

Venoge in canton Vaud = W. gwenog, white stream.
Mountains : Arolla, a glacier in Val d'Anniviers = W. aroll, a rift

or split.

Piz de Bemina in the Grisons = W. pig-bcrwyn, the peak of

the white rift.

Bre, near Lugano = W. bre, summit. Moel-vre in Merioneth.

Brenets in the Jura = W. bre, summit. Dent de Brenleir ; Col

de Breona in Val d'Herins.

Piz de Cambrena in the Grisons = W. pig-cambre, the peak of

the crooked summit.

Kervin, the steepest of the Alps = W. gerwin, harsh.

Dent de Nivolet in Savoy = W. dant-nivwl, tooth of the cloud.

Dent d 1 Oclie in Chablais = W. dant-och, tooth of pain, from

its escarped sides.

Foroglio in Val Bavona = W. ffor-wyllt, wild pass.

Gctnmi in Valais. Its Kymric equivalent would be Yr Eivl in

North Wales ; Latin, gemelli, the twins.

Jazi, Cima di, on Monte Rosa = W. ids, chill, unless the name

is of Saracenic or Arabic origin.

Jura, a long chain green to the summit = W. ir, green.

Marchciruz, Col de, in Vaud = W. march-eirxv, the great cas-

cade.

Moleson in West Switzerland = W. mocl-cs-on, the bare hill of

the water-shed.

Mom Jovis, Mont-joie, the Great S. Bernard = W. mwut-Jou,

Jove's mount.

Vanoise, Col de la, in Savoy = W. gwanas, the bulwark.

Voketius, the Botzberg between Basle and Zurich = W. gwo-

gwydd, an incline.
The Allobroges in Savoy = W. all-bro-gwys, the foreigners.

244 Appendix. No. VIII.

The Ambrones, a Gallo- Teuton tribe that fought C. Marius, B.C.
101= Erse, ambra, noble. Nennius makes them the same as
the Aid-Saxons. Were they not akin to the Italian Umbri and
our Kymry ?

Rauraci, a Gallic tribe by Basle = W. rhawr-ach-wyr, the men

of the roaring water, with allusion to the Rhine.

Rhucantii, a tribe in the Prattigau = W. rhug-gaint, the broken

ground. Its rocks are singularly escarped. Rugantyn is yet a
place in Radnorshire.

Tugeni of Zug = W. tnd-gain, the fair folk.
Aesc/i, many places so called = Erse, ease, water.
Agaunum, S. Maurice in Valais = W. agen, a rift.
Avcnticum, Avenche = W. cwm-avonydd, the combe of rivers.
Auxatna, Aime in the Tarentaise = W. ach-wv, water-in-motion.
Berigentrum, Bourg S. Maurice in Savoy = W. Ber-Cyndrwyn, the

pike of the Kentrones.
Bourget under Mont du Chat = W. bwrch-geth, the terrible wall ?
Brannovicum, Bramante, a forest and fort in Savoy = W. bran-wig,

1 the dark clearing ' in the forest.
Bregentium, Bregenz, and Briga = W. brig, summit.
Darentasia in Savoy = W. taran-wysc, thundering water.
Eburodunum, Yverdun in Vaud, and Embrun in Dauphine = W.

identical with Dinevor in South Wales.
Epaona, Evionnaz in Valais = W. eppynt, the slope.
Evian in Savoy. Cf. Etvionydd in Carnarvonshire.
Gunodurum on the Rhine = W. gwyii-dwr, white water.
Haute- Combe in Savoy = W. allt-y-cwm, the steep of the combe.
Lenincnm, Chambery in Savoy = W. llyn-yn-cwm, the lake in the

combe, from Lake Bourget.
Octodurum, Martigny in Valais = W. gwyth-dwr, angry water, from

the devastations of the Dranse.
So/odurum, Soleure = W. swl-dwr, soiled water.
Talloire on the lake of Annecy = tal-llyr, end of the water.
Tavannes or Dur-van in west Switzerland = W. dwr-vann, place of

water.

Appendix. No. VIII. 245

Thonon in Chablais = W. twyn, an eminence. Cf. Tunnun in
Numidia. Thonon rises steeply above Lake Leman.

Turicum, Zurich = W. dwr-y-cwm, the water of the combe.

Uginc in Savoy, famous for its cattle-fair = W. yc/tain, oxen.

Findonissa, " on a narrow hill between the Aar and the Reuss " =
W. gtvyn-dyno-wysc, the fair plot by the water.

Fitodurum, Winterthur = W. gwyth-dwr, impetuous water.

Yvonand, near Neufchatel = W. y-ffynnawn^ the fountain.

Spain and Portugal.

The river Aturia in Keltiberia = W. dur, water.

Fluvia, an affluent of the Ebro = W. ffloyw, bright. The Floye

near Dinant in Belgium ; the Flayosc in Provence = W. ffloyw-
wysc, bright water.

Ivia among the Artabri of Spain, " etiamnum Kelticae gentis "

{Mela.) = \V. gwy, water. The Wye in South Wales ; the Wye
in Derbyshire ; the Wey in Dorset.

Ketobrica^ St. Ubes in Portugal = kcth-brig, frowning hill.

Llobregat in Spain = W. llwv-brcgawd, the leap in the fissure.

Menlascus or Orio in Biscay = W. macn-llasawg, blue stones.

Mimics or Minho in Galicia = W. myn-wyf The Monnow by

Monmouth ; the Mnnda or Mondego in Portugal = W. mwyn-
wy, the gentle water.

Ozecarus in Portugal = W. wysc-arw, rough water. The Os-

carus or Ouche in Burgundy.

Sicanus, an affluent of the Ebro (T/iucydides.) = W. syc/i-an,

dry river.

Tagtis in Portugal = W. tawc/i, the sea-like or broad river.

Tordera, an affluent of the Ebro = hvrdd, noise.

Tulcts by Tarragona = W. twrch, wild boar. . tvon Twrck in

Merioneth.

Urinm in Baetica = W. wyrc, spreading. The Wyre in Lan-

cashire ; the Wyre in Cardiganshire.

Vernodubrum in the Pyrenees W. gwem-dwvr, watery meadow.

246 Appendix. No. VIIT.

Dirkenna, a cold fountain in Keltiberia {Martial) = W. dwr-cain,

-white water.
Mountains: Mariani monies, the Sierra Morena = W. mynydd Meir-

ion, the neat-herd's mountain.

Vindins in the Asturias = W. mhi-ddii, the black edge.

The Concani, a people in Biscay = W. kean-cann, white headed.

Nertobriges, a Keltiberian tribe = W. nerth-br'ig, strong summit.

Turditani in south Portugal = W. twrdd, tumultuous.
Abobrica, a town in Portugal = W. avon-brig, river's summit.
A/aba, a city of Keltiberia = W. alav, wealth ?

Atialdwium in Baetica = Erse, aith-aoil-ditn, fort of the limekiln.

Brigantium, Corunna = W. brig-gaint, extremity of the plain.

Caladunum in Galicia = W. din-gal, fort of the peak.

Calagurris in Keltiberia = W. clegyr, a rock.

Clnnia, " Keltiberiae finis " {Pliny Hi. 3.) = W. llwyn, grove.

Conimbrica, Coimbra in Portugal = W. conyn-brig, the verge of

the hill.
Contrebia in Keltiberia = W. kyn-trev, chief town.
Fontarabia in Biscay = W. ffynnon rheibus, rapid source.
Lastigi in Keltica (south Portugal) = W. llastig, hemmed in.
Lucentum or Alicant in Spain = W. llug-gaint, bright plain.
Menosca in Biscay = W. mann-wysc, the place of water. Also,

Manosque in Provence.
Pompelo, Pampeluna in Navarre = W. pwmpyl, a knoll.
Sagutitum, "in Keltica" {Pliny, Hi. I.) = W. Caer-Seiont. Cf. Caer-

Seiont or Caernarvon.
Talabrica in Lusitania = W. tdl-e-brig, the verge of the summit.
Talamina in Galicia = W. tal-avon, the head of the river.
Vergentum, a town in Baetica = W. gwer-gwent, the men of the

plain.
Vertobrigc, a Keltic town in Baetica = W. gwerdd-brig, the green

hill.
Uctdtuniacum in Baetica = W. uchel-twynawc, high-banked.

Appendix. No. VIII. 247

France.

Hie river Angrogne in the Vosges mountains = W. nn-grawn y the
dammed-up river.

Aran in Touraine. The Arun in Sussex ; the Aeron in South

Wales ; the Ayr in Scotland ; the Erne in Donegal, Ireland.

Artnby, a torrent in Provence = W. arth-wv, rude motion.

Atax, Aude in Languedoc = Erse, athac/i, waves.

Anttira, Eure = W. aweddwr, running water.

Aveyron in Gascony. The Havar, Samarus, or Somme in

Picardy ; the Havren, Sabrina, or Severn in Wales = W. havren,
smooth How.

Bethnnc, near Dieppe = W. bedwin, the river of birch-trees.

Blavet in Britanny = W. b/awdd, fleet.

RIcdona or Blc'onne, an affluent of the Durance = W. bleiddan,

the wolf-river.

Brcsc in Provence = W. braisg, full.

Bresle in Normandy = W. brawf, swelling.

Colme in Picardy ; the Colne in Essex, the Culme in Devon-

shire, the Columvy or Clunn in Salop, the Kelnins or Spey in
Scotland.

Domenon by Uriage in Dauphine = W. dwvti-on, deep river.

Dourdonn, the ancient name of the Elorn in Britanny = W.

dwr-dwvn, deep water.

Drngcon, an affluent of the Saone = W. drwg-on, evil water.

Dmna or DrCme = Sanskrit, d } ravanli, river.

Elaver, Allier in Auvergne = W. e-//avar, the resounding.

Erdre near Nantes; the Artro in Merioneth; the Cur/ry, in

Wicklow, Ireland.

Erom-vcnr = W. ffrwd-vawr, great stream, the sea-channel be-

tween Ouessant and other islets in Britanny. The Phrudis or
Somme in Picardy = W. ffrwd; the Frome, anciently Ffraw
in Somerset (Asscr Mcnevcnsis.) ; the Ffrtiu\ in Anglesea ; the
Forth, in Scotland.
Gardon, near Nimes = W. garth-on, the river of the hill-flank.

248 Appendix. No. VIII.

The river Gers in Gascony = W. kyrch, violent.

Glv in the Pyrenees, formidable by reason of its inundations =

W. l/w, flood.

Gniers by the Grande Chartreuse = W. gyrwy, speedy. The

Guer in Britanny ; the Garvogue in Sligo, Ireland ; the Yar-
row in Scotland.

Guil in Dauphine = W. gwilw, turning. The Vilaine in Brit-

anny. The Gwilw, now Willeybourne, in Wiltshire ; the Gwily
in South Wales ; the Welland in Lincolnshire.

Guisanne in Dauphine = W. gwys-an, deep river.

Huveaune, near Marseilles = W. whwyvon, swelling river.

Isc're or Isara in Dauphine = W. haearn; Gallic, isarn, iron,

the iron river, from its dark waters.

Iton, near Evreux ; the Ithon in Radnorshire ; the Eden in

Cumberland ; the Ythan in Scotland, (the Ituna of Ptolemy).

lay, near Lucon = W. llai, ' brown ' or dun-coloured. The Lee

in Hertfordshire ; the Lay in Glamorganshire ; the Lee near
Cork ; probably, the water of Leith in Scotland. Llywarch
Hen mentions Aber-llai in that country.

Ledus, Lez } near Montpelier = W. //aid, mud.

Matrona or Marne = W. myrn-ivy, warm water. The Myrmvy

in Montgomeryshire.

Meduana or Mayne = W. meddv-an, soft river ?

Menrthe, by Nancy = W. mivrth, precipitate.

Mosa, Meuse in Belgic Gaul = W. mock, quick.

Obris or Lorbe, near Narbonne = W. ob-rhwys, lively motion.

Orne, by Caen in Normandy = W. orn, threatening.

Oronaye, a torrent in Dauphine ; Goronwy in Anglesea, brim-

ming water.

Ourthe in Belgium = W. gwrdd, strong.

Ouve'ze in the Ardeche = W. wv-wysc, the moving water.

Raurarts, Herault in Languedoc = W. rhawr, brawling.

Relec near Morlaix in Britanny = W. rhyllawc, the cleaver.

Rhodanns or Rhone = W. rh6d, a wheel, whirling. The Roding

in Essex ; the Rhondda in Glamorganshire.

Appendix. No. VIII. 249

The river Ribeirotte in Provence, an affluent of the Argens = rhi-
ffrwd, the royal stream. The Ribroit or Ribble in Lancashire.
(Nennius)

Risle in Normandy = W. rhill, the furrow.

Romanche in Dauphine = W. rhwmnai, the main channel. The

Rhymny in Monmouthshire.

Sarthe in Maine = W. sarth, serpent.

Sauconna or Saone = Erse, sogh-an, the slow river. Avon Soch

in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire.

Sou/e, by Coutance in Normandy = W. swl, soiled, muddy.

Tech in the Pyrenees = W. teg, fair.

Tet in the Pyrenees = W. tcth, the cow's udder.

Tongues in Normandy = W. twc, cutting.

Ubaye in Provence = W. wv, flowing.

Varus, Var in Provence = W. garw, rough.

Vencon, an affluent of the Romanche = W. gwen-on, white

river. Maen-gwenonwy in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire.
The Ognon, an affluent of the- Saone ; the Gwynion by Dolgelly.

Verdon, an affluent of the Durance = W. gwerdd-on, green river.

Viennc, by S. Claude in the Jura = W. buan, quick. The

Boyne in Ulster.

Vire in Normandy = W. gwyr, green or fresh.

Mountains : Ban de la Roche in the Vosges = W. bdn-rhoc, the

splintered highland.
Cantal, an elevated district in Auvergne = W. caun-ta/, the white

summit.

Chabertan, a part of M. Genevre = W. camberth, slanting brake.

Gebenna, the Cevennes in Languedoc = W. keven, back or

ridge.

Ventoux in Dauphine = W. gwyntog, windy.

Pelat in Provence = W. pel, the ball.

Pclvoux in Dauphine = W. pel-vwch, the buck's ball.

Pity de Pariou in Auvergne = W. pig-y-p&ri, the peak of flocks.

Vogcsus, the Vosges, of a swelling rounded form = W. bog-wys,

the protuberant district.

FF

250 Appendix. No. VIII.

The Abrincatut, the men of Avranche in Normandy = W. avrwym-

gddwyr, the irrepressible warriors.
The Aedm\ they of Burgundy = W. aedd-wyr, the war-cry men.
The Ambarri, a tribe above Lyons = W. am-barr, hill-men.
The Ambi'aiii, they of Amiens in Picardy = W. ambwy-on } the

close-mailed warriors, i.e., Cataphractarii Ambianenses.
The Ambth'ates, they of Lamballe in Britanny = W. Am-bezh'-awd,

dwellers around the tumulus.
The Artzzorz'cz, the Britons of France = Erse, Armhoirich; W. ar-

Tor-wyr, the sea-coast men.
The Arvz'z, they of Maine = W. aer-wyr, warriors.
The Atrebatcs, they of Artois = W. athrev-awd, the dwellers.
The Azilcrcae, they of Evreux = W. mvl-erch, terrible light ?
The Aztskz'z, they of Auch in Gascony = W. awsog, the defiant.
The Bajocasses, they of Calvados = Erse, buidhe-gwas, yellow-haired

lads?
The Belgae in northern France = W. beilchion, the proud.
The Belksvaki, a very warlike tribe of Beauvais = W. be'Igwawc/i,

war-cry.
The Biducasses, they of Bayeux = W. bci'dawgwys, vigorous men.

[Beidawg Rudd was the son of Emyr Llydaw. (Englym'on

Beddau Mt'/wyr.)]
The Bihiriges, they of Berri = W. byd-rhi\ world-kings.
The Britanni or Britons = W. brith or braith, alluding to the

plaids of bright hues the Gallo-Britons delighted in.
The Cadtirki, they of Cahors = W. cdd-wyr, men of battle.
The Cambohctri in Dauphine = W. ctvm-//etbr, the steep combe.
The Carnutes, they of Chartres = W. canvwyd, stud, horsemen.
The Caturiges in Dauphine = W. cdd-rzg, war-kings.
The Kcnomanni in Maine = W. cain-vann, the fair place.
The Ebtirwikes, they of Evreux = W. evwrazg, from evwr, a shelter.

[Evreux lies in a bowl, shut in by hills.]
The Gallitae in the Maritime Alps = W. gal-wydd, the woodmen.

Galloway in Scotland is also Gal-wydd.
The Ideonni in Dauphine = W. eidion, oxen ; herdsmen.

Appendix. No. VIII. 251

Tlu- Lemovtkes, they of Limoges a W. Ilrm-yuig. the stem fort-
ress.
The Lcxuvii, they <>t Lisieux = W. Ilu's-wy\ slimy water?
The lingoncs, they of Langres = W. l/y/i-gai/i, the bright lake: the

same name as Lyngein or Linger] in Herefordshire.
The J/andul>it\ they of Auxonne in Burgundy = W. mann-Dyx -/.

the locality of the Dubis or Doubs.
The Morini on the English Channel = W. morinwvr, maritime

people. Tractus Morinorum = W. Traeth Moryan.
The Nannctcs and Nantuatcs, they of Nantes and of Nantua, from
the root- word nant, a torrent and a hollow scooped by it, fre-
quent in Wales. Cf. Nantpanton Hill in Leicestershire.
The Nerusii in the Maritime Alps = W. ner-iuys, the mighty.
The Oromansah] near Guines = W. gor-van-saivch, high tumulus.
The Osismii in Britanny = W. os-is, the progeny of Is, Caer-Is.
The -Parisii, tribes at Paris and on the Humber = W. p<iu<r-wys,

graziers. (W. Baxter)
The Pctrocorii, they of Perigord = W. pedrawg-gwyr, square or

strong-built men.
The Rcdones, they of Rennes in Britanny and of Reading in Berks

= Armoric, Roman; W. rhedynog, a place full of fern.
The Suessiones, they of Soissons = W. swys-on, impulsive.
The Tarbelli, they of Tarbes in Aquitaine = W. tarv-yll, terrible.
The Tencteri, a Gallo-German tribe on the Rhine = W. tcng-ter-

wyr, the tough, sullen men.
The Trckac, they of Troyes in Champagne = W. trick, superior.
The Treviri, they of Treves in Germany W. trev-wyr, towns-
men.
The Vasconcs or Gascons of Aquitaine. the same as the Basques

from the Euscaric basoa, wood, i.e. the woodmen.
The Velocasscs, they of Rouen = W. be/-gwds, warlike.
The Vergnnni, an Alpine Gallic tribe (Pliny.) = W. gwyr-gwynn, the

white or fair men.
The Volcae Arecomtkt\ in Languedoc = W. Belgwys-ar-e-cwm, the
Belgae over the combe.

252 Appendix. No. VIII.

Aballo, Avallon in Burgundy = W. avalloji, apples.

Alesia = W. ar-lech, on a rock. {Bullet.)

Ampreck, Cape, by Boulogne = W. amfrach; Latin, amfr actus.

Andcritum, Mende in the Gevaudan = W. rhyd-andrcd, the ford

of the weald.
Antissiodurum, Auxerre = W. annwys-dwr, redundant water.
Aran, Val d\ in the Pyrenees = W. aran, an alp or elevated place.

The Isle of Arran in Scotland ; Aran Benllyn in Merioneth.
Arausio, Orange = W. ar-wysc, on the water, i.e. the Rhone.
Arduenna, the forest of Ardennes in Belgium, and that of Arden

in Warwickshire = W. ar-dwyn, in the bush.
Arelatc, Aries = W. ar-laith, on moist soil.
Argelez in the Pyrenees = W. ar-gel, the covert or retired spot.

Argillae the Gauls called it. {Strabo.)
Arvemia, Auvergne = W. arvaran, the highland ; or ar-wern, the

upland meadows.
Angus todunum, Autun in Burgundy = W. din-Azvst, Fort Augustus.
Augustoritum, Limoges in Poitou = W. rhyd-Awst, Augustus' ford.
Avarz'cum, Bourges = W. cwm-aweddwr, the combe of the Eure.
Avenio, Avignon = W. avonydd, the rivers.
Balaruc, a lake near Cette = W. bala-rhwyg, the burst outlet.
Bangor in Belle-isle, in North Wales, and in Ireland = W. ban-gor,

the high choir. Banchory-Teman in Scotland.
Belcar or Beaucaire in Languedoc = W. caer-Beli, the city of

Belenus.
Blaye on the Garonne, the burial-place of Roland = W. blaz'dd, a

. wolf. A place named Trompe-/o^ is in the neighbourhood.
Blc'/ieau, near Orleans = W. blacn-avon, before the river.
Bleouna in the Maritime Alps = W. blaenau, the heights.
Blitcrrac, Beziers in Languedoc = W. blith-dir, the milk or rich land.
Borvonis Aquae or Bourbon- Lancy, near Autun = Erse, borbhan,

murmur ; W. bwrw or berw-van, the place of boiling springs.
Bourboule in Auvergne = W. bwr-bwll, the boiling pool.
Bourbourg in French Flanders = W. bwr-bwrcn, the stoccade of the

fort.

Appendix. No. VIII. 253

Bourg d'Oysans in Dauphine = W. bwrch-wysan, the fort of the

rushing river.
La Brr'o/e, a ruined place in Provence = W. hreuawl, mouldering.
La Brie, a district of dusty soil = W. hnui, brittle.
Brivas, Brioude in Auvergne = W. brnvawd, broken ground.
Brivatis Partus, Brest = W. porth-brhvawd.
Broceliandc, the Forest of, or Brc-kilian in Britanny = W. bro-ke/yn,

the land of holly.
Burdigala, Bourdeaux = W. bwrdd-y-Gal, the Board of the Gauls,

from its opulence. In Brut y Tywysogion, Bwrdyws.
Caballio, Cavaillon in Provence = W. kcffylau, horses.
Cabiomagus, Cavaignac in Languedoc = W. cdb-vaes, the field of

tents.
Heraclea Caccabaria, the Gallo-Greek name of S. Tropez, so called
(I imagine) from its turbulent road-stead. Its Keltic name may
have been Porth-Ercwlv Cach-aber.
Cadomum, Caen in Normandy = W. edd-dv, warlike.
Cagnosc, a ruined Gallic oppidum in Provence = W. cain-wysc,

white water.
Camargue, a plain near Marseilles, abounding with wild horses =

W. cae-march, the horse-field.
Cane ale in Normandy = W. cann-calav, the white prickle of its

rocks.
Cantgwic (iVeum'us.), the town on the plain, Etaples in Picardy.
Carhaix in Britanny = W. caer-wys, the water fort ?
Carnac in Britanny = W. cameddawg, the place of cairns.
Carnoules in Provence = W. carn-wyll, the dark cairn. An ancient
locality between the Tawy and the Towy was called Carn-
wyllon. (Nennius.)
Carpentoracte, Carpentras = \V. caer-pentyrrawc, the summit fort.
Catalaunum, Chalons-sur-Marne, the scene of many battles = W.

edd-alazcn or cdd-givahnvn. the field of the foe.
Kcmenclium. Cimies, near Nice = W. keven-elod, the hill of the
fairies. The ruined amphitheatre is still called // tiHO delle
fade, the fairies' bath = W. tynor elod?

254 Appendix. No. VIII.

Chambertin in Burgundy, famed for its wine = W. camp-bcrthvn,

the beautiful field.
C/itnberris, Auch in Gascony = W. llimpyr, polished.
Clisson, a castle near Nantes = W. glwys-on, fair water.
Coligny in Burgundy = W. clynnog, the brake.
Combrjinont, a village in Dauphine = W. cwm-bre-mivnt, the combe

of the mountain summit.
Commercy-sur-Meuse = W. cwm-kymmcr, the combe of the junction

of rivers. Quimper or Kemper in Britanny = W. kymmer.
Condate, Rennes in Britanny = W. kyndawd, a cohort.
Condatis Partus, Libourne in Guienne = W. porth-kyndaivd.
Condivineum, Nantes in Britanny = W. cwm-kyndwv, the combe of

the early crop.
Convinae, Comminges in the Pyrenees = W. kyffiniau, the confines.
La Crau, a stony plain near Marseilles = W. creigiau, rocks.
Cuciacnm, Coney, a grand feudal castle = W. enchiawg, frowning.
Dariobrignm, the old name of Vannes in Britanny = W. ddr-brig,

the summit of the oaks.
Dinant in Britanny and in Belgium ; also, the ancient name of

Ludlow, Salop =- W. din-nant, the town in the hollow.
Dinia, Digne in Dauphine = W. dinas, the fort.
Divio, Dijon in Burgundy = W. dwyv-on, the sacred river.
Divodurnm, Metz in Lorraine = W. dwyv-dwr, the divine water.
Divona, Cahors in France = W. duw-ffynnon, the sacred well.
Dombes, an old French principality in a muddy soil = W. dom, mud.
Doullcns or Dourlans in Picardy = W. dwr-llan, water town.
Draguignan in Provence = W. draig-y-nant, the dragon, drac or

devastating torrent ' in the hollow ' ? Or else, a corruption of

Pons-argentens, Pont-arian, the bridge over the silver river.
Drenx, near Chartres, the chief seat of the Druids in Gaul = W.

7'rer Drytv, the Druid's home.
Duj'ocortori/m, Rheims = W. dwr-gwrt, water court.
Estrades, a place in Gascony, whose lord, a vassal of the Plan-
tagenet kings, bore ;he Arabic title of Souldich de 1' Estrade
(Froissart.) = W. ystrad, the strand or vale.

Appendix. No, VII J. 255

Fons-bliaudi, Fontainebleau, near Paris = W. tfvnwai-v-hlaidd, the

wolf's fountain.
Frontimacum s Frontignan in Languedoc = W. brou-tuviiunn , the

hill slope.
Gallia, Gaul, ancient France = W. getti or giclad-y-gal, the country

of fair open plains.
Gtinlannc, a place in Provence = W. gar than, the encampment.
Gergovia, a city in Auvergne = W. caer-govau, the fort of smiths.
Gessoriacum, Boulogne-sur-mer. Baxter reads Gressoriacum, which

in Belgic would be Gresouriawc, the place of broad water.

The Bretons call a great sea mor-braz, and the Basque for

water is ura.
Glandate, Glandeve in Provence = W. glan-daivd, the bank of the

moraine or deposit.
Glanum Livii, S. Remi in Provence = W. glan-Llywx.
Gvatianopolis, Grenoble in Dauphine = W. cacr-Gradlawn.
Guingamp in Britanny = W. gwyn-gamp, the white field.
Guise in Picardy = W. gwys, a low bottom.
Henncbon in Britanny = W. lien-bout, old bridge.
Hue I goat in Britanny = W. uchel-goed, high wood.
Hyeres in Provence = W. /r, green. " We landed in Hyeres' Bay,

and found everything so warm and green that I could quite

enter into John of Salisbury's feelings.'' (/?. Hurrell Froudc,

Remains, i. p. J II.)
la/ines, a town in Berri = W. ia/ain, fair.
Icu/isma, Angouleme = W. cnkil-va, place of refuge.
Isarnodorum, an old Gallic town, said to mean ' the iron door.'

{Life of S. Eugcndus in the Acta Sanctorum.) = W. haearn-dor.
Golfc Jouan in Provence = W. Ziuan, i.e. the sunny gulf.
Latin-iron, the ancient name of Loc-Maria-ker in Britanny W.

IJati-cryri, the eagles' place.
Lantosquc, St. Martin de, a bath in Provence = W. IJan-iyrddin

Law7itwysc, the water slope.
Lectourc in Guienne, on a rock by the Gers = W. llcch-dwr, the

rock by the water.

256 Appendix. No. VIII.

Sylva Ledia, S. Germain-en-Laye = W. coed-llazd, the damp wood.

Lerins, an isle off Frejus = W. llyr-ynys, isle of the sea.

Lesneven in Britanny = W. llys-nevyn, the court in the hollow. So,
Nevyn in Carnarvonshire is in a hollow.

Letavia, Britanny = W. Ilydaw; Latin, littus, the sea-coast.

Limonum, Poitiers = W. llzvon, the floods ?

Limon, Col de, near Tenda = W. bwlch-llumon, a term related to
Pumlumon or Plinlimmon in Wales.

Lixona, Luchon in the Pyrenees = W. lluch-on, the sparkling river.

Ljigdunum, Lyons = W. lliig-din, the city of light.

Lima, Cluny in Burgundy = W. clyn, a brake ; or llwyn, a grove.

Lutetia, or, as the emperor Julian writes it, Leuketia, the Gallic
name of Paris = W. llaith-hyttiau, the damp huts, which ex-
pressed the dwellings of squatters in an islet on the Seine.

Luteva, Lodeve in southern France = W. lludw, clay.

Lnxovia, Luxeuil in the Vosges = lliig-wy, bright water.

Magalona, Maguelonne in Provence = W. magh or maes-alawn.

Magdunum, Mehun on the Loire = W. magh-dun, the field fort.

Mane Meur, near Quiberon in Britanny = W. meini-mawr, the
great stones. Mena-vawr, the finest rock in the Scillies.

Marly, near Paris ; Marlioz in Savoy = W. marl, alluvial soil.

Martigues, in Provence = W. martfo'g, heavy.

Massz'h'a, Marseilles = W. maes-zl, the field of progress.

Mastramella, Martigues = W. maes-travael, the field of labour.

Matisco, Macon = W. mdd-wysc, good water.

Medttlt, Medoc in Guienne = W. meddw, ' drunken,' from its rich
vintage.

Melodunum, Melun = W. din-mael, the fort of steel.

Merwlacum, Murol, a place on the ' stagnum ingens ' of Lac
Chambon in Auvergne (Szdom'us Apollinaris) = W. mer-llwch
or merllyn l standing water.

Mimate, Mende in Languedoc, on a mountain = W. meivod, a sum-
mer dwelling.

Montmorency, near Paris = W. mwnt-mvr-cngc, the mount by the
angular mere.

Appendix. No. VIII. 257

Montrognon, a castle in Auvergne = W. mwnt-rhyn, terrible mount.

Morbihan in Britanny = W. m6r-bychan, the little sea.

Morlaix in Britanny = W. mor-Iatth, ' sea-at-ebb ' ?

Mor/ati, localities in Beam and Britanny = W. ilan-vor, great town.

Mortain in Normandy, near fine cascades = W. mwrth-an. falling

water.
Morvan, a forest in Burgundy = W. morva, the marsh ; or mor-

vatm, the large place.
Narbo, Narbonne = W. ner-batm, lordly site.
Nemausus, Nimes in Languedoc = allied to the Erse naomh y

sacred. Cf. W. Nav, Lord, applied to God.
Nemctodtirum, Nanterre by Paris = W. nant-y-dwr, water glen.
O/h'ou/es, a famous ravine in Provence = W. ole-wyll, dark ravine.
Paol, Kastel, S. Pol de Leon in Britanny = W. Castell Pawl.
Pen-ar-Bed = W '. pen-ar-byd, the world's end = The Pointe S.

Mahe, S. Matthew's Point, the most westerly spot in France,

called S. Matthaeus de Finibus Terrarum, A.D. 1253.
Pen-hoen = W. pen-ychain. the oxen's head = Paimboeuf on the

Loire.
Piskenae, Pezenas in Languedoc = W. pisgen, the linden.
P/oerme/, near Vannes in Britanny = W. plwyv-Arthmael.
Poh'gnac, a castle near Le Puy in Auvergne, formerly a temple of

Apollo =- W. Belinawc, belonging to Belenus.
Pompadour , an old castle in Limousin = W. pwmpa-dwr, the round

mass by the water.
Pont-du-Gard, near Nimes = W. pont-y-garth, the bridge of the hill

encampment.

Pontivy in Britanny = W. pont-Dcwi, S. David's bridge.

Provins in Champagne = W. bro-gwyn, pleasant land.

Queiras, a fort in Dauphine = W. caer.

Quey/awie, a hamlet in Dauphine = W. keulan, a hollow.

Quimper-le in Britanny = W. kemmacs, the field of sports.

Rethel in Champagne = W. rhyd-tal, the head of the river.

Phiys, a peninsula near Vannes = W. rhws, cultivated land.

Ricomagus, Riom in Auvergne = W. rhyg-maes, rye-field.
GG

258 Appendix. No. VIII.

Roncevalle in the Pyrenees = W. rhongca, hollow.

Rothomagus, Rouen in Normandy = Erse, ruadh-vagh; W. rhudd-
vaes, the red field.

Ruesium, Rieux in Languedoc = W. rhwys, luxuriance.

Ruskino, Roussillon, near Spain = W. rliwysg, luxuriant.

Rutena, Rodez in France = W. rhudd-ddin, the red fort. Also,
Rutunium or Row ton in Salop : Ruthin in Denbighshire.

Sarnia, Guernsey = W. sarn, the causeway.

Scae'r in Britanny = W. esgair, a long ridge of hills.

Sena, Isle de Sein off Ushant, the sacred isle of the Gallic Druids
= W. hSn, the venerable.

Suindunum, Le Mans in Maine = W. swyn-din, the charmed fort.

Talart, a castle in Provence = W. tdl-garth, the front of the guard.

Talmont, an ancient domain in Poitou, of which Philippe de Corn-
mines was prince = W. tdl-mwnt, the mountain's brow.

Tarare, a difficult pass near Lyons = W. tarv, a scare.

Tarvanna, Terouenne in Artois = W. tarw-van, the place of bulls.

Tasgodunum, Mirepoix in Languedoc = W. tasg-ddin, tribute fort.

Teh Martins, Toulon = W. telyn-Maivrth, the harp of Mars. La
Ciotat, not far off, was called Kitharistes, the harper.

Tornodorum, Tonnerre in Burgundy = W. twrn-dwr, the whirling
water.

Trevultium, Trevoux in Dombes = W. trev-a/tt, town on the steep.

Tumiac, Butte de, in Britanny = W. tumiawc, on the incline.

Uxantis insula, the isle of Ouessant off Britanny Armoric, enes-
cuz, the isle of terror.

Uxelhdunum, Capdenac in France = W. uchel-ddin, high town.

Vapincum, Gap in Dauphine = W. chwap-yn-cwm, the gap in the
combe, from its steep precipices.

Vellaunodunum, Beaune in Burgundy = W. din- Gwallawn.

Velovicum, Volvic in Auvergne = W. cwm-gwclw, the pale or sad-
coloured combe, from its volcanic rocks.

Ve'nasque, a port in Roussillon, and Venose in Dauphine = W.
gwen-wysc, white water.

Ventavon in Provence = W. gwynt-avon, windy-river.

Appendix. No. VIII. 259

Vernon in Normandy = W. gwem-on, marsh-river.
Verodutium, Verdun = W. gwyr- or giver-ddin, soldiers' fort.
Versaliae, Versailles = W. bers-y-ltai, the stoccade in the clay.
Vesontio, Besancon = W. gwes-liwnt, ' onward motion,' from its being

nearly surrounded by the river Doubs.
Vienna, below Lyons = W. gwy-an, ' the river ' Rhone.
Virgantia castellum, Briancon in Dauphine = W. cacr-vrigantcd.

the fort of brigands : briganted in Armoric signifying robbers.
Vizeliacus, Vezelai in Morvan = W. gwyddeliawc , woodmen's home.
Vor ganinm, Carhaix in Britanny = W. y vdr-gaint, the great reach

of land.

Great Britain : England and Wales.

The river Abontrns or Humber {Ptolemy, W. Baxter) = W. avon-
trwst, the loud river.

Anton, Southampton Water = W. an-tonn, the surging water.

Bolder in Hants = W. byldwr, the brimming water.

Brne in Somerset = W. bryw, brisk.

Camel, by Camelford in Cornwall = W. cam/an, winding, a river

in North Wales ; the Cam by Cambridge ; the Camlin in Ire-
land.

Caundle in Dorset = W. cawn-dwll, reed-covered.

Char in Dorset = W. cor-nant, the small brook.

Clar-ach, clear water, near Aberystwyth ; the Clare in Gal way,

Ireland.

Conway in North Wales = Kynwy, i.e. iean-wysc, head water;

a presumption of the presence of the Gael on its banks.

Derivenydd, ' river of oaks ' ? the Derwent.

Duddon in Westmoreland = W. dH-dddn, the dark wave.

Eamont in Cumberland = W. gwy-mant, the mouth of the water.

Idumaris, Blackwater in Essex = W. y du >/i,'-r, the black sea.

Lcnda, the Welland = W. llaxvn-w)\ the full river.

Lodorc in Cumberland W. gloyw-dwr, clear water. The Lledr

in Carnarvonshire; the Lcider or Lauder in Scotland.

Loman in Devon = W. llovan, shooting forth.

260 Appendix. No. VIII.

The river Nadder in Salisbury Plain = W. nei'dr, the adder, from
its winding stream.

Nenn in Northamptonshire = W. nant, a small stream.

Ogmore in Glamorgan = W. eog-mor, the salmon water.

Parret in Somerset = W. Pedryddan.

Ravenglas in Cumberland = W. yr avon glas, the blue river.

Roden or Trydonwy in Salop.

Rydal in Cumberland ; the Rheidiol, by Aberystwyth.

Stroud in Gloucestershire = W. ystrad, the river basin.

Ware in Dorset = W. gwdr, placid.

Wear in Durham = Latin, vidrus; W. givydr, glass.

Wharf in Yorkshire = W. chwerw, bitter.

Garienis, now Yare in Norfolk = W. gweni, the marsh river.
Mountains : Blencathra in Cumberland = blaen-cadair, prominent

chair.
Blorenge in Monmouthshire = W. blawrwyn, hoary.
Eryri, Snowdon = W. yr eira, the snow. Snow is sira in the

Samoyede ; yuru, cold, in the Quichua of Peru. In the Erse

Snowdon is Druym-sneachd, the snow-ridge.
Glaramara in Cumberland = W. c/awr-mawr, the great cover.
Helvellyn in Cumberland = W. hela-Velin, Belin's chase.
Mendip hills in Somerset = W. mwyn-dibyn, mine-precipice.
Mynydd Kadair, the chair = The Hatteril hills in Herefordshire.

The Cheddar hill in Somerset also means kadair, the chair.
Skiddaw in Cumberland = W. ysgwyddan, the shoulders.

The A?icatites, the Britons of Buckinghamshire = W. an-kelyddon,
the men of the covert of beech- woods.

Attacotti, a wild tribe near Glasgow = W. argoedwys, woodmen.

Brigantes in Yorkshire = W. Armoric, brzganted, brigands.

Cassii in Middlesex = W. gwassawd, vassals.

Catieuchlani, those above the Thames = W. cdd-iiwch-lan, the

warriors of the upper bank.

Comavii, men of military renown east of the Severn = W.

coruawr-wyr, the leading tribe.

Appendix. No. VIII. 2 (>i

The Dobnni, men of the Cotswold valleys = W. dwvn-wyr, men in
the hollows.

Dumnonii, they of Devon = W. dubn or dwvn-wyr, deep glade

men.

Durotriges, they of Dorset = W. dwr-trig-wyr, dwellers by the

water.

Gangani, they of Lleyn in Arvon = W. y gaing, the peninsula.

Ordovikes, they of North Wales = W. gorddwy, the vanguard

of the Brython against the retreating Gaels.

Trinobantes, they of Middlesex = W. trin-obant-wys, cultivators

of the dingles.
Aballaba, Appleby in Westmoreland = W. aval, apple.
Abcrnavis, Barnstaple in Devon = W. abcr-na-wysc, the confluence

of the water.
Adyn Tor, a hill in Derbyshire, whence formerly the Kelts flung

down their adyn, wretch or criminal ; a punishment designed at

Nazareth for our Blessed Lord. (S. Luke.)
Alauna civitas, Alnwick in Northumberland and Alcester in War-
wickshire = W. caer-alawn.
Albion, W. y wen ynys, the white island.
Amboglanna, Burdoswald in Cumberland = W. glann-avon, the

river's side.
Ambrosii Mom, Ambresbury in Wiltshire = W. mynydd Ambyr,

Ambrose's mount. {Brut y Brcnhinoedd)
Applcdore, near Romney in Kent = W. avall-dre, apple-town.
Arundel in Sussex = W. dol-aeron, Arun-dale.
Avalonia, Glastonbury in Somerset = W. Ynys Avallon, the isle of

appletrees.
Axelodunmn, Hexham = W. uchcl-ddin, high town.
Bennavenna, the see of S. Cadoc, Weedon in Northamptonshire =

W. ben-avon, the head of the Aufona, Avon, or river Nen.
Bcrnicia, the Wolds of Yorkshire = W. Bryua'cli, the hill-country.
Blatum Bulgium, Bulness in Cumberland = W. bwlch-llydan, the

wide gap in the wall of Severus.
Bodmin in Cornwall = W. Bodwcni. [Mattk. Wcstmonaster.)

262 Appendix. No. VIII.

Bolerium promontorium, The Land's End = W. bol-y-rhyn, the
bulging out of the headland.

Boscawcn in Cornwall = W. bod-ysgawen, the elder-tree abode.

Brannodunum, Brancaster in Norfolk = W. Dinas Bran (by Llan-
gollen in North Wales), the royal fort. Brana in north Italy.
{P'.iny, Hi. 4.)

Bremenium, Riechester on the Wall of Hadrian = W. bre-meini,
the hill of stones.

Brocavum, Brougham in Westmoreland = W. bribg, the brake.

Castrum, the common designation of fortified encampments of the
Romans in Britain, rendered as Caer by the Kymry, thus

Caer-Andred or Anderida, Newenden in Kent.

C. Baddon, the city of the baths, Bath. Also called Aquae So/is,
waters of the sun ; and Caer-Paladur, Pallas' water, Pala-dwr.

C. Bladdon, Malmesbury in Wiltshire.

C. Calemion or Camelion {Nennius), Camalot, king Arthur's seat
in Somerset. Also, Caer-gamlas. {Theophilns Evans)

C. Kei, Chichester in Sussex.

C. Colun, Colchester in Essex.

C. Collwyn, Harlech castle in Merioneth.

C. Conan, Conisborough in Yorkshire.

Caer-kysteint, Carnarvon castle ; also, Caer-Segont or Seiont, or Se-
gontium, the residence of the emperor Constantius, and in A.D.
750 of Rhodri Vawr, the last king of Wales : " an edifice of
stupendous magnitude and strength," says Dr. Johnson. Kaer-
Kystennin is the Kymric rendering of Constantinople.

C. Dawn {Nennius), Doncaster in Yorkshire.

C. Dawri or Dor, Dorchester in Dorset.

C. Droithan (Ussher.), Draiton in Salop.

C. Dydd, corruptly for C. Dyv, Cardiff in Glamorgan.

C. Evrawg= Eboracum, York.

C. ffaivydd, the city of beech-trees, Hereford.

C. Gainl, Canterbury in Kent.

C. y- Garrai = Saxon, tho.ig-ceaster, Caistor in Lincolnshire.

C. Gloyw, the fair city {Camden.), Glevum, Gloucester.

Appendix. No. VIII. 263

Caer-Grawnt, Cambridge.

C. Gwafr, the see of S. Dubricius; also C. Wythelin, Warwick.

C. Gwent, Chepstow in Monmouthshire.

C. Gwerdd-Ilatiy the city of the green lawn, or Cacr-bcrllan (a

name yet known in Wales) ; the Saxon Wcrlam-ccastcr, the

Roman Verulamiam, S. Alban's. Also, it was C. Municip, the

Municipium of Nennius.
C. Gwynt or Vetita Belgarum, Winchester.
C. Givyrangon, Worcester.
C. Gybi, the city of S. Kebius, Holyhead.
C. Gy?ity?i, Venta Ikenorum, an ancient city near Norwich.
C. Gyrnwy, the city of the Churn, Cirencester.
C. Leuav, Wallingford in Berkshire.

C. Liwelydd, Carlisle ; also, Kerdhiel in Britanny. The name re-
calls Llywel in Radnorshire and Clovelly in Devonshire.
C. Ltwdaz'n, the moon-shaped city ; also Cacr-ludd, the city of

king Lud ; and Lwndrys, from Norman Londres London.
C. Lleon-ar- Wysc in Monmouthshire, the seat of king Arthur.
C. L/eon-vawr, the city of the legion, Chester.
C. Ltiit-coit or Lfwyd-goed, the city in the hoary wood, Lincoln.
C. Llyr or C. Lerion, Leicester.
C. Maenguid, the city of the quarry (Ne?mius.), Manchester in

Warwickshire.
C. Maengwyn or Mancunium, Manchester. There is an Ynys Maen-

gwyn, near Towyn, Merioneth.
C. JHedwag, the city of the Medway, Maidstone in Kent.
C. Odor [y dwr?~\ yn Nant-Baddon, the city of the water in the

valley of the baths, Bristol.
C. Pcnhwylcoed {Brut y Brenhinocdd), Exeter ; also, Caer-wysc and

Pen-caer. Usk in Monmouthshire is Caer-wysc as well.
C. Pengwerti, the brow of alders, Shrewsbury ; also called Amwythig,

the pleasant place.
C. Pensave/coyt, the fort at the head of the wood of the Ivcl

{Nennitis.), Ilchester in Somerset.
C. Rhun, Castrum Romani or Conovium on the Conway.

264 Appendix. No. VIII.

Caer-Riw {Brut y Tywysogion), Carew castle in Pembrokeshire.

C. Segent, the see of S. Maucannus, Silchester in Hants.

C. Septwii, Shaftesbury.

C. Vcmbyr, and Caerwosso or Caerwysc, the city of water, Oxford.

C. Vorran, a Kymric town on the Wall of Severus in Northumberland.

C. Vruach or Uriconium {Dinlle-Vrecon Llywarch Hen calls it),

Wroxeter, Salop. Its name remains in that of the Wrekin,

the brig or summit.
C. Vyrddin, Merlin's or Martin's* city, Carmarthen. Kermartin,

near Treguier in Britanny, was the home of S. Yves.
C. Werydd, the green [or Irish] city, Lancaster or Wearmouth.

(Cunedda Wledig ruled from Caerliwelydd to Caerweir.)
Calaterium nemus = Calettir, hard land = the Forest of Galtres in

Yorkshire. Caledonia is also Calatyr.
Calchvynydd, the chalk hill, a district in mid-England, probably the

Cotswold range, of which S. Cadvrawd was bishop without a

see before the Saxons reached the Severn.
Caled-vryn yn Rhos, the craggy hill in Rhos = Denbigh in North

Wales.
Calleva, Kelleu groves (as in Dtl-gelleii) = Silchester.
Camelford in Cornwall = Cam/an, the scene of Arthur's last battle.

(Leland.)
Cangcanon-acron {Ptolemy) = W. caingc, the branch or peninsula

of Lleyn in Arvon. The name Lleyn is that of Leinster in

Ireland, of Lyonness (now submerged) in Cornwall, and of Leon

in Britanny.
Cantium = W. caz'nt, an undulating plain, Kent.
Carbantorigum = W. caer-pant-rhyg, the fort of the rye hollow ;

Melrose, as Baxter thinks, Glencar as Camden.
Camoban, a district in Bernicia, where the Triads notice that the

Kymry or Loegrians "did not become Saxons," that is, retained

their speech and nationality ; perhaps Craven in Yorkshire.
Carreg Hydwydd, Hodnet in Salop. [Llwyd.)
Carreg llwyd yn coed, ' the hoary rock in the wood ' = S. Michael's

Mount in Cornwall.

Appendix. No. VIII. 265

Carvilinm, Wilton in Wiltshire = W. caer-gwilw, the fort of the

willows.
Caste// C6ch yn Gwemvor, the red castle in the great meadow =

the ancient name of Ruthin in Denbighshire. {Pennant.)
Cataracte vicus {Beda), Catterick on the Swale = W. Cattraeth, the

scene of battle in Aneurin's Gododin.
Cathbregion {Ncnnitis), Cadbury in Somerset.
Kenionis ostium {Pto/emy), Falmouth haven = W. Abcr-geneu, the

mouth of the haven.
KU-gwri, the Wirral in Cheshire. {Camden.)
Kindovig/a, Chester-on-the-street in Durham {Baxter.) = W. Pen-y-

weilgi, the head of the sea.
C/anoventa, Cockermouth in Cumberland = W. glan-went, the fair

shore.
C/anscntnm, Southampton = W. c/awdd Antwn, Antonius' dyke.
Coit-Andred, Andred's weald (Latin, Anderida), an ancient forest

of vast extent in Sussex. According to Mr. Barnes, ' the path-
less wood.'
Coet-maes, wood field {Camden.), the Vale of Catmose in Rutland.
Coit-mawr, the great wood {Asser.), Selwood Forest in Somerset.
Concangii, Kendal in Westmoreland = W. cwm-keingion. {Baxter.)

The name Kendal is Kymric : Dot-gain, the dale of the Ken.
Congavata, Rose-castle, near Carlisle = W. cwm-kyvawd.
Cor-gawr, the giant choir {Le/and.), Stonehenge.
Cornnbia = W. Kemhv, the horn . or projecting land, Cornwall.

Also, Kerne, Cornouailles in Britanny.
Connennos {Pto/emy.), the Isle of Dogs in the Thames = W. Ynys

y Cun.
Craig, rock : hence Craven in Yorkshire. Krac is the Arabic

name of Petra in Arabia, the mount Seir in the Bible.
Cnnctio, Marlborough in Wiltshire = W. kynnud. Rhyd-kynnyd is

found in Llywarch Hen.
Cwm, a deep narrow valley, preserved in Ilfracombe, Wy-combe, &c.
Kynance Cove in Cornwall = W. kennant, a brook in a hollow.
Deira, Durham = W. Dcivr.

HH

266 Appendix. No. VIII.

Dcmetia, Pembrokeshire = Dyved. Its Kymric chief bore the singu-
lar title of Pendaran, 'the thunder chief:' which would have
gratified Nelson, the duke of Bronte.

Dena, Fforest y, the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire. (Mabinog-

1071.)

Derwent- Water in Cumberland = W. dwr-givyn, fair water.
Deyrnllwg (Nenm'us.) = Vale Royal in Cheshire, anciently extending

to the forests of Cumberland.
Digoll = The Long Mynd {mynydd) in Shropshire.
Dingwarth Bryncich {Nennius), ' the disgrace of Bernicia,' the

stronghold of the Angles, Bamborough in Northumberland.
Din-obant or Din-y-pant, the fort in the hollow, Nottingham.
Do/, the same word as the English ' dale.' It expresses Deal in

Kent and Dawlish (dol-isa) in Devonshire. (Polwhele)
Dumnonia = W. Dyv-neint, deep glens, Devonshire ; also, the north

coast of Britanny.
Dunmow in Essex = W. din-magh or -maes, the field-fort. {Camden.)
Durobrabis = W. dwr-brav, fine water ; Rochester.
Duro-co-briva, the bridge over the dwr-coch (red water) ; Redbourne

in Hertfordshire.
Edros, the name given by Ptolemy to the Isle of Bardsey, in his

time desert W. ynys adar, isle of birds.
Ehnet or Elved, a Kymric petty state near Leeds, whose last king

Kertic was driven out by Eadwin of Northumbria. (Beda.)
Ereinwg, the land of Geraint = Herefordshire.

Gabrosentum, Gateshead, Durham = W. pen-gavr, the goat's head.
Garthmarthein, the old name of Brychciniog (Brecknock), the land

of Brychan, king of Ireland.
Glannobanta, Bainbridge in Yorkshire or Routchester {Baxter) =

W. glan-y-pant, the glen of the hollow.
The Torr of Glastonbury = W. glesynvre, the green summit.
Gobannium, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire = W. gob-ban, high tu-
mulus.
Grongar Hill on the Towy, sung of by the poet Dyer = W. gronn-
gaer, the round fort.

Appendix. No. VIII. 267

Gweuestr, a wild flood said by the poet-prince Gwyddno (in Ar-
moric, Gueznou) to have drowned his territory, Cantrev-y-
gwaelod, the Holland of Wales. It may mean 'the fair estuary'
(given estr) of the Mawddach, or the main ocean. Gwyddno
mentions Caer-Manddwy as " hiding his head among the clouds."
I take it to mean Aran Mawddwy, a mountain higher than
Cadair Idris, seen from the beach at Barmouth at low ebb.
Gwcly Wyrion Kynan, ' the settlement of Conan's descendants,' the
ancient name of Eivionydd in Arvon. Such designations are
landmarks of history. Thus we have Morganwg, ' the land of
Morgan Mwynvawr,' Glamorgan; Meirionydd, 'the land of Meir-
ion,' Merioneth (preserved in Britanny by Merionez, near Vali-
nes) ; and Keredigiawn, ' the land of Keredig, Cardiganshire.
Gwcnt, ' the fair open country,' Monmouthshire. I take Gwent to
be the term ' Venta ' applied to several British cities, though
De Belloguet derives it from W. gwenith, wheat.
Gwlad yr Hav, the ' land of summer,' Somersetshire : though also
implying some southern or eastern land whence the Kymry came.
Gwyr, the peninsula of Gower in Glamorgan : Gowrie in Perthshire.
Heledd-Ddu, the black salt-pit, Northwich in Cheshire.
Hclcdd- Wen, the white salt-pit, Nantwich.
Henllan, Henley-in-Arden in Warwickshire.
Henllys, old court, Helston in Cornwall.
Jiipupania, a place near Cardiff (Ptolemy.) = W. Trcv-Iwbwb, the

alarm-post. (Owen Pughe.)
Lemanis Partus, Lyme in Kent = W. Pivyth-meinlas, the narrow

green point.
Limnns, the isle of Ramsey in Pembrokeshire = W. Ynys Enlliv.
Llan, 'a clearing in a forest,' then 'a village." then again 'a parish
church.' Llangollen may serve as the type of a large class.
With its companion viaduct of Pont-kyssyllt\\ it appears in
Britanny as Langolen together with Tre-quesseltec not far from
Ouimper. Somerset offers us Llan-Garannog, Carhampton ;
Llan-gcneu, Keynsham ; Llan- Gynngar, Congresbury ; and Uan-
Degwman; the churches of SS. Carantoc, Keyna, Congar, and

268 Appendix. No. VIII.

Decuman. Launceston in Cornwall was Llan-Stephan, S.

Stephen's ; and Leominster in Herefordshire. Llan-llieni, ' S.

Linus.'
Llctty-dwr, 'the inn upon the water' {Camden?), Bedford.
Llyn-wys {Nenmus) = Lindesey in Lincolnshire.
Llys-tywysog, 'the Prince's court,' (Prince Arthur Tudor and Mary,

afterwards Queen, held court there) : it is the scene of Milton's

Comus = Ludlow in Salop.
Lynn in Norfolk = W. llyn, the lake or expansion of the Ouse.
Macacorion, Deerhurst in Gloucestershire = W. Magh- or Maes-y-

keirw, the deer field. {Baxter)
Magiovinium, Dunstable in Bedfordshire = W. Maghiou- or Maesydd-

gwynion, ' the white ' or chalky ' fields.'
Malata, the isle of Sheppey in Kent = W. ynys mollt, isle of

wethers.
Manaw, the Isle of Man = W. man-aw, place in the water.
Manduessednm, Manceter = W. man-dwy-eisteddva, place of two

seats ?
Marazion in Cornwall = W. marchnad Ion, Jove's market.
Meddgawd {Nennins) = the isle of Lindisfarne.
Mcnevia or Mynyw, otherwise Ty Ddewi, the see of S. David.
Menna or Meneg, the peninsula of the Lizard = W. tnaneg, the

glove.
Mercia or the English March = W. Blaeneu Hoegyr. {Brut y

Saeson.)
Metaris, the Wash in Lincolnshire {Ptolemy) = W. mall-traeth, the

evil estuary ; also, a run of the sea in Anglesea.
Minchead in Devonshire = W. Bryn-huel, the tin-mine hill.
Afona, the Isle of Anglesea = W. Ynys Mon.
Moricambc, Morecambe Bay in Lancashire = W. mur-gam, the

crooked sea.
Mortdunum, Seaton in Devonshire = W. mor-ddin, fort on the sea.
Ocrinum promontorium, the Lizard Point in Cornwall = W. Pen-

rhyn Ochrin, the jagged headland. Cf. Ochrina, a mountain

behind Trieste.

Appendix. No. VIII. 269

Pen-ball-cra/g (Camden.), Tynemouth in Northumberland.
Pcn-ddr, the oaken summit = Margam in Glamorgan.
Rmdle, a mountain in Lancashire = W. pen-lie, head of the place.
Pen-hardd-lech, the summit of the fine rock, Hawarden Castle.

(Brut y Tywysog/on, Annates Wigorn.)
Pennocrnkinm, Penkridge in Staffordshire = \V. pen-kruc, head of

the barrow.
Pen-rhndd, the red head = Penrith in Cumberland, the seat of the

kings of Cumbria ; also called Penrhyn Rhionydd, the princes'

headland.
Pen-sant, the saint's head (S. John Baptist's in the arms of the

town) = Penzance in Cornwall.
Pen-nchel-coit, the high top of the wood = Lostwithiel.
Penrhyn Penwaed or Pemvyth, the Land's End in Cornwall; also

called in Cornish Pen-von-las.
Pons Ael//, W. Pont Una// = Ponteland in Northumberland.
I\>nt-/vcl-coct, the Ivel bridge in the wood = Ilchester in Somerset.
Porth-Gwygyr in Mona (Triads.) = Beaumaris ?
Portk-Peris (i.e. Portns Paridos) = Portsmouth ; also called ' Llong-

borth ' by Llywarch Hen.
Portns Adnmi, Ederington, near Shoreham = \V. Porth-y-dwr.
The Prawle, a headland in Devon = W. brawl, shooting out.
Rh/godnnnin, W. din-rhyg, the barley town = Ripon in Yorkshire.
Rntnpinns Portns, Richborough in Kent = W. Porth Rwytin.
Rutland, W. R/mddlan, red land. Also, Rhuddlan in North

Wales.
Segednnnm, W. sycli-ddin, the dry fort = Strigil in Northumberland.
S/lnr/a, W. Esylhvg, abounding in prospects = South Wales.
S/hmagus, W. yd-vaes, wheat field = Stowmarket in Suffolk.
Strata Ikcnornm, W. Ystrad- Ychat'n = Ikenild Street, the Roman

road from London to Norfolk.
Strata V/tal/am\ W. Ystrad or Sam Gwythelin = Watling Street,

the Roman road from London to the north-west.
Teg-cingl, fair corner ? = Flintshire.
Thulc Scottonim, the end of the earth, 'ultima Thule ' according to

270 Appendix. No. VIII.

Seneca, Ireland = W. Tyleu Isgoed. Perhaps implied by the
mysterious Tnlan of the Nahoa tribes of central America,
though Tula occurs on the Holy Sea in Siberia. Baxter ap-
plies the Welsh name Ynys Tywyll, 'the dark isle,' to the Irish
Thule. I leave Anglesea to claim a now inapplicable title.

Tintagcl castle, the birthplace of Arthur in Cornwall = W. tin-dagol,
the fort of the dewlap, from its situation. {MS. Harl. 433.
Seint Great.)

Tintern Abbey in Gwent = W. Din-deym, the prince's fort.

Totncss in Devon = W. twtnai, dark, the colour of the Dart.

Tkev = 'homestead,' 'town,' the Saxon time, very frequent in Corn-
wall, less so in Wales. Yet- we have the Cornish Trelawny
preserved in Tre-Lownydd, the old name of Newmarket in
Flintshire (Pennant.) ; and Trevdraeth expresses Rudruth in
Cornwall and Newport in Pembrokeshire. (Polwhele.)

Tripontiutn, W. tri-phont, three bridges = Towcester, north Hants.

Tunnokelum, Boulness in Cumberland = W. din-uchel, high fort.

Tyno-coch, the red lowland = an old name of Cardiganshire.

Ty-ogovawg, W. the town of caves (Asser.) = Northampton.

Uxella, Lostwithiel in Cornwall = W. llys-uchel, high court.

Vagniacum, Maidstone in Kent = W. cwm-gwaun, the combe in the
down.

Vainona, Waynfiete in Lincolnshire = W. y wann, marshy ground.

Van's or Varae in the Itinerary of Antoninus, supposed by Baxter
to be Bala in Merioneth, who refers to its position and to
Castell Corndochon ; I would add Caer-gai (Castrum Caii) and
the Tumulus (Tommen y Bala) = W. war-wysc, above the
water.

Vecta Insula, the Isle of Wight = W. Ynys Gwyth, the channel
island. Portus Itius, Whitsand in Picardy = W. Porth-wyth.

Vendelis, Portland Island = W. gwyn-del, the white hard surface.

Vencdotia, North Wales = W. Gwynedd, fair country.

Vergivium Mare, the Irish Sea = in Erse, Feairrghe, the sea ; W.

Mor-wcrvdJ, a modified form of the Erse.
Vindenus, Silchester in Hampshire = W. gwyn-ddin, the white city.

Appendix. No. VIII. z'ji

I'indogladia, Wimborne in Dorset = W. gwyn-dcu-glcddcu, the

white two swords or branches of a river.
Vinovium, Binchester in Durham = W. mhi-</v y the frail brink ?
Voreda, Old Penrith in Cumberland = W. y vdr-hyd, the sea-wash.

Cf. Y For A yd, by Rhyl.
Ynys Devanog = Ramsey Isle in Pembrokeshire. (L/uyd.)
Ynys Glanawg, 'Insula Glannavo ' in the Epistles of Pope Innocent

III., Nov. 24, 1199; also, Ynys Seirioel (MS. Harl. 6q6j) =

Puffin island, off Anglesea. It occurs in the Ystorya Sritit

Grea/, as doth Bannot or Manod by Festiniog.
Ynys Pyrr, ' Pyrrhus ' isle = Caldey island in Bristol Channel.
Ynys Rhiothim, probably from Rutupium hard by, famed for its

oysters (Asser) = the isle of Thanet.
Sylinae Insulae (Su/pict'us Sever us. ), the Scilly Isles = W. Ynys Svlin;

perhaps std-Uch, rocks of the sun.
Wynander-mcre in Westmoreland W. Llyn-Gwynnant, the lake of

the fair valley.

Great Britain : Scotland.

The river Abravannus or Rian in Galloway = W. Aber-avon.

Bannock = W. banawg, notable ?

Brothock = W. brxvth, commotion.

Kelvin in Clydesdale = W. Kil-gwyn, the fair covert.

Rntlwcn = W. rhndd-avon, the red river.

Lakes : Lelannonius lacus, Loch Fine = W. l/illcn-on, the goat's

lake.
Loch-abcr = W. llwch-aber, the confluence of the lake.
Lock-awe = W. llwch-avon, the lake of the river.
Loch-lomond = W. Uwch-lummon (Ncnnins.), the beacon lake.
Mountains: Bcn-clcugh = W . Pen-glog, the skull.
Ben-lomond = W . Pen-Uumon (Plinlimmon), the beacon head.
Ben-more = W. Pen-mawr, the great head.
Ben-ncvis in Inverness = W. Pen-nyv, 'Apenninus nubium, 1 cloudy

head.

272 Appendix. No. VIII.

Cairngorm in Banffshire = W. carnedd-gwrm, the dusky cairn.
Gratnpins mons, the Grampian = W. Pen-Grian, the summit sacred
to the sun. {Baxter)

The Horestii, the Keltic dwellers in Angus =fforcstwyr, foresters.

Maiatae, the Scottish Lowlanders = W. mai-awd, men of the

plains.

Novantes, the men of Galloway = W. novantwys, turbulent.

Otadini, on the Borders = W. Gododin, the scene of Aneurin's

song, corrupted into Lothian.

Selgovae, a tribe in Galloway = Erse, selg; W. hela, hunters.
Aber, the confluence of waters. Scotland, as well as Wales, abounds

with this place-name. We have e.g. Abcrbrothock or Arbroath,
Abercom or Abercwnrig, Abernethy : Brecon, Cardigan, Mon-
mouth, and Swansea have displaced the names of Aber-Honddu,
Aber-Teivy, Aber-Mynwy, and Aber-Tawy. Aber survives in
France as ' Le Havre.'

Rhodwydd Arderydd, the Knows of Arthuret, a military pass on
the Esk, defended by Dry won ab Nudd. {Triads, Skene.)

Argyle = W. Ar-Gwyddyl, the land next the Gael or Irish.

Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh = Castell Mynydd Agnedd. {Camden)

Balmoral, the Queen's castle in Scotland = W. Bdl-mwrl, the
crumbling peak?

Blantyre in Lanarkshire = W. Blaen-tir, the headland.

Bute in the isle of Arran = W. Bettws, S. Brandan's cell.

Caer-Alclwyd, Dunbarton on the Clyde.

C. Colud {Beda.) = Coldingham.

C. Eden = Carriden in west Lothian. {Camden.)

C. Gwerthevin, the home of Merddin ap Morvryn = possibly the
fort of the Verturiones.

C. Gwyth {Beda.) = Inch-Keith in the Frith of Forth.

C. laverock in Dumfriesshire = W. Caer-llavrawg, the round fort ?
also called Uxelum = W. uchel, the high fort.

C. Pentallorh = Kirkintilloch, on the Roman Wall.

C. Verwig {lolo Goch.) = Berwick-on-Tweed.

Appendix. No. VIII. 273

Cantirc, the headland of Galloway = W. Pen-tlr, the headland.

Cateneys, Cauda insula*, the island's end = Caithness.

Kilkerran lough in Cantire. Cf. Kilgerran castle in Cardiganshire.

Kinnolsa, the isle of Colonsay = W. canol-nysg, midst of water.

Kinross in Fifeshire = W. Pen-rhos, head of the marsh.

Clauinnis, the isle of Lewis = W. llaw-ynys, isle like a hand.

Coclin, the home of Coel-Godebog = Kyle in Ayrshire.

Cregidona, W. craig-dicnncn, the rocky hill = Creighton.

Drumabon, in Pictish ' the back of the river ' = Drummond in
Strathearne, W. Ystrad-Aeron.

Dumfries or Dun-frcys in Nithisdale = W. Din-y-ffridd, the hill fort.

Dundee, on the river Tay = W. Dhi-Tawy.

Dunkeld in Perthshire = W. Dhi-kelyddon, the fort of the coverts.

Duns in the March of Scotland = W. Dinas, the fort or city.

Din Eiddin, Edinburgh.

Galysten, a place mentioned by Taliesin = on the Gala in Selkirk-
shire ?

Glasgow, W. Glds-cwm, the green combe.

Glenluce in Wigtonshire = W. glyn-llwg, the bright glen.

Gwenystrad in Strathclyde {Taliesin.) = Strathaven in Lanarkshire.
Habitancum, Risingham in Otadinis {Baxter.) = W. havod-yn-cwm,

the shieling or hut in the combe.
Hebrides, the Western Isles = W. Heledd.
Inverary in Argyllshire = W. Aber-eira, the confluence of the eira

or snow river. {Camden)
Inver- Gordon in Ross-shire = W. Abcr-gorddwvn, the confluence

with the deep.
Lanark in Clydesdale = W. llanncrch, a glade.
Lennox = W. llyvfi-wysc , smooth water.
Lindores in Fifeshire = W. llyn-dwr, the lake of water.
Litanomagus, W. llvdan-maes, broad field = Flodden Field.
Melrose abbey (in old chronicles written Mailros) = W. mael-rhds,
the profitable moorland.

Ochiltrc or Uchiltrc castle in Kyle, the ancient seat of the Stuarts

= W. ucl/el-dre, the high town.
11

274 Appendix. No. VIII.

Orcades, the Orkney isles = W. erch; Armoric, erc*h, snow.
Penicuik in Midlothian = W. Pcn-Cuawc, from the river Cuawc.

(Llywarch)
Penn-Guaul, W. = Gaelic {Ncnnius), Kinneil; the [Roman] Wall's

End = Kinnoul.
Pcnrhyn Blathaon = Caithness Point.

Rhctigonium civitas, W. Rheged = Strathnaver in Galloway.
Roslyn = W. rhos-lyn, the marsh of the lake.
Rosse = W. rhos, the moor.

Scetis {Ptolemy.), W. ysgad ynys, the isle of herrings = Shetland.
Tarvedrum, W. tarv-drwyn, the scaring headland = Duncansby

Head in Caithness.
Ystrad, the Kymric equivalent to 'strath,' the bank of large rivers;

as e.g. Ystrad C/wyd, Ystrad Ithon, Ystrad Mawr, Ystrad

Towy (in Wales) = the straths of the Clyde, the Eden, the great

strath, that of the Towy.

Ireland.

We have now traced the roving Kelts from the confines of
India to their final settlement in the green isle of Erin : Gwerddon the
Kymry call it to this day. It is needless to enlarge on this ground.
The modern Gwyddyl or Gael present the features of the old
race, as depicted by the classic Graeco-Latin writers, even more
completely for good or for evil than do the Kymry themselves.

The attachment to tribal chieftains, more strikingly exhibited
by the Scottish Gael, has been replaced by an unswerving devotion
to the Italian Patriarch of the West, which has survived the feeble
efforts of the English settlers and the brutal violence of the Puritans.
The levity and reckless gaiety of the old Gauls they still inherit
with their French brethren. The Kymry of Wales betray tokens
of the influence of long subjection to the English domination.
The harp of Cambria has been silenced by the frown of a sombre
Puritanism ; and the jargon of political squabbles has a greater at-
traction for the moderns than the simple melodies of their fore-
fathers. The wide divergence in religion of the two kindred races

Appendix. No. VIII. 275

is attributable to the same origin, a deep-rooted hatred of foreign
influences hostile to their nationality. In Ireland they clung to the
Pope, because the new learning had disowned him in London.
They love ' the sturdy little conventicles ' in Wales, because they
care not to have their dear native land ticketed by the Saxon as
'four dioceses in the province of Canterbury.' It may stand in law;
but it wounds sentiment, and recalls unhappy memories. [See
chapter viii., section 2, of this Work.] The Welsh translation of
the Bible shares the eulogies lavished on the English Version,
which it perhaps too closely copies ; but the current of events defies
our poor prognostics. Gael and Kymry, transplanted to America,
learn the manners and share the aspirations of the land of their
adoption. Yet it is difficult to believe that a language expressing
the cherished feelings and thoughts of a thousand generations will
be suffered to perish save with Time ; whilst the extinction of the
noblest languages of the sons of Japhet the Sanskrit, Hellenic, and
Latin, save in derived forms rebukes the temerity of our specula-
tions.

Of the four provinces of Erin, the Kymry knew three Ulster,
Connaught, and Leinster, as Ultw, Conacli, and Llcyn. Of its rivers,
the Libnius {Ptolemy.) or Liffey appears in North Wales as Llyvni;
while the Latinized name of the Lagan, Ouinderios, is Kymric,
meaning ' white water ' {givyn-dwr). The K'ds or retreats of Wales
figure in Kildare, Kilmore, Kilkenny : Bala, the outlet of a lake,
in Bally-shannon. The sees of Armagh and Dublin are Dearmagh
(W. Ddr-vaes, the oak plain), and Dinas Dtilyn (Black-pool fort) ;
Cloyne, dear for Berkeley's sake, is Cluain-cdncach: W. Glyn-etddcw ,
the ivy glen. Dunmorc headland in Kerry and Pentir- Ganion in
Antrim, the Fair Head, near Dungannon, are Kymric rather than
Gaelic.

APPENDIX. No. IX.

LATIN NAMES OF PERSONS RETAINED BY THE KYMRY, INCLUDING
THOSE OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE, AND GREEK NAMES
THEREIN OCCURRING.

Adrianus = Adran.

Aelius = Huail.

Aemilianus = Emlyn.

Aeternus = Edern, e.g. Edeyrn

Davod aur.
Aethcrius = Eithyr, e.g. Eithyr

ab Llywarch.
Aetius = Aedd, e.g. Aedd Mawr,

the Patrician Aetius.
Agnes, Agnetis = Annes and

Nest.
Agricola = Grigyll.
Albanus = Elvan, e.g. Elvan

Powys. {Llywarch?)
Alexius Elyw ?
Allectus = Elaeth.
Alpinus or Albinus = Elphin, e.g.

Elphin ab Gwyddno and Ken-

ydd ab Elphin, i.e. Kenneth

mac Alpin, king of Scots.
Alumnus = Alun. {Taliesin.)
Amandus = A van.

Atnbrosius = Emrys.

Ammonius = Amwn, e.g. Amwn

Dhu o Lydaw.
Andragathius = Anarawd, e.g.

Anarawd Vinddu.
Antoninus = Anntwn.
Arcadius = Argad.
Arc turns = Arthur.
Aristobulus = Arwystli.
Artemius = Arthen. (Triads.)
Arvandus = Gavran.
Augustinus = Awstin.
Augustus = Awst.
Aurelia = Ervil ? Eurddyl ?
Avitus = Awy.

Beda = Bedo, e.g. B. Aerddren.
Benno = Beuno, e.g. B. Gasul-

sych.
Bruno = Brwyno, e.g. B. Hen.
Caecilius = Seisyll, Anglicanized

as Cecil.
Caepio = Kybi.

Appendix. No. IX.

277

Catanus = Caian.

( 'at'us = Cai.

Camillus, an Etruscan name ; in
Erse, Cait-milcad, warrior ; W.
Cdd-milwr.

Camocnae, the Muses = W. can-
vwyn, pleasant song.

Caudidiautis, in the Saxon Chron-
icle ' Condidan ' = W. Kyn-
ddylan (prince of Powis).

Carausius Carawn.

Cams = Car.

Catellus = Cadell.

Cato = Cado, e.g. Cado Hen,
brenin Prydyn.

Ccitulus = Kedawl. (Gwyddno.)

Kcntronius = Kyndrwyn, father
of Kynddylan. {Llywarch.)

Kerbonianus = Gorwynion.

Kctfiegtis, Caedicius = Kedig.

Kikcro, the greatest of Roman
orators. His name is connected
with the Welsh kcirch, oats,
though kikcr meant ' vetches '
to the Romans.

Clara = Llear.

Claudia = Gwladys.

Claudius = Gloy w.

Cluvius = Glywys ?

Cnet'us = Keneu.

Coc litis = Coel.

Cotton = Kynon, Kynan, and in
its Gascon form ' Kenon.'
{Liwyd.)

Constantinus = Kystennin.

Cons fan fins = Kysteint.

A'vriactis = Curig.

Cyrillus = Seirioel Wyn.

Kyrus = Gyrys, e.g. G. o Ial.

Damianus = Dwyvan.

Diana = in Erse Bian, nimble.

Domttintis = Dyvnan.

Dotiatiaiius = Dunodyn.

Donatus = Dunawd.

Ecdicius = Eiddig.

Egeria = Eigyr, ' maiden.'

Eleutherius = Elidyr.

Eligius = Helig.

Eloqiiius = Illoc ?

Emidius = Hemeid, Hyveidd.

Eucratius = Eugrad.

Eudocius = Wddog ?

Eugeuius, Eugeudus = Ywein, e.g.

Owain ab Urien. Gawain, e.g.

Gawain Douglas.
Euladius = Euladd.
Euphrasia = Effros.
Flavianus = Fflewin.
Elora = Fflur.
G alius = Gall.
Gavidius = Kewydd.
Gavins = Gawy.
Germanianus = Garmonyawn.

[Achau Gxcyr y Goglcdd.)
Gcrmanus = Garmon.
Gerontius = Geraint.
Glyccrius = Gleisiar. {Triads.)
Gordius = Gordd, ' earnest.'
Gorgonius = Gwrgant.
Gradirtts = Gredyv. (Aneurin.)

278

Appendix. No. IX.

Gratialis = Greidiol.

Gratianus = Armoric, " Gradlon ;"
W. "Grallon."

Grains = Gradd. (Taliesin)

Gregorins = Grygor.

Helvidianus = Elwyddan.

Helvidins = Hyhvydd, ' prosper-
ous.'

Helvius = Ehvy.

Hercules, Hercnlcm = Ercwlv.

Hcrsilia = Esyllt, rendered in, ro-
mance Estrildis, Isolda, Yseult.

Hesperins = Ysperi. (Aneurin)

Hilarius = Eleri, liar, Elian.

Hitnerins = Emyr (Llydaw).

Honorins = Ynyr.

Iannarins = Ionawr.

Idacins = Iddawg (Corn Prydain).

Idonens = Iddon and Idno (ab
Meirchion).

Tovins = Ieuav.

Italicus, {e.g. Priscus Italicus, A.D.
133) = Eiddilic. (Triads.)

I talus = Eidal. (Taliesin)

lulus = Iolo.
Julianus = Sulien.
Jnlitta[m] = Elidan.
Julius = Iwl, e.g. Iwl Caisar,
Julius Caesar.

Jupiter, Jovis = Iau or Iou.
Justinianus = Stinian.

Justinus = Iestin.

Laberius, the first Roman who
trod British soil (Caesar.) =
Llavyr (a son of Llywarch).

Latinus = Lledin. (Taliesin.)
Laudatus = Llawddad.
Laurentius = Lloren (a son of

Llywarch).
Leo = Llew.

Liberius = Lliver. (Llywarch.)
Libius = Llibio.
Linus = Llieni (bab.) (Addit.

MSS. 14, 882; Mus. Britannic)
Livius = Llywy. (Taliesin)
Lucanus = Llugan.
Lucia = Lleucu.
Lucianus = Lleision.
Lucius = Lies.
Macaritus = Machreth.
Magnentius Maenwyn. (Llyw-
arch)
Magnus or Maenius = Maen (a

son of Llywarch).
Major, Maurus = Mor.
Majorianus, Maurianus = Morien

(Varvaug, a foreign prince.

Triads).
Manlius, Mallius = Mael.
Marcellus = Marchell.
Marcianus = Meirchion.
Marcus = March.
Marianus = Meirion.
Marinus = Merini.
Marius = Mair.
Mars, Martis = Mawrth.
Martinus Merddin, Myrddin, in

romance Merlin.
Matius = Math (ab Mathon-

wy).

Appendix. No. IX.

279

Maurclius = Moryal (a brother of
Kynddylan.

Mauritius = Meuric.

Maximus = Macsen.

Melior = Meilyr, Meileri.

Mercurius = Merchur.

Metcllus = Medel (a son of Lly w-
arch.)

Metrodorus = Medrawd, in ro-
mance ' Sir Mordred.'

Nennius = Nynniaw.

Octavius = Euddav.

Olybrius = Elivri, in romance
rendered Oliver.

Ovidius = Ovydd.

Papias = Pabo.

Pascennius = Pasgen.

Pater nus = Padarn.

Patricius = Padrig.

Paulinus = Peulyn.

Petronius = Pedrwn.

Phoebus = Peibiaw.

Pollio = Pyll (a son of Llywarch.)

Publicius = Peblig.

Quinidius = Kenydd.

Quirinus = Gwrin.

Regina = Rhiain.

Romanus = Rhuvon, Rhun.

Romulus = in Erse Crodamuil,
' valiant.'

Ruffinus = Gruffudd.

Saturuinus = Sadwrnin.

Saturnus = Sadwrn.

Scaurus = Ysgaron. (Aneurin.)

Scholasticus = Yskolan.

Siptiminnus = Seithenyn.

Septimius = Seithyn.

Sergius Serigi (e.g. S. Wyddel).

Servandus = Servan.

Sibylla = Sibli Ddoeth.

Soliuus = Heylin.

Suetonius Paulinus = Sywidw
Pawlin. (Thcophilus Evans.)

Tarquinius = Terwyn, ' strong ;'
e.g. T. Superbus, Terwyn Sy-
berw.

Telesinus, a Samnite general
(Plutarch.) = Taliesin.

Thecla, the virgin martyr, dis-
ciple of S. Paul = Tegla.

Theodorus = Tudur, Tudor.

Theodosius = Tewdws.

Titan, Tithonus = Tydain.

Tityrus, the Vergilian shepherd
= Tityr, 'spinning' or 'whirl-
ing.'

Tumus, king of the Rutuli =
W. teyrn, ' the prince.'

Ura 1 litis = Urien.

Urbinus = Erbin (ab Kystennin
Gorneu).

Valentinianus = Balawn.

Varius = Gwair.

Vcnilia, a sea-goddess = W. gwen-
nol, 'the sea gull.'

Venus, Veneris = Gwener.

Vergilius = Pheryll.

Victor = Uthyr, Withur.

Victorinus = Gwytherin.

Vigilius = Bugail.

28o

Appendix. No. IX.

Virginins = Gwrgeneu.
Viriathns = Gwriad.
Virnnnius = Gwron.

Vitalianus = Gwythelyn.
Vivianus = Gwiawn.
Voconius = Gwgawn.

A few names appear to have been borrowed by the Teutons
from the Kymry, or used in common. Such I submit are

Aethehtan = Elystan (Glodrydd).
Aethered = Edryd.
Brand = W. Braint (Hir).
Ceadmon = Cadvan.
Ceadwalla = Cadwal.
Cerdic = Keredig.
Culloch = Kwllwch.
Donald '= Dyvnwal.
Edwin = Ednewein.

Edwold = Idwal.

Hlodivig, Ltidwig = Clydawg.

Hngo = Hywgi.

Kenneth = Kynedda, Kenydd.

Kenrick = Kyneuric.

Reginald ' = Rheinallt.

Rudcric = Rhydderch, Rhodri.

Withred = Uchdryd.

A few Bible names too are found naturalized in Kymric speech.
Such are Addav, Adam ; Ynwch, Enoch ; Jo, Job ; Arawn, Aaron ;
Sawyl, Saul ; Davydd, David ; Selyn), Solomon ; EM, Elias ; Elisse,
Elisaeus ; Dciniocl, Daniel ; Iago, James ; Ietian, John ; Tathai,
Thaddaeus.

APPENDIX. No. X.

In the Prologue to his Welsh grammar, printed at Milan, Griffith
Roberts opens with a dialogue between himself and Morns (M.
Clynnog, I take it, bishop-nominate of Bangor, and rector of the
English College at Rome). The spelling of the original is pre-
served.

" Er bod yn deg y fangre le'r ydym, ag yn hyfryd gweled y
dail gwyrddleision yn gyscod rhag y tes, ag yn digrif clowed yr
auel hon o'r gogleuwynt yn chwythu tan frig y gwinwydd i'n
lawenychu yn y gwres anrhysymol hwn syd drwm wrth bawb a
gafod i geni a'i meithrin mewn gwlad cyn oered ag yn tir Cymru
. . etto ni chynhessa calon cymro wrthynt, megis y gnai wrth
Ian Dyfrdwy, ne lawr Dyphryn Clwyd, ne wrth ami o leoedd a
fedrwn i henwi o Faenol Dewi i Gaergybi ym Mon. . . . Mae
arnaf hiraeth am lawer o bethau a gaid ynghymru, i fwrw'r amser
heibio yn ddifyr ag yn llawen wrth ochel y tes hirddydd haf. Os
myfyrio a damunych ne darlain ar ych pen ych hun, chui a gaech
deuis lie cymwys i hynny, er maint fyddai boethni'r tes ; naill ai
mewn tai gleision hafaidd, ne ger lawr dwfr rhedegog mewn glyn
ag irgoed, ne mewn dyffryn llysseuawg, ne mewn cadlas o fedw ne
o ynn plannedig, ne ar fynydd amlwg awelog, ne mewn rhyw
arall, lie ni byddai na blinder na lludded wrth wres yr hinon. Ond
ynghylch y dref hon [Milan], nid oes dim tebyg."

It seems incredible how in the face of this explicit passage the
j j

282

Appendix. No. X.

late learned librarian of the British Museum, Mr. Panizzi, could have
maintained against Prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte that Roberts
printed his book at Meivod in North Wales, where there could
not have been a printing-press in the reign of Elizabeth, nor vines
to temper an excessive heat. The Italian scholar could not have
known Roberts's relation to S. Carlo Borromeo, nor have consulted
Anthony a Wood's 'Athenae Oxonienses.'

APPENDIX. No. XI.

FRENCH-KYMRIC VO C AB I. E S .

The list here supplied is confessedly imperfect, yet sufficient to es-
tablish the existence of a Kymric element in the modern Gallo-
Roman speech. Zeuss as well as Prichard hold that the old Gallic
was nearer the Welsh than the Gaelic, save that it retained the
case-endings of the latter. The sounds of the letters j and u in
French, as well as the // moutlles in French and Spanish, come
from the Kymric. (De Bellognct.) The Cis-Alpine priest at Mass
still pronounces the u in Dens, as a Welshman would if taught
Latin according to Kymric pronunciation.

Abrtcot, apricot = bricyll.

Accablcr, to overwhelm with abuse = cabin, to abuse.

Agraffe, a clasp - crcvyn.

Aine, the eldest = hynav.

Alter, to go = elcd, let him go.

Allouer, to allow = Iwvio.

S'Arrcter, to stay = aros.

Arroye, array, preparation = arlwy.

Avaler, to swallow = aba//, to perish.

Avec, with = ac ev, and it.

Bac/cr, to fasten = bag/u.

Bagatelle, a toy =s bagadau, strings of beads.

Balafre, gashed = bala-ffrau, the efflux of an outlet.

284 Appendix. No. XI.

Balayer, to sweep = baldu, to drive out.

Banc, a bench = mainc.

Bannicre, a banner = batter.

Baragouin, mendicants' cant or an appeal for = bara gwyn, white

bread ?
Baratter, to cheat = brad, treachery.
Barguigner, to bargain = bargen.
Bataile, battle = bate/.
Bateau, a boat = bad.
Baton, a staff =pastwn.
Battre, to beat = baeddu.
Bedeau, a verger = bedw, a birch rod, doubtless the original virga

of a beadle.
Belette, a weasel = bele, a martin.
Bequille, a crutch == bagl.
Bijou, a jewel = bagadau, strings of beads.
Blanc, white = gwlan, wool.

Bid, corn ; Provencal, blad, flour = blawd, fine flour.
Blonde, fine lace = bliant, fine linen.
Blur a (Provencal), blue = blazvr, iron-gray.
Bluter, to sift = blawd, flour.
Bouc, a goat = bwc/i.
Boucle, a buckle = bogel, a knot.
Boudin, a black pudding =poten, intestines.
Boue, dirt = baw.

Bottle, a bowl = bol, a belly, a protuberance.
Bottrasque, a violent wind = bur, violence.
Bourdon, the bass in music = byrr-don.
Bouteille, a bottle = bothen.
Boutique, a shop = bwth, a booth.
Brave, brave =praff, stout.
Brebis, a sheep = brcvtt, to bleat.
Brigand, a robber = briganted (Breton), hill men.
Brin, a stick, something worthless = prin, scanty; brwyn, a bulrush.
Bris, fragments = briwsion.

Appendix. No. XI. 285

Brodcrie, embroidery = brodio.

Broue'e, Provencal Br etna, white frost = barrug, fog.

Brouct, a mess = brywes.

Broutcr, to browse = briicsion, fragments.

Broyer, to bruise = brhvo.

Bruit, a noise = brwth : brwydr, battle.

Brun, brown = brwyn.

Brusque, hasty = brysg, quick.

Cacher, to hide = can, to shut in ; cauad, a cover.

Caillou, a flint-stone = callestr.

Cambrer, to bend = cammu.

Canif, a knife = cnaiv, clipping or shearing.

Caprice = kiprys, hap-hazard.

Carder, to card wool = gardio.

Carillon, a peal of bells = carol, a merry song.

Chariot, a chariot = carr-rhod, a car on wheels.

Charogne, carrion, a carcase = kelain.

Chaussc, hose = coes, a leg.

Chemin, Italian cammino, a road = cammu, to step.

C here her, to fetch = cyrchu.

Cheval, a horse = keffyl.

Chien, a dog = ki, pi. cwn.

Chimcre, a simarre (a Mediaeval vesture) = simmwr.

C homer, to keep holiday = siom, vacant.

Chitte, a fall = codwm.

Clabaud, a noisy talker = debar, idle talk.

Clapitha (Provencal), a stony place = clap, a round mass, from the

Latin lap-is.
Claque, clogs = clogsiau.
Cloche, a bell = clock.
Coin, a corner = cwyn.

Comblcr, to heap up = civblhau, to complete.
Cotret, a small fagot = coed, wood.
Coucher, to lie down = kysgu, to sleep.

286 Appendix. No. XI.

Courroie, a saddle = kyvrwy.

Cracher, to spit = crach-boeri.

Craindre, to fear = crynu, to quake.

Cramoisi, crimson = crau, gore, dark clotted blood.

Crevasse, a crevice = gravais.

Cuisse, a thigh = coes, a leg.

Dague, a dagger = tagu, to choke.

Darder, to dart = tarddu, to spring as a well.

Debris, fragments = brhvsion.

Derechef, again = drachevn.

Deuil, mourning = dywyl.

Devise, a device = dyvais.

Dorenavant, henceforth = o hyn allan.

Douce, sweet = dws : both from the Latin dulcis.

Dresser, to repair = trwsiaw.

Drogue, a drug = drwg, bad.

Dune, a high bank = tyno.

Eau, water = wy or gwy.

Ecarter, to separate ysgarthu, to purge.

Echine, the chine - kevn, back.

Eclair, lightning = cglur, clear.

Ecloppc, lame =s= cloff.

Ecoufle, a kite = vsglyvu, to prey ; whence also the English word

4 scuffle.'
Ecrotder, to crumble = ysgwrllwg^ crackling.
Ecueil, a reef =ysgyl.

Ecume, scum =ysgwyv, from the Latin spuma.
Effroi, fright =ffreuo, to spirt out blood.
Egratigner, to scratch = craffiniaw.
Eincutc, an insurrection ysmud.
Ennui, weariness = anwyd, indisposition.
Envoyer, to send = anvon.

Appendix. No. XI. 287

Fsrarbot, a beetle (bred of corruption) in Latin, wcarabaeui = ys-

gerbwd, a carcase.
Escarmouche, a skirmish =ysgarmes.
Escorner (Walloon), to scorn = ysgorn.
Escort, a guard of soldiers = gosgordd.
Espcron, a spur = y spar dun.
Etanqon, a perch = ystangc / Italian, stanga.
S'c'tou/wr, to be astonished = svnnu.
Etourdi, rash =ys-drud, daring ; ystwrdio, to storm.

Fagot, a fagot =Jfagawd.

Faix, a burthen = batch.

Fancr, to faint = gwanhdu.

Flatter, to flatter = ffladr, foolish talk.

Fol, an old Gallic term for ' dotard '= ffol.

Fourrage, fodder = Irish, fcur; W. gioair, grass.

F"raichc, Italian fresco, fresh =Jfresg.

Fretta (Italian), haste =ffrwt, abruptly.

Frillcux, chilly =JfrwyI, a drizzling rain.

Gabelle, a tax = gavael, a hold, a legal claim.

Garde, a keep = garth, a hill.

Gars, a lad = givas.

Geole, a gaol = gc'ol.

Glaner, to glean = Uanastr, dispersion.

G/as, a knell = llais, a voice.

Gobelin, tapestry, carpet = gobennydd, a cushion.

Gocland, a sea-gull = gwylan.

Gourmand, a glutton = gormod, too much.

Gratter, to scrape = cravu.

Gres, steps = grisiau.

Grido (Italian), a cry = grydian; griddvan, a groan.

Grille, a gridiron = gridyll.

Grogncr, to grumble = grwug, grunt.

Gualdo (Italian), a defect = gwall.

288 Appendix. No. XI.

Gueret, fallow ground = gweryd, a sward.
Guc'rir, to heal = gwared; kyweiriaw, to repair.
Guerre, war = herw, foraging.
Gueux, a beggar = gwyw, faded.
Guichet, a wicket = gwicced.

'Habler, to tell lies = cabin, to detract.

'Hate, a thicket = cae, an enclosure.

' Halbran, a young wild duck = holbren, a reproachful term applied

to a woman.
' Hamais, armour, harness = harnais.
'Havir, to scorch = hav, summer.
'Havre, a haven = aber.
'Heurt, a hit = hurt, awkward.
'Heurter, to assault = rhuthro ar.
'Hoquet, the hiccough = ig, effort.
'Hone, a spade = rhaw.
'Houppe, an effort = hwpp.

'Hourdage, rough masonry, rubble = hwrdd, a push.
'Housseaux, coarse leggings = hosanau, stockings.
'Hurter, to push = hyrddu.
'Hutin, an obstinate fellow = hurtyn, a blockhead.

Ivraie, tares = evrai.
Jarret, the ham of a leg = garr.

Laid, ugly = llaid ) mud.

Lande, a heath = lawnt.

Lieu, a place = lie.

Linotte, a linnet = llinos.

Lueur, a faint light = lleuvcr, light.

Maint, a quantity = maint.

Marcher, to march = march, a horse.

Menu, very small = man; meinw, delicate ; main, thin.

Appendix. No. XI. 289

Miettcs, small crumbs = mwydion; mocthau, dainties.

Mistral^ a violent wind in the south of France = meistrawl, mas-
terly, overcoming.

Modorra (Spanish) = modrondod, lethargy.

Monccan, a heap = boncyn, a bank or knoll.

Morfd, unwrought ivory = morvil, a nar-whale, whose tusks supplied
the Norsemen with supposed ivory.

Mome, sad = mwm, hot, sultry.

Mou, molle, soft, sluggish = mwll, heavy warm.

Mouche, a fly = mwch, mdeh, quick.

Moiiton, old form moulton, a sheep = mollt, a wether.

Museau, a snout = miswrn, a mask.

Navrer, to wound = manawyd, to penetrate with an instrument ;
in Merionethshire, to hurt.

Octroi, an impost = occr, usury.

Ord, filthy = gwrthun, repulsive.

0m\ yea = i'e.

Ouir, to hear = oiaw.

Oultrage, from tdtraguim, an outrage, excess = wttrcs, prodigality,

waste.
Outre, outrageous = uthr.

Pays, a country -=pywys.

Pelisse, originally ' an upper vesture of fur ' pi/ys.

Pcqueno (Spanish), little = bychan.

Pe'ser, to weigh =pwysaw.

Petit, little = pittw (a word used in South Wales).

Piquer, to sting =pigo.

Pissoir, a pitcher =piser.

Pois, a weight = pwys.

Pouffer de rire, to burst with laughing =pwf, a puff.

Preste, nimble = prest.

Prenx, 2l brave man = brav.

KK

290 Appendix. No. XI.

Rotage, broth = potes.

Rrud } homme, honest man = gwr prudd.

Quai, the quay on a river or sea = cae, enclosure.
Quitter, to quit hold of = gadael.

Racier, to scrape = rhaclo, to make a noise.

Rade, a roadstead = rhawdd.

Ramper, to fawn = rhcmp, excess.

Rang, a rang = rheng.

Remorquer, to tow a ship = rlrwymo wrth, to attach to an object.

Reqtn'n, a shark = rhygn, 'jagged' teeth.

Re'seau, net-work = rhes, a string.

Retz {patois), cold = rhew, frost.

Ricaner, to mock = rhingcian, to snarl.

Rien, nothing =yr un; i.e. [not] a single thing.

Rigole, a small trench = rhigol.

Roche, a rock = rhwch, jagged.

Rochette, a bishop's dress = rlmchen, a cloke.

Roder, to rove = rhodiaw.

Rognon, the kidneys = rhynion, groats.

Roi, a king = rhi, rhwy.

Roiaulte, royalty, kingly estate = rhialltwch, display.

Rompre, to break = rhympio, to break an engagement.

Rond, round = crwnn.

Rbtir, to roast = rhostio.

Roussin (Italian, ronzino), a pack-horse = rhwnsi.

Route, a way = rhyd, a ford.

Roil tiers, irregular soldiers = rhawd, a mob.

Ruse, cunning = kyv-rwys.

Sale, dirty = salw, vile.

Soc, a ploughshare = stick.

Saeur, a sister = chwaer; Persian, khauher.

Soie (Italian, seta), silk = sidati.

Appendix. No. XI. 291

S(jin, care = sivyu, a charm, a remedy.

Sotlisc, silliness = sot/iach, rubbish.

Suitpc, potage = swp, a smash.

Squilla (Italian), a cry = did, a peal of bells.

Taille, an impost = toll.

Tailler, to cut = tyllu, to perforate.

Tambour, a drum = tabourdd.

Tas, a heap = tds, a hay-stack.

Teie (Lorrain patois), a house = tai, houses.

Terne, tarnished = tarnu, to dry.

Tomber, to fall =J>e?i-dwm/>iati, to nod drowsily.

Tombereau, a dung-cart = trwmbel.

Tonncau, a ton = tunnell.

Toux, a cough = tuchan, to groan.

Tracas, over-haste = trachwyddo, to stumble.

Trahison, treachery = trais.

Travail, labour = travacl.

Trcille, the trellis of a vineyard traill, a trail.

Tresor, a treasure = trysor.

Trogne, a snout = trwyn, nose.

Trombe, a water-spout = /row, heavy.

Trotter, to trot = trawd, troed, a foot.

Trousscr, to truss up = trwsio, to repair.

Trou, a hole = trivch, an incision.

Truaud, a beggar = truan, wretched.

Truie, a sow = twrc/i, a hog.

Vilain, brutish = milain.
Voila, behold ! = wcle.

APPENDIX. No. XII.

ENGLISH-KYMRIC VOCABLES.

The English words following appear to be either borrowed from, or
identical with, corresponding Kymric forms. Where they denote
objects presented in social life, they are probably Kymric ; where
expressive of notions common to all nations, they must belong
equally to Teutonic and Keltic stock.

Aber = a harbour.

Agwyr, crooked = awry.

Alch, an iron grating ; alc/ies, a

window = an alcove ?
Baban (Italian, bambino) = a baby.
Bachgen = a boy ; in Persian,

pachah.
Badd=a. bath; e.g. Nantbaddon.
Bagad = a pack of people.
Bdl, a bare peak = bald.
Bale = a balk of land.
Bale It, proud = bold ; in the old

Gothic, baltha.
Baldordd = balderdash.
Ban, high ground = van : so the

Caermarthen shire Vans.
Barr, a summit = bare, branch.
Bicre = to bicker or contend.
Btlwg = a billhook.
Blodau, flowers=to blow, to bloom
Bloedd, a shout = to blow^

Blj's, desire = bliss.

Bod = an abode.

Boren, morning = morrow.

Botas = a boot.

Bragad = a breed.

Bragu = to brew.

Br aw, fear = to bree, a Yorkshire

term for ' to fright.'
Brawd = brother ; Sanskrit, bhra-

tarah.
Brawdle, a court of justice = to

brawl.
Brcg = a breach ; to break.
Brevu = to bray.
Brock = a brock or badger.
Brolt'g = luxuriant, frolic.
Brwg = a brake.
Brwys = brushwood.
Brysg = brisk.

Bnarth = a byre or cowhouse.
Bngez'lgt'=a. beagle.

Appendix. No. XII.

293

Bxva = a bow.
Bivch = a buck.
Bwlnvmman = to boom ?
Bwlch = to bulge out.
Bwn-gler, the tail of the clerks

ss bungler.
Bwrch = a borough or fort.
Bwrw = to pour.
Bwyd= to bait; meat.
Byrr-don = the burden of a song.

Cammawn = a battle, backgam-
mon ; bachgammawHy a little
battle.

Cappan = a cope.

Care = car king care.

Ceccru = to check or rate.

Ced = advantage, to get.

Ceintach = the Quinta (a game).

Celyn (in Saxon holcyn) = holly.

Cevtiy a back = a chine.

CVc, a fort ; cicwyry infantry = to
kick.

Clai = clay.

Clccc = a click.

C/o = a lock.

Clock = a clock.

Clwch = a clough or cliff.

C/rc\y = gloss.

Coed = wood; Sanskrit, hnta, a
tree; English, 'to cut down."

CoeSy a leg = hose.

CoggiOy to dissemble = to cog dice.

ComiaWy ymgomio, to gossip =
chum.

Coppu = a coping-stone.

Croppa = a bird's crop.

Ciid= a kite.

Cwt^ = a coc^-boat.

Civhwvan = to quaver.

C7C7/, dogs = hounds.
Owning = a coney.

Civt, a hut.

CwynaWy to complain = to whine.

Chwant = want (desire).

Chwaw = a sough, or loud sigh of

the wind.
Chived = quoth he.
Chwcdly a talf = to wheedle.
Chwcgy sweet =^ whey.
Chwyly a turning^ wheel.
Chwirli-givgan = a whirligig.
Chwistrell =z squirt or syringe.
Chivy 11 = whin, weeds.
ChwyVy a swell = a wave ; to heave.
Chuyrnii = to snore.
Dadletiy to discourse = to tatlle.
Dal (Saxon, haldan) = to hold.
Dantcithus, toothsome = dainty.
Dcvnyiiy a drop of water = dew.
Diwyll=\.o till.
Dewr = dour (Scottish).
Dos, a drop = a dose.
Dogtiy a piece = a token.
D6l = a. dale.
Dreva, twenty-four = a thrave of

corn, i.e. 24 sheaves.
Drylliaw = to drill.
Duazvg, blackish = dusk.
Divl= dull.
Dwim = dun-coloured.
Du'fidtcr, a loud noise = thunder.
Esgidj a shoe = a skate.
Esmwyth = smooth.
Exvyllys = will.

Eginoy to spring as grass = to begin.
Efald = a fold of sheep.
Ejlaw = a splinter : #/.
Ffeutur = pewter.

294

Appendix. No. XII

Gahv = to call ; Greek, kalco.

Gardd = a yard, a garden.

Gcm\ to be born = to yean.

Gcvynnau = gyves (fetters).

Gtd=a kid; giddy.

Gildiaw = to yield.

Gldn = clean.

Glanhdn = to glean.

Glavyr = to glaver or flatter.

Glaiv = a glaive or sword.

Go/eu, light ; in Sanskrit, iwdla

= to glow.
Gloyw = glowing.
Glynnu = to lean ; to cling.
Glynn = a glen.
Gobeithio, to hope = hopeth.
Go/ud, wealth = gold.
Gordal '=an ordeal.
Golwg = a look.
Gosymmerth = the gossamer.
Govail, a smithy = hovel.
Gran = the grain of wood.
Grwndwal = a ground-wall.
Gr>r = a heron.
Gwae = woe.
Gwaint, smart = quaint.
Gwallt, hair = felt.
Gwan = weak ; wan.
Gwanhau to wane.
Gwdr = fair.
Gwarched = to guard.
Grvart/t, a strand = a sandy warth.

{Leland)
Gwysio = to usher or summon.
Gwasgti = to squeeze.

(Saxon, wascan) = to wash.

Gwdu = to weave.
Gwawn = the gowan.
Gwedd, a yoke = to wed.

Gweddi\ a prayer = the F<?rtfo .
Gwez7gz\ the sea = a billow ; in

German, Az'/z\
Gwet7ii\ to serve = meiny, a retinue.
Gwehu, pale = fallow ; sallow.
Gwe/l, better = w/7.
Gwerth = worth ; in Saxon, werth.
Gweyd, saith = quoth.
Gwiddan = a witch ; ' weazen.'
Gwtsgi) nimble = to whisk.
Givldn = wool.
Gwlanen = flannel.
Gwtv, a channel = a gulf.
Gwlyb = glib, slippery.
Gwlydd= mild.
Gwydd = wood.

Gwydd,fe wydd=he knows; to wit.
Gwyll '= gloom.
Gwyllt = wild.
Gwymp = to vamp up.
Gwyrth, virtue = worth.
Gwyth = wode ; angry.
Gyrru (Saxon, yrran) = to run.
Gyrthiaw = to gird (to attack).

Hagr = haggard.

Haearn (Sanskrit, saranci) = iron.

Hau = to sow.

Haws, easier = ease.

Hebog = a hawk ; Saxon, hafoc.

Herw = to harry.

Hesg (in Irish, seisg) = sedge.

Hobelu = to hop.

Hoeden = a hoyden.

//o7j (in German, schon) = fine.

Ho!l= whole, full.

Hosan hosen.

Hovio = to hover.

Hnan = the sun ; Sanskrit, /;/.

Hwyl = a sail.

Appendix. No. XII

295

Hud = to hood-wink.

Hustings a whisper or murmur

= hustings.
Hwch,a. sow (Persian, X7/X')= a hog.
Hynt, a way = a hint.
Hyrddu = to gird (as a ram).
Inrll an earl ; Scandinavian, jarl.
Ieuangc = young ; offshoot.
Iwbwb (a cry of alarm) =to whoop.
Lawnt = a lawn.
Llab = a slab.
Llacc = slack.
Lladmer = a Latimer or Latiner,

i.e. interpreter.
Lladd = to slay.

Llangc, a lad, adolcscens = lank.
Marian, clear = a clarion.
Llaxvdr = clad, clothes.
Uawr = a floor.
Z/Vy/, length = a slade, a long

low-lying meadow.
Lleipyr = slippery.
Llewys = sleeves.
Lit thro = to slidder, to slide.
Z/m' (in Saxon, hieivc) = hue.
Llwm, bare = gloom.
Llwyd, gray = a cloud.
Llymru = flummery.
Maeddu = to smite : ys-macddu.
Maen, a stone = a mine.
Maenoi = a manor.
Maer = a mayor.
JA// = black-/// <7/7.
March, a horse = a marc.
Mellt, lightning = to melt.
Meddyglyn = metheglin, mead.
Main = a wain.
Mer = marrow.
J/ ( \y = mast, acorns.

A furndwrn, a secret blow=murdcr.

Mvnipwv = the mumps.

Myned (Saxon, wendati) = to wend.

Mynnu, to will, to have a mind
to = mind.

Mynwyr = meniver (a rich fur).

Nwth = a knot.

Oddiyno = then.

Osgo = askew, aslant.

Pawcn = a paw.

Pevr = brave ; fine : e.g. dogyn <>
aur pevr, a token of brave
gold.

Pert = pretty.

Pluog, feathery = a pillow.

Plygu = to bulge, to bend.

Pres = brass ; Sanskrit, varishta,
copper (in the sense of ' ex-
cellent ').

Prestl = prattle.

Pryd, beauty = pride.

Prysgoed = brushwood.

Pwcca = Puck (a goblin).

Rhawr = a roar.

R/iemp, mischievous = ramping.

Rhev = rife.

Rh6ch, grunting = rough.

Rhodio, to walk = a road.

Rhudd = ruddy.

Rhuyg=a. wrack, a wreck.

Rhydd= rid, to be rid of.

Rhyg (in Saxon, ryge) = rye.

Siommi = to sham.

Siwtrws = in shatters.

Sorod = dross, trash.

Swil = shy.

Swch, a ploughshare=a soc of land.

Tabwrdd = a tabret .

Tegan = a toy.

296

Appendix. No. XII.

Tewychu = to thicken ; tough ;

dough.
Tippyn, a particle = a tip : Sanskrit,

tip, to drop.
Tramwyo, to traverse = tram.
Treillio = to trawl or fish with nets.
Troed, a foot = to tread.
Trwc /i=through ; a trough ; a truck
Trwssio = to dress, to truss up.
Trwy = through.
Trybedd = a trivet or tripod.
Ttichan, to groan = to tug.
Twrv, ysdwrv, a noise = to stir.
Tyno=dL down or elevated plateau.
Tysmwy = dismay.
Tyxvyll, dark = dull.
Uwch (German, hoch) = high.
Ust, silence ! = whist.
Ych = an ox : Sanskrit, ukshan.

Ysdwrdiaw, to check = sturdy.

Ysgavael = to scamble, to be ra-
pacious.

Ysgarm = a scream.

Ysgawd (Saxon, scadu)=a shadow.

Ysglent = slant.

Ysgrech = a shriek; Ger. schreck.

Ysgreppan = a scrip.

Ysgrubliaid, beasts = Ou. from
ysgrnb, scrubs or shrubs ; that
is, wild in the bush.

Ysgnvd, a carcase = a shroud.

Ysgrwmp (German, sclirumpe) = a.
wrinkle.

Ysgwyd=to scud; Italian, sqtiittire.

Ysmala, arch, witty = a smile.

Yspagan, the talons of birds =
the spokes of a wheel.

Yspred, refuse-matter = spread.

THE END.

CAKMAKTHI-X : \V. SITRRELL AND SON.