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A LABORATORY GUIDE

FOR THE

Disease VION OF THE CAT

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
OF ANATOMY

FREDERIC P. GORHAM, A.M.
AND
RALPH W. TOWER, A.M.

INSTRUCTORS IN BIOLOGY IN BROWN UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS

IgOL

TROW DIRECTORY
PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY
NEW YORK

PREFACE

Tuts outline has been prepared to supply a
convenient laboratory guide for elementary classes
in anatomy. It is intended to serve merely as an
introduction to anatomical methods and terminol-
ogy. In its preparation we have been assisted by
the suggestions of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, Professor
of Comparative Anatomy in Brown University,
whose advice we gratefully acknowledge.

BROWN UNIVERSITY,
April 4, 1895.

te
ee Ai uy

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION, 2 * cy ° ° e e ® I

CHAPTER I.—SKELETON.

AXIAL SKELETON, ‘ ; 2 é ‘ A 5 . 5
A. Skull, . : ; : ; ‘ ; : : A 5
B. Vertebral Column, . ‘ : 5 : : . 8
G)-Ribs;’< : : ‘ , : 3 - : “ IO
DD. Sternum,. . , ; : p : : : 4 ite)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON, ; : ‘ - - A IO
A. Shoulder-girdle and Fore-leg, . ; ; ‘ , 10
B. Pelvic-girdle and Hind-leg, : . - ° ° 12

CHAPTER II.—VISCERA,

ABDOMINAL VISCERA, . - : : - A ° : 14
A. Alimentary Canal, . ° : 14
B. Appendicular Organs of the ierciog Eanal, : : 16
C. Urinary System, : : - : ° ° ° 17
D. Reproductive System, é : : : : : 18
THORACIC VISCERA, . : ‘ : ; : A ; 21
VISCERA OF THE HEAD AND NECK, . : - ° . 23
A. Salivary Glands, . ‘ : : : : ° 23
B. Mouth, Pharynx, and Cea ' : : : ° 24
CHAPTER III—MUSCLES.
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN, . : : : , : 28
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX, . . . . . . 30
MUSCLES OF THE FORE-LEG AND SHOULDER, . : : 32
MUSCLES OF THE HIND-LEG, ‘ ‘ ; P ? ‘ 39
MUSCLES-OF, THE NECK, .. : i - : ‘ ; 42
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Vill CONTENTS
CHAPTER IV:—VASCULAR. SYSTEM.

ARTERIAL SYSTEM,

VENOUS SYSTEM, .
A. Prz-cava,
B. Post-cava,
C. Portal System,

CHAPTER V.—NERVOUS SYSTEM.

INVESTING MEMBRANES,

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN,
A. Cerebrum, .
B. Cerebellum,
C. Medulla Oblongata,

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN,
DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES,
SPINAL CORD,

SPINAL NERVES, é : :
A. Brachial Plexus, . : 2
B. Lumbar Plexus, . ‘ ‘ ‘ é : ‘

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM, ‘ , : _ . ‘

CHAPTER VI.—EYE.

APPENDAGES OF THE EYE, A 3 . :
EYEBALL, ‘. : 5 : : - 5 - .
INDEX,. ; 4 A é ; ‘ : ° :

PLATE
PLATE
PLATE

PLATE

PLATE
PLATE

PLATE

EIST..OF, PLATES

FACE PAGE

I,— SKELETON,

I].—SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF RIGHT SIDE,
III.—DEEPER MUSCLES OF RIGHT SIDE,
IV.—SUPERFICIAL AND DEEPER MUSCLES OF

VENTRAL SIDE,
V.—ARTERIAL SYSTEM,
VI.—VENOUS SYSTEM,
VII.—NERVOUS SYSTEN, - - : ‘ °

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INTRODUCTION

Eacu student should be supplied with at least
one good scalpel, a pair of strong forceps, a pen-
cil, and a note-book. It is expected that the Labo-
ratory will furnish for general use such necessary
equipments as bone-forceps, bone-saws, weighted
hooks, and dissecting-boards.

Animals can be kept indefinitely in good con-
dition for dissection by injecting the thoracic and
body cavities and the intestinal tract, by mouth
and anus with the following solution :*

rT MNO tae cis cia wale Ge view im sewers a aaa eae oe I part
BPTI AIG SS Slee skied oid ould no aula Mabigale Beisle alee ae hie I part
SECO Tce s ott alae, 5 a7 ola'e\ns wveiaba, sien siake oie ate aialotal op taiaiey's* 24 parts
SSE MPAIIINT CHUNIEIO Es ars cha: x wise cinie aiv'esisic ie eeieemes oes ealeiy oS ¥ part
Reiacen tO MAK. once wer sa ste as dave amemeene slsioe ¢ 100 parts

For convenience in studying the vascular system,
however, the blood-vessels should be injected with
some colored substance before placing in the pre-
serving fluid. For this purpose an ordinary starch
injection mass, prepared according to the follow-
ing formula, may be used:

Wate SE ALO NGL ALS V's, 5: 21a) oe le 2 o)~a caleba niche’ 6 (o'b i ate a\nlolde eieieys I vol.

PRPs CEE PODTIONIR icrclo ao allo: dS 0 =. »\n 0800 v6.9 wie, oem) se'2's 0'e'0/0-4-0's 1} vol.
Dry COOK ais. a2 nos I vol.

Color | ciern satelatwiai siete ea I vt Eealelatereloysiwie eleietsletele’ > vol.
4 percent. formalin.....1 vol.

Open the thoracic cavity and inject through the
* Keiller, Philadelphia Medical Journal, December 29, 1900, p. 1248.

2 INTRODUCTION

aorta. If care is taken that no blood is lost the
arteries will be filled with the injection mass, the
veins with hardened blood.

The cat’s heart and eye will answer for general
dissection, but it will be found convenient to sub-
stitute the heart and eye of the pig for more ex-
tended study. These can be easily obtained from
the slaughter-house. The description here given
of the heart and eye of the cat serves equally well
for the pig, with the exception that the tapetum
is wanting in the latter animal.

Each student should be provided with the un-
mounted bones of one specimen for the work of
the first chapter. Each of the remaining chapters
really requires a fresh and complete animal, though
with the exercise of considerable care it is possible
to study both circulatory and nervous systems
from a single specimen. At least three animals,
then, are necessary.

Minute directions for dissection often retard the
student more than they aid him, and in this guide
only the general method is indicated. The inge-
nuity of the student, directed by the instructor, will
suggest the details. For more exhaustive works on
the anatomy of the cat, the student is referred to
‘Anatomical Technology,” by Wilder and Gage,
“The Cat,” by Mivart, ‘‘Mammalian Anatomy,”
Wola The Skeletoniof the Gatsby. Jayne, and
‘Anatomy of the Cat,” by Reighard and Jennings.

The figures are diagrammatic, but will serve to

INTRODUCTION 3

indicate the more general matters of relative size
and position. The nomenclature ordinarily used
in standard anatomical literature has been fol-
lowed. The signification of the general terms of
direction is:

Anterior... 2. .toward the head.

POStenot ss. 72's. < toward the tail.

SS cise ee aaa toward the region of the back.

ec ae toward the region of the belly.

22c 7 toward either side.

REORITMIAl 2s... . toward the central axis of the body.

Distal.........away from the central axis of the
body.

The terms right and left refer to the right and
left of the animal being dissected, and not neces-
sarily to the right and left of the dissector.

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CHAPTER I
SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON
A.—Skull. (Plate I., a.)

The Skull is the skeleton of the head and is
composed of the following bones :

1. The Occipital Bone, which forms the posterior
. part of the skull. It surrounds a large opening,
the foramen magnum. On either side of this
foramen are two smooth articular prominences,
the occzpztal condyles. A projecting ridge on the
upper margin of the occipital bone is the damdé-
dotdal ridge. Vhe anterzor condylortd foramina
pierce the ventral side of the occipital bone a
little anterior to the occipital condyles.

2. The Temporal Bones, which form the lateral
and posterior part of the base of the skull. On its
under surface each presents a prominent oval ele-
vation, the auditory bulla. On the external side
of each bulla is a large foramen, the external audt-
tory meatus. Just behind the auditory meatus is
a small foramen, the sty/o-mastocd. Between each
bulla and the occipital bone, just in front of the an-
terior condyloid foramen, is the, somewhat larger,

6 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

jugular foramen. From the anterior part of the
temporal bone extends a bony arch, the zygomatic
process. Ou the under side of this processis a
depression for the articulation of the lower jaw,
called the glenxozd fossa.

3. The Parietal Bones, which form the upper pos-
terior part of the skull. They meet, above, in the
median line.

4. The Interparietal Bone, which lies in the mid-
dorsal line, between the parietal and occipital
bones. It is small and triangular.

5. [he Sphenoid Bone, which partially forms the
base of the skull. It lies in front of the occip-
ital and between the temporal bones. The sphe-
noid is pierced on either side by two foramina, the
posterior of which is the foramen ovale, the ante-
rior the foramen rotundum.

6. The Presphenoid Bone, which lies in the mid-
ventral line, immediately in front of the sphe-
noid. It is pierced on either side by the ofézc
foramina. Between the sphenoid and presphe-
noid bones, in line with the optic foramen and the
foramen rotundum, is the large sphenozdal fissure.

7. The Frontal Bones, which form the anterior
part of the roof of the skull, meeting above in the
mid-line. On either side each frontal bone presents
a sharp process, the fost-orbztal. The cavity be-
hind this process is the ¢emporal fossa.

8. The Malar Bones, which form the outer infe-
rior margin of the orbits. Each articulates pos-

SKELETON 7

teriorly with the zygomatic process of the tem.
poral bones.

9. The Maxillary Bones, which form the princi-
pal part of the upper jaw. Each bears the fol-
lowing teeth: one canine, three premolars, and
one molar. It has a posteriorly-directed process
which articulates with the malar bone, and is
called the malar process. It is pierced by the in-
fraorbital foramen.

10. The Premaxillary Bones, which are too small
bones meeting in the mid-line in front of the max-
illary bones. Each bears three incisor teeth.

11. The Nasal Bones, which lie in the mid-dorsal
line above the nasal cavity.

12. The Lachrymal Bones, which lie on the ante-
rior walls of the orbits.

13. The Palatine Bones, which form the posterior
part of the roof of the mouth. The perpendicular
part of each is pierced by the spheno-palatine for-
amen.

14. The Vomer, which forms the lower part of
the median partition between the nostrils.

15. The Ethmoid Bone, which lies between the
frontal bones in the nasal chamber. It is com-
posed in part of many folded lamellz.

16. The Mandible, or skeleton of the lower jaw,
which consists of two rami meeting anteriorly in
the symphysis. The posterior vertical portion of
the mandible is known as the ascending ramus,

8 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

and the remaining portion is the hortzontal
ramus. The highest point of the ascending ramus
is the coronotd process. ‘The mandible bears on
either side the following teeth: three incisors,
one canine, two premolars, and one molar. (Plate

aes)
The dental formula would be: 1. 3, c. 4, pm. 3,
m. 4.

17. The Hyoid Arch, which passes from the un-
der side of the skull to the top of the larynx. It
is composed of a dody and a pair of axzterzor and
posterior horns. The body of the hyoid is
formed by a single bone, the déasz-hyal, which
forms the front part of the upper border of the
larynx. Each posterior horn extends around the
upper margin of the larynx, and is composed of
the ¢hyro-hyal bone. Each anterior horn is com-
posed of the cerato-hyal, epi-hyal, and stylo-hyal
bones, and the ¢ympano-hyal cartelage, which
umites withthe skull) (Plate 1, c:)

B.—Vertebral Column.

The Vertebral or Spinal Column is composed of
seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, seven lumbar, three
sacral, and twenty-two caudal vertebre. Each ver-
tebra is composed of a body and a neural arch
enclosing a neural canal and bears on either side
a transverse process and dorsally a xeural process.
Between adjoining vertebree, on each side, there is

SKELETON 9

an zucerverteoraé foramen Which permits the pas-
sage of blood-vessels and nerves to and from the
neural canal.

1. The Cervical Vertebree form the skeleton of the
neck. The most anterior cervical vertebra, the
atlas, is somewhat modified to support the skull.
It bears on its anterior side two concave articular
surfaces which receive the condyles of the skull.
Its transverse processes form two wing-like ex-
pansions. (Plate I.,p.) The second cervical ver-
tebra, the a@xzs, is also modified. It bears at its
anterior end a pivot, the odonxtozd process, on which
the atlas turns. The odontoid process is mor-
phologically the body of the atlas. (Plate I, 5.)
Each of the six anterior cervical vertebrz are
pierced by two foramina, one on either side of the
neural canal.

2. The Dorsal Vertebre are characterized by the
great development of their posteriorly-directed neu-
ral processes, and by the costal facets. (Plate I., c.)

3. The Lumbar Vertebre are larger, with well-de-
veloped transverse processes and anteriorly-directed
neural processes. (Plate I., u.)

4. The Sacral Vertebre are more or less com-
pletely united together and serve for the attach-
ment of the pelvis.

5. The Caudal Vertebre gradually become smaller
and their processes reduced. Certain of the cau-
dal vertebree bear beneath their anterior ventral
surface small chevron bones. (Plate I., 1.)

iO DISSECTION OF THE CAT

C.—Ribs.

The Ribs form the bony framework of the
thorax. There are thirteen pairs, articulating dor-
sally with the vertebral column. The nine_an-
terior pairs or ¢vwe rzbs are connected with the
sternum by costal cartilages. The four posterior
pairs or false rzbs are not united to the sternum.
(Pilate 53.)

D.—Sternum.

The Sternum is the chain of bones forming the
ventral support of the cartilages of the ribs. It
consists of eight or nine bones (sternebre), of
which the most anterior is the manubrzum. Pos-
teriorly the sternum ends in the exszform cartt-
fage, which is more or less expanded and extends
ineely backward. (Plate 1.) x.)

APPENDICULAR SKELETON.

A.—Shoulder-girdle and Fore-leg.

1. The Clavicle is the small bone which does not
articulate with any of the bones of the body, but
is imbedded in the muscles of the anterior part of
the shoulder \),( Plate 1., 11.) .

2. The Scapula or shoulder-blade is the triangu-
lar bone which lies against the side of the thorax.
Its dorsal edge is the vertebral margin, its ventral
edge is the axzllary margin. Its outer side is
divided by a longitudinal ridge of bone, the sAzze,

SKELETON BE

into a supra- and znfra-spinous fossa. <Ante-
riorly the spine bears two processes, the anteriorly-
directed acromton process and the posteriorly-
directed metacromzon process. The concave inner
surface of the scapula forms the subscapular fossa.
Anteriorly the scapula ends in a concave articular
surface, the elenozd cavity. The coracotd process
is a curved projection extending from the anterior
edge of the glenoid cavity. (Plate I, m.)

3. The Humerus is the uppermost and largest of
the bones of the fore-leg. At its proximal end
the humerus has two prominences, of which the
outer and larger is the greater tuberoszty, the inner
and smaller is the /esser tuberosity. Between the
two tuberosities is a rounded surface for articula-
tion with the scapula, known as the head of the
humerus. Along the anterior side of the upper
part of the shaft of the humerus is a slightly
roughened elevation, the deltozd rzdge. The supra-
condylord foramen is an elongated opening in the
lower part of the humerus. The olecranon fossa
is a deep depression on the posterior side of the hu-
merus just above its articular surface. (Plate I., n.)

4. The Ulna and Radius are the two bones which
articulate with the humerus at its distal end. The
ulna is the larger and has a prominent process,
the olecranon, extending beyond its articulation
with the humerus. Below its articulation with
the humerus is the smaller coronozd process, which
articulates with the radius. (Plate I., o. and P.)

I2 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

5. The Carpal Bones are the seven small bones
arranged in two tranverse rows below the ulna
and radius.

6. The Metacarpals extend distally from the
carpals; they are five in number and are consider-
ably elongated.

7. The Phalanges are the bones of the toes. Each
toe, with the exception of the innermost or Aol/ex,
has three phalanges. The pollex has only two.

B.—Pelvic-girdle and Hind-leg.

1. The Pelvis is formed by the union of the two
znnomenate bones ; it forms a bony arch to which
the hind limbs are articulated. The long upper
portion of the pelvis, extending from the articula-
tion with the sacrum to the acetabulum, or socket
for the articulation of the bone of the thigh, is the
zlcum. The upper anterior convex border of the
ilium is the crest. The portion of the innominate
bone extending backward from the acetabulum
and forming the upper and hinder margin of a
large oval opening, the obturator foramen, is the
zschtum. The blunt process at the posterior an-
ele of the ischium is the ¢aderoszty. The remain-
ing portion of the innominate bone, extending
from the acetabulum toward the mid-ventral line,
where it unites with its fellow of the opposite side,
is the fudzs. The line of union of the two pubes
is the symphyszs pubes. (Plate I., Q.)

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SKELETON 13

2. The Femur is the bone of the thigh. It has
a rounded ead, which rests in the acetabulum.
External to the head of the femur is a rough ele-
vation, the great trochanter. On the posterior
side of the femur is a rough line for the attach-
ment of muscles, the “zea aspera. On the poste-
rior side of the lower end of the femur are two
rounded articular elevations, the external and 7zn-
ternal condyles. The patella or knee-pan is the
small oval bone which is imbedded in the tendon
on the anterior side of the lower end of the fe-
mur (Plate .,, B:)

3. The Tibia and Fibula are the two bones of the
leg next below the femur. The tibia is the larger
bone, and has at its upper end two articular sur-
faces which receive the condyles of the femur.
On either side of these two surfaces are two pro-
jections, the external and znternal tuberosztzes.
(Plate I., s and T.)

4. The Tarsal Bones are the seven bones of the
ankle. The one with which the tibia articulates is
the astragalus. The largest of the tarsal bones,
the bone of the heel, is the calcaneum.

5. The Metatarsals are five bones which articu-
late with the tarsals. The four external ones are
long and well-developed ; the inner one is very
small and rudimentary.

6. The Phalanges are the bones of the toes.
There are three in each of the four toes. The in-
nermost metatarsal or 4a//ux has no phalanges.

CHAPTER II
VISCERA

ABDOMINAL VISCERA

Make a median incision through the skin and
muscles from the sternum to the symphysts

pubss.

1. The Peritoneum is the thin, shining membrane
lining the abdominal cavity. It is reflected over
the viscera.

2. The Great Omentum is the apron-like fold of
the peritoneum which hangs down from the stom-
ach and covers the viscera. It always contains
more or less fat.

A.—Alimentary Canal.

1. The Gsophagus passes from the mouth to the
stomach. Its posterior end may be seen piercing
the diaphragm by pressing aside the lobes of the
liver. |

2. The Stomach is the enlargement of the ali-
mentary canal immediately posterior to the dia-
phragm and behind the lobes of the liver.

The /zdus is the portion of the stomach which
lies to the left of the entrance of the cesophagus.

VISCERA 15

The Pylorus is that part of the stomach which
opens into the intestine.

The part of the stomach lying to the left is
called the cardzac portion; that to the right the
pyloric portion; the anterior margin is the /esser
curvature, the posterior margin is the greater
curvature.

The stomach is lined with mucous membrane,
which is thrown into folds at the cardiac end.

3. The Small Intestine is the convoluted tube
which leaves the stomach at the pyloric end. The
U-shaped portion immediately succeeding the py-
lorus is the duodenum. The jejunum is the direct
continuation which runs a short distance to the
right. The remaining convoluted mass is the
zleum, Which terminates at the junction with
the large intestine. The fold of the peritoneum
which suspends the intestines from the body wall
is the mesentery. Blood-vessels, nerves, and lym-
phatics pass to the intestine between its two lay-
ers.

The mucous membrane which lines the small
intestine is raised into a number of closely-set fila-
ments, called wzZ/z.

4. The Large Intestine is the remaining large and
‘ess convoluted portion of the alimentary canal.
It passes forward, from the junction with the
ileum, as the ascending colon, across to the left as
the transverse colon, and backward as the descend-
zug colon, ending in a terminal portion called the

16 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

rectum. The rectum lies in the pelvis and opens
to the exterior through the azus. The rounded
diverticulum of the large intestine which projects
beyond the point where the small intestine opens
is the cecum.

The mucous membrane lining the large intes-
tine is smooth throughout.

B.—Appendicular Organs of the Alimentary
Canal.

1. The Pancreas is the long, pinkish body lying
in the curve of the duodenum. The pancreas has
two ducts opening into the intestine; one in con-
nection with the bile-duct, the other about an inch
farther back.

2. The Liver is the large, lobulated, red body
lying immediately behind the diaphragm. It is
suspended from the diaphragm by a fold of the
peritoneum, the falczform ligament, which divides
the liver into a right and left portion. These are
usually subdivided into the following lobes, but
are subject to variation :

a. The right central lobe lies against the right
side of the diaphragm. It encloses the gad/-
bladder.

6. The rzght lateral lobe lies posterior to the
right central lobe.

c. The caudate lobe lies on the posterior side of
the right lateral lobe and extends backward to
the kidney.

VISCERA 17

d. The Spzgelzan lobe is the smallest lobe of the
liver. It lies in the mid-line and extends into the
small curvature of the stomach.

e. The left central lobe is small and lies against
the left side of the diaphragm.

f. The left lateral lobe is \arge and lies between
the left central lobe and the stomach.

The gall-bladder is a thin-walled sac which lies
in a groove of the right central lobe. Its duct,
called the cystzc duct, unites with those from the
liver and opens into the duodenum in connection
with one of the pancreatic ducts.

3. The numerous Lymph Glands are distributed
between the layers of the mesentery. Several are
found in the angle between the czecum and the
small intestine and are known as the fancreas
A sselle.

The azxal glands are two oval bodies imbedded
in the tissue beneath the skin on either side of the
anus.

The Spleen is the long red body lying on the
left side, near the stomach. It is suspended in the
omentum.

C.—Urinary System.

1. The Kidneys are the pair of large dark-red
bodies of characteristic shape lying on the dorsal
wall of the abdominal cavity. On the side of the

kidney toward the mid-line there is a marked con-
2

18 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

cavity or Azlus. The kidneys lie outsile of the
peritoneum.

If the kidney be cut horizontally through its
long axis it will be found to consist of two layers,
the cortecal and the medullary. The outer, corti-
cal portion is of lighter color, the medullary por-
tion is darker and is arranged in a conical mass or
pyramid which projects into the cavity or felvzs
of the kidney.

2. The Ureter is the tube which passes backward
from the hilus of the kidney to the dorsal wall of
the bladder.

3. The Bladder is a muscular sac lying near the
symphysis pubis. It receives the ureters obliquely
in its dorsal surface and opens to the exterior
through the urethra.

The Adrenal Bodies are two Small whitish bodies
which lie internal to the anterior portion of each
kidney. They are imbedded in fat.

D.—Reproductive System.

It will be necessary to cut away the symphysis
pubis tn order to trace fully the reproductive
system.

MALE.

1. The Testes are the essential male organs cor-
responding to the ovaries of the female. They
are situated in a pouch, the scrotal sac, lying pos-
terior to the symphysis pubis. If the scrotal sac

VISCERA 19

is removed, the testes will be seen as two oval
bodies enveloped in a sheath of peritoneum, the
tunica vaginalzs, within which is a white fibrous
membrane of connective tissue, the ¢uzzca albu-
gined.

2. The Epididymis is a convoluted mass of tubes
which lies external to the tunica albuginea. The
enlarged portion at the anterior end is the caput
epididymzs , it is connected with the testis by cer-
tain ducts. The posterior narrow portion is the
cauda epididymis, which at the posterior end of
the testis is continued as the vas deferens.

3. The Vas Deferens is the continuation of the
canal of the epididymis; it passes upward from the
testis along with the spermatic artery and vein.
These together form the spermatic cord and are
enclosed in a common sheath. The vas deferens
passes forward through an oblique opening in the
abdominal wall, the zzguznal canal, bends around
the neck of the bladder, and enters the dorsal sur-
face of the urethra to form the urznxo-genztal canal.

4. The Prostate Gland is the glandular mass sur-
rounding the urethra at the point of entrance of
the vasa deferentia.

5. Cowper’s Glands are the two glands, one on
each side of the urino-genital canal, just beyond
the prostate.

6. The Penis is the conical pointed organ sus-
pended from the wall of the abdomen by a fold of
the integument. It is composed of a median ven.

20 DISSECTION ‘OF THE CAT

tral mass, the corpus spongzosum, and two latero-
dorsal masses, the corpora cavernosa. It has at
its extremity the external orifice of the urino-geni-
tal canal. The distal end of the penis is formed
by an expansion of the corpus spongiosum, the
glans, which is covered by a fold of the integu-
ment, the prepuce. The corpora cavernosa diverge
anteriorly, forming the crura penzs, and are at-
tached to the ischia. In the distal portion of the
penis, just over the urino-genital canal, is a small
bone, the os fenzs.

FEMALE.

1. The Ovaries are a pair of small, pinkish bodies
suspended by a fold of peritoneum from the dor-
sal wall of the abdominal cavity, just posterior to
the kidneys.

2. The Fallopian Tubes are the two small ducts
whose fimbriated ends partially grasp the ovaries.

3. The Uterus is formed by the immediate ex-
pansion of the Fallopian tubes. It consists of
two horns which meet in the mid-line to form the
body of the uterus.

4. The Vagina is the posterior continuation of the
body of the uterus and opens into the vestibule.

5. The Vestibule or Urino-genital Canal is the canal
formed by the union of the urethra and vagina.

6. The Clitoris is a small papilla lying inside the
vestibule on the ventral wall. It is homologous
with the penis of the male.

VISCERA 2]

THORACIC VISCERA.

Remove the skin from the antertor part of the
thorax, and cut away the ribs and sternum.

1. The Pleure are the membranes which line the
two sides of the thorax and are reflected over the
lungs and great blood-vessels. They meet in
the mid-line and form a double-walled septum,
the medzastinum. The ventral part contains be-
tween its walls the heart and its pericardium.
The dorsal portion contains the oesophagus, tra-
chea, and blood-vessels.

2. The Lungs are the pinkish lobulated bodies
lying on either side in the thoracic cavity. The
lungs normally fill the entire thoracic cavity ex-
cept that part occupied by the heart. When the
thorax is opened they are usually found collapsed.
The right lung is divided into four lobes and the
left into two.

The lungs may be artificially inflated to better
demonstrate the lobes.

3. The Trachea may be seen, by pushing aside
the heart and lungs, as a cartilaginous, annulated
tube. This leads from the pharynx to the base of
the lungs, where it divides into two éronchz, one
of which goes to each lung and there subdivides
into numerous smaller bronchi which penetrate
the various lobes.

4. The Thymus Gland is the mass of glandular

22 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

tissue which partially invests the trachea just an-
terior to the heart. It is of large size during im-
maturity, but atrophies in the adult.

5. [he Heart is the muscular organ lying in the
centre of the thoracic cavity. From the anterior
part all of the great blood-vessels of the body
arise. The heart is enclosed in a sac of fibrous
tissue called the Zerzcardzum ,; this is filled with a
serous fluid. The heart consists of four chambers,
the two anterior called aurzcles, and the two pos-
terior called ventrecles.

a. The Right Auricle occupies the anterior ven-
tral portion of the heart. It consists of a main
chamber, the a¢rvzwm, and a lobulated appendage,
the aurzcular appendix. The right auricle re-
ceives anteriorly the suferzor vena cava, which
brings back blood from the anterior part of the
body, and at its posterior end the zxzferzor vena
cava, Which returns blood from the posterior part
of the body. Between these two openings is the
orifice of a small vein which returns blood from
the walls of the heart itself, the coronary vezn.
The right auricle opens into the right ventricle by
an aperture which is guarded by three membra-
nous flaps, the ¢vzcuspzd valve. These flaps are at-
tached to muscular prolongations of the wall of
the ventricle, the columne carnee, by tendinous
cords, the chordeée tendine.

6. The Right Ventricle forms the right ventral
portion of the heart. Its cavity is crescentic, with

VISCERA 23

much thicker walls than those of the auricle. It
receives the blood from the night auricle and
pumps it out at its anterior end through the pz/-
monary artery. The opening of this artery is
guarded by three flaps, the semzzlunar valves.

c. The Left Auricle lies on the anterior dorsal
side of the heart. It receives at its dorsal end the
pulmonary veins, usually two on each side. The
left auricle opens into the left ventricle through
an aperture guarded by a valve similar to the tri-
cuspid but with only two flaps, the mztral valve.

d. The Left Ventricle is by far the most muscular
portion of the heart. It occupies nearly the whole
posterior portion of the organ. Its cavity is oval
and receives the blood from the left auricle and
forces it out through the aorta, whose opening is
guarded by semilunar valves similar to those of
the pulmonary artery.

The two coronary arterzes which convey blood
to the heart itself lead from the aorta just outside
of the semilunar valves.

VISCERA OF THE HEAD AND NECK.

Remove the skin from the head and neck.

A.—Salivary Glands.

1. The Parotid Gland, the largest of the salivary
glands, lies just beneath the skin at the ventral
margin of the cartilage of the ear. Its duct,
Stenson’s duct, may be seen as a fine white canal

24 DISSECTION ‘OF THE CAT

passing across the large oval muscle on the side of
the jaw. It penetrates the cheek and opens into
the mouth opposite the last premolar tooth.

2. The Submaxillary Gland lies just below the
parotid gland at the angle of the mandible, be-
neath the large jugular vein. It is smaller than
the last and eval in shape. Its duct, Wharton's
duct, runs forward beneath the facial vein and
opens on the floor of the mouth.

3. The Sublingual Glands, two on either side, lie
anterior to the submaxillary gland and closely
connected with it, on each side of the jugular
vein. They are smaller than the submaxillary but
of the same general appearance.

4. The Buccal Glands are a collection of glandular
tissue situated at the angle of the mouth.

5. The Zygomatic Gland is situated in the orbit
beneath the eyeball just inside the anterior end of
the zygomatic arch. It will be seen if the roof
of the mouth be cut through just posterior to the
upper molar tooth.

B.—Mouth, Pharynx, and Larynx.

1. The Hard Palate forms the roof of the mouth.
It 1s covered with mucous membrane which is
raised into a number of transverse ridges.

2. The Soft Palate is the posterior continuation
of the hard palate. Its free edge hangs like a
transverse curtain across the posterior portion of

VISCERA 25

the cavity of the mouth, separating the oral and
the pharyngeal cavities.

3. The Tonsils lie one on either side of the
opening leading from the mouth to the pharynx.
They are small oval bodies and are partially em-
bedded by lateral prolongations of the soft palate.

4. The Tongue is a muscular organ attached
posteriorly to the hyoid bone and for the greater
part of its length to the floor of the mouth. It is
covered with a mucous membrane, which is smooth
below but above is provided with three kinds
of papille. The cercumvallate papille are the
rounded prominences situated in two lines con-
verging posteriorly at the back part of the tongue.
The fungzform papillg are smaller and more nu-
merous, and are situated on the side and anterior
portion of the tongue. The flzform papzlle, the
most numerous of all, cover the whole of the
upper surface of the tongue. They have large,
posteriorly-directed, horny points.

5. The Pharynx is the large, conical cavity im-
mediately behind and below the soft palate. It is
the posterior continuation of the mouth cavity.

6. The Posterior Nares are two openings into the
pharynx, situated just above the palate. They
pass forward into the nasal cavity.

7. The Eustachian Tubes are two openings just
external to the posterior nares. Their canal places
the middle ear in communication with the phar-
ynx.

26 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

Cut away one side of the nasal cavity.

8. The Schneiderian Membrane is the mucous
membrane which covers the upper turbinated
bones. It is somewhat darker in color than the
rest of the nasal membrane, and contains the end
organs of the olfactory nerves.

9. The Gsophagus is the posterior continuation
of the pharynx. It is a collapsed, fleshy tube
which passes to the stomach, as already seen.

10. The Glottis is the slit-like opening situated
on the floor of the pharynx. It is guarded by
two fleshy folds, the false vocal cords, and by an
anteriorly-placed triangular cartilaginous lobe, the
epiglottzs. This organ completely covers the
opening during the act of swallowing. The glot-
tis opens below into the larynx.

11. The Larynx is the cartilaginous box forming
the anterior expanded portion of the trachea.
(Plate I., c.) It is composed of the following
pieces :

The efzglottzs is the triangular cartilaginous
flap covering the glottis anteriorly.

The ¢hyrotd cartzlage is the largest of all, and
forms the anterior border of the larynx.

The arytenozds are the two small cartilages
lying one on either side of the mid-line, on the
dorsal side just below the thyroid.

The crzcozd is the ring-shaped cartilage lying
below the arytenoids and thyroid. It has the ap-

VISCERA 27

pearance of being the modified uppermost carti-
lage of the trachea.

On the anterior margin of the thyroid cartilage
is the hyozd arch which supports the larynx and
connects it with the skull. To this arch the
tongue is attached. (See Page 8.)

12. The Vocal Cords are two membranous folds
lying one on each side immediately below the false
vocal cords.

13. The Trachea is the canal leading posteriorly
from the larynx to the lungs, as already seen. It
is kept expanded at all times by numerous cartilag-
inous rings which give it a characteristic appear-
ance, (Plate I, c.)

14. The Thyroid Glands are two small, reddish
bodies situated on either side of the trachea, just
posterior to the larynx.

CHAPTER If

MUSCLES

Remove the skin and dissect away the fat and tts-
sue covering the muscles.

A thin layer of muscular fibres covers the neck,
thorax, and abdomen, immediately below the
skin. The portion upon the neck is known as
the Alatysma myordes. These muscles will be
seen as numerous delicate fibres, which remain at-
tached to the skin when it 1s removed.

MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN.

1. The External Oblique Muscle is a thin, flat mus-
cle, arising by digitations from the nine posterior
ribs and the lumbar fascia. Its fibres run obliquely
backward toward the mid-ventral line, and end in
a thin, broad aponeurosis, which unites with its
fellow of the opposite side. This extends from the
level of the seventh costal cartilage to the sym-
physis pubis to which it is attached. A mid-ven-
tral white line, the /zzea alba, indicates the union
of the aponeuroses of the muscles of the two sides.
A band of delicate fascia, Poupart’s ligament,
forms the posterior free edge of the muscle, just in
front of the illum. Near the symphysis pubis this

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MUSCLES 29

fascia is perforated by the zxguznal canal, through
which, in the male, passes the spermatic cord.
(Plates II. and IV.)

2. The Internal Oblique Muscle lies immediately
under the external oblique, from which it must be
separated. It is also a thin, muscular sheet, aris-
ing from the lumbar fascia, the ventral margin of
the ilium, and the pubis. The fibres run obliquely
forward toward the mid-ventral line, where they
unite with those of the opposite side in a thin
aponeurosis. The more anterior fibres are in-
serted on the last rib. (Plate III.)

3. The Rectus Adominis Muscle is a long, narrow
muscle, arising from the symphysis pubis. It
runs forward, with its fellow of the .opposite side,
to its insertion on the first, second, and third ribs.
The fibres of the rectus abdominis are intercepted
at intervals by transverse tendons, making it a
true “ polygastric muscle.” Posteriorly the rectus
abdominis muscle lies dorsal to the aponeuroses
of the external and internal oblique muscles, but
anteriorly it lies between the aponeuroses of these
muscles. (Plates ILI. and IV.)

4. The Transversalis Abdominis Muscle, the most
internal of the abdominal muscles, is a very thin,
muscular sheet. It arises from the cartilages of
the posterior ribs, the lumbar fascia, and the ven-
tral margin of the ilium. Its fibres run trans-
versely and end anteriorly in an aponeurosis dorsal
to the rectus abdominis. (Plate IV.)

30 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

5. The Diaphragm is the musculo-tendinous par-
tition separating the abdominal and thoracic cav-
ities. The muscular portion of the diaphragm at
its circumference arises ventrally from the ensi-
form cartilage, laterally from the last five nbs and
the aponeuroses of the muscles of the back, and
dorsally from the bodies of the lumbar vertebre
by two thick slips or crura. From all these
points the fibres converge, to end in the central
tendon. The diaphragm is pierced by the oesoph-
agus, aorta, and inferior vena cava.

MUSCLES OF THE THORAX.

1. The Pectoralis Muscle is a very large triangular
muscle, having its origin on the sternum and the
cartilages of the ribs and its insertion on the hume-
rus. It is made up of the following five por-
tions :

a. A long, narrow superficial division which
arises from the manubrium. Part of this is in-
serted in the fascia of the fore-leg, and part of it
joins one of the shoulder muscles, the cephalo-hu-
meral. (Plate IV.)

6. The next division arises from the raphé in
front of the manubrium and from the manubrium
and is inserted on the outer side of the deltoid
ridge of the humerus. It lies beneath a, and is
more or less closely united with c. (Plate IV.)

c. This division arises from the above mentioned
raphé and from the sternum as far back as the car-

MUSCLES 31

tilage of the fourth rib. It is inserted principally
on the anterior three-fourths of the humerus, on
the outside of the deltoid ridge. Anteriorly it is
covered by a and 4, posteriorly it is superficial.
(Plates III. and IV.)

d. The largest division takes its origin from the
sternum, between the cartilages of the second and
ninth ribs, and is inserted in two parts, one on the
head of the humerus, the other on the proximal
half of the ventral side of the humerus. (Plate
LV.)

e. The posterior division arises from the median
raphé just posterior to the sternum and is inserted
principally on the tuberosities of the humerus.,
(Plate IV.)

To expose the remaining muscles of the thorax
the pectoralts group must be reflected.

2. The Sternalis Muscle is a small triangular mus-
cle arising from the fascia of the rectus abdominis,
at the point where the cartilages of the third and
fourth ribs unite with the sternum. Its fibres
pass forward and outward and are inserted on the
first rib. A second, smaller, sternalis muscle some-
times is found just outside the rectus abdominis,
at the level of the sixth rib. (Plates III. and IV.)

3. The Scalenus Muscle is long and narrow. It
takes its origin from the transverse processes of the
cervical vertebrze, and is inserted on the cartilages
of the first nine ribs. (Plates III. and IV.)

32 DISSECTION. OF ‘THE ‘CAT

Lhe following muscles of this group can best be
seen after the dissection of the muscles of the
fore-leg and shoulder.

4. The External Intercostal Muscles are the outer
muscular layers extending between the bony ribs.
Their fibres run backward and downward. (Plates
Vils=and V2)

5. The Internal Intercostals are muscular sheets
lying under the former, their fibres running back-
ward and upward. They are covered by the ex-
ternal intercostals, except between the cartilagi-
mous mbs,) (late T11;)

6. The Serratus Posticus Muscle arises from the
fascia of the mid-dorsal line, and is inserted by
digitations on the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh,
and twelfth ribs. A dense. membrane, the verée-
bral aponeurosts, is continuous with the muscle an-
teriorly. This membrane passes forward between
the muscles of the back and those of the shoulder,
and covers over the evector spine muscles, which
fill the groove on either side of the neural proc-
esses .of the vertebrae.’ (Platew 11.)

MUSCLES OF THE FORE-LEG ‘AND: SHOULDER:

1. The Cephalo-humeral or Anterior Trapezius Muscle
takes its origin from the back of the skull and the
mid-dorsal line of the neck. It is very long and
passes downward, covering the anterior part of
the fore-leg, to its insertion on the coronoid proc-

MUSCLES - 33

ess of the ulna. The clavicle is attached to the
under side of this muscle, in front of the shoulder-
joint. Just before the cephalo-humeral is inserted
on the ulna, it receives fibres from the first divis-
ion of the pectoralis. (Plates II. and IV.)

2. The Middle Trapezius Muscle arises along the
mid-dorsal line, immediately posterior to the origin
of the cephalo-humeral. Its fibres converge to their
insertion upon the spine of the scapula. (Plate II.)

3. The Posterior Trapezius Muscle arises a little
posterior to the origin of the middle trapezius,
along the mid-dorsal line, above the neural proc-
esses of the dorsal vertebrze. It is inserted on the
spine of the scapula, above the insertion of the
middle trapezius. (Plate II.)

4. The Latissimus Dorsi is the very broad muscle
covering a great part of the dorsal portion of the
abdomen and thorax. It takes its origin from the
neural processes of the last nine dorsal vertebre,
and by fascia from the neural processes of the
lumbar vertebrz. Its fibres converge anteriorly,
and, blending with the adjacent fibres of the pos-
terior division of the pectoralis muscle, are in-
serted, together with another muscle, the teres
major, by a flat tendon, on the inner side of the
shaft of the humerus. The insertion is just below
the lesser tuberosity. (Plates II. and IV.)

5. The Cleido-mastoid is a narrow strip of muscle
arising from the clavicle and extending to the
mastoid process. (Plates II. and IV.)

34 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

Reflect the cephalo-humeral and the middle and

posterior trapezius muscles.

6. The Rhomboideus Major is the broad muscle
which arises from the neural processes of the six
posterior cervical and the anterior dorsal vertebre.
It is inserted on the vertebral margin of the
scapula. (Plate III.)

7. The Rhomboideus Capitis is a narrow muscular
band lying along the anterior margin of the rhom-
boideus major. Its origin is on the lambdoidal
ridge of the skull and its insertion is on the verte-
bral margin of the scapula, just in front of the
insertion of the rhomboideus major. (Plate
LIT.)

8. The Levator Clavicule is a long, narrow muscle
which arises from the transverse process of the
atlas, and is inserted on the metacromion process of
the scapula. (Plate IT.)

9. The Spino-deltoid Muscle takes its origin from
the spine of the scapula, opposite the insertion of
the middle trapezius muscle. Its fibres run down
to unite with those of the following muscle.
Both are inserted on the deltoid ridge of the
humerus. (Plates II. and III.)

10. The Acromio-deltoid Muscle is similar in shape
to the spino-deltoid muscle. It arises from both
the acromion and metacromion processes, and also
from the intervening portion of the spine of the
scapula. It is inserted, together with the spino-

MUSCLES 35

deltoid muscle, on the deltoid ridge of the hu-
merus. (Plates II. and III.)

11. The Epitrochlear is a thin, flat muscle on the
inner side of the fore-arm. It arises partly from
the fascia of the scapula, just below the insertion
of the posterior trapezius, and partly by muscular
fibres from a subjacent muscle, the latissimus dor-
si. It is inserted by fascia on the inner side of the
olecranon process of the ulna. (Plate IT.)

Reflect the deltotd, levator clavicule, and latzsst-
mus dorst muscles.

12. The Supraspinatus is the large, thick muscle
which fills the entire supraspinous fossa of the
scapula and projects considerably over its anterior
border. Its fibres originate from the entire fossa,
the anterior side of the spine of the scapula, and
the acromion process. They are inserted by a
strong tendon into the great tuberosity of the
humerus. (Plates III. and IV.)

13. The Infraspinatus Muscle occupies the infra-
spinous fossa of the scapula. Its fibres arise from
the whole fossa, the posterior side of the spine of
the scapula, and the acromion and metacromion
processes. They converge into a strong tendon,
which is inserted on the outer side of the great
tuberosity of the humerus, beside the insertion of
the supraspinatus muscle. (Plate IIT.)

14. The Teres Major is a thick muscle lying
along the axillary margin of the scapula. It has
its origin on the upper third of the axillary border

30 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

of the scapula, and is inserted, together with the
latissimus dorsi, by a flat tendon, on the humerus,
just below the lesser tuberosity. (Plates III.
and IV.)

15. [he Teres Minor is a much smaller muscle
which arises from the lower half of the axillary
margin of the scapula, and is inserted on the great
tuberosity of the humerus, just below the inser-
tion of the infraspinatus muscle. (Plate III.)

Reflect the rhombotdeus major, and rhombotdeus
capitis muscles.

16. The Levator Anguli Scapule is the thick mus-
cle which takes its origin from the transverse
processes of the last five cervical vertebrze, and is
inserted on the anterior half of the vertebral mar-
gin of the scapula. (Plates III. and IV.)

17. The Serratus Magnus is the large muscle con-
tinuous with the posterior margin of the levator
anguli scapula. It arises by digitations from the
first nine or ten ribs, and is inserted on the poste-
rior half of the vertebral margin of the scapula.
The serratus magnus and levator anguli scapulee
form a single sheet of muscle, which suspends the
body from the fore-limbs. (Plates III. and
IV.)

- 18. The Subscapularis is the muscle which fills
the entire subscapular fossa. It takes its origin
from the greater part of the fossa, from which its
fibres converge to their insertion, by tendon, on

MUSCLES 37

the lesser tuberosity and capsular ligament of the
head of the humerus. (Plate IV.)

19. The Coraco-brachialis is a small muscle lying
on the inner side of the shoulder-joint and cover-
ing the insertion of the subscapularis muscle. It
arises from the coracoid process of the scapula and
is inserted on the inner side of the humerus, just
above the insertion of the teres major. (Plate
IV.)

20. The Biceps is a long, spindle-shaped muscle,
lying on the flexor (anterior) surface of the hu-
merus. It arises by a strong tendon from the
anterior margin of the glenoid cavity of the scap-
ula, and is inserted by a similar tendon on the tu-
bercle of the radius. (Plates III. and IV.)

21. The Brachialis Anticus Muscle arises along
the outer side of the anterior surface of the hume-
rus, below the insertion of the teres minor. Its
fibres converge to their insertion on and near the
coronoid process of the ulna. (Plates II. and
III.)

22. The Triceps is the large mass of muscle on
the extensor (posterior) surface of the humerus.
It consists of five parts, as follows:

a. The largest division of the triceps arises by
a broad tendon from the lower half of the axillary
border of the scapula, between the subscapularis
and teres minor muscles. It is inserted by a
strong tendon on the olecranon process of the
ulnas)) (Blates 1f., H1-,and. 1V.)

38 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

6. The second and most external part arises
from the head of the humerus, beneath the inser-
tion of the teres minor. Its fibres pass downward,
and are inserted by a tendon on the olecranon
process. (Plates II. and III.)

c. The third division arises just below the head
of the humerus, between the origin of the second
division (4) and the insertion of the coraco-brachi-
alis. It passes downward and unites with the
fourth part (¢@), and both are inserted on the ole-
cranon process. (Plates III. and IV.)

ad. This division arises from the upper part of
the shaft of the humerus, below the insertion of
the teres major. Its fibres unite with those of the
third division (c), and are inserted on the olecra-
non process. (Plate 1V.)

é. The smallest part of the triceps arises from
the bridge of bone bounding the supracondyloid
foramen of the humerus, as far down as the inter-
nalcondyle. Its fibres pass back to their insertion
on the inner side of the olecranon process,

23. The Anconeus Muscle arises from the lower
half of the shaft of the humerus, the margins of
the olecranon fossa, and the external condyle.
Its fibres pass between the second (6) and third
(c) parts of the triceps, to their insertion in the
fossa just outside the olecranon process. (Plates
II. and III.)

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MUSCLES 39

MUSCLES OF (THE: HIND-LEG.

1. The Sartorius is a broad, thin muscle which
covers the anterior and internal parts of the thigh.
It arises from the anterior ventral margin of the
ilium, and is inserted both on the ligament of the
patella and the internal tuberosity of the tibia.
(Places Ti and }V.)

2. The Tensor Vagine Femoris is a large muscle
which arises from the anterior end of the illum
and the adjacent fascia. It is inserted by a strong
fascia, which dips in between the muscles, and ex-
tends down to the external condyle of the femur.
(Plates Il. and: IV.)

3. The Biceps Femoris is a very large muscle, cov-
ering the greater part of the external surface of
the thigh. It arises from the tuberosity of the
ischium, and is inserted by a strong fascia on the
outer side of the tibia, for the greater part of its
length. (Plate II.)

4. The Gluteus Maximus is the muscle lying be-
tween the biceps femoris and the tensor vaginz
femoris. It arises partly from the sacrum and the
fascia covering it dorsally, and partly from the
first two caudal vertebre, and is inserted on the
great trochanter and shaft of the femur by a sheet
of fascia.) (Plate II.)

5. The Tenuissimus is a long and very slender
muscle which arises from the caudal vertebre, be-
low the origin of the gluteus maximus. It runs

40 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

along the inner side of the biceps femoris, with
which muscle it finally fuses. (Plate ITI.)

Reftect the preceding muscles.

6. The Gluteus Medius is a thick muscle lying
directly under the gluteus maximus. It arises
from the outer surface of the ilium and the fascia
between the gluteus maximus and tensor vaginze
femoris, and is inserted on the great trochanter
of the femur. - (Plate 111.)

7. The Pyriformis is a small triangular muscle,
under the posterior edge of the gluteus medius. It
arises from the ventral surface of the sacrum, and
is inserted on the great trochanter of the femur.
CPlate, LIT.)

8. The Gluteus Minimus lies directly under and
anterior to the pyriformis. Its origin is on the
ilium, just posterior to the origin of the gluteus
medius and also on the anterior part of the ischi-
um. It is inserted on the great trochanter.
(Plate IIT.)

9. The Quadratus Femoris is the small quadran-
gular muscle arising from the tuberosity of the
ischium. It is inserted on the posterior surface of
the femur, near the great trochanter. (Plate III.)

10. The Gracilis is a broad, thin muscle, cover-
ing the greater part of the inner side of the thigh.
It arises below the symphysis pubis, and is inserted
by fascia on the inner side of the tibia, partially
beneath the insertion of the sartorius. (Plate 1V.)

MUSCLES 4I

Reflect the graceles muscle.

11. The Semitendinosus is the smaller and more
external of the two posterior muscles of the thigh.
It arises from the tuberosity of the ischium, and is
inserted by fascia on the inner side of the tibia,
and by tendon on the front of the tibia, just below
the patella) (Plates I].,..1TT.).andiV.)

12. The Semimembranosus is the larger of the
two posterior muscles of the thigh. Its origin is
on the ischium, from the tuberosity to the sym-
physis pubis. It is inserted (1) on and above the
inner condyle of the femur, and (2) by a strong
tendon on the internal tuberosity of the tibia.
(Plates 11:, TEL, and: IV.)

13. The Quadriceps Extensor is composed of four
large muscles which have separate origins but are
inserted on the tuberosity of the tibia by a com-
mon tendon, ‘‘ the tendon of the patella.”

a. The vastus externus is the largest and most
external of the four divisions. Its origin is on
the whole outer surface of the shaft of the femur
and on the great trochanter. (Plate III.)

6. The rectus femorzs is the most anterior of
the four divisions, lying between the vastus ex-
ternus and the muscle next to be described, the
vastus internus. It arises from the ilium just
above the acetabulum. (Plate IV.)

c. The vastus znternus lies between the rectus
femoris and the sartorius. It arises from the in-

42 DISSECTION, OF THE CAT

ner and anterior side of the upper part of the fe-
mur, ((Plate TV.)

d. The vastus medius, the smallest division,
arises from the lower part of the front of the fe-
mur. To expose this muscle the three preceding
divisions must be reflected.

14. The Adductor is a large muscle arising from
the pubis and ischium, near the symphysis, and
below the origin of the gracilis. It is inserted on
the posterior part of the femur, along the linea
aspera. (Plates III. and IV.)

15. The Pectineus is a small, thin muscle, arising
from the pubis, near the symphysis. It is inserted
on the ridge between the lesser trochanter and the
linea aspera of the femur, and also on the linea
aspera itself. It les just anterior to the adduc-
tor (Plate 1V.)

16. The Psoas Magnus is the large, cylindrical
muscle lying along the dorsal wall of the abdom-
inal cavity. It arises principally from the centre
of the last two thoracic and of the lumbar verte-
bree, and passes out beneath the brim of the pel-
vis. It is inserted on the lesser trochanter of the
femur. (Plate IV.)

MUSCLES: (OF HE WNECK.

1. The Sterno-mastoid Muscle is a long, narrow
band which arises from the side of the manu-
brium, below the anterior part of the pectoralis
major, and is inserted on the skull just above the
mastoid process. (Plates II., III., and IV.)

MUSCLES 43

Reflect the sterno-mastorcd muscle.

2. The Sterno-hyoid is a similar muscle, lying be-
neath the sterno-mastoid, and covering the trachea
along the mid-ventral line. It arises on the first
costal cartilage, and is inserted on the basi-hyal
bone.) (Plate: 1V.)

Reflect the sterno-hyotd muscle.

3. The Sterno-thyroid is a slender muscle which
arises from the anterior end of the manubrium,
below the origin of the sterno-hyoid. It is ‘in-
serted on the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
(Plate, IV.)

4. The Digastric is a relatively large muscle,
situated at the angle of the mandible. It arises
from the skull, posterior to the external auditory
meatus, and is inserted along the inner surface of
the anterior half of the mandible. (Plates II.,
EiLand [V.)

5. The Mylo-hyoid is the flat muscle, the fibres
of which run transversely between the rami of
the lower jaw. It arises on the inside of the man-
dible, and is inserted on the basi-hyal bone, and in
the median raphé. (Plate IV.)

Reflect the mylo-hyord.
6. The Genio-hyoid is a small, thin muscle, lying

44 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

along the mid-line of the under side of the man-
dible. It arises near the symphysis, and is inserted ©
on the basi-hyal bone. (Plate IV.)

Reflect the gento-hyovd.

7. The Thyro-hyoid Muscle arises from the thyroid
cartilage of the larynx, and is inserted on the
thyro-hyal bone. It appears to be a continuation
of the sterno-thyroid muscle.

8. The Splenius is a large muscle which takes its
origin on the mid-dorsal line of the neck and from
the neural processes of the anterior dorsal verte-
bre. It is inserted on the outer part of the lamb-
doidal ridge of the skull. (Plate III.)

The Masseter is the thick, oval muscle lying just
back of the eye. It arises from the malar bone
and from the zygomatic process of the temporal
bone, and is inserted on the outer surface of the
ascending ramus of the mandible. (Plates IL,
Pian 3)

The Temporalis is the fan-shaped muscle cover-
ing the side of the skull. It arises from the skull
between the lambdoidal ridge and the post-orbital
process of the frontal bone. Its fibres converge,
filling up the temporal fossa, and are inserted on
the coronoid process of the mandible. (Plates II.
and III.)

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PEATE TV:

SUPERFICIAL AND DEEPER’) MUSCLES
OF VENTRAL SIDE.

The following muscles have been removed from the left side :—

Genio-hyoid,
Sterno-mastoid,
Sterno-hyoid,
Cleido-mastoid,
Cephalo-humeral,

Gracilis.

Pectoralis,
Latissimus dorsi,
External oblique,
Internal oblique,
Sartorius,

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CHAPTER IV

VASCULAR SYSTEM

ARTERIAL SYSTEM. (Plate V.)

The Aorta is the large blood-vessel which leaves
the left ventricle of the heart and bends in an arch
to the left and passes- posteriorly along the mid-
line. It gives off the following branches :

1. The Brachio-cephalic or Innominate Artery is the
first and larger of the two branches which lead
anteriorly from the arch of the aorta. It soon
gives off the following :

a. The Right and Left Carotid Arteries. These
pass anteriorly along either side of the trachea
and are distributed to the neck and head. Their
principal branches are :

(1) The Thyroid Arteries, given off at the level
of the thyroid gland, and distributed principally to
that organ.

(2) A large Muscular Branch, given off directly
opposite the anterior thyroid artery. It supplies
the muscles of the neck.

(3) The Lingual Artery, which is distributed to
the under surface of the tongue.

(4) The Facial Artery, which sends branches to

46 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

the cheek, lips, muscles of the mandible, and to
the submaxillary gland.

(5) The Post-auricular Artery, which is distributed
to the posterior side of the ear.

(6) The Temporal Artery, which is distributed to
the parotid gland and muscles of the side of the
head.

After giving off the temporal branch, the caro-
tid passes beneath the masseter muscle and ends in
a plexus of small blood-vessels near the glenoid
fossa.

6. The Right Subclavian Artery. After giving off
the two carotid arteries, the remaining portion of
the brachio-cephalic is known as the right sub-
clavian artery. It gives off the following branches :

(1) The Vertebral Artery, which pierces the trans-
verse processes of the six anterior cervical verte-
bre, enters the foramen magnum, and unites with
its fellow of the opposite side to form the éasz/ar
artery of the brain.

(2) The Superior Intercostal Artery, arising a little
beyond the vertebral artery, is distributed to the
intercostal muscles between the four anterior ribs.

(3) The Sternal or Internal Mammary Artery, given
off just beyond the last, runs posteriorly along the
inner surface of the sternum.

(4) The Thyroid Axis arises directly opposite the
sternal artery, and passes anteriorly and dorsally.
It supplies the suprascapular region, and gives off
a branch to the thyroid gland.

VASCULAR SYSTEM 47

(5) The Superior Thoracic Artery, arising a short
distance from the thyroid axis, supplies the pec-
toral muscle.

(6) The Long Thoracic Artery, arising a little be-
yond the superior thoracic artery, supplies the
thoracic muscles.

(7) The Subscapular and Posterior Circumflex Arteries
arise from a common trunk, which is given off
from the subclavian a little beyond the long tho-
racic. The subscapular artery supplies the muscles
of the subscapular region. The posterior circum-
flex passes between the subscapular and teres
major muscles, and supplies the muscles of the
arm.

(8) The Anterior Circumflex Artery, which runs
obliquely around the humerus and supplies certain
muscles of the arm.

The portion of the subclavian artery between
the thyroid axis and circumflex artery is known as
the axzllary artery. After reaching the arm it
becomes the érachzal artery.

(9) The Superior and Inferior Profunda Arteries,
given off from the brachial, between the shoulder
and elbow.

(10) The Ulnar and Radial Arteries, the two
branches into which the brachial divides in the
fore-arm. The radial artery is a direct continuation
of the brachial artery, and passes along the flexor
surface of the limb to the wrist, where it turns to
the dorsal surface, and forms, with a branch of the

48 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

ulnar artery, the palmar arch. The ulnar artery
is smaller and less superficial than the radial.

2. The Left Subclavian Artery, unlike the right
subclavian, which arises as a branch of the brachio-
cephalic artery, takes its origin directly from the
arch of the aorta. Its branches are similar to
those of the right subclavian artery.

3. The Intercostal Arteries arise in ten pairs from
the thoracic portion of the aorta and supply all
but the first three intercostal spaces.

4. The Bronchial Arteries arise from the aorta near
the fourth intercostal artery and supply the lungs.

5. The Phrenic Artery is a small branch given off .
from the aorta as it pierces the diaphragm, which
organ it supplies.

6. The Celiac Axis is a large branch given off
from the aorta after it pierces the diaphragm. It
divides into three branches :

a. The Hepatic Artery, which sends branches to
the liver, duodenum, and pancreas.

6, The Coronary Artery, which is distributed along
the small curvature of the stomach.

c. The Splenic Artery, which supplies the spleen
and portions of the stomach.

7. The Superior Mesenteric Artery arises next pos-
terior to the coeliac axis. It subdivides in the
mesentery and conveys blood to the intestine.

8. The Suprarenal Arteries are two small branches
which arise near the superior mesenteric artery
and supply the adrenal bodies.

VASCULAR SYSTEM AQ

g. The Renal Arteries are two large arteries which
arise one on either side and supply the kidneys.

10. The Spermatic Arteries, in the male, are two
long, slender arteries which arise a little posterior
to the renal arteries. They pass backward through
the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord
and supply the testes.

In the female the Ovarian Arteries arise in nearly
the same place and supply the ovaries.

11. The Inferior Mesenteric Artery arises some dis-
tance posterior to the last, and is distributed to
the lower part of the large intestine and rectum.

12. The Ilio-lumbar Arteries are two arteries which
arise on either side of the aorta, and supply the
muscles of the back.

13. The External Iliac Arteries are two large ar-
teries given off in the posterior part of the abdom-
inal cavity. They run outward and downward to
each hind limb. Before passing Poupart’s liga-
ment each gives off a large branch, the od¢urator
artery, which passes through the obturator fora-
men to the muscles on the back of the pelvis.
The obturator artery has a branch, the epzgastrzc
artery, which passes forward along the abdominal
wall and anastomoses with the internal mammary
artery. Each external iliac artery passes beneath
Poupart’s ligament to reach the thigh, where it
becomes the femoral artery. Near its origin each
gives off the deep femoral or profunda artery to
the muscles of the thigh. At the knee-joint the

50 DISSECTION: OF THE CAT

femoral is called the popliteal artery, and, contin-
uing, divides into the az¢erzor and posterzor trbzal
arterzes. The posterior tibial artery runs down
behind the tibia to the inner side of the os calcis,
where it divides into the zzternal and external
plantar arteries. The anterior tibial artery
passes along the anterior part of the leg, and be-
comes the dorsal artery of the foot.

14. The Internal Iliac Arteries are two large lateral
branches into which the aorta divides soon after
ceiving off the external iliacs. Each internal iliac
gives off a small artery to the bladder, the saferzor
vestcal, and then divides into two branches, the
pudic and sczatec artertes. The pudic divides
into the zzternal pudzc, which is distributed
within the pelvis to the genital organs, and the ex-
ternal pudzc, which supplies the external genital
organs. The sciatic, after giving off the gluteal,
which is distributed to the muscles on the back of
the pelvis, passes out through the great sciatic
notch, and goes to the muscles of the hip and
thigh.

15. The Caudal Artery is the posterior continua-
tion of the aorta. It passes along beneath the
tail.

Muscular Branches are given off at various points,
both from the aorta and from other arteries to ad-
jacent muscles.

PLAEECV:

TO LIPS.
CAROTID. J-O DIGASTRIC MUSCLE.
TEMPORAL. E TO SUBMAXILLARY GLAND,
POST-AURICULAR.

FACIAL.
LINGUAL.

HYROID.
MUSCULAR, ee

RIGHT CAROTID.

SUPRA-SCAPULAR. HYROID AXIS. LEFT CAROTID,

SUPERIOR THORACIC. TERNAL,

5 RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN,
AXILLARY. VERTEBRAL. BRACHIO-CEPHALIC,
SUPERIOR INTERCOSTAL. ee LEFT SUBCLAVIAN,
ANTERIOR LONG THORACIC,
CIRCUMFLEX.
AORTA.

POSTERIOR 3
BRACHIAL. Asana: SUB-SCAPULAR.

TO TERES MAJOR.
PROFUNDA,

BRONCHIAL.

INTERCOSTAL,

A, PHRENIC.
HEPATIC, CORONARY.

LIVER. i 4 CCELIAC AXIS.

DUODENUM.

7| SUPERIOR MESENTERIC,

PANCREAS. ___ TO ABDOMINAL WALL.
SPLENIC.

SUPRARENAL

RENAL,

SPERMATIC,

fNFERIOR MESENTERIC,

{LIO-LUMBAR,

EXTERNAL ILIAC. XTERNAL ILIAC.

EPIGASTRIC. SUPERIOR VESICLE.
OBTURATOR,

NTERNAL ILIAC.
PROFUNDA._ PUDIC.
FEMORAL: CAUDAL. AS SCIATIC.

ARTERIAL SYSTEM.

VASCULAR SYSTEM 5f

VENOUS SYSTEM. (Plate VI.)

A.—Pre-cava.

The Pra-cava, Or Superior Vena Cava, is the large

vein which brings back blood from the anterior
part of the body, and empties into the right auri-

cle, as already described. It receives the follow-
ing branches :

1. The Azygos Vein collects the blood from the
intercostal and lumbar regions, and empties into
the pre-cava in front of the heart.

2. The Vertebral Vein of the right side joins the
superior vena cava some distance anterior to the
azygos vein.

3. The Sternal Veins enter the pra-cava by a
common trunk on its ventral side just anterior to
the right vertebral vein. They arise as two veins
on either side of the sternum, and, passing ante-
riorly, unite at the level of the fourth rib.

4. The Brachio-cephalic or Innominate Veins are
two large veins which unite at the level of the
subclavian arteries to form the pree-cava.

5. The External JuguJar Vein is formed by the
union of the ¢emporal, internal maxillary, and
faczal verns, which correspond to the arteries of
the same names. It runs just beneath the skin,
across the sterno-mastoid muscle, and empties into
the subclavian vein. Between the temporal and

52 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

facial veins the two external jugular veins are
united by a cross branch, the ¢vansverse vern.

6. The Internal Jugular Vein returns blood from
the brain. It runs parallel to the carotid artery,
internal to the external jugular vein and unites
with the external jugular vein just before it emp-
ties into the brachio-cephalic.

7. The Subclavian Vein is the large vessel which
returns blood from the fore-leg, where it. has
branches similar to those of the subclavian artery.
It unites with the external jugular vein to form
the brachio-cephalic vein.

8. The Left Vertebral Vein returns blood from the
cranial cavity. It empties into the left brachio-
cephalic, between the entrance of the external
jugular and the union of the brachio -cephalic
veins.

VASCULAR SYSTEM 53

B.—Post-cava.

The Post-cava or Inferior Vena Cava is the large
vein which returns blood from the posterior part
of the body, and empties into the right auricle. It
receives its first branch as it pierces the diaphragm.

1. The Phrenic Veins collect blood from the dia-
phragm, and enter the post-cava just as it pierces
that organ.

2. The Hepatic Veins collect the blood from the
liver, and empty into the post-cava, near the
phrenic veins.

3. The Suprarenal Veins collect the blood from
the abdominal walls and adrenal bodies, and usu-
ally empty into the post-cava, near the level of the
corresponding arteries.

4. The Renal Veins correspond to the arteries of
the same name.

5. The Spermatic and Ovarian Veins correspond to
the spermatic and ovarian arteries, though usually
those of the left side empty into the renal vein in-
stead of the post-cava.

6. The Mlio-lumbar Veins also correspond to the
ilio-lumbar arteries.

7. The Common Iliac Veins are two large veins
which unite with the caudal vein to form the post-
cava. They are formed by the union of the zz-
ternal and external tliac vetns, which have a
similar distribution to the arteries of the same
name.

54 DISSECTION (OF. . THE-CAT

8. The Caudal Vein is the direct continuation of
the post-cava. It returns blood from the tail.

C.—Portal System.

The Portal Vein is formed by a number of
branches, which collect the blood from the in-
testines, spleen, pancreas, and stomach. These
branches unite within the mesentery. The portal
vein enters the under side of the liver, just above
the hepatic artery. In the liver it breaks up into
capillaries, which again unite, to form the hepatic
vein. This vein empties into the post-cava, near
the diaphragm, as already described.

The portal system returns blood from the: re-
gions supplied by the superior and inferior mesen-
teric arteries and the coeliac axis.

RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN,
CIRCUMFLEX.

RIGHT VERTEBRAL.

| LONG THORACIC. 4 >Vc5

TO TERES MAJOR.
SUBSCAPULAR.

INTERCOSTAL.

HEPATIC.
CAPILLARIES IN LIVER.

PORTAL.
SUPRARENAL.

FROM INTESTINE, ETC.

RENAL.

EPIGASTRIC,

MUSCULAR,
FEMORAL,

VENOUS

PEAKE? Vit

FACIAL.

INTERNAL MAXILLARY.

O SUBMAXILLARY
GLAND.

EMPORAL,

TRANSVERSE,

INTERNAL JUGULAR,

XTERNAL JUGULAR.

LEFT SUBCLAVIAN.

LEFT VERTEBRAL.

BRACHIO-CEPHALIC,

PRA-CAVA.

POST-CAVA.

PHRENIC,

SUPRARENAL.

RENAL.

OVARIAN.

ILIO-LUMBAR.

COMMON ILIAC.

CAUDAL.

EXTERNAL ILIAC.

INTERNAL ILIAC.

SYSTEM.

CHAPTER V

NERVOUS SYSTEM

INVESTING MEMBRANES.

1. The most external of the three membranes
which enclose the brain and spinal cord is the
dura mater. It is a thick, fibrous membrane,
which lines the inside of the skull and vertebral
column. It dips down in a longitudinal fold be- —
tween the two lobes of the brain forming the falx
cerebrz. It also makes a transverse fold below the
posterior margin of the parietal bone, between the
cerebrum and cerebellum. This is called the ¢ez-
torzum, and in adult cats becomes ossified.

2. The most internal membrane, the pza mater,
is much thinner and less dense, and closely invests
the brain and cord. The blood-vessels supplying
the central nervous system are contained in this
membrane.

3. The avachnozd is a very delicate membrane,
lying between the dura and pia mater. It is
closely connected with the dura mater, but does
not follow all the folds of the pia mater. It
may be seen bridging over the fissures of the
brain.

56 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.

The brain is the portion of the nervous systemr
within the cranial cavity. It is divided into three
principal parts—the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
medulla oblongata.

The cerebrum forms the largest part of the
brain, occupying the anterior portion of the cranial
cavity. It consists of two lobes or hemispheres.

The cerebellum is the unpaired posterior portion
of the brain. It is connected with the rest of the
brain by bands of fibres or cvuva, two of which
pass to the cerebrum, two to the medulla, and two
blend together below the cerebrum and form the
pous Varoliz.

The medulla oblongata forms the posterior part
of the brain, below the cerebellum. It is continu-
ous posteriorly with the spinal cord.

A.—Cerebrum.

1. [The Cerebrum is the large anterior part of the
brain. It consists of two lobes or hemispheres,
which are composed of a number of convolutions,
or gyrz, separated by fissures, or sw/cz. (Plate VIL.,
Ay\E, ‘atid ic)

2. The Olfactory Lobes are the two small, knob-
like prolongations from the anterior ventral surface
of the cerebral hemispheres. (Plate VII., a andc.)

3. The first pair of cranial nerves, the Olfactory,
arise from the under side of the olfactory lobes.

NERVOUS SYSTEM 57

4. The Corpus Callosum is the broad white band
of fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
It may be seen from the dorsal side by pressing
the hemispheres apart. (Plate VII, c.)

5. The Corpora Quadrigemina are the two pairs of
rounded elevations which lie on the dorsal surface
of the brain, between the cerebrum and cerebellum,
which must be pressed apart to exposethem. The
anterior pair are smaller than the posterior, and
are called the zates. The posterior pair are called
the ¢estes. (Plate VII., c.)

6. The Pineal Gland is a single rounded promi-
nence, lying in the mid-dorsal line, just anterior to
the mates; (Plate: VIL, €)

7. The Valve of Vieussens is the delicate mem-
brane covering the cavity of the brain, posterior to
the corpora quadrigemina and beneath the anterior
portion of the cerebellum. (Plate VII., c.)

8. The second pair of cranial nerves, the Optic,
are the large nerves arising from the transverse
band of fibres known as the optic chiasma, situ-
ated on the ventral side of the brain, just posterior
to the fissure separating the two hemispheres.
(Plate VITI., a and c.)

9. The Optic Chiasma is formed by the crossing
of the fibres of the optic tracts which run up be-
neath the cerebral lobes and over the ventral sur-
face of two oval bodies, the optic thalami, to
which they send fibres, and end finally in the cor-
pora quadrigemina. (Plate VII., a and c.)

58 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

10. The Lamina Cinerea lies just anterior to the
optic chiasma. It is a thin membrane, connect-
ing the optic chiasma and corpus callosum, and
enclosing a cavity in the brain known as the third
wentricle:'*(( Plate WLt,..c.)

11. The Pituitary Body is situated at the end ofa
conical prolongation of the ventral surface of the
brain just posterior tothe chiasma. In most cases
it is torn off in removing the brain from the skull,
leaving nothing but a hollow stalk. (Plate VII.
A and Cc.)

12. The Infundibulum is the hollow conical pro-
jection which forms the stalk of the pituitary body.
The cavity of the infundibulum is continuous with
the third ventricle. (Plate VIL, c.)

13. The Tuber Cinereum is a slight prominence,
from which projects the infundibulum. (Plate
oA Bs Na

14. The Corpora Albicantia are two small, rounded
elevations, just posterior to the tuber cinereum.
(Plate*V Tix.)

15. The Crura Cerebri are two thick bands of
fibres which diverge on either side of the corpora
albicantia, and pass dorsal to the optic tracts.
(Plate Vili, 42)

16. The third pair of cranial nerves, the Oculo-
motor, emerge in the mid-ventral line, posterior to
the corpora albicantia, in the angle between the:
diverging crura cerebri. (Plate VIL, a.)

17. The fourth pair of cranial nerves, the Pathetic,

NERVOUS SYSTEM 59

emerge from the surface of the brain on the outer
sides of the crura cerebri.

B.—Cerebellum.

1. The Cerebellum is the large unpaired portion
of the brain lying just posterior to the cerebral
hemispheres. The dorsal surface is marked by nu-
merous parailel grooves. It consists of two lateral
lobes or hemzspheres, and a median portion or
vermis. It is connected with the rest of the brain
by three pairs of fibrous bands orcrura. The first
pair are the saperzor peduncles. They connect the
cerebellum with the corpora quadrigemina. The
second and largest pair form the lateral continua-
tions of the pons Varoli. They are known as
the mzddle peduncles. The third pair, the zxz/erzor
peduncles, connect the cerebellum with the me-
dulla oblongata. (Plate VII., a and c.)

2. The Pons Varolii is the broad, transverse band
of fibres on the ventral side of the brain, con-
necting the two sides of the cerebellum. (Plate
mel A:)

3. The fifth pair of cranial nerves, the Trigeminal,
arise by two roots on either side of the pons Va-
Toluns €Plate. VII; a.)

4. The sixth pair of cranial nerves, the Abducens,
leave the surface of the brain at the posterior
margin of the pons near the mid-ventral line.
(Plate VIL, 4.)

5. The Anterior Pyramids are the two longitudinal

60 DISSECTION OF. THE'-CAT

bands of fibres, lying on either side of the mid-
ventral line, just posterior to the pons. They are
a direct continuation of the fibres of the medulla.
(Plate Vit.)

6. The Corpus Trapezoides is a transverse band of
fibres, posterior to the pons Varolt, covered, in
the mid-line, by the anterior pyramids. (Plate
WIL!)

7. The Olivary Body is the oval elevation just pos-
terior to the corpus trapezoides and lateral to the
anterior pyramids. (Plate VII, a.)

8. The seventh pair of cranial nerves, the Facial,
leave the surface of the brain at the outer anterior
angles of the corpus trapezoides. (Plate VII, a.)

9. The eighth pair of cranial nerves, the Auditory,
emerge from the brain at the outer borders of the
corpus trapezoides, just posterior to the origin of
the seventh. (Plate VII., a.)

C.—Medulla Oblongata.

1. The Medulla Oblongata is the part of the brain
lying posterior to, and below, the cerebellum. It
is the expanded anterior portion of the spinal cord,
and is composed of a dorsal, a lateral, and a ven-
tral pair of fibrous bundles. (Plate VII., a and
c

fe The Posterior Pyramids are the two dorsal bun-
dles of fibres, lying one on either side of the me-
dian fissure. Anteriorly they blend with the res-
tiform bodies. |

NERVOUS SYSTEM 61

3. The Restiform Bodies are the slightly enlarged
portions of the medulla which form the connec-
tion between the posterior pyramids and the infe-
rior peduncles of the cerebellum.

4. The ninth pair of cranial nerves, the Glosso-
pharyngeal, leave the ventral side of the medulla
by several roots. (Plate VIL, a.)

5. The tenth pair of cranial nerves, the Vagus, or
Pneumogastric, arise just posterior to the ninth, by
several roots. (Plate VIL, a.)

6. The eleventh pair of cranial nerves, the Spinal
Accessory, arise by a series of roots from the sides
of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. They
run anteriorly and enter the cavity of the skull.
(Plate: WIE.) A:)

7. The twelfth pair of cranial nerves, the Hypo-
glossal, arise by several roots from the ventral sur-
face of the medulla, between the anterior pyramids
and the olivary bodies. (Plate VII., a.)

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.

Slice off the upper part of the right hemisphere to

a level with the corpus callosum.

1. The Gray Matter will be seen as a narrow, con-
voluted, cortical layer, surrounding the inner or
medullary portion, the White Matter. (Plate VII.,
B. ) |

2. The Corpus Callosum can now be more clearly.
seen and its fibres traced into the cerebral lobes.

62 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

Carefully remove the corpus callosum and expose
the cavity below.

3. The Lateral Ventricles are the two irregular-
shaped cavities, extending below the corpus cal-
losum, through the greater part of each hemi-
sphere. The anterior portion of the ventricle,
which is continued forward and downward into
the anterior part of the hemisphere, is the az¢erzor
cornu. The continuation of the ventricle back-
ward and downward forms the descending cornu,
while the reduced posterior part is the Josterzor
cornu. (Plate VIL., 3.)

4. The Septum Lucidum is the partition separating
the anterior cornua of the two lateral ventricles.

5. The Corpus Striatum is the more or less oval
mass, projecting into the cavity of the anterior
cornu from its outer wall. (Plate VII., B.)

6. The Hippocampus Major is the large oval pro-
jection forming the floor of the posterior part of
the lateral ventricle and descending cornu. Over
its surface passes a thin vascular layer, the chorozd
plexus. (Plate VIL, B.)

7. The Fornix is formed by two bands of fibres
(the anterior pillars of the fornzx), which pass
dorsally from the corpora albicantia, and unite just
under the anterior end of the corpus callosum.
The triangular sheet formed by their, union (¢he
body of the fornix) lies immediately under the
corpus callosum. Posteriorly it again divides into

NERVOUS SYSTEM 63

two diverging bands of fibres (¢he posterior pit-
lars of the fornex), which pass out along the floor
of the lateral ventricles between the corpus stri-
atum and the hippocampus major. (Plate VIL,
B and c.)

Cut across the postertor pillars of the fornix and
hippocampus major, and reflect them.

8. The Optic Thalamus is the rounded prominence
immediately below the hippocampus major and
the posterior pillars of the fornix. It lies just an-
terior to the corpora quadrigemina. The optic
tracts pass over its lateral surface.

9. The Corpus Geniculatum is a small, prominent
elevation, just posterior to the optic tract and be-
tween it and the corpora quadrigemina.

10. The Foramen of Monro is a narrow, slit-like
opening, lying between the descending pillars of
the fornix and the optic thalamus. This passage,
together with its fellow of the opposite side, forms
a Y-shaped canal, connecting the two lateral ven-
tricles with a median cavity, already mentioned,
the third ventricle.

Remove the portion of the corpus callosum remain-
ang between the postervor pillars of the fornex,
being careful not to injure the delicate mem-
brane emmediately below.

11. The Velum Interpositum is the thin membrane
forming the roof of the cavity (third ventricle)

64 DISSECTION OF THE,'CAT

behind and below the body of the fornix. The
margins of this membrane are very vascular, and
are known as the choroid plexuses. These plex-
uses are continued through the foramina of Munro
to form the choroid plexuses of the lateral ven-
tricles. The velum is somewhat thickened poste-
riorly to form the pzxeal gland. (Plate VIL, c.)

12. The Third Ventricle, before mentioned, is the
very narrow cavity of the brain lying between the
optic thalami. It is bounded above by the velum
interpositum, and below by the lamina cinerea,
corpora albicantia, crura cerebri, and the infundib-
ulum, and with the cavity of the latter it 1s contin-
uous. It opens anteriorly into the two lateral ven-
tricles through the foramina of Munro. (Plate
AAU, xc.)

Make a median, vertical, longitudinal section
through the remaining portion of the brazn.

13. The Anterior Commissure is a delicate trans-
verse band of fibres, passing between the two
hemispheres, in front of the anterior pillars of the
fornix. It connects the two corpora striata. The
lamina cinerea passes between it and the optic
chiasma. (Plate VII, c.)

14. The Middle or Soft Commissure is a much
larger band of transverse fibres and cells connect-
ing the optic thalami. It passes across the upper
part- of the third ventricle. (Plate VIL. c.)

15. The Posterior Commissure joins the dorsal por-

NERVOUS. SYSTEM 65

tions of the optic thalami, and forms the posterior
wall of the third ventricle, just in front of the cor-
pora quadrigemina. (Plate VIL, c.)

16. The Aqueduct of Sylvius is the narrow canal
passing posteriorly from the third ventricle, be-
neath the corpora quadrigemina and above the
crurd eerenrr) 3¢ Plate: V LI, €.)

17. The Fourth Ventricle is the cavity of the brain
posterior to the aqueduct of Sylvius, bounded
above by the valve of Vieussens and the cerebel-
lum, and below and laterally by the medulla ob-
longata. It is continuous posteriorly with the
central canal of the spinal cord. (Plate VIL., c.)

18. The Arbor Vite is the name given to the
branching structure of white matter in the cere-
bellum. It is best seen in the section just made.
CElstesV iy cx)

DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES.

1. The Olfactory Nerves (I.) are delicate fibres
which arise from the olfactory lobes of the brain,
pass through the ethmoid bone, and are distrib-
uted to the Schneiderian membrane of the nose.

2. The Optic Nerve (II.) passes through the op-
tic foramen, and enters the posterior surface cf the
eyeball. :

3. The Oculo-motor Nerve (III.) passes through the
sphenoidal fissure of the skull, and is distributed to
’ certain muscles of the eyeball (superior, inferior, —
:

66 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

and internal recti, and inferior oblique) and the
levator muscle of the lid.

4. The Pathetic Nerve (IV.) passes through the
sphenoidal fissure to another muscle (superior
oblique) of the eyeball.

5. The Trigeminal Nerve (V.), soon after it
emerges from the brain, enlarges into the Gasse-
rian ganglion. It then separates into three divis-
ions: the ophthalmzc, which passes through the
sphenoidal fissure and is distributed to the lachry-
mal gland, upper lid, and conjunctiva of the eye,
and the skin of the nose and forehead ; the maz-
zllary, which passes through the foramen rotun-
dum and supplies the lower eyelid, side of the
nose, upper teeth, and the roof of the mouth and
pharynx; and the *mandzbular, which passes
through the foramen ovale and supplies the mus-
cles and skin of the side of the head, muscles of
mastication, lower lip, teeth, salivary glands, and
inside of the mouth.

6. The Abducens Nerve (VI.) passes through the
sphenoidal fissure and supplies muscles of the eye-
ball.

7. The Facial Nerve (VII.) passes through the
stylo-mastoid foramen and supplies the muscles of
the face and head.

8. The Auditory Nerve (VIII.) enters the inter-
nal auditory meatus and is distributed to the in-
ternal ear.

9. The Glosso-pharyngeal Nerve (IX.) emerges

NERVOUS SYSTEM 67

from the jugular foramen of the skull, and is dis-
tributed to the root of the tongue, soft palate, and
pharynx.

10. The Vagus Nerve (X.) also emerges from the
jugular foramen. It has two ganglia, one within
the skull, at the point where it enters the foramen,
and another, outside the skull, a short distance be-
yond the foramen. The nerve passes down the
neck, between the internal jugular vein and the
carotid artery, enters the thorax, and there passes
along the cesophagus and posterior mediastinum.
It sends branches to the following organs: phar-
ynx, larynx, heart, lungs, oesophagus, stomach,
liver, and spleen.

11. The Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI.) passes ante-
riorly along the side of the spinal cord, enters the
skull by the foramen magnum, and again emerges
from the jugular foramen in two branches. One
branch fuses with the vagus nerve at the first gan-
elion of the latter ; the other branch is distributed
to the sterno-mastoid and trapezii muscles.

12. The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII.) leaves the skull
by the anterior condyloid foramen, passes back to
the lower side of the digastric muscle, then for-
ward above the hyoid bone to the under side of
the tongue.

SPINAL CORD.

The Spinal Cord is the posterior continuation of
the medulla oblongata, which hes in the neural

68 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

canal of the spinal column. It is composed, as is
the medulla, of an inner core of gray matter and
of external columns of white fibres. A median
longitudinal fissure extends along both the mid-
dorsal and mid-ventral lines. In. the brachial and
lumbar regions the cord becomes somewhat broad-
ened, to form the cervzcal and lumbar enlarge-
ments. In the sacral region the cord ends in a
small nerve-filament, the lum termznale. ‘The
filum terminale, together with the sacral nerves,
which lie parallel with each other for some dis-
tance in the vertebral canal, form the cauda eguzna.

SPINAL NERVES.

The Spinal Nerves each arise from the spinal cord
by a dorsal and ventral root, and pass out from the
neural canal through an intervertebral foramen.
The dorsal root bears a ganglion. After emerg-
ing from the neural canal, each nerve divides into
a dorsal and ventral branch.

A.—Brachial Plexus. (Plate VII., p.)

The Brachial Plexus is the net-like arrangement
formed by the union of the ventral divisions of
the sixth, seventh, and eighth cervical and first tho-
racic nerves. Its branches supply the region of
the shoulder and arm. The principal nerves aris-
ing from the brachial plexus are :

. A small nerve, = supplies the rhom-
baided muscle.

NERVOUS SYSTEM 69

2. The Suprascapular Nerve, which supplies the
supra- and infra-spinatus muscles.

3. Several Subscapular Nerves, which supply the
subscapular, teres major, and latissimus dorsi mus-
cles;

4. The Musculo-cutaneous Nerve, which supplies
the biceps, the brachialis anticus, and coraco-bra-
chialis muscles, and the skin of the outer side of
the fore-leg below the elbow.

5. The Circumflex Nerve, which passes between
the subscapular and teres major muscles, and sup-
plies the deltoid and teres minor muscles and the
skin of the shoulder.

6. The Musculo-spiral Nerve, which winds around
the humerus and is distributed to the skin and
muscles of the fore-leg.

7. The Median Nerve, which passes through the
supracondyloid foramen and supplies muscles on
the ventral side of the fore-leg.

8. The Ulnar Nerve, which is distributed to the
muscles and skin of the fore-leg.

g. The Internal Cutaneous Nerve, which supplies
the skin on the inner side of the fore-leg.

10. The Anterior Thoracic Nerve, which supplies
the pectoral muscles and part of the latissimus
dorsi muscle.

B.—Lumbar Plexus. (Plate VIL, 5.)

The Lumbar Plexus is composed of the ventral
divisions of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh

7O DISSECTION OF THE CAT

lumbar, and first sacral nerves. Its branches are
distributed to the regions of the pelvis and hind-
leg. The principal nerves arising from the lumbar
eae are

. The Ilio-hypogastric Nerve, which supplies the
ie of the abdomen.
- 2, The MIlio-inguinal Nerve, which suppies the
skin of the inguinal region and external genera-
tive organs.

3. The Genito-crural Nerve, which passes beneath
Poupart’s ligament and supplies the skin of the
thigh and the spermatic cord.

4. The External Cutaneous Nerve, which also passes
beneath Poupart’s ligament and supplies the skin
of the hip and thigh. |

5. The Anterior Crural Nerve, which passes down
the front of the thigh and supplies the skin and
muscles of the thigh and leg.

6. The Obturator Nerve, which passes along the
side of the pelvis and through the obturator fora-
men.

7. The Great Sciatic Nerve, the largest nerve of
the body, which passes through the sacral sciatic
notch, between the tuberosity of the ischium and
the great trochanter of the femur, and then down
the hind-leg to innervate the thigh, leg, and foot.

8. The Lesser Sciatic Nerve, which supplies the
muscles of the back of the hip and thigh.

g. The Caudal Nerve, which runs down the side
of the tail and supplies its muscles.

NERVOUS SYSTEM 71

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM.

The Sympathetic Nervous System consists, first, of
a delicate, double chain of ganglia, extending
along the ventral side of the spinal column from
the head to the tail, and, secondly, of numerous
branches and ganglia throughout the body. The
_ branches of both divisions are distributed to the
viscera and blood-vessels. In the head they com-
municate with many of the cranial nerves, and in
the trunk with the spinal nerves.

In the thorax the two sympathetic cords may
be seen lying along the line of the heads of the
ribs, between the pleura and intercostal blood-
vessels. In the lumbar region the cords lie
nearer together on the bodies of the vertebre,
at the inner margins of the psoas muscles. In
the sacral region the cords unite in a single gan-
glion.

There are three plexuses of nerves and ganglia
connected with the sympathetic system :

1. The Cardiac Plexus lies at the base of the
heart on the aorta and pulmonary artery. It re-
ceives branches from the vagus and cervical sym-
pathetic ganglion, and innervates the heart.

2. The Solar Plexus lies between the adrenal
bodies, stomach, aorta, and crura of the diaphragm.
It receives branches from the vagus, cardiac plex-
us, and sympathetic cords, and sends nerves to the
abdominal viscera.

72. DISSECTION OF THE CAT

3. The Hypogastric Plexus lies between the right
and left iliac arteries. It receives branches from
the solar plexus and lumbar part of the sympa-
thetic cords, and sends branches to the pelvic vis-
cera.

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CHAPTER VI

EVE

APPENDAGES OF THE EYE:

I. The Eyelids are two folds of skin, one dorsal,
one ventral, which guard the anterior portion of
the eyeball. There are no “eyelashes,” but the
whole external surface of the lid is covered with
hair. The inner surface of the lid is covered with
mucous membrane, which is continuous over the
front of the eyeball, and is known as the conzunc-
tzva. The angles where the two eyelids meet are
known respectively as the zzxer canthus and outer
canthus of the eye.

2. The Puncta Lachrymalia are two small open-
ings situated on each eyelid a short distance from
the inner canthus. They open into two dachrymal
canals, which unite to form the lachrymal duct,
which opens into the nasal cavity.

3. The Meibomian Glands are the parallel rows of
yellowish glands situated on the inner surface near
the edge of each lid.

4. The Nictitating Membrane, or “third eyelid,” is
a large fold of membrane arising from the inner
canthus of the eye, between the lids and the eye-

74 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

ball. It consists of folds of conjunctiva, strength-
ened by a cartilage at its free margin.

5. The Harderian Gland is a small gland situated
on the nictitating membrane.

6. The Lachrymal Gland lies in the upper and
outer part of the orbit, between the wall of the or-
bit and the eyeball. Its duct opens on the inner
surface of the upper eyelid, just above the outer
canthus.

Remove the zygomatic arch and the underlying
muscles, cut away the coronoid process of the
mandible, and expose the lateral surface of
the eyeball, being careful not to disturb its at-
tachment.

7. The External Rectus Muscle of the eyeball
arises from the wall of the orbit just external to
the optic foramen. It is inserted on the. outer
(lateral) surface of the eyeball.

8. The Inferior Rectus Muscle arises from the ven-
tral margin of the optic foramen, and is inserted
on the ventral side of the eyeball.

9. The Inferior Oblique Muscle arises from the or-
bital process of the maxillary bone, and is inserted
on the eyeball, on its ventral and outer side, along
the edge of the external rectus muscle. |

10. The Internal Rectus Muscle arises from the in-
ner margin of the optic foramen and is inserted on
ae inner side of the eyeball.

. The Superior Rectus Muscle arises from oie

EYE .:* 78

dorsal margin of the optic foramen and is inserted
on sa dorsal surface of the eyeball.

. The Superior Oblique Muscle arises from the
ee of the optic foramen. Nearly opposite
the middle of the eyeball it becomes tendinous,
and passes through a fibro-cartilaginous ring, situ-
ated on the inner dorsal side of the orbit; it then
passes toward the eyeball and is inserted on the
dorsal side, at right angles to the insertion of the
superior rectus muscle.

13. The Choanoid Muscles arise around the optic
foramen and are inserted on the circumference of
the eyeball, within the insertion of the recti mus-
cles.

EYEBALL.

Remove the eyeball from the orbit by cutting
through the muscles and optic nerve. ~ Drs-
sect off the fat and other tissues adhering to
ats surface.

1. The Sclerotic Coat is the white, opaque portion
of the external coat of the eye. It is pierced by
the optic nerve, near the middle point of its poste-
rior surface. The sclerotic coat is composed of
smooth, white, fibrous tissue, and gives solidity to
the eyeball.

2. The Cornea is the transparent anterior portion
of the external coat. Its outer surface is covered
by the conjunctiva. nie

76 DISSECTION OF THE CAT

Divide the eye into an antertor and posterior half.

3. Ihe Vitreous Humor is the transparent, jelly-
like mass filling the posterior chamber of the eye,
which has now been exposed.

4. The Retina is the innermost of the three
coats ‘of the eye.. -It 1s a delicate ‘membrane
formed by the expansion of the optic nerve on
the interior of the eye. The ofézc dzsc, or blind
spot, is the small, white, round area at the point
where the optic nerve pierces the sclerotic and
choroid coats and expands into the retina. The
blood-vessels supplying the retina radiate from the
blind spot.

5. The Choroid is the thin coat of the eye lying
between the sclerotic and the retina. It is of a
dark color, owing to the pigment which is every-
where present, except in a circular area on the
back of the choroid, around and above the en-
trance of the opticnerve. This spot is of a lighter
color, and is known as the ¢afetum.

6. The Ciliary Processes are the irregular folds
into which the choroid is thrown at the margin of
the cornea.

7. The Ora Serrata is the anterior toothed mar-
gin of the retina. It lies around the periphery of
the ciliary processes.

8. The Crystalline Lens is a transparent, double
convex body, situated in front of the vitreous
humor. It is more convex anteriorly than poste-

EYE 77

riorly. The lens is enveloped in a thin, transpar-
ent membrane, known as the capsule of the lens.

9. The Suspensory Ligament is a very delicate
membrane attached to the capsule at the edge of
the lens. It suspends the lens from the ciliary
processes.

10. The Ciliary Muscle is a ring of radiating mus-
cular fibres, arising from the sclerotic at the edge
of the cornea and passing backward to the cho-
roid opposite the ciliary processes. By its contrac-
tion the lens is made more convex.

11. The Iris is the anterior portion of the cho-
roid. It forms a perforated circular disc at the
front of the crystalline lens. The perforation is
known as the pufpz7.

12. The Aqueous Humor is the fluid filling the an-
terior chamber of the eye, between the lens and
the cornea.

“7

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- INDEX

A Arteries, inferior mesenteric, 49

Abdomen, muscles of, 28
Abdominal cavity, 14, 30
viscera, 14
Abduceus nerve, 59, 66
Acetabulum, 12
Acromio-deltoid muscle, 34
Acromion process, II
Adductor muscle, 42
Adrenal bodies, 18
Alimentary canal, 14
Anal glands, 17
Anconeous muscle, 38
Ankle, 13
Anterior condyloid foramen, 5
Anus, 16
Aorta, 2, 3, 45
Aponeurosis, vertebral, 32
Aqueduct of Sylvius, 65
Aqueous humor, 77
Arachnoid, 55
Arbor vite, 65
Arterial system, 45
Arteries, anterior circumflex, 47
anterior tibial, 50
axillary, 47
basilar, 46
brachial, 47
brachio-cephalic, 45
bronchial, 48
caudal, 50
coeliac axis, 48
coronary, 48
deep femoral, 49
dorsal of foot, 50
epigastric, 49
external iliac, 49
external plantar, 50
external pudic, 50
-> facial, 45
femoral, 49
gluteal, 50
hepatic, 48
ilio-lumbar, 49

inferior profunda, 47
innominate, 45
intercostal, 48

internal iliac, 50
internal mammary, 46
internal plantar, 50
internal pudic, 50

left carotid, 45
lingual, 45

long thoracic, 47
muscular branch of carotid, 45
muscular branches, 50
obturator, 49

Ovarian, 49

phrenic, 48

popliteal, 50
post-auricular, 46
posterior circumflex, 47
posterior tibial, 50
profunda, 49

pudic, 50

pulmonary, 23

radial, 47

renal, 49

right carotid, 45
right sub-clavian, 46
sciatic, 50

spermatic, 49

splenic, 48

sternal, 46
subscapular, 57
superior intercostal, 46
superior mesenteric, 48
superior profunda, 47
superior thoracic, 47
superior vesical, 50
suprarenal, 48
temporal, 46

thyroid, 45

thyroid axis, 46-

ulna, 47 =

vertebral, 46

Arytenoid cartilages, 26
Astragalus, 13.

Atlas, 9
Atrium of heart, 22
Auditory bulla, 5
meatus, 5
nerve, 60, 66
Auricles, 22
Auricular appendix, 22
Axillary artery, 47
Axis, 9
Azygos vein, 51

Basi-hyal bone, 8
Basilar artery, 46
Biceps femoris muscle, 39
muscle, 37
Bile-duct, 16
Bladder, 18
Blind spot, 76
Bones, astragalus, 13
basi-hyal, 8
calcaneum, 13
carpal, 13
cerato-hyal, 8
chevron, 9
clavicle, 10
epi-hyal, 8
ethmoid, 7
femur, 13
fibula, 13
frontal, 6
humerus, IT
hyoid, 8
ilium, 12
innominate, 12
interparietal, 6
ischium, 12
lachrymal, 7
malar, 6
mandible, 7
maxillary, 7
metacarpal, 12
metatarsal, 13
nasal, 7
occipital, 5
palatine, 7
parietal, 6
patella, 13
phalanges, 12
pollex, 12
premaxillary, 7
presphenoid, 6

INDEX

Bones, pubis, 12
radius, II
ribs, 10
scapula, 10
sphenoid, 6
sternum, 10
stylo-hyal, 8
tarsal, 13
temporal, 5
thyro-hyal, 8
tibia, 13
turbinated, 7
ulna, II
vertebre, 8,9
vomer, 7

Brachial artery, 47
plexus, 68

Brachialis anticus muscle, 37

Brachio-cephalic artery, 45
vein, 51

Brain, external anatomy, 56
internal anatomy, 61
preparation of, I

Bronchi, 21

Bronchial arteries, 48

Buccal glands, 24

Bulla, auditory, 5

Czecum, 16
Calcaneum, 13
Canine teeth, 7, 8
Canthus of eye, 73
Capsule of lens, 77
Caput epididymis, 19
Cardiac plexus, 71
Carotid artery, 45
Carpal bones, 12
Cartilage, costal, 10
ensiform, I0
tympano-hyal, 8
Cauda epididymis, 1g
equina, 68
Caudal artery, 50
nerve, 70
vein, 54
vertebrz, 8, 9

Cephalo-humeral muscle, 30, 32

Cerato-hyal bone, 8
Cerebellum, 56, 59
Cerebral hemispheres, 56

-Cerebrum, 56

Cervical vertebrz, 8, 9
Chevron bones, 9
Choanoid muscle, 75
Chorde tendinz, 22
Choroid, 76
plexus, 64
Ciliary muscle, 77
processes, 76
Circumflex arteries, 47
nerve, 69
Circumvyallate papillz, 25
Clavicle, Io
Cleido-mastoid muscle, 33
Clitoris, 20
Ceeliac axis, 48
Colon, 15
Columnez carne, 22
Commissures of brain, 64
Condyles, occipital, 5
of femur, 13
Condyloid foramina, 5
Conjunctiva, 73
Coraco-brachialis muscle, 37
Cornea, 75

Cornua of lateral ventricles, 62

Coracoid process, II
Coronary artery, 23, 48
vein, 22
Coronoid process, 8, II
Corpora albicantia, 58
cavernosa, 20
quadrigemina, 57
Corpus callosum, 57, 61
geniculatum, 63
spongiosum, 20
striatum, 62
trapezoides, 60
Costal cartilages, 10
Cowper’s glands, 19
Cranial nerves, 56-61, 65
Cricoid cartilage, 26
Crura cerebri, 58
of cerebellum, 56, 59
of diaphragm, 30
penis, 20
Crural nerve, 70
Crystalline lens, 76
Cutaneous nerves, 69, 70
Cystic duct, 17

Deltoid ridge of humerus, 11
Dental formula, 8
Diaphragm, 30

INDEX

Digastric muscle, 43

Dorsal artery of foot, 50
vertebrz, 8, 9

Duct, cystic, 17
lachrymal, 73
Stenson’s, 23
Wharton’s, 24

Duodenum, 15

Dura mater, 55

Ear, 25

Ensiform cartilage, 10
Epididymis, 19
Epigastric artery, 49
Epiglottis, 26

Epi-hyal bone, 8
Epitrochlear muscle, 35
Erector spinz muscle, 32
Ethmoid bone, 7
Eustachian tubes, 25

External oblique muscle, 28

Eye, 2, 73
Eyeball, 75
Eyelids, 73

Facial artery, 45
nerve, 60, 66
vein, 51

Falciform ligament, 16

Fallopian tubes, 20

Falx cerebri, 55

Femoral artery, 49

Femur, 13

Fibula, 13

Filiform papille, 25

Filum terminale, 68

Fissure, sphenoidal, 6

Foramina, anterior condyloid, §

infraorbital, 7
intervertebral, 9
jugular, 6
magnum, 5
obturator, 12

of Monro, 63
optic, 6

ovale, 6
rotundum, 6
sphenopalatine, 7
stylo-mastoid, 5
supra-condyloid I1

Formalin, I.

Fossa, glenoid, 6
infraspinous, II
olecranon, II
subscapular, II
supraspinous, II
temporal, 6

Frontal bone, 6

Fundus, 14

Fungiform papillz, 25

Gall-bladder, 17

Ganglia of spinal nerves, 68

Gasserian ganglion, 66

Genio-hyoid muscle, 43

Genito-crural nerve, 70

Glands, anal, 17
buccal, 24
Cowper’s, 19
Harderian, 74
lachrymal, 74
lymph, 17
Meibomian, 73
parotid, 23
pineal, 57, 64
prostate, 19
salivary, 23°
sublingual, 24
submaxillary, 24
thymus, 21 ©
thyroid, 27
zygomatic, 24

Glans penis, 20

Glenoid cavity, II
fossa, 6

Glosso-pharyngeal nerve, 61, 66

Glottis, 26

Gluteal artery, 50

Glutei muscles, 39, 40

Gracilis muscle, 40

Gray matter of brain, 61

Gyri, 56

Hallux, 13

Harderian gland, 74

Heart, 2, 21, 22

Heel, bone of, 13

Hemispheres of cerebellum, 59
of cerebrum, 56

Hepatic artery, 48
vein, 53

INDEX

Hilus of kidney, 18
Hippocampus major, 62
Humerus, II

Hyoid arch, 8, 27
Hypogastric plexus, 72
Hypoglossal nerve, 61, 67

Tleum, 15
Iliac arteries, 49, 50
veins, 53
Ilio-hypogastric nerves, 70
inguinal nerve, 70
lumbar artery, 49
lumbar vein, 53
Ilium, 12
Incisor teeth, 7, 8
Infraspinatus muscle, 35
Infraspinous fossa, II
Infundibulum, 58
Inguinal canal, Ig, 29
Injection, -I
mass, I
Innominate artery, 45
bones, I2
veins, 51
Instruments, I
Intercostal arteries, 48
muscles, 32
Internal mammary artery, 46
oblique muscle, 29
Interparietal bone, 6
Intervertebral foramen, 9
Intestine, 15
Ins, 77
Ischium, 12

Jaws, 7 ~~

Jejunum, 15

Jugular foramen, 6
veins, 51, 52

K
Kidneys, 17

Lachrymal bones, 7
canals; 73.“
duct,. 73
gland, 74

Lambdoidal ridge, 5
Lamina cinerea, 58
Large intestine, 15
Larynx, 8, 24, 26

Latissimus dorsi muscle, 33, 36

Lens, 76
capsule of, 77

Levator anguli scapulz muscle, 36

claviculze muscle, 34
Linea alba, 28
aspera, 13
Lingual artery, 45
Liver, 16
Lumbar plexus, 69
vertebre, 8, 9
Lungs, 21
Lymphatics, 15
Lymph glands, 17

Malar bones, 7

process, 7
Mandible, 7
Mandibular nerve, 66
Manubrium, 10
Masseter muscle, 44
Maxillary bones, 7

nerve, 66

vein, 51

Meatus, external auditory, 5

Median nerve, 69
Mediastinum, 20

Medulla oblongata, 56, 60
Meibomian glands, 73
Mesenteric arteries, 48, 49
Mesentery, 15
Metacarpal bones, 12
Metacromion process, II
Metatarsal bones, 13
Mitral valve, 23°

Molar teeth, 7, 8-

Monro, foramen of, 63
Mouth, 24 :
Muscles, 28

Muscles, acromio-deltoid, 34

adductor, 42
anconeus, 38
anterior trapezius, 32
biceps, 37 ‘
biceps femoris, 39 __
brachialis anticus, 37

cephalo-humeral, 30, 32

Muscles, choanoid, 75

ciliary, -77
cleido-mastoid, 33
coraco-brachialis, 37
digastric, 43
epitrochlear, 35
erector spine, 32
external intercostal, 32
external oblique, 28
external rectus, 74
genio-hyoid, 43
glutei, 39, 40

gracilis, 40

inferior oblique, 74
inferior rectus, 74
infraspinatus, 35
internal intercostal, 32
internal oblique, 29
internal rectus, 74
latissimus dorsi, 33, 36
levator anguli scapulz, 36
levator clavicule, 34
masseter, 44

middle trapezius, 33
mylo-hyoid, 43

of abdomen, 28

of fore-leg, 32

of hind-leg, 39

of neck, 42

of shoulder, 32

of thigh, 39

of thorax, 30
pectineus, 42
pectoralis, 30, 33
polygastric, 29
posterior trapezius, 33
psoas magnus, 42
pyriformis, 4o
quadratus femoris, 40

‘quadriceps extensor, 41

rectus abdominis, 29
rectus femoris, 41
rhomboideus capitis, 34
rhomboideus major, 34
sartorius, 39

scaleni, 31
semimembranosus, 41
semitendinosus, 41
serratus magnus, 36
serratus posticus, 32
spino-deltoid, 34
splenius, 44.
sternalis, 31

84 INDEX

Muscles, sterno-hyoid, 43 Nerves, olfactory, 56, 65
sterno-mastoid, 42 ophthalmic, 66
sterno-thyroid, 43 optic, 57, 65
subscapularis, 36 pathetic, 58, 66
superior oblique, 75 pneumogastric, 61
superior rectus, 74 spinal, 68
supraspinatus, 35 spinal accessory, 61, 67
temporalis, 44 subscapular, 69
tensor vaginze femoris, 39 suprascapular, 69
tenuissimus, 39 sympathetic, 71
teres major, 35 trigeminal, 59, 66
teres minor, 36 ulnar, 69
thyro-hyoid, 44 vagus, 61, 67
transversalis abdominis, 29 Nervous system, 55
trapezil, 32, 33 Neural arch, 8
triceps, 37 canal, 8
vasti, 41 process, 8

Muscular branches of arteries, 50 Nictitating membrane, 73
branch of carotid, 45

Musculo-cutaneous nerve, 69 O

Musculo-spiral nerve, 69

Mylo-hyoid muscle, 43 Oblique muscle of eyeball, 74, 75

Obturator artery, 49
N foramen, 12
nerve, 70

Nares, 25 Occipital bone, 5

Nasal bones, 7 condyles, 5

Nates, 57 Oculomotor nerve, 58, 65

Nerves, 56 Odontoid process, g
abduceus, 59, 66 (Esophagus, 14, 21, 26
anterior crural, 70 Olecranon fossa, II
anterior thoracic, 69 process, II
auditory, 60, 66 Olfactory lobes, 56
caudal, 70 nerves, 56, 65
circumflex, 69 Olivary body, 60
¢ranial, 56-61, 65 Omentum, 14
external cutaneous, 70 Ophthalmic nerve, 66
facial, 60, 66 Optic chiasma, 57
genito-crural, 70 disk, 76
glosso-pharyngeal, 61, 66 foramina, 6
great sciatic, 70 nerves, 57, 65
hypoglossal, 61, 67 thalamus, 63
ilio-hypogastric, 70 Ora serrata, 76
ilio-inguinal, 70 Oral cavity, 25
internal cutaneous, 69 Orbits, 7
lesser sciatic, 70 Os penis, 20
mandibular, 66 Ovarian arteries, 4g
maxillary, 66 veins, 53
median, 69 Ovaries, 20
musculo-cutaneous, 69 P
musculo-spiral, 69
obturator, 70 Pancreas, 16

oculomotor, 58, 65 Aselli, 17

Palate, 24
Palatine bones, 7
Palmar arch, 48
Parietal bones, 6
Parotid gland, 23
Patella, 13
Pathetic nerve, 58, 66
Pectineus muscle, 42
Pectoralis muscle, 30, 33
Peduncles of cerebellum, 59
Pelvic-girdle, 12
Pelvis; 9; 12
of kidney, 18
Penis, 19
Pericardium, 22
Peritoneum, 14
Phalanges, I2, 13
Pharyngeal cavity, 25
Pharynx, 21, 24, 25
Phrenic artery, 48
Phrenic vein, 53
Pia mater, 55
Pig, 2
Pillars of fornix, 62
Pineal gland, 56, 64
Pituitary body, 58
Plantar artery, 50
Platysma myoides, 28
Pleure, 21
Plexus, brachial, 68
cardiac, 71
choroid, 64
hypogastric, 72
lumbar, 69
solar, 71
Pneumogastric nerve, 61, 67
Pollex, 12
Polygastric muscle, 29
Pons Varolit, 56, 59
Popliteal artery, 50
Portal system, 54
Portal vein, 54
Postauricular artery, 46
Post-cava, 53
Post-orbital process, 6
Poupart’s ligament, 28
Prze-cava, 51
Premaxillary bones, 7
Premolar teeth, 7, 8
Prepuce, 20
Presphenoid bone, 6
Processes, acromion, II
ciliary, 76

INDEX 85

Processes, corocoid, 11
coronoid, 8, II
malar, 7
metacromion, II
neural, 8
odontoid, 9
olecranon, II
post-orbital, 6
transverse, 8
zygomatic, 6

Profunda arteries, 47, 49

Prostate gland, I9

Psoas magnus muscle, 42

Pubis, 12

Pudic artery, 50

Pulmonary artery, 23
vein, 23

Puncta lachrymalia, 73

Pupil, 77

Pylorus, 15

Pyramid of kidney, 18

Pyramids, anterior, of cerebellum,

59
posterior, of medulla, 60
Pyriformis muscle, 40

Quadratus femoris muscle, 40
Quadriceps extensor muscle, 41

Radial artery, 47

Radius, I1

Rectum, 16

Rectus abdominis muscle, 29
femoris muscle, 41
muscles of eyeball, 74

Renal arteries, 49
veins, 53

Reproductive system, 18

Restiform bodies, 61

Retina, 76

Rhomboideus capitis muscle, 34
major muscle, 34

Ribs, 10

Sacral vertebrz, 8, 9
Salivary glands, 23
Sartorius muscle, 39
Scaleni muscles, 31
Scapula, 10

Schneiderian membrane, 26
Sciatic arteries, 50
nerves, 70
Sclerotic, 75
Scrotal sac, 18
Semilunar valves, 23
Semi-membranosus muscle, 41
Semi-tendinosus muscle, 41
Septum lucidum, 62
Serous fluid, 22
Serratus magnus muscle, 36
posticus muscle, 32
Shoulder-blade, Io
Shoulder-girdle, 10
Skeleton, appendicular, Io
axial, 5
Skull, 5
Small intestine, 15
Solar plexus, 71
Spermatic arteries, 49
cord, 19
veins, 53
Sphenoidal fissure, 6
Sphenoid bone, 6
Spigelian lobe of liver, 17
Spinal accessory nerve, 61, 67
column, 8
cord, 67
nerves, 68
Spine of scapula, 10
Spino-deltoid muscle, 34
Spleen, 17
Splenic artery, 48
Splenius muscle, 44
Stenson’s duct, 23
Sternal artery, 46
veins, 51
Sternalis muscle, 31
Sternebrz, I0
Sterno-hyoid muscle, 43
Sterno-mastoid muscle, 42
Sterno-thyroid muscle, 43
Sternum, 10
Stomach, 14
Stylo-hyal bone, 8
Stylo-mastoid foramen, 5
Subclavian arteries, 46, 48
veins, 52
Sublingual glands, 24
Submaxillary gland, 24
Subscapular artery, 47
fossa, II
nerve, 69

INDEX

Subscapularis muscle, 36 :
Sulci, 56
Superior intercostal artery, 46
Supracondyloid foramen, II
Suprarenal arteries, 48

veins, 53
Suprascapular nerve, 69
Supraspinatus muscle, 35
Supraspinous fossa, II
Suspensory ligament, 77
Sympathetic system, 71
Symphysis of jaw, 7

pubis, 12

Tapetum, 2, 76
Tarsal bones, 13
Neeth<7..50)
Temporal artery, 46

bones, 5

fossa, 6

vein, 51
Temporalis muscle, 44

Tensor vaginee femoris muscle, 3g

Tentorium, 55
Tenuissimus muscle, 39
Teres major muscle, 35
minor muscle, 36
Testes, 18
of brain, 57
Thoracic, anterior, nerve, 69
cavity, 30
long, artery, 47
superior, artery, 47
viscera, 21
Thorax, 10, 21
muscles of, 30
Thymus gland, 21
Thyro-hyal bone, 8
Thyro-hyoid muscle, 43
Thyroid artery, 45
axis, 46
cartilage, 26
glands, 27
Tibia. Ts
Tibial arteries, 50
Toes, 13
Tongue, 25
Tonsils, 25
Trachea, 21,27

Transversalis abdominis muscle, 2g

Transverse processes, 8
vein, 52

Trapezii muscles, 32, 33
Triceps muscle, 37
Tricuspid valve, 22
Trigeminal nerves, 59, 66
Trochanter of femur, 13
Tuber cinereum, 58
Tuberosities of tibia, 13
Tuberosity of humerus, II
of ischium, 12
Tunica albuginea, 19
vaginalis, Ig
Turbinated bones, 7
Tympano-hyal cartilage, 8

Ulna, 11
Ulnar artery, 47
nerve, 69
Ureter, 18
Urethra, 18
Urinary system, 17
Urino-genital canal, 19, 20
Uterus, 20

Vagina, 20

Vagus nerve, 61, 67

Valve of Vieussens, 57

Valves, mitral, 23
semilunar, 23
tricuspid, 22

Vascular system, 45

Vas deferens, 19

Vasti muscles, 41

Veins, azygos, 51
brachio-cephalic, 51
caudal, 54
common iliac, 53
coronary, 22
external jugular, 51
facial, 51
hepatic, 53
iliac, 53
ilio-lumbar, 53
inferior vena cava, 22, 53
innominate, 51
internal juguiar, 52
internal maxillary, 51
jugulars, 51, 52
ovarian, 53

INDEX 87

Veins, phrenic, 53
portal, 54
post-cava, 53
pree-cava, 51
pulmonary, 23
renal, 53
spermatic, 53
sternal, 51
subclavian, 52
superior vena cava, 22, 51
suprarenal, 53
temporal, 51
transverse, 52
vena cava inferior, 22, 53
vena Cava, superior, 22, 51
vertebral, 51, 52
Velum interpositum, 63
Vena cava, inferior, 22, 53
superior, 22, 51
Venous system, 51
Ventricles of brain, 58, 62, 64, 65
of heart, 22, 23
Vermis of cerebellum, 59
Vertebrz, 8, 9
Vertebral aponeurosis, 32
artery, 46
column, 8
veins, 51, 52
Vesical, superior, artery, 50
Vestibule, 20
Vieussens, valve of, 57
Villi, 15
Viscera, 14
abdominal, 14
of head, 23
of neck, 23
thoracic, 21
Vitreous humor, 76
Vocal cords, 26, 27
Vomer, 7

Wharton’s duct, 24
White matter of brain, 61

Zygomatic arch, 6
gland, 24
process, 6

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